Canoe este denumirea unei anumit tip de vas, de obicei de formă relativ simetrică, cu prova și pupa ridicate, care este acționat de forța fizică a unuia sau mai multor vâslași, care pot fi așezați sau stând într-un genunchi, și care, de obicei, folosesc o vâslă simplă, numită pagaie, pentru propulsarea acestui tip de vas.

Primele bărci de tip canoe au fost, cel mai probabil, construite în epoca mezolitică, fiind, alături de arc și de săgeți, mari invenții ale lui Homo sapiens.

Dimensiunile canoelor variază de la cele ale unei bărci de dimensiuni mici la cele ale unui vas mediu, uneori chiar având catarge, așa cum sunt vasele de tip canoe cu care populațiile native ale Oceaniei au migrat în centrul Oceanului Pacific, ocupând treptat-treptat insulele locuibile din Pacific.

Canoele sunt foarte des folosite în epoca modernă pentru competiții și plăcere, așa cum sunt întreceri sportive, pe ape stătătoare sau pe râuri neamenajate (în engleză, whitewater canoeing), tururi și campare, stil liber și recreere, în general.

Concursurile sportive de canoe, combinate cu cele de caiac au fost introduse demonstrativ la Jocurile Olimpice de la Paris, din 1924, fiind acceptate ca sport, "egal în drepturi" cu altele, 12 ani mai târziu, la Jocurile Olimpice din 1936 de la Berlin.

Scopul pentru care canoele urmează a fi folosite determină formele acestora, secțiunea transversală și materialul folosit la realizarea lor. Istoric, canoele au fost realizate fie prin cioplirea dintr-o bucată a unui singur trunchi de copac, fie din scoarța unor arbori, care poate fi folosită la realizarea acestor vase, iar, mai actual, din pânză atașată unui schelet de lemn, din materiale compozite, din aluminiu, sau, foarte recent, din plastic și/sau rășini sintetice.

Istoric

Cuvântul canoe provine din limba Carib - kenu, prin intermediul cuvântului din spaniolă, canoa.

Construită cândva între anii 8.200 și 7.600 î.e.n., și găsită în Țările de Jos, canoea cunoscută sub numele de canoea Pesse, este, deocamdată, cea mai veche canoe cunoscută a fi existat. Excavații din Danemarca au relevat că bărci scobite din trunchiuri de copaci și, respectiv, pagaie au fost folosite în timpul perioadei culturii  Ertebølle, (circa 5.300 BC – 3.950 î.Hr.).

Galerie de imagini

Note, referințe

Legături externe

Echipament de caiac canoe
Mezolitic
Vase acvatice propulsate de forța umană

Canoe


est une série de light novel japonaise écrite par Ceez et illustrée par Tenmaso. Elle est sérialisée en ligne entre  et  sur le site Shōsetsuka ni Narō. Ses droits sont par la suite acquis par Enterbrain, qui a publié huit volumes depuis  sous la marque Famitsu Bunko.

Une adaptation manga dessinée par Dashio Tsukimi et scénarisée par Ryō Suzukaze est sérialisée en ligne via le site Web Dengeki PlayStation Comic d' ASCII Media Works depuis . Cinq volumes tankōbon ont été assemblés à ce jour (). Le manga est édité en France par Doki-Doki. Une adaptation en série d'animation par Maho Film est diffusée entre le  et le . En France, cette diffusion est assurée par Crunchyroll.

Synopsis
Au Japon, le jeu de rôle fantasy nommé Leadale, est extrêmement populaire. Une jeune fille nommée Keina Kagami, atteinte de paralysie et devant rester constamment sous assistance respiratoire, joue à ce jeu depuis son lit d'hôpital pour interagir avec le reste du monde. Elle meurt après l'arrêt de son assistance respiratoire lors d'une panne de courant et renaît dans le monde de Leadale, dans le corps de son avatar nommé Cayna. À sa grande surprise, elle découvre que  s'y sont écoulés depuis sa dernière connexion au jeu, une période au cours de laquelle les sept nations qu'elle connaissait ont été dévastées par la guerre et réorganisées en trois nouveaux royaumes.

L'histoire suit les péripéties de Cayna dans ce nouveau monde. Elle y rencontre ses trois enfants PNJ, qu'elle avait adoptés dans le jeu. Elle apprend également que sa mort a donné à Leadale une très mauvaise publicité et a provoqué l'arrêt du jeu. Cependant, plusieurs autres joueurs se sont retrouvés piégés dans le jeu, certains d'entre eux depuis des années, et les royaumes de Felskeilo, Helshper et Otaloquess sont de plus en plus en proie à des attaques de monstres de haut niveau, toutes issues de l'annulation brutale de Leadale, qui les a rendus aller voyous à l'intérieur de ce monde. De plus, l'un des joueurs piégés - un joueur puissant - semble avoir jeté son dévolu sur Cayna elle-même en tant que future épouse.

Personnages
  /

Fille de  d'une riche famille japonaise, Keina est hospitalisée et doit rester en permanence sous assistance respiratoire. Lorsque le système assurant sa survie est mis en défaut au milieu d'une session de jeu, Keina meurt. Cependant, son esprit est téléchargé dans le monde de Leadale en tant que son avatar Cayna, une puissante mage haute-elfe, spécialisée dans l'invocation de magie. Dans le jeu, Cayna fait partie des vingt-quatre Briseurs de limites et est la troisième des treize Maîtres des compétences, capables de conférer à volonté aux autres joueurs certains pouvoirs. Lorsque les demandes pour ces services augmentent, Cayna est forcée de s'isoler, et participe à la création des « tours de gardien » pour que seuls les joueurs méritants puissent recevoir ces compétences. Cayna est également connue sous les noms de «  », en référence à l'objet magique amplificateur de puissance qu'elle a reçu en devenant maître de compétences.

 Une intelligence artificielle créée par l'oncle de Keina pour après qu'elle est définitivement paralysée. Après sa renaissance à Leadale, Cayna est toujours en mesure d'entrer en communication avec . Il lui sert de conseiller et de protecteur.

 Un prêtre haut-elfe et le premier enfant de Cayna, adopté via le système du jeu. Il est spécialisé dans la magie de guérison et est vénéré au sein du royaume de Felskeil. Il éprouve une grande affection pour sa mère, qu'il exprime indépendamment de la volontésde cette dernière.

 Une archimage haute-elfe et la deuxième enfant de Cayna. Elle a tendance à être un entêtée et exubérante, surtout à propos de sa mère. Anciennement magicienne à la cour royale de Felskeil, elle occupe maintenant le poste de directrice de l'Académie royale locale. Mariée deux fois, elle est mère de jumeaux conçus avec son premier mari.

 Un charpentier nain qui travaille sur les quais de la capitale de Felskeil et le troisième enfant de Cayna. Bien qu'il soit le plus sensé de ses frères et sœurs, il aime autant sa mère qu'eux. Il n'aime pas être traité comme un enfant en public, soucieux de préserver son image de patron dur et sensé. Il est chargé de « baptiser »  les nouvelles recrues et les éléments indisciplinés parmi les chevaliers royaux de Felskeil.

 Une jeune fille qui se lie d'amitié avec Cayna et l'adore pour sa magie et sa gentillesse.

Production et supports

Light novel
In the Land of Leadale est écrit par Ceez et illustré par Tenmaso. Initialement sérialisé en ligne sur le site Web Shōsetsuka ni Narō entre  et , Enterbrain commence la publication de la série au format papier en  dans le Famitsu Bunko. Huit tomes sont parus en date de .

|}

Manga
Une adaptation en manga illustrée par Dashio Tsukimi et scénarisée par Ryō Suzukaze commence sa sérialisation en ligne via le site Web Dengeki PlayStation Comic d'ASCII Media Works en . Cinq volumes tankōbon ont été publiés en date de . En France, la série est éditée par Doki-Doki depuis le .

|}

Anime
Le , une adaptation en série d'animation est annoncée. Lors de la « Kadokawa Light Novel Expo 2020 », il est révélé que la production de cette série sera réalisée par Maho Film . La série est dirigée par Takeyuki Yanase, avec des scripts supervisés par Kazuyuki Fudeyasu, des conceptions de personnages gérées par Toshihide Matsudate, Eri Kojima et Kaho Deguchi, et une musique composée par Kujira Yumemi. La série commence sa diffusion le  sur Tokyo MX et d'autres réseaux. La chanson thème d'ouverture, intitulée Happy encount est réalisée par TRUE, tandis que la chanson thème de fin, nommée  est l'œuvre d' Azusa Tadokoro. Crunchyroll diffuse la série à l'international.

Liste des épisodes

|}

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Édition japonaise

Light novel

Manga

Édition française

Manga

Liens externes
  sur Shōsetsuka ni narō

Roman publié sur Shōsetsuka ni narō
Série manga
Seinen manga
Light novel
Manga de fantasy
Isekai
Manga des années 2010
Manga publié par ASCII Media Works
Manga publié par Doki-Doki
Série télévisée japonaise des années 2020
Série télévisée de fantasy
Série diffusée sur Crunchyroll
Animation réalisée par Maho Film

In the Land of Leadale


Højadlen i Det Forenede Kongerige er en betegnelse over et medlem af en af de 5 Peerages i Det Forende Kongerige ofte bare kaldet The Peerage (Adelskalenderen), altså den øverste del af den britiske samfundsklasse (Adlen). The Peerage er et juridisk system bestående af både arvelige titler, og levetidstitler (dvs. at titlerne ikke kan blive arvet af efterkommere, men kun besiddes af én enkel person), sammensat af forskellige ædle rækker.

Et medlem af Højadlen kaldes en Peer eller Peer of The Realm. En peer of the realm er en person, der besidder en (eller flere) af fem mulige titler (hertug, Markis, earl, viscount, baron) arvet fra en direkte forfader eller skænket til ham af monarken. I de feudale tider, var medlemmerne af højadlen (peers) vasaller til monarken (dvs. tjenere, der svor en ed af loyalitet til gengæld for beskyttelse eller len – en arv af jord eller penge). Disse baroner blev jævnligt indkaldt til rådgive Parlamentet, og dannede baggrunden for The House of Peers, overhuset.

Rangorden
Medlemmmer af Højadlen (Peers) er af fem ranger, i faldende rækkefølge efter forrang:

 Hertug (eng. Duke) kommer fra af middelnedertysk hertoch første led 'hær', sidste led beslægtet med latin dux 'fører'. Den første hertug i adelskalenderen for de britiske øer blev oprettet i 1337. Den feminine form er Hertuginde (eng. Duchess).
 Markis (eng. Marquess) kommer fra franske 'marquis', som er en afledning af «marche» eller marts. Dette er en reference til grænser ("marcher") mellem England, Skotland og Wales.. Den første Marquis i adelskalenderen for de britiske øer blev oprettet i 1385. Den feminine form er Markise (eng. Marchioness).
 Jarl (eng. Earl) den engelske udgave kommer fra det gamle engelske eller angelsaksiske 'eorl', en militær leder. Ordet kommer fra det oldnordiske ord "jarl", hvilket betyder fri-født kriger eller adelsmand, under Danelagens, og er afledt af navnet på den germanske stamme erulerne, herulerne. Da der var ingen feminine oldengelsk eller oldnordisk udgave af ordet bruger man, "Grevinde" (en Earl er tilsvarende til kontinental europas 'greve'), fra latinske 'comes'. Skabt circa 800-1000.
 Vicomte (eng. Viscount) kommer fra latinske 'vicecomes', vice-count (Vice-greve). Sakbt i 1440. Den feminine form er Vicomtesse (eng. Viscountess).
 Baron kommer fra middelalderlatin baro 'vasal', oprindelig et germansk ord, jævnført med middelhøjtysk bar 'mand. Skabt i 1066. I den skotske adelskalender alene, kaldes indehavere af den femte rang ikke en 'Baron', men snarere» 'Lord of Parliament''. Baroner i Skotland var traditionelt indehavere af feudale Værdigheder, ikke ikke titler i en adelskalender (Peerage), men de betragtes som mindre baroner og genkendes af kronen som ædle. Den feminine form er baronesse (eng. Baroness).

Baronets, selvom indehavere af arvelige titler, er ikke medlemmer af højadlen (peer), da baronetranger aldrig har givet adelig status, selv om de socialt betragtes som en del af aristokratiet. Riddere, Dames og indehavere af andre britiske ikke-arvelige ridderlige-ordner, dekorationer og medaljer er ligeledes ikke peers.

Se også
 Liste over Hertuger i Storbritannien og Irland
 Adelskalendere i Det Forenede Kongerige
 Adelskalender
 Det Forenede Kongeriges Adelskalender

Referencer

Adel fra Storbritannien

Højadlen i Det Forenede Kongerige


Regimentul 79 Infanterie a fost o unitate de nivel tactic din rezerva armatei permanente care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916, prin mobilizarea unităților și subunităților de infanterie din Cercul de Recrutare Slobozia, din cadrul Comandamentului V Teritorial Regimentul a făcut parte din organica Brigăzii 39 Infanterie. La intrarea în război, Regimentul 79 Infanterie a fost comandat de locotenent-colonelul Ioan Dumitrescu. Regimentul 79 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

Campania anului 1917

Comandanți

Note

Bibliografie

 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 79 Infanterie (1916-1918)


Futbola klubs Liepāja (også kendt som Liepāja) er en fodboldklub fra Letland. Klubben spiller i den bedste lettiske liga Virslīga og har hjemmebane på Daugavas stadions i byen Liepaja.

Historie
Klubben blev stiftet i 2014.

Titler
 Lettiske mesterskaber (1): 2015
 Lettiske pokalturnering (2): 2017, 2020

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver

Trupp
Pr. 28. april 2022

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 fkliepaja.lv
 lff.lv

Noter

Fodboldklubber i Letland
Etableret i 2014

FK Liepāja


{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Miocene,
| image = Hohhot.inner mongolia museum.Platybelodon grangeri.2.jpg
| image_caption = Platybelodon grangeri skeleton, Inner Mongolia Museum
| taxon = Platybelodon
| authority = Borissiak, 1928
| type_species = Platybelodon danovi
| type_species_authority = Borissiak, 1928
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *P. grangeri Osborn, 1929
P. beliajevae Alexeeva, 1971
P. tongxinensis Chen, 1978
P. tetralophus Wang and Li, 2022
}}Platybelodon ("flat-spear tusk") is an extinct genus of large herbivorous proboscidean mammals related to modern-day elephants, placed in the "shovel tusker" family Amebelodontidae. Species lived during the middle Miocene Epoch in Africa, Asia and the Caucasus.

PalaeobiologyPlatybelodon was previously believed to have fed in the swampy areas of grassy savannas, using its teeth to shovel up aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. However, wear patterns on the teeth suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree. Adult animals in particular might have eaten coarser vegetation more frequently than juveniles.

Images

See alsoGnathabelodonEubelodonSerbelodonAmebelodonKonobelodonTorynobelodon''

References

Further reading
Harry Cox, Colin Harrison, R.J.G. Savage, and Brian Gardiner. (1999): The Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures: A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life. Simon & Schuster.
Jordi Agusti and Mauricio Anton. (2002): Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids. Pg.90, Columbia University Press.
Jayne Parsons.(2001): Dinosaur Encyclopedia. Pg.260, Dorling Kindersley.
David Norman. (2001): The Big Book Of Dinosaurs. Pg.420-421, Welcome Books.
Hazel Richardson.(2003): Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Animals (Smithsonian Handbooks). Pg.173, Dorling Kindersley.

External links

Amebelodontidae
Miocene proboscideans
Messinian genus extinctions
Miocene mammals of Africa
Miocene mammals of Asia
Miocene mammals of Europe
Prehistoric placental genera
Langhian genus first appearances
Fossil taxa described in 1928

Platybelodon


Die Acetylperoxygruppe, abgekürzt AcOO oder OOAc, ist eine funktionelle Gruppe, die sich von der Peressigsäure ableitet (siehe Abbildung). Sie unterscheidet sich von der Acetylgruppe CH3-C(=O)- (Ac) durch zwei zusätzliche Sauerstoffatome.

Siehe auch
Die Acetylperoxygruppe sollte nicht mit der Acetoxygruppe (OAc), der Acetylgruppe (Ac) und der Acylgruppe verwechselt werden. Der Acetylperoxy-Rest (Acetperoxygruppe), C2H3O3, enthält ein Sauerstoffatom mehr als der Acetoxy-Rest, C2H3O2.

Einzelnachweise

Funktionelle Gruppe

Acetylperoxygruppe


zoonosis (බහුවචනය zoonoses හෝ zoonotic diseases) යනු යම් ව්‍යාධිජනකයෙක් (බැක්ටීරියා, වෛරස, පරපෝෂිතයකු වැනි) සතෙකුගේ සිට (බොහෝවිට පෘෂ්ඨවංශිකයෙක්) මිනිසුන් වෙත පැන ඇතිකරනු ලබන බෝවන රෝගයක් වේ.

එන්නත් වලදී භාවිතය
1800 දී Edward Jenner විසින් smallpox සඳහා නිපදවන ලද ප්‍රථම එන්නත cowpox නමින් හැඳින්වුන zoonotic bovine virus ආසාදනය හා බැඳී ඇත.
Jenner ගේ නිරීක්ෂණයකට අනුව smallpox රෝගය milkmaids ලා හට නොසෑදෙයි. එයට හේතුව වන්නේ ඔවුන් හට හරකුන් ගෙන් රෝගයේ සෞම්‍ය ආකාරයක් වැළඳෙන අතර ඒ මගින් මානව රෝගයට ප්‍රතිශක්තිය ගොඩනැගෙයි. ජෙනර් විසින් cowpox රෝගය භාවිතා කොට මිනිසුන් smallpox සඳහා ප්‍රතිශක්තිය ගොඩනගන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස වසූරිය මෙලොවින් තුරන් කිරීමට හැකිවිය. එසේම 1981 දී වසූරියට එරෙහිව එන්නත් කිරීම නවතා දමන ලදී.

ආශ්‍රිත

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 AVMA Collections: Zoonosis Updates
 WHO tropical diseases and zoonoses
 Detection and Forensic Analysis of Wildlife and Zoonotic Disease
 Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease
  A message from nature: coronavirus. United Nations Environment Programme

Animal diseases

Zoonosis


Jade Afonso Romero (Fortaleza, 12 de julho de 1985) é uma gestora pública, professora e política brasileira. Filiada ao Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB), é a atual vice-governadora do estado do Ceará.

Origens e formação
Nascida em 12 de julho de 1985 na capital cearense Fortaleza, Jade Romero foi aluna do extinto Colégio Marista Cearense e participou de movimentos estudantis. Graduou-se em Gestão Pública pela Universidade de Fortaleza, especializou-se em Políticas Públicas pela Universidade Gama Filho e foi mestranda em Administração Pública pela Universidade de Lisboa. Foi também professora universitária, pesquisadora acadêmica e gerente de projetos no terceiro setor.

Carreira política
Tendo manifestado interesse por política na infância, Romero filiou-se ao Partido dos Trabalhadores aos 16 anos. Em 2010, ingressou no Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, onde começou a militar nacionalmente. Sua atuação no MDB incluiu presidir a Juventude do partido no Ceará, integrar a executiva de Juventude do MDB nacional, ser conselheira de Juventude e presidir o MDB Mulher.

De janeiro de 2013 a julho de 2014, Romero foi secretária de Participação Popular de Fortaleza na gestão do prefeito Roberto Cláudio; de 2014 a 2018 foi assessora parlamentar do então senador Eunício Oliveira; em 2017 foi representante do Brasil na reunião jovem da cúpula do BRICS, na Rússia; de janeiro de 2019 a abril de 2020 foi secretária executiva do Esporte do Ceará no governo de Camilo Santana; e de março de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022 foi assessora especial da Casa Civil do Ceará.

Em 2022, Romero foi indicada pelo MDB para ser candidata a vice-governadora do Ceará na chapa de Elmano de Freitas, do PT, que recebeu 2 808 300 votos, 54,02% dos válidos, vencendo a eleição no primeiro turno. Ao ser empossada, assumiu também a Secretaria das Mulheres do Ceará.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Fortaleza
Alunos da Universidade de Fortaleza
Alunos da Universidade Gama Filho
Alumni da Universidade de Lisboa
Membros do Partido dos Trabalhadores
Membros do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (1980)
Mulheres do Ceará na política
Secretários de municípios do Ceará
Secretários estaduais do Ceará
Vice-governadores do Ceará

Jade Romero


Craspedonotus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Relación de especies:

 Craspedonotus himalayanus Semenov, 1910
 Craspedonotus margellanicus Kraatz, 1884
 Craspedonotus tibialis Schaum, 1863

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ground beetles of the tribe Broscini (Carabidae): atlas of beetles of Russia

Broscina

Craspedonotus


ثنائية البؤرة هي نظارات العين بسلطتين بصريتين متميّزتين. النّظارات الثّنائية البؤرة توصف عموما إلى النّاس المصابين بمرض قصر الشيخوخة البصري الذي يتطلّب أيضا تصحيحًا لقصر النّظر، مدّ البصر، و/أو انحراف البصر.

ثنائية البؤرة خلال القرن السادس عشر بدأ الناس استخدام النظارات للرؤية البعيدة بوضوح. واخترع العالم والسياسي الأمريكي بنجامين فرانكلين النظارة ثنائية البؤرة في عام 1784 م، وتنقسم النظارة ثنائية البؤرة إلى عدستين إحداهما للقراءة والأخرى للرؤية البعيدة.

مراجع

اختراعات أمريكية
اختراعات بنجامين فرانكلين
استحداثات القرن 18
بصريات
عدسات تصحيحية
نظارات
اختراعات القرن 18

نظارة ثنائية البؤرة


عبد الله بن سلام بن الحارث، وكان اسمه في الجاهلية حصينا، ويكن بـ (أبو يوسف الإسرائيلي) وهو صحابي جليل وكنيته: أبو يوسف، من ذُرِّيـة النبي يوسف من بني إسرائيل. قال عنه الذهبي في السير: «الإمام الحَبْر، المشهود له بالجنة، حليف الأنصار، من خواصِّ أصحاب النبي».

وكان يهوديا من يهود بني قينقاع

إسلامه

بدأ النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في دعوته لليهود، وجمع اليهود مرة ومرتين وثلاثاً، كان يجمع القبائل بعضها مع بعض أحياناً، وأحياناً يخاطب الأفراد، وجاء إليه أناس من بني قينقاع ومن بني النضير ومن بني قريظة، وأول من جاء إليه عبد الله بن سلام رضي الله عنه وأرضاه، كان اسمه الحصين بن سلام قبل أن يسلم، وسماه الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم عبد الله وهو من بني قينقاع، لما سمع بقدوم الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة المنورة أراد أن يختبره ليعرف أهو الرسول المذكور في التوراة أو غيره؟ فذهب إليه وقال له: إني سائلك عن ثلاث لا يعلمها إلا نبي: ما أول أشراط الساعة؟ وما أول ما يأكل أهل الجنة؟ ومن أين يشبه الولد أباه وأمه؟ فقال: «أخبرني بهنَّ جبريل آنفًا». قال: ذاك عدو اليهود من الملائكة.

قال: «أمّا أول أشراط الساعة فنار تخرج من المشرق، فتحشر الناس إلى المغرب. وأما أول ما يأكله أهل الجنة، فزيادة كبد حوت. وأما الشَّبَهُ، فإذا سَبَقَ ماء الرجل نَزَعَ إليه الولد، وإذا سبق ماء المرأة نزع إليها».

قال: أشهد أنك رسول الله.

وقال: يا رسول الله، إن اليهود قوم بهت; وإنهم إنْ يعلموا بإسلامي بهتوني، فأرسلْ إليهم، فسَلْهُمْ عنِّي.

فأرسل إليهم.

فقال: «أي رجل ابن سلام فيكم؟»

قالوا: حَبْرُنا وابن حبرنا، وعالمنا وابن عالمنا.

قال: «أرأيتم إن أسلم، تسلمون؟» قالوا: أعاذه الله من ذلك!

قال: فخرج عبد الله، فقال: أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله ; وأن محمدًا رسول الله.

فقالوا: شرُّنا وابن شرِّنا; وجاهلنا وابن جاهلنا.

يعتقد أن هذه الآية القرآنية نزلت في عبد الله بن سلام عندما أسلم:
  الأحقاف

أثر الرسول في تربيته

كان الصحابي الجليل عَبْد اللَّه بْن سلام ممّن أسلم مبكراً، فقد بدأت قصّته مع قدوم النّبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم إلى المدينة، فلما سمِع بقدوم النّبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم إلى المدينة، وعَرَفَ أنّ الناس قد تجمّعوا لاستقباله انطلق معهم، وهو يحمل الثمر الذي كان يقطفه في أرضه، فلما نظر إليه عرف أنّ وجهه ليس بوجه كذّاب، ولنَدَع عبد الله بن سلام يروي قصّة لقائه بالنّبي كما في الحديث الذي رواه الترمذي: لَمَّا قَدِمَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ المدينة انْجَفَلَ النَّاسُ قِبَلَهُ، وَقِيلَ: قد قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَدْ قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، قَدْ قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ثَلاثًا، فجِئْتُ في النَّاسِ لأَنْظرَ، فلمَّا تَبيَّنْتُ وجْههُ عرَفتُ أَنَّ وَجْهَهُ لَيْسَ بِوَجْهِ كَذَّابٍ، فكان أوَّلُ شيْءٍ سمعْتُهُ تَكَلَّمَ بِهِ أَنْ قَالَ:«يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَفْشُوا السَّلامَ، وَأَطْعِمُوا الطَّعَامَ، وَصِلُوا الأَرْحَامَ، وَصَلُّوا بِاللَّيْلِ وَالنَّاسُ نِيَامٌ، تَدْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ بِسَلامٍ»، فدنوت منه وشهدتُ أن لا إله إلا الله، وأنَّ محمداً رسول الله، فالتفتَ النبي  وقال: «ما اسمك؟» فقلتُ: الحصين بن سلام، فقال : «بل عبد الله بن سلام»، قلت: نعم، عبد الله بن سلام، والذي بعثك بالحق ما أُحبُّ أنّ لي اسماً آخر بعد اليوم.... الحديث.

فضله
عن ابن عباس:
أن هذه الآية نزلت في ابن سلام، وثعلبة بن سعية، وأسد بن عبيد: {لَيْسُوا سَوَاءً مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ أُمَّةٌ قَائِمَةٌ} الآيتين [آل عمران: 113، 114].

وعن عامر بن سعد، عن أبيه، قال: ما سمعت رسول الله يقول لأحد: إنه من أهل الجنة إلا لعبد الله بن سلام، وفيه نزلت: {وَشَهِدَ شَاهِدٌ مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ عَلَى مِثْلِهِ} [الأحقاف: 10]

وعن مصعب بن سعد، عن أبيه، أن رسول الله قال: «يدخل من هذا الفَجِّ رجلٌ من أهل الجنة»، فجاء ابن سلام.

والآية {وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ عِلْمُ الْكِتَابِ}، قال مجاهد: هو عبد الله بن سلام.

وهو ممن يؤتون أجورهم مرتين؛ لقوله: «ثلاثة لهم أجران: رجل من أهل الكتاب آمن بنبيِّه وآمن بمحمد، والعبد المملوك إذا أدَّى حق الله وحق مواليه، ورجل كانت عنده أَمَةٌ يطؤها، فأدَّبـها فأحسن تأديبها، وعلَّمها فأحسن تعليمها، ثم أعتقها فتزوجها؛ فله أجران».

بشَّر النبي محمد عبد الله بن سلام بالجنة، فعن معاذ بن جبل قال: (التمِسوا العلم عند أربعة، عند: عويمرٍ أبي الدَّرداءِ، وعند: سلمان الفارسيِّ، وعند: عبد الله بن مسعود، وعند: عبد الله بن سلامٍ الذي كانَ يهوديًّا فأسلم، فإنِّي سمعتُ رسولَ الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ يقول: إنه عاشِرُ عشرةٍ في الجنة) رواه الترمذي

ومن مناقبه أنه نصر عثمان يوم الدار.

وفاته
لزم عبد الله بن سلام المدينة المنورة، يعظ ويفتي ويشرح أمور الدين حتى تقدم به العمر، وتوفي سنة 43هـ وقد قارب السبعين من عمره، ودفن في المدينة المنورة.
ويقال إنه دفن في غوطة دمشق الشرقية ببلدة تدعى سقبا وبني عند قبره مسجد يحمل اسمه

المراجع

[1] صيد الفوائد، http://www.saaid.net/Doat/assuhaim/127.htm

[2] أخرجه البخاري 7/ 195 و198 في الهجرة، من طريق محمد بن سلام، عن عبد الصمد بن عبد الوارث بهذا الإسناد.

[3] أخرجه الطبري في تفسيره (7644) و (7645) من طريقين.

[4] أخرجه مالك في الموطأ، ورواه البخاري 7/ 97 في المناقب، باب مناقب عبد الله بن سلام. ومسلم (2483) في الفضائل.

[5] إسناده حسن من أجل عاصم بن بهدلة، وهو في المسند 1/ 169 و183، وصححه الحاكم 3/ 416، ووافقه الذهبي.

[6] تفسير مجاهد 1/ 331.

[7]البخاري ومسلم.

[8] صيد الفوائد، الرابط: http://www.saaid.net/Doat/assuhaim/127.htm

أسماء أعلام تغيرت بأمر النبي محمد
بنو قريظة
رواة الإسرائيليات
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
صحابة
محدثو الصحابة
مواليد في المدينة المنورة
وفيات عقد 630
وفيات في المدينة المنورة
يهود اعتنقوا الإسلام
يهود حجازيون

عبد الله بن سلام


Actinostemon, biljni rod iz porodice mlječikovki. Pripada mu 20 vrsta koje rastu po tropskoj Americi

Vrste
 Actinostemon amazonicus Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Actinostemon brachypodus (Griseb.) Urb.
 Actinostemon caribaeus Griseb.
 Actinostemon concepcionis (Chodat & Hassl.) Hochr.
 Actinostemon concolor (Spreng.) Müll.Arg.
 Actinostemon desertorum (Müll.Arg.) Pax
 Actinostemon echinatus Müll.Arg.
 Actinostemon glaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm.
 Actinostemon guyanensis Pax
 Actinostemon imbricatus Müll.Arg.
 Actinostemon klotzschii (Didr.) Pax
 Actinostemon lagoensis (Müll.Arg.) Pax
 Actinostemon lasiocarpus (Müll.Arg.) Baill.
 Actinostemon leptopus (Müll.Arg.) Pax
 Actinostemon macrocarpus Müll.Arg.
 Actinostemon mandiocanus (Müll.Arg.) Pax
 Actinostemon roseliae L.S.Oliveira, A.L.Melo & M.F.Sales
 Actinostemon schomburgkii (Klotzsch) Hochr.
 Actinostemon sparsifolius (Müll.Arg.) Pax
 Actinostemon verticillatus (Klotzsch) Baill.

Izvori

Euphorbioideae

Actinostemon


Lezginere er en af nationaliteterne i Republikken Dagestan, i Kaukasus i Den Russiske Føderation, samt det nordøstlige Aserbajdsjan. Lezgineres sprog tilhører den nordøstlige-kaukasiske sprog, sproget er beslægtet med avarisk og længere ude tjetjensk. Ifølge folketællingen fra 2010 boede der  i Rusland. Ifølge Ethnologue fandtes der i alt  lezginsk talende i 2010.

Flertallet af lezginere er sunnimuslimer.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Folkeslag i Rusland
Republikken Dagestan
Folkeslag i Aserbajdsjan
Folkeslag i Kaukasus

Lezginere


Isabel Evelize Wangimba Guialo (n. 8 aprilie 1990, în Luanda) este o handbalistă angoleză ce joacă pentru clubul Fleury Loiret Handball și echipa națională a Angolei.

Biografie
Guialo, poreclită Belinha, a început să joace handbal la vârsta de 11 ani, la echipa Atlético Sport Aviação. Înainte de a fi convocată la echipa de senioare, handbalista a câștigat titluri continentale la categoriile de cadete și junioare. Cu echipa de senioare ea a obținut medalia de aur în 2012, la Campionatul African desfășurat în Maroc. Tot cu echipa Angolei, ea a participat la Campionatul Mondial din 2011, desfășurat în Brazilia, și la Campionatul Mondial din 2013, desfășurat în Serbia.

Isabel Guialo a luat parte la două ediții ale Jocurilor Olimpice, în 2012 și 2016.

La nivel de club, Guialo a jucat mai întâi la Atlético Sport Aviação, de unde s-a transferat la Atlético Petróleos de Luanda, în octombrie 2012. În anul următor, Isabel Guialo a semnat cu echipa 1º de Agosto.

Palmares
Campionatul African:
 Medalie de aur: 2012, 2016, 2018

Jocurile Panafricane:
 Medalie de aur: 2011, 2015, 2019

Note

Legături externe

Jucătoare de handbal din Angola
Nașteri în 1990
Sportivi angolezi în viață
Oameni din Luanda
Handbaliști olimpici angolezi
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2012
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2016
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2020
Handbaliști expatriați
Angolezi expatriați în Spania
Angolezi expatriați în Ungaria
Angolezi expatriați în Franța

Isabel Guialo


مالفاي واشنطن  هو لاعب كرة مضرب أمريكي ولد في 20 يونيو 1969 بدأ الاحتراف في عام الكرة الصفراء في 1989 واعتزل في 1999.

أهم إنجازاته هي وصوله لنهائي ويمبلدون عام 1996 وخسارته من ريتشارد كرايتشك بثلاث مجموعات للاشيء.

روابط إضافية

 MaliVai Washington Kids Foundation website

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام كرة مضرب من ميشيغان
أعلام كرة مضرب من ولاية نيويورك
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 20
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 21
رجال أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 20
رجال أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 21
رياضيون أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 20
رياضيون من غلين كوف (نيويورك)
رياضيون من فلينت
صحفيون الرياضة الأمريكية
صحفيون رياضيون أفارقة أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب أفارقة أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
معلقو كرة مضرب
مواليد 1969

مالفاي واشنطن


André Georges Poplimont (* 18. April 1893 in Antwerpen; † 27. Februar 1973 in Brüssel) war ein belgischer Eishockeyspieler und Fechter.

Karriere
André Poplimont nahm für die belgische Eishockeynationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1924 in Chamonix teil. Mit seiner Mannschaft belegte er den siebten und somit letzten Platz. Er selbst kam zu drei Einsätzen und erzielte dabei zwei Tore. Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1932 in Los Angeles trat er für Belgien sowohl im Einzel-, als auch im Mannschaftswettbewerb im Fechten an.

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Belgien)
Eishockeyschiedsrichter (Belgien)
Fechter (Belgien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Belgien)
Belgier
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1973
Mann
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1924
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1932

André Poplimont


Formula 1 - sezona 1972. bila je 23. sezona u prvenstvu Formule 1.

Sažetak sezone

Emerson Fittipaldi pobjeđuje u 5 od 12 utrka i postaje prvi Brazilac s naslovom svjetskog prvaka u Formuli 1. S 25 godina, Fittipaldi je postao najmlađi prvak u F1. Taj rekord srušio je Fernando Alonso 2005. Bila je ovo posljednja sezona za Johna Surteesa, prvaka iz 1964. Jean-Pierre Beltoise ostvario je svoju jedinu pobjedu na kišnom Monaku i donio posljednju pobjedu momčadi BRM u Formuli 1. Budući svjetski prvak iz 1979., Jody Scheckter, debitirao je na Watkins Glenu na VN SAD-a

Nažalost i ove godine Formula 1 je izgubila jednog vozača. Šveđanin Joakim Bonnier, koji se natjecao u Formuli 1 od 1956. do 1971., poginuo je 11. lipnja na utrci 24 sata Le Mansa.

Vozači i konstruktori

Kalendar

Sistem bodovanja
Sistem bodovanja u Formuli 1

 Samo 5 najboljih rezultata u prvih 6 utrka i 5 najboljih rezultata u posljednjih 6 utrka su se računali za prvenstvo vozača.
 Samo 5 najboljih rezultata u prvih 6 utrka i 5 najboljih rezultata u posljednjih 6 utrka su se računali za prvenstvo konstruktora.
 Ako je više bolida jednog konstruktora završilo utrku u bodovima, samo najbolje plasirani bolid osvajao je konstruktorske bodove.

Rezultati utrka

 VN Argentine

 VN Južne Afrike

 VN Španjolske

 VN Monaka

 VN Belgije

 VN Francuske

 VN Velike Britanije

 VN Njemačke

 VN Austrije

 VN Italije

 VN Kanade

 VN SAD

Poredak

Vozači

Konstruktori

 McLaren-Ford je osvojio ukupno 49 bodova, ali samo 47 bodova osvojenih u 10 najboljih utrka (5 najboljih rezultata u prvih 6 utrka i 5 najboljih rezultata u posljednjih 6 utrka) su se računali za prvenstvo konstruktora.

Statistike

Vodeći vozač i konstruktor u prvenstvu
U rubrici bodovi, prikazana je bodovna prednost vodećeg vozača / konstruktora ispred drugoplasiranog, dok je žutom bojom označena utrka na kojoj je vozač / konstruktor osvojio naslov prvaka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica Formule 1
 Formula 1 – sezona 1972. - StatsF1
 Utrke koje se nisu bodovale za prvenstvo 1972. - StatsF1

 1972

Formula 1 – sezona 1972.


O Campeonato da Liga Sportiva Pernambucana de 1915, foi a primeira edição de uma competição entre clubes de futebol pernambucanos filiados à LSP, a primeira criada no estado de Pernambuco e a organizar um torneio da modalidade. O evento esportivo, foi a primeira edição do Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol que junto aos campeonatos Paulista, Carioca, Baiano e dentre outros, são oficialmente os campeonatos estaduais mais antigos do Brasil.

Disputado entre 1 de agosto e 12 de dezembro daquele ano, sua edição pioneira contou com a participação de cinco equipes fundadoras da Liga Sportiva Pernambucana: Santa Cruz Futebol Clube, João de Barros Futebol Clube (atual ), Sport Club Flamengo, Centro Sportivo do Peres e Torre Sport Club, mais a participação da Colligação Sportiva Recifense que foi convidada a disputar a competição organixada pela futura e atual Federação Pernambucana de Futebol. O primeiro campeão foi o Flamengo de Recife de forma invicta, após sair-se vitorioso no Triangular do Desempate ao bater a equipe do Torre por 3 a 1, em pleno campo do British Club no Recife.

História
Liga Sportiva Pernambucana foi fundada em 16 de junho de 1915 e tinha como grande objetivo a administração do futebol no estado, que se desenvolvia de forma rápida e desorganizada. Desde 1902 com a primeira edição do Campeonato Paulista de Futebol, considerado o primeiro campeonato de futebol do país, até 1915 já se a via relatos de surgimento de campeonatos de futebol em outros estados. A premissa da LSP, era de formar um torneio que reunisse equipes que praticava esse esporte.

Outras cinco agremiações, dividem o status de fundadores: Sport Club do Recife, Clube Náutico Capibaribe, Associação Atlética Great Western (depois Ferroviário Esporte Clube do Recife, hoje Clube Ferroviário do Recife), Íbis Sport Club e Auto Esporte Clube. Algumas dessas agremiações, eram formados pelas elites dos cidadãos do Recife. A maioria deles, praticavam outros esportes como: Críquete, Turfe e Regatas.

As partidas aconteceram no Campo do Derby em Recife mas, foi no campo do British Club, que foram disputado as partidas decisivas do Triangular do Desempate entre Flamengo, Torre e Santa Cruz. Ao todo, foram disputados 18 partidas e foram marcados 35 gols (uma média de 1,94 por partida). Apesar do Flamengo do Recife ter se sagrando o primeiro campeão hoje, o clube se encontra extinto. Já o Santa Cruz, dede 1915, é o único clube a participar de todas as edições do campeonato estadual e tendo conquistado 29 edições em toda a sua história. Nesta edição de estreia, contou exclusivamente com equipes da capital pernambucana.

Equipes Participantes
A seguir, todas as equipes que participaram do campeonato em 1915.

Fase única

Classificação
A competição foi disputada em uma fase única, com as seis equipes disputando cinco rodadas com três jogos cada. A equipe que ganhasse sua partida, receberia 2 pontos por vitória e 1 ponto, por cada empate. Caso algum jogo não fosse realizado, era atribuido vitória por W.O. A seguir, tabela classificatória do Campeonato Pernambucano de 1915.

Triangular do Desempate
Pelo fato de três equipes terminarem a competição em número de pontos, o critério de desempate utilizado pela LSP, foi a realização de um triangular para desempate. A equipe que vencesse o triangular, seria apontada como campeã. Caso ainda houvesse outro empate, um jogo extra seria realizado.

 Classificação do triangular

Jogo do título
A partida decisiva do título, aconteceu no campo do British Club em Recife. Foi realizado no dia 12 de dezembro de 1915 e foi realizado com portões abertos para o publico acompanhar o Matchs Decisivo, para sagrar a campanha magnifica do Flamengo-PE.

Premiação

Artilharia

Classificação final

Ver também
 Federação Pernambucana de Futebol
 Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol

Ligações externas
 Página oficial da Federação Pernambucana de Futebol

1915
Pernambucano

Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol de 1915


Pedro Castro Nero (1541 – 28 de setembro de 1611) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como arcebispo de Valência (1611), bispo de Segóvia de 1603 a 1611 e bispo de Lugo de 1599 a 1603.

Ligações externas
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)

Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Paulo V
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Clemente VIII
Mortos em 1611
Nascidos em 1541
Bispos do século XVII

Pedro Castro Nero


Uruca es un distrito del cantón de Santa Ana, en la provincia de San José, de Costa Rica, fundado en 1907. También es conocido como Río Oro por su poblado más importante.

Toponimia
El distrito recibe su nombre debido al paso del Río Uruca, el cual atraviesa el distrito.

Historia
La población del actual distrito central de Santa Ana al lado sur de la calle real inició en un caserío alrededor del Río Uruca, y sus primeros pobladores en este sector fueron Jesús María Jiménez, Frutos Robles y su esposa Mercedes Montoya, Antonio, Isidro, Nicolás, Matías y Baltasar Robles.

Ubicación
El distrito limita al norte con el distrito de Pozos, al este con el distrito de Santa Ana, al oeste con el distrito de Piedades, y al sur limita con el distrito de Salitral.

Geografía

Demografía

Localidades
 Cabecera: Río Oro
 Barrios: Cebadilla, Chimba, Guapinol, Hacienda del Sol, Mata Grande, Mina, Paso Machete (parte), Río Uruca.

Cultura

Sitios de interés
 El distrito es sede del Centro de Conservación de Santa Ana, un área silvestre que incluye un pequeño zoológico y un museo al aire libre.
 Avalon Country Club

Transporte

Carreteras
Al distrito lo atraviesan las siguientes rutas nacionales de carretera:
 Ruta nacional 27
 Ruta nacional 121

Concejo de distrito
El concejo de distrito de Uruca vigila la actividad municipal y colabora con los respectivos distritos de su cantón. También está llamado a canalizar las necesidades y los intereses del distrito, por medio de la presentación de proyectos específicos ante el Concejo Municipal. El presidente del concejo del distrito es el síndico propietario del partido Liberación Nacional, Saymon Angulo Villalobos.

El concejo del distrito se integra por:

Referencias

Distritos del cantón de Santa Ana

Uruca de Santa Ana


Maryse Letarte est une auteure-compositrice-québécoise
Paulette Letarte (1929-2009) est une psychiatre et une psychanalyste québécoise.
René Letarte (1931-2020) est un juge québécois spécialisé en responsabilité civile.
Valérie Letarte (1961-2008) est une animatrice québécoise de télévision et de radio.

Letarte


An Cyperus locuples in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Cyperus locuples in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Nigeria. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus locuples


Garudinia este un gen de insectă lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Legături externe

Garudinia

Garudinia


Megami Tensei, marketed internationally as Shin Megami Tensei (formerly Revelations), is a Japanese media franchise created by Aya Nishitani, Kouji "Cozy" Okada, Ginichiro Suzuki, and Kazunari Suzuki. Primarily developed and published by Atlus, and currently owned by Atlus (and Sega, after acquisition), the franchise consists of multiple subseries and covers multiple role-playing genres including tactical role-playing, action role-playing, and massively multiplayer online role-playing. The first two titles in the series were published by Namco (now Bandai Namco), but have been almost always published by Atlus in Japan and North America since the release of Shin Megami Tensei. For Europe, Atlus publishes the games through third-party companies.

The series was originally based on Digital Devil Story, a science fiction novel series by Aya Nishitani. The series takes its name from the first book's subtitle. Most Megami Tensei titles are stand-alone entries with their own stories and characters. Recurring elements include plot themes, a story shaped by the player's choices, and the ability to fight using and often recruit creatures (demons, Personas) to aid the player in battle. Elements of philosophy, religion, occultism, and science fiction have all been incorporated into the series at different times.

While not maintaining as high a profile as series such as Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest, it is highly popular in Japan and maintains a strong cult following in the West, finding critical and commercial success. The series has become well known for its artistic direction, challenging gameplay, and music, but raised controversy over its mature content, dark themes, and use of Christian religious imagery. Additional media include manga adaptations, anime films, and television series.

In Japan, some games in the series do not use the "Megami Tensei" title, such as the Persona sub-series. Many of the early games in the series were not localized due to potentially controversial content including religious references, and later due to their age. English localizations have used the "Shin Megami Tensei" moniker since the release of Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne in 2003, until being discarded in overseas territories beginning with Persona 4 Arena (2012).

Titles

Games

The first installment in the franchise, Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei, was released on September 11, 1987. The following entries have nearly always been unrelated to each other except in carrying over thematic and gameplay elements. The Megami Tensei games, and the later Shin Megami Tensei titles form the core of the series, while other subseries such as Persona, Devil Children, and Devil Summoner are spin-offs marketed as part of the franchise. There are also stand-alone spin-off titles.

Main series

Two entries were released for the Famicom: Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei in 1987, and Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II in 1990. The two titles are unrelated to each other in terms of story, and each introduced the basic gameplay and story mechanics that would come to define the series. Two entries were released for the Super Famicom: Shin Megami Tensei in 1992, and Shin Megami Tensei II in 1994.

After a nine-year gap, Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2. Its Maniax Edition director's cut was released in Japan and North America in 2004, and in Europe in 2005. The numeral was dropped for its North American release, and its title changed to Shin Megami Tensei: Lucifer's Call in Europe. The next entry, Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey, was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 in Japan and 2010 in North America. Shin Megami Tensei IV for the Nintendo 3DS was released in 2013 in Japan and North America, and a year later in Europe as a digital-only release. Another game set in the same universe, Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse, was released for the 3DS in February 2016 in Japan. Shin Megami Tensei V was released on the Nintendo Switch in 2021.

In addition to the main series, there are Shin Megami Tensei spin-off games. The first is Shin Megami Tensei If..., released in the same year and on the same system as Shin Megami Tensei II. The second, Shin Megami Tensei: Nine, was released for the Xbox in 2002. Originally designed as a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), it was later split into a dual single-player and multiplayer package, and the single-player version released first. The online version was delayed and eventually cancelled as the developers could not manage the required online capacities using Xbox Live. A true MMORPG, Shin Megami Tensei: Imagine, was released for Microsoft Windows in 2007 in Japan, 2008 in North America, and 2009 in Europe. Western service was terminated in 2014 when Marvelous USA, the game's then-handlers, shut down their PC Online game department. Its Japanese service ended in May 2016. A smartphone game, Shin Megami Tensei: Liberation Dx2, was released in 2018.

Persona

The Persona series is the largest and most popular spin-off from the Megami Tensei series. The first entry in the series, Megami Ibunroku Persona (originally released overseas as Revelations: Persona), was released in 1996 in Japan and North America. The first Persona 2 title, Innocent Sin, was released in 1999 in Japan. The second game, Eternal Punishment, was released in 2000 in Japan and North America. Persona 3 was released in 2006 in Japan, 2007 in North America, and 2008 in Europe. Its sequel, Persona 4, was released in 2008 in Japan and North America, and in 2009 in Europe. A sixth entry in the series, Persona 5, was released in Japan on September 15, 2016, and was released in North America and Europe on April 4, 2017, to critical acclaim. In addition to the main Persona games are spin-offs, so far focused on Persona 3, 4 and 5: the canon spin-offs Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth and Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth, two fighting games Persona 4 Arena and its sequel Arena Ultimax as well as the crossover fighting game BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle, and rhythm games Persona 4: Dancing All Night, Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight, and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight. While Persona 3 and 4 used the Shin Megami Tensei moniker in the West, it was dropped for the Persona 4 Arena duology and Persona 4 Golden as it would have made the titles too long to be practical.

Devil Summoner

The Devil Summoner subseries began in 1995 with the release of Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Summoner. It was followed by Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers in 1997, which itself is followed by Soul Hackers 2, released in 2022. Two action role-playing prequels set in 1920s Tokyo were also developed, which revolve around demon summoner Raidou Kuzunoha: Raidou Kuzunoha vs. the Soulless Army was released in 2006, and Raidou Kuzunoha vs. King Abaddon was released in 2008.

Other spin-offs
Aside from Persona and Devil Summoner, there are other spin-off series covering multiple genres. After the release of Shin Megami Tensei II, Atlus began focusing work on building spin-offs and subseries that would form part of the Megami Tensei franchise. Shortly after Nocturnes release, a duology titled Digital Devil Saga (Digital Devil Saga: Avatar Tuner in Japan) was created based around similar systems to Nocturne, and was also intended as a more accessible gaming experience. Two tactical role-playing games have been developed by Atlus for the DS under the Devil Survivor moniker: the original Devil Survivor and Devil Survivor 2. Both have received expanded ports for the 3DS. Other subseries include Last Bible, a series aimed at a younger audience and using a pure fantasy setting; Devil Children, which was inspired by the popular Pokémon series; and Majin Tensei, a series of strategy games. Two notable stand-alone spin-offs are action spin-off Jack Bros. and Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE, a crossover with Intelligent Systems' Fire Emblem series.

Related media

Several titles in the franchise have received anime and manga adaptations: Persona 3 received both a four-part theatrical adaptation (#1 Spring of Birth,  #2 Midsummer Knight's Dream, #3 Falling Down, #4 Winter of Rebirth), and a spin-off series titled Persona: Trinity Soul. Persona 4 received two adaptations: Persona 4: The Animation, based on the original game, and Persona 4: The Golden Animation, based on its expanded PlayStation Vita port. A live-action television series based on the original Devil Summoner was broadcast between 1997 and 1998. Devil Survivor 2 also received an anime adaptation of the same name, while the Devil Children series received two anime adaptations. Multiple Shin Megami Tensei and Persona titles have received manga and CD drama adaptations. Action figures and merchandise related to Persona have also been produced.

Common elements
Despite most games in the series taking place in different continuities, they do share certain elements. One of its defining traits is it being set in a contemporary urban environment, specifically modern-day Tokyo. Post-apocalyptic elements are a recurring feature in settings and narratives. This choice was originally made to set the game apart from other fantasy-based gaming franchises of the time, as modern day Tokyo was rarely seen in games as opposed to versions of it from the past. The Persona series takes place exclusively within this setting, spanning a single continuity and mostly focusing on the exploits of a group of young people.

Shin Megami Tensei II is one of the notable early exceptions to the series' common setting, as it is set in a science fiction-styled future despite still including fantasy elements. The Last Bible series also shifted to a full fantasy setting. Two more recent notable departures were Strange Journey, which shifted the focus to Antarctica to portray the threat on a global scale, and Shin Megami Tensei IV, which included a medieval-stage society existing separately from a modern-day Tokyo. The Devil Summoner games take the form of modern-day detective stories as opposed to post-apocalyptic settings.

The series title translates as "Reincarnation of the Goddess": this has carried over into the current Shin Megami Tensei series, which has been officially translated as "True Goddess Metempsychosis". The word "Metempsychosis" refers to the cycle of reincarnation that ties into many Megami Tensei stories. The reborn goddess of the title has multiple meanings: it refers to a female character in each game that could be interpreted as the goddess, and is also representative of the drastic changes a location undergoes during a game. The concept of reincarnation was also included in narratives and gameplay mechanics to tie in with these themes. The series' overarching title has been truncated to "MegaTen" by series fans. Originating in Japan, the abbreviation has become a common term for the series among its fans.

Gameplay

The gameplay in the series has become notable for its high difficulty, along with several mechanics that have endured between games. A key element present since the first Megami Tensei is the ability to recruit demons to fight alongside the player in battle, alongside the ability to fuse two different demons together to create a more powerful demon. Equivalents to these systems appear in the later Persona titles. The game's most recognizable battle system is the Press Turn system, first introduced in Nocturne. The Press Turn System is a turn-based battle mechanic governing both the player party and enemies, where either party are rewarded an extra turn for striking an enemy's weakness. A Moon Phase System or equivalent, in which phases of the moon or changes in the weather affected the behavior of enemies, is also featured in multiple games.

The layouts of the first two Megami Tensei games were noticeably different from later games: Megami Tensei used a 3D first-person perspective, while Megami Tensei II used a combination of first-person 3D displays for battle and top-down 2D displays for navigation. The change was suggested by staff members who did not want players getting lost in a large 3D environment. The 2D/first person viewpoint continued until Nocturne, which switched to a third-person perspective. This was done due to a condition similar to car sickness called "3D sickness" with first person shooters in Japan at the time: the developers wanted something for players to focus on. A first-person perspective was reintroduced in Strange Journey, and incorporated into IVs battles along with navigable 3D environments.

Plots and themes
Each title focuses on the extraordinary invading the ordinary world, though the two main Megami Tensei series focus on different things: Shin Megami Tensei focuses more on the main protagonist gaining the power needed to survive in a world ruled over by tyrannical deities, while Persona focuses on interpersonal relationships and the psychology of a group of people. The protagonist is generally male within the Shin Megami Tensei titles: while a female lead or the ability to choose a lead's gender is not out of the question, some staff feel that Shin Megami Tensei lead roles are better suited to a male character. Throughout its lifetime, the series has incorporated elements of Gnosticism, various world mythologies and religions including Christianity and Buddhism, early science fiction, Jungian psychology and archetypes, occultism, punk, and cyberpunk. The science fiction and fantasy elements are brought together and unified through the use of philosophical concepts, enabling a blending of concepts and aesthetics that might normally clash.

The stories of the core Shin Megami Tensei titles frequently include fighting against a tyrannical God. The method of story-telling in the series can involve traditional use of cutscenes and spoken dialogue (Persona, Digital Devil Saga), or a text-based minimalist approach that places emphasis on atmosphere (Nocturne). A tradition within the core Shin Megami Tensei series is to focus on a single playable character as opposed to a group. Alongside other recurring characters is Lucifer, the fallen angel who stands against God and is portrayed in multiple forms to represent his omnipotence. Since Megami Tensei II, the series has used a morality-based decision system, where the player's actions affect the outcome of the story. In Megami Tensei II, the alignments were first defined as "Law" (the forces of God) and "Chaos" (the army of Lucifer). In future games, an additional "Neutral" route was included where the player could reject both sides. Selected games have been thematically or otherwise linked to a particular alignment. Shin Megami Tensei II, due to events prior to the story, focuses on the "Law" alignment. For Nocturne, all the characters were roughly aligned with "Chaos", which was done both to bring variety to the series and allow the development team more creative freedom. Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse is restricted to a "Neutral" alignment while still having multiple endings. The three-tiered alignment was used in Strange Journey, and continued into Shin Megami Tensei IV.

Development and history

Origins
The Megami Tensei series began life as a media expansion of the Digital Devil Story series, a trilogy of science-fantasy novels written by Aya Nishitani during the 1980s. The media expansion was handled by Nishitani and his publisher Tokuma Shoten. The game was developed at Atlus and published by Bandai Namco (then Namco). Although they wanted to incorporate as much of the original story as possible, the limited capabilities of the Famicom made this goal nearly impossible. The series' creators were Kouji Okada (credited as Cozy Okada in English), Ginichiro Suzuki, and Ginichiro's son Kazunari. The game proved popular in Japan, and effectively launched the Megami Tensei franchise, with its more ambitious sequel following in 1990. During the development of Shin Megami Tensei, which was driven by the concept of a Super Famicom game with the company's brand on it, the team slowly decided that they wanted to break the then-current gaming status quo using its aesthetic and content. Despite this attitude, the staff considered Shin Megami Tensei to be a remake of Megami Tensei II. In many of these earlier games, staff members at Atlus had cameos.

The majority of the Megami Tensei series is developed by Atlus' R&D Department 1. Other developers have been involved with the series: these include Multimedia Intelligence Transfer (Last Bible series), Lancarse (Strange Journey), CAVE (Imagine) and Nex Entertainment (Nine), and Arc System Works (Persona 4 Arena). Most of the games up to 2003 were handled by Okada, but when he departed to form his own company Gaia, Kazuma Kaneko became the series' creative director. There are two main writers in the franchise: Shogo Isogai and Ryutaro Ito. Ito first worked on Megami Tensei II, joining the team after development to write the script, along with working with the script and being part of the debug team. Isogai's first work for the series was the script for Shin Megami Tensei II. The next entry If... was also written by Ito, and designed as a departure from the grand scale of previous games, instead being set within a cloistered school environment. His final work for the series was the first Devil Summoner. Isogai also worked on Shin Megami Tensei II and If..., and later worked on multiple Devil Summoner games, Nocturne and Strange Journey. The music for the first five main Megami Tensei titles was composed by Tsukasa Masuko. For Nocturne, Shoji Meguro, who had done work on earlier spin-off titles, was brought in. He later became well known for his work on the Persona titles.

Art design

The Shin Megami Tensei and Persona art styles have been defined by two different artists: Kazuma Kaneko and Shigenori Soejima. Kaneko had a long history with the series, having done some work on the original Megami Tensei titles. His first prominent work for the series was on Shin Megami Tensei, who worked on both the sprite art and promotional artwork for the game's characters and demons. He was also responsible for suggesting many of the game's darker features, defining the series' eventual identity. Before designing each demon, Kaneko looks up his chosen subject to get their mythological background, and uses that in their design. Many of Kaneko's demon designs were influenced by both creatures and deities from world mythology, and monsters from popular culture like Godzilla. Alongside working on Shin Megami Tensei II, If... and Nocturne, he also did character designs for the first three Persona games. Kaneko's style has been described as "cold [and] stoic", evolving into that state over time to keep the artwork as close as possible to the in-game render. He states that he mainly does line drawings for the artwork. He starts his artwork with pencil, and then scans them onto a computer so other artists can work on them digitally.

Soejima's first work for the series was as part of the digital coloring team for the first Devil Summoner. He later had minor roles in artwork and character design in the first Persona and Soul Hackers. He later did the secondary characters for the Persona 2 duology, and was also part of the team checking over the PlayStation ports of the first three Shin Megami Tensei games, as well as minor work on Nocturne. Soejima was chosen as the lead designer for Persona 3 by Kaneko, as Kaneko wanted the younger staff members to gain experience. Persona 3 proved challenging for Soejima as he needed to refine his drawing style and take the expectations of series fans into account. He would go on to design for Persona 3/FES and Portable, Persona 4, and Persona 5. Soejima's drawing style is recognized as being lighter-toned than Kaneko's work on the Shin Megami Tensei games.

Other designers have also worked on the series. For Nine, the developers wanted to have a new style to suit the game's original vision, so the characters were designed by animator Yasuomi Umetsu. the new main designer for the series is Masayuki Doi, who had made a name for himself with the Trauma Center series; and designed the main characters for Shin Megami Tensei IV. Inspired in his work by Kaneko's designs, he created the main characters' clothing to be a blend of Japanese and western fashions while incorporating design elements from the Star Wars series. After the success of IV, he went on to become the main demon designer for Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse and Shin Megami Tensei V, while still retaining his job as lead character designer. For the Devil Survivor games, Atlus were aiming to appeal to a wider audience and reinvigorate the Megami Tensei franchise, hiring Suzuhito Yasuda as character designer for this purpose. Some monsters in the second Devil Survivor were designed by manga artist Mohiro Kitoh.

Localization
For a long time, the Megami Tensei franchise was not exported to western territories despite there being a recognized market. The original reasons were the heavy religious themes and symbols used, which were considered taboo in western game markets, and Nintendo's strict content guidelines for overseas releases. Later, many of these early works were prevented from coming overseas due to their age, which would have put them at a disadvantage in the modern gaming market. Early entries on the PlayStation were also blocked by Sony of America's then-current approval policies. The first title in the franchise to be localized was Jack Bros.; the first role-playing game in the franchise to receive an overseas release was the first Persona game. This was done to give Atlus' North American branch a flagship RPG franchise that could compete with the likes of Final Fantasy, Suikoden and Breath of Fire. According to Okada, the naming of creatures and enemies was adjusted from the main series and original Japanese release of Persona to make it more acceptable for an overseas audience. Though it managed to establish the franchise overseas, the localization was a taxing task due to a small staff and the need to change multiple aspects to suit a North American audience, including removing references to Japanese culture and changing one character from Japanese to African-American. This, and other changes were fixed in the re-release on the PlayStation Portable. The first Persona 2 title, Innocent Sin, needed to be passed over due to shortage of manpower and the fact that development was focused on the second title, Eternal Punishment.

Nocturne was the first release in the Shin Megami Tensei series to be released overseas. After the release of Nocturne, Atlus' overseas branches decided to add the Shin Megami Tensei moniker to future releases within the Megami Tensei franchise to help market the games. Despite many of the original games not bearing the moniker, it ultimately worked in Atlus' favor as, regardless of title differences, the games chosen for localization were all part of the larger Megami Tensei franchise, and using the core Shin Megami Tensei moniker kept all the titles under a single banner. Before this decision was made, the series was given the localized title Revelations, used for the first Persona and the first Last Bible. Later, changes to titles were made to make them less unwieldy, such as with Raidou Kuzunoha vs. the Soulless Army. Called Raidō Kuzunoha vs. The Super-Powered Army in Japan, the title was altered as it sounded "goofy" in English. By the time Strange Journey was in development, the franchise had a strong presence overseas, so the team created Strange Journey with localization in mind: the two aspects actively linked with this were the game's setting in Antarctica as opposed to modern-day Japan, and the fact that it was not given a numeral. Starting with Shin Megami Tensei IV, the company decided to actively promote the franchise overseas to North America, Europe and mainland Asia. After 2016, due to Atlus USA's merger with Sega of America, Sega took over North American publishing duties, although the Atlus brand remained intact.

In general, Atlus publishes Megami Tensei games in Japan and North America, but as they lack a European branch, they publish titles in the region through third-party companies such as Ghostlight and NIS America. Their latest partnership, after their deal with NIS America ended with the publication of Odin Sphere Leifthrasir, was with European publishing firm Deep Silver to publish multiple titles in the region, including Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse and Persona 5. Atlus has occasionally published titles digitally in Europe.

Reception
Prior to its popularity in the west, the game was a major franchise in Japan, having sold over four million copies by 2003. Excluding the Persona series, the Megami Tensei series has sold approximately 7.2 million copies by October 2017. By October 2018, the Megami Tensei main series has shifted approximately 12.4 million packaged and digital copies (including DL of free-to-play titles) of games worldwide. In addition, the Persona sub-series has sold 9.3million copies, bringing total franchise numbers to 21.7million units (including DL of free-to-play titles). Excluding the Persona series, the Megami Tensei series had supplied 17.7 million copies by 2021, including free-to-play titles.

Japanese website 4Gamer.net referred to the series as one of Japan's biggest role-playing franchises. UGO Networks writer K. Thor Jensen cited the first Megami Tensei game as the first successful use of cyberpunk aesthetics in video games, saying that the series' mix of science fiction elements and the occult "create a truly unique fictional cyberpunk world". Nintendo Power has noted that Atlus always mixes "familiar gameplay" with surprising settings when creating games for the series, citing Persona, with its "modern-day horror stories" and "teams of Japanese high-school kids", as the perfect example. The editor also added that Strange Journey followed a similar system, calling it a "science-fiction makeover" of the series. In an article about the interaction of Japanese and Western gaming culture, 1UP.com mentioned the Shin Megami Tensei subseries alongside Nippon Ichi Software's Disgaea series. Kurt Kalata wrote: "[They] may not be big sellers, but they've garnered underground success and attracted thousands of obsessed fans." GameSpot writer Andrew Vestal referred to the series as the third biggest RPG series in Japan after Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest. IGN Matt Coleman mentioned Nocturne in the article "A History of Console RPGs", referring to its content as "challenging stuff for a genre that used to be all about princess saving and evil cleansing".

Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II and Shin Megami Tensei both appeared on Famitsu 2006 "Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time" audience poll at No. 58 and No. 59, respectively. RPGFan's "Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade" list was topped by the two Digital Devil Saga games, followed by Persona 3 in second place, while Persona 4 ranked fourth place. Kalata, writing for Gamasutra, referred to Nocturne as one of the 20 essential RPGs for players of the genre. GameTrailers cited the Press Turn system as one of the best JRPG battle systems in existence, with particular reference to the version used in Shin Megami Tensei IV.

Alongside its critical acclaim, the series has garnered controversy both in Japan and overseas. Amongst the material cited are its demon negotiation mechanic, depictions of suicide and cannibalism, religious criticism, its use and mixture of Christian and occult imagery, political references, depictions of homosexuality, and its sometimes-strange demon designs. Specific examples have been cited by western journalists. The original release of Persona caused concern due to the title's religious implications. 1UP.com's 2007 game awards, which ran in the March 2008 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly, Persona 3 was given the "Most controversial game that created no controversy" award: the writers said "Rockstar's Hot Coffee sex scandal and Bullys boy-on-boy kissing's got nothing on this PS2 role-player's suicide-initiated battles or subplot involving student-teacher dating." GamesRadar included the series on its list of "Controversies Waiting to Happen", saying that the lack of public outcry was due to its niche status when compared to other series with similar content. Writing for 1UP.com in a later article, Kalata traced this use of controversial content back to the Digital Devil Story novels, which depicted violence and rape committed by demons, and said that "Such violence is not particularly rare in the land of Japanese animation, but it became even more disturbing in Megami Tensei II.

Notes

References

External links

Antitheism
Atlus games
Cyberpunk video games
Role-playing video games
Sega Games franchises
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1987
Video games about demons
Video games about parallel universes

Megami Tensei


Gamal al-Ghitani (en árabe:  جمال الغيطانى; Gihena, Suhag, 9 de mayo de 1945-El Cairo, 18 de octubre de 2015) fue un escritor egipcio, comentarista hasta 2011 del periódico Akhbar Al-Adab.

Biografía
Gamal al-Ghitani se mudó de niño con su familia a El Cairo, donde comenzó a escribir de muy joven publicando su primer relato corto a los 14 años. Se formó como diseñador de alfombras recibiendo su diploma en 1962, aunque siguió escribiendo. Fue encarcelado de 1966 a 1967 por sus críticos comentarios al régimen de Gamal Abdel Nasser y en 1969 comenzó a trabajar en el periódico Akhbar El Yom. Más tarde fue editor jefe de los diarios al-Akhbar desde 1985 y desde 1993 Akhbar Al-Adab.

Estuvo casado con la periodista Magda El Guindy, con quien fue padre de Mohammad y Magda.

Premios
Premio Nacional Egipcio de Literatura, 1980
Orden de las Artes y las Letras, 1987
Premio de la amistad franco-árabe, 1993 por su libro "Epístola de los destinos".
Premio Laure-Bataillon, 2005, premio a la mejor traducción de ficción al  francés concedido por su trabajo de traducción de esta obra junto con Jaled Osmad.
Premio Nacional Egipcio de Literatura, 2007, homenaje.
Premio de novela árabe, 2009

Obra
 Awraq Shab 'Asha mundhu Alf 'Am, 1969
 Ard .. Ard, 1972.
 Zayni Barakat, 1974.
 Al-Hisar min Thalath Gihat, 1975.
 Hikayat el-Gharib, 1976.
 Waqi'i' Harat al-Za'farani, 1976.
 al-Rifai, 1977.
 Dhikr ma Jara, 1978.
 Khitat al-Ghitani, 1980.
 Ketab Al Tagaliyat(3 vol.), 1983-1986.
 Muntasaf Layl al-Ghurba, 1984.
 Ahrash al-Madina, 1985.
 Ithaf aI-Zaman bi-Hikayat Jalbi al-Sultan, 1985.
 Risala min al-Sababa wal Wagd, 1988.
 Shath al-Madina, 1990.
 Risilat al-Basi'ir fi al-Masi'ir, 1989.
 Thimar al Waqt,1990.
 Asfar al-Asfar, 1992.
 Asfar al-Mushtaq, 1992.
 Ha-tif al-Maghib, 1992.
 Min Daftar al-'Ishq wal-Ghurba, 1993.
 Naftha Masdur, 1993.
 Mutun Al- Ahram, 1994.
 Shatf al-Nar, 1996.
 Hikayat Al Mo'asasa, 1997.
 Al Zowail, 2006
 Rinn, 2008

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Gamal el-Ghitani (en inglés).
Página de Ghitani (en francés).

Escritores de Egipto del siglo XX
Escritores de Egipto del siglo XXI
Escritores en árabe
Periodistas de Egipto

Gamal al-Ghitani


În chimie, flocularea este procesul prin care o substanță coloidală se adună formând agregate mai mari, denumite flocoane. Adesea acesta este un proces reversibil, astfel că substanța poate fi redispersată prin agitare.

Aplicații

Vezi și
 Coagulare
 Precipitare (chimie)
 Sedimentare
 Suspensie (chimie)

Referințe

Metode de separare
Procese chimice

Floculare


Ovoo es un género extinto de lagarto varano del Cretácico Superior de Mongolia. Es uno de los más pequeños y antiguos entre los varanos. La especie tipo y única conocida, Ovoo gurvel, fue nombrada en 2008. Ovoo posee un par de pequeños huesos en el cráneo que no han sido vistos en ningún otro lagarto.

Descripción e historia
Ovoo es conocido a partir de un cráneo fosilizado catalogado como IGM 3/767 y designado como el holotipo del género. El cráneo fue descubierto en 2001 cerca de la rica localidad fósil de Ukhaa Tolgod en un sitio conocido como Pequeña Ukhaa. Los depósitos en Pequeña Uhhaa datan de la época del Campaniense en el Cretácico Superior. Ovoo fue nombrado en 2008 por los cairns llamados "ovoos" que fueron encontrados junto a los caminos cerca de Pequeña Ukhaa. El nombre de la especie, O. gurvel viene de la palabra en mongol para lagarto.

Ovoo era muy pequeño comparado con los actuales varanos, con la excepción del varano de cola corta. Aun así, las estructuras de su cráneo son muy similares a las de las especies actuales. Ovoo comparte muchas similitudes con los varanos extintos Aiolosaurus y Cherminotus, que también han sido hallados en Pequeña Ukhaa y Ukhaa Tolgod. Las diferencias entre estos géneros se observan el la forma de los huesos en el cráneo. Las características distintivas de Ovoo incluyen:
Huesos nasales localizados detrás de las fosas nasales, que están divididos en dos huesos (en los monitores actuales se encuentran fusionados en un único hueso).
El gran tamaño de un par de agujeros denominados fenestras premaxilares en frente de las narinas.
Un hueso llamado septomaxilar que separa el premaxilar (el hueso en el extremo frontal del hocico) del maxilar (el hueso que forma la mandíbula superior).
El pequeño tamaño de un agujero en el septomaxilar llamado el foramen septomaxilar.

La más inusual característica de Ovoo es la presencia de dos huesos que no posee ningún otro tipo de lagarto conocido. Cuando fueron descritos originalmente, estas estructuras fueron llamadas "huesos misteriosos". Los dos huesos están localizados entre las cuencas oculares, y están posicionados detrás de los huesos nasales y en frente del hueso frontal. No existen huesos homólogos en ningún otro animal, lo que hace su presencia un enigma.

Clasificación
Ovoo es uno de los muchos lagartos del Cretácico Superior pertenecientes al grupo conocido como Varanoidea, que incluye a los actuales varanos y los lagartos helodermátidos así como los extintos mosasáuridos. Los rasgos que vinculan a estos lagartos incluyen un hocico redondeado y la carencia de contacto entre los huesos maxilar y frontal. Un análisis filogenético llevado a cabo para la primera descripción científica lo situó dentro de la subfamilia Varaninae. Ovoo es el miembro más antiguo de Varaninae. De los otros varanoides mogoles, Aiolosauurs fue situado como un miembro basal de Varanidae (la familia a la que pertenece Varaninae) y Cherminotus fue situado en Lanthanotinae (otra subfamilia dentro de Varanidae). Debido a su edad, Ovoo, Aiolosaurus y Cherminotus pueden ser representantes de la primera radiación de lagartos varanos. Los varanoides del Cretácico tardío Saniwides y Telmasaurus son tan antiguos como estos lagartos y han sido vistos tradicionalmente como los varanos más antiguos, pero fueron situados por fuera de la familia de los varánidos en el análisis de 2008. A continuación un cladograma de este análisis:

Referencias

Fósiles de Asia
Fósiles del Cretáceo
Varanidae
Reptiles extintos

Ovoo gurvel


Peter Paludanus (Varambon, c. 1277 – Paris, 1342) foi um frade dominicano e teólogo francês, nomeado Patriarca de Jerusalém em 1329.

Obras

Patriarcas latinos de Jerusalém
Religiosos da Ordem dos Dominicanos da França
Teólogos da França

Peter Paludanus


24611 Svetochka este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
24611 Svetochka este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Juravliova. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 3,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 24001-25000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1978
Centura de asteroizi

24611 Svetochka


جيمس إروين   هو أحد رواد الفضاء الأمريكيين الذين قاموا برحلات إلى القمر أثناء برنامج أبولو، ولد جيمس إروين في 17 مارس 1930، بمدينة بتسبرج في ولاية بنسلفينيا، وتوفي في 8 أغسطس 1991 بالذبحة الصدرية. رحل مع زملائه ديفيد سكوت وألفريد وردن ببعثة أبولو 15 إلى القمر حيث كان ربانا للمركبة القمرية ونزل مع قائد الطاقم سكوت ومشى على سطح القمر وهو الإنسان الثامن الذي قام بذلك من بين 12 رائد فضائي مشى على القمر.

تعتبر البعثة أبولو 15 من البعثات القمرية التي أهتمت بالدراسة العلمية لسطح القمر، كما اخذت تلك البعثة معها عربة قمرية تسير بالطاقة الكهربائية تركت بعد ذلك على القمر. ولقد ساعدتهم تلك العربة على الحركة حيث استطاعوا الوصول إلى مسافة عدة كيلومترات بعيدا عن موقع نزولهم. واستطاع كلا من إروين وسكوت جمع عينات مختلفة من تربة سطح القمر وصخوره، ولقد عادوا بها إلى الأرض لأجل دراستها وتحليلها.

دراسته
تخرج جيمس إروين من المدرسة الثانوية في مدينة سولت ليك ستي بولاية أوتاه عام 1947، ثم التحق بالأكاديمية البحرية الأمريكية، وحصل على شهادة بكالوريوس في علوم البحرية عام 1951، ثم حصل على درجة الماجستير في هندسة الطيران عام 1957، من جامعة متشجان.

تدرب على الطيران في قاعدة ريس الجوية في تكساس وأنهى التدريب في مدرسة طياري الاختبار التابعة للقوات الجوية في عام 1961. وحصل قبل التحاقه بوكالة ناسا الفضائية على عدة ميداليات تقديرية، حيث يبلغ مجموع طلعاته الجوية 4750 طلعة.

نشاطه في ناسا

التحاقه
كان جيمس إروين من رواد الفضاء الأوائل الذين اختارتهم ناسا، فكان رائد الفضاء ذو التسلسل19، وعمل ضمن الطاقم الاحتياطي لرحلة الفضاء أبولو 10، وهذا يعني أنه وزملائه أجروا نفس التدريبات التي تدرب عليها طاقم أبولو 10، وبنفس الدقة بحيث يستطيعون السفر بدلا عنهم بتلك البعثة وتجري تلك التدريبات إما على المركبات الفضائية في مدارات حول الأرض أو بتدريب محكم على نظم المحاكاة، وكانت رحلة أبولو 10 تختص بذهاب ثلاثة رواد فضاء إلى القمر بمركبة الفضاء والدوران حوله على ارتفاع 110 كيلومتر، وهبوط أثنان منهم بمركبة القمر حتى وصلوا إلى ارتفاع 16 كيلومتر من سطح القمر، ثم الصعود وملاقاة زميلهم بمركبة الفضاء الرئيسية والعودة إلى الأرض. ثم كان من ضمن الطاقم الاحتياطي والذي يتكون من القائد ديفيد سكوت وربان المركبة الفضائية Command/Service Module ألفريد وردن وهو كربان للمركبة القمرية Lunar Module لبعثة أبولو 12 للهبوط على القمر.

أبولو 15

بين 26 يولو و 7 أغسطس عام 1971 خلال بعثة أبولو 15 أمضى إروين  295 ساعة كربان لمركبة القمر، كما قام بقيادة العربة القمرية Lunar Roving Vehicle على سطح القمر وجمع مع قائده سكوت عينات من تربة القمر وصخوره في طلعات استكشافية خارج المركبة القمرية لمدة 18 ساعة ونصف بالإضافة إلى 33 دقيقة قام خلالها بتصوير سطح القمر خارج نافذة المركبة القمرية قبل العودة.

وكانت طلعات اروين وسكوت على سطح القمر لأجل تنفيذ أعمال تختص بالبحث العلمي، ولذلك كان من ضمن استعدادات الرواد قبل بعثتهم إلى القمر تدريب عملي في علم المعادن والجيولوجيا، وكان يدربهم العالم المصري فاروق الباز أحد علماء الجيولوجيا الذين اختارتهم ناسا لتدريب رواد الفضاء. وقد ساعدهم ماقاموا به من تدريب في ذلك المجال على العثور والعودة بصخرة تعتبر من أقدم صخور القمر Genesis Rock يقدر عمرها بنحو 7و3 مليار سنة.

نشاطه بعد مغادرته ناسا
بعد أن غادر جيمس إروين وكالة ناسا الفضائية ألف كتاب عن رحلات الفضاء بعنوان "More Than Earthlings". ومن الجدير بالذكر سفره برحلات استكشافية خلال الفترة بين عامي 1973 و 1982 إلى تركيا للبحث عن بقايا وآثار سفينة نوح على جبل أرارات، ولكن جهوده بائت بالفشل.

اقرأ أيضا
 نيل أرمسترونج
 بز ألدرن
 مايكل كولينز
 جون يونغ
 ألان بين
 شارلز كونراد
 فاروق الباز
 أبولو 8
 أبولو 10
 أبولو 11
 أبولو 17
 مركبة القيادة ووحدة الخدمة
 مركبة الهبوط على القمر
 عربة قمرية

روابط خارجية

مراجع

سائرون في الفضاء
أبولو 15
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 20
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير رواد الفضاء بالولايات المتحدة
أفراد عسكريون من بيتسبرغ
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي أيرلندي
حاصلون على ميدالية الخدمة المتميزة للقوات الجوية
حاصلون على ميدالية الخدمة المتميزة لناسا
خريجو الأكاديمية البحرية الأمريكية
خريجو كلية تدريب الطيارين الاختباريين الأمريكية
رحلات الفضاء في 1971
رواد فضاء أمريكيون
ضباط بالقوات الجوية الأمريكية
طيارو اختبار أمريكيون
طيارون من بنسيلفانيا
مدفونون في مقبرة أرلينغتون الوطنية
مسيحيون أمريكيون
مهندسو فضاء أمريكيون
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1930
مواليد في بيتسبرغ (بنسيلفانيا)
وفيات 1991
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات في غلينوود سبرينغز (كولورادو)

جيمس إروين


Det svenske mesterskab i ishockey 1922 var det første svenske mesterskab i ishockey for mandlige klubhold. Mesterskabet havde deltagelse af otte klubber, der alle var fra Stockholm-området, og stævnet blev afviklet på tre dage, 10. - 12. marts 1922, på Stockholms Stadion i Stockholm.

Mesterskabet blev vundet af IK Göta, som i finalen vandt 6-0 over Hammarby IF i en kamp, hvor Einar "Stor-Klas" Svensson scorede fire mål, mens Bror Arwe og Åke Nyberg hver bidrog med én scoring. Kampen skulle have været startet kl. 19:00, men ingen af holdene havde indfundet sig på det planlagte klokkeslæt, og den kom først i gang med et kvarters forsinkelse.

IK Göta havde et par spillere på holdet, som tidligere havde deltaget ved den olympiske ishockeyturnering i 1920 i Antwerpen. Holdlederen for OL-holdet, Raoul Le Mat, var dommer i den første SM-finale. Finalen overværedes af 200 tilskuere og blev spillet under dårlige vejrforhold med kraftig blæst og streng kulde.

Resultater

Første runde

Semifinaler

Finale

Spillere

Kilder
 Passionhockey - Championnat de Suède 1921/22
 Svenska Ishockeyförbundet - Historik - Nationellt
 Hammarbys hockeyhistoria - Om den första SM-finalen någonsin
 Hammarbys hockeyhistoria - 1921-22

1922
Sport i 1922

Svensk mesterskab i ishockey 1922


Lituania a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro în perioada 5 – 21 august 2016, cu o delegație de 67 de sportivi, care a concurat în 15 sporturi. Cu patru medalii, Lituania s-a aflat pe locul 64 în clasamentul final.

Participanți
Delegația lituaniană a cuprins 67 de sportivi: 48 de bărbați și 19 de femei. Cel mai tânăr atlet din delegația a fost canotorul Armandas Kelmelis (18 de ani), cel mai vechi a fost trăgătorul de tir Ronaldas Račinskas (48 de ani).

Medalii

Medaliați

Medalii după sport

Natație

Referințe
 Lituania la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016  pe Rio2016.com

Lituania la Jocurile Olimpice
Țări la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


The Pleasure Garden er en britisk stumfilm fra 1925 instrueret af Alfred Hitchcock og filmen var Hitchcocks instruktørdebut. Det handler om to Korpiger på Pleasure Garden Theatre i London og deres relationer.

Medvirkende
 Virginia Valli - Patsy Brand
 Carmelita Geraghty - Jill Cheyne
 Miles Mander - Levet
 John Stuart - Hugh Fielding
 Ferdinand Martini - Mr. Sidey
 Florence Helminger - Mrs. Sidey
 Georg H. Schnell - Oscar Hamilton
 Karl Falkenberg - Prins Ivan
 Lewis Brody

Eksterne henvisninger

Britiske film fra 1925
Stumfilm fra Storbritannien
Film i sort-hvid
Film instrueret af Alfred Hitchcock

The Pleasure Garden


2 (iki) bir sayı, rakam ve gliftir. 1'den sonraki ve 3'ten önceki doğal sayıdır. En küçük ve hatta yegâne çift asal sayıdır. Bir dualitenin temelini oluşturduğundan, birçok kültürde dini ve manevi öneme sahiptir.

Glifin evrimi

Modern Batı dünyasında 2 sayısını temsil etmek için kullanılan glif, köklerini "2" nin iki yatay çizgi olarak yazıldığı Hint-Brahmik yazısına kadar uzanır. Modern Çince ve Japonca dilleri hala bu yöntemi kullanmaktadır. Gupta yazısı bu iki çizgiyi 45 derece döndürüp köşegen hâle getirmiştir. Üst çizgi bazen kısmıştırdı ve alt uç eğrisi alt çizginin merkezine doğrulaşmıştır. Nagari yazısında ise, üst satır daha çok alt satıra bağlanan bir eğri gibi yazılmıştır. Arapça Gubâr yazısında, alt satır tamamen dikeydi ve glif, noktasız bir kapanış soru işareti gibi görünüyordu. Alt çizgiyi orijinal yatay konumuna geri yüklemek, ancak üst çizgiyi alt çizgiye bağlanan bir eğri olarak tutmak günümüzdeki glife yol açar.

Metin şekilli yazı tiplerinde 2 genellikle x yüksekliğindedir. Örneğin,  .

Matematikte
Bir tamsayı 2 ile bölünebiliyorsa, o sayı çifttir. Ondalık, onaltılık veya başka bir tabandaki çift sayıya dayalı bir sayı sisteminde yazılan tam sayılar için 2'ye bölünebilirlik yalnızca son basamağa bakılarak kolayca test edilebilir. Eğer sondaki basamak çiftse, sayı çifttir. Ondalık sistemde yazıldığında ise, 2'nin tüm katları 0, 2, 4, 6 veya 8 ile biter.

İki en küçük asal sayıdır ve tek çift asal sayıdır (bu nedenle bazen "en garip asal" olarak adlandırılır). Bir sonraki asal sayı ise üçtür. Sadece iki ve üç birbirini izleyen iki asal sayıdır. 2, ilk Sophie Germain asalı, ilk faktöriyel asal, ilk Lucas asalı ve ilk Ramanujan asalıdır.

İki, üçüncü (veya dördüncü) Fibonacci sayısıdır .

İkili, ikili sayı sisteminin tabanıdır. İkili sistem, tek bir rakam ile doğrudan temsil edilen bir basamağa ( basamak) kıyasla bir  doğal sayısını önemli ölçüde daha öz bir şekilde belirtmeyi sağlayan ( basamak) en az rakamlı sayı sistemidir. İkili sayı sistemi bilgisayarlı hesaplamada yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Herhangi bir sayı x için:

 x + x = 2 · x toplamadan çarpmaya
 x · x = x 2 çarpmadan üsse
 X X = X ↑↑ 2 üsten tetrasyona

Burada "hyper(a, b, c)" ile gösterilen hiperişlem kavramı ile bu işlem dizisini genişletmek mümkündür. Burada, a ve c birinci ve ikinci işlenendir ve b, yukarıda ifade edilen işlem dizisinin seviyesidir. Genel ifadeyle,

 hyper (x, n, x) = hyper (x, (n + 1), 2).

Bu nedenle iki , şeklinde benzersiz bir özelliğe sahiptir. Burada hiperişlem Knuth yukarı ok gösterimi ile gösterilmiştir ve seviye gözardı edilmiştir. Yukarı ok sayısı, hiperişlem seviyesini ifade eder.

İki öyle bir sayıdır ki, pozitif tam sayı kuvvetlerinin tersinin toplamı kendisine eşit olan tek sayıdır. Matematiksel ifade ile,

Bunun nedeni ise

İkinin kuvvetleri Mersenne asalları kavramının merkezindedir ve bilgisayar bilimi için önemlidir. İki, ilk Mersenne asal üstelidir.

Bir sayının kare kökünü almak öylesine yaygın bir matematiksel işlemdir ki, kök işaretinin üstünde normalde kare ve diğer kök derecelerinin yazılacağı yer, kare kökler için boş bırakılabilir ve bunun ikinci dereceden kök olduğu zımnen anlaşılır.

2'nin kare kökü bilinen ilk irrasyonel sayıdır.

En küçük alanın iki unsuru vardır.

Doğal sayıların küme kuramsal yapısında 2, {{∅}, ∅} kümesiyle tanımlanır. Bu ikinci küme, kümeler kategorisinde bir alt nesne sınıflandırıcı olduğundan kategori kuramında önemlidir.

İki,

ve ayrıca

şeklinde benzersiz bir özelliğe sahiptir. Burada a, sıfırdan farklıdır.

Herhangi bir n boyutlu öklid uzayında iki farklı nokta bir doğruyu belirler.

Bir küreye homeomorfik herhangi bir polihedron için, Euler özelliği  olur. Burada V köşe noktası sayısı, E kenar sayısı ve F yüz sayısıdır.

Diğer

1972 öncesi Endonezya ve Malay imlâsında, 2 çoğulikilemeleri oluşturan bir kısaltmaydı: orang "kişi", orang-orang veya orang2 "insanlar".

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Prime curiosities: 2

Tam sayılar
Rakamlar

2 (sayı)


John Arthur "Art" Langley (* 25. Juni 1896 in Melrose, Massachusetts; † 5. März 1967 in Eustis, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
John Langley nahm für die US-amerikanische Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1924 in Chamonix teil. Mit seinem Team gewann er die Silbermedaille. Er selbst kam im Turnierverlauf in einem Spielen zum Einsatz. Auf Vereinsebene spielte er für den Melrose Athletic Club aus seiner Heimatstadt.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1924 Silbermedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Geboren 1896
Gestorben 1967
Mann
US-Amerikaner
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1924

John Langley (Eishockeyspieler)


Events from the year 1746 in Canada.

Incumbents
French Monarch: Louis XV
British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors
Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: James Douglas

Events
 Typhoid fever epidemic breaks out among the Micmac of Nova Scotia.
 August 30: Duc d'Anville Expedition, led by a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America.
 October: Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.
 Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière  was appointed governor general of New France on March 1, 1746, (b April 18, 1685 – d March 17, 1752)

Births

Deaths

Historical documents
Kayakers in Hudson Strait paddle out (calling "Chima") to barter with ships searching for Northwest Passage (detailed description)

On Northwest Passage expedition, Indigenous harpoon (but not its sealskin bladder) found in floating whale carcass

"The Effect of Passion" - Ships seeking winter quarters on Northwest Passage expedition are mistaken for French warships at York Factory

"French by kind offices and a liberality in dealing" have drawn Indigenous people away from Hudson's Bay Company's influence on Nelson River

Summary of King George's War events in Nova Scotia and New York, including disastrous run of bad luck for French naval forces

Nova Scotia Council suspects French force is near after communications with Minas are cut and French warships appear at Chebucto

Fierce storm at Annapolis Royal that blows down barns, roofs etc. also drives privateer Shirley onto rocks, but masts are cut down and crew saved

Council president Paul Mascarene orders Acadian deputies to get locals to supply extra firewood for 300 Massachusetts troops expected

After French retreat from Annapolis, deputies are asked how they were treated and told that failed French naval strike could not be repeated

With plans for New England militia to rout Canadians from Minas, Council lists punishments for Acadians there who in any way helped enemy

As New York governor seeks war treaty with Six Nations, he ponders loyalty of Kanien'kéhà:ka, Oneida and Cayuga (Note: killing described)

Kanien'kéhà:ka split over joining British in war with French (urged by William Johnson) or staying neutral (as advised by French)

Proposed treaty reference to folly of defeated Scots who were swayed by French is rejected by Six Nations sachems as distracting

At treaty talks, New Yorkers call on Six Nations to honour their promise to attack murderous French, and with British to invade Canada

His Kahnawake allies refuse New France governor's order to threaten Six Nations, and ask SN not to join British to attack them

Conquest had probably not been a goal of aborted 1746 expedition to Canada, but "misunderstanding" led to failure to destroy Crown Point fort

"Krick Indians" near York Factory and their appearance, character, habits, materials (and wonderment at how much Europeans walk around)

Detailed description of log house residence, "log tents" and brick stoves built for over-wintering ships' crews at York Factory

References

1740s in Canada
1746 in New France
Canada
46

1746 in Canada


A Companhia Belga de Colonização (em francês: Compagnie belge de colonisation) foi uma sociedade anônima fundada em 1841 com o objetivo de dotar a Bélgica de uma primeira colônia (embora o país negue isso). Inexperiente, esta tentativa terminou em fracasso e na repatriação dos colonos apenas dez anos após seu estabelecimento.

História
Em 30 de janeiro de 1841, um grupo de investidores, sob o patrocínio de Leopoldo I da Bélgica recupera as cartas de concessão da Compagnie Commerciale et Agricole des côtes Orientales de l'Amérique centrale (que operava para a coroa britânica), outorgadas pelo regime da República Federal da América Central qual se libertou a República da Guatemala sob a liderança de Rafael Carrera.

Em 18 de setembro de 1841, a sociedade foi constituída com o objetivo de "criar estabelecimentos agrícolas, industriais e comerciais nos diversos estados da América Central e outras localidades" e "estabelecer relações comerciais entre estes países e a Bélgica". De fato, a empresa possuiu uma concessão de 404.666  hectares de terras no distrito de Santo Tomás de Castilla (departamento de Vera-Paz), concedida pelo jovem e autoritário regime de Rafael Carrera. Esta criação é sancionada por decreto real em 7 de outubro do mesmo ano e o Estado belga concede-lhe uma importante subvenção.

De acordo com os estatutos, uma comissão de exploração foi enviada em 9 de novembro de 1841 para preparar o terreno (e finalizar a transferência). Após dois meses de viagem, a escuna chega à Guatemala, também carregada de armas e ouro. Os estatutos também preveem que "após cada venda de 1.000 lotes de terra, uma expedição sairá da Bélgica para a América Central. Em março de 1843, um novo comboio deixou a Bélgica com alguns notáveis e uma centena de colonos, ex-prisioneiros e pessoas de baixa renda, recrutados com a ajuda de anúncios angelicais e sem saber o que os esperava. O engenheiro Pierre Simons, pioneiro caído das ferrovias do Estado belga e diretor da primeira comunidade de colonos estava na viagem. Sofrendo, morreu depois de alguns dias no mar.

Apesar de muitas mortes no primeiro contingente, suprimentos insuficientes da Bélgica e, finalmente, a falência em 1845 da Companhia Belga de Colonização, outros grupos ainda deixaram a Bélgica entre 1844 e 1847, impulsionados principalmente por uma situação econômica e de saúde difícil no interior da Bélgica. (nomeadamente tifo, cólera ou bolor).

Em 1847, fica claro que a aventura não é um sucesso. A colônia sobrevive sem ter realmente embarcado mercadorias para a metrópole. Um primeiro grupo de colonos é repatriado para a Bélgica.

Em 1855, a Guatemala retirou da Companhia os direitos adquiridos. A Bélgica é forçada a interromper definitivamente o experimento. Uma última repatriação é organizada para os colonos que assim o desejarem. Alguns proprietários decidem ficar e se desenvolver por conta própria (muitas vezes partindo da Cidade da Guatemala). Assim, o presidente Óscar Berger (que governou de 2004 a 2008) é descendente de colonos belgas.

O biólogo e agrônomo francês Jules Rossignon, professor da Universidade de Paris, foi o diretor científico da expedição. Chegado à Guatemala em 1843, permaneceu no país, tornando-se agricultor e exportador de café, mas mudou de local, acreditando em um de seus livros que a Companhia Belga de Colonização cometeu três erros importantes:
 ele "fala em seus prospectos de colheita em Santo-Tomas de Guatemala os mais variados produtos que só se encontram longe no interior do país, em planaltos e em condições atmosféricas completamente diferentes".
 "o objetivo da colônia", "abrir um caminho", "colocar o porto em comunicação com o interior" foi "faltado" porque "queríamos fazer os europeus trabalharem nas clareiras sob um céu ardente e em um solo úmido As doenças dizimaram esses homens, que não suportam um clima tão duro".
 realizou "expedições muito próximas dos colonos que não tiveram tempo de se acomodar, que se amontoaram uns sobre os outros em casebres ruins".

Historicamente, o Império colonial neerlandês, desenvolvido por Carlos V, havia perdido seu brilho quando a Bélgica conquistou sua independência, e o jovem país — cujas províncias haviam sido integradas aos Países Baixos apenas quinze anos antes — poderia reivindicar qualquer direito da Companhia Neerlandesa das Índias Orientais e Ocidentais. Foi, portanto, sem o menor conhecimento que a jovem Bélgica se aventurou na Guatemala, atraída principalmente pelo potencial florestal de um dos últimos territórios disponíveis, mas essas terras não ficaram desabitadas à toa. O fracasso seria doloroso, e se certas lições fossem aprendidas na epopeia da Companhia belgo-brasileira de Colonização, a Bélgica abandonaria gradativamente a ideia colonial, que seria assumida a título pessoal pelo rei Leopoldo II para a colonização do Congo.

Ligações externas
 Guatemala - België. Het gras is altijd groener - Elke Borghs, MO.be, 25 février 2004

História da Bélgica
Empresas fundadas em 1841
Empresas de serviços
História da Guatemala

fr:Compagnie belge de colonisation

Companhia Belga de Colonização


විද්‍යොදය පිරිවෙණ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි ප්‍රමුඛතම පිරිවෙන් අතුරින් එකකි. පූජ්‍ය හික්කඩුවේ ශ්‍රී සුමංගල තෙරණුවන් විසින් 1873 දී ඇරඹුනු එය පසුව වසර 1959 දී, ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයය තත්ත්වයට උසස් කරන ලදි.

විද්‍යෝදය පිරිවෙන