Brooks Calbert Robinson Jr. (May 18, 1937 – September 26, 2023) was an American baseball player who played his entire 23 seasons in Major League Baseball as third baseman for the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977. Nicknamed "Mr. Hoover" and "the Human Vacuum Cleaner", he is generally considered to have been the greatest defensive third baseman in major league history. An 18-time All-Star, he won 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards, the most by a position player, and tied with Jim Kaat for the second-most of all-time, behind Greg Maddux. His 2,870 career games at third base not only exceeded the closest player by nearly 700 games when he retired, but also remain the most games by any player in major league history at a single position. His 23 seasons spent with a single team set a major league record since matched only by Carl Yastrzemski.

Joining the Orioles as a teenager in 1955, Robinson became the centerpiece of the team as they posted the best record in the major leagues between 1965 and 1974, capturing four American League (AL) pennants and two World Series titles. Beloved in Baltimore, Robinson was known as "Mr. Oriole" by the team's fans. He was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1964 after posting career highs with a .317 batting average, 28 home runs, and 118 runs batted in (RBIs), leading the AL in the last category. In 1966, he finished second in the MVP voting behind teammate Frank Robinson after again posting 100 RBIs as the Orioles won the pennant, before sweeping the Los Angeles Dodgers for the team's first Series title.

In the 1970 World Series against the Cincinnati Reds, Robinson drew wide attention with his strong defensive play, time after time robbing Cincinnati players of base hits, and drove in runs in the first four games; his performance won him the World Series MVP Award as Baltimore defeated the Reds in five games. In 1971 he became one of just 12 players to earn over $100,000 annually. Robinson led AL third basemen in fielding percentage eleven times and in assists eight times, both major league records, and in putouts and double plays three times each. He still holds major league records for career putouts (2,697), assists (6,205), total chances (9,165), and double plays (618) at third base, with each total being between 13% and 20% higher than the closest player. His career fielding percentage of .971 was a major league record until 2006, and remains the top AL mark.

Upon his retirement during the 1977 season, his 2,896 games and 10,654 at bats each ranked fifth in major league history, behind only Ty Cobb among AL players, and his 2,848 hits ranked seventh in AL history. From 1969 to 1980, he held the AL record for career home runs by a third baseman. He set franchise records for career games, at bats, hits, runs (1,232), RBIs (1,357), doubles (482), total bases (4,270), and home runs by a right-handed hitter (268), all of which were later broken by Cal Ripken Jr. Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983 in his first year of eligibility, a first for third basemen. Following his playing career, he served as a broadcaster for the Orioles and also joined Opening Day Partners, who own several minor league teams. Robinson remained popular with Oriole fans for his kindness and patience with them. "Never has a player meant more to a franchise and more to a city than Brooks has meant to the Orioles and the city of Baltimore," said Oriole historian Ted Patterson.

Early life
Brooks Calbert Robinson was born on May 18, 1937, in Little Rock, Arkansas, to Brooks Calbert Sr. and Ethel Mae (née Denker) Robinson.  His father worked for Colonial Bakery in Little Rock and later became a captain with the Little Rock Fire Department. Meanwhile, his mother worked for Sears Roebuck & Company before accepting a position with the state controller's office.  Young Brooks drew a salary himself from delivering the Arkansas Gazette on his bicycle, as well as operating the scoreboard and selling soft drinks at Lamar Porter Field.

Brooks Sr. played second base for a semi-pro baseball team. He would play the game with his son during Brooks Jr.'s younger years. Growing up, Brooks Jr. rooted for the St. Louis Cardinals; Stan Musial was his favorite player. In high school, he played American Legion Baseball for the M. M. Eberts Post No. 1 Doughboys, among the greatest American Legion teams in that part of the country. The team reached the regional finals in 1952, when Robinson was 15. They then advanced to the sectional tournament in 1953. Robinson graduated from Little Rock Central High School on May 27, 1955, impressing the University of Arkansas enough with his basketball ability that the school offered him a full scholarship. However, Robinson desired to become a professional baseball player. Lindsay Deal, who went to Capitol View Methodist Church with Robinson, had been a teammate of Baltimore Orioles manager Paul Richards on a minor league team, and he wrote a letter to Richards praising Robinson's ability. "He's no speed demon, but neither is he a truck horse," Deal wrote. "Brooks has a lot of power, baseball savvy, and is always cool when the chips are down." In 1955, three major league teams sent scouts to Little Rock to try to sign Robinson: the New York Giants, the Cincinnati Redlegs, and the Orioles. Each offered $4,000, but only Cincinnati and Baltimore were offering major league contracts. Robinson ultimately chose to sign with Baltimore because the Orioles had shown the most interest and had the most opportunities for young players to become everyday players on their roster. Art Ehlers was the scout who signed him.

Baltimore Orioles

Early years (1955–1959)
Playing second base, Brooks Robinson made his professional debut on June 3, 1955, at Bob Hoffman Stadium with the York White Roses. After three months in York, Pennsylvania, he made his first appearance with the Orioles on September 17, 1955, at Memorial Stadium against the Washington Senators, batting sixth in the lineup. He had two hits in four at bats, singling in the fourth inning against Chuck Stobbs for his first hit before driving in a run on a single in the eighth inning in a 3–1 win. After that, he went hitless in his next 18 at bats before sitting for the season's final two games. "Those American League pitchers made me look like just what I was—a young, green, immature eighteen-year-old who'd been lucky that first day against Washington," he later reflected. After the season, the Orioles assigned him to the Willard Blues, a Colombian winter league team where Baltimore sent some of its best prospects. Earl Wilson hit Robinson in the head with a pitch in one of the games, but Robinson was protected from severe injury because of a new fiberglass batting helmet the team was testing on their players.

In 1956, Robinson was allowed to stay in spring training with the Orioles until March 21, but Baltimore acquired Bobby Adams to play third base, thinking the 18-year-old Robinson was not quite ready for the major leagues. He spent most of the year with the Class AA San Antonio Missions, where he tore cartilage in his right knee while sliding into a base in August. The injury was initially feared to require surgery, but rest and heat reduced the swelling, and he missed only a few games. Promoted to Baltimore after the minor league season, he appeared in 15 games, demonstrating fielding ability beyond his years, though only batting .227.

Robinson competed with future Hall of Famer George Kell to be Baltimore's everyday third baseman in 1957, though Kell happily mentored the younger player. Both made the starting lineup (Robinson at third base, Kell at first), but two weeks into the season, Robinson completely tore the cartilage in his knee while swerving to avoid a tag at first base. He missed all of May and spent most of June on a rehab assignment in San Antonio but regained the starting job when he returned. On August 2, he was again hit in the head with a pitch, this time by Ned Garver. The errant throw resulted in a mild concussion and a wound above Robinson's left eye that required 10 stitches, but after five days, the ballplayer was ready to perform again. On August 14, he hit his first major league home run off Pedro Ramos. In 50 games, he batted .239. Because of the time he had missed, the Orioles had him play winter baseball again to continue his development. This time in Havana, he led the league with nine home runs.

When the Orioles played the New York Yankees in late April 1958, Yogi Berra said that Robinson "got a great future" after the third baseman dove to catch a Gil McDougald ground ball, stood up, and threw out Berra trying to score. Offensively, Robinson batted .406 through April. Toward midseason, he developed a hitch in his swing and started hitting too many pop flies, which caused him to lose playing time to Dick Williams in August. He helped Hoyt Wilhelm throw a no-hitter on September 28 by making three terrific fielding plays after replacing Williams at third base in the eighth inning. "There weren't too many bright spots in my 1958 season, but being in on Wilhelm's no-hitter was the big one for me," Robinson recalled. In 145 games, he batted .238 with three home runs in 463 at bats---weak offensive numbers, but his defense was more impressive. "I think Brooks is in a class by himself as a defensive third baseman," said Oriole manager Paul Richards.

Following the 1958 season, Robinson enlisted in the Arkansas Army National Guard for four years; he served six months on active duty, then three and a half years in reserve status, which ensured he would not be drafted for two years of continuous active duty. He qualified as a repair parts specialist in the Ordnance Corps and was assigned to Company A, 739th Ordnance Battalion. Robinson received his honorable discharge in January 1962. Army training kept him physically fit, but not in optimal condition for baseball, and shortly after the 1959 season started, Robinson was sent to the Vancouver Mounties of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. On May 17, he had a terrifying moment when, as he fell into a Capilano Stadium dugout to catch a ball, he caught his right biceps on a hook, tearing tendons and causing severe bleeding; team trainer Doc Younker assisted Robinson in getting him loose from the hook and to the hospital. The injury just missed tearing a nerve, which would have ended his career, but he had to miss only 25 games. Fulfilling a promise he made when he demoted Robinson, Richards recalled him before the season's first All-Star Game. The time in the minors had helped his hitting; biographer Doug Wilson wrote that "He was no longer overmatched by big league pitchers." He batted .284 in 88 games, and Richards said that he was "the best player in the American League [for] the last five weeks of the season."

Everyday player, MVP (1960–1965)

By 1960, Robinson was unquestionably the Oriole third baseman. He started the year in the sixth slot in the batting lineup but ascended to third after batting .333 in June and .351 in July. In July, he was selected to his first of 18 straight All-Star Games; he would be a part of both games from 1960 to 1962, in which two games a year were played. On July 15, he recorded five hits in five at bats, becoming the first Oriole to hit for the cycle in a 5–2 victory over the Chicago White Sox. For the first time since their arrival in Baltimore, the Orioles were contenders for the AL pennant, part of a three-way race with the Yankees and the White Sox as September arrived. In the first game of an early September series against the Yankees in Baltimore, Robinson had the first RBI, then fielded a ball hit off of Milt Pappas's leg in the ninth and threw out Héctor López at first base. He drove in the only runs in the second game, in which the Orioles took over first place in the AL on September 3. Baltimore swept the series, but a fever briefly hospitalized Robinson at the end of the series, and he went into a batting slump. After getting swept in a four-game series against New York later in the month, Baltimore finished in second. In 152 games, Robinson batted .294 and hit 14 home runs. He finished third in AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) voting (behind Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle), was named the Most Valuable Oriole by sportscasters and sportswriters around Baltimore, and won his first of 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards at third base.

For most of 1961, Robinson batted first in Baltimore's lineup. He further solidified his defensive reputation in 1961; sportswriter Bob Addie reported, "The 'young old-timers' in the press box are beginning to compare Baltimore's Brooks Robinson with the great third basemen of the past." One of two players in the AL to appear in every game of the season, he batted .287 with 192 hits (second in the league only to Norm Cash's 193) and seven home runs.

After two straight second-place finishes, the Orioles slumped to seventh place in the league in 1962, but Robinson had another fine year. In consecutive games on May 6 and 9, Robinson hit a grand slam, one of six major leaguers ever to have done so at the time. In August, he had eight straight hits over a three-game span. Sports Illustrated proclaimed him "the best third baseman in the league." He batted higher than .300 for the first time (.303) and topped 20 home runs (23), recording 86 RBIs as he was named the Most Valuable Oriole for the second time. Robinson got off to an excellent start offensively to the 1963 season, and had hits in both of his at bats in that year's All-Star Game. Overall, his offensive production diminished, as he batted just .219 after the All-Star break, and saw a streak of 462 consecutive games played come to an end when manager Billy Hitchcock benched him in an attempt to improve his hitting. For the year, he batted .251 with 11 home runs and 67 RBI.

Robinson spent extra time in 1964 spring training practicing offense with hitting coach Gene Woodling. The coach encouraged Robinson to stop swinging at bad pitches, and Robinson started using a slightly heavier bat. Against the Yankees early in the year, he made what Wilson said "was generally agreed to be the play of the year," diving to stop a hard-hit ground ball off the bat of Bobby Richardson and throwing him out while still seated on the ground. With the Orioles, Yankees, and White Sox in a three-way race for the pennant, Robinson batted .464 with 28 RBIs from September 7 through the end of the season, though the Orioles again finished behind the Yankees. The Orioles honored him with a "Brooks Robinson Night" late in the season, which the ballplayer said "will always remain one of the great moments of my life." Maxwell Kates of the Society for American Baseball Research said "Robinson had perhaps his best season in 1964." Playing all but two innings of Baltimore's 163-game season, Robinson hit for a .317 batting average with 28 home runs. He led the league with 118 RBI, winning the AL MVP Award. For much of 1965, Robinson batted over .300 again, though his average fell to .297 by the end of the year. He led Baltimore in batting average and RBIs (80).

World Series champion (1966–1971)

1966–1970
During the 1965–66 offseason, the Orioles acquired former National League (NL) MVP Frank Robinson from the Cincinnati Reds; Frank would bat third in the lineup, right in front of Brooks. Halfway through the year, Brooks had 70 RBIs. In the All-Star Game, played in  conditions, he made several outstanding defensive plays and recorded three hits, and was the game's MVP even though the AL lost 2–1. Over 28 games in August, he struggled, batting .187 with just three RBIs. The Orioles nonetheless won the AL pennant for the first time in Robinson's tenure with the team, clinching on Sep 15. In 157 games, Robinson batted .269 with 23 home runs and 100 RBIs, his second and final season with at least 100 RBIs. He finished second to Frank, that year's Triple Crown winner, in the AL MVP voting; teammate Boog Powell came in third.

Against the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series, Frank and Brooks hit back-to-back home runs off of Don Drysdale in Game 1, a 5–2 victory. "Drysdale's second pitch to me was a high fast ball, and I parked it in almost the same seats in the left field pavilion [that Frank had hit his to]," Robinson recalled. In Game 4, the Orioles nursed a 1–0 lead in the fifth inning when Jim Lefebvre led off with a single. The next batter, Wes Parker, hit a ground ball that Robinson had to stretch to catch. After stumbling, Robinson threw the ball to second baseman Davey Johnson, who threw out Parker at first base to complete a double play. The score remained 1–0 through the end of the game, and the Orioles completed a four-game sweep of the Dodgers for Baltimore's first World Series championship. A picture of Robinson leaping into the air as he ran to the pitcher's mound to congratulate Dave McNally after the game remains one of the most iconic Oriole photos. After the season, he and multiple other baseball celebrities went on a tour to visit US troops serving in the Vietnam War.

In 1967 spring training, Phil Niekro hit Robinson in the head with a pitch, causing a mild concussion. Robinson slumped early in the year but improved toward the end of June, posting 17 hits over 39 at bats in one 10-game stretch, including five home runs. His home run in the All-Star Game was the only run for the AL in a 2–1, 15-inning loss. On August 6, he hit into a triple play for the fourth time in his career, a major league record. "I wouldn't mind seeing someone erase my record of hitting into four triple plays," he said. Toward the end of the year, he went hitless in 49 of 51 at bats. In 158 games, he batted .269 with 22 home runs and 77 RBIs. He played all 162 games for the Orioles in 1968, batting .253 with 17 home runs and 75 RBIs. Robinson also ended the season with 405 assists, tying the major league record set by Harlond Clift in 1937; Graig Nettles broke the record with 412 assists in 1971.

Through May 1969, Robinson batted .216, only raising his average to .234 by the end of the year. Manager Earl Weaver attributed his struggles to swinging at bad pitches, as well as his slow pace, which prevented him from getting as many infield hits. On May 28 in a 9–5 road win against the Seattle Pilots, he hit his 179th career home run as a third baseman, breaking Clift's AL record. Robinson hit .234 with 23 home runs and 84 RBI, and the Orioles won the newly created AL East division to advance to the postseason.

In Game 1 of the AL Championship Series (ALCS) versus the Minnesota Twins, Robinson had four hits in Baltimore's 4–3 win. He gloved a hard-hit line drive off the bat of Rod Carew in Game 3, an 11–2 victory that clinched the Orioles a trip to the World Series to face the New York Mets. During the first game of the World Series, Rod Gaspar hit a slow, bouncer toward third that both Gaspar and pitcher Mike Cuellar thought would be a hit; Robinson caught it barehanded and threw to first before he had fully stood up, retiring Gaspar as the Orioles went on to win 4–1. He made a similar play to keep Jerry Grote from getting a hit in Game 2 and had an RBI single against Jerry Koosman, but Baltimore lost 2–1. With the Orioles trailing the Mets 1–0 in the ninth inning of Game 4, Robinson batted against Tom Seaver with runners on first and third and one out. He sent the ball towards right field but was robbed of a hit when Ron Swoboda made a diving catch; Biographer Doug Wilson, mentioned earlier in this article, wrote that the catch "is one of the all-time great plays in World Series history." Baltimore lost 2–1 in 10 innings, then went on to lose the series in five games.

Robinson started using a heavier bat in 1970, as he batted .311 in April. On May 9, he hit his 200th home run. His 2,000th hit came on June 20, a three-run home run that provided the margin of victory in a game against the Washington Senators. Against the Boston Red Sox on September 4, he recorded five hits, two home runs, and four RBIs in an 8–6 victory. On September 8 in a 6–3 road win against the Detroit Tigers, he broke Eddie Yost's American League record of 2,008 games at third base. In the first game of a doubleheader against the Senators on September 29, he had his 1,000th career RBIs against Joe Coleman, who had also allowed his 200th home run. Robinson had his highest batting average (.276) and RBIs (94) totals since 1966, adding 18 home runs as the Orioles again won the AL East.

1970 postseason
In the ALCS, against the Twins, Robinson batted .583 with three runs scored and two RBIs as Baltimore completed the sweep, sending them to the World Series against the Cincinnati Reds. With Game 1 of the World Series tied  at 3–3 in the sixth inning, Lee May hit a one-hop ball fair past third. Playing behind the base, Robinson lunged, backhanded the ball, spun 180 degrees, and made a one-hop toss to first that narrowly beat May to the bag. Years later, Jayson Stark of ESPN considered this the third-greatest play of all time. Against Gary Nolan in the seventh inning, Robinson's solo home run provided the winning margin in Baltimore's 4–3 triumph. As it turned out, these were just the first of many fine plays Robinson would make during the Series.

During Game 2, Robinson darted into the gap between him and shortstop Mark Belanger to field a ground ball hit by Bobby Tolan in the first inning. Throwing sidearm to second, he forced out Pete Rose. Then, in the third inning, he snagged a hard line drive off May's bat, whirling and throwing almost immediately to second for a double play that ended the inning. Baltimore won the game 6–5. Robinson made an over-the-head catch of a bouncing ball off of Tony Pérez's bat in the first inning of Game 3, outracing Rose to third base and throwing to first to complete a double play. Fielding a slow grounder hit by Tommy Helms in the second inning, Robinson partially circled the ball before picking it up, allowing him to throw to first on a better angle. He dove to his left to rob Johnny Bench of a hit in the sixth inning, barely holding onto a hard line drive. Offensively, he had two RBIs in Baltimore's 9–3 win. In Game 4, he had four hits and a home run, though Baltimore lost 6–5. Finally, in Game 5, he made a diving back-handed catch of a line drive off of Bench's bat in the ninth, and fielded Pat Corrales' ground ball for the final out, as Baltimore won the game 9–3 to clinch their second World Series victory.

Though Robinson batted .429 with two home runs in the series, his defensive prowess was what really stood out, as he started two double plays and fielded 23 chances while making several outstanding plays. His performance won him the World Series MVP Award. During the Series, Reds manager Sparky Anderson quipped, "I'm beginning to see Brooks in my sleep. If I dropped this paper plate, he'd pick it up on one hop and throw me out at first." "I've never seen anything like him in my life," Rose said. "He has to be the greatest third baseman of all time," said Pérez, who played the same position. "I just enjoy watching him play. He's in the right place every time."  Wilson wrote that Robinson's outstanding play in the series, which was televised nationally, helped his ability to be appreciated by baseball fans outside the Baltimore area. After the season, he won the Hickok Belt, presented annually to the top professional athlete of the year.

1971
Before the 1971 season, Robinson signed a $100,000 contract, becoming only one of 12 players with such a high baseball salary at the time. He played 50 games in a row without committing an error and received the most votes of AL players in the All-Star Game. On July 28, he uncharacteristically made three errors in a game, though Baltimore still won 3–2. Wilson pointed out, "men had literally walked on the moon before Brooks Robinson had made three errors in a game." On the final day of the season, he broke Eddie Mathews' major league record of 2,181 games at third base, with his 2nd-inning home run providing the only scoring in a 1–0 victory over the Red Sox. In 156 games, he batted .272, hitting 20 home runs and driving in 92 runs as he finished fourth in AL MVP voting.

For the third year in a row, the Orioles won the AL East. In Game 2 of the ALCS against the Athletics, Robinson hit a home run against Catfish Hunter. He had two RBIs in Game 3 and batted .364 in the series as Baltimore swept the Athletics, advancing them to the World Series where they would face the Pittsburgh Pirates. In Game 2, Robinson had three RBIs and reached base safely five times, joining Babe Ruth and Lou Brock as the only other players to do so in a World Series game. During the eighth inning, he landed on his chest after diving for a bouncing ball off the bat of Manny Sanguillén, but he stood up in time to throw the runner out. Baltimore won 11–3. After the Pirates got two baserunners in the first inning of Game 3, Robinson snagged a hard line drive off the bat of Bob Robertson, throwing to second for a double play. Baltimore would lose that game 5–1. With the Orioles facing elimination in Game 6, Robinson hit a 10th-inning sacrifice fly against Bob Miller that scored the winning run in a 3–2 victory. He batted .318 in the series and tied with other Orioles and Pirates for the most RBIs in the series (five), but Pittsburgh defeated the Orioles in seven games.

Later years (1972–1977)
Robinson served as the Major League Baseball Players Association player's representative for much of his career with the Orioles. In 1972, he and Belanger were among the 47 who voted in favor of the 1972 Major League Baseball strike. "I want to play," Robinson told reporters. "All players do. It all boils down to whether the owners are willing to make some concessions. I think our fellows are willing to make some, too, and that seems to be the best chance." The strike only wound up cancelling games on 10 days of the 1972 season, but Robinson was booed in his first at bat of the year at Memorial Stadium.

In 153 games in 1972, Robinson batted .250. His eight home runs and 64 RBIs were his lowest totals in those categories since 1961. During the season, he criticized Weaver publicly when Weaver suggested that some of the Oriole veterans were getting too old to play. "I find the remark embarrassing," Robinson said. "I don't enjoy going places to hear people say I'm over the hill, or know that they're thinking it." He recognized that Weaver was a great manager, however, and observed a couple years later that "Rarely have I questioned his action." Robinson still won the Commissioner's Award, presented annually to the individual who best represented baseball as a player and as a person.

Robinson hit two home runs on Opening Day in 1973, but his batting average was under .200 by the middle of June. He still made the All-Star Game, but sportswriters observed that his selection had more to do with popularity than it did with his performance that season. On May 4, he had his 2,417th career hit, breaking Pie Traynor's record for most hits by a third baseman. Defensively, he started two 5–4–3 triple plays – on July 7 against the Athletics, and on September 20 against the Tigers. On August 20, he got his 2,500th hit against the Twins, a 9th-inning RBI single to tie the game, with the Orioles going on to win 4–3. In the season's final  months, he batted nearly .300. He played 155 games, batting .257 with nine home runs and 72 RBIs as the Orioles returned to the playoffs after a one-year absence. In the ALCS against Oakland, he batted .250 with a run scored and two RBIs as the Athletics defeated Baltimore in five games.

Though Robinson made more errors than usual in 1974, he was batting .311 at the All-Star break. In the second-to-last game of the year, Robinson scored from first on a pinch-hit double by Andy Etchebarren. The run provided the margin of victory in a game that, coupled with a Yankee loss later that day, clinched the Orioles' AL East championship. Robinson batted .288 with seven home runs. His batting average was the best it had been since 1965, though his RBIs were his lowest since 1959. Oriole historian Ted Patterson wrote that 1974 was "his last solid season." The Orioles again faced the Athletics in the ALCS; in Game 1, Robinson dove to catch a ball hit by Dick Green, then threw him out at first, adding a solo home run in Baltimore's 6–1 win. He would bat just .083 in the series, which Oakland won in four games.

Plagued by a sore thumb and declining ability in 1975, Robinson missed the All-Star Game for the first time since 1960. His batting average was .159 at one point, and on July 7, a pinch-hitter was substituted for him for the first time since 1958. In 144 games, he batted .201 with six home runs and 53 RBI. On the bright side, he led AL third basemen in fielding percentage for the 11th time.

The Orioles had a young third base prospect named Doug DeCinces, and on May 17, 1976, Weaver informed Robinson that DeCinces would be taking over his position; though still a fine fielder, Robinson was only batting .165. Robinson requested a trade to a team that would give him more playing time and was nearly sent to the White Sox, but he vetoed the deal because Chicago did not want to give him a contract through 1978. In 71 games, he batted .211 with three home runs and 11 RBI.

1977 would be his final season; his playing time was infrequent. "Brooks' last great moment," according to Patterson, came against the Indians on April 19, when he pinch-hit in the bottom of the 10th inning of a game against the Indians which Baltimore trailed 5–3. There were two men on base, and after working the count full and fouling off several pitches, Robinson hit a walkoff home run against Dave LaRoche for a 6–5 Oriole win. He made his final batting appearance on August 5 at Anaheim Stadium, pinch hitting for Belanger in the top of the eighth inning and lining out. However, he would play briefly in one more game, eight days later at Memorial Stadium against the Athletics. He entered as a pinch hitter for Al Bumbry against the left-handed Bob Lacey. When Oakland manager Bobby Winkles replaced Lacey with right-hander Doug Bair, Weaver replaced Robinson with left-handed Tony Muser before the at bat even started. With the Orioles needing another roster spot when Rick Dempsey returned from the disabled list, Robinson announced his retirement as an active player on August 21, with more than a month to go in the season. He was given a standing ovation by the fans at Metropolitan Stadium prior to that afternoon's 9–5 loss to the Minnesota Twins. He was honored a month later with an hour‐long ceremony before a 10–4 defeat to the Boston Red Sox on September 18 before a crowd of 51,798, then the largest attendance for an Orioles home regular-season game.

Career statistics
Robinson batted .267 in his 23-year career, accumulating 2,848 hits, 268 home runs, and 1,357 RBI. In 39 postseason games, he batted .303 with 5 home runs and 22 RBI. Defensively, Robinson set an AL record by leading the league in fielding percentage for 11 seasons. His career fielding percentage of .971 was higher than that of any other third baseman when he retired. Other third baseman's records he holds include most games played at the position (2,870), most putouts (2,697), most assists (6,205), most total chances (9,165), and most double plays (618).

Prior to Robinson, no other player in Major League history had spent as many as 23 seasons exclusively with one ballclub; the only player to do so since is Carl Yastrzemski. Robinson reached 18 straight All-Star Games (1960–74) and participated in the World Series four times. His AL record of 266 career home runs as a third baseman was broken by Graig Nettles in 1980.

Player profile
Robinson was very animated while waiting to hit. He would grab the top of his helmet, swing his bat with his left hand, and rock forwards and backwards before pitches. Though he was not a fast baserunner, he would swing his arms as he ran the bases, emphasizing the fact that he was running as fast as he could. As a hitter, Robinson's trademark was his custom-made batting helmet with a 1-inch bill that was much shorter than the standard. He would use a hacksaw blade to shorten the bill to keep it from distracting him at the plate.

His strong defensive play caused him to be nicknamed the "Human Vacuum Cleaner" and "Mr. Hoover," as he was so skilled at catching balls hit towards third base. As a fielder, he was always on the move, not typical for third basemen of the time. His arm did not appear to be one of baseball's strongest partly because he was so quick at letting go of the ball. Instead of cocking his arm back before throwing, he would transfer the ball from his glove to his hand and fire it "in one seamless motion," according to Wilson. He had a knack for knowing which play to make, and he was well-known for running towards the plate to field bunts or other slow ground balls. "He didn't have a typical athletic body, he was kind of slump-shouldered, not a real muscular guy, and he didn't appear to have a strong arm," said teammate Chuck Estrada. "But then watching him play, you found out that none of that mattered, because he had great hands, a quick release, and the runner was always out." Robinson's 16 Gold Glove awards at third base are tied with pitcher Jim Kaat for the second most won by any player, behind only pitching great Greg Maddux's 18.

Jim Murray of The Los Angeles Times wrote during Robinson's career that "In the future, Brooks Robinson will be the standard every third baseman will be measured by"; writing 40 years later, Wilson said "That statement has withstood the test of time." Casey Stengel and Home Run Baker, each of whom was involved in the game of baseball for over 50 years, both agreed that Robinson was the greatest third baseman they ever witnessed. Harold 'Pie' Traynor, the Pittsburgh Pirates' hall of fame third baseman to whom Robinson was often compared, said, "I once thought of giving him some tips, but dropped the idea. He's just the best there is." Umpire Ed Hurley said, "He came down from a higher league."

Robinson was very particular about his glove. He would try the gloves of different players and trade two of his own for theirs if he really wanted it. Once he found one he liked, he would take a year to prepare it. When he felt it was ready for game action, he would use it exclusively during games, using others for batting practice and infield workouts. He was also picky about his bat, though he would use different ones from game to game, sampling those of his teammates and even opposing players before he found one he wanted to utilize.

Aside from his playing ability, Robinson endeared himself to the Orioles fans because of his personality. "Other stars had fans," goes a quote in Patterson's book. "Robby made friends." He treated them with patience and kindness while taking an interest in them as well. "When fans ask Brooks Robinson for his autograph," commented Oriole broadcaster Chuck Thompson, "he complied while finding out how many kids you have, what your dad does, where you live, how old you are, and if you have a dog. ... His only failing is that when the game ended, if Brooks belonged to its story – usually he did – you better leave the booth at the end of the eighth inning. ... By the time the press got [to the clubhouse] Brooks was in the parking lot signing autographs on his way home." "Never has a player meant more to a franchise and more to a city than Brooks has meant to the Orioles and the city of Baltimore," wrote Patterson.

Off-the-field occupations, post-retirement
In 1961, Robinson became the part owner of Brooks and Eddie Robinson's Gorsuch House restaurant, located near Memorial Stadium. He started Brooks Robinson Sporting Goods in 1963; the company did a great deal of wholesale business with Baltimore-area teams. By the 1970s, they had established multiple locations in the Baltimore area. They briefly supplied uniforms for the Orioles, then later outfitted the short-lived Baltimore Claws of the American Basketball Association. In 1974, the company took out a loan to expand to York, Pennsylvania, but delays in construction of the new store ran the company into debt, forcing it to cease operations shortly thereafter. A judge ordered Robinson's house to be sold in the fall of 1976 to pay the company's debt, but Robinson managed to keep the house by paying nearly $180,000 (about $971,260 in 2023) out of his personal savings. He became a spokesman for Crown Central Petroleum in 1968 and spent over 30 years working for them. After the sporting goods business failed, Robinson and Ron Shapiro founded Personal Management Associates, which managed money for athletes.

Following his retirement as a player, Brooks began serving as a color commentator for the Orioles' television broadcasts, travelling to around 50 road games for the Orioles and calling 10 home games as well. On March 1, 1982, WMAR-TV, the station that broadcast the Orioles games in Baltimore, was struck by the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA).  All of the station's on-air talent, except one, went on strike. AFTRA and WMAR negotiated for several weeks without success, but when Robinson refused to cross the picket line at the start of the baseball season, the strike ended the next day. He continued to serve as a broadcaster until 1993, when he decided to spend more time focusing on his business pursuits. In 1982, Robinson helped start the Major League Baseball Players Alumni Association, an organization that helps retired players secure benefits, promotes baseball, raises money for charity, and helps retired players interact with each other. He succeeded Jim Kaat as president of the organization in the late 1980s and is still its head.

Robinson became a part owner of Opening Day Partners, an organization which owns several minor league teams, in 2005. The group owns four teams in the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, and Robinson played a significant role in establishing the York Revolution. Founded in York, Pennsylvania, in 2007, the team  was York's first since 1969; Robinson himself had played minor league ball for the York White Roses in 1955. The team's stadium, WellSpan Park, is located at 5 Brooks Robinson Way, and the plaza at its entrance is named in his honor. In the 1980s and again in 2006, Robinson helped raise money to restore Lamar Porter Field in his hometown of Little Rock, where he had played baseball while growing up.

In 2015, Robinson auctioned off a slew of items from his career, including his 1970 Gold Glove and his 1966 World Series ring. The auction raised $1.44 million for the Constance & Brooks Robinson Charitable Foundation.

Honors

Robinson's jersey number (5) was retired by the Orioles on April 14, 1978. In 1983, Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, one of 16 players to have been honored on the first ballot since the inaugural class of 1936. Coincidentally, Kell got in the same year. "It was unbelievable that two kids raised just 90 miles apart, and with the same churchgoing backgrounds and the same ideals, would go into the Hall of Fame the same day," Kell said. "You couldn't write the script any better." Brooks and Frank were the first members of the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame in 1977, and Brooks was selected to the Arkansas Hall of Fame the following year. Robinson and former Baltimore Colts football player Johnny Unitas had plaques in their honor in the lobby of Memorial Stadium. When the Orioles played their last game there on October 6, 1991, Robinson and Unitas were invited to throw out the ceremonial first pitches. Robinson threw a baseball, while Unitas threw a football. After the game, Robinson led 119 former Oriole players in uniform out onto the field, where they took their old positions.

In 1999, Robinson ranked Number 80 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Fans elected Robinson to the All-Time Rawlings Gold Glove Team in 2008; Robinson accumulated the most votes of any player elected. In 2015, Robinson was selected as one of the Orioles Franchise Four, recognizing the four greatest living players in Orioles history, along with Jim Palmer, Frank Robinson, and Cal Ripken Jr. He was the 2020 National Baseball Hall of Fame Recipient of the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award for his service in the Vietnam War.

Robinson has won several awards not specifically for baseball players as well. In 1984, he was presented the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was awarded the Silver Beaver Award by the Boy Scouts of America in 1990. Radio Tower Drive, a road in Pikesville, Maryland, was renamed Brooks Robinson Drive in honor of Robinson's 70th birthday on May 16, 2007.

Three statues of Robinson have been created. The first was placed in the Brooks Robinson Plaza outside WellSpan Park in York in 2008. On October 22, 2011, the second was unveiled on Washington Boulevard in downtown Baltimore. This statue depicted Robinson preparing to throw out a runner at first base. Present for the unveiling of the statue, Robinson commented that it "gave him more hair than he deserved." The Orioles unveiled a larger-than-life bronze sculpture of Robinson at Oriole Park at Camden Yards on September 29, 2012, as part of the Orioles Legends Celebration Series during the 20th anniversary of the ballpark.

Personal life

Robinson met his future wife, Constance Louise "Connie" Butcher, on an Orioles team flight from Kansas City to Boston in July 1959, where she was working as a flight attendant for United Airlines. He was so smitten with her that he kept ordering iced teas from her. Some of his teammates encouraged him to go talk to her. After drinking his third glass, he returned it to her in the galley. There he told her: "I want to tell you something. If any of these guys, the Baltimore Orioles, ask you for a date, tell 'em you don't date married men. Understand? I'm the only single guy on the team." Actually, nearly half of the Orioles were single. Before the plane landed in Boston the two had made a date to go out. The two were married in her hometown of Windsor, Ontario, Canada on October 8, 1960. They resided in Owings Mills, Maryland, a suburb of Baltimore. They had four children: Brooks David (b. 1961), Chris (b. 1963), Michael (b. 1964), and Diana (b. 1968).

Raised a Methodist, in 1970 Robinson converted to Catholicism, his wife's faith. He was inspired to do so when his son, Brooks David, asked why he always went to a different church than the rest of the family on Sunday mornings. In deciding to convert, Robinson sought the advice of family friend Father Martin Schwalenberg, who taught Robinson about the Catholic faith. "For me, there is still one absolute–Jesus Christ," Robinson wrote in his 1974 autobiography. "The rest of us are still trying to reach his spiritual perfection, and that's the significant goal, no matter what form our worship takes." He was a member of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes since early in his baseball career.

One of Robinson's biggest hobbies was reading; while he was with the Orioles, he was a part of multiple book clubs. "Books about the Civil War and about World War II especially appeal to me," he wrote in his 1974 autobiography. He also enjoyed country western music.

Health issues and death
Robinson was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2009, but it was discovered early, he underwent a successful emergency surgery, and his treatments were also successful. In 2010, doctors performed another emergency surgery for a large abdominal operation on Robinson. While recovering from it, he developed an infection on March 31, 2011, and spent nearly a month in the hospital. Even after he was released, further complications with the condition left him weakened the rest of the year.

In January 2012, Robinson attended a charity banquet at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in South Florida. While sitting on the third level of a raised platform on a stage, he leaned backwards, and his chair fell off the platform, resulting in another month-long hospital stay and more rehabilitation. In April 2014, Robinson and his attorneys sought a $9.9 million settlement with the Seminole Tribe of Florida as a result of the accident.

Robinson died from heart disease at home in Owings Mills on September 26, 2023, at age 86.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

Book sources

Further reading

External links

Official website

1937 births
2023 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Colombia
American expatriate baseball players in Cuba
American people of German descent
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League RBI champions
American Roman Catholics
Baseball players from Baltimore
Baseball players from Little Rock, Arkansas
Baltimore Orioles players
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baltimore Orioles announcers
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Methodism
Gold Glove Award winners
Little Rock Central High School alumni
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
San Antonio Missions players
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners
People from Owings Mills, Maryland
Deaths from coronary artery disease

Brooks Robinson


Stagg, Belçika merkezli, 1956'dan beri çeşitli müzik aletleri üreten bir firmadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.staggmusic.com/

1995'te kurulan şirketler

Stagg


Zion Lateef Williamson (født 6. juli 2000 i Salisbury, North Carolina, USA) er en amerikansk basketballspiller (power forward/small forward) Han spiller i NBA-ligaen for New Orleans Pelicans.

Tidligt liv og college
Efter at have dyrket både fodbold og amerikansk fodbold som lille kastede Williamson sig over basketball i en alder af 5 år. Allerede i sine high school-år trak han landsdækkende overskrifter på grund af sit enorme talent og fremtrædende fysik. Som 16-årig var han 203 cm. høj og vejede 104 kg. Han blev udtaget til en række all-star-kampe for USA's bedste high school-spillere, inden han i 2018 blev rekrutteret af et af de mest berømte college-hold i landet, Duke University i hjemstaten North Carolina.

I sit ene år hos Duke, sæsonen 2018-19, var Williamson en kæmpe stjerne for basketballholdet, hvor han under ledelse af den legendariske træner Mike Krzyzewski allerede som freshman (førsteårsspiller) blev kåret til årets college-spiller. Han nåede at spille 33 kampe for holdet i løbet af sæsonen, og scorede i gennemsnit 22,6 point og lavede 8,6 rebounds. Duke vandt 29 af sæsonens 34 kampe, og blev rangeret som det bedste hold i landet af flere medier, inden man blev slået ud i kvartfinalen i play-offs. Williamson var sæsonens helt store stjerne i ligaen. Efterspørgslen på billetter til Duke's kampe var enorm i sæsonens løb, og Zion Williamson selv blev et hit på de sociale medier, hvor han i løbet af sæsonen nåede op på mere end 2 millioner instagram-følgere.

I april 2019, efter kun ét år i college, som er det minimum man skal spille for at kunne blive udtaget til NBA, meddelte Williamson at han ville melde sig klar til 2019-udgaven af NBA's draft. Flere medier beskrev ham på dette tidspunkt som det største talent til at komme ind i NBA siden LeBron James, der blev udtaget i 2003.

NBA
Ved NBA-udtagelsen 2019, der blev afholdt 20. juni 2019 i New York City, blev Williamson udtaget som den første af alle spillere af New Orleans Pelicans, der et par uger forinden havde vundet et lotteri om retten til det første valg. Han blev samtidig den første spiller nogensinde født i det 21. århundrede til at blive udtaget til NBA.

NBA-klubber
 2019- New Orleans Pelicans

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Basketballspillere fra USA
Personer fra North Carolina

Zion Williamson


Thrall, Warcraft evreninde bulunan kurgusal bir karakterdir, Frostwolf Clan'ın lideri ve Horde'ların başıdır. Ayrıca Warcraft oyunlarında ve kitaplarında bulunan ana karakterlerden biridir.

Thrall karakteri aslında Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans adlı Warcraft evreninde geçen bir macera oyununda olacaktı ancak bu eser yapım aşamasında durduruldu. Karakter daha sonra bize Warcraft III PC oyununun manual'inde tanıtılmıştır.

Warcraft III'de Horde'u Kalimdor'a götüren oynanabilen bir karakterdir. Ayrıca World Of Warcraft'da NPC olarak bulunur.

Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Warcraft

Thrall


متحف جبران الذي أُقيم في (دير مار سركيس) في بلدة بشري هو متحف مخصص للتعريف بالفيلسوف والرسام والشاعر والكاتب اللبناني جبران خليل جبران. تأسس عام 1935 ويحتوي على 440 لوحة ورسومات ومخطوطات أصلية له. كما يحتوي على أدوات محرفه الذي استعمله خلال حياته في نيويورك. في عام 1926، أثناء وجوده في نيويورك، قرر جبران شراء الدير لاستخدامه كمكان لتقاعده، وكذلك الكهف كمكان لدفنه النهائي. بناءً على طلبه، اشترت شقيقته ماريانا كل من الدير والكهف. في 22 أغسطس 1931، وصلت رفات جبران إلى بشري. لم يحدث تحويل الدير الجديد إلى متحف حتى عام 1975، عندما قامت اللجنة الوطنية لجبران بترميم الدير وبناء جناح جديد في الجانب الشرقي. تم ربط طوابق المتحف من خلال سلم داخلي لإنشاء مساحة متناغمة يتم فيها عرض أعمال جبران. في عام 1995، تم توسيع المتحف بشكل أكبر وتزويده بمعدات حديثة تمكّنه من عرض المجموعة الكاملة من مخطوطات جبران ورسومه ولوحاته.

تم تنفيذ مخطط للموقع بأكمله بما في ذلك التمديدات ومواقف السيارات وطريق الوصول في صيف عام 2003 بهدف الحفاظ على هذا الجزء من التراث اللبناني المصبوب في موقع ثقافي وسياحي متميز.

الصور

المراجع

 الموقع الرسمي لأصدقاء جبران

تأسيسات سنة 1935 في لبنان
جبران خليل جبران
قضاء بشري
متاحف أدبية في لبنان
متاحف أسست في 1935
متاحف تاريخ
متاحف سير الحياة في لبنان

متحف جبران


Amazasp III. od Iberije (gruz. ამაზასპ III), bio je pobunjeni kralj Iberije između 260. i 265. godine. Ovaj se kralj ne spominje u gruzijskim izvorima; po njegovu imenu morao je biti pretendent na prijestolje, potječući iz ogranka kraljevske obitelji Artaksida. Njega je za protu-kralja postavio sasanidski Veliki kralj Šapur I. iz Perzije, suprotstavljajući ga Arsakidu Mitridatu II. Šapur I. je do tada već bio preuzeo vlast u Armeniji, gdje je eliminirao člana iste dinastije Arsakida.

Postojanje ovog kralja poznato je iz trojezičnog Šapurovog natpisa na stijeni u Nakš-e Rustamu, blizu Stakhra, drevnog Perzepolisa i svetog središta dinastije Sasanida, gdje se među popisima spominje kao "Amazasp, kralj Kartlije", vazal kralja: Ardašira od Adiabene, Ardašira od Kermana, Denak, kraljice Harakene ... a kao jedan od kraljeva u službi te zemlje: "koji su pod našom vlašću".

Čini se da je Amazasp III. bio lišen prijestolja 265. godine, upravo onog trenutka kada je Šapurova carska aktivnost bila definitivno pri kraju.

Izvori

Gruzijski vladari

Amazasp III. od Iberije


Ramnaceele (Rhamnaceae) sunt o familie de plante superioare angiosperme dicotiledonate din ordinul Rosales, care cuprinde 53 de genuri cu cca 875 de specii de plante lemnoase, arbuști sau arbori, adesea spinoși, răspândite în toate regiunile globului. Frunzele sunt căzătoare sau persistente, simple, întregi, alterne sau opuse, cu stipele mici, caduce sau transformate în spini. Flori de obicei mici, hermafrodite actinomorfe, solitare sau în inflorescențe cimoase, axilare, fasciculate, mai rar racemiforme. Receptacul axului floral în formă de cupă sau pahar. Caliciul dialisepal, cu 4-5 sepale valvate. Corola dialipetală, cu 4-5 petale mici, adesea concave sau glugate. Androceul, cu 4-5 stamine așezate în fața petalelor. Gineceul, cu 2-5 (de regulă 3) carpele, unite, cu ovar inferior, liber sau concrescut cu receptaculul, 2-4 (5)-locular, în fiecare lojă se află un ovul bazal, ascendent și apotrop, stilul este simplu sau divizat. Fructul este o capsulă pluriloculară sau drupă cu mai mulți sâmburi. Organele vegetative conțin glicozide (emodină), mucilagii și saponine. Fructele unor specii (Ziziphus jujuba, Ziziphus lotus) sunt comestibile. Mai multe specii de Rhamnus, datorită principiilor purgativi, conținuți în fructe (emodină, frangulozidă) și scoarță, prezintă un interes medical deosebit. Coloranții extrași din scoarță unor specii sunt folosiți în vopsitorii. Flora României conține 5 specii ce aparțin la 4 genuri.

Specii din România
Flora României conține 5 specii ce aparțin la 3-4 genuri: Paliurus; Ziziphus; Rhamnus; Frangula (care este inclusă de unii autori în Rhamnus):
Paliurus
Paliurus spina-christi = Spinul lui Christos, Păliur
Rhamnus
Rhamnus cathartica = Verigariu, Spinul cerbului
Rhamnus saxatilis = Verigariu
Rhamnus frangula (Frangula alnus) = Crușân, Crușin, Pațachină
Ziziphus
Ziziphus jujuba = Finap, Măslin dobrogean

Note

Bibliografie
 Flora Republicii Populare Romîne. Redactor principal: Acad. Traian Săvulescu. Volumul VI. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, 1958
 Constantin Pârvu. Universul plantelor. Mică enciclopedie. Ediția a III-a Revăzută și completată. Editura Enciclopedică. București, 2000
 Constantin Pârvu. Dicționar enciclopedic de mediu (DEM), Volumul 1-2. Regia Autonomă Monitorul oficial, 2005
 Iuliu Morariu, Ioan Todor. Botanică sistematică. Ediția a II-a  revizuită. Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. București, 1972
 Ioan Hodișan, Ioan Pop. Botanică sistematică. Editura Didactică și  Pedagogică. București, 1976
 Alexandru Buia, Anton Nyárády, Mihai Răvăruț. Botanica agricolă. Vol. II. Sistematica plantelor. Editura Agro-Silvică. București.1965

Legături externe

Rhamnaceae

Ramnacee


إليونورا دي ميديشي (28 فبراير 1567 - 9 سبتمبر 1611) البنت الكبرى لفرانشيسكو الأول دي ميديشي ويوهانا هابسبورغ . في 1578 ، كانت إليونورا في الحادية عشرة من عندما توفيت والدتها ، والدها وتزوج في وقت لاحق من بيانكا كابيلو . وكانت واحدة من سبعة أخوة ، إحداهم ماري دي ميديشي أصبحت ملكة فرنسا و والدة لويس الثالث عشر ، جعلت ماري شقيقتها يليونورا عرابة لويس. شقيقة إيليونورا و ماري أيضا تدعى آنا توفيت بسن 14 عاما ، بقية أشقاء إليونورا و ماري ماتوا بمرحلة الطفولة.

مراجع

إيطاليون في القرن 17
أشخاص من فلورنسا
إيطاليات في القرن 16
إيطاليات في القرن 17
إيطاليون في القرن 16
بنات ملكيون
حاكمات في القرن 16
حاكمات في القرن 17
غونزاغا
مواليد 1566
مواليد 1567
مواليد عقد 1560
مواليد في فلورنسا
ميديشي
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 16
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 17
نبلاء من فلورنسا
وفيات 1611
وفيات مرتبطة بالمرض في إيطاليا
وفيات مرتبطة بالمرض في لومبارديا

إليونورا دي ميديشي


Friedrich Josef Fenz (* 5. Dezember 1892 in Gasen, Steiermark; † 17. Februar 1943 in der Sowjetunion gefallen) war ein hochrangiger SA-Führer.

Leben
Fenz nahm als Generalstabsoffizier der k.u.k. Armee am Ersten Weltkrieg teil, kämpfte 1919 in einem deutschen Freikorps im Baltikum und gehörte in den Jahren 1920 bis 1928 erst dem Oberschlesischen Selbstschutz, dann dem Steirischen Heimatschutz an.

Zum 1. Februar 1928 trat Fenz der Ortsgruppe Graz der NSDAP bei (Mitgliedsnummer 81.622). Bis Ende des Jahres 1933 war er Führer der SA-Gruppenbefehlsstelle Südmark in Österreich. Nach einer Verhaftung auf der jugoslawischen Seite der steirischen Grenze schob man ihn nach Deutschland ab, wo er von April 1934 an der SA-Organisation Hilfswerk Nordwest angehörte. 1936 zum SA-Brigadeführer befördert, wurde Fenz in Mannheim stellvertretender Führer und Stabsführer der SA-Gruppe Kurpfalz und stand auf der Liste des Führers für Reichstagswahl 1936, erlangte aber kein Mandat. Vom 1. Januar bis zum 31. Oktober 1937 war er Führer der SA-Gruppe Kurpfalz und stand, nachdem er mit der Beförderung zum Gruppenführer den zweithöchsten SA-Rang erlangt hatte, für die Reichstagswahl 1938 auf der Liste des Führers zur Wahl des Großdeutschen Reichstages am 10. April 1938; abermals erhielt er kein Reichstagsmandat. Am 1. Januar 1939 kehrte Fenz nach Graz zurück und trat bei Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs im Rang eines Hauptmanns seinen Kriegsdienst an. Ab dem 1. September 1941 war er Hauptkommissar (nicht im Sinne eines Polizeidienstgrads, sondern als Verwaltungsbeamter) des Hauptgebiets Baranowitschi und wurde zum Sonderstab Rosenberg berufen.

Am 17. Februar 1943 wurde Fenz in den Pripjet-Sümpfen (Ukraine) bei einem Partisanenüberfall tödlich getroffen.

Literatur
 Erich Stockhorst: Fünftausend Köpfe. Blick + Bild Verlag, 1967
 Christian Gerlach: Kalkulierte Morde. Hamburger Edition, 1999. ISBN 3930908549

Weblinks
Biographischer Eintrag bei der Bayerischen Landesbibliothek
Generalbezirk Weißruthenien

Einzelnachweise

Person (deutsche Besetzung Weißrusslands 1941–1944)
SA-Mitglied
NSDAP-Mitglied
Freikorps-Mitglied
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Österreich-Ungarn)
Österreicher
Geboren 1892
Gestorben 1943
Mann

Friedrich Fenz


Vlad Țepeș (veraltet Bărăganul Nou) ist eine Gemeinde im Kreis Călărași in der Walachei, Rumänien.

Geographische Lage

Die Gemeinde Vlad Țepeș liegt in der Walachischen Tiefebene (Câmpia Română) in der historischen Region der Großen Walachei. Im Bărăgan an der Nationalstraße DN3, etwa zehn Kilometer südlich von der rumänischen A2 – Teil der Europastraße 81 –, liegt der Ort Vlad Țepeș 30 Kilometer nordwestlich von der Kreishauptstadt Călărași; die rumänische Hauptstadt Bukarest befindet sich etwa 100 Kilometer westlich von Vlad Țepeș entfernt.

Auf dem Areal der Gemeinde sind keine fließenden Gewässer. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgt vom 24 Hektar großen Teich beim eingemeindeten Dorf Mihai Viteazu, oder durch die etwa 0,5–20 Meter tiefen Brunnen.

Geschichte
Das eingemeindete Dorf Mihai Viteazu mit der veralteten Bezeichnung Bărăganul, wurde erstmals 1857–1858 im Zentrum der gleichnamigen Tiefebene erfasst. Der heutige Ort Vlad Țepeș entstand erst 1893 unter der Bezeichnung Bărăganul Nou und gehörte zehn Jahre zum heute eingemeindeten Dorf, bis 1903 der Ort Vlad Țepeș zum Gemeindezentrum ernannt wurde.

Bevölkerung
2002 lebten in der Gemeinde 2619 Einwohner. 2.616 davon waren Rumänen und drei bezeichneten sich als Türken. Bei der Volkszählung 2011 wurden in der Gemeinde Vlad Țepeș in 1205 Haushalten 2336 Menschen gezählt. 2087 waren Rumänen, 80 waren Roma und die restlichen wurden ohne ethnische Angaben registriert.

Die Hauptbeschäftigung der Bevölkerung ist die Viehzucht und die Landwirtschaft.

Weblinks
 Vlad Țepeș bei ghidulprimariilor.ro
 Vlad Țepeș auf saad-engine.net

Einzelnachweise

Vlad Țepeș (Călărași)


Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (23 Eylül 1890, Breitenau, Hessen - 1 Şubat 1957, Dresden, Doğu Almanya), özellikle II. Dünya Savaşında etkin rol oynayan Alman Feldmareşali.

Hayatı

I. Dünya Savaşı

Alman Donanması'na katılmak istediyse de başvurusu kabul edilmemişti. Münih üniversitesinde hukuk eğitimi gördükten sonra 1909 yılında İmparatorluk ordusuna katıldı. Astsubay oldu. Şubat 1910 yılında 111. Piyade Alayına katıldı. 1911'de 3. Baden Piyade bölüğünün başında teğmen olarak görev aldı. 4 Temmuz 1912'de Elena Rosetti-Solescu ile evlendi.

I. Dünya Savaşı'nda 3. Tabur karargâh subayı olarak görev aldı. Hem doğu hem batı cephesinde çok sayıda başarılı görevler aldı. Bir kurmay subay olarak Alpenkorps'a katılarak Makedonya, Fransa ve Sırbistan'da görev yaptı. Savaşın sonunda bir yüzbaşı idi.

Mütarekeden sonra, Paulus bir tugay'da emir subayı olarak doğu'da Freikorps ile savaştı.

II. Dünya Savaşı

1940 yılının Ağustos ayında Korgeneralliğe terfi etti ve bir ay sonra Alman Genelkurmay başkan yardımcısı olarak atandı. Bu görevde Sovyetler Birliği'nin işgali için planlarını hazırlamaya yardımcı oldu. General der Panzertruppe rütbesine terfi etti ve Ocak 1942 yılında Alman 6. Ordu Komutanı oldu.

II. Dünya Savaşı ile beraber Batı cephesinde etkin rol oynadı. 1941 yılında Adolf Hitler kendisini generalliğe terfi ettirdi ve 6. Ordu ile beraber Dnipro savaşını kazandı. Bunu takip eden savaşlarda mühimmat, özellikle benzin sıkıntısı çekmesine rağmen büyük başarılar elde etti. Yeni görevi Stalingrad'ı ele geçirmekti. Sovyetler Stalingrad önlerine 600.000 kişilik birlikle 6. orduyu karşıladılar. Zor durumda olan Paulus'un yardımına Feldmareşal Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist'ın 1. Panzer ordusu geldi. Tekrar toparlanan 6. Ordu Stalingrad'a girmeye başladı. Ana birliklerden uzaklaşan Almanlar tankların zor ilerlediği yıkık evlerden sniper (keskin nişancı) atışların yapıldığı dar sokaklarda çok asker kaybetmeye başladılar. Sovyetler taze birliklerle 6. orduyu kuşatmaya başladılar. Hitler, 4. Panzer Ordusu'nun 6. Ordu'yu kurtarmasını istedi. Erich von Manstein bunu gerçekleştiremedi. Artık Alman ordusu tamamen sarılmıştı. 13 Ocak 1943 itibarıyla 6. Ordunun 40.000 üzerinde yaralısı vardı. Mühimmat ve yiyecekleri bitmişti. Paulus havadan geleceği vadedilen ikmali acilen istiyordu, ancak uçaklar Rus uçaksavarların ateş fırtınasının içinden güçbela geçebiliyorlardı. Öyle ki Alman Hava Kuvvetleri, Stalingrad'ı havadan ikmal etmeye çalışırken 488 nakliye uçağını kaybetti. Böylece Alman nakliye uçakları filosu başlangıçtaki mevcudunun yaklaşık üçte ikisini kaybetmiş oldu. Paulus, Hitler'den ordusunun hala savaşma kabiliyeti bulunan birlikleriyle yarma harekâtı yaparak Rus çemberinin dışına çıkmasına izin vermesini istediğini bildirdi. Bu talep karşısında Hitler tepki gösterdi, Keitel ve Zeitzler'e: "Paulus böyle saçma şeylerle karşıma çıkmaya yeltenmesin sakın! Oradan dışarıya artık zaten çıkamaz, isteğini reddediyorum!" dedi. 30 Ocak 1943 tarihinde Paulus'un teslim olmayı düşündüğünü anlayan Hitler ona "Sizi feldmareşal yapıyorum ve şunu unutmayın ki şimdiye kadar hiçbir Alman feldmareşali esir düşmedi" dedi ve bu şekilde ondan dolaylı olarak intihar etmesini istedi. Paulus ise ertesi gün, 31 Ocak 1943 tarihinde kurmaylarıyla birlikte Sovyet 64. Ordusuna teslim oldu. 2 Şubat 1943 sabahında ise XI kolorduyla birlikte Stalingrad'da çembere alınan 6. Ordu'nun son bölümü de teslim oldu. Paulus, 23 Ocak 1943 tarihinde Stalingrad'dan kalkan son uçakla beraber karısına evlilik yüzüğünü göndermiş ve karısını ömrünün sonuna kadar tekrar görememiştir.

Savaştan Sonra
Paulus ilk başta Sovyetlerle işbirliği yapmayı reddetti. Bununla birlikte, 20 Temmuz 1944'te Hitler'e suikast girişiminde bulunulduktan sonra, Sovyet esaretinde iken Nazi rejiminin sesli bir eleştirmeni oldu ve Sovyet destekli Özgür Almanya için Almanlara teslim olmaya çağıran Ulusal Komite'ye katıldı.

Savaştan sonra 1946 yılında suçlu bulunarak hapse mahkûm edildi. Daha sonra Nürnberg Mahkemelerinde iddia makamının tanığı olarak görev yaptı. 1953 yılına kadar hapishanede kaldı. Nürnberg Mahkemelerinde sırasında, Paulus'a bir gazeteci tarafından Stalingrad mahkûmları akıbeti soruldu. Stalingrad'da esir alınan 91.000 Alman mahkûmunun yarısı Sibirya esir kamplarına yürüyüşleri sırasında ölmüştü, ve yaklaşık olarak birçok tutsak ölmüş; yaklaşık olarak sadece 6.000 asker evine dönebilmişti. 1953 yılında Alman Demokratik Cumhuriyetine taşımasına izin verildi ve 1953-1956 yılları arasında Doğu Almanya'daki Dresden'de hayatını devam ettirdi. Burada Doğu Alman Askeri Tarih Araştırma Enstitüsü sivil şefi olarak çalıştı. 1956 yılında Motor Nöron hastalığı nedeniyle felç oldu.

1956 sonlarında Amyotrofik lateral skleroz hastalığı gelişti ve giderek zayıfladı. Birkaç ay içinde Dresden'de, 1 Şubat 1957'de, Stalingrad'da teslim olmasından 14 yıl ve bir gün sonra öldü. Vasiyeti üzerine cenazesi Hauptfriedhof'a (ana mezarlık), Batı Almanya'da, Baden'de, 1949 yılında sekiz yıl önce ölen eşinin yanına gömülmek üzere taşındı. Kocasını, doğu cephesinden ayrıldığı günden beri (1942) görmemişti.

Dış bağlantılar
 Almanya Tarih Müzesi
 Sovetika.ru - site about Soviet era Articles about and by Paulus

Notlar

Kaynakça

Demir Haç sahipleri
1890 doğumlular
1957 yılında ölenler
Heer generalleri
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası'nın askerleri
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda savaş tutsakları
Generalfeldmarschall
Alman savaş tutsakları
Hessen doğumlular

Friedrich Paulus


Janusz Zarenkiewicz (* 3. August 1959 in Nowy Las, Głuchołazy) ist ein ehemaliger polnischer Boxer im Superschwergewicht (+ 91 kg). Seine größten Erfolge waren der Gewinn einer Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Spielen 1988 in Seoul und den Europameisterschaften 1985 in Budapest.

Boxkarriere
Zarenkiewicz trainierte in den Vereinen Pogoń Prudnik (1975–1977), Moto-Jelcz Oława (1978–1983) und Zagłębie Lubin (ab 1983). Er wurde 1977 Polnischer Juniorenmeister und 1979 Polnischer U20-Meister im Schwergewicht, sowie 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987 und 1989 jeweils Polnischer Meister im Superschwergewicht.

Bei der Europameisterschaft 1985 in Budapest siegte er im Viertelfinale gegen Biagio Chianese, konnte jedoch anschließend aufgrund einer Kieferverletzung nicht zu seinem Halbfinalkampf gegen Wjatscheslaw Jakowlew antreten und schied daher mit einer Bronzemedaille aus. Eine weitere Bronzemedaille gewann er bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1988 in Seoul, nachdem er aufgrund einer Gesichtsverletzung nicht für den Halbfinalkampf gegen Lennox Lewis freigegeben worden war. Zuvor hatte er sich gegen Andreas Schnieders und Harold Arroyo durchgesetzt.

Darüber hinaus war er Teilnehmer der Weltmeisterschaft 1986 (Viertelfinalniederlage gegen Wjatscheslaw Jakowlew), sowie der Europameisterschaft 1987 (Viertelfinalniederlage gegen Ulli Kaden) und der Europameisterschaft 1989 (Viertelfinalniederlage gegen Alexander Miroschnitschenko).

Er beendete seine Boxkarriere nach 207 Kämpfen mit 168 Siegen.

Weiteres
Zarenkiewicz ist Absolvent der Baufachschule in Nysa und langjähriger Mitarbeiter der Kupfermine Rudna in Polkowice. 1995 wurde er Präsident des Boxclubs MKB Górnik Lubin.

Weblinks

BoxRec
 Janusz Zarenkiewicz, Olimpijski

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988
Polnischer Meister (Boxen)
Boxer (Polen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Polen)
Sportler (Prudnik)
Pole
Mann
Geboren 1959

Janusz Zarenkiewicz


أوغست إيفردينغ
ولد 31 أكتوبر 1928 في بوتروب وتوفى في 26 يناير 1999 في ميونخ) كان مخرج ومدير وسياسي ثقافي ألماني.

حياته

ولد إيفردينغ سنة 1928 في مدينة بوتروب الواقعة في شمال غرب حوض الرور بشمال الراين-غرب فالن غرب ألمانيا، درس في مدينة بون، ثم في مدينة ميونخ الفلسفة والإلهيات ودراسات ألمانية، وعلوم المسرح، عمل فيما بعد ابتداء من سنة 1953 كمدير مساعد، ثم أصبح سنة 1955 مخرج، ثم قائد أوبرا التمثيل سنة 1959، ثم مدير التمثيل سنة 1960، فمديرا سنة 1963. سنة 1973 انتقل للعمل كمدير لأوبرا الدولة هامبورغ، 1977 في أوبرا الدولة البافاري في ميونخ.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أعضاء النيشان البافاري الماكسيميلياني للعلوم والفن
أشخاص من بوتروب
أشخاص من لوبين
خريجو جامعة بون
خريجو جامعة لودفيش ماكسيميليان في ميونخ
رومان كاثوليك ألمان
مخرجو أوبرا ألمان
مخرجو تلفزيون ألمان
مخرجو مسرح ألمان
مواليد 1928
مواليد في بوتروب
وفيات 1999
وفيات في ميونخ

أوغست إيفردينغ


Nasution ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Abdul Haris Nasution (1918–2000), indonesischer General
 Harun Nasution (1919–1998), indonesischer Islamwissenschaftler und muslimischer Reformer
 Irsal Nasution, indonesischer Poolbillardspieler

Nasution


Agrilus zhelochovtsevi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Alexeev, 1981.

Referências

zhelochovtsevi

Agrilus zhelochovtsevi


"22" er en sang af den irske sanger Sarah McTernan. Den repræsenterede Irland i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv, Israel, hvor den røg ud i semifinalen.

Referencer

Sange fra 2019
Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Irland

22 (Sarah McTernan-sang)


Alpheidae, Alpheoidea üstfamilyasına bağlı bir hayvan familyasıdır.

Taksonomi
Alpheidae familyasına bağlı cinsler (2022):

 Acanthanas - Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Jeng, 2006
 Alpheopsis - Coutière, 1896
 Alpheus - Fabricius, 1798
 Amphibetaeus - Coutière, 1896
 Arete - Stimpson, 1860
 Aretopsis - De Man, 1910
 Athanas - Leach, 1814
 Athanopsis - Coutière, 1897
 Automate - De Man, 1888
 Bannereus - Bruce, 1988
 Batella - Holthuis, 1955
 Bermudacaris - Anker & Iliffe, 2000
 Betaeopsis - Yaldwyn, 1971
 Betaeus - Dana, 1852
 Bruceopsis - Anker, 2010
 Caligoneus - Komai & Fujita, 2018
 Coronalpheus - Wicksten, 1999
 Coutieralpheus - Anker & Felder, 2005
 Deioneus - Dworschak, Anker & Abed-Navandi, 2000
 Fenneralpheus - Felder & Manning, 1986
 Harperalpheus - Felder & Anker, 2007
 Jengalpheops - Anker & Dworschak, 2007
 Leptalpheus - Williams, 1965
 Leptathanas - De Grave & Anker, 2008
 Leslibetaeus - Anker, Poddoubtchenko & Wehrtmann, 2006
 Metabetaeus - Borradaile, 1899
 Metalpheus - Coutière, 1908
 Mohocaris - Holthuis, 1973
 Nennalpheus - A. H. Banner & D. M. Banner, 1981
 Notalpheus - Méndez G. & Wicksten, 1982
 Orygmalpheus - De Grave & Anker, 2000
 Pachelpheus - Anker, 2020
 Parabetaeus - Coutière, 1896
 Pomagnathus - Chace, 1937
 Potamalpheops - Powell, 1979
 Prionalpheus - A. H. Banner & D. M. Banner, 1960
 Pseudalpheopsis - Anker, 2007
 Pseudathanas - Bruce, 1983
 Pterocaris - Heller, 1862
 Racilius - Paul'son, 1875
 Richalpheus - Anker & Jeng, 2006
 Rugathanas - Anker & Jeng, 2007
 Salmoneus - Holthuis, 1955
 Stenalpheops - Miya, 1997
 Synalpheus - Bate, 1888
 Thuylamea - Nguyen, 2001
 Triacanthoneus - Anker, 2010
 Vexillipar - Chace, 1988
 Yagerocaris - Kensley, 1988

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Alpheoidea

Alpheidae


Héctor Noesí (nacido el 26 de enero de 1987 en Esperanza) es un lanzador dominicano que actualmente es un agente libre.
Noesí firmó con los Yankees como agente libre internacional en 2004. Hizo su debut profesional en 2006 con los Gulf Coast League Yankees. Fue asignado a Clase-A con Charleston RiverDogs en 2007, pero se lesionó, necesitando una cirugía Tommy John.

Saludable en el 2009, Noesí lanzó bien en Charleston y en Clase-A avanzada con Tampa Yankees. Después de la temporada 2009, Noesí fue añadido al roster de 40 jugadores para protegerlo de la Regla 5.

Noesí comenzó el 2010 con Tampa Yankees, pero fue promovido a Doble-A con Trenton Thunder, donde fue nombrado Lanzador de la Semana de la Eastern League que terminó el 6 de junio de 2010, y en Triple-A para Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees. Noesí participó en el Juego de Futuras Estrellas de 2010.

El 13 de abril de 2011, Noesí fue llamado a las Grandes Ligas por primera vez en su carrera, en sustitución del relevista Luis Ayala, a quien los Yankees pusieron en la lista de lesionados. Noesí fue enviado a Triple-A el 22 de abril sin haber hecho su debut en las mayores.

Noesí hizo su debut en Grandes Ligas el 18 de mayo de 2011, lanzando cuatro entradas como relevista sin permitir anotaciones y obteniendo la victoria en un juego de entradas extras contra los Orioles de Baltimore. Abrió su primer juego de Grandes Ligas el 21 de septiembre de 2011.

Durante la temporada baja 2011-12, los Yanquis canjearon a Noesí a los Marineros de Seattle con Jesús Montero por Michael Pineda y el lanzador de ligas menores José Campos. En la temporada 2019 el 22 de enero Los Marlins firmaron a noesi con un contrato de liga menor y compraron su contrato y lo asignaron a triple A de New orleans zephrys pero eligió la agencia libre el 17 de octubre de 2019.El 10 de diciembre de 2019 los Piratas de pittsburgh lo firmaron con un contrato de liga menor.noesi decidió no participar en la temporada 2020 y se convirtió en agente libre el 2 de noviembre.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 MLB
 Baseball-Reference
 Fangraphs
 The Baseball Cube

Beisbolistas de República Dominicana
Lanzadores de República Dominicana
Beisbolistas de New York Yankees
Beisbolistas de los Tigres del Licey
Nacidos en la provincia Valverde

Héctor Noesí


was a town located in Shimoge District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 5,574 and the density of 121.12 persons per km2. The total area was 46.02 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Sankō, along with the towns of Hon'yabakei, Yabakei and Yamakuni (all from Shimoge District), was merged into the expanded city of Nakatsu.

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture

Sankō, Ōita


Vance M. Badawey, né le  à Port Colborne, est un entrepreneur et homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral libéral de la circonscription ontarienne de Welland depuis 2015.

Biographie
Né à Port Colborne en Ontario, Badawey entame une carrière publique en devenant conseiller municipal de Port Colborne en 1994. En 1997, il est élu au poste de maire. Il se retire en 2003, mais redevient maire en 2006 jusqu'en 2014. Simultanément, il sert comme conseiller de la municipalité régionale de Niagara et siège au conseil d'administration des services de police.

Élu député de Welland à la Chambre des communes en 2015 sous la bannière du Parti libéral du Canada, il est réélu en 2019 et 2021. En , il est nommé secrétaire parlementaire de Patty Hajdu, ministre des Services aux Autochtones.

Résultats électoraux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1964
Naissance en Ontario
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Parti libéral du Canada
Maire de Port Colborne
Conseillers municipaux ontariens

Vance Badawey


La cloruro peroxidasa (CPO) o cloroperoxidasa es una enzima que cataliza la formación de enlaces estables C-Cl. También es capaz de oxidar los aniones bromuro y ioduro. Las enzimas de este tipo son o bien del tipo hemo-tiolato (contienen el grupo heme) o bien contienen vanadato. Catalizan la reacción:

RH + Cl- + H2O2  RCl + 2 H2O

Tipos de cloroperoxidasas

Un ejemplo del tipo heme-tiolato es la enzima secretada por el hongo ascomiceto Leptoxyphium fumago. Esta enzima cataliza la producción de ácido hipocloroso tranfiriendo un oxígeno desde el H2H2 hacia un anión cloruro. Mientras que en un sitio catalítico separado cataliza la cloración de sustratos alifáticos y aromáticos activados, por medio del HClO y sus especies cloradas derivadas. En ausencia de halógenos, muestra actividad peroxidasa (por ejemplo para catalizar la oxidación del fenol) y peroxigenasa. Esta última actividad permite por ejemplo insertar oxígeno desde el H2H2, en una cadena de estireno (epoxidación de cadena lateral) o en una molécula de tolueno (hidroxilación bencílica). Sin embargo estas actividades son menos pronunciadas que su actividad con los halógenos. Posee una pequeña actividad con sustratos no activados tales como anillos aromáticos, éteres o alcanos saturados.

La cloroperoxidasa producida por el hongo ascomiceto Curvularia inaequalis es un ejemplo de una cloroperoxidasa con vanadio, y se encuentra emparentada con la bromuro peroxidasa (EC 188.8.131.52). Esta enzima contiene vanadato y es capaz de oxidar el cloruro, bromuro y yoduro en sus respectivos hipohaloácidos. En ausencia de halógenos, es capaz de peroxigenar sulfuros orgánicos y oxidar el ABTS ( [ácido 2,2'-azinobis(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico] pero no actúa sobre los fenoles.

Algunos organismos que expresan estas enzimas son: Aspergillus niger, Bazzania trilobata, Curvalaria inaequalis, Leptoxyphium fumago y Streptomyces toyocaensis.

Características

 Introduce el grupo cloruro en un amplio rango de moléculas orgánicas, formando enlaces C-Cl estables.
 Cataliza la producción de ácido hipocloroso transfiriendo un átomo de oxígeno del agua oxigenada al cloro. Es decir, también tiene acción peroxigenasa con el cloro.
 También oxida el bromo y el yodo.
 En sitios activos separados procede a clorar sustratos alifáticos y aromáticos, vía HCLO y especies cloradas derivadas.
 En la ausencia de haluros, muestra actividad peroxidasa (oxidación del fenol) y actividad peroxigenasa. Esta última introduce un átomo de oxígeno del agua oxigenada en el estireno (epoxidación) y tolueno (hidroxilación), aunque con actividad mucho menos pronunciada que su actividad con los haluros.
 Tiene poca actividad con sustratos no activados como anillos aromáticos, éteres o alcanos saturados.
 Las enzimas de este tipo son proteínas heme-tiolato, o contienen vanadio. Así, la enzima producida por la Leptoxyphium fumago es un ejemplo de proteína heme-tiolato. Por ejemplo, la enzima de la Curvalaria inaequalis es un ejemplo de vanadio cloroperoxidasa y está relacionada con la bromuro peroxidasa.

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de la base de datos ExPASy.

Peroxidasas
EC 1.11.1

Cloruro peroxidasa


Le Carnaval de Jacmel est l'une des festivités populaires et traditionnelles d'Haiti. Célébré tous les ans dans la commune de Jacmel le dimanche qui précède le carnaval de Port-au-Prince, il fait la promotion de la culture, des traditions, de l'art et de l'artisanat et met en valeur la culture locale telle que : la danse et la musique traditionnelles, la peinture, la sculpture et les masques géants en papier mâché.

Historique
Le carnaval est introduit en Haïti vers les XVIe et XVIIe siècles avec l'arrivée des Espagnols et des Français. Le papier mâché est surtout la spécificité du carnaval de Jacmel, ce qui remonterait au début des années 1980 avec les masques de Lionel Simonis représentant des animaux exotiques et des héros de l'indépendance nationale. En 1994 le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication a consacré le carnaval de Jacmel «carnaval national». L'évènement mobilise plusieurs acteurs de la vie nationale dans différents secteurs : institutions publiques, secteur des affaires, groupes musicaux, écoles de danse et de musique, bandes à pied, des établissements scolaires, etc. C'est aussi un rendez-vous touristique qui fait venir des visiteurs de partout dans le pays et de l'étranger. Marqué toujours par la richesse et la diversité des scènes de défilés. Le Carnaval de Jacmel est l'une des plus fortes raisons pour lesquelles l'UNESCO l'a reconnu comme "ville créative d'artisanat et d'arts populaires" en 2014. Dans les années 2016 et 2017 Corentin Fohlen a  installé son studio en pleine rue afin de prendre en photos des représentations des personnages. Durant ce festival, des touristes en profitent pour faire des tours de ville portant soit sur l'histoire de la ville, sa nature, la gastronomie haïtienne entre autres et Lakou Nouyòk est coloré, parsemé de petits bouts de céramique et de murales. Le carnaval est une activité génératrice de ressources économiques principales pour la plupart des artisans qui fabriquent des masques du papier mâché. D'année en d'année, les œuvres s'améliorent et deviennent plus expressives. Les créateurs utilisent aussi d'autres matériaux comme du papier argenté, des sachets de 'Chico' et des bouteilles de 'Brana' pour la confection des Diables comme en 2017.

En 2017, le carnaval se lance officiellement le dimanche 19 février, quelques mois après le passage de l'Ouragan Mathieu et rassemble des milliers de personnes qui viennent pour se défouler.

Le défilé pré-carnavalesque de la  édition du carnaval de Jacmel s'est déroulé le dimanche 13 février 2022. Par une conférence de presse, La Mairie de Jacmel et le comité du Carnaval annoncent les dispositions prises. Le 20 février 2022, l'évènement a été lancé autour du thème «Jakmèl vil kanaval pou toutan», en présence de la ministre de la Culture et de la Communication, Emmelie Prophète et du maire de la ville, Macky Kessa sur l'Avenue Barranquilla. Le rendu de couleurs a pris le ton avec des troupes de danse comme Explosion, Grand Soleil, New Dance, Stars du jour, Cerf volant et les groupes masqués, le côté musical était assuré par des bandes à pieds comme, entre autres, Sofar Band, Dolphin's Band.

Les slogans
Le Carnaval de Jacmel se déroule chaque année sous des thèmes spécifiquement pédagogiques, tels que:

 2008 : "Patrimwàn nou se fòs nou" (notre patrimoine est notre force).
 2009 : "Orijinalite m se pa m" (mon originalité est mienne).
 2022 : "Jakmèl vil kanaval pou toutan" (Jacmel ville de carnaval de toujours).

Cocktail poétique
Cocktail poétique est une traditionnelle cérémonie organisée chaque année la veille du carnaval de Jacmel en mettant en valeur un aspect remarquable du carnaval de Jacmel. En 2021, la quinzième édition a été organisée à l'hôtel Cap Lamandou, le samedi 6 février sous le thème : "Le Juif-errant et son appartenance dans les traditions carnavalesques jacmeliennes". Le texte de Wilson Décembre, docteur ès-Lettres, titré "Juif errant: du mythe à la figure carnavalesque a servi de référence pour fournir de plus amples détails concernant ce personnage.

Groupes et Représentations

Le défilé contient toujours des "groupes ornés de masques multicolores en papier mâché et de déguisements spectaculaires représentant des sujets très variés, visant souvent la classe politique, ses mœurs et méfaits", ainsi que des personnages mythologiques du folklore local et des religions judéo-chrétiennes:

Personnalités et animaux

 Tonton Macoute : désigne les membres de la milice paramilitaire entre 1958 et 1986 sous les dictatures de François puis de Jean-Claude Duvalier.
 Les taïnos : groupe de gens vivant sur l'île avant la colonisation par les Espagnols.
 Dragon

Mythologies et Divinités
 Zombis : dans la tradition vaudoue la transformation des gens en zombis par une substance fabriquée par le mélange d'ossements humains, de crapauds, de plantes, etc. La substance est utilisé pour souffler au visage de la personne concernée.
 Loups-garous
 Rois-diables
 Juifs errants : "est devenu cette figure mythique qui traverse le temps et l'espace, un homme-racine, un homme-tout-monde, dans le sens que lui aurait donné Édouard Glissant, évoluant au soleil tropical, pour devenir un des nôtres". En 2021, il a été à l'honneur au cocktail poétique.
 Damballa : Loa dans le vodou, représenté sous forme reptile qui est un "symbole positif car il communique aux hommes les connaissances occultes. Les fidèles possédés par Damballa se mettent à siffler et à ramper comme des serpents".

Danses
 Trese riban (rubans entrelacés) : Le groupe danse en entrelaçant et délaçant des rubans.
 Janm debwa (jambes de bois)
 Lanceurs de cordes : Des gens à demi-nus "avec leur peau luisante couverte d'un mélange de charbon écrasé et de sirop de canne, leurs têtes hérissées de cornes démoniaques, ces deux hommes nous toisent, implacables et altiers... Les cordes qu'ils tiennent entre les mains rappellent les entraves de leurs ancêtres esclaves".
 Ailes Mathurin (diables aux couleurs vives et aux ailes métalliques) : un personnage populaire avec ses ailes et ses ongles de fer.
 Monstres aux dents teintées de sang
 Longs dragons serpentant dans la foule.

Bandes-à-pieds

 Chaloska : Le général Charles Oscar Étienne est auteur de répressions sanglantes à Jacmel et Port-au-Prince, représenté par des effigies grotesques colorées de charbon et des dents monstrueuses.
 Mache kare : la banche sort très tard dans la nuit, certaines gens sont sous des draps, d'autres saupoudrées et chantent des propos.

Livres publiés autour du Carnaval de Jacmel

Notes et références

Liens Externes
 Haïti-Culture : Le juif errant, du mythe à la figure carnavalesque

Carnaval
Culture haïtienne
Folklore haïtien
Danse en Haïti

Carnaval de Jacmel


4. maj er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1955.

Handling
Indsamling til Frihedsrådet på 10-års dagen for befrielsen.

Medvirkende

 Poul Reichhardt
 H.C. (Statsminister) Hansen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Den danske modstandsbevægelse
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1955
Dansksprogede film

4. maj (dokumentarfilm)


Yıldıray Baştürk (d. 24 Aralık 1978, Almanya), Türk eski millî futbolcudur.

Kulüp kariyeri
Futbola diğer Türk futbolcular Hamit Altıntop ve Halil Altıntop gibi 1996 yılında SG Wattenscheid 09'da başlamıştır.

VfL Bochum
1997'de Bundesliga takımlarından VfL Bochum'a transfer olmuştur. 8 Ağustos 1997'de MSV Duisburg karşısında ilk kez kadroya alınan futbolcu, 78. dakikada Norbert Hofmann'ın yerine oyuna dahil olarak ilk maçına çıktı. İlk sezonunda 17 maça çıkan futbolcu, Schalke 04'ü 3-0 yendikleri karşılaşmada ilk golünü de kaydetti. UEFA Kupası kadrosuna da dahil edilen futbolcu, Trabzonspor ile oynanan birinci tur karşılaşmalarında kadroya alınsa da forma giyemedi. İkinci turda ise Club Brugge ile oynanan ilk maçta son dört dakika forma şansı buldu.

İkinci sezonunda Bochum ekibinde daha fazla forma şansı bulmaya başladı. 28 maçta forma şansı bulup, sezonu yine FC Schalke 04'e attığı tek golle kapattı. Ancak Bochum ekibi sezon sonunda küme düştü. Kariyerinde ilk kez 2. Bundesliga'da forma giyen futbolcu, attığı 7 golle iyi bir performans gösterdi ve Bochum'un lig ikincisi olarak tekrar Bundesliga'ya dönmesindeki en önemli etkenlerden oldu. Ayrıca DFB-Pokal'da çeyrek finale kadar çıkmayı başarırlarken Baştürk 4 maçta 4 gol atmıştı. 2000-01 sezonunda ise bir kez daha Almanya Kupası'nda çeyrek final görse de, Bundesliga'ya ikinci kez veda etti.

Bayer Leverkusen
Bochum'da çok iyi bir performans sergileyen Yıldıray 2001 yılında Bayer 04 Leverkusen'e transfer oldu. Takımın teknik direktörlüğünü Baştürk'ü Bochum'da profesyonel futbola kazandıran Klaus Toppmöller yapıyordu. Toppmöller'in sisteminde Baştürk önemli bir yer tutuyordu. Baştürk, ilk maçına bir DFL-Ligapokal maçı olan Hertha Berlin karşılaşmasında ilk 11'de çıktı. Ligin ilk haftasında da sahaya ilk 11'de çıkıyordu. Leverkusen, sezona çok iyi bir başlangıç yapmıştı. 13. haftada liderliği ele geçirirken, UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ne katılmayı başardı. 25 Eylül 2001'de Barcelona ile oynanan grup maçında ilk Avrupa golünü kaydetti. Nisan ayının sonunda ligde liderliğini sürdürürken, Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde yarı finale, Almanya Kupası'nda ise finale kalmışlardı. Ancak 33. hafta 1. FC Nürnberg'e 1-0 yenilen takım, ikinci sıraya düştü ve son hafta Hertha Berlin'i 2-1 yenseler de şampiyonluğu kazanamadılar. 11 Mayıs'ta FC Schalke 04 ile Almanya Kupası finalinde karşılaştılar. Baştürk'ün 90 dakika forma giydiği maçı 4-2 kaybedip, kupayı da kaybettiler. Ancak Şampiyonlar Ligi yarı finalinde Manchester United'ı 2-2 ve 1-1'lik skorlarla geride bırakıp finale kaldılar. Baştürk, 3 golün ikisinin asistini yapmıştı. 15 Mayıs 2002'de Real Madrid ile oynanan finalde Baştürk sahaya ilk 11'e çıktı. Böylece Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde final oynayan ilk Türk futbolcu unvanını aldı. Ancak bu maçı da kaybedip, üç kulvarda finale kaldıkları sezonu kupasız kapattılar.

Bir önceki sezonun aksine, 2002-03 sezonu Leverkusen için kötü bir sezon oldu. Almanya Kupası'nda yarı finale çıktılar. Doğrudan katıldıkları Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde ikinci gruplara kalsalar da ikinci turda galibiyet alamadılar. Baştürk ise 11 maçta forma giyip, sadece 1 asist yapabildi. Ligde ise geçen sezon son hafta şampiyonluğu kovalarken, bu sezon kümede kalma maçına çıktılar. Leverkusen, 1. FC Nürnberg'i 1-0 yenerek kümede kalırken, golü kaydeden isim Baştürk'tü. Sonraki sezon fazla forma şansı bulamadı. İlk maçına altıncı hafta çıkabilen Baştürk, Bayern München karşısında 3-3'lük beraberliği sağlayan isim oluyordu. Baştürk'ün 17 maç forma giyebildiği sezon sonunda Leverkusen, lig üçüncüsü oldu.

Hertha Berlin
2004 Temmuz'unda bir başka Alman devi Hertha Berlin Berlin'e geçmiştir. 25 maçta attığı 7 golle takımın en golcü isimlerinden olan Baştürk, Berlin ile ilk sezonunda lig dördüncüsü oldu. Sonraki sezon uzun bir aradan sonra Avrupa kupalarında oynama şansını buldu. Ligde ise 27 maçta 6 gol atarak takımın etkili isimlerinden biri oldu. 2006-07 sezonu sakatlıklarla boğuştuğu bir sezon oldu. UEFA Intertoto Kupası'ndan UEFA Kupası'na geçmeyi başarırlarken, FK Moskova'yı 2-0 yendikleri maçta bir gol kaydetti. Ligde ise sadece 19 kez forma giydi.

VfB Stuttgart
2007-2008 sezonu başında ise önceki sezonun Almanya şampiyonu VfB Stuttgart'a transfer olmuştur. Stuttgart'ta ilk maçına UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarında çıktı. Ancak gruplarda sadece bir galibiyet alabildiler. Baştürk, özellikle sezonun ikinci yarısında Stuttgart'ın en önemli isimlerinden biri oldu. 2008-09 sezonunda UEFA Intertoto Kupası'ndan UEFA Kupası'na çıkmayı başardılar. Ancak Eylül başında geçirdiği sakatlık nedeniyle 4 ay sahalardan uzak kaldı. Sakatlıktan döndükten sonra Bayern München ile biri lig biri kupa olmak üzere iki maça çıktı ancak sonrasında bir daha sakatlık geçirerek sezonu kapattı. Sonraki sezon Stuttgart, UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarında mücadele etme başarısı gösterse de Baştürk, sakatlığından dolayı forma giyemedi. Ligde ikinci hafta maçında Borussia Mönchengladbach karşısında son 10 dakika sahaya sürülse de bu maç dışında forma şansı bulamadı ve devre arasında Stuttgart ile yollarını ayırdı.

Blackburn Rovers
2009-2010 sezonunun devre arasında Blackburn Rovers'a transfer olmuştur. İlk olarak Blackburn Rovers'ın rezerv takımıyla maçlara çıkan Baştürk, Mart ayında ilk kez kadroya alınsa da forma şansı bulamadı. 24 Nisan 2010'da Wolverhampton Wanderers karşısında ilk maçına çıktı. Sahaya ilk 11'de sürülen futbolcu, devre arasında oyundan alındı. Bu maç, Yıldıray Baştürk'ün Premier Lig'deki ve Blackburn Rovers'taki ilk ve son maçı oldu. Sezon sonunda Blackburn Rovers tarafından sözleşmesi uzatılmayan Baştürk futbolu bırakmıştır.

Millî takım kariyeri
Yıldıray, millî takımının formasını ilk defa 21 Ocak 1998 tarihinde Arnavutluk ile oynanan hazırlık maçında giydi. Millî takımla ilk golünü ise 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası play off maçında Avusturya'ya karşı atmıştır. Türkiye'nin 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası ve 2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası kadrolarında da yer alan Yıldıray 2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nın 26 kişilik kadrosunda yer almış ancak kadronun 23'e düşürülmesiyle Halil Altıntop ve İbrahim Kaş ile birlikte kadrodan çıkarılmıştır. Bu olay üzerine Yıldıray,

Ve Fatih Terim millî takımın başında bulunduğu sürece bir daha millî takım formasını giymeyeceğini açıklamıştır.

Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı ile 1997 yılında oynanan Akdeniz Oyunları katıldı ve final müsabakasında İtalya Olimpik millî futbol takımına yenilerek ikincilik kazanan kadroda bulundu.

Millî takım istatistikleri
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Tarih !! Millî takım !! Maç sayısı !! Gol sayısı
|-
| 1. || 1994-1995 ||  || 22 || 4
|-
| 2. || 1995-1996 ||  || 4 || 0
|-
| 3. || 1996 ||  || 10 || 3
|-
| 4. || 1998-2000 ||  || 11 || 0
|-
| 5. || 1997 ||  || 1 || 0
|-
| rowspan="10"| 6. || 1998 || rowspan="10"|  || 1 || 0
|-
| 2001  || 9 || 1
|-
| 2002 || 14 || 0
|-
| 2003  || 7 || 0
|-
| 2004  || 4 || 1
|-
| 2005  || 7 || 0
|-
| 2006  || 3 || 0
|-
| 2007  || 2 || 0
|-
| 2008  || 2 || 0
|-
|  A Millî Toplam  || 49 || 2
|-
|colspan=3| Toplam ||97 || 9'
|-
| align=center colspan="12"|Güncelleme 24 Kasım 2011
|}

 Millî takım golleri
NOT:Evsahibi olarak Türkiye baz alınmıştır.''

Başarıları

Millî takım
 Akdeniz Oyunları İkinciliği
 1997 -
 FIFA Dünya Kupası Üçüncülüğü
 2002 -

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 - Yıldıray Baştürk Kişisel Web Sitesi

 Kicker Dergisi Resmî İnternet Sitesi - Futbolcu Yıldıray Baştürk Profili

Yaşayan insanlar
1978 doğumlular
Herne doğumlular
Alman futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Türk asıllı Almanlar
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Blackburn Rovers FC futbolcuları
VfB Stuttgart futbolcuları
Hertha BSC futbolcuları
Bayer 04 Leverkusen futbolcuları
VfL Bochum futbolcuları
SG Wattenscheid 09 futbolcuları
Türk gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki Türk gurbetçiler
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Gümüş Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı futbolcular

Yıldıray Baştürk


NGC 7704 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

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  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7704
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7704 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7704 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7700 - 7749

7704

NGC 7704