Narni () is an ancient hilltown and  of Umbria, in central Italy, with 19,252 inhabitants (2017). At an altitude of , it overhangs a narrow gorge of the Nera River in the province of Terni. It is very close to the geographic center of Italy. There is a stone on the exact spot with a sign in multiple languages.

History

The area around Narni was already inhabited in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages, as attested by finds in some of the caves. Around the start of the first millennium the Osco-Umbrians, a people with a language of Indo-European origin that dominated the left bank of the Tiber that vertically cuts the region to the Adriatic sea, settled in the area and called the town Nequinum. Records mention Nequinum as early as 600BC.

The Romans conquered Nequinum in the 4th century BC and made it a position of force at a key point of the Via Flaminia, the famous road which connected the city of Rome to the Adriatic Sea (at that time the road passed through the town descending to the right bank of the Nera to then carrying on to Carsulae, Acquasparta, Massa Martana and Spoleto). It supported the Gauls with the hope of freeing itself from Rome. The attempt failed and the victorious Romans changed its name to Narnia after the nearby Nar River; as in the case of Benevento, the former name was considered of ill augury— in  means 'I am unable', and  means 'worthlessness'.

During Roman times the town was a strategic outpost for the Roman army. In 299BC it became a Roman Municipality and took the name Narnia. The rediscovery, in the late 20th – early 21st century, of an ancient Roman shipyard within its territory has made researchers hypothesise its particular importance during the Punic Wars. In 209BC, however, Narnia refused to help the Romans financially with their aim of continuing the war against Carthage.

The Roman Emperor Nerva was born at Narni in 30AD.

Narnia is mentioned in an Early Christian list of "false gods" in the second century Church father Tertullian's Apologeticus, midway into Chapter 21:

In Late Antiquity it suffered the events of the Greek-Gothic War (535–554) and was plundered by Totila. Narni was contested by the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Lombard Duchy of Spoleto in the late sixth century as the city controlled the southern reaches of the Via Flaminia, an essential route between Rome and Ravenna. Seat of a Lombard gastald, Narnia embraced the cause of Otho I of Saxony thanks to the mediation of its bishop, by then Pope John XVII. Narni was part of the possessions of the Countess Matilde, once more part of the Dominions of the Church in 726. In 755 Fulrad went to "Rome carrying the keys of these towns,  which he handed to the Pope... : Ravenna, Ariminum, Pisaurum, Conca, Fanus, Caesenae, Senogalliae, Esium, Forum Pompilii, Forum Livii, Narnia and others". During the late 9th to early 10th century, Narni was, along with much of central Italy, a stronghold of—or threatened by—the Saracens.

From the 11th century it began to increase in wealth and power, was opposed to Pope Paschal II in 1112 and rose against Barbarossa in 1167. This insubordination cost Narni a ferocious repression imposed by the archbishop Christian of Mainz, Barbarossa's chancellor. In 1242 Narni, prevalently tied to the Guelph party, entered into an alliance with Perugia and Rome against the Empire.

In the following century it was included in the reconquest of the papal patrimony by Cardinal Albornoz, who also had the mighty Rocca built. It was the work of Ugolino di Montemarte, known as il Gattapone. He was also author of the plans for the Loggia dei Priori and the Colonnade that faces out onto the Piazza dei Priori together with the 13th-century Palazzo del Podestà and the 14th-century fountain.

In 1373 Narni was given as fief to the Orsini to whom it returned in 1409. Occupied by King Ladislaus of Naples, in the 15th century, to be soon again reabsorbed by the church, thanks to Braccio da Montone. A decisive turning-point in Narni's history was reached on July15, 1527 The troops of Charles V, mostly in fact German mercenaries (Landsknechts), put the city to fire and sword; it lost its ancient prosperity. Even the inhabitants of Terni took advantage of the situation to deliver their blame to give vent to their long-repressed hatred of Narni. Its reconstruction gives it a physiognomy characteristic of the cities in Papal territory. It became part of the Roman Republic in 1789. In 1831 it joined the revolt against Gregory XVI and was annexed to the Italian Kingdom in 1860.

Monuments and sites of interest

Like many of the smaller towns of Umbria, Narni is still of strikingly medieval appearance today, with stone buildings, and narrow cobblestone streets. The town is famous for one of the largest Roman bridges (Ponte d'Augusto) ever built, by which the Via Flaminia crossed the Nera. One arch of the bridge still stands; it is some  high.

Religious
There are a number of historical churches in the town:
 ,
  – decorated with 18th-century tromp-l'oeil frescoes
 ; a former Benedictine abbey located on Monte Santa Croce
 San Domenico – 12th-century church
 San Francesco – church located near the Palazzo dei Priori, built in late-Romanesque and Gothic styles
 Santa Margherita – late 16th-century Renaissance-style church
 Santa Maria Impensole – 12th-century Romanesque church in the town's centre
  – Romanesque church just outside the town
 Santa Restituta – small church that was historically part of a Clarissan convent

Secular and civic
 Communal Palace (13th century)
 Palazzo dei Priori, located in the ancient Roman forum's site
  (or, Albornoz' Castle), overlooking the town, now hosting temporary exhibitions
 Eroli Museum with a Domenico Ghirlandaio's altarpiece

Narnia and C. S. Lewis
The imaginary land of Narnia, described in the works of C. S. Lewis, was named after Narni after he came across the name in an atlas as a child.

Concerning Narnia and Narni Roger Lancelyn Green writes about C.S. Lewis and Walter Hooper:

Notable people
 Marcus Cocceius Nerva, Roman emperor 96–98
 Juvenal of Narni (, died in 369 or 377), first bishop of Narni and saint
 Erasmo of Narni (1370–1443), best known as "Gattamelata", a famous condottiere
 Rino Gaetano, singer-songwriter, studied at the Piccola Opera del Sacro Cuore from 1961 to 1967
 Cardinal Berardo Eroli
 Lucia Brocadelli of Narni (Blessed Lucy of Narni)

See also
 Roman shipyard of Stifone (Narni)

References

External links

 Official website
 Eroli Museum
 Underground Narni (Narni Sotterranea)
 Bill Thayer's site

Hilltowns in Umbria
Roman sites of Umbria

Narni


Den kinesisk-sovjetiske grænsekonflikt var en militær konflikt imellem Folkerepublikken Kina og Sovjetunionen. Konflikten varede syv måneder, dog uden at der officielt blev udsendt krigserklæringer. Konflikten markerede højdepunktet i det kinesisk-sovjetiske brud i 1969. Selvom de militære sammenstød ophørte i 1969, blev de mere grundlæggende uoverensstemmelser først løst ved den kinesisk-sovjetiske grænseaftale i 1991.

Det alvorligste grænsesammenstød, som var nær ved at føre til krig imellem de to kommunistiske stater, fandt sted i marts 1969 i nærheden af øen Zhenbao i Ussuri-floden.

Kinas historie
Sovjetunionens historie
Sovjetiske krige

Den kinesisk-sovjetiske grænsekonflikt


Erbilska nadeparhija Kaldejaca (lat. Archieparchia Arbilensis Chaldaeorum, ara. إيبارشية أربيل الكلدانية ), Kaldejska katolička dijeceza sa sjedištem u Erbilu, Irački Kurdistan. Podignuta je na razinu nadeparhije izdvajanjem teritorija iz Kirkučke nadeparhije 1968. godine. Izravno je podređena Babilonskom patrijarhu kaldejskih katolika. Nadbiskupovo sjedište je katedrala sv. Josipa (Mar Yousif) u predgrađu Erbila Ankawi.

Pod nadeparhom Basharom Wardom, arhidijeceza je proširila aktivnost stvaranjem Katoličkog sveučilišta u Erbilu te još nekoliko mladeških i orgnizacija zdravstvene njege. Osobito je ulogu odigrala u skrb za raseljene kršćane iz Mosula i Ninivske ravnice nakon što je ISIL invadirao ta područja 2014. godine. Tijekom tog razdoblja Ankawa i Erbil su bili središte kršćanstva u Iraku.

Ordinariji
Stéphane Babaca (1969. – 1994.)
Hanna Markho (1994. – 1996.)
Jacques Ishaq (1997. – 1999.)
Yacoub Denha Scher (2001. – 2005.)
Bashar Warda (2010.–danas)

Vanjske poveznices
Službene stranice
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy.org

Kršćanstvo u Iraku
Istočne katoličke Crkve
Asirci
Kaldejci

Erbilska nadeparhija Kaldejaca


A Catedral-Basílica de Notre-Dame de Québec (Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame de Québec, em francês) é a igreja primaz do Canadá e sé episcopal da Arquidiocese de Quebec. A catedral é o mais antigo templo católico no Canadá e foi a primeira igreja do país elevada ao nível de basílica menor, título conferido pelo Papa Pio IX em 1874. Em sua cripta, estão sepultados quatro governadores da Nova França e o primeiro bispo de Quebec, François de Laval.

O templo é registrado como Local Histórico Nacional do Canadá e integra o sítio Bairro Histórico do Quebec, designado Patrimônio Mundial pela UNESCO em 1985.

História
A catedral está localizada no local da antiga capela Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, construída pelo explorador francês e fundador de Quebec Samuel de Champlain em 1633. A construção da primeira catedral neste local teve início em 1647, e recebeu o nome de Notre-Dame de la Paix ("Catedral de Nossa Senhora da Paz").

A catedral foi duas vezes destruída por um incêndio, sendo a primeira durante o Cerco de Quebec em 1759. A partir de 1743, foi reconstruída sob projetos do arquiteto militar Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry, que também projetou a Citadelle de Quebec e parte do distrito histórico em que ambas se situam. O campanário, no entanto, foi projetado por Jean Baillairgé, que também supervisionou a construção. O interior foi projetado por Jean Baillairgé e seu filho François entre 1786 e 1822. Em 1843, Thomas Baillairgé sugeriu que a nova fachada fosse erguida à semelhança da Igreja de Sainte-Geneviève em Paris. A escolha foi aceita pelos construtores e a catedral representa, desde então, um dos melhores acabamentos da arquitetura neoclássica da região. A catedral foi ricamente decorada com impressionantes obras de arte incluindo um baldaquino, dossel, vitrais, pinturas e o lustre da capela-mor que foi presente particular de Luís XIV.

Em 1922, a catedral foi novamente destruída por incêndio. Desta vez, um atentado do grupo extremista Ku Klux Klan resultou na destruição de grande parte do templo, que viria a ser restaurado pelos arquitetos Maxime Roisin e Raoul Chenevert. Em meio às reformas, Chenevert acrescentou um presbitério ao lado da catedral, concluído em 1932.

Em 2014, a catedral comemorou seu 350º aniversário. Como parte das celebrações, a catedral recebeu uma Porta Santa – a segunda fora da Europa e uma das únicas oito deste tipo no mundo. A Porta Santa foi aberta em 8 de dezembro de 2013 e permaneceu aberta até 28 de dezembro de 2014. Foi aberta novamente de 8 de dezembro de 2015 a 20 de novembro de 2016 para o Jubileu da Misericórdia, após o qual ficará selada até 2025.

Em 1989, a catedral foi designada como um Local Histórico Nacional do Canadá devido às "suas longas e estreitas associações com a história da Nova França; sua influência na subsequente arquitetura eclesiástica e decoração de interiores em todo Québec."

Ver também
 Citadelle de Quebec
 Lista do Patrimônio Mundial no Canadá
 Nova França
 Batalha das Planícies de Abraão

Igrejas de Quebec (cidade)
Notre-Dame de Québec
Arquitetura colonial francesa no Canadá

Catedral de Notre-Dame de Québec


Robert Stevenson Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan,  (28 February 18713 September 1940) was a Scottish businessman, advocate and Unionist politician. He served under David Lloyd George as Minister of Labour between 1919 and 1920, as President of the Board of Trade between 1920 and 1921 and as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1921 and 1922. In 1937 he was ennobled as Viscount Horne of Slamannan.

Background and education
Horne was born at Slamannan, Stirlingshire, the son of Reverend Robert Stevenson Horne, the village's Church of Scotland minister, and Mary, daughter of Thomas Lockhead. He was educated at George Watson's College in Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, where he studied Law and was President of the Students' Representative Council.

Career until 1918
Horne then spent a year teaching philosophy at the University College of North Wales, before being elected to the Faculty of Advocates (Scottish Bar) in 1896. He became a successful advocate, specialising in commercial and shipping cases, and became a King's Counsel in 1910. He also served as Examiner in Philosophy (1896–1900) and Rector (1921–1924) at the University of Aberdeen. He was a board member of several companies including directorships of the Suez Canal Company, chairman of the Great Western Railway Company and director of several other companies and banks.

During the First World War, Horne became Director of Railways on the Western Front with the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Engineers. In 1917 he joined the Admiralty as Assistant Inspector-General of Transportation, becoming Director of Materials and Priority in 1918, and Director of Labour and Third Civil Lord later the same year.

Political career
Having unsuccessfully stood for Stirlingshire in both general elections of 1910, Horne was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Hillhead in 1918. He served under David Lloyd George as Minister of Labour between 1919 and 1920, as President of the Board of Trade between 1920 and 1921 and as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1921 and 1922. It was in that capacity that he was involved in the negotiations leading to the signing of the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement. Leonid Krasin pressurised Horne to support the treaty by threatening to cancel orders with textile mills in Yorkshire, as only the mills with Soviet orders were working full-time. When the treaty was signed, it was the first recognition by Britain of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

When the Lloyd George Coalition Government fell in 1922, Horne refused to join the new government of Bonar Law. Two years later, Stanley Baldwin offered to make Horne Minister of Labour once more, but Horne declined, preferring to concentrate on work in the City. Although he remained a Member of Parliament until 1937, he never again held ministerial office. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1918 for his war services, and raised to Knight Grand Cross (GBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours for his services as Minister of Labour. In 1919, he was also sworn of the Privy Council. He was ennobled as Viscount Horne of Slamannan, of Slamannan in the County of Stirling, on 9 June 1937.

Personal life
Horne, a womanising bachelor, was famously referred to by Baldwin as a "Scots cad", a remark that has stuck. He died in September 1940, aged 69. The viscountcy became extinct with his death.

References

External links

1871 births
1940 deaths
20th-century Royal Navy personnel
People educated at George Watson's College
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Horne, Robert
Horne, Robert
Scottish businesspeople
Rectors of the University of Aberdeen
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Faculty of Advocates
Horne, Robert
People from Falkirk (council area)
Royal Engineers officers
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
Presidents of the Board of Trade
Hillhead
Viscounts created by George VI

Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan


Les lumies sont un taxon d'agrumes décrit par Risso (1777-1845), hybrides de pamplemoussier chez les modernes, jadis hybride de cédratier, principalement cultivés en Sicile. La lumie ou lumia désigne en français le plus souvent la Poire du Commandeur (Citrus x lumia var. pyriformis), le  (Citrus lumia Risso) ou lumia est un fruit proche de la limette douce méditerranéenne souvent consommé vert.

Dénomination
Selon le Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani (1954) lumia (lomia, limia) viendrait du byzantin līmia, dérivé de l'arabe. L'arabe limūn, leimūn devient le vieil italien lumia, lomia mentionné chez Aldobrandino (1190-1215) comme une sorte de citron à saveur sucrée. Gilles Ménage (1694) donne lomia, lumia synonyme de lima, lyma, .

La poire du commandeur est nommée en anglais , en allemand , le chinois  désigne le melon Honeydew et non la lumie.

Histoire et taxonomie
Le terme lumie est fréquemment utilisé dans la littérature numérisée de 1600 à 1830, par la suite il tombe en quasi-désuétude. La définition de ce groupe est variable ainsi que les agrumes qui y sont rangés.

Les classiques
Gallesio dans son Traité du Citrus (Paris, 1811), retrace l'histoire des lumies, famille qui n'est pas utilisée chez les agronomes arabo-andalous. Pseudo Hugues Falcand (1154-1169 ) mentionne les lumias parmi les agrumes à valeur condimentaire (Gallesio pense qu'il fait référence au citron acide). Chez Ferrari (1633-1638) les lumies «sont des hybrides à fruit gros arrondi avec une écorce jaune épaisse, et une pulpe aigre et très mince».

Volcamer (1708), égaré par les nuances de son classement dit Gallesio, définit les lumies comme des « fruits arrondis (rotunditate lumiam), et appelle ensuite du nom de lumie ou limée la pomme d'Adam, les citrons doux orangés (lumia Galiciœ) et les citrons longs (limea longa).

Par la suite les agronomes et les botanistes (Cesalpin, Caraerarius, les Bauhin, Clusîus, etc.) s'accordent pour dire que les lumies, limées ou ponciri désignent en Italie des hybrides dont Gallesio confirme le classement admis en 3 catégories : les poncires hybrides citronnier x cédratier; les limes oranger x citronier, les lumies hybrides de cédrat x oranger.

Antoine Risso (1822) définit les lumies par rapport aux limes, ce sont des agrumes doux (carne limonis; pulpă dulci). Il en inventorie 12 (qui sont souvent classé limon chez Ferrari)

 Lumie poire du commandeur, (C. lumia pyriformis),
 Lumie de Saint-Dominique (C. lumia dominica),
 Lumie rhegine, (C. lumia rhegina),
 Lumie conique (C. citrus lumia conica),
 Lumie Jarette (C. lumia ollulae formis),
 Lumie de Valence (C. lumia valentina),
 Lumie de galice (C. lumia gallitia),
 Lumie douce (C. lumia dulcis),
 Lumie saccharine (C. lumia saccharina),
 Lumie à pulpe d'orange (C. lumia aurantiaca),
 Lumie à pulpe rouge (C. lumia rubescens),
 Lumie limette (C. lumia limeta).

Roubaudi (1843) ne connait plus que la lumie-oranger ou orange-citrée hybride de l'oranger et du cédratier, et la lumie sucrée ou limon à pulpe d'orange.

Les modernes
Les dictionnaires italiens donnent lumìa comme méridionalisme pour limetta, mais écrit Tanaka (1933) le mot français lumie (C. lumia Risso), est une autre sorte probablement identique à l'orange Amilbèd de l'Inde, Amilbêd. Chapot (1950) écrit «Les Lumies sont des hybrides présumés de Pamplemousse et de Citron. Elles sont caractérisées par de gros fruits, généralement nettement piriformes, plus petits que ceux du Pamplemousse, à chair verte et acide sans amertume marquée... il en donne la liste suivante : la Poire du Commandeur, le Citron de Bornéo et sans doute la Pomme d'Adam. À part peut-être l'utilisation comme plante d'ornement, ces variétés ne semblent pas très intéressantes. Les Lemon-shaddock des Américains, une variété de citron trouvée par nous à Montpensier (Algérie) sont peut-être aussi à rattacher aux Lumies».

L. Blondel (1967) donne comme exemple de lumie le citron de Bornéo.

Les actuels
Franck Curk et al. (2016) qui ordonnent limes et citrons sur base génétique classent comme C. lumia dans un groupe chlorotype 6 marqué par le pamplemoussier.

 les hybrides citron: Jaffa, Ponderosa et l'hybride Fourny qui sont des C. medica x C. maxima,
 les citrons Bornéo et Barum (qu'il classent en lumies) C. maxima x C. medica x C. constitution micrantha.
Manuel Talon (2020) conserve les C. lumia de Curk et al. définis comme hybrides de C. maxima et de C. medica et donne 4 espèces dont 2 qu'il baptise nouvelles :
 C. x lumia var nov 1 lime 'Bitrouni',
 C. x lumia var nov 2 Fourny hybrid,
 C. x lumia var lumia citron de Jaffa,
 C. x lumia var pyriformis ined. = Citrus limon Burm. f. ponderosa Hort. Citron Ponderosa (à noter que le citron ponderosa, cultivé en Californie n'est pas pyriforme).
Le catalogue 2020 de l'INRAE donne 5 C. lumia : Citron de Bornéo, Citron S. P. Jaffa, Lime Bitrouni, Poire du commandeur, Cédrat Mac Veu de montagne.

Les lumia italiennes
Actuellement sont référencées: la lumia di Sicilia, la lumia de Napoli, la lumia di Sarzana. F.M. Raimondo et al. (2015) donnent des photographies de l'unique lumia survivante de l'ancienne collection du Jardin Botanique de Palerme ainsi que du fruit de lumia cultivé dans la province d'Agrigente. Ces fruits non pyriformes, décrit par V. Vacante et F. Calabrese (2009) («fruit moyen-petit, aplati, avec un ombilic aplati marqué d'un sillon qui l'entoure presque entièrement. Le jus est sucré du fait de la très faible présence d'acides») sont classés par eux dans le chapitre Citron vert et limette (C. limetta).

Les lumies au sens du français
H. Chapot classe dans les lumies: le Balaingue, le Bitrouni, le citron de Borneo, la Poire du Commandeur et la Pomme d'Adam.

La pomme d'Adam - fruit rond, non pyriforme - est classée dans le bigarades par Risso et par Gallesio, pour certains modernes c'est un citron, ou une mutation de Poire du Commandeur..

La Poire du Commandeur

Ne doit pas être confondue avec le citron-poire (C. limon var 'Peretta'). Son nom italien est  suivi de Sicilia.

Risso (1818) écrit «espèce de lumie nommée Poire du Commandeur n'est connue que depuis peu d'années [ ] arbre inconnu en Italie, nouveau à Paris, qui appartient à M. Huard; cet arbre paraît avoir environ 25 ans». Il en fait une lumie particulière à cause de ses affinités avec le pamplemousse. Le gros fruit pyriforme est vert jaune très-pâle; les vésicules d'huile essentielle sont convexes et saillantes. La pulpe verte dépourvue de saveur avec des  graines nombreuses. La description est reprise par Mordant de Launay puis Loiseleur-Deslongchamps (1824). Par la suite il est confondu avec un cédrat (1870). C'est l'influent pépiniériste Edouard Janssen (1883) qui en fait dans les plantes d'ornement la lumie type: Oranger Lumie ordinaire - Poire du Commandeur C. lumia, Risso. «arbres qui diffèrent du Citrus limonum par la pulpe douce plus ou moins sucrée, et jamais acide; vésicules d'huile essentielle, concaves, fleurs rouges en dehors» écrit-il avant de citer les autres lumies de Risso . Louis Trabut (1921) la donne pour rare en Algérie (et dit qu'on peut en faire de la confiture).

Présent dans la collection de l'Université de Californie en 1911 (produit une bonne limonade), sa description actuelle est hésitante (acide ou non ?). L'étude des génomes de l'exemplaire numéroté 6 de la collection de l'Orangerie de Versailles (1997) confirme le rapprochement avec les pamplemoussiers. Les travaux de l'Université de Catane indiquent une proximité des marqueurs moléculaires de Pomme d'Adam et de Poire du Commandeur avec pour parents pamplemoussier, cédratier et citronnier.

La poire du commandeur est toujours commercialisée comme un type de citron voir un citron.

Le citron Bornéo

Agrume cultivé au Maroc, H. Chapot lui consacre une monographie en 1954, Citrus lumia de Bornéo est un gros agrume acide que Chapot décrit ainsi «un représentant typique du groupe des lumies, hybrides présumés de pamplemousse (C. grandis Osbeck) et d'un autre agrume à fruits acides, probablement le citron (C. limon)». Il aurait été introduit au Maroc vers 1910, on ne sait par qui (L. Trabut ne le connait pas) et ni d'où il vient «malgré son nom, il semble inconnu en Indonésie». C'est surtout un agrume décoratif («fruit très juteux, peu sucré, très acide et trop parfumé pour être agréable. Pas d'amertume du tout à parfaite maturité». La forme du fruit est davantage sub-ovale que pyriforme.

Le citron Bitrouni
Cet agrume verruqueux doit sa notoriété à l'exemplaire envoyé par H. Chapot à la collection de Riverside en 1959, il est très acide et classé comme citron. Il le décrit (1965) dans son article sur les agrumes d'Iran après Balaingue un agrume qui lui évoque le citron de Bornéo.

Huile essentielle
Commune en Sicile et en Calabre l'huile essentielle en 1860 elle est décrite comme proche de la bergamote mais moins puissante. Charles Rice (1878) parle d'une extraction mécanique en Calabre (le fruit décrit ressemble à une limette, Liebig (1842) écrivait déjà «l'essence de limette ressemble à celle de bergamote; son odeur n'est pas tout à fait la même, mais elle est néanmoins fort aromatique; sa saveur est âcre, amère et camphrée»).

G. Dugo et L. Mondello (2010) donnent quelques indications sur les huiles essentielles des citrons Barum et Ponderosa (pauvres en limonène), la feuille est riche en linalol (39%). En 2018, une publication consacrée à l'huile essentielle de C. Lumia Risso met en évidence de fortes propriétés antioxydantes (teneur élevée de monoterpènes: d-limonène (49%) et linalol (18%).

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Citrus, Citrus aurantiifolia.
 Agrume

Citrus
Agrume

Lumie


Bangladeshs premierministre omfatter en oversigt over premierministre i Bangladesh.

Positionen som premierminister blev etableret i 1971.

Bangladeshs nuværende premierminister er Sheikh Hasina, der tiltrådte 6. januar 2009.

Se også
 Bangladeshs præsidenter

Eksterne henvisninger
 www.bangladesh.gov.bd - officiel website for "Bangladesh National Portal"

 Premierministre
Lister over regeringsledere

Bangladeshs premierministre


عصام حلمي محمد تلِّيمة (ولد في مصر، الجيزة، أوسيم 16 فبراير 1974 - ) داعية ومحاضر وباحث إسلامي، درس في الجامع الأزهر، وأحد تلاميذ يوسف القرضاوي.

الدراسة والشهادات العلمية

 تخرج في كلية الدعوة الإسلامية سنة 1417 هـ ـ 1996م.
 حاصل على ماجستير في التفسير وعلوم القرآن من جامعة وادي النيل السودان بتقدير مقبول.

العضوية في المجالس والاتحادات

 عضو جبهة علماء الأزهر الشريف
 عضو مؤسس في اتحاد علماء المسلمين العالمي. عضو في الجمعية الشرعية بمصر.

الأعمال والمهام الوظيفية

 باحث شرعي في جمعية قطر الخيرية (حاليا).
 إمام وخطيب بوزارة الأوقاف.
 سكرتير علمي لجبهة علماء الأزهر بمصر .
 مدير لمكتب الشيخ يوسف القرضاوي سكرتيرا خاصا له لمدة ست سنوات .

من مؤلفاته في مجال البحوث العلمية

أ -في مجال التحقيق العلمي منها
 أحاديث الجمعة للإمام العالم حسن البنا (ثلاثة أجزاء).
 نظرات في التربية والسلوك للإمام العالم حسن البنا.
 نظرات في كتاب الله للإمام العالم حسن البنا.
 في صميم العقيدة للإمام العالم حسن البنا

ب ـ في مجال التأليف
 القرضاوي فقيه الدعاة وداعية الفقهاء.
 محمد الغزالي رباني ملأ الدنيا وشغل الناس.
 حوار حول المؤسسة العلمية والفقهية. طبع مركز الراية بجدة.
 حسن البنا والمسرح والسينما.
 حسن البنا (تحت الطبع).
 فن الفكاهة في الإسلام (تحت الطبع).

جـ ـ كتب بالاشتراك منها
 ما لا نعلمه لأطفالنا (بالاشتراك مع عدد من أساتذة التربية في العالم العربي والإسلامي).
 خصائص المشروع الفقهي للقرضاوي .

د. بحوث علمية منها
 الإخوان والأحزاب والفن.. محاولة للفهم.
 عوامل ضعف وقوة الفن عند الإسلاميين.
 الأزهر والجماعات الإسلامية.. وئام أم صدام؟
 المواطنة.. حقوق غير المسلمين في الدولة الإسلامية.
 الحركة الإسلامية والنقد الذاتي.
 ماذا نريد من الإخوان المسلمين؟.
 حسن البنا وتجربة الفن. ترجم إلى اللغة الإنجليزية .
 الخارجون عن الإخوان... كيف ومتى ولماذا؟.

الإنتاج التليفزيوني
برنامج سياسة في دين - قناة الجزيرة مباشر مصر

برنامج إنسانيات محمد - قناة أزهري الفضائية

أكاديمية إعداد القادة - قناة الرسالة

المراجع

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
أعضاء جبهة علماء الأزهر
إخوان مسلمون مصريون
دعاة مصريون
علماء دين سنة مصريون
مواليد 1974

عصام تليمة


جينيفر غرانهولم  هي سياسية أمريكية من أصول سويدية تنتمي إلى الحزب الديمقراطي ولدت جينيفر غرانهولم في 5 من شهر شباط - فبراير من سنة 1959 في مدينة فانكوفر في مقاطعة كولومبيا البريطانية في كندا انتقلت عائلتها إلى الولايات المتحدة عندما كانت جينيفر غرانهولم تبلغ سن الرابعة ونالت جينيفر غرانهولم الجنسية الأمريكية في سنة 1980 تزوجت جينيفر غرانهولم من دانيال مولهرن في سنة 1986 أصبحت جينيفر غرانهولم حاكمة على ولاية ميشيغان الأمريكية في سنة 2003.

مراجع

المرأة في سياسة ميشيغان
أشخاص حصلوا على الجنسية الأمريكية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من آناهايم
أشخاص من سان كارلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أعضاء مجلس وزراء إدارة بايدن
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية الحقوق في جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي)
أمريكيون متجنسون
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل سويدي
أمريكيون من أصل نرويجي
حاكمات ولايات في الولايات المتحدة
حكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الديمقراطي
حكام ولاية ميشيغان
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي)
خريجو كلية هارفارد للحقوق
ديمقراطيون من ولاية ميشيغان
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
رومان كاثوليك كنديون
سياسيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
سياسيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سياسيون من سان خوسيه (كاليفورنيا)
سياسيون من فانكوفر
صحفيو سي إن إن
كاثوليك من ميشيغان
كنديون من أصل أيرلندي
كنديون من أصل سويدي
كنديون من أصل نرويجي
كنديون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
محامون أمريكيون في القرن 21
محاميات أمريكيات
محاميات أمريكيات في القرن 21
مدعي ميشيغان العام
معتنقو الكاثوليكية
ملكات جمال أمريكيات
مواليد 1959
مواليد في فانكوفر
موظفو إدارة بايدن
وزراء طاقة أمريكيون
وزيرات أمريكيات

جينيفر غرانهولم


Androcid je izraz koji se odnosi na sustavno ubijanje muškaraca, dječaka ili muškaraca općenito. U cijelom svijetu, muškarci čine 79% od nekonfliktnih ubojstava i većinu izravnih smrtnih slučajeva u sukobima.

Leksikologija
Androcid je koordinirani pojam femicida i hiponim rodocida. Etimološki korijen hibridne riječi izveden je iz kombinacije grčkog predmetka andro što znači »čovjek« ili »dječak«, s latinskim dometkom cide, što znači ubijanje.

Ljudi
U proaktivnom scenariju ljudskih društava, androcid može biti namjeran cilj, možda da se degradiraju ofenzivne sposobnosti protivnika. U pasivnijem scenariju, androcid se uspoređuje s misandrijom kada društvo općenito sudjeluje ili dopušta učinkovito izricanje smrtne kazne značajnom dijelu muškaraca i dječaka, kao rezultat regrutacije za vojnu službu. Androcidni animozitet prema muškarcima može biti posljedica rivalstva, percepcije izazova njihovoj dominaciji ili kombinacije to dvoje. Neke organizacije koje su kritične prema feminizmu, kao i neki izdavači, tvrde da je napad na muškarce suvremeno pitanje u ratu. Androcid je također bio obilježje književnosti u starogrčkoj mitologiji kao i u hipotetskim situacijama u kojima postoji nesloga između spolova.

Ratovanje
Općenito gledano, vojne službe će prisilno regrutirati muškarce da se bore u ratu, što neizbježno dovodi do velikih muških žrtava kada se suoče s muškarcima na protivničkoj strani. Muški civili čine većinu žrtava u masovnim ubojstvima u ratu. »Gendercide Watch«, neovisna skupina za ljudska prava, dokumentira raznovrste rodocide koji su počinjeni nad muškarcima: kampanja al-Anfal (Irački Kurdistan), 1988. — Armenski genocid, 1915. – 1917. — Ruanda, 1994.  Ova praksa se događa jer vojnici vide suprotstavljene muškarce, borbene ili druge, kao suparnike i prijetnju njihovoj nadmoći. Alternativno, boje se da će ljudi pokušati uzvratiti i ubiti ih iz raznih razloga, uključujući samoobranu. Godine 1211. Džingis-kan je planirao masovna ubijanja muškaraca kao odmazdu za pobunu protiv svoje kćeri Alakhai Bekhi, sve dok ga ona nije uvjerila da kazni samo ubojice njenog muža, događaj koji je izazvao pobunu.

Bilje
Što se tiče biljaka, androcid se može odnositi na pokušaje izravnog oprašivanja putem maskulacije određenih usjeva.

Anfalski genocid
Anfalski genocid bio je genocid u kojem je ubijeno između 50.000 do 182.000 Kurda i tisuće Asiraca u završnoj fazi Iransko-iračkog rata. Ovaj čin počinjen tijekom kampanje al-Anfal predvodio je Ali Hassan al-Majid, po naređenju predsjednika Saddama Husseina. Anfal, koji je službeno započeo 1988., imao je osam pozornica u šest područja. Svaka je etapa slijedila iste obrasce, usmjeravala se civile do točaka u blizini glavne ceste, gdje su ih dočekali kolaboratori i prevezli do privremenih sastajališta gdje su potom podijeljeni u tri skupine: mladići i muškarci, žene i djeca, i starije osobe. Muškarce i tinejdžere više nikada nisu viđeni. Dok su žene, sva djeca i starci oba spola slani u logore, muškarcima su odmah skinuli odjeću i pogubili ih. Mnogi kurdski muškarci i dječaci su ubijeni kako bi se smanjila mogućnost uzvrata. Muškarci ubijaju druge muškarce kako bi stabilizirali svoje domene i odbili napade.

Vidi još
 Genocid
 Genocid u Srebrenici
 Mizandrija
 Femicid

Izvori

Nasilje

Androcid


Stefan Mitrović (în , ; n. 22 mai 1990) este un fotbalist sârb care joacă pe postul de fundaș central pentru Strasbourg.

Cariera pe echipe
La 9 iunie 2012, Mitrović a semnat un contract pe trei ani cu Kortrijk în Prima Ligă Belgiană.

La 7 mai 2013, a semnat un contract cu Benfica pe cinci ani, fiind adus alături de alți conaționali în acea fereastră de transfer. În primele șase luni, a jucat doar pentru echipa a doua. La 22 ianuarie 2014 a fost împrumutat până la sfârșitul sezonului la Real Valladolid.

La 16 iulie 2014, Mitrović a fost cumpărat de SC Freiburg pentru 1,175 milioane de euro. El a debutat la 4 octombrie 2014, împotriva lui Werder Bremen. A semnat cu clubul francez RC Strasbourg care l-a adus de la clubul belgian Gent în iunie 2018.

Cariera internațională
El și-a făcut debutul pentru echipa națională la 31 mai 2014, împotriva Panamei.

La 14 octombrie 2014, Mitrović a dat jos steagul "Albaniei Mari" în timpul unui meci de calificare pentru UEFA Euro 2016 din Belgrad, care a fost fluturat peste terenul cu o dronă controlată de la distanță.

Statistici privind cariera

Club

Meciuri la națională

 Până pe 20 martie 2019

Titluri

Club
Strasbourg

 Coupe de la Ligue: 2018-2019

Referințe

Legături externe

 Profil la worldfootball.net

Fotbaliști ai SC Freiburg
Fotbaliști sârbi
Fundași
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1990
Oameni din Belgrad

Stefan Mitrović (fotbalist)


Olaylar
 İslam Halifesi Ali, Hariciler tarafından Kufa'da düzenlenen bir suikastte ağır yaralandı, birkaç gün içinde öldü.
 29 Temmuz - Ali'nin yerine halife olarak biat alan oğlu Hasan Küfe şehrinde Muaviye lehine halifelikten feragat etti. Hasan ve Kufe halkı buraya gelen Muaviye'ye biat etti. Böylelikle Emevi Devleti resmen kurulmuş oldu.

Doğumlar
 II. Muâviye, Emeviler'in üçüncü halifesi (ö. 684)
 Haccâc bin Yûsuf es-Sekafî, Emevî valisi (ö. 714)

Ölümler
 Ali bin Ebu Talib, İslam halifesi
 İmparatoriçe Kōgyoku, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 35. ve 37. hükümdarı (d. 594)
 Temîm ed-Dârî, sahabe

661


හයිටි ඉංග්‍රිසි: Haiti (/ˈheɪti/ (listen); ප්‍රංශ: Haïti [a.iti]; හයිටියානු (ක්‍රියෝල්) Creole: Ayiti [ajiti]), නිල වශයෙන් හයිටි ජනරජය (ප්‍රංශ: République d'Haïti; හයිටියානු (ක්‍රියෝල්): Repiblik Ayiti) සහ කලින් හයිටි ලෙස හැඳින්වුණු රට,කැරිබියන් මුහුදෙහි, ඇන්ටිලස් දූපත් සමූහයෙහි, කියුබාවට නැගෙණහිරින් වූ හිස්පැනියෝලා දිවයිනෙහි පිහිටිය කි. එය ඩොමිනිකානු ජනරජය සමග සම-අයිතියට හිමිකම් කියන, දූපතේ බස්නාහිරින් අටෙන් තුනක් අත් කර ගනී. ප්‍රමාණයෙන් වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 27,750 ( ව.සැ. 10,714) ක් හා ආසන්න ඇස්තමේන්තු අනුව, මිලියන 10.8ක ජනගහනයක් වෙසෙන හයිටිය, කැරිබියානු ප්‍රජාවේ (CARICOM) ඉහළම ජනාකීර්ණත්වය හිමි රට මෙන් ම, සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් කැරිබියානු කළාපයේ දෙවැනි-වැඩිම ජනාකීර්ත්වණය හිමි රට ද වෙයි.

මෙම ප්‍රදේශය මුළින් ම ජනාවාස කරන ලද්දේ, ස්වදේශික  Taíno [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people] ජනතාව විසිනි. අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය තරණය කරමින් ක්‍රිස්ටෝපර් කොලොම්බස්  කළ සිය පළමු මුහුදු ගමනේ දී 1492 දෙසැම්බර් 05 දින ස්පාඤ්ඤය ජාතිකයින් දිවයිනට ගොඩ බැස්සේ ය. කොළොම්බස් හයිටියට පළමු වර ගොඩ බසින ලද අවස්ථාවේ ඔහු සිතූයේ ඔහු ඉන්දියාව හෝ චීනය සොයා ගත් බවයි. 1492 නත්තල් දින, වර්තමානයේ ලිමොනේඩ් [] ලෙස හඳුන්වන උතුරු ප්‍රදේශය වටා කොළොම්බස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුතු සාන්ත මරියා නෞකාව යාත්‍රා කළේ ය. පසුව ක්‍රමයෙන් යාත්‍රාවෙන් බේරා ගත හැකි දේ යොදා ගෙන, නෞකාව විනාශ වූ දිනට පසු ව, ඇමරිකාවේ පළමු ජනාවාසය, ලා නෙවිඩැඩ් [] නමින් ඉදි කිරීමට සිය පිරිසට නියෝග කළේ ය.

[]

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[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Antilhas_-_Peri%C3%B2de_coloniau_v%C3%A8rs_1790.png/220px-Antilhas_-_Peri%C3%B2de_coloniau_v%C3%A8rs_1790.png]

Notes

ලතින් ඇමරිකනු රටවල්
කැරිබියානු රටවල්
CARICOM members
ප්‍රංශ බස කථාකරන රටවල්
දූපත් රටවල්
Latin America
Least Developed Countries
Member states of La Francophonie
ජනරජ

හෙයිටි


Limbile polineziene sunt o familie de limbi vorbite în Polinezia și din sud-centrul Microneziei până în insulițe depărtate nodul celor mai mari insule din nord estul insulelor mai mari din Insulele Solomon și răspândite prin Vanuatu. Ele sunt clasificate ca parte a familiei austroneziene.

polineziene

Limbile polineziene


علم بنما تبني عام 1925 عند الاستقلال من كولومبيا.

الألوان والرموز
اقترح علم مكون من 7 خطوط أفقية حمراء و6 صفراء مع مربع أزرق مع شمسان متحدتان بخط أصفر (علم بونارو فاريلا)، لم يتم قبوله من قبل قائد البلاد آنذاك مانويل غويرو، وبعدها بفترة تم تصميم علم آخر من قبل أحد أفراد العائلة وصنع من قبل ماريا أوسا دي أمادور مكون من 4 مربعات : مربعان بيض ومربع أحمر وآخر ازرق، بداخل الأبيض نجمتان زرقاء فوق المربع الأزرق وأخرى حمراء تحت المربع الأحمر، المربعات والنجوم ترمز للتنوع الحزبي في البلاد، أما الأبيض يرمز للسلام، الأزرق كان لون المحافظين أما الأحمر لليبراليين. وتم المحافظة على التصميم حتى الوقت الحاضر.

تاريخيا

تصميم بوناو فاريلا

العلم المقترح كان من تصميم رجل فرنسي يدعى فيليب جان بوناو فاريلا عام في عام 1823 حيث كان مبني على أساس علم الولايات المتحدة وبدل اللون الأبيض بالأصفر لمشابهة ألوان أعلام كلا من إسبانيا وكولومبيا وبدل مكان النجوم الأمريكية بشمسان متحدتان بخط تمثل قارتي أميريكا الشمالية والجنوبية والخط إلى بنما كصلة بين العالمين. تم رفض العلم من مبدأ تصميمه من قبل أجنبي.

تصميم ماريا أوسا دي أمادور
كان ابن مانويل أمادور غويرو موهوبا في الرسم، صمم عدة أشكال للعلم وعرضها على ماريا أوسا دي أمادور الذي أخذ الفكرة وصمم العلم الحالي في 1 نوفمبر 1903, وبعد محاولات صعبة لتجنب الجيش الكولومبي الذي كان يحتل البلاد وضع 3 نسخ للعلم التي ما لبثت أن أعتمدت رسميا بعد الاستقلال.

المصادر

أعلام استحدثت عام 1925
أعلام دول أمريكا الجنوبية
بنما
أعلام وطنية
رموز بنما الوطنية
أعلام بنما

علم بنما


Reask () ist eine frühe Frühkirchliche Einfriedung (engl.: Early ecclesiastical enclosure) in der eine Klosteranlage der Iroschottischen Kirche entstand. Über die Anlage existieren keinerlei Aufzeichnungen. Sie liegt im Osten von Ballyferriter im County Kerry auf der Dingle-Halbinsel in Irland.

Die Ausgrabungen in den 1970er Jahren legten ein unregelmäßig ovales Dun oder Cashel frei. Seine Einfassungsmauer ist stellenweise 2,2 m breit und bis zu einer Höhe von etwa einem Meter erhalten. Innerhalb der Mauer befinden sich die Überreste mehrerer Clochans, eines steinernen Oratoriums mit verstürztem Dach, einiger anderer Strukturen, darunter einer rechteckigen, und eines Friedhofs mit über 40 Gräbern. Auf dem Gelände gibt eine geschwungene Zwischenmauer. Die Anlage ist insbesondere für eine Reihe von Cross-Slabs bzw. Pillar-Stones (Steinsäulen) bekannt.

Stein A
Eine 1,65 m hohe und mehr als 0,5 m breite Steinsäule trägt ein griechisches Kreuz in einem Kreis mit anhängenden Spiral-Designs in Peltaform.

Stein B
Stein B ist eine Sandsteinplatte am Eingang zum Oratorium. Der 0,8 m hohe Stein ist 0,4 m breit und 0,2 m dick. Er ist mit einem großen lateinischen Kreuz mit gegabelten Enden verziert. Über dem Kreuz liegt eine horizontale Leiste mit gegabelten Enden und oberhalb des Querbalkens des Kreuzes sind zwei kleine griechische Kreuze eingeschlagen.

Stein C
Stein C ist eine mit einem lateinischen Kreuz dekorierte Sandsteinplatte.

Stein D
Stein D ist beidseitig mit lateinischen Kreuzen und Buchstaben verziert. Der 1,14 m hohe, 0,18 m breite und 0,14 m dicke Stein ist eine schlanke Sandsteinsäule.

Stein E
Stein E (heute im Nationalmuseum) ist eine Sandsteinplatte mit einem griechischen Kreuz.

Stein F
Stein F wurde ins University College in Cork verbracht und ist beidseitig mit lateinischen Kreuzen verziert.

Die Bienenkorbhütten
Die Bienenkorbhütten A und B (irisch: Clochán A und B) sind zu einem achtförmigen Grundriss vereint. Clochan A hat 5,5 und Clochan B 6,0 m Durchmesser. Diese beiden Hütten und das Oratorium waren mit einem bis zur Zwischenmauer gepflasterten Weg verbunden.

Die Clochans C und D sind als Kreise zusammengebaut und werden durch einen gemeinsamen Zugang erschlossen. Clochan D mit 4,5 m Durchmesser hat im unteren Bereich des Trockenmauerwerks große Platten verbaut. An einer Seite des Zugangs und zwischen den Clochans befinden sich Pfostensteine.

Literatur
 Steve MacDonogh: The Dingle Peninsula: History, Folklore and Archaeology. Brandon, 1993 ISBN 0-86322-159-9

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Beschreibung engl. und Bilder
 mit Grundriss
 Peltas
 Ballyferriter Museum

Kirchengebäude in Irland
Ehemaliges Kloster in Irland
Archäologischer Fundplatz im County Kerry
Cross Slab
Clochán
Frühkirchliche Einfriedung
Iroschottische Kirche
Trockenmauerwerk
Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Dingle-Halbinsel)
National Monument (Irland)
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa

Reask


Branimir Bilić (Studenci, 14. studenoga 1957.), hrvatski novinar, urednik i komentator.

Dobitnik je Zlatnoga pera HND-a, godišnje nagrade HRT-a za najbolju emisiju (»TV parlament«) i za najbolje izravne prijenose te Nagrade za životno novinarsko djelo HRT-a Ivan Šibl i inih.

Životopis
Rođen je 14. studenoga 1957. u Studencima kod Imotskoga, Gimnaziju Marka Marulića završio je u Splitu, a Fakultet političkih znanosti u Zagrebu. Na HRT-u je radio od 1. travnja 1982. do 31. prosinca 2022. Prvo je bio zaposlen na Radiu, a nakon višegodišnjega izvješćivanja s Kosova dolazi na televiziju.

Posebno se istaknuo novinarskim izvješćima s Kosova tijekom kosovske krize krajem 1980-ih, prijenosima događaja tijekom Domovinskoga rata, te komentarima tijekom posjeta pape Ivana Pavla II. i pape Benedikta XVI. Hrvatskoj. Također je uređivao i uživo vodio brojne emisije.

U rujnu 2012. ukinuta mu je emisija Puls Hrvatske, a otvorenim pismom poručio je javnosti kako su to učinili namještenici s HTV-a po nalogu vlasti, koju je tada vršila Kukuriku koalicija. Početkom ožujka 2015. uputio je Programskom vijeću HRT-a pismo u kojem je, potaknut neprimjerenim ponašanjem Elizabete Gojan tijekom komentiranja predsjedničke inauguracije Kolinde Grabar-Kitarović, upozorio na niz problema na HRT-u, od kojih je, među ostalima, posebno istaknuo problem Dnevnika HTV-a kojeg obilježavaju "niska profesionalnost i kvaliteta, visoka ideologiziranost, politiziranost i politička pristranost u korist vladajuće koalicije i bivšeg predsjednika RH". Od ostalih problema naveo je marginalizaciju hrvatske kulture, obrazovanja, znanosti, duhovnosti, poduzetništva i baštine te hrvatskog jezika i vrednota Domovinskog rata, uz istovremeno promicanje jugoslavenstva. Kao posljedicu svega toga naveo je pad kvalitete programa i srozavanje ugleda HRT-a. Već sljedećeg dana po objavi pisma počeo je dobivati prijetnje otkazom, a nakon nekoliko dana Pravna služba HRT-a je i pokrenula proceduru davanja izvanrednog otkaza. Ipak, nakon promjene vlasti krajem 2015. ponovno je vraćen u program te od jeseni 2016. na HTV-u 1, u večernjem terminu vodi emisiju Hrvatska za 5.

Emisije
 TV parlament
 TV intervju
 Misli 21. stoljeća
 Znakovi vremena
 Lice nacije
 Puls Hrvatske
 Glas za čovjeka
 Hrvatska za 5

Sugovornici
U novinarskom i uredničkom radu ugostio je i razgovarao s brojnim osobama iz hrvatskoga javnoga života:
 hrvatski jezik i kultura: Radoslav Katičić, Viktor Žmegač, Tomislav Ladan, Josip Bratulić, Mate Maras;
 demografija: Alica Wertheimer-Baletić;
 umjetnost: Ivan Repušić, Monika Leskovar, Martina Filjak, Vatroslav Kuliš, Dimitrije Popović, Igor Zidić, Marija Ujević-Galetović, Kuzma Kovačić, Andrea Peterlik-Huseinović;
 književnost: Julijana Matanović, Miro Gavran, Ivan Aralica, Petar Gudelj;
 kazalište: Rene Medvešek, Anja Šovagović Despot, Zlatko Vitez;
 arhitektura: Nikola Bašić, Branimir Medić;
 fotografija: Ivo Pervan, Damir Fabijanić;
 znanost: Marin Soljačić, Iva Tolić, Vernesa Smolčić, Gordan Lauc, Korado Korlević, Ferdo Bašić, Olga Carević, Dijana Vican, Gojko Bežovan, Ilija Srpak;
 poduzetništvo: Đuro Horvat, Vjekoslav Majetić, Zvonimir Viduka;
 informatičke tehnologije: Luka Abrus, Nikola Kapraljević, Tomislav Car, Albert Gajšak, Nikola Dmitrović, Ivan Vlainić;
 šport: Ante Kostelić, Zlatko Dalić;
 filozofija i bioetika: Tonči Matulić, Ante Vučković, Miroslav Volf, Neven Sesardić, Ivana Greguric;
 medicina: Davor Miličić, Josip Paladino, Vida Demarin, Stipislav Jadrijević, Željko Kaštelan, Petrana Brečić, Marijana Braš;
 hrvatski branitelji: Branko Borković i Ivan Anđelić;
 strani intelektualci: Danica Purg, Igor Papič, Latinka Perović, Franz Josef Radermacher, Alain Finkielkraut;
 klerici: Franjo Kuharić, Vinko Puljić, Franjo Komarica, Kotel Da-Don;
 političari: Marko Veselica, Dražen Budiša, Vlado Gotovac, Franjo Tuđman;

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Branimir Bilić, životopis, adris.hr

Izvjestitelji na Hrvatskom radiju
Voditelji na HTV-u
Životopisi, Imotski
Lovreć

Branimir Bilić


Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers. Modern angiography is performed by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy.

The word itself comes from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον angeion 'vessel' and γράφειν graphein 'to write, record'. The film or image of the blood vessels is called an angiograph, or more commonly an angiogram. Though the word can describe both an arteriogram and a venogram, in everyday usage the terms angiogram and arteriogram are often used synonymously, whereas the term venogram is used more precisely.

The term angiography has been applied to radionuclide angiography and newer vascular imaging techniques such as CO2 angiography, CT angiography and MR angiography. The term isotope angiography has also been used, although this more correctly is referred to as isotope perfusion scanning.

History

The technique was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician and neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon to provide contrasted X-ray cerebral angiography in order to diagnose several kinds of nervous diseases, such as tumors, artery disease and arteriovenous malformations. Moniz is recognized as the pioneer in this field. He performed the first cerebral angiogram in Lisbon in 1927, and Reynaldo dos Santos performed the first aortogram in the same city in 1929. In fact, many current angiography techniques were developed by the Portuguese at the University of Lisbon. For example, in 1932, Lopo de Carvalho performed the first pulmonary angiogram via venous puncture of the superior member. In 1948 the first cavogram was performed by Sousa Pereira. With the introduction of the Seldinger technique in 1953, the procedure became markedly safer as no sharp introductory devices needed to remain inside the vascular lumen. Radial access technique for angiography can be traced back to 1989, when Lucien Campeau first cannulated the radial artery to perform a coronary angiogram.

Technique
Depending on the type of angiogram, access to the blood vessels is gained most commonly through the femoral artery, to look at the left side of the heart and at the arterial system; or the jugular or femoral vein, to look at the right side of the heart and at the venous system.  Using a system of guide wires and catheters, a type of contrast agent (which shows up by absorbing the X-rays), is added to the blood to make it visible on the X-ray images.

The X-ray images taken may either be still, displayed on an image intensifier or film, or motion images.  For all structures except the heart, the images are usually taken using a technique called digital subtraction angiography or DSA. Images in this case are usually taken at 2–3 frames per second, which allows the interventional radiologist to evaluate the flow of the blood through a vessel or vessels.  This technique "subtracts" the bones and other organs so only the vessels filled with contrast agent can be seen.  The heart images are taken at 15–30 frames per second, not using a subtraction technique.  Because DSA requires the patient to remain motionless, it cannot be used on the heart.    Both these techniques enable the interventional radiologist or cardiologist to see stenosis (blockages or narrowings) inside the vessel which may be inhibiting the flow of blood and causing pain.

After the procedure has been completed, if the femoral technique is applied, the site of arterial entry is either manually compressed, stapled shut, or sutured in order to prevent access-site complications.

Uses

Coronary angiography

One of the most common angiograms performed is to visualize the coronary arteries. A long, thin, flexible tube called a catheter is used to administer the X-ray contrast agent at the desired area to be visualized. The catheter is threaded into an artery in the forearm, and the tip is advanced through the arterial system into the major coronary artery.  X-ray images of the transient radiocontrast distribution within the blood flowing inside the coronary arteries allows visualization of the size of the artery openings. The presence or absence of atherosclerosis or atheroma within the walls of the arteries cannot be clearly determined.

Coronary angiography can visualize coronary artery stenosis, or narrowing of the blood vessel. The degree of stenosis can be determined by comparing the width of the lumen of narrowed segments of blood vessel with wider segments of adjacent vessel.

Cerebral angiography

Cerebral angiography provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain to detect abnormalities, including arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms. One common cerebral angiographic procedure is neuro-vascular digital subtraction angiography.

Pulmonary angiography

Pulmonary angiography is used to visualise the anatomy of pulmonary vessels.

Peripheral angiography
Angiography is also commonly performed to identify vessels narrowing in patients with leg claudication or cramps, caused by reduced blood flow down the legs and to the feet; in patients with renal stenosis (which commonly causes high blood pressure) and can be used in the head to find and repair stroke. These are all done routinely through the femoral artery, but can also be performed through the brachial or axillary (arm) artery.  Any stenoses found may be treated by the use of balloon angioplasty, stenting, or atherectomy.

Fluorescein angiography
Fluorescein angiography is a medical procedure in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye so they can be photographed. This test is often used to manage eye disorders.

OCT angiography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technology using near-infrared light to image the eye, in particular penetrate the retina to view the micro-structure behind the retinal surface.
Ocular OCT angiography (OCTA) is a method leveraging OCT technology to assess the vascular health of the retina.

Microangiography
Microangiography is commonly used to visualize tiny blood vessels.

Post mortem CT angiography

Post mortem CT angiography for medicolegal cases is a method initially developed by the Virtopsy group. Originating from that project, both watery and oily solutions have been evaluated.

While oily solutions require special deposition equipment to collect waste water, watery solutions seem to be regarded as less problematic. Watery solutions also were documented to enhance post mortem CT tissue differentiation whereas oily solutions were not. Conversely, oily solutions seem to only minimally disturb ensuing toxicological analysis, while watery solutions may significantly impede toxicological analysis, thus requiring blood sample preservation before post mortem CT angiography.

Complications

Angiography is a relatively safe procedure. But it does have some minor and very few major complications. After an angiogram, a sudden shock can cause a little pain at the surgery area, but heart attacks and strokes usually don't occur, as they may in bypass surgery.

Cerebral angiography
Major complications in cerebral angiography such as in digital subtraction angiography or contrast MRI are also rare but include stroke, an allergic reaction to the anaesthetic other medication or the contrast medium, blockage or damage to one of the access veins in the leg, pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site; or thrombosis and embolism formation. Bleeding or bruising at the site where the contrast is injected are minor complications, delayed bleeding can also occur but is rare.

Additional risks
The contrast medium that is used usually produces a sensation of warmth lasting only a few seconds, but may be felt in a greater degree in the area of injection. If the patient is allergic to the contrast medium, much more serious side effects are inevitable; however, with new contrast agents the risk of a severe reaction is less than one in 80,000 examinations. Additionally, damage to blood vessels can occur at the site of puncture/injection, and anywhere along the vessel during passage of the catheter. If digital subtraction angiography is used instead, the risks are considerably reduced because the catheter does not need to be passed as far into the blood vessels; thus lessening the chances of damage or blockage.

Infection
Antibiotic prophylaxis may be given in those procedures that are not clean, or clean procedures that results in generation of infarcted or necrotic tissues such as embolisation. Routine diagnostic angiography is often considered a clean procedure. Prophylaxis is also given to prevent infection from infected space into blood stream.

Thrombosis
There are six risk factors causing thrombosis after arterial puncture: low blood pressure, small arterial diameter, multiple puncture tries, long duration of cannulation, administration of vasopressor/inotropic agents, and the usage of catheters with side holes.

See also

 Angiosarcoma
 Cardiac catheterization
 Computed tomography angiography
 Contrast medium
 Echocardiogram
 Electrocardiogram
 Fluorescein angiography
 Image intensifier
 Interventional radiology
 Intravascular ultrasound
 Intravenous digital subtraction angiography
 Magnetic resonance angiography
 Peripheral artery occlusive disease

References

External links

 RadiologyInfo for patients: Angiography procedures
 Cardiac Catheterization from Angioplasty.Org
 C-Arms types Several types of C-Arms
 Coronary CT angiography by Eugene Lin

Vascular procedures
Projectional radiography

Angiography


Gata Kamsky (; ; born June 2, 1974) is a Soviet-born American chess grandmaster, and a five-time U.S. champion.

Kamsky reached the final of the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 at the age of 22, and reached a ranking of fourth in the world rankings in 1995. He played almost no FIDE-rated games between 1997 and late 2004.

Kamsky won the Chess World Cup 2007. This earned him a Candidates Match against Veselin Topalov, which he lost. Kamsky also competed in the Candidates Tournament in 2011, losing to Boris Gelfand.

Early career
Kamsky was born in Novokuznetsk in Russia, in a Tatar family. Gata's last name, Kamsky, is derived from the stage nickname of his grandfather Gataullah "Kamsky" Sabirov, the founder of the Tatar Drama Theater in Kazan.

At age 12, he defeated veteran Grandmaster Mark Taimanov in a tournament game. He also earned his National Master title in that year. He won the Soviet under-20 championship in 1987 and 1988.

In 1989, he moved to the United States with his father Röstäm (also spelled Rustam), a former boxer who dominated Gata, made him study chess almost exclusively, and acted as his coach and manager. Businessman James Cayne provided financial support to the Kamskys.

In 1989, Gata Kamsky won a tournament in New York to earn the right to challenge Garry Kasparov to a two-game match; he lost that match later that year 0–2. In 1990, while aged 16 and still untitled, he played in the 64-player Interzonal tournament in Manila, the first step toward the World Chess Championship. He finished with 5½ / 13.

In 1990, FIDE awarded Kamsky the grandmaster title. In 1991, he won the U.S. Championship. Kamsky also did well at other prestigious chess tournaments, winning the Las Palmas tournament in 1994.

World Championship Candidate (1993–96)
In 1993, the rival organisations FIDE and PCA each held Interzonal tournaments. Kamsky played in both, and in both cases qualified for the respective Candidates Tournaments. The Candidates tournaments were largely dominated by Kamsky and Viswanathan Anand.

In the first round of the 1994–95 FIDE Candidates matches, Kamsky beat Paul van der Sterren (+3=3−1). Kamsky's quarter-final match against Anand, held in July and August 1994 in Sanghi Nagar, India, was more dramatic. After draws in the first two games, Anand won the next two games to take an imposing 3–1 lead. Game 5 was drawn. Kamsky then scored 2½–½ in the remaining three games to tie the match 4–4 (+2=4−2), then won the two rapid chess playoff games to win the match. In the semifinal, held in Sanghi Nagar in February 1995, Kamsky routed Valery Salov 5½–1½ (+4=3−0).

In the 1994–95 PCA Candidates matches, Kamsky beat Vladimir Kramnik in the quarter-finals in New York in June, 1994. In September, 1994 Kamsky beat Nigel Short in the semifinals in Linares, Spain. In the March 1995 final against Anand in Las Palmas, the FIDE result was reversed, with Kamsky losing (+1=7−3).

In the September 1994 match against Short, there was a highly publicized confrontation between Kamsky's father, Rustam Kamsky, and Short.

In 1996, Kamsky played a 20-game match against Anatoly Karpov for the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 title at Elista in Kalmykia, losing 7½–10½ (+3=9−6).

Inactivity (1996–2004)
After losing the match to Karpov, Kamsky gave up professional chess. He graduated from Brooklyn College with a B.A. in 1999. He then attended and graduated from law school at Touro Law Center in New York.

Kamsky's next rated games after his loss to Karpov were in 1999, when he returned to play in the FIDE Knockout World Championship event in Las Vegas, where he played a first-round, two-game match against the eventual tournament winner, Alexander Khalifman. Kamsky won the first game, lost the second game, and then lost the rapid play-off games.

Comeback (2004 onward)

Kamsky retired from the world of chess for eight years, except for a two-game match in 1999. The first sighting of Kamsky after that came in March 2004 when ChessBase reported that Sam Sloan had spoken to him.

Kamsky did not play another game in public until June 15, 2004, when he participated in the 106th New York Masters, playing four games in a day with a time control of 30 minutes for all his moves. His two wins and two draws were enough for him to tie for first place with four others. He subsequently played in several other editions of the weekly event with mixed success, before returning to regular chess in the 2005 U.S. Championship held in November–December 2004 where he scored a respectable but unspectacular 5½–3½. He was rated number 19 in the world on the April 2005 FIDE Elo rating list, at 2700. He retained this rating on the July 2005 list, but moved up to number 18, after a good unbeaten result at the 2005 HB Global Challenge tournament, held in Minneapolis in May, 2005.

He has since returned to international chess, most notably finishing second behind Veselin Topalov at the M-Tel Masters event. Soon after, Kamsky led the US team to the bronze medal at the 2006 Chess Olympiad in Turin. On July 4, 2006, he tied for first place with nine others at the Philadelphia World Open, then won the play-off, winning about $7,000. A number of successes in 2007 marked his return to the playing level he had before his retirement, hinting at the possibility of becoming again a challenger for the very top of the world's chess hierarchy.

Kamsky played in the FIDE Chess World Cup 2005, and qualified for the Candidates Tournament for the World Chess Championship 2007, in May–June 2007. He won his first round match against Étienne Bacrot (+3−0=1), but was eliminated when he lost his second round match to Boris Gelfand +0−2=3.

In November–December 2007, Kamsky participated in the Chess World Cup 2007. Seeded 11th, he won his first three rounds and then defeated Peter Svidler, former FIDE world champion Ruslan Ponomariov and future world number-one Magnus Carlsen to reach the finals. In the final he defeated Alexei Shirov (+1−0=3) to win the title, shocking many in the chess world.

Kamsky's victory earned him a match against world number-one Veselin Topalov in 2009 for the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship 2010 against world champion Viswanathan Anand. The match was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, in February 2009. Although Kamsky won game four to level the match 2–2, Topalov scored +2 in the final 3 games (including an exciting last round victory on the White side of the French Defense) to win the match 4½–2½.

Kamsky played board one for the United States in the 2008 Chess Olympiad, held in Dresden, Germany in November. The U.S. team captured the bronze medals.

Kamsky participated in the Chess World Cup 2009 but was upset in the third round by Wesley So.

In January 2010 Kamsky won the 52nd Reggio Emilia chess tournament (he came equal first with Zoltán Almási, defeating him in the last round, but had a better Buchholz tiebreak). In May 2010 he tied for 1st–3rd with Vladimir Kramnik and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov in the President's Cup in Baku.

He became U.S. Champion on May 25, 2010, after winning a rapid playoff game with second-place finisher Yury Shulman. This championship, Kamsky's second, came 19 years after he won his first U.S. championship.

In August 2010, Kamsky won clear first at the Open Grenke Rapid World Championship (Mainz Chess Classic), a Rapid Chess tournament, with 10/11, defeating world No. 5 and defending champion Levon Aronian, 2004 FIDE champion Rustam Kasimdzhanov, and Sergey Karjakin en route to the title ahead of Grischuk, Shirov and several other strong Grandmasters.

From August 23 through August 31, Kamsky participated in the Baku Open in Azerbaijan, where he was the top seed. He won his final three games to clinch clear first with 7½/9.

From April 13 through April 18, 2011, Kamsky participated in the United States Championship, where he was the top seed. He won the tournament for the second consecutive year, becoming the first player since Lev Alburt in 1985 to win consecutive U.S. Championships; the title was his third career United States Championship.

As a finalist of the 2010 world championship cycle, Kamsky was given direct entry to the eight player Candidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2012. The candidates tournament began with best-of-four game match format in May 2011 in Kazan, with Kamsky facing Veselin Topalov in the quarterfinals. With a win on the Black side of the Gruenfeld defense in the second game, Kamsky held on to defeat the top-seeded Topalov 2½–1½ to advance to the semifinals. In the semifinals, he faced the 2009 Chess World Cup champion Boris Gelfand in a rematch of their 2007 Candidates tournament meeting won by Gelfand. After four games, the match was tied at 2–2, with rapid tiebreaks to decide the winner on May 16. In the rapid tiebreaks, Kamsky won game 3 with black to take a 2–1 lead and needed only a draw with white in the final rapid game to advance to the final. However, Gelfand won with black to force a blitz playoff, which he won 2–0 to eliminate Kamsky and reach the Candidates final.

In May 2012, Kamsky participated in the 2012 U.S. Championship, where he was seeded second behind defending champion Hikaru Nakamura. He scored 5/7 to qualify for the round-robin stage against Nakamura, 2006 champion Alexander Onischuk, and 2008 champion Yuri Shulman. In the round-robin stage, he drew Nakamura with black and then defeated Onischuk on the White side of the Ruy Lopez. In 2013 and 2014 he won the tournament, and the last title was his fifth career United States Championship. In 2016 he placed third at the Chigorin Memorial tournament in Saint Petersburg.

Notable tournament victories
 Buffalo Open, 1989
 Tilburg, 1990
 World Open, 1991
 U.S. Championship, 1991
 Buenos Aires, 1993
 Las Palmas, 1994
 Dos Hermanas, 1995
 New York, 2006
 World Open, 2006
 Mashantucket, 2007
 Chess World Cup, Khanty-Mansiysk, 2007
 National Open, Las Vegas, 2008
 Reggio Emilia, 2010
 Philadelphia Open, 2010
 U.S. Championship, 2010
 Rapid World Championship, Mainz 2010
 Baku Open, 2010
 World Open, 2011
 U.S. Championship, 2011
 U.S. Championship, 2013
 Philadelphia Open, 2014
 U.S. Championship, 2014
 The 8th New York International, 2015
 Cappelle la Grande, 2016
The 54th Biel Chess Festival Chess Triathlon, 2021

World championship matches and qualifiers
 FIDE WCC Candidates Match 1994, Wijk aan Zee, Kamsky–van der Sterren (4½–2½)
 FIDE WCC Candidates Match 1994, Sanghi Nagar, Kamsky–Anand (6–4)
 PCA WCC Candidates Match 1994, New York, Kamsky–Kramnik (4½–1½)
 PCA WCC Candidates Match 1994, Linares, Kamsky–Short (5½–1½)
 FIDE WCC Candidates Match 1995, Sanghi Nagar, Kamsky–Salov (5½–1½)
 PCA WCC Candidates Match 1995, Las Palmas, Kamsky–Anand (4½–6½)
 FIDE World Chess Championship 1996, Elista, Kamsky–Karpov (7½–10½)
 FIDE WCC Knockout 1999 Second Round, Las Vegas, Kamsky–Khalifman (1½–2½)
 WCC Candidates Match 2007 Round 1, Elista, Kamsky–Bacrot (3½–½)
 WCC Candidates Match 2007 Round 2, Elista, Kamsky–Gelfand (1½–3½)
 Chess World Cup 2007 Quarterfinals, Khanty–Mansiysk, Kamsky–Ponomariov (1½–0½)
 Chess World Cup 2007 Semifinals, Khanty–Mansiysk, Kamsky–Carlsen (1½–0½)
 Chess World Cup 2007 Championship Match, Khanty–Mansiysk, Kamsky–Shirov (2½–1½)
 WCC Candidates Match 2009, Sofia, Kamsky–Topalov (2½–4½)
 WCC Candidates Match 2011 Quarterfinals, Kazan, Kamsky–Topalov (2½–1½)
 WCC Candidates Match 2011 Semifinals, Kazan, Kamsky–Gelfand [2–2 (2–4)]

Notable games

Here Kamsky as Black crushes Kramnik en route to winning the 1994 Candidates match:
Kramnik vs. Kamsky, World Championship Quarter-Finals Match, New York 1994 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. g3 0-0 5. Bg2 c5 6. 0-0 Nc6 7. d4 cxd4 8. Nxd4 Qe7 9. Nc2 White allows Black to ruin his pawn structure, and soon sacrifices one of his weak c-pawns. He hopes that his two bishops will give him sufficient compensation, but will find that he is unable to use them effectively. 9... Bxc3 10. bxc3 Rd8 11. Ba3 d6 12. Rb1 Qc7 13. Nd4 Nxd4 14. cxd4 Qxc4 15. Qd2 Qa6 16. Rb3 Rb8 17. e4 Bd7 18. Rf3 Trying to get play on the , but Kamsky's pieces now overrun the queenside. 18... Ba4 Disdaining 18...Nxe4 19.Qf4 f5 20.g4 opening lines for White's pieces. 19. Re1 Rbc8 20. Bf1 Bb5 21. Bh3 Qa4 22. d5 Rc2 23. Qe3 exd5 White is in deep trouble. If now 24.exd5? Re8 wins. 24. e5 d4! 25. Qg5 Re2! Exploiting White's weak . Now White sacrifices  for a fearsome-looking attack against g7, but Kamsky has calculated exactly. 26. exf6 Rxe1+ 27. Bf1 27.Kg2? Bf1+ 28.Kg1 Bxh3 27... Rxf1+ 28. Kg2 Rg1+! 29. Kh3 If 29.Kxg1? Qd1+ 30.Kg2 Qf1# 29... Bd7+ 30. Kh4 g6 31. Qh6 d3+ 32. Rf4 If 32.Kg5? Qg4# 32... Qxf4+! 33. Qxf4 If 33.gxf4 Rg4+ 34.Kh3 Rg5+! 35.Kh4 Rh5+ wins the queen. 33... Rh1! 34. g4 h6! Now White's attack is over and Black's pawns join in attacking White's king, threatening ...g5+. 35. Kh3 If 35.Qxh6? Rxh2+ 35... g5! 36. Qd4 d2! 37. Qxd2 Rg1 38. f3 Bb5!  39...Bf1+ will win White's queen.

References

External links

 Kamsky biography  at Chessdom.com

1974 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
American chess players
Soviet chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Tatar people of Russia
Brooklyn College alumni
Touro Law Center alumni
Sportspeople from New York City
American people of Tatar descent
Soviet emigrants to the United States

Gata Kamsky


1908 Yaz Olimpiyatları ya da resmî adıyla IV. Olimpiyat Oyunları, 1908 yılında Büyük Britanya'nın başkenti Londra'da düzenlenmiş uluslararası çok sporlu etkinlik. Aslında Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi tarafından 1904 yılında oyunların Roma'da düzenlenmesi kararlaştırılmıştı, fakat 7 Nisan 1906'da gerçekleşen Vezüv Yanardağı'nın patlamasının yarattığı felaket, İtalya'nın olimpiyatlar için ayırdığı fonu felaket bölgelerine aktarmasına ve akabinde İtalya'nın ev sahipliğini kaybetmesine yol açtı.

Oyunlar
Oyunlar, 1906 Ara Olimpiyatları'nda olduğu gibi her ülkenin sporcusunun kendi millî bayrakları ile bir geçit töreninde yürümesi ile başladı. Ancak, yaşanan bazı ihtilaflar oyunların başlangıcında krize neden oldu:

 Olimpiyatlara ilk kez katılan Finlandiya'nın Rus Çarlığı egemenliği altında olmasından ötürü geçit töreninde Finlerin ayrı bir bayrak altında yürümesine Rus yetkililerin girişimleriyle izin verilmedi.
 Oyunlara 3. kez katılan İsveç'in bayrağı törenin yapıldığı stadyuma asılmadığı için bu durumunu protesto eden İsveçli sporcular açılış törenini terk etti.

ABD bayrağının eğilmesinin reddi
Stadyuma İsveç bayrağının yanı sıra ABD bayrağı da asılmamıştı. Geleneksel olarak açılış töreni, ev sahibi ülkenin devlet başkanı tarafında ve ulusal takımlar bayrak ile önlerinden geçerken devlet başkanı onuruna bayraklarını eğmektedirler. ABD bayrağını taşıyan gülle atıcı Ralph Rose, Kral VII. Edward'ın önünden geçerken bu rutini yapmayı reddedip ve ABD bayrağını eğmedi. Ancak İngiliz Kraliyet Ailesi onuruna tüm ulusal bayrakların bir arada gerçekleştirdiği toplu selamlama sırasında ABD bayrağı da diğer bayraklar gibi eğilerek selamlama yaptı. ABD takım kaptanı ve İrlandalı Amerikan Atletler Kulübü üyesi Martin Sheridan bu durumu sonradan, "Bu bayrak hiçbir ölümlü kralın önünde eğilmez." ifadesini kullandı. Bu ifade, iki eski sömürge olan ABD ile İrlanda'nın İngiliz Monarşisi'ne meydan okuması olarak değerlendirildi. Ancak, bu söz ilk kez, Sheridan'ın ölümünden 24 yıl sonra, 1952'de kayıtlara geçti.

Sporlar

Madalya tablosu

Kaynakça

1908 Yaz Olimpiyatları


Sedelmayer ist ein deutscher Familienname. Zu Herkunft und Bedeutung siehe Sedelmeier.

Namensträger
 Jeremias Jacob Sedelmayer (1704–1761), deutscher Maler und Kupferstecher
 Josef Sedelmayer (1933–2016), österreichischer Tischtennisspieler

Siehe auch
 Sedlmaier
 Sedlmair
 Sedlmayer
 Sedlmayr
 Sedlmeier
 Sedlmeir
 Sedlmeyer
 Sedelmaier
 Sedelmeier
 Sedelmeyer

Familienname
Deutscher Personenname
Berufsname

Sedelmayer


Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve is  state park located near the southwestern shore of Staten Island, New York. It is the only state park located on Staten Island.

History
The park was the site of extensive mining of white kaolin clay in the 19th century that provided the raw material for bricks and terra cotta. After the abandonment of the quarrying operations, rainwater, natural springs, and vegetation filled in the pits. The preserve also contains archaeological evidence of settlements of the Lenape, early European settlers, and the Free Blacks of Sandy Ground.

The park was created in 1977 after extensive lobbying by the Protectors of Pine Oak Woods, a local conservation organization.

Groundbreaking for a $1.3 million nature center was held on May 4, 2007. In October 2008, the center opened with exhibits on the history of the Charleston area and wildlife and plants found within the park. The  facility contains exhibit space, classrooms, and an outdoor pavilion.

Park description

The park is a  nature preserve, comprising wetlands, ponds, sand barrens, spring-fed streams, and woodlands. It includes pitch pine woods, and rare wildflowers such as cranberry, lizard-tail, possumhaw, and bog twayblade. The animal species found in the park include northern black racer snakes, box turtles, eastern fence lizards, Fowler's toads, green frogs, and spring peepers. More than 170 bird species have been sighted in the park. Deer are also regularly seen there.

The purpose of the preserve is to retain the site's unique ecology, as well as to provide educational and recreational opportunities, such a nature walks, pond ecology programs, and birdwatching. Two hiking trails – the Abraham's Pond Trail and the Ellis Swamp Trail – are open to the public near the park headquarters, and horseback riding is permitted on  of bridle paths.

The park has two designated areas, which are set aside for endangered species and are off-limits to the public.

See also
 List of New York state parks

References

External links

 New York State Parks: Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve

State parks of New York (state)
Parks in Staten Island
Nature centers in New York City
Protected areas established in 1977
1977 establishments in New York (state)

Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve


Facundo de la Torre (também Fernando de la Torre) (1570 - 25 de setembro de 1640) foi um prelado católico que serviu como arcebispo de Santo Domingo (1631–1640).

Biografia
Facundo de la Torre nasceu em Sahagún, Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem de São Bento. A 17 de julho de 1631, foi nomeado pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado por Urbano VIII a 2 de janeiro de 1632 como Arcebispo de São Domingos. Em setembro de 1632, foi consagrado bispo por Fernando Valdés Llano, bispo de Teruel com Francisco Olivares Maldonado, bispo auxiliar de Toledo, e Timoteo Pérez Vargas, arcebispo emérito de Bagdá como co-consagradores. Serviu como arcebispo de São Domingo até à sua morte no dia 25 de setembro de 1640. Enquanto bispo, foi o consagrador principal de Juan Alonso de Solis y Mendoza, bispo de Porto Rico.

Mortos em 1640
Nascidos em 1570
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Urbano VIII

Facundo de la Torre


Iman
Iman (islam)
Iman bint Abdullah, jordanska princeza
Iman bint ِHussein, jordanska princeza
Iman (narod)
Iman (strip)
I-Man

Iman (razdvojba)


138221 Baldry este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
138221 Baldry este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Apache Point Observatory în cadrul programului Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,63 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 4,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 138001-139000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

138221 Baldry


NGC 5842 est une lointaine galaxie spirale située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5842 a été découverte par l'astronome français Édouard Stephan en 1882.

Selon la base de données Simbad, NGC 5842 est une radiogalaxie.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5842 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5842
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Radiogalaxie
Objet céleste découvert en 1882
Objet céleste découvert par Édouard Stephan

NGC 5842


Ronald William "Ron" Amess (* 9. August 1937; † 20. Oktober 2011) war ein australischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Ron Amess nahm für die australische Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 in Squaw Valley teil. Mit seinem Team belegte er den neunten und somit letzten Platz. Er selbst kam im Turnierverlauf in fünf Spielen zum Einsatz. Zudem trat er für Australien bei der B-Weltmeisterschaft 1962 an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeynationalspieler (Australien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Australien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
Australier
Geboren 1937
Gestorben 2011
Mann

Ron Amess


Nogometni klub "Sava" (NK "Sava"; "Sava" Stara Gradiška; Sava) je bio nogometni klub iz Stare Gradiške, Brodsko-posavska županija, Republika Hrvatska.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1947. godine pod imenom "Milicioner". Pod imenom "Sava" djeluje od 1957. godine.
1961. godine se u Novoj Gradišci osniva nogometni podsavez, te "Sava" počinje sudjelovati u podsaveznoj ligi. Kasnije je podsavez postao "Nogometni savez područja Nova Gradiška", te "Sava" sudjeluje u pripadnim ligama - "Područna liga Nova Gradiška" (Liga područja Nova Gradiška") i "Općinska liga Nova Gradiška"). Od kraja 1970-ih pa do raspada SFRJ "Sava" je igrala u "Slavonskoj zoni - Posavska skupina", odnosno u "Međuopćinskoj ligi – Jug".

Tijekom Domovinskog rata Stara Gradiška je bila pod srpskom okupacijom, odnosno pod teritorijem tzv. RSK. Stara Gradiška je oslobođena i vraćena u ustavni poredak Hrvatske operacijom "Bljesak" u svibnju 1995. godine, te je tada prestao sa radom nogometni klub.

Rad "Save" je obnovljen 20. rujna 1998. godine.

Klub se natjecao u "2. ŽNL Brodsko-posavska - Zapad" i "3. ŽNL Brodsko-posavska - Zapad", koje ugrubo pokrivaju područje bivše velike općine Nova Gradiška i pripadnog nogometnog saveza.

"Sava" je nakon sezone 2014./15. odustala od seniorske momčadi zbog teške financijske situacije i odlaska igrača na rad u inozemstvu, a potom je došlo i do gašenja kluba.

Uspjesi

Nakon 1998.
 3. ŽNL Brodsko-posavska - Zapad
 prvak: 2012./13.

do 1991.
 Liga Nogometnog saveza Područja Nova Gradiška
 prvak: 1976./77.

Pregled po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutarnje poveznice
 Stara Gradiška

Vanjske poveznice
 NK "Sava" Stara Gradiška, facebook stranica
 nksava-sg.hr, wayback arhiva
 transfermarkt.com, NK Sava Stara Gradiska
 sportilus.com, NOGOMETNI KLUB SAVA STARA GRADIŠKA

Izvori

 nksava-sg.hr, Povijest, wayback arhiva
 radiong.hr, NK "Sava" Stara Gradiška – od nule do naslova prvaka, objavljeno 3. lipnja 2013., pristupljeno 13. kolovoza 2020.
 nksava-sg.hr, Kontakt, wayback arhiva
 nogomet.lzmk.hr, "Nogometni leksikon", Brodsko-posavska županija, nogometni savez
 fininfo.hr, NK "SAVA"

Nogometni klubovi u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji
Bivši hrvatski nogometni klubovi

NK Sava Stara Gradiška


An Lepanthes sanguinea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Jackson Hooker. An Lepanthes sanguinea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lepanthes

Lepanthes sanguinea


Kurši (latvijski: Kurši, litavski: Kuršiai, njemački: Kuren), ponekad i Kuronci, ime je jednog od baltičkih plemena, koje je živjelo na uskom pojasu baltičke obale od 1. do 14. stoljeće na području današnje Litve i Latvije.

Kurlandija je dobila ime po Kuršima, koje Rimbert prvi spominje 867. pod imenom – Chori.

Povijest i karakteristike

Kurši su smatrani "najbrutalnijim plemenom" među Baltima. Taj im je epitet dao njemački kroničar Adam iz Bremena, ali se pretpostavlja da je to zbog toga što je Kurlandija od 8. do 9. stoljeća bila metom nekoliko neuspješnih napada skandinavskih zemalja.

Danci su 853. napali Kurlandiju, a o toj kampanji pisao je Hamburgško-bremenski nadbiskup Rimbert u svojoj hagiografiji sv. Ansgara – "Danci su skupili mnoštvo brodova i otputovali u Kurlandiju, koju su htjeli poharati i porobiti. Ta je zemlja imala pet država. Kad su ljudi saznali za njihov dolazak, skupili su se na jedno mjesto i zauzeli muževnu obranu.
U bitci su uništili Dance, opljačkali njihove brodove i oduzeli im zlato, srebro i drugo blago."

Švedski kralj Olof Skötkonung napao je 854. Kurlandiju s velikom flotom i 7000 ratnika. Šveđani su uništili kuršku utvrdu Seeburg, (gradinu kod današnje Grobiņe) i nakon tog napali prijestolnicu Apuolė.
Kurši su osam dana branili svoju prijestolnicu, ali su devetog dana opsade započeli pregovore sa Šveđanima, svoju slobodu
otkupili su srebrom i predajom 30 taoca kao garancijom buduće lojalnosti.

Pošto Kurši nisu uspjeli izgraditi svoju državu, bili su prisiljeni priznati vlast Livonskog bratstva mača i Livonskog reda u 13. stoljeću.
Pobunili su se nakon pobjeda u Bitci kod Saule (1236.) i Bitci kod Durbe (1260.), ali ih je Livonski red uz pomoć Teutonskog viteškog reda konačno pokorio.

Dio Kurša iselio se u Litvu, a južni Kurši asimilirali su se sa Žemajtima, dok su sjeverni Kurši postali Latvijci asimiliravši se sa Zemgalima i Livoncima.

Posljednji govornici kurškog jezika izumrli su u Litvi u 16. stoljeću, tako da se o o tom jeziku gotovo ništa ne zna.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Curonians, the fearsome pirates of the Baltic , pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.

Drevni narodi
Povijest Litve
Srednji vijek

Kurši


Roosevelt is a neighborhood in north Seattle, Washington. Its main thoroughfare, originally 10th Avenue, was renamed Roosevelt Way upon Theodore Roosevelt's death in 1919. The neighborhood received the name as the result of a Community Club contest held eight years later, in 1927.

Roosevelt's principal and minor arterials are the one-way pair Roosevelt Way (southbound) and 12th Avenue NE (northbound), Lake City Way (SR 522) and 15th Avenue NE, and NE 65th and 75th Streets.  City streets are laid out and designated in a pattern; see street layout of Seattle, directionals.

The boundaries of the neighborhood are Interstate 5 to the west, beyond which lies Green Lake; NE Ravenna Boulevard and NE 60th Street to the south, beyond which is the University District; 15th Avenue NE to the east, beyond which is Ravenna; and Lake City Way (SR 522) to the north, beyond which lies Maple Leaf.

Schools
The Roosevelt district is also home to Roosevelt High School (RHS, opened 1922), one of the older schools in the Seattle Public Schools District. Like the street, it is named after Teddy, not Franklin D. Roosevelt.  For many years, Roosevelt High School and Garfield High School juggled the lead in the school district in many academic and sports fields. Alumni include Mark Pattison, who played football for the University of Washington Huskies and was drafted in the seventh round in 1985 by the Oakland Raiders of the NFL, actress Rose McGowan,(also attended Nova) and Nobel laureates Linda B. Buck and Robert Lucas Jr.

Shops
Although primarily a residential neighborhood, the Roosevelt district had a Sears department store from 1928 to 1980.  After its closure, the land was redeveloped as Roosevelt Square, which now features supermarket Whole Foods Market, local and pharmacy Bartell Drugs (chain established 1890), a Mud Bay pet store and a Starbucks among other businesses. A block beyond Roosevelt Way to the west is the longest-established vegetarian restaurant in Seattle, independent Sunlight Cafe, nearly as old (1978) as Starbucks.  Numerous other small businesses still line 65th Street and Roosevelt Way. Teddy's is a multi-generational, multi-subculture popular biker bar. Roosevelt Way from 62nd Street north to 64th was somewhat of an "audio row", having featured a concentration of stores selling high-end audio and video systems and components. Today, only two such stores remain.

Parks

The neighborhood includes two parks: Cowen Park, in the southeast corner (contiguous with the larger Ravenna Park of Ravenna); and Froula Playground, in the northeast corner, adjacent to the Green Lake Reservoir. The source of Ravenna Creek has been reduced to Cowen Park; since completion of the partial daylighting in 2006, the creek has been reconnected to Lake Washington.

Transportation

The underground Roosevelt Link light rail station located at NE 65th St and 12th Ave NE opened for service on October 2, 2021, which connects Roosevelt to downtown Seattle as well as the Northgate neighborhood to the north.

See also
 Neighborhoods of Ravenna Creek

Notes and references

External links
Roosevelt Neighborhood Association official website
Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas — Roosevelt

Bibliography

   Economics > Laureates > Robert E. Lucas.
   PDF at "the company. What we are all about"
   Howe > Restaurants > Vegetarian.
   From

   High-Resolution Version, PDF format, 16.1 MB  Medium-Resolution Version, PDF format, 1.45 MB  12 January 2004.  Low-Resolution Version, PDF format, 825 KB  12 January 2004.  "Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions", PDF format.  12 January 2004. The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online viewing. [Source: "Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files"]
   "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002

 Sound Transit webpage on future light rail station in Roosevelt

Further reading

   "with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters."  Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders.  Walter excerpted from
   See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter – Twin Ponds".

Roosevelt, Seattle


Reece Howden, né le , est un skieur acrobatique Canadien spécialisé dans le skicross.

Il remporte son premier gros globe de cristal en skicross lors de la saison 2021.

Palmarès

Championnats du monde
 Championnats du monde 2023 à Bakouriani (Géorgie) :
  Médaille d'argent en ski cross par équipe.

Coupe du monde
 2 gros globe de cristal :
 Vainqueur du classement skicross en  2021 et 2023.
 16 podiums dont 9 victoires.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Skieur acrobatique canadien
Naissance en juillet 1998

Reece Howden


Feroslitine ili ferolegure  slitine su željeza i jednog ili više drugih elemenata (osim ugljika), ponajprije metala (mangana, kroma, molibdena, volframa, vanadija), te silicija, fosfora, kalcija i bora. Maseni udio željeza iznosi u njima manje od 50%, a često je i mnogo manji; tako u ferokromu iznosi oko 25%, ferosiliciju oko 10%, a u feromanganu oko 5%.

Nazivaju se prema kemijskim elementima koji se dodaju željezu (lat. ferrum - željezo + ime elementa).

Svojstva i upotreba

Feroslitine su krte i neprikladne za izravnu primjenu, ali su obično nižeg tališta od metala koji se nalazi uz željezo, pa služe kao sredstva za dodavanje drugih elemenata u taline čelika i lijevanog željeza radi legiranja (ferovanadij) i smanjenja udjela ili uklanjanja nepoželjnih sastojaka kao što su kisik, sumpor i dušik (postupak dezoksidacije ferosilicijem).

Katkad se ta oba učinka mogu istodobno postići dodavanjem samo jednog elementa; tako mangan kao legirajući element povećava otpornost prema trošenju i istodobno služi kao sredstvo za odsumporavanje. Elementi se u obliku feroslitina mogu jednostavnije, preciznije i sigurnije dodavati talinama, osobito kada se dodaju inače hlapljivi ili po zdravlje i okoliš štetni elementi.

Svojstva legiranih materijala rezultat su ukupnog utjecaja prisutnih sastojaka na mikrostrukturu, pa se povoljan odnos svojstava materijala, kao što su tvrdoća i elastičnost, može postići tek primjenom prikladne mješavine elemenata. Osim za legiranje i uklanjanje nepoželjnih sastojaka čelika i lijevanog željeza, feroslitine se mogu upotrijebiti i za redukciju metalotermijom, npr. s pomoću feroslitine koja uz željezo sadrži silicij, kalcij i magnezij.

Izvori

Slitine
Željezo

Feroslitine


Ivan Rengjeo (1884. – 1962.), zapisivač narodnih pjesama. Narodno umotvorje zapisivao je u Rami i Gračacu. Zapisao pjesme o Mijatu Tomiću i dr. Bio je ravnatelj Klasične gimnazije u Zagrebu od 1939. do 1944. godine i bio je urednik Hrvatskog planinara (1940. – 1944.).

Izvori

Hrvatski planinari
Skupljači narodnih pjesama

Ivan Rengjeo


Svijet

Zgrade i druge građevine

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Zgrade i druge građevine
 Izgrađena Crkva sv. Duje u Dujmovači, u Splitu

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Arhitektura u 1747.