Isla Werft (en alemán: Werftinsel que quiere decir: isla jardín y también llamada Shipyard que significa "astillero") es una isla fluvial del país europeo de Alemania, específicamente en el río Weser, en el estado federado de Bremen. Posee una superficie de 0,9 hectáreas, 478 metros de largo y 20 metros de ancho, se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas . Posee un puente peatonal y se encuentra deshabitada.

Véase también
 Geografía de Alemania
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Bremen
Islas fluviales de Alemania

Isla Werft


Ibrahim Hashem en árabe:إبراهيم هاشم (14 - 1878 de junio de 1958) fue un abogado jordano y político que ocupó varios altos cargos en virtud de los reyes Faisal I de Irak, Abdullah I de Jordania y Hussein de Jordania:

 El primer ministro del Emirato de Transjordania de 18 de octubre de 1933 a 28 de septiembre de 1938
 El primer ministro del Emirato de Transjordania del 19 de mayo de 1945 a 25 de mayo de 1946
 El primer ministro del Reino Hachemita de Transjordania desde 25 de mayo de 1946 hasta 2 de abril de 1947
 El primer ministro del Reino Hachemita de Jordania a partir del 21 de diciembre de 1955-8 de enero de 1956
 El primer ministro del Reino Hachemita de Jordania a partir del 1 de julio de 1956 a 29 de octubre de 1956
 Primer Ministro del Reino Hachemita de Jordania, del 24 de abril de 1957 a 18 de mayo de 1958

Hashem fue asesinado en 1958 en Bagdad. Trabajaba en la Federación Árabe recién establecida entre Jordania e Irak y estaba de viaje a Bagdad con el Ministro de Defensa Suleiman Toukan y el Ministro de Estado de Relaciones Exteriores Khlusi Al Khairi cuando fueron atacados por revolucionarios cerca del aeropuerto de Bagdad y Hashem y Toukan fueron asesinados.

Vida y Carrera

Hashem nació en Nablus, y se educó en Estambul. En 1915 se unió al ejército y el gobierno árabe en Damasco. Enseñó Derecho en la Universidad de Damasco y fue nombrado por Faisal I de Irak ante el Tribunal de Apelación. En 1920 se trasladó a Jordania tras la ocupación francesa de Siria.

En 1933 fue nombrado Primer Ministro, Ministro de Justicia y jefe de la Corte Suprema de Transjordania.

En 1958 estaba trabajando en el sindicato recién creado entre Jordania e Irak y viajó a Bagdad con el ministro de Defensa Suleiman Tukan y Ministro de Estado para Asuntos Exteriores de la Khlusi Al Khairi. Su partido fue atacado por los revolucionarios, cerca del aeropuerto de Bagdad, y Hashem y Toukan fueron asesinados.

Su sobrina Hanan fue la madre de la tercera esposa de Huséin I de Jordania, la reina Alia.

Referencias

 Aruri, N.H. (1972). Jordan: A Study in Political Development (1923-1965). Springer, ISBN 9789024712175
 Staff report (February 27, 1956). Jordan Deputy Premier Quits to Become Speaker Here. Chicago Tribune
 Lentz, Harris M. (1994). Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 Through 1992. McFarland, ISBN 9780899509266
 Preston, Paul; Michael Partridge; Bülent Gökay; Malcolm Yapp; Great Britain Foreign Office (2005). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. ISBN 9780886927202
 Staff report (July 23, 1958). Jordan tells slaying of two envoys in Iraq. Chicago Tribune
 Staff report (July 17, 1958). Cairo Reports Arrests. New York Times

Hashem, Ibrahim
Hashem, Ibrahim
Naturales de Nablus
Jordanos del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Bagdad

Ibrahim Hashem


Larchidiocèse de Hobart est une juridiction de l'Église catholique en Australie situé à Hobart et couvrant la Tasmanie. L'archidiocèse est immédiatement sujette au Saint-Siège et est placée sous le patronage de Saint Patrick.

L'île était initialement administrée par le vicariat apostolique de la Nouvelle-Hollande et de la Terre de Van Diemen. En 1842, le vicariat apostolique de Hobart est érigé le 5 avril puis rapidement élevé en diocèse le 22 avril. Le 3 août 1888, il est élevé en archidiocèse.

La  est le siège de l'archevêque catholique de Hobart, actuellement Julian Porteous.

Archevêques
Robert Willson (1842-1866)
Daniel Murphy (1866-1907)
Patrick Delany (1907-1926)
William Barry (1926-1929)
William Hayden (1930-1936)
Justin Simonds (1937-1942)
Ernest Victor Tweedy (1942-1955)
Guilford Clyde Young (1955-1988)
Eric D'Arcy (1988-1999)
Adrian Leo Doyle (1999-2013)
Julian Porteous (depuis 2013)

Liens externes

Hobart
Hobart
Hobart
Hobart

Archidiocèse de Hobart


නිල්ගිරි ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතය  යනු දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ බටහිර ඝාට්ස් හී නිල්ගිරි කඳු පන්තිය ආශ්‍රිතව පිහිටි අන්තර්ජාතික ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතයක් වේ. මෙම රක්ෂිතය 2012 වර්ෂයේදී යුනෙස්කෝව විසින් ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කොට තිබේ. මදුමලෙයි, මුකුර්ති, වයනාද් සහ බන්ඩිපුර් යන ජාතික උද්‍යානද මෙම රක්ෂිතයට ඇතුලත්ය.

මිනිසා සහ ජෛවගෝල වැඩසටහන යටතේ යුනෙස්කෝව විසින් වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 5000ක් පමණ වූ නිල්ගිරි කඳු පන්තියට අයත් මනස්කාන්ත පරිසර පද්ධතිය හා එහි අවට පරිසරය, 1986 වර්ෂයේ සැප්තැම්බරයේදී, ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතයක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. නිල්ගිරි ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතය ඉන්දියාවේ ප්‍රථම ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතය හා ශාක සහ සත්ව සංහතිය අතින් පොහොසත් ප්‍රමුඛතම පාරිසරික උරුමයක් ලෙස සැළකේ.

පිහිටීම
මෙම රක්ෂිතය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 5,520ක පමණ භූමි වපසරියකින් සමන්විත වන අතර, රක්ෂිතයේ පැතිරීම තමිල් නාඩුව (2537.6 km²), කර්ණාටක (1527.4 km²) හා කේරල (1455.4 km²) යන ප්‍රාන්ත දක්වාද විහිදී පවතී. නිල්ගිරි සානුව සම්පූර්ණ වශයෙන් ආවරණය කරන රක්ෂිතය උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ 10°50′ - 12°16′ අතර හා නැගෙනහිර දේෂාංශ 76°00′ - 77°15′ අතර පිහිටා තිබේ.

රක්ෂිතය ඝාට්ස් බටහිර බෑවුම්හී නිවර්තන හා උපනිවර්තන තෙත් වනාන්තර වල සිට නැගෙනහිර බෑවුම්හී නිවර්තන හා උපනිවර්තන වියලි වනාන්තර තෙක් පැතිර පවතී. වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය මිමි 500 ත් 7000 අතර විචලනය වේ. නිරිතදිග ඝාට්ස් තෙත් පතනශිලී වනාන්තරය,  නිරිතදිග ඝාට්ස් කඳුකර වැසි වනාන්තරය හා දකුණු ඩෙකෑන්සානු වියළි පතනශීළි වනාන්තරය යන ප්‍රධාන පරිසර කලාප තුනකින් මෙම රක්ෂිතය සමන්විත වේ.

සත්ව හා ශාක සංහතිය
ක්ෂීරපායී විශේෂ 100 කට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක්, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 350 ක්, උරග විශේෂ 80 ක්, මතස්‍ය විශේෂ 39 ක්, උභය ජීවී විශේෂ 31 හා සමනල විශේෂ 316 ක් පමණ මෙහි සත්ව සංහතියට අයක් වේ.

ශාක විවිධත්වය අතින් නිල්ගිරි රක්ෂිතය ඉතා ඉහල මට්ටමක පවතී. විශේෂ 3,300 ක පමණ සපුෂ්ප ශාක ප්‍රමාණයක් මෙහි දැකගත හැකිවන අතර ඉන් විශේෂ 132ක් මෙම රක්ෂිතයට පමණක් ආවේණික වේ. 80% ක පමණ සපුෂ්ප ශාක ප්‍රමාණයක් බටහිර ඝාට්ස් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් වාර්ථා වේ.

උද්‍යාන
නිල්ගිරි රක්ෂිතයට අයත් උද්‍යාන කිහිපයකි.
 බන්ඩිපුර් ජාතික උද්‍යානය, කර්ණාටක
 මදුමලෙයි අභය භූමිය, තමිල් නාඩුව
 මුකුර්ති ජාතික උද්‍යානය, තමිල් නාඩුව
 සත්‍යමංගලම් අභය භූමිය, තමිල් නාඩුව
 නගාර්හෝල් ජාතික උද්‍යානය, කර්ණාටක
 සයිලන්ට් වැලී ජාතික උද්‍යානය, කේරල
 වයනාද් අභය භූමිය, කේරල

මූලාශ්‍ර

ඉන්දියාව
ආසියාව
විකිපීඩියා ආසියානු මාසය 2015
ලෝක උරුම
ලෝක උරුම අඩවි
වනාන්තර

නිල්ගිරි ජෛවගෝල රක්ෂිතය


Ludwig Hohl (Netstal, cantón de Glaris, 9 de abril de 1904-Ginebra, 3 de noviembre de 1980) fue un escritor suizo germanófono.

Trayectoria
Era hijo de Jakob Arnold, un pastor protestante, y de Anna Magdalena Zweifel. Desde muy joven eligió la literatura como ocupación. Después de haber vivido en Francia, en Viena y en los Países Bajos, se estableció en Ginebra, desde 1937 hasta su muerte; allí vivió en un sótano.

Escritor raro y exigente, Hohl casi no publicó libros, y fueron además bastante cortos. Varios escritores, como Max Frisch, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Adolf Muschg, Peter Handke o Ferenc Rákóczy, al rendir homenaje a su obra, lograron su difusión aunque fue un autor poco conocido. Ludwig Hohl no se relacionó mucho con el mundo literario helvético.

Muchos textos fueron elaborados lentamente; así Escalada fue iniciado en 1926, pero solo lo concluyó a finales de su vida, en 1975.

Obra
 Gedichte (1925)
 Nuancen und Details. Teil I-II (1939)
 Nuancen und Details. Teil III (1942)
 Die Notizen oder Von der unvoreiligen Versцhnung. Band 1 (1943)
 Näсhtlicher Weg (1943)
 Die Notizen oder Von der unvoreiligen Versцhnung. Band 1: Teil I-VI (1944)
 Die Notizen oder Von der unvoreiligen Versцhnung. Band 2: Teil VII-XII (1954)
 Vernunft und Gьte (1956)
 Wirklichkeiten. Prosa (1963)
 Nuancen und Details (1964)
 Dass fast alles anders ist  (1967)
 Drei alte Weiber in einem Bergdorf (1970)
 Bergfahrt (1975)
 Die Notizen oder Von der unvoreiligen Versцhnung (1981)
 Von den hereinbrechenden Rдndern. Nachnotizen. Anmerkungen (1986), dos vols.
 Und eine neue Erde (1990)
 Mut und Wahl (1992)
 Jugendtagebuch (1998)

Traducciones
 Matices y detalles (de Nuancen und Details), DVD ED., 2008
 Escalada (Bergfahrt), Minúscula, 2008
 Camino nocturno (Nächtliger weg), Minúscula, 2010

Premios
 "Premio Schiller" (1970)
 "Premio por el centenario Robert Walser" (1978)
 "Premio Petrarca" (1980)

Notas

Bibliografía
 Peter Handke, "Ein Gruss an Ludwig Hohl", Das Ende des Flanierens, Suhrkamp, 1980, 162-3.

Enlaces externos
 Página web de Ludwig Hohl en el Diccionario histórico de Suiza .

Escritores de Suiza del siglo XX
Escritores en alemán
Nacidos en el cantón de Glaris
Fallecidos en Ginebra

Ludwig Hohl


Planinska hrapavica (lat. Achnatherum calamagrostis), trajnica iz porodice trava. Raširena je po Europi, Maroku i Aziji (od srednje Azije do Sibira. Jedini je prredstavnik roda hrapavica koji raste i u Hrvatskoj, primjerice na siparu kod Crvenog jezera, gdje raste uz kiselicu točilarku (Rumex scutatus) i Nacionalnom Parku Krka. Obje ove biljke sposobne su se korijenjem usidriti u nestabilan supstrat kamenjarskog točila.

Sinonimi
 Achnatherum argenteum (DC.) P.Beauv.
 Achnatherum calamagrostis var. colorata (Pančić) Niketić
 Achnatherum calamagrostis subsp. mesatlasicum (Quézel) Dobignard
 Achnatherum halleri (Willd.) P.Beauv.
 Achnatherum mesatlasicum (Quézel) Ibn Tattou
 Agrostis argentea Lam.
 Agrostis calamagrostis L.
 Arundo argentea (DC.) Clairv.
 Arundo halleri Willd.
 Arundo neglecta Ehrh.
 Arundo speciosa Schrad.
 Calamagrostis argentea DC.
 Calamagrostis argentea subsp. mesatlasica Quézel
 Calamagrostis arundo J.F.Gmel.
 Calamagrostis conspicua Bergeret
 Calamagrostis halleri (Willd.) Brand
 Calamagrostis leersii Trin. ex Steud.
 Calamagrostis leucantha Delile ex Steud.
 Calamagrostis neglecta G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb.
 Calamagrostis speciosa (Schrad.) Host
 Deyeuxia neglecta Kunth
 Lasiagrostis calamagrostis (L.) Link
 Lasiagrostis calamagrostis var. colorata Pančić
 Stipa calamagrostis (L.) Wahlenb.
 Stipa lasiagrostis G.Nicholson
 Streptachne calamagrostis (L.) Dumort.

Izvori

Stipeae
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Bugarske
Flora Francuske
Flora Grčke
Flora Italije
Flora Kine
Flora Kirgistana
Flora Maroka
Flora Mongolije
Flora Njemačke
Flora Rusije
Flora Španjolske
Flora Švicarske
Flora Tadžikistana

Planinska hrapavica


John Greville Agard Pocock (Londres, 7 de marzo de 1924) es un historiador británico, neozelandés y estadounidense. Es citado como J. G. A. Pocock. Destaca por sus estudios sobre el republicanismo en la Edad Moderna, sobre Edward Gibbon y otros historiadores de la Ilustración, y en general, sobre la historia del discurso político, su principal contribución al método histórico.

Formación y carrera

Pasó la mayor parte de su juventud en Nueva Zelanda. En 1966 emigró a los Estados Unidos. Desde 1975 enseña en la Johns Hopkins University de Baltimore.

Su primer libro, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law trata sobre el tema de la mentalidad del derecho anglosajón (common law mind), mostrando cómo pensadores tales como el jurista inglés Edward Coke (1552–1634) convirtieron un análisis histórico en una epistemología del derecho y la política; construcción que los autores de mediados del  subvirtieron. Parte de esta obra ha sido enmendada en ediciones posteriores.

En los años setenta Pocock cambió su área de interés desde la forma en que los juristas entienden la evolución del derecho hacia la forma en que lo hacen los filósofos y teólogos. En The Machiavellian Moment (1975), que se considera su magnum opus, muestra cómo florentinos, ingleses y estadounidenses han respondido y analizado la destrucción de sus estados y órdenes políticos en crisis sucesivas a través de la Edad Moderna. No tuvo una acogida unánime, pero sí se destaca su contribución, especialmente por su caracterización del teórico político James Harrington (1611–1677).

Posteriormente Pocock investigó la obra literaria de Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), historiador británico que describió el cataclismo del declive y caída del Imperio Romano como un conflicto inevitable entre la antigua virtud y el comercio moderno. Describe a Gibbon como un humanista cívico de buena fe, incluso al componer su gran "narrativa ilustrada". Los primeros dos volúmenes de la serie de seis que Pocock proyectó sobre Gibbon, Barbarism and Religion, ganaron el premio Jacques Barzun de la American Philosophical Society (1999).

La "Cambridge School"
Pocock no es sólo un historiador, sino el pionero de un nuevo tipo de método histórico: el contextualismo (el estudio de "los textos en su contexto" -texts in context). En los años sesenta y comienzos de los setenta, él (introduciendo los "lenguajes" del pensamiento político) Quentin Skinner (que se centra en la intención del autor), y John Dunn (que se centra en la biografía), compusieron el núcleo informal de lo que se ha pasado a denominar la Escuela de Cambridge de historia del pensamiento político (Cambridge School). Más allá de la Escuela de Cambridge y sus seguidores, se negaba validez al entonces mayoritario método de estudio textual, que establecía previamente, y de forma anacrónica, un canon compartido de obras políticas destacadas.

El concepto de political languages ("lenguajes" o "idiomas políticos") es la clave de la revisión histórica de Pocock. Lo define como idioms, rhetorics, specialised vocabularies and grammars considerada como a single though multiplex community of discourse, el lenguaje se "descubre" (uncovered o discovered) en los textos por los historiadores, que subsiguientemente "aprenden" de ellos en su debida forma. La resultante familiaridad produce un conocimiento de cómo el pensamiento político puede situarse en los "universos lingüísticos" descubiertos historiográficamente, y en qué forma exacta se expresa cada parte de un texto. Como ejemplos, Pocock ha citado los lenguajes políticos del common law, civil jurisprudence y classical republicanism (expresiones difícilmente traducibles de forma literal -no "derecho común", sino derecho anglosajón, "jurisprudencia civil" y "republicanismo clásico" -) con el que autores como James Harrington, Thomas Hobbes y John Locke alcanzaron sus objetivos retóricos.

Historia británica
Desde 1975, Pocock impulsó el desarrollo de una nueva materia que denominó British History ("historia británica") y que se ha etiquetado como New British History ("nueva historia británica"), una expresión que él rechaza. Incita a los historiadores a reconsiderar dos temas vinculados con el futuro de la historiografía británica: En primer lugar, advierte la necesidad de rechazar las historias de los tres reinos (Escocia, Irlanda e Inglaterra) como entidades separadas, solicitando que los estudios lleven a una confluencia de las narrativas nacionales en una empresa verdaderamente integrada. En segundo lugar, solicita a los políticos que reconsideren la "europeización" del Reino Unido que se vendría produciendo desde la entrada en el Mercado Común (1973), que ve como un abandono de una parte importante de la soberanía nacional por motivos puramente económicos.

Nueva Zelanda
Tras su trabajo sobre Gibbon, puso su atención sobre su zona de origen. En un conjunto de ensayos publicados desde 1991, Pocock exploró los mandatos históricos e implicaciones del Tratado de Waitangi de 1840 (entre la Corona Británica y los maoríes), que se considera el equivalente neozelandés de la Carta Magna, y que permite tanto a los descendientes de europeos (Pākehā) como a los descendientes de los indígenas reclamar una porción de la soberanía nacional.

Pocock concluye que el tema de la soberanía debe ser abordado a través de la experiencia compartida, un perpetuo debate que conducirá a tantos acuerdos ad hoc como sea necesario; dado que un rebrote de la violencia de las guerras de Nueva Zelanda del , no debe contemplarse como posible alternativa.

Monografías
 The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: a study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century (1957, rept. 1987)**
 The Maori and New Zealand Politics (Hamilton, Blackwood & Janet Paul: 1965) editor, co-author
 Politics, Language and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History (Chicago: 1989, rept. 1972)
 Obligation and Authority in Two English Revolutions: the Dr. W. E. Collins lecture delivered at the University on 17 May 1973 (Victoria University: 1973)
 The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: 1975, rept. 2003)
 The Political Works of James Harrington (1977)** editor
 John Locke: papers read at a Clark Library Seminar, 10 December 1977 (University of California: 1980) co-author
 Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776 (Princeton: 1980) editor, co-author
 Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century (1985)**
 Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France (Hackett: 1987) editor
 Conceptual Change and the Constitution (University Press of Kansas: 1988) coeditor, co-author
 James Harrington: The Commonwealth of Oceana and A System of Politics (1992)** editor
 The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500–1800 (1993)** coeditor, co-author
 Edward Gibbon: Bicentenary Essays (Voltaire Foundation: 1997) coeditor
 Barbarism and Religion, vol.1: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737–1764 (1999)**
 Barbarism and Religion, vol.2: Narratives of Civil Government (1999)**
 Barbarism and Religion, vol.3: The First Decline and Fall (2003)**
 Barbarism and Religion, vol.4: Barbarians, Savages and Empires (2005)**
 Barbarism and Religion, vol.5: Religion: the First Triumph (in process)**
 The Discovery of Islands: Essays in British History (2005)**
 Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method (2009)** [trad. esp. Pensamiento político e historia. Ensayo sobre teoría y método. Madrid: Akal, 2011]
 More than 250 published scholarly articles and reviews (as of December 2009). For a comprehensive listing, see The Work of J.G.A. Pocock.

* in the English language.
** Cambridge University Press.

Bibliografía
 Mark Bevir, The Errors of Linguistic Contextualism, in History & Theory 31 (1992), 276-298.
 David Boucher, Texts in Context. Revisionist Methods for Studying the History of Ideas, Dordrecht, Boston & Lancaster 1985.
 Iain Hampsher-Monk, Political Languages in Time. The Work of J.G.A. Pocock, in British Journal of Political Science 14 (1984), 89-116.
 Robert D. Hume, Pocock's Contextual Historicism, in D.N. DeLuna (ed.), The Political Imagination in History. Essays Concerning J.G.A. Pocock, Baltimore 2006, 27-55.
 Preston King, Historical Contextualism. The New Historicism?, in History of European Ideas 21 (1995), No. 2, 209-233.
 William Walker, J.G.A. Pocock and the History of British Political Thought. Assessing the State of the Art, in Eighteenth-Century Life 33 (2009), No. 1, 83-96.

Notas

Enlaces externos
J.G.A. Pocock at EdwardGibbonStudies.com

Historiadores de Nueva Zelanda
Politólogos de Nueva Zelanda
Historiadores de Estados Unidos
Politólogos de Estados Unidos
Graduados honorarios de la Universidad Johns Hopkins
Nacidos en Londres
Historiadores sociales

J. G. A. Pocock


Gaiskogel ist der Name folgender Berge:

 Gaiskogel (Windachtal), , in den südwestlichen Stubaier Alpen
 Gaißkogel, auch Gaiskogel geschrieben, , bei dem Ort Kühtai in den nordwestlichen Stubaier Alpen
 Gaiskogel, , westlich der Schweinfurter Hütte in den nordwestlichen Stubaier Alpen

Gaiskogel


රජරට රාජධානිය තුල තබූ බෞද්ධ ආගමික හා අධ්‍යාපනික ආයතන 8කි.

 ගලතුරුමුල
 කපාරමුල
 උතුරුමුල
 වාදම්මුල
 මහනෙත් පාමුල
 දකුණුමුල
 සෙනෙවිරත් මුල
 විල්ගම්මුල

රජරට රාජධානිය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බුද්ධාගම

අෂ්ඨායතන, රජරට රාජධානිය


Salammbô es una ópera en cinco actos con música de Ernest Reyer y libreto en francés de Camille du Locle, basado en la novela Salammbô de Gustave Flaubert (1862). Se estrenó en el Teatro Real de la Moneda en Bruselas el 10 de febrero de 1890. Es una ópera raramente representada en la Ópera de París en 1943, y la más reciente en Marsella el 27 de septiembre de 2008, en conmemoración del 100.º aniversario de la muerte de Reyer, que es la única de Reyer que aparece en las estadísticas de Operabase.

Personajes

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes
Amadeus Almanac, consultado el 25 de septiembre de 2008
Warrack, John y West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 páginas,  ISBN 0-19-869164-5
Licencia

Óperas de Ernest Reyer
Óperas de 1901
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en Bruselas
Gustave Flaubert

Salammbô (ópera)


آل الفلقي  بنو حسن الفلقي بن حسين بن عبده المعافا، هي قبيلة من قبائل السليمانيين الذين استقروا في حرض واستولوا على إمارة الساعد في حرض بمساعدة الإمام يحيى بن الحسين الهادي في الفترة من 280- 298هـ. وقد حكم منهم في المخلاف السليماني أحمد بن حسين الفلقي، والذي كان أميراً على ساحل قوز الجعافرة في زمن حمود الخيراتي سنة 1216هـ.

فروعهم

آل بكري
بنو بكري بن حسن الفلقي وينقسم هذا الفرع إلى عدة بيوتات هي:
 بيت عرار بن قاسم بن شار بن حمد بن بكري بن حسن فلقي: ويسكنون الشقيق وذهبان ومحائل وخميس البحر وابها
 بيت علي بن بكري بن حسن فلقي: ويسكنون محائل وقرية المسلم شمال محائل وآل مشول ومنهم من يقطن مكة المكرمة
 بيت سرحان بن بكري بن حسن فلقي: وينقسم هذا البيت إلى عدة عشائر وهي :
 بيت أحمد بن سرحان بن بكري بن حسن الفلقي ويسكنون الشقيق وضمد
 بيت محمد بن سرحان ويسكنون الطائف وآل مشول وحلي ومنهم من يسكن مدينة جدة
 بيت عز الدين بن سرحان ويسكنون قرية الريش وآل منامس وآل مشول ومنهم من يسكن مدينتا جدة ومكة.
 بيت أحمد بن علي بن سرحان ويسكنون خميس البحر والقحمة ومحائل
 بيت عبده بن سرحان بن بكري ويسكنون محائل وخميس البحر
 بيت إبراهيم بن سرحان ويسكنون آل مشول ومحائل عسير
 بيت حسين بن سرحان ويسكنون الشقيق وخميس البحر
 بيت هاشم بن سرحان وينقسم إلى عدة بيوتات هي:
 آل إبراهيم بن إسماعيل بن هاشم بن سرحان ويسكنون خميس البحر ومحائل
 آل محمد بن إسماعيل بن هاشم بن سرحان ويسكنون خميس البحر
 آل علي بن إسماعيل بن هاشم بن سرحان ويسكنون مراتخ وخميس البحر
 آل الحسن بن محمد بن هاشم بن سرحان ويسكنون محائل وخميس البحر
 آل إبراهيم بن محمد بن هاشم بن سرحان ويسكنون محائل وخميس البحر

آل شيخين
بنو شيخين بن حسن بن حسين بن حسن الفلقي، ويسكنون القحمة و الشقيق و خميس البحر و محائل عسير و حلي و  آل مشول

المراجع

قبائل السعودية

آل الفلقي


فودستروي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة فولغوغراد أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4677 نسمة.

مدن مقاطعة فولغوغراد

فودستروي (فولغوغراد)


Agulha de crochê é uma ferramenta usada para fazer laçadas em linha ou fio e criar pontos de crochê. É basicamente um eixo cilíndrico com uma extremidade pontiaguda e um gancho. A ponta facilita a inserção da agulha no material que está sendo crochetado e o gancho permite que a laçada seja puxada através do material. O eixo tem um diâmetro que define o tamanho da agulha e pode ter um cabo para manuseio.

Construção

O crochê apareceu como arte têxtil durante o começo do século XIX, e muitas agulhas sobrevivem desde esse período. Dividiam-se em dois tipos, um com ganchos de aço encaixados em cabos de outro material, e outro que incluía agulhas de peça única feitas de materiais variados. Estes dois tipos de agulhas de crochê persistem até aos dias de hoje, apesar de agora serem fabricadas numa única peça. Podem aplicar-se vários revestimentos ao cabo por razões ergonômicas. Cabos ornamentados, no entanto, têm apenas valor decorativo.

Agulhas de crochê são normalmente produzidas em diâmetros que variam de 0,35 mm a 25 mm. Esses diâmetros são indicados tanto diretamente em milímetros como em outros sistemas numéricos. Agulhas abaixo de 2,0 mm são feitas de aço (por sua resistência) e são denominadas agulhas de aço, de linha ou de fio. Agulhas de 2,0 mm ou mais largas são chamadas agulhas de lã ou agulhas regulares. Alumínio é o material preponderante para agulhas de 2,00 mm a 6,00 mm (por ser mais leve). Para além destes, bambu, madeira, e plástico são os materiais mais comuns (por serem ainda mais leves). O limite de tamanho indicado entre os tipos é, contudo, aproximado. Com exceção das agulhas mais finas, que são invariavelmente feitas de aço, outros materiais podem sem encontrados fora dos tipos indicados.

Materiais historicamente usados para ganchos e agulhas de crochê de peça única incluiam osso, pelo de porco espinho,celuloide, ágata, mármore, e marfim de mamute fossilizado.

Agulhas mais longas são usadas no crochê tunisiano para acomodar as carreiras longas e as laçadas abertas que caracterizam o estilo. Uma agulha com ganchos em ambas as extremidades é usada para crochê tunisiano e outros tipos de crochê que não utilizam a agulha padrão, como o crochê de dupla face.

Tamanhos de ganchos
Por favor, consulte a Lista de Tamanhos Padrão de agulhas de crochê e tricô dos Estados Unidos para ver a tabela de comparação entre tamanhos de agulhas de crochê.

Tipos
 A agulha Knook é um tipo de agulha de crochê cuja extremidade é um gancho e a outra extremidade tem um orifício para prender um cordão. O cordão permite colocar vários pontos meia e pontos tricô no gancho, que são então deslizados para o cordão ao passar para a próxima carreira.

Uso
As maneiras tradicionais de segurar uma agulha de crochê são:

 a pega do lápis, com o gancho passando entre o polegar e o indicador, como se pega um lápis,
 a empunhadura da faca, com o gancho sob a palma da mão, assemelhando-se a uma faca segurada em pronação.

Essas pegas têm funcionalidade equivalente e são escolhidas por uma questão de preferência pessoal, com formas híbridas comumente usadas.

Outros usos
Agulhas de crochê podem ser usadas em muitos casos em que é necessário puxar um cordão através de um orifício. Por exemplo, muitos tricoteiros usam as agulhas para consertar pontos perdidos, e costureiras podem usá-las para passar cordões e elásticos no cós das roupas. Seu uso não é limitado a artes têxteis; agulhas de crochê podem ser usadas para manter penteados dreadlocks puxando fios soltos para o dread principal

Ver também
 Botão de pressão
 Medidor de gancho

Agulhas

Agulha de crochê


محمد نجم (6 مارس 1944 - 5 يونيو 2019)، ممثل كوميدي مصري بدأ التمثيل في أوائل السبعينيات بأدوار صغيرة في السينما والتلفزيون، وابتعد عن السينما والتلفزيون منذ أن أسّس مسرحه الخاص، الذي يحمل اسمه، واتجه إلى المسرح الكوميدي وأصبح علامة بارزة في الكوميديا وحقق من خلاله نجاحات باهرة من خلال أدائه الساخر، الذي ينتزع الضحكات من القلوب، وحركاته الكوميدية التي يتميز بها على سائر أقرانه من هذا العصر، ومن خلال المسرح الذي حقق به، نجاحات عديدة في المسرح الكوميدي، ومن أشهر مسرحياته عش المجانين التي اشتهر فيها بمقولة «شفيق يا راجل!»، التي حققت نجاحاً كبيراً في الوطن العربي، من بعد أن أسست فرقته الكوميدية التي تحمل اسم «فرقة نجم». توفي في فجر يوم الأربعاء 5 يونيو 2019 والموافق أول أيام عيد الفطر في مصر، عن عمر يناهز 75 عاماً بعد دخوله في غيبوبة لمدة يومين في مستشفى حي الدقي.

أعماله

المسرحيات
 حاجة تلخبط 1970 نجوى سالم ومحمد نجم.
 صديقي اللص (1973) صلاح ذو الفقار ونجوي سالم ومحمد نجم
 موزة و 3 سكاكين أول بطولة للفنان محمد نجم مع نجوى سالم وكانت بداية محمد صبحي في المسرح.
 طار فوق عش المجانين
 مولود في الوقت الضائع (1974) مع عبد المنعم مدبولي وعقيلة راتب.
 أنا أجدع منه (1979) عرضت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 زوجة واحدة تكفي (1979) صلاح ذو الفقار ومحمد نجموسعيد عبد الغني، من تأليف أحمد الإبياري
 دليل الرجل المتزوج مع هناء ثروت وسعيد عبد الغني تأليف أحمد الإبياري
 عش المجانين (مسرحية) (1979) أشهر المسرحيات العربية عُرضت في العديد من الدول.
 الواد النمس (1981) مع علي الشريف، أميمة سليم، حبيبة، زين العشماوي، شريف محمد نجم.
 أغرب زواج في العالم (17 مارس 1981) بطولة تيسير فهمي ومظهر أبو النجا مع محمد رضا.
 إعقل يا مجنون
 أولاد دراكولا
 واد عفريت
 المشاكس 1995
 عبده يتحدى رامبو
 البلدوزر (1986)
 منوّر يا باشا
 الكدابين قوي
 دول عصابة يا بابا(1982)
 واحد لمون والتاني مجنون
 دربكة همبكة (1999)
 أصل وخمسة (مع ميمي جمال وحسن مصطفى وأحمد راتب) (1990)
 الواد ضبش عامل لبش (2000)
 أي أند يو هنجننوه (2001)
 سلم وبعدين نتكلم (2002)
 كحيون ربح المليون
 عيطه عامل زيطه عِرضت في الدانمارك وفي لبنان
 عفريت في الأكاديمية (العرض في المملكة العربية السعودية).
 نجوم سوبر ستار العرض في المملكة العربية السعودية محافظة جازان.
 النمر (مسرحية) (2007 حتى 2010) حققت أعلى الإيرادات في تاريخ البيت الفني للمسرح.
 زغلول على المحمول (العرض في الدانمارك وفي جمهورية سوريا حلب).
 دوحه وحلمبوحه 2010 (العرض في الإسكندرية مسرح كوته).
 عفيفي بقى فيفي 2011 العرض أول عيد الفطر السعيد في الإسكندرية مسرح السلام.
 حماتي قمر صناعي 2013 تحت التحضير تأليف أحمد الإبياري محمد نجم وسمير غانم.
 البريمو 2015 بالإسكندرية مسرح محمد عبد الوهاب.
 الأونطجي 2016 (محمد نجم - أحمد راتب - شريف نجم) بالإسكندرية مسرح عبد المنعم جابر.

الأفلام
 مولد يا دنيا (1974)
 أبدا لن أعود (1975)
 الكداب (1975)
 احترسي من الرجال يا ماما (1975)
 وانتهى الحب (1968)
 حكايتي مع الزمان (1973)
 قمر الزمان
 عقلي طار فيلم تلفزيوني (1994) بطولة محمد نجم ومحمد عوض ومصطفى رزق وسماح أنور تأليف أحمد الإبياري ويسري الإبياري

المسلسلات
 سهرة تلفزيونية مع الاعتذار لعزوز، محمد نجم وحسن حسني وزيزي مصطفى تأليف يسري الإبياري.
 سهرة تلفزيونية رجل في البلكونو، عبد المنعم مدبولي ومحمد نجم ومشيرة إسماعيل.
 خرج ولم يعد، عبد المنعم مدبولي ومحمد نجم.
 غابة من الإسمنت بطولة محمد نجم عام 1986 والمشاركين في المسلسل تحية كاريوكا، حسن مصطفى، رجاء الجداوي، ميمي جمال، فيفان. إنتاج التلفزيون المصري.
 ياسين في مستشفى المجانين سيت كوم سياسي (2011) (تم عرضه حصري على شبكة راديو وتلفزيون العرب).
 زيزو 900 سيت كوم (2009) (مع الفنانين، وحيد سيف، أحمد راتب، شيرين، شعبان عبد الرحيم، ندى بسيوني، ريكو، ميمي جمال، عايدة رياض، عبد الله مشرف، تأليف يسري الأبياري).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 حديث لجريدة الوطن

أشخاص من محافظة الشرقية
كوميديون
كوميديون أفارقة
كوميديون في القرن 20
كوميديون في القرن 21
كوميديون مصريون
ممثلو مسرح مصريون
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
مواليد 1363 هـ
مواليد 1944
وفيات 1440 هـ
وفيات 2019

محمد نجم


Mané Pacheco (Portalegre, 1978), artista plástica portuguesa cujo trabalho pode ser encontrado em várias colecções.

Biografia
Mané Pacheco nasceu em 1978 em Portalegre.

Concluiu, 2009, o curso de Arte Multimédia, na Faculdade de Belas Artes da Universidade de Lisboa (FBAUL), que a distinguiu-a com uma bolsa de mérito. No ano seguinte ganhou o Prémio BPI / FBAUL.

A sua obra está presente em várias colecções privadas e públicas, nomeadamente: na do Museu das Artes de Sintra, na Colecção António Cachola no Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Elvas, na da Galeria Zé dos Bois, entre outras.

Referências

Ligações Externas
 Balcony | Mané Pacheco
 Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Elvas | Colecção António Cachola: Obras de Mané Pacheco
 Fotografia Portuguesa | S02E10: entrevista a Mané Pacheco (2020)

Naturais de Portalegre (Portugal)
Nascidos em 1978
Artistas plásticos de Portugal

Mané Pacheco


ගයිස්බරෝ(Guys borough) හෝ ෆ්ලයිස්බරෝ (Flys borough)යන නාමය ඇතැම් වගාකරුවන් අතර අප්‍රසාදයට පත් ව ඇත.
මෑත කාලයේ ශාක සිටුවීම ගැන වැඩ්පුර කතාබහ වේ. මෙය හුදෙකලා වූ පරිසරයක සිදුකරන අතර මෙය වැඩකටයුතු නොමැති සමයන්හි වගා කරුවන්ගේ ජීවිත හා සමාන වේ. ස්කොට් චිෙශාල්මි treeplanter.com  වෙබි අඩවියේ නිර්මාණකරු වන අතර ඔහු විසින් ශාක සිටුවන්නන්,විපත් හේතුකොටගෙන තව තවත් ශක්තිමත් වන බව සොයාගෙන ඇත. දීර්ඝ කාලීන අත්දැකීම්, මඩ ගසාගැනීම්, නිග්‍රහ කිරීම් හා අපකීර්තියට ලක් කිරීම්, වැවිලිකරුවන් එක්සත්ව එකතු වීමට හේතු වේ. ශාක වගා කිරීමේ අපහසුතාව, යුධ හමුදා සේවය සමග නිතර සංසන්දනය වේ. ශාක වගාකරුවන් බොහෝ විට වයස අවුරුදු 18 හා 30 අතර වේ. මොවුන් රැකියා සොයන්නන් වන අතර ශාක සිටුවීම වෘත්තියක් බවට සකසා ගෙන ඇත. සමාජය ශාක වගාකරුවන් දැඩි, නොසැලකිලිවන්ත පුද්ගලයන් ලෙස දැකීමට හුරුව ඇත මොවුන් නගරයේ කුඩා තැබෑරුම් වලින් රළු පානයන් ගන්නා පිරිසක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත් මොවුන්ගේ ජීව්තයේ දැඩි අදුරු පැත්තක් ද ඇත. මෑත කාලීන සමීක්ෂණ වලින් සොයා ගෙන ඇත්තේ ඔවුන්ගේ වැඩ කිරීෙම් පරිසරය හා ජීව්තවල තත්ත්වය ද ඉතාමත් දුර්වල බව ය. මත්කුඩු (කංසා) සහ මධ්‍යසාර භාවිතය සදහා ඔවුන් ඉතා බහුල ලෙස හුරුවී ඇත. තවද ඔවුන්ගේ මානසික සෞඛ්‍යද විවිධාකාර වූ පීඩනයන්ගෙන් පිරී ඇත. කැනඩාවේ ක්විඛෙක් ප්‍රාන්තයේ සේවකයන් මතු බලාපොරොත්තු සහිතව මෙම ප්‍රශ්න අඩු කිරීම හා නැති කිරිමට සංවිධානය වී ඇත. තවද ගෙවීම් නොලබන සේවකයන්ගේ (බොහෝ විට කර්මාන්තවල) බලාපොරොත්තුන් ඉටු කිරීමද මෙහි   තවත්  ඒක් අරමුණකි.

වගා කිරීම


In physics, action at a distance is the concept that an object's motion can be affected by another object without being physically contact (as in mechanical contact) by the other object. That is, it is the non-local interaction of objects that are separated in space. Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are based on action at a distance.

Historically, action at a distance was the earliest scientific model for gravity and electricity and it continues to be useful in many practical cases. In the 19th and 20th centuries, field models arose to explain these phenomena with more precision. The discovery of electrons and of special relativity lead to new action at a distance models providing alternative to field theories.

Categories of action
In the study of mechanics, action at a distance is one of three fundamental actions on matter that cause motion. The other two are direct impact (elastic or inelastic collisions) and actions in a continuous medium as in fluid mechanics or solid mechanics.
Historically, physical explanations for particular phenomena have moved between these three categories over time as new models were developed.

Action at a distance and actions in a continuous medium may be easily distinguished when the medium dynamics are visible, like waves in water or in an elastic solid. In the case of electricity or gravity, there is no medium required. In the nineteenth century, criteria like the effect of actions on intervening matter, the observation of a time delay, the apparent storage of energy, or even the possibility of a plausible mechanical model for action transmission were all accepted as evidence against action at a distance. Aether theories were alternative proposals to replace apparent action-at-a-distance in gravity and electromagnetism, in terms of continuous action inside an (invisible) medium called "aether".

Roles
The concept of action at a distance acts in multiple roles in physics and it can co-exist with other models according to the needs of each physical problem.

One role is as a summary of physical phenomena, independent of any understand of the cause of such action. For example, astronomical tables of planetary positions can be compactly summarized using Newton's law of universal gravitation, which assumes the planets interact without contact or an intervening medium. As a summary of data, the concept need not be evaluated as a plausible physical model.

Action at a distance also acts as a model explaining physical phenomena even in the presence of other models. Again in the case of gravity, hypothesizing an instantaneous force between masses allows the return time of comets to be predicted as well predicting the existence of a previously unknown planets, like Neptune. These triumphs of physics predated the alternative more accurate model for gravity based on general relativity by many decades.

Introductory physics textbooks discuss central forces like gravity by models based on action-at-distance without discussing the cause of such forces or issues with it until the topics of relativity and fields are discussed. For example, se The Feynman Lectures on Physics on gravity.

History

Early inquiries into motion

Action-at-a-distance as a physical concept requires identifying objects, distances, and their motion. In antiquity, ideas about the natural world were not organized in these terms. Objects in motion were modeled by living being. Around 1600, the scientific method began to take root. René Descartes started over with a more fundamental view, developing ideas of matter and action independent of theology. Galileo Galilei wrote about experimental measurements of falling and rolling objects. Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion summarized Tycho Brahe's astronomical observations  Many experiments with electrical and magnetic materials lead to new ideas about forces. These efforts set the stage for Newton's work on forces and gravity.

Newtonian gravity

In 1687 Isaac Newton published his Principia which combined his laws of motion with new mathematical analysis to explain Kepler's empirical results. His explanation was in the form of a law of universal gravitation: any two bodies are attracted by a force proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to their separation squared. Thus the motions of planets was predicted by assuming distant forces working over great distance.

This mathematical expression of the force did not imply a cause. Newton considered action at a distance to be an inadequate model for gravity. Newton, in his words considered action at a distance to be

Metaphysical scientists of the early 1700's strongly objected to the unexplained action-at-a-distance in Newton's theory. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz complained that the mechanism of gravity was "invisible, intangible, and not mechanical". Moreover, initial comparisons with astronomical data were not favorable. As mathematical techniques improved throughout the 1700's, the theory showed more and more success, predicting the date of the return of Halley's comet and aiding the the discovery of planet Neptune in 1846. These successes and the increasingly empirical focus of science towards the 19th century lead to acceptance of Newton's theory of gravity despite distaste for action at a distance.

Electrical action at a distance

Electrical and magnetic phenomena also began to be explored systematically in the early 1600's. In William Gilbert's early theory of "electric effluvia," a kind of electric atmosphere, he rules out action-at-a-distance on the grounds that "no action can be performed by matter save by contact".
However subsequent experiments, especially those by Stephen Gray showed electrical effects over distance. Gray developed an impressive experiment call the "electric boy" demonstrating electric transfer without direct contact.
Franz Aepinus was the first to show, in 1759, that a theory of action at a distance for electricity provides a simpler replacement for the electric effluvia theory. Despite this success, Aepinus himself considered the nature of the forces to be unexplained: he did "not approve of the doctrine which assumes the possibility of action at a distance", setting the stage for a shift to theories based on aether.

By 1785 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb showed that two electric charges at rest experience a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, a result now called Coulomb's law. The striking similarity to gravity strengthened the case for action at a distance, at least as mathematical model.

As mathematical methods improved, especially through the work of Pierre-Simon Laplace, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, and Siméon Denis Poisson, more sophisticated mathematical methods began to influence the thinking of scientists. The concept of potential energy applied to small test particle lead to the concept of a scalar field, a mathematical model representing the forces throughout space. While this mathematical model is not a mechanical medium, the mental picture of such a field resembles a medium.

Fields as an alternative

It was Michael Faraday who first suggested that action at a distance, even in the form of a (mathematical) potential field, was inadequate as an account of electric and magnetic forces. Faraday, an empirical experimentalist, cited three reasons in support of some medium transmitting electrical force: 1) electrostatic induction across an insulator depends on the nature of the insulator, 2) cutting a charged insulator causes opposite charges to appear on each half, and 3) electric discharge sparks are curved at an insulator. From these reasons he concluded that the particles of an insulator must be polarized, with each particle contributing in continuous action. He also experimented with magnets, demonstrating lines of force made visible by iron filings. However, in both cases his field-like model depends on particles that interact through an action at a distance: his mechanical field-like model has no more fundamental physical cause than the long-range central field model.

Faraday's observations, as well as others, lead James Clerk Maxwell to a breakthrough formulation in 1865, a set of equations that combined electricity and magnetism, both static and dynamic, and which included electromagnetic radiation -- light. Maxwell started with elaborate mechanical models but ultimately produced purely mathematical treatment using dynamical vector fields. The sense that these fields must be set to vibrate to propagate light set off a search of a medium of propagation; the medium was called luminiferous aether or the aether.

In 1873 Maxwell addressed action at a distance explicitly. He reviews Faraday's lines of force, carefully pointing out that Faraday himself did not provide a mechanical model of these lines in terms of a medium. Nevertheless the many properties of these lines of force imply these "lines must not be regarded as mere mathematical abstractions". Faraday himself viewed these lines of force as a model, a "valuable aid" to the experimentalist, a means to suggest further experiments.

In distinguishing between different kinds of action Faraday suggests three criteria: 1) do additional material objects alter the action?, 2) does the action take time, and 3) does it depend upon the receiving end? For electricity, Faraday knew that all three criteria were met for electric action, but gravity was thought to only meet the third one. After Maxwell's time a fourth criteria, the transmission of energy, was added, thought to also apply to electricity but not gravity. With the advent of new theories of gravity, the modern account would give gravity all of the criteria except dependence on additional objects.

Fields fade into spacetime

The success of Maxwell's field equations lead to numerous efforts in the later decades of the 19th century to represent electrical, magnetic, and gravitational fields, primarily with mechanical models. No model emerged that explained the existing phenomena. In particular no good model for stellar aberration, the shift in the position of stars with the Earth's relative velocity. The best models required the ether to be stationary while the Earth moved, but experimental efforts to measure the effect of Earth's motion through the aether gave found no effect.

In 1892 Hendrik Lorentz proposed a modified aether based on the emerging microscopic molecular model rather than the strictly macroscopic continuous theory of Maxwell. Lorentz investigated the mutual interaction of a moving solitary electrons within a stationary aether. He rederived Maxwell's equations in this way but, critically, in the process he changed to represent the wave in the coordinates moving electrons. He showed that the wave equations had the same form if they were transformed using a particular scaling factor,

where  is the velocity of the moving electrons and  is the speed of light. Lorentz noted that if this factor were applied as a length contraction to moving matter in a stationary ether, it would eliminate any effect of motion through the ether, in agreement with experiment.

In 1899, Henri Poincaré questioned the existent of aether, showing that the principle of relativity prohibits the absolute motion assumed by proponents of the aether model. He name the transformation used by Lorentz the Lorentz transformation but interpreted it as a transformation between two inertia frames with relative velocity . This transformation makes the electromagnetic equations look the same in every uniformly moving inertial frame. Then in 1905 Albert Einstein demonstrated that the principle of relativity applied to the simulenatity of time and the constant speed of light predicts precisely the Lorentz transformation. This theory of special relativity quickly became the modern concept of spacetime.

Thus the aether model, initially so very different from action at a distance, slowly changed to
resembled simple empty space.

In 1905, Poincaré proposed gravitational waves, emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light, as being required by the Lorentz transformations and suggested that, in analogy to an accelerating electrical charge producing electromagnetic waves, accelerated masses in a relativistic field theory of gravity should produce gravitational waves. However, until 1915 gravity stood apart as a force still described by action at a distance. In that year Einstein showed that a field theory of spacetime, general relativity, consistent with relativity can explain gravity. New effects resulting from this theory were dramatic for cosmology but minor for planetary motion and physics on Earth.
Einstein himself noted Newton's "enormous practical success".

Modern action at a distance

In the early decades of the 20th century Karl Schwarzschild, Hugo Tetrode, and Adriaan Fokker. independently developed non-instantaneous models for action at a distance consistent with special relativity. In 1949 John Archibald Wheeler and Richard Feynman built on these models to develop a new field-free theory of electromagnetism.
While Maxwell's field equations are generally successful, the Lorentz model of a moving electron interacting with the field encounters mathematical difficulties: the self-energy of the moving point charge within the field is infinite. The Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory of electromagnetism that avoids the self energy issue. They interpret Abraham–Lorentz force, the apparent force resisting electron acceleration, as a real force returning from all the other existing charges in the universe.

The Wheeler-Feynman theory has inspired new thinking about the arrow of time and about the nature of quantum non-locality. The theory has implications for cosmology; it has been extended to quantum mechanics. A similar approach has been applied to develop an alternative theory of gravity consistent with general relativity. John G. Cramer has extended the Wheeler-Feynman ideas to create the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics.

"Spooky action at a distance"

Einstein wrote to Max Born about issues in quantum mechanics in 1947 and used
used a phrase translated as "spooky action at a distance". The phrase has been picked up and used as a description for the cause of small non-classical correlations between physically separated measurement of entangled quantum states. The correlations are predicted by quantum mechanics and verified by experiments. Rather than a postulate like Newton's gravitational force, this use of "action at a distance" concerns observed correlations which are not easy to explain within simple interpretations of quantum mechanics.

Force in quantum field theory

Quantum field theory does not need action at a distance. At the most fundamental level only four forces are needed and each are described as resulting from the exchange of specific bosons. Two are short range: the strong interaction mediated by mesons and the weak interaction mediated by the weak boson; two are long range: electromagnetism mediated by the photon and gravity hypothesized to be mediated by the graviton. However, the entire concept of force is of secondary concern in advanced modern particle physics.  Energy forms the basis of physical models and the word action has shifted away from implying a force to a specific technical meaning, an integral over the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy.

See also

References

External links

Action at a distance
Concepts in physics

Action at a distance


is a village located in Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.  , the village had an estimated population of 4,970 in 2267 households and a population density of 130 persons per km². The total area of the village is .

Geography
Chihayaakasaka is located in the far southeast corner of Osaka Prefecture, bordered by the Yoshino region of Nara to the east. Most of the village area is mountainous and forested, and is within the borders of the Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen Quasi-National Park.

Climate
Chihayaakasaka has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Chihayaakasaka is 13.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1636 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C.

Neighboring municipalities
Osaka Prefecture
Tondabayashi
Kawachinagano
Kanan
Nara Prefecture
 Gojō
Gose

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Chihayaakasaka peaked in the 1990s and has been declining since.

History
The area of the modern village of Chihayaakasaka was within ancient Kawachi Province, and became famous in the late Kamakura and Nanboku-chō periods as the home territory of the imperial loyalist, Kusunoki Masashige. Various fortifications from that period, notably Shimo-Akasaka Castle, Kami-Akasaka Castle and Chihaya Castle on the slopes of Mount Kongo were the sites of important battles in the 14th century. The villages of Chihaya and Akasaka were established within Ishikawa District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889.  On April 1, 1896 the area became part of Minamikawachi District, Osaka. The two villages merged on September 30, 1956 to form the village of Chihayaakasaka.

In 1893, Akasaka, Kumatarō Kido and Yagorō Tani murdered 10 people, and left one infant alive. They then killed themselves after the murders.

On March 1, 2008 Chihayaakasaka requested a merge into the adjacent city of Kawachinagano, after talks of merging with the surrounding towns of Kanan and Taishi fell through. These plans were also rejected due to strong public opposition on August 14, 2009.

Government
Chihayaakasaka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of seven members. Chihayaakasaka collectively with the cities of Tondabayashi and Ōsakasayama, and other municipalities of Minamikawachi District contributes two members to the Osaka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Osaka 15th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Chihayaakasaka was traditionally dependent on agriculture (notably shiitake) and forestry. The area suffers from an aging population and rural depopulation.

Education
Chihayaakasaka has two public elementary schools and one public middle schools operated by the village government. The village does not have and a high school.

Transportation

Railway
Chihayaakasaka does not have any passenger rail service. The nearest station is Kawachinagano Station or Tondabayashi Station.

Highway

Local attractions
Chihaya Castle ruins, a National Historic Site
Kami-Akasaka Castle ruins, a National Historic Site
Shimo-Akasaka Castle ruins, a National Historic Site
Mount Kongō, the highest mountain in Osaka Prefecture
Kongō Range, a mountain range on Chihayaakasaka's eastern border

References

External links

Chihaya Akasaka official website
 Chihaya Akasaka Tourism Association

Villages in Osaka Prefecture
 Chihayaakasaka

Chihayaakasaka


Die Route nationale 679, kurz N 679 oder RN 679, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 in drei Abschnitten zwischen Limoges und Saint-Flour verlief. Ihre Gesamtlänge betrug 205,5 Kilometer.

N 679A

Die Route nationale 679A, kurz N 679A oder RN 679A, war eine französische Nationalstraße und zugleich ein Seitenast der Nationalstraße 679, der 1963 mit dem Bau der Staumauer von Bort-les-Orgues entstand. 1973 wurde die Nationalstraße abgestuft und wird im Département Cantal als Départementsstraße 683 und im Département Corrèze als Départementsstraße 979A bezeichnet.

Weblinks

 Route nationale française 679 auf WikiSara ()
 Route nationale française 679A auf WikiSara (französisch)

679

Route nationale 679


Glenea caraga é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Heller em 1921.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

caraga
Coleópteros descritos em 1921

Glenea caraga


Lutetia (minor planet designation: 21 Lutetia) is a large M-type asteroid in the main asteroid belt. It measures about 100 kilometers in diameter (120 km along its major axis). It was discovered in 1852 by Hermann Goldschmidt, and is named after Lutetia, the Latin name of Paris.

Lutetia has an irregular shape and is heavily cratered, with the largest impact crater reaching 45 km in diameter. The surface is geologically heterogeneous and is intersected by a system of grooves and scarps, which are thought to be fractures. It has a high overall bulk density, suggesting that it is made of metal-rich rock.

The Rosetta probe passed within  of Lutetia in July 2010. It was the largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft until Dawn arrived at Vesta in July 2011.

Discovery and exploration

Lutetia was discovered on 15 November 1852, by Hermann Goldschmidt from the balcony of his apartment in Paris. A preliminary orbit for the asteroid was computed in November–December 1852 by German astronomer Georg Rümker and others. In 1903, it was photographed at opposition by Edward Pickering at Harvard College Observatory. He computed an opposition
magnitude of 10.8.

There have been two reported stellar occultations by Lutetia, observed from Malta in 1997 and Australia in 2003, with only one chord each, roughly agreeing with IRAS measurements.

On 10 July 2010, the European Rosetta space probe flew by Lutetia at a minimum distance of  km at a velocity of 15 kilometres per second on its way to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The flyby provided images of up to 60 meters per pixel resolution and covered about 50% of the surface, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The 462 images were obtained in 21 narrow- and broad-band filters extending from 0.24 to 1 μm. Lutetia was also observed by the visible–near-infrared imaging spectrometer VIRTIS, and measurements of the magnetic field and plasma environment were taken as well.

Characteristics

Orbit
Lutetia orbits the Sun at the distance of approximately 2.4 AU in the inner asteroid belt. Its orbit lies almost in the plane of ecliptic and is moderately eccentric. The orbital period of Lutetia is 3.8 years.

Mass and density
The Rosetta flyby demonstrated that the mass of Lutetia is (1.700 ± 0.017) kg, smaller than the pre-flyby estimate of 2.57 kg. It has one of the highest densities seen in asteroids at 3.4 ± 0.3 g/cm3. Taking into account possible porosity of 10–15%, the bulk density of Lutetia exceeds that of a typical stony meteorite.

Composition
Lutetia is classified among the enigmatic M-type asteroids, most of which were historically believed to be nearly purely metallic. However, radar observations of the M-types suggest that two-thirds of them, including Lutetia, may instead consist of metal-enriched silicates. Indeed, telescopic spectra of Lutetia have shown a flat, low frequency spectrum similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites and C-type asteroids and unlike metallic meteorites, evidence of hydrated minerals, abundant silicates, and a thicker regolith than most asteroids.

The Rosetta probe found that the asteroid has a moderately red spectrum in visible light and an essentially flat spectrum in the near infrared. No absorption features were detected in the range covered by observations, 0.4–3.5 μm, which is at odds with previous ground-based reports of hydrated minerals and carbon-rich compounds. There was also no evidence of olivine. However, the spacecraft only observed half of Lutetia, so the existence of these phases cannot be completely ruled out. Together with the high bulk density reported for Lutetia, these results suggest that Lutetia is either made of enstatite chondrite material, or may be related to metal-rich and water-poor carbonaceous chondrite of classes like CB, CH, or CR.

Rosetta observations revealed that the surface of Lutetia is covered with a regolith made of loosely aggregated dust particles 50–100 μm in size. It is estimated to be 3 km thick and may be responsible for the softened outlines of many of the larger craters.

Shape and axial tilt

The Rosetta probe's photographs confirmed the results of a 2003 lightcurve analysis that described Lutetia as a rough sphere with "sharp and irregular shape features". A study from 2004–2009 proposed that Lutetia has a non-convex shape, likely because of a large crater, Suspicio Crater. It is not yet clear whether Rosetta'''s findings support this claim.

The analysis of Rosetta images in combination with photometric light curves yielded the position of the north rotational pole of Lutetia: , . This gives an axial tilt of 96° (retrograde rotator), meaning that the axis of rotation is approximately parallel to the ecliptic, similar to the planet Uranus.

Surface features

The surface of Lutetia is covered by numerous impact craters and intersected by fractures, scarps and grooves thought to be surface manifestations of internal fractures. On the imaged hemisphere of the asteroid there are a total of 350 craters with diameters ranging from 600 m to 55 km. The most heavily cratered surfaces (in Achaia region) have a crater retention age of about 3.6 ± 0.1 billion years.

The surface of Lutetia has been divided into seven regions based on their geology. They are Baetica (Bt), Achaia (AC), Etruria (Et), Narbonensis (Nb), Noricum (Nr), Pannonia (Pa), and Raetia (Ra). The Baetica region is situated around the north pole (in the center of the image) and includes a cluster of impact craters 21 km in diameter as well as their impact deposits. It is the youngest surface unit on Lutetia. Baetica is covered by a smooth ejecta blanket approximately 600 m thick that has partially buried older craters. Other surface features include landslides, gravitational taluses and ejecta blocks up to 300 m in size. The landslides and corresponding rock outcrops are correlated with variations of albedo, being generally brighter.

The two oldest regions are Achaia and Noricum. The former is a remarkably flat area with a lot of impact craters. The Narbonensis region coincides with the largest impact crater on Lutetia—Massilia. It includes a number of smaller units and is modified by pit chains and grooves formed at a later epoch. Other two regions—Pannonia and Raetia are also likely to be large impact craters. The last Noricum region is intersected by a prominent groove 10 km in length and about 100 m deep.

The numerical simulations showed that even the impact that produced the largest crater on Lutetia, which is 45 km in diameter, seriously fractured but did not shatter the asteroid. So, Lutetia has likely survived intact from the beginning of the Solar System. The existence of linear fractures and the impact crater morphology also indicate that the interior of this asteroid has a considerable strength and is not a rubble pile like many smaller asteroids. Taken together, these facts suggest that Lutetia should be classified as a primordial planetesimal.

Suspicio Crater
Studies of patterns of fractures on Lutetia lead astronomers to think that there is a ~45 kilometer impact crater on the southern side of Lutetia, named Suspicio Crater, but because Rosetta'' only observed Lutetia's northern part, it is not known for certain what it looks like, or if it exists at all.

Nomenclature

In March, 2011, the Working Group for Planetary Nomenclature at the International Astronomical Union agreed on a naming scheme for geographical features on Lutetia. Since Lutetia was a Roman city, the asteroid's craters are named after cities of the Roman Empire and the adjacent parts of Europe during the time of Lutetia's existence. Its regions are named after the discoverer of Lutetia (Goldschmidt) and after provinces of the Roman Empire at the time of Lutetia. Other features are named after rivers of the Roman Empire and the adjacent parts of Europe at the time of the city.

Origin

The composition of Lutetia suggests that it formed in the inner Solar System, among the terrestrial planets, and was ejected into the asteroid belt through an interaction with one of them.

See also
List of geological features on 21 Lutetia

References

External links

 Rosetta snaps views of asteroid Lutetia
 Rosetta's full resolution images of Lutetia
 Parent article of image by Planetary Society

Background asteroids
Lutetia
Lutetia
Lutetia
20100710
Articles containing video clips
M-type asteroids (Tholen)
Xk-type asteroids (SMASS)
18521115

21 Lutetia


Nampula  is the capital city of Nampula Province in Northern Mozambique. With a population of 743,125 (2017 census), it is the third-largest city in Mozambique after Maputo and Matola. The city is located in the interior of Nampula Province, approximately 200 kilometers from the coast and is surrounded by plains and rocky outcrops. The city is a major regional centre for the entire Northern region of Mozambique, as well as parts of Central Mozambique and border areas of Malawi and Tanzania.

The city links the port city of Nacala with land-locked Southern African countries, particularly Malawi through a road and railway line. The city has a small international airport connecting to Nairobi in Kenya, Johannesburg in South Africa, Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania and is a hub for local transport in northern Mozambique. Nampula is the centre of business in Northern Mozambique, benefitting from highly productive agricultural areas, proximity to the Nacala Development Corridor, and a fast-growing city population.

Nampula is home to the Mozambican National Ethnographic Museum, several markets, cathedrals, mosques, universities, training institutes and schools. The city is diverse, with the native eMakhuwa population being the largest group but with a visible Indian, European, Chinese, Lebanese, Somali, and Nigerian population.

Etymology
The name "Nampula" is said to be derived to the eMakhuwa word "Whampula", which according to local legend refers to a tribal leader of the area in the past.

History
Nampula is a relatively new city. It was founded by the Portuguese colonial army in 1907 and elevated to city status in 1956. During the Mozambican War of Independence, Nampula was a strategic military centre for the colonial army in the fight against the FRELIMO liberation movement.

After independence in 1975, the Portuguese abandoned Nampula and rural populations migrated to the city, squatting in unplanned areas on the city outskirts. This migratory movement dramatically increased during the Mozambican Civil War, affecting Nampula in the decade between 1982 and 1992. When the war ended the Mozambican Government expected the refugees to return to the countryside, but they remained in the city. After a few years of migratory slow‐down, the growth of the city resumed, as the rapid economic development of Mozambique materialized mostly in the urban areas. Nampula, in the post‐war period, developed into a major Mozambican growth centre, attracting an increasing number of public and private investments in a wide range of economic and social areas.

In colonial times there was a Nampula Town Hall with a very limited mandate which was dissolved in 1979. The Municipal Council of Nampula was created in 1998, alongside those of other major Mozambican cities. FRELIMO won the first local elections that year, and in the subsequent elections in 2003, 2008, and 2011. An opposition party, the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM), won the 2013 municipal elections, led by Mahamudo Amurane. Mayor Amurane was assassinated in October 2017, and investigations into his death proved to be inconclusive. Amurane's death led to a collapse of the MDM's support base in Nampula and another opposition party, RENAMO, won subsequent municipal elections led by Paulo Vahanle.

Since the establishment of the city, Nampula has had numerous mayors:
 Aurélio das Neves
 Germano José Joaquim
 Francisco Joaquim de Lima
 Narciso João Iondela
 Ishaca Abdul Ali Baraca
 Dionísio Cherewa
 Castro Namuaca
 Mahamudo Amurane
 Paulo Vahanle

Administration
Nampula is divided into seven administrative zones, which are also subdivided into localities, as follows: Urbano Central, Anchilo, Muatala, Muhala, Namikopo, Napipine, and Natikiri.

Population

Demographics

Religion
Nampula's dominant religions are Christianity and Islam. A small community of Hindus are also present in the city. Its Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima is the archiepiscopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nampula.

Education
The city is home to the Faculty of Health Science, Universidade Lurio. In 2009 a course in optometry was launched, the first of its kind in Mozambique. The course was supported through the Mozambique Eyecare Project. The other partners include the Dublin Institute of Technology, University of Ulster and Brien Holden Vision Institute. As of 2019, 61 Mozambican students have graduated with optometry degrees from Universidade Lurio (34 male and 27 female). The optometry course is now fully embedded within Universidade Lurio's systems and continues to recruit new students every year. Importantly, optometry is now registered as a profession in Mozambique and is recognized through membership of the African Council of Optometry (AFCO). Of the graduates, 26 are now working in public hospitals. In addition, 10 have university teaching posts (five male and five female). Seven of the graduates have enrolled on postgraduate programmes (five male and seven female).

There is a Portuguese international school, Escola Lusófona de Nampula, as well as four international English schools, with the oldest being Stella Maris International School.

Transport

 The city has an airport, Nampula International Airport, which is located 4 kilometres away from the city centre. Kenya Airways currently operates thrice-a-week flights from Nairobi, while Airlink connects to Johannesburg in South Africa. LAM connects to domestic places like Pemba, Lichinga, Tete, Beira, Vilankulo, Quelimane and Maputo.
 The Nacala railway serves the city. Additionally, a railway workshop is located in the city.
 The bus stand, which can be accessed from any part of the city within 10 minutes, connects with places within Nampula province and in the neighbouring provinces. The tourist location Ilha de Moçambique, is located 200 km east of Nampula and is accessible by numerous minibuses.

Geography
The city of Nampula lies in the centre of the province of Nampula and is surrounded by plains and rocky outcrops. The city lies amongst rolling hills and mountains, typical of the interior of northern Mozambique.

Climate
Nampula has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: Aw).

Notable locals
Abel Xavier, a Portuguese football player, Carlos Queiroz, a Portuguese football manager formerly in charge of Real Madrid, and football manager, Paulo Fonseca were also from Nampula, at that time a city of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique.

Nazira Abdula, pediatrician and Mozambican Minister of Health, was born in Nampula.

Rui Águas, Portuguese racing driver, was born in Nampula.

References

Waystations
Populated places in Nampula Province
1956 establishments in Mozambique

Nampula


El Dodge Dart es un automóvil de cuatro puertas del segmento C producido por el fabricante estadounidense Dodge. Se presentó en 2011 en el Salón del Automóvil de Detroit y se comercializa desde 2012 en sustitución del Dodge Caliber.

Diseño

Exterior

El nuevo Dart 2012 utiliza la plataforma del Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010), aunque 10 cm. más larga y ligeramente más ancha. En el diseño exterior predominan las formas curvas, encontrando algunos trazos reminiscentes del último Neon en la parte frontal, mientras que el resto definitivamente está influenciado por el lenguaje de diseño de la marca. La parte trasera destaca por unos faros lineales similares a otros productos de la marca como el Charger, en cuyo interior están presentes las luces de tipo led. El Dart estará disponible con doce colores exteriores distintos.

Interior

El interior del Dart se caracteriza por líneas curvas suaves, uso de plásticos de calidad y algunas piezas forradas en cuero en función del nivel de acabado elegido. La consola central se encuentra presidida por una pantalla táctil de 8.4 pulgadas (la más grande del segmento) que integra los sistemas de navegador, climatizador, sistema de audio, cámara de reversa entre otras funciones. En las versiones más equipadas también se emplea en el clúster de instrumentos una pantalla TFT de 7 pulgadas configurable que puede entregar todo tipo información relativa a los instrumentos o la computadora de viaje.

El interior se caracteriza por una iluminación de ambiente de luces LED´S que recorren toda la superficie del tablero, al tiempo que contrasta con el negro que se utiliza en muchos de los casos. Se ofrecen conexiones para iPod, teléfono móvil, que se pueden operar desde el volante multifunción, aditamentos que son comunes dentro de su segmento.

Equipamiento

Se podrá elegir con cinco niveles de equipamiento distintos (SE, SXT, Rallye, Limited y GT). El habitáculo tendrá disponibles hasta 14 opciones diferentes de combinación entre los colores elegidos en el salpicadero, guarnecido de las puertas y tapicería de los asientos. Si se quiere personalizar el diseño exterior o el interior, tendrá disponibles distintos kits de accesorios de uno de los preparadores oficiales del Grupo Chrysler en Estados Unidos, Mopar.

Entre el equipamiento del Dodge Dart caben destacar los siguientes dispositivos y sistemas: control electrónico de estabilidad, un total de diez airbags, sistema de ayuda al arranque en pendiente, dispositivo de ayuda al aparcamiento con sensores y cámara de visión en las maniobras de marcha atrás.

Cuenta con sistema multimedia de información y entretenimiento Uconnect con pantalla táctil de 8.4 pulgadas desde la que se maneja el equipo de audio, la navegación, el climatizador, el manos libres Bluetooth y la compatibilidad con dispositivos como el iPod.

Seguridad

El Dart cuenta con una estructura en acero de alta resistencia con termoimpresión. Cuenta con 10 bolsas de aire estándar, apoyacabezas delanteros reactivos y opciones disponibles como control de punto ciego y detección en reversa de ruta transversal.

El Dart cuenta con una cámara de visión trasera ParkView, mostrando una imagen posterior en la pantalla táctil Uconnect para mejorar la visibilidad del conductor al estacionar en paralelo, salir de un espacio y evitar a los peatones.

Los limpiaparabrisas con sensor de lluvia detectan la humedad del parabrisas y se activan automáticamente, evitando que el conductor retire las manos del volante para ajustar los controles según la intensidad de la lluvia.

Características técnicas

Plataforma y carrocería
El Dodge Dart fue el primer automóvil en utilizar la Plataforma Compact de Fiat, una nueva plataforma modular global que toma como base la del Alfa Romeo Giulietta y a la que se le han realizado pequeñas modificaciones.

Suspensión y dirección
Cuenta con una suspensión delantera independiente Mac Pherson con resortes helicoidales, amortiguadores "twin-tube" o bi-tubo y barra estabilizadora, mientras que cuenta con una suspensión trasera multi-link.
Tiene una dirección de piñón y cremallera asistida eléctricamente, la cual brinda un significativo ahorro de gasolina, y un descenso de fuerza necesaria para girar el auto.

Motorizaciones
En su gama mecánica, nos encontraremos con dos motores de gasolina con tecnología MultiAir, cien por ciento de Fiat Powertrain. El más potente de todos ellos será un novedoso 3.5 Multiair Tigershark de 20 válvulas, 6 cilindros y 456 hp, seguido un escalón por debajo del sobrealimentado 2.4 Multiair de 392 hp. Además de estos dos motores con alma italiana,en su versión más rápida, en este caso la versión SRT se ofrecerá un propulsor 'americano', en este caso, un V6 con doble turbocompresor de 3.9 litros manufacturado por Mopar que entrega 590 hp, este último cuenta con launch control plus By SAAM Industries.

Dependiendo del motor elegido, habrá disponibles hasta tres tipos diferentes de cajas de cambios: una manual de siete marchas, una automática de ocho velocidades y la más conocida en Europa, la DDCT automática de doble embrague también de ocho relaciones.

Transmisiones
Los motores se ofrecen en combinación con tres tipos de cajas de cambio:
 6 relaciones manual (1.4, 2.0 y 2.4).
 6 relaciones automática (2,0 y 2.4).
 6 relaciones de doble embrague en seco (1.4).

Resumen de motorizaciones

Versiones
Para México se comercializan las versiones SXT Manual, SXT Automático, Limited y GT.

Fábricas
Desde su lanzamiento, el Dodge Dart (2012) se produce en la planta de Chrysler Belvidere.

En videojuegos
Aparece en los juegos de Gameloft: Asphalt Street Storm Racing como un auto comprable y en Asphalt 8: Airborne como el primer vehículo que el jugador posee.

Véase también

 Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)

 Fiat Viaggio

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial del Dodge Dart

Dart (2012)
Modelos de automóviles del segmento C

Dodge Dart GT (2012)


Bu madde steroid kimyasalları hakkındadır. Sporda performans artırıcı steroidler ve etkileri için Anabolik steroid maddesine bakınız.

Steroid, birbiriyle kaynaşmış dört halkadan oluşmuş karbon iskeletli bir lipittir. Steroitler Asetil KoA biosentez yolundan oluşurlar.

Farklı steroidler bu halkalara bağlı olan fonksiyonel gruplar bakımından birbirlerinden ayrılırlar. Bitkiler, hayvanlar ve mantarlarda yüzlerce çeşit steroid tanımlanmıştır. Steroitlerin canlılarda genel olarak en önemli işlevi hormon olmaktır. Steroid hormonlar, steroid hormon reseptör proteinlere bağlanarak fizyolojik etkilerini gösterirler. Bu reseptörlere bağlanınca gen transkripsiyonu ve hücre fonksiyonunda değişimlere neden olurlar.

İnsan fizyolojisi ve tıpta en önemli steroidler kolesterol, steroid hormonlar, onların öncülleri ve onların metabolitleridir. Kandaki steroitler taşıyıcı proteinlere bağlıdırlar.

Kolesterol önemli bir steroid alkolü olup hücre zarlarında yaygınca bulunur. Vücuttaki kolesterolun fazla miktarda bulunması ateroskleroz gibi hastalıklara ve diğer sorunlara yol açabilir. Çoğu diğer steroid kolesteroldan sentezlenir. Ayrıca çeşitli hormonlar, omurgalı hayvanlarda bulunan cinsiyet hormonları da dahil olmak üzere, kolesterolden üretilir.

Yaygın bazı sterol grupları aşağıda listelenmiştir:

 Anabolik steroidler, androjen reseptörleri ile etkileşip kas ve kemik sentezini artıran bir steroid sınıfıdır. Doğal ve suni steroidler vardır. Sporcular tarafından performans artırmak için kullanılan "steroidler" bunlardır.
 Kortikosteroidler grubuna glukokortikoidler ve mineralokortikoidler dahildir:
 Glukokortikoidler meatabolizma ve bağışıklık sisteminin çeşitli yönlerini düzenlerler. Astım ve artrit gibi yangısal durumların tedavisi için sıkça kullanılırlar.
 Mineralokortikoidler kan hacmini düzenlemeye ve böbreklerden elektrolit kontrole yararlar.
 Cinsiyet steroitleri, cinsiyet farklılıklarını ve üremeye destek sağlayan cinsiyet hormonlarının bir alt grubudur. Aralarında androjenler, östrojenler ve projestajenler bulunur.
 Fitosteroller bitkilerde bulunan steroidlerdir.Steroid terimi belli bağlamlarda daha sınırlı bir anlamda kullanılır. Örneğin, tıp ortamında endokrinolog olmayanlarca steroid genelde kortikosteroidleri ve hemen her zaman glukokortikoidleri kastetmek için kullanılır. Spor veya vücut geliştirme bağlamında steroid'' anabolik steroid anlamında kullanılır.

Hücre zarından kolayca geçebilierler. Hormon olarak (eşey hormonu ve D vitamini) olarak görev yapar En çok bilinen çeşidi kolestroldür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Michael W. King's Medical Biochemistry .
 "Biochemistry " by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer (2002) W. H. Freeman and Co. Bu kitapta steroidle ilgili bölümler
Steroid Yan Etkileri Hakkın da. Steroidlerin yan etkileri hakkinda genel bilgi edinebileceginiz bir site.
 Steroidler . Steroidler hakkında bilgi edinebileceğiniz  kaynak.

Steroid


Fractint (originally FRACT386) is a freeware computer program to render and display many kinds of fractals. The program originated on MS-DOS, then ported to the Atari ST, Linux, and Macintosh. During the early 1990s, Fractint was the definitive fractal generating program for personal computers.

The name is a portmanteau of  fractal and integer, since the first versions of Fractint used only integer arithmetic (also known as fixed-point arithmetic), for faster rendering on computers without math coprocessors. Since then, floating-point arithmetic and arbitrary-precision arithmetic modes have been added.

FractInt can draw most kinds of fractals that have appeared in the literature. It also has a few "fractal types" that are not strictly speaking fractals, but may be more accurately described as display hacks. These include cellular automata.

Development

Fractint originally appeared in 1988 as FRACT386, a computer program for rendering fractals very quickly on the Intel 80386 processor using integer arithmetic. The 80386 requires the Intel 80387 coprocessor to natively support floating point math, which was rare in IBM PC compatibles.

Early versions of FRACT386 were written by Bert Tyler, who based it on a Mandelbrot generator for a TI-based processor that used integer math and decided to try programming something similar for his 386 machine.

In February 1989, the program was renamed Fractint. In July 1990, it was ported to the Atari ST, with the math routines rewritten in Motorola 68000 assembly language by Howard Chu.

See also

 Fractal art
 Fractal-generating software

References

Further reading
 Michael Frame, Benoit Mandelbrot, Fractals, Graphics, and Mathematics Education, Volume 58 of Mathematical Association of America Notes, Cambridge University Press, 2002, , pp. 57–59 (and used throughout the book)

External links

Mirror of now-gone spanky.triumf.ca Fractint site
Fractint Development Team WWW pages via the Wayback Machine

1988 software
Fractal software
Numerical software
Cellular automaton software
DOS software
Atari ST software
Proprietary freeware for Linux

Fractint


White Devil Armory sedamnaesti je studijski album thrash metal sastava Overkill. Diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast Records objavila ga je 18. srpnja 2014. u Europi a eOne Music 22. srpnja u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Popis pjesama

 "XDᵐ" - 0:49
 "Armory" - 3:53
 "Down to the Bone" - 4:04
 "Pig" - 5:21
 "Bitter Pill" - 5:48
 "Where There's Smoke..." - 4:20
 "Freedom Rings" - 6:52
 "Another Day To Die" - 4:56
 "King of the Rat Bastards" - 4:09
 "It's All Yours" - 4:26
 "In the Name" - 6:03

Zasluge

Overkill
 D. D. Verni - bas-gitara
 Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth - vokali
 Dave Linsk - gitara
 Derek "The Skull" Tailer - vokali
 Ron Lipnicki - bubnjevi

Izvori

Albumi sastava Overkill
Albumi iz 2014.

White Devil Armory


Calogero Lorenzo "Chazz" Palminteri (born May 15, 1952) is an American actor. He is best known for his film roles in A Bronx Tale (1993), based on his play of the same name, Bullets Over Broadway (1994) for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and
The Usual Suspects (1995), as well as his recurring role as Shorty in Modern Family (2010–2019).

His other notable film include Hurlyburly (1998), Analyze This (1999), Down to Earth (2001), Running Scared (2006), and Legend (2015). He is also known for his recurring roles in Wiseguy (1989), Kojak (2005), Rizzoli & Isles (2010–2014) and Godfather of Harlem (2019–2021).

Early life
Calogero Lorenzo Palminteri was born on May 15, 1952, in the Bronx borough of New York City, the son of Rose, a homemaker, and Lorenzo Palminteri, a bus driver. He was raised in the Belmont neighborhood of the Bronx. Palminteri is of Sicilian origin; his grandparents, Calogero Palminteri and Rosa Bonfante, married in 1908, and immigrated to the United States in 1910 from Menfi in the province of Agrigento, Sicily. At the age of nine, Palminteri witnessed the murder of a mobster in front of his apartment building; the police questioned him, but he maintained that he did not see the incident.

He struggled to become an actor, splitting his time between acting in off-Broadway plays and moonlighting as a bouncer, alongside Dolph Lundgren. In 1988, Palminteri was working at a New York nightclub where a party was being thrown for Hollywood talent agent and dealmaker Irving Paul "Swifty" Lazar. When Lazar tried to enter, Palminteri stopped him as he did not know who he was. Lazar got him fired which led to the broke (and unemployed) Palminteri writing A Bronx Tale for himself to star in since he was not being offered any work.

Career

Theater
Palminteri starred on Broadway in A Bronx Tale, the autobiographical one-man show based on his childhood that he first performed at Theatre West in Los Angeles in 1989. Palminteri states that he began writing the play after being fired from a club when, as a doorman, he refused entry to super agent Swifty Lazar. The Broadway production, directed by Jerry Zaks and with music by John Gromada, began previews October 4, 1988, at the Walter Kerr Theatre and opened on October 25, running for 18 weeks. Palminteri plays 18 roles in A Bronx Tale, which depicts a rough childhood on the streets of the Bronx. The play ran for two months at Playhouse 91 in 1989.

Palminteri starred opposite Kenny D'Aquila in D'Aquila's play, Unorganized Crime. Palminteri always appreciated the shot that Robert De Niro gave him, so he in turn agreed to star in D'Aquila's mafia-themed drama.

Palminteri performed in the Broadway musical version of A Bronx Tale in 2018.

Film career
Robert De Niro saw Palminteri's Broadway show of A Bronx Tale in 1990, and the two partnered together to adapt the play into a film. Palminteri created the screenplay and starred as Sonny, the gangster Calogero meets, while De Niro directed the film, making his directorial debut, and co-starring as Lorenzo, Calogero's father. The film was a commercial and critical success. In 1994, Chazz Palminteri played mob henchman Cheech in the black comedy film Bullets Over Broadway, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Palminteri also had performances in films such as The Usual Suspects, The Perez Family, Jade, and Diabolique, as well as comedic roles in films such as Oscar, Analyze This and Down to Earth.

During its run, he appeared in many advertisements for Vanilla Coke, in which he portrayed a mob boss who would threaten celebrities if they did not praise the taste of the product in question, and then let them walk away with the Vanilla Coke to "reward their curiosity", touching on its slogan at the time. Palminteri has voiced characters in various animated films, the most notable being Smokey in Stuart Little and Woolworth in Hoodwinked.

He made his directorial debut with an episode of Oz, then the television film Women vs. Men and the 2004 feature film Noel.

Palminteri's recent acting efforts include A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints, Running Scared, and Arthur and the Minimoys.

In 2004, he received the "Indie Hero Award" from the Method Fest Independent Film Festival for his artistic achievements in film.

Television
On January 20, 2010, Palminteri guested on Modern Family and played the same character on the November 2, 2011, episode. Palminteri has reprised the role twice more in season 5. In June 2010, Palminteri began guest-starring on the TNT crime drama Rizzoli & Isles as Frank Rizzoli, Sr. He guest starred twice on the CBS drama Blue Bloods as Angelo Gallo, a mob lawyer and childhood friend of main character Frank Reagan.

Palminteri portrayed deceased mobster Paul Castellano in the 2001 TV film Boss of Bosses.

Other work
In 2011, Palminteri opened a restaurant, Chazz: A Bronx Original, in Baltimore's Little Italy neighborhood; their main foods are coal-fired pizza and Italian food.  However, the restaurant closed in 2015. Palminteri opened an Italian restaurant, Chazz Palminteri Ristorante Italiano, in New York City on Second Avenue.  Also, Palminteri did the voice acting for the Call of Duty: Black Ops II character Sal De Luca in the zombies map Mob of the Dead, and his likeness was used for the character as well.

On February 8, 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, a video posted to YouTube featuring Palminteri delivering a public service announcement as a prequel to the debut of The Chazz Palminteri Show, an hour-long live-streamed weekly infotainment installation hosted by the veteran actor and playwright. True to word, on February 15, 2021, the first episode of The Chazz Palminteri Show, titled "It's All You" kicked off the series. Live-streamed and posted each Monday at 11 o'clock Eastern Standard Time on Palminteri's YouTube channel, The Chazz Palminteri Show is an hour-long show delivered in classic talk show format that conveys content centrally grounded in moral ethics, essential life lessons and traditional "old school" loving family values. Producers of The Chazz Palminteri Show are Dante Lorenzo Palminteri and podcaster / producer Michael Lavin. Guests features who have been featured on the show include actor William Baldwin, Episode 3 and, Kathrine Narducci, Episode 86 and Phil Stutz (co-author, "The Tools"), Episode 53.

Personal life

Palminteri lives in Westchester County, New York, in the town of Bedford. He describes himself as a "very spiritual", devout Roman Catholic. He married Gianna Ranaudo in 1992, and together they have two children.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Documentary

Awards and nominations

Theatre work

Broadway
 2007 – A Bronx Tale – performer
 2013 – Human – performer and writer
 2016 – A Bronx Tale – writer and performer

Off-Broadway
 1989 – A Bronx Tale – writer and performer
 2002 – The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui – Ernesto Roma

References

External links

 A Bronx Tale on Broadway | The Official Website
 AskChazz.com

1952 births
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
People of Sicilian descent
Belmont, Bronx
Catholics from New York (state)
Film directors from New York City
Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male winners
Living people
Male actors from the Bronx
Sundance Film Festival award winners
American people of Italian descent

Chazz Palminteri


Lepidokirbyia este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Legături externe

Lepidokirbyia

Lepidokirbyia


Tímea Babos (født 10. maj 1993) er en ungarsk tennisspiller.

Karriere
Hun repræsentere sit land under Sommer-OL 2012 i London, der hun blev slået ud i anden runde i singel.

I januar 2018 vandt Babos og Kristina Mladenovic double ved Australian Open efter at have besejret Jekaterina Makarov og Jelena Vesnina i finalen.
I juni 2019 vandt Babos og Mladenovic French Open efter at have besejret Elise Mertens og Aryna Sabalenka i finalen.

Kilder

Eksterne Henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Ungarn
Vindere af French Open
Tennisspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Tennisspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Vindere af Australian Open

Tímea Babos


මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් සංස්ථාව ඇමරිකානු බහුජාතික පරිගණක තාක්‍ෂණය පිළිබඳ සංස්ථාවකි. එහි කාර්යය වනුයේ පරිගණක සඳහා විවිධ මෘදුකාංග වන මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස් සහ මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ඔෆිස් යන මෘදුකාංගයන් නිපදවීමය. ලෝකයේ වැඩිවශයෙන්ම භාවිතා වන පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග වනුයේ මේවාය.

1975 දී ඇමරීකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේදී මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ආයතනය ආරම්භ වුයේ ය. ඒ බිල් ගේට්ස්, පොල් ඇලන් ස්ටීව් බොල්මර් සහ රේ ඔසී නම් තැනැත්තන්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙනි. ඔවුන් 1980 දශකයේ මැද භාගයේදී එම්. එස්. ඩොස් නම් ක්‍රියාකාරී පරිගණක පද්ධතිය නිපදවීමත් සමඟ ලෝකයේ විවිධ ක්ෂේත‍්‍රයන්හි කතාබහට ලක්වන ආයතනයක් බවට පත්විය.

අදවන විට මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ආයතනය පරිගණකමය නොවන විවිධ ක්ෂේත‍්‍රයන්හිදි ද ක්‍රියාකාරි සාමාජිකයකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරන අතර මෘදුකාංග වලට අමරව පරිගණක දෘඩංග නිෂ්පාදනයද වෙළෙඳපලට නිකුත් කරනු ලබන ප්‍රධාන ආයතනයයි.

අදවන විට මයික්‍රෙසොෆ්ට් ආයතනය ලබා ඇති ජනප්‍රිය භාවය කොතෙක්ද යත් එහි නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය ලෝකයේ වැඩිම ජනප්‍රිය භාවයක් ඇති වෙබ් අඩවියක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. දිනකට මිලියන 2.4 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් එයට පිවිසෙනු ලබයි.

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ආයතනයේ සේවක සංඛ්‍යාව 79000 පමණ වන අතර එම සේවකයින් රටවල් 105 කට පමණ අයත් අයවලූන්ය. ආයතනයේ ශුද්ධ ආදායම 2007 වර්ෂයේදී ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 14.06 විය.

ඉතිහාසය

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට්


Aleksei Andreyevich Igonin (en ruso: Алексей Андреевич Игонин, nacido el 18 de marzo de 1976 en San Petersburgo) es un futbolista ruso, quien juega para el Anzhi Makhachkala.

Selección
Él ha jugado para la Selección de fútbol de Rusia dos veces en el año de 1998.

Clubes

Enlaces externos
Perfil
Aleksei Igonin pasó de Dinamo Bryansk a Anzhi Makhachkala como agente libre

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Rusia
Futbolistas del Zenit de San Petersburgo
Futbolistas del Football Club Chornomorets Odessa
Futbolistas del Football Club Leon Saturn Rámenskoye
Futbolistas del FK Anzhí Majachkalá
Nacidos en San Petersburgo

Alekséi Igonin


Siparuna, biljni rode u porodici Siparunaceae kojkemu pripada pedesetak vrsta aromatičnog drveća i grmlja. Rod je raširen po tropskim područjima Srednje i Južne Amerike

Vrste

 Siparuna aspera (Ruiz & Pav.) A.DC.
 Siparuna auriculata A.DC.
 Siparuna bifida (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC.
 Siparuna brasiliensis (Spreng.) A.DC.
 Siparuna calantha (Perkins) S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna calignosa J.F.Macbr.
 Siparuna campii S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna cascada S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna cervicornis Perkins
 Siparuna conica S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna cristata (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC.
 Siparuna croatii S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna cuspidata (Tul.) A.DC.
 Siparuna cuzcoana Perkins
 Siparuna cymosa Tolm.
 Siparuna decipiens (Tul.) A.DC.
 Siparuna echinata (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna eggersii Hieron.
 Siparuna ficoides S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna gentryana S.S.Renner
 Siparuna gesnerioides (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna gigantotepala S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna glabrescens (C.Presl) A.DC.
 Siparuna glycycarpa (Ducke) S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna grandiflora (Kunth) Perkins
 Siparuna guajalitensis S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna guianensis Aubl.
 Siparuna harlingii S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna krukovii A.C.Sm.
 Siparuna laurifolia (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna lepidota (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna lozaniana S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna macrotepala Perkins
 Siparuna multiflora S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A.DC.
 Siparuna mutisii (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna obstipa J.F.Macbr.
 Siparuna ovalis (Ruiz & Pav.) A.DC.
 Siparuna pachyantha A.C.Sm.
 Siparuna palenquensis S.S.Renner & Hausner
 Siparuna pauciflora (Beurl.) A.DC.
 Siparuna petasiformis Jangoux
 Siparuna petiolaris (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna pilosolepidota Heilb.
 Siparuna poeppigii (Tul.) A.DC.
 Siparuna reginae (Tul.) A.DC.
 Siparuna schimpffii Diels
 Siparuna sessiliflora (Kunth) A.DC.
 Siparuna stellulata Perkins
 Siparuna subinodora (Ruiz & Pav.) A.DC.
 Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC.
 Siparuna tomentosa (Ruiz & Pav.) A.DC.
 Siparuna vasqueziana S.S.Renner & Hausner

Izvori

Lovorolike

Siparuna


Sveučilište u Pennsylvaniji (engleski: University of Pennsylvania, skraćeno se koristi i Penn il UPenn) je privatno sveučilište u Philadelphiji, u američkoj saveznoj državi Pennsylvaniji. Jedno je od devet Kolonijalnih koledža, prvih visokoobrazovnih ustanova prije američke neovisnosti, i jedno od 14 sveučilišta osnivača Udruženja američkih sveučilišta.

Osnivač sveučilišta, američki državnik Benjamin Franklin, osnovan je sveučilište s ciljem ostvarivanja visokog obrazovanja a sve društvene slojeve kao dio javnog dobra. Krilatica sveučilišta, Zakon bez morala je beskoristan, nalazi se na grbu sveučiišta, a ispisana je na latinskom jeziku. Neki ukrasi na grbu, poput dupina i otvorene knjige, kao znaka znanja i mudrosti, preuzeti su s grba Benjamina Franklina, osnivača sveučilišta. Slijedeći prestižna europska sveučilišta, poput pariške Sorbonne, Sveučilište u Pennsylvaniji bilo je jedno od prvih američkih sveučilišta koje je njegovalo načelo višedisciplinarnosti, spajajući u jedan smjer bogosloviju, klasične znanosti i medicinu.

Dio je športske Lige bršljana (Ivy League), u kojoj nastupa u svim momčadskim športovima i većini pojedinačnih. Unutar sveučilišta otvorena je prva medicinska škola u Sjevernoj Americi (1765.), prvi poslovni koledž (Whartonova škola) i prvi studentski centar i studentska udruga osnovani 1896. godine. Službene boje su crvena i plava.

Izvori

Pennsylvania

Sveučilište u Pennsylvaniji


Mekana voščika (lat. Ceratophyllum submersum), vodena podvodna slobodno plutajuća zeljasta trajnica iz roda voščika, kojoj ime submersum dolazi od lat. sub = ispod i mergere = uronjen, odnosi se na stanište vrste. Životni ciklus joj je nalik vrsti C. demersum. Korijena nema, a donji listovi mogu se donekle preobličit u rizoide kojima se pričvrsti privremeno za tvrdi predmet ili supstrat.

Mekana voščika raste u Europi (uključujući Hrvatsku, srednjoj Aziji i dijelovima Afrike. Postoje dvije podvrste.

Podvrste
 Ceratophyllum submersum var. haynaldianum (Borbás) Wilmot-Dear
 Ceratophyllum submersum var. submersum

Izvori

Voščikovke

Mekana voščika


Berettyóújfalu is a town in Hajdú-Bihar county, in center of the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary, near the border with Romania. It is strategically located, being 35 km south of Debrecen, the second largest city in Hungary, and 40 km west of Oradea, the tenth largest city in Romania. Berettyóújfalu is named after the river Berettyó.

Geography
It covers an area of  and has a population of about 15,000 people.

History
This area has been inhabited since ancient times. A lot of artifacts from the late Bronze Age were found in the town area. In the Iron Age, Scythians, Sarmatians, Celts and Huns conquered this area one after another.

After the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (C.E. 9–10th century) 14–15 villages came to be in this area where semi-nomad farming took place. The villages were built on the top of the hills, because this area was a huge swamp. People used boats to travel between the hills. Every settlement had at least one port.

The center of the villages was named Herpály. The first written mention of the village was the Regestrum Varadi in the 13th century. Herpály was important because of a Romanesque monastery (built in the 12th century). The village and the monastery were destroyed twice. No written records have survived about the monastery after the Mongol invasion of Europe (C.E. 1241–1242. in Hungary). At the first half of the 19th century the height of the walls was 8–12 meters (26–32 ft). Each of the two towers stood, until a local landowner demolished the north tower, because it was life-threatening. The bricks were offered to the base structure of the Reformed Church's organ. The ruin of the tower is called "csonkatorony" (lit. crooked tower) by the locals. The south tower and only its foundation is visible today.

Herpály had four streets in 1418, according to degree possession of sharing. The village had three pubs: one had a guestroom, the others had cellars. The estimated number of villagers was fewer than 300 people.

At the other bank of river Berettyó was a notable village, named Berettyószentmárton. It was a custom and tow place. In 1481 Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary) donated right to hold markets for the settlement.

Herpály lamentable chronicle began in 1658, when Crimean Tatars burned the Berettyó-valley. The settlements was not completely destroyed, but Invasion Szejdi in 1660 certainly dispels the residents here.

Gábor Báthory (Prince of Transylvania, from 1608 to 1613) gave privilege for Berettyóújfalu on 23 May 1608, but it lost that privilege in the same century.

Significant changes happened in the landscape in the middle of the 19th century. The old "water world" disappeared when the river regulation had finished. The Püspökladány - Nagyvárad (later Oradea) railway line was built in 1858. It passes over Berettyóújfalu and gave dynamism to the development of the economy.

In the 1920s, with a new county hall, elementary school, hospital, official site built, Berettyóújfalu was the county seat of Bihar county between 1920 and 1940, and 1945–1950, because Oradea was annexed to Romania, after the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920). Later the government created Hajdú-Bihar County. From this time the county seat was Debrecen.

The catchment area is still large, the town is an important transport, economic and cultural center. There are five elementary and three high schools, a mill, a reconditioned spa, a regional hospital and major medical centers. Berettyóújfalu and Berettyószentmárton merged in 1970, and received city status in 1978.

Twin towns – sister cities

Berettyóújfalu is twinned with:
 Marghita, Romania
 Montegrotto Terme, Italy
 Porcia, Italy
 Vyshny Volochyok, Russia

References

External links

 in Hungarian

Berettyóújfalu


Das Siechenhaus ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in Zofingen im Kanton Aargau. Es steht an der Aarburgerstrasse 21 / Im Rank 6 unmittelbar an der Gemeindegrenze zu Oftringen und ist als Kulturgut von nationaler Bedeutung eingestuft.

Die Geschichte des Siechenhauses (auch Sondersiechenhaus genannt) geht bis auf die Zeit der Stadtgründung im frühen 13. Jahrhundert zurück. Das Gebäude befand sich weit ausserhalb des damaligen Siedlungskerns, um auch Leprakranke aufnehmen zu können, die man nicht in die Stadt hineinliess. Da die Lepra ab dem 17. Jahrhundert nur noch vereinzelt auftrat, wandelte sich das Siechenhaus mit der Zeit zu einem Pflegeheim für Kranke und Bedürftige. Einheimische fanden dauerhaft Aufnahme, während Fremde nur kurzzeitig Krankenasyl erhielten. Die Finanzierung erfolgte durch wohltätige Stiftungen. Nach dem Tod der letzten Anstaltsleiterin wurde das Siechenhaus im Jahr 1888 geschlossen und durch zeitgemässere Institutionen ersetzt.

Baumeister Antoni Stab errichtete 1609/10 das heute noch bestehende Gebäude. Es handelt sich um einen freistehenden, zweistöckigen Wohnbau im spätgotischen Stil mit einem steilen Krüppelwalmdach. Im Erdgeschoss weist es ein Quadermauerwerk auf, im Obergeschoss ein Fachwerk. Die Fenster besitzen profilierte und skulptierte Gewände. Ab 1447 stand neben dem Siechenhaus die Kapelle zum niederen Kreuz. Diese musste 1811 wegen gänzlichen Verfalls abgetragen werden, ebenso die Mauer, die Kapelle und Siechenhaus umgab.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Kulturgüter in Zofingen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Zofingen
Bauwerk in Zofingen
Erbaut in den 1610er Jahren
Kulturgut von nationaler Bedeutung im Kanton Aargau
Zofingen
Zofingen
Unternehmen (Zofingen)
Kultur (Zofingen)
Leprosorium
Fachwerkgebäude in der Schweiz

Siechenhaus (Zofingen)