Frank-Rutger Hausmann (* 5. Februar 1943 in Hannover) ist ein deutscher Romanist und Historiker. Er ist durch zahlreiche Beiträge zur französischen und italienischen Literaturwissenschaft und zur Geschichte der Geisteswissenschaften hervorgetreten.

Leben und Wirken
Frank-Rutger Hausmann wurde 1943 als dritter Sohn des Militärarztes Hans Hausmann und seiner Frau Helene, geb. Fernholz, in Hannover geboren und wuchs in Bergneustadt im Rheinland auf. Nach dem Abitur am neusprachlichen Städtischen Gymnasium Gummersbach 1962 studierte er Jura, Romanistik, Geschichte und Mittellateinische Philologie in Göttingen und Freiburg, wo er im Mai 1968 bei Vito Rocco Giustiniani mit einer Arbeit über den italienischen Humanisten und Bischof Giovanni Antonio Campano promoviert wurde. 1974 habilitierte er sich ebenfalls in Freiburg. 1976 erhielt er eine Stelle als Wissenschaftlicher Rat. Im Jahr 1981 nahm er einen Ruf an die RWTH Aachen an. 1992 wurde Hausmann zum Professor für Romanische Literaturwissenschaft an die Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg berufen. Im Kollegjahr 1999/2000 war Hausmann Forschungsstipendiat am Historischen Kolleg in München. Seit 2006 ist er im Ruhestand.

Zu Hausmanns Forschungsschwerpunkten gehören die französische und italienische Literatur, die Geschichte der Geisteswissenschaften und die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus. Er legte mit seiner 1998 veröffentlichten Darstellung zur sogenannten Aktion Ritterbusch ein "zentrales Werk der Wissenschaftsgeschichtsschreibung zum Dritten Reich" vor. Er veröffentlichte 2000 über die Geschichte der Romanistik im Nationalsozialismus ein grundlegendes Werk.

Hausmann ist Mitherausgeber der Schriften zur Wissenschafts- und Universitätsgeschichte. Für seine Forschungen wurden Hausmann zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Ehrungen und Mitgliedschaften zugesprochen. Im Jahr 1997 wurde er Mitglied der Akademie gemeinnütziger Wissenschaften zu Erfurt und 2004 ordentliches Mitglied der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Ihm wurde 2000 das Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande verliehen.

Schriften (Auswahl)

Monographien
 Die Geisteswissenschaften im "Dritten Reich". Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2011, ISBN 978-3-465-04107-8.
 Das Fach Mittellateinische Philologie an deutschen Universitäten von 1930 bis 1950 (= Quellen und Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters. Bd. 16). Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-7772-1005-6.
 Ernst-Wilhelm Bohle. Gauleiter im Dienst von Partei und Staat (= Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungen. Bd. 38). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-428-12862-4.
 L.-F. Céline et Karl Epting. Édition établie par Anna Istratova. Le Bulletin célinien, Brüssel 2008, ISBN 978-2-9600106-2-6.
 Hans Bender (1907–1991) und das "Institut für Psychologie und Klinische Psychologie" an der Reichsuniversität Straßburg 1941–1944 (= Grenzüberschreitungen. Bd. 4). Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg 2006, ISBN 3-89913-530-X.
 "Dichte, Dichter, tage nicht!" Die Europäische Schriftsteller-Vereinigung in Weimar 1941–1948. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-465-03295-0.
 Anglistik und Amerikanistik im "Dritten Reich". Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-465-03230-6.
 "Auch im Krieg schweigen die Musen nicht." Die Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Institute im Zweiten Weltkrieg (= Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte. Bd. 169). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-35357-X.
 Vom Strudel der Ereignisse verschlungen. Deutsche Romanistik im "Dritten Reich" (= Analecta Romanica. Bd. 61). Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-465-03116-4 (2., durchgesehene und aktualisierte Auflage. ebenda 2008, ISBN 978-3-465-03584-8).
 Deutsche Geisteswissenschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Die "Aktion Ritterbusch" (1940–1945) (= Schriften zur Wissenschafts- und Universitätsgeschichte. Bd. 1). Dresden University Press, Dresden u. a. 1998, ISBN 3-933168-10-4 (= Studien zur Wissenschafts- und Universitätsgeschichte. Bd. 12). 3., erweiterte Ausgabe. Synchron, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-935025-98-0).
 Französische Renaissance. Metzler, Stuttgart u. a. 1997, ISBN 3-476-01521-1.
 Französisches Mittelalter. Metzler, Stuttgart u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-476-01422-3.
 Zwischen Autobiographie und Biographie. Jugend und Ausbildung des fränkisch-Oberpfälzer Philologen und Kontroverstheologen Kaspar Schoppe (1576–1649). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-8260-1052-3.
 Nachwort in: François Rabelais: Gargantua (= Reclams Universal-Bibliothek. Nr. 8764). Übersetzt und kommentiert von Wolf Steinsieck. Reclam, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-15-008764-3 (Durchgesehene Ausgabe. ebenda 1999).
 François Rabelais (= Sammlung Metzler. M 176. Abt. D: Literaturgeschichte). Metzler, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-476-10176-2.
 Giovanni Antonio Campano (1429–1477). Erläuterungen und Ergänzungen zu seinen Briefen. Freiburg, Univ., Diss., 1968 (unveröff. Manuskript).

Herausgeberschaften
 Die Rolle der Geisteswissenschaften im Dritten Reich 1933–45 (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Kolloquien. Bd. 53). München 2002, XXV, 373 S. ISBN 978-3-486-56639-0 (Digitalisat).
 Ernst Robert Curtius. Briefe aus einem halben Jahrhundert. Eine Auswahl (= saecvla spiritalia. Bd. 49). Koerner, Baden-Baden 2015, ISBN 978-3-87320-449-2 .

Literatur
 Hausmann, Frank-Rutger. In: Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrtenkalender. Bio-bibliographisches Verzeichnis deutschsprachiger Wissenschaftler der Gegenwart. Band 2: H–L. 26. Ausgabe. de Gruyter, Berlin u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-030256-1, S. 1303.
 Julia Littmann: Äußerungen von vielen: Das ist Wirklichkeit. In: Badische Zeitung, 10. Juli 2008 (online).
 Engagement und Diversität. Frank-Rutger Hausmann zum 75. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von Wolfgang Asholt, Ursula Bähler, Bernhard Hurch, Henning Krauß und Kai Nonnenmacher (= Romanische Studien. Beihefte 4). Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft, München 2018 (online).

Weblinks

 Porträt Hausmanns in der Badischen Zeitung, 2008 (mit Foto)
 Mitgliedsseite Hausmanns bei der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften
 Podcast zum Vortrag "Jonathan Littells Holocaust-Roman 'Die Wohlgesinnten' im Reading-Room", Freiburg, 12. Juli 2008

Anmerkungen

Romanist
Historiker
NS-Forscher
Wissenschaftshistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg)
Hochschullehrer (RWTH Aachen)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Mitglied der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Akademie gemeinnütziger Wissenschaften zu Erfurt
Deutscher
Geboren 1943
Mann

Frank-Rutger Hausmann


Des élections municipales partielles ont lieu en 1981 en France.

Bilan

Résultats en nombre de maires

Élections

Étang-sur-Arroux (Saône-et-Loire)

Franqueville-Saint-Pierre (Seine-Maritime)

Grand-Bourg (Guadeloupe)

Rethel (Ardennes)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

1981
France, municipales
1981 en France

Élections municipales partielles françaises de 1981


Nye rejsende er det syvende studiealbum fra den danske rocksanger Michael Falch. Det blev udgivet den 1998. Musikmagasinet GAFFA gav albummet tre ud af seks stjerner.

Spor
 "Det ender med en blues" - 5:10
 "(Den dag jeg finder mit) Morten Korch-Humør" - 3:54
 "November" - 4:15
 "Singler (Nederlaget i '64)" - 4:47
 "Enspænder" - 4:00
 "De første fugle uden dig" - 4:55
 "Danmark i forbifarten" - 4:13
 "Sang for Maria" - 4:29
 "Læg dit had væk" - 4:11
 "Den forbudte by" - 4:22

Hitliste

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Nye rejsende på Discogs

Michael Falch-album
Album fra 1998

Nye rejsende


Fa'afafine su ljudi koji se identificiraju kao treći rod ili nebinarni rod u Samoi, Američka Samoa, i u samoanskoj dijaspori. U tradicionalnom samoanskom društvu, fa'afafine su priznati rodni identitet/rodna uloga i sastavni dio samoanske kulture. Ova se uloga dodjeljuju muškarcima pri rođenju i eksplicitno utjelovljuju i muške i ženske rodne osobine na način jedinstven za Polineziju. Njihovo se ponašanje obično kreće od ekstravagantno ženskog do konvencionalno muškog.

Istaknuta zapadnjačka teorija, među brojnim antropološkim teorijama o Samoanima, glasila je da će, ako obitelj ima više dječaka nego djevojčica ili nedovoljno djevojčica da pomažu u obavljanju ženskih poslova oko kuće, muška djeca biti odgajana kao fafafini; iako su studije pobile ovu teoriju.

Procjenjuje se da 1-5% Samoanaca identificira kao faʻafafine. Te Ara: Enciklopedija Novog Zelanda procjenjuje da u Samoi postoji 500 faʻafafina, a isto toliko u samoanskoj dijaspori na Novom Zelandu; dok prema vijestima SBS-a trenutno na Samoi živi do 3000 faʻafafina.

Povijest i terminologija
Riječ faʻafafine uključuje uzročni prefiks faʻa–, što znači "na način", i riječ fafine, što znači "žena". Riječ je kognat s jezično povezanim riječima ili socijalnim kategorijama na drugim polinezijskim jezicima, kao što su tongaška fakaleiti (također fakafefine), rarotonška akava'ine, havajski i tahićanski māhū (doslovno u sredini), maorski whakawāhine, niujski fiafifine (također fakafifine), tokelauski fakafāfine, tuvalu pinapinaaine, gilbertski binabinaaine i uveaški fakafafine.

Ženski ekvivalent ovom pojmu na Samoi, žena koja je pretvara u muškarca, poznat je pod nazivima faʻatane, faʻatama i fafatama. U konačnici, zapadni pojmovi poput homoseksualca, transrodnih osoba itd., ne poklapaju se točno sa samoanskim pojmovima poput faʻafafine, faʻatane itd., i koji imaju značenje u tradicionalnim kulturnim sustavima faʻasamoe na Samoi.

Samoanska žargonska riječ mala (ili "devastacija" na samoanskom jeziku) rjeđe se koristi za faʻafafine, jer je nastala pod utjecajem homofobije i transfobije.

Povijest faʻafafine, kroz kolonije, teško je pratiti. Nafanua, žena ratnica i poglavica samoanske rane povijesti, često se drži kao ikona faʻafafine i faʻatane. U snimljenim Dolgoyevim intervjuima s faʻafafineom iz 1980-ih znamo da je Johnny Fruitcake bio popularan faʻafafine tijekom američke vojne okupacije Samoe u Drugom svjetskom ratu, te da je Anita (Tony Schwenke) bila osnivačica Hollywooda, krojačke radnje i kuće utočište za faʻafafine u Apiji 1960-ih i 1970-ih. Počevši od 1980-ih, kroz samoansku dijasporu, faʻafafine je počeo biti prisutan u suvremenim globalnim kulturama.

Uloga u samoanskom društvu
Faʻafafine su poznate po svom marljivom radu i predanosti obitelji, u samoanskoj tradiciji tautua ili služenju obitelji. Ideje obitelji u Samoi i Polineziji znatno se razlikuju od zapadnih konstrukcija i uključuju sve članove sa ili komunalne obitelji unutar obiteljskih sustava faʻamatai.

Faʻafafine, kao treći spol, imaju seksualne veze gotovo isključivo s muškarcima koji se ne identificiraju kao faʻafafine, a ponekad i sa ženama, ali ne i s drugim faʻafafinama. Ovaj je treći spol toliko dobro prihvaćen u samoanskoj kulturi da većina Samoanaca kaže da imaju prijateljske odnose s barem jednim faʻafafinom; međutim, nije potpuno prihvaćen u drugim zajednicama, poput nekih katoličkih skupina i tradicionalnih vođa. Tradicionalno, faʻafafine prate trening svakodnevnog rada žena u Aigi (samoanska obiteljska skupina).

Faʻafafine navodi da su se kao djeca "voljeli" baviti ženskim aktivnostima, poput igranja s vršnjakinjama, igranja ženskih likova tijekom igre uloga, oblačenja u žensku odjeću i igranja sa ženskim rodno tipičnim igračkama. To je za razliku od žena koje su izjavile da su im se jednostavno "sviđale" baviti se tim aktivnostima kao djeca. Neki se fafafini sjećaju da su u djetinjstvu bili djevojčice, ali da su to bolje znali kao odrasli. U Samoi se vrlo rijetko ismijava ili nezadovoljstvo prema biološki muškom djetetu koje navodi da su djevojčica. Na primjer, jedno istraživanje pokazalo je da je samo manjina roditelja (20 posto) pokušala spriječiti svoju fafafinu djecu da se bave ženskim ponašanjem. Guranje u ulogu muškog spola uznemirava mnoge fafafine. Značajan broj izjavio je da su "mrzili" mušku igru, poput grubih igara i sportova, čak i više nego što to mrze djevojčice.

Društvo Faʻafafine u Američkoj Samoi i Samoanski savez Faʻafafinea
Društvo Faʻafafine u Američkoj Samoi ili Le Sosaiete o Faʻafafine i Amerika Samoa (SOFIAS) organizacija je koja ima za cilj poticanje suradnje između faʻafafina i LGBTQI + zajednica u objema Američkoj Samoi, azijsko-pacifičkoj regiji i svijetu. SOFIAS se opisuje kao organizacija posvećena uravnoteženju obje samoanske vrijednosti sa zapadnim utjecajima i ima za cilj promicanje pozitivnog stava prema samoanskoj zajednici fafafafina. Sada poznat kao Miss SOFIAS, Izbor za Miss Island Queen održava se u Pago Pagu, Američka Samoa, od 1979. godine.

Udruženje Samoa Faafafine Incorporated (SFA) neovisne Samoe sa sjedištem u Apiji djeluje više od deset godina. Usko surađuje s vladom, lokalnim crkvama i omladinskim organizacijama, podržavajući projekte zajednice za faafafine zajednice, ali i za starije i mlade na Samoi. SFA je aktivan na međunarodnoj razini surađujući s regionalnim nevladinim organizacijama Ujedinjenih naroda i Tihog okeana u ime faʻafafine, transrodne i LGBT zajednice na pacifičkim otocima. Oni su također aktivno surađivali s medijima razvijajući pravedniju zastupljenost faʻafafine u medijima.

Na Samoi je pokrenula zakonodavnu aktivnost Udruga Samoa Faafafine, s odvjetnicima faafafine Alex Suʻa i Phineas Hartson Matautia, po pitanjima prava LGBT osoba na Samoi. Njihovi napori da ukinu homofobne i transfobne zakone naslijeđene od britanske i novozelandske kolonijalne uprave naišli su na djelomičan uspjeh. Jednako pravo na brak za faʻafafine i dalje nije ozakonjeno na Samoi. Unatoč legalizaciji ravnopravnosti brakova u SAD-u, ovo još uvijek nije priznato na američkom teritoriju Američke Samoe.

Poznati faʻafafine
 Edward Cowley zvani "Heljda" - drag izvođač i televizijska ličnost sa sjedištem u Aucklandu, radio je s Novozelandskom zakladom za AIDS, prvak u bodybuildingu.
 Shigeyuki Kihara - suvremeni umjetnik čiji su radovi predstavljeni na brojnim muzejskim izložbama, umjetničkim galerijama širom svijeta. Njezina samostalna izložba Shigeyuki Kihara: žive fotografije (2008–9) bila je prva izložba suvremene samoanske umjetnosti u Metropolitan muzeju. Kihara je suurednica knjige 2018 Samoan Queer Lives iz 2018. godine.
 Marion Malena - višestruka pobjednica izbora za ljepotu i izvođačica iz Američke Samoe koja trenutno živi u Seattlu.
 Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann - medicinski djelatnik, Justice of Peace i gay aktivist s Novog Zelanda. U novogodišnjim počastima 2001. Pulotu-Endemann je postao članom novozelandskog Reda za zasluge za usluge u javnom zdravstvu.
 Jaiyah Saelua - nogometaš američke Samoe. Saelua je bio prvi faʻafafine igrač koji se natjecao u muškoj kvalifikacijskoj utakmici za Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu. Saelua predstavljen u britanskom dokumentarcu Next Goal Wins.
 Dan Taulapapa McMullin - pjesnik, slikar, filmaš. Izloženo u muzeju Bishop, muzeju Metropolitan, Ujedinjeni narodi. Zbirka pjesama: Kokosovo mlijeko (Deset najboljih knjiga LGBT-a godine Američkog udruženja knjižnica).
 Amao Leota Lu - umjetnica performansa, aktivistica, vođa zajednice

Fiktivni faʻafafine
 polu-muškarac polu-djevojka, neimenovani lik u romanu Alberta Wendta Leteća lisica na drvetu slobode (1979).
 Sugar Shirley, lik iz romana Sia Figiela Gdje smo nekada pripadali (1996).
 Vili Atafa, lik u predstavi Pasifika (1996) Oscara Kightleyja, Davida Fanea i Nathaniela Leesa
 Sinalela (2001.), izmišljeni lik u kratkom filmu Sinalela, Dan Taulapape McMullina, nagrađen je za najbolji kratki film na Honolulu Rainbow Film Festivalu.
 Jerry the Faʻafafine (2011.), tematska figura (pod utjecajem poezije Taulapape) u seriji umjetničkih djela Tanu Gagoa.

Izvori

Literatura
 Dolgoy, Reevan. 2000. The Search for Recognition and Social Movement Emergence, Towards an Understanding of the Transformation of the Faafafine of Samoa. (From interviews of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s). University of Alberta.
 Schmidt, Johanna. 2001. "Redefining Faʻafafine: Western Discourses and the Construction of Transgenderism in Samoa". Intersections, Issue 6.
 Feuʻu, Poiva Junior Ashleigh. 2013.  Ia e Ola Malamalama i lou Faasinomaga, A Comparative Study of the Faafafine of Samoa and the Whakawahine of Aotearoa-New Zealand. Victoria University of Wellington.
 Taulapapa McMullin, Dan. 2013.  Coconut Milk.  University of Arizona Press.
 Thompson, Pausa Kaio. 2017. Saili Le Tofa: A Search for New Wisdom: Sexuality and Faʻafafine in the Samoan Context. Columbia University.
 Kihara, Yuki, and Taulapapa McMullin, Dan. 2018. "Samoan Queer Lives". Little Island Press, Auckland, Aotearoa-New Zealand.

LGBT
Američka Samoa
Samoanska kultura

Fa'afafine


Benjamin Titus Roberts (1823–1893) was an American Methodist bishop. He first trained as an attorney, then entered the ministry in the Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of New York State. His ministerial studies were done at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. He married Ellen Lois Stowe, had seven children, and pastored several churches in New York state.

Early career

During his tenure at Wesleyan University, B. T. Roberts excelled, achieving university honors (Marston, 174). While there, he met Daniel Steele, later to become president of Syracuse University, and William C. Kendall, soon to become Roberts' comrade for reform in the Genesee Conference (Ibid) Upon graduation, Roberts was offered the presidency of Wyoming Seminary of Kingston, PA, a secondary institution of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Roberts declined the position, electing instead to enter the pastorate, seeking elders orders in Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was admitted to the Conference in 1848 on trial (Ibid.)

Roberts' first pastoral appointment was Caryville, New York, followed by Pike, New York. Roberts was married during his first charge. At the 1850 annual conference, Roberts was admitted to full membership and ordained a deacon. In 1851, he was sent to the Rushford, New York charge. During these early charges, Roberts demonstrated a concern not only for abolition but also for the destructive effects of wealth upon Methodist livelihood. To Roberts, many of the Methodists in his Genesee Conference, especially those in Conference administration (i.e. bishops and other clergy), were overly concerned with social prestige than with old-time Methodist standards that aim for "growth in holiness," as John Wesley himself said it. Roberts also encountered leaders of what has come to be called the Holiness Movement, individuals like Phoebe Palmer. Roberts was also influenced by Methodist evangelist John Wesley Redfield.

Conflict with Methodist Episcopal Church
In 1852, Roberts was ordained elder and sent to Niagara Street Church, a central church of the district and oldest church in Buffalo, New York. Roberts' conflict with the conference began in earnest at the Niagara Street appointment for he sought to make the church a "free" church, i.e. eliminate the pew system. Roberts here observed the potential problems of the "pew system" in which wealthy families could purchase and/or rent pews for congregational worship. Roberts, along with a number of other would-be reformers, could essentially identify three problems with the pew system: 1) it ended the segregation of the worshiping congregation into male and female (which John Wesley himself approved of), 2) it commercialized the church, and 3) it discriminated against the poor. (Marston, 178ff.)

In 1853, Roberts was sent to Brockport, New York. By 1854, it was clear that a major, conference-wide conflict was brewing. On the one side were those conservatives who favored traditional Methodist teaching on matters of social and personal ethics, and who favored the traditional Methodist emphasis on entire sanctification. On the other side were those progressives who favored an assimilation of Methodism to prevailing American sensitivities and mores, including a de-emphasis on entire sanctification in favor of more "realistic" ethical expectations. These conflicting undercurrents bubbled to the surface in 1855. Leslie Ray Marston, former bishop in the Free Methodist Church of North America, best described the situation:
In July 1855 the Buffalo Advocate accused the minority group of organizing a secret society called the "Nazarite Union," basing the charge on a document that had come into the hands of Editor Robie, and which had been prepared by the unpredictable Joseph McCreery, Jr. It is true that McCreery did design an organization to combat the "Buffalo Regency," as the controlling faction came to be called. But McCreery emphatically declared that the so-called "Nazarite Union" existed only on paper, and said "I alone was responsible for the whole concern." Nevertheless, much was made of the affair and the 1855 Conference adopted a resolution which assumed the actual existence of such a union and passed disapprobation thereon. The term "Nazarite Union" came to designate the reform group for several years, but B. T. Roberts never accepted the designation.

Unfortunately for Roberts and the other so-called "Nazarites," the so-called "Buffalo Regency" controlled conference officers and appointments. There has been documented accusation (cf. Marston 183) that the Regency were by and large "secret society men," belonging either to fraternal lodges or meeting in secret outside of Conference meetings in order to bully through policy and resolutions during official Conference meetings. This caused great trouble for Roberts who published the article "New School Methodism" in The Northern Independent, a religious news journal, just days before the 1857 Annual Conference met. In the article, Roberts cited exactly where he believed the present day Methodist Episcopal Church to have deviated from its Wesleyan heritage.

In 1857, the Annual Conference of Genesee convened in LeRoy, NY. Ecclesiastical charges were brought against Roberts. All of his attempts at appeal, trial by committee, or trial in civil court of law were denied. Roberts was convicted of "immoral and unchristian conduct." (Marston, 194) Roberts was not the only Methodist minister to be formally charged by the Genesee Conference in this period, all done so in an avowed effort to stamp out "Naziritism" (i.e. the minority-power reform movement). Though formally reproved, however, Roberts was surprisingly appointed to a new charge in Pekin, NY.

While in Pekin, a local preacher named George W. Estes republished Roberts' "New School Methodism" in pamphlet form, including with it documentation of Roberts' trial at the 1857 Annual Conference. (Marston, 197) This was perceived by Conference leadership as a defiance by Roberts of his previous reproof. The Annual Conference met in Perry, NY in 1858 at which time Roberts was once again tried and found guilty. He was formally stripped of his ordination but remained a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church as a layman on probation. During the ensuing year, Roberts supported his family as a traveling preacher as he and the reform movement in general had a healthy following among Methodist laity. This support was demonstrated by a number of local church resolutions within the Genesee Conference, condemning the actions of the Conference leadership in its treatment of Roberts.

The idea of separating from the Methodist Episcopal Church had entered the mind of some reformers and had already produced denominational offspring, both in America and in England. However, Roberts attempted to avoid secession, waiting during his probation period to appeal his case directly to the General Conference of the MEC to be held in 1860. Various "free" Methodist churches, independent of the MEC, were formed prior to Roberts' formation and organization of an official denomination named "Free Methodist."

Formation of the Free Methodist Church With J. W. Redfield and others, he formed the Free Methodist Church of North America at an organizational conference at Pekin, New York in 1860. That same year he founded a magazine, the Earnest Christian. In 1866 he founded Chili Seminary in North Chili, New York, which today is known as Roberts Wesleyan University

in his honor. He was general superintendent of the Free Methodist Church from 1860 to 1893. He traveled extensively and was a frequent speaker at Holiness camp meetings.
Roberts was a staunch abolitionist and early Free Methodists derived their name in part from their opposition to slavery. Many of the early Free Methodists were active in the operation of the Underground Railroad. They were highly critical of the Methodist Episcopal Church, from which many of them had come, because it did not boldly denounce slavery.

Another "freedom" Roberts advocated was the practice of using freewill offerings for church support. They were critical of the Methodist practice of pew rentals, which expressed the social prestige of those who rented the most expensive pews. After the separation of the Free Methodists, the Methodist Episcopal Church abolished pew rentals.

Seventeen years after his death, the Methodists returned his ministerial papers to his son, and formally acknowledged that they had wronged him.

Bibliography
Howard A. Snyder. Populist Saints: B. T. and Ellen Roberts and the First Free Methodists. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006). Howard Snyder's detailed new biography views key nineteenth-century currents and events through the lives of these two extraordinary figures, who taught a "holy populism" of simplicity, justice for the common people, and radical discipleship. Snyder is professor of the history and theology of mission at Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky.
Leslie Ray Marston, From Age to Age, A Living Witness: Free Methodism's First Century (Indianapolis: Light and Life Communications, 1997).
Benson Howard Roberts. Benjamin Titus Roberts : a biography by his son (North Chili, New York: "The Earnest Christian" Office, 1900).
W. T. Hogue, History of the Free Methodist Church, 2 vols. (Winona Lake: Free Methodist Publishing House, 1907)
Rick McPeak, Earnest Christianity: The Practical Theology of Benjamin Titus Roberts, Doctoral dissertation at St. Louis University, 2001.
Douglas Cullum, Rhythms of Life, Contours of Faith: Church, Home, and Society Among Early Free Methodists, Doctoral dissertation at Drew University
Several of B. T. Roberts' writings are available in electronic form free to the public. One can find his Ordination of Women and First Lessons on Money, as well as links to other Roberts' and Free Methodist texts at the official website of the Free Methodist Church of North America.  Look under "Resources" at the official site, found at the following HTML address: http://www.freemethodistchurch.org
One can also find The Life and Works of B. T. Roberts by his son Benson H. Roberts at http://ccel.org/ccel/roberts_bh/holiness.html

External links
 BT Roberts Quotes, Matt Walter

1823 births
1893 deaths
Free Methodist Church
American Methodist bishops
Wesleyan University alumni
Roberts Wesleyan University
Free Methodist bishops
Arminian ministers
People from Chili, New York
People from Genesee County, New York
People from Pike, New York
People from Brockport, New York
Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church
19th-century American clergy

B. T. Roberts


الصفة السائدة في علم الوراثة هي علاقة بين أليلات مورثة ما، حيث أن أليلًا واحدًا يظهر على حساب أليل آخر في الموقع الكروموسومي ذاته. الأليل الأول يسمى سائدًا والأليل الثاني يسمى متنحيًا.

بالنسبة لأي صبغي جسمي (أي صبغي ما عدا الصبغي الجنسي)، فإن كل أليل والصفات المرتبطة به إما أن تكون صبغية جسمية سائدة أو تكون صبغية جسمية متنحية.

بالنسبة للصبغيات الجنسية والصفات المتعلقة بها، فإما أن تكون سائدة مرتبطة بالصبغي X، أو متنحية مرتبطة بالصبغي X، أو مرتبطة بالصبغي Y، وتتميز بنماذج وراثية وظاهرية تعتمد على جنس كل من الوالدين والطفل (اقرأ الترابط الجنسي). نظرًا لوجود نسخة وحيدة من الصبغي Y فقط، لا يمكن للصفات المرتبطة بهذا الصبغي أن تكون سائدة أو متنحية. علاوةً على ذلك، توجد أنماط أخرى من السيادة، مثل السيادة الناقصة، والتي يكون فيها تأثير أليل المورثة جزئيًا مقارنةً بتأثيره عندما يتواجد على كلا الصبغيين، والسيادة المشتركة، التي تُظهر فيها الألائل المختلفة على كلا الصبغيين الصفات المرتبطة بها في آن واحد.

لا تكون السيادة متأصلة في أليل ما أو الصفات المرتبطة به (نمطه الظاهري)، وإنما تُعتبر تأثيرًا نسبيًا محصورًا بين أليلي مورثة ما أيًا كانت وظيفتها، فقد يكون الأليل الواحد سائدًا على أليل ثانٍ للمورثة ذاتها، ومتنحيًا لأليل ثالث ومتشاركًا بالسيادة مع آخر رابع، بالإضافة إلى أن الأليل الواحد قد يكون سائدًا فيما يخص نمطًا ظاهريًا واحدًا دونًا عن الأنماط الأخرى.

السيادة مفهوم أساس في الوراثة المندلية وعلم الوراثة الكلاسيكي. تُستخدم الأحرف ومربعات بانيت لتوضيح مبادئ السيادة، ومن المتفق على نطاق واسع استخدام الأحرف الكبيرة للألائل السائدة والصغيرة للمتنحية. تُعتبر وراثة شكل بذور البازلاء مثالًا كلاسيكيًا على السيادة، فقد تكون مدوّرة مرتبطة بالأليل R، أو مجعدة مرتبطة بالأليل r، وفي هذه الحالة يُحتمل وجود ثلاث توليفات من الألائل (الأنماط الوراثية)، وهي RR، وRr، وrr. يُنتج النمط الوراثي RR (متماثل الألائل) بازلاء مدوّرة، بينما يعطي النمط rr بازلاء مجعدة، أما في النمط الوراثي Rr (متغاير الألائل)، يحجب الأليل R وجود نظيره r، ما يُنتج أيضًا بازلاء مدوّرة، وبالتالي يُعتبر الأليل R سائدًا على الأليل r، والأخير متنحيًا للأول.

تختلف السيادة عن الروكبة، والتي تتمثل بكبت أليل مورثة ما تأثير ألائل مورثة مختلفة.

خلفية
كان غريغور يوهان مندل الملقب بـ«أبي الوراثيات» أول من قدم مفهوم السيادة، ورغم أنه استخدم هذا المصطلح لأول مرة في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر، فإنه لم ينتشر على نطاق واسع حتى أوائل القرن العشرين. لاحظ مندل وجود نمطين ظاهريين متفردين لدى العديد من صفات بازلاء الحديقة المتعلقة بمظهر البذور، وقرون البذور والنباتات، مثل البذور المدوّرة مقابل المجعدة، والصفراء مقابل الخضراء، والأزهار الحمراء مقابل البيضاء، أو النباتات الطويلة مقابل القصيرة. أنتجت النباتات عندما جرت مناسلتها بشكل منفصل الأنماط الظاهرية نفسها دومًا، ولكن عندما هُجّنت بسلالات ذات أنماط ظاهرية مختلفة، لم يظهر إلا نمط واحد من الأنماط الظاهرية الأبوية لدى النسل (أخضر، أو مدوّر، أو أحمر أو طويل)، ولكن عندما هُجّنت هذه النباتات الهجينة نفسها، أظهرت أنسالها نمطين ظاهريين أصليين، بنسبة مميزة قدرها 3:1، وقد عاد النمط الظاهري الغالب للنباتات الأبوية الهجينة. استنتج مندل أن كلًا من الأبوين في عملية التهجين الأولى كان متماثل الألائل، ولكن ألائله اختلفت عن الآخر (أي كان النمط الوراثي لأحد الأبوين AA، والآخر aa)، وبالتالي ساهم كل منهما بأليل واحد في النسل، فكان جميع أفراد هذا النسل متغايري الألائل (Aa)، وساد أحد هذين الأليلين على الآخر: فكبت A نظيره a. سينتج بالتالي عن التهجين الأخير بين زيجوتين متغايري الألائل (Aa مع Aa) الأنماط الوراثية التالية: AA، Aa وaa بالنسبة الوراثية 1:2:1، فيبدي أول نمطين منهما النمط الظاهري الخاص بالأليل السائد (A) بينما يعبر الأخير عن النمط الظاهري الخاص بـ(a)، فتنتج النسبة الظاهرية 3:1.

لم يستخدم مندل أيًا من مصطلحات المورثة، أو الأليل، أو النمط الظاهري، أو النمط الوراثي، أو متماثل الألائل أو متغاير الألائل، فقد قُدمت جميعها لاحقًا، ولكنه قدّم بالفعل رموز الأحرف الكبيرة والصغيرة للدلالة على الألائل السائدة والمتنحية على التوالي، ولا تزال تُستخدم حتى اليوم.

في عام 1928، اقترح عالم الوراثيات السكانية البريطاني رونالد فيشر أن السيادة تعمل اعتمادًا على الاصطفاء الطبيعي من خلال مساهمة المورثات المعدِّلة، ورد عليه عالم الوراثيات الأمريكي سيوال رايت عام 1929 بقوله إن السيادة هي ببساطة نتيجة فيزيولوجية للسبل الاستقلابية والمورثات المتعلقة بها، وقد أصبح تفسير رايت حقيقة ثابتة في علم الوراثة، ولكن قد تتأثر سيادة بعض الصفات بالآليات التطورية.

السيادة

سيادة تامة
في السيادة التامة، يحجب تأثير أحد الأليلين في النمط الوراثي متغاير الألائل تأثير الآخر بشكل تام، فيُعتبر الأليل الحاجب سائدًا على الآخر، والأليل المحجوب متنحيًا للأول، وبالتالي تعني السيادة التامة أن النمط الظاهري للزيجوت متغاير الألائل مطابق تمامًا لذاك الخاص بالزيجوت السائد متماثل الألائل.

سيادة ناقصة
تحدث السيادة الناقصة (والتي تدعى أيضًا بالجزئية أو المتوسطة أو النصفية) عندما يكون النمط الظاهري للزيجوت متغاير الألائل مختلفًا عن الأنماط الظاهرية للزيجوتات متماثلة الألائل (وغالبًا وسطيًا بينها)، فعلى سبيل المثال، يكون اللونان الأحمر والأبيض لزهرة نبات أنف العجل متماثلي الألائل، فعندما تُناسل الزهرة الحمراء متماثلة الألائل مع الزهرة البيضاء متماثلة الألائل، تنتج زهرة وردية، وهي محصلة للسيادة الناقصة.

سيادة مشتركة
تحدث السيادة المشتركة عندما تتجلى مساهمة كلا الأليلين في النمط الظاهري.

على سبيل المثال، في نظام الزمرة الدموية (ABO)، تتحكم ثلاثة ألائل بالتعديل الكيميائي لغليكوبروتين (المستضد H) على أسطح كريات الدم، ويتشارك أليلان منهما بالسيادة بالنسبة لبعضهما (IA و IB)، ويسودان على الأليل المتنحي (i) في موضع المورثة (ABO). يُنتج الأليلان IA و IBتعديلات مختلفة، إذ يضيف الإنزيم الذي يرمز له الأليل IA N-أسيتيل-غالاكتوزأمين للمستضد H المرتبط بالغشاء، بينما يضيف إنزيم الأليل  IBمركب غالاكتوز، أما الأليل i فلا يعطي أي تعديلات، وبالتالي يكون كلا الأليلين IA و IBسائدًا عليه (فالأفراد الحاملون لأي من النمطين الوراثيين IAIA و IAi تكون زمرتهم الدموية A، والأفراد الحاملون لأي من النمطين الوراثيين IBIB و  IBiتكون زمرتهم الدموية B، ولكن أصحاب النمط الوراثي  IAIBيمتلكون كلا التعديلين على خلاياهم الدموية، وبالتالي تكون زمرتهم الدموية من النمط AB، لذا يُعتبر الأليلان IA و IB سائدين مشتركين.

انظر أيضا

 صفة متنحية
 وراثة متنحية مرتبطة بـX
 وراثة سائدة مرتبطة بـX

مراجع

اضطرابات جسدية سائدة
علم الوراثة الكلاسيكي
علم وراثة كمومي

سيادة (وراثة)


Femboy () é um termo moderno usado para se referir a indivíduos, geralmente mas não exclusivamente homens, que se expressam em comportamentos estereotipados femininos. Pode ser o uso de joias, roupas e maquiagem femininas, bem como a manifestação de sensibilidade e vulnerabilidade emocional. O termo em si não denota uma orientação sexual específica ou papel de gênero.

O termo femboy surgiu na década de 1990, usado como um insulto dirigido às pessoas que traíam, mas também como um termo positivo/autodescritivo dentro da comunidade LGBT. Os femboys se tornaram um arquétipo que ganhou visibilidade online em 2019 e 2020, tanto em contextos sexuais como nos gêneros devido a tendências como a "Femboy Friday", onde femboys publicam fotos destacadas (e até sexuais) durante uma sexta-feira.

Termo
O termo "femboy" ( ou "fem boi") vem da combinação das palavras "feminine" (feminino) e "boy" (menino) na língua inglesa. A palavra "femboy" é usada para descrever homens que expressam sua identidade de gênero por meio da escolha de traços femininos de comportamento, estilo de roupa e aparência, desafiando os limites comportamentais tradicionais que tradicionalmente atribuem masculinidade e heterossexualidade aos homens.

O termo "femboy" tornou-se mais popular no Japão nas culturas de anime e mangá, onde é usado para descrever homens com traços femininos em comportamento e aparência. Mais tarde, o termo se espalhou para outros países e encontrou seu lugar na cultura da Internet, blogs e redes sociais, onde femboys compartilham suas fotos e informações sobre suas vidas.

Críticas
Alguns críticos argumentam que os femboys são frequentemente confundidos com membros da comunidade LGBT, enquanto a maioria pode se identificar como homens heterossexuais. Também foi sugerido que os femboys usam a identidade de gênero como um meio de atrair a atenção e criar uma imagem única.

Em sociedades conservadoras, femboys podem enfrentar condenação e discriminação. Além disso, alguns críticos argumentaram que os femboys reforçam os estereótipos de masculinidade e de feminilidade. Isso pode criar problemas de igualdade de gênero e exacerbar as desigualdades.

Entre as correntes de extrema-direita extra-parlamentares ocidentais (alt-right), os femboys são apresentados como uma ilustração da teoria da conspiração de que leites e óleos vegetais saturados com estrogênio surgiram como resultado do plano da elite globalista de feminilizar a sociedade.

Alguns pesquisadores argumentam que a subcultura femboy confunde os limites da masculinidade normativa, capacitando homens cisgêneros brancos a obter privilégios sociais, pois eles têm o poder de criar conteúdo culturalmente feminino nas mídias sociais, como vídeos de dança e trilhas sonoras, e obter benefícios adicionais. sua imagem híbrida, atraente não só do ponto de vista da masculinidade, mas também do ponto de vista da beleza pessoal, antes considerada domínio da superioridade feminina.

Visibilidade

A cultura femboy começou a tomar forma nos Estados Unidos na década de 1990, e isso se sabe por fontes confiáveis. posteriormente, estendeu-se ao Japão e à Coreia do Sul, onde é especialmente popular na indústria da música e do entretenimento.

Em 2013, o Pornhub introduziu uma categoria separada dedicada a femboys e, desde então, o interesse pelo termo cresceu significativamente. A comunidade também está visível no Reddit e TikTok.

Ver também

 Efeminação
 Femminiello
 Sissy (termo)
 Soy boy
 Tomboy

Gênero
LGBTQIA+
Gírias
Palavras, frases e expressões em inglês
Tribos urbanas
Cross-dressing

Femboy


San Fermin Festivali, Kuzey İspanya'daki Pamplona şehrinde her yıl 6 Temmuz ile 14 Temmuz arasında düzenlenen geçmişi eskilere dayanan bir kutlamadır. Bu kutlamada en önemli aktivite encierro yani boğaların koşması olmakla beraber festival hafta boyunca süren birçok diğer geleneksel etkinlikleri de kapsar. Yerel dilde Sanfermines olarak bilinir ve bu festival bir bütün olarak Pamplona ve Navarre'nin koruyucu meleği olan San Fermin onuruna düzenlenir. Festivalde yaşananlar Amerikalı yazar Ernest Hemingway'in Güneş de Doğar adlı eserinin merkezinde yer alır. San Fermin Festivali, muhtemelen İspanya'da yapılan festivaller arasında uluslararası arenada en çok tanınan festivaldir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi olmayan San Fermin websitesi   ve
 San Fermin Festivali için Resmi Rehberlik
 San Ferminle alakalı Galeri
 San Fermin Websitesi ve Encierro
 Pamplona'da yapılan 2006 San Fermin Festivalinden fotoğraflar

Temmuz olayları
İspanya'daki festivaller
Pamplona

San Fermin Festivali


Dødzforelsket er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012, der er instrueret af Karoline Toft Lund efter manuskript af Lasse Lyskjær Noer.

Handling
Adam - soldat og zombiejæger, vender tilbage til sin hjemstavn, for at blive gift med sit livs udkårne - Julie. Adam opdager, måske for sent, at den fjende han har bekæmpet ude, åbenbart er tilstede overalt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

Dødzforelsket


Der Kriegsbergtunnel ist ein 579,02 Meter langer Eisenbahntunnel der Bahnstrecke Stuttgart–Horb im Stadtgebiet von Stuttgart. Er liegt zwischen den Streckenkilometern 4,485 und 5,064.

Die Überdeckung liegt größtenteils bei rund 40 m und erreicht in der Spitze 45 m.

Der Gleismittenabstand liegt bei 3,65 m. Die Gleise liegen in einer Geraden. Sie sind planmäßig mit bis zu 90 km/h befahrbar.

Sicherheitsräume oder Sicherheitsbeleuchtung sind nicht vorhanden.

Geschichte
Das Bauwerk wurde in den Jahren 1875 und 1876 errichtet und durchquert Gipsmergel des Gipskeupers (Grabfeld-Formation) im Mittelkeuper.

Kurz nach der Herstellung des Tunnels wurde bereichsweise ein größerer Gebirgsdruck und Wasserandrang festgestellt. Darauf wurden in den Jahren von 1894 bis 1914 Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Unter anderem wurde Sohlgewölbe aus Beton im Bereich km 3,872 bis km 3,940 eingebaut sowie die Hinterpressungen des Mauerwerks mit Zement durchgeführt und eine nachträglich eine Rückenabdichtung eingebaut.

In den Jahren 1994 und 1995 wurde das Sohlgewölbe saniert und dabei 1996 auch eine Feste Fahrbahn eingebaut. Das Mauerwerk wurde in den Jahren 2011 und 2013 umfassend instand gesetzt. Das Bauwerk soll im Zuge des Projekts Stuttgart 21 stillgelegt werden.

Der Tunnel wird täglich, in Summe beider Richtungen, von 14 Zügen des Personenfernverkehrs, 36 Zügen des Regionalverkehrs, einem S-Bahn-Leerzug sowie fünf sonstigen Zügen befahren (Stand: 2014).

Auf der vierstufigen Zustandsnoten-Skala von DB Netz war das Bauwerk in den Jahren 2008, 2014 und 2017 jeweils in die Kategorie 3 eingestuft ("Umfangreiche Schäden am Bauwerksteil, welche die Standsicherheit nicht beeinflussen. Eine Instandsetzung ist noch möglich, ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit zu prüfen."). Laut einer Bauwerksbegutachtung aus dem Jahr 2015 wird auch für das Jahr 2033 noch die Zustandskategorie 3 erwartet.

Weblinks
 Der Kriegsbergtunnel der Gäubahn

Einzelnachweise

Eisenbahntunnel in Baden-Württemberg
Tunnel in Stuttgart
Stuttgart 21
Erbaut in den 1870er Jahren
Bahnstrecke Stuttgart–Horb
Tunnel in Europa

Kriegsbergtunnel


روابط إضافية

 Alize Cornet Official Website

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من نيس
قضايا منشطات في كرة المضرب
لاعبات كرة مضرب فرنسيات
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من فرنسا
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2020
مواليد 1990
مواليد في نيس

أليز كورنيه


Les championnats d'Asie d'escrime 2022, vingt-quatrième édition des championnats d'Asie d'escrime, ont lieu du 10 au 15 juin 2022 à Séoul, en Corée du Sud. La capitale du pays accueille ces championnats pour la quatrième fois.

Nations participantes

Médaillés

Épée

Messieurs

Individuel

Par équipes

Dames

Individuel

Par équipes

Fleuret

Messieurs

Individuel

Par équipes

Dames

Individuel

Par équipes

Sabre

Messieurs

Individuel

Par équipes

Dames

Individuel

Par équipes

Tableau des médailles

Lien interne
 Coupe du monde d'escrime 2021-2022

Lien externe
Résultats sur le site engarde-service.com.

2022
Escrime
Asie
Sport en Corée du Sud en 2022
Escrime 2022
Escrime en Corée du Sud
Sport en juin 2022

Championnats d'Asie d'escrime 2022


හාරිස්පත්තුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මධ්‍යම පළාතේ මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි. කොට්ඨාසයේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කි.මි.65 කි. ග්‍රාම නිළධාරි වසම් ගණන 84 කි.

ජනගහනය
කොට්ඨා‍ශයේ මුළු ජනගහනය ( 2011 ) 93,699 ක් විය.

ජාතිය අනුව
සිංහල 80,006
මුස්ලිම් 10,825
දෙමළ 2,680
බර්ගර් 19
වෙනත් 169

ආර්ථිකය
ප්‍රධාන ලෙස කෘෂි කාර්මික ආර්ථික රටාවක් පවති. ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික භෝග ලෙස ගම්මිරිස්, කරාඹු, සාදික්කා, යන සුළු අපනයන භෝග වගාව ව්‍යාප්තව පවතී. තේ, කෙසෙල්, එළවඵ වගාව සහ කිතුල් ආශ්‍රිත නිෂ්පාදනද දැකිය හැක.

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්
ආර්.එම්.පී.එස්.බී.රත්නායක මයා වර්ථමාන ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් ( 2012.08.07 සිට )

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Divisional Secretariats Portal

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
මහනුවර පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

හාරිස්පත්තුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය


Middelalderborgens udvikling er en britisk dokumentarfilm fra 1949.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Storbritannien
Britiske film fra 1949

Middelalderborgens udvikling


Le cairn de Kerleven, est un cairn dolménique situé sur la commune de La Forêt-Fouesnant, dans le département français du Finistère. Il est constitué de deux cairns accolés construit successivement. L'ensemble ainsi constitué comporte trois chambres précédées d'un couloir.

Historique

Le site était connu mais ne figurait pourtant pas dans les premiers inventaires dressés au . En 1937, Pierre-Roland Giot dresse un croquis des dalles visibles en surface, mais peu à peu envahit par les broussailles, l'édifice devient invisible au point qu'on le croît momentanément disparu. En 1960, le nouveau propriétaire du terrain décide d'y installer un camping et lors des travaux de terrassement réalisés sur place, l'édifice est redécouvert par accident, son sommet est nivelé et la partie occidentale du cairn est pratiquement totalement détruite. Avec l'accord du propriétaire, trois campagnes de fouilles y sont menées de 1961 à 1965 et l'édifice a bénéficié d'une restauration partielle en fin d'opération.

Le site est classé au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 15 avril 1965.

Architecture
Le cairn a été élevé au sommet d'un promontoire dominant le fond de la baie de la Forêt. Il est de forme sub-trapézoïdale, orienté selon un axe ouest-nord-ouest/est-sud-est. Le cairn est ceinturé par des murs de parement en pierres sèches. L'existence de murs de parement internes au cairn indique que l'ensemble actuel fut construit en deux étapes : un premier cairn, correspondant à l'extrémité occidentale de l'ensemble, fut construit, sur lequel vint s'appuyer un second cairn édifié par la suite. Si les dimensions d'origine de l'ensemble ainsi constitué demeurent incertaines, compte tenu de la destruction quasi-intégrale du premier cairn, elles pourraient avoir atteint environ  de largeur sur  de longueur. L'ensemble comprend trois chambres à couloir : une unique chambre (dénommée chambre A par les fouilleurs) dans le premier cairn et deux chambres dans le second cairn (dénommées B et C). Les couloirs pourraient à l'origine avoir été couvert avec des dalles en migmatite d'origine locale, par contre ce type de couverture doit être exclu pour les chambres qui devaient bénéficier d'un type d'encorbellement bas spécifique. La chambre C fut ainsi découverte entièrement comblée par des pierrailles sans ordre, ce qui pourrait correspondre à l'effondrement de l'encorbellement la recouvrant à l'origine.

Avec ses petites chambres symétriques, le monument présente des affinités architecturales avec les tumulus mégalithiques du Morbihan (Gavrinis, Petit Mont, Mané-Carnaplaye, Roc-en-Aud) alors que l'existence de compartiments internes rappellent ceux observés dans d'autres sites mégalithiques du sud-Finistère (Menez Goarem ar Feunteun, Pointe du Souc'h).

Premier cairn

Il n'en demeure que le côté est et une partie de la façade sud. Il devait avoir à l'origine une forme à peu près carrée et mesurer environ  de chaque côté. L'angle sud-est, le seul subsistant, est arrondi. La façade sud comporte un seul mur de parement tandis que la façade est en comporte deux. Il renferme une seule chambre, dont il ne subsiste que l'angle sud-est et une partie du couloir d'accès, qui devait avoir une forme quadrangulaire. Le couloir d'accès est délimité par une alternance de murets en plaquettes et d'orthostates. Le sol comporte un dallage constitué de trois longues dalles disposées perpendiculairement à l'axe du couloir.

Deuxième cairn

Sa forme s'apparente à celle d'un trapèze irrégulier, dont la grande base serait située au sud (environ  de longueur) avec des côtés ouest et est mesurant respectivement environ  de longueur et  de longueur. Sur la façade sud, le mur de parement externe est doublé à environ  de distance par un second mur interne. Le côté nord, en partie détruit, comportait un parement de type assez grossier, quant au côté est, il a été entièrement détruit.

Les deux chambres B et C furent construites à la même époque, elles ne sont séparées que par une mince cloison de  d'épaisseur. Leur architecture est très similaire. Les deux couloirs sont parallèles (orientés à 195°), plus étroits à l'entrée (respectivement  et  de large) qu'au débouché sur la chambre ( et ). Les couloirs se prolongent à l'intérieur des chambres, tout particulièrement dans la chambre C, formant des compartiments internes. La chambre B mesure  de long sur  de large. Elle comporte une cellule adventice bien distincte dans l'angle nord-ouest, en forme de pentagone irrégulier ( de long sur  de large), avec une entrée étroite ( de large) encadrée par deux dalles verticales. D'autres compartiments internes, désormais détruits, peuvent avoir existé à l'origine.

La chambre C est la mieux conservée, notamment dans son angle sud-est. D'après les dalles encore debout, on peut ainsi estimer la hauteur minimale de cette chambre à  et celle de son couloir à . Ce dernier est délimité sur toute sa longueur par de nombreux orthostates pratiquement jointifs. Il se prolonge sur  de longueur à l'intérieur de la chambre. Celle-ci est de forme trapézoïdale :  de long côté couloir et  de long en fond de chambre sur  de profondeur. Elle comporte trois compartiments bien distincts dans les coins sud-ouest, nord-ouest et sud-est. Le coin nord-est n'est pas aussi bien délimité mais il est précédé de trois piliers disposés en arc de cercle. Il est à noter que si on prolongeait cet arc de cercle, ses extrémités sud correspondraient très approximativement aux deux dernières dalles du couloir. Cette structure ainsi complète pourrait, à l'origine, avoir formé, au niveau du sol, un genre de hall desservant les autres compartiments de la chambre, et, au niveau du plafond, avoir contribué au support de linteaux sur lesquels reposaient transversalement des dalles de couverture ou un encorbellement. Le compartiment sud-est comportait un dallage constitué de petites dalles en micaschiste. Une grande dalle échancrée en migmatite, comportant des traces de façonnage, et une autre plus petite, toutes deux trouvées à l'entrée de la chambre pourraient correspondre à deux éléments de la fermeture de la chambre du type « chatière + opercule », système que l'on retrouve, dans le Finistère uniquement à la Pointe du Souc'h, mais couramment dans les édifices mégalithiques du sud de la France.

Matériel archéologique et datation
L'essentiel du matériel archéologique a été découvert devant l'entrée des trois chambres, provenant probablement des déblais de pillages antérieurs, et, dans une moindre mesure, dispersé dans la pierraille du cairn. La fouille de la chambre A n'a pratiquement livré aucun matériel. .

La céramique retrouvée correspond à des tessons de vases à fond rond et pâte noire, généralement fine, et des tessons plus petits à pâte rouge. L'ensemble est assez homogène et correspond à des vases « bien façonnés, bien lissés, et la pâte est généralement de bonne qualité ». On peut y distinguer les fragments d'un vase de type « brûle-parfum » souvent présent dans les tombes datées du Chasséen de l'Ouest de la France, peu courant dans le Finistère mais plus fréquent dans le Morbihan et le Centre-ouest. Les tessons plus grossiers découverts dans les niveaux supérieurs du cairn et « nettement apparentés à la poterie de Kerugou » peuvent correspondre à une fréquentation ultérieure du site sans réutilisation des chambres.

Le matériel lithique est assez pauvre, il comprend de petits éclats de silex et de quartzite, de petites lames en silex, une hache polie en roche verte et un fragment de hache polie en dolérite de « type A ». Ces haches appartiennent à une époque plus tardive que la céramique découverte et comme elles ont été retrouvées uniquement dans la tombe B, elles pourraient correspondre à une réutilisation plus tardive de cette seule chambre.

Une perle en verre bleu est l'unique élément de parure découvert sur le site.

« Le mobilier funéraire de Kerleven, par bien des points, s'apparente aux mobiliers des nécropoles de Kervadel-Kervinion et du Souc'h ». Une datation au Carbone 14 d'un charbon de bois recueilli dans l'angle sud-est de la chambre A indique une période autour de 2875 av. J.-C. (+/- 125) compatible avec le mobilier céramique découvert et le style architectural des tombes.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Finistère
 Liste des monuments historiques du Finistère

Liens externes

Site mégalithique dans le Finistère
Kervelen
Monument historique dans le Finistère
Monument historique classé en 1965

Cairn de Kerleven


The Duchy of Cornwall () is one of two royal duchies in England, the other being the Duchy of Lancaster. The eldest son of the reigning British monarch obtains possession of the duchy and the title of Duke of Cornwall at birth or when his parent succeeds to the throne, but may not sell assets for personal benefit and has limited rights and income while a minor.

The current duke is Prince William. When the monarch has no male children, the rights and responsibilities of the duchy revert to the Crown.

The Duchy Council, called the Prince's Council, meets twice a year and is chaired by the duke. The Prince's Council is a non-executive body which provides advice to the duke with regard to the management of the duchy. The duchy also exercises certain legal rights and privileges across Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, including some that elsewhere in England belong to the Crown. The duke appoints a number of officials in the county and acts as the port authority for the main harbour of the Isles of Scilly.

The government considers the duchy to be a crown body and therefore exempt from paying corporation tax. The tax exempt status of the duchy has been challenged. From 1993 to his accession to the throne in 2022, Prince Charles, the Duke of Cornwall, paid income tax voluntarily on the surplus of the Duchy of Cornwall, after official expenditure had been deducted at the highest rate.

Financial arrangements
The principal activity of the duchy is the management of its land holdings in England of . This includes  of land in Cornwall itself which comprises 13% of the whole Duchy estate. Half of the estate is on Dartmoor in Devon, with other large holdings in Herefordshire, Somerset and almost all of the Isles of Scilly. The duchy also has a portfolio of financial investments.

The administration of the duchy is regulated by the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall (Accounts) Act 1838, which requires the Treasury's supervision and for the accounts to be presented to both Houses of Parliament.

The duchy has special legal rights, such as the rules on bona vacantia. This right to ownerless property operates in favour of the duchy rather than the Crown, such that the property of anyone who dies in the county of Cornwall without a will or identifiable heirs, and assets belonging to dissolved companies whose registered office was in Cornwall, pass to the duchy. In 2007, £130,000 was realised from the right of bona vacantia, and given to a charitable fund.

The duchy was created with the express purpose of providing income to the heir apparent to the throne; however, the terms of the original creation limit the title Duke of Cornwall to the eldest son of the monarch if, and only if, that son is also the heir-apparent; since 2015, the eldest child (regardless of sex) of the monarch would usually be the heir-apparent, but no change has been made to allow an eldest daughter to take the title Duchess of Cornwall. The Duke of Cornwall has the 'interest in possession' of the duchy's assets (such as estates) which means they enjoy its net income, do not have its outright ownership and do not have the right to sell capital assets for their own benefit.

In 1913 the government law officers gave an opinion that the Duke of Cornwall is not liable to taxation on income from the Duchy. However, from 1993 to his accession to the throne in 2022, Prince Charles voluntarily agreed to pay income tax at the normal rates (see Finances of the British Royal Family).

Since the coming into force of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011, revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall will pass to the heir to the throne, regardless of whether that heir is the Duke of Cornwall. In the event that the heir is a minor, 10% of the revenues will pass to the heir, with the balance passing to the Crown.

The duchy generated an income of £21.7m in 2017–18. This paid for most of the official and charitable activities of the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall, as well as the official offices of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry.

History
The duchy was established on 17 March 1337 by the Royal Great Charter out of the former Earldom of Cornwall by Edward III for his son, Edward, Prince of Wales, the "Black Prince", who became the first Duke of Cornwall.

The charter established that the Duke of Cornwall is to be the eldest surviving son of the monarch and the heir to the throne. Additional charters were issued later by Edward III. The duchy consisted of the title and honour, and the land holdings that supported it financially. The charter afforded the duke certain rights and responsibilities in the county, including the right to appoint the county's sheriff and to the profits from the county courts, the stannaries and the ports. The duchy estate, which was based on the holdings of the previous earls, did not comprise the whole of the county, and much of it lay outside Cornwall. The extent of the estate has varied as various holdings have been sold and others acquired over the years, both within Cornwall and in other counties.

Under the charter, the manors of the earldom passed to the duchy. The original 17 manors, all in Cornwall, are known as the antiqua maneria. Those outside Cornwall given to the duchy at its creation are known as the forinseca maneria (foreign manors), with estates incorporated later becoming known as the annexata maneria.

The first duke ordered a survey called "The Caption of Seisin of the Duchy of Cornwall" in May 1337 to determine the extent of duchy holdings of Cornish land including manors, castles and knights' fees, profits from the stannary courts and shrievalty of Cornwall, and other revenues.

A subsequent charter of Henry IV to Prince Henry stated:
We have made and created Henry our most dear first-begotten Son, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester, and have given and granted, and by our Charter have confirmed to him the said Principality, Duchy, and Earldom, that he may preside there, and by presiding, may direct and defend the said parts. We have invested him with the said Principality, Duchy, and Earldom, per sertum in capite et annulum in digito aureum ac virgam auream juxta morem.

With the death of Prince Arthur in 1502, the Prince's Council became defunct. From 1547 to 1603, there was no male royal heir to hold the title of duke, and the duchy reverted to the Crown, in effect becoming a department of the Exchequer. The council was revived in 1611 to deal with a food crisis.

The duchy in the Interregnum, 1649–1660
On the death of King Charles I, the Crown lands came under the control of Parliament; this lasted until the restoration of King Charles II in 1660.

Post-Interregnum

In 1830, the Whigs argued that revenues from the two duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster should go to the public, but to secure King William IV's support for the Reform Act 1832 they eventually approved the civil list and left the duchies in possession of the royal family. Parliament debated the two duchies' ownership multiple times, including when Queen Victoria and King Edward VII ascended the throne, respectively. In 1936, leader of the opposition Clement Attlee introduced an amendment to the civil list bill which would have seen the duchies surrendered in exchange for an adjusted annual sum of money tied to the actual cost of royal functions, but the amendment was defeated. In 1971, a private member's bill to nationalise the duchy was defeated, but more than 100 MPs supported it.

Upon Queen Elizabeth II's ascension to the throne, the then Prince Charles began receiving £209,000 from the duchy, with duchy authorities stating that it was spent towards his "maintenance and education". In 1969, the government acknowledged that his duchy income was "considerably in excess of his current expenses".

In 1975, Prince Charles established the Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund to benefit south west communities, with revenue coming from the net proceeds from Cornwall bona vacantia. In August 1980 the Highgrove estate was purchased by the Duchy of Cornwall for a figure believed to be between £800,000 and £1,000,000 with funds raised for its purchase by the sale of three properties from the duchy's holdings, including part of the village of Daglingworth in Gloucestershire.

In 1988, West Dorset District Council allocated land in the ducal estate, west of Dorchester, for housing development, which became known as Poundbury. The Duchy Originals company was set up in 1992 to use produce from farms on the ducal estate, with some proceeds going to his charities. Duchy Originals was licensed out to Waitrose in 2009 after losses in 2008. In 2006, Llwynywermod was purchased by the Duchy as a residence for the Duke in Wales.

In 1995, the duchy granted a 99-year lease of the uninhabited islets of the Isles of Scilly, plus the untenanted land on the five inhabited islands, to the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust for an annual payment of a single daffodil. On 7 February 2005, the Duchy of Cornwall's finances came under public scrutiny by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee.

Under the Land Registration Act 2002, the Duchy was required by October 2013 to have filed with the Land Registry mineral rights given to the Duchy in 1337. Some land owners of Talskiddy were surprised that these rights would be expressly inserted into their registers of title upon being informed of the filing in February 2012.

In January 2012, the Duchy purchased a warehouse at Milton Keynes from Waitrose. The Duchy was involved in the Truro Eastern District Centre (TEDC) project. The TEDC project would see a park and ride, a recycling centre, 110 homes and a Waitrose at the junction of Union Hill and Newquay Road. The project received Cornwall Council approval in March 2012, but the Truro Council challenged it in court. This brought questions over the relationship between the Duchy and Waitrose.

In 2013 permission was given for the building of Nansledan, an urban extension to Newquay in Cornwall, which the Duchy had been planning since the early 2000s. Construction began a few months later.

In 2013, the Duchy's office in Cornwall moved from Liskeard to Restormel Manor's old farm buildings. In 2014, the Duchy purchased the southern half of the Port Eliot estate from Lord St Germans. By 2015, Prince William had started attending the twice-yearly Duchy Council. In 2017, the Paradise Papers revealed that the Duchy held investments in offshore funds and companies. The palace later stated that offshore investments had been exited by 2019.

Property

The duchy owns  – 0.2% of UK land – in over 23 counties, including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio.

By the 17th century, the ducal estates were classified as being a part of one of three groups:

Antiqua maneria – the ancient manors of the Earl within Cornwall
Forinseca maneria (foreign manors) – those manors outside Cornwall but attached to the duchy by the creation charter
Annexata maneria, or annexed manors – those manors added to the Duchy holdings following its creation as a county palatine

The estates are the source of land management work for seven offices:

London Head Office
Hereford Office, Dewsall, Hereford
Eastern District Office, Newton St Loe, Somerset
Poundbury Office, Poundbury, Dorchester, Dorset
Western District Office, Restormel Manor, Lostwithiel, Cornwall
Dartmoor Office, Dartmoor, Yelverton, Devon
Isles of Scilly Office, Hugh Town, Isles of Scilly

Most property is tenanted out, particularly farmland, while the forest land and holiday cottages are managed directly by the Duchy. The estate's holiday cottage business is centred on Restormel Manor, near Lostwithiel.

The Duchy owns The Oval cricket ground in London, which was built on land in Kennington that formed part of the original Duchy estate. The Duchy has ventured into planned development with Poundbury, near Dorchester in Dorset.

Planned developments
Besides Poundbury, the duchy is involved with Nansledan, a 540-acre extension to the coastal town of Newquay, Cornwall. In 2012, work began on a 174-home development at Tregunnel Hill, southwest of Newquay, referred to locally as "Surfbury", after the Poundbury project in Dorset. Plans were approved in December 2013 that would include 800 homes, shops, a supermarket and a primary school. The intention is that Nansledan will evolve into a community of more than 4,000 homes supporting a similar number of jobs.

Legal status and additional rights
Both the Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster—since 1399 held by the monarch in a personal capacity—have special legal rights not available to other landed estates: for example, the rules on bona vacantia, the right to ownerless property, operate in favour of the holders of the duchies rather than the Crown, such that the property of anyone who dies in the county of Cornwall without a will or identifiable heirs, and assets belonging to dissolved companies whose registered office was in Cornwall, pass to the duchy.

In 2007, £130,000 was realised from the right of bona vacantia, and given to a charitable fund. The duke owns freehold about three-fifths of the Cornish foreshore and the 'fundus', or bed, of navigable rivers and has right of wreck on all ships wrecked on Cornish shores, including those afloat offshore, and also to royal fish—i.e. whales, porpoises, and sturgeon. The Duchy of Cornwall is the harbour authority for St Mary's Harbour. There are separate attorneys-general for the duchies. The High Sheriff of Cornwall is appointed by the Duke of Cornwall, not the monarch, in contrast to the other counties of England and Wales. The duke had a ceremonial role in summoning the Cornish Stannary Parliament.

In Bruton v. ICO the first tier tribunal found that the duchy was a public authority for the purposes of the Environmental Information Regulations 2004. The Guardian reported in 2011 that, since 2005, the Prince of Wales has been asked to give his consent to a number of draft bills on matters ranging from town planning to gambling, because it could affect the interests of the Duchy of Cornwall. Andrew George, Liberal Democrat MP for St Ives, commented that "The duchy asserts that it is merely a private estate. Most people will be astonished to learn that it appears to have effective powers of veto over the government." Writing in the Guardian, lawyer David Gollancz commented that: "The duchy exercises a unique range of legal powers, which elsewhere are reserved for the crown.... It seems anomalous, and worrying, that such a huge estate, created and conferred by law and exercising significant legal powers, should be able to escape public scrutiny by calling itself a private estate."

The requirement for the Prince of Wales to give consent to draft bills that could affect the interests of the Duchy of Cornwall is not a new power granted to the Prince, but a centuries-old parliamentary practice that involved the same requirement for consent being conferred on previous dukes of Cornwall (see Prince's Consent).

For some Cornish activists, Cornwall itself is described, de jure, as a duchy as opposed to an ordinary county, and the duchy estates are distinguished from the duchy itself, having themselves been annexed and united to "the aforesaid duchy". The Royal Commission on the Constitution in 1973 recommended that Cornwall be officially referred to as "the duchy" on what it described as "appropriate occasions" given the nature of the county's "special relationship" with the Crown. The designation is sometimes found used informally in respect of the county as whole.

Historically all justices of the assizes who visited Cornwall were also permanent members of the Prince's Council which oversees the Duchy of Cornwall and advises the duke. There are on record at least three instances in which the prince overruled the king by instructing his officials to ignore or disobey orders issued to them by the King's Chancery.

Taxation
The government considers the duchy to be a Crown body and therefore exempt from paying corporation tax. The tax position of the duchy has been challenged by British republicans.  In 2012, following a ruling that the duchy was separate from, the then, Prince Charles for the purposes of regulation, Republic (the campaign for an elected head of state) asked HM Revenue and Customs to investigate whether the duchy should still be exempt from tax. The tax exemption is based on the assumption that the duchy estate is inseparable from the tax exempt person of Prince Charles.

Since 1993, the Prince of Wales has voluntarily paid income tax on the duchy income less amounts which he considers to be official expenditure. The Prince paid a voluntary contribution to the treasury of 50% of his Duchy income from the time he became eligible for its full income at the age of 21 in 1969, and paid 25% from his marriage in 1981 until the current arrangement commenced in 1993. Tax is calculated after deducting official expenditure, the biggest source of which is the Prince's staff of about 110 who assist with his performance of official duties, including private secretaries and a valet working in his office at Clarence House and at Highgrove House. The official expenditure of the Prince of Wales is not audited by the National Audit Office.

Coat of arms

Loyal Toast
Traditionally, Cornish people refer to the Duke of Cornwall in the Loyal Toast, much like the Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands, or the Duke of Lancaster in the county palatine of Lancaster (Lancashire).

See also

 Cornish corporate heraldry
 Cornish heraldry
 Duchy of Cornwall Act 1844
 List of office holders of the Duchy of Cornwall
 Waitrose Duchy Organic

Notes

References

Further reading
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

External links

The Prince of Wales's website – Duchy of Cornwall

Economy of Devon
History of Cornwall
Politics of Cornwall
1337 establishments in England
British landowners
Monarchy and money

Duchy of Cornwall


Herning 1965 er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1966 med instruktion og manuskript af Jens Jørgen Thorsen og Novi Maruni.

Handling
I farver fastholdes maleren Paul Gadegaards kunstneriske udsmykning af skjortefabrikken Angli i Herning. Gadegaard har realiseret konstruktivismens krav om kunstens anvendelighed, og hans idéer har inspireret til fri filmisk udnyttelse af detaljer i udsmykningen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1966

Herning 1965


Lumumba est un groupe de reggae argentin nommé d'après Patrice Lumumba.

Histoire
Le groupe est créé dans les années 90 par Fidel Nadal et son ami Pablo Molina (tous deux anciens de Todos Tus Muertos ) et son frère Amilcar Nadal. Il a été baptisé d'après Patrice Lumumba (le premier Premier ministre légalement élu du Congo). Ce projet a aidé Fidel Nadal à commencer sa carrière solo.

Au cours de sa courte, mais productive histoire, il a sorti 4 albums salués des adeptes du reggae, mais le groupe a ensuite été dissous. En 2000, le groupe se sépare et chacun des membres poursuit sa carrière solo.

En 2014, après 14 ans, le groupe confirme son retour avec les trois membres. Le samedi 19 juillet 2014, Fidel, Pablo et Amílcar donnent un spectacle à guichets fermés au Groove de Buenos Aires, puis un deuxième spectacle. Avec le succès de leur retour, ils ont décidé de faire une tournée en Amérique latine, qui comprenait des voyages à travers l'Argentine, le Costa Rica, le Mexique et la Colombie.

En 2018, Lumumba a sorti deux nouveaux singles "Aunk Aunk" et "Lejos de Mi".

Discographie

 Lumumba (1996)
 Raíces y Cultura (1997)
 Se Viene El Bum (1999)
 En vif (2000)

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

 http://www.rock.com.ar/bios/8/8635.shtml

Groupe argentin de reggae
Patrice Lumumba

Lumumba (groupe musical)


Aarhus Jazz Festival eller Aarhus International Jazz Festival er en dansk musikfestival, der fokuserer på jazz. Festivalen blev afholdt første gang i 1989. I dag foregår i juni måned og er fordelt i en stor del af byen på torve, pladser, museer, cafeer og spillesteder. I 2018 var der over 300 koncerter, og festivalen indbefattede bl.a området mellem Bispetorv og Klostertorv, Dokk1, Ridehuset og Musikhuset.

Den grafiske designer Finn Nygaard, der selv er fra Aarhus og jazz-entusiast, har skabt mange af festivalens plakater. Han har modtaget designpriser for disse plakater i 1990, 1991, 1998, 2000, 2001 og 2002.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Jazz i Danmark
Musik i Aarhus
Musikfestivaler i Danmark
Etableret i 1988

Aarhus Jazz Festival


Joseph Von Führich sau Josef Ritter Von Führich (n. 9 februarie 1800, în Kratzau, Boemia -- d. 13 martie 1876, Viena) a fost un pictor austriac adept al mișcării artiștilor germani de la începutul secolului al XIX-lea reuniți în Mișcarea Nazarinenilor.

Biografie
Joseph Von Führich s-a născut în orașul Kratzau din Boemia în data de 9 februarie 1800. El a fost profund impresionat de picturile care împodobeau capelele din țara sa. Prima încercare de a realiza o compoziție a fost o schiță a Nașterii Domnului cu ocazia Crăciunului pe care a făcut-o în casa unde locuia cu părinții săi. Führich a urmat cursurile Academiei de Arte Frumoase de la Praga. Primele surse de inspirație pe care Führich le-a avut, au fost litografiile lui Albrecht Dürer și Peter von Cornelius cu care s-a ilustrat opera Faust a lui Goethe. Ca urmare a studiilor pe care Führich le-a făcut după aceste litografii a rezultat seria de lucrări intitulate Genofeva.

Führich a fost un adept al Mișcării Nazarinene și deci, implicit, el a fost un artist romantic religios care a urmărit să dea o formă nouă subiectelor biblice, readucând în actualitate spiritul lui Dürer.

Führich a murit în Viena. Autobiografia a fost publicată în 1875, și un memoriu de fiul său Lucas, în 1886.

Galerie

Articole conexe
 Listă de artiști plastici și arhitecți austrieci

Referințe

Legături externe

 Führich, Joseph von". The American Cyclopædia, 1879

Nașteri în 1800
Nașteri pe 9 februarie
Decese în 1876
Decese pe 13 martie
Oameni din Regatul Boemiei
Pictori austrieci
Pictori romantici
Romano-catolici austrieci

Joseph von Führich


(født 15. maj 1940 i Mie-præfekturet, Japan, død 18. september 2022) var en japansk komponist, pianist, professor og dirigent.

Noda studerede komposition, direktion og klaver på Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music hos bl.a. Akio Yashiro.

Han skrev 4 symfonier, orkesterværker, kammermusik, vokalværker, klaverstykker og instrumentalmusik for mange instrumenter.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni "I en bevægelse" (1963) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 1 (1966) - for orkester
 "Koral-Symfoni" (1968) - for kor og orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 (1982-1983) - for orkester
 Symfoniske fragmenter" (1964) - for orkester
 "Karneval" (1989) - for orkester
 "Symfonisk fresco" (1987) - for orkester

Kilde
 Om Teruyuki Noda på musicweb-international.com
 Teruyuki Noda -Official Site-
 E World Japan

Komponister fra Japan
Dirigenter
Pianister
Professorer fra Japan

Teruyuki Noda


Ömer Behçet Uz (1893-19 Mayıs 1986), Türk tıp doktoru ve 1931-1941 yılları arasında İzmir Belediye Başkanlığı, ardından iki dönem Sağlık Bakanlığı yapmış devlet ve hizmet adamıdır.

Hayatı
1893 yılında Denizli'nin Buldan ilçesinde doğdu. İlk ve orta öğrenimini Buldan'da yaptı. Liseyi İzmir'de okuduktan sonra Darülfünun Tıp Fakültesi'ne girdi. Balkan Savaşı'nın çıkmasıyla tıp öğrenimini aralıklarla savaş içinde tamamladı. Asistanlığını Darülfünun Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Kliniğinde Prof. Dr. Kadri Reşit Paşa'nın yanında yaptı. Bir süre İstanbul Şişli Çocuk Hastanesi'nde ve daha sonra Darülfünun Tıp Fakültesinde doktorluk yaptıktan sonra serbest çalışmak için İzmir'e geldi.

Dr. Behçet Uz, İzmir'de bir yandan doktorluk yaparak bir yandan da halk sağlığını en geniş anlamda gözeterek başlattığı hizmetlerini, sosyal amaçlı diğer girişim ve çalışmalarıyla da perçinledi. Bütün İzmir onu tanıdı,sevdi ve saydı.

İzmir Memleket Hastanesinde Çocuk hastalıkları Klinik Şefliği, Kolej hekimliği, Fransız Hastanesi, Çocuk Esirgeme Çocuk Polikliniği, Aydın Şimendifer Kumpanyası başhekim muavinliği gibi hizmetleri onun 1930 yılına dek sürdürdüğü hizmetlerden yalnızca birkaçıdır. İzmir'de ilk defa 1922'de on yedi arkadaşı ile birlikte Verem Mücadele Cemiyetini kurmuştur. Uzun yıllar Tıp Cemiyeti, Etibba Odası başkanlıklarında bulunmuştur. Belediye kanunu ilk uygulama yılı olan 1930'da İzmir Belediye Meclisine üye olan Dr. Uz, Meclisin daha ilk toplantısında daimi encümeni seçildi. İşte bu yıldan sonradır ki İzmir'e olan o unutulmaz katkılarını tıp ve toplum sağlığı alanlarından daha da öteye, kentin imar ve kalkınmasına yöneltti.

1931'de İzmir Belediye Başkanlığı'na seçilerek on yıl belediye başkanlığı yaptı. Onun zamanında İzmir kısa surede ihya oldu. Belediye milyonlarca liralık borçtan kurtuldu. Atatürk heykeli ve Cumhuriyet meydanı, her semtteki Pazar yerleri, çocuk bahçesi, parklar, bulvarlar, Kültürpark ve İzmir Uluslararası Fuarı, Çocuk Hastanesi, Santral Garajı, Fevzi Paşa Bulvarı, Dr. Behçet Uz'un İzmir'in kalkınması yönündeki hizmetlerinden bazılarıdır. Dr. Uz'un yerel hizmetlerine 1941'de idari hizmetleri de eklendi. Denizli'den milletvekilli seçilerek tam 19 yıl sürecek olan başarılarla dolu siyasi hayatı da başlamış oldu. Ayrılığı İzmirlileri çok üzdü ama o hizmetlerini tüm ülkeye yayma imkânı buldu.

Behçet Uz, TBMM VI. Dönem (Ara Seçim), VII. ve VIII. Dönem Denizli, X. ve XI. Dönem
İzmir Milletvekilliği yaptı.

9 Temmuz 1942 - 09 Mart 1943 tarihleri arasında Ticaret Bakanlığı yaptı. 7 Ağustos 1946 - 10 Haziran 1948 ve 18 Mayıs 1954 - 9 Aralık 1955 tarihleri arasında da iki dönem Sağlık Bakanlığı yaptı.

19 Mayıs 1986 tarihinde 93 yaşında hayatını kaybetti.

Kaynakça
 İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi

1893 doğumlular
1986 yılında ölenler
Buldan doğumlular
İzmir Atatürk Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM 6. dönem Denizli milletvekilleri
TBMM 7. dönem Denizli milletvekilleri
TBMM 8. dönem Denizli milletvekilleri
TBMM 10. dönem İzmir milletvekilleri
TBMM 11. dönem İzmir milletvekilleri
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanları
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
İzmir belediye başkanları
İzmir'de ölenler
Kokluca Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Darülfünun Tıp Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Behçet Uz


Tužne uši bio je splitski glazbeni sastav.

Obilježili su alternativnu rock pozornicu početkom 1980-ih. Ocijenjeno s vremenskim odmakom od tri desetljeća, glazbeni kritičari smatraju da bolje zvuče od mnogih sastava koji su unatoč lošijim pjesmama doživjeli izdanje studijskog albuma i višegodišnji opstanak na glazbenoj pozornici. Skladbe i danas zvuče suvremeno i radiofonično. No, nisu nikad stigli do prvog albuma premda su ostavili veliki trag u među brojnim poštovateljima hrvatske i ondašnje cijele državne alter rock pozornice.

Povijest
Osnovani su 1982. godine. Prirodni su nastavak post punk sastava Abortus. Pjevač Dinko Fazinić i gitarist Saša Jimi Kesić te su godine odlučili proširiti glazbene vidike. Novo ime izabrali su nakon biranja po Dinkovim singlicama. Izabrali su ime prema skladbi s B strane singla Fini dečko riječkih Parafa. Skladajući i izvodeći glazbu pod utjecajem Joy Divisiona, auktorski je dvojac stvorio nove, minimalističke i psihodelične skladbe. Basist novog sastava bio je Ivo Šiškov, a bubnjar Dalibor Kuzmanić.
1982. nastupili su na prvom DORS festivalu u TOK-u, u sastavu Dinko Fazinić, Saša Kesić, Željko Serdarević. U svirci se osjećao snažni utjecaj DAF-a. Sastavu se tad pridružio klavijaturist Željko Serdarević (iz sastava Vojnici olovnih nogu), bubnjar Dalibor Kuzmanić te basist Duge Ivo Šiškov. Zvuk im je bio "na čvrstom, paramilitarnom ritmu gradi minuciozne baraže klavijatura i gitarskih fraza, obećavajući nastavak svojih postpunkerskih traženja vjerojatno u pravcu nove psihodelije.
1983. godine Saša Jimi Kesić služio je obvezni vojni rok u Beogradu. Tijekom prva slobodna vikenda zimi 1983. snimili su prvi demosnimak Ti me uči u studiju Nenada Vilovića u Splitu, s novim članom u postavi Mladenom Đikićem (svirao je Casio VLT-1 na snimci, a na kasnijim nastupima uživo klavijature). Pjesma je obilježila sastav, jer je diljem Hrvatske i cijele bivše države bila na brojnim glazbenim ljestvicama demosastava radijskih postaja. Po odsluženju vojnog roka, vratio se u Split i sastav je nastavio sa svirkom. Uslijedile su česte promjene postave. Pjevač Dinko Fazinić nije više pjevao, ali je ostao uz sastav kao menadžer. Novi pjevač postao je Davor Bilić.

S novim pjevačem snimili su demosnimke skladba Bijeg i Hod kroz maglu. Novi bubnjar postao je Mirjan Jovanović Tošo. S njime su 1986. snimili skladbu Trebam te. U sastav je potom došao Dragan Lukić koji je svirao klavijature. U ovom sastavu Tužne uši su se proslavile i ujedno i splitska nezavisna scena. Iste godine Tužne uši ostvarile su svoj prvi veći nastup. Bili su predsastav EKV-u. Bilo je to u Velikoj dvorani na Gripama 1986. godine. Zatim su uslijedile svirke diljem Hrvatske i bivše države.

Nove snimke snimili su na Klisu u studiju Cipanica, studiju Miše Limića i Olivera Mandića iz Stijena. Snimili su skladbe Noć je moj svijet, Obale i Nestvarne stvari. Te i još neke starije skladbe objavila je izdavačka kuća LVXOR, splitskog izdavača Marinka Biškića. Nosač zvuka na kojem je objavljen je kazeta. Te skladbe bile su glazbena građa za natjecanje na subotičkom festivalu Omladina '87. Ušli su u završnicu s Indust bagom, KUD Idijotima, Gradom i Mizarom. Skupa su svi dobili nagradu sudaca. Uspjeh je što su dvije skladbe s tog nastupa objavljene na LP-u Najbolji uživo – Omladina '87.
Snimili su jedan videospot, koji je prikazala splitska TV Marjan.

2014. njihova legendarna Ti me uči objavljena je na dvostrukoj kompilaciji Various – Electronic Jugoton – Synthetic Music From Yugoslavia 1964-1989, u izdanju Croatije Recordsa.
2017. godine Dallas Records je objavio album u digitalnom formatu naslova 3bjut to Tužne uši Jimi & The Garage Banda, s dvanaest skladba koje su izveli razni pjevači, pored ostalih Mladen Badovinac, Boris Hrepić Hrepa, Dejan Cukić, Dean Škaljac i drugi.

Članovi
Članovi jedne od postava:
 Davor Bilić - bas & glas
 Saša Jimi Kesić - gitare
 Mirjam Tošo Jovanović - bubnjevi
 Dragan Lepi Lukić - synth
 Dinko Fazinić - manager
Članovi su još bili:
 Dean Radovniković Grizly
 Goran Gubić
 Mladen Đikić
 Željko Serdarević

Diskografija
Demo singlovi
 Ti me uči, 1983.
 Bijeg
 Hod kroz maglu
 Trebam te
 Noć je moj svijet
 Obale
 Nestvarne stvari

Izvori

 Discogs.com - TBF - Diskografija
 Facebook
 Vedran Harča: Jimi + The Garage Band '3bjut tu Tužne uši' – ispravljanje stare nepravde, Ravno do dna, 22. ožujka 2018.
 Paraf - Tužne uši Diskografija.com

Splitski glazbeni sastavi

Tužne uši


El Campeonato Uruguayo de Segunda División 2011-12 fue el torneo de segunda categoría del fútbol uruguayo correspondiente a dicha temporada que otorgó tres ascensos a la Primera División.

Relevos temporada anterior

Reglamento

I)  Sistema de disputa:

     El Campeonato Uruguayo constará de una única fase, en la cual se enfrentarán todos contra todos, de acuerdo al calendario que surja del sorteo del fixture y confeccionándose una única tabla de posiciones.
     Habrá tres ascensos a la Primera División Profesional, de acuerdo a lo reglamentado por el punto II del presente reglamento.
    En virtud de no haberse desarrollado un ámbito de competición amateur, tal como estaba previsto,  para que puedan participar las Instituciones del interior; se decide que no se produzcan descensos deportivos en esta temporada. Operará normalmente la pérdida de categoría por incumplimiento de las obligaciones económicas (de acuerdo a lo previsto en el Art. 3.1 del Reglamento General), ocupando posición de descenso el / los clubes que se encuentren en tal situación.

II)  Sistema de ascensos:

  Primer y segundo ascenso a la Primera División Profesional:
Los dos primeros equipos colocados en la tabla de posiciones de la temporada, conseguirán el ascenso a la Primera División Profesional, siendo el primer ubicado, el campeón Uruguayo.
Tercer ascenso a la Primera División Profesional:
  El tercer ascenso:
Se definirá mediante la disputa de cuatro llaves (partidos de ida y vuelta) entre los ocho primeros equipos ubicados en la Tabla Anual que no hayan conseguido el primer y segundo ascenso.
Los cruces de las llaves se realizarán de la siguiente manera.
El equipo de mejor ubicación en la Tabla Anual jugará el primer partido como visitante ante el octavo equipo clasificado (Llave 1).
El segundo mejor equipo de la Tabla Anual jugará el primer partido como visitante frente al séptimo (Llave 2).
El tercer mejor equipo de la Tabla Anual jugará el primer partido como visitante frente al sexto (Llave 3.El cuarto mejor equipo de la Tabla Anual jugará el primer partido como visitante frente al quinto (Llave 4).
Los vencedores de cada llave se cruzarán en semifinales de la siguiente manera: Vencedor de Llave 1 vs Vencedor Llave 4 y Vencedor de Llave 2 vs. Vencedor Llave 3. Dichas semifinales se disputarán en dos partidos de ida y vuelta siendo el visitante en el primer encuentro, el equipo que haya culminado en la mejor posición de la Tabla Anual, a su vez los vencedores de las semifinales pasarán a la final que se disputará en dos partidos de ida y vuelta siendo el visitante en el primer encuentro, el qequipo que haya culminado en la mejor posicioón de la Tabla Anual.
Tanto las llaves, las semifinales, como la final se realizarán mediante la disputa de dos partidos de ida y vuelta con régimen de puntos y diferencia de goles. En caso de que al término de los 90 minutos del partido de vuelta, la llave finalice empatada en puntos y goles, se procederá a disputar un alargue de 30 minutos (dos tiempos de 15 minutos). Si culminado el alargue, la igualdad se mantiene, se ejecutarán tiros penales de acuerdo al régimen FIFA.

Equipos

Posiciones

Play-offs del tercer ascenso

Resultados

Véase también
 Campeonato Uruguayo de Fútbol 2011-12

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http://www.elascenso.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061202021109/http://www.futbolvida.com.uy/

Fútbol en Uruguay en 2011
Fútbol en Uruguay en 2012
2011


Franjevački samostan u Bijeljini bio je rimokatolički samostan koji je pripadao franjevcima.

Prvi ga put spominje popis kustodija bosanske vikarije od Bartula Pizanskog, nastao prije 1378. godine, među osam samostana u mačvanskoj kustodiji. Popis istih kustodija iz 1514. godine, što je neposredno pred turskim osvajanjem, spominje opet samostan "S. Mariae Campaniae" tj. "S. Mariae Campo" kod Bijeljine (Biblina). Dominik Mandić ga locira kod Bijeljine, Krunoslav Draganović se slaže s Mandićem ali u svom zemljovidu ne ucrtava dva bijeljinska samostana, nego samo jedan. Čini se da je samostan u Polju nadživio bijeljinski koji je vjerojatno nestao u akindžijskim provalama i haranjima. Prvi osmanski popisi ni ovaj ni samostan sv. Marije, ni u sumarnom defteru iz 1533. godine, niti u detaljnom defteru iz 1548. godine. Trag postojanja je u susjednoj, korajskoj nahiji.

Izvori

Franjevački samostani u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bijeljina

Franjevački samostan u Bijeljini


Santiago Andrade (San Juan, 1846 - 22 de agosto de 1891) fue un precursor del cooperativismo de Puerto Rico.

Biografía
Santiago Andrade es considerado el Padre del cooperativismo puertorriqueño. Hijo de Manuel Andrade y María Caballero y casado con Luisa Tomás. Ejerció la carpintería como profesión formal. Era un hombre reformista por su visión de transformar los entornos y el derecho de las comunidades con las que trabajaba. Su mausoleo se encuentra en el cementerio del viejo San Juan en San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Legado cooperativista

Marco histórico

Anterior al 1873 una de las instancias precedentes del sentido cooperador en Puerto Rico lo fue la Sociedad Económica Amigos del País en 1813, la cual se dedicó al fomento del comercio y la educación.  Esta sociedad, auspició el primer periódico especializado en la divulgación de información económica: el Diario Económico.  A lo largo del  se constituyeron diferentes juntas integradas por campesinos que trabajaban en común la recolección de cosechas, el arreglo de caminos y la construcción de iglesias.  Era una gestión colectiva, pero no remunerada.

Para 1873 ocurren dos acontecimientos muy importantes en Puerto Rico, la abolición de la esclavitud y la derogación del sistema que obligaba a los jornaleros a registrarse en una libreta con información personal, para poder conseguir empleo.  El ser encontrado sin la libreta, constituía un delito que se pagaba con trabajo público a mitad de jornal.  En este año se logran gestar organizaciones como gremios obreros y sociedades benéficas y educativas.  Es entonces en este nuevo contexto legal, que se permite, un tercer acontecimiento de gran significado para el cooperativismo puertorriqueño: el primer intento de organización cooperativa con la sociedad de socorros mutuos, Los Amigos del Bien Público.

Labor cooperativa
En 1872, junto a don Juan Tinajero, Santiago Andrade fundó el Círculo de Beneficencia y Recreo de Artesanos en San Juan, dedicado al recreo y a los socorros mutuos de los asociados. Sin embargo, no fue hasta el año 1873 que fundó, la más importante de sus empresas, La sociedad de socorros mutuos Los amigos del bien público. Esta cooperativa, marcó el comienzo del cooperativismo puertorriqueño a finales del . En esta cooperativa se ofrecían servicios de salud, atención de enfermería para los obreros, a las viudas de estos y a los huérfanos. Para el año 1893, proveía crédito a sus socios.  De esta actividad se gestó en el año 1894 una cooperativa llamada, El Ahorro Colectivo. Esta cooperativa representaba una visión integrada de organización cooperativa, integró diversas gestiones empresariales en una misma entidad.  Para 1896 contaba con una tienda de provisiones, un almacén y una panadería sumadas a la gestión de ahorro y crédito.  Uno de sus fundadores fue el médico y líder político José Celso Barbosa (1857-1921).  Barbosa, identificó a Santiago Andrade como el primer factor en la evolución del espíritu de asociación entre la clase obrera y lo describió como un "obrero modesto, oscuro, pobre, pero de inteligencia clara, de generoso anhelo, de voluntad perseverante y de influencia entre la clase obrera…".

La sociedad de socorros mutuos Los amigos del bien público existió hasta 1958. Santiago Andrade no tuvo la oportunidad de ver realizada por completo la primera cooperativa organizada de Puerto Rico, sin embargo, para la cultura cooperativista puertorriqueña, es de suma importancia su gestión.

Véase también

Otros precursores del cooperativismo en Puerto Rico:
 Padre Joseph Alexander Macdonald
 Mercedes Amalia Marchand
 Antulio Parrilla Bonilla
 Ramón "Moncho" Colón Torres
 José Celso Barbosa

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 "Historia del Cooperativismo, Liga de Cooperativas de Puerto Rico"
 "Precursores, Liga de Cooperativas de Puerto Rico"
 "El cooperativismo como solución para Puerto Rico, web"

Cooperativistas
Puertorriqueños
Historia de Puerto Rico
Sociedad de Puerto Rico
Nacidos en San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Santiago Andrade


Out of Frequency es el segundo disco de la banda danesa de pop alternativo The Asteroids Galaxy Tour. Fue lanzado el 31 de enero de 2012.

Lista de canciones

Canciones bonus

Sencillos
 Heart Attack

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial del grupo
 Videoclip Heart Attack

Álbumes de The Asteroids Galaxy Tour
Álbumes de 2012

Out of Frequency


Diese Liste enthält alle von der FIFA offiziell geführten Spiele der kasachischen Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen. Nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion wurde 1991 der kasachische Fußballverband gegründet. Im Jahr 1992 trat man dem asiatischen Fußballverband AFC bei. Ihr erstes offizielles Länderspiel trugen die Damen im Rahmen der Fußball-Asienmeisterschaft der Frauen 1995 in Malaysia aus. Diese und die folgenden Teilnahmen bei den Asienmeisterschaften 1997 und 1999 endeten in der Vorrunde. Seit 2002 ist Kasachstan Mitglied der UEFA. Die Mannschaft konnte sich bisher weder für eine Welt- oder Europameisterschaft, noch für Olympische Spiele qualifizieren.

Legende
Dieser Abschnitt dient als Legende für die nachfolgenden Tabellen. Alle Ergebnisse sind aus Sicht der kasachischen Mannschaft angegeben.
 grüne Hintergrundfarbe = Sieg der kasachischen Mannschaft
 gelbe Hintergrundfarbe = Unentschieden
 rote Hintergrundfarbe = Niederlage der kasachischen Mannschaft
 H = Heimspiel
 A = Auswärtsspiel
 * = Spiel auf neutralem Platz
 Gegner = fett markierte Gegner waren zum Zeitpunkt des Spiels amtierender Meister ihrer Konföderation
 Amat. = Amateure
 WM = Weltmeisterschaft
 ASM = Asienmeisterschaft
 EM = Europameisterschaft
 OS = Olympische Sommerspiele
 n. V. = nach Verlängerung
 i. E. = im Elfmeterschießen

1995 bis 1999

2000 bis 2009

2010 bis 2019

Seit 2020

Statistik

Bilanz
Die Spielbilanzen der kasachischen Nationalmannschaft gegen die einzelnen Ländermannschaften. Die Grundlage für die Bilanzstatistik ist die Ergebnisdatenbank der FIFA.

Legende
 grüne Hintergrundfarbe = Positive Bilanz
 gelbe Hintergrundfarbe = Ausgeglichene Bilanz
 rote Hintergrundfarbe = Negative Bilanz
 Sp. = Spiele
 S = Siege
 U = Unentschieden
 N = Niederlagen
 TD = Tordifferenz
Stand: 26. September 2023

Heimspielstädte
Stand: 6. September 2022

Heim- und Auswärtsbilanz
Stand: 26. September 2023

Gegner
Stand: 26. September 2023

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage des kasachischen Fußballverbandes. kff.kz (kasachisch, russisch, englisch)
 Ergebnisdatenbank der FIFA. de.fifa.com

Einzelnachweise

Kasachstan
!Landerspiele der Nationalmannschaft der Frauen

Liste der Länderspiele der kasachischen Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen