Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa. The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not take place until the 1970s. From 1972 to 1977, the International Afar Research Expedition—led by anthropologists Maurice Taieb, Donald Johanson and Yves Coppens—unearthed several hundreds of hominin specimens in Hadar, Ethiopia, the most significant being the exceedingly well-preserved skeleton AL 288-1 ("Lucy") and the site AL 333 ("the First Family"). Beginning in 1974, Mary Leakey led an expedition into Laetoli, Tanzania, and notably recovered fossil trackways. In 1978, the species was first described, but this was followed by arguments for splitting the wealth of specimens into different species given the wide range of variation which had been attributed to sexual dimorphism (normal differences between males and females). A. afarensis probably descended from A. anamensis and is hypothesised to have given rise to Homo, though the latter is debated.

A. afarensis had a tall face, a delicate brow ridge, and prognathism (the jaw jutted outwards). The jawbone was quite robust, similar to that of gorillas. The living size of A. afarensis is debated, with arguments for and against marked size differences between males and females. Lucy measured perhaps  in height and , but she was rather small for her species. In contrast, a presumed male was estimated at  and . A perceived difference in male and female size may simply be sampling bias. The leg bones as well as the Laetoli fossil trackways suggest A. afarensis was a competent biped, though somewhat less efficient at walking than humans. The arm and shoulder bones have some similar aspects to those of orangutans and gorillas, which has variously been interpreted as either evidence of partial tree-dwelling (arboreality), or basal traits inherited from the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor with no adaptive functionality.

A. afarensis was probably a generalist omnivore of both C3 forest plants and C4 CAM savanna plants—and perhaps creatures which ate such plants—and was able to exploit a variety of different food sources. Similarly, A. afarensis appears to have inhabited a wide range of habitats with no real preference, inhabiting open grasslands or woodlands, shrublands, and lake- or riverside forests. Potential evidence of stone tool use would indicate meat was also a dietary component. Marked sexual dimorphism in primates typically corresponds to a polygynous society and low dimorphism to monogamy, but the group dynamics of early hominins is difficult to predict with accuracy. Early hominins may have fallen prey to the large carnivores of the time, such as big cats and hyenas.

Taxonomy

Research history
Beginning in the 1930s, some of the most ancient hominin remains of the time dating to 3.8–2.9 million years ago were recovered from East Africa. Because Australopithecus africanus fossils were commonly being discovered throughout the 1920s and '40s in South Africa, these remains were often provisionally classified as Australopithecus aff. africanus. The first to identify a human fossil was German explorer Ludwig Kohl-Larsen in 1939 by the headwaters of the Gerusi River (near Laetoli, Tanzania), who encountered a maxilla. In 1948, German palaeontologist Edwin Hennig proposed classifying it into a new genus, "Praeanthropus", but he failed to give a species name. In 1950, German anthropologist Hans Weinert proposed classifying it as Meganthropus africanus, but this was largely ignored. In 1955, M.S. Şenyürek proposed the combination Praeanthropus africanus. Major collections were made in Laetoli, Tanzania, on an expedition beginning in 1974 directed by British palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey, and in Hadar, Ethiopia, from 1972 to 1977 by the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE) formed by French geologist Maurice Taieb, American palaeoanthropologist Donald Johanson and Breton anthropologist Yves Coppens. These fossils were remarkably well preserved and many had associated skeletal aspects. In 1973, the IARE team unearthed the first knee joint, AL 129-1, and showed the earliest example at the time of bipedalism. In 1974, Johanson and graduate student Tom Gray discovered the extremely well-preserved skeleton AL 288–1, commonly referred to as "Lucy" (named after the 1967 Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds which was playing on their tape recorder that evening). In 1975, the IARE recovered 216 specimens belonging to 13 individuals, AL 333 "the First Family" (though the individuals were not necessarily related). In 1976, Leakey and colleagues discovered fossil trackways, and preliminarily classified Laetoli remains into Homo spp., attributing Australopithecus-like traits as evidence of them being transitional fossils.

In 1978, Johanson, Tim D. White and Coppens classified the hundreds of specimens collected thus far from both Hadar and Laetoli into a single new species, A. afarensis, and considered the apparently wide range of variation a result of sexual dimorphism. The species name honours the Afar Region of Ethiopia where the majority of the specimens had been recovered from. They later selected the jawbone LH 4 as the holotype specimen because of its preservation quality and because White had already fully described and illustrated it the year before.

A. afarensis is known only from East Africa. Beyond Laetoli and the Afar Region, the species has been recorded in Kenya at Koobi Fora and possibly Lothagam; and elsewhere in Ethiopia at Woranso-Mille, Maka, Belohdelie, Ledi-Geraru and Fejej. The frontal bone fragment BEL-VP-1/1 from the Middle Awash, Afar Region, Ethiopia, dating to 3.9 million years ago has typically been assigned to A. anamensis based on age, but may be assignable to A. afarensis because it exhibits a derived form of postorbital constriction. This would mean A. afarensis and A. anamensis coexisted for at least 100,000 years. In 2005, a second adult specimen preserving both skull and body elements, AL 438–1, was discovered in Hadar. In 2006, an infant partial skeleton, DIK-1-1, was unearthed at Dikika, Afar Region. In 2015, an adult partial skeleton, KSD-VP-1/1, was recovered from Woranso-Mille.

For a long time, A. afarensis was the oldest known African great ape until the 1994 description of the 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus, and a few earlier or contemporary taxa have been described since, including the 4-million-year-old A. anamensis in 1995, the 3.5-million-year-old Kenyanthropus platyops in 2001, the 6-million-year-old Orrorin tugenensis in 2001, and the 7- to 6-million-year-old Sahelanthropus tchadensis in 2002. Bipedalism was once thought to have evolved in australopithecines, but it is now thought to have begun evolving much earlier in habitually arboreal primates. The earliest claimed date for the beginnings of an upright spine and a primarily vertical body plan is 21.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene with Morotopithecus bishopi.

Classification
A. afarensis is now a widely accepted species, and it is now generally thought that Homo and Paranthropus are sister taxa deriving from Australopithecus, but the classification of Australopithecus species is in disarray. Australopithecus is considered a grade taxon whose members are united by their similar physiology rather than close relations with each other over other hominin genera. It is unclear how any Australopithecus species relate to each other, but it is generally thought that a population of A. anamensis evolved into A. afarensis.

In 1979, Johanson and White proposed that A. afarensis was the last common ancestor between Homo and Paranthropus, supplanting A. africanus in this role. Considerable debate of the validity of this species followed, with proposals for synonymising them with A. africanus or recognising multiple species from the Laetoli and Hadar remains. In 1980, South African palaeoanthropologist Phillip V. Tobias proposed reclassifying the Laetoli specimens as A. africanus afarensis and the Hadar specimens as A. afr. aethiopicus. The skull KNM-ER 1470 (now H. rudolfensis) was at first dated to 2.9 million years ago, which cast doubt on the ancestral position of both A. afarensis or A. africanus, but it has been re-dated to about 2 million years ago. Several Australopithecus species have since been postulated to represent the ancestor to Homo, but the 2013 discovery of the earliest Homo specimen, LD 350-1, 2.8 million years old (older than almost all other Australopithecus species) from the Afar Region could potentially affirm A. afarensis ancestral position. However, A. afarensis is also argued to have been too derived (too specialised), due to resemblance in jaw anatomy to the robust australopithecines, to have been a human ancestor.

Palaeoartist Walter Ferguson has proposed splitting A. afarensis into "H. antiquus", a relict dryopithecine "Ramapithecus" (now Kenyapithecus) and a subspecies of A. africanus. His recommendations have largely been ignored. In 2003, Spanish writer Camilo José Cela Conde and evolutionary biologist Francisco J. Ayala proposed reinstating "Praeanthropus" including A. afarensis alongside Sahelanthropus, A. anamensis, A. bahrelghazali and A. garhi. In 2004, Danish biologist Bjarne Westergaard and geologist Niels Bonde proposed splitting off "Homo hadar" with the 3.2-million-year-old partial skull AL 333–45 as the holotype, because a foot from the First Family was apparently more humanlike than that of Lucy. In 2011, Bonde agreed with Ferguson that Lucy should be split into a new species, though erected a new genus as "Afaranthropus antiquus".

In 1996, a 3.6-million-year-old jaw from Koro Toro, Chad, originally classified as A. afarensis was split off into a new species as A. bahrelghazali. In 2015, some 3.5- to 3.3-million-year-old jaw specimens from the Afar Region (the same time and place as A. afarensis) were classified as a new species as A. deyiremeda, and the recognition of this species would call into question the species designation of fossils currently assigned to A. afarensis. However, the validity of A. bahrelghazali and A. deyiremeda is debated. Wood and Boyle (2016) stated there was "low confidence" that A. afarensis, A. bahrelghazali and A. deyiremeda are distinct species, with Kenyanthropus platyops perhaps being indistinct from the latter two.

Anatomy

Skull

A. afarensis had a tall face, a delicate brow ridge, and prognathism (the jaw jutted outwards). One of the biggest skulls, AL 444–2, is about the size of a female gorilla skull. The first relatively complete jawbone was discovered in 2002, AL 822–1. This specimen strongly resembles the deep and robust gorilla jawbone. However, unlike gorillas, the strength of the sagittal and nuchal crests (which support the temporalis muscle used in biting) do not vary between sexes. The crests are similar to those of chimpanzees and female gorillas. Compared to earlier hominins, the incisors of A. afarensis are reduced in breadth, the canines reduced in size and lost the honing mechanism which continually sharpens them, the premolars are molar-shaped, and the molars are taller. The molars of australopiths are generally large and flat with thick enamel, which is ideal for crushing hard and brittle foods.

The brain volume of Lucy was estimated to have been 365–417 cc, specimen AL 822-1 about 374–392 cc, AL 333-45 about 486–492 cc, and AL 444-2 about 519–526 cc. This would make for an average of about 445 cc. The brain volumes of the infant (about 2.5 years of age) specimens DIK-1-1 and AL 333-105 are 273–277 and 310–315 cc, respectively. Using these measurements, the brain growth rate of A. afarensis was closer to the growth rate of modern humans than to the faster rate in chimpanzees. Though brain growth was prolonged, the duration was nonetheless much shorter than modern humans, which is why the adult A. afarensis brain was so much smaller. The A. afarensis brain was likely organised like non-human ape brains, with no evidence for humanlike brain configuration.

Size

A. afarensis specimens apparently exhibit a wide range of variation, which is generally explained as marked sexual dimorphism with males much bigger than females. In 1991, American anthropologist Henry McHenry estimated body size by measuring the joint sizes of the leg bones and scaling down a human to meet that size. This yielded  for a presumed male (AL 333–3), whereas Lucy was . In 1992, he estimated that males typically weighed about  and females  assuming body proportions were more humanlike than apelike. This gives a male to female body mass ratio of 1.52, compared to 1.22 in modern humans, 1.37 in chimpanzees, and about 2 for gorillas and orangutans. However, this commonly cited weight figure used only three presumed-female specimens, of which two were among the smallest specimens recorded for the species. It is also contested if australopiths even exhibited heightened sexual dimorphism at all, which if correct would mean the range of variation is normal body size disparity between different individuals regardless of sex. It has also been argued that the femoral head could be used for more accurate size modeling, and the femoral head size variation was the same for both sexes.

Lucy is one of the most complete Pliocene hominin skeletons, with over 40% preserved, but she was one of the smaller specimens of her species. Nonetheless, she has been the subject of several body mass estimates since her discovery, ranging from  for absolute lower and upper bounds. Most studies report ranges within .

For the five makers of the Laetoli fossil trackways (S1, S2, G1, G2 and G3), based on the relationship between footprint length and bodily dimensions in modern humans, S1 was estimated to have been considerably large at about  tall and  in weight, S2  and , G1  and , G2  and , and G3  and . Based on these, S1 is interpreted to have been a male, and the rest females (G1 and G3 possibly juveniles), with A. afarensis being a highly dimorphic species.

Torso

DIK-1-1 preserves an oval hyoid bone (which supports the tongue) more similar to those of chimpanzees and gorillas than the bar-shaped hyoid of humans and orangutans. This would suggest the presence of laryngeal air sacs characteristic of non-human African apes (and large gibbons). Air sacs may lower the risk of hyperventilating when producing faster extended call sequences by rebreathing exhaled air from the air sacs. The loss of these in humans could have been a result of speech and resulting low risk of hyperventilating from normal vocalisation patterns.

It was previously thought that the australopithecines' spine was more like that of non-human apes than humans, with weak neck vertebrae. However, the thickness of the neck vertebrae of KSD-VP-1/1 is similar to that of modern humans. Like humans, the series has a bulge and achieves maximum girth at C5 and 6, which in humans is associated with the brachial plexus, responsible for nerves and muscle innervation in the arms and hands. This could perhaps speak to advanced motor functions in the hands of A. afarensis and competency at precision tasks compared to non-human apes, possibly implicated in stone tool use or production. However, this could have been involved in head stability or posture rather than dexterity. A.L. 333-101 and A.L. 333-106 lack evidence of this feature. The neck vertebrae of KDS-VP-1/1 indicate that the nuchal ligament, which stabilises the head while distance running in humans and other cursorial creatures, was either not well developed or absent. KSD-VP-1/1, preserving (among other skeletal elements) 6 rib fragments, indicates that A. afarensis had a bell-shaped ribcage instead of the barrel shaped ribcage exhibited in modern humans. Nonetheless, the constriction at the upper ribcage was not so marked as exhibited in non-human great apes and was quite similar to humans. Originally, the vertebral centra preserved in Lucy were interpreted as being the T6, T8, T10, T11 and L3, but a 2015 study instead interpreted them as being T6, T7, T9, T10 and L3. DIK-1-1 shows that australopithecines had 12 thoracic vertebrae like modern humans instead of 13 like non-human apes. Like humans, australopiths likely had 5 lumbar vertebrae, and this series was likely long and flexible in contrast to the short and inflexible non-human great ape lumbar series.

Upper limbs

Like other australopiths, the A. afarensis skeleton exhibits a mosaic anatomy with some aspects similar to modern humans and others to non-human great apes. The pelvis and leg bones clearly indicate weight-bearing ability, equating to habitual bipedal, but the upper limbs are reminiscent of orangutans, which would indicate arboreal locomotion. However, this is much debated, as tree-climbing adaptations could simply be basal traits inherited from the great ape last common ancestor in the absence of major selective pressures at this stage to adopt a more humanlike arm anatomy.

The shoulder joint is somewhat in a shrugging position, closer to the head, like in non-human apes. Juvenile modern humans have a somewhat similar configuration, but this changes to the normal human condition with age; such a change does not appear to have occurred in A. afarensis development. It was once argued that this was simply a byproduct of being a small-bodied species, but the discovery of the similarly sized H. floresiensis with a more or less human shoulder configuration and larger A. afarensis specimens retaining the shrugging shoulders show this to not have been the case. The scapular spine (reflecting the strength of the back muscles) is closer to the range of gorillas.

The forearm of A. afarensis is incompletely known, yielding various brachial indexes (radial length divided by humeral length) comparable to non-human great apes at the upper estimate and to modern humans at the lower estimate. The most complete ulna specimen, AL 438–1, is within the range of modern humans and other African apes. However, the L40-19 ulna is much longer, though well below that exhibited in orangutans and gibbons. The AL 438-1 metacarpals are proportionally similar to those of modern humans and orangutans. The A. afarensis hand is quite humanlike, though there are some aspects similar to orangutan hands which would have allowed stronger flexion of the fingers, and it probably could not handle large spherical or cylindrical objects very efficiently. Nonetheless, the hand seems to have been able to have produced a precision grip necessary in using stone tools. However, it is unclear if the hand was capable of producing stone tools.

Lower limbs
The australopith pelvis is platypelloid and maintains a relatively wider distance between the hip sockets and a more oval shape. Despite being much smaller, Lucy's pelvic inlet is  wide, about the same breadth as that of a modern human woman. These were likely adaptations to minimise how far the centre of mass drops while walking upright in order to compensate for the short legs (rotating the hips may have been more important for A. afarensis). Likewise, later Homo could reduce relative pelvic inlet size probably due to the elongation of the legs. Pelvic inlet size may not have been due to fetal head size (which would have increased birth canal and thus pelvic inlet width) as an A. afarensis newborn would have had a similar or smaller head size compared to that of a newborn chimpanzee. It is debated if the platypelloid pelvis provided poorer leverage for the hamstrings or not.

The heel bone of A. afarensis adults and modern humans have the same adaptations for bipedality, indicating a developed grade of walking. The big toe is not dextrous as is in non-human apes (it is adducted), which would make walking more energy efficient at the expense of arboreal locomotion, no longer able to grasp onto tree branches with the feet. However, the foot of the infantile specimen DIK-1-1 indicates some mobility of the big toe, though not to the degree in non-human primates. This would have reduced walking efficiency, but a partially dextrous foot in the juvenile stage may have been important in climbing activities for food or safety, or made it easier for the infant to cling onto and be carried by an adult.

Palaeobiology

Diet and technology
A. afarensis was likely a generalist omnivore. Carbon isotope analysis on teeth from Hadar and Dikika 3.4–2.9 million years ago suggests a widely ranging diet between different specimens, with forest-dwelling specimens showing a preference for C3 forest plants, and bush- or grassland-dwelling specimens a preference for C4 CAM savanna plants. C4 CAM sources include grass, seeds, roots, underground storage organs, succulents and perhaps creatures which ate those, such as termites. Thus, A. afarensis appears to have been capable of exploiting a variety of food resources in a wide range of habitats. In contrast, the earlier A. anamensis and Ar. ramidus, as well as modern savanna chimpanzees, target the same types of food as forest-dwelling counterparts despite living in an environment where these plants are much less abundant. Few modern primate species consume C4 CAM plants. The dental anatomy of A. afarensis is ideal for consuming hard, brittle foods, but microwearing patterns on the molars suggest that such foods were infrequently consumed, probably as fallback items in leaner times.

In 2009 at Dikika, Ethiopia, a rib fragment belonging to a cow-sized hoofed animal and a partial femur of a goat-sized juvenile bovid was found to exhibit cut marks, and the former some crushing, which were initially interpreted as the oldest evidence of butchering with stone tools. If correct, this would make it the oldest evidence of sharp-edged stone tool use at 3.4 million years old, and would be attributable to A. afarensis as it is the only species known within the time and place. However, because the fossils were found in a sandstone unit (and were modified by abrasive sand and gravel particles during the fossilisation process), the attribution to hominin activity is weak.

Society
It is highly difficult to speculate with accuracy the group dynamics of early hominins. A. afarensis is typically reconstructed with high levels of sexual dimorphism, with males much larger than females. Using general trends in modern primates, high sexual dimorphism usually equates to a polygynous society due to intense male–male competition over females, like in the harem society of gorillas. However, it has also been argued that A. afarensis had much lower levels of dimorphism, and so had a multi-male kin-based society like chimpanzees. Low dimorphism could also be interpreted as having had a monogamous society with strong male–male competition. Contrarily, the canine teeth are much smaller in A. afarensis than in non-human primates, which should indicate lower aggression because canine size is generally positively correlated with male–male aggression.

Birth

The platypelloid pelvis may have caused a different birthing mechanism from modern humans, with the neonate entering the inlet facing laterally (the head was transversally orientated) until it exited through the pelvic outlet. This would be a non-rotational birth, as opposed to a fully rotational birth in humans. However, it has been suggested that the shoulders of the neonate may have been obstructed, and the neonate could have instead entered the inlet transversely and then rotated so that it exited through the outlet oblique to the main axis of the pelvis, which would be a semi-rotational birth. By this argument, there may not have been much space for the neonate to pass through the birth canal, causing a difficult childbirth for the mother.

Gait

The Laetoli fossil trackway, generally attributed to A. afarensis, indicates a rather developed grade of bipedal locomotion, more efficient than the bent-hip–bent-knee (BHBK) gait used by non-human great apes (though earlier interpretations of the gait include a BHBK posture or a shuffling movement). Trail A consists of short, broad prints resembling those of a two-and-a-half-year-old child, though it has been suggested this trail was made by the extinct bear Agriotherium africanus. G1 is a trail consisting of four cycles likely made by a child. G2 and G3 are thought to have been made by two adults. In 2014, two more trackways were discovered made by one individual, named S1, extending for a total of . In 2015, a single footprint from a different individual, S2, was discovered.

The shallowness of the toe prints would indicate a more flexed limb posture when the foot hit the ground and perhaps a less arched foot, meaning A. afarensis was less efficient at bipedal locomotion than humans. Some tracks feature a  long drag mark probably left by the heel, which may indicate the foot was lifted at a low angle to the ground. For push-off, it appears weight shifted from the heel to the side of the foot and then the toes. Some footprints of S1 either indicate asymmetrical walking where weight was sometimes placed on the anterolateral part (the side of the front half of the foot) before toe-off, or sometimes the upper body was rotated mid-step. The angle of gait (the angle between the direction the foot is pointing in on touchdown and median line drawn through the entire trackway) ranges from 2–11° for both right and left sides. G1 generally shows wide and asymmetrical angles, whereas the others typically show low angles.

The speed of the track makers has been variously estimated depending on the method used, with G1 reported at 0.47, 0.56, 0.64, 0.7 and 1 m/s (1.69, 2, 2.3, 2.5 and 3.6 km/h; 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 2.2 mph); G2/3 reported at 0.37, 0.84 and 1 m/s (1.3, 2.9 and 3.6 km/h; 0.8, 1.8 and 2.2 mph); and S1 at . For comparison, modern humans typically walk at .

The average step distance is , and stride distance . S1 appears to have had the highest average step and stride length of, respectively,  and  whereas G1–G3 averaged, respectively, 416, 453 and 433 mm (1.4, 1.5 and 1.4 ft) for step and 829, 880 and 876 mm (2.7, 2.9 and 2.9 ft) for stride.

Pathology
Australopithecines, in general, seem to have had a high incidence rate of vertebral pathologies, possibly because their vertebrae were better adapted to withstand suspension loads in climbing than compressive loads while walking upright. Lucy presents marked thoracic kyphosis (hunchback) and was diagnosed with Scheuermann's disease, probably caused by overstraining her back, which can lead to a hunched posture in modern humans due to irregular curving of the spine. Because her condition presented quite similarly to that seen in modern human patients, this would indicate a basically human range of locomotor function in walking for A. afarensis. The original straining may have occurred while climbing or swinging in the trees, though, even if correct, this does not indicate that her species was maladapted for arboreal behaviour, much like how humans are not maladapted for bipedal posture despite developing arthritis. KSD-VP-1/1 seemingly exhibits compensatory action by the neck and lumbar vertebrae (gooseneck) consistent with thoracic kyphosis and Scheuermann's disease, but thoracic vertebrae are not preserved in this specimen.

In 2010, KSD-VP-1/1 presented evidence of a valgus deformity of the left ankle involving the fibula, with a bony ring developing on the fibula's joint surface extending the bone an additional . This was probably caused by a fibular fracture during childhood which improperly healed in a nonunion.

In 2016, palaeoanthropologist John Kappelman argued that the fracturing exhibited by Lucy was consistent with a proximal humerus fracture, which is most often caused by falling in humans. He then concluded she died from falling out of a tree, and that A. afarensis slept in trees or climbed trees to escape predators. However, similar fracturing is exhibited in many other creatures in the area, including the bones of antelope, elephants, giraffes and rhinos, and may well simply be taphonomic bias (fracturing was caused by fossilisation). Lucy may also have been killed in an animal attack or a mudslide.

The 13 AL 333 individuals are thought to have been deposited at about the same time as one another, bear little evidence of carnivore activity, and were buried on a  stretch of a hill. In 1981, anthropologists James Louis Aronson and Taieb suggested they were killed in a flash flood. British archaeologist Paul Pettitt considered natural causes unlikely and, in 2013, speculated that these individuals were purposefully hidden in tall grass by other hominins (funerary caching). This behaviour has been documented in modern primates, and may be done so that the recently deceased do not attract predators to living grounds.

Palaeoecology
A. afarensis does not appear to have had a preferred environment, and inhabited a wide range of habitats such as open grasslands or woodlands, shrublands, and lake- or riverside forests. Likewise, the animal assemblage varied widely from site to site. The Pliocene of East Africa was warm and wet compared to the preceding Miocene, with the dry season lasting about four months based on floral, faunal, and geological evidence. The extended rainy season would have made more desirable foods available to hominins for most of the year. During the Late Pliocene around 4–3 million years ago, Africa featured a greater diversity of large carnivores than today, and australopithecines likely fell prey to these dangerous creatures, including hyenas, Panthera, cheetahs, and the saber-toothed cats: Megantereon, Dinofelis, Homotherium and Machairodus.

Australopithecines and early Homo likely preferred cooler conditions than later Homo, as there are no australopithecine sites that were below  in elevation at the time of deposition. This would mean that, like chimpanzees, they often inhabited areas with an average diurnal temperature of , dropping to  at night. At Hadar, the average temperature from 3.4 to 2.95 million years ago was about .

See also

 Ardipithecus ramidus
 Australopithecus anamensis
 Australopithecus bahrelghazali
 Australopithecus deyiremeda
 Kenyanthropus
 LD 350-1
 List of fossil sites (with link directory)
 List of human evolution fossils (with images)
 Lomekwi

References

72. Bonnefille, R. ; Potts, R.; Chalie, F.; Jolly, D. (2004). "High-Resolution Vegetation and Climate Change Associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (33): 12125–12129. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112125B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401709101. PMC 514445. PMID 15304655.

Further reading

External links

 Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins
 Archaeology Info. .
 The Smithsonian's Human Origins Program
 Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian

afarensis
Pliocene primates
Mammals described in 1978
Fossil taxa described in 1978
Prehistoric Ethiopia
Prehistoric Kenya
Pliocene mammals of Africa
Tool-using mammals
Taxa named by Donald Johanson
Taxa named by Tim D. White
Archaeology of Eastern Africa

Australopithecus afarensis


محمد محجوب مهدي الدوري هو وزير عراقي سابق، شغل منصب وزير التربية، من مواليد 1937، تخرج من كليه العلوم السياسية/ جامعة بغداد، شغل منصب محافظ لعديد من المحافطات العراقية من أهمها البصرة 1969 وواسط وثم ديالى قبل أن يشغل منصب عضو قيادة قطرية في حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي ووزيرا للتربيه 1976-1979 ,ترجع أصوله إلى قضاء الدور من عشيرة البوحيدر، وكان من المقربين إلى الرئيس العراقي أحمد حسن البكر.

كان السيد محمد محجوب الدوري له دور فعال جدا في محو الأمية في العراق أبان السبعينيات وحاز على جائزة اليونسكو بعد وفاته عام 1981 في عهد الوزير عبد القادر عز الدين الذي كان يشرف على الحملة في عهده، تعرض إلى العديد من محاولات الأغتيال قبل اعدامه من قبل نظام صدام حسين في 8 آب سنة 1979م.

طالع
 تطهير حزب البعث 1979

المصادر

أشخاص من الدور
أشخاص من بغداد
مواليد 1937
وزراء تربية عراقيون
وفيات 1399 هـ
وفيات 1979
أشخاص من قاعة الخلد

محمد محجوب الدوري


Orthonairovirus est un genre de virus de la famille des Nairoviridae qui comprend des virus à ARN monocaténaire circulaire de sens négatif. Il doit son nom à la maladie du mouton de Nairobi qui affecte le tractus gastrointestinal des moutons et des chèvres. La grande majorité si ce n'est tous les virus de ce genre sont transmis par les tiques et peuvent infecter humains ou autres vertébrés.

Quelques Orthonairovirus sont responsables de maladies graves et létales chez l'humain, notamment la fièvre Congo-Crimée.

En 2020, l'ICTV recense 41 espèces d'Orthonairovirus.

Structure
Les virions  ont une forme sphérique d'un diamètre de . Les protéines représentent 50 % de leur masse et les lipides de 20 à 30 %. La ribonucléocapside est filamenteuse, d'une longueur de  et une largeur d'environ . Ces nucléocapsides sont entourées d'une enveloppe unique qui présente des projections constituées de glycoprotéines dépassant de sa surface. Ces projections couvrent uniformément la surface du virion et mesurent de l'ordre de  de long. Ils facilitent la fixation au récepteur des cellules hôtes lors de leur réplication.

Génome

Les génomes des Orthonairovirus sont des ARN simple brin de sens négatif. Le génome complet est constitué d'environ  et est divisé en trois segments circulaires : un grand, un moyen et un petit. Le grand segment comprend de l'ordre de  (11.2 à 14,4 kb) et code la polymérase virale. Le segment moyen a une longueur d'environ  (4.4 à 6,3 kb) et code les glycoprotéines Gn et Gc. Le petit segment mesure de l'ordre de  (1.7 à 2.1 kb) et code la protéine de la nucléocapside.

Le génome a des séquences terminales redondantes, les séquences étant répétées aux deux extrémités. Les segments d'ARN circulaires sont fermés par liaison non covalente des séquences 3'- et 5'-terminales conservées et complémentaires de  de long (UCUCAAAGA pour la terminaison 5' et AGAGUUUCU pour la terminaison 3').

Articles connexes

 virus de Sulina
 virus de Yezo
 Institut Pasteur

Liens externes

 Institut Pasteur
 Virologyj.com
 Sante Animale
 Medical dictionary
 Lookfordiagnosis.com

Notes et références

Nairoviridae

Orthonairovirus


Engelsk Marine besøger Tuborg er en virksomhedsfilm fra 1927 af ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Mindre engelske krigsskibe 5-6 stykker er ankret op langs kajen på Langelinie. En del nysgerrige på kajen. Årstiden er sommer. Chalupper sejler ind til Tuborg Havn med matroserne, de går i land. De ledes i flok igennem bryghuset, ser ned i urtkedlen, kommer ud i det fri. Der drikkes øl bænket ved bordene i besøgshallen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1927

Tuborg
Virksomhedsfilm fra Danmark

British cruisers and destroyers in Copenhagen Port June 1927


Le manoir de l'Épine ou maison de Denneville est une demeure fortifiée, de la fin du , qui se dresse sur le territoire de la commune française de Gatteville-le-Phare, dans le département de la Manche, en région Normandie.

Localisation
La manoir de l'Épine est situé  au hameau de Denneville, chemin du Brot, entre les manoirs des Tourelles et du Broc, en bordure de l'ancienne route royale, à  au sud-ouest de l'église Saint-Pierre de Gatteville-le-Phare, dans le département français de la Manche.

Historique
Le manoir, exemple type de la maison forte du nord-Cotentin, a été bâti à la fin du , période où le pays se ressentait encore des suites des guerres de Religion par des membres de la famille de Hennot. Il fut la possession de Jean-Thomas de Hennot (1662) dont les armes la famille sont portées sur l'enseigne à l'entrée.

Description
Le logis, bâti en lit de moellons de granit équarris, situé au fond d'une cour entourée de murs, n'a que deux niveaux. Sur sa droite (à l'est), une échauguette d'angle défensive supportée par un culot à cinq boudins ne s'éclaire que par un oculus ovale en largeur ; il se peut que la partie gauche ne fut jamais construite. Les baies étroites, à bords et linteaux ébrasés, sont toutes dans le style du , et, en façade, à la hauteur des fenêtres de l'étage trois rangs de niches pour pigeons forment une curieuse décoration régulière.

L'échauguette en encorbellement domine une porte extérieure piétonne avec au-dessus trois grosses pierres arrondies semblables à des bédaines de l'antique artillerie. La linteau droit de la porte est soutenu de chaque côté par des corbeaux frustes.

Le pignon droit s'éclaire à l'étage par une fenêtre étroite et à la hauteur des greniers, par deux petites fenêtres en forme de meurtrière. La façade arrière (façade nord) est quant à elle restée pratiquement intacte.

La toiture en pierre de schiste, qu'agrémente un faîtage en dentelle, est surmontée par trois grosses souches de cheminées rectangulaires en grosses pierres taillées. Les lucarnes sont de facture récentes. De très nombreuses meurtrières, arquebusières et un assommoir au-dessus d'une des portes d'entrée confirment son rôle de maison forte du  dans le Cotentin, déchiré par les luttes religieuses. Les jardins sont également clos de murs percés de meurtrières.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste de châteaux et manoirs de la Manche
 Gatteville-le-Phare

l'Épine
l'Épine

Manoir de l'Épine


The American Naturalist, (abreviado Amer. Naturalist), es una  revista científica publicada mensualmente, revisada por pares, que se fundó en 1867. Es publicado por la University of Chicago Press en nombre de la Sociedad Americana de Naturalistas. La revista incluye la investigación en ecología, biología evolutiva, la población, y la integración de la biología. A partir de 2009, el redactor jefe es Mark McPeek. De acuerdo con el Journal Citation Reports , la revista tiene un 2010 factor de impacto de 4,736, ocupando el número 17 entre las 130 revistas en la categoría "Ecología" y el 10 de un total de 45 revistas en la categoría de "Biología Evolutiva".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Archive Records of the American Society of Naturalists (1884) containing out of copyright issues of the American Naturalist and other records of the society.

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas de Estados Unidos
Revistas científicas en inglés
Publicaciones fundadas en 1867

The American Naturalist


Our Man in Jazz ist ein Live-Jazzalbum des US-amerikanischen Saxophonisten Sonny Rollins. Es wurde im Juli 1962 aufgenommen und im gleichen Jahr beim RCA-Victor-Label im Rahmen einer Our Man...-Reihe veröffentlicht. Mit nur drei Stücken, darunter der Rollins-Klassiker Oleo mit einer Dauer von 25 Minuten, gilt es als eines der "unterhaltsamsten" Höhepunkte des Free Jazz.

Hintergrund
Rollins zog sich auf dem ersten Höhepunkt seiner Popularität 1959 mit einer spektakulären zweijährigen Schaffenspause aus der Öffentlichkeit zurück. Er übte in dieser Zeit auf der nach Brooklyn führenden Williamsburg Bridge in New York. Rollins schrieb über diese Zeit:

Des Weiteren verstand Rollins seine Auszeit als Zeichen gegen die künstlerische Ausbeutung von Jazzmusikern, die es teilweise schwer hatten, an ihre Tantiemen zu gelangen. Die erste Aufnahme nach seinem Comeback nannte er in Anspielung auf sein Sabbatical The Bridge. In den fünf Monaten zwischen The Bridge und Our Man in Jazz löste Rollins das Quartett mit Jim Hall auf, spielte ein Latin-Album What's New? ein und behielt nur den Bassisten Bob Cranshaw. Als Reaktion auf die Arbeit von Ornette Coleman und dessen bahnbrechendes Album Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation heuerte er Colemans Trompeter Don Cherry sowie dessen Schlagzeuger Billy Higgins an. Zusammen mit Cranshaw spielte Rollins im Quartett mit diesen während eines mehrtägigen Gastspiels im New Yorker Village Gate; Teile wurden mitgeschnitten und wurden umgehend bei RCA als Our Man in Jazz veröffentlicht.

Das Album

Das Album beginnt mit einer 25-minütigen Version von "Oleo", die hauptsächlich aus ausgedehnten Soli basierend auf harmonischen Veränderungen besteht. Cherry beginnt mit Tremoli, bevor er freie, melodische Riffs und lange, verzwickte Phrasen entwickelt, welche die zugrunde liegenden Akkorde nur andeuten. Rollins und Cherry spielen frei, durch Cranshaw und Higgins rhythmisch unterstützt.

Das dritte Stück, "Doxy", ist geprägt durch ein Solo voller Ideen von Rollins, die jedoch Giddins zufolge wenig mit dem vorgestellten Thema zu tun haben. Höhepunkt des Stücks ist ein Chorus mit Call and Response zwischen Rollins und Cherry, bevor ein langgezogenes Ende folgt.

Der Höhepunkt des Albums ist Dearly Beloved, eine beeindruckende Vorstellung freier Improvisation, obwohl es an der Melodie von Jerome Kern festhält. Nach einem Bass-Solo von Cranshaw spielt Rollins die Melodie zunächst als Marsch weiter, bevor er in der Kadenz wieder zu Kerns Ideen zurückkehrt. Garry Giddins bemerkte: "It's a number that makes people laugh with pleasure".

Rollins ging mit Cherry und Higgins sowie Bassist Henry Grimes zum Jahreswechsel 1962/63 auf Europatournee. Auch experimentierte er in den 1960ern weiter mit Free Jazz, etwa auf Sonny Meets Hawk.

Rezeption
Das Album, von Francis Davis später als "immer noch umstrittenes Meisterwerk" ("still disputed masterpiece") betitelt, verkaufte sich damals zunächst nicht und die Verbindung zwischen Rollins und dem Label wurde dort als enttäuschend gewertet. Amiri Baraka hob in seiner Besprechung 1964 die emotionale und künstlerische Balance des Quartetts hervor; sie sei so bewegend, dass bei jedem neuerlichen Anhören des Albums dieses an musikalischer Tiefgründigkeit und Reiz zunehme statt abzuflachen.

Für Peter Niklas Wilson ist die Musik des Albums "deutlich Coleman-inspiriert" Scott Yanow schrieb über das Album bei Allmusic:

Zu einem anderen Urteil kommt Rollins-Biograph Richard Palmer. Das Album enthalte atemberaubend schöne Musik. Cherrys Arbeit sei beeindruckend durch die "Fruchtbarkeit seiner Einbildungskraft"; nur wenige Musiker hätten eine so rasche Auffassungsgabe. "Rollins antwortet mit enormer Schlagkraft und konkurrenzbetontem Elan, und obgleich die Musik oft ungebändigt erscheint, swingt sie vom Anfang bis zum Ende."

David Dicaire würdigt das Album rückblickend als Erfolg; es zeige, dass Rollins Auszeit sich gelohnt hatte. Auch wenn er nicht länger die Position als bester Saxophonist einnehmen konnte (sondern diese Rolle nun Coltrane und Coleman zufiele), "war Rollins immer noch eine dominierende Kraft im Jazz".

Editorische Anmerkungen
Das CD-Reissue enthält neben den Titeln der ursprünglichen LP zusätzlich drei Tracks, die im Februar des folgenden Jahres aufgenommen wurden; Henry Grimes ersetzte hier Cranshaw am Bass.
Diese Aufnahmen erschien ursprünglich auf 3 in Jazz (eine LP auch mit Auftritten von Gary Burton und Clark Terry). 1996 wurde das Album unter dem Titel On the Outside bei RCA wiederveröffentlicht.

1997 veröffentlichte RCA Victor erstmals alle von ihnen zwischen 1962 und 1964 produzierten Aufnahmen von Sonny Rollins zusammen in einem 6-CDs umfassenden Set. 2007 brachte Sony in Deutschland die fünf Alben als 5-CD-Set in der Serie RCA Victor Original Album Classics nochmals heraus.

Titelliste
Alle Kompositionen von Sonny Rollins, wenn nicht anders vermerkt
 Oleo – 25:26
 Dearly Beloved (Jerome Kern, Johnny Mercer) – 8:17
 Doxy – 15:17 Aufgenommen im Village Gate in New York am 27. bis 30. Juli 1962

Bonustracks der CD
 You Are My Lucky Star (Nacio Herb Brown, Arthur Freed) – 3:46
 I Could Write a Book (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 3:16
 There Will Never Be Another You (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) – 5:43 Aufgenommen in den RCA Studios in New York am 20. Februar 1963, Henry Grimes anstelle Cranshaw am Bass.

Literatur
 Gary Giddins: Visions of Jazz: The First Century. 3. Auflage. Verlag Oxford University Press, USA (1998), ISBN 0-19-507675-3

Weblinks
 Review von Our Man in Jazz. musicweb-international.com

Einzelnachweise

Album 1962
Album (Jazz)
Livealbum
Sonny Rollins

Our Man in Jazz


Ronny Reich (în , n. 31 martie 1947, Rehovot) este un arheolog israelian, cercetător al vestigiilor antice din Ierusalim. Reich este profesor de arheologie la Universitatea din Haifa.

Biografie

Copilăria și tinerețea
Ronny Reich s-a născut în 1947 la Rehovot, pe atunci în Palestina sub mandat britanic ca fiu al lui David (Romek) Reich refugiat evreu din Polonia și a soției sale Herta, născută Eisler, refugiată din Mürzzuschlag (Austria). Tatăl, David Reich, a căzut după numai un an în Războiul de Independență al Israelului în cursul luptelor din Operațiunea Dani. Ronny Reich a crescut la Holon. Ca orfan de război si fiu unic a fost primit la studii la Universitatea Ebraică din Ierusalim, de îndată după studiile liceale efectuate la Holon. A studiat geografia și arheologia. În timpul serviciului militar a servit drept instructor și ghid pentru cunoașterea geografiei și istoriei Israelului, functie care de mare căutare după Războiul de Șase Zile.
Întors din armată la universitate Reich a vrut sa continue studiile de geografie fizică (cu profesorul Asher Schick), dar ca urmare a muncii la excavatiile arheologice de la Ierusalim, a ales să facă studii de master în arheologie, orientându-se spre studiul Epocii de Fier și al culturii asiriene.

Activitatea
Lucrarea sa de masterat sub conducerea profesorului Igael Yadin s-a ocupat de arhitectura regală asiriană în Asiria, Siria și Palestina antică.Ulterior  a scris mai multe articole despre diverse aspecte legate de cultura asiriană în săpăturile de la Ayelet Hashahar, Tell Abu Salima, Beit Tzur, Tel Jemme, Ramat Rahel, Meghido, Hatzor și Buseira.

Participarea sa la săpăturile din Cartierul evreiesc din Orașul Vechi al Ierusalimului efectuate între anii 1969-1978 sub conducerea lui Nahman Avigad au dus în acea vreme la o cotitură a interesului său științific de la Epoca de Fier la cea Romană timpurie.
În anul 1990 el și-a terminat teza de doctorat "Mikvaot (Băi rituale evreiești) în Țara Israelului din Epoca celui de-al Doilea Templu și din perioadele Mișnei și a Talmudului, sub îndrumarea profesorilor Nahman Avigad și Lee  Israel Levine. Teza sa se baza pe descoperiri făcute în cursul acestor excavații. Lucrarea a fost considerată un studiu de referință într-un subiect care nu fusese niciodată până atunci studiat din perspectivă arheologică.

În anul 1978 Reich a început să lucreze la Departamentul de antichități și muzee ca director al arhivei științifice.
Sub conducerea sa a început procesul de digitalizare a informațiilor despre siturile arheologice și a listei excavațiilor din Israel, cu ajutorul ordinatorului central al Ministerului Educației și al Culturii. În anul 1986 a ocupat pentru scurtă vreme funcția de arheolog al Districtului de Centru. Apoi, după intrarea generalului în rezervă Amir Drori în funcția de director general al Oficiului Antichităților al Israelului, Reich l-a asistat pe acesta în transformarea Oficiului într-o instituție  guvernamentală.

Înanul 1989 Reich a revenit pe teren conducând săpături arheologice la Ierusalim. Mai întâi a excavat în zona Mamilla, în preajma Poartei Jaffa, unde a descoperit morminte din Epoca de Fier și cea Bizantină, inclusiv un mormânt comun din vremea masacrelor anticreștine perpetrate în Palestina de persanii sasanizi în anul 614, un cartier bizantin din afara zidurilor cetății și un fragment din zidul cetății din vremea mamelucilor Ayubizi.

În anii 1994-1996 împreună cu Yaakov Billig, Reich a descoperit o parte din Strada herodiană de lângă Muntele Templului și de lângă Arcul Robinson, iar împreună cu Yuval Baruch a săpat lângă Poarta Hulda de est a Muntelui Templului.

Între anii 1995-2010 Ronny Reich și Eli Shukron au efectuat excavații îndelungate în Orașul lui David din Ierusalim.O însemnătate deosebită au avut săpăturile de lângă Izvorul Ghihon care au pus în evidență noi părți zidite și cioplite din sistemul acvifer canaanit, cunoscut sub numele de Canalul Warren.
Reich și Shukron au oferit o nouă înțelegere, cu totul deosebită, a locului.Ei au remarcat ca izvorul era fortificat într-un turn provenind încă din Epoca de Bronz mijlocie. Ei au băgat seamă de asemenea, că așa numitul canal Warren nu era o parte din sistemul acvifer, deoarece în Epoca de Bronz mijlocie el nu era vizibil și accesibil. În schimb au găsit lângă izvor un bazin cioplit, în care locuitorii orașului trăgeau apa din izvor.
O altă descoperire importantă în acel bazin cioplit au fost cioburi de "bule" anepigrafice (cu ilustrații dar fără inscripții) și o cantitate imensă de oase de pește, care cu ajutorul obiectelor de lut au fost datate ca fiind de la finele secolului al IX-lea și începutul secolului al VIII-lea î.Hr., perioadă care până atunci fusese lipsită de vestigii arheologice la Ierusalim.

Pe parte cealaltă a dealului Orașului lui David cei doi arheologi au dezvelit părți dintr-un bazin mare cu trepte, pe care l-au identificat cu Bazinul Shiloah din vremea celui de-al Doilea Templu, parti dintr- strada in trepte care pornea dinspre bazin în direcția Muntelui Templului și porțiuni din canale de drenaj centrale ale orașului dedesubtul străzii pietruit, toate acestea fiind vestigii de la finele perioadei celui de-al Doilea Templu.
În anul 2011 în cadrul celui de-al 12-lea congres științific consacrat săpăturilor din Orașul lui David, Reich a emis ipoteza controversată după care Bazinul Shiloah a fost creat mai devreme decât în perioada domniei regelui Hizkiyahu.

În afara studiilor sale asupra băilor rituale iudaice și asupra Ierusalimului antic, Reich a cercetat diverse aspecte ale vieții cotidiene în timpul celui de-al Doilea Templu în Iudeea antică, efectuând între altele un studiu asupra greutăților de piatră folosite ca măsurători mai ales la Ierusalimul antic.

În anul 1995 Reich a devenit membru al corpului didactic al Universității din Haifa, mai întâi în calitate de conferențiar de arheologie clasică, din 2002 ca profesor extraordinar și din 2006 ca profesor titular. Între anii 2002-2005 Ronny Reich a fost decanul facultății de arheologie.
În anul 2010 le a fost numit președintele Consilului arheologic având funcția de a sfătui pe ministrul învățământului și culturii și Oficiul de Antichități în probleme de arheologie.

Activitatea sa de popularizare a arheologiei în rândurile publicului larg
Ronny Reich a acordat însemnatate familiarizării publicului larg cu datele arheologice, a ajutat la dezvoltartea sitului internet al Oficiului Antichităților al Israelului și a încurajat vizitele turistice pe șantierele arheologice unde a lucrat.
El a luat parte la dezvoltarea parcului arheologic de lângă Muntele Templului și a Muzeului Davidson  și a centrului de vizitatori de lîngă Izvorul Ghihon din Orașul lui David.

Premii si distincții
2000 - Premiul Ierusalim pentru arheologie
2012 - Crucea de onoare a Austriei, pentru știintă și arte, clasa I.

Cărți

Ca unic autor
1990, 2013 Mikvaot tohora yehudiyim bimey habaiyt hasheni uvitkufat hamishna vehatalmud - Băi rituale  (mikvaot) evreiești în vremea celui de-al Doilea Templu și în epoca Mishnei și a Talmudului
1995 - Hazmana learkheologia - Invitație în arheologie - capitole de arheologie teoretică
Lahpor et Ir David, hamakom shebo hehelu toldoteha shel Yerushalaim (Săpături în Orașul lui David, locul unde a inceput istoria Ierusalimului)
(Ronny Reich, Excavating the City of David, Where Jerusalem's History Began, Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem, 2011, ISBN 978-965-221-082-1)

În colaborare
1994 - cu Dubi Tal  - Avanim gdolot min hashamayim:Kav Haofek - arheologia (Pietre mari din cer:la orizont - arheologia)
1997 - Golan - Album de fotografii aeriene
1998 - Yerushalaim - Madrikh lagan haarheologhi (Ierusalim - ghid al parcului arheologic)
2008 Atlas Haolam heatik (Atlasul lumii antice)

În redacția sa
1998 - cu Yaakov Meshorer - Emtzaey tashlum kedumim umatbaot (Mijloace de plată antice și monede)

Traduceri
Ronny Hecht s-a ocupat în timpul său liber și cu traducerea în ebraică a unor cărți din domeniul arhitecturii, al arheologiei și al beletristicii:
Vitruviu -  Despre arhitectură, Andrea Palladio - Patru cărți despre arhitectură, Giacomo Barozzi de Vignola - Reguli pentru cele cinci ordine ale arhitecturii, Ross King-  Calota lui Brunelleschi:povestea Domului din Florența,
Louis Vincent - Ierusalimul de jos - descoperiri în Orașul lui David 1909-1911,
Fredrick Jones Bliss și Archibald Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem 1894–1897 - Săpături la Ierusalim, descoperiri din Orașul lui David și de pe Muntele Sion, 1894-1897, Pliniu cel Bătrân -  Historia naturalis, Bertolt Brecht - Discuții de refugiați (Flüchtlingsgespräche),Christian Morgenstern - Cântece de spânzurătoare, și cartea autobiografică a mamei sale, Herta Reich - În două zile - fuga unei evreice din Mürzzuschlag (1938-1944)

Legături externe
saitul oficial al Universității Haifa

Arheologi israelieni
Arheologi evrei
Traducători israelieni
Traducători evrei

Ronny Reich


Anatolij Mikhailovich Bakharev (1918-1979) est un astronome soviétique.

Hommage
 (4011) Bakharev, astéroïde

Astronome soviétique
Éponyme d'un objet céleste
Naissance en décembre 1918
Décès en novembre 1979
Décès à 60 ans

Anatolij Bakharev


El Castillo Berezhany (ucraniano: Бережанський замок) es un fortín localizado en Berezhany, Óblast de Ternópil, Ucrania. Fue construido en una isla en el río Zolota Lypa en la década de 1530 y 1540 por Mikolaj Sieniawski como su residencia principal.

En 1630, las fortificaciones del castillo se ampliaron. Estaba tan bien fortificado que ni los cosacos de Jmelnitsky (en 1648), ni los turcos (en 1675) lograron tomarlo. En 1655, fue entregado a los suecos, sin lucha. La comunidad local judía se hizo responsable de la conservación y mantenimiento de las murallas en 1667.

Después del matrimonio de María Zofia Sieniawska y Aleksander Czartoryski, el castillo pasó a la familia Czartoryski (1726), luego a los príncipes Lubomirski (1778). Después, el castillo fue dañado durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, al igual que la iglesia de estilo gótico, que contiene una serie de elaboradas tumbas de los Sieniawski.

Véase también
 Castillo
 Palacio

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Stanisław Sławomir Nicieja: Twierdze kresowe Rzeczypospolitej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Iskry, 2006, s. 7-33. ISBN 83-244-0024-9.
 Tadeusz Polak: Zamki na Kresach: Białoruś, Litwa, Ukraina. Warszawa: Pagina, 1997, s. 166-167. ISBN 83-907506-0-0.
 М.Литвин, К.Науменко. Історія ЗУНР.- Львів: Інститут українознавства НАНУ; видавнича фірма «Олір», 1995.- 368 с., іл. ISBN 5-7707-7867-9 с. 152
 Оконченко І. Бережанські фортифікації XVI—XVII ст. // Галицька брама, 2002, № 7-9 (91-93), с. 8 — 11.

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web con información sobre el castillo

Berezhany
Berezhany
Arquitectura de Ucrania del siglo XVI
Berezhany

Castillo Berezhany


Varm sommer er en kortfilm fra 1995 instrueret af Malene Kirkegaard Nielsen efter manuskript af Malene Kirkegaard Nielsen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995

Varm sommer


ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2022 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ සංචාරය කළේ ජාත්‍යන්තර විස්සයි20 (වි20ජා) තරග පහකට ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමටය. 2021 මැයි මාසයේදී ක්‍රිකට් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා ආයතනය සංචාරය තහවුරු කරන ලදී. 2022 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී ක්‍රිකට් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා විසින් සංචාර කාලසටහන යාවත්කාලීන කරන ලදී. රට පුරා සංචාරය අවම කිරීම මගින් කොවිඩ්-19 අවදානම අවම කිරීම සිදු කරන ලදී.

ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව පළමු තරගය ලකුණු 20කින් ජය ගත්තේය. ඒ වර්ෂාව හේතුවෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉනිම ඕවර 19කට සීමා කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඩක්වර්ත්-ලුවිස්-ස්ටර්න් ක්‍රමය මගිනි. 2022 ජනවාරියේදී, ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලය වි20ජා තරග ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමේ කොන්දේසි වලට වෙනස්කම් සිදු කරන ලදී, මන්දගාමී ඕවර අනුපාතයක් සඳහා තරඟය තුළ දඬුවමක් ද ඇතුළත් විය. පන්දු රකින කණ්ඩායම නියමිත කාලය තුළ තම අවසන් ඕවරය යැවීමට පටන් නොගන්නේ නම්, ඔවුන්ට අභ්‍යන්තර කවයෙන් පිටත පන්දු රකින්නන් පස් දෙනෙකුට නොව හතර දෙනෙකුට පමණක් ඉඩ දෙනු ලැබේ. තරගාවලියේ දෙවැනි වි20ජා තරගයේදී නියමිත වේලාවට ඕවරය නොදැමීම හේතුවෙන් නව දඩුවම් ලැබූ පළමු කණ්ඩායම බවට ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පත්විය. තරගය ලකුණු සම තත්වයෙන් අවසන් විය. සුපිරි ඕවරයෙන් ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමට සමත් විය. තෙවැනි වි20ජා තරගය කඩුලු 6කින් ජයගැනීමත් සමග ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව තරග 2ක් ඉතිරිව තිබියදී තරගමාලාව ජය ගත්තේය. සිවුවැනි තරගයද කඩුලු 6කින් ජයගත් ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව තරගමාලාව 4-0ක් ලෙස පෙරමුණ ගත්තේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව අවසන් වි20ජා තරගය කඩුලු 5කින් ජයගත් අතර ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව තරගමාලාව 4-1ක් ලෙස ජය ගත්තේය.

සංචිත

සංචාරයට පෙර ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව ට්‍රැවිස් හෙඩ් වෙනුවට ඩැනියෙල් සෑම්ස් ඔවුන්ගේ වි20ජා සංචිතයට එක් කළේය. හෙඩ් මෙල්බර්න් හි පැවති අවසන් වි20ජා තරඟාවලිය සඳහා කණ්ඩායමට එක්වීමට පෙර, 2021-22 ෂීෆීල්ඩ් ෂීල්ඩ් තරගවාරයේ ක්‍රීඩා කළේය. 2022 පෙබරවාරි 8 වන දින, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කුසල් මෙන්ඩිස් කොවිඩ්-19 සඳහා ධනාත්මක බව පෙන්නුම් කළ අතර, ඔහුව තරඟාවලියේ පළමු තරඟ දෙකෙන් ඉවත් කළේය. දෙවැනි වි20ජා තරගයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රේලියානු ක්‍රීඩක ස්ටීවන් ස්මිත් කම්පනයකට ලක්වීමෙන් තරගමාලාවේ සෙසු තරගවලින් ඉවත් විය. තුන්වන වි20ජා තරඟයට පෙර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වනිඳු හසරංග ද කොවිඩ්-19 සඳහා ධනාත්මක බව පෙන්නුම් කළ අතර, ඔහු තරඟමාලාවෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී.

වි20ජා තරඟාවලිය

1 වන වි20ජා තරගය

2 වන වි20ජා තරගය

3 වන වි20ජා තරගය

4 වන වි20ජා තරගය

5 වන වි20ජා තරගය

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ESPN Cricinfo හි තරගමාලා නිවස

ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
2022

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු තරග සංචාරය 2022


Josef Škvorecký (27 de septiembre de 1924 en Náchod, Checoslovaquia - 3 de enero de 2012 en Toronto) fue un destacado escritor y editor contemporáneo, quién pasó gran parte de su vida en Canadá. Él y su esposa eran partidarios de los escritores disidentes checos antes de la caída del comunismo en ese país. La ficción de Josef lidia con varios temas: los horrores del totalitarismo y la represión, la experiencia del expatriado, el milagro del jazz.

Bibliografía selecta
Novelas
 Konec nylonového věku (End of the Nylon Age), 1956
 Zbabělci (The Cowards), 1958
 Lvíče, 1969
 Tankový prapor, 1969
 Mirákl (The Miracle Game), 1972
 Prima sezóna (The Swell Season), 1975
 Konec poručíka Borůvky (The End of Lieutenant Boruvka), 1975
 Příběh inženýra lidských duší (The Engineer of Human Souls), 1977
 Návrat poručíka Borůvky (The Return of Lieutenant Boruvka), 1980
 Scherzo capriccioso (Dvorak In Love), 1984
 Nevěsta z Texasu (The Bride from Texas), 1992
 Dvě vraždy v mém dvojím životě (Two Murders in My Double Life), 1999
 Nevysvětlitelný příběh aneb Vyprávění Questa Firma Sicula (An Inexplicable Story, o, The Narrative Of Questus Firmus Siculus), 1998
 Krátké setkání, s vraždou (Brief Encounter, With Murder), 1999, con Zdena Salivarová
 Setkání po letech, s vraždou (Encounter After Many Years, With Murder), 2001, con Zdena Salivarová
 Setkání na konci éry, s vraždou (Encounter at the End of an Era, With Murder), 2001, con Zdena SalivarováNovellas
 Legenda Emöke (The Legend Of Emöke), 1963
 Bassaxofon (The Bass Saxophone), 1967

Colecciones de cuentos
 Sedmiramenný svícen (The Menorah), 1964
 Ze života lepší společnosti (The Life of High Society), 1965
 Smutek poručíka Borůvky (The Mournful Demeanor of Lieutenant Boruvka), 1966
 Babylónský příběh a jiné povídky (A Babylonian Story and Other Stories), 1967
 Hořkej svět (The Bitter World), 1969
 Hříchy pro pátera Knoxe (Sins for Father Knox), 1973
 Ze života české společnosti (The Life of Czech Society), 1985
 Povídky tenorsaxofonisty (The Tenor Saxophonist's Story), 1993
 Povídky z Rajského údolí (The Edenvale Stories), 1996
 When Eve Was Naked, 2000Colecciones de ensayos
 Nápady čtenáře detektivek (Reading Detective Stories), 1965
 O nich - o nás (They - That Is: Us), 1968
 Samožerbuch (The Book of Self-Praise), 1977
 Všichni ti bystří mladí muži a ženy (All Those Bright Young Men And Women), 1972
 Na brigádě (Working Overtime), 1979
 Jirí Menzel and the History of the Closely Watched Trains, 1982
 Talkin' Moscow Blues, 1988
 Franz Kafka, jazz a jiné marginálie ( Franz Kafka, Jazz and other Marginal Matters), 1988
  ...in the lonesome October, 1994
 Le Camarade Joueur de jazz, 1996

Referencias

Traductores de la República Checa
Escritores de la República Checa del siglo XX
Novelistas de Canadá
Novelistas de la República Checa
Cuentistas de la República Checa
Ensayistas de la República Checa
Fallecidos en Toronto

Josef Škvorecký


ESM kelimesinin farklı anlamları:
 ESM (sendika); KESK'e bağlı Enerji, Sanayi ve Maden Kamu Emekçileri Sendikası
 ESM (elektronik);

ESM


Kanada Buzulu Antarktika 'nın güneyinde, Viktorialand'da küçük bir buzul. Buzul 77º 37' güney paraleli ve 162º 59' doğu meridyeni aralığında bulunur. Kanada Buzulu Commonwealth ve Loftus buzullarının da başladığı Mount McLennan dağının zirvesinin altında, 1900 m yükseklikte başlar. Kuzey batı istikametinden gelerek Fryxell Gölü 'nün batısından Taylor Vadisi 'ne akarak deniz seviyesine metreler kala sona erer. Küçük Hoare Gölü 'nün doğu sınırını oluşturur.

Kanada Buzulu'nun, Sir Robert Falcon Scott yönetimindeki İngiliz Terra Nova bilimsel gezisi sırasında (1910- 1913) kartografisi yapılmıştır. Buzulun ismi, bu grubun üyesi olan ve bu bölgeyi inceleyen Kanadalı fizikçi
Charles Wright 'dan gelir.

Dış bağlantılar
 National Science Foundation resimler
 Kanada Buzulu resimleri
 http://www.io.com/~pml/mcmurdo/hoare2.html

Antarktika'daki buzullar

Kanada Buzulu


An Philodendron pterotum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karl Heinrich Koch ngan Augustin. An Philodendron pterotum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Philodendron

Philodendron pterotum


Plameni cvijet (jednogodišnji floks, lat. Phlox drummondii), jednogodišnja raslinja iz porodice jurničevki. Autohtona je u Teksasu, odakle je uvezena i u Illinois, Alabamu, Trinidad i Tobago, Venezuelu, Galapagos i područje nekadašnje Čehoslovačke.

Ova vrsta ime je dobila po botaničaru Thomasu Drummondu, i pripada rodu floksa ili plamenaca. Postoji nekoliko podvrsta.

Podvrste
 Phlox drummondii subsp. drummondii
 Phlox drummondii subsp. mcallisteri (Whitehouse) Wherry
 Phlox drummondii subsp. tharpii (Whitehouse) Wherry
 Phlox drummondii subsp. wilcoxiana (Bogusch) Wherry
 Phlox drummondii var. johnstonii (Wherry) B.L.Turner

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Jurničevke

Plameni cvijet


Birač je ime koje se od osmanlijskog doba odnosi na područje u srednjem Podrinju između Vlasenice na zapadu i Srebrenice na istoku. To je visoravan s visinom od 600-900 m. Pruža se u pravcu sjeverozapad—-jugoistok.

Najviši vrhovi su: Sikira s 1071 m, Komić 1032 m, i Lisina 1262 m. Cijeli kraj je ispresijecan dolinama rječica koje izviru na jugozapadu ispod planine Javor i teku na sjeverozapad do ulijevanja u rijeku Jadar. Područje je poznato po blagoj klimi i voćarstvu. Tlo je manjim dijelom poljoprivredno i pod pašnjacima, a većim je pod šumama.

U Birču postoji više naselja razbijenoga tipa: Gornji Zalukovik, Vrli Kraj, Gerovi, Bačići, Višnjica, Nurići, Pomol, Bečići, Gornje i Donje Vrsinje, Zaklopača, Zagrađe. Stanovnici se bave poljoprivredom i stočarstvom.

Regija Birač obuhvaća teritorije općina: Zvornik, Osmaci, Šekovići, Vlasenica, Milići, Bratunac i Srebrenica.

Bosanski Srbi su 9. studenoga 1991. na prostoru Birača proglasili SAO Birač.

Zemljopis Bosne i Hercegovine
Bosanskohercegovačke povijesne pokrajine

Birač (BiH)


Android Oreo (kôdnog naziva Android O) osma je inačica Googleovog operacijskog sustava Android. Prvi puta je izdan u ožujku 2017. godine kao pregledna inačica za razvijatelje u alfa fazi razvoja, a javno je izdan 21. kolovoza 2017.

Sadrži niz većih poboljšanja i značajki, uključujući grupiranje obavijesti, podršku za prikaz videozapisa na zaslonima izvan aplikacije za reprodukciju, poboljšanja performansi i optimizaciju upotrebe baterije, podršku za automatsko popunjavanje, Bluetooth 5, integracija na razini sustava s VoIP aplikacijama, gamuts u širokim bojama i podršku za Wi-Fi Aware. Android Oreo uvodi i dvije značajke platforme: Android Go - distribuciju operacijskog sustava za uređaje s niskim tehničkim specifikacijama - i podršku za implementaciju sloja apstrakcije hardvera.

Izvori

Oreo

Android Oreo


O Sistema Eletrônico de Informações (SEI) é um sistema desenvolvido pelo Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF4). Usada também em outras instituições públicas, como sistema de gestão de processos e documentos eletrônicos.

A criação do Sistema se deu em 2009, objetivando maior agilidade ao trâmite de processos, prescindir do papel como suporte físico para documentos institucionais, gerar economia em termos de aquisição e guarda de papéis e documentos, serviços de postagem,  e garantir maior transparência aos registros administrativos.

Hoje é o sistema que deve ser preferencialmente adotado por toda a administração pública federal, conforme a Portaria do Ministério do Planejamento, Desenvolvimento e Gestão nº 17, de 7 de fevereiro de 2018.

A adesão ao Sistema cresceu muito entre as instituições públicas devido à necessidade de teletrabalho imposta pela Pandemia de COVID-19.

Ferramentas de gestão
Justiça Federal do Brasil

Sistema Eletrônico de Informações (SEI)


Sterculia setigera, le Platane du Sénégal, est une espèce d'arbres monoïque de la famille des Sterculiaceae, atteignant  de haut, à fût court de . Écorce gris violacé, se détachant en plaques irrégulières minces. Feuilles digitées avec trois à cinq lobes caractéristiques. Fruits groupés de trois à cinq contenant de cinq à douze graines noires avec arille jaune.

Systématique
L'espèce Sterculia setigera a été décrite en 1826 par le botaniste français Alire Raffeneau-Delile (1778-1850).

Répartition
Cette espèce est originaire des savanes d'Afrique tropicale (Afrique de l'Ouest, centrale, de l'Est et australe) .

Publication originale

Notes et références

Liens externes

Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Malvaceae

Sterculia setigera


HC Zalău er en rumænsk kvindehåndboldklub fra byen Zalău i Rumænien. Klubben holder til i Sala Sporturilor.

Holdet 2017-18

Målvogtere
 1  Raluca Kelemen
 12  Paula Vișan
 16  Adina Sabău
Fløjspillere
LW
 10  Valentina Panici (C)
 14  Dana Abed Kader
RW
 9  Andrada Trif
 8  Cristiana Nica
Stregspillere
 11  Raluca Ionela Irimia
 23  Ana Ciolan

Bagspillere
LB
 20  Maria Claudia Constantinescu
 17  Sabrina Lazea
 22  Andreea Stîngă
CB
 18  Roxana Rob
 3  Diana Nichitean
RB
 19  Ana Maria Dragut
 5  Larisa Tămaș

Eksterne henvisninger
 Klubbens hjemmeside

Etableret i 1978
Håndboldklubber fra Rumænien
Sport i Rumænien

HC Zalău


Noovo Info est un service d'information francophone au Québec. Il découle de l'ouverture de la salle de presse et de la mise en ondes de Le Fil, une émission d'information lancée en 2021. Noovo Info regroupe les informations audiovisuelles, numériques et radiophoniques de Noovo. Les animateurs de Le Fil sont Marie-Christine Bergeron, Lisa-Marie Blais, Michel Bherer et Meeker Guerrier.

Historique
Dans un milieu où il y a peu de gros joueurs, les services d'information de Radio-Canada et TVA sont établis depuis des décennies. Noovo Info est le service d'information de Bell Média. Il propose des actualités, des débats et des dossiers plus approfondis.

Noovo.info
Le site web Noovo.info a été mis en ligne en janvier 2022. Plusieurs chroniqueurs se sont joints à Noovo.info depuis son lancement. Par exemple, le Dr Alain Vadeboncoeur, urgentologue, Léa Stréliski, auteure de La vie n'est pas une course, Valérie Beaudoin, chercheure et professeur, analyste de politique américaine, et l'ex-politicien Luc Ferrandez sont publiés sur le site web. Les autres chroniqueurs principaux sont Victor Henriquez, stratège en relations publiques, Kharoll-Ann Souffrant, Yara El-Soueidi, journaliste culturelle et Andrée-Anne Barbeau, chroniqueuse sportive.

Le Fil
Le Fil, bulletin de nouvelles télévisé, vise un public plus jeune que ses concurrents, entre 25 et 54 ans. Pour ce faire, Noémi Mercier a dit se donner comme objectif de personnaliser la présentation des nouvelles. Selon Alain Saulnier, expert médias et ancien directeur général de l'information de Radio-Canada : « Les jeunes sont sur Internet et sur les réseaux sociaux. Ils n'ont plus cette notion de rendez-vous devant la télévision pour s'informer, ils le font n'importe quand sur leur téléphone ». La moyenne d'âge des téléspectateurs de Le Fil est de 44 ans, alors que Radio-Canada et TVA ont un public âgé d'environ 60 ans.

Le Fil est diffusé à 17h, 22h et 9h le weekend, mais il est aussi disponible en rediffusion. De plus, les auditeurs peuvent filtrer les nouvelles en fonction de leur région. Après un an à l'animation de Le Fil 17, Noémi Mercier a annoncé qu'elle quittait son poste pour se concentrer sur la production de documentaires.

Articles connexes

 Noovo
 Noovo Moi

Liens externes
En plus d'être diffusé sur les ondes de Noovo et sur Noovo Info, Le Fil est disponible sur Noovo.ca. Noovo a aussi produit un documentaire sur le thème Le défi de l'info à l'occasion du développement de son service de nouvelles.

Références

Émission de télévision d'information au Québec
Bell Média

Noovo Info


Le Test est une comédie française réalisée par Emmanuel Poulain-Arnaud et sortie en 2021.

Synopsis
Annie vit en harmonie avec son mari Laurent et ses enfants: les ainés sensibles Maximilien et César ; le cadet Antoine, élevé avec l'aide de son ado Poupi, jamais râleuse. Mais un test de grossesse positif va venir troubler cette harmonie.

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Le Test
 Réalisation : Emmanuel Poulain-Arnaud
 Scénario : Emmanuel Poulain-Arnaud et Noé Debré
 Musique : Julien Glabs
 Décors : Jérémie Duchier
 Costumes : Alexia Crisp-Jones
 Photographie : Thomas Rames
 Montage : Grégoire Sivan
 Production déléguée : Thibault Gast et Matthias Weber
 Production exécutive : David Giordano
 Sociétés de production : 24 25 Films, France 3 Cinéma et Apollo Films
 Société de distribution : Apollo Films
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 79 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (Festival du film francophone d'Angoulême) ;  (en salles)
 Suisse romande :

Distribution
 Alexandra Lamy : Annie
 Philippe Katerine : Laurent
 Matteo Perez : César
 Joaquim Fossi : Max
 Chloé Barkoff-Gaillard : Poupi
 Pablo Cobo : Jérémie
 Lucile Jaillant : Hélène
 Stéphan Wojtowicz : le directeur de l'école

Box office
Le film sort en France,le 29 Décembre 2021 dans 434 salles.

Il réalise 36 779 entrées pour sa première journée.
Pour sa première semaine, il cumule 150 143 entrées. Après trois semaines en salles, il totalise seulement 265 238 entrées pour 540 salles.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2021
Comédie française
Film en français

Le Test (film, 2021)


Avgodectes es un género controversial de pterosaurio. El nombre completo binomial es Avgodectes pseudembryon, el cual se traduce como "mordedor de huevos, embrión falso"; avgo es tomado del idioma griego moderno para "huevo". Fue nombrado por David Peters en 2004 y se basa en un pterosaurio hallado dentro de un huevo. Los científicos que inicialmente describieron el hallazgo, Wang y Zhou, lo interpretaron como un embrión aún no nacido de un pterosaurio ornitoqueírido, Peters lo interpretó como un pequeño anurognátido adulto. El espécimen viene de depósitos del Cretácico Inferior de China, siendo el holotipo IVPP V13758.

Peters le dio a esta especie su nombre debido a que el esqueleto era del mismo tamaño que el de muchos anurognátidos adultos. Él hipotetizó que el supuesto embrión pudo haber sido un anurognátido adulto fosilizado mientras devoraba los contenidos de un huevo de dinosaurio, lo bastante grande como para contenerlo. Esta interpretación no fue aceptada por otros investigadores de pterosaurios; Chris Bennett, por ejemplo, señala que los autores originales ya habían notado que los extremos de los huesos largos del fósil no estaban completamente osificados (volviéndolos hueso sólido más que cartílago) y aún no habían desarrollado una estructura compleja, lo cual indica que el espécimen era inmaduro cuando murió. Bennett estaba de acuerdo con los autores originales en que la mejor interpretación era la de un pterosaurio inmaduro (más inmaduro que los previamente conocidos) hallado dentro de un huevo y que el espécimen representa un embrión. El propio Peters reconoció su malinterpretación cuando otros huevos de pterosaurio fueron descritos en 2005. Este segundo huevo de China es indudablemente de un ornitoqueírido y difiere del material de Avgodectes.

Referencias

Pterosaurios de Asia
Pterosaurios del Cretácico
Pterosauria

Avgodectes


Franciszek Ksawery Latinik (* 17. Juli 1864 in Tarnów, Galizien; † 29. August 1949 in Krakau) war im Ersten Weltkrieg ein kaiserlich österreichisch-ungarischer Oberst und im Polnisch-Sowjetischen Krieg ein polnischer General und Armeeführer.

Leben
Er wurde als Sohn von Antoni Isidor Latinik, einem Lehrer für Geographie und der Cornelia,  Tochter des Theophilus Romer in der damaligen österreichisch-ungarischen Provinz Galizien geboren.

Militärkarriere in der k.u.k. Armee
Im Jahr 1882 absolvierte er die Kadettenschule in Łobzów bei Krakau und begann in der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee zu dienen. 1885 wurde er zum Leutnant ernannt. In den Jahren 1881–1891 studierte er an der Generalstabsakademie in Wien und diente danach als Stabsoffizier verschiedener Einheiten und später im Generalstab. In dieser Zeit entstand die Kameradschaft mit Tadeusz Rozwadowski, dieser diente als Stabschef einer Brigade, während Latinik im Kartographischen Büro des Generalstabs tätig war. Er wechselte längere Zeit nach Lemberg über, wo er in der Operationsabteilung des XI. Armeekorps tätig war. Zurück in Wien, wurde er mit einer Dienstreise auf dem Balkan beauftragt um strategischen und taktische Vermessungen im Gebiet zwischen Bosnien und Albanien vorzunehmen. 1909 wurde er zum Major befördert und lehrte Taktik an der Infanterieschule für Offiziere. 1911 erhielt er den Rang eines Oberstleutnants und 1913 wurde er stellvertretender Kommandant des Infanterieregiments in Troppau.

Nach dem Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges nahm er im Bereich der 1. Armee an der Offensive nach Lublin teil und kämpfte bei Annopol, Kraśnik, Rozwadow und Mielec. Am 17. September 1914 übernahm er das Kommando des Infanterieregiment Nr. 100, mit welchem er im Verband der 23. Infanterie-Brigade (Generalmajor Miecislaus von Zaleski) während der Schlacht an der Weichsel an den Kämpf an der Nida teilnahm. Im Verband der übergeordneten 12. Infanterie-Truppendivision (General Paul Kestranek) nahm er im Mai 1915 an der Schlacht von Gorlice-Tarnów teil und wurde noch im gleichen Jahr zum Oberst befördert.
Er kämpfte 1916 zunächst in Wolhynien und dann an der neuen rumänischen Front, im Frühjahr 1917 wechselte er an die Isonzofront. Im Oktober 1917 nahm die von ihm geführte Brigade an der 12. Isonzoschlacht teil. Ab Februar 1918 kämpfte er an der Tiroler Front und übernahm das Kommando der 8. Infanteriebrigade. Im Juni wurde er bei den letzten Angriffen der k.u.k. Armee schwer verletzt.

Dienst in der polnischen Armee
Nach der Wiedererlangung der Unabhängigkeit Polens trat er in die Polnische Armee über.
Von November 1918 bis Januar 1919 war er der Kommandant der Garnison in Zamość, dann führte er den Militärdistrikt Cieszyn. Im Januar 1919 schlug er an der schlesischen Grenze übergegangene tschechische Truppenbei Skoczów zurück. Am 30. Mai 1919 wurde er zum Kommandeur der 6. Infanteriedivision ernannt, die sich noch im Aufbau befand.  Vom 13. Oktober 1919 bis März 1920 kommandierte er die 7. Infanteriedivision in Schlesien. Latinik wurde am 1. Dezember 1919 zum Generalleutnant befördert und fungierte von Februar bis August 1920 als Vertreter der polnischen Armee bei der Grenz- und Volksabstimmungskommission in Cieszyn.

Während der entscheidenden Schlacht von Warschau befehligte er im August 1920 als Militärgouverneur von Warschau auch die 1. Armee der Nordfront und zeichnete sich bei Radzymin bei der erfolgreichen Abwehr der bolschewistischen Offensive auf die polnische Hauptstadt aus. Während der Verfolgung der Roten Armee kommandierte er die südliche Gruppe der 6. Armee. Am 20. April 1921 wurde er zum Kommandanten des Militärdistrikts Kielce ernannt.

Vom 20. September bis 9. Oktober 1921 war er wegen Familienangelegenheiten in Posen abwesend  und wurde durch General Pogorzelski ersetzt. Ab  15. November 1921 kommandierte er das Korpskommando X in Przemyśl. Am 3. Mai 1922 wurde er im Rang eines Generalmajors mit Dienstalter vom 1. Juni 1919 beim Korpskommando X verifiziert. Am 30. November 1923 ernannte ihn der Minister für Militärangelegenheiten, General Szepycki, zum Mitglied eines temporären Organisationskomitees, das für den Bau des Denkmals für den Unbekannten Soldaten in Warschau zuständig war. Im März 1925 nahm Latinik seinen Abschied und zog sich in den Ruhestand zurück.

Er erhielt während seiner Karriere mehrere hohe Auszeichnungen, darunter den Orden Virtuti Militari, daneben war er Komtur des Ordens Polonia Restituta.

Österreichische Militärauszeichnungen (Stand 31. Dezember 1918)
 Militär-Jubiläumskreuz 1908
 Militär-Jubiläumsmedaille 1898
 Dienstzeichen für Offiziere II. Klasse
 Karl-Truppenkreuz
 Militärverdienstkreuz III. Klasse
 Franz-Joseph-Kreuz Ritter
 Orden der Eisernen Krone Ritter III. Klasse, Kriegsdekoration mit Schwertern
  Leopoldorden Ritterkreuz, Kriegsdekoration mit Schwertern
 Orden der Eisernen Krone Ritter II. Klasse, Kriegsdekoration mit Schwertern

Literatur
 Henryk Piotr Kosk: Generalicja polska, Popularny słownik biograficzny, Oficyna Wydawnicza,  Pruszków 1998 (polnisch)
 Tadeusz Kryska-Karski: Stanisław Żurakowski: Generałowie Polski niepodległej Edition Spotkania, Warszawa 1991 (polnisch)

Weblinks

Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Polen)
Person im Polnisch-Sowjetischen Krieg
Träger des Ordens Polonia Restituta (Komtur)
Person (Tarnów)
Träger des Ordens Virtuti Militari
Oberst (Österreich-Ungarn)
Träger des Österreichischen Militärverdienstkreuzes III. Klasse
Träger des Ordens der Eisernen Krone (III. Klasse)
Träger des ö.k. Leopold-Ordens (Ritter)
Träger des Ordens der Eisernen Krone (II. Klasse)
Träger des Karl-Truppenkreuzes
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion
Geboren 1864
Gestorben 1949
Mann

Franciszek Latinik


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 689 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 689 en Finlande
 Route nationale 689 en France

Route 689


البيانات الأساسية المكانية هي البيانات الصادرة عن هيئة المساحة الحكومية (الرسمية)و التي تحوي وصفاً للمنطقة كطبوغرافية الأراضي و الأبنية و كذلك الحدود الإدارية و المسطحات المائية و الطرق.

تشكل البيانات الأساسية المكانية مع البيانات الموضوعية المكانية الأساس في بنية البيانات المكانية.

انظر أيضاًً
 البيانات الموضوعية المكانية
 بيانات مكانية
 بنية البيانات المكانية
 قاعدة بيانات

قواعد بيانات

بيانات أساسية مكانية


An Pitcairnia heterophylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johann Georg Beer. An Pitcairnia heterophylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia heterophylla