The 1st South African Infantry Division was an infantry division of the army of the Union of South Africa. During World War II the division served in East Africa from 1940 to 1941 and in the Western Desert Campaign from 1941 to 1942. The division was disbanded on 1 January 1943, for conversion into what would become the 6th South African Armoured Division. The division was also briefly active after the war from 1 July 1948 to 1 November 1949.

Outbreak of war
When Neville Chamberlain declared war on 3 September 1939, the Union Defence Force consisted of 5,385 Permanent Force members, 14,631 Citizen Force members and 122,000 Commandos of which only 39,000 were considered suited for field deployment. The Defence Act also prohibited the deployment of its members beyond the confines of southern Africa. On 4 September, General Hertzog resigned and was replaced by General Smuts  and two days later, on 6 September South Africa declared war against Germany.

The "phoney war" luckily granted more time and by 22 September a policy paper had been submitted calling for the formation of two "Forces" and was approved in mid October, laying the foundations for the formation of 1 and 2 SA Divisions. In March 1941, fearing the Italian commitment to war, General Wavell requested the services of a South African Brigade Group in Kenya via the Imperial General Staff. Prime Minister Smuts consented.

Initially, to circumvent the limitations of the South African Defence Act (Act No 13 of 1912), only volunteers were recruited and they were subject to an oath on induction whereby they consented to being deployed anywhere in Africa, this being a pre-requisite for acceptance into the Union forces. Men who attested under these terms were entitled to wear the distinct insignia of the Mobile Field Force, a red / orange shoulder strap which was to become known as the "Red Tab". The Defence Act was later amended.

Advance party to East Africa
The formation of the 1st South Africa Infantry Brigade Group was approved on 13 May 1940. Although approved, South Africa was desperately short of equipment and had few armoured vehicles save for a limited number of locally designed prototype armoured cars. Due to this limited infantry and armour offensive capacity, all that could initially be mobilised was an anti-aircraft detachment. Thus, part of the 1st SA Anti-Aircraft brigade, who arrived in Mombasa on 1 June 1940 as an advance party to protect Mombasa harbour from feared Italian air attacks, becoming the first South African land forces to be deployed outside of South Africa since the First World War. On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war and on the next day South Africa officially declared war on Italy. Two hours after the South African declaration, four Ju 86's of the South African Air Force bombed Italian troops at a Banda Camp close to Moyale, a few kilometres across the Kenya border into Ethiopia.

1st Brigade Group Mobilised
In order to rapidly provide forces to East Africa, as well as due to the lack of trained manpower  it was decided to initially form a single Infantry Brigade from the 1st Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles, the 1st Royal Natal Carabineers and the 1st Transvaal Scottish with brigade artillery and support elements (Refer ORBAT below). On 13 July, the 1st South African Brigade Group under command of Colonel John Daniel was issued its movement order and it assembled at Zonderwater for the farewell parade, with General Smuts taking the salute  ironically, that Sunday being celebrated as "Delville Wood Day".

Embarkation commenced in Durban the next day, with Brigade HQ, 1st Transvaal Scottish and attached troops boarding the MS Dilwara while the Royal Natal Carbineers and a number of voluntary aid nurses boarded the Devonshire. The Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles followed in the Rajula. The convoy cast off on 17 July 1940.

Establishment
On 13 August 1940 the 1st South African Infantry Division was officially constituted  consisting of the 1st SA Brigade Group already in Kenya and the 2nd and 5th South African Infantry Brigade Groups. Brig-Gen George Brink was appointed as commander with Lt. Col W.H.E. Poole as GSO 1. The Division HQ landed at Mombasa on 11 November 1940.

East African Campaign
 This account only reflects the role of the 1st SA Infantry Division. For an account of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade in East Africa, see 1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa).

2nd and 5th Brigades

Dominating the Dida Galgalla (Desert of the Night)

After the success of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade against the Italians at the El Wak border post on 16 December 1940, Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham was intent on opening access into the Galla-Sidamo area across the Chalbi Desert by advancing eastwards from the eastern side of Lake Rudolf and to support a possible rebellion by the Shifta tribe against the Italians. This was the first offensive to be assigned to 1 SA Division. The division then consisted of the 2nd and 5th SA Brigades (located at Marsabit), the 25th East African Brigade (at Lokitaung) as well as six companies of the 2nd Abyssinian Irregulars. Almost on a daily basis, division infantry and armoured cars crossed the Dida Galgalla in search of enemy patrols. The Italians maintained a well established outpost at Turbi Hills, from which they had clear observation of any vehicle or troop movements in the Dida Galgalla. From December 1940 to February 1941 patrols had never been able to engage Italian patrols or elements  as they withdrew deeper into Abyssinia on sighting the South African patrols entering the Dida Galgalla, only to return the next day.

El Yibo
Before advancing into southern Abyssinia, General Brink was compelled to protect his western flank and to deny water sources to the Italians.  For this reason, on 16 January the 1st Natal Mounted Rifles (of the 2nd Brigade), No 2 Armoured Car Company, 12 SA Field Battery and two irregular companies attacked the string of wells at El Yibo and El Sardu in the Kenyan Northern Frontier District. After three days of fighting, supported by the SAAF, the enemy withdrew from El Yibo on the night of 17 January and on the afternoon of 18 January, the 2nd Field Force Battalion, which had been moved up from the brigade reserve, entered an abandoned El Sardu. With the only water sources in the area in the hands of the South Africans, the advance into Abyssinia could commence.

Gorai and Hobok

2nd and 5th Brigades crossed the Abyssinian border north of Dukana late afternoon on 31 January 1941, moving in parallel columns to assault the Italian positions in the Mega-Moyale complex. The Italians had well established and entrenched advance positions at Goai Crater, El Gumu and Hobok  which were to be taken before the main forces at Mega-Moyale could be attacked. 2nd Brigade was assigned to attack Gorai on the right, while 5th Brigade was to assault El Gumu. The attack commenced early morning on 1 February and by 1600 both objectives had been secured. The armoured cars however failed to cut off the remnant Italian forces, and they retreated back towards Mega and Moyale. The next day, 3rd Transvaal Scottish and the armoured cars attacked Fort Hobok, sited on a ridge 30 km west of El Gumu supported by artillery. The armoured cars again covered the flanks and tried to cut off any retreating forces. By afternoon, the fort had been captured. The 2nd Brigade now held Gorai and the 5th Brigade, Hobok (Map 1: Point 1). It was again hoped that these raids would ignite the Shifta uprising, but as with the previous occasion, this never materialised.

Battle for Mega

Having two salients extending into Ethiopia, Cunningham and Brink decided to consolidate and to secure their lines of supply in face of the oncoming rainy season which would make the Chalbi desert impassable. The key to supply in the area were the towns of Mega and Moyale, overlooking the two major roads into Abyssinia from Kenya. These were to be taken in a two brigade assault, by first attacking Mega (Map 1: Point 2) and then Moyale (Map 1: Point 3).

The Italians inadvertently opened the offensive when one of their supply columns from Yavello drove into a 2nd Brigade detachment deployed to control the Yavello-Mega road. Poor defensive arrangements by the South Africans allowed the Italians and Banda (irregulars) to drive into the centre of the detachment. After much reactive manoeuvre and intervention by the armoured car company, the Italian supply column and supporting troops were destroyed. The South African positions now known to the Italians, they were attacked by a detachment of Italian light tanks on 16 February, which caused the armoured cars to flee westwards and allowed the tanks to descend on the unprotected infantry. After a brisk but fierce fire-fight, the Italian tanks returned to Mega, leaving the South African detachment dispersed and disorganised.

This attack had compromised surprise – and the attack on Mega was now commenced in all urgency. The 1st SA Irish (Col. Dobbs) were tasked to take the ridges east of Mega fort while the 3rd Transvaal Scottish (Lt-Col. Walter Kirby) were to occupy the a series of hills west of the fort and were to advance in line with the SA Irish. 2nd Brigade was to launch a direct attack on the fort and the Mega defensive complex. Despite incoming artillery fire, the Irish and Scottish regiments advances progressed well – but there was no sign of the 2nd Brigade who had not yet crossed the start-line, threatening to undermine the planned attack. At noon, a torrential rainstorm erupted and a thick mist enveloped the heights around Mega and it became obvious that the fort would not be taken by nightfall. The next morning, cloud and mist prevented air support  and the Irish and Scottish battalions restarted their advance. It was only after the third day that the 2nd Brigade managed to reach their designated start-line due to poor navigation and the failure to identify serious terrain obstacles on their line of advance during reconnaissance. Clear skies on the third day permitted a coordinated attack with air support, artillery and the two brigades attacking together  leading to an Italian surrender late that afternoon (18 February).

Mega fell with 1,000 Italian and African soldiers being captured on 22 February, and later that day one of the irregular companies attached to 2nd Brigade entered Moyale unopposed. The Italians had fled, leaving large quantities of logistical stores. The division had attained its objective and had secured the access roads into southern Abyssinia before the onset of the seasonal rains.

Operations west of Lake Rudolf
West of Lake Rudolf, the 25th East African Brigade (Brig. W. Owen) marched on Namaraputh with the objective of taking the town of Kalam (Map 1: Point 4). Opposition from Merille tribesman in the area was so fierce, that the Brigade was compelled to cease its advance and to go over to the defensive. Any advance west of the lake would first require wide area operations to subdue these irregular forces. By the time Moyale fell, allied forces had captured Mogadishu to the east and this success encouraged General Wavell to advise Cunningham that the South African division should be readied to deploy to Egypt at short notice. Cunningham thus replaced 2nd and 5th Brigades with the 21st East African Brigade and withdrew them back into Kenya.

Transfer to Egypt
The Division HQ, Division troops and 5 SA Infantry Brigade arrived in Suez, after an eleven-day voyage from Mombassa on 3 May 1941. The 2nd Brigade arrived in Suez on 8 June from Berbera and was forthwith assigned to 2 SA Infantry Division. The 1st Brigade sailed from Massawa on 12 June 1941 to Egypt. At the peak of operations in 1940, there were 77,000 troops in Kenya of which 27,000 were South African.

Western Desert

Situation

During the time the division had spent in East Africa, the Desert War had progressed and by the time of their arrival in Egypt:
 The initial advance by the Italians to the Egypt border had been checked (August 1940), with constant raids being launched across the border fence. The Italians were demoralised and had lost approximately three thousand men against British losses of little more than one hundred.
 By September the Italians had attacked and taken Sollum, Halfaya Pass, and Sidi Barrani and dug in around Sidi Barrani and established several fortified campsin the area, stopping eighty miles west of the British defences at Mersa Matruh.
 In December 1940, the Western Desert Force launched Operation Compass, the British counterattack. The Italians were caught completely off-guard and by 10 December, the British and Indian forces had taken more than 20,000 Italian prisoners. The following day, the British and Indian forces attacked Sollum. Sidi Barrani fell on the same day.
 The 4th Indian Division was replaced with the newly arrived Australian 6th Division. The Australians then pressed on to capture Bardia and Tobruk, with little or no opposition. In early February, the Italians were in headlong retreat along the coast, pursued by the Australians.
 An overland advance by the 7th Armoured Division through Mechili to Beda Fomm, cut off the Italian line of retreat. Combe Force, an ad hoc flying column was sent racing ahead of the tanks and they reached Beda Fomm just ahead of the Italians, and established a roadblock. After a hard and narrowly won battle on 6 February, the Italians surrendered 25,000 men, 200 artillery guns, 100 tanks and 1,500 vehicles.  During the course of this battle, the Western Desert Force was renamed as XIII Corps.
 In early 1941, after the British and Commonwealth victory in Cyrenaica, the military position was soon reversed. Wavell ordered a significant portion of O'Connor's XIII Corps to support Greece as part of Operation Lustre and the Germans initiated their Operation Sunflower (Unternehmen Sonnenblume). This was the deployment of the newly formed German "Afrika Korps" (Deutsches Afrikakorps) as reinforcements to the Italians to prevent total collapse. The German corps included fresh troops with better equipment and a charismatic commander, General Erwin Rommel.
 Rommel quickly defeated the Allied forces at El Agheila on 24 March. He then launched an offensive which, by 15 April, had pushed the British back to the Egyptian border at Sollum, recapturing all of Libya except for Tobruk which was encircled and besieged with the front lines now stabilised at the Egyptian border.
 The Western Desert Force launched Operation Brevity in May 1941. This was an inconclusive attempt to secure more ground to launch the main effort to relieve Tobruk.
 Operation Battleaxe was launched in June. After the failure of Battleaxe, Wavell was replaced by Claude Auchinleck as Commander-in-Chief Middle East and the British forces were reinforced with XXX Corps.
 The next offensive, Operation Crusader was planned for November 1941.

Discontented South Africans
Deployed at Matruh and responsible for constructing defensive positions, the division was still not considered ready for operations by the end of June  having 90% of its allotted transport (many vehicles being those which had been used in the East Africa campaign) and 90% of its arms and equipment. Severe administrative problems, as well as organizational issues related to integration of the division into the Western Desert Force, caused discontent and eventually lead Gen. Brink to raise the issues with Field-Marshal Smuts and the Chief of SA General Staff when they visited Cairo in early July. Discussions indicated that Lt-Gen. Sir Alan Cunningham and Wavell were of the opinion that South Africa could not field two divisions for lack of resources.  Smuts claimed that the manpower shortages were due to troops being retained for protection duties in East Africa and that a lack of shipping precluded the arrival of a further 3,000 men and he rejected the idea of reducing the South African forces into divisions of two brigade strength, as was recommended by Wavell. In addition, Brink continued to express his displeasure at the fact that the 1st Division was being utilised to construct defensive positions, instead of training in order to prepare for operations.

Differences between British and South African administration were becoming more pronounced (and so too were differences between the South Africans and other Commonwealth troops.) The insistence by the Australian government to retain the Australians in the theatre (at Tobruk at that stage) as a unified corps, caused manpower shortages in other areas in the Western Desert. Brink feared that the division would be split up and deployed piece-meal to fill these gaps, as had happened in East Africa. His insistence in this regard to Auchinleck further widened the gap between the South Africans and the Army commander. At the end of October, Brink advised XXX Corps that 1st Division would not be ready to participate in the preparatory exercise as a prelude to Crusader  and that he required an additional 21 days for training.  After consideration by Cunningham and Auchinleck, the division was permitted three days for training and was required to be available for the commencement of Crusader on 18 November, subject to Brink confirming that the division was ready for operations. Brink was faced with the dilemma of either committing untrained troops to battle, or holding back the division and having them replaced by the Indian Division  which would invariably relegate the division to defensive duties and a significant loss of prestige to the South Africans.  He declared the division "ready" and 1 SA Division was deployed for Operation Crusader.

Sidi Rezeg: November 1941
 This account only reflects the role of the 1st SA Infantry Division.

Operational plan
Following the costly failure of Operation Battleaxe, General Archibald Wavell was relieved as Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command and replaced by General Claude Auchinleck. The Western Desert Force was reorganised and renamed the Eighth Army under the command of Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham and at this stage, the division comprised only two brigades. The plan for Operation Crusader (See Map 2) was to engage the Afrika Korps with the 7th Armoured Division while the 1st SA Division and the 22 Guards Brigade covered their left flank. Meanwhile, on their right, XIII Corps, supported by 4th Armoured Brigade (detached from 7th Armoured Division), would make a clockwise flanking advance west of Sidi Omar and hold position threatening the rear of the line of Axis defensive strongpoints which ran east from Sidi Omar to the coast at Halfaya. Central to the plan was the destruction of the Axis armour by 7th Armoured Division to allow the relatively lightly armoured XIII Corps to advance north to Bardia along the coast while XXX Corps continued northwest to Tobruk and link up with a planned break-out by the 70th Division.

Advance

The division advance commenced at 0600 on 18 November with uneventful progress through the empty desert, save for two air attacks by Italian aircraft (Point 1 on Map 3).  Having steadily advanced northwards, 1 SA Division was advised on 20 November to "mask" Bir el Gubi and to prevent interference from the Ariete Div into the flank of 7 Armoured Div (Point 2 on Map 3).  El Gubi had now become a lesser objective after the capture of Sidi Rezeg and early morning on 21 November, the 21st and 15th Panzer had withdrawn to the north-west, not aware of the Allied advance to their south – creating the impression within the division, that the Axis forces had already been defeated.

By noon, 22 November, the Sidi Rezeg area was clear of Axis formations but by mid afternoon, German armour launched a violent attack on the area of the airfield.  In this attack, 4th Armoured Brigade HQ had been destroyed (captured) and by nightfall, the SA 5th Brigade as well as the 6th New Zealand Brigade had been tasked to hurry in support of 7 Armoured Div at Sidi Rezeg (Advance 3 on Map 3), with the 5th SA Bde tasked to occupy Point 178, three miles south of Sidi Rezeg. 1st SA Bde was to disengage from the Ariete at Bir el Gubi and to advance in a night march, north  in support of the 5th Brigade at Sidi Regez, being relieved by the 22nd Guards Brigade.

Totensonntag

By the 23rd, 5th Brigade had joined up with 7 Armoured Div, deploying straight from its advance into the centre of the armoured division area of deployment to the south of the airfield.  The 1st SA Brigade was expected later the morning, from its night march from El Gubi. Unbeknownst to the division  Rommel's plan was to attack 7 Armoured Division in a frontal assault with the Afrikakorps and to launch an attack into the rear of 7th Armoured Division with the armoured Ariette Division.  The 5th SA Brigade was caught in the middle of this armoured attack.

By late morning, the 15th Panzer had launched their attack with 150 tanks aimed to link up with the Ariette Division and panzers were cutting through the rear of 7th Armoured Division into the support B Echelons. 5th SA Brigade had most of their transport and supplies destroyed in this action, but did destroy a number of German tanks. After destroying significant logistical elements  the 15th Panzer withdrew so as to by-pass the 7 Armoured Division / 5th SA Brigade positions and to engineer a link-up with the Ariette Division. They achieved this by 1235 and Gen Crüwell prepared for a decisive attack on the Allied armour. Advance elements of the 1st SA Brigade had now met elements of 5 Brigade, but the brigades never physically linked up.

By 1315 a major tank battle was underway between Axis forces and 7 Armoured Division. At 1555  1st SA Division were passing a signal to 5 SA Brigade when the brigade interjected "wait....." Those were the last words received from the 5th SA Infantry Brigade. Some units retained some form of unity and managed to escape east through the New Zealand and Indian fronts. Against the German tanks, the South African infantry had no real means of defence with limited Anti-Tank capabilities, they were compelled to use 25-pounders in a direct fire role. By the time the panzers had broken into the rear of the brigade, the artillery had been subdued and all anti-tank capabilities had been destroyed. By nightfall, all that remained of 5 SA Brigade was "...little groups of disconsolate prisoners.....between frequent flares and the light of burning ammunition."
"The 5th SA Brigade had been caught by an overwhelming force in the open desert, quite unprepared and without inflicting any negligible damage on its opponents." The battle had resulted in a victory for the Afrikakorps, but the 7th Armoured and 1st South African Divisions had not been annihilated and the loss of the 5th SA Brigade was not enough to set off the loss of almost 50% of the Afrikakorps tanks which went into battle. At 0100 on 24 November, Brink reported to XXX Corps that 5th SA Brigade had "ceased to exist as a fighting formation".

Aftermath

Having failed to link up with 5 SA Brigade, 1st Brigade withdrew south to Bir Taieb el Esem and commenced to establish a strong-point to effect its own defence. Between 24 and 26 November, elements of the 1st SA Brigade were deployed north east in attempts to support the New Zealand Division in their assault on Tobruk. Attempts to join up with the New Zealanders were repeatedly blocked (at one stage Gen Norrie himself lead a combat group from the SA Brigade) by Axis actions. On the 24th, 1st SA Brigade was attacked by the Ariete Armoured Division at Taib el Esem and were able to extricate themselves only after assistance from Gatehouse and the 4th Armoured Brigade.

The same day, Rommel committed himself to a "dash for the wire"  with the intention of exploiting the disorganisation and confusion in the enemy's bases and cutting their supply lines. The Germans attacked towards Egypt to relieve his garrisons at Bardia and Sollum. The advance came on a route that took the Afrikakorps in succession through the headquarters of XXX Corps, 7th Armoured Division, 1st SA Division, 7th Support Group and 7th Armoured Brigade. By 1145 General Norrie stated that the "Matruh Stakes" had officially started  as 8th Army A and B Echelons hurriedly withdrew east (Point 5 Map 3). However, fighting continued at El Duda north west of Sidi Regez, with the South Africans being involved in fierce battles in Die Kessel of Sidi Regez on 29 and 30 November. But the pressure was too great and an eastward withdrawal was inevitable. Finally, the Afrikakorps stalled as it outran its supplies and met stiffening resistance. By early December, Rommel had withdrawn to a line of defences east of Tobruk at Gazala, and the division occupied defensive positions at Mersa Matruh.

After the Sidi Regez battles, the division brigades were deployed in various offensive and defensive roles from Mersa Matruh, of which the following are noteworthy:
 The Imperial Light Horse found an unprotected Axis tank repair depot on 9 December  and their attack resulted in the destruction of 38 tanks (Five Mk IVs, 26 Mk IIIs and five Mk Is);
 On 18 December 2 company of the 3rd Recce Bn of the armoured car regiment in cooperation with the 4/11 Sikhs destroyed 12 Ju 52 transports on the ground and took 300 prisoners and captured five 88 mm AA guns when they attacked an airfield at Derna.

Preparing defences at Gazala and change of command

By New Year, the 5th Brigade was re-forming at Mersa Matruh and the 2nd Brigade was earmarked for deployment to Tobruk and the 1st Brigade was to be deployed on operations outside of the division structure. The question re-arose, as to whether South Africa was capable of maintaining the division in the field. By 8 January 1942, the division was 5,570 men under-strength of the approved establishment of 23,187. On 25 January the 1st Brigade was deployed to Tobruk, tasked to fight a delaying action with the 38th Indian Infantry Brigade against the Axis who had by now started a new advance from Msus.

Although it had been agreed that Tobruk would no longer be "held at all costs" in the event of an Axis attack, it formed a critical forward base to protect the Gazala Line from air, land or sea attack. Auchinleck recommended to Ritchie that the forthcoming battle was to be fought west of Tobruk, and not on the frontier. For this reason, 2nd Brigade was also moved forward to support the 1st. By 10 February, the Gazala defences were organised on a two division basis, with the left (southern) sector occupied by the 4th Indian Division and the 1st SA Division taking responsibility for the right sector, reaching down to the sea. On 10 March, Brink injured his back and was evacuated back to South Africa  he was replaced by Dan Pienaar from the 1st Brigade, who had now been promoted to Maj-General.

On 26 May 1942, in his Order of the Day, Gen Pienaar warned the division (now, for the first time deployed with all three brigades under Division command) of an impending attack – directly aimed at their front.

Gazala: May 1942
 This account only reflects the role of the 1st SA Infantry Division.

"The Cauldron"

Rommel's advance, containing at least 10,000 vehicles was headed south, to make a long sweeping right-hook around the southern end of the Allied line. The Afrika Korps diary speaks of a bright moonlit night where they advanced without having any contact with the enemy. However the 4th SA Armoured Car Regiment had been tracking their advance and reporting the progress three to four times per hour. The following morning, the German—Italian forces made contact with the 7th Armoured Division, east of Bir Hakeim where General Messervy of the 7th Armoured Division was taken prisoner.  7th Armoured as well as the Free French at Bir Hakeim held up the advance but by late morning, Axis forces had advanced well behind the southern flank and were now heading north behind the Allied lines.  The 90th Light captured and held El Adem.  With Allied forces now recovering and re-deploying into better assault positions, the Axis forces were caught in an area known as "The Cauldron" between Bir Hakeim to the south, Tobruk to the north east and the Allied minefields between the Axis and their supply lines to the west. Three days armoured fighting ensued in the area of the Cauldron.  To better secure his positions, Rommel then drove two Italian formations directly west, through the Allied minefields to re-establish his supply channels.  All this time, opposite the 1st SA Division positions to the north of the Gazala Line, the German 15th Rifle Brigade (Brigade Stab zbv (mot) 15), and the Italian Sabratha and Trento Divisions remained quiet.

By 12 June, the remaining Free French had been forced to withdraw from Bir Hakeim. At Bir el Hatmat, Rommel had dispersed the tactical HQs of the two British Divisions as well as the HQs of the 9th and 10th Indian Infantry Brigades and other smaller units and the 22nd Armoured Brigade had been forced from the battlefield by renewed attacks from 15th Panzer. In "The Cauldron", three Indian infantry battalions, a reconnaissance regiment and four artillery regiments had been virtually destroyed. On the day before, Axis forces had pushed towards El Adem and had forced the 201st Guards Brigade to withdraw from the Knightsbridge Box on the Gazala Line back to the Tobruk perimeter. On the 14th, Auchinlek authorised Ritchie to withdraw from the Gazala line and the 1st SA and the 50th Northumbrian Divisions were ordered to withdraw along the coastal road back towards Tobruk.

Retreat
While the 1st SA and 50th Divisions were preparing for their withdrawal on the Via Balbia, Axis forces were wreaking havoc on the escarpment amongst Allied forces and Rommel dictated his 170mm guns to open fire from the escarpment down onto the Via Balbia as the South Africans and British were destroying their ammunition dumps in the Gazala Line Rommel tasked 15th and 21st Panzer with breaking north and severing the Via Balbia close to Elwet et Tamar, cutting off the two Divisions to the west. With the road being unable to accommodate two divisions, elements of the 50th Division broke out in a south westerly direction in a wide sweep eventually turning back east towards the Allied lines.  The South Africans withdrew to series of defensive boxes at Williams Post, Best Post, "Point 187," Commonwealth Keep and then Acroma. The 21st and 15th Panzer attacks forced the 1st SA Division to fight a rearguard action and to withdraw through each of the respective boxes well into the night.  Chased by Axis tanks, driving east on the Via Balbia, the first elements reached Tobruk during the night of 13/14 June.  The division was now spread out between the original Gazala defences and Tobruk, as each element tried to make their way east.

Gazala Gallop
By 1400 on 15 June, 1st SA Division and elements of the 50th Northumbian Division were close to Gambut, headed towards the Egypt frontier. At the same time, Ritchie had ordered the balance of Eighth Army to withdraw to the defensive positions at Mersa Matruh, some 100 miles east of the frontier, leaving Tobruk to hold out and threaten the Axis lines of communication in much the same way as in 1941  This became known as the Gazala Gallop. At dawn on 21 June, the Tobruk Garrison surrendered to the Axis forces. On the same day, 1st SA Division were ordered to withdraw a further 220 miles east, to El Alamein.

First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942

Having arrived back from the Gazala Line, the division spent two weeks improving defences on the El Alamein defences in the "Alamein Box". Auchenlik had issued an order instructing all surplus personnel to be sent back to the Delta, which greatly displeased Pienaar. The division had been deploying two brigades of infantry, each accompanied by a battery of artillery to protect the areas west and south of the defensive box.  Auchinlecks order effectively meant that Pienaar could only hold the box with one under-strength brigade Before these troops could be returned, battle was joined with the 90th Light Infantry Division in the early morning hours of 1 July.

At 0605 Axis transports were seen advancing to within 2,000 yards of the 3rd Brigade positions and they were engaged with machine and anti-tank gun fire from the Imperial Light Horse. During the early morning hours, the 90th Light had lost direction and veered too far north, resulting in the clash with ILH. While the Rand Light Infantry were driving off German towed artillery, South African Air Force Boston light bombers bombed their supply columns. By 0730 the 90th Light had been halted and were pinned down by the South Africans, determined to avenge Gazala and the surrender of Tobruk. The 90th Light only managing to extricate themselves under cover of a dust storm later in the day. The Axis attack had been stopped all along the Allied line of defence.

Cracks Widen
Cracks and fissures had again become visible between the 1st SA Div and the Army command. 1st SA Brigade had been deployed on the flank, on Ruweisat Ridge and by this time they had become somewhat isolated during the previous days fighting and the Allied bombing missions of the previous night. The Brigade had lost its Officer Commanding as well as its Brigade Major during the previous two days fighting and over 15,000 shells had fallen on their strongpoint, known as "Hotbox," from the area of the Trieste Division. Pienaar advised Norrie that their position was "untenable" and Norrie replied that if that was the case, he would "..... relieve the Brigade, place it in reserve and replace it with another formation."  Offended by this  Pienaar called 8th Army HQ and was advised by Dorman-Smith that the Brigade was to remain where it was. Not satisfied, Pienaar insisted on speaking to Auchinleck, who ordered that the Brigade hold its ground – but offered to relieve the Brigade within two days when the 9th Australian Division reached El Alamein. Pienaar's demands of the evening of 2 July shook the 8th Army command's confidence in the morale of the division and Auchinleck stated that the division could no longer be exposed to "undue operational strain,"  fearing that material losses to the division, especially after the surrender of the 2nd SA Division at Tobruk, would lead to political disaster. Auchinleck deployed the 9th Australian Division to re-enforce the northern sector of the line held by the South Africans three days later. Pienaar had also been falsely accused of supporting the retreat to the Delta and engaging the Axis from behind the Suez Canal – he remained resolved to fight, stating to an American war correspondent at Alam Halfa in July 1942 "....Here I stop, I've retreated far enough, whether we hold the damn thing or not!"

Alam Halfa: August 1942

Rommel launched one more assault on 31 August, aimed at Alam el Halfa ridge.  The division responded by launching a number of successful raids at the enemy forces after last light, once they had stopped their advance for the night on 31 August. By noon on 1 September, 15th Panzer were immobilised by lack of fuel south of Alam Halfa.  Pienaar re-organised the division to occupy the positions with one brigade and released two brigades as part of "battle groups" to act against the immobilised Axis division. The report that these forces were available was not welcomed at Corps and Army headquarters, and these mobile formations were not used. After the counter-attack was eventually organised, the Axis had already started to withdraw and fighting was broken off on 7 September.

Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942

Battle plan

For what was to become the final South African assault on the Axis forces (Operation Lightfoot), the division was tasked attack on a two-brigade front to secure the southern end of Mieiriya Ridge.  The Indian 4th and Northumbrian 50th Divisions were deployed to their south and to the north, was the 2nd New Zealand Division. The South Africans were to attack towards the south west with 2nd SA Infantry Brigade (Brig. W.H.E. Poole) on the right and 3rd SA Infantry Brigade (Brig. R. Palmer) on the left.  1st SA Infantry Brigade was deployed further south and was responsible for creating an anti-tank screen to protect the left flank of the South African attack (See Map 4). The Australians and Highlanders were to force a northern corridor through the Axis minefields while the New Zealanders and South Africans were to do the same in the southern sector.

Break-In: Operation Lightfoot
Operation Lightfoot started at 2140 on 23 October with a five-hour fire plan, the start of which signified H-Hour for the infantry assault. Pienaar had deployed each of the lead brigades, with on battalion leading for the first phase to the "red line"  after a pause of an hour and a quarter, the two trailing battalions would pass through to the final objective on Miteiriya Ridge. 1st Brigade  who was not part of the main advance was provided with a special force of armoured cars, machine guns and anti-tank guns to guard their and the division's left flank (Refer Map 4). They were also allocated a mobile element of the 8th Royal Tanks. The divisional artillery, reinforced by three troops from X Corps was to fire a fire-plan of timed concentrations – using smoke on the intermediate and final objectives to cover re-organisation and to help with direction finding.

The two South African brigades advanced with 40mm Bofors guns marking the lines of advance between the respective battalions and the first objectives on the Corps objective line called "Oxalic" were occupied by the Natal Mounted Rifles at 2350. The Cape Town Highlanders were the last battalion to reach their individual unit objectives on Oxalic – and were established on Miteiriya Ridge by 0800 the following morning. The fact that the 1st and 10th Armoured Divisions had not broken through into the open areas west of the line as originally planned, meant that Montgomery had to change his orders – moving to an attritional World War I type of battle, which Montgomery in a semblance of a novelty – dubbed "Crumbling Actions." By the evening of 26 October (as from the H-Hour on the 23rd), the South Africans had suffered 600 casualties, as compared to 2,000 in the 51st Division, 1,000 Australians and a similar number of New Zealanders.

"Crumbling Operations"

During the night of 25/26 October, some South African and other elements which had not yet established themselves on their exact Oxalic objectives, made corrective moves and by dawn the entire XXX Corps was finally in their initial phase objectives. The Australians and the 1st Armoured Division had launched attacks in the north, being the start of the "crumbling" process, while at the same time, there was much re-organisation and re-deployment to the south.  On 26 October Leese issued orders for the 1st SA Division to "side-step" north in conjunction with a similar move by the 4th Indian Division and to extend their lines to occupy the area held by the New Zealand Division and the 9th Armoured Brigade.  Once this move was completed, these relieved units were to be withdrawn into reserve. During the order group to issue these instructions, Pienaar again voiced an objection to orders – on the grounds that he had insufficient transport to make the move in the required time. Freyberg, in a move to "spike his guns" asked Pienaar again, if the only limiting factor was transport?  Pienaar confirmed – and when Freyberg offered him transport from the New Zealand Division, no more was heard of the matter and the re-deployment was executed. The South Africans were now stretched on a wider front, between the Australians and 51st Division in the north and the Indian 4th Division on Ruweisat Ridge, with 5th SA Brigade on the right, 3rd SA Brigade on its left and 1st SA Brigade being pulled back as the divisional reserve.

Break-Out: Operation Supercharge
On the night of 2/3 November, the Australians noticed signs of withdrawal by Axis units in the coastal salient and by 1000 Montgomery had received similar reports from the south. Contrary to Hitler's instructions – Rommel had started to withdraw.  The final plan to destroy the Axis forces, code named "Supercharge" was put into action. The 1st SA Division played no role in this phase of the operation – but the South African armoured cars attached to XXX Corps were actively involved in the attempted destruction and subsequent pursuit.

At 0540 on 4 November, after repeated attempts at breaking through the Axis lines – Lt-Col Reeves-Moore lead the South African armoured cars into the rear of the Axis positions, "....the eager children of any mechanized pursuit... scampered at dawn into the open desert beyond the mines and trenches and guns, to make their exuberant mischief amid the disintegrating enemy".  They soon started causing the havoc for which they had been intended – A Sqn capturing two 88mm guns, two 105 mm guns, two 110mm guns, a Breda portee, six trucks and 130 prisoners; while B Sqn captured five trucks, a staff car, one 105 mm and one 150 mm gun and 100 prisoners within a matter of hours.

While the armoured cars were dashing west, the 1st SA Division had moved further north and over the previous two nights had relieved the 51st Highland Division.  During the night of 3/4 November, the last unit to move into its new position was the 1st Cape Town Highlanders, who moved during a major artillery barrage in support of an attack by the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade.  The regiment awoke on 4 November to silence and the absence of gunfire, save for the sound of Allied vehicles advancing west in pursuit of the retreating enemy.  For the 1st South African Division, the war had ended.

Disbandment

The Union Defence Force had finalised a decision to convert the 1st SA Infantry Division into an Armoured Division and the Axis withdrawal from El Alamein marked the end of fighting for the division in the Middle East.  By 1 December, advance parties were already returning to South Africa to assist with the establishment of the intended armoured division and later in the month, General Dan Pienaar was recalled to South Africa to lead the formation of the new division. He and eleven other officers boarded a Lockheed Lodestar on 17 December to fly back to South Africa.  The aircraft stopped to re-fuel at Kisumu on the shores of Lake Victoria and on takeoff on 19 December, it plunged into the lake, killing all on board.

On 1 January 1943, the 1st SA Infantry Division embarked for home, with troops returning to their parent units in South Africa.  The division had been dissolved and many of its former units were to be absorbed into the 6th South African Armoured Division. The designation 1st South African Infantry Division was also used briefly by a successor formation in 1948–49.

Higher formations served under
 22 July 1940 – 3 May 1941: East African Field Force: General Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham
 4 May – 31 October 1941: XIII Corps, 8th Army: Lieutenant-General Sir Noel Monson de la Poer Beresford-Peirce (April 1941 – October 1941).
 1–22 November 1941: XXX Corps, 8th Army: Lieutenant-General Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie
 23 – 30 November 1941: XIII Corps: General Sir Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen (October 1941 – February 1942)
 1 December 1941 – 1 January 1943: XXX Corps, 8th Army:
 Lieutenant-General Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie (Nov 1941 – July 1942).
 Lieutenant-General William Havelock Ramsden (July 1942 – Sept 1942).
 Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver William Hargreaves Leese (Sept 1942 – May 1943).

Orders of Battle

East Africa, 1 January 1941
According to Orpen

Division Commander: Lieutenant-General George Brink
 2nd South African Infantry Brigade (Brigadier F.L.A. Buchanan)
 1st Natal Mounted Rifles
 1st Field Force Battalion
 2nd Field Force Battalion
 No. 2 S.A. Armoured Car Company
 12th Field Company, SA Corps of Engineers
 12th Field Ambulance, SA Medical Corps
 No. 2 Mobile General Workshops, SA Technical Services Corps
 3 Brigade Signals Company, SA Corps of Signals
 5th South African Infantry Brigade (Brigadier Bertram Frank Armstrong)
 1st South African Irish Regiment
 2nd Regiment Botha
 3rd Transvaal Scottish Regiment
 No. 1 S.A. Armoured Car Company
 5th Field Company, SA Corps of Engineers
 11th Field Ambulance, SA Medical Corps
 No. 3 Mobile General Workshops, SA Technical Services Corps
 1st Brigade Signals Company, SA Corps of Signals
 25th East African Infantry Brigade (Brigadier W. Owen)
 2/3 King's African Rifles, Kenya Territorial Territorial Infantry
 2/4 King's African Rifles
 27th Indian Mountain Battery, Royal Artillery Corps
 Detachment Armoured Cars
 Somaliland Camel Corps
 3rd Field Company, SA Corps of Engineers
 6th Uganda Field Ambulance, Medical Corps
 25th East African Brigade Gp Company, Signals
 Division Troops
 7th, 8th and 9th Field Batteries, Transvaal Horse Artillery, SA Artillery Corps
 3rd Anti-Tank Battery, SA Artillery Corps
 One section, 6th Anti-Aircraft Battery, SA Artillery Corps
 One platoon of 1/3 King's African Rifles (Machine gun)
 No. 2 Abyssinian Irregular Company
 No. 5 Abyssinian Irregular Company
 21st Field Park Company, SA Engineering Corps

Western Desert, 17 October 1942
According to Orpen

Division Commander: Major General Daniel Hermanus ("Dan") Pienaar
 1st South African Infantry Brigade  Brig. E.P. Hartshorn
 1st Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles SA Infantry Corps
 1st Royal Natal Carabineers SA Infantry Corps
 1st Transvaal Scottish SA Infantry Corps
 One Sqn 3rd SA Armoured Car Regt SA Tank Corps
 3rd and 4th Anti-Tank Batteries SA Artillery Corps
 1st Light Anti-Aircraft Battery SA Artillery Corps
 1st Field Company SA Engineering Corps
 11th and 15th Field Batteries of 4th Field Regt SA Artillery Corps
 7th, 19th and 20th Field Batteries of 7th Field Regt SA Artillery Corps
 2nd South African Infantry Brigade  Brig. W.H.E. Poole
 1st Cape Town Highlanders SA Infantry Corps
 1st Natal Mounted Rifles SA Infantry Corps
 1st Field Force Battalion SA Infantry Corps
 2nd Field Force Battalion SA Infantry Corps
 B Company (Machine Gun), Die Middelandse Regiment SA Infantry Corps
 4th Company (Machine Gun), Regiment President Steyn SA Infantry Corps
 1st and 2nd Anti-Tank Batteries SA Artillery Corps
 3rd Light Anti-Aircraft Battery (less two Troops) SA Artillery Corps
 1st, 3rd and 14th Field Batteries of 1st Field Regt SA Artillery Corps
 3rd South African Infantry Brigade Brig. R.J. (Bobby) Palmer
 1st Imperial Light Horse SA Infantry Corps
 1st Rand Light Infantry SA Infantry Corps
 1st Royal Durban Light Infantry SA Infantry Corps
 One Troop 3rd Light Anti-Aircraft Battery SA Artillery Corps
 2nd Field Company SA Engineering Corps
 Division Troops
 2nd Regt. Botha, SA Infantry Corps
 Regt. President Steyn (less one company), SA Infantry Corps
 3rd SA Armoured Car Regt (less one Sqn), SA Tank Corps
 8th Royal Tank Regiment, (part of 23rd Armoured Brigade Group) equipped with Valentine tanks

Attached formations
Not reflected in the above order of battle due to date discrepancies:
 21st East African Infantry Brigade from 27 February 1941 to 6 April 1941
 Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade from 3 February 1942 to 18 March 1942
 Free French Brigade from 3 February 1942 to 10 February 1942
 6th South African Infantry Brigade from 18 March 1942 to 20 April 1942

Theatres of operation

Battles, actions and engagements

East Africa & Abyssinia

Western Desert

Gallantry awards

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Klein, Harry. Lt-Col. The Battle for Southern Abyssinia.  Published in Reader's Digest Illustrated History of World War II: Volume I. 1969, Reader's Digest, Cape Town. (Referred to as Klein II in references)

 Playfair, I.S.O. Maj-Gen. History of the Second World War: The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa, Volume IV 1966. HMSO, Scotland.  (Referred to as Playfair, IV in references)

South African World War II divisions
Infantry divisions of South Africa
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1949
Military units and formations of South Africa in World War II
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

1st South African Infantry Division


Viscount Waverley, of Westdean in the County of Sussex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 28 January 1952 for the civil servant and politician Sir John Anderson, who served variously as Governor of Bengal, Member of Parliament, Lord Privy Seal, Home Secretary, Lord President of the Council and Chancellor of the Exchequer.  the title is held by his grandson, the third Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1990. He is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits as a cross-bencher.

Viscounts Waverley (1952)
 John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley (1882–1958)
 David Alastair Pearson Anderson, 2nd Viscount Waverley (1911–1990)
 John Desmond Forbes Anderson, 3rd Viscount Waverley (b. 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Forbes Alastair Rupert Anderson (b. 1996).

Arms

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1952
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Waverley


Les ganses de Nice () sont de petites pâtisseries de la famille des beignets, dont les cousines proches sont les merveilles du Sud-Ouest de la France. C'est originellement une spécialité culinaire du comté de Nice. Les ganses et la tourte de blettes sont les deux spécialités culinaires niçoises propres au Carnaval.

Étymologie
Dans l'art des nœuds du matelotage, la ganse est le nom donné à une portion de cordage courbée, sans croisement ou chevauchement (on parlera alors plutôt d'œil ou de spire). Un nœud est dit gansé lorsque l'on fait revenir l'une des deux extrémités d'un nœud sur elle-même au travers du nœud sans la croiser avec une autre extrémité ou boucle.

Ces pâtisseries doivent donc leur nom au mot niçois « gansa » qui signifie ce nœud, en image de la forme donnée par les cuisinières.

Histoire
L'origine des bugnes est très ancienne : il s'agissait déjà d'une spécialité dans la Rome antique qui se dégustait à l'époque du carnaval. En italien, on les appelle .

Tradition
Généralement, elles sont produites entre le jour de l'an et Pâques; mais son pic de consommation se situe au moment du  carnaval de Nice.

Recette
Les ganses sont en forme de losange roulé dans du sucre est une recette familiale. Elle se compose principalement de farine de blé, d'œufs, de beurre, de levure, de sucre; et de zeste de citron de Menton. Parfois il est également possible d'en trouver réalisées avec de la fleur d'oranger avec un visuel plus filiforme donnant sa pleine signification à son nom de ganse. La friture est effectuée dans un bain d'huile d'olive ce qui distingue les ganses des autres variétés de bugne.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Merveille
 Bugne
 Oreillette
 Faworki

Cuisine niçoise
Cuisine provençale
Beignet
Pâtisserie française
Carnaval
Gastronomie du Carnaval

Ganse (gastronomie)


The Pied Pipers ist ein US-amerikanisches Vokalensemble, das in verschiedenen Besetzungen ab 1937 bestand und in den 1940er Jahren sehr erfolgreich war.

Geschichte

Die Gruppe bestand zunächst aus sieben Männern (John Huddleston, Hal Hopper, Chuck Lowry, Bud Hervey, George Tait, Woody Newbury, Dick Whittinghill), zu der die Sängerin Jo Stafford stieß. Erfolg hatten sie, als sie sich 1939 Tommy Dorsey anschlossen, der allerdings aus finanziellen Gründen nur ein Quartett übernahm: Jo Stafford, ihr damaliger Ehemann John Huddleston, Chuck Lowry, Billy Wilson. I'll Never Smile Again (worin auch Frank Sinatra sang) mit dem Dorsey Orchester stand 1940 zwölf Wochen auf Platz 1 der US-Charts. Der Song war von der Autorin Ruth Lowe Dorsey angeboten worden, der sich dafür aber zunächst nicht erwärmen konnte und ihn Glenn Miller überließ, der ihn in schnellerem Tempo aufnahm. Die Pipers und Sinatra wollten aber eine intimere Aufnahme, nachdem sie kurz zuvor die Autorin Ruth Lowe getroffen hatten (die ihren Ehemann gerade verloren hatte). Dorsey schlug vor ihn so vorzutragen, als ob man sich privat am Klavier träfe. Er wurde einer der größten Hits von Tommy Dorsey. Jo Stafford sang auch solo mit der Band. Sinatra, dessen Karriere bei Dorsey begann, bemühte sich sehr mit den Pipers zu harmonieren. Ein weiterer erfolgreicher Titel des Teams war Let's Get Away from It All.

Mitte 1942 verließen die Pipers die Dorsey Band ebenso wie Sinatra und viele Bandmitglieder, die eingezogen wurden. Jo Stafford pausierte vorübergehend bei den Pipers, um mehr Zeit mit ihrem Mann Paul Weston zu verbringen, der zum Militär musste. John Huddleston wurde ebenfalls eingezogen und durch Hal Hopper ersetzt. 1944 ersetzte June Hutton Jo Stafford, die eine Solokarriere verfolgte. Die Pied Pipers waren in der Folge auch ohne Big Band erfolgreich: Sie nahmen für Capitol Records auf, arbeiteten viel mit dem Songwriter und Capitol-Gründer Johnny Mercer (z. B. waren sie 1944 regelmäßig in seiner Radio-Show), wirkten 1944 in dem Musicalfilm Sweet and Low-Down mit, und hatten im März 1945 mit Dream von Johnny Mercer einen großen Hit (18 Wochen Nr. 1 in den Billboard Charts) und 1948 mit My Happiness. Sie sangen auch viel 1944 bis 1947 mit Frank Sinatra in dessen Radio Show. 1950 ersetzte Sue Allen June Hutton und wurde später durch Virginia Marcy ersetzt. Auch bei den Männern gab es mehrfach Umbesetzungen. Sie sangen auch nach dem Ende der Bigband-Ära weiter zusammen und traten in den 1950er Jahren im Fernsehen auf. In den 1960er Jahren traten sie mit der Tommy Dorsey Ghost Band auf. Die Gruppe besteht noch heute, zurzeit aus Nancy Knorr, Don Lucas, Kevin Kennard, Chris Sanders und David Zack, die mit dem Jimmy Dorsey Orchester auftreten.

1945 bis 1949 waren sie Sieger im Bereich Vokalensemble der Down Beat Reader Polls. 1998 wurde ihr mit Johnny Mercer entstandener Hit Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive (Accentuate the Positive, 1945) in die Grammy Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Literatur
 Frank Laufenberg: Rock- und Poplexikon. Band 2. Econ Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-612-26207-6.

Weblinks
 Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Vokalensemble
US-amerikanische Band

The Pied Pipers


An Disa hallackii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Disa hallackii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Disa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Disa

Disa hallackii


Scarborough station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, located in the Scarborough area of Briarcliff Manor, New York. Trains leave for New York City every hour on weekdays, and about every 25 minutes during rush hour. It is  from Grand Central Terminal, and the trip there takes about 50 minutes. Trains of electric multiple units serve the station. The Scarborough station is within walking distance of most houses in the neighborhood.

Construction of the Scarborough station dates back to the 1860s, when the first station building stood along the Hudson River Railroad, which was completed in 1851 and served areas from New York City to Rensselaer. It became part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Metro-North Railroad in 1983, following the devolution of commuter rail service from Conrail. The station was included in a revitalization plan in 2007 to help serve its commuters. The 1899 station building has housed the Scarborough post office since 1961.

History

The first station building was built by the Hudson River Railroad sometime before 1860, and acquired by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1869. The station was named "Scarborough" until 1867. On July 16 of that year and until November 26, the area was officially called Weskora. The Scarborough station was accordingly changed by local government officials to "Weskora", and changed back in December 1867.

The Scarborough post office dates to December 3, 1864, when the U.S. Postal Service established a "catch and throw" office there in the same small building as the earlier established station. A hook was installed along the tracks to hang mail bags to be grabbed by workers on the passing trains for outgoing mail distribution; in turn workers threw mail bags off the train for incoming mail distribution. The first postmaster of the Scarborough Post Office facility was James Van Velsor who had an annual salary of $200 ($ in ) in 1873.

A large thunderstorm occurred in the area on August 4, 1898; the newly renovated station building, built in 1893, was struck by lightning and burned to the ground. At the time, the building also housed Scarborough's post office. Mail was destroyed although registered mail and money was being kept at the postmaster's house each night; damage amounted to $5,000 ($ in ) and the post office opened the next day, with mail being held in a pushcart. The building was reconstructed identically to its predecessor.

In 1909, after the community of Scarborough was incorporated into the village of Briarcliff Manor in 1906, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad put up a sign reading "Briarcliff West" at the station. Soon afterward, attributed to the neighborhood's pride over their name, that sign was thrown into the Hudson River and replaced with the original Scarborough sign.

In April 1931, Siamese King Prajadhipok and Queen Rambai Barni traveled from Bangkok to Ophir Hall (currently Reid Hall of Manhattanville College). The couple had flown from Japan to Vancouver and took a train to Chicago. From Chicago, they took another train, departing at 10:30 a.m. on the 21st and arriving at noon on the 22nd, and the trip took 25 hours; the king had requested the train travel slowly, as he was recovering from bronchitis and malaria. The train arrived at the Scarborough station, where journalists, spectators, and video and still photographers met them, along with one of their hosts. They were later driven across the county to stay at Ophir Hall for about six weeks in order for a cataract operation to be performed on the king's left eye. State troopers and a squad of New York Central policemen were stationed at Scarborough to ensure a smooth transfer. At the time, the king was an absolute monarch; he later became the country's first constitutional monarch.

The Briarcliff Manor village government purchased the 1899 station building in 1961 to house its Scarborough post office. The building was used as a filming location in 1966, in the first episode of the television soap opera Dark Shadows as the Collinsport train station.

As with the rest of the Hudson Line, the Scarborough station became a Penn Central station once the New York Central and Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968. Penn Central's continuous financial despair throughout the 1970s forced them to turn over their commuter service to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The station and the railroad were turned over to Conrail in 1976, and eventually became part of the MTA's Metro-North Railroad in 1983. In 2007, the MTA overhauled the station, installing new systems such as platforms, canopies, shelters, enclosed staircases, lighting, and benches. The station's overpass was demolished and a replacement was built with elevators on either side. The new overpass was designed in a less modern style and now has glass-sided elevators. During the construction, Metro-North built a temporary wooden station to the station's south.

In 2010, Metro-North began a program called Arts for Transit. As part of the program, an art installation was created for the station. The work, titled Untitled with Sky, comprises six stained glass windows and twelve seats covered in mosaic tiles. Liliana Porter and Ana Tiscornia worked with Willet Hauser Architectural Glass to create the installations. The windows were originally intended for the overpass, where they were installed for a short time. Around 2011, the windows were moved to the southbound platform. Also in 2011, Hurricane Irene caused a mudslide onto the tracks near the Scarborough station; it damaged  of third rail.

Local community members have been maintaining the inside and outside of the building through labor and monetary donations under the group name "Save Scarborough", and brought attention to the post office's 150th anniversary, celebrated on December 3, 2014. About twenty members began their work around 2010, concerned that the downsizing United States Postal Service would close the Scarborough post office, which is a branch of the Briarcliff Manor post office. , the group has spent almost $4,000 in various renovations, upkeep, and improvement costs.

Notable passengers
Ridership is moderate, relative to the other Hudson Line stations, with an average of 865 inbound passengers on weekdays and 233 on weekends in 2007. Historical ridership included many notable passengers, including William Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller, C. C. Clarke (the First Vice President of the Hudson River Railroad), Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard, Walter William Law, and the Webb family.

Station layout

The station's parking lot has had a valet service since the station overhaul in 2007. The ongoing construction took up parking spaces, which spurred the village government to institute valet parking. The parking service has remained since the construction finished. A private contractor has an agreement with the village for three employees to manage that part of the lot. An additional section of the station parking lot is privately owned. The valet service has no extra charge.

Platform and track configuration
All of the tracks are powered with a third rail, except Track 1. The station has two high-level side platforms, each eight cars long.

Gallery

References

External links

Scarborough Metro-North Station (TheSubwayNut)
Video of King Prajadhipok at the station in 1931

Metro-North Railroad stations in New York (state)
Former New York Central Railroad stations
Railway stations in Westchester County, New York
Hudson River
Briarcliff Manor, New York

Scarborough station (Metro-North)


Alemdar, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Afşin ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
24 Temmuz 1996 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Afşin-Eshab-ı Kehf-Termik Santrali ve Afsin Kültür Sitesi

Afşin'in mahalleleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Alemdar, Afşin


Racemobambos, rod trava u potporodici Bambusoideae, smješten u vlstiti podtribus Racemobambosinae, dio tribusa Bambuseae. Postoji 19 vrsta raširenih od Malajskog poluotoka do Papuazije, po otocima Borneo, Moluci, Nova Gvineja, Celebes, Bismarckovi otoci, Solomonovi otoci

Vrste
 Racemobambos celebica S.Dransf.
 Racemobambos ceramica S.Dransf.
 Racemobambos congesta (Pilg.) Holttum
 Racemobambos gibbsiae (Stapf) Holttum
 Racemobambos glabra Holttum
 Racemobambos hepburnii S.Dransf.
 Racemobambos hirsuta Holttum
 Racemobambos hirta Holttum
 Racemobambos holttumii S.Dransf.
 Racemobambos kutaiensis S.Dransf.
 Racemobambos multiramosa Holttum
 Racemobambos novohibernica S.Dransf.
 Racemobambos pairinii K.M.Wong
 Racemobambos raynalii Holttum
 Racemobambos rigidifolia Holttum
 Racemobambos rupicola Widjaja
 Racemobambos schultzei (Pilg.) Holttum
 Racemobambos sessilis Widjaja
 Racemobambos setifera Holttum

Izvori

Bambuseae

Racemobambos


This is a list of bookstore chains with brick-and-mortar locations.

In the United Kingdom and many parts of the English speaking world, they are known as "Bookshops" and "newsagents".

In American English, they are called "bookstores", or sometimes "newsstands", as they also usually carry newspapers and magazines.  This list includes both current and defunct businesses, and also includes large independent bookstores that have multiple locations, but that use a different business model than most business chains.

Australia

 Angus & Robertson
 Borders - defunct
 Collins Booksellers
 Dymocks Booksellers
 Koorong
 Queensland Book Depot
 The Co-op Bookshop - defunct
 WHSmith

Brazil

 Livraria Cultura

Canada

 Archambault
 Book City
 Chapters
 Coles
 Indigo Books and Music
 Kobo eBookstore
 McNally Robinson
 Renaud-Bray

China

 Joint Publishing
 Page One
 Popular
 The Commercial Press

Estonia

 Rahva Raamat

Finland

 Academic Bookstore (, )
 Suomalainen Kirjakauppa ("The Finnish Bookstore")

France

 Fnac - 78 stores with book departments in France, 65 in 8 other countries
 Hachette Distribution Services
 Furet du Nord

Germany

 Hugendubel - 34 book-department-stores
 Thalia
 Weltbild - includes Weltbild Plus, Weltbild, Weltbild best, Jokers, Wohlthat (circa 350-400 shops)

Greece

 Ianos

Iceland

 Eymundsson

India

 A. H. Wheeler
 Crossword Bookstores
 DC Books
 Higginbotham's
 Landmark Bookstores
 Odyssey
 Oxford Bookstore
 Sapna Book House

Indonesia

 Gramedia
 Gunung Agung

Ireland

 Eason & Son
 Hodges Figgis - part of the UK Waterstone's brand

Israel

 Comikaza - former chain, still exists as a stand-alone store
 Steimatzky
 Tzomet Sfarim

Italy

 Feltrinelli
 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

Japan

 Book Off
 Books Kinokuniya
 Culture Convenience Club - operates Tsutaya Bookstores
 Libro
 Yurindo

Korea, South

 Jongno Seojeok - bankrupt, and name changed to Bandi & Luni's when re-opened
 Kyobo Book Centre

Latvia

 Valters un Rapa

Malaysia

 MPH Group - operates MPH Bookstores
 myNEWS.com
 Popular
 Times Bookstores

Mexico

 Fondo de Cultura Económica
 Librerias Gandhi - 28 bookstores
 Librería Porrúa

Netherlands

 Audax Groep - Operates Amsterdamsche Kiosk Onderneming (AKO), Bruna, and Read Shop
 De Slegte – small independent chain

New Zealand

 Paper Plus
 Whitcoulls

Pakistan

 Ferozsons

Philippines

 National Book Store
 Rex Book Store

Poland

 Empik
 Kolporter

Portugal

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 Schuler Books & Music
 Tattered Cover
 Waldenbooks - defunct 2011

See also
List of independent bookstores
List of feminist bookstores

References

Chains
.

List of bookstore chains


Katodno zračenje (ponekad i katodne zrake) je struja elektrona koji u cijevima s plinskim izbojem ili u elektronskim cijevima teče od električki negativne katode prema električki pozitivnoj anodi. Može se usmjeravati s pomoću magnetskog ili električnog polja, na primjer u osciloskopima. Rabi se za dobivanje rendgenskoga zračenja i drugog.

Električno izbijanje u razrijeđenim plinovima
Plinovi i pare su loši vodiči elektriciteta kod običnog tlaka i niskog električnog napona. Tek onda kad se približe dva tijela, između kojih postoji visoki napon od nekoliko tisuća volti, preskočit će električna iskra. Tako je na primjer zrak kod običnog tlaka vrlo loš vodič elektriciteta, pa za preskok iskre treba vrlo veliki napon, oko 30 000 V po centimetru duljine iskre.

U razrijeđenim plinovima pojave električnog pražnjenja su savim drugačije. Uzme se staklena cijev koja je cjevčicom spojena sa zračnom sisaljkom. Staklena cijev duga je oko 400 mm, promjera 40 mm i ispunjena zrakom. Cijev se postepeno isisava zračnom sisaljkom. Na krajevima cijevi nalaze se polne elektrode. Pozitivna elektroda ili anoda sastoji se od tanke aluminijske niti, a negativna elektroda ili katoda je okrugla aluminijska pločica. Elektrode se mogu spojiti s izvorom struje visokog napona. Dok je zrak još pod atmosferskim tlakom od oko 1 bar, u cijevi ne postoji nikakvo izbijanje. Kod razrjeđenja od 0,05 bara pojavi se između polova tanka vijugava, plavkasta svijetla nit. Snizujemo li tlak i dalje, nit postaje sve šira, pa će kod tlaka od 0,001 bar ispuniti gotovo cijelu staklenu cijev, tako da ispred anode bude ljubičasta svjetlost koja se zove pozitivni stup svjetlosti. Na katodi se javlja tanki sloj plave svjetlosti koja se zove tinjava svjetlost. Između tinjave svjetlosti na katodi i pozitivnog stupa na anodi nalazi se tamno područje, takozvani Faradayev tamni prostor. Kod razjeđenja od 0,000 5 bara nestaje pozitivni stup svjetlosti, a negativna tinjava svjetlost dolazi gotovo do anode, dok se Crookesov tamni prostor proširuje. Kad tlak padne na 0,000 03 bara, nestaje i negativne tinjave svjetlosti, pa se izbijanje više ne vidi. Kod ovog razrjeđenja u cijevi iz katode izlaze zrake koje na staklenoj cijevi prouzrokuju svjetlucanje (fluorescencija). Te se zrake zovu katodne zrake. Kod razrjeđenja od 0,000 001 bar prestaje fluorescencija i svaki prolaz električne struje kroz razrijeđeni plin.

Sve ove pojave su posljedica ionizacije razrijeđenog zraka koju proizvode elektroni. U svakom se naime plinu, pa i u zraku, nalaze uz neutralne atome i atomi s električnim nabojem, takozvani ioni. Na te ione djeluje električno polje privlačnom silom i nastaje gibanje pozitivnih iona prema katodi, a negativnih iona prema anodi. U dugačkim cijevima dobivaju ioni velike brzine, a time i veliku kinetičku energiju, pa dolazi do sudara s drugim molekulama iz kojih izbijaju elektroni i tako stvaraju nove električne naboje. Svjetlosne pojave koje se javljaju u razrijeđenim plinovima iskorišćuju se kod različitih svjetiljki. Pozitivnu svjetlost iskorišćuju takozvane fluorescentne cijevi koje se sve više upotrebljavaju za električnu rasvjetu jer daju jaču svjetlost nego električne žarulje, a osim toga troše mnogo manje električne energije.

To su ravne staklene cijevi koje se izrađuju u duljinama od 230 do 1 500 mm s promjerom od 16 do 54 mm. Na svakom kraju cijevi nalazi se elektroda, načinjena od volframove žice u obliku spirale. Cijev je ispunjena argonom pod malim tlakom, i u njoj se nalazi mala kapljica žive. Cijevi su fluoroscentne jer su s unutarnje strane premazane specijalnom masom koja se zove luminofor. Kako se u cijevi razvijaju ultraljubičaste zrake, to luminofor fluorescira pod njihovim utjecajem. Boja svjetla koju daje cijev ovisi o materijalu koji je upotrijebljen kao luminofor. Mogu se postići različite boje svjetla, pa i posve bijelo svjetlo i svjetlo slično danjem. Za paljenje takve svjetiljke treba poseban upaljač ili starter i prigušnica. Kad se priključi na električni napon, strujni krug je zatvoren preko upaljača (startera) fluoroscentne cijevi. Zbog toka struje ugriju se elektrode. Nakon kratkog vremena upaljač prekida strujni krug. Kad se struja prekine, nastaje zbog samoindukcije prigušnice relativno veliki napon između elektroda. Zbog toga se cijev upali, pa je strujni krug zatvoren kroz cijev mimo upaljača, koji je otvoren.

Među svjetiljke na udarnu ionizaciju spadaju također tinjalice koje iskorišćuju negativnu tinjavu svjetlost.

Katodne zrake
Ako se u cijevi s razrijeđenim zrakom tlak smanji ispod 0,000 025 bara, pojavit će se takozvane katodne zrake. Tim povodom pozitivni ioni izbijaju svojim udarcima o katodu elektrone koji lete na suprotni kraj cijevi, i to okomito na površinu katode.

Katodne zrake su dakle rojevi elektrona u gibanju. One su nevidljive, ali svojim udarcima o neke tvari izazivaju svjetlucanje (fluorescenciju). Da se katodne zrake šire pravocrtno, može se pokazati pomoću takozvane Crookesove cijevi. U cijevi se nalazi metalni križ koji služi kao zapreka širenju katodnih zraka. Zbog toga ćemo vidjeti na staklu nasuprot katodi usred zelene fluorescencije svjetlosti oštru sjenu križa. Ako katoda ima konkavan oblik, katodne zrake se mogu skoncemtrirati u jednoj točki. Stavimo li u tu točku platinski lim, on će se užariti do bijelog usijanja. Budući da katodne zrake predstavljaju struju brzih elektrona, to jest električnu struju, to na te zrake djeluje električno i magnetsko polje, tako da ih otklanja iz pravca njihova gibanja.

Za ispitivanja otklona katodnih zraka služi Braunova ili katodna cijev. U dugačkom staklenom cilindru nalazi se anoda, katoda i zaslon s malim otvorom kroz koji prolaze elektroni stvarajući tanak snop katodnih zraka. Taj snop zraka stvara na fluorescentnom zastoru svjetlu točku. Te se zrake prolazom kroz električni kondenzator otklanjaju prema pozitivnoj ploči kondenzatora, jer su katodne zrake naboji negativnog elektriciteta, a svijetla se točka pomakne u drugi položaj. Katodne zrake možemo također otkloniti i pomoću magnetskog polja koje stvara potkovasti magnet. Braunova cijev ima važnu ulogu u televiziji.

Katodna cijev

Katodna cijev je elektronska cijev u kojoj se elektroni, izbačeni iz užarene katode, zbog visokog napona između katode i anode ubrzavaju prema anodi u obliku snopa (katodno zračenje). Taj se snop usmjerava na fluorescentni zaslon, na kojem stvara svijetleću točku. Sustav za usmjeravanje (kondenzatorska polja dvaju parova pločica ili magnetska polja dvaju parova električnih zavojnica) otklanja elektronski snop u dva međusobno okomita smjera, oba okomita na smjer snopa. Položaj i gibanje točke na zaslonu ovisi o naponima između pločica, to jest o strujama u zavojnicama. Katodna cijev osnova je osciloskopa, uređaja za vizualizaciju i analizu električnog signala. Prvi je takvu cijev i uređaj konstruirao Karl Ferdinand Braun 1897.

U katodnoj cijevi, koja služi za stvaranje slike u televizijskim prijamnicima te radarskim i računalnim zaslonima, može se upravljati jakošću snopa, a time i svjetloćom točke na zaslonu. U cijevima za stvaranje slike u boji stvaraju se tri snopa, radi postizanja svjetloće točke u trima osnovnim bojama. U tim se primjenama katodne cijevi sve više potiskuju zaslonima s tekućim kristalima.

Geisslerova cijev

Geisslerova cijev je staklena cijev s utaljenim elektrodama, u kojima se pod sniženim tlakom nalazi neki plin (na primjer neon ili helij) ili smjesa plinova. Nazvane su prema njemačkom staklopuhaču Heinrichu Geissleru, koji ih je izrađivao po narudžbi njemačkoga fizičara Juliusa Plückera (zato su se katkad nazivale i Plückerovim cijevima). Pri visokom naponu nastaje između elektroda u cijevi električno izbijanje, a zbog ionizacije plina nastaju i svjetlosne pojave. Cijevi namijenjene istraživanju svjetlosnoga spektra u sredini su stanjene u kapilaru. Od Geisslerovih cijevi razvile su se svijetleće cijevi, koje služe za rasvjetu i danas se, oblikovane u slova, znakove ili likove, vrlo mnogo upotrebljavaju za izradbu svijetlećih natpisa, reklama i slično. Boja svjetlosti ovisi o vrsti i tlaku plina u cijevi te o vrsti i boji stakla, a postiže se i dodatkom para nekih metala, pa tako cijevi punjene neonom svijetle crveno, one punjene argonom i živinim parama plavo, a natrijevim parama žuto itd.

Crookesova cijev

Crookesova cijev je vakuumska cijev, preteča rendgenske cijevi kojom su otkrivene katodne zrake. To je staklena cijev punjena plinom niskoga tlaka, s dvije elektrode na koje se dovodi visoki napon. Nazvana je po njenom otkrivaču Williamu Crookesu.

Rendgenska cijev

Rendgenska cijev je izvor rendgenskog zračenja u današnjim rendgenskim uređajima i strojevima. Danas se upotrebljavaju rendgenske cijevi s užarenom katodom, koje su mnogo učinkovitije u emitiranju elektrona od hladne katode u ionskim cijevima, kao što su bile Crookesova cijev ili Coolidgeova cijev (William David Coolidge).

Katodne i kanalne zrake

Bit negativnog elektriciteta razjasnilo je prije svega pokusno ispitivanje katodnih zraka koje je otkrio J. Plücker 1858. Te zrake su se opažale pri elekričnom izbijanju u cijevima, gdje je zrak ili plin bio isisan do vrlo niskog tlaka. U normalnim prilikama zrak gotovo nikako ne vodi električnu struju. On je električni izolator. No kad se zrak jako razrijedi, tada se najedanput opaža svjetlucanje između obiju elektroda. Od katode šire se katodne zrake. Za ispitivanje katodnih zraka stekli su velike zasluge J. W. Hittorf, W. Crookes, Varley te osobito J. J. Thomson i P. Lenard. Pokusi su otkrili ova bitna svojstva:
 katodne zrake šire se okomito na katodu u pravcima. Stavi li se ispred njih neka zapreka, u njenoj geometrijskoj sjeni ne opažaju se zrake;
 u električnom polju zrake se savijaju kao brze čestice negativnog električnog naboja;
 katodne zrake pokreću sitne listiće, na koje padnu.

Prema svim tim svojstvima fizičari su zaključili da se katodne zrake moraju sastojati od čestica iste mase i istog električnog naboja. Te čestice, kojima je masa morala biti mnogo manja od mase atoma, nazvane su elektroni.

Danas se katodne zrake ponajčešće proizvode na način metalnog "isparavanja". Polazna je činjenica da užareni metali izbacuju elektrone. U vakuumskoj cijevi kao katoda služi užarena metalna nit. Nit isparuje elektrone u prostor. Ti elektroni imaju razmjerno male brzine. Između katode i anode ukopča se visoki električni napon, koji elektrone jako ubrzava i na taj način stvara brze elektronske struje. Brzina elektrona određena je električnim naponom između katode i anode. Kad elektron prođe električni napon U, zadobiva energiju e∙U. Ta dobivena energija očituje se u kinetičkoj energiji elektrona:

Savijanje katodnih zraka u električnom i magnetskom polju vrlo se dobro tumačilo predodžbom, da se one sastoje od čestica određene mase i električnog naboja koje se kreću po poznatom Newtonovom zakonu gibanja. Međutim, ispitivanja vrlo brzih elektrona ipak pokazuju svojstvena odstupanja od Newtonove mehanike. Tako se masa elektrona naglo povećava kad se brzina elektrona v približava brzini svjetlosti c. Masu sporog elektrona ili, bolje rečeno, masu elektrona u mirovanju označit ćemo s m, a masu elektrona u gibanju s m'. Prema ispitivanjima dobiva se:

Promjene mase su neznatne, dok je brzina tijela mala prema brzini svjetlosti. Tek kad se brzine približe brzini svjetlosti, opažaju se odstupanja od klasične mehanike.

Neosporno je da elektroni moraju biti sastavni dijelovi atoma. Budući da su atomi kao cjelina neutralni, to moraju sadržavati i pozitivan elektricitet. Veza pozitivnog elektriciteta s atomima najjasnije se očitavala u ispitivanju kanalnih zraka što ih je otkrio Eugen Goldstein.

Goldstein je ispitivao katodne zrake u staklenoj cijevi u kojoj je plin bio vrlo razrijeđen. Kako smo prije spomenuli, pri vrlo niskom tlaku šire se od katode katodne zrake. Goldstein je 1886. došao na misao da načini rupu u katodi. U prostoru iza kanala u katodi šire se tada nove zrake. Zrake nose pozitivan električni naboj. Budući da prolaze kroz kanal katode, dobile su naziv kanalne zrake.

Sličnom metodom kao kod elektrona mogla se odrediti masa čestica kanalnih zraka. Mjerenja su pokazala da se mase čestica u kanalnim zrakama podudaraju s masama s masama kemijskih atoma. Kanalne zrake struje su pozitivnih iona. Postanak kanalnih zraka možemo lako objasniti. Pri električnom izbijanju nastaje uvijek u razrijeđenom plinu velik broj pozitivnih iona. To su atomi kojima se otkinuo jedan ili dva ili više elektrona. Kako ti atomi nose pozitivan naboj, to ih katoda koja je negativno nabijena jako privuče. Pozitivni ioni pojure prema katodi. No kako postignu velike brzine, projure kroz kanal katode u prostor iza katode. Tu se dalje kreću konstantnom brzinom. Kakvim plinom napunimo staklenu cijev, takve ione imat ćemo u kanalnim zrakama.

Kanalne zrake s najlakšim česticama su vodikovi ioni. Vodikovi ioni imaju električni naboj +e. Veći naboj ne mogu imati. U tom pogledu kanalne zrake vodika naliče na katodne zrake. Pozitivni vodikovi ioni dobili su ime protoni.

Izvori

Elektromagnetizam

Katodno zračenje


Ryback Reeves (anterior Ryan Allen Reeves)(născut pe 10 noiembrie, din 1981) este un wrestler american care a lucrat pentru WWE, sub numele de Ryback.

Înainte de a intra în luptă, Reeves a fost în programul WWE Tough Enough, și a fost ca unul dintre cei opt finalisti. După, a fost trimis la teritorii de dezvoltare ca Deep South Wrestling, Florida Championship Wrestling și Ohio Valley Wrestling din anul 2005 până în anul 2007. Acesta a fost, de asemenea, parte din Primul Sezon din NXT , în 2010 , unde a terminat pe locul al șaselea.

În Wrestling
 Manevre de final
 Big Guy Splash (Scufundări splash) - 2015-prezent
 Shell Shocked (Leagănul suplex - a ridicat și aruncat într-o funcționare orizontală musculare buster) – 2012–prezent
 Over The Shoulder Boulder Holder (Backpack stunner) – 2010
 Silverback Atac (Vertical suplex powerslam pin) – 2005-2008

Campionate și realizări
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 dată)
 World Wrestling Entertainment
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (1 dată)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 PWI Luptător care a Îmbunătățit cel mai mult – 2012
 Situat pe locul Nº335 în PWI 500 în 2006
 Situat pe locul Nº488 în PWI 500 în 2009.
 Situat pe locul Nº218 în PWI 500 în 2010
 Situat pe locul Nº111 în PWI 500 în 2012.
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 WON Most Overrated – 2012

Referințe

Nașteri în 1981
Wrestleri americani

Ryback


Kuglački klub "Policajac" (KK Policajac; Policajac Ogulin; Policajac) iz Ogulina, Karlovačka županija, Republika Hrvatska je imao žensku kuglačku ekipu.

O klubu
Žensko kuglanje pri klubu "Policajac" je započelo 2005. godine pri "školi kuglanja" (iz koje dalje nastaje ŽKK "Ogulin"). Rad s djevojkama se intenzivira sredinom 2006. godine, te "Policajac" prijavljuje žensku ekipu u ligaško natjecanje "2. HKL - Zapad / Jug". 2009. godine ženska ekipa "Policajca" ulazi u "1. HKL za žene", u kojoj nastupaju sezonu 2009./10., te se potom vraćaju u "2. HKL - Zapad / Jug" u kojoj nastupaju do sezone 2012./13., nakon koje ženska ekipa "Policajca" prestaje ligaški nastupati, a većina igračica prelazi u ŽKK "Ogulin".

Uspjesi
 2. HKL - Zapad/Jug
 prvak: 2008./09.
 doprvak: 2011./12., 2012./13.

Ekipno

Pojedinačno (po disciplinama)

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznate igračice

Unutarnje poveznice
 Ogulin
 Kuglački klub Policajac Ogulin
 Kuglački klub Klek Ogulin (žene)
 Ženski kuglački klub Ogulin

Vanjske poveznice
 kk-policajac.hr
 kk-policajac.hr, wayback arhiva (2009.)
 kk-policajac.hr, wayback arhiva (2019.)
 Kuglački klub Policajac Ogulin, facebook stranica

Izvori

 kk-policajac.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB POLICAJAC - OGULIN, wayback arhiva
 kk-policajac.hr, Škola kuglanja, wayback arhiva
 kk-policajac.hr, Darko Pribanić: Kuglački klub "Policajac", Ogulin : 1954. – 2004., Ogulin, 2004.,
 ogulin.hr, Kuglački klub Policajac, pristupljeno 29. listopada 2020.
 ogulin.hr/old-site, Kuglački klub Policajac, pristupljeno 29. listopada 2020.

Hrvatski ženski kuglački klubovi
Šport u Ogulinu
Policajac

Kuglački klub Policajac Ogulin (žene)


Die Canada Open 1958 im Badminton fanden im März 1958 in Victoria statt. Die Titelkämpfe waren in diesem Jahr sowohl die nationalen als auch die internationalen Meisterschaften Kanadas.

Finalergebnisse

Literatur
 The Calgary Herald, 10. März 1958, S. 14.

1958
1958
Badminton 1958
Badmintonwettbewerb in Victoria (British Columbia)

Canadian Open 1958


J. Sam Ellis (born April 30, 1955) is a Republican former member of the North Carolina General Assembly who represented the state's thirty-ninth House district, including constituents in Wake County.  An electrical contractor from Raleigh, Ellis was defeated by Democrat Linda Coleman in the 2004 general election.

In 2002, incoming freshmen at the University of North Carolina were required to read "Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations" by Michael Sells, a scholar of comparative religions at Haverford College. When they arrived on campus, they were to briefly discuss the book in small groups led by a member of the faculty. Ellis backed a campaign to remove the use of state funds from the book, stating "I don't want the students in the university system required to study this evil."

References

External links

|-

Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Living people
21st-century American politicians
1955 births

J. Sam Ellis


Den 6. udgave af Amstel Gold Race for kvinder fandt sted den 21. april 2019. Det var det syvende løb i UCI Women's World Tour 2019. Løbet blev vundet af polske Katarzyna Niewiadoma fra Canyon-SRAM Racing.

Hold

Danske ryttere
Annika Langvad kørte for Boels-Dolmans
Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig kørte for Bigla Pro Cycling

Resultater

Samlet stilling

Startliste

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
Cykelløb i 2019

Amstel Gold Race for kvinder 2019


Jefferson de Souza (Sao Paulo, Brasil, 7 de enero de 1989) es un futbolista brasileño. Juega de delantero.

Clubes

Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Willy Serrato

Jefferson de Souza Leite


Ugostiteljski objekt je uslužni obrt, poslovni i pravni subjekt koji se bavi ugostiteljstvom, najčešće posluživanjem hrane i pića, u za to uređenom i namještenom prostoru (lokalu), za koji je i istoznačnica, radi stjecanja dobiti od pruženih usluga. U ugostiteljske objekte ubrajaju se kafići, kavane, barovi, pivnice, zalogajnice, gostionice, restorani, konobe, taverne, čajane, vinoteke, kušaonice, klijeti, sendvičarnice, a u širem smislu i prodavaonice prehrambenih proizvoda (pekarnice, slastičarnice, mesnice i ine).

Ugostiteljski objekti i njihovi zaposlenici moraju zadovoljavati određene sanitarne (higijenske) uvjete, propisane od nadležnih tijela, čijom provjerom (izvidom, inspekcijom) mogu biti podvrgnuti. Također, mora posjedovati potrebne radne dozvole.

Jedni su od najčešćih poslovnih subjekata u tercijarnim (uslužnim) djelatnostima te u malom i srednjem poduzetništvu. Važni su u poslovnom i prodajnom lancu, posebno u mjesnim i područnim gospodarstvima te turizmu, jer proizvode prehrambene industrije i poljoprivrede (primarnih i sekundarnih djelatnosti) donose do krajnjega kupca tj. potrošača, u maloprodaji.

Često su smješteni uz prometnice, veće otvorene prostore (trgove, tržnice, parkove), u trgovačkim centrima, uz znamenitosti, u turističkim odredištima (plažama, skijalištima, zaštićenim područjima, svetištima), uz igrališta, kulturne i obrazovne ustanove, prodavaonice i drugdje.

Ugostiteljstvo

Ugostiteljski objekt


Gastein-konventionen blev indgået mellem Preussen og Østrig den 14. August 1865 i den østrigske by Bad Gastein.

Konventionen indeholdt aftaler mellem de to tyske storstater om forvaltningen af de besatte hertugdømmer Slesvig (≈Sønderjylland) og Holsten. I Wientraktakten fra oktober 1864 måtte Danmark give afkald over retten på hertugdømmerne Slesvig, Holsten og Lauenborg, som derefter blev styret af Preussen og Østrig i et preussisk-østrigsk kondominat. Den politiske rivalitet mellem de to tyske storstater viste sig dog i praksis at være en hæmsko for en fælles administration. Derfor aftalte begge parter i august 1865 i Bad Gastein at dele administrationen i de tidligere danske territorier. Konventionen indeholdt i alt 11 artikler og blev undertegnet den 14. august 1865 af Otto von Bismarck (på Preussens vegne) og Gustav von Blome (på Østrigs vegne).

Ifølge konventionen skulle administrationen i det preussisk-østrigske kondominat deles, idet Slesvig skulle styres af Preussen og Holsten af Østrig. Preussen fik derudover retten til at bruge militærveje gennem Holsten og retten til at konstrukere en kanal og en telegraflinje gennem Holsten. Også havnen i Kiel skulle komme under preussisk souverinitæt. Grænsebyen Rendsborg skulle blive tysk forbundsfæstning. Lauenborg blev annekteret af Preussen, som udbetalte 2,5 millioner danske rigsdaler til Østrig som erstatning. Aftalen holdt dog ikke længe på grund af Bismarcks bestræbelser på at fremprovokere en ny krig mod Østrig (og at samle Tyskland uden Østrig i en lilletysk løsning).

Litteratur
 Imanuel Geiss (Udg.): Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Forlaget Bertelsmann, Düsseldorf 1973. .
 Rudolf Stadelmann: Das Jahr 1865 und das Problem von Bismarcks deutscher Politik. Forlaget Oldenbourg, München 1933.

Tyskland i 1800-tallet
Sønderjyllands historie

Gastein-konventionen


Fröken Kyrkråtta er en svensk film fra 1941 af Schamyl Bauman. Der blev samme år indspillet en dansk udgave med titlen Frøken Kirkemus.

 Manuskript Ragnar Hyltén-Cavallius og dialog af Hasse Ekman, baseret på et skuespil af Ladislas Fodor.
 Instruktion Schamyl Bauman.
 Musik af Kai Gullmar og Hasse Ekman

Medvirkende
 Marguerite Viby
 Edvin Adolphson
 Ernst Eklund
 Karl-Arne Holmsten
 Eivor Landström
 John Botvid
 Carl Hagman
 Georg Funkquist
 Nils Johannisson
 Emil Fjellström
 Arne Lindblad

Eksterne henvisninger

Svenske film fra 1941

Fröken Kyrkråtta


An Bothriochloa decipiens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Bothriochloa decipiens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bothriochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bothriochloa

Bothriochloa decipiens


El accidente aéreo del helicóptero AS 332 L2 TPH06 de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana ocurrió el 11 de noviembre de 2011, cuando un Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma con matrícula oficial AS332XC-UHP TPH06 se estrelló en un paraje rural cercano a Santa Catarina Ayotzingo, municipio de Chalco, Estado de México.

La aeronave, construida en 1983 y próxima a ser retirada del servicio, era maniobrada por tres tripulantes de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana. Salió del hangar presidencial en el Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México a las 07:23 hora local (13:23 GMT) para dirigirse al Campo Marte, donde fue abordada por cinco pasajeros.  Despegó de ahí alrededor de las 8:45 hora local (14:45 GMT), después de haber tenido retrasos debido a la niebla. Tenía como destino la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos. Transportaba ocho personas en total. A las 08:55 hora local (14:55 GMT) el artefacto desapareció de los radares.

Entre los pasajeros estaba el secretario de Gobernación de México, José Francisco Blake Mora, quien inauguraría la Sexta Asamblea General Ordinaria de la Asociación Mexicana de Impartidores de Justicia (AMIJ) en el World Trade Center de Xochitepec. En ese acto estaría acompañado por el presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, Juan Silva Meza, y por el gobernador de Morelos, Marco Antonio Adame Castillo. El acto protocolario estaba previsto para las 09:00 hora local (15:00 GMT), pero se realizó una hora después, debido al retraso del secretario de Gobernación.

Aproximadamente a las 11:11 hora local (17:11 GMT) el helicóptero fue encontrado destruido.

A las 12:30 hora local (18:30 GMT) la vocera de la Presidencia de la República, Alejandra Sota Mirafuentes, anunció la muerte de José Francisco Blake Mora y 7 personas más que viajaban en el helicóptero TPH06 de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana comisionado al Estado Mayor Presidencial.

Minutos antes de las 15:00 hora local (21:00 GMT), en un mensaje oficial, el presidente Felipe Calderón informó que había girado instrucciones al secretario de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Dionisio Pérez-Jácome Friscione, para que conformara el equipo de trabajo encargado de esclarecer los hechos con los mejores expertos del mundo. Señaló que el helicóptero había permanecido bajo resguardo en el hangar del Estado Mayor Presidencial, además de que se le había dado mantenimiento recientemente. Aludió a la nubosidad como una posible causa del accidente.

Dionisio Pérez-Jácome Friscione anunció la integración de un comité con expertos de la Oficina Encargada de la Investigación de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviación Civil en Francia, país donde se fabricó el helicóptero, de la National Transportation Agence Safety Board de Estados Unidos, así como de la empresa Eurocopter.

Víctimas

Pasajeros
 José Francisco Blake Mora: secretario de Gobernación de México.
 Felipe Zamora Castro: subsecretario de Asuntos Jurídicos y de Derechos Humanos de Gobernación.
 José Alfredo García Medina: director general de Comunicación Social de Gobernación.
 Diana Miriam Hayton Sánchez: secretaria técnica de la Oficina del Secretario de Gobernación.
 René de León Sapién: mayor, miembro del Estado Mayor Presidencial.

Tripulación
 Felipe Bacio Cortés: teniente coronel de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana, piloto.
 Pedro Ramón Escobar Becerra: teniente, copiloto.
 Jorge Luis Juárez Gómez: sargento primero, de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana, especialista en mantenimiento de aviación.

Causas del accidente
El 9 de noviembre de 2012, Gilberto López Meyer, director general de Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, presentó las conclusiones de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes donde indica que las causas principales del accidente se debieron a una «decisión inadecuada de la tripulación al mando de la aeronave, de continuar con la operación durante la realización de un vuelo bajo las reglas de vuelo visual, no obstante el encontrarse con condiciones de vuelo por instrumentos con visibilidad pobre o nula, lo que generó un impacto contra el terreno sin pérdida de control (CFIT), derivado de una pérdida de conciencia situacional respecto a las elevaciones del terreno circundante».

Véase también
 Accidente aéreo del XC-VMC de la Secretaría de Gobernación
 Accidente aéreo del Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Accidentes de helicóptero
Accidentes e incidentes aéreos en México
Accidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2011
Historia del Estado de México
México en 2011
Chalco

Accidente del AS332 de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana de 2011


Vasile Kirvai a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918..

Activitate politică
Vasile Kirvai a fost un profesor de muzică care a participat la Marea Adunare Națională de la ALba Iulia ca Delegat al Reuniunii de cântări Hilaria..

Note

Bibliografie
 Mircea Vaida-Voevod, Gelu Neamțu,1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților Iaochim Crăciun: Documente la un sfert de veac de la Marea Unire Vol II, Editura Academiei Române, 2008.

Lectură suplimetară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, Editura Altip, 2003.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații
http://www.orastieinfo.ro/ioan-mihu.html

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Profesori români

Vasile Kirvai


Michael John Connaire (* 20. August 1968 in Boston) ist ein US-amerikanischer Tenor.

Michael Connaire studierte am New England Conservatory of Music, wo er sein Bachelor- und sein Master-Diplom erwarb. Er war Mitglied des Des Moines Opernstudios und Fellow bei der "Bach Aria Group" in New York City. Connaire trat beim Tanglewood-Festival in Massachusetts auf.

Durch seine Interpretationen der Evangelisten-Partien Johann Sebastian Bachs und von Werken englischer Komponisten wurde er auch in Deutschland bekannt. Als Konzertsolist trat Connaire hauptsächlich in Hamburg, Hannover, Lüneburg, Greifswald, Stralsund und im norddeutschen Raum auf. Im Juli 2015 sang er beim Musikfestival "Klassik am Meer" in Wilhelmshaven die Tenor-Partie in der Petite Messe solennelle von Gioacchino Rossini. Im Oktober 2015 war er der Tenor-Solist im Oratorium Elias von Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy im Kurhaus Baden-Baden.

Connaire gab Konzerte mit den Hamburger Symphonikern, dem Saitama Chamber Orchestra, dem Slowenischen Staatsorchester, dem Hamburger Barockorchester Elbipolis, den Bremer Philharmonikern, der Hannoverschen Hofkapelle und der Camerata Hamburg. Er trat außer in Deutschland auch in Frankreich, Slowenien, den Vereinigten Staaten und Japan auf.

Gelegentlich trat Connaire auch als Opern- und Operettensänger auf. Am Theater Vorpommern sang er in der Spielzeit 2005/06 den Pedrillo in Mozarts Die Entführung aus dem Serail. Im Juni 2008 übernahm er die Rolle des Gabriel von Eisenstein in der Operette Die Fledermaus in einer Produktion der Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, unter der Regie von Niels-Peter Rudolph.

Von Connaire liegen mehrere Tondokumente vor, u. a. die Bach-Kantaten BWV 232 und BWV 245, außerdem Mendelssohns Elias, das Requiem von Frank Martin sowie Werke von Arthur Honegger.

Weblinks
 Michael Connaire; Biografie bei Bach-cantatas.com
 Michael Connaire; aktuelle Konzerte
 Michael Connaire; Tondokument

Einzelnachweise

Tenor
Ensemblemitglied des Theaters Vorpommern
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1968
Mann

Michael Connaire