Ernest Bramah (20 March 186827 June 1942), the pseudonym of Ernest Brammah Smith, was an English author. He published 21 books and numerous short stories and features.  His humorous works were often ranked with Jerome K. Jerome and W. W. Jacobs, his detective stories with Conan Doyle, his politico-science fiction with H. G. Wells, and his supernatural stories with Algernon Blackwood. George Orwell acknowledged that Bramah's book What Might Have Been influenced his Nineteen Eighty-Four. Bramah created the characters Kai Lung and Max Carrados.

Early career
Ernest Brammah Smith (the spelling of his middle name on his birth certificate was recorded by the register as 'Brammah', not 'Bramah') was born in Manchester, England in 1868, the son of Charles Clement Smith and Susannah (Brammah) Smith.  Aged 16, he quit Manchester Grammar School, having been near the bottom in each subject. He became a farmer, first as a pupil and then in his own right. He was assisted financially by his father, who had transformed in a short time from a factory hand to a wealthy man. The farming enterprise cost his father £100,000 in modern money, but it was while farming that Bramah began to contribute local vignettes to the Birmingham News. Later he wrote a satirical book about his adventures in farming.    It had few buyers, and was remaindered and pulped, though his father agreed to assist him financially while he made his way in Grub Street as a writer. He eventually obtained a position as secretary to Jerome K. Jerome and became editor of one of Jerome's magazines. After quitting Jerome, Smith edited other journals for a publishing business that later went bankrupt.

Writing career

Bramah attained commercial and critical success with his creation of Kai Lung, an itinerant storyteller. He first appears in The Wallet of Kai Lung which was rejected by eight publishers before Grant Richards published it in 1900. It was still in print a hundred years later. The Kai Lung stories are humorous tales set in China, often with fantasy elements such as dragons and gods.

With Kai Lung, Bramah developed a style of narration typified by the following passages:
"Kai Lung rose guardedly to his feet, with many gestures of polite assurance and having bowed several times to indicate his pacific nature, he stood in an attitude of deferential admiration. At this display the elder and less attractive of the maidens fled, uttering loud and continuous cries of apprehension to conceal the direction of her flight".
"In particular, there is among this august crowd of Mandarins one Wang Yu, who has departed on three previous occasions without bestowing the reward of a single cash.  If the feeble and covetous Wang Yu will place in his very ordinary bowl the price of one of his exceedingly ill-made pipes, this unworthy person will proceed."
"After secretly observing the unstudied grace of her movements, the most celebrated picture-maker of the province burned the implements of his craft, and began life anew as a trainer of performing elephants."

The Kai Lung stories include many proverbs and aphorisms, such as the following:
 "He who lacks a single tael sees many bargains"
 "It is a mark of insincerity of purpose to spend one's time in looking for the sacred Emperor in low-class teashops"
 "It has been said there are few situations in life that cannot be honourably settled, and without loss of time, either by suicide, a bag of gold or by thrusting a despised antagonist over the edge of a precipice on a dark night"

Bramah also wrote political science fiction. What Might Have Been, published in 1907 and republished as The Secret of the League in 1909, is an anti-socialist dystopia representing Bramah's conservative political opinions. It was acknowledged by George Orwell as a source for Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell credited it with giving a considerably accurate prediction of the rise of Fascism.

At a time when the English Channel had yet to be crossed by an aeroplane, Bramah foresaw aerial express trains traveling at 10,000 feet, a nationwide wireless-telegraphy network, a prototype fax machine and a cypher typewriter similar to the German Enigma machine.

In 1914, Bramah created Max Carrados, a blind detective. Given the outlandish idea that a blind man could be a detective, in the introduction to the second Carrados book The Eyes of Max Carrados, Bramah compared his hero's achievements to those of real-life blind people such as Nicholas Saunderson, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, Blind Jack of Knaresborough the road builder, John Fielding the Bow Street Magistrate (of whom it was said he could identify 3,000 thieves by their voices), and Helen Keller.

In 1929, Bramah wrote the book "English Regal Copper Coins" which was published by Methuen. The book concentrates on British copper coinage from 1671 during the reign of Charles II until the end of pure copper coin production in 1860.  The book is still used widely by numismatic auction houses throughout the world with Bramah reference numbers.  The section on coin rarity as a percentage of production for each year is still considered useful to date.

"Interesting times" and other quotations
Bramah has been credited with the invention of the saying, quoted often as an ancient Chinese curse, "May you live in interesting times", along with "May you come to the attention of those in authority" and "May you find what you are looking for". However, these do not appear in the Kai Lung stories.

Archives at Harry Ransom Center

Bramah's manuscripts, correspondence and additional materials including his work for Jerome K. Jerome and as staff member for the magazine Today, The Idler (1892–1911) and the Grosvenor Press are held at the University of Texas Harry Ransom Center. A letter of 27 April 1923 from Bramah to Grant Richards explains that he had never been to China.

Personal life and death
Bramah was a very private man who did not make public any details of his personal life. He was married to Lucy Maisie Smith.  He died at the age of 74 in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, leaving an estate valued at £15,172 (£ as of ). After his death, his widow presented a collection of all his published books to the Hammersmith borough libraries, for reference use only. Bramah had lived in Hammersmith for some 30 years, not far from Ravenscourt Park.

Select bibliography

Kai Lung

Books
The Wallet of Kai Lung (1900)
 "The Transmutation of Ling"
 "The Story of Yung Chang"
 "The Probation of Sen Heng"
 "The Experiment of the Mandarin Chan Hung"
 "The Confession of Kai Lung"
 "The Vengeance of Tung Fel"
 "The Career of the Charitable Quen-Ki-Tong"
 "The Vision of Yin, the Son of Yat Huang"
 "The Ill-Regulated Destiny of Kin Yen, the Picture-Maker"
Kai Lung's Golden Hours (1922)
 "The Story of Wong Ts'in and the Willow Plate Embellishment"
 "The Story of Ning, the Captive God, and the Dreams That Mark His Race"
 "The Story of Wong Pao and the Minstrel"
 "The Story of Lao Ting and the Luminous Insect"
 "The Story of Weng Cho or the One Devoid of Name"
 "The Story of Wang Ho and the Burial Robe"
 "The Story of Chang Tao, Melodious Vision and the Dragon"
 "The Story of Yuen Yan, of the Barber Chou-hu, and of His Wife, Tsae-che"
 'The Story of Hien and the Chief Examiner'
 "The Story of the Loyalty of Ten-teh, the Fisherman"
Kai Lung Unrolls His Mat (1928)
 "The Story of Wan and the Remarkable Shrub"
 "The Story of Wong Tsoi and the Merchant Teen King's Thumb"
 "The Story of Tong So, the Averter of Calamities"
 "The Story of Lin Ho and the Treasure of Fang-Tso"
 "The Story of Kin Weng and the Miraculous Tusk"
 "The Story of the Philosopher Kuo Tsun and of His Daughter, Peerless Chou"
 "The Story of Ching-kwei and the Destinies"
The Moon of Much Gladness (1932; published in the United States as The Return of Kai Lung)
The Kai Lung Omnibus (1936)
 The Wallet of Kai Lung
 Kai Lung Unrolls His Mat
 Kai Lung's Golden Hours'''Kai Lung Beneath the Mulberry Tree (1940)
 "The Story of Prince Ying, Virtuous Mei and the Pursuit of Worthiness"
 "The Three Recorded Judgments of Prince Ying, from the Inscribed Scroll of Mou Tao, the Beggar"
 "The Ignoble Alliance of Lin T'sing with the Outlaw Fang Wang, and How It Affected the Destinies"
 "The Story of Yin Ho, Hoa-mi, and the Magician"
 "The Story of Ton Hi, Precious Gem and the Inconspicuous Elephant"
 "The Story of Sam-Tso, the Family Called Wong, and the Willing Buffalo"
 "The Story of Saho Chi, the No-longer Merchant Ng Hon, and the Docile Linnets"
 "The Story of the Poet Lao Ping, Chun Shin's Daughter Fa, and the Fighting Crickets"The Celestial Omnibus (1940)
 "The Transmutation of Ling"
 "The Vengeance of Tung Fel"
 "The Confession of Kai Lung"
 "The Encountering of Six Within a Wood"
 "The Inexorable Justice of Mandarin Shan Tien"
 "The Out-Passing into a State of Assured Felicity"
 "The High-minded Strategy of the Amiable Hwa-mei"
 "The Malignity of the Depraved Ming Shu"
 "The Story of Prince Ying"
 "The Story of the Poet Lao Ping"Kai Lung: Six (1974)
 "The Story of Lam-Hoo and the Reward of Merit"
 "The Story of Chung Pun and the Miraculous Peacocks"
 "The Story of Yeun Yang and the Empty Soo-Shong Chest"
 "The Story of Sing Tsung and the Exponent of Dark Magic"
 "The Story Kwey Chao and the Grateful Song Bird"
 "The Story Li Pao, Lucky Star and the Intruding Stranger"Kai Lung Raises His Voice (2010)
 "The Subtlety of Kang Chieng" (previously unpublished)
 "Ming Tseuen and the Emergency"
 "Lam-Hoo and the Reward of Merit"
 "Chung Pun and the Miraculous Peacocks"
 "Yeun Yang and the Empty Lo-Chee Crate"
 "Sing Tsung and the Exponent of Dark Magic"
 "Kwey Chao and the Grateful Song Bird"
 "Li Pao, Lucky Star and the Intruding Stranger"
 "The Cupidity of Ah Pak or Riches No Protection Against Thunderbolts" (previously unpublished)
 "The Romance of Kwang the Fruit Gatherer" (previously unpublished)
 "The Destiny of Cheng, the Son of Sha-kien of the Waste Expanses" (previously unpublished)
 "The Romance of Kwang the Fruit Gatherer" (alternative version; e-book only)
 "The Emperor Who Meant Well" (previously unpublished)

Max Carrados
BooksMax Carrados (1914)
 "The Coin of Dionysius"
 "The Knight's Cross Signal Problem"
 "The Tragedy at Brookbend Cottage"
 "The Clever Mrs. Straithwaite"
 "The Last Exploit of Harry the Actor"
 "The Tilling Shaw Mystery"
 "The Comedy at Fountain Cottage"
 "The Game Played in the Dark"The Eyes of Max Carrados (1923)
 "The Virginiola Fraud"
 "The Disappearance of Marie Severe"
 "The Secret of Dunstan's Tower"
 "The Mystery of the Poisoned Dish of Mushrooms"
 "The Ghost of Massingham Mansions"
 "The Missing Actress Sensation"
 "The Ingenious Mr. Spinola"
 "The Kingsmouth Spy Case"
 "The Eastern Mystery"Max Carrados Mysteries (1927)
 "The Secret of Headlam Height"
 "The Mystery of the Vanished Petition Crown"
 "The Holloway Flat Tragedy"
 "The Curious Circumstances of the Two Left Shoes"
 "The Ingenious Mind of Mr. Rigby Lacksome"
 "The Crime at the House in Culver Street"
 "The Strange Case of Cyril Bycourt"
 "The Missing Witness Sensation"The Bravo of London (1934)Best Max Carrados Detective Stories (1972)
 "The Coin of Dionysius"
 "The Knight's Cross Signal Problem"
 "The Tragedy at Brookbend Cottage"
 "The Last Exploit of Harry the Actor"
 "The Disappearance of Marie Severe"
 "The Mystery of the Poisoned Dish of Mushrooms"
 "The Ghost of Massingham Mansions"
 "The Ingenious Mr. Spinola"
 "The Mystery of the Vanished Petition Crown"
 "The Holloway Flat Tragedy"The Eyes of Max Carrados (2013), comprises all of Bramah's writing about Max Carrados except the stage play Blind Man's Bluff and the radio broadcast "Meet Max Carrados"
 Max Carrados The Eyes of Max Carrados Max Carrados Mysteries "A Bunch of Violets"

Short stories
 "The Story of Yung Chang". First publication unknown; reprinted Melbourne Leader, 19 December 1896.
 "The Master Coiner Unmasked". News of the World, 17 August 1913. Collected in Max Carrados as "The Coin of Dionysius".
 "The Mystery of the Signals". News of the World, 24 and 31 August 1913. Collected in Max Carrados as "The Knights Cross Signal Problem".
 "The Tragedy at Brookbend Cottage". News of the World, 7 and 14 September 1913. Collected in Max Carrados.
 "The Clever Mrs. Straithwaite". News of the World, 21 and 28 September 1913. Collected in Max Carrados.
 "The Great Safe Deposit Coup". News of the World, 5 and 12 October 1913. Collected in Max Carrados as "The Last Exploit of Harry the Actor".
 "The Tilling Shaw Mystery". News of the World, 19 and 26 October 1913. Collected in Max Carrados.
 "The Secret of Dunstan's Tower". News of the World, 2 and 9 November 1913. Collected in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Comedy at Fountain Cottage". News of the World, 16 and 23 November 1913. Collected in Max Carrados.
 "The Kingsmouth German Spy Case". News of the World, 30 November and 7 December 1913. Collected in The Eyes of Max Carrados as "The Kingsmouth Spy Case".
 "The Missing Actress Sensation". News of the World, 14 December 1913. Collected in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Virginiola Fraud". News of the World, 21 December 1913. Collected in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Game Played in the Dark". News of the World, 28 December 1913. Collected in Max Carrados.
 "The Disappearance of Marie Severe". First published in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Mystery of the Poisoned Dish of Mushrooms". First published in The Eyes of Max Carrados; also published as "Who Killed Charlie Winpole?"
 "The Ghost at Massingham Mansions". First published in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Ingenious Mr. Spinola". First published in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Eastern Mystery". First published in The Eyes of Max Carrados.
 "The Bunch of Violets". Strand Magazine, July 1924. Collected in The Specimen Case.
 "The Secret of Headlam Heights". The New Magazine, December 1925.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Mystery of the Vanished Petition Crown". The New Magazine, January 1926.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Crime at the House in Culver Street". The New Magazine, February 1926.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Curious Circumstances of the Two Left Shoes". The New Magazine, May 1926.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Strange Case of Cyril Bycourt". The New Magazine, June 1926.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Missing Witness Sensation". Pearson's Magazine, July 1926.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Holloway Flat Tragedy". The Story-Teller, March 1927.  Collected in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "The Ingenious Mind of Mr. Rigby Lacksome". First published in Max Carrados Mysteries.
 "Meet Max Carrados". BBC, 3 May 1935. A profile and commentary by Bramah on the character's origins.

Stage playsBlind Man's Bluff (1918). Collected in Bodies from the Library (Ed. Tony Medawar). Previously unpublished

Stage plays by othersIn the Dark (1917) by Gilbert Heron, adapted from The Game Played in the DarkOther fiction
BooksWhat Might Have Been (1900)The Mirror of Kong Ho (1905)The Secret of the League (1907). Revised version of What Might Have Been.The Transmutation of Ling (1912)The Specimen Case (1924)
 "Ming-Tsuen and the Emergency" (Kai Lung)
 "The Delicate Case of Mlle. Celestine Bon"
 "The Dead March"
 "A Very Black Business"
 "The Bunch of Violets" (Max Carrados)
 "Revolution"
 "Smothered in Corpses"
 "Fate and a Family Council"
 "Lucretia and the Horse-Doctor"
 "The War Hawks"
 "The Great Hockington Find"
 "Hautpierre's Star"
 "The Goose and the Golden Egg"
 "The Making of Marianna"
 "Bobbie and Poetic Justice"
 "The Heart of the Pagan"
 "Once in a Blue Moon"
 "The Marquise Ring"
 "The 'Dragon' of Swafton"
 "The Dream of William Elgood"
 "From a London Balcony"Short Stories of To-day and Yesterday (1929)
 "Hien and the Chief Examiner"
 "Wong Pao and the Minstrel"
 "Chang Tao, Melodious Vision and the Dragon"
 "Wong T'sin and the Willow Plate Embellishment"
 "The Secret of Headlam Height"
 "The Curious Circumstances of the Two Left Shoes"
 "The Missing Actress Sensation"
 "The Delicate Case of Mlle. Celestine Bon"
 "A Very Black Business"
 "Smothered in Corpses"
 "The Goose and the Golden Egg"A Little Flutter (1930)

Short stories
 "The Story of Yung Chang". Chapman's Magazine, October 1896. Collected in The Wallet of Kai Lung.
 "The Story of Kin-Yen, the Picture-Maker". Crampton's Magazine, December 1898; also published as 'The Ill-Regulated Destiny of Kin Yeng, the Picture-Maker'. Collected in The Wallet of Kai Lung.
 "The Duplicity of Tiao". The Woman at Home, December 1900.
 "The Impiety of Yuan Yan". Macmillan's Magazine, February 1904.
 "The 'Dragon' of Swafton". The Graphic, Summer 1904. Collected in The Specimen Case.
 "While You Wait". The Bystander, December 1905 (a dialogue).
 "The Heart of the Pagan". The Grand Magazine, April 1906. Collected in The Specimen Case.
 "The Goose and the Golden Egg". The Grand Magazine, February 1907. Collected in The Specimen Case.
 "The War Hawks". Pall Mall Magazine, September 1909. Collected in The Specimen Case.
 "The Great Hockington Find". Pall Mall Magazine, February 1910. Collected in The Specimen Case.
 "The Red Splinter". Wickepin Argus, 3 April 1913.
 "The Chief Examiner". Methuen's Annual, 1914. Collected in Kai Lung's Golden Hours.
 "Wang-Ho and the Burial Robe". The London Mercury, September 1920. Collected in Kai Lung's Golden Hours.
 "Lao Ting and the Luminous Insect". The London Mercury, June 1922. . Collected in Kai Lung's Golden Hours.
 "The Story of Kin Weng and the Miraculous Tusk". The London Mercury, June 1927. Collected in Kai Lung Unrolls His Mat.

Stage plays adapted by othersKai Lung's Golden Hours (1931) by Allan D MaindsThe Willow Pattern (1937) by Colonel NewtonThe Probation of Sen Heng (1937) by unknown adaptor

Nonfiction booksEnglish Farming and Why I Turned It Up (1894)A Handbook for Writers and Artists: A Practical Guide for Contributors to the Press and to Literary and Artistic Publications; by a London editor [i.e., E. B. Smith]. London: Charles William Deacon & Co., 1897A Guide to the Varieties and Rarity of English Regal Copper Coins: Charles II–Victoria, 1671–1860 (1929)

References

External links

 Ernest Bramah website (ErnestBramah.com) – unofficial
"Ernest Bramah: Crime and Chinoiserie" (Million'' magazine, 1991) at Ansible.uk

English crime fiction writers
English fantasy writers
English science fiction writers
English short story writers
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
People from Hulme
Victorian writers
1868 births
1942 deaths
19th-century British short story writers
19th-century English non-fiction writers
20th-century English novelists

Ernest Bramah


Earl of Devon is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of England. It was possessed first (after the Norman Conquest of 1066) by the Redvers family (alias de Reviers, Revieres, etc.), and later by the Courtenay family. It is not to be confused with the title of Earl of Devonshire, which is held by the Duke of Devonshire, although the letters patent for the creation of the latter peerages used the same Latin words, Comes Devon(iae). It was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation, of the pre-Conquest office of Ealdorman of Devon.

Close kinsmen and powerful allies of the Plantagenet kings, especially Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V, the Earls of Devon were treated with suspicion by the Tudors, perhaps unfairly, partly because William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511), had married Princess Catherine of York, a younger daughter of King Edward IV, bringing the Earls of Devon very close to the line of succession to the English throne. During the Tudor period, all but the last Earl were attainted, and there were several recreations and restorations. The last recreation was to the heirs male of the grantee, not (as would be usual) to the heirs male of his body. When he died unmarried, it was assumed the title was extinct, but a much later very distant Courtenay cousin, of the family seated at Powderham, whose common ancestor was Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (d.1377), seven generations before this Earl, successfully claimed the title in 1831. During this period of dormancy, the de jure Earls of Devon, the Courtenays of Powderham, were created baronets and later viscounts.

During this time, an unrelated earldom of a similar name, now called for distinction the Earldom of Devonshire, was created twice, once for Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, who had no legitimate children, and a second time for the Cavendish family, now Dukes of Devonshire. Unlike the Dukes of Devonshire, seated in Derbyshire, the Earls of Devon were strongly connected to the county of Devon. Their seat is Powderham Castle, near Starcross on the River Exe.

The Earl of Devon has not inherited the ancient and original Barony of Courtenay or the Viscountcy of Courtenay of Powderham (1762–1835); nevertheless, his heir is styled Lord Courtenay by courtesy.

Ealdormen of Devon

Before the Norman Conquest of 1066, the highest sub-regal authority in Devon was the Ealdorman, of which office the later Earldom of Devon was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation.

Odda, under Alfred the Great, led Anglo-Saxon forces in the Battle of Cynwit, ultimately defeating an army led by Viking chieftain Ubba.
Ordgar (d.971), under King Edgar (ruled 959–975). He founded Tavistock Abbey in 961. His son was Ordwulf (died after 1005), who realised the founding.

The post-Norman earldom
The first Earl of Devon was Baldwin de Redvers (–1155), son of Richard de Redvers (d.1107), feudal baron of Plympton, Devon, one of the principal supporters of King Henry I (1100–1135). It was believed by some that Richard de Redvers had in fact been created the first Earl of Devon, and although in the past this caused confusion concerning the numerical ordering of the Earls of Devon, the point is now more clearly settled in favour of Baldwin as the first. Baldwin de Redvers was a great noble in Devon and the Isle of Wight, where his seat was Carisbrooke Castle, and was one of the first to rebel against King Stephen (1135–1154). He seized Exeter Castle, and mounted naval raids from Carisbrooke, but was driven out of England to Anjou, France, where he joined the Empress Matilda. She created him Earl of Devon after she established herself in England, probably in early 1141.

Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon, was succeeded by his son, Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon, and grandson, Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon, and the latter was succeeded by his brother, Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon, who died childless.

William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (d.1217) was the third son of Baldwin, the 1st Earl. He had only two children who left children. His son Baldwin died on 1 September 1216 at the age of sixteen, leaving his wife Margaret pregnant with Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon. King John (1199–1216) forced her to marry Falkes de Breauté, but she was rescued at the fall of Bedford Castle in 1224 and divorced from him, as having been in no true marriage. She is thus called Countess of Devon in several records. The fifth Earl's youngest daughter, Mary de Redvers, known as 'de Vernon', was eventually the sole heiress of the 1141 Earldom. She married firstly, Pierre de Preaux, and secondly, Robert de Courtenay (d.1242), feudal baron of Okehampton, Devon.

The 6th Earl was succeeded by his son, Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon (d.1262), who died without children. His sister, Isabel de Forz, widow of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, became Countess of Devon suo jure.  Her children predeceased her and she had no grandchildren.

Her lands were inherited by her second cousin once removed, Hugh de Courtenay (1276–1340), feudal baron of Okehampton, the great-grandson of Mary de Redvers and Robert de Courtenay (d.1242) of Okehampton. He descended from Renaud de Courtenay, anglicised to Reginald I de Courtenay, of Sutton, a French nobleman of the House of Courtenay who took up residence in England after the conquest and founded the English branch of the Courtenay family, who became Earls of Devon in 1335. The title is still held today, by his direct male descendant.

Hugh de Courtenay was summoned by writ to Parliament in 1299 as Hugo de Curtenay, whereby he is held to have become Baron Courtenay. However, forty-one years after the death of Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabel de Forz, letters patent were issued on 22 February 1335 declaring him Earl of Devon, and stating that he "should assume such title and style as his ancestors, Earls of Devon, had wont to do", by which he was confirmed as Earl of Devon. Although some sources consider this a new grant the wording of the grant arguably indicates a confirmation and that he became thereby 9th Earl. Historic sources thus variously refer to him as either 1st Earl or 9th Earl, and the position cannot be decided either way due to the uncertainty of the surviving evidence.  For the last years of his life he thus held two titles, 1st/9th Earl of Devon, by reason of the 1335 letters patent, and 1st Baron Courtenay, the title by which he had been summoned to Parliament in the years prior to the 1335 letters patent.

The 1st/9th Earl was succeeded by his son, Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon. Three of the eight sons of the 2nd/10th Earl had descendants; a fourth, William Courtenay, was Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. Sir Hugh Courtenay (1326–1349), KG, eldest son and heir of the 2nd/10th Earl, was one of the founding members of the Order of the Garter, but both he and his only son, Sir Hugh Courtenay (died 1374), predeceased the 2nd/10th Earl. Sir Edward de Courtenay (died 1368/71), the third son, also predeceased his father, but left an eldest son, Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon (1357–1419), "The Blind", who inherited as the 3rd/11th Earl. The 3rd/11th Earl's eldest son, Sir Edward Courtenay (died 1418), married Eleanor Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, but predeceased his father, leaving no children, and the 3rd/11th Earl's second son, Hugh de Courtenay, 4th Earl of Devon (d.1422) succeeded him as became 4th/12th Earl of Devon. The 4th/12th Earl was succeeded by his son, Thomas Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (d.1458).

The Wars of the Roses were disastrous for the Courtenay earls. The 5th/13th Earl's son, Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (d.1461), fought on the losing Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton (1461), was captured and beheaded, and all his honours forfeited by attainder. Tiverton Castle and all the other vast Courtenay lands were forfeited to the crown, later to be partially restored.

Second creation, 1469
Edward IV had made Humphrey Stafford, grandson and heir of Humphrey Stafford of Hooke, Dorset, his agent in the West Country. On 17 May 1469, Stafford was created Earl of Devon, but was killed only three months later, having led royal forces against the rebel army of Robin of Redesdale, a deputy of the Earl of Warwick. Captured in the Battle of Edgecote, he was beheaded at Bridgwater on 17 August 1469. He left no children, and with his death the second creation of the earldom became extinct. He is known as the "Three Months' Earl".

Restored first creation, 1470

The Wars of the Roses continued and in 1470 the Lancastrian forces under Warwick prevailed, and Henry VI was restored to the throne. The 1461 attainders were reversed, and the earldom of Devon was restored to John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (d.1471), youngest brother of Thomas, the 6th/14th Earl. There had been a middle brother also, Henry Courtenay (d.1469), who also perished in the Wars. When the Yorkists again prevailed in the following year, Edward IV had the legislation of Henry VI's second reign cancelled, and all of John Courtenay's honours were forfeited. A few weeks later, on 4 May 1471, he died fighting on the losing side at the Battle of Tewkesbury (1471), leaving no children. According to Cokayne, "on his death the representation of the ancient Earls of Devon (of the family of Reviers from whom the Courtenays had inherited it) and of the Barony of Courtenay (created by the writ of 1299) fell into abeyance between his sisters or their descendants, subject to the attainder of Edward IV (1461), which revived on that King's re-accession 14 April 1471".

Third creation, 1485

Sir Edward Courtenay (d.1509), great-nephew of the 3rd/11th Earl, fought on the winning side at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses and two months later the new King, Henry VII (1485–1509), by letters patent dated 16 October 1485, created Edward Courtenay Earl of Devon (or Devonshire), with the usual remainder to the heirs male of his body. As the son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay (died 1471/2) of Bocconoc, Sir Edward Courtenay was the heir male of his family, his father being the son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe, younger brother of Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (d.1419), "The Blind". He united the Tiverton and Powderham lines of the family, having married Elizabeth Courtenay, a daughter of a younger son of the Powderham line. He died 28 May 1509, when the earldom was forfeited by the attainder in 1504 of his son and heir, William Courtenay (d.1511).

Fourth creation, 1511
William Courtenay (d.1511) had married Princess Catherine of York, a younger daughter of King Edward IV, and was thus brother-in-law to Elizabeth of York but nonetheless Elizabeth's husband Henry VII had Courtenay imprisoned and attainted for his supposed, but unproven, complicity in the conspiracy of Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk. However, during the reign of his son and successor King Henry VIII (1509–1547) William Courtenay was gradually forgiven. His lands were restored as far as was possible, and by letters patent of 10 May 1511, he was created Earl of Devon with remainder to the heirs of his body. He died suddenly of pleurisy a month later on 11 June 1511, leaving his only surviving son, Henry Courtenay (d.1539), to inherit the earldom.

In December 1512 Henry Courtenay (d.1539) obtained by Act of Parliament the reversal of the 1504 attainder of his father, William Courtenay. In 1512 he thus inherited the earldom of Devon as held by his grandfather, having at his father's death the previous year already inherited the earldom conferred by patent on his father in 1511. In 1525 he was created Marquess of Exeter by Henry VIII. However, in 1538 he was tried, convicted, attainted and beheaded by the same king for conspiring with the Poles and Nevilles against the government of Thomas Cromwell in the aftermath of the Pilgrimage of Grace. All his titles were forfeited by his attainder.

Fifth creation, 1553
Edward Courtenay (d.1556), Henry Courtenay's second but only surviving son, was a prisoner in the Tower of London for fifteen years, from the time of his father's arrest to the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary (1553–1558), when he was released and created by her Earl of Devon.  The patent differed from earlier patents in that it granted the earldom to his heirs male forever, rather than to the heirs male of his body. (This meant, as was decided in 1831, that the earldom could pass to his cousins, the Courtenays of Powderham, more specifically to William IV Courtenay (1527–1557), known retrospectively as the de jure 2nd Earl, which family had existed since the 14th century at that seat as prominent country gentry.) He was proposed as a prospective husband for his cousin Queen Mary, herself keen on the match, but is said to have refused her advances, after which Queen Mary married Philip II of Spain. He was considered as a possible husband for her sister, the future Queen Elizabeth I. This made him a threat to Mary's reign. Moreover, he was implicated in Wyatt's rebellion, and was again locked up in the Tower. In 1555 he was permitted to travel to Italy, where he died at Padua in 1556, possibly due to poisoning. With his death, his male line was extinguished, and the earldom with it, or so it was considered until 1831.

Interregnum
Since there was no Earl of Devon, James I granted the title in 1603 to Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, whose aunt had been the last Earl's mother. He died without legitimate children three years later, and the King gave (or rather sold) the Earldom to William Cavendish, 1st Baron Cavendish.

Meanwhile, the descendants of Sir Philip Courtenay (1340–1406), of Powderham, a younger son of the 2nd/10th Earl, having fought against the Courtenay Earls during the Wars of the Roses, lived under the Tudors as prominent country gentlemen. The baronetcy was created in the Baronetage of England during the English Civil War in February 1644 for William VI Courtenay (1628–1702) de jure 5th Earl of Devon, of Powderham, Devon. The third baronet gained the title Viscount Courtenay of Powderham in 1762.

In 1831, the senior living Courtenay of this line was William Courtenay, 3rd Viscount Courtenay (died 1835), an aged rake and bachelor, then living in exile in Paris, having fled a bill of indictment. Were he to die unmarried, the viscountcy would become extinct, while the baronetcy would be inherited by his third cousin, another William Courtenay (1777–1859), who was Clerk Assistant to Parliament and High Steward of Oxford University. William Courtenay (d.1859) persuaded the House of Lords that "heir male" in the last 1553 creation of the title had meant "heir male collateral", and that his cousin the 3rd Viscount was therefore also 9th Earl of Devon, and his ancestors the Courtenays of Powderham had been de jure Earls of Devon from 1556. William Courtenay (died 1859) duly succeeded his cousin as 10th Earl in 1835, and from him, the present Earls are descended. (A madman, John Nichols Thom, claimed to be "Sir William Courtenay" in 1832, and stood for Parliament twice, as representative of the extreme Philosophical Radicals, and proclaimed his right to the Earldom. He organized an agricultural rising outside Canterbury in 1838, and was shot dead in the Battle of Bossenden Wood during its suppression.)

The inconvenience, since 1831, of having two Earls for the same county has been dealt with thus: The Cavendish Earls, who were elevated to a Dukedom in 1694, had been spelling their title Duke of Devonshire; the ancient Earls had usually been Earls of Devon. This is due in part to the differences between English and "law Latin", the language in which royal decrees were traditionally written. This has now become the difference between the two peerages, and it is convenient to call the Blount Earl (1603–06) Earl of Devonshire also.

Residences
The principal seat of the Earls of Devon until the expiry of the senior line in 1556 was Tiverton Castle in Devon, and as a subsidiary seat Colcombe Castle, Devon, both of which are now largely demolished. The Earls of Devon created after 1556,  or in existence de jure, had occupied the manor of Powderham in Devon since the late 14th century, and Powderham Castle continues to be the principal seat of the present Earl of Devon.

Earls of Devon, First Creation (1141)

Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon (–1155)
Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1162) son
Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon (died 1188) son
Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon (died ), brother
William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (died 1217), uncle
Baldwin de Redvers (died 1216)
Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon (1217–1245), grandson of the 5th Earl
Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon (1236–1262) son
Isabel de Redvers, 8th Countess of Devon (1237–1293), sister

Earls of Devon of the early Courtenay line

The ordinal number given to the early Courtenay Earls of Devon depends on whether the earldom is deemed a new creation by the letters patent granted 22 February 1334/5 or whether it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the de Redvers family. Authorities differ in their opinions, and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist, given here.
Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon (1276–1340) (cousin; declared Earl 1335)
Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon (1303–1377) (son)
Edward de Courtenay (died bef. 1272)
Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (1357–1419), "The Blind", (grandson of the 2nd/10th Earl)
Hugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon (1389–1422) (son)
Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (1414–1458) (son)
Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (1432–1461) (son) (attainted 1461)
John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (1435–1471) (brother) (restored 1469; in abeyance from 4 May 1471 to 14 October 1485, subject to revival of earlier attainder of 1461)

Earl of Devon, Second Creation (1469)
Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (1439–1469) (granted May 1469; forfeited August 1469)

Earl of Devon, Third Creation (1485)

Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (died 1509), KG, (forfeited at his death by son's attainder; restored 1512 to his grandson)
Heir male to John Courtenay above; attainted 1484; restored to lands and honours then lost in 1485; if this was intended to restore the first Earldom, it was also forfeit 1538/9.

Earls of Devon, Fourth Creation (1511)

William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511) (attainted 1504; restored to the rights of a subject 1511; new creation two days later; died the next month without investiture, but buried as an Earl) son of Edward above.
Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (1498–1539) KG; (heir to both 3rd and 4th creations after 1512);  son of William above.  (created Marquess of Exeter in 1525).

Marquess of Exeter, First Creation (1525)
Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (1498-1539); attainted 1538/9, executed and all titles and honours forfeit.

Earls of Devon, Fifth Creation (1553)

Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1527–1556) (also restored in blood, but not honours, 1553; fifth creation dormant 1556†) son of Henry above. Died unmarried and without children.

Earls de jure, of Powderham
William Courtenay, de jure 2nd Earl of Devon (1529–1557), of Powderham, sixth cousin once removed of Edward above,
William Courtenay, de jure 3rd Earl of Devon (1553–1630)
William Courtenay (died 1605), his eldest son, died before his father
Francis Courtenay, de jure 4th Earl of Devon (1576–1638), his brother
William Courtenay, de jure 5th Earl of Devon, 1st Baronet (1628–1702) (created 1644)
Francis Courtenay (died 1699), his eldest son, died before his father
William Courtenay, de jure 6th Earl of Devon, 2nd Baronet (1675–1735), son of Francis
William Courtenay, de jure 7th Earl of Devon, 1st Viscount Courtenay (11 February 1709/1710 – 16 May 1762) (created Viscount Courtenay 1762)
William Courtenay, de jure 8th Earl of Devon, 2nd Viscount Courtenay (30 October 1742 – 14 October 1788)
William Courtenay, de jure 9th Earl of Devon (1788–1835), de facto 9th Earl of Devon (1831–1835), 3rd Viscount Courtenay (1768–1835; earldom retrospectively revived 1831†)

Revived (1831)

William Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon (1768–1835), died unmarried
William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon (1777–1859), his second cousin: elder son of Rt. Rev. Henry Reginald Courtenay, Bishop of Exeter, who was the second son of Henry Reginald Courtenay, MP, who was the second son of Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet
William Reginald Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon (1807–1888), his eldest son
William Reginald Courtenay (1832–1853), his eldest son, died — unmarried — before his grandfather
Edward Baldwin Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon (1836–1891), his brother, died unmarried
Henry Hugh Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon (1811–1904), a priest; his uncle, second son of the 10th Earl
Henry Reginald Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (1836–1898), his eldest son, died before his father
Charles Pepys Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon (1870–1927), his eldest son
Henry Hugh Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon (1872–1935), a priest; his brother
Frederick Leslie Courtenay, 16th Earl of Devon (1875–1935), a priest; his brother
Henry John Baldwin Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (b. and d. 1915), his elder son, died before his father
Charles Christopher Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon (1916–1998), Frederick's younger son
Hugh Rupert Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon (1942–2015), his only son
Charles Peregrine Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon (born 1975), his only son

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (born 2009)

†: 1553 creation was with remainder to his heirs male whatsoever, so theoretically succeeded by his sixth cousin once removed; thus the 1831 revival was to the ninth member of the family with respect to said creation.

Family tree

Earls of Devonshire
While the title was supposed extinct, there were two recreations, to the families of Blount and Cavendish, of a Devon Earldom; for which see:
Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (1603–1606)
Duke of Devonshire

See also

 Countess of Devon

Footnotes

References

 Burke, Sir Bernard, The English Peerage (London, 1865)
 Burke, J.T., The Dormant, Extinct and Abeyant peerages (1971)
 107th edition of Burke's Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 vols., (London: 2005)
 Watson, G.W., Earl of Devon, published in The Complete Peerage by Cokayne, George Edward, Volume IV, H.A. Doubleday (ed.), St. Catherine Press, London, 1916, pp. 308–338

  – note: very useful appendices on Law of Primogeniture and blood lines, including cases in the High Court in parliament; as is the extensively researched footnotes.
 Debrett's Peerage

Earldoms in the Peerage of England
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England

History of Devon
Forfeited earldoms in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1141
Noble titles created in 1469
Noble titles created in 1485
Noble titles created in 1511
Noble titles created in 1553

Earl of Devon


Hampton Sides (* 1962 in Memphis, Tennessee) ist ein US-amerikanischer Historiker, Autor und Journalist.

Leben
Sides schloss sein Geschichtsstudium an der Yale University mit einem B.A. ab. In der Vergangenheit hat er Gastvorlesungen in den verschiedensten Institutionen gehalten, so zum Beispiel an der Columbia University in New York City, in Yale, der Stanford University in Stanford, Kalifornien, am Colorado College, an der Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas und am National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Neben seiner Tätigkeit als Autor von Büchern mit Themen aus der Geschichte und von Sachbüchern ist Sides Berichterstatter der Zeitschrift Outside und schreibt für das National Geographic Magazine, The New Yorker, Esquire, Men's Journal sowie die Tageszeitung The Washington Post.

Sides lebt mit seiner Frau, die auch Journalistin ist und früher für das National Public Radio (NPR) arbeitete, und seinen drei Söhnen in Santa Fe in New Mexico.

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
Sides war Stipendiat verschiedener Institutionen, so
 in Yaddo im New York State,
 in der MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire,
 der Japan Society und auch
 Edwards Media Fellow in Stanford.

Veröffentlichungen
 1992: Stomping Grounds: A Pilgrim's Progress Through Eight American Subcultures.
 2001: Ghost Soldiers: The Epic Account of World War II's Greatest Rescue Mission.
 2002: deutsch: Das Geisterkommando. 1945 im Dschungel Asien: Die Geschichte einer hochdramatischen Rettungsaktion. Goldmann, München ISBN 3-442-15189-9.
 2004: Americana: Dispatches from the New Frontier. Anchor Books, New York City, USA, ISBN 1-400033551.
 2006: Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West.
 2010: Hellhound on His Trail: The Stalking of Martin Luther King Jr. and the International Hunt for His Assassin.
 2015: In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeanette
 2017: deutsch: Die Polarfahrt. Von einer unwiderstehlichen Sehnsucht, einem grandiosen Plan und seinem dramatischen Ende im Eis. mareverlag, Hamburg. ISBN 978-3-86648-243-2.

Weblinks
 Interview mit dem Autor
 Website des Autors

Autor
Historiker
Journalist (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1962
Mann

Hampton Sides


أنجلوكاسترون (Αγγελόκαστρον) هي مدينة في إيتوليا-أكارنانيا في إقليم وسط اليونان في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1555   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في إيتوليا-أكارنانيا

أنجلوكاسترون (أيتوليا كي أكارنانيا)


Artı-değer kavramı Karl Marx'tan önce keşfedilmiş ve zaten kullanılan bir kavramdır. Genel anlamda, gerekli-zorunlu olandan daha fazlasının üretilmesi anlamındadır. Klasik iktisatçılar olarak bilinen Adam Smith ve David Ricardo gibi isimlerde bu kavramın kullanımda olduğu görülür. Ancak Marx'a gelindiğinde, bütün klasik iktisadın kavramlarına yapıldığı gibi bu kavramda da tamamen başka bir yol izlenmeye başlandığı görülür. Nitekim Marx, bu klasik iktisatçılara olan borcunu reddetmemekle birlikte onların neden ve nasıl burjuva düşünüş biçimi içinde kaldıklarını açıklar ve buna bağlı olarak ekonomi-politiğin kapitalist sistemin bir ögesi olarak kaldığını belirtir.

Bu bakımdan Marx, belli bir andan itibaren yoğun olarak Ekonomi-politiğin Eleştirisi'ne yönelir. Çünkü iktisat üzerinden tüm bir kapitalist toplumsal yapının temel öğeleri analiz edilebilir ve ortaya konulabilir. Marx'a göre, kapitalist ekonominin temel düzenleyici ilkesi, "emek-değer yasası"dır; bunun anlamı ise, toplumun temelini oluşturan ögenin canlı emek gücü olmasıdır. Artı-değer burada, başkaları tarafından el konulmak üzere, emek gücünün gerekli-zorunlu-ürünün ötesinde, belirli bir ücret ile satın alınarak fazla üretim yapmasıdır. İşçi, belli bir ücret karşılığında, emek gücünü satabiliyor olmak için, artı-ürün ya da artı-değer üretmek durumundadır.

İşçiye, yalnızca yaşaması (çünkü ertesi gün yine çalışacak birine ihtiyaç vardır) için gerekli olan ürün verilir, artı-değere ise el koyulur. Dolayısıyla, artı-değerin nasıl üretildiği, kimler tarafından nasıl el konulduğu, ve sonra neye dönüştüğü meselesi, belli bir anda belirli bir toplumsal yapının niteliğini gösterir.

Gerekli olan ürün ya da üretimin fazlası anlamında artı-değer kavramı, Marx'ın bu ekonomi-politik elestirişinin ana noktalarından birisidir. "Artı-değer Teorileri" başlıklı bölüm, "Ekonomi-politigin Eleştirisine Katkı" adlı kapsamlı çalışmanın merkezi bir bölümüdür. Marx, burada ve Kapital ciltlerinde artı-değer kavramının açılımlarını yapar, birçok matematiksel formülasyon geliştirir ve kullanır; ayrıca çeşitli altbaşlıklarla emek süreci ile artı-değer üretim süreci ayrımını, artı-değer oranının hesaplanmasını, nispî artı-değer ile mutlak artı-değerin ayrımını vb. ortaya koyar.

Kaynakça
 Artı-Değer Teorileri,K.Marx, Sol yayınları.
 Ekonomi-politiğin Eleştirisine Katkı, K.Marx, Sol yayınları
 Kapital'ler; cilt I, II, III.Karl Marx, Sol yayınları.
  , ve
 , Friedrich Engels'in değerlendirmesi

Ekonomi teoremleri
Değer teorisi

Artı değer


Kormáks saga (norrønt Kormáks saga) er en islandsk saga fra 1200-tallet. Historien foregår i Norge, på Island og i Irland omkring år 950-970 og handler om skjalden Kormak (Kormákr Ogmundarson) og hans ulykkelige kærlighed til Steingerd Torkelsdatter.

Oprindelse
Kormak er efter alt at dømme en historisk person, og et af hans kvad gengives også i Den yngre Edda, men kærlighedshistorien i sagaen er skabt efter samme mønster som fransk høvisk kærlighedspoesi; "the more widely held view is that the verses are genuinely old, that their attribution to Kormákr is correct, and that the saga narrative was created from the substance of these verse" og "consensus holds that the prose connecting the verses in Kormáks saga represents not a 'deep' tradition but merely a perfunctory attempt to link the verses".

Handling
Kormák elsker Steingerd, men forholdet bliver misbilliget af hendes forældre. Kormak bliver opsøgt af to mænd som Steingerds far har betalt for at dræbe ham. Kormak slår dem ihjel, og Steingerds mor, som er troldkyndig, udsteder en forbandelse over ham, sådan at han går glip af sit eget bryllup. Steingerd gifter sig med enkemanden Berse. Kormák rejser med kong Harald Gråfell i viking til Irland. På en senere rejse til Skotland dør han i strid med et trold.

Tolkning
Den største del af sagaen består af Kormaks digt til Steingerd, og handlingen ses af kvadene. Forholdet mellem Steingerd og Kormak udspiller sig gennem sagaen i en blanding af tiltrækning og afvisning; "Sagaen handler om helten, der elsker voldsomt, men viger tilbage før besiddelsen." I modsætning til mange andre sagaer har kærlighed og ære få sociale konsekvenser i denne saga. Drab eller vanære bliver ikke hævnet, og "konflikten i sagaen sætter med andre ord ingen lavine i gang […] Dramaet koncentreres helt og holdent i Kormak».

Sagaen regnes sammen med Gunnlaug Ormstunges saga, Hallfred Vandrådeskalds saga og Bjørn Hitdølakjempes saga til den gruppe sagaer, som kaldes "skaldesagaer": de har en skjald som hovedperson og har en kærlighedsintrige.<ref>Daniel Sävborg «Erotik, kärlek och känslor i Bjarnar saga Hítdoelakappa » I Maal og Minne; nr 2, 2006</ref> Det er enighed om, at den episke sagaramme må dateres til 1200-tallet, mens der er uenighed om dateringen af kvadene. Peter Hallberg erklærede at "Kormárks poesi er et unikt indblik i skandinavisk kærlighed i 900-tallet", mens Bjarni Einarsson mener at "kærlighedsversenes gennemgående tema – en mands elskovsklage – tyder på, at de ikke kan være ældre end og uafhængige af den franske kærlighedsdigtning, som omkr. 1200 var herskende mode". Einarsson mener også at digtene og prosateksten danner en kunstnerisk enhed af høj kvalitet.

Sagaen findes i håndskriftet Möðruvallabók. Den har været en særlig inspirationskilde for den noget yngre Sagaen om Hallfred Vandrådeskald. Sagaen er oversat til norsk bokmål af Sigrid Undset i 1923, og til nynorsk af Eigil Lehmann i 1984, begge med titlen Kormaks saga. Undsets oversættelse er genudgivet flere gange.

 Referencer

 Litteratur
 Hans E. Kinck: «Kjærligheten i Kormaks saga», i Mange slags kunst. Kristiania: Aschehoug, 1921
 Einar Ól. Sveinsson (Ed.) (1939). Íslenzk fornrit VIII - Vatnsdœla saga. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
 Hollander, Lee M. (Ed.) (1949). The Sagas of Kormák and The Sworn Brothers. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Viðar Hreinsson (Ed.) (1997). The Complete Sagas of Icelanders - Volume I. Reykjavík: Leifur Eiríksson Publishing. .

 Eksterne henvisninger
 heimskringla.no, dansk fulltekst
 Full text of the saga in the original language
 Full text and translations at the Icelandic Saga Database
 All of Kormákr's poetry in the original language
 W. G. Collingwood and Jón Stefánsson, The Life and Death of Cormac the Skald, Viking Club Translation Series, 1 ([Ulverston: Holmes, 1902]), tilgængelig som pdf på vsnrweb-publications.org.uk og som text på worldwideschool.org
 Russell Poole, "Composition Transmission Performance: The First Ten lausavísur in Kormáks saga", Alvíssmál'' 7 (1997): 37–60.

Litteratur fra Island
Nordisk litteratur fra middelalderen
Nordiske sagaer

Kormáks saga


Vudu (Benin'de Vodun; Haiti'de Vodou ve Dominik Cumhuriyeti'nde Vudu), Batı Afrika kökenli ruhçu-animist bir din. Haiti'nin resmi dinlerinden biridir. Başta Kongo, Yoruba ve Dahomeanlar olmak üzere, Avrupalılar tarafından köleleştirilerek Saint-Domingue'ye (bugünkü Haiti) getirilen çeşitli Afrikalı etnik gruplar tarafından oluşturulmuş, Avrupa dini gelenekleri ile sentezlenmiştir. 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda Katolik misyonerler tarafından Hristiyanlaştırılmıştır. Fon dilinde vodou sözcüğü "ruh" veya "ilah" anlamına gelir.

İnanç sistemi

Vudu geleneksel bir Afro-Haiti dini; tıbbı, adalet sistemini, felsefeyi de kapsayan bir dünya görüşüdür. Vudu'nun temelinde her şeyin "ruh" olduğu inancı vardır. İnsanlar, görünen dünyada yaşayan ruhlardır. Görünmeyen alemde ise lwa (ruhlar), mystè (gizemler), anvizib (görünmeyenler), zanj (melekler) ile ataların ve yakın zamanda ölmüşlerin ruhları yaşarlar. Ruhların yaşadığı aleme Ginen denir. Hristiyan inancındaki Tanrı'nın evreni ve ruhları yarattığına, ruhların Tanrı'ya insanlığı ve doğal dünyayı idare etmesinde yardımcı olduğuna inanılır.

Tarihçe

Batı Afrika'da, batı Nijerya'dan doğu Gana'ya, yaşayan Fon, Ewe ve Yoruba gibi çeşitli topluluklardan çıkmıştır. Benin'de Vudu (Vodun) ulusal dindir ve nüfusun %60'ı tarafından benimsenmiştir. Diğer Vudu gelenekleri özellikle Orta Afrika adetlerinden etkilenmiştir. Örneğin kuzey Haiti'de Lemba olarak da bilinen Kongo ayini Batı Afrikalı öğeler kadar yaygın olsa da Kuzey Amerikalılar tarafından pek önemsenmemiştir.

Küba'daki Fon geleneği La Regla Arara olarak bilinir. Ayrıca, Brezilya'deki eski köleler arasında yaygınlaşmış olan Fon geleneği, Jeje Vodun olarak bilinen bir geleneğin doğmasına neden olmuştur.

Afrika'daki kökeni

Vodun, tektanrıcı (monoteistik) ve büyüsel (büyü içeren) bir animizm türüdür. Batı Afrikalı çeşitli etnik gruplar tarafından ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Kültürel anlamda Fon, Gun, Mina ve Eve toplulukları ikici (dual) kozmolojik bir prensip etrafında gelişen metafiziki bir düşünceyi paylaşır. Bu ikici kozmolojik düşünceye göre; Nana Buluku, Tanrı-Yaratıcı ve Tanrı(lar)-Oyuncu(lar) veya Vodun(lar), yani Yaratıcı'nın ikiz çocukları olan Mawu (ay tanrıçası) ve Lisa'nın (güneş tanrısı) kız ve oğul evlatları vardır. Tanrı-Yaratıcı, Nana Buluku, kozmogonik ilkedir ve dünyevi işlerle uğraşmaz - dünyevi olaylarla uğraşmak için çok büyük ve önemlidir; böylece Vodun(lar), Tanrı(lar)-Oyuncu(lar), dünyevi işleri yönetenlerdir.

Vodunların panteonu (tanrıların toplamı) çok geniş ve komplekstir. Mawu'nun doğrudan 7 oğlu, interetnik tarihi veya mitik kişiler, birçok etnik Vodun, belli klan ve kabilelerin koruyucuları veya liderleri ve bazı modern Vodunlar bulunur.

Her ne kadar soya ve atalara verilen önem ile Batı Afrika (veya Benin) Vodun'u, Haiti Vodou'suna benzese de, her ruh ailesinin özel bir ruhban sınıfı vardır ve bu sınıf genellikle ırsidir - miras yoluyla devredilir. Afrika'da; su tanrıçaları Mami Wata, Haiti'deki yaşlı betimlemesinden farklı olarak genç ve erkeksi olan Legba, demir ve demirciliği yöneten Gu, hastalıkları yöneten Sakpata ve Batı Afrika'ya özgü birçok farklı ruh bulunur.

Batı Afrika'daki totaliter rejimler Vodun'u ve diğer dinleri bastırmaya çalışmış olsa da, bugün bu din ve gelenekler yeniden gelişmeye başlamıştır ve Vodun bölgede 30 milyondan fazla kişi tarafından benimsenmektedir.

Trans (Geçiş)

Vududa köleler her sabah ve akşam, bir ritüel olarak kırbaç darbeleri temposuyla birlikte yüksek sesle dua etmek zorundadırlar. Posesyonel açıdan üç tip vardır;
 Tahakkümcü tip,
 İpnotik uykunun söz konusu olmadığı tip,
 Denetimin olmadığı tip.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Haitian Vodou: Serving the Spirits, by Mike Rock - Makale (İngilizce)
 Vodou.org - Yehwe Tapınağı  (İngilizce)
 Vodoun Kültürü (İngilizce)
 Religioustolerance.org - Vodun ve ilgili dinler  (İngilizce)

Vudu


The Kennebec River (Abenaki: Kinəpékʷihtəkʷ) is a  river within the U.S. state of Maine. It rises in Moosehead Lake in west-central Maine. The East and West Outlets join at Indian Pond and the river flows southward. Harris Station Dam, the largest hydroelectric dam in the state, was constructed near that confluence. The river is joined at The Forks by its tributary the Dead River, also called the West Branch.

It continues south past the towns of Madison, Skowhegan, the city of Waterville, and the state capital Augusta. At Richmond, it flows into Merrymeeting Bay, a  freshwater tidal bay into which also flow the Androscoggin River and five smaller rivers.

The Kennebec runs past the shipbuilding center of Bath, and has its mouth at the Gulf of Maine in the Atlantic Ocean. The Southern Kennebec flows below the fall line and does not have rapids. As a consequence, ocean tides and saltwater fish species, such as the endangered Atlantic Sturgeon, can go upriver affecting the ecology as far north as Waterville, a small city located more than 35 miles inland. Tributaries of the Kennebec include the Carrabassett River, Sandy River, and Sebasticook River.

Segments of the East Coast Greenway run along the Kennebec.

Etymology

The name "Kennebec" comes from the Eastern Abenaki /kínipekʷ/, meaning "large body of still water, large bay".

History

Discovery by Europeans

In 1605, French explorer Samuel de Champlain navigated the coast of what is now Maine, charting the land and rivers of what was then called New France, L'Acadie, including the Kennebec as far upriver as present-day Bath, as well as the St. Croix, and Penobscot rivers. In the 1600s the Abenaki village of Norridgewock was located along the Kennebec.

Shipbuilding
The English founded the Popham Colony along the Kennebec in 1607. The settlers built the , the first oceangoing vessel built in the New World by English-speaking shipwrights. An English trading post, Cushnoc, was established on the Kennebec in 1628.

Bath and other cities along the Kennebec were developed, and artisans founded shipyards that produced hundreds of wooden and steel vessels. Bath became known as the "City of Ships". The , one of the largest wooden schooners ever built, was constructed here.

For parts of the 17th century, the Kennebec was the western boundary of Cornwall County, Province of New York.

Following the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, the US enjoyed a lengthy period of expansion of international trade, which increased the demand for shipbuilding and stimulated the growth of maritime fleets. Many of those ships were built in Bath. In 1854, at the peak of this boom period, at least nineteen major firms were building ships in Bath. Changes in the industry since the mid-20th century have resulted in the decline in US shipbuilding, as jobs moved offshore. The sole remaining shipyard in Bath is the Bath Iron Works, owned by General Dynamics; this is one of the few yards still building warships for the United States Navy. The USCGC Kennebec was named after this river.

Navigation
With waterways the most accessible travel routes, the Kennebec River served as an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast. Ocean ships could navigate upstream as far as Augusta. The cities of Bath, Gardiner, Hallowell and Augusta, and the towns of Woolwich, Richmond and Randolph, all developed along this transportation corridor.

Upstream of Augusta, the timber industry used the river for log driving, to transport wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built along the river to use its water power. The city of Waterville and the towns of Winslow, Skowhegan, Norridgewock, Madison, Anson, and Bingham were all related to the lumber trade. The Maine Central Railroad and U.S. Route 201 were later constructed to make use of the flatlands along the river through these towns and cities.

Father Rale's War
England's 1710 conquest of Acadia brought mainland Nova Scotia under English control, but New France still claimed present-day New Brunswick and present-day Maine east of the Kennebec River.  (The Kennebec River was also a border for the indigenous Native Americans and First Nations.) To secure its claim, New France established Catholic missions in the three largest native villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (Norridgewock); one further north on the Penobscot River (Penobscot), and one on the Saint John River (Medoctec).

Abenaki warriors along the Kennebec resisted English encroachment by armed confrontations, in what American historians sometimes refer to as Father Rale's War (1722–1725). A Yankee militia raid on the Abenaki Indian mission village at Norridgewock in August 1724 crippled the Abenaki resistance, as they killed as many as 40 inhabitants, including women and children. They also killed and scalped Fr. Sebastien Rasle, the 67-year old Jesuit priest, and scalped 26 of the dead Abenaki. Having plundered and torched the tribal village, the Yankee raiders destroyed the surrounding corn fields; they were paid bounties for the scalps. Some Abenaki survivors returned to the Upper Kennebec, but others took refuge with Penobscot allies or in Abenaki mission villages in French Canada.

Revolutionary War
Some 1,110 American Revolutionary War soldiers followed the route of the Kennebec during Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec in 1775.

War of 1812
During the War of 1812, United States and British Canadian forces fought at the Battle of Hampden in Maine.

Ice industry
In 1814, Frederic Tudor began to establish markets in the West Indies and the southern United States for ice. In 1826, Rufus Page built the first large ice house near Gardiner, in order to supply Tudor. The ice was harvested during the winter from the river by farmers and others who were otherwise relatively inactive. They cut it by hand, floated the huge chunks to an ice house on the bank, and stored it until spring. Then, packed in sawdust, the ice was loaded aboard ships and sent to the South.

Flood of 1987

On April 1, 1987, a combination of more than  of melting snow and  of rain in the mountains forced the river to flood its banks. By April 2, 1987, the river had crested at the North Sidney, Maine USGS gage at ,   higher than the previous record flood stage. At the flood's peak, the flow topped out at an estimated . It caused damage of about , flooding 2,100 homes, destroying 215, and damaging 240 others. Signs of the flood can still be found in the towns and cities that line the river.

Whitewater rafting
In 1976 Suzanne and Wayne Hockmeyer, of Kennebec Whitewater Expeditions (now Northern Outdoors), pioneered whitewater rafting through the Kennebec gorge just below Harris Station Dam.

In the early 21st century, Northern Outdoors and 22 other rafting companies in The Forks conduct rafting on the river daily from May through October. Four times per rafting season, Brookfield Power tests their generating turbines by releasing the maximum amount of water possible from Harris Station Dam. At 8000 cubic feet per second, these Kennebec River Turbine Tests are the biggest whitewater releases in Maine.

Natural resources
Prior to the industrial era, the river contained many anadromous fish, in particular the Atlantic salmon. The exploiting of hydroelectric power in the region reduced the runs of such fish. The removal of dams on the river has been a controversial local issue in recent years. The removal of the Edwards Dam in 1999 has led to increased anadromous activity on the river.

Dams

Hydroelectricity
The following is a list of hydroelectric power stations on the Kennebec River.

Removal of Edwards Dam
The Kennebec River before the construction of Edwards Dam was extremely important as a spawning ground for Atlantic fish. In 1837, the Edwards Dam was built across the Kennebec River, just shy of the limit of tidal influence. Made of timber and concrete, it extended  across the river and  high. Its reservoir stretched  upstream, and covered .

In 1999, the dam was removed, after the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) determined that the ecological benefits of removing it outweighed the value of the electricity it produced, and refused the renewal of the dam license.

Despite several negative visual and environmental factors at first, the ecosystem is healing itself. Initially after the removal of the dam, barren riverbanks and muddy water were evident along the lower  of the Kennebec. Introduced smallmouth bass will suffer from the re-introduced striped bass, which tend to feed on young smallmouth bass. An increase in raptor populations, such as ospreys, bald eagles, herons, cormorants, and kingfishers, is evident.

Human activities also benefited from the dam removal. The exposure of rapids and the return of native fish species allows many recreational activities, including canoeing, kayaking, whitewater rafting, and fishing.

Statistics
The river drains , and on average discharges  per day into Merrymeeting Bay at a rate of . The United States government maintains three river flow gauges on the Kennebec river. The first is at Indian Pond () where the rivershed is . Flow here has ranged from . The second is at Bingham () where the rivershed is . Flow here has ranged from . The third is at North Sidney () where the rivershed is . Flow here has ranged from . Two additional river stage gauges (no flow data) are in Augusta () and Gardiner (); both of these gauge heights are affected by ocean tides.

Before the river was dammed, it was navigable as far as Augusta.

See also
List of rivers of Maine

References

External links

MaineRivers.org  Kennebec River profile
Real-time flow or stage data for The Forks, Bingham, North Sidney, Augusta, and Gardiner gages.
Kennebec-Chaudiere  Kennebec-Chaudiere International Corridor

Rivers of Kennebec County, Maine
Rivers of Piscataquis County, Maine
Rivers of Sagadahoc County, Maine
Rivers of Somerset County, Maine
Augusta, Maine
Ice trade
North Maine Woods
Rivers of Maine

Kennebec River


ŠNK Mladost Greda je nogometni klub iz naselja Greda koje je u sastavu Grada Siska.

Povijest
ŠNK Mladost Greda osnovan je 1959. godine.

Izvori

Mladost Greda

ŠNK Mladost Greda


Kağan Timurçin Konuk (* 1. Januar 1990 in Malatya) ist ein türkischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Kağan Timurçin Konuk begann mit dem Fußballspielen in der Jugend von Alanyaspor und durchlief der Reihe nach dann die Jugendmannschaften von Alanya Belediyespor, Sakaryaspor, Manisaspor und Sivasspor. Bei Sivasspor unterschrieb er 2008  seinen ersten Profi-Vertrag, anschließend spielte er jedoch zwei Spielzeiten lang ausschließlich für die zweite Auswahl. Ab der Saison 2010/11 nahm er auch am Training der Profi-Mannschaft teil und machte für diese ein Süper-Lig-Spiel. 2011/12 nahm seine Tätigkeit in der Profi-Mannschaft zu, so kam er zu regelmäßigen Ligaeinsätzen.

Im Sommer 2012 wechselte er zum Zweitligisten Şanlıurfaspor. Diesen Verein verließ er im März 2014.

Zur Saison 2014/15 wechselte er zum Viertligisten Kahramanmaraş Büyükşehir Belediyespor. Er war, wie auch bei der Folgestation bei Saroyer, Stammspieler. Diesen Status konnte er bei seinen letzten drei Engagements nicht aufrechterhalten, er kam zwischen August 2016 und seinem Karriereende im Februar 2019 in nur zwölf Spielen zum Einsatz.

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (Kahramanmaraş Büyükşehir Belediyespor)
Fußballspieler (Şanlıurfaspor)
Fußballspieler (Sarıyer SK)
Fußballspieler (Sivasspor)
Fußballspieler (Tokatspor)
Türke
Geboren 1990
Mann

Kağan Timurçin Konuk


Johannes Charles Wulff, født 11. januar 1902 i København, død 29. december 1980 i Herlev, var en dansk digter og forfatter.

Johannes Wulff var søn af Adolf Wulff, kustode på Københavns Universitetsbibliotek, og Johanne Wulff (født Marcussen). Han tog studentereksamen fra Vestre Borgerdydskole i 1921 og studerede litteraturhistorie på Københavns Universitet. Ved siden af studierne var Johannes Wulff ansat som nattevagt på universitetsbiblioteket. I en kort periode efter at have afsluttet sine studier arbejdede han som huslærer på Mors og som journalist i 1928 på Morgenbladet. Hans første digte blev trykt i tidsskrifterne Katolsk Ungdom (1917) og Vejen (1922), men fik sin egentlige debut i 1928 med digtsamlingen Kosmiske Sange. Året efter udgav han romanen O, Ungdom! skrevet i prosaform. Bogen blev en læsersucces med 25.000 solgte eksemplarer. Wulffs skrivestil prægedes af tidens naivisme og humor. Han gav dog også plads til mere tragikomiske indslag i nogle af sine værker.

Wulff var gift to gange; først med Thyra Larsen 1931–1942 og derefter med Mary Vilain,1944–1958.

Bibliografi
 Kosmiske Sange (1928)
 O, Ungdom! (1929)
 Nyt Harpespil (1929)
 Man gaar og mumler (1930)
 Det gode land (1931)
 Elskovs under (1931)
 Sange fra Jorden (1932)
 Fra Midnat til Dæmring (1933)
 Nye Mumlerier (1933)
 Lykken kommer flyvende (1934)
 Et menneske saar og høster (1935)
 Trollerolle (1939)
 Fast ansat (1940)
 Vaagne Drømmerier (1944)
 Midt i Livet (1944)
 Opstandelse (1946)
 Den anden Ungdom (1948)
 Evighedsbruden (1949)
 Mor tar til Byen (1950)
 Jerikos Mure (1951)
 Dørene (1952)
 Katten der fik feber (1952)
 Den blinde bli'r seende (1954)
 Menneskedage (1954)
 Stedet (1956)
 Hunden Bonzo (1957)
 Fjærne Aar (1960)
 Scener fra Virkeligheden (1962)
 Syndere og Frelste (1965)
 Eventyr i Italien (1967)
 Student i alverden (1968)
 Fløjtetønde (1969)
 Jeg tror minsandten at jeg lever (1970)
 Vi som er hinanden (1972)

Priser og hæder
 Carl Møllers Legat. 1930
 H.C. Andersen Mindemedaillen. 1931
 Emma Bærentzens Legat. 1937
 Drachmannlegatet. 1952
 H.C. Andersen-legatet. 1963
 Georg Brandes Legatet
 Astrid Goldschmidts Legat
 Johannes Ewald Legatet
 Det anckerske Legat
 Jeanne og Henri Nathansens Mindelegat

Referencer

Digtere fra Danmark
Forlæggere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Studenter fra Københavns Åbne Gymnasium

Johannes Wulff


Soya Takahashi (født 29. februar 1996) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for Umeå FC(2020).

Han spillede i den japanske fodboldklub Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Soya Takahashi


An Stephanothelys colombiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Stephanothelys colombiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stephanothelys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stephanothelys

Stephanothelys colombiana


Lystige Viser er en samling af sange og viser udgivet af Politikens Forlag. En samling som gennem sidste halvdel af 1900-tallet opnåede stor udbredelse blandt børn og voksne i den danske befolkning, med samlede oplagstal på adskillige hundrede tusinde. Første udgave var på 6 bind, som udkom i årene 1952-196x. Anden moderniserede og udvidede udgave var på 12 bind, som udkom i årene 1976-1990, og tredje moderniserede udgave udkom i 6 bind i årene 1997-99.

Formålet var at "...optage populære viser og folkelige sange, som ikke findes let tilgængelige i de mest udbredte vise- og sangbøger, og som ofte savnes enten for melodiens eller for tekstens skyld." En stor del af arbejdet bestod i at indhente rettigheder fra musikforlag til publikation, noget som var "...mere indviklet, tidskrævende og bekosteligt, end læsere i almindelighed forestiller sig, og kræver hjælp, støtte og imødekommenhed fra urimelig mange sider i både ind- og udland. For hvert enkelt binds vedkommende skal der afsluttes ca. 300 kontrakter, før alle formalia er i orden. Opgaven har bind for bind været vanskelig at løse, idet det ofte har været et trættende detektivarbejde at opspore, hvem der har komponeret en bestemt vise, hvem der har skrevet teksten, samt hvem der kontrollerer rettighederne i dag til henholdsvis noder og tekst. Bag hver eneste samling af de glade og smilende sange ligger der derfor måneders blod, sved og tårer hos den utrættelige redaktion."

Første udgave bestod som sagt af 6 bind, som var redigeret af Bo Bramsen og Else Larsen, med hjælp fra et rådgivende redaktionsudvalg bestående af forfatteren Mogens Dam, læge Jens Chr. Hostrup og landsretssagfører Eigil Jensen:
 Bind I. 250 lystige viser og enkelte sørgelige sange. Politikens Håndbøger nr 28, 1952 (i 1963 trykt i 100.000 eksemplarer)
 Bind II. 250 lystige viser og enkelte sørgelige sange. Politikens Håndbøger nr 29, 1953 (i 1963 trykt i 75.000 eksemplarer)
 Bind III. 225 lystige viser og berømte evergreens. Politikens Håndbøger nr 96, 1955 (i 1963 trykt i 50.000 eksemplarer)
 Bind IV. Nye og gamle lystige viser. Politikens Håndbøger nr 280, 1963 (1. oplag var på 25.000 eksemplarer)
 Bind V.
 Bind VI.
Desuden udkom i 1954 samlingen Danske sange (Politikens Håndbøger nr 85) og i årene 1956-82 Lystige viser for børn i 4 bind.

Første udgave bragte tekst og melodi til viserne, mens anden og tredje udgave, fra 1976 og frem, også bragte becifringer.

Noter

Musik
Sangbøger fra Danmark

Lystige Viser


Crkva sv. Mihaela arkanđela u Zrinskom Topolovcu župna je rimokatolička crkva u Zrinskom Topolovcu u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji.

Župna crkva je barokna građevina u koju su inkorporirani dijelovi starije gotičke crkve u potpunosti pregrađene 1723. Konačan izgled rezultat je također barokne obnove 1764. kada postaje jednobrodna građevina pravokutnog tlocrta i užeg poligonalno zaključenog svetišta s pridruženom kapelom sv. Josipa južno uz brod te sakristijom sjeverno od svetišta. Pred zapadnim pročeljem nalazi se zvonik.

Svečano se slavi svake godine blagdan sv. Mihaela arkanđela 29. rujna.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1909 vodi se kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji
Zrinski Topolovac


Fra Absalon til Christian er en dansk dokumentarfilm med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
I Biskop Absalons fodspor. Absalon udbyggede København og byggede sin borg på Slotsholmen, hvor magtens centrum stadig befinder sig. Byen vokser gennem 1200-1600-tallet og bliver større og større, hvilket bevirker, at nye befæstninger må til, samt at disse må følge den tekniske udvikling.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Fra Absalon til Christian


NGC 6093 (ayrıca Messier 80, M80) Akrep takımyıldızında yönünde yaklaşık olarak 32,000 ışık yılı uzaklıkta bulunan bir küresel yıldız kümesi. 1781 yılında Pierre Méchain tarafından keşfedilmiştir ve aynı yıl Charles Messier tarafından da gözlemlenmiştir.

Düşük aydınlıkta amatör teleskoplar ile gözlenebilir. Samanyolu'nun bulutsu ve yıldız açısından en zengin üyeleri arasında sayılır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
  Messier 80'in SEDS sayfası
 Messier 80, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page
 Astronomy Picture of the Day description
 Messier 80 at ESA/Hubble

Küresel yıldız kümeleri
080
Akrep takımyıldızı
6093
1781'de keşfedilen astronomik cisimler

NGC 6093


Craniopagus parasiticus is an extremely rare type of parasitic twinning occurring in about 2 to 3 of 5,000,000 births. In craniopagus parasiticus, a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped body is attached to the head of a developed twin. Fewer than a dozen cases of this type of conjoined twin have been documented in literature.

Development
The exact development of craniopagus parasiticus is not well known. However, it is known that the underdeveloped twin is a parasitic twin. Parasitic twins are known to occur in utero when monozygotic twins start to develop as an embryo, but the embryo fails to completely split. When this happens, one embryo will dominate development, while the other's development is severely altered. The key difference between a parasitic twin and conjoined twins is that in parasitic twins, one twin, the parasite, stops development during gestation, whereas the other twin, the autosite, develops completely.

In normal monozygotic twin development, one egg is fertilized by a single sperm. The egg will then completely split into two, normally at the two-cell stage. If the egg splits in the early blastocyst stage, two inner cell masses will be present, eventually leading to the twins sharing the same chorion and placenta, but with separate amnions. However, the egg can split into two, but still have one blastocyst. This will lead to one inner cell mass and one blastocyst. Then, as the twins develop, they will share the same placenta, chorion, and amnion. This is thought to be the most likely reason why conjoined twins occur, and could possibly play a role in the development of craniopagus parasiticus.

One hypothesis is that craniopagus parasiticus starts with the development of two fetuses from a single zygote that fail to separate at the head region around the second week of gestation. Another is that it occurs later in development, around the fourth week of gestation, at which time the two embryos fuse together near the anterior open neuropore.

A third hypothesis is that there is joining of the somatic and placental vascular system of the twins, as well as a degeneration of the umbilical cord of the parasitic twin. This suggests that craniopagus parasiticus develops due to the lack of blood supply to one of the twins.

Diagnosis

Related conditions
In addition to craniopagus parasiticus, a few other conditions involve a child's, or animal's, birth with two heads or faces.

Dicephalic parapagus
Dicephalic parapagus is a condition where two heads are side by side on a single torso, with varying degrees of twinning of organs and structures within the torso.

Diprosopus
Diprosopus occurs when a single body and neck are present, but there is a duplication of the structures of the face. This is different from craniopagus parasiticus in that there is only one head, although there is a duplication of the craniofacial features. Diprosopus can range from having two fully formed faces to just a duplication of the nose or eyes. Cats with the condition are referred to as 'Janus cats'. A cat named Frankenlouie was a famous example noted by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2012 for being the longest surviving Janus cat.

Treatment
Few individuals survive until birth. For those who do, the only treatment available is to surgically remove the parasitic twin. Of the two documented attempts, however, one child died within hours and neither reached their second birthday.  The problem with surgical intervention is that the arterial supplies of the head are so intertwined that it is very hard to control the bleeding, but it has been suggested that cutting off the parasitic twin's arterial supply might improve the odds of the developed twin's survival.

Prevalence
There have been at least eighty known cases of craniopagus parasiticus. Only ten cases of craniopagus have been documented in the medical research literature.

Notable cases

Only four cases have been documented by modern medicine to have survived birth:

 The first case on record is that of the so-called "Two-Headed Boy of Bengal", who was born in 1783 at the village of Mandal Ghat in the New Jalpaiguri district of the Indian state of West Bengal and died of a cobra bite in 1787. His skull remains in the collection of the University of Glasgow Hunterian.
 On December 10, 2003, Rebeca Martínez was born in the Dominican Republic. She was the first baby born with the condition to undergo an operation to remove the second head. She died on February 7, 2004, after an 11-hour operation.
 On March 30, 2004, Manar Maged was born. On February 19, 2005, 10-month-old Manar underwent a successful 13-hour surgery in Egypt. The underdeveloped conjoined twin, Islaam, was attached to Manar's head and was facing upward. Islaam could blink and even smile, but doctors determined she had to be removed, and that she could not survive on her own. Manar was featured on an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show and in the British documentary series Body Shock. Manar died on March 26, 2006, fourteen months after the surgery, just days before her second birthday, due to a severe infection in her brain.
 On January 20, 2021, a baby was born at the Elias Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, but died some hours after being born.

Terminology
In the past, the use of terminology when describing parasitic twins has been somewhat inconsistent. By definition, a parasitic twin is joined to another twin in a certain anatomical location or position on the developed twin's body. The underdeveloped twin is termed the parasite, and the developed twin is termed the autosite. The autosite can have some abnormalities, as well. For the most part, however, they have developed enough that they can live on their own.

See also
Pasqual Piñón, a sideshow performer billed as the Two-headed Mexican
Janus, ancient Roman god depicted with two faces
Edward Mordrake, an urban legend with a similar trait
Futakuchi-onna, Japanese yōkai with a similar trait
Tomie Kawakami, the titular character of Tomie who has a two-headed appearance
Malignant, a 2021 film depicting a fictional case of this condition

References

Bibliography

External links
Image File of craniopagus parasiticus

Congenital disorders
Parasitic twin
Rare diseases

Craniopagus parasiticus


الزوجة أول من يعلم هو مسلسل كوميدي مصري، أنتج في العام 1987، قصة وسيناريو وحوار نبيل عصمت وإخراج فايز حجاب، بطولة ميرفت أمين وحسين فهمي وسناء يونس وأبو بكر عزت وصلاح السعدني وجميل راتب وزهرة العلا وشهيرة وهدى رمزي ويدور حول إنشاء مجموعة من الأصدقاء شركة خاصة بهم بدون علم زوجاتهم ويقومون بتعين سكرتيرة شابة لتنظيم العمل به.

بطولة

أشترك في التمثيل:
هانم محمد: أم سلوى - محمد عبد المجيد - محب كاسر - سميحة محمد:أم سطوحي - نرمين - وسيلة حسين - نصر حماد - سوزان حامد - سمير رستم:فراش شركة الكمبيوتر - فتحي سليمان - سيد غريب - ثريا عز الدين - فاطمة فايد - مهدي عباس - داليا فاروق - محمد القاضي - مدحت غالي:مدير شركة الكمبيوتر - أمين عنتر - فاطمة وجدي - هيام عبد اللطيف - سيد دعبس - محمود طاهر - زيزي الباز - يوسف حسين - عواطف عبد الفتاح - محمد عتريس:زبون الفندق - محمد أبو داوود: فهمي - توفيق الكردي - كمال الزيني:د.أحمد - حسين الشريف:ظابط شرطة - حسن رافت - حسن مصطفى علي - عبد المنعم عبد الرحمن:صاحب محل ملابس - سيد عبد الفتاح - محمود الحفناوي:سطوحي - سمير حجاج - فاروق علي - عبد المنعم النمر - عفيفي الحمامصي - نصر سيف - مصطفى توفيق

مصادر

 صفحة العمل علي موقع قاعدة بيانات السينما العربية
 مسلسل الزوجة .. أول من يعلم ! على اليوتيوب

أفلام عن سكرتيرات
مسلسلات أبو بكر عزت
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 1987
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 1987
مسلسلات جميل راتب
مسلسلات حسين فهمي
مسلسلات صلاح السعدني
مسلسلات ميرفت أمين

الزوجة أول من يعلم (مسلسل)


Logrus, The Chronicles of Amber roman serisinde yer alan bir tür büyü gücüdür. Düzen olmadan kaosun, kaos olmadan da düzenin var olamayacağına dair inanca dayanan düşünceden yola çıkar. Bahsi geçen eser dizisini Roger Zelazny yazmıştır. Bu eser ayrıca bilgisayar oyunlarına da konu olmuştur.

Okültizm
Büyü

Logrus


مُخدان  قرية صغيرة تتبع للبلدة المركزية (بالفارسية: بخش مركزى) من توابع مدينة بستك وتقع في محافظة هرمزگان في جنوب إيران. تقع هذه القرية في الشمال الغربي لمدينة بستك، وقد تكون جزءاً منها، حيث انها لم تبعد عن المدينة سوى بضعة أمتار، وتعتبر جزءاً من المدينة.

الآثار التاريخية
يوجد في الضلع الشمالي للقرية، آيار لقرية قديمة وبقايا بيوتها باقية وقديمة تتجاوز المائة بيت مبنية من الأحجار والطين المسلح بالتبن. تقع آثار هذه البيون وسط غازة من الأشجار النخيل.

سكان
سكان هذه القرية من البدو الرحل، وهم من أهل السنة والجماعة وعلى المذهب الشافعي. يمتهنون بتربية المواشي والأغنام. ويجلبون الحطب من الجبال المحيطة بهم، وكذلك الأعشاب الطبية الموجودة على سفح الجبل وبيعها في القرى المجاورة لهم. كذلك هناك مجموعة من العيون العذبة تقع خلف هضبة مخدان في جبال كاه بست، تغذي هذه العيون نخيل وبساتين المنطقة.

المصادر

 الكوخردى، محمد، بن يوسف، (كُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِيةَ عَلي ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران) الطبعة الثالثة، دبى: سنة 1997 للميلاد.
 محمدیان، كوخردى، محمد.  « شهرستان بستک وبخش کوخرد »  ج1. چاپ أول، دبی: سال انتشار 2005 میلادی. (فارسي)
 عباسی، قلی، مصطفی،  «بستک وجهانگیریه»، چاپ أول، تهران : ناشر: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، سال 1372..
 سلامى، بستكى، أحمد.  (بستک در گذرگاه تاریخ)  ج2 چاپ أول، 1372 خورشيدى.
 بالود، محمد.  (فرهنگ عامه در منطقه بستک)  ناشر همسايه، چاپ زيتون، انتشار سال 1384 خورشیدی.
 بنى عباسيان، بستكى، محمد اعظم،  « تاريخ جهانگيريه»  چاپ تهران، سال 1339 خورشيدى.
 عباسی، قلی، مصطفی،  «بستک وجهانگیریه»، چاپ أول، تهران : ناشر: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، سال 1372 خورشیدی.
 محمدیان، كوخردى، محمد،  (شهرستان بستک وبخش کوخرد) ، ج1. چاپ أول، دبی: سال انتشار 2005 میلادی.
 بالود، محمد.  (فرهنگ عامه در منطقه بستک)  ناشر همسايه، چاپ زيتون، انتشار سال 1384 خورشیدی.
 بنى عباسيان، بستكى، محمد اعظم،  « تاريخ جهانگيريه»  چاپ تهران، سال 1339 خورشيدى.
 بختيارى، سعيد، ،  « اتواطلس إيران » ، " مؤسسه جغرافيايى وكارتگرافى گيتا شناسى، بهار 1384 خورشيدى

انظر أيضاً
  كوخرد حاضرة إسلامية على ضفاف نهر مهران

وصلات خارجية
 التقسيمات الإدارية لمحافظة هرمزگان

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة بستك
البلدة المركزية
مدن إيران

مخدان (بستك)


Filippo Baroncini (Massa Lombarda, 26 de agosto de 2000) é um desportista italiano que compete no ciclismo na modalidade de rota. Ganhou uma medalha de ouro no Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo em Estrada de 2021 e  uma medalha de prata no Campeonato Europeu de Ciclismo em Estrada de 2021, ambas na prova de rota sub-23.

Medalheiro internacional

Palmarés
 2021
 1 etapa do Giro Ciclistico d'Itália
 1 etapa de L'Étoile d'Or
 2.º no Campeonato Europeu em Estrada sub-23
 Campeonato Mundial em Estrada sub-23

Referências

Ligações externas

Ficha em sitiodeciclismo.net.

Ciclistas da Itália
Campeões mundiais de ciclismo em estrada

Filippo Baroncini


Lærke Nolsøe Pedersen (født 19. februar 1996 i Aalborg) er en dansk håndboldspiller, der spiller for Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub i Damehåndboldligaen og Danmarks kvindehåndboldlandshold. Hun har tidligere optrådt for Team Tvis Holstebro og Viborg HK.

Karriere
Lærke Nolsøe skiftede fra Team Tvis Holstebro til Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub i 2016, hvor hun vandt det danske mesterskab i hendes første år der. Det var hendes tidligere træner Niels Agesen, der sæsonen forinden var rykket fra Holstebro til Nykøbing Falster Håndbold , der fik hende til at skifte til Nykøbing Falster Håndbold.
Hun har op til flere U-landsholdskampe på CV'et. Hun har vundet bronze ved U17 EM og U18 VM, og ved U19 EM og U20 VM vandt hun guld. I 2015 blev hun en del af det danske udviklingslandshold. Her fik hun debut på A-landsholdet den 8. oktober 2015 mod Norge i en kamp, der endte uafgjort 32-32. I november/december 2018 fik hun slutrunde debut ved EM i Frankrig. Hun deltog også ved VM i håndbold 2019 i Japan, hvor Danmark endte på en niendeplads. Hun var også med ved EM 2020 i Danmark, hvor holdet endte på en skuffende 4. plads.

Hun skiftede i sommeren 2021, til den danske topklub Viborg HK. I løbet af sin første sæson i Viborg var hun med til at sikre sølvmedaljer i EHF European League. Inden sæsonen 2022-23 annoncerede Nolsøe sin graviditet. Hun fødte sin søn i februar 2023, men var allerede tilbage på banen to måneder efter.

Hun var med til at vinde bronzemedaljer med , ved VM i kvindehåndbold 2021 i Spanien.

Hun skiftede inden sæsonen 2023-24 tilbage til sin tidligere klub, Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Aalborg
Håndboldspillere fra Team Tvis Holstebro
Håndboldspillere fra Danmark
Håndboldspillere fra Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub

Lærke Nolsøe


මෙය එක්සත් රාජධානිය හා එක්සත් ජනපදය එක්ව ඳෙවන යුද ලෝකය තුළ ජනතාවට සිය පාලන ක‍්‍රමය තෝරා ගැනීමට ඇති අයිතිය පිළිබඳව සඳහන් කරමින් ඉඳිරිපත් කරන ලඳ ප‍්‍රඥප්තියකි

අත්ලාන්තික ප‍්‍රඥප්තිය


"Så længe jeg lever" er et dansk dansktophit fra 1973 skrevet og indspillet af John Mogensen. Sangen blev et af Mogensens største hits og er næsten blevet et synonym for ham. Den har således også givet titel til en biografi om ham af Henrik Vesterberg og Frank Toft-Nielsen.

"Så længe jeg lever" er en af de 12 evergreens, der kom med i kulturkanonen.

Sangteksten
Sangen har to vers à fire linjer samt et omkvæd på seks gentagede linjer før, mellem og efter versene.  Der er parvist enderim på linjerne 3 og 6 samt 4 og 5 i omkvædet, og det samme gælder nabolinjerne parvist i hvert vers.

Indholdsmæssigt antyder den ellers ganske korte tekst hele repertoiret i et omskifteligt parforhold, hvor den mandlige sanger udleverer sin dybe kærlighed ("Så længe jeg lever (..) / så længe vil jeg elske dig.")  til en kvinde, som han tilsyneladende har svært ved at holde på ("du har ikke nok i én"). Han ridser den aktuelle situation op til, at hun igen kommer og siger, at hun vil forlade ham. Han giver modvilligt hende sin frihed ("Okay min blomst, behold ham blot i fred"), idet han vel håber, at hun kommer tilbage ("lisom sidst"). Men derfor er det alligevel hårdt for ham, viser hele andet vers.

Melodi
Melodien er af en melankolsk country'n'western-type i 4/4-takt, primært i dur. Der anvendes i overvejende grad fjerdedelsnoder, suppleret med ottendedelsnoder for at holde takten med til teksten, der ikke helt har samme antal stavelser i samme takter.

Originaludgave
I John Mogensens originale indspilning er hans sangforedrag blot akkompagneret af et diskret firmandsorkester med trommer, el-bas, el-guitar og klaver, hvoraf kun sidstnævnte i korte passager er tydeligt i lydbilledet, når Mogensen holder pauser i sin sang. Efter en gennemspilning af sangen afsluttes indspilningen med, at melodien transponerer op til en sidste gentagelse af omkvædet.

Andre versioner
"Så længe jeg lever" findes i flere nyere udgaver på dansk. Eksempelvis sang Katrine Jensenius den i musikforestillingen Så længe mit hjerte slår og på den tilhørende pladeudgivelse (1985),  Lars H.U.G. indspillede sin version i 1989 på albummet Kopy, og Stig Rossen sang den i musikforestillingen More Jacks (2008), udgivet på cd/dvd.

Film
I 2018 havde Ole Bornedals film Så længe jeg lever premiere. Filmen er en biografisk skildring af John Mogensens liv.

Referencer

Sange fra Danmark
Sange fra 1973
Kulturkanonen

Så længe jeg lever


" سوق انتقالات الناشئين" قرر نادي الاهلي التفاوض مع باك نادي زي عمر فاورق الشهير ب "عمرينيو" و كان يريد تعويضه ب كابتن فريق نادي سبورتينج محمد الفخراني الشهير ب "فخر" الصاعد حديثا لدوري الجمهوريه و لكن خطف اللاعب من قبل نادي الترسانه و اللاعب فضل الترسانه علي زيد ف صفقه كلفت انادي ٤٣ الف جنيه
افتتح النادي رسميا في يوم 10 سبتمبر 1890، حيث حضر حفل الافتتاح الخديوي توفيق، ومن وقتها كان النادي مقرا لطبقة الأعيان وكبار تجار البورصة والأثرياء من المصريين والأجانب. كما يعتبر النادي من الأندية ذات الباع الطويل في رياضة ركوب الخيل في مصر.

تصميم النادي
حوى النادي في تصميمه الرئيسي عام 1890 مضمارا كبيرا لسباقات الخيل، ملعبين للتنس وملعبا للبولو. وبالنسبة لمبنى النادي الرئيسي فقد تم إنشاؤه في عام 1928، وحاليا يوجد بالنادي ملعب كبير للعب الجولف و 16 ملعبا للتنس، ملعب للبولو، 4 حمامات للسباحة، ملاعب لكرة القدم، 3 ملاعب لكرة اليد. إضافة إلى مواقف للسيارات وعدة صالات متعددة الاستخدامات، ومطاعم ومقاه.

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

مصادر

أندية رياضية أسست في 1890
ٍس
س
الرياضة في الإسكندرية
تأسيسات عقد 1890 في مصر
نواد وجمعيات في مصر
أندية رياضية في الإسكندرية

نادي سبورتنج


Vulpini (Asıl tilkiler), köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının bir oymağını nitelendiren terimdir.

Vulpini oymağının en küçük türü, çölde yaşam şartlarına ideal ölçülerde uyum sağlamış Çöl tilkisidir. Bu hayvandan biraz daha büyük olan  ada boz tilkisi sadece Kaliforniya'daki Kanal Adaları'nda görülür. Bu söz konusu tür, endemik bir türdür. Tarihsel evrim sürecinde boz tilkiden gelişmiştir ve ada cüceleşmesine bir örnek teşkil eder.

Özellikleri
Kısa bacaklar, sivri bir surat, uzun ve gür bir kuyruk, gözmercekleri dikey bir uzantı şeklinde, gizlice yaklaşarak avlamaları ortak özellikleridir.

Cins ve türler

 Cins Vulpes
 Kızıl tilki (Vulpes vulpes)
 Japon kızıl tilkisi (Vulpes vulpes japonica)
 Bengal tilkisi (Vulpes bengalensis)
 Afgan tilkisi (Vulpes cana)
 Güney Afrika tilkisi (Vulpes chama)
 Karsak (Vulpes corsac)
 Tibet tilkisi (Vulpes ferrilata)
 Kutup tilkisi (Vulpes lagopus)
 Cüce tilki (Vulpes macrotis)
 Soluk tilki (Vulpes pallida)
 Kum tilkisi (Vulpes rueppelli)
 Ova tilkisi (Vulpes velox)
 Çöl tilkisi (Vulpes zerda)
 Cins Urocyon
 Boz tilki (Urocyon argenteus)
 Ada boz tilkisi (Urocyon littoralis)
 Cins Otocyon
 İri kulaklı tilki (Otocyon megalotis)

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Tilkiler

Vulpini


Road Town er bær á eyjunni Tortóla og höfuðstaður Bresku Jómfrúaeyja. Elsta byggingin í bænum er frá 1774. Íbúar eru um 15 þúsund.

Bresku Jómfrúaeyjar

Road Town


Parque Amazônico da Guiana () é o maior parque nacional da França. Visa proteger parte da floresta amazônica localizada na Guiana Francesa, que abrange 41% da região. É o maior parque da França, bem como o maior parque da União Europeia e um dos maiores parques nacionais do mundo. O parque não pode ser acessado a partir da praia ou por qualquer outro meio que não seja avião ou piroga.

A área protegida abrange cerca de 20 300 km² para a área central (onde a proteção total é aplicada) e 13 600  km² para a área secundária. Assim, a área protegida total representa cerca de 33 900  km² de floresta pluvial. O parque foi construído em territórios pertencentes às comunas de Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie e Saül.

História
No marco da Cúpula da Terra no Rio de Janeiro em 1992, o projeto de um parque nacional na Guiana Francesa foi iniciado em 4 de junho de 1992, com o impulso dado por François Mitterrand. Foi formalizado por meio de um projeto de acordo assinado pelos presidentes do conselho geral e do conselho regional da Guiana Francesa, e também pelos ministros franceses do Meio Ambiente, dos Departamentos e Territórios Ultramarinos e da Agricultura e Florestas . Em seguida, em 1993, foi criada a Missão para a Criação do Parque Nacional da Guiana Francesa.

Um primeiro projeto foi proposto no final de 1995, mas foi rejeitado em dezembro de 1997.

Em 21 de junho de 1998, o acordo Twenké levou ao reconhecimento dos direitos dos indígenas ameríndios e dos bsinengue (maroons) que vivem dentro dos limites do futuro parque.

O projeto final foi apresentado no início de 2006. Em 6 de março de 2006, foi publicado no Diário Oficial da República Francesa o decreto relativo ao projeto do parque nacional em consideração. Dentro dele, o nome do parque nacional foi mudado para Parque Amazônico da Guiana.

A criação do parque foi efetivada por decreto em 28 de fevereiro de 2007, apesar da relutância de vários protagonistas envolvidos (conselho geral e regional da Guiana Francesa). O corpo diretivo do parque se reuniu pela primeira vez em 7 de junho de 2007.

Organização

O parque é um établissement public à caractère administratif (EPA), uma entidade jurídica de direito público cujo órgão central é o conselho de administração, apoiado por um conselho científico e um comitê de vida local.

Dentro da área central de 20 300 km², a proteção máxima é aplicada e a mineração de ouro é estritamente proibida. No entanto, as terras das tribos Aluku, Uaianas, Oiampis e Teko em Camopi, Maripasoula e Papaïchton não pertencem a esta área central, apesar do pedido feito por estes ameríndios antes da criação efetiva do parque. Os Teko consideraram isto uma restrição de seu livre movimento e os Aluku se opuseram às restrições às suas áreas sagradas.

Junto ao Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque (que tem uma superfície semelhante à da Suíça, cobrindo cerca de 38 800 km² quadrados no Brasil), o Parque Amazônico da Guiana representa a maior área protegida de floresta pluvial do mundo.

Missões
Além das missões geralmente atribuídas aos parques nacionais, o parque nacional da Guiana deve "contribuir para o desenvolvimento das comunidades de habitantes que tradicionalmente vivem da floresta, levando em conta seu modo de vida tradicional, e participar de uma série de conquistas e melhorias de ordem social, econômica e cultural no âmbito do projeto de desenvolvimento sustentável definido pela carta do parque nacional".

A ação do estabelecimento público e de seus parceiros é realizada no âmbito de uma carta, um documento estratégico, aprovado por decreto de 28 de outubro de 2013.

O parque faz parte do projeto RENFORESAP (Renforcer le réseau des aires protégées du plateau des Guyanes), em associação com a Comissão de Áreas Protegidas da Guiana e os Ministérios de Desenvolvimento Regional e de Gestão de Recursos Terrestres e Florestais do Suriname, com o objetivo de alcançar uma melhor proteção da área e de sua biodiversidade até 2020 através de intercâmbios e um melhor diálogo entre estas organizações.

Espécies presentes
O parque tem 1 200 espécies de árvores (de um total de 1 700 na Guiana), sendo as mais numerosas as Lecythidaceae, Sapotaceae, Fabaceae, Burseraceae, Chrysobalanaceae e Lauraceae. Ela cobre uma grande área e inclui vários tipos de floresta com espécies diferentes, de modo que as áreas mais secas no sul contêm lianas e bambus, bem como membros da família Burseraceae, enquanto outras áreas mais úmidas contêm principalmente palmeiras de sub-bosque.

A vida selvagem do parque inclui 90 espécies de anfíbios, 133 répteis, 520 aves e 182 mamíferos (incluindo muitas espécies de morcegos), bem como 200 espécies de peixes de água doce. Entre as espécies ameaçadas que foram consideradas prioritárias para os esforços de conservação estão o Anomaloglossus degranvillei e o cuxiú-preto.

Galeria

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Parques nacionais da França
Geografia da Guiana Francesa
Meio ambiente da Guiana Francesa
Áreas protegidas da Guiana Francesa
Atrações turísticas na Guiana Francesa
Saül
Saint-Élie
Papaichton
Maripasoula
Camopi

Parque Amazônico da Guiana


Rhytiphora rubeta je vrsta kornjaša iz porodice Cerambycidae. Opisao ju je Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe 1863. godine. Živi u Australiji.

Izvori

Strizibube

Rhytiphora rubeta


O Exército Guerrilheiro dos Pobres (; EGP) foi um movimento guerrilheiro guatemalteco, de orientação marxista-leninista, que foi fundado em 1972 e que obteve apoio significativo entre os indígenas maias durante a Guerra Civil da Guatemala.

Os antigos integrantes das Forças Armadas Rebeldes, desejando relançar a ação armada com base nos modelos vietnamita e cubano, fundaram a organização em 1972 no México. Cerca de quinze militantes se estabeleceram na floresta de Ixcan, mas foi somente no final da década de 1970 que a guerrilha ganhou força. Liderado por Ricardo Ramirez de León, o EGP foi o grupo armado mais forte no conflito com 400 militantes, mas sofreu repressão nos anos 1981-1982. Enquanto o Comitê de Unidade Camponesa forma seu braço político, as Forças Irregulares Locais representam um segundo braço armado da organização, responsável por suas "derrapagens".  Notável pela teologia da libertação e pela defesa dos povos indígenas, o EGP se estabelece nas comunidades nativas da região, locais considerados de difícil acesso. As represálias do exército nessas áreas rurais suspeitas de abrigar rebeldes provocam a morte de milhares.

O Exército Guerrilheiro dos Pobres foi uma das quatro organizações guerrilheiras guatemaltecas que formaram a Unidade Revolucionária Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG) em 1982, uma coalizão que acabaria negociando e assinando os Acordos de Paz com o governo e o exército guatemalteco em dezembro de 1996.

Grupos guerrilheiros da Guatemala
Guerra Civil da Guatemala

Exército Guerrilheiro dos Pobres