El marquesado de Villalba es un título nobiliario español concedido el 28 de septiembre de 1567 por el rey Felipe II a favor de Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa y Dormer, futuro II duque de Feria, virrey de Galicia y de Sicilia y embajador de España en Roma para que lo ostentaran los herederos de la Casa de Feria.

El título hace referencia al municipio extremeño de Villalba de los Barros, en la provincia de Badajoz, (España).

Marqueses de Villalba

Historia de los marqueses de Villalba

 Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa y Dormer (20 de septiembre de 1559-27 de enero de 1607), I marqués de Villalba, y II duque de Feria. Lorenzo Suárez era hijo de Gomes III Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, V conde y I duque de Feria, y de su esposa Jane Dormer, dama de la Reina de Inglaterra María Tudor.
 Casó en primeras nupcias en 1577 con Isabel de Cárdenas (m. 1578), hija de Bernardino de Cárdenas, II marqués de Elche y de Juana de Portugal. Sin descendientes. Contrajo un segundo matrimonio 1581 con Beatriz Álvarez de Toledo, y en terceras nupcias alrededor de 1586 con  Isabel de Mendoza, hija del V duque del Infantado. Le sucedió su hijo del segundo matrimonio:

 Gómez IV Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba (30 de diciembre de 1587-Guadalajara, 1634), II marqués de Villalba, III duque de Feria.
 Casó en primeras nupcias el 20 de agosto de 1607 con Francisca Cardona y Córdoba y en segundas, el 18 de mayo de 1625, en Montilla, con su sobrina,  Ana Fernández de Córdoba y Enríquez de Ribera. Le sucedió, de su segunda esposa, su hijo:

 Lorenzo Gaspar Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba (1629-1634), III marqués de Villalba y IV duque de Feria. Falleció a los pocos meses de fallecer su padre, cuando él solo tenía cinco años de edad.
 Le sucedió el hijo de su abuelo Alonso Fernández de Córdoba y Enríquez de Ribera (1588-1645), V duque de Feria, V marqués de Priego, II marqués de Montalbán, III marqués de Villafranca, III marqués de la Celada, que casó con Juana Enríquez de Ribera, hija del IV marqués de Tarifa:

 Luis Ignacio Fernández de Córdoba y Aguilar (Montilla, 6 de septiembre de 1623-26 de agosto de 1665), IV marqués de Villalba, VI duque de Feria, VI marqués de Priego, IV marqués de Villafranca, IV marqués de Celada y IV marqués de Montalbán.
 Casó con Mariana Fernández de Córdoba Carmona y Aragón, hija del VII duque de Sessa. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Luis Francisco Fernández de Córdoba Figueroa y Aguilar (Montilla, 22 de septiembre de 1650-Madrid, 27 de aggosto de 1690), V marqués de Villalba, VII duque de Feria, VII marqués de Priego, V marqués de Montalbán, V marqués de Villafranca, V marqués de la Celada (este título fue enajenado, con licencia real, a favor de Diego Benítez de Lugo y Vergara).
 Casó el 29 de octubre de 1675, en Madrid, con Feliche María de la Cerda y Aragón, hija del VIII duque de Medinaceli. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Manuel Fernández de Córdoba Figueroa y de la Cerda (Zafra, 1679-11 de junio de 1700), VI marqués de Villalba, VIII duque de Feria, VIII marqués de Priego, VI marqués de Montalbán y VI marqués de Villafranca. Sin descendientes. Le sucedió su hermano:

 Nicolás Fernández de Córdoba y de la Cerda (24 de junio de 1682-19 de marzo de 1739), VII marqués de Villalba, IX duque de Feria, X duque de Medinaceli, IX marqués de Priego, etc.
 Casó el 30 de septiembre de 1703 con Gerónima Spínola y de la Cerda, hija del IV marqués de los Balbases. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Luis Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Spínola de la Cerda (Madrid, 20 de septiembre de 1704-14 de enero de 1768), VIII marqués de Villalba, XI duque de Medinaceli, X duque de Feria, IX duque de Alcalá de los Gazules, XI duque de Segorbe, XII duque de Cardona etc.
 Casó en primeras nupcias en 1722 con María Teresa de Moncada Aragón y Benavides, VII duquesa de Camiña, VII marquesa de Aytona, XII marquesa de Villarreal, IV marquesa de la Puebla de Castro, XV condesa de Osona, XI condesa de Medellín, XI condesa de Alcoutim etc.  Contrajo un segundo matrimonio el 27 de noviembre de 1763 con María Francisca Pignatelli de Aragón y Gonzaga. Le sucedió su hijo del primer matrimonio:

 Pedro de Alcántara Fernández de Córdoba Figueroa de la Cerda y Moncada (Madrid, 10 de noviembre de 1730-24 de noviembre de 1789), IX marqués de Villalba, XI duque de Feria,  XII duque de Medinaceli,  etc.
 Casó el 2 de abril de 1747, en Madrid, con María Francisca Gonzaga y Caracciolo (m. 1757), hija de Francesco Gonzaga, I duque de Solferino, con quién tuvo tres hijos. En segundas nupcias, casó con María Petronila de Alcántara Enríquez y Cernecio Pimentel y Guzmán, VII marquesa de Mancera, VIII marquesa de Malpica, IX marquesa de Povar, V marquesa de Montalvo, condesa de Gondomar, con quién tuvo siete hijos. Le sucedió su hijo del primer matrimonio:

 Luis María Fernández de Córdoba-Figueroa y Gonzaga (Madrid, 17 de abril de 1749-12 de noviembre de 1806),  X marqués de Villalba, XII duque de Feria, XIII duque de Medinaceli, etc.
 Casó el 6 de febrero de 1764, en Madrid, con su prima Joaquina María de Benavides y Pacheco Téllez-Girón. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Luis Joaquín Antonio Fernández de Córdoba-Figueroa y Benavides (12 de agosto de 1780-7 de julio de 1840), XI marqués de Villalba, XIII duque de Feria, XIV duque de Medinaceli, etc.
 Casó el 25 de mayo de 1802 con María de la Concepción Ponce de León y Carvajal. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Luis Tomás Fernández de Córdoba-Figueroa y Ponce de León (Gaucín, 18 de septiembre de 1813-París, 6 de enero de 1873), XII marqués de Villalba, XIV duque de Feria, XV duque de Medinaceli, etc.
 Se casó el 9 de agosto de 1848, siendo su primer esposo, con Ángela Apolonia Pérez de Barradas y Bernuy, I y única duquesa de Denia y Tarifa. En 1847 cedió el ducado de Feria a su hermano, Antonio María Fernández de Córdoba-Figueroa y Ponce de León, que fue el XV duque de Feria, pero recuperó el ducado a la muerte de este el 1 de octubre de 1853 y lo mantuvo hasta que falleció en 1873. Antonio María había casado el 2 de agosto de 1848 con María Rosario Pérez Barradas y Bernuy, hermana de su cuñada. El único hijo de Antonio María, como primogénito de su padre, XV duque de Feria, fue el siguiente marqués de Villalba.

 Antonio María del Rosario Fernández de Córdoba-Figueroa y Pérez de Barradas (24 de mayo de 1849-26 de junio de 1852), XIII marqués de Villalba por cesión de su tío, Luis Tomás, y XIII marqués de Villafranca por cesión de su tío carnal. Falleció a los tres años y le sucedió su sobrino, hijo de Luis María de Constantinopla Fernández de Córdoba y Pérez de Barradas (m. 1879) y de su segunda esposa, Casilda Remigia de Salabert y Arteaga:

 Luis Jesús María Fernández de Córdoba-Figueroa y Salabert (Madrid, 16 de enero de 1880-13 de julio de 1956), XIV marqués de Villalba,  XVII duque de Feria, XVII duque de Medinaceli, etc.
 Caso en primeras nupcias el 5 de junio de 1911, en Madrid, con Ana María de los Dolores Fernández de Henestrosa y Gayoso de los Cobos (m. 1939), y en segundas en 1939 con Concepción Rey de Pablo-Blanco. Le sucedió su hija del primer matrimonio:

 Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba y Fernández de Henestrosa (Madrid, 16 de abril de 1917-Sevilla, 18 de agosto de 2013), XV marquesa de Villalba, XVIII duquesa de Medinaceli, XVIII duquesa de Feria, IV duquesa de Denia, IV duquesa de Tarifa, etc.
 Casó el 12 de enero de 1938, en Sevilla, con Rafael de Medina y de Vilallonga. En 1969 cedió el marquesado de Villalba y el ducado de Feria a su hijo:

 Rafael de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba (Sevilla, 10 de agosto de 1942-4 de agosto de 2001), XVI marqués de Villalba, XIX duque de Feria.
 Casó con Natividad Abascal y Romero-Toro. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Rafael de Medina y Abascal (n. 23 de septiembre de 1978), XVII marqués de Villalba y XX duque de Feria. Ha cedido el marquesado de Villalba a su hermano, Luis de Medina y Abascal, aunque aún no se ha expedido el real despacho.
 Casó el 16 de octubre de 2010, en Toledo, con Laura Vecino y Acha (n. 1979). Padres de Rafael y Laura  de Medina y Vecino (mellizos, nacidos el 26 de noviembre de 2012).

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Villalba (1567)
Villalba (1567)
Villalba (1567)

Marquesado de Villalba (1567)


Glenea capriciosa é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por James Thomson em 1857.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

capriciosa
Coleópteros descritos em 1857

Glenea capriciosa


Aceasta este o listă de actori letoni.

A
Ādolfs Alunāns
Romualds Ancāns
Vija Artmane

D
Artūrs Dimiters

G
Ārijs Geikins

K
Rēzija Kalniņa
Ivars Kalniņš

L
Marija Leiko
Antra Liedskalniņa
Ģirts Līcis
Inese Laizāne

M
Lya Mara

P
Uldis Pūcītis

R
Elza Radziņa

S
Eduards Smiļģis

V
Laima Vaikule
Vita Vārpiņa

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori letoni

letoni
Actori
 Listă

Listă de actori letoni


ILSA (Industria Lânii SA) a fost o fabrică de prelucrare a lânii din Timișoara, România.
A fost înființată în 1905 de o familie de evrei.

În perioada interbelică, numărul de muncitori ai fabricii ajunsese la 1.800,
iar compania a deținut și o echipă de fotbal - vezi Cupa României 1934-1935.

A fost naționalizată în 1948
și trecut printr-un proces de modernizare în perioada 1970 - 1975,
fabrica furnizând țesături și tapiserie de mobilier către alte întreprinderi din țară.

A fost una dintre cele mai mari fabrici din Timișoara și întreprindere-fanion a comunismului,
aici lucrând peste 1.000 de femei,
și se întindea pe o suprafață de 170.000 de metri pătrați.

Desființarea ILSA
Fabrica a fost devalizată și a intrat în faliment.
În septembrie 2010 a fost demolată ultima construcție de pe platforma ILSA.

Compania a intrat în posesia omului de afaceri Ovidiu Tender, în anul 2001 în urma unei acțiuni controversate.
Tender a dorit construirea unui cartier numit "Noua Timișoara" pe fostul teren al fabricii.
În iunie 2016, antreprenorul Ovidiu Șandor a cumpărat terenul fabricii de la Ovidiu Tender.

La 15 februarie 2006, Viorica Dumitraș, fost administrator unic și director general la ILSA, a primit o condamnare de un an de închisoare pentru abuz în serviciu, un an și jumătate detenție pentru delapidare, șase luni pentru infracțiuni la legea privind prevenirea și combaterea evaziunii fiscale, pedepsele fiind grațiate, precum și șase luni închisoare, cu suspendare, pentru fals în înscrisuri sub semnătură privată.
În același dosar a mai fost cercetată penal și Niculina Caraseg, cea care urma să cumpere pachetul majoritar de acțiuni al ILSA.
Aceasta a fost declarată vinovată pentru infracțiunea de fals, pentru care a încasat șase luni de detenție, tot cu suspendare.

ILSA în media
"Industria lânii - Timișoara" (1921) a fost un film industrial cu caracter publicitar despre industria lânii în Banat, comandat de Ministerul Industriei și Comerțului pentru Expoziția Industrială și Târgul de Mostre 1921 de la Muzeul Tehnic din Parcul Carol din București.

Note

Legături externe

Companii desființate din România
Companii din Timișoara

ILSA


«غيفنغ يو أب»  أو «أتخلى عنك» هي أغنية للفنانة الأسترالية كايلي مينوغ من ألبومها لأفضل الأعمال ألتيميت كايلي (2004). وتم إصدارها بوصفها ثاني وآخر منفردة من الألبوم في 28 مارس 2005. وهي من تأليف مينوغ وكذلك ميراندا كوبر، براين هيغنز، تيم باول، ليزا كاولينغ، بول وودز، نيك كولر، في حين تولى الإنتاج هيغنز وكسينومانيا. الأغنية هي من صنف موسيقى الرقص، وتعتمد على آلات السينسيثزر ولوحات المفاتيح. وكان هذه آخر منفردة تصدرها قبل أن يتم تشخيصها بسرطان الثدي بعد شهرين، واستأنفت مسيرتها عام 2007 بأغنية «2 هارتس».

لقيت الأغنية ردود فعل متباينة من نقاد الموسيقى، الذين أثنوا على غناء مينوغ لكن لم يعجبوا بالإنتاج والتأليف. وصلت الأغنية على المراكز العشرة الأوائل في كل من أستراليا والمملكة المتحدة، ودخلت قوائم الأغاني أيضا في النمسا، بلجيكا، الدنمارك، وفنلندا. تم تكليف أليكس ومارتن بإخراج فيديو كليب الأغنية، وتظهر فيه مينوغ وهي عملاقة وتمشي في شوارع لندن. أدت مينوغ الأغنية على جولة واحدة هي شوغيرل: غريتيست هيتس.

مراجع

أغان منفردة في 2005
أغاني 2004
أغاني كايلي مينوغ
أغان كتبتها كايلي مينوغ

غيفنغ يو أب


Yellapur (en canarés: ಯಲ್ಲಾಪುರ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Uttara Kannada, estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 563  a 439 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 22 004 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Yellapur


Heide Simonis (; 4 July 1943 – 12 July 2023) was a German author and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). She was minister of finance in Schleswig-Holstein from 1988 until 1993, when she became minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein. She was the first woman to serve as head of a state government in German history and the only woman to do so in the 20th century, serving until 2005. As of September 2023, she is also the longest serving former female minister-president of a german state (11 years, 343 days).

Early life and education
Born Heide Steinhardt in Bonn on 4 July 1943, she was the oldest of three sisters. She had asthma as a young child and therefore spent time in children's homes from age three. She completed school with the Abitur in 1962 in Nürnberg. She then studied economics and sociology at the universities of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Kiel, graduating with a degree in economics in 1967. She worked in different positions after 1967, beginning as a lecturer at the University of Lusaka in Zambia. She worked with her husband for a advisory panel of the WHO in Japan on health development. She later worked as vocational counsellor at the employment office of Kiel.

Career

National politics
Simonis joined the SPD in 1969. She was elected to the German Bundestag in 1976, representing the Rendsburg-Eckernförde district, as then the youngest member of the parliament.

State politics

In 1988, Simonis was appointed minister of finance in Schleswig-Holstein by minister-president Björn Engholm. In the 1992 state elections, she became a member of the legislature of Schleswig-Holstein.

On 19 May 1993, Simonis was elected minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein after her predecessor Engholm resigned due to a scandal. She was the first woman in Germany to rise to this level in government. For her first cabinet, she kept almost all of Engholm's ministers.

The 1996 state elections saw the SPD representation drop to 39.8% from 46.2% in 1992, but Simonis was able to form a coalition with the Greens. In the 2000 state elections, at the height of a Christian Democratic Union's donations scandal, the SPD was able to increase its share to 43.1%. At the time, the result was also seen as marking a victory for Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who had campaigned ardently in support of Simonis.

Despite basing its campaign for the 2005 elections on Simonis' popularity, the SPD suffered a heavy defeat due to the bad economic situation and its support dropped to 38.7% (for the first time in almost twenty years behind the CDU). On 17 March 2005, Simonis failed to be re-elected as minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein in four consecutive ballots by the Schleswig-Holstein Landtag. In the first ballot she received 34 votes and Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU) received 33, while two deputies cast empty votes. Neither Simonis nor Carstensen got the absolute majority (35 votes). In the second and third ballots the candidates received 34 votes each, while one deputy of the alliance of SPD, Greens, and SSW abstained. An unprecedented fourth ballot brought the same result and Simonis stepped down as minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein.

After politics
Simonis served as chairwoman of the German Committee for UNICEF from 2005 until February 2008. She resigned from this position due to a scandal related to donations to the organisation that arose during her term.

Personal life and legacy

In 1967, Simonis married  who had studied with her. He became a professor of economics, with a focus on the environment. Among her hobbies was quiltmaking.

Simonis survived breast cancer. She announced in 2014 that she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. She died at home in Kiel on 12 July 2023, at age 80.

President Frank-Walter Steinmeier described her as an exceptional political personality who shaped democracy beyond Schleswig-Holstein. He noted her competence, but also humanity and empathy.

Publications
Books by Simonis include:

Awards
 2014 – Honorary citizen of Schleswig-Holstein
 2018 –

References

External links

1943 births
2023 deaths
20th-century German politicians
20th-century German women politicians
21st-century German politicians
21st-century German women politicians
Female members of the Bundestag
Members of the Bundestag for Schleswig-Holstein
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Members of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
Ministers of the Schleswig-Holstein State Government
Ministers-President of Schleswig-Holstein
Politicians from the Rhine Province
Politicians from Bonn
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
University of Kiel alumni
Women Ministers-President in Germany

Heide Simonis


An Dendrobium acanthephippiiflorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Dendrobium acanthephippiiflorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium acanthephippiiflorum


Marcus, Markus, Márkus or Mărcuș may refer to:

 Marcus (name), a masculine given name
 Marcus (praenomen), a Roman personal name

Places
 Marcus, a main belt asteroid, also known as (369088) Marcus 2008 GG44
 Mărcuş, a village in Dobârlău Commune, Covasna County, Romania
 Marcus, Illinois, an unincorporated community, United States
 Marcus, Iowa, a city, United States
 Marcus, South Dakota, an unincorporated community, United States
 Marcus, Washington, a town, United States
 Marcus Island, Japan, also known as Minami-Tori-shima
 Mărcuș River, Romania
 Marcus Township, Cherokee County, Iowa, United States

Other uses
 Markus, a beetle genus in family Cantharidae
 Marcus (album), 2008 album by Marcus Miller
 Marcus (comedian), finalist on Last Comic Standing season 6
 Marcus Amphitheater, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 Marcus Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 Marcus & Co., American jewelry retailer
 Marcus by Goldman Sachs, an online bank
 USS Marcus (DD-321), a US Navy destroyer (1919-1935)

See also
 Marcos (disambiguation)
 Marques (disambiguation)
 Neiman Marcus, American retail department store

Marcus


Guilherme Santos (født 5. februar 1988) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Guilherme Santos


L'avenue François-Mauriac est une voie de la commune de Reims, située au sein du département de la Marne, en région Grand Est.

Situation et accès
L'avenue François-Mauriac appartient administrativement Quartier Croix-Rouge.

Elle est à double sens avec une piste cyclable.

Origine du nom
Elle porte le nom de l'écrivain François Mauriac depuis 1971.

Historique

Bâtiments remarquables
 Le complexe sportif Géo-André.
 Le CREPS.
 Un poste de police nationale.
 La bibliothèque Robert-de-Sorbon.

Notes, sources et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Jean-Yves Sureau, Les rues de Reims, mémoire de la ville, Reims, 2002, p256.
 Michel Thibault, Memoire en images Reims, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, Alan Sutton, 2000.

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies de Reims

François-Mauriac

Avenue François-Mauriac


Early Edition is an American fantasy comedy-drama television series that aired on CBS from September 28, 1996 to May 27, 2000. Set in Chicago, Illinois, it follows the adventures of a man who mysteriously receives each Chicago Sun-Times newspaper the day before it is actually published, and who uses this knowledge to prevent terrible events every day. Created by Ian Abrams, Patrick Q. Page, and Vik Rubenfeld, the series starred actor Kyle Chandler as Gary Hobson, and featured many real Chicago locations over the course of the series' run.

The show was canceled on May 27, 2000, after 90 episodes were made, and it began airing in syndication on Fox Family Channel that same month. Fan conventions about the show were held for multiple years. CBS Home Entertainment released the first two seasons on the DVD format in the United States in 2008 and 2009.

Plot summary
The show chronicles the life of Gary Hobson, a resident of Chicago, Illinois, who mysteriously receives the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper a day in advance, effectively giving him knowledge of the potential future. His newspaper is delivered by a mysteriously unknown entity at least once each day, and is accompanied by a ginger tabby cat, with the first copy arriving every morning at 6:30am, no matter what his physical location is. Armed with knowledge of the future, he then tries to prevent tragedies described in "tomorrow's" Sun-Times from occurring, thus changing the story text and headlines in the newspaper to reflect the outcome of his actions. Often, Gary does not wish to be saddled with the responsibility of performing these deeds. The paper presents him with many moral dilemmas where he must choose between helping different people in need of assistance.

The first season begins by showing Gary coming home from his job as a stockbroker, only to be thrown out of the house (and later divorced) for no apparent reason by his wife Marsha. Upon taking up residence in the Blackstone Hotel, Gary begins receiving a copy of the Chicago Sun-Times, accompanied by "The Cat", every morning. Slowly, Gary realizes the paper's contents reflect events that are to happen during that day, and confers with his co-workers and friends Chuck Fishman (a former fellow stock broker) and Marissa Clark (the blind former receptionist at the brokerage). After deciding to use his knowledge of the future only for "good," Gary is soon consumed by trying to prevent tragedies and help people, leading him to quit his job. During the season, Chuck consistently tries to use "The Paper" to make money, while Gary develops a precarious relationship with police Detective Marion Zeke Crumb. By the season's end, Gary has begun to uncover some of the mystery surrounding the paper, including confirmation that a man named Lucius Snow received the paper from the cat before him.

Season two continues Gary's adventures with the paper and his friends. Detective Crumb sometimes joins Gary, Chuck, and Marissa after retiring from the police force. Gary is working part-time at McGinty's as a bartender. Despite being closer to the paper, Crumb does not want to know how Gary gets his so-called "hunches," and never learns of the paper. At the end of season two, Chuck (Fisher Stevens) leaves the show as a regular character, leading to some major changes in season three. Within the course of the series, Gary discovers that a few other people share his gift of receiving a newspaper early. The only people who know about his gift besides Chuck and Marissa are his parents, Meredith Carson, and Erica and Henry Paget, a single mother and her son (Gary gives Erica a job at McGinty's); several times he begins to tell a few people, such as his attorney, and various police officers (Episode 407/408, "Fatal Edition"), but ultimately changes his mind. On some occasions, he is given the ability to wake up in another time (such as in the early 20th century) to change the past. People who encounter Gary often strongly suspect (or know) that he has a secret, but do not know what it is, e.g. Crumb.

During the course of the series, it is never clearly stated where the paper comes from. In one episode, Gary meets the group of people apparently responsible for giving him (as well as others) the Paper. Nothing much is revealed about them except that they have some sort of supernatural abilities, such as being able to mysteriously appear at any location.

In season four, episode 20, "Time" (the series finale that aired a few episodes early), it is briefly explained why Gary started receiving the paper. Apparently, he was given the responsibility by Lucius Snow (the man who received the Chicago Sun-Times before Gary), after Snow saved Gary's life when Gary was a child. The responsibility is represented by a pocket knife imprinted with the initials of the person next to receive the paper (Lucius gave Gary the red Swiss Army knife). The initials mysteriously change every time the current person decides on a new person to receive the responsibility. At the end of the same episode, Gary passes on the same pocket knife to a young girl named Lindsey Romick who had just lost her grandfather, and it is implied that Lindsey will begin receiving the paper when Gary is no longer able to carry on the responsibilities.

Episodes

Cast and characters

Main
Kyle Chandler as Gary Hobson
Shanésia Davis-Williams as Marissa Clark
Fisher Stevens as Chuck Fishman (seasons 1–2; guest, seasons 3–4)
Panther, Pella, and Carl as The Cat
Kristy Swanson as Erica Paget (season 3)
Myles Jeffrey as Henry Paget (season 3)
Billie Worley as Patrick Quinn (seasons 3–4)

Recurring
Ron Dean as Detective Marion Zeke Crumb, who does a stint as Gary's bartender
William Devane as Bernie Hobson, Gary's father, who's crazy about Gnocchi
Tess Harper as Lois Hobson, Gary's mother
Constance Marie as Detective Toni Brigatti
Luis Antonio Ramos as Miguel Diaz
Michael Whaley as Detective Paul Armstrong
Fyvush Finkel as Phil Kazakian

Supporting characters

Chuck was a foil to Gary, being a somewhat cynical, wisecracking realist in contrast to Gary's growing idealism. In early episodes, Chuck seeks to parlay the advance knowledge provided by the newspaper into windfall profits (e.g., sports betting and stock-market 'insider trading'). Over time, however, he begins to take a role in helping and backing up Gary as a problem-solver.

Marissa often was the voice of reasonable conscience, balancing Gary's earnest idealism against Chuck's skeptical realism. Chuck also did the voice over narration at the opening and closing scenes of the episodes in season one, but this role would diminish during season two, save for a few episodes. Instead a standard line was used during opening credits, and a closing narration remained in a few episodes, but as season three progressed there was no narration for either the opening or closing scenes, and the episodes "Walk Don't Run" and "Deadline" had fictional Chicago Sun-Times columnist Molly Greene do the closing narration as part of her column.

Stevens's departure from the show after two seasons changed the dynamic of the show. The device of his voice-over narration was shifted to at first Gary and then Marissa in season three. This was eventually done away with, the theme music was changed, and there began a revolving door of foils for Gary, including Patrick Quinn (Billie Worley) and Erica Paget (Kristy Swanson). The latter had a romantic subplot with Gary. Stevens made several guest appearances on the show after leaving, and several of the characters stayed (such as the hard-boiled detective Crumb, and Gary's bartender Patrick).

Guest stars
During the series' run, Early Edition also featured many notable guest stars from television, feature films, and other entertainment industries.

Notable TV actors who appeared include Anna Chlumsky, Fyvush Finkel, Felicity Huffman, Ken Jenkins, Jane Krakowski, Laura Leighton, Robert Duncan McNeil, Cynthia Nixon, Pauley Perrette, Robert Picardo and Michael Shannon.

Academy Award winner Louis Gossett, Jr had a major role in the season two episode "The Medal".

Former Chicago Sun-Times publisher David Radler appeared several times as the publisher of the Sun-Times, the newspaper that was delivered to Gary, while movie reviewer Roger Ebert made a cameo as himself. Other cameos include Tara Lipinski, Coolio, Tone Loc, Dick Butkus, Pat O'Brien, and Martina McBride.

There was a season two cross-over with Chicago Hope with Héctor Elizondo, Jayne Brook and Rocky Carroll playing their characters from that show. Also during season three, CBS used an Early Edition episode as a promotional vehicle for the network's Martial Law TV series starring martial arts expert Sammo Hung.  In the fourth and final season, professional wrestlers Tommy Dreamer and New Jack guest starred in the episode "Mel Schwartz, Bounty Hunter". A season two episode ended with a colorized clip of Rod Serling informing viewers they had just watched a tale from The Twilight Zone.

Production

Conception
The origin of Early Edition stems from a collaborative idea between writers Vik Rubenfeld and Pat Page. After meeting each other while playing volleyball in Manhattan Beach, California, the pair began discussing ideas for feature films. While talking on the phone one day, they each contributed key parts for the idea of Early Edition. Rubenfeld believed the idea was more suited to television than a feature film, noting that, "it was a really unique way to put a character in physical jeopardy each week." The duo proceeded to write a document that described the show's characters and setting, and treatments for the first twelve episodes (a document known as a show's "bible" in the TV industry). In the process they also created a detailed treatment for the pilot episode, which entitled them to "Story By" credit when the Pilot later aired.

Despite their idea, Rubenfeld and Page still faced the daunting task of finding a way to get the show on network television with limited television production and writing experience between them. Rubenfeld decided to pitch the show to Ian Abrams, who he knew through a group called the Professional Authors Group Enterprise (PAGE). Over lunch at RJ's restaurant in Los Angeles, Rubenfeld and Page pitched the idea of "a guy who gets tomorrow's newspaper today." With Abrams's help, they decided to try to convince Tristar to pick up the show, and went about adding a few ground rules for the story, such as having the paper always accompanied by a mysterious cat. In an effort to rouse Tristar's interest in the show during their pitch meeting scheduled for August 24, 1995, Abrams had a mock newspaper created with the headline "Let's just let it end. O. J. Simpson confesses he is guilty of homicide." The catch to the mock newspaper was that it was dated the next day, August 25, 1995. After presenting the fake newspaper during the pitch meeting, a very lively conversation ensued, until someone realized the paper was dated the following day. Early Edition was green-lighted not long after.

Since its debut, the plot of Early Edition has been compared to other intellectual properties with similar themes. In particular, the 1944 feature film It Happened Tomorrow centered upon a newspaper reporter who received a newspaper a day in advance. However, Early Editions creators claim that Early Edition is in no way based on this film.

Filming locations
The series was filmed in Chicago and many nearby towns in Illinois and Indiana, with interior sets filmed on the Early Edition Sound Stage at Studio City in Chicago. Many famous Chicago locations are seen throughout the series, such as Navy Pier in the season three episode "Play it Again, Sammo." The building used for exterior shots of McGinty's bar, a location of central importance to the series, was formerly used by the Chicago Fire Department, and is located at the northeast corner of the intersection of Franklin Street and West Illinois Street in downtown Chicago.  Additionally, Hobson lived in the Blackstone Hotel during the show's first season.

Music
In the opening credits of each episode, the credit for composing Early Edition's title theme music is given to W.G. Snuffy Walden, who later wrote the theme song to another hit TV show starring Kyle Chandler, Friday Night Lights. During Early Edition's original broadcast run in the United States, an edited version of the song "Time Has Come Today" by The Chambers Brothers was used during a revamped opening title sequence from episode 403 until the series' conclusion.

Broadcast history
Early Edition premiered in the United States on CBS on September 28, 1996. A total of 90 episodes were produced over the course of the show's four seasons, with the last original episode airing in the United States on May 27, 2000. Its original time slot was Saturday night at 9pm Eastern Standard Time, sandwiched between airings of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman and Walker, Texas Ranger. When Dr. Quinn ended in May 1998, Early Edition then began airing one hour earlier at 8 pm for the remainder of the show's run. In January and February 2000, Early Edition went on temporary hiatus as the Dick Clark game show Winning Lines aired in its time slot.

Ratings

Cancellation
After May 27, 2000 (the end of season 4), CBS decided to end the series' run.

U.S. syndication
The Fox Family Channel (now Freeform) was the first entity to acquire syndication rights to Early Edition, at a price of $500,000 per episode, and the show began airing on Fox Family in May 2000. The series debuted in wider syndication in September 2000, and was aired on channels including Ion Television, FamilyNet, and GMC. From May 2012 to 2013, TVGN aired the series. From May 29, 2018, to August 28, 2018, Heroes & Icons aired the show every Tuesday for eight straight episodes starting at 12PM/11AM central time. From September 3, 2018, to October 14, 2019, Start TV ran the show in the early morning. It currently airs on Decades channel mostly on weekends.

Home media

CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) released the first two seasons of Early Edition on DVD in Region 1 (US only) in 2008 and 2009.

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment owns the international DVD rights to the show, although they have not made any releases yet.

On August 31, 2018, Visual Entertainment released Early Edition: The Complete Collection on DVD in Region 1.  The 16-disc set contains all 90 episodes including the release of seasons 3 and 4.

Reboot proposal
In February 2022, CBS ordered a pilot for a reboot of the original series. The project was to be a co-production between Affirm Television, Sony Pictures Television and CBS Studios, with Melissa Glenn as writer and executive producer for the pilot and DeVon Franklin as executive producer. In March 2022, it was announced that Alice Eve, Charles Michael Davis, Jay Ali and Fiona Rene were cast on the pilot. Eric Dean Seaton was to direct. However, in May 2022 CBS announced that the pilot would not be moving forward.

References

External links
 Official Website

1996 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
1990s American comedy-drama television series
2000s American comedy-drama television series
American adventure television series
English-language television shows
CBS original programming
Chicago Sun-Times
Saturn Award-winning television series
Television series about families
Television series about journalism
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in Chicago
Television shows filmed in Illinois
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
American fantasy drama television series
1990s American time travel television series
2000s American time travel television series

Early Edition


Das Fest des Ziegenbocks (spanischer Originaltitel: La fiesta del chivo) ist ein 2000 erschienener Roman des peruanischen Literatur-Nobelpreisträgers Mario Vargas Llosa. Das Werk erschien 2001 im Suhrkamp Verlag in einer Übersetzung von Elke Wehr und bekam meist positive Kritiken.

Inhalt
Das Werk kreist um die Gestalt des dominikanischen Diktators Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, auch "Ziegenbock" genannt, der 1961 nach 31 Jahren autoritärer Herrschaft bei einem Attentat erschossen wurde.

Der Roman ist in drei Handlungsstränge unterteilt, welche sich miteinander verflechten und das Regime Trujillos aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beleuchten: aus der Sicht des Opfers Urania Cabral, aus der Sicht des grausamen Diktators und aus der Sicht seiner Attentäter.
Die Dominikanerin Urania Cabral hatte kurz vor der Ermordung Trujillos ihr Heimatland verlassen und war ins Exil in die USA geflohen. 35 Jahre später kehrt sie in die dominikanische Hauptstadt Santo Domingo zurück und besucht dort ihren Vater, der zum Kreis der engsten Vertrauten Trujillos gehört hatte. Ihre Erinnerungen führen zurück in die Jahre der gewalttätigen und korrupten Diktatur, in das Jahr 1961, als sich das Attentat auf Trujillo und die grausame Folterung der festgenommenen Verschwörer ereigneten.

Die Schicksale der im Roman beschriebenen Personen bieten tiefe Einblicke in die physischen und psychologischen Bedingungen eines diktatorischen Regimes und ihre Folgen. Vargas Llosas Diktatorenroman hat einen authentischen historischen Hintergrund, wobei er zugunsten einer überzeugenderen Geschichte fiktive Elemente mit einbaute.

Verfilmung
Das Fest des Ziegenbocks wurde 2005 verfilmt. Regie führte der Cousin des Schriftstellers Luis Llosa.

Literatur
 Das Fest des Ziegenbocks. Roman. Aus dem Spanischen von Elke Wehr. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2001 ISBN 3518412329

Weblinks
 Buchkritiken bei Perlentaucher.de Abgerufen am 1. Mai 2012.
 Ich bin ein liberaler Demokrat – Mario Vargas Llosa über seinen Roman Das Fest des Ziegenbocks, den dominikanischen Diktator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo und seine politischen Präferenzen in Europa, gesendet in "Treffpunkt Kultur", ORF, Juni 2001. Abgerufen am 1. Mai 2012.

Einzelnachweise

Literarisches Werk
Historischer Roman
Literatur (Spanisch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Peruanische Literatur
Werk von Mario Vargas Llosa

Das Fest des Ziegenbocks


El término mosquerito ventriamarillo puede referirse a:

 el nombre común de la especie de ave Ornithion semiflavum de acuerdo a la Sociedad Española de Ornitología;
 un nombre común de la especie de ave Empidonax flaviventris.

Mosquerito ventriamarillo


Kozlu, Türkiye'nin Zonguldak ilinin bir ilçesi. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun sonucu ilçe olmuştur. Kömür yatakları bulunan ilçenin toplam nüfusu 2020 sayımlarına göre 46.661 kişidir. Merkezi deniz seviyesinde kurulmuş olan ilçenin tüm mahalleleri dağlık alanlarda bulunmaktadır. Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi'ne ait hazırlık sınıfları İncirharmanı Kampüsü olarak bu ilçede bulunmaktadır. Bir zamanlar 60.000 dolayında nüfusa sahip madenci beldesi olan Kozlu, Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu'nun küçülmesinden sonra hızla göç vermektedir. Kozlu ilçesi Zonguldak şehir merkezine 5 km mesafede bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus

Mahalleler
 Merkez Mahallesi
 Fatih Mahallesi
 Güney Mahallesi
 Taşbaca Mahallesi
 İhsaniye Mahallesi
 19 Mayıs Mahallesi
 Kılıç Mahallesi
 Esenköy Mahallesi
 Yahma Mahallesi

Kozlu Belediye başkanları

(*) =  vefat
(**)= vekalet

Turizm
Kozlu'da turizm hızla gelişmektedir. Kozlu sahili, Değirmenağzı ve Ilıksu koyları görülmeye değerdir.

Ekonomi
İlçede Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu'na bağlı Kozlu Müessese Müdürlüğü bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Küçük Sanayi Sitesi de mevcuttur. Diğer başlıca geçim kaynakları ise tarım ve hayvancılık, orman ürünleri üretimi ve turizmdir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kozlu Belediyesi
Kozlu Kaymakamlığı

Zonguldak ilinin ilçeleri

Kozlu


Hisako Ōishi (jap. , Ōishi Hisako; * 26. August 1936 in Etajima, Präfektur Hiroshima; † 4. Januar 2012 in der Präfektur Tokio) war eine japanische Politikerin der Demokratisch-Sozialistische Partei (DSP) sowie später der Demokratischen Partei (DPJ), die sowohl Mitglied des Shūgiin (Unterhauses) als auch des Sangiin (Oberhauses) war.

Leben
Ōishi Hisako war die Enkeltochter von Akiyama Saneyuki, der im Mai 1905 als Vizeadmiral den Einsatz der  Kaiserlich Japanischen Marine während des Russisch-Japanischen Krieges die Seeschlacht bei Tsushima plante. Ihr Großonkel und älterer Bruder von Akiyama Saneyuki war General Akiyama Yoshifuru, der als Begründer der modernisierten japanischen Kavallerie nach der Meiji-Restauration gilt.

Sie selbst wuchs in Kamakura (Präfektur Kanagawa) auf und besuchte dort die Oberschule, ehe sie im Anschluss ein Studium an der Staatlichen Universität Yokohama absolvierte. Nach einem darauf folgenden postgradualen Studium am College of Foreign Studies in der Präfektur Kanagawa begann sie ihre politische Laufbahn 1971 als Kandidatin der DSP mit der Wahl zum Mitglied des Parlaments der Präfektur Kanagawa, dem sie bis 1989 angehörte.

Bei der Sangiin-Wahl 1989, Shūgiin-Wahl 1990 und der Sangiin-Wahl 1989 kandidierte sie jeweils ohne Erfolg für Mandate im Oberhaus beziehungsweise Unterhaus, ehe sie bei der Shūgiin-Wahl 2000 zur Abgeordneten des Unterhauses gewählt wurde. Dort vertrat sie bis 2005 den Wahlkreis Präfektur Kanagawa IV und gehörte dem Ausschuss für Bildung, Kultur, Sport und Wissenschaft als Mitglied an. Daneben war sie stellvertretende Vorsitzende der DPJ und gehörte deren Schattenkabinett an. Bei der Shūgiin-Wahl 2005 erlitt sie eine Wahlniederlage und verlor ihr Unterhausmandat an Hayashi Jun, ihren Herausforderer von der Liberaldemokratischen Partei (LDP).

Danach kandidierte sie bei Sangiin-Wahl am 29. Juli 2007 abermals erfolglos für das Oberhaus. Dabei erzielte sie landesweit 59.718 Wählerstimmen und belegte den 21. Platz auf der Wahlliste der DPJ, die allerdings nur zwanzig Vertreter ins Oberhaus entsenden konnte. Nach dem Tode von Yamamoto Takashi am 28. Dezember 2007 rückte sie dann als deren Nachfolgerin nach und wurde dadurch bis zu ihrem eigenen Tod Mitglied des Oberhauses. Zwischen 2010 und 2011 war Ōishi, der auch der Orden der Aufgehenden Sonne verliehen wurde, Vorsitzende des Disziplinarausschusses im Oberhaus.

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf der Homepage der DPJ
 Private Homepage

Mitglied des Shūgiin
Mitglied des Sangiin
Mitglied des Parlaments der Präfektur Kanagawa
Träger des Ordens der Aufgehenden Sonne
Japaner
Geboren 1936
Gestorben 2012
Frau

Hisako Ōishi


Hacıahmetler, İvrindi - Balıkesir ili İvrindi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hacıahmetler, Mengen - Bolu ili Mengen ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hacıahmetler, Büyükorhan - Bursa ili Büyükorhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hacıahmetler, Düzce - Düzce ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hacıahmetler, Sütçüler - Isparta ili Sütçüler ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hacıahmetler, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Hacıahmetler


الميزان  هي آلة تستعمل لقياس الكتلة، ووزن الشيء أو ثقله، والميزان ما يوزن به شيئان أو أكثر. والتوازن في الميزان هو تساوي الثِّقَل في كلتا كِفَّتَي الميزان، وللأوزان قياسات منوعة حسب البلدان، وتستعمل الموازين في الأعمال التجارية والعملية لتحديد أوزان أثقال تتراوح بين المواد الخفيفة جدًا مثل الأدوية، والمواد الثّقيلة جدًا مثل عربات السكة الحديدية التي يصل وزنها إلى عدّْة أطنان. وهناك ثلاثة أنواع من الموازين، وحسب تطورها التاريخي تأتي أولاً الموازين التقليدية، ثم الموازين الميكانيكية، فالموازين الإلكترونية.

الكتلة

لقياس كتلة جسم (وزنه) يستعمل الميزان والكتل المعلمة . والكتلة التعبير الفيزيائي السليم لوزن جسم، فهي مقدار ثابت تمثل كمية المادة المكونة للجسم ويرمز لها بالحرف m. (وهي متساولة على جميع الكواكب أما الوزن فهو يختلف بحسب جاذبية الكوكب)، فالكيلوجرام على القمر يزن 1/6 وزنه على الأرض لاختلاف الجاذبية عليهما).
يدعى جهاز قياس الكتلة ميزان، وتدعى أجسام قياس الكتلة العيارات.

كل جسم ينجذب إلى مركز الكرة الأرضية. قوة الجذب تجعل الأجسام تسقط حين نتركها، مقدار قوة الجذب يتعلق فقط بكتلة الجسم والميزان هو جهاز يبين متى تنجذب الكفتان إلى مركز الأرض بنفس المقدار.(عندما تتوازن الكفتين فانهما تنجذبان إلى الأرض بنفس المقدار).

هنالك موازين حساسة لكتل صغيرة 1 غرام
هنالك موازين حساسة لكتل صغيرة جدا 0.1 غرام مثلا
هنالك موازين حساسة لكتل أكبر 1 كيلوغرام مثلا

يجب ملاءمة كمية المادة التي نود قياس كتلتها للميزان الملائم. مثال لا ينفع استخدام الميزان الموجود عند بائع الخضار لقياس كتلة الذهب والعكس.

الوحدة العالمية للكتلة هي الكيلوغرام ويرمز لها ب kg
وحدات قياس الكتلة هي: غرام، كيلوغرام، طن
اتفقوا أن كتلة 1 كيلو غرام هي كتلة 1000 سم3 من الماء المقطر درجة حرارته 4 درجات مئوية
كما أن 1 كيلوغرام من نفس المادة هي نفس الكمية في كل العالم.

أنواع الموازين

الموازين التقليدية
وتعتبر أقدم أنواع الموازين وقد استعملت لأول مرة في مصر القديمة عام 2500 ق.م. وهناك نوعان من الموازين التقليدية: الميزان المتساوي الذراعَيْن، والميزان القباني.

الميزان ذو الكفتين

يتكون من عصى أفقية وكفّة ميزان معلقة على كل طرف. ويوجد في منتصف العصى قطعة معدنية، أو مادة صلبة لها حافّة مثل نصل السكين تُسمى المرتكز، لتثبيت العصى. ويوضع الثِّقل في إحدى الكفتين، بينما توضع أوزان معروفة في الكفَّة الأخرى حتى تتعادل الكفّتان. ويوضِّح المؤشر تعادل الكفتين. ويستخدم العلماء هذا النوع من الموازين لقياس أوزان مواد خفيفة جدًا,

الميزان القباني

طوره الرومان قبل حوالي ألفي عام. ويستخدم هذا النوع من الموازين وزنًا صغيرًا لقياس أوزان أثقال كبيرة. وهناك ذراعان للقضيب الأفقي: ذراع قصيرة، وذراع طويلة. ويوضع الثقل في كفَّة الذِّراع القصيرة.
يحدد وزن الشيء بتحريك ثقل الميزان على الذراع الطويل المقسم، حتى يحدث توازن ويكون الذراع أفقيا تماما، وتعطي قراءة تلك التقسيمات وزن الشيء (أو بمعنى ادق كتلته بالكيلوجرام مثلا).

الموازين الميكانيكية
كانت بداية تطورها في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي. وكانت لغالبية الموازين الميكانيكية أذرع تعمل على تخفيض قوة الثقل الكبير إلى قوة أقل، ومُجَهَّزة بمؤشر حساس لقياس الوزن. ويمكن تقسيم الموازين الميكانيكية وفقًا لنوع مؤشر قياس الوزن المستخدم في الميزان. وهناك ثلاثة أنواع من المؤشرات الميكانيكية: الذراع، والزنبرك، والبندول.

الميزان ذو الذراع

مزود بموازن لبيان وزن الثقل. ويتحرك الموازن على طول الذراع حتى يزن الثقل، وتوجد علامات على الذراع لتحديد الوزن. ويستعمل كثير من الأطباء هذا النوع من الموازين لقياس وزن المرضى.

الميزان الزنبركي (ميزان النابض)
يُستعمل في هذا النوع زنبرك (نابض) واحد أو أكثر لقياس وزن الثقل الذي يوضع في كفة أو منصة. ويُحرّك وزن الثقل كل زنبرك (نابض) فيطول أو يضغط كما هو موضح في صورة الميزان الزنبركي البسيط أو ما يدعى في أسواق بلاد الشام قديماً بالربيعة، وبالتالي يتحرك مؤشر قياس الوزن ليحدد الوزن أوتوماتكيًا. وميزان الحمام نوع من الموازين الزنبركية المعروفة. وتعمل بعض الموازين الزنبركية بدون أذرع مثل الموازين المعلقة ويمكن للميزان الزنبركي قياس القوى المنتقلة عبر الميزان في أي اتجاه.

الميزان بمؤشر
ذو القرص المدرج يستعمل قرصاً مدرجاً به مؤشر لتحديد الوزن. ويميل المؤشر إلى جهة واحدة ليزن الثِّقل الموضوع على المنصة، وتدور إبرة في المؤشر على القرص المدرج لبيان الوزن. وتستعمل هذه الطريقة في كثير من أنواع الموازين في المجال الصناعي، كما تستعمل محلات الأغذية هذه الموازين لتحديد أوزان اللحوم والمنتجات الأخرى.

الموازين الإلكترونية

أُدخِلَت تِجاريّاً لأول مرة في الخمسينيات من القرن العشرين، وتستعمل طرقًا متنوعة لقياس وتحديد الوزن. ولمعظم الموازين الإلكترونية جهاز يسمى خلية قياس جهد الثقل. ويقيس هذا الجهاز القوة التي يحدثها ثقل الحمل الموضوع في الميزان. ويقوم الجهاز أيضًا بتحويل مقياس الجهد إلى إشارات إلكترونية، ثم إرسال هذه الإشارات إلى مؤشر الوزن الإلكتروني فيُحوِّل هذه الإشارات ليعطي القراءة الصحيحة للوزن.
ويمكن للموازين الإلكترونية أن تزن الأثقال بصورة أسرع وبأقل تكلفة، وتعطي قراءة أكثر دقة للوزن من الموازين الأخرى. ولهذا النوع معالجات دقيقة (رقائق حاسوبية دقيقة) تُمَكِّن الميزان من أداء مهام أخرى بالإضافة إلى قياس الوزن. وتشمل هذه المهام تحديد عدد المفردات في الثقل، وحساب سعر الثقل، ونقل المعلومات إلى الطابعات والحواسيب مثل الميزان الرقمي.

وهناك أنواع أخرى من الموازين وهي: الميزان المائي والميزان الحراري والميزان الجسري.

الميزان المائي
الميزان المائي أداة يستعملها النجَّارون والسبَّاكون وعمال البناء الآخرون، لتحديد ما إذا كان سطح جسم ما أفقيًا مستويًا أو غير ذلك. تتألَّف غالبيَّة الموازين من أنبوبة زجاجية مقوسة صغيرة، موضوعة داخل قطعة مستطيلة من الخشب أو المعدن. ويوجد في وسط الأنبوبة علامة تُمثِّل أعلى نقاطها. وتحتوي الأنبوبة على كحول، أو سائل آخر وعلى فقاعة هواء. وعندما يوضع الميزان بطولة على سطح مستوٍ تمامًا تستقر الفقاعة في مركز الأنبوبة. أما إذا كان السطح الذي يُسْتَقصى مائلاً، فإن الفقاعة ترتفع إلى النهاية العليا من الأنبوبة. ولبعض الموازين أنابيب إضافية توضع بزاوية قائمة على طول الميزان. وتساعد هذه الأنابيب العمال على استقصاء عمودية سطح ما.
تشتق أسماء الموازين المائية من استعمالاتها بصورة عامة. فموازين البناء مثلاً، يستعملها البناؤون في جدران المباني المؤلفة من الآجر (الطوب) أو الحجر. وتقيس هذه الموازين حتى طول متر واحد، وهي أطول الموازين. أما ميزان النجَّار، فيشبه ميزان البَنَّاء لكن طوله عامة 60سم. وأمَّا الموازين الخَطِّيَّة التي تُدعى أحيانًا الموازين الخيطِية فتعلق على طول سلك مشدود أو خيط، ويستعملها البناؤون في إرساء الأساسات، وفي تأدية عمل آخر يشمل قياس الأفقية بين أجزاء متباعدة كالجسور. ويبلغ طول الميزان الخطي حوالي 8سم، وهو أقصر الموازين. ويربط ميزان المهندس ويُدعى أيضًا، ميزان المساح، بتلسكوب، وتركب على قاعدة ثلاثية القوائم. ويوفِّر للمهندسين والمساحين خط نظر أفقيًا تمامًا.

الميزان المئوي
أول من استخدم المقياس المئوي، عالم الفلك السويدي أندرز سيلسيوس في عام 1742م، ثم أُدخلت عليه في وقت لاحق بعض التغييرات والتحسينات. وأطلق المؤتمر التّاسع للموازين والمقاييس في عام 1948م اسم الميزان المئوي على هذا المقياس.
الميزان المئوي هو جزء من نظام القياس المتري. يستخدمه الناس والعلماء في جميع أرجاء العالم لقياس درجة الحرارة.
ووفقًا للميزان المئوي فإن درجة الحرارة صفر هي درجة تجمد الماء، ومائة هي درجة الغليان. ويقَسّم الميزان الي مائة جزء متساوية بين هاتين النقطتين المحددتين. ويسمى هذا الميزان في بعض الأحيان المقياس المئوي المدرج، وذلك لأن الميزان مُقسم إلى مائة جزء. ومن الدرجات المهمة في هذا الميزان الدرجة 37°؛ أي درجة حرارة الجسم والدرجة 20° مئوية؛ أي درجة الحرارة العادية داخل الغرف. وتسبق الدرجات دون التجمد علامات سالبة. قد يكون من الضروري في بعض الأحيان مقارنة الدرجة المئوية بدرجة الفهرنهايت. ولتحويل درجة مئوية إلى فهرنهايتية، يتمّ ضرب الدرجــة المئويــة م في 9/5 ويضاف 32 درجة فهرنهايت:
ف = 9/5 مئوية + 32
ولتحويل درجة فهرنهايتية إلى مئوية يطرح 32 درجة من الفهرنهايت ويضرب الباقي في درجـة
مئوية = 5/9 (ف-32).

الميزان الجسري

هو ميزان لقياس وزن السيارات وحمولاتها. يتكوّن الميزان من منصة معدنية تكون على الطريق (المساحة المحددة أمام المبنى)، وتَظْهَرُ قراءة الوزن وتُسجل في المكتب خلف الصورة. والصورة الأخرى، هو نوع من الموازين التّجارية التي تستخدم في معامل فحص المنتجات.

المصدر
 كتاب حقيقة الدينار والدرهم والصاع والمد لأبي العباس أحمد العزفي السبتي

الروابط الخارجية
 العقد الثمين فيما يتعلق بالموازين هو مخطوطة من القرن 18th عبد الرحمن الجبرتي عن «تصميم وتشغيل» في جداول

مراجع

آلات وزن
أدوات ذكرت في القرآن
اختراعات إيطالية
اختراعات صينية
اختراعات فرنسية
التكنولوجيا في مصر القديمة
مصطلحات اقتصادية
مصطلحات علمية
معايير
معدات مخبرية
مفاهيم فيزيائية
موازين شرعية

ميزان


Express Credit Amanet este o companie românească, parte a unui fond de investiții american, care oferă servicii financiare. Principalele domenii de activitate ale companiei sunt acordarea de credite în regim de amanet și vânzarea de produse provenite din activitatea de amanet, cum ar fi bijuteriile, produsele electronice sau alte obiecte de valoare.

Istoric

Actuala companie Express Credit Amanet a luat ființă în septembrie 1999 prin deschiderea primei agenții în Iași, cartierul Tudor Vladimirescu. Ea a apărut pe piața ieșeană sub numele de Casa de Amanet Electro Gold. Până în anul 2008, când s-a produs schimbarea numelui companiei de la Electro Gold la Express Credit Amanet, numărul de agenții s-a mărit constant, ajungând la nouă, în mai multe cartiere ieșene. Astfel, în 2002 a fost deschisă cea de a doua agenție Electro Gold în cartierul Alexandru cel Bun, iar până în 2005 încă trei noi agenții în cartierele ieșene Dacia, Mircea cel Batrân și Podu Roș. În decembrie 2006 rețeaua se extinde cu încă o agenție Electro Gold, cea din cartierul Păcurari, iar în toamna anului 2007 se inaugurează cea de a șaptea agenție în zona Pieței Nicolina. La începutul anului 2008 a fost deschisă agenția din cartierul Tătărași, continuând în vară cu cea de pe bulevardul Independenței.

Anul 2009 a adus încă trei agenții noi pentru Express Credit Amanet, cele din zona Gării, cartierul Nicolina și cea de-a doua agenție din Dacia. În cursul anului 2010, după deschiderea unei agenții centrale, lânga Moldova Mall, compania s-a extins și în zonele limitrofe orașului Iași, cu agenția din Tomești, apoi în anul următor cu agenția din Dancu și cea din Hârlău. Au mai fost adăugate agențiile din Țuțora, Zimbru și Galata. În anul 2012 s-au deschis două agenții în Vaslui iar în anul 2013 a fost deschis un magazin dedicat vânzării de electronice în Piața Nicolina.

Vânzarea companiei
În anul 2013, compania a fost vândută concernului american Dollar Financial Group, Inc. Valoarea tranzacției nu a fost făcută publică, la cererea celor două părți. La distanță de 5 ani de la încheierea tranzacției, compania americană a vândut la rândul ei rețeaua de amanet celor de la HPS Investment Partners, LLC. Procesul de vânzare a început la mijlocul anului 2017 și a fost finalizat cu succes, compania fiind acum preluată în totalitate de la fostul proprietar.

Începând cu anul 2018, rețeaua de agenții Express Credit Amanet s-a extins către regiunea Moldovei, având prezențe la Suceava, Botoșani, Fălticeni și Roman.

Rezultate economice
Compania a înregistrat un parcurs ascendent, din punct de vedere al cifrei de afaceri și profitului declarate. Începând cu anul 2016, Express Credit Amanet a fost cotată ca fiind a doua companie de profil din România.

Cifra de afaceri, conform datelor Ministerului Finanțelor Publice, a avut următoarea evoluție:

 2013 - 30.351.301 RON
 2014 - 28.275.908 RON
 2015 - 32.472.710 RON
 2016 - 30.843.048 RON
 2017 - 34.445.909 RON

În anul 2018, Express Credit Amanet s-a situat printre cele mai profitabile companii mici și mijlocii din România. În clasamentul național realizat de către Consiliul Național al Întreprinderilor Private Mici și Mijlocii din România, Express Credit Amanet a intrat în primele 100 de companii, ocupând locul 90.

Note

Companii din România
Fondări în 1999

Express Credit Amanet


Myodocarpaceae, manja porodica dvosupnica u redu celerolike. Sastoji se od dva roda s ukupno 18 vrsta koje rastu po Maleziji, jugozapadnom Pacifiku i Novoj Kaledoniji.

Porodica je opisana 2001.

Rodovi
 Delarbrea Vieill. (7 spp.)
 Myodocarpus Brongn. & Gris (11 spp.)

Izvori

Porodice celerolikih
Biljne porodice

Myodocarpaceae


(en français, Tu as du style) est la chanson représentant la Lituanie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2001. Elle est interprétée par le groupe Skamp.

Chanson
La plupart des paroles sont écrites par Erica Quinn Jennings en anglais et chantées du point de vue d'une femme voyant un homme séduisant. Après le premier refrain, elle change d'avis, mais veut quand même le rencontrer. Après le deuxième couplet, un battement en lituanien de Viktoras Diawara décrit une situation similaire du point de vue d'un homme et exprime sa satisfaction d'avoir rencontré le femme en question dans une phrase multilingue, comprenant des mots allemands et français.

Eurovision
Après un an d'absence, Lietuvos nacionalinis radijas ir televizija organise un concours et présente huit chansons dans une finale, une émission le . Le représentant de la Lituanie est choisi de la manière suivante : la moitié des points sont attribués par un jury de professionnels, un quart par les spectateurs dans la salle et un quart par un télévote. Après avoir annoncé les trois participants avec le plus de votes (pourcentages),  remporte le concours.

La chanson est la huitième de la soirée, suivant Listen To Your Heartbeat interprétée par Friends pour la Suède et précédant Too Much interprétée par Arnis Mednis pour la Lettonie.

Le groupe porte une variété inhabituelle de vêtements. Erika est vêtue d'un corsage blanc, avec une manche de couleur crème sur le bras gauche et le bras droit nu et un pantalon rouge. Viktoras porte uniquement du blanc et Vilius du noir, inspirés par la mode disco. Les trois choristes masculins portent des perruques afro rouges et bleue.

À la fin des votes, la chanson obtient 35 points et finit  des vingt-trois participants.

Points attribués à la Lituanie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Chanson représentant la Lituanie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
Chanson de l'Eurovision de 2001
Chanson en lituanien
Chanson en anglais
Single musical sorti en 2001

You Got Style


දෙහිඕවිට මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය  අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ අතරතුර  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි  මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය නම් ලද්දේ  සබරගමුව පළාතේ  කෑගල්ල  දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ,  දෙහිඕවිට නගරය අනුව යමිනි . ජූලි 1977  දී මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවට දැරණියගල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය ඇති කරන ලදි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින්   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට  ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ වූ කොට්ඨාශ 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු  පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී  දැරණියගල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවට  කෑගල්ල  බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය  ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය තුල ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශයක් ලෙස දැරණියගල දිගටම පවතියි.

1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු   පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැරණි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ
 කෑගල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

දෙහිඕවිට මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය


الايروكواس  هي تسمية لرابطة قبائل للأمم الأولى من الأمريكيين الأصليين التي اتحدت في منطقة البحيرات العظمى. تتألف من خمس قبائل: الموهوك، أونايدا، أنونداجا، كيجا، وسينيكا. اتحدوا في القرن 12 وأسسوا كونفدرالية. إنضمت اليهم قبيلة سادسة سنة 1720 وهي قبيلة توسكارورا. تعتبر رابطة الإيراكوي واحدة من أقوى التأثيرات على الديمقراطية الحديثة. مقرهم كان حيث تقع اليوم مدينة سيراكيوز بولاية نيويورك.

التسمية
يسمي الايروكواسيون أنفسهم بـ«هودنوسوني» أي «شعب البيت الطويل» نسبة لفكرة «إنشاء بيت طويل ليسع جميع القبائل كعائلة واحدة». ولا يوجد مرجع واحد يشرح أصل كلمة «ايروكواس» بالتحديد. فالبعض يعتبرها تحريف الفرنسيين لكلمة ايريناكهيو الهارونية والتي تعني «شعب البيت الطويل». ويعتبر بعض اللغويون أن اصل الكلمة هي «ايلوكوا» الباسكية والتي تعني «الشعب القاتل» وهو ما كان يطلقه عليهم أعدائهم من قبائل الكونكوين.

الاتحاد
النظام الديمقراطي للاتحاد كان يضم دستور يحتوي على 117 مادة، ومعروف باسم القانون العظيم للسلام. يعتبر ثاني أقدم برلمان في العالم بعد آيسلندا. يحكم الكونفدرالية برلمان أو ممثلي الشعب. الكونفدرالية كانت تفرض حدود وقيود صارمة على سلطة الحكام. كما تم تقسيم السلطة بين الرجل والمرأة، ينص على أن الرجل لا يمكن أن يترأس العشيرة، والمرأة لا يمكنها ان تصبح عسكرية، ومهام تعيين القادة العسكريين تقع على مسؤولية المرأة زعيمة العشيرة.

كان تأثير الاتحاد مباشر على الديمقراطية والدستورية، كما هو الحال في فكرة المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في المجتمع الحديث. بنجامين فرانكلين، الذي كان له اتصال مباشر مع الايروكواس سنة 1753، أكد في أعماله أن درجة الاستقلالية التي كان يتمتع بها سكان الإيراكوي لم تكن معروفة في أوروبا، ونشر كتاب معاهدة الهنود، التي تعتبر واحدة من أهم أعمال فرانكلين. الفلاسفة ومؤرخين من الحركات الراديكالية مثل هاوارد زين، اعتبروا هذا الاتحاد يشكل مثالا على تنفيذ جذري للديمقراطية من خلال قرارات مجلس الشعب.

تاريخ
نزحوا من مكان إقامتهم في غربي نهر الميسيسيبي حيث كانا يؤلفون، حسب كل احتمال، فرعاً من جماعة الداكوتا الكبيرة، وأقاموا بعد ترحلات طويلة في ولاية نيويورك الحالية، وانقسموا إلى خمس قبائل: سينيكا، كايوغا، أونونداغا، أونيدا، موهاوك. وكانوا يعيشون من صيد السمك والصيد البري والبستنة البدائية. وكانوا يسكنون في قرى تحميها الأسيجة الوتدية في معظم الأحوال. ولم يبلغ عددهم أبداً أكثر من 20000 شخص، وكانت في جميع قبائلهم الخمس بعض عشائر مشتركة، وكانوا يتكلمون بلهجات متقاربة جداً من لغة واحدة، ويسكنون في رقعة متصلة من الأرض جرى تقاسمها بين القبائل الخمس. وبما أنهم كانوا قد استولوا على هذه لأرض من زمن غير بعيد، فإن الأعمال المشتركة ين هذه القبائل الظافرة ضد القبائل المطرودة أصبحت ظاهرة طبيعية ومن حكم العادة. وعلى هذا النحو، تكون في مستهل القرن الخامس عشر على أبعد حد، «اتحاد أبدي»-اتحاد تعاهدي، أحس بقواه الجديدة، فاكتسب على الفور طابعاً هجومياً، واستولى في أوج بأسه، حوالي عام 1675، على رقعة كبيرة من الأراضي المحيطة به، طارداً السكان من بعضها وفارضاً الجزية على سكان بعضها لآخر.

الإيروكوا في القرن العشرين
خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى شارك نحو 300 من الإيروكوا كحلفاء مع بريطانيا العظمى، عاد منهم 260.

في عام 1919 مجلس النهر الكبير، بقيادة الجنرال ليفي أو ديسكاهيه Deskaheh طالب ان تعتبر منطقة الإيراكوي محمية بريطانية مثل تونغا أو بتسوانا.

انظر أيضاً

 أمريكيون قدماء
 ديمقراطية تمثيلية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع الأمم الست

اتحادات كنفدرالية سابقة
الأمم الأولى
الأمم الأولى في أونتاريو
الأمم الأولى في كيبك
السكان الأصليين في الولايات المتحدة في الثورة الأمريكية
أمريكيون
إيروكوي
بلدان سابقة في الولايات المتحدة
تاريخ الأمريكيين الأصليين في فرجينيا الغربية
دول سابقة غير معترف بها
دول سابقة في أمريكا الشمالية
شمال نيويورك
قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في أوكلاهوما
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في ولاية نيويورك
كيانات سياسية سابقة في أمريكا الشمالية
مجالس تشريعية تاريخية
مناطق وأراض سابقة في الولايات المتحدة

إيراكوي


Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003) foi uma atriz estadunidense. A carreira de Hepburn em Hollywood durou mais de 60 anos. Ela era conhecida por sua independência obstinada, personalidade espirituosa e franqueza, cultivando uma personalidade de tela que combinava com essa imagem pública, o que a fez interpretar regularmente mulheres sofisticadas e com muita força de vontade. Seu trabalho foi em uma variedade de gêneros, indo da comédia ao drama literário, o que lhe rendeu vários feitos, incluindo quatro prêmios Oscar (todos de melhor atriz – mais do que qualquer outro artista), um Emmy e indicações para um Grammy e dois Prêmios Tony; o que a torna uma das poucas artistas a receber indicações para todos os quatro principais prêmios de entretenimento. Em 1999, Hepburn foi eleita pelo Instituto Americano de Cinema como a maior estrela feminina do cinema clássico de todos os tempos.

Hepburn começou sua carreira no teatro em 1928, e mais tarde apareceu nos palcos em todas as décadas até a década de 1980. As produções em que Hepburn participou variavam de dramas de Shakespeare a comédias de Philip Barry, além de obras de George Bernard Shaw e um musical da Broadway. Katharine fez sua estreia no cinema com "Vítimas do Divórcio", em 1932. Nas seis décadas seguintes, apareceu em uma variedade de gêneros, incluindo comédias malucas, dramas épicos e adaptações de obras de notáveis dramaturgos como Tennessee Williams, Eugene O'Neill e  Edward Albee.

Depois de quatro anos no teatro, críticas favoráveis a seu trabalho na Broadway trouxeram-lhe a atenção de Hollywood. Seus primeiros anos na indústria cinematográfica foram marcados por sucessos, incluindo um Oscar por sua atuação em "Manhã de Glória" (1933), mas foi seguido por uma série de fracassos comerciais que culminaram no fracasso de bilheteria elogiado pela crítica "Levada da Breca" (1938). Hepburn planejou seu próprio retorno, comprando seu contrato com a RKO Radio Pictures e adquirindo os direitos do filme "Núpcias de Escândalo", que vendeu com a condição de ser a estrela principal. A produção foi um sucesso de bilheteria e lhe rendeu uma terceira indicação ao Oscar. Na década de 1940, foi contratada pela Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, onde sua carreira se concentrou em uma aliança com Spencer Tracy.

Hepburn se desafiou em sua carreira ao participar de produções teatrais shakespearianas e uma série de papéis literários. Ela encontrou um nicho interpretando solteironas de meia-idade, como em "Uma Aventura na África" (1951), uma persona que o público abraçou. Hepburn ganhou mais três Oscars por seus trabalhos em "Adivinhe Quem Vem Para Jantar" (1967), "O Leão no Inverno" (1968) e "Num Lago Dourado" (1981). Na década de 1970, começou a aparecer em telefilmes, que mais tarde se tornaram seu foco principal.

A última aparição de Hepburn em um filme lançado nos cinemas foi em "Segredos do Coração" (1994). Foi o único filme de sua carreira, além da aparição em "Stage Door Canteen", em que ela não desempenhou o papel principal. Hepburn desempenhou seu papel final no telefilme "O Poder do Natal" (1994), pelo qual recebeu uma indicação ao Prêmio Screen Actors Guild aos 87 anos de idade. Hepburn também apresentou dois documentários para televisão e narrou dois documentários curtos. Após um período de inatividade e problemas de saúde, Hepburn morreu em 2003, aos 96 anos.

Os títulos em português referem-se a exibições no Brasil.

Palcos

Cinema

Longas-metragens

Televisão

Curtas-metragens

Ligações externas

Filmografias de atrizes
Filmografias de pessoas dos Estados Unidos

Filmografia de Katharine Hepburn


In mathematics,  contact geometry is the study of a geometric structure on smooth manifolds given by a hyperplane distribution in the tangent bundle satisfying a condition called 'complete non-integrability'.  Equivalently, such a distribution may be given (at least locally) as the kernel of a differential one-form, and the non-integrability condition translates into a maximal non-degeneracy condition on the form. These conditions are opposite to two equivalent conditions for 'complete integrability' of a hyperplane distribution, i.e. that it be tangent to a codimension one foliation on the manifold, whose equivalence is the content of the Frobenius theorem.

Contact geometry is in many ways an odd-dimensional counterpart of symplectic geometry, a structure on certain even-dimensional manifolds. Both contact and symplectic geometry are motivated by the mathematical formalism of classical mechanics, where one can consider either the even-dimensional phase space of a mechanical system or constant-energy hypersurface, which, being codimension one, has odd dimension.

Applications

Like symplectic geometry, contact geometry has broad applications in physics, e.g. geometrical optics, classical mechanics, thermodynamics, geometric quantization, integrable systems and to control theory.  Contact geometry also has applications to low-dimensional topology; for example, it has been used by Kronheimer and Mrowka to prove the property P conjecture, by Michael Hutchings to define an invariant of smooth three-manifolds, and by Lenhard Ng to define invariants of knots.  It was also used by Yakov Eliashberg to derive a topological characterization of Stein manifolds of dimension at least six.

Contact forms and structures

A contact structure on an odd dimensional manifold is a smoothly varying family of codimension one subspaces of each tangent space of the manifold, satisfying a non-integrability condition.  The family may be described as a section of a bundle as follows:

Given an n-dimensional smooth manifold M, and a point , a contact element of M with contact point p is an (n − 1)-dimensional linear subspace of the tangent space to M at p. A contact element can be given by the kernel of a linear function on the tangent space to M at p. However, if a subspace is given by the kernel of a linear function ω, then it will also be given by the zeros of λω where  is any nonzero real number. Thus, the kernels of  all give the same contact element. It follows that the space of all contact elements of M can be identified with a quotient of the cotangent bundle T*M (with the zero section  removed), namely:

A contact structure on an odd dimensional manifold M, of dimension , is a smooth distribution of contact elements, denoted by ξ, which is generic at each point. The genericity condition is that ξ is non-integrable.

Assume that we have a smooth distribution of contact elements, ξ, given locally by a differential 1-form α; i.e. a smooth section of the cotangent bundle. The non-integrability condition can be given explicitly as:

Notice that if ξ is given by the differential 1-form α, then the same distribution is given locally by , where ƒ is a non-zero smooth function. If ξ is co-orientable then α is defined globally.

Properties
It follows from the Frobenius theorem on integrability that the contact field ξ is completely nonintegrable. This property of the contact field is roughly the opposite of being a field formed by the tangent planes to a family of nonoverlapping hypersurfaces in M. In particular, you cannot find a hypersurface in M whose tangent spaces agree with ξ, even locally. In fact, there is no submanifold of dimension greater than k whose tangent spaces lie in ξ.

Relation with symplectic structures
A consequence of the definition is that the restriction of the 2-form ω = dα to a hyperplane in ξ is a nondegenerate 2-form. This construction provides any contact manifold M with a natural symplectic bundle of rank one smaller than the dimension of M. Note that a symplectic vector space is always even-dimensional, while contact manifolds need to be odd-dimensional.

The cotangent bundle T*N of any n-dimensional manifold  N is itself a manifold (of dimension 2n) and supports naturally an exact symplectic structure ω = dλ. (This 1-form λ is sometimes called the Liouville form). There are several ways to construct an associated contact manifold, some of dimension 2n − 1, some of dimension 2n + 1.

Projectivization
Let M be the projectivization of the cotangent bundle of N: thus M is fiber bundle over N whose fiber at a point x is the space of lines in T*N, or, equivalently, the space of hyperplanes in TN. The 1-form λ does not descend to a genuine 1-form on M. However, it is homogeneous of degree 1, and so it defines a 1-form with values in the line bundle O(1), which is the dual of the fibrewise tautological line bundle of M. The kernel of this 1-form defines a contact distribution.

Energy surfaces
Suppose that H is a smooth function on T*N,   that E is a regular value for H, so that the level set  is a smooth submanifold of codimension 1.  A vector field Y is called an Euler (or Liouville) vector field if it is transverse to L and conformally symplectic,  meaning that the Lie derivative of dλ with respect to Y is a multiple of dλ in a neighborhood of L.

Then the restriction of  to L is a contact form on L.

This construction originates in Hamiltonian mechanics, where H is a Hamiltonian of a mechanical system with the configuration space N and the phase space T*N, and E is the value of the energy.

The unit cotangent bundle
Choose a Riemannian metric on the manifold N and let H be the associated kinetic energy.
Then the level set   H =1/2  is the  unit cotangent bundle of N,  a smooth manifold of dimension 2n-1 fibering over N with fibers being spheres. Then the Liouville form restricted to the unit cotangent bundle is a contact structure.  This corresponds to a special case of the second construction, where the flow of the Euler vector field Y corresponds to linear scaling of momenta p's, leaving the q's fixed. The vector field R, defined by the equalities
 λ(R) = 1 and dλ(R, A) = 0 for all vector fields A,
is called the Reeb vector field, and it generates the geodesic flow of the Riemannian metric. More precisely, using the Riemannian metric, one can identify each point of the cotangent bundle of N with a point of the tangent bundle of N, and then the value of R at that point of the (unit) cotangent bundle is the corresponding (unit) vector parallel to N.

First jet bundle
On the other hand, one can build a contact manifold M of dimension 2n + 1 by considering the first jet bundle of the real valued functions on N. This bundle is isomorphic to T*N×R using the exterior derivative of a function. With coordinates (x, t), M has a contact structure
α = dt + λ.

Conversely, given any contact manifold M, the product M×R has a natural structure of a symplectic manifold. If α is a contact form on M, then

ω = d(etα)

is a symplectic form on M×R, where t denotes the variable in the R-direction.  This new manifold is called the symplectization (sometimes symplectification in the literature) of the contact manifold M.

Examples
As a prime example, consider R3, endowed with coordinates (x,y,z) and the one-form  The contact plane ξ at a point (x,y,z) is spanned by the vectors  and

By replacing the single variables x and y with the multivariables x1, ..., xn, y1, ..., yn, one can generalize this example to any R2n+1. By a theorem of Darboux, every contact structure on a manifold looks locally like this particular contact structure on the (2n + 1)-dimensional vector space.

An important class of contact manifolds is formed by Sasakian manifolds.

Legendrian submanifolds and knots
The most interesting subspaces of a contact manifold are its Legendrian submanifolds.  The non-integrability of the contact hyperplane field on a (2n + 1)-dimensional manifold means that no 2n-dimensional submanifold has it as its tangent bundle, even locally.  However, it is in general possible to find n-dimensional (embedded or immersed) submanifolds whose tangent spaces lie inside the contact field: these are called Legendrian submanifolds.

Legendrian submanifolds are analogous to Lagrangian submanifolds of symplectic manifolds.  There is a precise relation: the lift of a Legendrian submanifold in a symplectization of a contact manifold is a Lagrangian submanifold.

The simplest example of Legendrian submanifolds are Legendrian knots inside a contact three-manifold.  Inequivalent Legendrian knots may be equivalent as smooth knots; that is, there are knots which are smoothly isotopic where the isotopy cannot be chosen to be a path of Legendrian knots.

Legendrian submanifolds are very rigid objects; typically there are infinitely many Legendrian isotopy classes of embeddings which are all smoothly isotopic. Symplectic field theory provides invariants of Legendrian submanifolds called relative contact homology that can sometimes distinguish distinct Legendrian submanifolds that are topologically identical (i.e. smoothly isotopic).

Reeb vector field
If α is a contact form for a given contact structure, the Reeb vector field R can be defined as the unique element of the (one-dimensional) kernel of dα such that α(R) = 1.  If a contact manifold arises as a constant-energy hypersurface inside a symplectic manifold, then the Reeb vector field is the restriction to the submanifold of the Hamiltonian vector field associated to the energy function.  (The restriction yields a vector field on the contact hypersurface because the Hamiltonian vector field preserves energy levels.)

The dynamics of the Reeb field can be used to study the structure of the contact manifold or even the underlying manifold using techniques of Floer homology such as symplectic field theory and, in three dimensions, embedded contact homology.  Different contact forms whose kernels give the same contact structure will yield different Reeb vector fields, whose dynamics are in general very different.  The various flavors of contact homology depend a priori on the choice of a contact form, and construct algebraic structures the closed trajectories of their Reeb vector fields; however, these algebraic structures turn out to be independent of the contact form, i.e. they are invariants of the underlying contact structure, so that in the end, the contact form may be seen as an auxiliary choice.  In the case of embedded contact homology, one obtains an invariant of the underlying three-manifold, i.e. the embedded contact homology is independent of contact structure; this allows one to obtain results that hold for any Reeb vector field on the manifold.

The Reeb field is named after Georges Reeb.

Some historical remarks
The roots of contact geometry appear in work of Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Barrow, and Isaac Newton. The theory of contact transformations (i.e. transformations preserving a contact structure) was developed by Sophus Lie, with the dual aims of studying differential equations (e.g. the Legendre transformation or canonical transformation) and describing the 'change of space element', familiar from projective duality.

See also
Floer homology, some flavors of which give invariants of contact manifolds and their Legendrian submanifolds
Quantized contact transformation
Sub-Riemannian geometry

References

Introductions to contact geometry

Applications to differential equations

Contact three-manifolds and Legendrian knots

Information on the history of contact geometry

Contact geometry Theme on arxiv.org

External links
Contact manifold at the Manifold Atlas

Contact geometry


Le Piège infernal est une nouvelle policière de Maurice Leblanc, parue dans le mensuel Je sais tout, n°78, le 15 juillet 1911. La nouvelle est ensuite publiée en volume dans le recueil Les Confidences d'Arsène Lupin en .

Résumé
Nicolas Dugrival, son épouse et leur neveu Gabriel sont au champ de courses. Dugrival a dans son portefeuille une grande somme d'argent provenant des gains de la journée. Un inspecteur de police vient à sa rencontre : on lui aurait volé sa montre en or et on va la lui restituer. Dugrival fouille sa poche : effectivement on lui a dérobé sa précieuse montre. Il se rend en compagnie du policier à l'antenne du commissariat de police, mais l'inspecteur est appelé sur une autre affaire. Dugrival attend… et finit par s'apercevoir que son portefeuille a aussi disparu. Il en déduit que le policier n'en était pas un et que la fortune familiale a été intégralement dérobée. A son domicile il se se tire une balle dans la tête. Voyant son mari mort, l'épouse fait le serment de le venger. Quelques jours plus tard, un télégramme en provenance des États-Unis informe la presse qu'Arsène Lupin, ému par ces événements dramatiques, va remettre l'équivalent de la somme volée à la veuve. Comme promis, cette somme est remise à Mme Dugrival quelques jours après.

Un malheur n'allant jamais seul, quelques semaines après, Mme Dugrival et Gabriel sont attaqués par deux malfrats qui les ligotent et s'emparent de la somme d'argent envoyée par Lupin. La police enquête mais n'a aucune piste.

Quelques jours après ce second drame, un homme se présente chez les Dugrival ; on apprendra peu après qu'il s'agit de Lupin. Il propose d'examiner l'appartement pour aider le couple à savoir comment les bandits sont entrés dans le logement et comment ils en sont partis sans être vus des autres habitants et du concierge. Gabriel Dugrival le fait entrer dans le logement. Mais il s'agissait d'un piège : l'homme est poignardé, fait prisonnier, ligoté et attaché à un meuble massif. C'est alors que Mme Dugrival lui révèle la vérité : son neveu et elle n'ont jamais été attaqués ni dévalisés. Il s'agissait d'une manipulation visant à faire venir Arsène Lupin à l'appartement, le mettre hors d'état de nuire et lui faire payer le vol suivi du suicide de M. Dugrival. Elle s'empare du portefeuille de Lupin, l'examine et lui ordonne de signer plusieurs documents permettant de vider des comptes bancaires du célèbre voleur. Menacé de mort, Lupin s'exécute. Quand Mme Dugrival revient quelques heures après, elle est contente : elle a pris à Lupin de 40 000 francs. Elle demande à Gabriel de tirer sur Lupin avec son revolver. Surprise : le revolver a disparu. Elle veut l'égorger, mais le couteau de cuisine n'est plus là. Elle se précipite sur Lupin pour l'étrangler mais quelqu'un lance un objet brisant une vitre située près d'elle. Lupin serait-il protégé par des forces surnaturelles ? Elle décide alors de livrer le célèbre voleur ligoté à la police. Elle téléphone à l'inspecteur Ganimard pour venir cueillir Lupin. Puis, Gabriel et elle quittent les lieux. Le célèbre voleur étant ligoté et attaché à un meuble son sort semble scellé.

Un peu plus tard, quelqu'un s'introduit dans la pièce. C'est une jeune femme. Elle coupe les liens de Lupin et le délivre. Lupin est estomaqué. Qui est-elle ? Il découvre alors la vérité : il s'agit de Gabriel Dugrival qui est en réalité une jeune femme déguisée en homme. Les époux Dugrival étaient en effet des délinquants et utilisaient leur nièce, déguisée, pour commettre des vols. Gabriel était tombée amoureuse du gentleman cambrioleur. C'est pourquoi elle le délivre après avoir caché le revolver et le couteau de cuisine. C'était elle aussi qui avait lancé un objet dans la vitrine. La dernière phrase de la nouvelle est une réflexion que Lupin se fait à propos de lui-même : « Ce que c'est, pourtant, que d'être joli garçon ! ».

Notes et références

Éditions
 Les Aventures extraordinaires d'Arsène Lupin, éd. Jean-Claude Gawsewitch, tome 2, , 2012, pages 17 à 38.

Liens externes

Nouvelle mettant en scène Arsène Lupin
Nouvelle française parue en 1911
Nouvelle policière française
Nouvelle adaptée à la télévision
1911 en littérature policière
Suicide dans la littérature

Le Piège infernal (nouvelle)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Hlohovec enthält die 42 nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Hlohovec im Okres Hlohovec.

Denkmäler

Legende

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

!
Hlohovec


Tohumeta (Tohumetan) ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Laulara (Gemeinde Aileu).

Geographie

Tohumeta liegt im Westen des Verwaltungsamts Laulara. Östlich liegt der Suco Madabeno, nordöstlich der Suco Cotolau, südwestlich der Suco Fatisi und nordwestlich der Suco Bocolelo. Im Süden grenzt Madabeno an das Verwaltungsamt Aileu mit seinem Suco Seloi Craic. Im Norden liegt die Gemeinde Dili mit ihrem Suco Dare (Dili) (Verwaltungsamt Vera Cruz). Entlang der Nordgrenze fließt in der Regenzeit der Bemos, ein Quellfluss des Rio Comoro. Weiter im Westen heißt der Fluss Beinas. 2004 wurde der Suco Fucuculau an Tohumeta angegliedert und bildet seitdem seinen Norden. 2015 gab es weitere Grenzveränderungen. Tohumeta hat nun eine Fläche von 6,96 km².

Im Zentrum befinden sich mehrere Weiler, die sich um das Zentrum des Ortes Tohumeta gruppieren. Östlich liegt das Dorf Berlihu-Meta und im Südwesten der Weiler Erfan. Im Nordwesten befinden sich mehrere einzeln stehende Häuser. Nur kleinere Straßen verbinden den Suco mit der Außenwelt. Für die Parlamentswahlen 2007 mussten die Wahlurnen zum Wahllokal in der Grundschule mit Trägern und Pferden gebracht und wieder abgeholt werden.

Im Suco befinden sich die drei Aldeias Acadiro, Berlihu-Meta und Tohumeta.

Einwohner
In Tohumeta leben 870 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 471 Männer und 399 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 132 Haushalte. Über 91 % der Einwohner geben Tetum Prasa als ihre Muttersprache an. Fast 8 % sprechen Mambai.

Geschichte

In Tohumeta gab es Ende 1979 ein indonesisches Lager für Osttimoresen, die zur besseren Kontrolle von den Besatzern umgesiedelt werden sollten.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Duarte de Fatima Henrique zum Chefe de Suco gewählt und 2009 in seinem Amt bestätigt. Die Wahlen 2016 gewann João Maia.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Tohumeta (tetum; PDF; 8,3 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Tohumeta (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Laulara (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Aileu (Gemeinde)
Ort in Aileu (Gemeinde)

Tohumeta


Katherine Eleanor Conway (pseudônimo, Mercedes; Rochester, 6 de setembro de 1853 – Boston, 2 de janeiro de 1927) foi uma jornalista, editora de jornal e poeta americana. Católica devota, ela apoiou ao direito à educação das mulheres, mas se opôs ao sufrágio feminino. Vindo do estado norte-americano de Nova Iorque, Conway trabalhou em vários jornais, entre eles The Pilot, onde atuou como assistente editorial (1890–1905) e editora-chefe/diretora geral (1905–1908), "a primeira e única mulher a ocupar esse cargo, apesar de nunca ter recebido crédito no mastro".

Ela organizou o primeiro círculo de leitura católica em Boston, trabalhando como presidente, e também como presidente da Associação de Imprensa Feminina da Nova Inglaterra. Conway era um membro ativo do Boston Authors' Club e uma leitora de ensaios originais sobre temas religiosos e intelectuais antes de clubes notáveis literários e sociais. Em 1907, ela recebeu a Medalha Laetare da Universidade de Notre Dame.

Primeiros anos e educação
Katherine Eleanor Conway nasceu em Rochester, em Nova Iorque, no dia 6 de setembro de 1853. Ela era filha de pais celtas, que vieram para os Estados Unidos do oeste da Irlanda. Do lado de sua mãe, vários membros da família tinham sido eclesiásticos proeminentes na Igreja Católica. Havia dois irmãos, incluindo um irmão e uma irmã, Mary Conway, que fundou o Colegio Americano, afiliado à Universidade de Buenos Aires, na Argentina. Vários outros membros da família eram proeminentemente associados ao jornalismo na cidade de Nova Iorque, entre eles o Rev. John Conway, que editou um jornal em Saint Paul, capital de Minnesota. O pai de Conway, um bem-sucedido empreiteiro ferroviário e construtor de pontes, também era ativo na política.

Seus primeiros estudos foram feitos nas escolas do convento de Rochester, em Nova Iorque. Sua infância dos 11 aos 15 anos foram vividos na St. Mary's Academy, em Kenmore, onde seu interesse pela literatura foi reforçada por um talentoso professor de inglês que, cujo valor de 10 dólares, era normalmente pago a um editor pela honra de ter um poema publicado em um jornal. Em suas aspirações, ela foi acompanhada por seu amigo e conselheiro simpático, o bispo Bernard John McQuaid, de Rochester.

Carreira

O primeiro trabalho de Conway no jornalismo foi feito em Rochester no peródico Daily Union and Advertiser. Em 1875, ela iniciou seu calendário mensal católico, contribuindo com poemas e contos morais sob o pseudônimo de "Mercedes" para outros jornais católicos nas horas vagas depois de editá-lo mensalmente, e ensinando no convento. Ela editou no West End Journal, um jornal religioso mensal, por cinco anos. Conway trabalhou como como copidesque da Catholic Union and Times de Buffalo de 1880 a 1883. Naquele ano, ela foi convidada a visitar Boston para se recuperar de uma doença. Lá, ela conheceu o editor que lhe deu o primeiro reconhecimento por seus poemas pagando com um cheque, John Boyle O'Reilly. Depois que uma vaga oportuna ocorreu com a equipe do The Pilot, O'Reilly a ofereceu a Conway, que aceitou e começou seu novo emprego no outono de 1883. Além de um salário liberal, as oportunidades de trabalho literário externo eram frequentemente colocadas na direção de Conway por O'Reilly. Dois anos antes dessa mudança, em 1881, Conway reunira seus poemas em um volume, publicado com o título On the Sunrise Slope. Conway também editou a coleção de Clara Erskine Clement Waters, chamada Christian Symbols and Stories of the Saints as Illustrated in Art.

Conway organizou o primeiro círculo de leitura católica em Boston, do qual foi presidente, e exerceu a função de presidente da Associação de Imprensa Feminina da Nova Inglaterra. Na primavera de 1891, Conway foi convidada a apresentar perante o Conselho da Mulher em Washington, DC, seu artigo sobre "The Literature of Moral Loveliness". Ela foi a primeira católica que compareceu perante a União Educacional e Industrial Feminina de Boston para falar sobre um tema religioso. Também durante esse ano, ela leu antes dos papéis do Women's Press Club sobre "Alguns obstáculos ao sucesso das mulheres no jornalismo", "Jornalismo pessoal" e "On Magnifying Mine Office", uma sátira. Seus poemas apareceram em The Providence Journal e Life, com artigos de tendência literária nos periódicos católicos e seculares. Conway foi eleita presidente do departamento de imprensa da Associação Isabella, em conexão com a Exposição Mundial da Colômbia em Chicago. Ela atuou como assistente editorial do The Pilot, sob a direção de James Jeffrey Roche, editor-chefe; ela era um membro ativo do Boston Authors' Club, e uma leitora de ensaios originais sobre temas religiosos e intelectuais antes de proeminentes clubes literários e sociais. Conway, que sofria de problemas crônicos de saúde, apoiou a educação das mulheres, mas se opôs ao sufrágio.

Ela morreu em Boston em 2 de janeiro de 1927.

Obras publicadas

 Watchwords From John Boyle O'Reilly, Edited and With Estimate (em inglês)
 Bettering Ourselves, containing the earlier numbers of the "Family Sitting-Room Series" (em inglês)
 On the sunrise slope, 1881 (em inglês)
 The Good Shepherd in Boston, 1892 (em inglês)
 A dream of lilies, 1893 (em inglês)
 Making friends and keeping them, 1895 (em inglês)
 New footsteps in well-trodden ways, 1899 (em inglês)
 The Way of the World and Other Ways, 1900 (em inglês)
 Lalor's maples, 1901 (em inglês)
 Questions of Honor in the Christian Life, 1903 (em inglês)
 The Christian gentlewoman and the social apostolate, 1904 (em inglês)
 Charles Francis Donnelly : a memoir, with an account of the hearings on a bill for the inspection of private schools in Massachusetts in 1888-1889, 1909 (em inglês)
 The story of a beautiful childhood, 1909 (em inglês)
 The woman who never did wrong : and other stories, 1909 (em inglês)
 A lady and her letters, 1910 (em inglês)
 The color of life; a selection from the poems of Katherine E. Conway, 1927 (em inglês)

Honrarias

 1907, Medalha Laetare, Universidade de Notre Dame
 1912, Cruz de Honra, Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice (para Igreja e Papa), Papa Pio X

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

 Obras de ou sobre Katherine Eleanor Conway no Internet Archive (em inglês)

Norte-americanos de ascendência irlandesa
Mulheres jornalistas dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 1927
Nascidos em 1853
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Katherine Eleanor Conway


Black Army er en indvandrerbande, som opstod i Odense-bydelen Vollsmose i 2013. Banden har afdelinger i Odense, Næstved, Herning og Aarhus. Der findes fra officielt hold ingen informationer om antallet af medlemmer. Selv har banden meldt ud i 2014, at der var 200 medlemmer på landsplan, hvoraf 80 skulle være fra Odense-afdelingen. I en artikel i det digitale nyhedsmagasin Følgeton fra 2016, vurderer insidere og eksperter, at Black Army har 500 medlemmer på landsplan. Banden ledes af Mohammed Daabas fra Daabas-klanen.

Black Army stod angiveligt bag en episode i slutningen af marts 2017, hvor de udviste truende adfærd over for Odenses borgmester, Peter Rahbæk Juel (S), der som konsekvens nu fremover i en periode har politibeskyttelse døgnet rundt. Medlemmerne af banden har været involveret i flere sager om afpresning, narkohandel og vold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Black Army ændrer magtbalancen i den kriminelle underverden (artikel om banden fra 2016, TV 2.dk)

Bander i Danmark

Black Army


Os mercenários brancos no Congo () eram nativos da África (afrikaners e outros descendentes dos colonizadores europeus) e da Europa que participaram de vários conflitos militares na República do Congo (Leopoldville), no Zaire e na República Democrática do Congo. Desde 1960, sul-africanos, rodesianos, britânicos, irlandeses, alemães, belgas, franceses, espanhóis, italianos, sérvios, bielorrussos, russos, ucranianos, georgianos e alguns outros passaram pelas guerras congolesas.

Na década de 1960, os estrangeiros foram capazes de realmente virar a maré da guerra em favor do governo. Posteriormente, a experiência do uso de mercenários no Congo foi usada pelos serviços de inteligência ocidentais na Guerra Civil Angolana.

Foi aqui que a carreira mercenária dos aventureiros militares mais famosos do século XX começou. Eventos congoleses e outros das décadas de 1960 e 1970 moldaram as idéias e estereótipos modernos sobre mercenários.

Durante a crise congolesa, mercenários da Europa Ocidental, Rodésia e África do Sul lutaram no Congo. Bob Denard, Mike Hoare, Jean Schramme, Siegfried Mueller e muitos outros lutaram aqui.

Na Primeira Guerra do Congo, um destacamento da Legião branca lutou. Na parte serviram europeus ocidentais, sérvios, russos, ucranianos e outros.

Desde 2000, pilotos da ex-URSS serviram no Congo (bielorrussos, georgianos, ucranianos).

Bibliografia
 Коновалов, И.П. Африканские войны современности. — Москва : Центр стратегической конъюнктуры, 2012. — P. 59–66. — ISBN 978-5-906233-01-1.
 Коновалов, Иван Петрович. Солдаты удачи и воины корпораций : История современного наёмничества. — Пушкино : Центр стратегической конъюнктуры, 2015. — 216 с. — ББК 68:8 К64. — УДК 623(G). — ISBN 978-5-9906069-7-5.

Mercenários
Facções da Primeira Guerra do Congo
Facções da Segunda Guerra do Congo
Guerra do Quivu
Crise do Congo

Mercenários brancos no Congo


ලිතුආනියා සමුහාණ්ඩුව

එකතුව - $ 68.611 බිලියන
සාමාන්‍ය - $ 18 977 (47)
GDP (සාමාන්‍ය) – 2008 තක්සේරැව
එකතුව - $ 63 729 බිලියන (70)
සාමාන්‍ය - $ 14 086 (49)
ගිනි (2003) – 36 (මධ්‍යම)

ලිතුආනියා සමුහාණ්ඩුව බෝල්ටික් තුන් රාජ්‍යයේ උතුරැ යුරෝපයේ පිහිටි රටකි. ගිණිකොණ බෝල්ටික් මුහුදු තීරයේ හා එය මායිම් වන්නේ උතුරැ ලැම්බියාව, ගිණිකොණ බෙලාරස්. නිරිත ගෝලන්තය, රැසියානු තලනිනග්‍රෑඩ් කුඩා රාජ්‍යය. බටහිර බොල්ටික් මුහුදු තීරයේ ඇත්තේ ස්විඩනය හා ඩෙන්මාර්න්ය. එහි ජනගහනය මිලියන 3.32 වන අතර අගනුවර වන්නේ වෙල්නියස්ය. 14 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ දී යුරෝපයේ පිහිටි විශාලතම රට ලිතුආනියා විය. වර්තමානයේ බෙලාරස්, යුක්රේන්, පෝලන්ත හා රැසියානු කොටස් ලිතුආනියා ආදිපාද වසමේ ප්‍රදේශ විය. 1569 වර්ෂයේ දී ලුබ්ලින් එකමුතුවෙන් පෝලන්ත ලිතුආනියා යන පොදු රාජ්‍යය ලෙස නව රාජ්‍යයන් පිහිටුවිය. එය ශතවර්ෂ 2 ක් පුරා පැවති අතර 1772 සිට 1795 දක්වා වකවානුවේ අසල්වැසි රාජ්‍යයන් එය ක්‍රමයෙන් බිද දැමු අතර රැසියානු අධිරාජ්‍ය සමග ලිතුආනියන් ප්‍රදේශ බොහෝමයක් සම්බන්ධ කරන ලදි. 2 වන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් පසු 1918 පෙබරවාරි 16 දා ලිතුආනියානු නිදහස් පනත අත්සන් කරන ලද අතර, නිදහස් රාජ්‍යයන් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශිතයට පත් කරන ලදි. 1940 වන විට නාට්සින් බසුබැසි අතර සෝවියට් රැසියානුවන් එය අත්කර ගත්හ. 1990 මාර්තු 11 ලිතුආනියාව සෝවියට් සමුහාණ්ඩුව තුල නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කල පළමු රට විය. 2008 – 2009 පැවති ලෝක ආර්ථික අර්බුදයට  පෙර ලෝකයේ පැවති වේගවත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය මෙරට සතු විය. ලිතුආනියාව නේටෝ, යුරෝපානු කවුන්සිලය, යු‍රෝපානු සංගමයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. 2007 දෙසැම්බර් 21 එය ෂෙන්ගන් එකගතාවයේ සම්පුර්ණ සාමාජිකයෙක් විය. 2009 වර්ෂයේ විල්නියස් යුරෝපානු සංස්කෘතියේ අගනුවර වු අතර ලිතුආනියාව නව මිලේනියම් තම නමින් සැමරැහ.

ලිතුආනියා සමුහාණ්ඩුව
පින්තුරය - කොඩිය
ආදර්ශ පාඨය -
ජාතික ගීය
අගනුවර සහ විශාලම නගරය - වෙල්නියස් 540 41' N 250 19' E
රාජ්‍ය භාෂාව - ලිතුඅනියානු
ජන වර්ග -	84.7% ලිතුආනියානු
		6.1% පෝල්ස්
		4.9% රැසියානු
		5.0% වෙනත්
රාජ්‍ය - අර්ධ ජනාධිපති සමුහාණ්ඩුව
ජනාධිපති - ඩැලියා ඉබොව්ස්කේට්
අගමැති - අන්ඩ්‍රියස් කුබිලියස්
නිදහස රැසියාව සිට - 1918
නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කිරිම - 16 පෙබරවාරි 1918
පළමුවන සෝවියට් රැකියා නියුක්තිය - 15 ජුනි 1940
ජර්මානු කාසි රැකියා නියුක්තිය - ජුනි 1941
දෙවන සෝවියට් රැකියා නියුක්තිය - 1944
රාජ්‍යයට පැමිණීම - 01 මැයි 2004
වර්ග ප්‍රමාණය -	එකතුව	-	65 200 Km2
			25 173 sq mi
ජලය (%) – 1.35%
ජනගහනය - 2009 තක්සේරැව - 3 341 966 (130)
ඝනත්වය	-	53.5 / Km2 (120)
			141.2 / sq mi
GDP (PPP) – 2008 තක්සේරැව

සමුහාණ්ඩු

ලිතුආනියා සමුහාණ්ඩුව


USS Palmer (DD-161) was a  of the United States Navy, later converted to a minesweeper and reclassified as DMS-5. She was named for Rear Admiral James Shedden Palmer USN (1810–1867).

Palmer was laid down on 29 May 1918 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company, Quincy, Massachusetts. The ship was launched on 18 August 1918, sponsored by Mrs. Robert C. Hilliard, and commissioned on 22 November 1918.

Service history
Assigned to the Pacific Fleet, Palmer joined in fleet operations until decommissioning at San Diego on 31 May 1922. There she was in reserve until recommissioning on 7 August 1940. Converted to a minesweeper with the designation DMS–5 on 19 November, she returned to the Atlantic and joined Mine Division 19 (MinDiv 19) out of Norfolk, Virginia for escort duty in the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. She sortied on 24 October 1942, screening Task Force 34 (TF 34) to the invasion of North Africa, arriving on 7 November off Fedala, where she made an exploratory sweep before taking station in the anti-submarine screen. The next day, Palmer seized the French trawler Joseph Elise, and engaged an enemy shore battery.

Palmer served on patrol and escort off North Africa until 12 December, and then returned to Atlantic escort duty through 1943, plying coastal, Caribbean and Northwestern Atlantic routes. Ordered to the Pacific, she trained out of San Diego, and then joined Task Force 53 at Pearl Harbor, sailing with it on 22 January 1944 for the assault on Kwajalein. Palmer remained in the Marshalls until 12 February laying buoys and screening transports, then made escort voyages to Pearl Harbor and Majuro.

Preceding the invasion force by two days, Palmer arrived off Saipan for a five-hour sweep on 13 June, and then screened transports during the amphibious landings. Screening duty to Eniwetok caused her to miss the Battle of the Philippine Sea, but she returned to Saipan for screening duties from 22 June–8 July.

Palmer arrived off Guam on 22 July, the day after the island was invaded, to screen transports off Apra for five days. Returning to Pearl Harbor, Palmer prepared for the return to the Philippines, a vast operation in which the aging converted destroyers would once again prove themselves. Staging at Manus, her force arrived in Leyte Gulf on 17 October to sweep the main channels and transport areas during the three days before the landings. After escorting the transports through the safe channels, the minesweepers made a quick sweep in Surigao Strait, then returned to Manus on 23 October, the eve of the Battle for Leyte Gulf.

Fate
Replenished, Palmer cleared Manus on 23 December for Lingayen Gulf, where she was to repeat the successful operations carried out at Leyte. Harassed en route by enemy ships and planes, Palmer and her force successfully penetrated Lingayen Gulf early on 7 January 1945, and began their sweep under enemy air attack. At about 15:45, a violent explosion occurred, knocking out Palmers port low-pressure turbine. She began recovering sweeping gear and left formation to make repairs. At 18:40, a Japanese twin-engine bomber flew low overhead and dropped two bombs, which hit portside. A huge fire, threatening the magazines, billowed skyward, and Palmer sank in six minutes. Of her crew, two were killed, 38 wounded, and 26 missing in action.

Awards
Palmer received five battle stars for World War II service.

, no other ship in the US Navy has been named Palmer.

References

External links
NavSource.org DD-161
Naval Historical Center

Palmer (DD-161)
Palmer (DD-161)
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea
1918 ships
Maritime incidents in January 1945
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
Shipwrecks of the Philippines
Shipwrecks in the South China Sea

USS Palmer