Ehmeja (lat. Aechmea nom. cons.), rod vazdazelenih epifitnih trajnica iz porodice Bromeliaceae. Postoji preko 250 priznatih vrsta u Srednjoj, Antilskoj i Južnoj Americi.

Tipična je A. paniculata Ruiz & Pav., koja raste samo po Peruu. U rod su uklopljene i vrste koje su pripadala rodu streptokaliks Streptocalyx Beer

Opis
Aechmea, rod epifita (biljke koje se oslanjaju na druge biljke i imaju zračno korijenje izloženo vlažnoj atmosferi) iz porodice ananasa (Bromeliaceae), s više od 180 vrsta rasprostranjenih u tropskoj Americi. Listovi šiljastih rubova, obično dugi oko 30 do 60 cm (oko 12 do 24 inča), rastu u rozeti iz korijena. Iz središta raste klas crvenih i žutih cvjetova, često s plavim vrhovima. Mnoge se vrste uzgajaju kao sobne ukrasne biljke zbog šarenog lišća ili upadljivih cvjetova. Od vlaknastih listova A. magdalenae, porijeklom iz Srednje i Južne Amerike, prave se užad i konopci.

Vrste

 Aechmea abbreviata L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea aculeatosepala (Rauh & Barthlott) Leme
 Aechmea aenigmatica López-Ferr., Espejo, Ceja & A.Mend.
 Aechmea aguadocensis Leme & L.Kollmann
 Aechmea aiuruocensis Leme
 Aechmea alba Mez
 Aechmea alegrensis W.Weber
 Aechmea alopecurus Mez
 Aechmea amicorum B.R.Silva & H.Luther
 Aechmea ampla L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea andersonii H.Luther & Leme
 Aechmea angustifolia Poepp. & Endl.
 Aechmea anomala L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea apocalyptica Reitz
 Aechmea aquilega (Salisb.) Griseb.
 Aechmea araneosa L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea arenaria (Ule) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea aripoensis (N.E.Br.) Pittendr.
 Aechmea atrovittata Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea avaldoana Leme & W.Till
 Aechmea azurea L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea bahiana L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea bambusoides L.B.Sm. & Reitz
 Aechmea baudoensis Aguirre-Santoro & Betancur
 Aechmea bauxilumii Áng.Fernández
 Aechmea biflora (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea blumenavii Reitz
 Aechmea bocainensis E.Pereira & Leme
 Aechmea brachystachys (Harms) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb.
 Aechmea brassicoides Baker
 Aechmea brevicollis L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker ex Benth. & Hook.f.
 Aechmea bruggeri Leme
 Aechmea caesia É.Morren ex Baker
 Aechmea callichroma Read & Baensch
 Aechmea calyculata (É.Morren) Baker
 Aechmea campanulata L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea candida É.Morren ex Baker
 Aechmea cariocae L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea carvalhoi E.Pereira & Leme
 Aechmea castanea L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea castelnavii Baker
 Aechmea catendensis J.A.Siqueira & Leme
 Aechmea cathcartii C.F.Reed & Read
 Aechmea caudata Lindm.
 Aechmea cephaloides J.A.Siqueira & Leme
 Aechmea chantinii (Carrière) Baker
 Aechmea coelestis (K.Koch) É.Morren
 Aechmea colombiana (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea comata (Gaudich.) Baker
 Aechmea confertiflora Aguirre-Santoro & Betancur
 Aechmea confusa H.Luther
 Aechmea conifera L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea contracta (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Baker
 Aechmea correia-araujoi E.Pereira & Moutinho
 Aechmea corymbosa (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Mez
 Aechmea costantinii (Mez) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea cucullata H.Luther
 Aechmea cylindrata Lindm.
 Aechmea cymosopaniculata Baker
 Aechmea dactylina Baker
 Aechmea dealbata É.Morren ex Baker
 Aechmea decurva Proctor
 Aechmea depressa L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea dichlamydea Baker
 Aechmea digitata L.B.Sm. & Read
 Aechmea discordiae Leme
 Aechmea disjuncta (L.B.Sm.) Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea distichantha Lem.
 Aechmea downsiana Pittendr.
 Aechmea echinata (Leme) Leme
 Aechmea egleriana L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea emmerichiae Leme
 Aechmea entringeri Leme
 Aechmea esseri Gross & Rauh
 Aechmea eurycorymbus Harms
 Aechmea farinosa (Regel) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker
 Aechmea fendleri André ex Mez
 Aechmea fernandae (É.Morren) Baker
 Aechmea ferruginea L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea filicaulis (Griseb.) Mez
 Aechmea flavorosea E.Pereira
 Aechmea flemingii H.Luther
 Aechmea floribunda Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
 Aechmea fosteriana L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea frassyi Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea fraudulosa Mez
 Aechmea fuerstenbergii É.Morren & Wittm.
 Aechmea fulgens Brongn.
 Aechmea gamosepala Wittm.
 Aechmea geminiflora (Harms) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea gentryi H.Luther & K.F.Norton
 Aechmea gigantea Baker
 Aechmea glandulosa Leme
 Aechmea gracilis Lindm.
 Aechmea grazielae Martinelli & Leme
 Aechmea guainumbiorum J.A.Siqueira & Leme
 Aechmea guaratingensis Leme & L.Kollmann
 Aechmea gurkeniana E.Pereira & Moutinho
 Aechmea gustavoi J.A.Siqueira & Leme
 Aechmea haltonii H.Luther
 Aechmea hellae W.Weber
 Aechmea heterosepala Leme
 Aechmea hoppii (Harms) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea huebneri Harms
 Aechmea iguana Wittm.
 Aechmea itapoana W.Till & Morowetz
 Aechmea joannis Strehl
 Aechmea jungurudoensis H.Luther & K.F.Norton
 Aechmea kautskyana E.Pereira & L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea kentii (H.Luther) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea kertesziae Reitz
 Aechmea kleinii Reitz
 Aechmea koesteri Manzan.
 Aechmea kuntzeana Mez
 Aechmea lactifera Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea lamarchei Mez
 Aechmea lanata (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea lanjouwii (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea lasseri L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea leonard-kentiana H.Luther & Leme
 Aechmea leppardii Philcox
 Aechmea leptantha (Harms) Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea leucolepis L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea lilacinantha Leme
 Aechmea longicuspis Baker
 Aechmea longifolia (Rudge) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea longipedunculata Betancur & Aguirre-Santoro
 Aechmea longiramosa Betancur & Aguirre-Santoro
 Aechmea lueddemanniana (K.Koch) Mez
 Aechmea lugoi (Gilmartin & H.Luther) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea lymanii W.Weber
 Aechmea maasii Gouda & W.Till
 Aechmea macrochlamys L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea maculata L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker
 Aechmea manzanaresiana H.Luther
 Aechmea marauensis Leme
 Aechmea marginalis Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea mariae-reginae H.Wendl.
 Aechmea matudae L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea mcvaughii L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea melinonii Hook.
 Aechmea mertensii (G.Mey.) Schult. & Schult.f.
 Aechmea mexicana Baker
 Aechmea milsteiniana L.B.Sm. & Read
 Aechmea miniata (Beer) Baker
 Aechmea mira Leme & H.Luther
 Aechmea mollis L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea moonenii Gouda
 Aechmea moorei H.Luther
 Aechmea mulfordii L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea multiflora L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea murcae (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea muricata (Arruda) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea mutica L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea nallyi L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea napoensis L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea nidularioides L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea nigribracteata J.R.Maciel, Louzada & M.Alves
 Aechmea nivea L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb.
 Aechmea organensis Wawra
 Aechmea orlandiana L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea ornata (Gaudich.) Baker
 Aechmea pabstii E.Pereira & Moutinho
 Aechmea pallida L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea paniculata Ruiz & Pav.
 Aechmea paniculigera (Sw.) Griseb.
 Aechmea paradoxa (Leme) Leme
 Aechmea paratiensis Leme & Fraga
 Aechmea patriciae H.Luther
 Aechmea pectinata Baker
 Aechmea pedicellata Leme & H.Luther
 Aechmea penduliflora André
 Aechmea perforata L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea phanerophlebia Baker
 Aechmea pimenti-velosoi Reitz
 Aechmea pineliana (Brongn. ex Planch.) Baker
 Aechmea pittieri Mez
 Aechmea podantha L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea poitaei (Baker) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea politii L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea polyantha E.Pereira & Reitz
 Aechmea prancei L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea prasinata G.M.Sousa & Wand.
 Aechmea prava E.Pereira
 Aechmea pseudonudicaulis Leme
 Aechmea pubescens Baker
 Aechmea purpureorosea (Hook.) Wawra
 Aechmea pyramidalis Benth.
 Aechmea racinae L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea ramosa Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
 Aechmea ramusculosa Leme
 Aechmea reclinata Sastre & Brithmer
 Aechmea recurvata (Klotzsch) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea recurvipetala Leme & L.Kollmann
 Aechmea retusa L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea roberto-anselmoi E.Pereira & Leme
 Aechmea roberto-seidelii E.Pereira
 Aechmea rodriguesiana (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea roeseliae H.Luther
 Aechmea romeroi L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea rubens (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea rubiginosa Mez
 Aechmea rubroaristata Leme & Fraga
 Aechmea rubrolilacina Leme
 Aechmea saxicola L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea seideliana W.Weber
 Aechmea seidelii (Leme) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea sergipana E.Pereira & Leme
 Aechmea serragrandensis Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Aechmea serrata (L.) Mez
 Aechmea servitensis André
 Aechmea setigera Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
 Aechmea smithiorum Mez
 Aechmea spectabilis (K.Koch) Brongn. ex Houllet
 Aechmea sphaerocephala (Gaudich.) Baker
 Aechmea squarrosa Baker
 Aechmea stelligera L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea stenosepala L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea streptocalycoides Philcox
 Aechmea strobilacea L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea strobilina (Beurl.) L.B.Sm. & Read
 Aechmea sucreana Martinelli & C.M.Vieira
 Aechmea sumidourensis Leme
 Aechmea tayoensis Gilmartin
 Aechmea tessmannii Harms
 Aechmea tillandsioides (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Baker
 Aechmea timida Leme
 Aechmea tocantina Baker
 Aechmea tomentosa Mez
 Aechmea triangularis L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea triticina Mez
 Aechmea tuitensis Magaña & E.J.Lott
 Aechmea vallerandii (Carrière) Erhardt, Götz & Seybold
 Aechmea vanhoutteana (Van Houtte) Mez
 Aechmea vasquezii H.Luther
 Aechmea victoriana L.B.Sm.
 Aechmea viridipetala A.F.Costa & Amorim
 Aechmea warasii E.Pereira
 Aechmea weberi (E.Pereira & Leme) Leme
 Aechmea weilbachii Didr.
 Aechmea werdermannii Harms
 Aechmea williamsii (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. & M.A.Spencer
 Aechmea winkleri Reitz
 Aechmea wittmackiana (Regel) Mez
 Aechmea woronowii Harms
 Aechmea xinguana A.K.Koch, Ilk.-Borg. & Forzza
 Aechmea zebrina L.B.Sm.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Bromelioideae

Ehmeja


Rida Ahmed al-Tubuly (, Riḍā aṭ-Ṭubūlī ; nascida em 1967, também Reda, Al-Tubuly, Al Tubuly, al-Tabuly) é um farmacologista e ativista líbia. Ela é professora de farmacologia na Universidade de Trípoli, capital da Líbia. Ela é uma ativista pela igualdade e fez campanha para implementar a Resolução 1325 do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas. Ela foi selecionada como uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo, pela BBC, em 2019.

Infância e educação
Rida encontrou discriminação de gênero pela primeira vez aos cinco anos de idade, quando não tinha permissão para acompanhar seus irmãos brincando do lado de fora de casa. Rida estudou na Universidade de Varsóvia, na Polônia, e formou-se com Mestrado, em 1987. Ela se mudou para o Reino Unido, na Inglaterra, para seus estudos de pós-graduação, obtendo um Doutorado em Farmacologia em 1997, no Imperial College London, em Londres. Ela também obteve um Mestrado em Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, pela Universidade de Essex, também no Reino Unido.

Pesquisa
Além de ser professora de Farmacologia na Universidade de Trípoli, capital da Líbia, Rida atuou como Chefe de Registro de Medicamentos no Ministério da Saúde da Líbia. Nessa função, ela atuou como mediadora entre a Organização Mundial da Saúde e o governo da Líbia.

Ativismo social
Rida fundou o Movimento Maan Nabneeha – Juntos Construímos (TWBI), uma organização sem fins lucrativos que busca engajar jovens e mulheres na política, em 2011. Fundou a rede 1325, um coletivo de organizações da sociedade civil que visa implementar a Resolução 1325 do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, que se concentrou nas mulheres, na paz e na segurança. Ela foi co-autora do primeiro relatório civil sobre a UNSCR 1325, lançada na cidade de Nova Iorque, em 2014. O TWBI também estabeleceu o Banco de Dados de Mulheres Líbias, uma rede de mulheres profissionais em toda a Líbia.

A partir de 2012, Rida trabalhou para capacitar as mulheres no processo democrático. Ela encorajou as mulheres a se envolverem mais na tomada de decisões e a apoiá-las na candidatura. Ela questionou por que as Nações Unidas não envolveram as mulheres líbias nas negociações de paz, quando as mulheres sofreram consideravelmente durante a guerra. Ela discutiu como a guerra afeta a liberdade de movimento e o acesso de mulheres e meninas à educação. Ela acredita que deveria haver uma proibição total do comércio de armas com a Líbia. Rida forneceu evidências ao Conselho de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas sobre os direitos das mulheres na Líbia. Ela atua como Especialista do Conselho da Europa.

Reconhecimento
2019 - Nomeada uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo, pela BBC.

Publicações selecionadas

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Alunos do Imperial College London
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1957
Ativistas da Líbia
Ativistas pelos direitos da mulher
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2019

Rida Al Tubuly


Colombo (título original en italiano; en español, Colón) es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Antônio Carlos Gomes. La trama se basa en un poema de Albino Falanca, seudónimo de Aníbal Falcão, político brasileño amigo del compositor. La cantata, compuesta para la fiesta de conmemoración del cuarto centenario del descubrimiento de América por parte de Cristóbal Colón, fue representada por vez primera en el Teatro Lírico de Río de Janeiro (anterior Theatro D. Pedro II) el 12 de octubre de 1892.

El libreto original está en italiano, hecho comprensible en la medida en que se constata que el idioma oficial de la música vocal, a finales del , era todavía el italiano, principalmente para un compositor que, brasileño, hizo carrera en Italia.

En las estadísticas de Operabase  aparece con sólo dos representaciones en el período 2005-2010.

Referencias
Notas

Bibliografía
Acervo Oficial de Antônio Carlos Gomes en el "Centro de Ciências, Letras e Artes", Campinas
Die aufgeführten Komponisten, Antônio Carlos Gomes
Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Carlos Gomes
Óperas de 1892
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Río de Janeiro

Colombo (ópera)


Franjevački samostan i crkva sv. Bonaventure u Visokom, BiH, rimokatolički samostan franjevaca provincije sv. Križa Bosne Srebrene.

Povijest
Samostan i crkva sagrađeni su zajedno sa zgradom franjevačka klasične gimnazije. Odluku o gradnji donijela je uprava Bosne Srebrene 1899., a već u kolovozu 1900. učenici su iz Guče Gore doselili u novu zgradu. Zgradu gimnazije projektirao je i graditeljske radove vodio Ivan Holz. Gradnja je stajala 63.000 forinti. Ta je svota osigurana prodajom franjevačkog gostinjca u Carigradu (26.000 forinta), prilozima samostana i župa (26.000 forinta), te darovima dobročinitelja.

Bila je uređena u duhu svoga vremena. Oltare je izradio fra Klarenz Hemmerlmayr iz Tirola. Sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća ona je umjetnički temeljito obnovljena. Veliki mozaik od prirodnog kamena u prezbiteriju na temu Sljedbenici sv. Franje okupljeni oko Gospe, izradio je Zdenko Grgić. Od istog su umjetnika postaje križnoga puta (reljefi u bakru), te u istoj tehnici tema Jaganjca na oltarnoj menzi. Umjetničkom uređenju crkve svoj doprinos je dao i Slavko Šohaj s vitrajima, od kojih su četiri figurativna, a dva apstraktna rješenja. Oni svojim koloritom i snagom izraza uvelike obogaćuju prostor crkve. Zlatko Keser je izradio dvije freske ponad mjesta gdje su nekoć bili pobočni oltari, a Josip Poljan novi tabernakul u bronci. Time je crkva dobila u potpunosti nov umjetnički izgled.

Od glazbenih instrumenata crkva posjeduje orgulje (8 registara, dva manuala, graditelj: Jan Tuček, Hora Kutna, oko 1914.).

Sjemenišna kapelica također je bogata umjetničkim sadržajima. Njezin prostor ukrašavaju djela nekolicine istaknutih umjetnika: oltarna slika Slavka Šohaja, kip u kamenu (Gospa s djetetom) Josipa Marinovića, brončani reljef (Sv. Franjo s pticama) Marije Ujević, te četrnaest postaja križnoga puta Želimira Janeša (reljefi u drvetu).

Samostan posjeduje i bogatu zbirku likovne umjetnosti, napose moderne. Od djela starih majstora izdvajamo slike: Pieta italokretskog slikara iz 17. stoljeća (tempera, drvo), Madona s Kristom i Sv. Franjom Paula Sensera iz 1753. god., Sv. Ana i Joakim s Marijom i franjevačkim svecem nepoznatog venecijanskog majstora iz 17. st., te sliku domaćeg majstora fra Mihe Čuića Madona s Kristom, Sv. Josipom i Joakimom iz 1795. godine.

Zbirka moderne umjetnosti brojna je kako po djelima tako i po imenima umjetnika. Zastupljeno je oko pedesetak umjetnika srednje i mlađe generacije s blizu sedamdeset djela. U galerijskoj postavi zastupljene su neke od karakterističnih orijentacija novije umjetnosti, ali i djela umjetnika koji imaju zasebne razvojne putove. Između ostalih svojim su djelima predstavljeni: Šohaj, Seder, Pivac, Bifel, Ismet i Ismar Mujezinović, Berber, Kajinić, Grgić, Labaš, Marinović, Likar, Lovrenčić, Mišević, Keser i dr. Uz galerijsku zbirku, također se u zajedničkim prostorijama samostana nalazi više umjetničkih djela, koja ukrašavaju te prostore. U dvorištu se nalazi brončani kip Sv. Franje od A. Starčevića i poprsje fra Grge Martića od Ivana Meštrovića.

Posebnu vrijednost i dragocjenost samostana (gimnazije) predstavlja Profesorska knjižnica. Osnovana je koncem osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća. Što nabavom, što darivanjem knjižnica je danas narasla na oko 50.000 svezaka. U njoj su pretežno djela s područja filozofije, povijesti, književnosti, teologije itd. Posjeduje vrlo vrijedna enciklopedijska i leksikografska izdanja. U njoj se čuvaju brojni naslovi periodike od 19. stoljeća pa do danas.

U samostanu u Visokom nalazi se i relativno bogat lapidarij. Zbirka je nastala između dvaju svjetskih ratova. Godine 1973. započeo je rad na njezinu sređivanju, a 1975. je svečano otvorena. Zbirka ilustrira različite epohe: neolit, brončano i željezno doba, doba Ilira i Rimljana, te razdoblje srednjovjekovne Bosne na tlu Visokog i njegove okolice. Pretpovijesna razdoblja zastupljena su oružjem, oruđem i keramikom. Od ilirskih spomenika posebice se ističe Batonova ploča, te dva nadgrobna spomenika. Rimsko doba ilustriraju žrtvenik Jupiteru, reljef Venere i Mitre, torzo dječaka, dva nadgrobna spomenika, te kovinski ukrasni predmeti. Srednjovjekovna je Bosna predstavljena oružjem, crkvenim posuđem, pečatima (među kojima je i pečat bana Stjepana Kotromanića), te kamenim spomenicima.

Godine 1975. otvorena je i etnografska zbirka. Ona je, kao i lapidarij, postavljena pod nadzorom stručnjaka, a zbog nevelikog prostora ograničena je na područje Visokog: narodne nošnje iz Kraljeve Sutjeske i Vareša, te predmeti iz majdana u Oćeviji.

Visoko je od izgradnje gimnazije god. 1900. župna ekspozitura (odvojena od župe Kiseljak), koju pastoriziraju visočki profesori. Od tada vodi i vlastite matice.

Ekspozitura je 1990. godine imala 624 vjernika, a na koncu 2016. godine 277 vjernika u 129 obitelji. Nju tvore sljedeća naselja: Visoko, Donja Zimča, Bradve, (G. Zimča) i Muhašinovići. U D. Zimči nalazi se podružna crkva izgrađena početkom osamdesetih godina, a u zadnje vrijeme je temeljito obnovljena.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Franjevačka klasična gimnazija - Classicum gymnasium franciscanum
Visoko (BiH)


Die British Medical Association (BMA; Britische Medizinische Gesellschaft) ist eine britische Ärzteorganisation und -gewerkschaft sowie Herausgeber des British Medical Journals.

Geschichte
Die Organisation wurde am 19. Juli 1832 von Sir Charles Hastings im Krankenhaus Worcester gegründet. Ziel der Vereinigung sollte sein, Ärzte sowohl wissenschaftlich als auch persönlich zusammenzubringen. Zunächst lief die Vereinigung bis 1856 unter dem Namen Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA). Zehn Jahre nach der Gründung begann die Vereinigung eine wöchentliche Zeitschrift herauszubringen, welche ab 1857 British Medical Journal genannt wurde. Die Organisation war maßgeblich an der Formulierung des britischen Gesetzes Medical Act (1858) beteiligt, welches die notwendigen Qualifikationen zur Ausübung des Arztberufes festlegt. Die BMA sollte weiterhin Einfluss auf die Gesetzgebung bezüglich medizinischer Belange im Vereinigten Königreich haben. Während des Ersten Weltkrieges erhielt die BMA den Auftrag die militärische und zivile medizinische Versorgung zu organisieren. In der neueren Zeit beschäftigt sich die Organisation, die seit 1971 auch als Gewerkschaft anerkannt ist, vor allem mit Gehaltsverhandlungen und der Einbindung der Gesetzgebung der Europäischen Union in das britische Gesundheitssystem.

Organisation
Der Verein hat nach eigenen Angaben über 145.000 Mitglieder. Die Zentrale der Organisation befindet sich seit den 1870ern in London im BMA House.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Medizin
Organisation (London)
Gewerkschaft (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Gegründet 1832

British Medical Association


Neural udvikling refererer til processer der genererer, skaber og genskaber nervesystemet hos dyr, fra de tidligste stadier af embryogenese til voksenlivet. Fagområdet neural udvikling trækker både på neurovidenskab og udviklingsbiologi for at beskrive og give oplysninger om de cellulære og molekylære mekanismer fra hvilke komplekse nervesystemer udvikler sig, fra nematode og drosophila melanogaster til pattedyr. Defekter i neural udvikling kan føre til malformationer og en bred vifte af sensoriske, motoriske og kognitive svækkelser, herunder holoprosencefali og andre neurologiske sygdomme såsom Rett syndrom, Downs syndrom og intellektuel handicap.

Referencer

Hjernen

Neural udvikling


Kananga (lat. Cananga), rod korisnog drveća iz porodice Annonaceae. Postoji svega dvije priznate vrste koje su raširene od tropske Azije do sjeverne Australije.

Od vrste C. odorata (ilang-ilang) dobiva se eterično ulje koje djeluje antistresno, tonizirajuće, blago hipotenzivno i opuštajuće.

Vrste
 Cananga brandisiana (Pierre) Saff.
 Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Annonaceae

Kananga (biljni rod)


Abimbola Jayeola est la première femme nigériane pilote d'hélicoptère et la première femme nigériane à être diplômée de la Bristow Academy.

Enfance et formation
Abimbola Jayeola est originaire de l'État d'Ogun à Abeokuta . Elle obtient en 2014, son diplôme de la Bristow Academy en Floride. Elle détient ainsi, sa certification de Federal Aviation Administration avec les Joint Aviation Authorities et une certification sur le S-76.

Carrière
Abimbola Jayeola devient en décembre 2014, la première femme pilote d'hélicoptère pour Bristow Helicopters Nigeria aux commandes du Sikorsky S-76. En février 2016, en tant que capitaine de l'hélicoptère Bristow, elle amerrit dans l'océan Atlantique en sauvant ainsi  la vie de  à bord. Elle pilote également un hélicoptère 5B BJQ Bristow.

En 2017, le nom d'Abimbola Jayeola figure dans la liste des  les plus inspirantes du Nigeria établie par Leading Ladies Africa.

Références

Personnalité de l'aéronautique
Personnalité féminine nigériane
Pionnière de l'aviation

Abimbola Jayeola


La saison 1974-1975 de Serie B, organisée par la Lega Calcio pour la vingt-neuvième fois, est la  du championnat de deuxième division en Italie. Les trois premiers sont promus directement en Serie A et les trois derniers sont relégués en Serie C.

À l'issue de la saison, Perugia termine à la première place et monte en Serie A 1975-1976 ( division), accompagné par le vice-champion, Côme  et le troisième Vérone qui doit passer par un match de barrage.

Compétition
La victoire est à deux points, un match nul à 1 point.

En cas d'égalité dans la zone de relégation, c'est la différence de buts qui prime. En cas d'égalité de points pour une place de promotion les barrages sont maintenus.

Classement

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|}
 Parme a une pénalité de trois points pour une tentative de corruption de match
 Reggiana AC et Alexandrie terminent à égalité de points et de différence de buts, un match d'appui est nécessaire, Reggiana gagne 2 à 1 à Milan et reste en Serie B
 Vérone et Catanzaro sont à égalité de points, un match de barrage est nécessaire pour déterminer le troisième promu, Vérone gagne 1 à 0 et est promu en Serie A.

Notes et références
 saison 74-75 sur calcio-seriea.net

1974-1975
Championnat Italie Football 1974-1975 D2
Championnat Italie Football 1974-1975 D2
Italie D2
Italie D2

Championnat d'Italie de football de deuxième division 1974-1975


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 2 Kasım - Hautville'li Konstanza, Sicilya Kralı II. Rugerro'nun kızı, Sicilya Norman Krallığı'nın naibi, Kutsal Roma-Cermen İmparatoru VI. Heinrich'in eşi (ö. 1198)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Antakyalı Agnes, Macaristan Kraliçesi (ö. 1184)
 Muzaffereddin Gökböri, Sultan Selahaddin Eyyubi'in önde gelen emir ve generallerinden (ö. 1233)

Ölümler
 26 Şubat - II. Rugerro, Sicilya Kralı, Sicilya Kontu I. Rugerro'nun oğlu, kardeşi Sicilya Kontu Simone'nin ardılı (d. 1095)
 Mart - Zâfir, Fatımi Halifesi (d. 1133)
 25 Ekim - Stephen, İngiltere Kralı ve Blois Kontu (d. 1096)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Hüsameddin Timurtaş, Mardin Artuklu beyi
 Abbas Bin Ebul Futuh, Fatımiler Devleti veziri (d.1115)

1154


أحمد محمود نجيب رائد أدب الأطفال ولد في 1347 هـ الموافق 27 يوليو 1928، الجيزة.

المؤهلات العلمية
 دبلوم معهد المعلمين الخاص 1948.
 إجازة معهد الدراسات العليا للمعلمين 1952.
 ليسانس آداب جغرافيا 1952.
 معهد التخطيط القومى 1963.
 ماجستير في الآداب من جامعة القاهرة 1972.
 شهادة أكاديمية العلوم التربوية الألمانية في برلين 1972.

الوظائف التي تقلدها
 ناظر المدرسة النموذجية بمركز التنظيم والتدريب بقليوب.
 مفتش بوزارة التربية والتعليم ومشرف على بحوث تخطيط التعليم بالمنوفية.
 خبير تخطيط بوزارة التربية والتعليم.
 رئيس قسم التدريب وإعداد المعلمين بوزارة التربية والتعليم.
 رئيس قسم المسوح بوزارة التربية والتعليم.
 رئيس قسم تخطيط الأنشطة التربوية بوزارة التربية والتعليم.
 رئيس قسم المكتبات المدرسية بوزارة التربية والتعليم ومنتدب إلى جانب عمله لتدريس مادة أدب الأطفال بدار المعلمات بالعباسية وهي الدار الوحيدة التي تدرس هذه المادة الجديدة بالقاهرة.

الهيئات التي ينتمى إليها
 عضو لجنة ثقافة الطفل بالمجلس الأعلى للثقافة.

المؤتمرات التي شارك فيها
 قام بدور رئيسى في تنظيم حلقة العناية بالثقافة القومية للطفل العربي، بيروت 1970.
 اشترك في إقامة مؤتمر برامج الأطفال في الإذاعة والتليفزيون الذي نظمه اتحاد الإذاعات العربية بالقاهرة مايو 1971، وأعد بحثا نوقش في المؤتمر.
 أسهم وهو في ألمانيا في أعمال مؤتمر كتب ومجلات الأطفال الذي أقامه المجلس الأعلى لرعاية الفنون والآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية.
 أسهم كمحاضر في تنفيذ أول برنامج طويل المدى أقامته وزارة الثقافة لتدريب كتاب الأطفال في مصر وقد طبعت محاضراته في كتاب «فن الكتابة للأطفال» الذي يعتبر أول كتاب باللغة العربية.

الإنتاج الأدبي
 مجموعة من البحوث والدراسات عن أدب الأطفال نوقشت في عدد من المؤتمرات المحلية والدولية. كتب نحو 40 كتابا معظمها قصص ومسرحيات للأطفال باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية وبعض الكتب العلمية والمترجمة منها:
 القصة في أدب الأطفال.
 أدب الأطفال علم وفن.
 سلسلة قصص «مغامرات عقلة الإصبع».
 كتاب «مسرح العرائس».
 سلسلة «تمثيليات المسرح المدرسى».
 سلاسل قصص «مغامرات الشاطر حسن».
 «حكايات الجيل الجديد».

الجوائز والأوسمة
 جائزة الدولة التشجيعية في الآداب من المجلس الأعلى لرعاية الفنون والأداب والعلوم الاجتماعية، عام 1972.
 وسام العلوم والفنون من الطبقة الأولى عام 1972م.
 جائزة الدولة التشجيعية في الآداب من المجلس الأعلى للثقافة، عام 1989.
 جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية للأدب العربي 1411 هـ/ 1991 مشاركة مع عبد التواب يوسف وعلي الصقلي.
 نوط الامتياز من الطبقة الأولى.
 حصل على العديد من الجوائز والدروع والميداليات الذهبية التذكارية.

عن كتبه
اختارت أكبر الجامعات في أمريكا مجموعة من كتبه لتدرسه، واختير قصة من قصصه ليدرسها طلاب الصف الخامس الابتدائي اسمها (مغامرات في اعماق البحار), وهو صاحب أول كتاب للكبار عن الأطفال باسم «فن كتابة الأطفال» الذي باع أكثر من 3000000 نسخة في أول أسبوع وكتب اسمه على أحد شوارع مدينة الرياض واختير ضمن (الشخصيات المصرية الهامة).

مراجع

حائزون على جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية في اللغة العربية والأدب
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
كتاب أدب أطفال مصريون
مصريون حازوا جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة التشجيعية
مواليد 1347 هـ
مواليد 1928
مصريون حائزون على وسام العلوم والفنون
مصريون حائزون على نوط الامتياز
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 20

أحمد محمود نجيب


6473 Winkler este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6473 Winkler este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 7,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1986
Centura de asteroizi

6473 Winkler


Maja Petrova (  ; født 26. maj 1982 i Volgograd, Rusland) er en russisk håndboldspiller som spiller for Rostov-Don og det russiske landshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Spillerprofil hos eurohandball.com

Håndboldspillere fra Rusland
Personer fra Volgograd
Olympiske medaljevindere i håndbold
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske mestre fra Rusland
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016

Maja Petrova


Petar Cupać (Zadar, 1. veljače 1980.), hrvatski jedriličar, sudionik Olimpijskih igara.

Član je zadarskog jedriličarskog kluba Uskok, a natječe se u klasi 49er.

Sudjelovao je na olimpijskim igrama u Ateni 2004. u klasi 470 s Tomislavom Bašićem i zauzeo 19. mjesto.
Zajedno s Pavlom Kostovom sudjelovao je u klasi 49er na olimpijskim igrama u Pekingu 2008. i zauzeo 17. mjesto, na olimpijskim igrama u Londonu 2012. zauzeo 17. mjesto, te na olimpijskim igrama u Rio de Janeiru 2016. gdje je zauzeo 15. mjesto. Time je ponovio uspjeh Karla Baumanna koji je na Olimpijskim igrama nastupio u dvije različite klase.

Dobitnik je prestižne nagrade Medalju Pierrea de Coubertina, koja se dodjeljuje za fair play gestu u pomaganju protivnicima. Na Olimpijskim igrama u Pekingu 2008. danskom jedriličarskom paru Jonas Warrer i Martin Kirketerp Ibsen puknuo je jarbol. Cupać i Kostov su im posudili svoj brod, pripremili ga u rekordno kratkom vremenu tako da su Danci na vrijeme stigli na start i osvojili zlatnu olimpijsku medalju.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zadar
Hrvatski jedriličari

Petar Cupać


الحركة   و يقصد بالحركات الإعرابية العلامات الكتابية، أو ما يسمى أيضا بالتشكيل، والتي توضع على خواتم الكلمات لبيان حالتها الإعرابية، ولتصحيح نطق نهاياتها، ويمكن لهذه الحركات أن لا تظهر كما هو الحال بالنسبة للكلمات المنتهية بحرف علة، وذلك لأن حرف العلة يمنع من ظهورها.

وتتغير هذه الحركات مع تغير الحالة الإعرابية للكلمة وفيما إذا كانت مفردة أو مثنى أو جمع.

يدرج تحت الحركات الإعرابية أيضا مجموعة من الحروف والتي تلعب نفس الدور الذي يلعبه التشكيل حيث أنها توضح لنا حالة الإعرابية للكلمة بالإضافة إلى معطيات أخرى منها مثلا كون الكلمة اسم من الأسماء الخمسة أو اسم جمع مذكر سالم أو اسم مثنى.

و يمكن تقسيم الحركات الإعرابية إلى:
 حركات إعرابية أصلية.
 حركات إعرابية فرعية.

الحركات الإعرابية الأصلية

الحركات الإعرابية الأصلية: وهي الضمة ـُ ، الفتحة ـَ ، الكسرة ـِ والسكون ـْ.

الحركات الإعرابية الفرعية

الحركات الإعرابية الفرعية: وهي الواو، الألف، الياء، النون (كتعويض عن التنوين بالاسم المفرد وذلك بالنسبة للأسماء) بالإضافة إلى حذف حرف العلة من آخر الكلمة ووضع ما يناسبها من العلامات الكتابية (التشكيل) على الحرف الذي يسبقها.

اللغة العربية

حركة (إعراب)


Muitos países oferecem subsídios às suas ferrovias por causa dos benefícios sociais e econômicos que ela traz. Os benefícios econômicos podem ajudar muito no financiamento da rede ferroviária. Esses países geralmente também financiam ou subsidiam a construção de estradas e, portanto, efetivamente também subsidiam o transporte rodoviário.

Benefícios sociais e econômicos do transporte ferroviário
As ferrovias canalizam o crescimento para aglomerações urbanas densas e ao longo de suas ramificações. Esses arranjos ajudam a regenerar as cidades, aumentar a receita de impostos locais, aumentar os valores das moradias e incentivar o desenvolvimento de uso misto. Por outro lado, uma política de expansão de rodovias, que é mais típica nos EUA, promove o desenvolvimento de subúrbios, contribuindo para o aumento de quilômetros percorridos por veículos, emissões de carbono, desenvolvimento de espaços verdes e esgotamento de reservas naturais.

Ferrovia moderna como indicador de desenvolvimento econômico
Economistas de desenvolvimento europeus argumentaram que a existência de infraestrutura ferroviária moderna é um indicador significativo do avanço econômico de um país: essa perspectiva é ilustrada principalmente pelo Índice de Infraestrutura Básica de Transporte Ferroviário (conhecido como Índice BRTI).

Subsídios por país

Europa

Os subsídios ferroviários totais da União Europeia ascenderam a 73 mil milhões de euros em 2005.

China
Em 2015, os gastos totais domésticos em ferrovias da China foram de US$ 128 bilhões e com estimativa que permaneceriam em uma taxa semelhante para o resto do próximo período de cinco anos do país (2016-2020).

Índia
As ferrovias indianas são subsidiadas por cerca de Rs 2,4 trilhões (US$ 35,8 bilhões), dos quais cerca de 60% vão para trens urbanos e viagens de curta distância.

Estados Unidos
Os subsídios em 2012 para a Amtrak (sistema ferroviário de passageiros) foram de cerca de US$ 1,4 bilhão.

Rússia
No total, a Russian Railways recebe 112 bilhões de rublos (cerca de US$ 1,5 bilhão) anualmente do governo.

Japão
A rede ferroviária privatizada no Japão requer poucos subsídios. As três maiores empresas, JR East, JR Central e JR-West (que respondem por 60% do mercado de passageiros) não recebem subsídio estatal.

Referências

Transporte ferroviário

Subsídio ferroviário


Heroiske (ukrainien : Геройське) (anciennement Prognoivsk, Prognoinsk, Prognoi) est un village de la communauté villageoise de Tchoulakivka du raïon de Skadovsk dans l'oblast de Kherson en Ukraine. La population est de 620 personnes.

Géographie
Le village est situé sur la rive sud du golfe borysthénique, près de la baie de Yagorlyk et de la mer Noire. Autour du village se trouvent les lacs de sable de la flèche de Kinbourn.

L'environnement naturel est insolite. Dès le , c'était l'endroit où les Cosaques zaporogues ont commencé à récolter le sel, car c'est là que se trouvent les lacs roses.

Histoire
Dans la seconde moitié du , dans le village moderne de Zaporozhye, les cosaques ont commencé à pêcher le sel, tandis que les Turcs les en empêchaient constamment. L'exploitation minière a été effectuée dans les lacs voisins de la flèche sablonneuse de Kinbourn. Les cosaques ont collecté du sel, pêché dans l'estuaire et du poisson salé, spécialement transformé et transporté sur la rive droite du Dniepr, dans la région du cap Stanislav et de Shirokaya Balka, et de là livré par charrettes en janvier, pour leurs besoins et vente ultérieure à la Moscovie, la Pologne et la Lituanie.

De 1735 à 1769, c'était le centre de la  de l'armée des basses terres de Zaporoguie.

En 1787-1789, c'était l'emplacement du kish des fidèles Cosaques (armée des cosaques de la mer Noire en 1788).

En 1790-1792, ce fut l'établissement de la palanka de Kinbourn de l'armée cosaque de la mer Noire.

Des croix cosaques en pierre du  sont conservées et l'église Saint-Georges date de 1898. Le chef de l'administration régionale de l'oblast de Kherson, , a déposé une capsule dans l'église presque détruite de Petro Kalnychevsky.

Population
Selon le recensement de 1989 de la république socialiste soviétique d'Ukraine, la population du village était de 643 personnes, dont 328 hommes et 315 femmes.

Langues
Répartition de la population selon la langue maternelle selon le recensement de 2001 :

Personnes célèbres
Matviy Hryhorovych Kapusta est né dans le village de Prognoi (village moderne de Heroiske) au milieu du . Il fut propriétaire de mines de sel et d'une grande quantité de terres sur la flèche de Kinbourn, issu d'une ancienne famille cosaque ukrainienne. Au début des années 1920, il est arrêté, torturé et déporté. Son sort ultérieur est inconnu.

4 Héros de l'Union soviétique et deux Héros du travail socialiste sont nés dans le village :
 Vysovyn Konstantin Gavrilovich, Héros de l'Union soviétique. Une école locale porte son nom.
 Dubinda Pavlo Hrystoforovych (née le 25 juillet 1914 - décédée le 22 octobre 1992) était une femme soldat soviétique. Une des quatre chevaliers à part entière de l'ordre de la Gloire, a reçu le titre de Héros de l'Union soviétique.
 Hryhoriy Yakovych Ovodovsky, capitaine de  rang, Héros de l'Union soviétique en 1945.
 Tansky Mykola Heorhiyovmch, commandant du bateau MO-424, Héros de l'Union soviétique.
 Gnylyak Mykola Mykolayovych, Héros du travail socialiste, harponneur de la flottille baleinière Gloire.
 Mikhasko Vasyl Vasyliovych, Héros du travail socialiste, capitaine-directeur du chalutier de pêche Krylov (sur la mer Baltique), membre du Soviet suprême de la République socialiste soviétique de Lituanie, Héros des Forces armées.
 Goncharuk Vitaly Mikhailovich, sergent d'état-major.

En images

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Choulakivka
 Vasylivka (raïon de Mykolaïv)

Commune rurale dans l'oblast de Kherson

Heroiske (raïon de Skadovsk)


Un orifice corporel est toute ouverture dans le corps d'un animal.

Externes
Dans le corps mammalien typique tel que le corps humain, les orifices externes du corps sont :

 Les narines, pour la respiration et la fonction sensorielle associée, l'odorat ;

 La bouche, pour l'alimentation, la respiration et la vocalisation comme la parole ;

 Les canaux auriculaires, pour le sens de l'ouïe ;

 Les canaux lacrymonasaux, pour transporter les larmes du sac lacrymal vers la cavité nasale ;

 L'anus, pour la défécation ;

 Chez les mâles, le méat urétral, pour la miction et l'éjaculation ;

 Chez les femelles, le méat urétral, pour la miction ;

 Chez les femelles, le vagin, pour la menstruation, les rapports sexuels et l'accouchement ;

 Les papilles mammaires.

D'autres animaux peuvent avoir d'autres orifices corporels :

 La cloaque, chez les oiseaux, les reptiles, les amphibiens et certains autres animaux ;

 Le siphon, dans les mollusques, les arthropodes et certains autres animaux.

Internes
Les orifices internes comprennent les orifices des voies de sortie du cœur, entre les valves cardiaques.

Voir aussi
Muqueuse
Méat
Cavité corporelle

Anatomie

Orifice corporel


Batman Begins is a 2005 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan and written by Nolan and David S. Goyer. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, it stars Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman, with Michael Caine, Liam Neeson, Katie Holmes, Gary Oldman, Cillian Murphy, Tom Wilkinson, Rutger Hauer, Ken Watanabe, and Morgan Freeman in supporting roles. The film reboots the Batman film series, telling the origin story of Bruce Wayne from the death of his parents to his journey to become Batman and his fight to stop Ra's al Ghul and the Scarecrow from plunging Gotham City into chaos.

After Batman & Robin was panned by critics and underperformed at the box office, Warner Bros. Pictures cancelled future Batman films, including Joel Schumacher's planned Batman Unchained. Between 1998 and 2003, several filmmakers collaborated with Warner Bros. in attempting to reboot the franchise. After the studio rejected a Batman origin story reboot Joss Whedon pitched in December 2002, Warner Bros. hired Nolan in January 2003 to direct a new film. Nolan and Goyer began development on the film in early 2003. Aiming for a darker, more realistic tone compared to the previous films, a primary goal for their vision was to engage the audience's emotional investment in both the Batman and Bruce Wayne identities of the lead character. The film, which was principally shot in the United Kingdom, Iceland and Chicago, relied heavily on traditional stunts and miniature effects, with computer-generated imagery being used in a minimal capacity compared to other action films. Comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls, Batman: Year One, and Batman: The Long Halloween served as inspiration.

Expectations for Batman Begins ranged from moderate to low, which originated from the poor reception of Batman & Robin that was credited with stalling the Batman film series in 1997. After premiering in Tokyo on May 31, 2005, the film was released on June 15, 2005. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who deemed the film an improvement over the Schumacher films, with praise aimed at the more mature tone and character-driven storyline, Bale's performance, musical score, direction, the deeper psychological focus and added layers of depth to the titular character's motives and the emotional weight compared to previous Batman films. The film grossed over $371.9 million worldwide, becoming the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2005 and was the second highest grossing Batman film at the time behind Tim Burton's Batman (1989). Receiving a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, the film elevated Bale to leading man status while it made Nolan a high-profile director.

Since its release, Batman Begins has often been cited as one of the most influential films of the 2000s. It was credited for revitalizing the Batman character in popular culture, shifting its tone towards a darker and more serious tone and style. The film helped popularise the term reboot in Hollywood, inspiring studios and filmmakers to revive franchises with realistic and serious tones. It was followed by The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012), with the three films constituting The Dark Knight Trilogy.

Plot

In Gotham City, a young Bruce Wayne falls down a well and is attacked by bats, developing a fear of them. Attending the opera with his parents, Bruce becomes frightened by performers masquerading as bats and asks to leave. Outside, mugger Joe Chill murders Bruce's parents in front of him. The orphaned Bruce is raised by the family butler, Alfred Pennyworth.

Fourteen years later, Chill is paroled after testifying against mafia boss Carmine Falcone. Bruce intends to murder Chill to avenge his parents, but one of Falcone's assassins does so first. Bruce's childhood friend Rachel Dawes berates him for acting outside the justice system. After confronting Falcone, who says that real power comes from being feared, Bruce spends the next seven years traveling the world, training in combat and immersing himself in the criminal underworld.

In a Bhutan prison, he is approached by Henri Ducard, who recruits him to the League of Shadows, led by Ra's al Ghul. The League believes Gotham is beyond saving and intends to destroy it. After completing his training, Bruce rejects the League and its mandate that killing is necessary, burning down their temple during his escape. Ra's is killed by falling debris, while Bruce saves the unconscious Ducard. Intent on fighting crime, Bruce returns to Gotham and takes an interest in his family's company, Wayne Enterprises, which is being taken public by businessman William Earle. Company archivist Lucius Fox, a friend of Bruce's father, allows Bruce access to prototype defense technologies, including a protective bodysuit and the Tumbler, an armored vehicle. Bruce poses publicly as a shallow playboy while setting up a base in the caves beneath Wayne Manor and taking up the vigilante identity of "Batman," inspired by his childhood fear, which he has now conquered.

Intercepting a drug shipment, Batman provides Rachel, now a Gotham Assistant District Attorney, with evidence against Falcone and enlists Sergeant James Gordon, one of Gotham's few honest police officers, to arrest him. In prison, Falcone meets Dr. Jonathan Crane, a corrupt psychologist whom he has helped smuggle drugs into Gotham. Donning a scarecrow mask, Crane sprays Falcone with a fear-inducing hallucinogen, which drives him insane and has him transferred to Arkham Asylum. While investigating his crimes, Batman is sprayed with the hallucinogen and set on fire by Crane. Batman manages to escape and is saved by Alfred, who gives him an antidote for the hallucinogen developed by Fox. When Rachel accuses Crane of corruption, he reveals he has introduced his drug into Gotham's water supply. Crane then drugs Rachel with the hallucinogen. Batman later subdues Crane and sprays him with his own chemical. While being interrogated, Crane claims to work for Ra's al Ghul.

Batman evades the police to get Rachel to safety, administering the antidote, and giving her two vials: one for Gordon and the other for mass production. At Bruce's birthday party, Ducard reappears and reveals himself to be the true Ra's al Ghul; the dead Ra's was a decoy. Having stolen a powerful microwave emitter from Wayne Enterprises, he plans to vaporize Gotham's water supply, rendering Crane's drug airborne and causing mass hysteria that will destroy the city. He sets Wayne Manor aflame and leaves Bruce to die, but Alfred rescues him. Ra's loads the emitter onto Gotham's monorail train to release the drug at the city's central water source. Batman rescues Rachel from a drugged mob and reveals his identity to her. He confronts Ra's on the train as Gordon uses the Tumbler's cannons to destroy a section of the track. Refusing to save Ra's again, Batman escapes the train and leaves him to die as it crashes.

Bruce gains Rachel's respect. However, she decides she cannot be with him, telling him they can be together if Gotham should no longer need Batman. Batman becomes a public hero. After purchasing a controlling stake in Wayne Enterprises, Bruce fires Earle and replaces him with Fox. Sergeant Gordon is promoted to Lieutenant, shows Batman the Bat-Signal, and tells him about a criminal who leaves behind Joker playing cards. Batman promises to look into it and disappears into the night.

Cast
 Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman:A billionaire socialite who, after witnessing his parents' death in a mugging at age 8, travels around the world seven years before returning home to inherit his family company Wayne Enterprises whilst operating at night as a bat-masked vigilante bringing justice upon the criminal underworld of Gotham City. Bale was relatively unknown when cast. Before he was confirmed on September 11, 2003, having expressed interest in the role since Darren Aronofsky was planning his own film adaptation, Eion Bailey, Henry Cavill, Billy Crudup, Hugh Dancy, Jake Gyllenhaal, Joshua Jackson, David Boreanaz, Heath Ledger, who later played the Joker in The Dark Knight, and Cillian Murphy, who would later be cast as Dr. Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, took interest in it as well. Josh Hartnett met with Nolan about the role, but decided against pursuing it. Bale, Bailey and Murphy auditioned using the Batman Forever sonar suit donated by Val Kilmer, but the cape was lost, and Amy Adams served as the casting reader for the casting of Bruce Wayne / Batman in a favor to the casting director. Bale felt the previous films underused Batman's character, overplaying the villains instead. To best pose as Batman, Bale studied graphic novels and illustrations of the superhero. Director Nolan said of Bale, "He has exactly the balance of darkness and light that we were looking for." Goyer stated that while some actors could play a great Bruce Wayne or a great Batman, Bale could portray both radically different personalities. Since he had lost a great deal of weight in preparation for his role in The Machinist, Bale hired a personal trainer to help him gain  of muscle in the span of only a couple of months to help him physically prepare for the role. After realizing he went over by , he lost the excess weight by the time filming began. Bale trained in Wing Chun Kung Fu under Eric Oram in preparation for the movie.
Gus Lewis as Young Bruce Wayne.
 Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:A trusted butler to Bruce's parents, who continues his loyal service to their son after their deaths as his closest confidant. Nolan offered the role to Anthony Hopkins but he declined. Nolan went to Caine's country home to personally deliver him the script, telling what his role would be and describing Alfred as "Batman's godfather". Nolan felt Caine would effectively portray the foster father element of the character. Although Alfred is depicted in the film as having served the Wayne family for generations, Caine created his own backstory, in that before becoming Wayne's butler, Alfred served in the Special Air Service. After being wounded, he was invited to the position of the Wayne family butler by Thomas Wayne because, "He wanted a butler, but someone a bit tougher than that, you know?"
 Liam Neeson as Henri Ducard / Ra's al Ghul: The leader of the League of Shadows, an ancient society that uses chaos to punish the corrupt and decadent, who goes undercover as an associate of the League and trains Bruce in martial arts, later revealing himself in the film's climax. Writer David Goyer said he felt he was the most complex of all the Batman villains, comparing him to Osama bin Laden; "He's not crazy in the way that all the other Batman villains are. He's not bent on revenge; he's actually trying to heal the world. He's just doing it by very draconian means." Gary Oldman was first choice for the part, but ended up playing James Gordon instead. Guy Pearce, who collaborated with Christopher Nolan on Memento (2000), reported that the pair had discussions about him playing the role, but both of them decided that he was too young for the part. Viggo Mortensen was also considered for the role. Neeson is commonly cast as a mentor, so the revelation that his character was the main villain was intended to shock viewers.
 Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes: Bruce's childhood friend and love interest who serves as Gotham City's assistant district attorney and fights against corruption in the city. Nolan found a "tremendous warmth and great emotional appeal" in Holmes, and also felt "she has a maturity beyond her years that comes across in the film and is essential to the idea that Rachel is something of a moral conscience for Bruce".
 Emma Lockhart as Young Rachel Dawes.
 Gary Oldman as James Gordon:One of the few uncorrupted Gotham City police officers, who is on duty the night of the murder of Bruce's parents and, in this way, shares a special bond with the adult Bruce and thus with Batman. Oldman was Nolan's first choice for Ra's al Ghul, but when Chris Cooper turned down the part of Gordon to spend time with his family Nolan decided that it would be refreshing for Oldman, who is renowned for his portrayals of villains, to play the role instead. "I embody the themes of the movie which are the values of family, courage and compassion and a sense of right and wrong, good and bad and justice," Oldman said of his character. He filmed most of his scenes in Britain. Goyer said Oldman heavily resembled Gordon as drawn by David Mazzucchelli in Batman: Year One.
 Cillian Murphy as Dr. Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow: A corrupt psychopharmacologist working as Chief Administrator of Arkham Asylum. A specialist in the psychology of fear, he has secretly created a fear-inducing toxin and plots with Ra's al Ghul to expose the entire Gotham population. Nolan decided against casting an Irish actor like Murphy for Batman, before casting him as Scarecrow. Murphy read numerous comics featuring the Scarecrow and discussed making the character look less theatrical with Nolan. Murphy explained, "I wanted to avoid the Worzel Gummidge look, because he's not a very physically imposing man – he's more interested in the manipulation of the mind and what that can do."
 Tom Wilkinson as Carmine Falcone:The most powerful Mafia boss in Gotham, who shares a prison cell with Joe Chill after he murdered Bruce's parents. Later, after having Chill murdered for his decision to testify against their relationship, he goes into business with Dr. Jonathan Crane and Ra's al Ghul by smuggling in Crane's fear toxins through his drug shipments over the course of several months so that they can be mixed in with the city's water supply.
 Rutger Hauer as William Earle:The CEO of Wayne Enterprises, who takes the company public in Bruce's long-term absence.
 Ken Watanabe as decoy Ra's al Ghul:A member of the League of Shadows assigned to impersonate Ra's al Ghul during Bruce's training.
 Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox:A high-ranking Wayne Enterprises employee demoted to working in the company's Applied Science Division, where he conducts advanced studies in biochemistry and mechanical engineering and supplies Bruce with much of the gear necessary to carry out Batman's mission. He is promoted to CEO when Bruce takes control of the company by the end of the film.
Other cast members include Mark Boone Junior as Arnold Flass, Gordon's corrupt partner; Linus Roache as Thomas Wayne, Bruce's late father; Larry Holden as district attorney Carl Finch; Colin McFarlane as Gillian B. Loeb, the police commissioner; Christine Adams as Jessica, William Earle's secretary; Vincent Wong as an old Asian prisoner; Sara Stewart as Martha Wayne, Bruce's late mother; Richard Brake as Joe Chill, the Waynes' killer; Gerard Murphy as the corrupt High Court Judge Faden; Charles Edwards as a Wayne Enterprises executive; Tim Booth as Victor Zsasz; Rade Šerbedžija as a homeless man, who is the last person to meet Bruce when he leaves Gotham, and the first civilian to see Batman, Risteárd Cooper and Andrew Pleavin as uniformed policemen, Jo Martin as a police prison official, and Shane Rimmer and Jeremy Theobald (the star and co-producer of Nolan's 1998 film Following) as Gotham Water Board technicians. Jack Gleeson, who had previously co-starred with Bale in 2002's Reign of Fire and later found fame for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones, appears as a young admirer of Batman who is later saved by him from Ra's al Ghul's men; Gleeson was cast at Bale's recommendation. Actors John Foo, Joey Ansah, Spencer Wilding, Dave Legeno, Khan Bonfils, Mark Strange, Grant Guirey, Rodney Ryan and Dean Alexandrou portray members of the League of Shadows. Hayden Nickel made his acting debut portraying James Gordon Jr.

Production

Development

In January 2003, Warner Bros. hired Memento director Christopher Nolan to direct an untitled Batman film, and David S. Goyer signed on to write the script two months later. Nolan stated his intention to reinvent the film franchise of Batman by "doing the origins story of the character, which is a story that's never been told before". Nolan said that humanity and realism would be the basis of the origin film, and that "the world of Batman is that of grounded reality. [It] will be a recognizable, contemporary reality against which an extraordinary heroic figure arises." Goyer said that the goal of the film was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne. Nolan felt the previous films were exercises in style rather than drama, and described his inspiration as being Richard Donner's 1978 film Superman, in its focus on depicting the character's growth. Also similar to Superman, Nolan wanted an all-star supporting cast for Batman Begins to lend a more epic feel and credibility to the story.

Goyer wanted to reboot the franchise; he and Nolan saw Batman as a romantic character, and Nolan envisioned a large, sweeping film like Lawrence of Arabia. Nolan did not have a problem with the studio's requirement that the film not be R-rated because he wanted to make the film that he wanted to see when he was 11 years old. His personal "jumping off point" of inspiration was "The Man Who Falls", a short story by Denny O'Neil and Dick Giordano about Bruce's travels throughout the world. The early scene in Batman Begins of young Bruce Wayne falling into a well was adapted from "The Man Who Falls". Batman: The Long Halloween, written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Tim Sale, influenced Goyer in writing the screenplay, with the villain Carmine Falcone as one of many elements which were drawn from Halloweens "sober, serious approach". The writers considered having Harvey Dent in the film, but replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they "couldn't do him justice". The character was later portrayed by Aaron Eckhart in the 2008 sequel The Dark Knight. The sequel to Halloween, Batman: Dark Victory, also served as a minor influence. Goyer used the vacancy of Bruce Wayne's multi-year absence presented in Batman: Year One to help set up some of the film's events in the transpiring years. In addition, the film's Sergeant James Gordon was based on his comic book incarnation as seen in Year One. The writers of Batman Begins also used Frank Miller's Year One plot device, which was about a corrupt police force that led to Gordon and Gotham City's need for Batman. Due to Batman's extensive rogues gallery over seventy years, Goyer and Nolan decided to use the Scarecrow and Ra's al Ghul as the film's villains, as both characters had not been featured in previous Batman films nor in Adam West's 1960s television series.

A common idea in the comics is that Bruce saw a Zorro film with his parents before they were murdered. Nolan explained that by ignoring that idea – which he stated is not found in Batman's first appearances – it emphasized the importance of bats to Bruce and that becoming a superhero is a wholly original idea on his part. It is for this reason Nolan believes other DC characters do not exist in the universe of his film; otherwise, Wayne's reasons for taking up costumed vigilantism would have been very different.

Filming
As with all his films, Nolan refused a second unit; he did this in order to keep his vision consistent. Filming began in March 2004 in the Vatnajökull glacier in Iceland (standing in for Bhutan). The crew built a village and the front doors to Ra's' temple, as well as a road to access the remote area. The weather was problematic, with  winds, rain, and a lack of snow. A shot that cinematographer Wally Pfister had planned to take using a crane had to be completed with a handheld camera.

Unlike Burton and Schumacher's Gotham City that did not exist in the real world, Nolan shot exteriors in London, New York, and Chicago as he wanted the city to seem recognizable. In seeking inspiration from Superman and other blockbuster films of the late 1970s and early 1980s, Nolan based most of the production in England, specifically Shepperton Studios. A Batcave set was built there and measured  long,  wide, and  high. Production designer Nathan Crowley installed twelve pumps to create a waterfall with , and built rocks using molds of real caves. An airship hangar at Cardington, Bedfordshire was rented by Warner Bros. during April 2004 and, converted into a  sound stage, was where the slum-district of "the Narrows" and the feet of the monorails were filmed.

Mentmore Towers was chosen from twenty different locations for Wayne Manor, as Nolan and Crowley liked its white floors, which gave the impression of the manor as a memorial to Wayne's parents. The building chosen to represent Arkham Asylum was the National Institute for Medical Research building in Mill Hill, northwest London, England. The St Pancras railway station and the Abbey Mills Pumping Stations were used for Arkham's interiors. The Senate House of University College London was used for courtrooms. Some scenes, including the Tumbler pursuit, were filmed in Chicago at locations such as Lower Wacker Drive and 35 East Wacker. Authorities agreed to raise Franklin Street Bridge for a scene where access to the Narrows is closed.

Despite the film's darkness, Nolan wanted to make the film appeal to a wide age range. "Not the youngest kids obviously, I think what we've done is probably a bit intense for them but I certainly didn't want to exclude the sort of ten to 12-year olds, because as a kid I would have loved to have seen a movie like this." Because of this, nothing gory or bloody was filmed.

Music

The score for Batman Begins was composed by Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard. Nolan originally invited Zimmer to compose the music, and Zimmer asked Nolan if he could invite Howard to compose as well, as they had always planned a collaboration. The two composers collaborated on separate themes for the "split personality" of Bruce Wayne and his alter ego, Batman. Zimmer and Howard began composing in Los Angeles and moved to London where they stayed for twelve weeks to complete most of their writing. Zimmer and Howard sought inspiration for shaping the score by visiting the Batman Begins sets.

Zimmer wanted to avoid writing music that had been done in earlier Batman films, so the score became an amalgamation of orchestra and electronic music. The film's ninety-piece orchestra was developed from members of various London orchestras, and Zimmer chose to use more than the normal number of cellos. Zimmer enlisted a boy soprano to help reflect the music in some of the film's scenes where tragic memories of Bruce Wayne's parents are involved. "He's singing a fairly pretty tune and then he gets stuck, it's like froze, arrested development," said Zimmer. He also attempted to add a human dimension to Batman, whose behavior would typically be seen as "psychotic", through the music. Both composers collaborated to create 2 hours and 20 minutes worth of music for the film, with Zimmer composing the action sequences and Howard focusing on the dramatic scenes.

Special effects and design

Design
Nolan used the 1982 science fiction film Blade Runner as a source of inspiration for Batman Begins. He screened Blade Runner to Pfister and two others to show the attitude and style that he wanted to draw from the film. Nolan described the film's world as "an interesting lesson on the technique of exploring and describing a credible universe that doesn't appear to have any boundaries", a lesson that he applied to the production of Batman Begins.

Nolan worked with production designer Nathan Crowley to create the look of Gotham City. Crowley built a model of the city that filled Nolan's garage. Crowley and Nolan designed it as a large, modern metropolitan area that would reflect the various periods of architecture that the city had gone through. Elements were drawn from New York City, Chicago, and Tokyo; the latter for its elevated freeways and monorails. The Narrows was based on the slummish nature of the (now demolished) walled city of Kowloon in Hong Kong.

Tumbler

Crowley started the process of designing the Tumbler for the film by model bashing. Crowley used the nose cone of a P-38 Lightning model to serve as the chassis for the Tumbler's turbine engine. Six models of the Tumbler were built to 1:12 scale in the course of four months. Following the scale model creation, a crew of over 30 people, including Crowley and engineers Chris Culvert and Annie Smith, carved a full-size replica of the Tumbler out of a large block of Styrofoam in two months.

The styrofoam model was used to create a steel "test frame", which had to stand up to several standards: have a speed of over , go from 0 to  in 5 seconds, possess a steering system to make sharp turns at city corners, and withstand a self-propelled launch of up to . On the first jump test, the Tumbler's front end collapsed and had to be completely rebuilt. The basic configuration of the newly designed Tumbler included a 5.7-liter Chevy V8 engine, a truck axle for the rear axle, front tires by Hoosier (which are actually dirt racing tires used on the right rear of open wheel sprint cars), 4 rear 44/18.5-16.5 Interco Super Swamper TSL tires (44" tall, 18.5" wide, mounted on a 16.5" wheel) and the suspension system of Baja racing trucks. The design and development process took nine months and cost several million dollars.

With the design process complete, four street-ready race cars were constructed, with each vehicle possessing 65 panels and costing $250,000 to build. Two of the four cars were specialized versions. One version was the flap version, which had hydraulics and flaps to detail the close-up shots where the vehicle propelled itself through the air. The other version was the jet version, in which an actual jet engine was mounted onto the vehicle, fueled by six propane tanks. The visibility inside the vehicle was poor, so monitors were connected to cameras on the vehicle body. The professional drivers for the Tumblers practiced driving the vehicles for six months before they drove on the streets of Chicago for the film's scenes.

The interior of the Tumbler was an immobile studio set and not actually the interior of a street-capable Tumbler. The cockpit was oversized to fit cameras for scenes filmed in the Tumbler interior. In addition, another version of the Tumbler was a miniature model that was 1:6 scale of the actual Tumbler. This miniature model had an electric motor and was used to show the Tumbler flying across ravines and between buildings. However, the actual Tumbler was used for the waterfall sequence.

Batsuit

The filmmakers intended to create a very mobile Batsuit that would allow the wearer to move easily to fight and crouch. Previous film incarnations of the Batsuit had been stiff and especially restrictive of full head movement. Costume designer Lindy Hemming and her crew worked on the Batsuit at an FX workshop codenamed "Cape Town", a secured compound located at Shepperton Studios in London. The Batsuit's basic design was a neoprene undersuit, which was shaped by attaching molded cream latex sections. Christian Bale was molded and sculpted prior to his physical training so the team could work on a full body cast. To avoid imperfections picked up by sculpting with clay, plastiline was used to smooth the surface. In addition, the team brewed different mixtures of foam to find the mixture that would be the most flexible, light, durable, and black. The latter presented a problem, since the process to make the foam black reduced the foam's durability.

For the cape, director Christopher Nolan wanted to have a "flowing cloak... that blows and flows as in so many great graphic novels". Hemming's team created the cape out of their own version of parachute nylon that had electrostatic flocking, a process shared with the team by the British Ministry of Defence. The process was used by the London police force to minimize night vision detection. The cape was topped by a cowl, which was designed by Nolan, Hemming, and costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard. The cowl was created to be thin enough to allow motion but thick enough to avoid wrinkling when Bale turned his head in the Batsuit. Churchyard explained the cowl had been designed to show "a man who has angst", so his character would be revealed through the mask.

Fight choreography
Fight choreographers for Batman Begins, Justo Dieguez and Andy Norman, trained actors and stunt performers using the Spanish Keysi Fighting Method, which itself gained fame after it was used in the film and its sequel, The Dark Knight; however, the method was modified in The Dark Knight Rises due to Batman's age and physical condition and in order to match Bale's fighting style. The method is a self-defense system whose training is based on the study and cultivation of natural instincts.

Visual effects
For Batman Begins, Nolan preferred traditional stuntwork over computer-generated imagery. Scale models were used to represent the Narrows and Ra's al Ghul's temple. There were, however, several establishing shots that were CG composite images, such as Gotham's skyline, exterior shots of Wayne Tower, and some of the exterior monorail shots. The climactic monorail sequence mixed live action footage, model work, and CGI. The bats depicted in the film were entirely digital (except in shots containing only one or two bats), as it was decided that directing large numbers of real bats on-set would be problematic; dead bats were scanned to create digital models. Locations and sets were recreated digitally so that the flying bats would not appear incongruous once incorporated into the finished film.

Release

Context

2005 was expected by industry experts to underperform compared to 2004. Many attributed the slump to be a result of high ticket prices, marketing costs, DVD sales hitting record levels, and new technologies creating an incipient demand for movies delivered directly via the Internet, over-the-airwaves, satellite dish or cable set-top box. By the start of the theatrical summer in 2005 (May), the box office slumped for 11 consecutive weeks, with year-to-date ticket sales down 5.4 percent from last year even as ticket prices rose a moderate 3 percent, to around $6.40 on average, according to Exhibitor Relations. Theater attendance prior to the summer of 2005 declined about 8 percent.

Several films were projected to not only perform well at the box office, but also reverse the slump at the box office. Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith was expected by the industry to be the top grossing film of the summer due to being the final live action Star Wars film at the time. Other films that were expected to do well were Batman Begins, Madagascar, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Fantastic Four, War of the Worlds, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Batman Begins was expected by industry experts to help reverse the box office slump in June. However, there were concerns over a possible soft opening for the film. The previous film, Batman & Robin, was widely panned by critics and was credited with stalling the franchise since 1997. Bale's lack of star power at the time and a lack of iconic villains such as the Joker and Penguin that were portrayed by A-list celebrities were seen as possible detachments from audiences. Some also expressed concerns that Holmes' involvement with the film could derail the film's financial prospect due to her high-profile relationship with Tom Cruise (whose film War of the Worlds opened the following weekend) after his controversial appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Theatrical
Warner Bros. held the world premiere for Batman Begins in Tokyo, Japan on May 31, 2005. The film opened on June 15, 2005, in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters, including 55 IMAX theaters.

Home media
The DVD of Batman Begins was released on October 18, 2005, in both single-disc and two-disc deluxe editions and also released on VHS and UMD Video formats. In addition to the film, the deluxe edition contained featurettes and other bonus materials. The edition contained a small paperback booklet, the first Batman story, featured in Detective Comics #27, as well as Batman: The Man Who Falls and an excerpt from Batman: The Long Halloween. Batman Begins achieved first place in national sales and rental charts in October 2005, becoming the top-selling DVD of the fourth quarter of 2005. The DVD grossed $11.36 million in rental revenue. The DVD held its position at the top of the sales chart for a second week, but fell to second place behind Bewitched on video rental charts. The film had brought in $167 million in DVD sales by August 2006.

Batman Begins was released on HD DVD on October 10, 2006. A Limited Edition Giftset of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 8, 2008, to coincide with The Dark Knight which hit theaters July 18, 2008. Due to the successful box office performance of The Dark Knight, the Batman Begins DVD saw an increase in both sales and rentals. Batman Begins was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on December 19, 2017. It received a novelization written by Dennis O'Neil, and a comic book adaptation by Scott Beatty.

Reception

Box office
Batman Begins ranked at the top in its opening weekend, accumulating $48 million, which was seen as "strong but unimpressive by today's instantaneous blockbuster standards". The film's five-day gross was $72.9 million, beating Batman Forever (1995) as the franchise high. Batman Begins also broke the five-day opening record in the 55 IMAX theaters, grossing $3.16 million. Polled moviegoers rated the film with an A, and according to the studio's surveys, Batman Begins was considered the best of all the Batman films. The audience's demographic was 57 percent male and 54 percent people over the age of 25.

The film held its top spot for another weekend, accumulating $28 million in a 43 percent drop from its first weekend. Batman Begins went on to gross $205 million in North America and had a worldwide total of $371.8 million from its original release. It earned $1.6 million more from its 2012 re-release, bringing its lifetime worldwide total to $373.4 million. It is the fourth-highest-grossing Batman film, , behind Tim Burton's Batman, which grossed $411 million worldwide and also being surpassed by its sequels The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises, both of which have grossed over $1 billion. Batman Begins averaged $12,634 per theater in its opening weekend. It was released in more theaters, but sold fewer tickets than the other previous Batman movies, with the exception of Batman & Robin. Batman Begins was the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2005 in the United States.

Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives Batman Begins an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Brooding and dark, but also exciting and smart, Batman Begins is a film that understands the essence of one of the definitive superheroes." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating reviews, the film received an average score of 70 out of 100, based on 41 critics, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

James Berardinelli applauded Nolan and Goyer's work in creating more understanding into "who [Batman] is and what motivates him", something Berardinelli felt Tim Burton's film had lacked; at the same time, Berardinelli felt the romantic aspect between Bale and Holmes did not work because the actors lacked the chemistry Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder (Superman), or Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst (Spider-Man) shared in their respective roles. According to Total Film, Nolan manages to create such strong characters and story that the third-act action sequences cannot compare to "the frisson of two people talking", and Katie Holmes and Christian Bale's romantic subplot has a spark "refreshingly free of Peter Parker/Mary Jane-style whining".

Los Angeles Times Kenneth Turan, who felt the film began slowly, stated that the "story, psychology and reality, not special effects", assisted the darkness behind Batman's arsenal; he noted that Neeson and Holmes, unlike Bale's ability to "feel his role in his bones", do not appear to fit their respective characters in "being both comic-book archetypes and real people". The New Yorkers David Denby did not share Berardinelli and Turan's opinion. He was unimpressed with the film, when comparing it to the two Tim Burton films, and that Christian Bale's presence was hindered by the "dull earnestness of the screenplay", the final climax was "cheesy and unexciting", and that Nolan had resorted to imitating the "fakery" used by other filmmakers when filming action sequences.

Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune believed Nolan and Goyer managed to "comfortably mix the tormented drama and revenge motifs with light hearted gags and comic book allusions," and that Nolan takes the series out of the "slam-bang Hollywood jokefests" the franchise had drifted into. Comic book scribe and editor Dennis O'Neil stated that he "felt the filmmakers really understood the character they were translating", citing this film as the best of the live-action Batman films. In contrast, J.R. Jones, from the Chicago Reader, criticized the script, and Nolan and David Goyer for not living up to the "hype about exploring Batman's damaged psyche". Roger Ebert, who gave mixed reviews to the previous films, and claimed in his review for Batman Returns that he did not believe noir worked in superhero films, wrote this was "the Batman movie I've been waiting for; more correctly, this is the movie I did not realize I was waiting for". Giving it four out of four stars, he commended the realistic portrayals of the Batman arsenal – the Batsuit, Batcave, Tumbler, and the Batsignal – as well as the focus on "the story and character" with less stress on "high-tech action".

Like Berardinelli, USA Todays Mike Clark thought Bale performed the role of Batman as well as he did Patrick Bateman in American Psycho, but that the relationship between Bruce Wayne and Rachel Dawes was "frustratingly underdeveloped". Kyle Smith thought Bale exhibited "both the menace and the wit he showed in his brilliant turn in American Psycho", and that the film works so well because of the realism, stating, "Batman starts stripping away each layer of Gotham crime only to discover a sicker and more monstrous evil beneath, his rancid city simultaneously invokes early '90s New York, when criminals frolicked to the tune of five murders a day; Serpico New York, when cops were for sale; and today, when psychos seek to kill us all at once rather than one by one." In contrast, Salon.com's Stephanie Zacharek felt Nolan did not deliver the emotional depth expected of "one of the most soulful and tortured superheroes of all"; she thought Bale, unlike Michael Keaton who she compared him to, failed to connect with the audience underneath the mask, but that Gary Oldman succeeded in "emotional complexity" where the rest of the movie failed.

Film director Tim Burton—who had directed the 1989 Batman film and its first sequel—felt Nolan "captured the real spirit that these kind of movies are supposed to have nowadays. When I did Batman twenty years ago, in 1988 or something, it was a different time in comic book movies. You couldn't go into that dark side of comics yet. The last couple of years that has become acceptable and Nolan certainly got more to the root of what the Batman comics are about."

Accolades

Impact
Batman Begins has been cited as one of the most influential films of the 2000s. On the film's 10th anniversary, Forbes published an article describing its lasting influence: "Reboot became part of our modern vocabulary, and superhero origin stories became increasingly envogue for the genre. The phrase "dark and gritty" likewise joined the cinematic lexicon, influencing our perception of different approaches to storytelling not only in the comic book film genre but in all sorts of other genres as well." Shawn Adler of MTV stated Batman Begins heralded a trend of darker genre films, that either retold back-stories or rebooted them altogether. Examples he cited were Casino Royale, as well as the in-development RoboCop, Red Sonja, and Grayskull. In 2012, Kevin Feige, film producer and president of Marvel Studios, stated, "Chris Nolan's Batman is the greatest thing that happened [to superhero films] because it bolstered everything." Filmmakers, screenwriters and producers who have mentioned Batman Begins or The Dark Knight Trilogy to describe their projects include:

 Jon Favreau (Iron Man)
 Edward Norton (The Incredible Hulk)
 McG (Terminator Salvation)
 Alan Taylor (Terminator Genisys)
 Damon Lindelof (Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness)
 Robert Downey, Jr. (Sherlock Holmes)
 Lorenzo di Bonaventura (G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra)
 Hugh Jackman (X-Men Origins: Wolverine)
 Matthew Vaughn (X-Men: First Class)
 Rupert Wyatt (Rise of the Planet of the Apes)
 Sam Mendes (Skyfall)
 Alex Kurtzman (Van Helsing)
 Gareth Edwards (Godzilla)
 Marc Webb (The Amazing Spider-Man)
 David Ayer (Suicide Squad)
 Bryan Cranston (Power Rangers)
 Adam Wingard (Death Note)
 Patty Jenkins and Matthew Jensen (Wonder Woman)
 James Mangold (Logan)
 Simon Kinberg (Dark Phoenix)
 Andrew Kosove (Blade Runner 2049)
 Todd Phillips (Joker)
 Cathy Yan (Birds of Prey)

Themes
Comic book writer and author Danny Fingeroth argues that a strong theme in the film is Bruce's search for a father figure, saying "[Alfred] is the good father that Bruce comes to depend on. Bruce's real father died before they could establish an adult relationship, and Liam Neeson's Ducard is stern and demanding, didactic and challenging, but not a father figure with any sympathy. If Bruce is anyone's son, he is Alfred's. [Morgan] Freeman's Lucius is cool and imperturbable, another steady anchor in Bruce's life." Blogger Mark Fisher states that Bruce's search for justice requires him to learn from a proper father figure, with Thomas Wayne and Ra's al Ghul being the two counterpoints. Alfred provides a maternal figure of unconditional love, despite the overall lack of focus on a mother figure in Bruce's life.

Fingeroth also argues that a major theme in the film is fear, which supports the story of Bruce Wayne becoming a hero. Director Christopher Nolan stated that the idea behind the film was "a person who would confront his innermost fear and then attempt to become it". Fingeroth referred to this film's depiction as "the man with fear—but who rises above it". The theme of fear is further personified by the Scarecrow. The film depicts how fear can affect all creatures regardless of might. Allusions to fear are seen throughout, from Bruce's conquering of his demons, to becoming Batman, to the Scarecrow and his deadly fear toxin. The macabre, distorted images presented in the Scarecrow's toxin-induced hallucinations also express the idea of terror to an extreme.

Critic Brian Orndorf considered Batman Begins "fierce" and "demonstrative in brood", giving the film an abundance of gravitas and energy. It strays away from the lighter fare of Joel Schumacher's 1997 Batman film, Batman & Robin, which contained camp one-liners throughout. The theme of fear is intensified with the help of the musical score by Zimmer and Howard, which also "eschews traditional heroic themes". Also contrary to previous Batman films, a psychological investigation of Bruce Wayne's split personality in the bat suit is only lightly touched upon. Orndorf noted that Bruce is a "character constantly striving to do the right thing, not worn down by incessant reexamination".

See also

 Vigilante film
 Neo-noir
 The Shadow – A 1994 superhero film based on the character that partially inspired Batman with a similar storyline of an American millionaire being trained in the East to fight crime
 List of films shot in Iceland

Notes

References

External links

  (Warner Bros.)
  (DC Comics)

 Batman Begins Production Notes, page 1 and pages 2–6. Warner Bros. via CinemaReview.com. Archived from the original  on September 9, 2015.
 Batman Begins on HBO Max

2005 action thriller films
2000s superhero films
2005 films
American action thriller films
American superhero films
British action thriller films
2000s crime action films
2000s English-language films
Films about chemical war and weapons
Films about fear
Films about terrorism
Films adapted into comics
Films directed by Christopher Nolan
Films produced by Charles Roven
Films produced by Emma Thomas
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Films scored by James Newton Howard
Films set in Bhutan
Films set on fictional islands
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in Iceland
Films shot in New York City
IMAX films
Legendary Pictures films
Live-action films based on DC Comics
American neo-noir films
Reboot films
Films with screenplays by Christopher Nolan
Films with screenplays by David S. Goyer
Superhero thriller films
Syncopy Inc. films
1
Warner Bros. films
Films about police misconduct
Films about secret societies
Films about organized crime in the United States
Films set in prison
Films about corruption in the United States
American films about revenge
American vigilante films
2000s American films
2000s British films

Batman Begins


Turn On the Bright Lights ist das Debütalbum der New Yorker Post-Punk-Revival-Band Interpol. Das Album wurde im November 2001 in den Tarquin Studios, Bridgeport in Connecticut aufgenommen und am 19. August 2002 in Großbritannien sowie am 20. August 2002 in den Vereinigten Staaten bei Matador Records veröffentlicht.
Das Album erreichte den Platz 101 in den UK Album Charts und Platz 158 der amerikanischen Billboard 200 des Jahres 2002. Das Album war 73 Wochen in den US Independent Charts vertreten und stieg bis in die Top 5 der Charts auf.

Release
Dem Album ging 2002 unmittelbar die Veröffentlichung der EP Interpol am 4. Juni 2002 voraus. Die EP war die erste Zusammenarbeit mit dem Independent-Label Matador Records, während die früheren EPs bei kleineren Independent-Labels bzw. als Eigenproduktion vertrieben wurden. Auf der EP wurden drei Titel veröffentlicht, von denen PDA und NYC auch auf Turn On the Bright Lights erschienen. Der dritte Song Specialist wurde lediglich als Bonus-Song der japanischen, mexikanischen und australischen Bonus-Edition verwendet. Der im Jahr 2000 erstmals auf der Promo-EP Fukd ID #3 veröffentlichte Song PDA wurde schon im Vorfeld des Albumreleases als Radio-Single ausgekoppelt.
Das minimalistische Artwork für Turn On the Bright Lights wurde von Sean McCabe gestaltet, das Bandfoto im Booklet stammt von Andrew Zaeh. Der Titelname des Albums bezieht sich auf die Textzeile "It is up to me now, turn on the bright lights" im Song NYC.

Tracklist
 Untitled – 3:56
 Obstacle 1 – 4:11
 NYC – 4:20
 PDA – 4:59
 Say Hello to the Angels – 4:28
 Hands Away – 3:05
 Obstacle 2 – 3:47
 Stella Was a Diver and She Was Always Down – 6:28
 Roland – 3:35
 The New – 6:07
 Leif Erikson – 4:00

Bonustracks
Einige, meist auf früheren EPs veröffentlichte Songs oder Mitschnitte der John Peel Session wurden teilweise ergänzt durch Videos als Bonustracks für diverse Sondereditionen und Singleauskopplungen verwendet.

Bonustracks der japanischen und südkoreanischen Edition
Die in Japan und Südkorea 2002 erschienene Edition erhielt zwei Bonustracks:
 Interlude
 Specialist

Einer zweiten, in Japan veröffentlichten Version waren neben zwei Songs, die Interpol am 26. April 2001 in London bei der John Peel Session aufgenommen hatten, noch drei Videos beigefügt:
 Hands Away (John Peel Session)
 Obstacle 2 (John Peel Session)
 PDA (Video)
 NYC (Video)
 Obstacle 1 (Video)

Bonustracks der mexikanischen Edition
 Interlude
 Specialist
 PDA (Video)
 NYC (Video)
 Obstacle 1 (Video)

Bonustrack der australischen Edition
Die am 7. Oktober 2002 bei Matador und Remote-Controle veröffentlichte australische Edition enthielt zusätzlich den bereits im Juni 2002 auf der Interpol EP erschienenen Song:
 Specialist

Single-Auskopplungen
 PDA (Juli 2002)
 Obstacle 1 (November 2002)
 NYC (April 2003)
 Say Hello to the Angels (April 2003)

Vinyl
2007 wurde Turn On the Bright Lights nochmals als Doppel-LP 180g-Vinyl-Pressung verlegt.

 A1 Untitled
 A2 Obstacle 1
 A3 NYC
 A4 PDA
 A5 Say Hello to the Angels
 A6 Hands Away
 B1 Obstacle 2
 B2 Stella Was a Diver and She Was Always Down
 B3 Roland
 B4 The New
 B5 Leif Erikson

Videos

Von Turn On the Bright Lights wurden drei Videos produziert. Das erste Musikvideo zu PDA entstand unter der Regie von Christopher Mills und erschien im Jahr 2002. Das Video zu PDA war bei den MTV Video Music Awards 2003 für den MTV2 Award nominiert.

Im gleichen Jahr wurde unter der künstlerischen Leitung von Floria Sigismondi das Video zu Obstacle 1  veröffentlicht.

Als drittes Video von dieser Platte erschien 2003 das von Doug Aitken und Adam Levite produzierte Video zum Song NYC.

Tour
Im Juli 2002 begannen Interpol ihre "Turn On the Bright Lights"-Tour zunächst in Großbritannien. Im Sommer folgten zahlreiche Auftritte bei europäischen Festivals, unter anderem in Hasselt beim Pukkelpop-Festival. Auftritte in Deutschland folgten im Oktober 2002: München (Feierwerk), Schorndorf (Manufaktur), Frankfurt am Main (Asta Fest), Dresden (Star Club), Berlin (Knaack-Klub), Hamburg (Logo) und Köln (Gebäude 9).
Obwohl die Band noch keine vorderen Chartplatzierungen verzeichnen konnte, waren die drei Konzerte im Bowery Ballroom in New York kurz vor Weihnachten 2002 restlos ausverkauft.

Chartplatzierungen
Turn On the Bright Lights wurde 2002 auf Platz 101 der UK Album Charts und auf Platz 158 der U.S. Billboard 200 gelistet.
2003 erreichte das Interpol-Debütalbum, das insgesamt 73 Wochen in den Charts der U.S. Billboard Independent Albums vertreten war, in der Spitze den Platz 5.

Von den Singles konnte sich 2003 die Arthur-Baker-Remix-Edition von Obstacle 1 in den britischen Singlecharts auf Platz 41 am besten platzieren, während das Original von diesem Song 2002 in der Spitze Platz 72 der UK Singles Charts erreichte.

Die Doppelauskopplung von Say Hello to the Angels und PDA war in den britischen Single-Charts 2003 am besten auf Platz 65 notiert.

Rezensionen
Der mäßige Verkaufserfolg des Debütalbums stand im großen Gegensatz zu den Rezensionen der Fachpresse. Pitchfork Media kürte das Interpol-Debütalbum zum Album des Jahres 2002.

Vicky Butscher (laut.de) resümierte über Turn On the Bright Lights:

Andreas Borcholte (Spiegel Online) verfasste auf abgehört eine der ersten deutschsprachigen Rezensionen:

Das Album gilt als Indie-Rock-Klassiker.

Auszeichnungen und Platzierungen
 Platz 1 – Pitchfork Media: Top 50 Album des Jahres 2002
 Platz 3 – Pitchfork: Top 100 Album der Jahre 2000–2004
 Platz 20 – Pitchfork: Top 200 Album der 2000'
 Platz 5 – Stylus: Top 20 Album von 2002
 Platz 6 – Stylus: Top 50 Album der Jahre 2000–2005
 Platz 13 – Stylus: Top 100 Album der 2000'
 Platz 10 – New Musical Express: Album des Jahres 2002
 Platz 8 – New Musical Express: 10 Top Albums der 2000'
 Platz 59 – 100 beste Alben der Dekade

Am 22. August 2011 erhielt Turn On the Bright Lights in den USA, neun Jahre nach dem Release von der Recording Industry Association of America für 500.000 verkaufte Tonträger die Goldene Schallplatte.

Bereits ein Jahr zuvor, am 14. Mai 2010, erreichte die Platte in Großbritannien den Goldstatus für 100.000 verkaufte Alben.

Vermischtes
Der Titel Obstacle 1 wurde 2008 als ein Song für das Videospiel Guitar Hero: World Tour ausgewählt. PDA ist als einziger Song von Interpol für das Videospiel Rock Band, Song Pack 2 (Europa-Erstveröffentlichung 17. April 2009) als Spielgrundlage verwendet worden.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Vicky Butscher: CD-Kritik auf laut.de
 Andreas Borcholte: CD-Kritik Abgehört. Spiegel Online, abgerufen 30. April 2012

Album (Alternative Rock)
Album 2002

Turn On the Bright Lights


Nationalpark Gran Paradiso (Italiensk: Parco nazionale del Gran Paradiso, ), er en Italiensk nationalpark i De grajiske Alper, mellem regionerne Valle d'Aosta og Piemonte. Nationalparken har navn efter bjerget Gran Paradiso, som ligger i parken, og hænger sammen med den franske Parc national de la Vanoise. Området blev oprindeligt beskyttet for at beskytte Alpestenbukken mod krybskytter, da det var et privat jagtområde for kong Victor Emmanuel 2., men nu beskyttes også andre arter.

Historie

Først i det 19. århundrede, var alpestenbukken hårdt presset af jagt, men omkring 60 eksemplarer overlevede i Gran Paradiso- og Vanoiseområdet.  Den var intenst jagtet, både som sport, men også fordi dele af den blev brugt i terapeutisk sammenhæng: Man lavede amuletter af en lille tværformet knogle tæt på dyrets hjerte, som skulle beskytte mod voldelig død. På grund af den store nedgang i bestanden oprettede, den kommende konge, Victor Emmanuel, det Det Kongelige Jagtreservat Gran Paradiso i 1856, og der blev ansat vagter for at beskytte alpestenbukken. Stier der dengang blev udlagt til stenbukken bruges stadig i dag, som en del af 724 kilometer langt net af markerede stier og muldyrspor.

I 1920 Victor donerede Emmanuel 2.s barnebarn Kong Victor Emmanuel 3. parkens oprindelige 21 kvadratkilometer, og parken blev oprettet i 1922. Det var Italiens første nationalpark.  På trods af parkens tilstedeværelse var stenbukken udsat for krybskytteri frem til 1945, da der kun var 419 tilbage. Beskyttelsen blev øget, og nu er der omkring 4.000 alpestenbukke i parken.

Geografi

Parken ligger i De grajiske Alper i regionerne Piemonte  og Valle d'Aosta i det nordvestlige Italien. Den omfatter 703 kvadratkilometer alpint terræn. 10% af parkens areal er skovdækket. 16.5% er landbrugsområde, bl.a. med græsning, 24% er uopdyrket, og 40% er golde områder. 9.5% af området er dækket af 57 gletsjere,  og parkens bjerge og dale er dannet af gletsjere og floder. Parkens område ligger mellem 800 og 4.061 meter over havet, med en gennemsnitshøjde på 2.000 meter. Dalbundene i parken er skovdækkede, mens der er alpine områder i højderne og klipper og gletsjere højest oppe. Gran Paradiso er det eneste bjerg i Italien over 4.000 meters højde, hvor hele bjerget ligger i landet. Mont Blanc og Matterhorn kan ses fra bjergtoppen. I 1860 var John Cowell den første til at bestige toppen. Mod vest har parken grænse tilden franske Parc national de la Vanoise. Samlet er de to nationalparker det største beskyttede område i Vesteuropa. De samarbejder om beskyttelsen af alpestenbukken som har sæsonmæssige vandringer hen over grænsen.

Se også
 Nationalparker i Italien

Referencer

Henvisninger

 Officiel website
 Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it

Nationalparker i Italien
Valle d'Aosta
Piemonte

Nationalpark Gran Paradiso


Dracula III: Moștenirea  (în engleză Dracula III: Legacy) este un film românesc și american din 2005 regizat de Patrick Lussier, cu actorii Rutger Hauer (ca Dracula), Jason Scott Lee, Jason London și Roy Scheider în rolurile principale. Este bazat pe romanul Dracula de Bram Stoker.  Este un sequel al filmelor Dracula 2000 și Dracula II: Înălțarea. Ca și Înălțarea, Moștenirea a fost filmat în România.

Distribuție
 Jason Scott Lee - Părintele Uffizi
 Rutger Hauer - Count Dracula/Judas Iscariot
 Diane Neal - Elizabeth Blaine
 Jason London - Luke
 Roy Scheider - Cardinal Siqueros
 Alexandra Wescourt - Julia Hughes
 Claudiu Bleonț - Bogdan
 Serban Celea - Gabriel
 Ioana Ginghina - Mireasa lui Dracula
 Ilinca Goia - Marta
 George Grigore - Bruno
 Ioan Ionescu - Ragman
 Tom Kane - Știrist la EBC

Note

Filme din 2005
Filme cu Dracula
Filme regizate de Patrick Lussier
Filme Castel Film Romania

Dracula III: Moștenirea


Neuse Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Neuse Township (Lenoir County, North Carolina)
 Neuse Township (Wake County, North Carolina)

Neuse Township


Joci Pápai (født 22. september 1981) er en ungarsk sanger, som repræsenterede Ungarn ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017 med sangen "Origo". Han opnåede en 8. plads.

Han repræsenterede igen Ungarn ved Eurovision Song Contest 2019 med sangen "Az én apám". Det lykkedes ikke at blive kvalificeret til finalen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Ungarn
Ungarns Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2019

Joci Pápai


Jerome Patrick Flynn (født 16. marts 1963) er en britisk skuespiller og sanger, kendt for roller som; Kenny "Rambo" Baines i tv-filmen fra 1986 London's Burning, og i tv-serier som Paddy Garvey i Soldier Soldier, Bronn i Game of Thrones, og Bennet Drake i Ripper Street.

Udvalgt filmografi

Film
 London's Burning (1986, tv-film) – Kenny "Rambo" Baines
 Edward II (1991) – Edmund af Woodstock, 1. jarl af Kent
 Kafka (1991) – Slotsattendant
 A Mind To Murder (1995, tv-film) – Peter Nagle

Tv-serier
 Soldier Soldier (1991–95; 44 afsnit) – Paddy Garvey
 Game of Thrones (2011–19; 36 afsnit) – Bronn
 Ripper Street (2012–16; 31 afsnit) – Bennet Drake

Eksterne henvisninger

Tv-skuespillere fra England
Filmskuespillere fra England
Sangere fra England

Jerome Flynn


Nu mă atinge-mă (Touch Me Not în original) este un film românesc din 2018 regizat de Adina Pintilie. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Laura Benson, Tómas Lemarquis. În februarie 2018, lungmetrajul de debut al Adinei Pintilie, a câștigat trofeul Ursul de Aur al celei de-a 68-a ediții a Festivalului de Film de la Berlin.

Prezentare
O explorare personală a intimității, a inabilității unor oameni de a atinge sau de a fi atinși.

La granița dintre ficțiune, documentar și artă vizuală, experimentând curajos atât la nivel de conținut cât și de limbaj cinematografic, Nu mă atinge-mă este o investigare personală a ideii de intimitate, a nevoii umane de contact autentic. O femeie și doi bărbați aflați în căutarea intimității. Pierdute în imensitatea rece a orașului, singurătățile lor se întâlnesc - întâmplător sau din voia destinului - într-o stranie încercare de contact.

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Legături externe

https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-film-22303158-nu-atinge-adina-pintilie-cel-mai-curajos-film-din-competitia-berlinalei-cel-mai-controversat.htm

Filme premiate cu Ursul de aur
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2016
Filme dramatice românești

Nu mă atinge-mă