Tunceli (, , ) is a municipality (belde) in Tunceli District and capital of Tunceli Province, Turkey. The city has a Kurdish majority and was a site of the Dersim rebellion. It had a population of 35,161 in 2021.

Name

During Ottoman times, the settlement was called Kalan or Mameki. Tunceli, which is a modern name, literally means "bronze fist" in Turkish (tunç meaning "bronze" and eli, in this context, meaning "fist"). It shares the name with the military operation under which the Dersim massacre was conducted. The province of Dersim (or Dêsim) was renamed Tunceli in 1935, as was the settlement of Kalan, which became the province's administrative center in 1938. Dersim is popularly understood to be composed of the Kurdish/Zazaki words der ("door") and sim ("silver"), thus meaning "silver door."  Whether the town should be called Dersim or Tunceli has been a cause of political quarrels. In May 2019, the local authorities decided to call it Dersim, while the governor said it was against the law to call it Dersim.

History

During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Tunceli (then known as Kalan) was a part of the region named Dersim. In 1847, Dersim was declared a sanjak (a historical administrative unit smaller than the province). The capital of the sanjak was Hozat. During the Republican period, Tunceli Province was established in 1935. In 1946, the former town of Kalan was renamed as Tunceli and it was declared as the capital city of the province.

As a result of the Turkish campaign of "Turkification" Tunceli became a main target of Turkish officials after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Tunceli played a role in the Dersim rebellion by the Kurds.

Tunceli is famous for excellent rankings in National Education statistics.

Politics
In the Municipal Elections which took place on 31st of March 2019, Fatih Mehmet Maçoğlu was elected Mayor. He is the first mayor of Tunceli from the Communist Party of Turkey.

In 2018, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that if "those involved with terrorism" (referring to the HDP party) were to win the elections, that his government would "appoint trustees without delay".

In May 2019 the Municipal Council decided to use the city's historic name Dersim and also to offer municipal services in Zazaki and Kurmanji. 4 Members of the newly elected municipal council had their certificates revoked in May 2019 for having been dismissed from public office in the past.

Economy
The main economic activity is animal breeding. Wheat is the only notable agricultural product. There are chromium, salt and marble deposits, but only salt is produced. There are a few factories based on agriculture.

Climate
Tunceli has a continental climate (Köppen: Dsa, Trewartha: Dc) with very hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

See also

Munzur Valley National Park
Seyid Riza
Sophene

Further reading

References

Tunceli
Provincial municipalities in Turkey
Turkish Kurdistan
Populated places in Tunceli Province
Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province

Tunceli


Hartlip es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Swale, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Hartlip tiene una superficie de 5,8 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Hartlip tenía 769 habitantes (47,07% varones, 52,93% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 132,59 hab/km². El 18,99% eran menores de 16 años, el 75,42% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 5,59% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 40,63 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 22,15% estaban solteros, el 65,65% casados y el 12,2% divorciados o viudos.

El 94,28% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,34% de la población, mientras que el 3,38% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 97,77% eran blancos, el 1,05% mestizos y el 1,18% asiáticos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 84,35%, el hinduismo por el 0,39% y el islam por el 0,65%. El 10,17% no eran religiosos y el 4,43% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

361 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 348 de ellos (96,4%) empleados y 13 (3,6%) desempleados. Había 281 hogares con residentes y 8 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Hartlip


Edduverðlaunin 2012 voru veitt á verðlaunahátíð í Gamla bíói 26. febrúar 2012. Logi Bergmann Eiðsson var kynnir kvöldsins. Vilhjálmur Knudsen hlaut heiðursverðlaun ÍKSA fyrir framlag sitt til heimildarmyndagerðar og söfnun og varðveislu heimildarmynda um íslenska náttúru.

2012

Edduverðlaunin 2012


Jabloňovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 201 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Jabloňovce este atestată documentar din 1245.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Jabloňovce


Emely de Heus (Mijnsheerenland, ) é uma automobilista neerlandesa.

De Heus nasceu em Mijnsheerenland, Holanda. Seu pai é Bert de Heus, um piloto amador veterano no campeonato de corrida de resistência da 24H Series. Sua família é proprietária e opera a De Heus Tractors, com sede em Mijnsheerenland.

Em 2021, De Heus fez sua estreia nas corridas de monolugares no Campeonato Espanhol de F4 onde correu pela equipe holandesa MP Motorsport. Em 2022, ela disputa o Campeonato de W Series.

Pilotas de automóvel
Pilotos de automóvel dos Países Baixos
Pilotos de W Series
Naturais da Holanda do Sul

Emely de Heus


Bozuk kesim () veri depolama aygıtlarında fiziksel veya manyetik hasara uğrayarak işlevini yitiren kesimlerdir. Veri depolama aygıtlarında en küçük mantıksal depolama birimi kesimlerdir. Bir kesim normal ayırmada 512 bayttır. Bu alanlardan bazıları zamanla fiziksel hasara uğrayarak işlevini yitirir. Bozuk kesimler biçimlendirme sırasında tespit edilerek işaretlenir ve o kesimler kullanılmaz, veya manyetik bir hataysa o sektör tekrar oluşturulur. Böylece "göz göre göre" veri kaybı önlenir. Diğer bir senaryo ile zaten yazılı olan bir kesimin fiziksel olarak bozulması durumunda oluşan bozuk kesim durumunda o kesimde yazan veri kaybolacaktır. Bunun sonucunda o kesimde yazan veri her ne ile ilgiliyse o çalışmayacak ya da yanlış çalışacaktır.

Bozuk kesimlerin düzeltilmesi

Fiziksel olarak oluşmuş bozuk kesimlerin(Kafanın disk yüzeyini çizmesi vs.) düzeltilmesi mümkün değildir. Ancak NTFS gibi dosya sistemleri bu bozuk kesim bilgilerini saklar ve o bölgeleri işaretler. böylece o bölüme kayıt yapılmaz. Manyetik olarak oluşmuş bozuk kesimler (AC elektrik hattındaki dalgalanmalar vs.) düzeltilebilir. bu işlem programların o bölgeye "0" verisini yazıp ve o veriyi doğrulamasıyla o kesim tekrar eski haline döndürülür. Ayrıca bozuk kesimler harddiskin kendi "S.M.A.R.T" yazılımı tarafından takip edilir ve "REMAPPING" denilen olay ile hasarlı sektör, sağlam bir sektöre yönlendirilir.Ancak hasar ne türlü olursa olsun
eğer "S.A" yani sistem kesimi denilen bölgede oluşursa o bölge okunamayıp kafa vurma arızasıyla disk komple kullanılamaz hale gelecektir. Sadece seagate gibi disklerde jumper çıkışlarıyla SA bölümü tekrar oluşturulabilir

Low level format
LLF harddiskteki tüm sektörlerin "0" verisiyle doldurulmasıdır.Normal tam disk biçimlendirmesinden pek farkı yoktur. Diskin firmware yazılımının olduğu kısma dokunmadığı için çok riskli bir işlem değildir. Ancak LLF sırasında elektrik kesilmesi oluşursa o bölgede kurtarılabilir manyetik hasar oluşabilir.Low level format, manyetik hataları komple çözebildiği gibi bazı fiziksel hataları da çözebilir. Çünkü S.M.A.R.T sistemi, bozuk kesimdeki verileri kopyalamaya çalışır ancak LLF olduğu zaman o bölge boş görünecek ve S.M.A.R.T tarafından kolayca sağlam bir sektöre yönlendirilebilecektir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Bad Blocks Definition
 Bad Sector Remapping Techniques
 Bad sector corruption

Bilgisayar terimleri

Bozuk kesim


Xx Türk alfabesinde kullanılmayan bir Roma harfidir. IPA'daki değeri  damağın arkasından gelen bir H sesidir. Türkçedeki ıxlamur (ıhlamur) sözcüğünün bu harfle yazılması doğru ses değerlerine örnek teşkil eder. Bazı dillerde normal H sesinden biraz daha sert ve hırıltılıdır. Yunanca, Kürtçe, Lazca ve Azerbaycan Türkçesinde de tıpkı Arapçadaki Hı (خ) gibi bir art damak sesini çıkarmak için kullanılır. Kiril Alfabesindeki Х harfi ile aynı ses değerine sahiptir.

X harfi Türk alfabeleri içerisinde Tatarcada, Salarcada ve Azericede kullanılır. Art damaktan gelen bir H sesidir. Normal H sesi hiçbir engele takılmadan çıkarken bu ses boğazın üst kısmında titreşir. Azerbaycan Türkçesinin resmî harflerinden birisidir. İç ve Doğu Anadolu ağızlarında sıklıkla rastlanır. Örneğin: Baxmax (Bakmak) fiilinin okunuşu Baḥmaḥ şeklindedir ancak kelimenin içindeki h harfleri gırtlaktan ve hırıltılı olarak çıkartılır. Çaxmax (Çaḥmaḥ; Çakmak), Yanmax (Yanmaḥ; Yanmak)…  Anadolu Türkçesinin halk ağzındaki ve Azericedeki kullanımında çoğu zaman aynı kaynağa yakın olarak seslendirilen Arapçadaki Ha (ح) harfi ile olan farkı  ortadan kalkmıştır (Ⱨ, Ḩ).

KS Sesi
Avrupa dillerinde genel olarak K ve S harflerinin birleşimidir. Türkçede bu nedenle KS olarak yazılır. Örneğin: Karl Marx (Karl Marks)...

Latin alfabesi harfleri

X


Fitzroy est une banlieue costale de la ville de New Plymouth, située dans l'ouest de l'île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle est localisée à l'est du centre-ville de New Plymouth.

Municipalités limitrophes

Population
La population était de  lors du recensement de 2006 en Nouvelle-Zélande, en diminution de  par rapport à 2001.

Toponymie
La zone fut initialement dénommée le Bloc Fitzroy d'après le nom du gouverneur Robert FitzRoy, provenant des terres achetées par la Plymouth Company aux Māori locaux, allant de  à  au milieu des années 1840.

Monument historique
L'église  dans Henui Street est enregistrée dans la Category I des structures du patrimoine de la Nouvelle-Zélande par le Heritage New Zealand.

Éducation
 L'école de Fitzroy School est une école mixte contribuant au primaire (allant de 1 à 6 ans), avec un effectif de . L'école a célébré son  en 2007.

 Le  est une école catholique secondaire pour filles (allant de l'année 7 à 13), avec un effectif de . L'école fut fondée en 1884 et déplacée sur son site actuel en 1960. Elle devint une école intégrée au public en 1982. L'école secondaire a une école intermédiaire, qui lui est rattachée.

 L' est une école mixte contribuant au primaire (allant de l'année 1 à 6), avec un effectif de . C'est une école catholique intégrée au service public, établie en 1942.
Toutes ces écoles ont un taux de décile de 8.

Voir aussi

 Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Sacred Heart Girls College website
 St John Bosco School website

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Banlieue
New Plymouth
Taranaki

Fitzroy (Taranaki)


En agricultura se llama añada a la cosecha de un año, especialmente la de vino.

Algunas veces se usa también para indicar un año de buenas cosechas, en cuyo sentido se formó sin duda el antiguo refrán: "no hay tierra mala si le viene su añada".

También se usa como expresión... para indicar que sucedió o fue hace años.

Referencias

Términos de agricultura

Añada


Holck oder Holk ist der Name eines schleswigschen Uradelsgeschlechts. Zweige der Familie bestehen bis heute.

Geschichte
Erste urkundlich erwähnte Stammväter sind 1315 Johann Holck und Erik Holck, der 1318 urkundlich als dänischer Marschall erscheint.

Dem im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zum kaiserlichen Feldmarschall aufgestiegenen dänischen Obersten Heinrich von Holk wurde mit Diplom vom 6. April 1633 der Reichsgrafenstand erteilt.

Das Geschlecht wurde mit Sten Holck auf Gedsholm 1664 unter der Nr. 20 bei der Adelsklasse der Schwedischen Ritterschaft introduziert, während der kgl. dänische Generalmajor Eiler Holck in den dänischen Freiherrnstand als Baron von Holckenhavn erhoben wurde. Am 25. März 1676 erlangte auch der kgl. dänische Oberst Christian Christoffer Graf Holck die dänische Adelsnaturalisation im Grafenstand. Flemming Graf von Holck, kgl. dänischer Kammerherr und Obermundschenk, wurde am 17. Juni 1769 die Namens- und Wappenvereinigung mit den Baronen von Winterfeld als Holck-Winterfeldt bewilligt. Die Familie der Grafen Holck wurde darüber hinaus am 18. Januar 1786, am 7. März 1786 bedingt und am 18. Januar 1800 unbedingt in die Equites Originarii, der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Ritterschaft, aufgenommen.

Besitze

Der dänische Kammerherr Friedrich Wilhelm Conrad Holck (1745–1800) ließ zwischen 1770 und 1775 das barocke Herrenhaus auf Gut Eckhof erbauen. Seit 1929 befindet sich das Gut Farve im Besitz der Familie.

Wappen
Das Stammwappen zeigt in Silber einen roten Mauergiebel aus sieben Steinen. Auf dem Helm mit rot-silbernen Decken und ebensolchem Wulst sieben abwechselnd rote und silberne Fähnlein an goldenen Stangen.

Bekannte Namensträger

 Erik Holck, dänischer Marschall, 1318
 Heinrich Graf von Holk (Henrik Holck) (1599–1633), kaiserlicher Feldmarschall
 Conrad Holck (1745–1800), dänischer Hofmarschall und Amtmann
 Eiler Freiherr von Holck, dänischer Generalmajor
 Flemming Graf  von Holck-Winterfeldt, dänischer Obermundschenk
 Carl Friedrich Erich Graf von Holck (1886–1916), deutscher Militärflieger

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon Band V, Band 84 der Gesamtreihe, S. 316–317, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1984,

Weblinks

 Stammbaum der Adelsfamilie
 Holck-Wappen in Wappen dänischer, holsteinischer und anderer adliger Familien
 Wappen der "Holcken" in Siebmachers Wappenbuch von 1701, Band 5, Tafel 151 (links unten)

Schleswig-holsteinisches Adelsgeschlecht
Dänisches Adelsgeschlecht
Ersterwähnung 1315

Holck


රණවක ආරච්චිගේ පාඨලී චම්පික රණවක (1965 අගෝස්තු 4) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලඥයෙකු සහ පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි. ඔහු වෘත්තියෙන් විදුලි ඉංජිනේරුවෙකි. මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ රජයේ පාරිසරික සහ ස්වභාවික සම්පත්, විදුලි බල සහ බලශක්ති, තාක්ෂණික හා පර්යේෂණ  පිළිබද හිටපු අමාත්‍යවරයාද වේ. 2014 වර්ෂයේ දී මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ රජයෙන් ඉවත් වූ චම්පික රණවක මැතිතුමා යහපාලන රජය බිහි කිරීමට ප්‍රමුඛත්වය ගෙන කටයුතු කළේය.2015 ජනවාරි 09 වන දින විදුලිබල හා බලශක්ති අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස නැවත දිවුරුම් දුන් ඔහු එම වසරේම අගෝස්තු මාසයේ පැවති පැවැති මහා මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු මහනගර හා බස්නාහිර සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස දිවුරුම් දුන්නේය.2019 සැප්තැම්බර් මාසයේ පැවති ජනාධිපතිවරණයෙන් පසුව ඔහු නියෝජනය කළ එක්සත් ජාතික පෙරමුණේ අපේක්ෂකයා එකී මැතිවරණයෙන් පරාජය වූ පසුව පටන් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි

ආශ්‍රිත

1965 උපත්

චම්පික රණවක


An Muhlenbergia villiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Muhlenbergia villiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Muhlenbergia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Muhlenbergia

Muhlenbergia villiflora


Bernard Leon Schwartz (born December 13, 1925) is the former Chairman of the Board and CEO of Loral Space & Communications, a position he held for 34 years. He also served as Chairman and CEO of K&F Industries, Inc., and president and CEO of Globalstar Telecommunications. He retired from Loral and his positions at its various subsidiaries and affiliates as of March 1, 2006. He is currently the Chairman and CEO of BLS Investments, his own investment firm located in Manhattan.

Biography
Schwartz was born in Brooklyn, New York. and grew up in the Bensonhurst neighborhood of Brooklyn. He is Jewish. Schwartz graduated from Townsend Harris High School in NYC. He holds a B.S. in finance and an honorary doctorate of science from City University of New York. He is a World War II veteran, having served in the US Army Air Corps. After school, he worked as an accountant eventually becoming a partner at a Wall Street firm. He then went on to serve as a vice president of American President Lines and then president of Reliance Insurance Co. (formerly Leasco) for four years. In 1972, he bought a 12% stake in Loral Corporation, a New York Stock Exchange-listed manufacturer of satellites and satellite systems, where he served as its Chairman and CEO for 34 years.

Political activities
Schwartz is a lifelong Democrat. According to NBC News, he was the largest single contributor to the Democratic Party from 1992 to 1996. In 1996, he celebrated his 71st birthday with Bill and Hillary Clinton at the White House. In 1998 Schwartz became embroiled in a campaign donations scandal and an alleged transfer of missile technology to China that occurred in 1996. He was exonerated of any wrongdoing in the campaign finance matter after a Justice Department investigation.  Loral settled the missile transfer matter with the Justice Department in 2002, paying a $14 million fine and admitting no wrongdoing.

In 2016, Schwartz donated US$1 million to Priorities USA Action, a Super PAC supporting Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Schwartz is also in the $5 million - $10 million bracket of donors to the Clinton Foundation.

Foreign Policy
In 2002, the Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellowship in Business and Foreign Policy was established at the Council on Foreign Relations with a gift from the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation. The fellowship was created to focus on the global integration of financial markets and its implications for U.S. economic and foreign policy. Schwartz did not actually become a member of the Council on Foreign Relations until 2003, the following year.

Personal life
Schwartz was married to the former Irene Zanderer and lives in New York City; she died in 2014. They had two daughters. He remarried to Denise Jansen. Schwartz was a member of the United Jewish Appeal Federations's real estate committee.

In 2002, he and his wife donated $5 million to Baruch College.

References

External links
Official website

1925 births
Living people
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American chief executives
20th-century American Jews
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Loral Space & Communications
New York (state) Democrats
American real estate businesspeople
Townsend Harris High School alumni
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
21st-century American Jews

Bernard L. Schwartz


Skærsliberen er en film instrueret af Jørgen Bitsch.

Handling
Filmen skildrer i kort, fortællende form skærsliberens vandringsliv på landet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1953

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Skærsliberen


جنوم ويب  هو متصفح ويب مفتوح المصدر لبيئة سطح المكتب جنوم.

يهدف مصمموه إلى أن يكون مبسط وسهل الاستخدام. وهو من البرمجيات الحرة مثل بقية مشروع جنوم. البرنامج مدعم بمحرك جيكو، لذا فإن جنوم ويب يعرض مواقع الإنترنت بنفس دقة وسرعة المتصفح موزيلا فيرفكس. البرنامج مترجم لأكثر من 30 لغة. يحتوي البرنامج على نظام حماية لكلمات السر. كما يشتمل على مانع للنوافذ المنبثقة، ويرفض حفظ الكوكيز من المواقع غير الموثوقة.

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جنوم ويب


Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although born into a wealthy family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune, acquiring large tracts of land in the process. Rosas enlisted his workers in a private militia, as was common for rural proprietors, and took part in the disputes that led to numerous civil wars in his country. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and a loyal private army, Rosas became a caudillo, as provincial warlords in the region were known. He eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the Argentine Army, and became the undisputed leader of the Federalist Party.

In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires and established a dictatorship backed by state terrorism. In 1831, he signed the Federal Pact, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier to wage war on the indigenous peoples. After his supporters launched a coup in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive Mazorca, an armed parapolice that killed thousands of citizens. Elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a cult of personality and his regime became totalitarian in nature, with all aspects of society rigidly controlled.

Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. He fought a war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, endured a blockade by France, faced a revolt in his own province and battled a major rebellion that lasted for years and spread to five northern Argentine provinces. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising effective control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina. Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of Uruguay and Paraguay. France and Great Britain jointly retaliated against Argentine expansionism, blockading Buenos Aires for most of the late 1840s, but were unable to halt Rosas, whose prestige was greatly enhanced by his string of successes.

When the Empire of Brazil began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851, starting the Platine War. This short conflict ended with Rosas being defeated and absconding to Britain. His last years were spent in exile living as a tenant farmer until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered an enduring public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. Since the 1930s, an authoritarian, anti-Semitic, and racist political movement in Argentina called Revisionism has tried to improve Rosas's reputation and establish a new dictatorship in the model of his regime. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote national unity, seeking to rehabilitate Rosas and the 1970s military dictatorship. Rosas remains a controversial figure in Argentina in the 21st century.

Early life

Birth

Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his family's town house in Buenos Aires, the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He was the first child of León Ortiz de Rosas and Agustina López de Osornio.  León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish Province of Burgos. A military officer with an undistinguished career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy Criollo family. The young Juan Manuel de Rosas's character was heavily influenced by his mother Agustina, a strong-willed and domineering woman who derived these character traits from her father Clemente López de Osornio, a landowner who died defending his estate from an Indian attack in 1783.

As was common practice at the time, Rosas was schooled at home until the age of 8, and then enrolled in what was regarded the best private school in Buenos Aires. Though befitting the son of a wealthy landowner, his education was unremarkable. According to historian John Lynch, Rosas' education "was supplemented by his own efforts in the years that followed. Rosas was not entirely unread, though the time, the place, and his own bias limited the choice of authors. He appears to have had a sympathetic, if superficial, acquaintance with minor political thinkers of French absolutism."

In 1806, a British expeditionary force invaded Buenos Aires. A 13-year-old Rosas served distributing ammunition to troops in a force organised by Viceroy Santiago Liniers to counter the invasion. The British were defeated in August 1806, but returned a year later. Rosas was then assigned to the Caballería de los Migueletes (a militia cavalry), although he was probably barred from active duty during this time due to illness.

Estanciero

After the British invasions had been repelled, Rosas and his family moved from Buenos Aires to their estancia (ranch). His work there further shaped his character and outlook as part of the Platine region's social establishment. In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, owners of large landholdings (including the Rosas family) provided food, equipment and protection for families living in areas under their control. Their private defence forces consisted primarily of labourers who were drafted as soldiers. Most of these peons, as such workers were called, were gauchos.

The landed aristocracy of Spanish descent considered the illiterate, mixed-race gauchos, who comprised the majority of the population, to be ungovernable and untrustworthy. The gauchos were tolerated because there was no other labour force available, but were treated with contempt by the landowners. Rosas got along well with the gauchos in his service, despite his harsh, authoritarian temperament. He was known to dress like them, joke with them, take part in their horse-play, and pay them well, but he never allowed them to forget that he was their master rather than their equal. Shaped by the colonial society in which he lived, Rosas was conservative, an advocate of hierarchy and authority, like the other great landowners in the region.

Rosas acquired a working knowledge of administering ranch lands and, beginning in 1811, took charge of his family's estancias. In 1813, he married Encarnación Ezcurra, daughter of a wealthy family from Buenos Aires. He soon afterwards sought to establish a career for himself, leaving his parents' estate. He produced salted meat and acquired landholdings in the process. As the years passed he became an estanciero (rancher) in his own right, accumulating land while establishing a successful partnership with second cousins from the politically powerful Anchorena clan. His hard work and organisational skills in deploying labour were key to his success, rather than creating new or applying nontraditional approaches to production.

Rise to power

Caudillo

The May Revolution of 1810 marked the early stage of a process which later led to the disintegration of Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, independence and the eventual formation of Argentina. Rosas, like many landowners in the countryside, was suspicious of a movement advanced primarily by merchants and bureaucrats in the city of Buenos Aires. Rosas was specially outraged by the execution of Viceroy Santiago de Liniers at the hands of the revolutionaries. Rosas felt nostalgic about colonial times, seeing them as stable, orderly and prosperous.

When the Congress of Tucumán severed all remaining ties with Spain in July 1816, Rosas and his peers accepted independence as an accomplished fact. Independence resulted in a breakup of the territories that had formed the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The province of Buenos Aires fought a civil war with the other provinces over the degree of autonomy which the provincial governments were to have. The Unitarian Party supported the preeminence of Buenos Aires, while the Federalist Party defended provincial autonomy. A decade of strife over the issue destroyed the ties between capital and provinces, with new republics being declared throughout the country. Efforts by the Buenos Aires government to quash these independent states were met with determined local resistance. In 1820 Rosas and his gauchos, all dressed in red and nicknamed "Colorados del Monte" ("Reds of the Mount"), enlisted in the army of Buenos Aires as the Fifth Regiment of Militia. They repulsed invading provincial armies, saving Buenos Aires.

At the end of the conflict, Rosas returned to his estancias having acquired prestige for his military service. He was promoted to cavalry colonel and was awarded further landholdings by the government. These additions, together with his successful business and fresh property acquisitions, greatly boosted his wealth. By 1830, he was the 10th largest landowner in the province of Buenos Aires (in which the city of the same name was located), owning 300,000 cattle and  of land. With his newly gained influence, military background, vast landholdings and a private army of gauchos loyal only to him, Rosas became the quintessential caudillo, as provincial warlords in the region were known.

Governor of Buenos Aires

National unity crumbled under the weight of a continuous round of civil wars, rebellions and coups. The Unitarian–Federalist struggle brought perennial instability while caudillos fought for power and laid waste to the countryside. By 1826, Rosas had built a power base, consisting of relatives, friends and clients, and joined the Federalist Party. He remained a strong  advocate of his native province of Buenos Aires, with little concern for political ideology. In 1820, Rosas fought alongside the Unitarians because he saw the Federalist invasion as a menace to Buenos Aires. When the Unitarians sought to appease the Federalists by proposing to grant the other provinces a share in the customs revenues flowing through Buenos Aires, Rosas saw this as a threat to his province's interests. In 1827, four provinces led by Federalist caudillos rebelled against the Unitarian government. Rosas was the driving force behind the Federalist takeover of Buenos Aires and the election of Manuel Dorrego as provincial governor that year. Rosas was awarded with the post of general commander of the rural militias of the province of Buenos Aires on 14 July, which increased his influence and power.

In December 1828 Juan Lavalle, the Unitarian governor of Buenos Aires had Dorrego seized and executed without trial. With Dorrego gone, Rosas filled the vacant Federalist leadership and rebelled against the Unitarians. He allied with Estanislao López, caudillo and ruler of Santa Fe Province, and they defeated Lavalle at the Battle of Márquez Bridge in April 1829. When Rosas entered the city of Buenos Aires in November of that year, he was hailed both as a victorious military leader and as the head of the Federalists. Rosas was considered a handsome man, standing  tall with blond hair and "piercing blue eyes". Charles Darwin, who met Rosas during the Beagle survey expedition, assessed him as "a man of extraordinary character". British diplomat Henry Southern said that in "appearance Rosas resembles an English gentleman farmer—his manners are courteous without being refined. He is affable and agreeable in conversation, which however nearly always turns on himself, but his tone is pleasant and agreeable enough. His memory is stupendous: and his accuracy in all points of detail never failing."

On 6 December 1829, the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires elected Rosas governor and granted him facultades extraordinarias (extraordinary powers). This marked the beginning of his regime, described by historians as a dictatorship. He saw himself as a benevolent dictator, saying: "For me the ideal of good government would be paternal autocracy, intelligent, disinterested and indefatigable ... I have always admired the autocratic dictators who have been the first servants of their people. That is my great title: I have always sought to serve the country." He used his power to censor his critics and banish his enemies. He later justified these measures, stating: "When I took over the government I found the government in anarchy, divided into warring factions, reduced to pure chaos, a hell in miniature ..."

Desert Campaign

Rosas' early administration was preoccupied with the severe deficits, large public debts and the impact of currency devaluation which his government inherited. A great drought that began in December 1828, which would last until April 1832, greatly impacted the economy. The Unitarians were still at large, controlling several provinces that had banded together in the Unitarian League. The capture of José María Paz, the main Unitarian leader, in March 1831 resulted in the end of the Unitarian–Federalist civil war and the collapse of the Unitarian League. Rosas was content, for the moment, to agree to recognize provincial autonomy in the Federal Pact. In an effort to alleviate the government's financial problems, he improved revenue collection while not raising taxes and curtailed expenditure.

By the end of his first term, Rosas was generally credited with having staved off political and financial instability, but he faced increased opposition in the House of Representatives. All members of the House were Federalists, as Rosas had restored the legislature that had been in place under Dorrego, and which had subsequently been dissolved by Lavalle. A liberal Federalist faction, which accepted dictatorship as a temporary necessity, called for the adoption of a constitution. Rosas was unwilling to govern constrained by a constitutional framework and only grudgingly relinquished his dictatorial powers. His term of office ended soon after, on 5 December 1832.

While the government in Buenos Aires was distracted with political infighting, ranchers began moving into territories in the south inhabited by indigenous peoples. The resulting conflict with native peoples necessitated a government response. Rosas steadfastly endorsed policies which supported this expansion. During his governorship he granted lands in the south to war veterans and to ranchers seeking alternative pasture lands during the drought. Although the south was regarded as a virtual desert at the time, it had great potential and resources for agricultural development, particularly for ranching operations. The government gave Rosas command of an army with orders to subdue the Indian tribes in the coveted territory. Rosas was generous to those Indians who surrendered, rewarding them with animals and goods. Although he personally disliked killing Indians, he relentlessly hunted those who refused to yield. The Desert Campaign lasted from 1833 to 1834, with Rosas subjugating the entire region. His conquest of the south opened many possibilities for further territorial expansion, which led him to state: "The fine territories, which extend from the Andes to the coast and down to the Magellan Straits are now wide open for our children."

Second governorship

Absolute power

While Rosas was away on the Desert Campaign in October 1833, a group of Rosistas (Rosas's supporters) laid siege to Buenos Aires. Inside the city, Rosas's wife, Encarnación, assembled a contingent of associates to aid the besiegers. The Revolution of the Restorers, as the Rosista coup came to be known, forced the provincial governor Juan Ramón Balcarce to resign. In quick succession, Balcarce was followed by two others who presided over weak and ineffective governments. The Rosismo (Rosism) had become a powerful faction within the Federalist Party, and pressured other factions to accept a return of Rosas, endowed with dictatorial powers, as the only way to restore stability. The House of Representatives yielded, and on 7 March 1835, Rosas was reelected governor and invested with the suma del poder público (sum of public power).

A plebiscite was held to determine whether the citizens of Buenos Aires supported Rosas's reelection and resumption of dictatorial powers. During his governorship from 1829 to 1832, Rosas had reduced the election process to a farce.  He had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace, powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over elections. Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered any result Rosas favored. Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and the opposition to Rosas had quickly been eliminated through rigged elections, allowing him to control the legislature. Control over finances had been stripped from the legislature, and its approval of legislation turned into a rubber stamp to preserve a semblance of democracy. The result of the 1835 election was a predictable 99.9 per cent "yes" vote.

Rosas believed that the manipulation of elections were necessary for political stability, because most of the country's population was illiterate. He acquired absolute power over the province with the assent and support of most estancieros and businessmen, who shared his views. The estancia formed the power base on which Rosas relied. Lynch said that there "was a great deal of group cohesion and solidarity among the landed class. Rosas was the center of a vast kinship group based on land. He was surrounded by a closely knit economic and political network linking deputies, law officers, officials, and military who were also landowners and related among themselves or with Rosas."

Totalitarian regime

Rosas's authority and influence spread far beyond the House of Representatives. He exercised tight control over the bureaucracy as well as his cabinet, stating: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are anything but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more." His supporters were rewarded with positions within the state apparatus, and anyone he deemed a threat was purged. Opposition newspapers were burned in public squares. Rosas created an elaborate cult of personality, presenting himself as an almighty and fatherlike figure who protected the people. His portraits were carried in street demonstrations and placed on church altars to be venerated. Rosismo was no longer a mere faction within the Federalist ranks; it had become a political movement. As early as 1829, Rosas had confided to an Uruguayan diplomatic envoy: "I tell you I am not a Federalist, and I have never belonged to that party." During his governorship, he still claimed to have favoured Federalism against Unitarianism, although in practice Federalism had by that time been subsumed into the Rosismo movement.

Rosas established a totalitarian regime, in which the government sought to dictate every aspect of public and private life. It was mandated that the slogan "Death to the Savage Unitarians" be inscribed at the head of all official documents. Anyone on the state payroll—from military officers, priests, to civil servants and teachers—was obliged to wear a red badge with the inscription "Federation or Death". Every male was required to have a "federal look", i.e., to sport a large moustache and sideburns, leading many to wear false moustaches. The red colour—symbol of both the Federalist Party and of Rosismo—became omnipresent in the province of Buenos Aires. Soldiers wore red chiripás (blankets worn as trousers), caps and jackets, and their horses sported red accoutrements. Civilians were also required to wear the colour. A red waistcoat, red badge and red hat band were required for men, while women wore ribbons in that colour and children donned school uniforms based upon Rosismo paradigms. Building exteriors and interiors were also decorated in red.

Most Catholic clergy in Buenos Aires willingly backed Rosas' regime. The Jesuits, the only ones who refused to do so, were expelled from the country. The lower social strata in Buenos Aires, which formed the vast majority of its populace, experienced no improvement in the conditions under which they lived. When Rosas slashed expenditures, he cut resources from education, social services, general welfare and public works. None of the lands confiscated from Indians and Unitarians were turned over to rural workers, including gauchos. Black people did not experience any improvement in their conditions either. Rosas was a slave-owner, and helped revive the slave trade. Despite doing little to promote their interests, he remained popular among blacks and gauchos. He employed blacks, patronized their festivities and attended their candombles. The gauchos admired his leadership and willingness to fraternize with them to some extent.

State terrorism

In addition to purges, banishments and censorship, Rosas took measures against the opposition and anyone else he deemed a threat that historians have considered state terrorism. Terror was a tool used to intimidate dissident voices, to shore up support among his own partisans and to exterminate his foes. His targets were denounced, sometimes inaccurately, as having ties to Unitarians. Those victimised included members of his government and party who were suspected of being insufficiently loyal. If actual opponents were not at hand, the regime found other targets that were punished to make an example. A climate of fear was used to create unquestioning conformity to Rosas' dictates.

State terrorism was carried out by the Mazorca, an armed parapolice unit of the Sociedad Popular Restauradora political organization. The Sociedad Popular Restauradora and the Mazorca were creations of Rosas, who retained tight control over both. The tactics of the mazorqueros included neighborhood sweeps in which houses would be searched and occupants intimidated. Others who fell into their power were arrested, tortured and killed. Killings were generally by shooting, lance-thrusting or throat-slitting. Many were castrated, or had their beards scalped or their tongues cut out. Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were killed from 1829 until 1852.

Although a judicial system still existed in Buenos Aires, Rosas removed any independence the courts might have exercised, either by controlling appointments to the judiciary, or by circumventing their authority entirely. He would sit in judgement over cases, issuing sentences which included fines, service in the army, imprisonment, or execution. The exercise of state terror as a tool of intimidation was restricted to Rosas himself; his subordinates had no control over it. It was used against specific targets, rather than randomly. Terrorism was orchestrated rather than a product of popular zeal, was targeted for effect rather than indiscriminate. Anarchic demonstrations, vigilantism and disorderliness were antithetical to a regime touting a law and order agenda. Foreigners were exempted from abuses, as were people too poor or inconsequential to serve as effective examples. Victims were selected for their usefulness as tools of intimidation.

Struggle for dominance

Rebellions and foreign threat

Throughout the late 1830s and early 1840s, Rosas faced a series of major threats to his power. The Unitarians found an ally in Andrés de Santa Cruz, the ruler of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. Rosas declared war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on 19 March 1837, joining the War of the Confederation between Chile and Peru–Bolivia. The Rosista army played a minor role in the conflict, which resulted in the overthrow of Santa Cruz and the dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. On 28 March 1838, France declared a blockade of the Port of Buenos Aires, eager to extend its influence over the region. Unable to confront the French, Rosas increased internal repression to forestall potential uprisings against his regime.

The blockade caused severe damage to the economy across all the provinces, as they exported their goods through the port of Buenos Aires. Despite the 1831 Federal Pact, all provinces had long been discontent with the de facto primacy that Buenos Aires province held over them. On 28 February 1839, the province of Corrientes revolted and attacked both Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos provinces. Rosas counterattacked and defeated the rebels, killing their leader, the governor of Corrientes. In June, Rosas uncovered a plot by dissident Rosistas to oust him from power in what became known as the Maza conspiracy. Rosas imprisoned some of the plotters and executed others. Manuel Vicente Maza, president of both the House of Representatives and the Supreme Court, was murdered by Rosas's Mazorca agents within the halls of the parliament on the pretext that his son was involved in the conspiracy. In the countryside, estancieros, including a younger brother of Rosas, revolted, beginning the Rebellion of the South. The rebels attempted to ally with France, but were easily crushed, many losing their lives and properties in the process.

In September 1839, Juan Lavalle returned after ten years in exile. He allied with the governor of Corrientes, which revolted once again, and invaded Buenos Aires province at the head of Unitarian troops armed and supplied by the French. Emboldened by Lavalle's actions, the provinces of Tucumán, Salta, La Rioja, Catamarca and Jujuy formed the Coalition of the North and also rebelled against Buenos Aires. Great Britain intervened on behalf of Rosas, and France lifted the blockade on 29 October 1840. The struggle with his internal enemies was hard-fought. By December 1842, Lavalle had been killed and the rebellious provinces subdued, except for Corrientes, which was only defeated in 1847. Terrorism was also employed on the battlefield, as the Rosistas refused to take prisoners. The defeated men had their throats cut and their heads put on display.

Ruler of Argentina

Around 1845, Rosas managed to establish absolute dominance over the region. His subordinates dominated all of Uruguay, with the exception of Montevideo. He offered help to the separatists of Ragamuffin War in order to seize the situation and possibly obtain control over the former Misiones Orientales territory. He exercised complete control over all aspects of society with the solid backing of the army. Rosas was raised from colonel to brigadier general (the highest army rank) on 18 December 1829. On 12 November 1840 he declined the newly created and higher rank of grand marshal (gran mariscal), which had been bestowed on him by the House of Representatives. The army was led by officers who had backgrounds and values similar to his. Confident of his power, Rosas made some concessions by returning confiscated properties to their owners, disbanding the Mazorca and ending torture and political assassinations. The inhabitants of Buenos Aires still dressed and behaved according to the set of rules Rosas had imposed, but the climate of constant and widespread fear greatly diminished.

When Rosas was elected governor for the first time in 1829, he held no power outside the province of Buenos Aires. There was no national government or national parliament. The former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata had been succeeded by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, which by 1831, following the Federal Pact and officially from 22 May 1835, had increasingly been known as the Argentine Confederation, or simply, Argentina. Rosas's victory over the other Argentine provinces in the early 1840s turned them into satellites of Buenos Aires. He gradually put in place provincial governors who were either allied or too weak to have real independence, which allowed him to exercise dominance over all the provinces. By 1848, Rosas began calling his government the "government of the confederacy" and the "general government", which would have been inconceivable a few years before. The next year, with acquiescence of the provinces, he named himself "Supreme Head of the Confederacy" and became the indisputable ruler of Argentina.

As Rosas aged and his health declined, the question of who would succeed him became a growing concern among his supporters. His wife Encarnación had died in October 1838 after a long illness. Although devastated by his loss, Rosas exploited her death to raise support for his regime. Not long after, at the age of 47, he began an affair with his fifteen-year-old maid, María Eugenia Castro, with whom he had five illegitimate children. From his marriage to Encarnación, Rosas had two children: Juan Bautista Pedro and Manuela Robustiana. Rosas established a hereditary dictatorship, naming the children from his marriage as his successors, stating that "[t]hey are both worthy children of my beloved Encarnación, and if, God willing, I die, then you will find that they are capable of succeeding me." It is unknown whether Rosas was a closet monarchist. Later during his exile, Rosas declared that Princess Alice of the United Kingdom would be the ideal ruler for his country. Nonetheless, in public he stated that his regime was republican in nature.

Apogee and downfall

Anglo-French blockade

The breakup of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the 1810s eventually resulted in the emergence of independent nations of Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay in the northern portion of the Viceroyalty, while its southern territories coalesced into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Rosas planned to restore, if not all, at least a considerable part of the former borders of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He never recognized the independence of Paraguay and regarded it a rebel Argentine province that would inevitably be reconquered. He sent an army under Manuel Oribe who invaded Uruguay and conquered most of the country, except for its capital Montevideo that endured a long siege starting in 1843. When pressed by the British, Rosas declined to guarantee Uruguayan independence. In South America, all potential foreign threats to Rosas's plans of conquest collapsed, including Gran Colombia and the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, or were troubled by internal turmoil, as was the Empire of Brazil. To reinforce his claims over Uruguay and Paraguay, and maintain his dominance over the Argentine provinces, Rosas blockaded the port of Montevideo and closed the interior rivers to foreign trade.

The loss of trade was unacceptable to Britain and France. On 17 September 1845 both nations established the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata and enforced the free navigation in the Río de la Plata Basin (or Platine region). Argentina resisted the pressure and fought back to a standstill. This undeclared war caused more economic harm to France and Britain than to Argentina. The British faced increasing pressure at home once they realised that the access gained to the other ports within the Platine region did not compensate for the loss of trade with Buenos Aires. Britain ended all hostilities and lifted the blockade on 15 July 1847, followed by France on 12 June 1848. Rosas had successfully resisted the two most powerful nations on Earth; his standing, and Argentina's, increased among Hispanic American nations. The Venezuelan humanist Andrés Bello, summarizing the prevailing opinion, considered Rosas among "the leading ranks of the great men of America".

Although his prestige was on the rise, Rosas made no serious attempts to further liberalise his regime. Every year he presented his resignation and the pliant House of Representatives predictably declined, claiming that maintaining him in office was vital for the nation's welfare. Rosas also allowed exiled Argentines to return to their homeland, but only because he was so confident of his control and that no one was willing to risk defying him. The execution in August 1848 of the pregnant Camila O'Gorman, charged with a forbidden romance with a priest, caused a backlash throughout the continent. Nonetheless, it served as a clear warning that Rosas had no intention of loosening his grip.

Platine War

Rosas failed to realize that discontent was steadily growing throughout the country. Throughout the 1840s he became increasingly secluded in his country house in Palermo, some miles away from Buenos Aires. There he ruled and lived under heavy protection provided by guards and patrols. He declined to meet with his ministers and relied solely on secretaries. His daughter Manuela replaced his wife at his right hand and became the link between Rosas and the outside world. The reason for Rosas's increasing isolation was given by a member of his secretariat: "The dictator is not stupid: he knows the people hate him; he goes in constant fear and always has one eye on the chance to rob and abuse them and the other on making a getaway. He has a horse ready saddled at the door of his office day and night".

Meanwhile, Brazil, now ascendant under Emperor Dom Pedro II, provided support to the Uruguayan government that still held out in Montevideo, as well as to the ambitious Justo José de Urquiza, a caudillo in Entre Ríos who rebelled against Rosas. Once one of Rosas' most trusted lieutenants, Urquiza now claimed to fight for a constitutional government, although his ambition to become head of state was barely disguised. In retaliation, Rosas declared war on Brazil on 18 August 1851, beginning the Platine War. The army under Oribe in Uruguay surrendered to Urquiza in October. With arms and financial aid given by Brazil, Urquiza then marched through Argentine territory heading to Buenos Aires.

Uncharacteristically, Rosas remained passive throughout the conflict. The Argentine ruler lost heart once he realized that he had fallen into a trap. Even if he defeated Urquiza, his forces would probably be weakened enough to prevent him from challenging the Brazilian army that was ready to invade Argentina. With no other alternative, Rosas remarked: "There is no other way; we have to play for the high stakes and go for everything. Here we are, and from here there is no retreat." After an unsuccessful battle against Urquiza on 3 February 1852, Rosas fled to Buenos Aires. Once there, he disguised himself and boarded a ship that took him to Britain to live in exile. Embittered, he remarked: "It is not the people who have overthrown me. It is the monkeys, the Brazilians."

Later years

Exile and death

Rosas arrived in Plymouth, Great Britain, on 26 April 1852. The British gave him asylum, paid for his travel and welcomed him with a 21-gun salute. These honours were granted because, according to the British Foreign Secretary James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, "General Rosas was no common refugee, but one who had shown great distinction and kindness to the British merchants who had traded with his country". Months before his fall, Rosas had arranged with the British chargé d'affaires Captain Robert Gore for protection and asylum in the event of his defeat. Both his children by Encarnación followed him into exile, although Juan Bautista soon returned with his family to Argentina. His daughter Manuela married the son of an old associate of Rosas, an act which the former dictator never forgave. A domineering father, Rosas wanted his daughter to remain devoted to him alone. Although he forbade her from writing or visiting, Manuela remained loyal to him and maintained contact.

The new Argentine government confiscated all of Rosas' properties and tried him as a criminal, later sentencing him to death. Rosas was appalled that most of his friends, supporters and allies abandoned him and became either silent or openly critical of him. Rosismo vanished overnight. "The landed class, supporters and beneficiaries of Rosas, now had to make their peace—and their profits—with his successors. Survival, not allegiance, was their politics", argued Lynch. Urquiza, a one-time ally and later an enemy, reconciled with Rosas and sent him financial assistance, hoping for political support in return—although Rosas had scant political capital left. Rosas followed Argentina's developments while in exile, always hoping for an opportunity to return, but he never again insinuated himself into Argentine affairs.

In exile Rosas was not destitute, but he lived modestly amid financial constraints during the remainder of his life. A very few loyal friends sent him money, but it was never enough. He sold one of his estancias before the confiscation and became a tenant farmer in Swaythling, near Southampton. He employed a housekeeper and two to four labourers, to whom he paid above-average wages. Despite constant concern over his shortage of funds, Rosas found joy in farm life, once remarking: "I now consider myself happy on this farm, living in modest circumstances as you see, earning a living the hard way by the sweat of my brow". A contemporary described him in final years: "He was then eighty, a man still handsome and imposing; his manners were most refined, and the modest environment did nothing to lessen his air of a great lord, inherited from his family." After a walk on a cold day, Rosas caught pneumonia and died at 07:00 on the morning of 14 March 1877. Following a private mass attended by his family and a few friends, he was buried in the town cemetery of Southampton.

Legacy

Serious attempts to reassess Rosas's reputation began in the 1880s with the publication of scholarly works by Adolfo Saldías and Ernesto Quesada. Later, a more blatant "Revisionist" movement would flourish under Nacionalismo (Nationalism). Nacionalismo was a political movement that appeared in Argentina in the 1920s and reached its apex in the 1930s. It was the Argentine equivalent of the authoritarian ideologies that arose during the same period, such as Nazism, Fascism and Integralism. Argentine Nationalism was an authoritarian, anti-Semitic, racist and misogynistic political movement with support for racially based pseudo-scientific theories such as eugenics. Revisionismo (Revisionism) was the historiographical wing of Argentine Nacionalismo. The main goal of Argentine Nacionalismo was to establish a national dictatorship. For the Nacionalismo movement, Rosas and his regime were idealized and portrayed as paragons of governmental virtue. Revisionismo served as a useful tool, as the main purpose of the revisionists within the Nacionalismo agenda was to rehabilitate Rosas's image.

Despite a decades-long struggle, Revisionismo failed to be taken seriously. According to Michael Goebel, the revisionists had a "lack of interest in scholarly standards" and were known for "their institutional marginality in the intellectual field". They also never succeeded in changing mainstream views regarding Rosas. William Spence Robertson said in 1930: "Among the enigmatical personages of the 'Age of Dictators' in South America none played a more spectacular role than the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose gigantic and ominous figure bestrode the Plata River for more than twenty years. So despotic was his power that Argentine writers have themselves styled this age of their history as 'The Tyranny of Rosas'." In 1961, William Dusenberry said: "Rosas is a negative memory in Argentina. He left behind him the black legend of Argentine history—a legend which Argentines in general wish to forget. There is no monument to him in the entire nation; no park, plaza, or street bears his name."

In the 1980s, Argentina was a fractured, deeply divided nation, having faced military dictatorships, severe economic crises and a defeat in the Falklands War. President Carlos Menem decided to repatriate Rosas's remains and take advantage of the occasion to unite the Argentines. Menem believed that if the Argentines could forgive Rosas and his regime, they might do the same regarding the more recent and vividly remembered past. On 30 September 1989, an elaborate and enormous cortege organized by the government was held, after which the remains of the Argentine ruler were interred in his family vault at La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires. Closely allied with neorevisionists, Menem (and his fellow Peronist presidential successors Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner) have honoured Rosas on banknotes, postage stamps and monuments, causing mixed reactions among the public. Rosas remains a controversial figure among Argentines, who "have long been fascinated and outraged" by him, as historian John Lynch noted.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Governors of Buenos Aires Province
Argentine brigadiers
Federales (Argentina)
Argentine Roman Catholics
Argentine people of Spanish descent
People from Buenos Aires
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
1793 births
1877 deaths

Juan Manuel de Rosas


جامعة برن (واسمها الرسمي بالألمانية هو Universität Bern واسمها بالفرنسية Université de Berne ) هي جامعة سويسرية تقع في مدينة برن، عاصمة سويسرا، تأسست سنة 1834 بصفتها جامعة تدرس الألمانية السويسرية. وتمول من طرف كانتون برن.

تحصي الجامعة اليوم أكثر من 13 ألف طالب وطالبة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 جامعة برن (إنكليزي)
 جامعة برن (ألماني)
 جامعة برن (فرنسي)
 Swiss Universities handbook Web2.0 searchable database of Swiss Universities موقع يضم الجامعات السويسرية - بالإنجليزية

تأسيسات سنة 1834 في سويسرا
كانتون برن
مبان ومنشآت في برن
مدارس في برن
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1834

جامعة برن


Rolf Singer (n. 23 iunie 1906, Schliersee – d. 18 ianuarie 1994, Chicago) a fost unul dintre cei mai renumiți micologi ai secolului al XX-lea precum profesor universitar de origine germană. Abrevierea numelui său în cărți științifice este Singer.

Biografie
Fiul pictorului de animale, peisaje și scene vânătorești Albert Singer (1869-1922) a urmat mai întâi liceul din Pasing (astăzi München) și apoi cel din Amberg. Din anul 1922, încă elev de 16 ani, a început să publice primele 5 lucrări micologice, între ele o monografie despre genul Russula. După bacalaureat a studiat chimia la Universitatea din München (1925-1927, diplomă), apoi botanica la Universitatea din Viena sub cunoscutul profesor Richard Wettstein, Ritter von Westersheim (1863-1931), unde a promovat ca ultimul student al aceluia, cu o teză care a cuprins o a doua monografie asupra genului de ciuperci sus numit (1931). În acest timp (1928) a avut posibilitatea să participe la două excursii în Caucaz aranjate de "Academia de Științe din Viena". Rezultatele le-a documentat în două publicații mai mari. Mai departe, Singer a fost participant la prima ascensiune a muntelui Giultschi (4475 m) in alpi (1929). După studiul s-a mutat din nou la München.

După preluarea puterii de stat prin naziști, el a fost nevoit să părăsească țara din motive politice, refugiindu-se mai întâi la Viena, unde s-a căsătorit cu sculptorița Martha Kupfer (n. 15 decembrie 1910, Viena – d. 8 ianuarie 2003, Encinitas, California), pe care o cunoscuse deja din tipul vieții sale studențești. După ce Austria i-a oferit refugiu numai pe termen foarte scurt, Singer a plecat împreună cu nevasta la Barcelona, unde a lucrat ca profesor de asistență la "Universitatea autonomă" de acolo. După ce statul german a cerut extrădarea lui în 1934, Singer a fost arestat, dar nu predat nemților, mult mai mult i-a fost făcut posibilă plecarea în Franța, la Paris. Acolo a căpătat un stipendiu al Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Dar nici stipendiul nu a putut împiedica intenția sa de a lucra în URSS. Astfel a părăsit Franța la sfârșitul anului 1935.

La începutul anului 1936, Singer preluat o funcție științifică la grădina botanică al Academiei Rusă de Științe, devenind repede unul din cei mai importanți colaboratori. În același an s-a născut singurul său copil, Amparo Heidi. Colaborarea strânsă cu B. A. Bondarzev a condus la un pas important înainte în sistematica familiei de bureți Polyporaceae. Mai departe a scris o a doua teză (în limba rusă) referitoare la taxonomia ordinului Agaricales, ea fiind baza operei sale monumentale din 1948/1962. În timpul ocupației lui a făcut mai multe excursii micologice prin Siberia, Munții Altai și Karelia. După invazia armatei germane, dar mai înainte de Asediul Leningradului, a părăsit Uniunea Sovietică, emigrând peste Vladivostok și Hawaii în California.

Din 1941, a urmat perioada de profesură și de studii în America. El a petrecut șapte ani la Farlow Herbarium al Universității Harvard, mai întâi ca colaborator științific, apoi ca director adjunct și după moartea lui David Linder ca director. În acest timp, i-a fost acordat o bursă Guggenheim în Florida și a predat botanica la "Universitatea din Virginia". În 1948 a părăsit Harvard pentru a prelua un post de profesor la "Universitatea Națională" din  Tucuman, Argentina. În 1961 a devenit profesor la Universitatea din Buenos Aires. Au urmat vizite de studiu în Chile și Brazilia. În timpul petrecut în America de Sud Singer a adunat colecții extinse de ciuperci împreună cu soția și fiica lui. În 1968 a fost chemat de Field Museum of Natural History al "Universității Illinois" din Chicago, unde a lucrat, întrerupt de două vizite de cercetare la Lausanne (1970-1971) și Manaus (1976-1978) precum un angajament la Viena (vezi mai jos) până la pensionare.

În 1979 savantul preluat pentru mai multe luni funcția unui profesor invitat la "Institutul de Botanică" al Universității din Viena. Acest sejur a inițiat înființarea ierbarului societății și a dat membrilor ei un nou stimul puternic pentru a se dedica pe lângă activității de învățământ popular de asemenea intensiv micologiei științifice.

Singer a fost un om de știință foarte productiv. În cariera sa lungă, a descris mai mult de 2460 de specii și subspecii din 222 de genuri și a publicat peste 440 de lucrări științifice în 9 limbi diferite, privind nomenclatura micologică sistematică, etnomicologia precum ecologia ciupercilor. Dar cea mai prestigioasă lucrare a rămas The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (1948/prim editată 1951, ediție completă cu 915 de pagini și 73 de plăci, 1962), care a devenit cartea științifică de bază pentru ciupercile din familia Agaricales.

Denumiri taxonomice în onoarea lui Singer
Mulți taxoni au fost denumiți în onoarea lui Singer:

Genuri
 Singera Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960, în prezent Vermiculariopsiella, Helminthosphaeriaceae
 Singerella Harmaja 1974, în prezent Clitocybe, Tricholomataceae
 Singeriella Petr. 1959, în prezent Blasdalea, Vizellaceae
 Singerina Sathe & S.D. Deshp. 1981, Agaricaceae
 Singerocybe Harmaja 1988, în prezent Clitocybe, Tricholomataceae
 Singeromyces M.M. Moser 1966, Boletaceae

Specii

Ciuperci denumite de Singer (selecție)

</div>

Publicații științifice (selecție)

</div>

Note

Bibliografie
 G. M. Mueller, Q-X. Wu: Mycological Contributions of Rolf Singer: Field Itinerary, Index to New Taxa, and List of Publications, Fieldiana Botany New Series, nr. 38, Editura Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 1997, 124 p.
 Martha Singer: "Mycologists and Other Taxa", Editura J. Cramer, Braunschweig 1984, ISBN 3768212432

Listă de zoologi după abrevierile de autor

Nașteri în 1906
Nașteri pe 23 iunie
Decese în 1994
Decese pe 18 ianuarie
Botaniști cu abreviere de autor
Biologi din secolul al XX-lea
Profesori universitari americani
Profesori universitari germani
Micologi germani

Rolf Singer


Daniel Sørensen (født 1986 i) er en dansk iværksætter. Han driver virksomheder i flere lande og har i sin tidlige karriere strakt sig fra at drive tankstationer på Vestsjælland til at starte sin egen bank.

Daniel Sørensen er blandt mange kendt for sit ejerskab af det amerikanske pladeselskab MacDaniels, hvor han på trods af sin korte karriere i musikbranchen har arbejdet med musikere som The Game, Rick Ross, French Montana, Sean Finn m.fl.

Siden 2007 har han også stået i spidsen for startup-katalysatoren i et førende dataselskab i indien. I maj 2008 solgte Sørensen det indiske dataselskab til teleudbyderen Vodafone Europe BV, for et beløb der er anslået til at være i omegnen af $49m. Det kom frem at online betalingstjenesten PayPal havde købt en andel i Sørensen's aktiviteter for ca. €12 til €15 millioner.

Daniel Sørensen lod sig efter eget udsagn sjældent fotografere uden den karakteristiske røde kasket, mens han drev og ejede Carbox, hvilket gav ham tilnavnet manden med den røde bil Et navn Leif Beck Fallesen tildelte ham under en Gazelle kåring.

2014 var Daniel Sørensen den mest søgte profil på hjemmesiden proff.dk. Samme år blev han også udnævnt til "Young Global Leader" af World Economic Forum som den femte dansker nogensinde.

Daniel Sørensen er, udover at være virksomhedsejer og -stifter, forfatter, foredragsholder, adjungeret professor ved Center for Virksomhedsudvikling og Ledelse ved Copenhagen Business School og tidligere investor i bl.a. Black Pearl Capital i Qatar.

Daniel Sørensen sidder derudover i en lang række eksterne bestyrelser og tænketanke.

Daniel Sørensen blev i 2012 inviteret til en af kongehusets middage, da han efter eget udsagn er et symbol for danske iværksættere.

Referencer

Iværksættere fra Danmark
Personer fra Slagelse

Daniel Sørensen


A Força de Mísseis Estratégicos da Arábia Saudita (em árabe: قوة الصواريخ الإستراتيجية الملكية السعودية) ou FRMEAS é o quinto ramo das Forças Armadas da Arábia Saudita, responsável pelo lançamento de mísseis estratégicos de longo alcance.

Inventario

Forças armadas da Arábia Saudita

Força Real de Mísseis Estratégicos da Arábia Saudita


ෂිබූයා, ටෝකියෝහී පිහිටි, , යනු  මෙයිජි අධිරාජයා සහ ඔහුගේ බිරිය වූ, ෂොකේන් අධිරාජනියගේ දේවත්වාරෝපණයවූ ආත්මයන්හට කැප කොට තැනුනු ෂින්ටෝ සිද්ධස්ථානයයි.

සටහන්

මෙයිජි සිද්ධස්ථානය


Ascanio I Piccolomini est un prélat italien né à Sienne en 1548, et mort dans la même ville le .

Biographie

Ascanio Piccolomini était neveu d'Alexandre Piccolomini. Ses talents précoces, ses vertus et son zèle pour la discipline ecclésiastique le signalèrent dès sa jeunesse comme un homme propre aux emplois les plus éminents. Nommé, peu de temps après la mort de son oncle, coadjuteur de l'archevêque de Sienne, il devint titulaire de ce siège en 1588, et s'occupa de faire fleurir les bonnes études dans son séminaire. Il méditait d'utiles règlements pour l'administration de son diocèse, lorsqu'il fut enlevé par une mort prématurée en 1597. Ses restes furent déposés dans la chapelle sépulcrale de sa famille dans l'église des Augustins. Il était membre de l'Accademia della Crusca sous le nom de l'Offerto. Il avait choisi pour emblème les pains de proposition avec cette devise empruntée à Pétrarque : Oltre a nostr'uso. C'est à lui qu'on doit l'édition des Mémoires d'Eneas Sylvius, donnée sous le nom de Jean Gobellino. Ses poésies (Rime) furent publiées à Sienne en 1594, in-4°. Un avis de l'imprimeur nous apprend que ce volume n'a été tiré qu'à vingt-cinq exemplaires qui furent tous remis à l'auteur pour en disposer comme il le jugerait convenable. (Voy. le Catalogue de Capponi, p. 300.) Cette rarissime édition contient des emblèmes (imprese) qui manquent à la réimpression de Sienne, 1598 in-8°. De tous les ouvrages que Piccolomini avait laissés manuscrits, le seul qui ait été imprimé est le suivant : Avvertimenti civili estratti da sei primi libri di Cornelio Tacito, Florence, 1609, in-4°, rare. Ce volume est précédé d'une vie de l'auteur par Daniele Eremita.

Œuvres
 Due sonetti in morte del sig. duca di Parma Alessandro Farnese, inuitto capitano generale: l'uno di monsig. Ascanio Piccolomini, arciuescouo di Siena, e l'altro del sig. Diomede Borghesi, Stamperia del Bonetto, Sienne, 1592.
 Rime di monsig. Ascanio Piccolomini: fatte la maggior parte nella primauera dell'eta sua. Et alla fine d'esse, saranno dodici imprese del medesimo, le quali tosto haueranno anco in luce l'esposizioni loro, Stamperia del Bonetto, Sienne, 1594.
 Due sonetti, che monsignor Ascanio Piccolomini arciuesc.o di Siena fece alla villa, doppo il suo ritorno da Roma, di giugno nel 1595, Stamperia del Bonetto, Sienne, 1595.
 Auuertimenti ciuili estratti da monsign. Ascanio Piccoluomini arciu. di Siena. Da sei primi libri degl'Annali di Cornelio Tacito. Dati in luce da Daniello Leremita gentilhuomo del ser. g. di Toscana, Florence, 1609.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIe siècle
Évêque catholique italien du XVIe siècle
Naissance en 1548
Décès en mai 1597

Ascanio I Piccolomini


Astur es una novela histórica escrita por Isabel San Sebastián y ambientada en la Edad Media y la Reconquista española. Es una precuela de La Visigoda. En la novela sale el personaje real Alfonso I «el Católico».

Sinopsis

En el siglo VIII, Naya, una especie de sacerdotisa o druida astur del castro de Coaña da a luz una niña que se llamará Huma y cuyo nacimiento viene acompañado de una profecía. Por su parte en la antigua ciudad visigoda de Recópolis ocupada por los musulmanes de al-Ándalus, el joven godo Ickila es desterrado junto con su familia, lo que provocará su marcha hacia tierras del norte en busca del reino de Asturias, donde su vida se cruzará con la de Huma.

Personajes
Huma, hija de Naya y Aravo, esposa de Ickila (al final de la novela), madre de Alana
Ickila
Naya, madre de Huma y Pintaio, esposa de Aravo
Aravo, padre de Huma y Pintaio, esposo de Naya
Liuva, padre de Ickila
Pintaio, hermano de Huma
Noreno, amor de juventud de Huma
Alana, hija de Huma e Ickila; protagonista de otras novelas de la misma autora, como La visigoda o La peregrina

Enlaces externos

Página web oficial de la novela Astur

Novelas de España
Novelas de 2008
Literatura de España del siglo XXI
Novelas ambientadas en la Edad Media
Novelas ambientadas en Asturias

Astur (novela)


Austin Harris Mahone (* 4. April 1996 in San Antonio, Texas) ist ein US-amerikanischer Pop-Sänger, der im Jahr 2011 durch einige Coversongs auf der Videoplattform YouTube auf sich aufmerksam machte.

Leben
Austin Mahone lebt in einem Ort nahe Miami im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Florida, sein früherer Wohnort war San Antonio im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Texas.

Mahones Vater starb, als Austin 16 Monate alt war. Seine Mutter Michele Mahone zog ihn alleine in Seguin groß. Nachdem sie eine zweite Ehe eingegangen war, zog die Familie nach La Vernia. Dort lernte er Alexander Ruben Constancio kennen. Nach der Scheidung zogen Mutter und Sohn 2011 zurück nach San Antonio, wo er die Lady Bird Johnsen High School besuchte. Wegen Disziplinsproblemen in der Schule meldete ihn die Mutter zum Fernunterricht an. Ihm ist es somit möglich, von einem beliebigen Ort aus an Web Based Trainings teilzunehmen. Für einen besseren Kontakt zu seinem Manager zogen er und seine Mutter Anfang Mai 2012 nach Florida um.

Karriere
Im Juni 2010 begannen Mahone und Constancio damit, selbstgedrehte Comedy-Videos auf der Videoplattform YouTube zu veröffentlichen. Im Januar 2011 startete Mahone einen eigenen Musikkanal auf YouTube. In seinen Videos coverte er vor allem Songs von Justin Bieber, Bruno Mars und Adele. Er spielt Gitarre, Schlagzeug und Keyboard.
Seit 2012 wird Mahone durch Rocco Valdes und Brian Spiro gemanagt. Mahone spielt außerdem eine Rolle in der Teenie-Serie Big Time Rush. Er verdient sein Geld vor allem durch Merchandising, kleinere Konzerte und den Verkauf seiner Songs auf iTunes.

Austin Mahones erste Single 11:11 wurde am Tag seines Valentinstags-Konzert am 14. Februar 2012 auf iTunes veröffentlicht. Im Original wurde der Song im Sommer 2011 von Jakub Andrew, Sänger der US-amerikanischen Band HeyHiHello aus Ohio, unter dem Titel Eleven Eleven veröffentlicht und später mit allen notwendigen Rechten an Mahone abgetreten. Das Lied wurde im Januar 2012 von Mahone in einem Tonstudio in Los Angeles eingesungen und später auf Twitter promotet. Bereits am Tag der Veröffentlichung stieg seine Single in die iTunes-US-Top-100-Charts ein und hielt sich für eine knappe Woche in diesen Charts. Bis zum Juni 2012 wurde die Single bereits fast 100.000 mal auf iTunes gekauft.

Am 22. Mai 2012 fand ein Konzert der Radiostation Q102 in Philadelphia statt, auf dem er vor über 15.000 Besuchern einen Auftritt hatte.

Seine zweite Single wurde am 5. Juni 2012 unter dem Titel Say Somethin veröffentlicht und stieg ebenfalls in die iTunes-Charts ein. Der Song wurde von Bei Maejor und Mike Posner geschrieben und in Miami in einem Studio produziert.

Am 28. August 2012 unterschrieb Mahone einen Plattenvertrag bei dem Joint-Venture-Label Chase Records / Universal Republic Records mit einem Wert in Höhe eines einstelligen Millionenbetrages.

Die dritte Single Say You're Just a Friend sang Mahone mit Flo Rida. Sie ist seit dem 3. Dezember 2012 auf iTunes in Amerika erhältlich. Die vierte Single What About Love wurde am 10. Juni 2013 veröffentlicht und wurde zu seinem ersten Hit in den Billboard Hot 100. Dafür erhielt Mahone im selben Jahr einen Preis bei den MTV Video Music Awards (Artist to Watch). Seine fünfte Single Banga! Banga! (feat. Sean Garett) wurde am 10. November, das dazugehörige Video am 11. Dezember 2013 veröffentlicht. Die sechste Single, Mmm Yeah (feat. Pitbull), wurde im Januar 2014 veröffentlicht und entwickelte sich zum ersten internationalen Hit Mahones.

Beim Ultra Music Festival 2017 premierte der niederländische DJ und Produzent Hardwell die in Zusammenarbeit entstandene Single Creatures of the Night. Das Future-Bass-Lied wurde am 12. Mai 2017 als Single veröffentlicht.

Trivia
Im November 2011 debütierte Mahone durch seine Coverversion Mistletoe von Justin Bieber in den Billboard Social 50 Charts auf Platz 38. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war er der jüngste Sänger, der es in diese Liste geschafft hat. Anfang Dezember erreichte er sogar Platz 28 in den Billboard Charts.

Im Oktober 2011 wollte sich Mahone mit einigen Fans im Chicagoer Millennium Park treffen. Er nahm an, dass etwa 50 Fans kommen würden. Als er am vereinbarten Treffpunkt eintraf, umstürmten ihn etwa 1000 Anhänger, worauf die Veranstaltung durch die örtliche Polizei abgebrochen werden musste. Seither untersagt ihm die Polizei öffentliche Treffen ohne vorherige Anmeldung und ohne einen Bodyguard durchzuführen. Für seine Konzerte in New York und Aurora organisierte die Familie Dave Brytus als persönlichen Bodyguard.

Ende August 2012 hatte Mahone 1.050.000 Follower auf Twitter, 770.000 Fans auf Facebook und 450.000 Abonnenten auf YouTube. Mahone ordnet sich somit in die Top 100 der meistabonnierten Musiker auf YouTube ein. Im sozialen Netzwerk des Portals Keek, sortiert nach Views, stellt Mahone den populärsten Charakter dar.

Mahone bot seinen Fans bis zu seinem Umzug nach Florida im Mai jeden Freitagnachmittag Ortszeit (UTC-6) ein kostenloses Onlinekonzert auf dem livestreaming-Webportal Ustream an, das von seinen Fans auch Austream, einer Kombination aus seinem Vornamen und Ustream, genannt wird.

Bis zu der Vertragsunterzeichnung mit seinem Management in Miami wurde Austin durch seine Mutter gemanagt.
Seine Fans nennen sich Mahomies. Für sie lässt Mahone ein Portal mit Merchandise-Artikeln betreiben.

Diskografie

Alben
 2017: Dirty Work – The Album (Erstveröffentlichung: 18. Oktober 2017)

EPs

Weitere EPs
 2013: Extended Play (Erstveröffentlichung: 4. Juni 2013; nur in Japan veröffentlicht)
 2017: Dirty Work (Erstveröffentlichung: 19. Juli 2017; inkl. Remixes)
 2018: Oxygen (Erstveröffentlichung: 16. Mai 2018)

Mixtapes
 2015: This Is Not the Album (Erstveröffentlichung: 17. Dezember 2015)
 2016: ForMe+You (Erstveröffentlichung: 30. Dezember 2016)

Singles

Weitere Singles
 2012: 11:11
 2012: Say Somethin (US: )
 2012: Say You're Just a Friend (feat. Flo Rida, US: )
 2013: Banga! Banga! (feat. Sean Garrett)
 2014: All I Ever Need
 2015: Dirty Work
 2017: Lady (feat. Pitbull)
 2017: Creatures of the Night (mit Hardwell)
 2017: Háblame bajito (mit Abraham Mateo & 50 Cent, US: )
 2017: Loco Enamorado (Abraham Mateo, Farruko & Austin Mahone, US: )
 2018: So Good
 2019: Why Don't We
 2019: Anxious
 2019: Dancing with Nobody
 2020: Summer love
 2020: You got me
 2020: Miami

Gastbeiträge
 2016: Deserve Better (Jump Smokers feat. Austin Mahone)
 2017: Bad Boyz (Mr. Mauricio feat. Austin Mahone, Pitbull & Bobby Biscayne)
 2017: Amor (Remix) (I Am Chino feat. Chacal, Wisin & Austin Mahone)
 2020: Lucid (4B feat. Austin Maronen & Abraham Mateo)

Musikvideos

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website von Austin Mahone (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Popsänger
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1996
Mann

Austin Mahone


Crnovodna rijeka je vrsta rijeke sa sporotekućim kanalom koji teče kroz šumske močvare ili močvarna područja. Kako vegetacija trune, tanini se ispuštaju u vodu, stvarajući prozirnu, kiselu vodu koja je tamno obojena, nalik crnom čaju. Većina glavnih rijeka s crnom vodom nalazi se u slijevu Amazone i na jugu Sjedinjenih Država. Izraz se koristi u fluvijalnim studijama, geologiji, geografiji, ekologiji i biologiji. Nisu sve tamne rijeke crnovodne u tom tehničkom smislu. Neke rijeke u umjerenim krajevima, koje se slivaju ili teku kroz područja tamno crne ilovače, jednostavno su crne zbog boje tla; ove rijeke su rijeke crnog blata. Postoje i estuariji crnog blata.

Crnovodne rijeke manje su bogate hranjivim tvarima od bijelovodnih rijeka i imaju koncentracije iona veće od kišnice. Jedinstveni uvjeti dovode do flore i faune koji se razlikuju od bijelovodnih i bistrovodnih rijeka. Razvrstavanje amazonskih rijeka u crnu, bistru i bijelu vodu prvi je predložio Alfred Russel Wallace 1853. godine na temelju boje vode, ali tipove je jasnije definirao po kemijskom i fizikalnom kriteriju Harald Sioli od 1950-ih do 1980-ih. Iako mnoge rijeke Amazonije spadaju u jednu od tih kategorija, druge pokazuju kombinaciju karakteristika i mogu varirati ovisno o sezoni i razini poplave.

Usporedba bijelih i crnih voda

Crne i bijele vode značajno se razlikuju po svom ionskom sastavu, kao što je prikazano u tablici 1. Crne vode su kiselije, što rezultira koncentracijom aluminija većom od one neutralnije bijelovodne rijeke. Glavna razlika su koncentracije natrija, magnezija, kalcija i kalija ; njih je u crnim vodama vrlo malo. To ima ekološke posljedice. Nekim životinjama je potrebno više kalcija nego što je dostupno u crnim vodama, pa tako, na primjer, puževi, kojima je potrebno mnogo kalcija za izgradnju školjki, ne obiluju crnim vodama. Manjak otopljenih iona u crnim vodama rezultira niskom vodljivošću sličnom kišnici.

Crnovodne i bijelovodne rijeke razlikuju se po planktonskoj fauni i flori. Tablice 2 i 3 uspoređuju broj planktonskih životinja uhvaćenih u lokalitetima crne i bijele vode udaljeni svega nekoliko metara. Crna voda nije bila ekstremni primjer kao sustav Rio Negro. Međutim, može se vidjeti da je crna voda zadržala veći broj kolnjaka ali manje rakova i grinja. Ovi rakovi su važna hrana za larve ribe. Zone u kojima se dvije vode miješaju privlačne su dvoljušturci mai mladim ribama. Te zone miješanja imaju mnogo životinja, što je prikazano u tablici 3, koja uspoređuje životinje u 10 litara vode.

Usporedba između bistrih i crnih voda
Crnovodne rijeke nalikuju bistrovodnim rijekama s niskom vodljivošću i relativno niskom razinom otopljenih krutih tvari, ali bistre rijeke imaju vodu koja je često samo pomalo kisela (tipična pH ~ 6,5) i vrlo bistra sa zelenkastom bojom. Glavne bistrovodne rijeke Amazonije imaju svoj izvor na brazilskoj visoravni (poput Tapajósa, Tocantina, Xingu i nekih desnih pritoka Madeire ), ali neke potječu iz Gvajanskog štita (poput Nhamundá, Paru i Araguari ).

Crnovodne rijeke svijeta

Porječje Amazone

 Rijeka Apaporis : pritoka rijeke Japurá
 Rijeka Arapiuns : pritoka rijeke Tapajós
 Rijeka Coari
 Rijeka Mazaruni
 Rijeka Mirití-Paraná
 Rijeka Piorini
 Rijeka Potaro : pritoka rijeke Mazaruni
 Rio Negro : najveća crnovodna rijeka na svijetu; jedna od najvećih amazonskih pritoka.
 Rijeka Tahuayo
 Rijeka Tefé
 Rijeka Uatumã
 Rijeka Urubu
 Rijeka Vaupés

Porječje Orinoca

 Rijeka Morichal Largo
 Rijeka Atabapo : iz gorja Gvajane Venezuela zapadno u Orinoko
 Rijeka Caroní : s gorja Gvajane u Venezueli sjeverno od Orinoka.
 Rijeka Caura : iz gorja Gvajane u Venezueli sjeverno od Orinoka
 Rijeka Inírida : od sjeveroistoka Kolumbije do rijeke Guaviare koja se ulijeva u Orinoco
 Rijeka Ventuari : s istočne Venezuele na jugozapad, u Orinoco
 Rijeka Vichada : od istočne Kolumbije do Orinoka
 Rijeka Tomo : od istočne Kolumbije do Orinoka
 Rijeka Tuparro : od istočne Kolumbije do Orinoka

Južne Sjedinjene Države

 Rijeka Ashepoo : uz rijeku Edisto i Combahee u Južnoj Karolini čini ACE Basin National Refuge.
 Veliki čempres, Crni čempres i Mali Cypress i male rijeke u slivu jezera Caddo u Teksasu i Louisiani
 Rijeka Blackwater : pritoka rijeke Chowan u Virginiji
 Rijeka Blackwater : glavna rijeka na zapadnom Floridu
 Rijeka Blackwater, Zapadna Virdžinija: Smješten u kanjonu Blackwater u okrugu Tucker. Blackwater Falls, vodopad s pet spratova, smješten je uz ovu rijeku uz brzake koji se kreću od Klase   III-V +.
 Black River : pritoka rijeke Pee Dee u Sjevernoj i Južnoj Karolini
 Cape Fear River, Sjeverna Karolina: ulijeva se u Atlantski ocean.
 Rijeka Cashie, Sjeverna Karolina: ulijeva se u Albemarle Sound.
 Rijeka Caloosahatchee, Florida : teče zapadno od jezera Okeechobee do Meksičkog zaljeva.
 Rijeka Chowan, Sjeverna Karolina: ulijeva se u Albemarle Sound.
 Rijeka Edisto, Južna Karolina: ulijeva se u Atlantski ocean.
 Econlockhatchee River, pritoka rijeke St. Johns na središnjoj Floridi.
 Reka jelena jelena : nalazi se u zapadnom Tennesseeju
 Četiri rupe močvara, pritoka rijeke Edisto u Južnoj Karolini.
 Little Manatee River, Florida: uliva se u zaljev Tampa.
 Great Coharie Creek, Sjeverna Karolina: uliva se u Crnu rijeku.
 Rijeka Little Pee Dee, Južna Karolina: ulijeva se u rijeku Pee Dee.
 Lynches River, Južna Karolina: uliva se u rijeku Pee Dee.
 Lumber / Drowning Creek : nalazi se u Sjevernoj i Južnoj Karolini. Dio Državnog parka rijeke Lumber
 Rijeka Myakka : rijeka duga 66 milja s njenim vodama u okrugu Manatee, Florida. Rijeka Myakka ispušta se u luku Charlotte.
 Rijeka Obion : nalazi se u sjeverozapadu Tennesseeja
 Ochlockonee River : rijeka na sjeveru Floride
 Rijeka Ogeechee : rijeka dužine 245 kilometara na istoku Georgije koja prolazi južno od grada Savanne i ulazi u Atlantski ocean pri zvuku Ossabaw.
 Rijeka Ohoopee : dugačak 119 kilometara (192   km) rijeka u istočnoj središnjoj Gruziji. To je pritoka rijeke Altamaha koja se ulijeva u Atlantski ocean.
 Rijeka Pasquotank : rijeka na sjeveroistoku Sjeverne Karoline. Smješten između okruga Camden i Pasquotank, Pasquotank se izravno povezuje sa zvukom Albemarle i dio je unutar obalnog plovnog puta preko Elizabeth Cityja.
 Reka mira : nalazi se na središnjoj Floridi, uliva se u luku Charlotte.
 Rijeka Pithlachascotee : mala rijeka u središnjoj Floridi
 Rijeka Pocomoke : rijeka u južnom dijelu Delawarea i jugoistočnom Marylandu na poluotoku Delmarva. Rijeka je pritoka zaljeva Chesapeake.
 Rijeka Santa Fe : rijeka na sjeveru Floride
 Rijeka Satilla : rijeka na jugoistoku Georgije koja teče kroz grad Waycross i uliva se u Atlantski ocean u blizini otoka Cumberland.
 Scuppernong River : mala rijeka u Washingtonu i okrugu Tyrrell na istoku Sjeverne Karoline u državnom parku Pettigrew
 Rijeka Sopchoppy : rijeka na sjeveru Floride
 Rijeka St. Marys (Florida-Georgia)
 Rijeka St. Johns : najveća rijeka na Floridi. Teče prema sjeveru kroz Jacksonville u Atlantik.
 Rijeka St. Sebastian, okrug Indian River, Florida.
 Rijeka Suwannee : velika rijeka u južnoj Georgiji i sjevernoj Floridi koja se uliva u Meksički zaljev
 Upper Little River, Sjeverna Karolina: uliva se u rijeku Cape Fear.
 Rijeka Gornji Nanticoke, Delaware i Maryland: uliva se u zaljev Chesapeake.
 Rijeka Waccamaw, Sjeverna i Južna Karolina: ulijeva se u Atlantski ocean.
 Rijeka White Oak, Sjeverna Karolina: ulijeva se u Atlantski ocean.
 Rijeka Wolf : nastaje u sjevernom Mississippiju i protiče kroz jugozapadni Tennessee / Memphis u rijeku Mississippi

Sjeverne Sjedinjene Države

 Black River, New York : rijeka koja počinje na zapadnom Adirondacku koja se uliva u jezero Ontario.
 Crna rijeka (okrug Gogebić), Michigan : rijeka na krajnjem zapadnom Gornjem poluotoku koja se uliva u jezero Superior. Sjeverni dio rijeke naveden je kao Nacionalna divlja i slikovita rijeka.
 Rijeka Gooseberry : rijeka u sjevernoj Minnesoti koja izvire iz treseta i borovih šuma
 Rijeka Ocqueoc, Michigan: rijeka na sjevernom donjem poluotoku koja teče u jezeru Huron
 Rijeka Tahquamenon, Michigan : rijeka na Gornjem poluotoku koja se uliva u jezero Superior
 Rijeka Tuckahoe, New Jersey : kratka rijeka u južnom dijelu New Jerseyja koja se uliva u luku Great Egg

Afrika

 Većina rijeka Konga i Donje Gvineje koje teku kroz prašume su crne vode.
 Kongonska jezera Mai-Ndombe i Tumba su crne vode.
 Rijeke Nova Kalabar i Sombreiro (obje izlaze u delti rijeke Niger ) crne su vode.

Australija

 Rijeka Gordon, Tasmanija : rijeka koja se uzdiže u središtu otoka i protiče prema zapadu, a ulazi u luku Macquarie na zapadnoj obali.
 Rijeka Pieman, Tasmanija: rijeka na zapadnoj obali koja izvire iz prašuma i zaleđa
 Davey River, Tasmania: relativno mala rijeka u jugozapadnom kutku otoka koja prolazi kroz velika područja, tresetišta i travnate ravnice
 Rijeka Noosa, Queensland : mali dio rijeke Noosa koja teče između jezera Cootharaba i jezera Cooroibah

Na drugim rijekama u Australiji mogu se dogoditi rijetki 'događaji crne vode' povezani s poplavnim vodama koje se povezuju sa šumovitim poplavnim područjima, a ti događaji mogu biti povezani s hipoksičnim vodama [niskim kisikom]. Primjeri uključuju rijeku Murray, rijeku Edward, rijeku Wakool i rijeku Murrumbidgee .

Indonezija

 Rijeka Sabangau

Slike rijeka crnih voda

Vidi također

 močvara
 Otopljena organska tvar u boji

Izvori

Rijeke

Crnovodna rijeka


خَنَاصِير العَرُوس نبات اسمه العلمي (.Astragalus bombycinus Boiss)، وهو نوع أعشاب حولية ومعمّرة من جنس القتاد. يكثر نبات خناصير العروس في مصر.

انظر أيضا
 القتاد.

المراجع

نباتات طبية
نباتات مصر

خناصير العروس


Die Sri-lankische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1955 war die dritte Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Sri Lanka. Sie fand in Colombo statt.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
 http://www.srilankabadminton.lk/pdf/past_winners.pdf

1955
Badminton 1955
Badmintonwettbewerb in Colombo


«Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)» es un sencillo del cantante estadounidense Scatman John. La canción fue lanzada el 29 de noviembre de 1994 como el primer sencillo de su segundo álbum de estudio, Scatman's World. Las ventas fueron lentas al principio, pero la canción fue recogida por muchas estaciones de radio y, finalmente, se convirtió en un gran éxito internacional, alcanzando el número uno en muchas partes de Europa, e ingresó en las listas musicales de Australia y Japón.

Lista de canciones
 CD maxi
 «Scatman» (Basic-Radio) – 3:30
 «Scatman» (Jazz-Level) – 3:41
 «Scatman» (Second-Level) – 5:40
 «Scatman» (Third-Level) – 5:46
 «Scatman» (Game-Over-Jazz) – 5:03

 CD maxi 2
 «Scatman» (New Radio Edit) – 3:21
 «Scatman» (Pech Remix) – 4:55
 «Scatman» (Arena di Verona Mix) – 6:04
 «Scatman» (Extended Radio Version) – 5:11

Posicionamiento en listas y certificaciones

Listas semanales

Certificaciones

Sucesión en listas

Sampling
En 2021, los productores musicales Alan Walker y Imanbek samplean la canción y añaden nueva letra para su éxito "Sweet Dreams".

En 2022, Black Eyed Peas samplean también la canción para su canción "Bailar Contigo" en colaboración con Daddy Yankee, para su album Elevation (2022).

Referencias

Sencillos de 1994
Sencillos de 1995
Sencillos debut número uno
Sencillos de música electrónica
Sencillos número uno en Austria
Sencillos número uno en Bélgica
Sencillos número uno en Dinamarca
Sencillos número uno en España
Sencillos número uno en el European Hot 100
Sencillos número uno en Francia
Sencillos número uno en Finlandia
Sencillos número uno en Irlanda
Sencillos número uno en Noruega
Sencillos número uno en Suiza
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Bundesverband Musikindustrie
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique
Sencillos certificados de plata por la British Phonographic Industry
Canciones en inglés
Canciones virales

Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)


Beňadikovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Svidník din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 209 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Beňadikovce este atestată documentar din 1414.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Beňadikovce


Ujamaa er en film instrueret af Erik Odde.

Handling
Ujamaa er den tanzanianske betegnelse for familiefællesskaber i små landsbysamfund, hvor man deler alt med hinanden. Filmen viser hjælpearbejde i form af kamp mod tæger, der tager livet af husdyr, skolegang, de 2-3 årlige sundhedsbesøg i landsbyerne. Tillige får man et indblik i kaffedyrkning. Og industrialisering. Men det er den tanzanianske regerings ønske at fokusere mindre på industrialisering efter vestligt forbillede og støtte de tropiske småbønder ved at vende tilbage til Ujamaa.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1971

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Ujamaa


Omega Strikers é um jogo eletrônico de esporte de ação e estratégia de 2022, desenvolvido e publicado pela Odyssey Interactive. O jogo apresenta partidas curtas em multijogador online de três contra três, nas quais os jogadores competem para marcar mais gols do que o time adversário. Desde setembro de 2022, Omega Strikers está disponível para Windows como beta aberto, com versões para Android, iOS e console previstas para fevereiro 2023.

Jogabilidade
As partidas no Omega Strikers consistem em duas equipes de três jogadores, que lutam para marcar pontos enviando o Núcleo, um grande disco de hóquei, para o gol adversário. O jogo é apresentado de uma perspectiva de cima para baixo, com todo o campo de jogo visível de uma só vez.

Os jogadores podem escolher entre um elenco de personagens, conhecidos como atacantes. Cada atacante tem um conjunto único de habilidades que podem ser usadas para atacar jogadores inimigos, mover o Núcleo, buffar seus aliados, debuffar seus inimigos e muito mais. Quando um personagem sofre dano, sua barra de torpor aumenta, o que torna mais fácil para seus oponentes derrubá-lo ou até mesmo tirá-lo do campo por um curto período. Por meio de interações como marcar gols, nocautear inimigos, fazer defesas, etc., você ganha pontos de experiência que podem fortalecer seus atacantes ao longo do jogo.

Desenvolvimento
Omega Strikers é um jogo independente, desenvolvido e publicado pela própria Odyssey Interactive, um estúdio composto por ex-funcionários da Riot Games.

O jogo entrou em fase de teste beta fechado em 16 de setembro de 2022 e fez a transição para beta aberto quatro dias depois. O jogo está previsto para ser completo e lançado em fevereiro de 2023.

Jogos para Windows
Jogos eletrônicos de esporte
Jogos eletrônicos de ação
Jogos para múltiplos jogadores online
Jogos eletrônicos de 2022

Omega Strikers


Der Manchebach ist ein rund viereinhalb Kilometer langer rechter Zufluss der Rotte im Département Moselle in der Region Grand Est.

Verlauf
Der Manchebach entspringt nordöstlich von Thicourt in der Grande Reborne.

Er fließt zunächst etwa zweihundert Meter in nordöstlicher Richtung und knickt dann fast rechtwinklig nach Südosten ab. Südlich von la Pièce St-Nicolas fließt ihm auf seiner linken Seite ein kleiner Bach zu, welcher aus dem Bois de Thonville kommt. Der Manchebach wendet sich dort nach Südwesten, fließt nördlich an der Moulin de Manchebach vorbei und erreicht dann Thonville, wo er auf seiner rechten Seite von einem weiteren Zulauf gestärkt wird. Östlich von Brulange speist ihn auf seiner linken Seite ein von Etzelborn kommender Bach.

Der Manchebach unterquert nun die D 76 und mündet schließlich westlich der Ancien Moulin de Ste-Croix von rechts in die Rotte.

Anmerkungen

Manchebach


Arcos Portekiz'de Tabuaço belediyesine bağlı olan, 7,90 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 206 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Tabuaço'nun bucakları

Arcos (Tabuaço)


Oñati İspanya'nın kuzeyinde, Bask Özerk Bölgesi içindeki Guipuzcoa ilinde bir kasabadır. Nüfusu 11,000 kişi olan şehir Biskay Körfezi'nden yaklaşık 40 km güneydedir. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 236 metredir. Üç tarafından yeşil dağlarla çevrili olan şehrin güneyinde kireçtaşı oluşumları vardır ve adı Baskça Tepeler Bölgesi anlamına gelmektedir.

Kaynakça

Resmi sitesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi İnternet Sitesi

Guipúzcoa'daki şehirler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yerleşim yerleri

Oñati


Streptokok (Streptococcus). Streptococcaceae ailesinde yer alan gram-pozitif, yuvarlak şekilli, fakültatif anaerop, katalaz negatif, sporsuz ve hareketsiz bakterilerdir.

Sabit bir çizgi üzerinde çoğaldıkları için ikili ya da zincir şeklinde görülürler. Anilin boyalarıyla kolaylıkla boyanabilirler. Kan ve serumla zenginleştirilmiş katı besiyerlerinde (kanlı agar, serumlu agar) ürerler. Karbonhidrat fermentasyonlarının son ürünü laktik asittir. Bazı türleri karbondioksitli ortamlarda üreyebilir. Tüm vücutta flora bakterisi olarak bulunup, deride en çok bulunan bakterilerdendir. Büyük çoğunluğu insan patojenidir ve hastalık etkenidir. Streptokoklar insan ve hayvanlarda çeşitli lokal ve yayılmış infeksiyonlara neden olurlar. Bazı streptokoklar ise normal hayvanların üst solunum yollarında ve bağırsak kanalında bulunur ve hayvanlarda direncin belirgin ölçüde kırılması halinde patojen hale geçerler. Bilimsel yayınlarla doğrulanmış 107 türü vardır.

Sınıflandırma
Streptokokların sınıflandırılmaları biyokimyasal, serolojik ve hemoliz özelliklerine göre yapılır.

Biyokimyasal özellikleri
Enzimlerin yapısı, proteinlere, karbonhidratlara ve lipitlere etkisi vardır.

Serolojik özellikleri
Bakterilerin hücre duvarındaki karbonhidratlar (C polisakkaridi) esas alınarak, 1928'de R. Lancefield tarafından yapılan sınıflandırmaya göre streptokoklar A-H ve K-V harfleri altında gruplandırılmıştır.

Hemoliz özellikleri

Alfa hemoliz
Kanlı agarda meydana gelen kısmi hemolizdir. Kanda bulunan eritrositler parçalanır. Fakat, bu parçalanma tam olarak gerçekleşmez. Açığa çıkan hemoglobin, hidrojenperoksit ile tepkime oluşturarak metahemoglobin formuna döner. Bu da agarda yeşilimsi renk şeklinde görülür. Tam bir hemozliz olmadığından eritrositlere rastlanabilir.

Beta hemoliz
Tamamlanmış hemolizdir. Koloni çevresindeki hemoliz zonu şeffaf renktedir. Plağa bakıldığında arkasının görülecek kadar şeffaf olması, tam bir hemoliz olduğundan eritrositlere rastlanmaz. (A, B, C, D, G grupları)

Non hemoliz
Hemoliz yoktur.

Özet

Kaynakça

Patojenik bakteriler
Bakteri cinsleri
Firmicutes

Streptokok


Haby Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 5,79 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 605 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter-Jürgen Nimis tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-wittensee.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Haby