أونودومون  تعني حرفياً «النفق الأزرق» هو معلم سياحي يقع في مدينة ناكاتسو محافظة أويتا، اليابان.

تقول الحكاية أن الناس قبل إنشاء النفق كانوا يتسلقون فوق المنحدرات للوصول إلى ضريح العبادة، وكان الطريق خطرا جدا حتى أن معظم الناس فقدوا أرواحهم أثناء عبورهم. وفي فترة إيدو، كان هناك راهب بوذي يدعى «زيناكي» ارتكب جريمة قتل في شبابه، وقرر بناء معبر آمن يستخدمه الناس للعبور إلى الضريح للتكفير عن جريمته. بدأ بالحفر عند عمر 49 سنة واستغرق 30 عاما في حفر النفق الذي يبلغ طوله 185 مترا بيديه مستخدما مطرقة وإزميل.

مراجع

أنفاق في اليابان
مبان ومنشآت في محافظة أويتا
مواقع جذب سياحي في محافظة أويتا

أونودومون


Die Windsor Bulldogs waren eine kanadische Eishockeymannschaft aus Windsor, Ontario. Die Mannschaft spielte zwischen 1926 und 1936 in der Canadian Professional Hockey League sowie der International Hockey League.

Geschichte
Das Franchise wurde 1926 unter dem Namen Windsor Hornets als Mitglied der Canadian Professional Hockey League gegründet. In dieser gewann die Mannschaft in der Saison 1928/29 den Meistertitel. Nachdem die Liga anschließend durch die International Hockey League abgelöst wurde, traten die Bulldogs, wie die Mannschaft ab 1928 hieß, auch in der IHL an und gewannen in der Saison 1930/31 deren Meistertitel. Die IHL stellte 1936 ihren Spielbetrieb ein. Anschließend wurden auch die Windsor Bulldogs aufgelöst.

Eine gleichnamige Mannschaft spielte zwischen 1953 und 1964 unter anderem in der International Hockey League.

Bekannte Spieler
 Jack Arbour
 Clint Benedict
 Russ Blinco
 Gus Forslund
 Normie Smith

Weblinks
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik/Spielerliste Windsor Hornets (1926-1928)
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik/Spielerliste Windsor Bulldogs (1928-1936)

Eishockeyverein (Canadian Professional Hockey League)
Eishockeyverein (International Hockey League, 1929–1936)
Bulldogs
Organisation (Windsor, Ontario)
Sportverein (Kanada)

Windsor Bulldogs (Original)


(Daśaratha) දශරථ යනු ක්‍රි.පූ. 232 සිට 224 දක්වා වූ 4 වැනි මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයා ය. ඔහු මහා අශෝකගේ මුනුබුරෙකු වූ අතර ඔහුගෙන් පසු ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍ය පාලකයා ලෙස සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සැලකේ. දශරථ පරිහානියට පත් වූ අධිරාජ්‍යයක් පාලනය කළ අතර ඔහුගේ පාලන සමයේදී අධිරාජ්‍යයේ ප්‍රදේශ කිහිපයක් මධ්‍යම පාලනයෙන් බිඳී ගියේය. ඔහු අශෝකගේ ආගමික හා සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්ති දිගටම කරගෙන ගියේය. දශරථ යනු අධිරාජ්‍ය සෙල්ලිපි නිකුත් කළ මෞර්ය රාජවංශයේ අවසාන පාලකයා වන අතර අභිලේඛන මූලාශ්‍රවලින් දැනගත හැකි අවසාන මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයා වේ.

දශරථ ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 224 දී මිය ගිය අතර ඔහුගේ ඥාති සොහොයුරිය වූ සම්ප්‍රති රජ විය.

පසුබිම

දශරථ යනු මෞර්ය පාලක අශෝකගේ මුනුබුරෙකි. වායු පුරාණය ඇතුළු සමහර මූලාශ්‍රවල අශෝකගෙන් පසු මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයන්ගේ විවිධ නම් සහ අංක ලබා දී ඇතත්, ඔහු තම සීයාගෙන් පසු ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍ය පාලකයා ලෙස පත් වූ බව සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සැලකේ. අශෝකගේ මුණුබුරන් අතරින් බහුලවම සඳහන් වන්නේ සම්ප්‍රති සහ දශරතය. දෙවැන්න විෂ්ණු පුරාණයේ විස්තර කර ඇත්තේ සුයාෂස්ගේ (අශෝකගේ පුත්‍රයෙකු) පුත්‍රයා සහ අධිරාජ්‍ය අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා ලෙසය. සුයාෂ් යනු අශෝකගේ පුත්‍රයා සහ අනුමාන උරුමක්කාරයෙකු වූ කුනාලාගේ විකල්ප නමක් බව යෝජනා වී ඇත.

පරිපාලනය

ඉතිහාසඥයින් වන වින්සන්ට් ස්මිත් සහ රොමිලා තාපර් විසින් අශෝකගේ මරණයෙන් පසු මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යය කුණාල සහ දශරථ අතර බෙදීමක් පිළිබඳ ජනප්‍රිය න්‍යාය ඉදිරිපත් කළහ. සමහර මූලාශ්‍රවල බෙදීම සම්ප්‍රති සහ දශරථ අතර පැවති බවට වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, දෙවැන්නා විසින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ අගනුවර වන පාඨලීපුත්‍ර සහ පෙර බටහිර අධිරාජ්‍යය උජ්ජයින් හි අගනුවර ද අල්ලාගෙන සිටි බව වාර්තා වේ.[4] කෙසේ වෙතත්, ස්මිත් ලියා ඇත්තේ "උපකල්පනය සඳහා පැහැදිලි සාක්ෂි නොමැත."[5]

වායු සහ බ්‍රහ්මණ්ඩ පුරාණවල මෞර්ය පාලකයින් තිදෙනෙකු සඳහන් කරයි - බන්ධුපාලිත, ඉන්ද්‍රපාලිත සහ දසෝන - හඳුනාගැනීම තරමක් අපහසුය. ඔවුන් දශරථ විසින් පරිපාලන පහසුව සඳහා ප්‍රාදේශීය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරුන් ලෙස පත් කරන ලද මෞර්ය රාජවංශයේ ශාඛා පෙළක සාමාජිකයන් විය හැකි බවට යෝජනා වී ඇත.[2]

මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ දේශපාලන එකමුතුව අශෝකගේ මරණයෙන් වැඩි කලක් නොනැසී පැවතුනි. දශරථගේ මාමා කෙනෙක් වන ජලෞක කාශ්මීරයේ ස්වාධීන රාජධානියක් පිහිටෙව්වා. තවත් මෞර්ය කුමාරයෙකු වන තාරානාථට අනුව විරසේන ගන්ධාරයෙහි තමන් රජු ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත.[2] විදර්භය ද වෙන් විය. ග්‍රීක මූලාශ්‍රවලින් ලැබෙන සාක්ෂි මගින් එවකට මෞර්ය පාලකයා වූ සොෆගසේනස් (සුභගසේන, සමහරවිට විරසේනගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා) විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද වයඹ පළාත් අහිමි වූ බව සනාථ වේ. දශරථ සහ තවත් මෞර්ය පාලකයෙකු සම්බන්ධ වූ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නැගෙනහිර-බටහිර බෙදීමක් ගැන බොහෝ නූතන සමපේක්ෂන පවතී. අභිලේඛනමය සාක්ෂි වලින් පෙනී යන්නේ දශරථ මගධයේ අධිරාජ්‍ය බලය රඳවාගෙන සිටි බවයි.[6]

සාතවාහන ඇතුළු දකුණේ විවිධ රාජවංශ මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ වැඩවසම් විය. මෙම රාජධානි අශෝකගේ ආඥාවල (ක්‍රි.පූ. 256) සඳහන් වන අතර ඒවා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පිටත කවයේ කොටසක් ලෙස සැලකේ - මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ පාලනයට යටත්ව, ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලකයන් යටතේ සැලකිය යුතු මට්ටමේ ස්වයං පාලනයක් භුක්ති විඳීමට සැකයක් නැත.[5] අශෝකගේ මරණය දකුණේ අධිරාජ්‍ය බලයේ පරිහානිය ආරම්භ විය. දශරතට ස්වදේශීය පළාත්වල යම් පාලනයක් පවත්වා ගැනීමට හැකි වූ නමුත් දකුණේ ප්‍රදේශ ඇතුළු දුරස්ථ රජයන් අධිරාජ්‍ය පාලනයෙන් බිඳී තම ස්වාධීනත්වය යළි තහවුරු කර ගත්හ. මධ්‍යම-නැගෙනහිර ඉන්දියාවේ කාලිංග මහාමේඝවාහන රාජවංශය ද අශෝකගේ මරණයෙන් පසු අධිරාජ්‍ය පාලනයෙන් බිඳී ගියේය.

ජෛන ග්‍රන්ථයකට අනුව, අශෝකගේ මරණයෙන් ටික කලකට පසු, සුරාෂ්ට්‍ර, මහාරාෂ්ට්‍ර, අන්ද්‍රා සහ මයිසූර් ප්‍රදේශය අධිරාජ්‍යයෙන් බිඳී ගිය නමුත්, දශරථගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ සම්ප්‍රති (ජෛන භික්ෂූන් ලෙස වෙස්වලාගත් සොල්දාදුවන් යෙදවූ බව කියනු ලැබේ) විසින් නැවත යටත් කර ගන්නා ලදී.

තොරතුරු ඇතුලත් කිරීම : කේ කේ එන් එස් කුමාර

දශරථ මෞර්ය


Tríptico da Anunciação é um tríptico de 1483 do artista flamengo conhecido apenas como Mestre da Lenda de Santa Úrsula, a obra pertence ao acervo do Museu de Arte de Indianápolis, localizado no estado de Indiana nos Estados Unidos. Representa a anunciação no painel central, enquanto os painéis circundantes e o exterior das alas são cobertos por vários pares de santos católicos.

Veja também
 Anunciação na pintura
 Museu de Arte de Indianápolis

Ligações externas

Pinturas de 1483
Anunciação
Pinturas da Anunciação
Trípticos

Tríptico da Anunciação


Gerhard Bassenge () a fost un general german din cadrul Luftwaffe, care a îndeplinit funcții de comandă în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. În perioada interbelică a lucrat în Ministerul Aerului al Reichului German și a fost unul dintre ofițerii germani responsabili cu instruirea primilor parașutiști germani.

Bassenge a fost șeful Statului Major al Luftflotte 2, care a participat la operațiunile aeriene ale Blitzkrieg în Olanda, Belgia și Franța în 1940. A fost transferat apoi ca șef al Statului Major al Luftflotte 5 în Norvegia, în timpul operațiunilor aeriene desfășurate în cadrul Bătăliei Angliei. După ce a făcut detașat într-o misiune aeronautică germană în România, a participat la Campania din Africa de Nord în perioada 1941-1943. A fost capturat acolo pe 9 mai 1943 și a fost ținut prizonier de război până la 2 octombrie 1947.

Participarea la Primul Război Mondial
Gerhard Bassenge s-a născut în orașul Ettlingen din Marele Ducat de Baden (parte componentă a Imperiului German) la 18 noiembrie 1897.

Bassenge și-a început cariera militară în primele zile ale Primului Război Mondial, la 4 octombrie 1914, cu puțină vreme înainte de a împlini vârsta de 17 ani. A devenit Unteroffizier (grad echivalent cu cel de sergent) și, de asemenea, Fahnenjunker sau candidat pentru gradul de ofițer. A îndeplinit funcția de comandant de pluton în Regimentul 29 Infanterie al Armatei Imperiale Germane. El a fost promovat apoi ca Fahnrich, cel mai mic grad de ofițer din Armata Germană. La 27 ianuarie 1915, în timp ce avea doar 17 ani, a fost înaintat pe câmpul de luptă la gradul de Leutnant. În timp ce a făcut parte din unitățile de infanterie, a slujit atât pe Frontul de Vest, cât și pe Frontul de Est.

Intrarea în aviație
El a fost transferat în Luftstreitkräfte și a început instruirea de pilot la 1 aprilie 1916. După încheierea instruirii a fost repartizat în Kampfstaffel 39. După ce a servit timp de câteva luni în cadrul Kampfstaffel 39, Bassenge a fost rechemat pentru reinstruire.

La 17 ianuarie 1917 a început pregătirea de pilot de vânătoare. După încheierea pregătirii a fost repartizat în escadrila de vânătoare Jagdstaffel 5. La 13 aprilie a formulat prima sa cerere pentru confirmarea unei victorii aeriene asupra unei aeronave britanice; victoria sa a fost neconfirmată deoarece doar a forțat aeronava inamică să aterizeze. La 2 mai a fost transferat într-o altă unitate de vânătoare, faimoasa Jagdstaffel 2. El a fost confirmat în gradul de leutnant la 28 iunie 1917; documentul militar de confirmare i-a recunoscut o vechime de peste doi ani în acest grad, începând de la 18 iunie 1915. Fotografiile lui din acea perioadă arată un bărbat zvelt, cu o poziție dreaptă, care stă lângă sau se află la manșa biplanului de vânătoare Albatros D.III. Albatrosul, așa cum era și obiceiul german, fusese vopsit cu două tonuri de verde. La fel ca toate avioanele Jasta 2, coada lui fusese vopsită în culoarea albă. Botul, capota, aripile și capacele roților au fost vopsite gri. Semnele personale ale lui Bassenge au fost suprapuse - o dungă alb-negru care se întindea spre margini unde o bandă lată neagră cu margini albe înconjura fuselajul.

Bassenge a folosit acest avion pentru a obține prima sa victorie aeriană confirmată la 20 octombrie 1917. La ora 12,20 el a doborât un avion Sopwith Camel cu nr. de serie B2370 din Escadrila RAF 70 la sud de Saint Quentin, Franța. La 6 noiembrie a urmat un avion Sopwith Camel s/n B2441 din Escadrila RAF 65, doborât deasupra comunei Staden din Belgia. Cu toate acestea, Bassenge a fost rănit grav. Rana l-a ținut indisponibil până în iulie 1918.

Bassenge a folosit un nou avion de vânătoare Fokker D.VII pentru a doborî un alt Camel, nr. D8197, deasupra localității Fere-en-Tardenois, Franța, în după-amiaza zilei de 25 iulie 1918. A existat apoi un gol între victoriile sale aeriene. El nu a mai doborât niciun alt avion britanic până pe 27 septembrie; de data aceasta, a fost lovit un alt avion de vânătoare de prim rang, un Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a din Escadrila RAF 32 care s-a prăbușit peste Noyelles la ora 17,35. În dimineața următoare, la orele 08,35, a distrus un Camel nr. F3220 din Escadrila RAF 203 între Ham și Lengelet. După mai puțin de o săptămână, el a obținut alte victorii aeriene. La 4 octombrie 1918 un SE.5a din Escadrila RAF 85 s-a prăbușit deasupra localității Joncourt din Franța, iar a doua zi un Camel deasupra satului Crèvecœur. Bassenge nu a mai obținut nicio altă victorie înainte de armistițiu și a terminat războiul cu șapte victorii.

Perioada interbelică
În 1927 Bassenge și-a încheiat studiile și a obținut titlul de inginer diplomat. Simultan, el a fost transferat în Ministerul Apărării al Reichului German. În 1934 Bassenge a fost transferat din Reichswehr în Luftwaffe, care se afla atunci în plin proces de organizare. Aici a avut sarcina de consultant și șef de grup în nou-înființatul Minister al Aerului. În 1937 Bassenge a fost numit șef de stat în subordinea generalului Kurt Student.

La 1 iunie 1938 a fost transferat din nou în Ministerul Aerului și a fost detașat să lucreze în cabinetul comandantului șef al Luftwaffe. La 1 octombrie 1938 a revenit în cadrul Ministerului Aerului și a lucrat în cadrul Statului Major General al Luftwaffe. El a fost promovat la gradul de Oberst (colonel) la 1 mai 1939; o lună mai târziu, cu puțină vreme înaintea declanșării celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Bassenge a fost numit șef al Statului Major al Comandamentului Zonei Aeriene XVII din Viena (Austria).

Al Doilea Război Mondial
La 30 ianuarie 1940 Gerhard Bassenge a fost numit șef al Statului Major al Luftflotte 2, sub conducerea General der Flieger Albert Kesselring. Luftflotte 2 a fost implicată puternic în Blitzkrieg-ul din Olanda și Belgia, alături de unitățile de parașutiști Fallschirmjäger conduse de generalul Student. Unitatea sa a furnizat, de asemenea, sprijinul aerian pentru atacul asupra Corpului Expediționar Britanic care s-a încheiat cu evacuarea trupelor aliate în Marea Britanie în timpul Bătăliei de la Dunkerque. Luftflotte a participat apoi la atacul de urmărire din Franța.

La 1 august 1940 Bassenge a fost transferat în funcția de șef al Statului Major al Luftflotte 5 din Oslo, Norvegia sub conducerea generalului-colonel Hans-Jürgen Stumpff. La 15 august 1940 Luftflotte 5 a fost implicată în prima bătălie din istorie care s-a purtat exclusiv între forțele aeriene, Bătălia Angliei. Cu toate acestea, înainte ca bătălia să se încheie, Bassenge a fost transferat din nou; el a fost numit la 5 octombrie 1940 în funcția de șef al Statului Major al Misiunii Militare Aeronautice Germane în România, comandate de generalul-locotenent Wilhelm Speidel. Colonelul Bassenge a fost decorat la 19 septembrie 1941 cu Ordinul Militar "Mihai Viteazul" clasa III-a "pentru destoinicia și devotamentul pe care l-a arătat în serviciul de Stat Major, contribuind esențial la apărarea teritoriului român contra atacurilor aviației bolșevice, precum și la operațiunile ce au eliberat Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord" și cu Ordinul "Virtutea Aeronautică" de război cu spade clasa Ofițer pentru că "în calitate de șef de Stat Major al Misiunii Militare Aeronautice Germane în România, a contribuit cu competență și desăvârșită loialitate la reorganizarea și instrucția Aeronauticei Române. A condus operațiunile de aviație și artilerie antiaeriană germană, pe frontul românesc, unități ce au repurtat numeroase victorii aeriene".

Următoarea sa misiune a fost în Africa de Nord. La 24 iunie 1941 a devenit comandantul spațiului aerian german din Africa de Nord. A îndeplinit această funcție până la 1 octombrie 1942, când a fost numit comandant al Diviziei 19 Grenadieri. În timp ce slujea în acest post a fost înaintat la gradul de general-maior la 1 ianuarie 1943. O lună mai târziu a fost numit comandantul zonei fortificate Tunis - Bizerte din Tunisia.

Bassenge a fost capturat de britanici la 9 mai 1943 la Metheline, Africa de Nord. A fost transportat în grabă în Marea Britanie și trimis în Camp 11 de la Trent Park, la 16 mai 1943. El a fost înscris în această tabără de lux pentru prizonierii de rang înalt ca POW 18809. Documentele sale de intrare îl menționează ca păr șaten și ochi albaștri, o înălțime de 1,71 m și o greutate de 73 kg. Ruda sa cea mai apropiată era Lotte Bassenge. Tabăra 11 era împânzită cu microfoane montate de serviciile de informații militare britanice, iar la 10 iulie 1943 o înregistrare pe o bandă magnetică l-a surprins pe Bassenge fiind informat despre crimele de război săvârșite de naziști de către generalul-locotenent Georg Neuffer. Nu se știe dacă Bassenge era la curent cu atrocitățile naziste sau dacă conversația surprinsă pe bandă l-a afectat, dar Bassenge a devenit în perioada captivității un susținător al opiniilor lui Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma. General der Panzertruppe von Thoma, care era ținut prizonier împreună cu Bassenge, credea că Hitler înnebunise și că efortul de război nazist era zadarnic. Deoarece majoritatea ofițerilor germani prizonieri în lagăr erau naziști zeloși, opiniile lui Bassenge și Thoma au provocat un conflict între ofițerii germani pacifiști și ofițerii germani care continuau să-l susțină pe Hitler. Această schismă în rândul ofițerilor germani poate să fie cauza transferării lui Bassenge în Camp 300; el va fi readus de acolo în Camp 11 la 23 iulie 1946. La 1 octombrie 1947 a fost transferat în Camp 186, de unde a fost repatriat a doua zi. Bassenge a murit la 13 martie 1977 la Lübeck, Germania.

Decorații
 Crucea de Fier cl. I (1914)
  Ordinul Militar "Mihai Viteazul" cl. III-a (19 septembrie 1941)
  Ordinul "Virtutea Aeronautică" de război cu spade, clasa Ofițer (19 septembrie 1941)
 Crucea Germană de aur (15 iulie 1942) ca Oberst im Generalstab în cadrul Statului Major al Misiunii Militare Aeronautice Germane în România (Deutsche Luftwaffenmission Rumänien)

Note

Bibliografie
 Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914-1918. Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey, Russell Guest. Grub Street, 1993. , .
 Albatros Aces of World War I Part 2, Greg Vanwyngarden. Osprey Publishing, 2007. , .
 Fokker D.VII Aces of World War I, Norman Franks. Osprey Publishing, 2003. , .
 German Order of Battle, Volume Two: 291st–999th Infantry Divisions, Named Divisions, and Special Divisions in WWII, Samuel W. Mitcham, Stackpole Books, 2007.
 Jagdstaffel 2 Boelcke: Von Richthofen's Mentor, Greg Vanwyngarden. Osprey Publishing, 2007. , . ,
 Moral Combat: Good and Evil in World War II, Michael Burleigh. Harper, 2011. , .

Nașteri în 1897
Decese în 1977
Generali germani
Decorați cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul"
Decorați cu Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautică
Personal militar german al Primului Război Mondial
Aviatori germani

Gerhard Bassenge


كاليباتريا  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة إمبيريال، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 28 فبراير، 1919.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لكاليباتريا في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان كاليباتريا 7,289 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 899 أسرة وعدد العائلات 757 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 961 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 32.39% من البيض و21.32% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.73% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.63% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.03% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و42.65% من الأعراق الأخرى و2.25% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و57.35% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 899 أسرة كانت نسبة 58.4% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 61.2% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 17.6% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5.5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 15.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 14.1% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 5.6% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.55، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.90.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 32.6 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 16.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 3.9% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 12.2% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 8% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 3.4% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 103.3 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 96.8 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 30,962 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 31,302 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 31,350 دولارًا مقابل 20,063 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 13,970 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 20.4% من العائلات ونسبة 24.2% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 29% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 17.8% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان كاليباتريا 7,705 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 1,008 أسرة وعدد العائلات 819 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 1,121 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 41.69% من البيض و20.92% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.03% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و1.23% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.32% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و31.86% من الأعراق الأخرى و2.95% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و64.11% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 1,008 أسرة كانت نسبة 53.7% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 51% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 21.1% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 9.1% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 18.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 16.1% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 6.9% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.51، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.92.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 32.9 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 16.2% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 12.1% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 48.5% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 18.6% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 4.6% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 76.8% ذكور و23.2% إناث.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لكاليباتريا:

توأمة
لكاليباتريا (كاليفورنيا) اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 أريحا

أعلام
 سيدريك تومسون

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1919
تأسيسات سنة 1919 في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة إمبيريال (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مقاطعة إمبيريال (كاليفورنيا)
وادي إمبيريال

كاليباتريا (كاليفورنيا)


Lewes Castle (tidligere Bray Castle) er et tidligere slot i Lewes i East Sussex i England. Det er bygget på byens højeste punkt. Toppen er opbygget af kalkblokke. Oprindeligt blev det kaldt Bray Castle og var et fæstningsværk af træ, men senere opbygget i sten.  Det og Lincoln Castle i Lincoln i Lincolnshire, er de bedst bevarede motte-and-baileyfæstninger i England.

Sussex Archaeological Society fik det af Charles Thomas-Stanford (senere adlet sir) i 1922.

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England
 Slaget om Lewes

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Sussex Archaeological society website

Slotte i East Sussex
Borgruiner i Storbritannien

Lewes Castle


Toshiaki Iwashiro es un mangaka japonés nacido el . Su obra más reconocida en el mundo del manga es el superventas Psyren; un manga de ciencia ficción que figuró varias veces en la lista de los mangas más vendidos de todo Japón

Obras
 Mieru Hito
 Psyren
 Godland Company (2011)

Dibujantes de manga

Toshiaki Iwashiro


An Sievekingia dunstervilleorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernesto Foldats. An Sievekingia dunstervilleorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sievekingia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sievekingia

Sievekingia dunstervilleorum


Baronul Hans Guido von Bülow () a fost un dirijor, pianist virtuoz și compozitor german al epocii Romantice. În calitatea de unul dintre cei mai cunoscuți dirijori ai secolului al XIX-lea, activitatea sa a fost decisivă pentru succesele mai multor compozitori importanți ai vremii, mai ales Richard Wagner și Johannes Brahms. Alături de Carl Tausig, Bülow a fost, probabil, cel mai proeminent dintre primii studenți ai compozitorului, dirijorului și pianistului maghiar Franz Liszt – el a efectuat prima interpretare publică a Sonatei în B minor a lui Liszt în 1857. El a cunoscut-o, s-a îndrăgostit și în cele din urmă s-a căsătorit cu fiica lui Liszt, Cosima, care l-a părăsit mai târziu pentru Wagner. Remarcat pentru interpretarea sa a operelor lui Ludwig van Beethoven, el a fost unul dintre primii muzicieni europeni care a efectuat un turneu în Statele Unite ale Americii.

Premiere importante

Ca dirijor

 Wagner, Tristan și Isolda, München, 10 iunie 1865
 Wagner, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Hofoper, München, 21 iunie 1868

Ca pianist

 Beethoven, ciclu complet de sonate pentru pian
 Liszt, Sonata în B minor, Berlin, 22 ianuarie 1857
 Liszt, Totentanz pentru pian și orchestră
 Ceaikovski, Concertul pentru pian Nr. 1, Boston, 25 octombrie 1875

Compoziții

 6 Lieder, Op. 1
 Rigoletto-Arabesken, Op. 2
 Mazurka-Impromptu. Op. 4
 5 Lieder, Op. 5
 Invitation à la Polka, Op. 6
 Rêverie fantastique, Op. 7
 Song cycle Die Entsagende, Op. 8
 Uvertură și marș pentru Julius Caesar, Op. 10
 Ballade, Op. 11
 Chant polonais (after F. H. Truhn), Op. 12
 Mazurka-Fantasie, Op. 13
 Elfenjagd. Impromptu, Op. 14
 Des Sängers Fluch, Ballad for orchestra, Op. 16
 Rimembranze dell'opera Un ballo in maschera, Op. 17
 Trois Valses caractéristiques, Op. 18
 Tarantella, Op. 19
 Nirvana: symphonisches Stimmungsbild, Op. 20
 Il Carnevale di Milano, piano, Op. 21
 Vier Charakterstücke, orchestra, Op. 23
 Two Romances, Op. 26
 Lacerta. Impromptu, Op. 27
 Königsmarsch, Op 28
 5 Gesänge for mixed choir, Op. 29
 3 Lieder von August Freiherrn von Loen, Op. 30

Transcrieri pentru pian

 Christoph Willibald Gluck—Iphigenie in Aulis
 Richard Wagner:
 Tristan und Isolde
 Uvertura de la Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
 Parafraza cvintetului din Actul III al Die Meistersinger
 Uvertura din Faust
 Weber:
 Konzertstück in F minor
 două concerte pentru pian

Note

Bibliografie

 de Hans von Bülow în Catalogul Bibliotecii Naționale a Germaniei (Informații despre Hans von Bülow • PICA • Căutare pe site-ul Apper)

 Harold Schonberg, The Great Pianists from Mozart to the Present. New York: Simon and Schuster 1987 (pp. 136–37)

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1830
Decese în 1894
Romano-catolici germani
Compozitori germani de muzică cultă
Dirijori germani
Oameni din Dresda
Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski
Richard Wagner

Hans von Bülow


Başalan, Bozdoğan - Aydın ili Bozdoğan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Başalan, Ayvacık - Samsun ili Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Başalan, Kavak - Samsun ili Kavak ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Başalan, Canik - Samsun ili Canik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Başalan, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Başalan, Çekerek - Yozgat ili Çekerek ilçesine bağlı köy

Başalan


මුල රූපයක් තැනීමේ පෙර ක්‍රම වේදයක් ලෙස ශ්‍රමය, විවිධ උපකරණ මෙන්ම පුහුණු ශ්‍රමයද යොදා ගත්හ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස බබලන වීදි ලාම්පුවක්   (digitally) සැලසුම් කල පසු එම සැලසුම් පුහුණු ශිල්පියෙකු‍ට  යවනු ලබන අතර එහි දී දැඩි වෙහෙසක් දරා  සැලසුම් ඇති අනුරුව ත්‍රිමාණ ලෙස දැවයෙන් තනයි. මෙහි දී අධික මිල ඇති දැව, ක්‍රියාකාරී යන්ත්‍රෝපකරණ හා උපකරණ යොදා ගැනීම සිදුවේ. මෙය කිසිසේත් ම වේගවත් ක්‍රමවේදයක් නොවන අතර ම පුහුණු ශිල්පීයන්ට යන වියදම ද අධික වේ. මේ නිසා වේගවත් ම මෙන්ම ලාභදායී මුලරූප තැනිමේ ක්‍රමවේදයක අවශ්‍යතාව ය ඇති විය. එයට පිළිතුරු වශයෙන්  (Repaid prototype) බිහි විය.

ත්‍රිමාණ මුද්‍රණයේ එක් වෙනසක් වන්නේ  (Inject printing system) ඉතා තුනී කුඩු අංශු (ප්ලාස්ටර්, මැලියම් කැඳ) තෝරා බේරා මැලියම් /පාප්ප මත යොදා ගෙන  (Cas file) ඒ අනුව සිරස් කැපුම්  මුද්‍රණය කරනු ලැබීමයි. වර්ණවත් මුලරූප  මුද්‍රණයට කිරීමට හැකි එකම ක්‍රමවේදය මෙයයි. එමෙන්ම මෙය වේගවත් මුල රූප තැනීමේ ක්‍රමයක්  ලෙසද සැලකේ.

විකල්පයක් ලෙස මෙම යන්ත්‍රෝපකරණ වලට  (photopolymer) වැනි ද්‍රාවණ  (inkjet type print head ) යොදා ගනිමින් ඇතුළත් කර අනුරුවේ තට්ටු ඇඹීමක් සිදුකරයි.  එය  (photopolymer phase machine) දම්පාට කිරණ (UV) යොමුකරණ ලාම්පුවක් යොදා ගනිමින් තට්ටුවෙන් තට්ටුව වේලනු ලබයි.

(FDM) යනු සාම්ප්‍රදායික මුල රූප තැනීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයකි. මෙම ක්‍රමයේදී උණුකරණ ලද ද්‍රාවණ (poyer) ආධාරකයකට තට්ටු ලෙස තැන්පත් කරනු ලබයි.

මුද්‍රණ මාධ්‍යයේ කුඩා කැට වලින් යුක්ත අතුරනයකට  එක් කිරීම තවත් ක්‍රමවේදයකි. මෙම වෙනස් වීමේ දී එක් නොවන මාධ්‍ය නිෂ්පාදනය වූ උපාංගයේ කොටස් වලට හා තුනී බිත්ති වලට ආධාරක ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.  මේ හේතුවෙන් තාවකාලික ආධාරකයන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතාව අවම වේ.

අවසාන වශයෙන් ඉතා සියුම්  අංග ලක්ෂණ යෙදීමේ   (3D michrofabricaton ) ක්‍රමවේදය හා (2 photon )  ක්‍රමවේදය යොදා ගනී. මෙහි දී අවශ්‍ය ත්‍රිමාන අනුරුව ලේසර් කිරණ යොදා ගනිමින් ජෙලි මාධ්‍යයක ඇඹීම සිදුකෙරේ.  එහි දී ජෙලි මාධ්‍ය ඝණ බවට පත් වන්නේ ලේසර් කිරණ පතිත වූ තැන පමණි. එය සිදුවන්නේ (photo exudation)  වල ඇති  රේඛිය නොවන බව හේතුවෙනි. පසුව ඉතිරිවන ජෙලි සොදා හරිනු ලැබේ. 100mn වලට කුඩා ආදර්ශ ඉතා පහසුවෙන් නිම කිරීමට සමත් මෙම ක්‍රමවේදය සංකීර්ණ චලන වන ව්‍යුහ හා එකිනෙකට පැහෙන ව්‍යුහ ද නිර්මාණය කිරීමට  සමත් වේ.

සෑම ක්‍රම‍වේදයකට ම එයට ආවේණික වූ වාසි හා අවාසි පවතී. ඒනිසා සමහර ආයතන කුඩු හෝ අංශු හෝ  (polymer) මාධ්‍ය ලෙස තෝරා ගනී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එසේ තේරීමේ දී සැලකිල්ට ගන්නා කාරණා වන්නේ වේගවත් බව, මුද්‍රණ ත්‍රිමාන මුලරූපයේ වියදම, ත්‍රිමාණ මුද්‍රණ යාන්ත්‍රයේ වියදම, මාධ්‍යයේ තේරීම, වර්ණ යෙදීමේ හැකියාව ආදියයි.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රමයක් වන  (stercolitho graphy)  ත්‍රිමාන මුද්‍රණයෙන් වේගවත් බව, අඩු වියදම, පහසුව හා සාදන අවධියේ ම නියමාකාරයෙන් දර්ශනය කර ගැනීමට හැකියාව ඇත. විෂ සහිත රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය යොදා ගැනීමක් (stercolitho graphy)   ක්‍රමවේදයේදී නොකෙරෙන බැවින් හා මුද්‍රණයෙන් පසු කෙරෙන නිමා සැකසුම්  අවම වෙන නිසා වඩාත් වාසිදායක වේ. අවශ්‍ය වන්නේ මූලික ක්‍රියාවලියෙන් පසු ඉතිරි වී ඇති අතිරික්ත කුඩු හෝ අංශු මුල රූපයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීම පමණි. කුඩු හෝ අංශු වලින් බැදෙන ලද මුද්‍රණ තවදුරටත්  ශක්තිමත් කිරීම සඳහා ඉටි හෝ (Thermost polymer) යොදා ගත හැක.  (FDM) උපාංග තව ශක්තිමත් කිරීම සඳහා තවත් ලෝහ කොටස් එම උපාංගයට ඇතුලත් කළ හැක.

සටහන්

{|
|-

|3D_modeling#Scene_setup
|-
{|

|-

ත්‍රිමාණ මුද්‍රණ ක්‍රමවේදයන් (3D Printing Technologies)


A near-close vowel or a near-high vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a near-close vowel is that the tongue is positioned similarly to a close vowel, but slightly less constricted.

Other names for a near-close vowel are lowered close vowel and raised close-mid vowel, though the former phrase may also be used to describe a vowel that is as low as close-mid (sometimes even lower); likewise, the latter phrase may also be used to describe a vowel that is as high as close.

Near-close vowels are also sometimes described as lax variants of the fully close vowels, though, depending on the language, they may not necessarily be variants of close vowels at all.

It is rare for languages to contrast a near-close vowel with a close vowel and a close-mid vowel based on height alone. An example of such language is Danish, which contrasts short and long versions of the close front unrounded , near-close front unrounded  and close-mid front unrounded  vowels, though in order to avoid using any relative articulation diacritics, Danish  and  are typically transcribed with phonetically inaccurate symbols  and , respectively. This contrast is not present in Conservative Danish, which realizes the latter two vowels as, respectively, close-mid  and mid .

It is even rarer for languages to contrast more than one close/near-close/close-mid triplet. For instance, Sotho has two such triplets: fully front  and fully back . In the case of this language, the near-close vowels  tend to be transcribed with the phonetically inaccurate symbols , i.e. as if they were close central.

It may be somewhat more common for languages to contain allophonic vowel triplets that are not contrastive; for instance, Russian has one such triplet:
 close central rounded , an allophone of  between soft consonants in stressed syllables;
 near-close central rounded , an allophone of  between soft consonants in unstressed syllables;
 close-mid central rounded , an allophone of  after soft consonants.

Partial list
The near-close vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

 near-close near-front unrounded vowel
 near-close near-front compressed vowel
 near-close near-back rounded vowel

The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines these vowels as mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) equivalents of, respectively, ,  and , therefore, an alternative transcription of these vowels is  or the more complex ; however, they are not centralized in all languages - some languages have a fully front variant of  and/or a fully back variant of ; the exact backness of these variants can be transcribed in the IPA with ,  or .

There also are near-close vowels that don't have dedicated symbols in the IPA:

 near-close near-front protruded vowel
 near-close central unrounded vowel
 near-close central compressed vowel
 near-close central protruded vowel
 near-close near-back unrounded vowel  or
 near-close near-back compressed vowel

(IPA letters for rounded vowels are ambiguous as to whether the rounding is protrusion or compression. However, transcription of the world's languages tends to pattern as above.)

Other near-close vowels can be indicated with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as ,  or  for a near-close front unrounded vowel, or ,  or  for a near-close back rounded vowel.

References

Bibliography

Vowels by height

Near-close vowel


Salmanazar, standart büyüklükteki Fransız şarap şişesinin 12 katı büyüklüğündeki şişedeki şaraba verilen ad. Bir Salmanazar şişesi 9 litreliktir. Bu isim, İncil´de de adı geçen Asur Kralı Shalmaneser (Şalmanezer)´den esinlenerek verilmiştir.

Şarap paketleme ve depolama

Salmanazar


Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Yapı Kredi Bankası'nın 1944 yılında başladığı, özellikle 1949 yılında çıkan Doğan Kardeş dergisiyle tanındığı yayıncılığı, 1992 yılında, Turhan Ilgaz'ın yönetiminde kurulan bir şirketle sürdüren yayıncılık kuruluşudur. Tam adı Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş., kısaltması YKY'dir.

Sait Faik Hikâye Armağanı, 2003-2011 yılları arasında Darüşşafaka Cemiyeti ve Yapı Kredi Yayınları iş birliğiyle düzenlendi. Yayınevi; Sanat Dünyamız, Cogito, Kitap-lık dergilerini yayımlamakta, aynı zamanda müzik ve sesli kitap yayıncılığı da yapmaktadır.

Yapı Kredi Kültür Merkezi; Vedat Nedim Tör Müzesi, Kâzım Taşkent Sanat Galerisi, Sermet Çifter Salonu, Sermet Çifter Araştırma Kütüphanesi gibi bölümlere sahiptir.

Yapı Kredi CEO'su Faik Açıkalın Nisan 2014'teki bir konuşmasında 4 binden fazla başlıkta kitap yayımladıklarını ifade etti. Yayınevi Ocak 2018'de ise "Nâzım'ın Cep Defterlerinde Kavga, Aşk ve Şiir Notları (1937 – 1942)" adlı eser ile 5000'inci kitabını yayımladı. 2019 yılında Modern Klasikler dizisinin yayımına başlamışlardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 YKYKultur.com Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık
 Yapı Kredi Yayınları'ndan 4 yeni kitap, CNN Türk
 Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 4.000'inci kitabını bir etkinlikle kutladı - Zete - 20 Aralık 2013

İstanbul'daki yayınevleri
1992'de kurulan yayınevleri
1992'de Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar

Yapı Kredi Yayınları


Le château de la Commaraine est un des trois châteaux situés à Pommard (Côte-d'Or) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté .

Localisation
Le château est situé en village au 24 Grande rue.

Historique

Le château fort de la Commaraine, construit en 1112 par le duc Eudes, est donné en 1193 à Jean de Pommard par Eudes III. Passé par mariage à la famille de Saulx en 1376 il est reconstruit à partir de 1610, plus d'un siècle avant que Vincent Micault puis la famille Marey-Monge ne bâtissent chacune le leur au sud du village.

Architecture
Le château est un édifice en U avec tours dans chaque angle. Les bâtiments nord-ouest et nord-est sont à deux étages dont un de comble. On accède au premier par un escalier à deux montées divergentes. Le bâtiment sud-est est de plain-pied. Les toits sont à longs-pans et couverts de tuiles plates. Les tours sont carrées et comprennent deux étages carrés avec toit à croupes de tuiles plates. Dans l'angle nord-est une tour carrée de deux étages et une ronde avec un seul, toutes deux ouvertes de toits en pavillon de tuiles plates{.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Château de Pommard sur la même commune

Liens externes

Cormmaraine

Château de la Commaraine


The Whiskey Ring took place from 1871 to 1876 centering in St. Louis during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. The ring was an American scandal, broken in May 1875, involving the diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. Whiskey distillers bribed officials from the U. S. Department of the Treasury to increase profits and evade taxes. Grant's Justice Department prosecuted members of Grant's own Republican Party who were part of the Ring. The kingpin of the Whiskey Ring was the notorious General John McDonald, whom Grant had appointed Revenue Collector of Missouri District in 1869. Under the leadership of Grant's Secretary of Treasury, Benjamin Bristow, a reformer, the Ring was uncovered and broken up.

Prosecutions of members of the Ring started in 1875 and ended in 1876. McDonald was indicted, put on trial, found guilty, fined $5,000, and sentenced to federal prison for 18 months. Grant's private Secretary Orville Babcock was indicted, put on trial in St. Louis, but acquitted in February 1876. Grant pardoned McDonald from prison on March 3, 1877, the last full day Grant was in office. In 1880, an angered McDonald authored a salacious book The Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring, in an effort to keep Grant from getting a third term nomination. McDonald also believed Babcock was guilty and had deserved to go to prison with him. How much Grant knew about the Whiskey Ring is a matter of speculation by historians. Three million dollars of stolen tax revenue was recovered by Bristow, with 110 convictions.

History and formation

During the Lincoln Administration, Mid-West whiskey distillers created a slush fund by bribing treasury agents and evading taxes on whiskey they produced and sold.  The Whiskey Ring was formed by Republican operatives in 1871 on the pretext to raise money for Republican campaigns. However, Republican campaign contributions were minimal compared to how much was pocketed by the ring itself. Distilleries and leaders of the ring received between $45,000 and $60,000 each.  By the mid-1870s, during the Ulysses S. Grant administration, the illegal cartel had organized into an efficient machine of whiskey distillers who kept Treasury agents in line by aggressive tactics. By 1873, the ring had become a purely criminal crime syndicate. The whiskey syndicate involved distillers, government officials, rectifiers, gaugers, storekeepers, and internal revenue agents. Due to the increase of liquor taxes after the Civil War, whiskey was supposed to be taxed at 70 cents per gallon. However, distillers would instead pay the officials 35 cents per gallon, and the illicit whiskey was stamped as having the tax paid. Before they were caught, a group of politicians was able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes. In St. Louis, the ring was led by Missouri Revenue Collector John McDonald, appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant, in 1869. McDonald coordinated with Grant's private secretary, Orville Babcock, in Washington D.C. to keep the ring hidden and prevent it being exposed.

Investigations
On June 4, 1874, Benjamin Bristow was appointed to Secretary of Treasury by Ulysses S. Grant. Bristow, an ambitious Kentuckian, was zealous for reform and wanted to make a name for himself. Grant's appointment of Bristow was popular among reformers. In December 1874, Bristow wanted to send a team of investigators to St. Louis to look into the Whiskey Ring. This attempt was thwarted by Orville Babcock, Grant's private secretary, who persuaded Commissioner of Internal Revenue J.W. Douglass to revoke the order. Bristow and Bluford Wilson, Solicitor of the Treasury, were undeterred and sought an independent way to investigate the ring. An effort to break up Treasury Supervisors and move them to different cities proved unpractical and unsuccessful. George Fishback, the proprietor of the St. Louis Democrat, gave Bristow and Wilson an informant to investigate the Ring and uncover illegal activity. Wilson added other agents. The secret investigators reported to Bristow evidence of a massive ring of conspirators between revenue agents and distillers. Whiskey was labeled as vinegar, or falsely recorded at a lower proof, while revenue stamps were used over and over again. The cheating cost the Treasury millions of dollars.

In mid-April 1875, Bristow gave Grant evidence of the ring. Grant left Washington to attend Centennial commemorations of the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Hearing rumors of impending raids by Bristow, Supervisor of Internal Revenue John McDonald, of Saint Louis, went to Washington D.C. With the evidence presented against him, McDonald broke down and confessed to Bristow. McDonald resigned on April 23 and returned to St. Louis. When Grant returned Bristow informed him of the full operations of the ring. Bristow urged Grant to fire Commissioner of Internal Revenue J.W. Douglas for criminal negligence. Grant complied and replaced Douglas with Daniel Pratt of Indiana.

Prosecutions (1875-1876)

On Monday, May 10, 1875, Bristow conducted a series of raids across the nation that broke up the Whiskey Ring. The trials began at Jefferson City, Missouri in October 1875. Ultimately, of 238 people who were indicted, 110 convictions were made and more than $3 million in taxes were recovered. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed General John Brooks Henderson (a former U.S. Senator from Missouri) to serve as special prosecutor in charge of the indictments and trials, but Grant eventually fired Gen. Henderson for challenging Grant's interference in the prosecutions. There was also some animosity between Grant and Henderson, because Senator Henderson, in 1868, voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson, saving Johnson from impeachment by one vote. Grant replaced Henderson with an attorney James Broadhead. The ringleader John McDonald, was indicted, tried by Henderson and United States Attorney of the Eastern District of Missouri, David P. Dyer. McDonald was convicted, fined $5,000, and sentenced to prison for 18 months. Revenue agent John A. Joyce, was indicted, tried, convicted, and sent to the penitentiary.

Orville Babock's indictment
In July 1875, Bristow and Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont, working as Grant's anti-corruption team, met Grant, who was vacationing at Long Branch, and gave him evidence that Babcock was a member of the ring.  Grant told Pierrepont "Let no guilty man escape..." and said if Babcock was guilty then it was the "greatest piece of traitorism to me that a man could possibly practice." In October, Babcock was summoned in front of Grant, Bristow, and Pierrepont at the White House to explain two ambiguous telegrams handwritten by Babcock and signed "Sylph", an apparent code name for Babcock. The first message said, "I have succeeded. They will not go. I will write you." (December 10, 1874) and the second one said, "We have official information that the enemy weakens. Push things." (February 3, 1875) Bristow had shown these messages to Grant at a cabinet meeting the same day. Babcock said something to Grant, unintelligible to Bristow and Pierrepont, and Grant appeared satisfied by Babcock's interpretation of the telegrams.

Pierrepont and Bristow, believing the matter to be crucial, insisted Babcock send a message to his telegraphic correspondent demanding that this individual come to Washington to give his version of the messages. After Babcock seemed to be taking too long, Pierrepont went to check on him and found Babcock writing a warning to revenue agent John A. Joyce, his St. Louis confederate, to be on his guard. Infuriated, Pierrepont grabbed Babcock's pen and dashed through his message yelling "You don't want to send your argument; send the fact, and go there and make your explanation. I do not understand it." Grant, on the other hand, was divided between the loyalty he had for Babcock, and his desire for Bristow and Pierrepont, trustworthy members of his cabinet, to prosecute the Whiskey Ring. Since Babcock had no acceptable explanation for his messages, he was indicted for conspiracy to defraud the Treasury of the United States on November 4, 1875.

Orville Babcock's trial

On February 8, 1876, Babcock went on trial, an event that lasted eighteen days. Babcock's defense team was noted for its prowess and included Grant's former Attorney General George Williams, a top criminal defense advocate and lawyer, Emory A. Storrs, and a former appeals judge (New York), John K. Porter. It took place at the U.S. Post Office and Customs House located at 218 North Third Street, and the status of the defendant made the trial a popular and well-attended spectacle. Demand to attend the proceedings was so great that only persons with signed passes and Whiskey Ring defendants were allowed in.  Babcock arrived in civilian clothes, including sky-blue pants, a silk hat, and a light jacket. When court was not in session, Babcock stayed at the newly rebuilt Lindell Hotel on Sixth Street and Washington Avenue.

Grant's White House deposition took place on February 12; it was notarized by Chief Justice Morrison Waite and witnessed by both Bristow and Pierrepont. In his statement, Grant fully supported the Whiskey Ring prosecutions, but willfully refused to testify against Babcock, despite having been informed by Bristow of Babcock's duplicity.  Instead, Grant praised Babcock, saying he had "great confidence" in Babcock's integrity, and that his confidence in Babcock was "unshaken".

On February 17, Babcock's defense counsel read President Grant's deposition to the jury, which severely weakened any chance of Babcock being convicted. The same day, General William T. Sherman testified that Babcock's "character has been very good."  Grant's deposition, Sherman's in-person testimony, and the evidence presented by Babcock's shrewd defense counsel led to his acquittal on February 25.  A rumor spread that Pierrepont had leaked information to Babcock that aided in his acquittal, but Pierrepont denied this and suggested that Babcock himself had started the rumor. A few months later Grant's appointed anti-corruption team broke up. Pierrepont resigned office on May 21, 1876 and was appointed by Grant United States Minister to the United Kingdom on July 11, 1876. Enmity between Grant and Bristow forced Bristow out of the cabinet, and he resigned on June 20, 1876.

Effect on Republican Party
The Whiskey Ring was seen by many as a sign of corruption under the Republican governments that took power across the nation following the American Civil War. However, Grant's appointment, Bristow, was a hero among reformers. Babcock, the private secretary to the President, was indicted as a member of the ring.  He was acquitted through the personal intervention and testimony of President Grant. Newspapers at the time were known to slant toward a Republican agenda, making light of the trial.  This led many people to think the Whiskey Ring was a ploy for the Republican party to increase their funds.   For this reason, President Grant, although not directly involved in the ring, came to be seen as emblematic of Republican corruption, and later scandals involving his Secretary of War William W. Belknap only confirmed that perception. The Whiskey Ring, along with other alleged abuses of power by the Republican party, contributed to a national weariness of Reconstruction, which ended Grant's presidency with the Compromise of 1877.

"Sylph"
According to John McDonald, the kingpin of the Whiskey Ring, there was much public interest and speculation of the "Sylph" letter signature. McDonald said that when Babcock had attended the annual St. Louis Fair, with Col. John A. Joyce, while they were walking on 5th Street, he saw a very attractive woman, who would be nicknamed the "Sylph" for her beauty. Although Babcock was a married man, he inquired who the lady was. Babcock reportedly said to Joyce, "She is the most beautiful and bewitching woman I ever saw; for heaven's sake; let us turn the corner and meet her again so that you can give me an introduction.". Later, meeting at Freund's restaurant, Babcock was introduced to Louis Hawkins, the "Sylph". Babcock would later use "Sylph", as a code signature for Babcock, in letter correspondence to Joyce.

References

Sources

 scholarly review and response by Calhoun at

Further reading

 Hopper, Jennifer Rose. "Reexamining the Nineteenth-Century Presidency and Partisan Press: The Case of President Grant and the Whiskey Ring Scandal." Social Science History 42.1 (2018): 109-133.

Rives, Timothy, "Grant, Babcock, and the Whiskey Ring," Prologue, Fall 2000, Vol. 32, No. 3.

External links
Whiskey Ring Scandal

Political corruption scandals in the United States
Grant administration controversies
1875 in the United States
1876 in the United States
1875 crimes in the United States
1876 crimes in the United States

Whiskey Ring


Kalifornijski galeb (lat. Larus heermanni) je galeb koji nastanjuje SAD, Meksiko i krajnji jugozapad Britanske Kolumbije, a gnijezdi se gotovo isključivo na Isla Rasi u Kalifornijskom zaljevu. Obično ih se može naći u blizini obala ili na pučini, vrlo rijetko u unutrašnjosti. Vrsta je dobila ime po Adolphusu Lewisu Heermannu, istraživaču i prirodoslovcu iz devetnaestog stoljeća.

Opis
Ova se vrsta bitno razlikuje od ostalih galebova. Odrasli imaju srednje veliko sivo tijelo, crno-siva krila i rep s bijelim rubovima i crveni kljun s crnim vrhom. Glava je tamno siva kod spolno nezrelih, bijela u kod spolno zrelih. Spolno nezrele jedinke nalikuju odraslim jedinkama koje se ne pare, ali su tamnije i smeđe boje, a kljun je u boji mesa ili ružičastoj boji do druge zime. Nekoliko ptica, ne više od 1 na 200, imaju bijelo primarno pokrovno perje, koji daju dotjerano mjesto na gornjem krilu. Malo je vjerojatno da će se ovaj galeb zamijeniti s drugim vrstama jer je jedini galeb bijele glava i sivog tijela na zapadnoj obali Sjeverne Amerike.

Glasanje se opisuje kao duboko i slično je kao kod drugih galebova, ali se po kvaliteti osjetno razlikuje.

Rasprostranjenost
Od trenutne populacije od oko 150 000 parova, 90 % gnijezdi se na otoku Isla Rasa u blizini Donje Kalifornije u Kalifornijskom zaljevu, s manjim kolonijama sjeverno do Kalifornije i čak južno do Nayarita. Nakon razmnožavanja, ptice se obično šire u srednju Kaliforniju, a rjeđe na sjever do Britanske Kolumbije i na jug do Gvatemale. Neke se ptice nakon sezone parenja uvijek vraćaju na ista područja, uključujući jednognogog galeba koji je boravio 17 godina u marini Loch Lomond u San Rafaelu u Kaliforniji.

Jedina poznata aktivna kolonija kalifornijskih galebova u kontinentalnom dijelu Sjedinjenih Država nalazi se u Seasideu u Kaliforniji, gdje je primijećen mali broj galebova koji se gnijezde na umjetnim otocima na jezeru Roberts od 1999. godine. Nakon što su otoci erodirali do 2007. godine, kolonija se nastavila gnijezditi na obližnjim krovovima. U lipnju 2018. jedno od glavnih mjesta za gniježđenje kolonije, Seaside McDonald's, uništeno je u prometnoj nesreći. U travnju 2019., nakon što je dobilo dozvolu od grada Seaside, Društvo Monterey Audubon postavilo je plutajući umjetni otok za gniježđenje u jezeru Roberts u pokušaju da koloniji vrati teritorij za gniježđenje.

Prehrana
kalifornijski galeb jede sitnu ribu, morske beskralježnjake, guštere, kukce, otpad i strvine.

Ponašanje
Ova se vrsta gnijezdi u kolonijama na zemlji, poput mnogih galebova. Gnijezda su često jako gusto raspoređena čak 110 gnijezda na 100 m2. Odlaže dva ili tri jajašca sivkaste boje, sa sivim i smeđim oznakama.

Kalifornijski galeb ponekad krade plijen drugim morskim pticama, posebno smeđim pelikanima, s kojima se često povezuje.

Status
Isla Rasa proglašena je utočištem 1964. godine. Sakupljanje jaja i uznemiravanje tijekom sezone uzgoja se ne preporučuje. Uz matičnu koloniju koncentriranu na jednom malom otoku, ova je vrsta osjetljiva na katastrofalne vremenske prilike. Uspjeh kolonije u bilo kojoj godini ovisi o raspoloživosti plijena, što je povezano s promjenama temperature oceana koje je donio El Niño. Ovi su čimbenici doveli do toga da IUCN ovu pticu ocijeni statusom "bliske opasnosti".

Galerija slika

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Galeb

Kalifornijski galeb


"Angel in the Night" pjesma je švedskog pjevača Basshuntera s albuma Now You're Gone – The Album objavljenog 14. srpnja 2008. Pjesma traje dvije minute i 55 sekundi, a napisao ju je Basshunter. Singl je objavljen 29. rujna 2008. Singl je bio 10. na Irish Singles Chartu te 14. na UK Singles Chartu.

Popis pjesama

Top ljestvice

Certifikati

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena web-stranica

Skladbe
Singlovi iz 2008.
Švedska glazba
Basshunter

Angel in the Night


Pige, træd varsomt er det elvte studiealbum af den danske sangerinde og sangskriver Anne Linnet, der blev udgivet i 1995 via Pladecompagniet.

Spor
 "Pige Træd Varsomt" - 6:24
 "Gå Med I Lunden" - 3:00
 "Du Gamle Måne" - 4:40
 "Dit Liv Bugter Sig" - 3:44
 "En Dag Er Ikke Levet Uden Kærlighed" - 3:32
 "Jeg Har Elsket Dig, Så Længe Jeg Kan Mindes" - 3:42
 "Kom Og Føl Hvor Mit Hjerte Banker" - 3:13
 "Jeg Har En Ven" - 4:13
 "Du Skal Ikke Gi' Mig Roser" - 2:47
 "Jeg Har Forelsket Mig, Forelsket Mig" - 2:37
 "Du Min Madonna" - 4:03

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Pige, træd varsomt på Discogs

Anne Linnet-album
Album fra 1995

Pige, træd varsomt


Brostep-ul reprezintă varianta comercială și agresivă a dubstep-ului, îndepărtându-se totodată de adevăratele origini ale dubstep-ului. Față de dubstep care constă în linii de subbas, frecvențe joase și metode de obținere a dub-ului, brostep-ul se bazează pe frecvențe medii și înalte. Brostep-ul a început odată cu Skrillex în anul 2010 atunci când acesta a încercat să creeze un hibrid, combinând genul de muzică electro cu genul de muzică nu metal (electronic metal music).

Muzică electronică

Brostep


عبد الرحيم التونسي المشهور بلقب «عبد الرؤوف» (27 ديسمبر 1936 - 2 يناير 2023)، هو ممثل كوميدي مغربي. ويعتبر أسطورة الكوميديا المغربية لعقود عديدة.

حياته
وُلد عبد الرحيم التونسي عام 1936 في مدينة الدار البيضاء، والده تونسي جاء من بلده تونس إلى المغرب لأداء الخدمة المدنية بأمر من فرنسا، فاشتغل مترجما، وقرر الاستقرار في المغرب وتزوج من مغربية. توفيت والدة عبد الرحيم التونسي وعمره لم يكن يتجاوز السادسة، تربى في الشارع هو وإخوته الذكور الثلاثة، وكان أصغرهم. كان مولعا بفن التمثيل حيث كان معجبا بالكوميدي القدميري الذي كانت آنذاك تمر تمثيلياته في الإذاعة المغربية، كما كان يحب دخول سينما «مدينة» لمتابعة عروضه الفكاهية. كما كان هو وأصدقائه يذهبون لمشاهدة أفلام رعاة البقر في قاعات «فوكس» و«أبولو». كان أيضًا يحب سماع الموسيقى الشرقية والسمفونيات.

حين نُفي السلطان محمد الخامس شارك كمغربي في مظاهرات ضد الاستعمار، فاعتُقل، وقضى شهرا تحت التعذيب، وأُطلق سراحه بعد خمسة أشهر، وفي السجن تعرف على مجموعة من المقاومين كانوا يقومون بعروض مسرحية تتحدث عن محاربة الاستعمار، و ذات مرة احتاجوا لشخص لأداء دور في إحدى هذه المسرحيات فوقع اختيارهم على التونسي. بعد خروجه من السجن كون مع هذه المجموعة فرقة مسرحية قدمت مجموعة من العروض في مختلف المدن المغربية، لكن الظروف فرقت بين أفراد هذه المجموعة، ليقرر عبد الرحيم التونسي العودة لحيه في المدينة القديمة وتكوين فرقة مسرحية.

شخصية عبد الرؤوف
أبرز شخصية قدمها عبد الرحيم التونسي في مشواره الفني هي شخصية «عبد الرؤوف»، وكانت هي البوابة التي تعرف منها الجمهور على هذا الفنان، حيث قدمها في البداية على خشبة المسرح من خلال مجموعة من العروض، قبل أن ينقلها إلى التلفزيون في الستينيات لتحقق الشخصية نجاحًا باهرًا، وتصبح من أبرز الشخصيات الكوميدية التي مرت في تاريخ التلفزيون المغربي، حيث لم ينسى المشاهدين المغاربة الملابس الفضفاضة التي كانت ترتديها الشخصية ولم ينسوا حركاتها وطريقة كلامها وضحكتها الساخرة المميزة. ولعل ذلك ما جعل أغلب الناس تنادي عبد الرحيم التونسي بلقب «عبد الرؤوف» طوال مشواره الفني.

من أعماله
 2008: بلا حدود
 2011: ماجد
 2017: عمي

وفاته
وافته المنية في أولى ساعات يوم الإثنين 2 يناير 2023 عن عمر ناهز 86 عامًا، وأعلن الخبر لوسائل الإعلام المحلية نجله كاشفًا أن والده فارق الحياة بمنزلهم في مدينة الدار البيضاء بعد معاناة طويلة مع المرض، الذي تسبب في دخوله المستشفى مرات عديدة، إذ كان التونسي يعاني من مرض على مستوى القلب، ما كان يتسبب له في انتفاخ وضيق في التنفس باستمرار.

وبعث الملك محمد السادس برقية تعزية ومواساة إلى أفراد أسرة التونسي. كما نعته النقابة المغربية لمهنيي الفنون الدرامية، حيث اعتبرته فنانا مقتدرا وأحد أشهر الفنانين في تاريخ الكوميديا المغربية الذي حظي بشعبية كبيرة خلال عقود من الزمن.

المراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص من الدار البيضاء
كوميديون مغاربة
ممثلو وممثلات تلفزيون مغاربة
ممثلو وممثلات مسرح مغاربة
ممثلون مغاربة
ممثلون وممثلات مغاربة
مواليد 1355 هـ
مواليد 27 ديسمبر
مواليد 1936
مواليد في الدار البيضاء
وفيات 1444 هـ

عبد الرحيم التونسي


Articol principal: Autostrăzi și drumuri naționale în România.

Aceasta este o listă ce cuprinde toate drumurile județene din România așa cum au fost clasificate de Ministerul Transporturilor.

Legături externe
Lista drumurilor județene din România

Drumuri județene
Drumuri, Județene, România
Drumuri județene
Lista

Lista drumurilor județene din România


IRIS GL (Integrated Raster Imaging System Graphics Library) is a proprietary graphics API created by Silicon Graphics (SGI) in the early 1980s for producing 2D and 3D computer graphics on their IRIX-based IRIS graphical workstations. Later SGI removed their proprietary code, reworked various system calls, and released IRIS GL as the industry standard OpenGL.

See also
 Silicon Graphics Image for file extension .iris
 SGI IRIS
 IrisVision - first port to PCs

References

External links
 Official OpenGL website
 SGI's OpenGL website

3D graphics software
Application programming interfaces
Graphics libraries
Graphics standards
SGI graphics
Video game development software

IRIS GL


Le  Front patriote (espagnol : Frente Patriota) est un parti politique ultranationaliste d'extrême droite en Argentine formé par la fusion de Bandera Vecinal et Gente en Acción. Le parti politique a été décrit comme un parti politique ultra-radical, antisémite et militariste. Son chef est Alejandro Biondini, un homme politique d' troisième position nationaliste argentin.

Histoire
Il a été officialisé par la Cour suprême en tant qu'alliance politique en 2017, après l'union de ses deux précédents partis radicaux. Il y a eu une forte controverse lors des élections législatives argentines de 2017 au cours desquelles le parti a été critiqué pour avoir reçu 20 millions de pesos pour l'impression des bulletins de vote, mais le Conseil national électoral a décidé de réduire ses fonds, mais le parti a imprimé tous ses bulletins de vote et a néanmoins présenté ses candidats. Le Front patriotique a porté l'affaire devant le jury et finalement, la Cour a révoqué la décision du conseil en faveur de Biondini. Lors de ces élections, ils ont obtenu 4 100 voix à Buenos Aires et  dans la province de Buenos Aires pour les députés nationaux et  pour les sénateurs nationaux.

Idéologie
Le parti se décrit comme "un parti d'hommes et de femmes nationalistes unis par la même pensée et la même échelle de valeurs : l'amour profond pour notre Argentine et la ferme détermination à lutter contre ses ennemis internes et externes".
Le Front patriote a une idéologie d'extrême droite ultranationaliste. Ils ont été critiqués par une large partie de la population, principalement en raison de la position sur la question de l'avortement en cours, l'opinion antisioniste de Biondini parmi la grande partie de la population juive argentine, leur proposition de changement de société, l'installation d'une société patriarcale, le rétablissement de la conscription et de la foi civile dans les militaires, brisée puisque de nombreuses parties de la population ont une opinion misérable sur les militaires et ce qu'ils croient être une conception imprudente de la liberté, produit du processus de réorganisation nationale, gouverné par l'armée de 1976 à 1983.

Ils ont un manifeste en ligne, qui explique l'idéologie, leurs doctrines et leurs propositions. Le parti est conformé par sept principes : la foi, la discipline, la loyauté, la solidarité, la discrétion, la patience et le bonheur, ce qui indique que ces principes sont essentiels à la croissance de l'Argentine et dix propositions. Ils ont une politique étrangère agressive et ambitieuse qui inclut d'avoir de bonnes relations avec leurs voisins. Ils défendent leur intégrité avec les îles Malouines (Islas Malvinas) et prône la rupture des relations diplomatiques avec le Royaume-Uni et Israël, expulsant tous les personnels et missions diplomatiques des deux pays, prenant effet après la fin de l'usurpation des îles. Ils ne reconnaissent pas le traité de Madrid, qui neutralise toutes les positions matérielles du Royaume-Uni et de l'Argentine, ils défendent leur souveraineté de l'Antarctique argentin et ont une position dure contre toute forme de colonialisme.

Membres
Le parti compte près de 8 000 membres.

Références

Liens externes

Parti politique nationaliste en Amérique
Parti politique conservateur en Amérique
Extrême droite en Argentine
Antisionisme

Front patriote (Argentine)


Ingineria calculatoarelor este un domeniu interdisciplinar care integrează cunoștințe de informatică și inginerie electronică necesare pentru a dezvolta hardware-ul și software-ul calculatoarelor.

Inginerii de calculatoare, de obicei, au o pregătire în ingineria electronică și designul de software. Inginerii de calculatoare sunt implicați în mai multe activități de dezvoltare, actualizare și întreținere a hardware-ului și software-ului, ca proiectarea de microcontrolere, microprocesoare, calculatoare personale, supercomputere, precum și . Acest domeniu de inginerie se concentrează nu numai pe modul în care funcționează sistemele informatice, ci și pe modul în care se integrează acestea în cadrul de ansamblu al utilizării lor în diverse domenii tehnice.

De obicei, sarcinile inginerilor din acest domeniu includ scrierea de software și firmware pentru sistemul încorporat al microcontrolerelor, precum și proiectarea chipset-urilor, senzorilor, circuitelor imprimate și a unor componente ale sistemelor de operare. De asemenea, ingineria calculatoarelor mai este implicată în robotică, îndeosebi pentru componentele care se bazează foarte mult pe utilizarea sistemelor digitale de control și monitorizare a sistemelor electrice (motoare electrice, comunicații online și senzori).

În multe instituții de învățământ superior, studenții de la ingineria calculatoarelor pot să își aleagă continuarea studiilor aprofundate după absolvirea ultimului an, prin masterate și doctorate. Alte universități pot solicita studenților să urmeze în prealabil unul sau doi ani de cursuri de inginerie generală, înainte de a se înscrie la cursurile de ingineria calculatoarelor .

Note

Vezi și
 Electronică
 Informatică
 Inginerie software
 Programarea calculatoarelor

Discipline ale ingineriei
Informatică
Inginerie electronică

Ingineria calculatoarelor


An Scirpus georgianus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roland McMillan Harper. An Scirpus georgianus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scirpus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Scirpus

Scirpus georgianus


Austrian cuisine () is a style of cuisine native to Austria and composed of influences from Central Europe and throughout the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is most often associated with Viennese cuisine, but there are significant regional variations.

Mealtimes

Breakfast is of the "continental" type, usually consisting of bread rolls with either jam or cold meats and cheese, accompanied by coffee, tea or juice. The midday meal was traditionally the main meal of the day, but in modern times as Austrians work longer hours further from home this is no longer the case. The main meal is now often taken in the evening.

A mid-morning or mid-afternoon snack of a slice of bread topped with cheese or ham is referred to as a Jause; a more substantial version akin to a British "ploughman's lunch" is called a Brettljause after the wooden board on which it is traditionally served.

Popular dishes of Vienna

 Rindsuppe (beef soup), a clear soup with golden colour
 Tafelspitz, beef boiled in broth (soup), often served with apple and horseradish and chives sauce
 Gulasch (goulash), a hotpot similar to Hungarian pörkölt. Austrian goulash is often eaten with rolls, bread or dumplings (Semmelknödel)
 Beuschel, a ragout containing lungs and heart
 Liptauer, a spicy cheese spread, eaten on a slice of bread
 Selchfleisch, meat that is smoked, then cooked, served with Sauerkraut and dumplings
 Powidl, a thick sweet jam made from plums
 Apfelstrudel, apple strudel
 Topfenstrudel, cream cheese strudel
 Millirahmstrudel, milk-cream strudel
 Palatschinken, pancakes similar to French crêpes, filled with jam and sprinkled with sugar or other toppings. They are also served in savoury versions, such as with spinach and cheese.
 Kaiserschmarrn, soft, fluffy pancake ripped into bites and slightly roasted in a pan, served with compote, applesauce or stewed plums.
 Germknödel, a fluffy yeast dough dumpling filled with plum jam (Powidl), garnished with melted butter and a mix of poppy seeds and powdered sugar, sometimes served with vanilla cream
 Marillenknödel, a dumpling stuffed with an apricot and covered with streusel and powdered sugar. The dough is made of potatoes or Topfen.
 Saftgulasch (juicy stew), also known as Austrian or Viennese goulash, is an Austrian twist on the traditional Hungarian dish. The characteristics of the Saftgulash is that it is prepared exclusively with lean beef and a large quantity of onions, at least two thirds of the quantity of meat used. No other vegetables are added and it must be slow cooked for at least three hours. The end result is a thick dark brown sauce with very tender pieces of beef.
 Wurstsemmel (ham rolls), basically sliced bread rolls containing a slice of ham, or sausage (Leberkäse), or also ham and cheese
 Krautfleisch or Szegediner Krautfleisch is a ragout of Austrian cuisine - prepared from pork and Sauerkraut.
 Krautspatzle, a dish consisting mainly of small noodles (spatzle) and cabbage.

Meat

The most popular meats in Austria are beef, pork, chicken, turkey and goose. The prominent Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally made of veal. Pork in particular is used extensively, with many dishes using offal and parts such as the snout and trotters.

Austrian butchers use a number of special cuts of meat, including Tafelspitz (beef), and Fledermaus (pork). Fledermaus (German for "bat") is a cut of pork from the ham bone that resembles the winged animal. It is described as "very juicy, somewhat fatty, and crossed by tendons"; the latter fact makes it suitable for steaming, braising or frying after tenderization in a marinade.

Austrian cuisine has many different sausages, like Frankfurter, Käsekrainer, Debreziner (originating from Debrecen in Hungary), or Burenwurst, Blunzn made out of pig-blood and Grüne Würstl—green sausages. Green means raw in this context—the sausages are air dried and are consumed boiled. Bacon in Austria is called Speck, bacon can be smoked, raw, salted, spiced, etc. Bacon is used in many traditional recipes as a salty spice. Leberkäse is a loaf of corned beef, pork and bacon—it contains neither liver nor cheese despite the name. Vanillerostbraten is a garlicky beef dish.

Game
Austria has an old hunting tradition since there are many woods across the country. In the autumn season many restaurants in Austria traditionally offer game on their menu along with seasonal vegetables and fruits like pumpkins from Styria. Usual game are:

Deer (venison): Hirsch
Wild boar: Wildschwein
Roe deer: Reh
Fallow deer: Damhirsch
Brown hare: Hase/Feldhase
Common pheasant: Fasan
Duck: Ente
Grey partridge: Rebhuhn

The German names of game animals followed by -braten signifies a dish of roast game: Hirschbraten is roast venison.

Sweets

Cakes

Austrian cakes and pastries are a well-known feature of its cuisine. Perhaps the most famous is the Sachertorte, a chocolate cake with apricot jam filling, traditionally eaten with whipped cream. Among the cakes with the longest tradition is the Linzer Torte. Other favourites include the caramel-flavoured Dobostorte and the delicately layered Esterhazy Torte, named in honour of Prince Esterházy (both originating from Hungary during the Austro-Hungarian empire), as well as a number of cakes made with fresh fruit and cream. Punschkrapfen is a classical Austrian pastry, a cake filled with cake crumbs, nougat chocolate, apricot jam and then soaked with rum. Tirolerkuchen is a hazelnut and chocolate coffee cake. Mohr im Hemd, while traditionally something closer to a chocolate custard, is now generally prepared as a steamed cake.

These cakes are typically complex and difficult to make. They can be eaten at a café or bought by the slice from a bakery. A "Konditorei" is a specialist cake-maker, and the designations "Café-Konditorei" and "Bäckerei-Konditorei" are common indicators that the café or bakery in question specialises in this field.

Desserts
Austrian desserts are usually slightly less complicated than the elaborate cakes described above. The most famous of these is the Apfelstrudel (apple strudel), layers of thin pastry surrounding a filling of apple, usually with cinnamon and raisins. Other strudels are also popular, such as those filled with sweetened curd cheese called Topfen, sour cherry (Weichselstrudel), sweet cherry and poppy seed strudel (Mohnstrudel).

Another favourite is Kaiserschmarr'n, a rich fluffy sweet thick pancake made with raisins and other fruits, broken into pieces and served with a fruit compote (traditionally made of plums called Zwetschkenröster) for dipping, while a speciality of Salzburg is the meringue-like "Salzburger Nocken". The Danish pastry is said to originate from Vienna and in Denmark is called wienerbrød (Viennese bread). The Danish pastry uses a dough in the classic cuisine referred to as "Viennese Dough", made of thin layers of butter and flour dough, imported to Denmark by Austrian bakers hired during a strike among the workers in Danish bakeries in 1850.

Drinks

Coffee

Austria is credited in popular legend with introducing coffee to Europe after bags of coffee beans were left behind by the retreating Turkish army after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Although the first coffeehouses had appeared in Europe some years earlier, the Viennese café tradition became an important part of the city's identity.

Coffee is served in a variety of styles, particularly in the Viennese coffee houses. An Austrian Mokka or kleiner Schwarzer is similar to espresso, but is extracted more slowly. Other styles are prepared from the Mokka:

großer Schwarzer – a double Mokka
kleiner Brauner or großer Brauner – single or double Mokka plus milk
Verlängerter – "lengthened" (i.e., diluted) Mokka with more water plus milk
Melange – half Mokka, half heated milk, often topped with foamed milk
Franziskaner – Melange topped with whipped cream and foamed milk
Kapuziner – kleiner Schwarzer plus whipped cream
Einspänner – großer Schwarzer topped with whipped cream
Wiener Eiskaffee – iced Mokka with vanilla ice cream, topped with whipped cream

Italian styles such as cappuccino, espresso and Latte are also commonly served.

Traditionally, coffee is served with a glass of still water.

Drinking coffee together is an important social activity in Austrian culture. It is quite common for Austrians to invite friends or neighbours over for coffee and cake. This routine activity can be compared to the British afternoon tea tradition. It is also very common to go to a coffeehouse while dating.

Hot chocolate

Viennese hot chocolate is very rich, containing heavy cream in addition to chocolate, and sometimes thickened further with egg yolk.

Soft drinks

Almdudler is an Austrian soft drink based on mountain herbs and with a flavour reminiscent of sambucus beverages. It is considered the "national drink of Austria", and is popularly used as a mixer with white wine or water. While Red Bull is popular all across the West, the energy drink company started in Austria. The headquarters of the Red Bull company are located at Fuschl am See near Salzburg.

Beer

Beer is generally sold in the following sizes: 0.2 litre (a Pfiff), 0.33 litre (a Seidel, kleines Bier or Glas Bier) and 0.5 litre (a Krügerl or großes Bier or Hoibe). At festivals one litre Maß and two litre Doppelmaß in the Bavarian style are also sometimes dispensed. The most popular types of beer are pale lager (known as Märzen in Austria), naturally cloudy Zwicklbier, and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.

Austrian beers are typically in the pale lager style, with the exceptions noted above. A dark amber "Vienna Style" lager was pioneered in the city during the 19th century but is no longer common there.

Wine

Wine is principally cultivated in the east of Austria. The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria, and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines; Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the "Seewinkel" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council.

Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest) is called Heuriger and gives its name to inns in Vienna and its surroundings, which serve Heuriger wine along with food. In Styria, Carinthia and Burgenland, the Heuriger inns are known as Buschenschanken.

Other alcoholic drinks

In Upper Austria, Burgenland, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, Most, the fresh juice of grapes or apples is produced, while Sturm ("storm"), a semi-fermented grape juice is drunk after the grape harvest. Most and Sturm are pre-stages of wine.

At the close of a meal, sometimes schnapps (fruit brandy), typically of up to 60% alcohol, is drunk. In Austria schnaps is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots, rowanberries, gentiana roots, various herbs and even flowers. The produce of small private schnaps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as Selberbrennter or Hausbrand.

Snack food

For food consumed in between meals there are many types of open sandwiches called "belegte Brote", or different kinds of sausage with mustard, ketchup and bread, as well as sliced sausage, Leberkäse rolls or Schnitzelsemmeln (rolls filled with schnitzel).

Traditionally one can get a Wurstsemmel (a roll filled, usually, with Extrawurst, a special kind of thinly sliced sausage, often with a slice of cheese and a pickle or cornichon) at a butcher or at the delicatessen counter in a supermarket.

There are also other common yet informal delicacies that are typical of Austrian food. For example, the Bosna or Bosner (a spiced bratwurst in a hot dog roll), which is an integral part of the menu at Austria's typical fast-food restaurant, the sausage stand (Würstelstand). Most Austrian sausages contain pork.

Regional cuisine

Lower Austria

In Lower Austria, local delicacies such as Waldviertel poppies, Marchfeld asparagus and Wachau apricots are cultivated. Famous are the "Marillenknödel": small dumplings filled with apricots and warm butter-fried breadcrumbs on it. Their influence can be felt in the local cuisine, for example in poppy seed noodles "Mohnnudeln". Game dishes are very common. Lower Austria is striking for the differences within its regional cuisine due to its size and the variety of its landscape.

Burgenland

Burgenland's cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian cuisine owing to its former position within the Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Dishes consist mainly of fish, chicken or pork. Potatoes are the most common side dish, for example, crushed potatoes with onions called "Greste Krumpian" (= Geröstete Kartoffeln, which comes from "geröstet", meaning "roasted", and the Hungarian term "krumpli" for potatoes). Because of Hungarian influence, Burgenlandish dishes are often spicier than elsewhere in Austria, often indicated with the terms "Zigeuner..." ("Gypsy") or "Serbisch..." ("Serbian"). Polenta is a popular side-dish within Burgenland's Croatian minority. On St Martin's Day (November 11) a Martinigans (St Martin's goose) is often prepared, and carp is a typical Christmas dish.

Styria
Styrian taverns where local winemakers serve their new wine, local cold food and homemade cakes are called: Buschenschank. They are famous for their  Brettljause, a cold hors d'oeuvre served on a wooden board, typical with Verhackertes (a spread made from finely chopped raw white bacon), different kinds of cold meat (Gselchtes: salted and smoked meat, Schweinsbraten: roast pork, air-dried sausages, Speck: ham) grated horseradish, hard-boiled eggs, meat paste, Liptauer, pumpkin seed spread, vegetables, pickles and cheese with sourdough bread, also Käferbohnensalat (runner bean salad) with pumpkin seed oil is typical. Schilcher, a very dry rosé, is the regional style of wine in Western Styria. A typically Styrian delicacy is pumpkin seed oil, which lends itself particularly to salads on account of its nutty taste. Many varieties of pumpkin dish are also very popular. Heidensterz, resembling a dry, almost crumbly version of grits made from buckwheat flour, is a local dish enjoyed in cold weather. Especially in autumn, game dishes are very common.

Carinthia

Carinthia's many lakes mean that fish is a popular main course. Grain, dairy produce and meat are important ingredients in Carinthian cuisine. Carinthian Kasnudeln (noodle dough pockets filled with quark and mint) and smaller Schlickkrapfen (mainly with a meat filling) are well-known local delicacies. Klachlsuppe (pig's trotter soup) and Reindling (yeast-dough pastry/cake filled with a mix of cinnamon, sugar, walnuts and raisins) are also produced locally.

Upper Austria

Various types of dumplings are an important part of Upper Austrian cuisine, as they are in neighbouring Bavaria and Bohemia. Linzer Torte, a cake that includes ground almonds or nuts and redcurrant jam, is a popular dessert from the city of Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. Linzeraugen are fine, soft biscuits filled with redcurrant jam called Ribiselmarmelade, which has a sharp flavour.

Salzburg

Kasnocken (cheese dumplings) are a popular meal, as are freshwater fish, particularly trout, served in various ways. Salzburger Nockerl (a meringue-like dish) is a well-known local dessert.

Tyrol

Tyrolean bacon and all sorts of dumplings including Speckknödel (dumplings with pieces of bacon) and Spinatknödel (made of spinach) are an important part of the local cuisine. Tyrolean cuisine is very simple because in earlier times Tyroleans were not very rich, farming on mountains and in valleys in the middle of the Alpine Region. Tyrolean food often contains milk, cheese, flour and lard.

Vorarlberg

The cuisine of Vorarlberg has been influenced by the Alemannic cuisine of neighbouring Switzerland and Swabia. Cheese and cheese products play a major role in the cuisine, with Käsknöpfle and Kässpätzle (egg noodles prepared with cheese) being popular dishes. Other delicacies include Krautspätzle (sauerkraut noodles), Käsdönnala (similar to a quiche), Schupfnudla (made from a dough mixing potato and flour), Frittatensuppe (pancake soup), Öpfelküachle (apple cake) and Funkaküachle (cake traditionally eaten on the first Sunday of Lent).

Gallery

See also
Culture of Austria
Vienna bread, innovative bread style from Vienna

References

 Much of the content of this article comes from Österreichische Küche retrieved April 2, 2005.

External links

 Österreichische Küche – AEIOU

Cuisine

Austrian cuisine


Kew East is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km east from Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Boroondara local government area. Kew East recorded a population of 6,620 at the 2021 census.

History
A number of farming properties were established along the Yarra River following government land auctions, between 1845 and 1847.

The Wills family established "Willsmere Estate", a grazing and dairying property, with the name now reflected in Willsmere Road and Willsmere Park.

William Wade established a farm, named "Belford", next door. A flood in December 1863 devastated the property, which later became the Kew Golf Course.

The Harp of Erin Hotel, on the corner of Harp Road and High Street, was established in 1854, by Edward Glynn. It was a centre for race meetings and gave its name to Harp Road, which was part of a route to Lilydale, used by Cobb and Co.

Kew East Post Office opened around 1924.

The East Kew Maternal and Child Health Centre, in Strathalbyn Street, Kew East, is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. Opened in December 1925, it is the earliest purpose-built and intact baby health centre in the state. The notorious 2020 Eastern Freeway truck crash, which received national news coverage, occurred in the suburb.

Street names
Windella Road was originally named Balfour Road, after Kew resident and politician James Balfour. It was renamed to Windella Avenue, after Balfour's residence Windella, due to the similarity of the former name to that of nearby Belford Road. Longstaff, Leason, McCubbin, Newbury, Frater and Lister Streets are all named after Australian painters.

Demographics
As of 2016, 68.2% of residents were born in Australia, 4.3% were born in China, 2.4% in England, 2.1% in Italy and 23% were born elsewhere.

Geography
The suburb is bounded to the east by Burke Road, to the north by the Yarra River and to the west by the Yarra River, parts of Kilby and Willsmere Roads and the property boundaries between Willsmere Road and Rattan Avenue. The southern boundary follows Carnegie Avenue, Park Crescent, Earl Street, Asquith Street, property boundaries near Belford Road (south), High Street and Harp Road. The Eastern Freeway runs across the centre of the suburb from east to west.

Education
There are two co-educational government schools located in Kew East — Kew High School, a secondary college located on Burke Road and Kew East Primary School on Kitchener Street. St Annes Catholic School is located on Beresford Street.

Sport and recreation

Kew Golf Club and Green Acres Golf Club on Elm Grove are located in the north of the suburb. Parks in Kew East include Willsmere-Chandler Park, home of one of the suburb's three soccer clubs, East Kew United Soccer club, and the adjacent Kew Billabong, Hays Paddock on Glass Creek, is home to the Old Xaverians Soccer Club, and Kew Deaf Soccer Club. Hyde Park, Harrison Park and Stradbroke Park are located in the south-east of the suburb.

Shopping

The main shopping area, "Harp Village", is located on High Street, near the intersection with Harp Road. A small local centre, Belford Court Shopping Centre, is located on Belford Road.

Transport

The Eastern Freeway is accessible via the Chandler Highway or Burke Road. The Main Yarra Trail, a shared bicycle and pedestrian path, runs along the north side of the freeway. Belford Road bridges the freeway, providing a link to the northern part of the suburb. The suburb has a single tram line along High Street, which accommodates tram route 48. There are also a number of bus routes which connect the suburb to surrounding areas.

Places of worship

Places of worship include:
St Paul's Anglican Church, located on the corner of Windella Avenue and Hale Street.
East Kew Uniting Church, Normanby Road.
MWP Centre, Westbrook Street.
St Anne's Catholic Church, Windellla Avenue.
The Leo Baeck Centre for Progressive Judaism, Harp Road.

See also
 City of Kew – Kew East was previously within this former local government area.

References

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Boroondara

Kew East, Victoria


Lago Santa Lucía (en inglés: Lake St. Lucia; en afrikáans: St. Luciameer) es un sistema de lagos estuarios en el norte de KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica. El lago está dentro del Parque del Humedal de iSimangaliso (un Patrimonio de la Humanidad). El lago fue nombrado Santa Lucía por Manuel Perestrerello el 13 de diciembre de 1575, el día de la fiesta de Santa Lucía. Su nombre se cambió más tarde a «St. Lucia». El lago tiene 40 km de largo, 10 km de ancho y 1 m de profundidad en promedio.  El lago ofrece un hogar a diversas especies de aves, y animales como peces, cocodrilos, hipopótamos y grandes manadas de antílopes.

Véase también
 Geografía de Sudáfrica
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Op pad in Suid-Afrika. BPJ Erasmus. 1995. ISBN 1-86842-026-4

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización del lago

Lagos de Sudáfrica

Lago Santa Lucía


An Miltonia binotii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Miltonia binotii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Miltonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Miltonia

Miltonia binotii


Tokugawa Ienari (, November 18, 1773 – March 22, 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan who held office from 1787 to 1837. He was a great-grandson of the eighth shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune through his son Munetada (1721–1764), head of the Hitotsubashi branch of the family, and his grandson Harusada (1751–1827).

Ienari died in 1841 and was given the Buddhist name Bunkyouin and buried at Kan'ei-ji.

Events of Ienari's bakufu
 1787 (Tenmei 7): Ienari becomes the 11th shōgun of the bakufu government.
 1788 (Tenmei 7): Riots in rice shops in Edo and Osaka.
 March 6 – 11, 1788 (Tenmei 8, 29th day of the 1st month – 4th day of the second month): Great Fire of Kyoto.  A fire in the city, which begins at 3 o'clock in the morning of March 6 burns uncontrolled until the 1st day of the second month (March 8); and embers smolder until extinguished by heavy rain on the 4th day of the second month (March 11).  The emperor and his court flee the fire, and the Imperial Palace is destroyed. No other re-construction is permitted until a new palace is completed. This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch VOC Opperhoofd in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent."
 February 28, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 18th day of the 1st month): Collapse of the peak of Mount Unzen.
 March 17, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 6th day of the 2nd month):  Eruption of Mt. Biwas-no-kubi
 April 15, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 3rd month):  The Shimabara earthquake.
 May 10, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 4th month):  Eruption of Mt. Miyama.
 September 1817, the Shōgun orders the expulsion of Titia Bergsma, the first European woman to visit Japan
 1833–1837, the Tenpō famine
 1837 (Tenpō 7): Tokugawa Ieyoshi becomes the 12th shōgun of the bakufu government.

Ienari's time in office was marked by an era of pleasure, excess, and corruption, which ended in the disastrous Tenpō Famine of 1832–1837, in which thousands are known to have perished.

Family life

First wife

In 1778, the four-year-old Hitotsubashi Toyochiyo (豊千代), a minor figure in the Tokugawa clan hierarchy, was betrothed to Shimazu Shigehime or Tadakohime, the four-year-old daughter of Shimazu Shigehide, the tozama daimyō of Satsuma Domain on the island of Kyūshū.  The significance of this alliance was dramatically enhanced when, in 1781, the young Toyochiyo was adopted by the childless shōgun, Tokugawa Ieharu.  This meant that when Toyochiyo became Shōgun Ienari in 1786, Shigehide was set to become the father-in-law of the shōgun.   The marriage was completed in 1789, after which Tadako became formally known as Midaidokoro Sadako, or "first wife" Sadako.  Protocol required that she be adopted into a court family, and the Konoe family agreed to take her in but this was a mere formality.

Other relationships
Ienari kept a harem of 900 women and fathered over 75 children.

Many of Ienari's children were adopted into various daimyō houses throughout Japan, and some played important roles in the history of the Bakumatsu and Boshin War. Some of the more famous among them included:
 Hachisuka Narihiro, Tokushima Domain
 Hachisuka Mochiaki
 Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932)
 Hachisuka Masauji (1903–1953)
 Hachisuka Masako (1941)
 Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970)
 Matsudaira Naritami, Tsuyama Domain
 Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1849), Shimizu Tokugawa family then to Wakayama Domain
 Matsudaira Narisawa, Fukui Domain
 Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846), Wakayama Domain
 Tokugawa Iemochi
 Tazawa Hidenari, Tazawa Domain, as Tazawa Hideyasu's adopted son

Parents and siblings
 Father: Tokugawa Harusada (1751–1827)
 Mother: O-Tomi no Kata (d. 1817)
 Adoptive Father: Tokugawa Ieharu
 Siblings:
 Kiihime married Hosokawa Naritatsu of Kumamoto Domain
 Matsudaira Yoshisue (1785–1804) of Takasu Domain
 Kuroda Naritaka (1777–1795) of Fukuoka Domain
 Tokugawa Harukuni (1776–1793)
 Tokugawa Nariatsu
 Hisanosuke
 Honnosuke
 Tokugawa Narimasa
 Yunosuke

Wife and concubines
 Wife: Shimazu Shigehime, later Kodaiin (1773–1844), daughter of Shimazu Shigehide of Satsuma Domain
 Concubine:
 Omiyo no Kata (1797–1872) (There is legend said that Omiyo was daughter of Tokugawa Ieharu with a servant) later Senkoin
 O-ito no kata
 Oyae no Kata (d. 1843) later Kaishun'in
 Oraku no Kata (d. 1810) later Korin'in
 Otase no Kata (d. 1832) later Myosoin
 Ohana no Kata (d. 1845) later Seiren'in
 Ohachi no Kata later Honrin'in (d. 1850)
 Ohachi no Kata (d. 1813) later Chisoin
 Osode no Kata (d. 1830) later Honshoin
 Oyachi no Kata (d. 1810) later Seishoin
 Osato no Kata (d. 1800) later Chosoin
 Ocho no Kata (d. 1852) later Sokuseiin
 Oshiga no Kata (d. 1813) later Keimeiin
 Outa no Kata (d. 1851) later Hoschiin
 Oume no Kata (d. 1794)later Shinsei-in
 Oman no Kata (d. 1835) later Seishin'in
 Obi no Kata (d. 1808) later Hoshin'in

Children
 Toshihime (1789–1817) married Tokugawa Naritomo by Oman
 Koso-in (b. 1790) by Oman
 Takechiyo (1792–1793) by Oman
 Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793-1837) by Korin'in
 Hidehime (b. 1794) later Tansei-in by Oume
 Ayahime (1795–1797; infant when died and replaced by her younger sister, Asahime) Married Date Chikamune of Sendai Domain by Oman
 Tokugawa Keinosuke (1795–1797) by Outa
 Tokugawa Atsunosuke (1796–1799) born by Shigehime inherited Shimazu-Tokugawa family
 Sohime (1796–1797) by Oshiga
 Tokugawa Toyasaburo (b. 1798) by Outa
 Kakuhime (1798–1799) by Osato
 Gohyakuhime (1799–1800) by Outa
 Tazawa Hidenari
 Tokugawa Hidemaru
 Mine-hime (1800–1853) born by Otase and married Tokugawa Narinobu of Owari Domain
 Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited Kii Domain and born to Otase
 Toruhime (1801–1802) by Ocho
 Jiyohime (1802–1803) by Oume
 Asahime (1803–1843) married Date Chikamune later married Matsudaira Naritsugu of Fukui Domain by Obi
 Jukihime (1803–1804) by Otase
 Tokugawa Tokinosuke (1803–1805) by Ocho
 Harehime (1805–1807) by Otase
 Tokugawa Torachiyo (1806–1810) by Ocho
 Kohime (b. 1806)
 Kishihime (1807–1811)
 Motohime (1808–1821) married Matsudaira Katahiro of Aizu Domain by Oyachi
 Ayahime (1809–1837) married Matsudaira Yoritane of Takamatsu Domain by Osode
 Tokugawa Tomomatsu (1809–1813) by Ocho
 Yohime (1813–1868), married Maeda Nariyasu, born to Omiyo
 Nakahime (1815–1817), born to Omiyo
 Tokugawa Narinori (1810–1827) inherited Shimizu family of Gosankyō and born by Oyae
 Tokugawa Naritaka born by Ocho
 Tsuyahime (b.1811) by Osode
 Morihime (1811–1846) married Nabeshima Naomasa of Saga Domain by Oyae
 Ikeda Narihiro (1812–1826) born by Oyae
 Kazuhime (1813–1830) married Mori Narito of Chōshū Domain by Ocho
 Takahime (1813–1814) by Osode
 Tokugawa Okugoro (1813–1814) by Ohachi
 Kotohime (1815–1816) by Ohana
 Tokugawa Kyugoro (1815–1817) by Ocho
 Matsudaira Naritami born to Oyae
 Suehime (1817–1872) married Asano Naritaka of Hiroshima Domain later Yousein by Omiyo
 Kiyohime (1818–1868), married Sakai Tadanori of Himeji Domain later Seiko-in, born to Oyae
 Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1820–1838) adopted to Fukui-Matsudaira family by Ohana
 Tokugawa Shichiro (1818–1821) by Osode
 Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1819–1839) of Hamada Domain and born to Oyae
 Ei-hime (1819–1875) married Tokugawa Narikura of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family by Ohana
 Tokugawa Nariharu born by Ohana
 Matsudaira Narisawa born by Honrin'in
 Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited Kii Domain and born by Osode
 Hachisuka Narihiro born by Oyae
 Tokugawa Hachiro (1822–1823) by Osode
 Matsudaira Narisada (1823–1841) born by Ohana
 Matsudaira Narikoto (1825–1844) of Akashi Domain born by Ohana
 Taehime (1827–1843) by Ohana and married Ikeda Narimichi of Tottori Domain
 Tokugawa Taminosuke, born by O-ito
 Fumihime

Notable descendants
Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846)
 Kikuhime
 Yohime
 Tokugawa Iemochi

Asahime (1803–1843) married Matsudaira Naritsugu
 Kikuhime (1829–1829)
 Yoshimaru (1835–1835)
 Kuninosuke

Tokugawa Naritaka
 Shomaru (1846–1847) inherited Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family
 Rihime married Asano Yoshiteru
 Fuhime married Matsudaira Noritoshi

Yo-hime (1813–1868) married Maeda Nariyasu
 Ikeda Yoshitaka (1834–1850)
 Kanoshimaru
 Maeda Yoshiyasu
 Maeda Toshitsugu (1858–1900)
 Namiko married Toshinari Maeda
 Maeda Toshitatsu (1908–1989)
 Maeda Toshiyasu (b. 1935)
 Maeda Toshinori (b. 1963)

Matsudaira Naritami
 Matsudaira Yasutomo
 Hitoshimaru
 daughter married Miura Yoshitsugu
 Matsudaira Yasutami (1861–1921)
 Matsudaira Yasuyoshi
 Matsudaira Yasuharu
 Takako married Ichishima Noriatsu
 Teruko married Shuta Yasuto
 Watanabe Akira
 Tsuruko married Matsudaira Yoritsune
 Sansuko married Isahaya Fujio
 Matsudaira Shiro
 Matsudaira Fumihiro

Suehime
 Yakuhime (1843–1843)

Kiyo-hime
 Tokudairo (1835–1837)
 Kisohime (b. 1834) married Sakai Tadatomi

Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850)
 Ryuchiyo
 Tatsujiro
 Nobehime
 Akihime
 Junhime
 Kikuhime

Hachisuka Narihiro
 Kayohime (1848–1865) married Matsudaira Mochiaki
 Hachisuka Mochiaki
 Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932)
 Hachisuka Tsuruko
 Hachisuka Yoshiko
 Hachisuka Saeko married Satake Yoshitane
 Hachisuka Fueko married Masayuki Matsuda
 Asako married Prince Kaya-no-Miya Harunori
 Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970) married Matsudaira Yasuharu
 1 son and 4 daughters
 Masauji Hachisuka (1903–1953)
 Masako Hachisuka (b. 1941)

Tokugawa Ieyoshi
 Takechiyo (1813–1814)
 Tatsuhime (1814–1818)
 Tomohime (1815–1815)
 Saigen-in (1816–1816)
 Yochiyo (1819–1820)
 Entsuin (1822-1822)
 Tokugawa Iesada
 Maihime (1824–1829)
 Tokugawa Yoshimasa (1825–1838) of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family
 Teruhime (1826–1840) married Tokugawa Yoshiyori and later known as Teimei-in
 Hanhime (1826–1826) by Okaju
 Tokugawa Harunojo (1826–1827)
 Tokugawa Atsugoro (1828–1829)
 Tokugawa Jikimaru (1829–1830)
 Tokugawa Ginnojo (1832–1833)
 Satohime (1833–1834)
 Chiehime (1835–1836)
 Yoshihime (1836–1837)
 Tokugawa Kamegoro (1838–1839)
 Maijihime (1839–1840)
 Wakahime (1842–1843)
 Shoyo-in (1843–1843)
 Okuhime (1844–1845)
 Tokugawa Tadashimaru (1845–1846)
 Shikihime (1848–1848)
 Sashin-in (1849–1849)
 Tokugawa Choyoshiro (1852–1853)

Eras of Ienari's bakufu
The years in which Ienari was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Tenmei (1781–1789)
 Kansei (1789–1801)
 Kyōwa  (1801–1804)
 Bunka  (1804–1818)
 Bunsei (1818–1830)
 Tenpō  (1830–1844)

Ancestry

See also
 Matsudaira Sadanobu

Notes

References
 Hall, John Whitney and Marius Jansen. (1991).  Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; OCLC 62064695
 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns:  Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon.  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
 Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

External links
 PBS timeline of Japanese History

1773 births
1841 deaths
18th-century shōguns
19th-century shōguns
Tokugawa shōguns
Tokugawa clan
Child monarchs from Asia

Tokugawa Ienari


10504 Doga este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10504 Doga este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Juravliova. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,76 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 5,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Merxia

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1987
Centura de asteroizi

10504 Doga


නාසා ලෙස කෙටියෙන් හැඳින්වෙන ජාතික අවකාශ තරණ සහ අජටාකාශ පරිපාලනය යනු එක්සත් ජනපද ආණ්ඩුවෙහි ජාතික පොදු අභ්‍යාවකාශ වැඩසටහන් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ඒජන්සියයි. ජාතික ගගන යාත්‍රා හා අභ්‍යාවකාශ පනත මඟින් 1958 ජූලි 29 වනදා නාසා ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.

අභ්‍යාවකාශ වැඩසටහන්වලට අමතරව එය දීර්ඝ කාලීන සාමාජීය හා යුධමය අභ්‍යාවකාශ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා ද වගකීම් දරයි. 2006 පෙබරවාරි මස සිට නාසාහි තමන් හඳුන්වා ගන්නා මෙහෙයුම් වාක්‍ය වන්නේ අභ්‍යාවකාශ ගවේෂණය, විද්‍යාත්මක සොයා ගැනීම්වලින් හා ගගන යාත්‍රා පිළිබඳ පර්යේෂණවලින් අනාගත පුරෝගාමීන් වීම යන්නයි.

නාසාහි ආදර්ශ පාඨය වන්නේ "සියල්ලෙහිම යහපත උදෙසා" යන්නයි.
නාසාහි අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ කාර්යාලයේ ආදර්ශ පාඨය වන්නේ Shaping the Future: Launching new endeavors to inspire the next generation of explorers.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration යනු නාසා යන්නෙහි දීර්ඝ නාමයයි. මෙයින් NASA යන  නාමය සැකසී ඇත්තේ National  යන කොටසින්  "N" අකුරද, Aeronautics යන කොටසින් "A" අකුරද, Space යන කොටසින්  "S" අකුරද, Administration යන කොටසින් "A" යන අකුරද  එකතු වීමෙනි.

කාර්යභාරය
මිනිසා විසින් කිසියම් සංවිධානයක් හෝ ආයතනයක් පිහිටුවා ගනු ලබන්නේ කිසියම් අරමුණක් හා කාර්යභාරයක් සිදු කිරීමට ඇප කැප වීමෙනි.  නාසා ආයතනයද එවැනි විශාල කාර්ය භාරයක් සිදු කිරීමට ඇප කැප වී සිටී.  එම ආයතනයේ ප්‍රධානම කාර්යභාරය ලෙස නම් කොට ඇත්තේ ඇමරිකානු රජය විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන අභ්‍යවකාශය පිළිබඳ ගවේෂණවලට සහයදීම සහ ඔවුන්ගේ සන්නිවේදන කටයුතු සම්බන්ධයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන ව්‍යාපෘතිවලට සහය දීමත්ය.

පාලනය
කිසියම් ආයතනයක් හෝ සංවිධානයක් පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ කිසියම් පුද්ගලයෙකු හෝ තවත් එවැනිම  මව් ආයතනයක් මගිනි. නාසා ආයතනයෙහි ප්‍රධානතම පාලකයා ලෙසට කටයුතු කරනු ලබන්නේ ඇමෙරිකානු ජනාධිපති-    වරයාය. මෙම ආයතනය මගින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන සියලුම අභ්‍යවකාශ ව්‍යාපෘතිවලට අවශ්‍ය මිල මුදල් හා උපකරණ  සපයා දෙමින් ජනාධිපතිවරයා නාසාහි  පාලන කටයුතුවලට සෘජුවම මැදිහත් වේ.
නාසා ආයතනයට අයත් විවිධ අංශ
ගුවන් හා අභ්‍යවකාශ තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ කාර්යාලය, ජීව විද්‍යාව හා ඒ  පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයන කටයුතු පිළිබඳ   කාර්යාලය, පෘථිවි  කටයුතු සොයා බැලීමේ කාර්යාලය, අභ්‍යවකාශ විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ කාර්යාලය, අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා පිළිබඳ කාර්යාලය, ජෝන්. එෆ්. කෙනඩි මධ්‍යස්ථානය, ගොඩාර්ඩ් මධ්‍යස්ථානය, හුස්ටන්හි ලින්ඩන් බි. ජොන්සන් මධ්‍යස්ථානය සහ ජෝර්ජ් ඩී. මාෂල්  මධ්‍යස්ථානය යනු නාසා ආයතනයට අයත් විවිධ අංශ වේ.

ඉතිහාසය
නාසා ආයතනය උපත ලැබුවේ 1958 දී ඇමෙරිකාවේදීය. එම ආයතනය උපත ලැබිමට තුඩු දුන් ප්‍රධානතම හේතුව වූයේ එකල සෝවියට් දේශයත් ඇමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයත් අතර පැවති අභ්‍යවකාශ තරගයයි. නාසා ආයතනය ඇරඹී මුල් අවධියේදී එයට රාජ්‍ය  අනුග්‍රහය නොලැබිණි. පසුව එවකට ඇමෙරිකානු  ජනාධිපතිවරයාව සිටි ජෝන්. එෆ්. කෙනඩි නාසා ආයතනය වෙනුවෙන් විශාල  වශයෙන් මුදල් වැය කළේය.  ඔහුගෙන් පසුව ඇමෙරිකාවේ  ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත්වූ සියලුම පුද්ගලයින් නාසා ආයතනය සඳහා මුදල්  ප්‍රතිපාදන ලබාදුන්නේය. මේ මගින් නාසා ආයතනයේ කටයුතු දියුණු කිරීමට ඔවුන් කටයුතු කරන ලදී.

වෙනත් විස්තර
කිසියම් අභ්‍යවකාශ  යානයක් ගුවන් ගතවීමත් සමගම ජනමාධ්‍ය තුළින් වැඩි වශයෙන්ම ප්‍රචාරය වන්නේ නාසා නමැති නාමයයි. දැනට අභ්‍යවකාශය පිළිබඳ මිනිසා දැනසිටින තොරතුරු සංඛ්‍යාවන් වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් සොයාගෙන  ඇත්තේ නාසා  ආයතනය විසිනි. වර්තමාන ලෝකය තුළ නාසා ආයතනය වැනි තවත් ආයතන විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් පිහිටා තිබුණද ඒවා අතරින්  වැඩිම ධනස්කන්දයක් හිමි ආයතනය ලෙස වරම් ලබා ඇත්තේද නාසා ආයතනයයි.

 සරත් ගුණපාල - ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ප්‍රධාන විද්‍යාඥ ආචාර්ය

බාහිර සබැඳි

 NASA Engineering and Safety Center
 NASA Photos  and NASA Images
 NASA Launch Schedule
 NASA Television and NASA podcasts

 NASA in the Federal Register
 NASA Watch, an agency watchdog site
 The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
 NASA Documents relating to the Space Program, 1953–62, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
 Online documents pertaining to the early history and development of NASA, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
 NASA records available for research at the National Archives at Atlanta
 Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL) – historic technical reports from NASA and other federal agencies
 NASA Alumni League, NAL Florida Chapter, NAL JSC Chapter

තාරකා විද්‍යාව
අභ්‍යාවකාශ විද්‍යාව
නාසා

නාසා


El río Murchison puede referirse a los siguientes ríos:

 Río Murchison (Australia Occidental)
 Río Murchison (Nueva Zelanda)
 Río Murchison (Tasmania)
 Río Murchison (Nunavut) (Kuuk)

Río Murchison