John Moore may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Art
John Francis Moore (sculptor) (died 1809), see St. Nicolas' Church, North Stoneham
John Collingham Moore (1829–1880), English artist
John Moore (painter) (born 1941), American artist
John Moore (artist), South African artist
John Moore (photographer) (born 1967), American photographer
John Moore of Ipswich, (1821–1902), painter and decorator

Film and theater
John Moore (actor) (late 20th-century), Australian actor in Aboriginal roles
John Moore (stage manager) (1814–1893), British actor, prompter, and stage manager
Jack D. Moore (1906–1998), American set decorator
John Moore (designer) (fl. 1960s), motion picture art director and production designer
John Moore (director) (born 1970), film director, producer, and writer
John Moore (broadcaster) (born 1966), Canadian broadcaster, actor, and voice actor

Music
John Moore (piper) (1834–1894), Irish piper
Deacon John Moore (born 1941), New Orleans musician and bandleader
John Moore (British musician) (born 1964), musician with The Jesus and Mary Chain, Black Box Recorder
John Moore (songwriter) (born 1969), songwriter and singer for the American band 53 Days
John Moore (bluegrass musician), mandolin player
Johnny B. Moore (born 1950), American Chicago blues guitarist, singer and songwriter

Writing
John Moore (Manx poet), privateer and poet from the late 18th Century
John Moore (Scottish physician) (1729–1802), author of the 1789 novel Zeluco and father of General Sir John Moore
John Weeks Moore (1807–1889), editor of musical publications
John Robert Moore (1890–1973), literary critic and student of Daniel Defoe
John Moore (British author) (1907–1967), British author and pioneer conservationist
John Moore (American author) (born 1959), American author
John Francis Moore (writer), comic book writer
John Trotwood Moore (1858–1929), American journalist, writer and local historian

Clergy
John Moore (1595?–1657), English clergyman; authored anti-enclosure pamphlets
John Moore (bishop of Ely) (1646–1714), British scholar
John Moore (Baptist) (1662–1726), English Baptist minister from Northampton
John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury) (1730–1805), Archbishop of Canterbury
John Moore (bishop of St. Augustine) (1835–1901), Bishop of St. Augustine, Florida, 1877–1901
John Moore (Methodist bishop) (1867–1948), Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
John Moore (bishop of Bauchi) (1942–2010), Bishop of Bauchi, Nigeria
John Jamison Moore (died 1893), American preacher and educator
John Moore (archdeacon of Cloyne), Archdeacon of Cloyne, 1665–1687

Law and politics

Australia
John Moore (Australian judge) (1915–1998), President of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission
John Moore (Australian politician) (born 1936), Australian defence minister under John Howard

Canada
John Moore (Lower Canada politician) (died 1858), contractor and political figure in Lower Canada
John Francis Moore (politician) (1816–1870), Canadian politician
John Douglas Moore (1843–1917), Ontario farmer and political figure
John Thomas Moore (1844–1917), member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905–1909
John Clarke Moore (1872–1943), Conservative member of the Canadian House of Commons

U.K.
John Moore (MP for Dover) (fl. 1584–1586), MP for Dover
John Moore (regicide) (1599–1650), regicide of King Charles I of England
John Moore (Lord Mayor) (1620–1702), English politician, MP for the City of London, 1685–1687
John Moore, 1st Baron Moore (died 1725), Irish politician
John Moore (1756–1834) (1756–1834), MP who represented the constituency of Newry
John Moore (Irish politician) (1767–1799), President of the Province of Connacht, Irish Republic
John Voce Moore (1826–1904), Lord Mayor of London, 1898–1899
John William Moor (1881–?), British socialist activist
John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh (1937–2019), British Cabinet minister under Margaret Thatcher

U.S.
John Moore (Louisiana politician) (1788–1867), U.S. Congressman from Louisiana
John Moore (Illinois politician) (1793–1863), Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
John C. Moore (Denver mayor) (1832–1915), American politician
John W. Moore (Missouri politician) (1840–1917), U.S. politician
John P. Moore (Maryland politician) (1856–1918), American politician
John Isaac Moore (1856–1937), acting governor of Arkansas, 1907
John Bassett Moore (1860–1947), U.S. international jurist
John Marks Moore (1853-1902), Secretary of State of Texas, 1887–1891
John Matthew Moore (1862–1940), U.S. Congressman from Texas
John William Moore (1877–1941), U.S. Representative from Kentucky
John Moore Allison (1905–1978), United States Ambassador to Japan, Czechoslovakia and Indonesia
John D. J. Moore (1910–1988), United States Ambassador to Ireland, 1969–1975
John J. Moore (1920–1976), New York state senator
John H. Moore II (1927–2013), United States federal judge
John E. Moore (born 1943), Lieutenant Governor of Kansas
John Moore (Mississippi politician) (born 1954), member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
John Moore (Nevada politician) (born 1964), former member of the Nevada Assembly

Military
Sir John Moore, 1st Baronet (1718–1779), British admiral
John Moore (British Army officer) (1761–1809), British general, a.k.a. Moore of Corunna
John Henry Moore (Texas settler) (1800–1880), settler and officer in the Texas Revolution of 1835–1836
John Creed Moore (1824–1910), U.S. Army officer, Confederate brigadier general
John Moore (physician) (1826–1907), U.S. Army surgeon-general
John Warren Moore (1827–1879), Confederate officer, sheriff and farmer from Mobile, Alabama
John White Moore (1832–1913), U.S. Naval officer
John Anderson Moore (1910–1944), U.S. Naval officer
John Moore (Royal Navy officer) (1921–2010), British Royal Navy submariner and editor of Jane's Fighting Ships

Science
John Howard Moore (1862–1916), American zoologist, philosopher, educator and socialist
John Percy Moore (1869–1965), American zoologist
John Alexander Moore (1915–2002), American biologist
John Fitzallen Moore (1928–2018), American physicist, son of authors Virginia Moore and Louis Untermeyer
John B. Moore (engineer) (1941–2013), Australian electrical engineer
John P. Moore, American virologist
John Wilson Moore (1920–2019), American biophysicist
John Edmund Sharrock Moore, English biologist

Sports

Association football
Jack Moore (sportsman) (1911–?), English footballer, referee and tennis player
John Moore (footballer, born 1923) (1923–2012), English footballer
John Moore (footballer, born February 1943) (1943–2009), Lincoln City F.C. winger/forward
John Moore (footballer, born December 1943), Scottish football player and manager (Luton Town)
John Moore (footballer, born 1945), footballer for Shrewsbury Town, Swansea City and Stoke City
John Moore (footballer, born 1966), English-born Hong Kong international player

Other sports
John Moore (cricketer, born 1891) (1891–1980), Hampshire cricketer
John Moore (baseball), American baseball player of the 1920s
John Moore (rugby league) (died 1942), rugby league footballer of the 1930s and 1940s for England and Bradford Northern
John Doxie Moore (1911–1986), American basketball player and coach
John Moore (skier) (born 1933), British Olympic skier
John Moore (cricketer, born 1943) (1943–2004), former English cricketer
John Moore (referee) (born 1949), Irish hurling referee
John Moore (horseman) (born 1950), Australian racehorse trainer
John Moore (rower) (born 1964), American Olympic rower
John Moore (ice hockey) (born 1990), American ice hockey defenseman

Other people
John Bradford Moore (1855–1926), pioneer in the Navajo rug trade
John Chandler Moore (1803–1874), American silversmith
John Coleman Moore (1923–2016), American mathematician
John Franklin Moore (1822–1877), American farmer and developer in North Carolina
John H. Moore (1939–2016), American anthropologist
John Moore (economist) (born 1954), British economist
John Moore (anarchist) (1957–2002), British anarchist and professor
Sir John Moore (civil servant), British civil servant
John Moore (patent), civil complainant about patent relating to his body's cell line
John Godfrey Moore (1847–1899), American businessman, financier and Wall Street stock market promoter

Other uses
USS John A. Moore (FFG-19), U.S. Navy frigate (1981–2000)

See also
John More (disambiguation)
Johnny Moore (disambiguation)
John Francis Moore (disambiguation)
John Henry Moore (disambiguation)
John Moores (disambiguation)
Jackie Moore (disambiguation)

John Moore


Flight, Prison Break dizisinin yirmi ikinci ve 1. sezonun son bölümüdür. Bölümün senaryosunu dizinin yaratıcısı Paul Scheuring yazmıştır, yönetmenliğini Kevin Hooks yapmıştır. Bölüm ilk kez 15 Mayıs 2006'da Amerika'da yayınlanmıştır. Türkiye'de 3 Eylül 2006 tarihinde CNBC-e kanalında ilk olarak gösterilmiştir. Michael Scofield ve diğer yedi mahkûm Fox River Eyalet Hapishanesi'nden kaçarlar.

Bölüm özeti
Kaçış sırasında kanaması artan Charles westmoreland daha fazla ilerleyemez ve Utah'ta bir arazinin altında saklı olan 5 milyon dolarlık servetinden söz eder ve onu paylaşmalarını söyler. Ardından hayata gözlerini yumar. Herkes pencereden karşıya geçtikten sonra Michael ve Sucre'nin kuzeni kalır. Michael ipe tutunur ve karşıya geçmeye başlar. Kısa bir süre sonra Sucre'nin kuzeni de ipe atlar ancak ip daha fazla dayanamaz ve kopar. Michael son bir gayretle kopan ipten tırmanır ve hapishane dışına çıkar. Kuzen ise yakalanmıştır. Polisler ona kaçakların isimlerini sorar ve o da söyler. Bellick ise borudan kurtulmuştur. Silahını eline alır almaz kaçakları yakalamak için yola koyulur.

Hapishaneden çıktıktan sonra önceden belirlenen bir yerde park edilmiş minibüse doğru hareket ederler ve minibüsü bulurlar. Plana son anda katılan Patoshik'i (Haywire) ise burada kandırırlar ve yollarına onsuz devam ederler. Minibüsle uçağın olduğu piste ilerlerken yolun polisler tarafından kesilmiş olduğunu görürler ve toprak yola saparlar. Ancak minibüsün tekeri çamura saplanmıştır. Bu sorunu aşamayınca kalan yolu yürüyerek geçmeye karar verirler. Michael yola koyulmadan önce ise Tweener'a artık yollarının ayrıldığını ve kendi yoluna gitmesi gerektiğini söyler.

Helikopterler, jipler ve polis araçları her tarafta mahkûmları aramaktadır. Müdür Pope tüm yolların kapatıldığını ve onları yakalamanın sandığından kısa süreceğini söyler. Kaçaklar terk edilmiş bir depo bulur ve oraya girerler. Amaçları T-Bag'i saf dışı bırakmaktır. Abruzzi, kendini Michael'in eline kelepçeleyen T-Bag'in sol elini balta ile keser ve intikamını alır.

Ekipten ayrılan Patoshik bir bisiklet ile Tweener'da bir arabanın kasasına atlayarak yollarına devam ederler. T-Bag ise tek eliyle var gücüyle kaçmaya çalışır. Geriye kalan 5 kişi ise piste ulaşmışlardır. Ancak hiç beklemedikleri bir şeyle karşılaşırlar: Uçağı kullanacak olan kişi polislerin onu tutuklayacağından korkar ve uçağı havalandırıp oradan kaçar. Bunu gören kaçaklar için ise geriye tek bir seçenek kalmıştır: Koşmak.

Notlar
Flight, hem kaçış hem de uçuş anlamına gelmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Sezon 1 Bölüm 22 - Fox

Büyük Kaçış bölümleri

Flight (Büyük Kaçış bölümü)


Prik og Plet Søen kalder er en animationsfilm instrueret af Lotta Geffenblad, Uzi Geffenblad efter manuskript af Lotta Geffenblad, Uzi Geffenblad.

Handling
Prik og Plet leger pirater. De bygger en flåde med dødningeflag og begiver sig ud på havet. Men for megen sol får dem til at til at starte en farlig fægteduel. De bliver både skoldede og får sig en ufrivillig svømmetur. Så er det alligvel bedre med en sandwich i sofaen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Prik og Plet Søen kalder


An Eleocharis argyrolepis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kierulff. An Eleocharis argyrolepis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis argyrolepis


La Spaso House est un bâtiment néoclassique classé à Moscou.

Il a été construit à l'origine en 1913 comme le manoir de l'industriel du textile Nikolaï Vtorov.

Depuis 1933, c'est la résidence de l'ambassadeur américain en Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques (URSS), et depuis 1991, en Russie.

Bâtiment à Moscou
Maison en Russie
Relations entre les États-Unis et l'Union soviétique
Relations entre les États-Unis et la Russie
Objet patrimonial culturel d'importance fédérale à Moscou

Spaso House


تتكون المدينة المنورة من 49 حيًا كالتالي:
 حي العزيزية.
 حي الملك فهد.
 حي الربوة.
 حي سيد الشهداء.
 حي قباء.
 حي العنابس.
 حي السحمان.
 حي المستراح.
 حي البحر.
 حي الجبور.
 حي النصر.
 حي العنبرية.
 حي العوالي.
 حي العيون.
 حي المناخة.
 حي الأغوات.
 حي الساحة.
 حي زقاق الطيار.
 حي الحرة الشرقية.
 حي التاجوري.
 حي باب المجيدي.
 حي باب الشامي.
 حي الحرة الغربية.
 حي الجرف.
 حي الدويمة.
 حي القبلتين.
 حي أبيار علي.
 حي الخالدية.
 حي الاسكان.
 حي المطار.
 حي البيداء.
 حي تلعة الهبوب.
 حي المبعوث.
 حي العاقول.
 حي الخضراء.
 حي وعيره.
 حي الفيصل.
 حي الحرة الشمالية الشرقية.
 حي قربان.
 حي المنشية.
 حي السيح.
 حي الوبرة.
 حي النخاولة.
 حي عروة.
 حي الدخل المحدود.
 حي العصبة.
 حي شوران.
 حي الراية.
 حي الفتح.
 حي الحمراء.
 حي المصانع.

انظر أيضًا

 أحواش المدينة المنورة
 أبواب المدينة المنورة

مراجع

أحياء المدينة المنورة


Hans Christian Bjerg (født 15. august 1944 i København) er en dansk historiker, forfatter og tidligere overarkivar på Rigsarkivet. Bjerg har især beskæftiget sig med marinehistorie, og han har skrevet flere bøger om emnet.

Karriere
Hans Christian Bjerg gik på Østersøgades Gymnasium, hvor han blev student i 1963. Herefter blev han uddannet i historie og indianske sprog og kulturer fra Københavns Universitet. I 1971 blev han arkivar på Rigsarkivet. I 1974 blev han historisk konsulent ved Søværnet, og siden 1975 har han undervist ved Søværnets Officersskole. Samtidig underviste han på Københavns Universitet i indianske sprog og kulturer frem til 1983. Fra 1981 til 2002 var han overarkivar på Rigsarkivet. Siden 1987 har han været med i Kontroludvalget vedrørende Politiets og Forsvarets Efterretningstjenester.

Bjerg har især forsket i marinehistorie. Han grundlagde Marinehistorisk Tidsskrift i 1967 og var redaktør for samme fra grundlæggelsen frem til 1978. Han var medredaktør fra 1986 til 1991. Bjerg har desuden forfattet en række fagbøger om historiske emner, og særligt om militær og marinen.

Bibliografi
 1980 Danske orlogsskibe 1690-1860 (med John Erichsen). .
 1985 Ligaen. Den danske militære efterretningstjeneste 1940-45 (to bind)
 1995 Til gavn for Danmarks forsvar
 2005 (sammen med Ole L. Frantzen) Danmark i Krig
 2006 Dannebrog - historien om et kristent og nationalt symbol
 2010 Dansk orlogshistorie 1510-2010

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Bjergs hjemmeside

Historikere fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Personer fra København
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Hans Christian Bjerg


Boserup ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anders Boserup (1940–1990), dänischer Physiker
 Caroline Boserup (* 1969), dänische Journalistin
 Ester Boserup (1910–1999), dänische Ökonomin
 Julia Boserup (* 1991), US-amerikanische Tennisspielerin
 Niels Boserup (1943–2021), dänischer Journalist

Boserup


An Polystachya virginea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Polystachya virginea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polystachya, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. v. parva
 P. v. virginea

Mga kasarigan

Polystachya

Polystachya virginea


An Ichnanthus grandifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johann es Christoph Christian Döll, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Fernando Omar Zuloaga och Thomas Robert Soderstrom. An Ichnanthus grandifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ichnanthus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ichnanthus

Ichnanthus grandifolius


West Lindsey es un distrito no metropolitano del condado de Lincolnshire (Inglaterra). Fue constituido el 1 de abril de 1974 bajo la Ley de Gobierno Local de 1972 como una fusión de los distritos urbanos de Gainsborough y Market Rasen y los distritos rurales de Caistor, Gainsborough y Welton.

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, West Lindsey tiene una superficie de 1155,71 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, West Lindsey tenía 79 515 habitantes (49,02% varones, 50,98% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 68,8 hab/km². El 19,73% eran menores de 16 años, el 71,99% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 8,28% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,05 años.

La mayor parte (96,88%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,68% de la población, mientras que el 0,4% había nacido en África, el 0,67% en Asia, el 0,22% en América del Norte, el 0,04% en América del Sur, el 0,09% en Oceanía y el 0,02% en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 99,03% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,41% mestizos, el 0,24% asiáticos, el 0,16% negros, el 0,1% chinos y el 0,06% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 81,84%, el budismo por el 0,11%, el hinduismo por el 0,09%, el judaísmo por el 0,04%, el islam por el 0,09%, el sijismo por el 0,06% y cualquier otra religión por el 0,19%. El 10,93% no eran religiosos y el 6,65% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

El 37,35% de los habitantes estaban solteros, el 47,93% casados, el 1,48% separados, el 6,25% divorciados y el 7% viudos. Había 32 872 hogares con residentes, de los cuales el 25,22% estaban habitados por una sola persona, el 7,94% por padres solteros con o sin hijos dependientes, el 65,41% por parejas (57,15% casadas, 8,26% sin casar) con o sin hijos dependientes, y el 1,44% por múltiples personas. Además, había 1917 hogares sin ocupar y 153 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial del Ayuntamiento de West Lindsey (en inglés).

Distritos no metropolitanos de Lincolnshire

West Lindsey


මැණික්, වටිනා ලෝහ හෝ වෙනත් අමුද්‍රව්‍යන්ගෙන් නිර්මාණය කරන්නාවූ මාළ, මුදු, වළලූ ආදී පුද්ගලික සැරසිලි ආභරණ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වේ.

ආදි කාලයේ ආභරණ යොදාගනු ලැබූයේ ධනවත් භාවය නිරූපනය කිරීම, ගබඩා කිරීම, රෙදි එකට ඇමිණීම වැනි ප‍්‍රායෝගික කාරණාවන් සඳහා වන අතර වර්තමානයේ එය හුදෙක්ම භාවිතාවන්නේ සැරසිල්ලක් ලෙසින් පමණකි. මුල් කාලීන ආභරණ ඇටකටු, සත්ව දත්, බෙලිකටු, ලී, කැටයම් කරන ලද ගල් වැනි ස්වභාවික අමුද්‍රව්‍ය වලින් නිර්මාණය කරනු ලැබිණි. බොහෝවිට ඉහල සමාජ තත්වයක් ඇති පිරිස් සිය තත්වය නිරූපනය කිරීම සඳහා ආභරණ යොදාගත් අතර ඔවුන් මියගියවිට ඔවුන් පැළඳි ආභරණද ඔවුන් සමග මිහිදන් කෙරිනි.

සෑම ශරීර අංගයක්ම පාහේ සැරසීම සඳහා කොණ්ඩා කටුවේ සිට පා මුදුව දක්වා විවිධාකාරයේ ආභරණ නිර්මාණය වී ඇත. ඉහල ගුණාත්මකභාවයකින් යුත් ආභරණ මැණික් හා වෙනත් වටිනා ගල් වර්ග යොදා නිර්මාණය කරනු ලබන අතර දැන් දැන් අමුද්‍රව්‍ය වටිනාකමට වඩා කලාත්මක ගුණය මත පිහිටා වටිනාකම තීරණය වන කලාත්මක ආභරණ සඳහා විශාල ඉල්ලූමක් ඇතිවෙමින් පවතී. මීට අමතරව  එක් එක් ඇඳුමට ගැලපෙන ලෙස පැළඳිය හැකි වටිනාකමින් අඩු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය යොදා තනනු ලබන එමෙන්ම මහා පරිමාණයෙන් නිපදවනු ලබන ආභරණද පවතී. නව ආභරණ නිර්මාණයන් අතර මූලික ලෝහ, කැඩුනු ගල් කැබලිවල සිට වටිනා ලෝහ සහ මැණික් දක්වා  ඕනෑම දෙයක් යොදා නිර්මාණය කරනු ලබන ආභරණ වර්ග බිහිවී ඇත.

විලාසිතා

ආභරණ


Olaylar
 Aşkelon Karay ihtiyarlarının mektubu, Aşkelon Karay cemaatinden altı ihtiyarın, Birinci Haçlı seferinin ardından Kudüs'ün düşüşünden dokuz ay sonra İskenderiye'deki dindaşlarıyla yaptığı mektuplaşma
 Ahlatşahlar Beyliği kuruldu (dağılışı 1207).

Doğumlar
 23 Mayıs - İmparator Qinzong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın dokuzuncu imparatoru (ö. 1161)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. Melikşah, Berkyaruk'un oğlu, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı
 IV. Hadrianus - tarihteki tek İngiliz asıllı papa (ö. 1159)
 Cabir bin Eflah, Batı dünyasında "Geber" adıyla bilinen ünlü müslüman astronom (ö. 1150)
 Muhammed İdrisi, ünlü Arap gezgin, haritacı ve coğrafyacı (ö. 1166)

Ölümler
 23 Şubat - İmparator Zhezong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın yedinci imparatoru (d. 1076)
 18 Temmuz - Godefroy de Bouillon, Birinci Haçlı Seferi liderlerinden biri, Kutsal Kabir Koruyucusu unvanı ile ilk Kudüs Krallığı kralı (d. y. 1060)
 Ağustos - II. William, ya da William Rufus, I. William'ın oğlu, İngiltere kralı

1100


Vulcanul Eufratului () a fost un comandament militar comun stabilit în timpul Războiului Civil Sirian, alcătuit în special din formațiunea preponderent kurdă Unitățile de Apărare a Poporului (YPG) și anumite facțiuni ale Armatei Siriene Libere (ASL). Coaliția a luptat pentru alungarea Statului Islamic în Irak și Levant (SIIL) din guvernoratele Alep și Raqqa.

Într-o publicație din octombrie 2015, Institutul Pentru Studii de Război din Washington considera Vulcanul Eufratului drept unul din "jucătorii importanți" din provincia Alep, fiind în principal "anti-SIIL", dar nu neapărat "anti-regim". Capturarea orașului Tell Abyad, în iulie 2015, a fost un exemplu de operațiune reușită a comandamentului Vulcanul Eufratului.

YPG au început să antreneze membrii ASL ai coaliției în 2014.

Pe 10 octombrie 2015, Vulcanul Eufratului a fost unul din membrii fondatori ai Forțelor Democratice Siriene (FDS). Curând după formarea FDS, Vulcanul Eufratului a fost înlocuit de alte grupuri și consilii militare din cadrul acestei grupări.

Referințe

Surse

Legături externe
Arhivele Burkan al-Furat - ARA News

Unități militare și facțiuni ale Războiului Civil Sirian
Forțele Democratice Siriene
Organizații kurde din Siria
Armata Siriană Liberă
Fondări în 2014

Vulcanul Eufratului


Walther Müller (n. 6 de septiembre de 1905 en Hannover, fallecido el 4 de diciembre de 1979 Walnut Creek (California)), fue un físico alemán, inventor en colaboración con Hans Geiger del tubo Geiger-Müller, base del contador Geiger.

Semblanza
Müller estudió Física, Química y Filosofía en la Universidad de Kiel. En el año 1925 se convirtió en el primer estudiante graduado del nuevo profesor Hans Geiger con quien dirigió la investigación sobre ionización y sus repercusiones en los gases. Su logro más notable, en el año de 1928, fue el Contador Geiger-Müller, dispositivo de crucial importancia en mediciones de Radioactividad ampliamente usado al día de hoy.

Geiger abandonó la Universidad en el año 1929 y aceptó una llamada desde Tubinga, Alemania; y esto finalizó la colaboración entre alumno y maestro, por lo cual se trasladó hacia el campo del Desarrollo Industrial trabajando inicialmente para Siemens-Reiniger en Rudolstadt, tras un año de contrato con Julius Pintsch, y desde 1940 a 1945 fue Jefe de Investigación de Philips en Hamburgo.

Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la investigación nuclear estaba prohibida en Alemania, por lo que Müller debió trabajar como consultor para varias empresas, hasta que en el año 1951 aceptó una Cátedra del Ministerio de Economía de Australia. Allí, y tras finalizar un contrato, fundó una empresa en la que se fabricaba los tubos contadores Geiger-Müller. En 1958 empezó a trabajar en investigación dentro de la General Telephone & Electronics Corporation, en Palo Alto, Estados Unidos. Por último, fue empleado en la General Motors en Santa Bárbara (California)

Físicos de Alemania del siglo XX
Nacidos en Hannover

Walter Müller


Pârâul Câinelui este denumirea a mai multor cursuri de apă din România, după cum urmează:

 Pârâul Câinelui, Muereasca — afluent de dreapta al râului Muereasca, care este, la rândul său,  un afluent de dreapta al râului Olt
 Pârâul Câinelui, Putna — afluent de dreapta al râului Putna, care la rândul său este un afluent de dreapta al râului Siret
 Pârâul Câinelui, Târnava Mare — afluent de stânga al râului Târnava Mare, care la rândul său este un afluent de dreapta al râului Râul Târnava, cel mai mare afluent al râului Mureș.

Caâinelui, Paâraâul
Nume proprii
Toponime românești

Pârâul Câinelui (dezambiguizare)


Scano di Montiferro (sardinski: Iscànu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 385 metara i ima 1 517 stanovnika. Prostire se na 60,47 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 25 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Borore, Cuglieri, Flussio, Macomer, Sagama, Santu Lussurgiu, Sennariolo i Sindia.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Scano di Montiferro


Giuseppe Torelli (22 April 1658 – 8 February 1709) was an Italian violist, violinist, teacher, and composer of the middle Baroque era.

Torelli is most remembered for contributing to the development of the instrumental concerto., especially concerti grossi and the solo concerto, for strings and continuo, as well as being the most prolific Baroque composer for trumpets.

Life
Torelli was born in Verona. It is not known with whom he studied violin, although it has been speculated that he was a pupil of Leonardo Brugnoli or Bartolomeo Laurenti, but it is certain that he studied composition with Giacomo Antonio Perti. On 27 June 1684, at the age of 26, he became a member of the Accademia Filarmonica as suonatore di violino. He was employed as a viola player at the San Petronio basilica beginning in 1686, where he stayed until 1695. or January 1696. when the orchestra was discontinued because of financial constraints. On 1687 Giuseppe Corsi da Celano played Torelli's music, from Op. 3, in Parma at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata. By 1698 he was maestro di concerto at the court of Georg Friedrich II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, where he conducted the orchestra for Le pazzie d'amore e dell'interesse, an idea drammatica composed by the maestro di cappella, and the castrato Francesco Antonio Pistocchi, before leaving for Vienna in December 1699. He returned to Bologna sometime before February 1701, when he is listed as a violinist in the newly re-formed cappella musicale at San Petronio, directed by his former composition teacher Perti.

He died at age 50 on 8 February 1709 in Bologna, where his manuscripts are conserved in the San Petronio archives.

Giuseppe's brother, Felice Torelli, was a Bolognese painter of modest reputation, who went on to be a founding member of the Accademia Clementina. The most notable amongst Giuseppe's many pupils was Francesco Manfredini.

Selected works
10 Sonate a 3, with basso continuo, Op. 1 (1686).
12 Concerto da camera, for 2 violins and basso continuo, Op. 2 (1686).
12	Sinfonie, for 2–4 instruments, Op. 3 (1687).
12 Concertino per camera for violin and cello, Op. 4 (1688).
12 Sinfonie a 3 e concerti a 4, Op. 5 (1692).
12 Concerti musicali a quattro, Op. 6 (1698).
12 Concerti grossi con una pastorale per il Santissimo Natale, Op. 8 (1709).
More than 30 concertos for 1 to 4 trumpets, including a Sinfonia à 4, composed after 1702. and unpublished during his lifetime, which is a concerto for four trumpets, with an orchestra requiring a minimum of four oboes, two bassoons, trombone, timpani, four violins, two violas, four cellos, two double basses, and continuo.

Selected recordings
Cantata "Lumi dolenti lumi" on Agitata Delphine Galou, Accademia Bizantina, Ottavio Dantone, Alpha. 2017

References

Sources

Further reading
 Bukofzer, Manfred F. 1947. Music in the Baroque Era: From Monteverdi to Bach. New York: W. W. Norton.
Passadore, Francesco. 2007. Catalogo tematico delle composizioni di Giuseppe Torelli (1658–1709). Padua: Edizioni de I Solisti Veneti

External links

Italian Baroque composers
Italian violinists
1658 births
1709 deaths
Male violinists
Musicians from Bologna
Musicians from Verona
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian male classical composers
17th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians
17th-century male musicians

Giuseppe Torelli


Nepenthes lamii, vrsta biljke mesožderke iz roda vrčastih grmova, porodica Nepenthaceae. Endemska vrsta iz nekadašnje indonezijske provincije Irian Jaya na Novoj Gvineji.

N. lamii raste na visinama preko 3000 metara, najviše od bilo koje u svome rodu

Izvori

Vrčasti grm
Biljke mesožderke

Nepenthes lamii


Garbiñe Muguruza Blanco (, ; ) este o jucătoare profesionistă de tenis din Spania. Cea mai înaltă poziție în clasamentul WTA este locul 1 la simplu, iar la dublu locul 10. Ea a câștigat zece titluri la simplu, inclusiv două majore la French Open 2016 și la Wimbledon 2017.

Cu lovituri de teren puternice și un stil de joc agresiv, Muguruza a ajuns în runda a patra la Australian Open 2014, învingând-o pe fosta numărul 1 mondial, Caroline Wozniacki. Ea a învins-o pe numărul 1 mondial de atunci, Serena Williams, în runda a doua de la French Open din acel an, în drum spre sferturile de finală.

În 2015, Muguruza a ajuns în prima sa finală majoră la Campionatele de la Wimbledon, unde a pierdut în fața Serenei Williams. Apoi a câștigat primul ei titlu la nivel Premier câștigând China Open 2015 și s-a calificat în primul ei Turneu al campioanelor unde a pierdut în semifinale în fața lui Agnieszka Radwańska.

Muguruza a avut, de asemenea, succes la dublu, câștigând cinci titluri, terminând pe locul secund la Finala WTA 2015 și ajungând în semifinalele de la French Open 2014, toate împreună cu Carla Suárez Navarro.

Viața privată
S-a născut în 1993 în capitala Venezuelei, Caracas, dintr-un tată spaniol, José Antonio Muguruza, și dintr-o mamă venezueleană, Scarlet Blanc. Are doi frați mai mari pe nume Asier și Igor și are dublă cetățenie spaniolă și venezuelană. Muguruza a început să joace tenis la vârsta de trei ani. După ce s-a mutat în Spania cu familia ei când avea șase ani, ea a început să se antreneze la Academia de Tenis Bruguera de lângă Barcelona.

În copilărie, idolii ei au fost jucătorii americani de tenis Serena Williams și Pete Sampras. Vorbește spaniolă și engleză.

Cariera profesională

2021: Titlu de la Turneul Campionilor și revenire în top 3

Muguruza și-a început sezonul la Abu Dhabi, unde a fost eliminată în runda a treia de Maria Sakkari, în seturi consecutive. În următorul ei turneu de la Yarra Valley Classic, Muguruza le-a învins succesiv pe Alison van Uytvanck, Anastasia Pavliucenkova, Sofia Kenin și Markéta Vondroušová, pierzând doar zece game-uri la un loc. În finală, a pierdut în fața nr. 1 mondială, Ash Barty, în seturi consecutive.

La Australian Open, Muguruza și-a continuat formă bună cu victorii dominante asupra Margaritei Gasparyan, Liudmila Samsonova și Zarina Diyas pentru a face a treia apariție consecutivă în a doua săptămână la Australian Open. În runda a patra, ea a pierdut în fața campioanei Naomi Osaka în trei seturi, unde a deținut două puncte de meci în setul final. Apoi a jucat la Qatar Open, unde a învins-o pe rusoaica Veronika Kudermetova, pe campioana en-titre Arina Sabalenka și și-a luat revanșa de la Abu Dhabi în fața Mariei Sakkari pentru a ajunge în semifinale. Urma să o înfrunte pe Victoria Azarenka, dar Azarenka s-a retras din cauza unei accidentări la spate. Apoi s-a confruntat cu Petra Kvitová însă a fost învinsă în seturi consecutive.

La turneul WTA 1000 de la Dubai, ea le-a învins pe Irina-Camelia Begu, Amanda Anisimova și campioana recenă de la Openului Franței, Iga Świątek. Apoi a repetat victoria asupra bielorusei Sabalenka, a eliminat-o pe Elise Mertens în semifinale pentru a ajunge la a treia ei finală din ultimele patru turnee.
În finală a învins-o pe Barbora Krejčíková în seturi consecutive pentru titlu. Acesta a fost cel mai mare titlu al ei de la Cincinnati în 2017 și primul ei titlu de la Monterrey în 2019. Ea și-a extins seria de victorii la încă două meciuri la Miami Open, înainte de a nu fi învinsă de Bianca Andreescu în optimile de finală.

Muguruza a început sezonul pe zgură la Charleston Open, unde a câștigat meciul de deschidere înainte de a se retrage în următorul ei meci împotriva Iuliei Putințeva din cauza unei accidentări la coapsa stângă, care a determinat-o să se retragă și de la Madrid Open. A intrat apoi la Italian Open pierzând în fața Elinei Svitolina în seturi consecutive, după ce a câștigat primele două runde. Poziția ei la French Open 2021 a dus la o înfrângere șoc în prima rundă în fața Martei Kostiuk, în seturi consecutive, într-un meci în care a comis 40 de erori neforțate în două seturi. După Wimbledon, unde a ajuns în runda a treia înainte de a pierde în fața lui Ons Jabeur, Muguruza a revenit în top 10 în clasament.

După ieșirile timpurii de la Canadian Open în fața Kateřina Siniaková și de la Cincinnati Masters în fața Barboeia Krejčíková, Muguruza a intrat la US Open ca favorită nr. 9. Ea le-a învins pe Donna Vekic și
Andrea Petkovic, Vicktoria Azarenka, înainte de a fi eliminată de Krejčíková în runda a patra, după ce Krejčíková a cerut un time-out medical controversat în afara terenului în al doilea set.

Doar trei victorii au fost suficiente pentru ca ea să domine Chicago Fall Tennis Classic în octombrie. În runda a doua a învins-o în seturi consecutive pe Ann Li, în runda a treia Azarenka s-a retras înainte de începerea meciului, iar în sferturi a învins-o pe japoneza Hontama în seturi consecutive. În semifinale, Markéta Vondroušová s-a retras înainte de începerea meciului. În finală, a învins-o pe Ons Jabeur, câștigând zece game-uri la rând de la 3–6 și 2–3. A participat la ultimul turneu al anului la Cupa Kremlin de la Moscova și a eliminat-o pe Tereza Martincová în trei seturi în runda a doua, înainte de a fi învinsă în sferturi de finală de Anett Kontaveit. După anul de succes, Muguruza s-a calificat pentru finala WTA de la sfârșitul anului 2021. Ea a ajuns în etapa semifinalelor învingând-o pe Anett Kontaveit, punând capăt seriei sale de 12 meciuri câștigătoare. Ea a învins-o pe Paula Badosa într-o semifinală spaniolă pentru a ajunge la finala turneului de la sfârșitul anului pentru prima dată în carieră și pentru a deveni prima jucătoare spaniolă care a ajuns în finala de simplu din 1993.  În finală, ea a învins-o pe Anett Kontaveit în seturi consecutive pentru a doua oară în turneu, pentru a câștiga primul ei campionat WTA Finals. Ea a încheiat anul pe locul 3.

2022: A 300-a victorie în cariera WTA
Muguruza a început sezonul la Sydney International unde a fost cap de serie 2. Muguruza a învins-o pe Ekaterina Alexandrova în seturi consecutive, înainte de a pierde în sferturi în fața rusoaicei Daria Kasatkina în seturi consecutive. Ea a intrat la Australian Open ca favorită 3 și a învins-o pe Clara Burel, în seturi consecutive, în prima rundă. Muguruza a fost eliminată în runda a doua cu o înfrângere în seturi consecutive în fața nr. 61 mondial, Alizé Cornet.

La 29 aprilie, ea a realizat cea de-a 300-a victorie în carieră WTA învingând-o pe Ajla Tomljanovic la turneul de acasă, WTA 1000 Madrid Open. La French Open, ea a pierdut cu Kaia Kanepi în runda de deschidere.

La următoarele două turnee WTA 500, WTA German Open și Eastbourne International, a fost eliminată în prima rundă, respectiv a treia rundă. La Wimbledon a fost învinsă în prima rundă de Greet Minnen, o jucătoare aflată pe locul 79 mondial. La turneul de nivel WTA 1000, Canada Masters, a învins-o pe Kaia Kanepi în seturi consecutive în runda a doua, însă în runda a treia a fost învinsă de elvețianca Belinda Bencic.

Statistici carieră

Participare la turnee de Grand Slam

Simplu

Finale de Grand Slam

Simplu: 4 (2 titluri, 2 finale)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1993
Nașteri pe 8 octombrie
Jucătoare de tenis spaniole
Spanioli în viață
Jucători de tenis Numărul Unu Mondial
Jucători de tenis la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Jucători de tenis la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020

Garbiñe Muguruza


Heartattack and Vine es el séptimo álbum de estudio del músico estadounidense Tom Waits, publicado en septiembre de 1980 por Asylum Records.

Supone el último trabajo publicado por el sello Asylum y el álbum de Tom Waits mejor vendido en Estados Unidos, estando tres semanas en la lista Billboard 200 y alcanzando el puesto 96.

Versiones
Bruce Springsteen ha interpretado la canción "Jersey Girl" en varios de sus conciertos desde comienzos de los años 80, y se incluye en el triple álbum en directo Live/1975-85. En una ocasión, Waits se unió en el escenario con Springsteen para interpretar juntos "Jersey Girl", el 24 de agosto de 1981.

"On the Nickel" fue grabada para la película homónima de Ralph Waite, mientras que "Heartattack and Vine" fue versionada por Screamin' Jay Hawkins y posteriormente utilizada en un anuncio de la marca Levi's. Jean-Luc Godard también usó "Ruby's Arms" para su película de 1983 First Name: Carmen.

Lista de canciones
Todas las canciones compuestas por Tom Waits.

Cara A

Cara B

Personal
 Bob Alcivar: arreglos de cuerda y orquestales
 Ronnie Barron: piano y órgano Hammond
 Roland Bautista: guitarra eléctrica y guitarra de 12 cuerdas
 Greg Cohen: bajo
 Victor Feldman: percusión, glockenspiel y campanas tubulares
 Jim Hughart: bajo
 Plas Johnson: saxofón tenor y saxofón barítono
 Michael Lang: piano
 Larry Taylor: bajo
 "Big John" Thomassie: batería
 Tom Waits: voz, guitarra eléctrica y piano
 Jerry Yester: arreglos de cuerda y conductor

Referencias

Álbumes de Tom Waits
Álbumes de 1980
Álbumes de Asylum Records
Los 1001 discos que hay que escuchar antes de morir según Robert Dimrey

Heartattack and Vine


A Praça do Giraldo é a principal praça da cidade de Évora e situa-se no centro histórico na freguesia de Santo Antão.

Formada como praça no século XIV, aqui se situavam os antigos Paços do Concelho e um arco romano, posteriormente demolido aquando da construção da Igreja de Santo Antão e do Chafariz da Praça do Giraldo . Aqui também se realizava o mercado da cidade.

Atualmente a praça é dominada pela Igreja de Santo Antão e pela sede do Banco de Portugal de Évora nos topos da praça. A volta estão situadas bancos, lojas, restauração e esplanadas.

Santo Antão (Évora)
Praças de Portugal

Praça do Giraldo


Michelle Krusiec (Çince: 楊雅慧; Çince okunuşu: Yáng Yǎhuì)(d. 2 Ekim 1974 / Fallon, Nevada, ABD), Amerikalı film oyuncusudur.

Michelle Krusiec, 2 Ekim 1974 tarihinde Fallon, Nevada, ABD'de dünyaya gelmiştir. Tayvanlı teyzesi ve Amerikalı eniştesi tarafından evlat edinilmiş ve ABD'de yetişmiştir. İngilizce ve Çince ana dilleridir. İki erkek kardeşi vardır.

12 yaşındayken yaşamakta olduğu Virginia Beach'teki bir yetenek avcısı tarafından keşfedilmiştir. Eğitimine "Virginia Governor's Magnet School for the Arts"da başlamış ve bu okuldan tiyatro ve İngilizce dallarında diploma alarak mezun olmuştur. Daha sonra Oxford üniversitesi'nden burs almıştır.

Krusiec, adını ilk kez Discovery Channel'ın "Travelers" (Gezginler) isimli programı için dünyayı dolaşan altı gezi muhabirinden biri olarak seçilmesinin ardından duyurmuştur. Kurusiec, bu program sayesinde dünyanın çeşitli yerlerindeki 50'den fazla şehri gezmiştir. Barbara Alvarez, Robin Kipp, Pearce Bunting, Patrick Michael, Foster Soloman ve sonradan Lisa Clark'ı da bünyesinde barındıran program Discovery Channel'ın en popüler programlarından biri haline gelmiştir.

Krusiec, "Star Trek:Deep Space Nine" isimli dizinin "Time's Orphan" adlı bölümünde 18 yaşındaki Molly O'Brien karakterini canlandırmıştır. Kariyerindeki önemli dönüm noktalarından birini Tayvan'da yaşamıştır. Kursiec, ABD'nin NBC kanalında Cumartesi günleri yayınlanan "One World" isimli sitcomda başrollerden birini üstlenmiştir. 2004 yılında Sevgiyi Ararken isimli filmde canlandırdığı Wil Pang karakterindeki performansı 2005 Altın At Film Festivali'nde En iyi Kadın Oyuncu Ödülü'ne aday olmasını sağlamıştır. Krusiec, bu filmde dul annesiyle birlikte yaşayan Çinli-Amerikalı, lezbiyen bir cerrahı canlandırmaktadır. Bul rol aynı zamanda Krusiec'in ilk başrolüdür.

"Hollywood Reporter" Michelle Krusiec'i "Yükselen On Yıldız" listesine dahil etmiş ve 2005 yılı için "Sundance Film Festivali'nin Yüzleri" arasında saymıştır.

2006 yılında Asya Mükemmeliyet Ödülleri'ne sunucu ve aday olarak katılmıştır.

Filmografi

 What Happens in Vegas - Chong (2008)
 True North - Anja (2007)
 Standoff - Kim Lau (2006) (TV dizisi)
 Snow Wonder - Joey (2005) (TV filmi)
 Navy NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service - Maya (2005) (TV dizisi)
 Grey's Anatomy - Anna Chue (2005) (TV dizisi)
 Weeds - Profesyonel tenisçi (2005) (TV dizisi)
 Without a Trace - Ariel ve Hostes (2005) (TV dizisi)
 Cursed - Burnu kanayan iş arkadaşı (2005)
 Cold Case - Kara Dhiet (2004) (TV dizisi)
 Strong Medicine - Chen-Ling Fong (2004) (TV dizisi)
 Saving Face - Wil (2004)
 Best Actress - Darla Hennings (2004)
 Without a Trace - Santral memuru (2003) (TV dizisi)
 Duplex - Dr. Kang (2003)
 Monk - Maria (2003) (TV dizisi)
 Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd - Ching Chong (2003)
 Daddy Day Care - İngilizce öğretmeni (2003)
 Tenchu san - Ayame (2003) (İngilizce versiyonda seslendirme)
 ER - Tong-Ye (2002) (TV dizisi)
 Sweet Home Alabama - Pan (2002)
 Titus - Nancy (2001 - 2002) (TV dizisi)
 Pumpkin - Anne Chung (2002)
 Tomato and Eggs - Evelyn Wang (2002)
 The Mind of the Married Man - Sushiko ve Sachiko (2001) (TV dizisi)
 Special Unit 2 - Parazit (2001) (TV dizisi)
 Pursuit of Happiness - Miko (2001)
 "One World" - Sui Blake (2000 - 2001) (TV dizisi)
 For the Cause - Layton (2000)
 Popular - Enfes Woo (2000) (TV dizisi)
 Providence - Dong-Lu (2000) (TV dizisi)
 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - 18 yaşındaki Molly O'Brien (1998) (TV dizisi)
 Travelers - Sunucu (1996) (TV dizisi)
 Nixon - Öğrenci (1995)
 Sexual Considerations - (1991) (TV filmi)

Kaynakça

1974 doğumlular
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar

Michelle Krusiec


Riku Matsuda kan henvise til:

 Riku Matsuda (fodboldspiller, født 1991) - japansk fodboldspiller født i 1991
 Riku Matsuda (fodboldspiller, født 1999) - japansk fodboldspiller født i 1999

Riku Matsuda


The "former eastern territories of Germany" () refer in present-day Germany to those territories east of the current eastern border of Germany, i.e., the Oder–Neisse line, which historically had been considered German and which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after World War II in Europe. In many of these territories, Germans used to be the dominant or sole ethnicity. In contrast to the lands awarded to the restored Polish state by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, the German territories lost with the Potsdam Agreement after World War II in Europe on 2 August 1945 were either almost exclusively inhabited by Germans before 1945 (the bulk of East Prussia, Lower Silesia, Farther Pomerania, and parts of Western Pomerania, Lusatia, and Neumark), mixed German-Polish with a German majority (the Posen-West Prussia Border March, Lauenburg and Bütow Land, the southern and western rim of East Prussia, Ermland, Western Upper Silesia, and the part of Lower Silesia east of the Oder), or mixed German-Czech with a German majority (Glatz). Virtually the entire German population of the territories that did not flee voluntarily in the face of the Red Army advance of 1945, was expelled to Germany, with their possessions being expropriated.

The ceding of the east German lands to Poland was done in large part to compensate Poland for losing the Kresy lands east of the Curzon line to the Soviet Union; this territory had large populations of Ukrainians and Belarusians, the ethnic groups of two of the western republics of the Soviet Union. The territories acquired by Poland after World War II are known there as the Recovered Territories. The territories Poland annexed had been ruled as part of Poland by the Piast dynasty in the High Middle Ages, with the exception of southern East Prussia, which originally was inhabited by Old Prussians and came under Polish suzerainty in the Late Middle Ages. The northern part of East Prussia was annexed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic as the Kaliningrad Oblast, now forming a Russian exclave.

The post-war border between Germany and Poland along the Oder–Neisse line was defined in August 1945 by the Potsdam Agreement of the leaders of the three main Allies of World War II, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States; and was formally recognized by East Germany in 1950, by the Treaty of Zgorzelec, under pressure from Stalin. In 1952, recognition of the Oder–Neisse line as a permanent boundary was one of Stalin's conditions for the Soviet Union to agree to a reunification of Germany (see Stalin Note). The offer was rejected by Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of West Germany. The then official West German government position on the status of the former territories of Germany east of the Oder and Neisse rivers was that the areas were "temporarily under Polish [or Soviet] administration", because the border regulation at the Potsdam Conference had been taken as preliminary provisions to be revisited at a final peace conference which, due to the Cold War, had been indefinitely postponed; however, West Germany in 1972 recognised the Oder–Neisse line as the western boundary of Poland when the 1970 Treaty of Warsaw between West Germany and Poland took effect; and in 1973, the Federal Constitutional Court acknowledged the capability of East Germany to negotiate the Treaty of Zgorzelec as an international agreement binding as a legal definition of its boundaries. In signing the Helsinki Final Act in 1975, both West Germany and East Germany recognised the existing boundaries of post-war Europe, including the Oder–Neisse line, as valid in international law.

In 1990, as part of the reunification of Germany, both German countries accepted clauses in the peace treaty with the four countries representing the Allies (Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany) to replace the Potsdam Agreement, whereby Germany renounced all claims to territory outside East and West Germany. As the result of this treaty, Germany's recognition of the Oder–Neisse line as the border was formalised by the re-united Germany in the German–Polish Border Treaty on 14 November 1990 and by the repeal of Article 23 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany under which German states outside the Federal Republic could formerly have declared their accession. Germany went from a territory of 468,787 km2 before the 1938 annexation of Austria to 357,022 km2 after the 1990 reunification of Germany, a loss of 24%. Despite its acquisition of the formerly German territory, the war also saw Poland's territory reduced by about 20% overall because of its losses in the east to the Soviets.

The territories

Farther Pomerania and parts of Western Pomerania

Farther Pomerania comprised the eastern part of the Prussian Province of Pomerania. It stretched roughly from the Oder River in the west to Pomerelia in the east, and roughly corresponds to today's Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Along with Farther Pomerania, a small area of Western Pomerania including Stettin (now Szczecin) and Swinemünde (now Świnoujście) was transferred to Poland in 1945.

The Pomeranian parts of the former eastern territories of Germany had been under Polish rule several times from the late 10th century on, when Mieszko I acquired at least significant parts of them. Mieszko's son Bolesław I established a bishopric in the Kołobrzeg area in 1000–1005–07, before the area was lost by Poland again to pagan Slavic tribes.

The Duchy of Pomerania was established as a vassal state of Poland in 1121, which it remained until the fragmentation of Poland after the death of Polish ruler Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138. The Dukes of Pomerania then became independent, and later were vassals of the Duchy of Saxony from 1164 to 1181, of the Holy Roman Empire from 1181 to 1185, of Denmark from 1185 to 1227 and finally, from 1227 on, were under the Holy Roman Empire (including periods of vassalage to the Margraves of Brandenburg). By the end of the Middle Ages, because of an influx of Germanic settlers, the assimilation of the Slavic population, the introduction of German town law, the influence of Germanic customs, and the trade of the Hanse, the area had been largely Germanized.

Following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Farther Pomerania became part of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1772 the Lauenburg and Bütow Land and the former Starostwo of Draheim were annexed by the King in Prussia and integrated into the Province of Pomerania of the Kingdom of Prussia, though not into the Holy Roman Empire, and did not become part of Germany until being included in the German Confederation in 1815. After the Napoleonic Wars, Swedish Pomerania was merged into the Prussian province in 1815, both now constituting the Province of Pomerania. In 1938, the northern part of the dissolved Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia became part of the province.

At the turn of the 20th century, the total population of the province of almost 1.7 million inhabitants had a Polish-speaking minority of less than 1%.

East Brandenburg (Neumark)

The medieval Lubusz Land, on both sides of the Oder River up to the Spree in the west, including Lubusz (Lebus) itself, also formed part of Mieszko's realm. Poland lost Lubusz when the Silesian duke Bolesław II Rogatka sold it to the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg in 1249. Brandenburg also acquired the castellany of Santok from Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland and made it the nucleus of its Neumark ("New March") region. The Bishopric of Lebus remained a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Gniezno until 1424, when it passed under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. The Lubusz Land was part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1373 to 1415.

Silesia, Kłodzko Land and Eastern Lusatia

After Germanic tribes left the area in the Migration Period, Lechitic tribes began to settle Silesia, while Lusatia was settled by the Milceni and the Polabian Slavs and the Kłodzko Land was settled by Bohemians. In the 10th century Mieszko I of Poland made Silesia part of his realm. From the 10th century to the 12th century, Silesia, Lusatia and the Kłodzko Land were contested between Bohemia and Poland. Several independent duchies formed, and eventually some attached themselves to the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, while the Kłodzko Land became a constituent part of the kingdom itself. In the 14th century, the Treaty of Namysłów had King Casimir III the Great give up all Polish claims to Silesia and ceded the Duchies of Silesia to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Ecclesiastically, the Diocese of Wrocław covering Silesia remained a suffragan of the Polish Archdiocese of Gniezno until becoming exempt in 1821.

The first German colonists arrived in the late 12th century, and large-scale German settlement started in the early 13th century during the reign of Henry I. New forms of agriculture, technology and law brought in by the German settlers, took root in the region, also benefiting the Slavic population. By the late 14th century, 130 towns and 1300 villages had adopted German law. Silesian cities such as Jelenia Góra (Hirschberg), Lwówek Śląski (Löwenberg) and Złotoryja (Goldberg) had typical architecture, being centered around a central square, the ring, which became known in Polish as rynek. German craftsmen and miners also started settling the region's mountainous areas.

The Bohemian Lands were under the rule of the House of Jagiellon in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary until the Battle of Mohács in 1526. Afterwards, they were ruled in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary and the Archduchy of Austria by the Holy Roman Emperors of the House of Habsburg, finally ceasing de facto (but not de jure) to exist as a separate realm and becoming a part of the Habsburg monarchy in the aftermath of the Bohemian Revolt's defeat in the Battle of White Mountain. After losing the 18th-century Silesian Wars, the Habsburg monarchy was forced to cede most of the region to the Kingdom of Prussia in the treaties of Breslau and of Berlin, retaining only Austrian Silesia. The ceded lands also included the (sometimes considered Moravian) territories of the Duchies of Troppau and of Krnov north of the Opava river, as well as the strategically important Kłodzko Land, a part of the core territory of the Kingdom of Bohemia.

As the result of the peaceful influx of German-speakers, Lusatia, Silesia and the Kłodzko Land became predominantly German-speaking. Czech continued to be spoken in parts of Austrian Silesia, in the Hlučín Region of Upper Silesia and in the western part of the Kłodzko Land (Czech Corner). Sorbian was spoken in parts of Lusatia, while Polish prevailed in Middle Silesia north of the Oder river, in parts of Austrian Silesia and in Upper Silesia. In the latter case, the Germans who arrived during the Middle Ages became mostly Polonised, especially with the advent of the industrial revolution which created employment and business opportunities, attracting numerous Poles to the area. In contrast the Polish-speaking parts of Lower and Middle Silesia, commonly described until the late 19th century as the Polish side, were mostly Germanised in the 18th and 19th centuries, except for a few patches and a larger area along the northeastern frontier.

East Prussia, including Warmia, and the Klaipėda Region

Originally inhabited mainly by the pagan Old Prussians, the regions were conquered and incorporated into the state of the Teutonic Knights in the 13th and 14th centuries. Under the Teutonic Order, the region's towns were founded, woodlands were cleared and marshlands made arable to be settled by colonists, predominantly from German-speaking areas but also from neighboring Polish and Lithuanian lands. The area became predominantly German during the Ostsiedlung, either almost exclusively (Sambia, Natangia, and Bartia together forming the central part of the region), mixed German-Lithuanian (the North-Eastern part called Lithuania Minor including Sudovia, Nadrovia and Scalovia), or mixed German-Polish (Masurians, Warmiacy) comprising the southern (Sasna and Galindia, together forming Masuria) and western (Warmia, Pomesania, and Pogesania, the latter two together forming Powiśle) rim of the region. By the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Warmia and the Malbork Land (comprising northern parts of Pomesania and Pogesania) became subject to the Polish Crown as a part of Royal Prussia, a region initially holding considerable autonomy and continuing to use the German language as official, but ultimately becoming fully integrated with the Crown of Poland upon conclusion of the Union of Lublin. Masuria and the southern part of Pomesania and Pogesania stayed part of the rump Teutonic state (called thereafter Monastic Prussia or Teutonic Prussia) which became a German fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, finally secularised in 1525 to become the Ducal Prussia. The latter later emancipated, taking advantage of the Russo-Swedish Deluge, and merged with the Electorate of Brandenburg to form Brandenburg-Prussia, shortly thereafter becoming a kingdom. Subsequently, it entered into an alliance with Austria and Russia, invading Polish territories of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland (1772), with Warmia being made part of the newly formed province of East Prussia in 1773. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, a minor part around Soldau was transferred to Poland, the Klaipėda Region formed a free city supervised by the League of Nations, annexed following the Klaipėda Revolt by Lithuania but reclaimed by Germany in 1938, while the bulk (including entire Warmia and Masuria) remained a part of Germany, following the East Prussian plebiscite, and became enlarged by the addition of the formerly West Prussian Malbork Land.

Other uses and definitions of the term
In the Potsdam Agreement the description of the territories transferred is "The former German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line", and permutations on this description are the most commonly used to describe any former territories of interwar Germany east of the Oder–Neisse line.

The term has sometimes been confused with the name East Germany, a political term, used to be the common colloquial English name for the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and mirrored the common colloquial English term for the other German state of West Germany. When focusing on the period before World War II, "eastern Germany" is used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe (East Elbia), as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt, but because of the border changes in the 20th century, after World War II the term "East Germany" and eastern Germany in English has meant the territory of the German Democratic Republic.

In German, only one corresponding term Ostdeutschland exists, meaning both East Germany and Eastern Germany. The rather ambiguous German term never gained as widespread use for the GDR during its existence, as did the English designation, or the derived demonym Ossi (Eastie), and only following the German reunification has it started to be commonly used to denote both the historic post-war German Democratic Republic, and its counterpart five successor states in the current reunited Germany. However, because people and institutions in the states traditionally considered as Middle Germany, like the three southern new states Saxony-Anhalt, the Free State of Saxony and the Free State of Thuringia, still use the term Middle Germany when referring to their area and its institutions, the term Ostdeutschland is still ambiguous.

Historical outline

Early history, Kingdom of Poland, Teutonic Order State, Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire

As various Germanic tribes had left present-day Poland and East Germany, West Slavic tribes moved to these places from the 6th century onward. Duke Mieszko I of the Polans, from his stronghold in the Gniezno area, united various neighboring tribes in the second half of the 10th century, formed the first Polish state and became the first historically recorded Piast duke. His realm bordered the German state, and control over the borderlands would shift back and forth between the two polities over the centuries to come.

Mieszko's son and successor, king Bolesław I Chrobry, upon the 1018 Peace of Bautzen expanded the southern part of the realm but lost control over the lands of Western Pomerania on the Baltic coast. After pagan revolts and a Bohemian invasion in the 1030s, Duke Casimir I the Restorer (reigned 1040–1058) again united most of the former Piast realm, including Silesia and Lubusz Land, on both sides of the middle Oder River but without Western Pomerania, which returned to of the Polish state only under Bolesław III Wrymouth from 1116 to 1121, when the noble House of Griffins established the Duchy of Pomerania. On Bolesław's death in 1138, Poland was for almost 200 years was subjected to fragmentation and ruled by Bolesław's sons and by their successors, who were often in conflict with one another. Władysław I the Elbow-high, who was crowned king of Poland in 1320, achieved a partial reunification, but the Silesian and Masovian duchies remained independent Piast holdings.

In the 12th to the 14th centuries, German settlers, most of whom spoke Low German, moved into Central and Eastern Europe in a migration process known as the Ostsiedlung, and the Hanseatic League dominated the shores of the Baltic Sea. In Pomerania, Brandenburg, East Prussia, Lusatia, Kłodzko Land and Lower Silesia, the former West Slav (Bohemians, Polabian Slavs and Poles) or Baltic population became minorities in the course of the following centuries, but substantial numbers of them remained in areas such as Upper Silesia. In Greater Poland and in Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia), German settlers always remained a minority. Some of the territories, such as Pomerelia and Masovia, reunited with Poland during the 15th and 16th centuries. Silesia, Lubusz Land and Lusatia (as parts of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) and the Duchy of Pomerania became more firmly incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.

Partitions of Poland, Kingdom of Prussia, Duchy of Warsaw, Austrian Empire, Grand Duchy of Posen and German Confederation
In the course of the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire acquired vast territorial shares of the demised Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the Napoleonic era the Greater Polish territories and the Chełmno Land formed part of the Duchy of Warsaw following the Treaties of Tilsit, and Danzig was granted a status of a Free City. However, after the Congress of Vienna, the Polish duchy was again partitioned between Russia and Prussia. The Congress of Vienna established as a replacement for the dissolved Holy Roman Empire the German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund), an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe under the nominal leadership of the Austrian Empire. Its boundaries largely followed the ones of its predecessor, the Holy Roman Empire, defining the territory of Germany for much of the 19th century and confirming Pomerania, East Brandenburg and Silesia as its parts. On the other hand, the remaining parts of the lands ruled by the House of Hohenzollern which were not included in the Holy Roman Empire, namely the German-speaking Prussian nucleus (East Prussia), and the newly acquired predominantly Polish- or Kashubian-speaking territorial share of the collapsed and dismembered Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Grand Duchy of Posen and West Prussia), continued as external to the Confederation (a failed attempt to include these lands in the German Empire (1848–49) was undertaken by the Frankfurt Parliament), as did the Austrian-held partition of Poland (the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria), Transleithania, as well as the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland and the French region of Alsace.

North German Confederation, German Empire, and Austria-Hungary

In the following years, Prussia superseded Austria in the role of the primary driving force of the restoration of German unity and secured this position by abolishing the German Confederation in the Peace of Prague. Austria was in turn transformed into poly-ethnic Austria-Hungary, abstained from further German unification efforts and abandoned forced Germanization.

Thus, the planned German unification was to be accomplished in the Lesser German solution version. With rise of nationalism, the eastern Hohenzollern-ruled territories with a predominantly Polish population (especially the formerly Polish territories of Posen and West Prussia) increasingly became a target of aggressive Germanisation efforts, German settlement, anti-Catholic campaigns (Kulturkampf), as well as disfranchisement and expropriations of Poles, and finally annexed following the North German Confederation Treaty (1866). At the time of German Unification in 1871, the Kingdom of Prussia was the largest and dominant part of the North German Confederation, the predecessor of the newly formed German Empire.

Weimar Republic, Second Polish Republic, First Czechoslovak Republic, Free City of Danzig, and Klaipėda Region

The Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which ended the war, restored the independence of Poland, known as the Second Polish Republic, and Germany was compelled to cede territories to it, most of which were taken by Prussia in the three Partitions of Poland and had been part of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire for the 100 years of the non-existence of Polish state. The territories retroceded to Poland in 1919 were those with a Polish majority, such as Greater Poland, as well as Pomerelia, historically the part of Poland providing its access to the sea. Restoration of Pomerelia to Poland meant the loss of Germany's territorial contiguousness to East Prussia making it an exclave.

Most of the eastern territories with a predominantly or almost exclusively German population (East Brandenburg, East Prussia, Hither and Farther Pomerania, and the bulk of Silesia) remained with Germany. The historically Polish and strategically vital for Poland but predominantly German-speaking city of Danzig formed henceforth with its surrounding areas the Free City of Danzig, a self-governing territory supervised by the League of Nations, albeit bound in some aspects by an imposed union with Poland.

However, in areas such as Upper Silesia, no clear division between the mostly bilingual population was possible. After a first plebiscite, Upper Silesia was to stay part of Germany's territory. However, after the Silesian Uprisings, the area was divided in accord with the German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia.

The parts of the former Province of Posen and of West Prussia that were not restored as part of the Second Polish Republic were administered as Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen (the German Province of Posen–West Prussia) until 1939.

Division of Germany's eastern provinces after 1918

Nazi Germany
The defeat of Germany and the imposed terms of peace left a sense of injustice among the population. The subsequent interwar economic crisis acted as a fertile ground for irredentist claims that the territory ceded to Poland, Czechoslovakia and Lithuania in 1919–1922 should be returned to Germany, which paved the way for the Nazi takeover of the government.

In October 1938 Hlučín Area (Hlučínsko in Czech, Hultschiner Ländchen in German) of Moravian-Silesian Region, which had been ceded to Czechoslovakia under the Treaty of Versailles, was annexed by the Third Reich as a part of areas lost by Czechoslovakia under the Munich agreement. However, as distinct from other lost Czechoslovakian domains, it was not attached to Sudetengau (the administrative region covering the Sudetenland) but to Prussia (Upper Silesia).

By late 1938, Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Memel Territory, which had been annexed by Lithuania in the Klaipėda putsch. In the early hours of 23 March 1939, after a political ultimatum caused a Lithuanian delegation to travel to Berlin, Lithuanian Foreign Minister Juozas Urbšys and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone in the port of Memel that used the facilities erected in the previous years.

In the interwar period, the German administration, both Weimar and Nazi, conducted a massive campaign of renaming of thousands of placenames, to remove traces of Polish, Lithuanian and Old Prussian origin.

Second World War and the German occupation of Poland, 1939–1945

Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war on 1 September 1939, heralding the start of the Second World War. The Third Reich annexed the Polish lands included the former Prussian Partition, comprising Pomerelia (the "Polish Corridor"), Chełmno Land, Greater Poland proper, Kuyavia, Łęczyca Land, Sieradz Land, Northern Masovia, as well as the parts of Upper Silesia located in Poland, including the former Czechoslovak part of Cieszyn Silesia annexed by Poland in 1938. The Senate of the Free City of Danzig, elected by the Volkstag already also dominated by the Nazi Party at that time, voted to become a part of Germany again, but Poles and Jews were deprived of their voting rights and all non-Nazi political parties were banned.

Two decrees by Adolf Hitler (8 and 12 October 1939) divided the annexed areas of Poland into administrative units:
 Reichsgau Wartheland (initially Reichsgau Posen), which included the entire Poznań Voivodeship, most of the Łódź Voivodeship, five counties of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, and one county of the Warszawa Voivodeship;
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (initially Reichsgau West Prussia), which consisted of the remaining area of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the Free City of Danzig;
 Ciechanów District (Regierungsbezirk Zichenau), consisting of the five northern counties of Warszawa Voivodeship (Płock, Płońsk, Sierpc, Ciechanów, and Mława), which became a part of East Prussia;
 Katowice District (Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz), or East Upper Silesia (Ost-Oberschlesien), which included Sosnowiec, Będzin, Chrzanów, and Zawiercie Counties, and parts of Olkusz and Żywiec Counties.

The territories had an area of 94,000 km2 and a population of 10,000,000. Throughout the war, the annexed Polish territories were subject to German colonisation. Because of the lack of settlers from Germany itself, the colonists were primarily ethnic Germans relocated from other parts of Eastern Europe. The ethnic Germans were then resettled in homes from which the Poles had been expelled.

The remainder of Polish territory was annexed by the Soviet Union (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) or made into the German-controlled General Government occupation zone.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the district of Białystok, which included the Białystok, Bielsk Podlaski, Grajewo, Łomża, Sokółka, Volkovysk and Grodno counties, was "attached to" but not incorporated into East Prussia, and Eastern Galicia (District of Galicia), which included the cities of Lwów, Stanislawów and Tarnopol, was made part of the General Government.

Yalta Conference
The final decision to move Poland's boundary westward was made by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, shortly before the end of the war. The precise location of the border was left open, and the western Allies also accepted in general the principles of the Oder River being the future western border of Poland and of population transfer being the way to prevent future border disputes. The open questions were whether the border should follow the Eastern or Lusatian Neisse rivers and whether Stettin, the traditional seaport of Berlin, should remain in Germany or be included in Poland.

Originally, Germany was to retain Stettin, and the Poles were to annex East Prussia with Königsberg. Eventually, however, Stalin decided that he wanted Königsberg as a year-round warm water port for the Soviet Navy and argued that the Poles should receive Stettin instead. The wartime Polish government-in-exile had little say in the decisions.

The Yalta Conference agreed to split Germany into four occupation zones after the war. The status of Poland was discussed but this was complicated by the fact that Poland was then controlled by the Red Army. The conference agreed to reorganise the Provisionary Polish Government, which had been set up by the Red Army, by the inclusion of some politicians of the Polish government-in-exile, and to transform it into the Provisional Government of National Unity, with an unfulfilled promise to hold democratic and fair elections. That effectively ended the international recognition of the Polish government-in-exile, which had been evacuated in 1939. The conference agreed that the Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon Line and that Poland would receive substantial territorial compensation in the west from Germany, but the exact border was to be determined later. A "Committee on Dismemberment of Germany" was to be set up to decide whether Germany was to be divided into six nations and, if so, what borders and interrelations the new German states would have.

To pressure the Western Allies regarding the verbal commitments of Tehran and Yalta, the Soviets began transferring regions east of the Oder–Neisse line to Polish control, although these areas were still officially part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. The US government strongly protested to the unilateral implementation of a Polish government in these areas.

Potsdam Agreement, 1945

After World War II, several memoranda of the US State Department warned against awarding Poland such extensive lands, apprehensive of creation of new long-standing tension in the area. In particular, the State Department acknowledged that Polish claims to Lower Silesia had no ethnic or historic justification.

Under Stalin's pressure, the Potsdam Conference, held from 17 July until 2 August 1945, placed all of the areas east of the Oder–Neisse line, whether recognised by the international community as part of Germany until 1939 or occupied by Germany during World War II, under the jurisdiction of other countries, pending a final Peace Conference.

The Allies also agreed that:

because in the words of Winston Churchill

The problem with the status of these territories was that the Potsdam Agreement was not a legally binding treaty, but a memorandum between the USSR, the US and the UK (to which neither France, nor Germany or Poland were party). It regulated the issue of the eastern German border, which was confirmed as being along the Oder–Neisse line, but the final article of the memorandum said that the final decisions concerning Germany, and hence the detailed alignment of Germany's eastern boundaries, would be subject to a separate peace treaty; at which the three Allied signatories committed themselves to respect the terms of the Potsdam memorandum. Hence, so long as these Allied Powers remained committed to the Potsdam protocols, without German agreement to an Oder–Neisse line boundary there could be no Peace Treaty and no German Reunification. The debate affected Cold War politics and diplomacy and played an important role in the negotiations leading up to the reunification of Germany in 1990.

Expulsion of Germans and resettlement

With the rapid advance of the Red Army in the winter of 1944–1945, German authorities desperately evacuated many Germans westwards. The majority of the remaining German-speaking population in the territory of former Czechoslovakia and east of the Oder–Neisse line (roughly 10 million in the Ostgebiete alone), that had not already been evacuated, was expelled by the new Czech and Polish administrations. Although in the post-war period earlier German sources often cited the number of evacuated and expelled Germans as 16 million and the death toll as between 1.7 and 2.5 million, those numbers are today considered by some historians to be exaggerated and the death toll more likely in a range between 400,000 and 600,000. Some present-day estimates place the numbers of German refugees at 14 million, of whom about half a million died during the evacuations and expulsions.

At the same time, Poles from central Poland, expelled Poles from former eastern Poland, Polish returnees from internment and forced labour, Ukrainians forcibly resettled in Operation Vistula, and Jewish Holocaust survivors were settled in German territories gained by Poland, whereas the north of former East Prussia (Kaliningrad Oblast gained by the USSR) was turned into a military zone and subsequently settled with Russians. The first Polish settlers in contrast experienced complete alienation from their new surroundings, perceived as fully foreign and German.

However, contrary to the official declaration that the former German inhabitants of the Recovered Territories had to be removed quickly to house Poles displaced by the Soviet annexation, the new Polish lands initially faced a severe population shortage.

Polish population transfers from the Soviet Union only amounted for 1.5 million people, while more than 8 million Germans lost their homes in the German Eastern Territories.

Polonization and the Treaty of Zgorzelec

Drawing from interwar demands by Polish nationalists (albeit far more limited), Poland's sweeping territorial gains of German land were presented as inspired by the Piast vision of an ethnically homogeneous state within the borders of medieval Piast Poland. Fully German-speaking areas such as Lower Silesia and Farther Pomerania suffered expulsion of its entire indigenous population in 1945–46. Polonization proceeded rapidly, despite the still uncertain border.

Rather than taking over German place names, new Polish place names were determined by decree, reverting to a Slavic name or inventing a new name for places founded by German speakers. In order to establish the Piast vision in the consciousness of the population and to convince them of the historical justice of the annexation of the former German territories, the 'Recovered Territories' were covered with a network of designations connected with the Piast dynasty, even if the buildings themselves had no reference to the Piast rulers.

The Polish Communists mobilized for cleansing and acculturation to de-Germanize their new home. German words were removed from buildings and even from art works, dishes, and gravesites. Meanwhile, a blatantly fraudulent referendum was held on three different questions; the third of these was whether the Polish people were in favor of the new western border. According to the official results, over 90% voted "yes" despite Poland having lost substantial territories in the east (the Kresy lands) as well.

The process was finalized in 1950 by the Treaty of Zgorzelec, an agreement signed under Soviet pressure by Otto Grotewohl, prime minister of the provisional government of the GDR (East Germany) and Polish premier Józef Cyrankiewicz. It recognized the Oder–Neisse line specified by the 1945 Potsdam Agreement as the border between the two states. The terms referred to the "defined and existing border" from the Baltic Sea west of Świnoujście – however without mentioning Szczecin – along the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers to the Czechoslovak border.

West German politics in the early post-World-War-II years

After the war, the so-called "German question" was an important factor of post-war German and European history and politics.

Between 1949 and 1970 the government of West Germany referred to these territories as "former German territories temporarily under Polish and Soviet administration". This terminology was used in relation to territories of eastern Germany within the 1937 Germany border, and was based on the terminology used in the Potsdam Agreement. It was used only by the Federal Republic of Germany; but the Polish and Soviet governments objected to the obvious implication that these territories should someday revert to Germany. The Polish government preferred to use the phrase Recovered Territories, asserting a sort of continuity because parts of these territories had centuries previously been ruled by ethnic Poles.

Until 1973, the Federal Republic took a strict line in claiming an exclusive mandate for all of Germany.  Under the Hallstein Doctrine, the Federal Republic broke diplomatic relations with states that maintained diplomatic relations with the GDR, except for the Soviet Union. Therefore, the government of West Germany and the Bundestag declared in 1950 the Treaty of Zgorzelec ″null and void″.

In the early history of West Germany, refugee organizations were an important political factor, demanding that Germany never renounce the land that was deemed still part of Germany. However, contrary to the official claims, the bulk of the expelleés would likely have no real intention of returning to their homeland.

Ostpolitik and the Treaty of Warsaw

In the 1970s, West Germany adopted Ostpolitik in foreign relations, which strove to normalise relations with its neighbours by recognising the realities of the European order of the time, and abandoning elements of the Hallstein Doctrine. West Germany also abandoned for the time being its claims with respect to German reunification, recognising the existence of the German Democratic Republic (GDR); and the validity of the Oder–Neisse line in international law." As part of this new approach, West Germany concluded friendship treaties with the Soviet Union (Treaty of Moscow (1970)), Poland (Treaty of Warsaw (1970)), East Germany (Basic Treaty (1972)) and Czechoslovakia (Treaty of Prague (1973)); and participated in the Helsinki Final Act (1975). The validity of the Treaty of Zgorzelec was explicitly confirmed in a judgement of the Federal Constitutional Court of 1973 on the Basic Treaty between East and West Germany. Nevertheless, West Germany continued its long-term objective of achieving a reunification of East Germany, West Germany and Berlin; and maintained that its formal recognition of the post-war boundaries of Germany would need to be confirmed by a united Germany in the context of a Final Settlement of the Second World War. Some West German commentators continued to maintain that neither the Treaty of Zgorzelec nor the Treaty of Warsaw should be considered as binding on a future united Germany; albeit that these reservations were intended for domestic political consumption, and the arguments advanced in support of them had no substance in international law.

The Holy See immediately acknowledged the new reality following the Treaty of Warsaw, and created new Polish dioceses in the territories with the papal bulls Episcoporum Poloniae coetus and Vratislaviensis – Berolinensis et aliarium.

German reunification, German–Polish Border Treaty and present status

In 1990 Germany officially recognized its present eastern border at the time of its reunification in the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, ending any residual claims to sovereignty that Germany may have had over any territory east of the Oder–Neisse line. Over time, the "German question" has been muted by a number of related phenomena:
 The passage of time resulted in fewer people being left who have firsthand experience of living in these regions under German jurisdiction.
 In the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, Germany renounced all claims to territory east of the Oder–Neisse line. Germany's recognition of the border was repeated in the German–Polish Border Treaty on 14 November 1990. The first of those treaties was made by both German states and ratified in 1991 by a united Germany. The second was already signed by the united Germany.
 The expansion of the European Union eastwards in 2004 enabled any German wishing to live and work in Poland, and thus east of the Oder–Neisse line, to do so without requiring a permit. German expellees and refugees became free to visit their former homes and set up residence, though some restrictions remained on the purchase of land and buildings.
 Poland entered the Schengen Area on 21 December 2007, removing all border controls on its border with Germany.

Under Article 1 of the Treaty on Final Settlement, the new united Germany committed itself to renouncing any further territorial claims beyond the boundaries of East Germany, West Germany and Berlin; "The united Germany has no territorial claims whatsoever against other states and shall not assert any in the future." Furthermore, the Basic Law of the Federal Republic was required to be amended to state explicitly that full German unification had now been achieved, such that the new German state comprised the entirety of Germany, and that all constitutional mechanisms should be removed by which any territories outside those boundaries could otherwise subsequently be admitted; these new constitutional articles being bound by treaty not to be revoked. Article 23 of the Basic Law was repealed, closing off the possibility for any further states to apply for membership of the Federal Republic; while Article 146 was amended to state explicitly that the territory of the newly unified republic comprised the entirety of the German people; "This Basic Law, which since the achievement of the unity and freedom of Germany applies to the entire German people, shall cease to apply on the day on which a constitution freely adopted by the German people takes effect". This was confirmed in the 1990 rewording of the preamble; "Germans ... have achieved the unity and freedom of Germany in free self-determination. This Basic Law thus applies to the entire German people."

In the course of the German reunification, Chancellor Helmut Kohl initially caused international outcry by making no reference in his 10 Points to the acceptance of the border as definitive, but later reaffirmed reluctantly the acceptance of the territorial changes made after World War II, creating some outrage among the Federation of Expellees, while some Poles were concerned about a possible revival of their 1939 trauma through a "second German invasion", this time with the Germans buying back their land, which was cheaply available at the time. This happened on a smaller scale than many Poles expected, and the Baltic Sea coast of Poland has become a popular German tourist destination. The so-called "homesickness-tourism" which was often perceived as quite aggressive well into the 1990s now tends to be viewed as a good-natured nostalgia tour rather than an expression of anger and desire for the return of the lost territories.

Some organisations in Germany continue to claim the territories for Germany or property there for German citizens. The Prussian Trust (or the Prussian Claims Society), that probably has less than a hundred members, re-opened the old dispute when in December 2006 it submitted 23 individual claims against the Polish government to the European Court of Human Rights asking for compensation or return of property appropriated from its members at the end of World War II. An expert report jointly commissioned by the German and Polish governments from specialists in international law have confirmed that the proposed complaints by the Prussian Trust had little hope of success. But the German government cannot prevent such requests being made and the Polish government has felt that the submissions warranted a comment by Anna Fotyga, the Polish Minister of the Foreign Affairs to "express [her] deepest concern upon receiving the information about a claim against Poland submitted by the Prussian Trust to the European Court of Human Rights". On 9 October 2008 the European Court of Human Rights declared the case of Preussische Treuhand v. Poland inadmissible, because the European Convention on Human Rights does not impose any obligations on the Contracting States to return property which was transferred to them before they ratified the convention.

After the National Democratic Party of Germany, described as a neo-Nazi organisation, won six seats in the parliament of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in September 2006, the leader of the party, Udo Voigt, declared that his party demands Germany in "historical borders" and questioned the current border treaties.

See also

List of people from the former eastern territories of Germany
History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
Ostsiedlung
East Elbia
Germania Slavica
Drang nach Osten
Areas annexed by Germany
World War II evacuation and expulsion
Expulsion of Poles by Germany
German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe
Evacuation of East Prussia
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II
Polish population transfers (1944–1946)

Notes

References

Further reading

Emotions prevail in relations between Germans, Czechs, Poles – poll, Czech Happenings, 21 December 2005
Jose Ayala Lasso. Speech to the German expellees, Day of the Homeland, Berlin 6 August 2005 Lasso was the first United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (1994–1997)
Ryszard W. Piotrowicz. The Status of Germany in International Law: Deutschland uber Deutschland? The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. 1989), pp. 609–635 "The purpose of this article is to consider the legal status of Germany from 1945 to [1989]"

Former eastern territories of Germany
Geographic history of Germany
Geographic history of Poland
Historical regions in Germany
Geography of Prussia
History of Pomerania
Province of Silesia
Partition (politics)
Borders of Germany
Borders of Poland
Germany–Poland relations
Germany–Lithuania relations
Germany–Russia relations
Aftermath of World War II in Germany

Former eastern territories of Germany


Al Skhab ou Lag, est un sautoir traditionnel parfumé, algérien originaire de la tribu des Ouled Naïl, confectionné par les femmes la veille du mariage pour que la future épouse l'emporte dans son trousseau.

Al Skhab السخاب signifie d'aprés le dictionnaire historique Lisan Al ´Arab :

"السِّخَابُ قِلادَةٌ تُتَّخَذُ من قَرَنْفُلٍ وسُكٍّ ومَحْلَبٍ ليس فيها من اللُّؤْلُؤِ والجوهر"

Traduction :

« Al-Sikhab est un collier fait de clous de girofle, de menthe et d'ornements, sans perles ni bijoux. »

Le Skhab algérien se compose également de clous de girofle,  de diverses  épices et d'une pierre d'ambre. Ce bijou à persisté avec les migrations hilaliennes mais a été developpé avec un artisanat propre sur leurs nouveaux territoires au fil des siècles représentatifs du Skhab algérien actuel.

Description et fabrication
Il se présente sous forme d'un long collier multi rangs de perles d'ambre de couleur noire et de forme triangulaire. Pour façonner ces perles, les femmes préparent une pâte aromatisée à base de clous de girofle, d'ambre gris et d'eau de rose, à laquelle on ajoute d'autres constituants, selon la recette adoptée par chaque communauté féminine.

Après l'obtention de cette pâte parfumée « Guemha », on en forme des petites boules. Ensuite, on les serre entre les pouces et les index des deux mains pour leur donner la forme d'une petite pyramide. Enfin, ces perles vont être laissées sécher à l'air libre pendant plus que quarante jours.

Certaines femmes préfèrent imbiber directement les clous de girofle dans de l'eau de rose mélangée avec de l'ambre gris. Une fois bien hydratés, elles les enfilent à l'aide d'une aiguille dans des longs fils qui vont être alignés et décoré pour former un sautoir.

Le collier est orné par des motifs en or tels que « Meskiya », « Dj3ibet » et surtout « Khamsa ». Les perles du Skhab peuvent être également décorées par des fragments de corail ou du verre coloré.

Les villes où se porte skhab

Ce bijou s'est diffusé dans la région des Aurès puis porté par-dessus le elhaf. Il s'est ensuite propagé dans tout l'est algérien, ornant la gandoura constantinoise, la gandoura annabienne, la chamsa jijelienne, la robe naili, elhaf mozabite et le binouar sétifien.

Au XXIᵉ siècle, on le retrouve également dans la région d'Alger et à l'ouest, parant blouzas et cheddas, tlemcénienne, mostaganémoise ou oranienne.

Skhab est également porté par les petits garçons lors de la cérémonie de la circoncision et est placé dans les plis des habits dans le coffre à vêtements, embaumant les robes et autres toilettes féminines

Notes et références

Bijou
Culture berbère

Skhab


Schmalzmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Röckingen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Die Einöde liegt an der Wörnitz und ist unmittelbar von Acker- und Grünland umgeben. Im Nordosten wird die Flur Eichach genannt. Im Südosten liegt die Forst Dornstadt-Linkersbaindt. Ein Anliegerweg führt zur Kreisstraße AN 47 (0,2 km südöstlich), die nach Fürnheim (2,3 km südwestlich) bzw. die Staatsstraße 2218 kreuzend nach Röckingen (2,3 km nördlich) führt.

Geschichte
Schmalzmühle lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Wassertrüdingen. Grundherr des Anwesens war das württembergische Oberamt Weiltingen. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Schmalzmühle dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Röckingen zugewiesen.

Baudenkmal
 Haus Nr. 1: Ehemalige Mühle eines Vierseithofes, Mühl- und Wohngebäude, zweigeschossiger Satteldachbau, rückwärtig Halbwalm, mit Fachwerkgiebel, um 1700, mit östlich angebautem Austragshaus, wohl 19. Jahrhundert; Hofhaus, Nebengebäude, zweigeschossiger massiver Bau mit Steildach, einseitig mit Halbwalm, 1786; ehemaliger Schweinestall, eingeschossiger massiver Satteldachbau, um 1900; Hofeinfahrt, Korbbogentor mit Nebenpforte, bezeichnet "1710".

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Laurentius (Röckingen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach Heilig Geist (Wassertrüdingen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Röckingen
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung
Ort an der Wörnitz

Schmalzmühle (Röckingen)


Moose Jaw, Kanada'nın Saskatchewan eyâletinin orta-güney bölümünde, Moose Jaw Nehri üzerinde kurulmuş bir kenttir. Saskatchewan'ın başkenti Regina'nın 71 km batısında yer alır. Kent, etraftaki yüzlerce küçük köy ve kasaba için bir bağlantı noktası olmasının yanında, emekli insanların yerleşmek için tercih ettikleri bir kent ve turizm merkezi olmasıyla da tanınmaktadır.

Kentin nüfusu 32.000'inin biraz üzerindedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Saskatchewan

Dış bağlantılar
 Moos Jaw Kenti Resmi Sitesi

Saskatchewan'daki şehirler

Moose Jaw


Michal Zrihen, née le 25 mars 1995, est une taekwondoïste israélienne puis portugaise.

Biographie
Michal Zrihen évolue sous les couleurs israéliennes jusqu'en 2021 où elle concourt pour le Portugal.

Elle est médaillée de bronze dans la catégorie des moins de 46 kg aux Championnats du monde féminins de taekwondo 2021 à Riyad.

Elle remporte la médaille de bronze dans la catégorie des moins de 46 kg aux Championnats d'Europe 2022 à Manchester.

Références

Liens externes

Taekwondoïste portugaise
Taekwondoïste israélienne
Naissance en mars 1995

Michal Zrihen


Daniel Wroughton Craig  (d. 2 Mart 1968), Casino Royale (2006) ile başlayan ve Ölmek için Zaman Yoka (2021) kadar devam eden beş filmde gizli ajan James Bond'u canlandırarak uluslararası ün kazanan İngiliz oyuncudur.

Londra'daki National Youth Theatre'da eğitim gördükten ve 1991 yılında Guildhall School of Music and Drama'dan mezun olduktan sonra Craig kariyerine sahnede başladı. Tek Olmanın Gücü (1992) adlı drama ve Fırlama Şövalye (1995) adlı aile filmiyle sinemaya adım atan Craig, asıl çıkışını Our Friends in the North (1996) adlı drama dizisindeki rolüyle yaptı. Elizabeth (1998), Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), Azap Yolu (2002), Bir Dilim Suç (2004) ve Münih (2005) gibi filmlerdeki yardımcı rolleriyle öne çıktı.

2006 yılında, eleştirmenler tarafından olumlu karşılanan ve Craig'e BAFTA En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü adaylığı kazandıran Bond serisinin yeniden başlatılması olan Casino Royalede James Bond rolünü üstlendi. O zamandan bu yana Bond dışındaki rolleri arasında fantastik film Altın Pusula (2007), drama Direniş (2008), bilimkurgu Western Kovboylar ve Uzaylılar (2011), gizem gerilim filmi Ejderha Dövmeli Kız (2011), soygun filmi Şanslı Logan (2017) ve kendisine Altın Küre Ödülü adaylığı kazandıran gizem komedisi Bıçaklar Çekildi (2019) yer almaktadır.

2011 yılında Harold Pinter'ın Aldatma oyununun yeniden canlandırılmasında eşi aktris Rachel Weisz ile birlikte Broadway'deki ilk çıkışını yaptı. 2016 yılında New York Theatre Workshop yapımı Othelloda rol aldı. 2022'de Ruth Negga ile birlikte Macbeth'in başrolünde oynamak üzere Broadway'e geri döndü.

Filmografi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Daniel Craig çok detaylı biyografisi (Tiscali Film & TV den)
 Cover story on Daniel Craig in Men's Vogue
 Bond başlıyor Kişisel Röportajı, Parade Magazine 26 Ekim 2008
 Aktör hakkında Bond haberleri

Yaşayan insanlar
1968 doğumlular
Fransız asıllı İngilizler
Galler asıllı İngilizler
20. yüzyılda İngiliz erkek oyuncular
21. yüzyılda İngiliz erkek oyuncular
İngiliz erkek dizi oyuncuları
İngiliz erkek sinema oyuncuları
İngiliz erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
İngiliz erkek seslendirme sanatçıları
İngiliz erkek modeller
Sesli kitap anlatıcıları
İngiliz feministler
Erkek feministler
BAFTA Los Angeles Britanya Ödülleri sahipleri
İngiliz agnostikler
Kraliyet Donanması subayları

Daniel Craig


Émile Berr (1855-1923) est un homme de lettres français, journaliste au Figaro, rédacteur en chef de son supplément littéraire en 1895.

Biographie
Né le 6 juin 1855 à Lunéville (Meurthe-et-Moselle) d'une famille israélite de Lorraine, Émile Berr commence sa carrière dans l'industrie et la finance. En 1886, il quitte le monde des affaires pour le journalisme, et en 1888 il entre au Figaro en qualité de reporter, avant d'être chargé du supplément littéraire. Il collabore également à La Liberté, au , à la Revue bleue et à La Vie parisienne.

Grand reporter au Figaro, il voyage dans de nombreux pays d'Europe y compris au-delà des Balkans. De ses séjours dans les pays scandinaves, il en tire son premier ouvrage littéraire, Au pays des nuits blanches, salué par l'Académie française par le prix Montyon en 1901. D'autres ouvrages suivront comme Chez les autres (1902), Journal de Sonia (1904). Plus tard, il publie Les Petites choses, essai de micropsychologie (1909), Pour une dame qui voudrait penser à autre chose (1916) et L'invisible ami (1919).

Il est reçu officier de la Légion d'honneur le 24 décembre 1912.

Il décède à Paris le 9 octobre 1923.

Liens externes

 Base Léonore

Notes et références

Critique littéraire français
Collaborateur du Figaro
Officier de la Légion d'honneur promu en 1912
Naissance en juin 1855
Naissance à Lunéville
Décès en octobre 1823
Décès dans le 9e arrondissement de Paris

Émile Berr


بلدية سانت جوليا دي بيلاتورتا (بالكاتالانية: Sant Julià de Vilatorta) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.887 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

سان خوليان دي فيلاتورتا (برشلونة)


Wilma Labate (* 4. Dezember 1949 in Rom) ist eine italienische Dokumentarfilmerin und Filmregisseur.

Leben
Labate schloss in Philosophie ab und arbeitete als Filmredakteurin bei der RAI; daneben organisierte sie Theateraufführungen und Kulturfeste, schrieb Artikel für "Unione Sarda" und übernahm organisatorische Aufgaben für die Filmfestspiele von Venedig. Als Regisseurin widmete sie sich vornehmlich dem Dokumentarfilm; sie debütierte 1982 mit dem mittellangen Una notte a Roma. Mit diesen Filmen war sie in spezialisierten Kinos und im Fernsehen vertreten; im Spielfilmbereich assistierte sie Damiano Damiani und Ettore Scola. Für die Firma Renault war sie als Industrie- und Werbefilmerin aktiv.

1992 legte sie mit Ambrogio ihr Spielfilmdebüt vor, die Geschichte eines Jungen in den 1950er Jahren mit dem Traum, Kapitän eines Überseekreuzers zu werden. Es folgte ihr wohl bedeutendster Film, La mia generazione (1996). Die Geschichte eines Terroristen und seiner Frau sowie eines Polizisten im krisengeschüttelten Italien der 1980er Jahre wurde mit Claudio Amendola, Silvio Orlando und Francesca Neri prominent besetzt. Neben der Regieführung wurde auch die Kameraarbeit besonders hervorgehoben. Der 2000 veröffentlichte Domenica fand nicht den kommerziellen Erfolg, den er verdiente, woraufhin sich Labate wieder dokumentarischen Projekten zuwandte. 2007 folgte der bislang letzte Spielfilm, Signorina Effe, der mehrfach für Preise nominiert wurde.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1992: Ambrogio
 1996: Meine Generation (La mia generazione)
 2000: Domenica
 2007: Signorina Effe

Weblinks

 Würdigung Labates bei mymovies (italienisch)
 Kurzbiografie bei der RAI (bis 2000)

Einzelnachweise

Dokumentarfilmer
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1949
Frau

Wilma Labate