is a fighting video game trilogy that were released for the Neo Geo platform in the early 1990s. It was the second fighting game franchise created by SNK, following the Fatal Fury series and is set in the same fictional universe as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series. The original Art of Fighting was released in 1992, followed by two sequels:  in 1994 and  in 1996.

Gameplay
The Art of Fighting series follows the conventions of the time in the sense that the player faces a variety of opponents in best two-out-of-three matches. Each of the game's characters have a unique fighting style and set of special techniques. The player has two basic attacks—punch and kick—as well as a utility button that switches between punches, kicks, and throws. A fourth button is used for taunting. Art of Fightings contribution to the genre was the inclusion of a "spirit gauge" underneath the character's life bar. When characters perform special techniques, their spirit gauge is depleted and their special attacks become weaker. Players can also drain their opponent's spirit gauge by taunting them.

The Art of Fighting series was also the first fighting series to allow players to perform a "super attack". In the original Art of Fighting, the player's character can learn a super attack (dubbed the super death blow) by completing one of the game's bonus rounds (this technique is available by default in the 3rd game). All three games also feature "Desperation Attacks" that can only be performed when the player's health is low and the life bar is flashing.

The series also introduced graphical scaling into the fighting game genre: as the characters move towards each other, the camera zooms in to maximize the level of detail. Character sprites in Art of Fighting change as the fight progresses to become more bruised and cut as damage is taken.

Plot
The games follow the struggles of the students of the Kyokugen Karate Dojo, Ryo Sakazaki and Robert Garcia, in 1978. Ryo is the son and prodigy of the Kyokugen Karate discipline's creator, Takuma Sakazaki, and Robert is the wayward son of a billionaire family from Italy, sent to train with Takuma as a favor to Robert's father. The initial two games are set in South Town, a common location in SNK games that is also the setting for the Fatal Fury series, while the third appears to take place in a fictitious area of Mexico.

Series' continuity
The Art of Fighting series serves as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series, with the three games taking place between 1978—1980, over a decade before the events of the first Fatal Fury; this is reflected by the characters' official birthdates in the series and given ages in each game. As the two are set in the same universe, the two series frequently allude to one another. Art of Fighting 2 documents the beginning of "The King of Fighters" tournaments and the rise of Fatal Fury antagonist Geese Howard, from corrupt police commissioner to crime lord of Southtown. Takuma is also said to be a contemporary of Jeff Bogard, adoptive father of Fatal Furys main heroes, Terry and Andy Bogard; Jeff Bogard's murder at the hands of Geese Howard serves as a crucial component of the Fatal Fury series' backstory. In the Fatal Fury series, Ryo's student Marco Rodriguez appears as a playable fighter in Garou: Mark of the Wolves, while an older version of Ryo appears in the Hyper Neo-Geo 64 game Buriki One and the PlayStation port of Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, having adopting his father's former identity of Mr. Karate.

While The King of Fighters series features characters from the Art of Fighting series and alludes to events occurring in the games, it follows a completely different continuity from that of the actual Art of Fighting and Fatal Fury games. This was done so that the Art of Fighting characters could fight alongside the Fatal Fury cast and other characters without aging them, but also continue to maintain the existing stories from the other games.

Games
Art of Fighting (1992)

Taking place in 1978, Ryo Sakazaki and Robert Garcia set out to find Ryo's sister, Yuri, who has been kidnapped by Mr. Big. Mr. Big has taken the girl to entice Takuma Sakazaki, Ryo's father and originator of the fictional form of karate known as Kyokugen Karate ("Extreme style"), and because Ryo refused to work for Big. After they defeat Mr. Big, Ryo and Robert face the enigmatic Mr. Karate. Art of Fightings story ends with a cliff-hanger; Yuri is about to disclose the true identity of Mr. Karate as their father Takuma.

Ryo and Robert are the only playable heroes in the single player story mode, although eight of the game's ten fighters are playable by default in the two player versus mode. Mr. Big and Mr. Karate can be played in the Neo Geo MVS (arcade) version by reaching their respective stages in the game then having a second player join in, and in the Neo Geo AES (console) version through the use of cheat codes.

Art of Fightings events are referenced often in the wider SNK universe; The King of Fighters '97, for instance, parodies the events of the game in its ending.

In the United States, the RePlay arcade charts listed Art of Fighting as the top-grossing software conversion kit in December 1992.

Art of Fighting was re-released for Nintendo Switch on 21 September 2017.

A Sharp X68000 version of Art of Fighting was in development by Magical Company but it went unreleased for unknown reasons.

Bonus Stages
Every time the player defeats two opponents while playing story mode, there are three bonus stages players can choose from:

Bottle Cut
The objective is to cut off the tops of five bottles on a table. The player must carefully time and press the A button when a special bar fills to full for maximum power. Cutting all the bottles at once completes the stage, rewarding the player by increasing their spirit gauge for the rest of the game.

Ice Pillar Smash
Within a time limit, the player has to build up enough power to break five blocks of ice. Pressing the A button repeatedly will fill a gauge on the screen. If successful, the player will be rewarded with an increased life bar for the rest of the game.

Initiate Super Death Blow
The player must execute a super move, the Haoh Shoko Ken (misspelled as "Haow-Ken" in the game), a specific number of times to learn and use in the game against the other characters. The number of times needed to perform the move in the given time limit is dependent on the game's difficulty level. This is also the only bonus game that if it's successfully completed, it cannot be chosen again. While this move must be learned by completing the bonus game in story mode, it is available by default in two player mode.

Amusements Arcade UK: Butlin's Minehead list
Butlins (1994–2001) (Neo Geo MVS: Neo-Fruito-MVS – 5 Slot: Art of Fighting (1992), Samurai Shodown (1993), Mutation Nation (1992), League Bowling (1990) and Super Sidekicks (1992))

Art of Fighting 2 (1994)

Art of Fighting 3: The Path of the Warrior (1996)

Art of Fighting 3: The Path of the Warrior (ART OF FIGHTING: Ryūko no Ken Gaiden, in Japanese: ART OF FIGHTING 龍虎の拳 外伝) was the first game in the series (and the first SNK fighting game) to use motion capture for its animation, often being noted as some of the best sprite-work SNK has produced. It features a new cast of characters with the exception of Ryo and Robert. Yuri Sakazaki is seen in the game, but only as a side character in Ryo and Robert's story mode.

The story switched focus from the Sakazaki family to Robert Garcia. Robert disappears to search for an old childhood friend, Freia Lawrence, and he tracks her to Glass Hill, Mexico. Freia is wanted by the game's main antagonist, Wyler, to complete a powerful elixir that was created by his and Freia's fathers. The drug affects users in a similar manner as the potion in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.

One of the game's characters, Kasumi Todoh, became a part of The King of Fighters cast. This game is the only one in the series to have a CD Drama Arranged Soundtrack.

Art of Fighting 3: The Path of the Warrior was re-released for the Wii's Virtual Console in North America on 21 March 2013 and Nintendo Switch's ACA Neo Geo worldwide on 2 November 2017.

Reception
The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Neo Geo AES version a 5 out of 10. They lambasted the game for its poor balance, with their biggest complaint being the new Ultra-Cool Attacks, since they are easy to execute, cannot be blocked, and deal a massive amount of damage. They further criticized that the game lacks originality and innovation, failing to distinguish itself from the deluge of 2D fighting games coming out at the time. A reviewer for Next Generation saw no problem with the game's balance but concurred that it is "too similar to every other 2D fighting game on the market". He gave the Neo Geo AES version three out of five stars. According to Famitsu, the Neo Geo CD version sold over 20,877 copies in its first week on the market.

Ports and compilations
All three games were released for the Neo Geo MVS arcade system, Neo Geo AES home console, and Neo Geo CD, with the first one also being included on SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1:
 Art of Fighting for the PC Engine CD (requires the Arcade Card, Japan only), SNES, and Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
 Ryuuko no Ken 2 (Art of Fighting 2) for the Super Famicom (Japan only)
  for the PlayStation 2 includes: Art of Fighting, Art of Fighting 2, and Art of Fighting 3: The Path of the Warrior
 Art of Fighting, Art of Fighting 2, and Art of Fighting 3: The Path of the Warrior for the Wii Virtual Console

The SNES version of Art of Fighting features an extended ending which ties into Art of Fighting 2, rather than ending the game on a cliffhanger like the Neo Geo, PC Engine CD, and Mega Drive/Genesis versions. Additionally, the English localization of the port was censored. Many of the locations had their names changed (Mac's Bar was changed to Mac's Cafe), the No Smoking sign in Todo's stage was removed, and the player can only partially expose King's bra when she is defeated with a special or super move. The vehicle driving scenes were also omitted.

The Neo Geo version of Art of Fighting was released for the Wii Virtual Console in October 2007 and Art of Fighting 2 was released in July 2008.

The PlayStation 2 version of Art of Fighting stays true to the original Neo Geo version, but the vocals in the opening title have been stripped, as have Ryo's and Yuri's vocals during the ending.

The Mega Drive/Genesis version lacks the zooming effect. Certain gameplay elements have been changed as well; the Ryuuko Ranbu is blockable, Jack's drop kick special move only goes two-thirds the length of the screen, and Lee's claw spin attacks have invincibility during the starting pose, among various other changes.

Appearances outside the series
Some of the Art of Fighting cast have continued appearing in other SNK fighting games (particularly in The King of Fighters series, which the titular tournaments itself, as it mentioned above, canonically and chronologically, having beginning during the events of Art of Fighting 2) since the last game in the Art of Fighting series was released. In the same way that Geese Howard appears as a secret boss in Art of Fighting 2, Ryo Sakazaki appears as a secret boss in Fatal Fury Special and Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition. Unlike the battle against Geese in Art of Fighting 2, the battles against Ryo in both games are depicted as a "dream matches" and do not occur in the series' storyline.

As a result of these crossover appearances between the two franchises, SNK produced The King of Fighters series, pitting characters from both series against each other. As mentioned in the continuity section above, the series eschews the continuity of the Art of Fighting and Fatal Fury games for the purpose of having the Art of Fighting cast fight against everyone else without aging them. Ryo, Robert, and Yuri have appeared in nearly every installment along with King, Takuma, and Kasumi, who are constant characters as well. Eiji and Mr. Big also made appearances as playable characters in the series.

Characters from the series have also appeared in the SNK vs. Capcom series and in NeoGeo Battle Coliseum. Capcom's Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 features Ryo, Yuri, and King while Capcom vs. SNK 2 adds Ryuhaku Todoh to the lineup. SNK vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos features Ryo, Kasumi, and Takuma under his Mr. Karate guise. NeoGeo Battle Coliseum features Lee Pai Long, Mr. Big and an aged Robert Garcia along with the older Ryo Sakazaki from Buriki One. In KOF: Maximum Impact 2, Ryuhaku Todoh drives the truck in one of the extra games.

The Street Fighter Alpha character Dan Hibiki is a parody of Ryo Sakazaki and Robert Garcia.

In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, some elements from the Art of Fighting series appear as downloadable content; specifically, two music tracks from the series appear (and can be played on the King of Fighters Stadium stage), Ryo Sakazaki makes three cameos in the game (as a background character in King of Fighters Stadium, as a spirit, and as the basis for a Mii costume), and Yuri Sakazaki and King both have background cameos in King of Fighters Stadium.

Characters
Art of Fighting was the first fighting game by SNK to feature the character designs of former illustrator Shinkiro, who would go on to do the character designs for the later Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters games.

Introduced in Art of Fighting
Ryo Sakazaki

 is a skilled martial artist who practices his family's fighting style, Kyokugenryu Karate, acting
as the top disciple alongside his sister Yuri, his father and sensei Takuma, and his best friend Robert Garcia. Ryo was created as an homage to the characters from Capcom's Street Fighter series, which members of the development team previously worked on. This would in turn later lead to the creation of the Street Fighter character Dan Hibiki as a satire of Ryo.

Robert Garcia
{{Voiced by|Eiji Yano (AOF), Masanori Ikeda (AOF anime), Kazuhiro Inage (AOF2, KOF '94–95, NeoGeo Battle Coliseum, KOF XI–XIII), Hideo Ishikawa (KOF '94 Drama CD), Mantarou Kouichi (AOF3, KOF '96–2003), Go Shinomiya (KOF XIV onwards), Kazuhiro Okamoto (KOF for Girls)|Nick Sullivan (AOF anime)}}
 is Ryo's best friend and fellow  Kokugenryu student. He is introduced in the first Art of Fighting, when he helps Ryo rescue Yuri from the criminal Mr. Big. As such, both Ryo Sakazaki and Robert go to Southtown to interrogate fighters until finding Mr. Big. After defeating Mr. Big, Ryo and Robert face an assassin named Mr.Karate purportedly held Yuri. Ryo nearly finishes him off, but Yuri sneaks in and tells Ryo not to kill him since Mr. Karate is their father, Takuma. The second Art of Fighting game features Robert, Ryo, Takuma and a now fighter Yuri entering into the first King of Fighters tournament held by Geese Howard, the main responsible for the kidnap. In Art of Fighting 3, Robert visits Central America to help Freya Lawrence, a childhood friend, save her brother Wyler, whose demonic power made him go berserk. In his ending, Robert stops Wyler and goes back to Italy. However, before entering into the plane, Yuri accompanies him.

In The King of Fighters series, Takuma, Ryo, and Robert are part of the Art of Fighting Team, but in some games they form different allies. With the arrival of The King of Fighters '99 and its teams of four, Takuma returns to the Art of Fighting team. Though the Garcia Foundation no longer faced liquidation as it did in The King of Fighters 2001, it needed significant help to rebuild its prior fortunes, causing Robert to be absent in The King of Fighters XI. Nevertheless, he is present in the Art of Fighting Team where he fails to stage a date between Ryo and King. He appears in the spin-off The King of Fighters Kyo, in which he helps the main character Kyo Kusanagi into finding his girlfriend Yuki. Alongside an aged Ryo Sakazaki from Buriki One, an aged Robert appears in NeoGeo Battle Coliseum with moves largely from The King of Fighters 2000 and The King of Fighters 2003. In his ending, it is revealed that Robert wishes to stay away from his family business and still work as part of teaching the Kyokugen Ryu. He appears in this form as a hidden character in the PlayStation 2 version of The King of Fighters XI. He returns in The King of Fighters XII onwards as part of the Art of Fighting Team.

In The King of Fighters game without storylines The King of Fighters 2002 and The King of Fighters Neowave the Art of Fighting Team remains as in '94, while in The King of Fighters '98 and The King of Fighters 2002: Unlimited Match, it appears with Yuri taking Takuma's place.

Both of these latest games also feature an "EX" version of Robert with his moves from the Art of Fighting series as a playable character. He is also present in mobile phone games Metal Slug Defense, The King of Fighters '98 Unlimited Match Online and Kimi wa Hero. The dating sim Days of Memories also features him. Although he is not playable in SNK vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos, Robert is often mentioned by other characters and makes a cameo in the endings from Takuma and Ryo. Another cameo of him is in Yuri's ending from SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy. He is also present in as well as the otome game King of Fighters for Girls.

Ryuhaku Todoh

 is the first opponent in the arcade mode of Art of Fighting. He is the creator and main teacher of the Todoh fighting style, which derives from Jujutsu, Kendo and Kobujutsu. Todoh has a long-standing rivalry with disciples of the Kyokugenryu school of karate and considers them a threat to his dojo in terms of profits; and also there is a long-standing personal animosity dating back to a rivalry with the Kyokugenryu karate master Takuma Sakazaki which began when both men were very young.

Jack Turner

 is a member of Mr. Big's syndicate, and a developer of his own fighting style. One of Mr. Big's highest-ranking subordinates, he devastates anyone who crosses his path. Jack is also the leader of the Southtown gang known as the Neo Black Cats. Humorously, in Jack's ending in AOF2, it was revealed that he wanted to make the gang into a dance group.

Lee Pai Long

Lee Pai Long (Chinese: 李白龍) is a master of Chinese martial arts from Taiwan and an expert of his country's medicine. His adoptive father and mentor, Lee Gakusuo, passed on his pharmaceutic knowledge and martial arts to him before instructing Lee to finish his studies in South Town. Once he arrived there, Lee became fascinated with the local style of Kenpo and neglected his roots to be a street fighter. He works as the director of the Southtown prison, but also has a small herbal shop which he runs part-time. A former adversary and long-time friend of Ryo Sakazaki's father Takuma, he enters the tournament to test Ryo's skills. And like his friend, he dons a mask; in this case, a Monkey Mask. Humorously, in his ending to AOF2, it was discovered that Lee would become famous for finding the cure to haemorrhoids. He has also been featured in NeoGeo Battle Coliseum as a playable character.

King

 is a female Muay Thai fighter from France who dresses as a man in order to present herself as a reliable fighter, hide her true identity, and for various other reasons such as the fact that she has been at war with her own sex for years. Originally, her true gender was meant to be a surprise for the player, revealed only if she was defeated with a special move; as time went by, however, her design became more feminine, albeit without straying too far from the original concept. In the first Art of Fighting, King appears as a CPU-controlled character. She is hired by the criminal Mr. Big to work as a bouncer in his tournament. After King is defeated by Ryo Sakazaki and Robert Garcia who were searching for Ryo's kidnapped sister, Yuri, King agrees to help them to find Mr. Big. In Art of Fighting 2, King enters into the King of Fighters tournament in order to win the prize money to pay for an operation for her younger brother, Jan, to regain the use of his legs. As such, Ryo and Robert decide to use the prize money to pay for the operation in gratitude for helping them to find Yuri.

Mickey Rogers

 is a former professional boxer who was expelled from the ranks after he accidentally killed a man in the ring. He currently stalks Southtown seeking opponents to vent his anger and frustration on, and enters the tournament for the same reason. Like Crawley, Mickey gets a haircut between his two appearances. In the first AOF, Mickey has long hair, worn in dreadlocks. In AOF2, he has short hair. In Art of Fighting, Mickey becomes a small-time hood who works for Mr. Big so that he can get money as a street hustler.

John Crawley

 is a martial arts instructor, and with his brutal and aggressive fighting style was known to his friends as "The Madman" and "The Killing Machine". He enters the tournament to win the prize money and test his skills. In the first AOF, Crawley has longer hair. By the time AOF2 occurs, his hair is cut shorter. In John's AOF2 ending, the US Military attempts to recruit him to rescue the President's canary, but John refuses. Although it is not mentioned in the game, John seems to be assigned to the aircraft carrier , since a large "62" is visible on the ship's island.

Mr. Big

 is the sub-boss character from the first two Art of Fighting games. Mr. Big was formerly in the Army's Special Forces, and fights skillfully with a pair of eskrima rattan sticks. He has been involved with the mob for as long as he can remember. He made it big in Southtown, a city as seedy and corrupt as he is. He joins Geese Howard's criminal organization, soon becoming his right-hand man. Big secretly feared Takuma Sakazaki, the master of Kyokugenryu Karate, so he ordered the kidnapping of Takuma's daughter, Yuri, and threatened Takuma into working for him. The plan backfired when Ryo Sakazaki and Robert Garcia fought their way through Southtown's crime to find both of them, beating Big senseless to rescue Yuri and Takuma. King worked as a bouncer at one of Mr. Big's establishments.

Mr. Big is played by Sam Hargrave in the 2010 live-action film adaptation of The King of Fighters, being the only character from the Art of Fighting series in the film.

Takuma Sakazaki

 is Ryo and Yuri's father who left them prior to the first Art of Fighting, though as the master and creator of Kyokugenryu Karate, he has taught both Ryo and Robert at a young age, with Yuri becoming his student later on after the first game. Takuma appears as the final boss of the game as a masked warrior named , having taken Yuri as a hostage. Before being defeated by Ryo and Robert, Yuri stops them, revealing his identity. It is later revealed that Takuma was forced to work for Geese Howard and that his right-hand man, Mr. Big, kidnapped Yuri to put him under control. In the SNES port, Takuma Sakazaki reveals himself as the unwilling killer of Jeff Bogard, stating he wouldn't have eliminated him but Geese had already taken Yuri hostage. In Art of Fighting 2, Takuma rebels against Geese and Mr. Big by fighting in their King of Fighters tournament, but retreats due to the several injuries he has.

Introduced in Art of Fighting 2

Yuri Sakazaki

 is the younger sister of Ryo and daughter of Takuma. She is introduced in the first game as the hostage of Mr. Big, prompting Ryo and Robert to rescue her. She makes her playable debut in Art of Fighting 2, having been trained by Takuma in Kyokugenryu to defend herself, and teams up with her family to defeat Geese Howard.

Reception and cultural impact
Yuri has been well received by Japanese gamers, having been voted as the 19th favorite character in the 1997 character popularity poll on Neo Geo Freak'''s website. In 1995, Japanese magazine Gamest ranked her as number seven in the list of the top characters of 1994. In 2018, Yuri was voted as the tenth most popular Neo Geo character. Tiago O. Frosi from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul regarded Yuri as one of the most impactful female characters in fighting game history due to how she initially debuts as a damsel in distress only to become a playable character both in the sequel and SNK's crossover video games. She was compared with Street Fighter character Sakura Kasugano for having similar archetypes as well as an imitated fighting style from veteran fighters.

Gavin Jasper of Den of Geek described her as adding to her family's "wonderful comedic existence", but felt she was more at place there than in King of Fighters as part of the Women's Team. He added "She's not quite Sakura and she's not quite Dan Hibiki, but she's fine for what she is," and praised her departure from a damsel in distress to a full character as the games progressed.

Anime
A Japanese animated television movie, , was created and directed by Hiroshi Fukutomi, animated by Studio Comet and produced by NAS. It was the third animated co-production between SNK and NAS, following Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf and Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle. The designs of some characters were based on their appearances in the Japanese commercials for Art of Fighting 2. Although most of the cast from the original game is featured, Lee Pai Long, Micky Rogers and Takuma Sakazaki do not appear. Yuri Sakazaki is voiced by Ayumi Hamasaki, before she established herself as a successful J-Pop singer. In the English distribution, she was voiced by Veronica Taylor, who was also known for voicing Ash in the first 8 seasons of the Pokémon anime, as well as the first 8 Pokémon films and the hour long special Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns.Art of Fighting was produced by Kenji Shimizu and Yoshiro Kataoka for Fuji TV on 23 December 1993. It features a script by Nobuaki Kishima, character design by Kazunori Iwakura, and was distributed in the English language by US Manga Corps in 1997.Art of Fighting'' has received negative reception by most American websites. It was billed as stupid, idiotic and plodding, and compared to a Saturday morning cartoon. It was said it had "choppy animation, illogical perspectives, uninspired art, badly choreographed fight scenes, and most of all horrible voice acting", and none of the interest of the video game or its sequels translate into the anime. The film gathered a 14% rating at Meta Anime Rviews, placing it in the bottom 3% of the reviewed titles.

Plot
While searching for a cat, Ryo and Robert (two karate experts) witnessed a murder related to a stolen diamond. After fighting the murdering mobsters, they discovered that the top mobster, Mr. Big, had kidnapped Ryo's sister to exchange her against the diamond, which he believes to be in the possession of the protagonists. They then have to defend themselves anyway they can – mainly through kicks and punches. They both attempt to break into Big's hideout to save Yuri but their plans are foiled by the sudden arrival of the police force. Forced with no other options, they spend the night searching for the diamond. When they find it, they go to meet Big and give it to him. A big fight ensues, complete with an exploding helicopter and a bout with King and Big, but they are able to save Yuri and head back home. Todoh and the police force arrest Big and his men. They also confiscate the diamond, which is somewhere at the bottom of Big's pool.

See also
 List of The King of Fighters characters
 List of fighting games

References

External links

 Ryuko no Ken -Ten Chi Jin- at SNK Playmore
 Ryuko no Ken series at NBC Museum of SNK Playmore

1992 video games
1993 anime films
1993 films
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games

Central Park Media
D4 Enterprise games
Fighting games
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Hamster Corporation games
Hudson Soft games
Muay Thai video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
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Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Takara video games

Trilogies
TurboGrafx-CD games
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Video game franchises introduced in 1992
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Video games set in 1979
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Art of Fighting


Esmeralda es una localidad chilena, ubicada en la comuna de Rengo, en la región de O'Higgins. Ubicada a 8,5 km en línea recta al norponiente de Rengo, contaba con una población de 2 766 habitantes en 2017.

Esmeralda se emplaza en medio del territorio agrícola de la comuna de Rengo que se conforma al oeste de la Ruta 5, sobre la Ruta H-50 que conecta a la localidad de Rosario con Quinta de Tilcoco. Destacan sus casas patronales con jardines a la orilla del camino.

En la década de 1960, el lugar era una gran hacienda, que se loteó dentro del proceso de reforma agraria en cuarenta subdivisiones, las que se entregaron a personas de otros lugares que se instalaron en la zona, razón por la cual originalmente se le denominó al sitio «Colonia Esmeralda».

El sector productivo se desarrolla fundamentalmente a través de la actividad agroindustrial, concentrada en los sectores periféricos de la localidad, evitando generar problemas en el funcionamiento interno de la misma. En cuanto a servicios, cuenta con iglesia, escuela básica y una posta de atención primaria de salud, la que atiende además a personas de lugares vecinos como Los Gomeros, Apalta, Camarico, El Delirio, San Jorge, Santa Isabel y Naicura.

Referencias

Localidades de la provincia de Cachapoal
Rengo

Esmeralda (Chile)


El Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg (abreviado Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg) fue una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que fue editada por la Academia Imperial de las Artes de San Petersburgo. Se editaron 32 volúmenes en los años 1860-88. Fue precedida por Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg que se editó en los años 1843-1859 y fue sucedida por Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, n.s. en los años 1890-94, que cambió a Izvestiia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk en los años 1894-1906.

Es una revista multidisciplinaria ilustrada fue publicado en San Petersburgo en francés (pero también con tenía artículos descriptivos en latín y un gran número de artículos científicos en alemán) desde 1860 hasta 1888 y que incluyen descripciones botánicas  de todo el mundo, así como artículos sobre la astronomía, la química, la geografía, las matemáticas, el tiempo, la mineralogía , la física y zoología, etc., así como artículos sobre la arqueología , historia antigua, literatura antigua o del Este, etc. Fue publicado por la Academia Imperial de Ciencias de San Petersburgo y publicó treinta-dos volúmenes.

Publicación
 (Ser. 3) vols. 1-32, 1860-1888;
 n.s.(= ser. 4) vols. 1-4 (también numerada vols. 33-36), 1890-1894

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas en francés
Revistas científicas de Rusia
Revistas desaparecidas de Rusia
Publicaciones fundadas en 1860
Publicaciones desaparecidas en 1894


An Dianella boliviana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jakob Schlittler. An Dianella boliviana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dianella, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dianella

Dianella boliviana


Amédée-Louis Hettich dit aussi Amédée Landély Hettich; Plus tard aussi Amédée de Hettich, né le  à Nantes et décédé le  à Paris, est un poète, chanteur, journaliste, professeur de musique et musicologue français.

Biographie
Amédée-Louis Hettich nait à Nantes, le 5 février 1856.

Il effectue ses études de chant dans la classe de Jean-Jacques Masset.

Il veut épouser en 1881 la compositrice Mel Bonis, alors qu'ils sont étudiants au Conservatoire de Paris, mais la famille de la compositrice désapprouve cette union. Mel Bonis emménage, avec la famille Dommange, au 60 rue Monceau, au cœur du quartier de l'Europe, dans le , en 1898. Elle retrouve alors Amédée-Louis Hettich. Ils ont une fille ensemble, Madeleine, qui nait le 7 septembre 1899. Le père ne la reconnait qu'en 1912.

En 1883, le 3 décembre, Amédée-Louis Hettich interprète l'une des mélodies de Mel Bonis, Sur la plage !, dont il a écrit le texte. La soirée se passe chez , qui serait potentiellement le compositeur Adolphe Blanc.

En tant que poète, il est la muse de Mel Bonis. En tant que critique musical, il écrit pour L'Art musical. On lui doit des critiques des Pêcheurs de perles de Georges Bizet, I Puritani de Vincenzo Bellini, Esclarmonde de Jules Massenet, Mireille de Charles Gounod, Lucia di Lammermoor de Gaetano Donizetti, Dimitri de Victorin de Joncières, Ascanio de Camille Saint-Saëns, Dante de Benjamin Godard, Le Rêve d'Alfred Bruneau, Sigurd d'Ernest Reyer… Il propose aussi une adaptation en français des paroles de la chanson d'amour napolitaine 'O sole mio, chantée notamment par Tino Rossi.

Hettich a enseigné comme professeur de chant au Conservatoire de Paris. Parmi ses élèves figuraient Madeleine Grey, Charles Panzéra, Arthur Endrèze et .

Amédée-Landely Hettich a commencé en 1906 et publié un projet de vocalises-études en plusieurs volumes. Ce projet s'est étalé sur une période de près de 30 ans et a rassemblé plus de 150 œuvres de compositeurs et compositrices.

Il est fait chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur en 1922.

Il meurt le 5 avril 1937, dix-huit jours après Mel Bonis.

Œuvres

 Vers à chanter, 1899

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Poète français du XIXe siècle

Amédée-Louis Hettich


Hoca İbrahim Paşa (o. 1713, Edirne) III. Ahmed saltanatında, 6 Nisan 1713 - 27 Nisan 1713 tarihleri arasında yirmi bir gün sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamı.

Hayatı
Aslen Serezlidir. Önce bostancı ocağına girdi. Fakat orada karıştığı fesat yüzünden Cezayir tarafına kaçmak zorunda kaldı. Orada gemilerde çalıştı. Sonra da İstanbul'a geri geldi. Balıkçılık ve kayıkçılık ile geçinmeye başladı. III. Ahmet tebdil giyinip İstanbul'u gezmekte iken onun kayığına binmeyi ve onunla konuşmayı itiyat edinmişti.

Son bir defa onun kayığına binişinde III. Ahmet onu gizlice Girit'e gidip orada vali bulunan Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Paşa'yı sadarete davet etmesi görevi verdi. Bunun üzerine İbrahim Ağa bir tüccar kılığına girip İstanbul'da bir gemiye kereste yükleyerek Girit'e gitti. Orada üzerinde sakladığı padişahın sadaret teklifini içeren hatt-ı hümayununu vali Kalaylıkoz Ahmet Paşa'ya iletmeyi başardı. Kalaylıkoz Ahmet Paşa da yerine kethüdasını kaymakam bırakıp İbrahim Ağa'nın gemisi ile Küçük Çekmece'ye kadar birlikte geldi; buradan III. Ahmet'e vararak sadrazamlık görevine başladı.

İbrahim Ağa, padişaha bu hizmeti üzerine tersane hizmetine, yani Osmanlı Donanması'na alındı ve kalyon kaptanlığı görevi verildi. Bu donanma hocalığı da içerdiği için "Kel Hoca" olarak anılmıştır. Kel Hoca İbrahim Ağa bu işinde başarılı olup padişahın teveccühü ile birlikte riyale ve patrona rütbelerini de aldı. Bu görevinde Akdeniz'de türeyen korsanları tenkile memur oldu. Bu görevde iken 15 kadar korsan kalyonu ele geçirdi ve bin kadar korsanı esir aldı. Bu arada yaptığı faaliyetler inanılmaz kadar beklenmedik olduğu için "Deli" lakabı da alarak "Deli Kel Hoca İbrahim" olarak anılmaya başlandı. Nusretnâme'de "Kel Deli İbrahim Hoca" olarak ismi geçmektedir.

Kel Hoca İbrahim'in aleyhinde olanlar epey dedikodu yapmışlardı; ama buna rağmen 7 Ocak 1713'te vezirlikle birlikte kaptan-ı deryalığa getirildi. Bu sıralarda Prut Antlaşması'nın Ruslar tarafından uygulanmaması ve Osmanlılara sığınmış olan İsveç Kralı XII. Karl (veya Demirbaş Şarl)'in Bender'den ayrılmaması Osmanlı Devleti için büyük dışişleri sorunları olmuştu. Sadrazam Silahdar Süleyman Paşa aldığı kararla XII. Karl ve askerleri Bender'de 1 Şubat 1713'te direnişle karşılaşan bir baskın sonucu ele geçirildiler. Kral Karl Edirne'ye getirildi ve Meriç Köprüsü çıkışında I. Ahmet döneminden beri devlet konukevi olan "Demirtaş Kasrı"'nda zorunlu ikamete tabi tutuldu. Onun İsveç'e iadesi devlet için gerekliydi. Kaptan-ı derya olan Kel Hoca İbrahim Paşa  20.000 kalyoncu ile İsveç kralını ülkesine götürme projesini ciddi olarak padişaha sundu. Eğer bu denizden gitmeyi önermekteyse o zamana kadar Cebelitarık'tan çıkmayan Osmanlı donanması için bu Atlantik Okyanusu ve Baltık Denizi seferlerini de içeren bu proje gerçekten çok cesurane proje idi. Karadan gitmeyi önermekteyse, işi başardıktan sonra 20.000 kalyoncunun akıbetinin ne olacağı düşünülmemişti. Paşanın aleyhindekiler tarafından bu teklif yeni bir "delilik" örneği olarak kullanılmaya başlandı. Sonunda Ağustos 1714'te İsveç Kralı XII. Karl kara üzerinden Erdel, Macaristan, Budin, Viyana, Bavyera ve Hesse üzerinden giderek Ekim 1714'te İsveç'e varmayı başardı.

Devlet misafiri olan İsveç Kralı'na karşı gösterilen bu hiç misafirsever olmayan muamele büyük bir skandal yarattti ve sadrazam aleyhinde dedikodular ve tenkitler ayyuka çıktı. III. Ahmed skandalın halkın devlete karşı gösterdiği itimadı sarstığını anlamıştı. Bu nedenle 6 Nisan 1713'te buna karar veren ve uygulayan sadrazam Silahdar Süleyman Paşa; ona bir olumlu fetva veren şeyhülislam ve bunu uygulamaya destek sağlayan Kırım Hanı'nı azletti. III. Ahmed yakın danışmanı Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa'nın tavsiyesini alıp Deli Hoca İbrahim Paşa'yı sadrazam görevine getirdi.

Bu atama büyük yankılar yarattı. Bir kısım devlet ricali ve katipler arasında Deli Hoca İbrahim Paşa aleyhinde acayip dedikodular yayılmaya başladı:
Kokuşmuş gemici fesine sarılı burma sarığı çıkartılıp başına vezir kavuğu konulduğunda odaya yayılan pis koku, amber tütsüsüyle bastırılmıştı.... Sokak ortasında kadınlara laf atan (bir) garip adam(dı).

Diğer taraftan Deli Hoca İbrahim Paşa da durumdan hoşnut değildi. Sadrazamlığa getirilmesi Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa tavsiyesi ile olmuştu; devlet idaresinde her iş padişaha yakın danışmanlığı dolayısıyla ancak onun tavsiyelerine göre yapılmaktaydı. Sadrazam Deli Hoca İbrahim Paşa'nın idarede ve hükümleri üzerinde bağımsızlığı bulunmamaktaydı. Sadrazam tüm devlet işlerini eline almayı istemekteydi. Kendi bağımsızlığına set çekenleri bertaraf etmeyi planlamaktaydı.

Bunların başında Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa'yı ortadan kaldırmak istemekteydi. İlk olarak kayıkçılarından birisini Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa'yı suikast yapmaya memur etti. Bunu sağlamak için Sadrazam konağında yeni Kırım Hanı Kaplan Giray, reis'ülkuttab Abdülkerim Bey ile Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa'nın davetli olduğu bir ziyafet tertip etti. Fakat hazırlanan komployu kethüdasından haber alan Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa daha ihtiyatlı olmaya başlamıştı ve rahatsızlığını söyleyerek hastaymış gibi özür diledi. Fakat durumu çok yakın danışmanı olduğu Sultan III. Ahmet'e gönderdiği şöyle bir arıza ile bildirdi:
Şu herifi geturup devleti kayırır deyu vezir-i âzam eyledin; devlet nabzından bihaber. On beş yirmi odalık peyda edip çiçekçi olmuş; bana da sana da kasdi mukarrer ve yarın bütün âyân-i devleti ve İsveç kralını ve balyozları ziyafet ve meşveret bahanesiyle Demirtaş'a (Edirne'ye) davet, beni ve İsveç kralını öldürecektir; beni sen öldür gitmem.

Sadrazam İsveç kralının sorunlarını kral ile Demirtaş devlet misafir konağında görüşmek isteyince de kral Demirbaş Şarl da bir suikast korkusundan kendini hasta gibi gösterdi.

Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa'nın gönderdiği arızayı alan ve İsveç kralının da sadrazamla mülakata gelmediğini öğrenen III. Ahmet sadrazamı saraya davet ederek ona önce "düşman ahvalinin ne olduğu" hakkında bir soru sordu ve sadrazamdan
Yeniçeri ocağını kendime uydurdum. Yeniçeri ağasıyla yekdil ve yekcihet oldum.
cevabını aldı. Sadrazamın "yeniçeriyi elde ettim" cümlesinde III. Ahmed kendine bir suikast olabileceğinden vehme ve kuşkuya kapıldı ve konuşmadan hemen sonra 27 Nisan 1713'te sadrazamın idam edilmesine karar verdi.

O gün sadrazamdan mühr-ü humayun geri alındıktan sonra cellat haseki Kara Mustafa tarafından boğularak idam edildi. Cesedi Tunca kenarına gömüldü ama gömülme yerinin belirsiz olması sağlandı. Kel Hoca İbrahim Paşa idam edildiği sırada yaklaşık 60 yaşlarında idi. İdamını takiben tüm  malları ve eşyası devlet tarafından müsadere edildi.

Deli Hoca İbrahim Paşa'in idamından sonra Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa sadrazam görevine getirildi.

Değerlendirme
Yetenekli ve zeki bir kişi olan Kel Hoca İbrahim Paşa kendisini yetiştirmiş ve yüksek mevkilere erişmiştir. Denizcilikte çok başarılı olmuştur. Fakat, devlet idaresine gelince birbiri ardından sadrazamları azl ve idam ettiren Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa'dan kurtulmayı ve işinde serbest kalmayı planlamış ise de başarılı olamamıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Danışmend, İsmail Hami, (1971) Osmanlı Devlet Erkâni, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi,
 Buz, Ayhan (2009) " Osmanlı Sadrazamları", İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN 978-975-254-278-5
 "Osmanliyiz" websitesinde "Hoca Ibrahim Pasa" maddesi

1713 yılında ölenler
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Kaptan-ı deryalar
Edirne'de ölenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler

Hoca İbrahim Paşa


El nombre de Catedral de San Luis puede referirse a alguno de los edificios cristianos, catalogados como catedrales, en honor a San Luis:

Catedrales
 Nota: Ordenadas por país, y luego por localidad/ciudad

en Bulgaria
 Catedral de San Luis en Plovdiv:

en Estados Unidos
 Catedral de San Luis de Nueva Orleans

en Francia
 Catedral de San Luis en Blois;
 Catedral de San Luis en La Rochelle;

en Haití
 Catedral de San Luis de Francia en Jérémie;

en Israel
 Catedral de San Luis el Rey en Haifa;

en Mauricio
 Catedral de San Luis en ''Port Louis';

Catedral de San Luis


Stefán Karl Stefánsson (født 10. juli 1975, død 21. august 2018) var en islandsk skuespiller og komiker. Han var mest kendt som skurken Robbie Rotten i børneserien LazyTown, der blev sendt på Nickelodeon.

I oktober 2016 offentliggjorde han, at han havde fået kræft i galdegangen. Året efter blev han opereret for at fjerne kræften, men senere på året oplyste han, at sygdommen var blusset op igen og ikke kunne bortopereres.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Hafnarfjördur
Skuespillere fra Island
Personer døde af kræft

Stefán Karl Stefánsson


Plamen Dijanow Dimow (auch Plamen Dianov Dimov geschrieben, ; * 29. Oktober 1990 in Burgas, Bulgarien) ist ein bulgarischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Die Karriere von Dimow begann im Jahr 2009 bei Tschernomorez Pomorie in der bulgarischen B Grupa. Anfang 2012 wechselte er zu Erstligist FC Tschernomorez Burgas. Dort wurde er in der Hinrunde 2012/13 zur Stammkraft in der Innenverteidigung. Anfang 2013 nahm ihn Lewski Sofia unter Vertrag. Er kam in der Rückrunde nur zu einem weiteren Einsatz. In der Spielzeit 2013/14 kam er vorwiegend als Einwechselspieler zu Zuge. Die Hinrunde 2014/15 verfolgte er meist von der Ersatzbank aus, erst gegen Ende häuften sich die Spiele. Anfang 2015 verließ er den Klub zu Qaisar Qysylorda nach Kasachstan. Im Juli 2015 schloss er sich Ligakonkurrent Schachtjor Qaraghandy an. Er erreichte mit seiner Mannschaft am Ende der Saison 2015 den Klassenerhalt. Dimow wechselte anschließend zu Altai Semei in die zweite kasachische Liga. Mit Altai erreichte er in der Spielzeit 2016 den Aufstieg.

Im Jahr 2017 kehrte er nach Bulgarien zurück, wo ihn Botew Plowdiw unter Vertrag nahm. Seit Sommer 2018 spielt er für Tscherno More Warna.

Weblinks

 Profil auf LevskiSofia.info (englisch)

Fußballspieler (FC Tschernomorez Burgas)
Fußballspieler (Lewski Sofia)
Fußballspieler (Qaisar Qysylorda)
Fußballspieler (Schachtjor Qaraghandy)
Fußballspieler (FK Altai Semei)
Fußballspieler (Botew Plowdiw)
Fußballspieler (Tscherno More Warna)
Fußballspieler (Oqschetpes Kökschetau)
Bulgare
Geboren 1990
Mann

Plamen Dimow


හෝ සුදුකන්ද යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල පිහිටි ගම්මානයකි.
යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

සුතුමලෙයි


Kollajen (bazen kolajen veya kollojen olarak da anılır) hareket sisteminin yapı taşlarını, özellikle kemik, kıkırdak, lif ve eklemleri oluşturan protein. Bu protein birbiri üzerine sarılmış üç alfa zincirinden meydana gelir. 30 tane değişik tipi tanımlanmış olup, tip I, tip II, tip III şeklinde isimlendirilir. Bu çeşitlilik moleküler yapıdan kaynaklanmaktadır. Kollajenin ana molekülü tropokollajendir. Tropokollajenler de hücrenin içinde üretilen prokollajenlerden oluşur. Toz veya sıvı gibi farklı formlarda, takviye edici gıda olarak sunulmaktadır. 2000 Dalton ve altındaki molekül ağırlığına sahip kolajen peptitlerin, vücuttaki emilimleri daha yüksektir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kollajen fibriller
 Kollajen heliks

Yapısal proteinler
Gıda katkıları
Yenilebilir kıvamlaştırıcı maddeler

Kollajen


Friedrich Kluge (født 22. juni 1856 i Köln, død 21. maj 1926 i Freiburg im Breisgau) var en tysk sprogforsker.

Kluge blev 1880 privatdocent i tysk og engelsk filologi ved Universitetet i Strasbourg, 1884 ekstraordinær og 1886 ordentlig professor i Jena, 1893 ordentlig professor i Freiburg i Baden. Af hans værker  kan fremhæves Nominale Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen Dialekte (2. oplag 1899), afsnittene Geschichte der englischen Sprætte, Urgermanisch og Die Elemente des Gotischen (alle i Pauls Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, 2. udgave 1901, 3. udgave 1911—13), det populære sproghistoriske værk Von Luther bis Lessing (4. udgave 1904) og Deutsche Studentensprache (1895), Seemannssprache (1911), Rottwelschen Quellen und Wortschatz der Gaunersprache, I (1901). Årene 1901—14 udgav Kluge det fortrinlige tidsskrift Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung, hvoraf der i alt udkom 15 bind. Størst berømmelse har Kluge vundet ved sin udmærkede Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (1. udgave 1882—83, 8. udgave 1915); Kluges etymologiske ordbog er ikke alene næsten blevet folkebog i Tyskland, men har også tjent som forbillede for lignende værker over andre sprog, for eksempel Falk og Torps Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog. Sammen med Frederick Lutz har Kluge udgivet det mindre, sproghistoriske glossar English Etymology (1898).

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Filologer fra Tyskland
Professorer fra Tyskland
Ansatte ved Strasbourgs Universitet
Ansatte ved Jena Universitet
Ansatte ved Freiburgs Universitet
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Köln

Friedrich Kluge


An Sievekingia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Sievekingia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sievekingia

Sievekingia


زاوية أدوز قرية تقع بالريف بإقليم الحسيمة شمال المغرب.

تاريخ
يعود زمن تأسيس القرية إلى العهد المريني على يد السلطان الأكحل، ومنذ ذلك التاريخ وهي تقوم بدورها الإشعاعي في المجالين الديني والعلمي حيث كان الطلبة يفدون إليها من جميع مناطق الريف قصد حفظ القرآن وتعلم التجويد والقراءات وجميع العلوم الشرعية المختلفة، وقد كانت لهذه الزاوية مساهمة كبيرة في الحفاظ على الأصالة الريفية والهوية المغربيتين وشكلت قلعة منيعة في وجه الاستعمار، ونظرا لما قامت به من جليل الأعمال فقد حظيت برعاية ملوك المغرب قبل سلالة العلويين الذين تعاقبوا على العرش المغربي، فأصدرت في هذا الشأن عدة ظهائر توقيرية شريفة يحتفظ أهل الزاوية بأغلبها، ويعد ظهير أحمد المنصور السعدي أقدم ما يحتفظون به، وبعد الاطلاع عليه رأيناه بشير إلى ظهائر أسلافه بقوله: «جردنا لهم – يقصد أهل زاوية أدوز – حكم ما بأيديتنا من ظهائر أسلافنا الكرام قدس الله أرواحهم» وهذا يدل على أن هناك ظهائر سابقة على العهد السعدي والقارئ لهذه الظهائر يلاحظ المكانة السامية التي كانت تتمتع بها هذه الزاوية وأتباعها ومريديها، فأغلبها – إن لم نقل كلها – لا يكاد يخلو من عبارات التوقير والاحترام، والتعظيم والإكرام، والحمل على كاهل المبرة والإنعام، والرعي الجميل المستدام، مع إبقائهم على عاداتهم المعروفة، وطريقتهم المألوفة، وتحذير كل من يخرق عليهم عادة، أو يحدث في أمرهم نقصا أو زيادة بأشد العقوبات، ومما زاد في شرف هذه الزاوية وجود قبر الولي الصالح المشهور بـ سيدي الحاج حسون، ولذا نجد مجموعة من الظهائر توصي العمال والولاة بحفدة الحاج حسون خيرا.

انظر أيضا
 مدرسة أدوز (بجنوب المغرب)

مراجع

تاريخ المغرب
جبال الريف

زاوية أدوز


Mavrovo ist:

 eine kulturell-geographische Region im Westen Nordmazedoniens, siehe Mavrovo (Region)
 ein Ort in dieser Region, siehe Mavrovo (Dorf)
 der dort liegende Nationalpark, siehe Mavrovo-Nationalpark
 ein dortiger See, siehe Mavrovosee
 die dortige Opština, siehe Opština Mavrovo i Rostuša
 ein dortiger Fluss, siehe Mavrovska Reka

Zudem bezeichnet Mavrovo:

 ein nordmazedonisches Bauunternehmen, siehe Mavrovo (Unternehmen)

Mavrovo


Carlie's Law was a bill introduced in the United States Congress by Representative Katherine Harris (R-FL), with the support of Nick Lampson (D-TX) and Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), in response to the kidnapping, rape and murder of 11-year-old Carlie Brucia by Joseph P. Smith in Florida in February 2004. Smith was on probation at the time of Brucia's murder, having been released from state prison thirteen months prior.

The amendment to existing law was intended to toughen parole rules for sex offenders and also notify non-custodial parents when there is criminal activity near their child's home. Partly for this reason, Joseph Brucia, the child's father, approved making the law in her name, although he concedes this law would not have applied to her specific case, since the charges for which Smith was on probation were not the sexual offenses the law would target.

The bill failed to pass before the end of the 2004 session. Harris committed to re-introduce the bill in 2005, but no further information has been made available.

Joseph Smith, age 55, was found dead in prison on July 26, 2021, while awaiting his execution. His cause of death has yet to be released.

Background

Carlie Jane Brucia (March 16, 1992 – February 1, 2004) was sexually battered and murdered by Joseph P. Smith (March 17, 1966 – July 26, 2021) after being kidnapped from a car wash near her home in Sarasota, Florida, United States, on February 1, 2004, while returning from a friend's house. She was reported missing by her parents within half an hour of her abduction.

The kidnapping case became famous after a surveillance video showing the girl surfaced. The video, taken from a security camera located behind a car wash, shows Brucia being confronted by a man, later identified as Smith, who then grabbed her arm and led her away toward a car that was spotted on another camera. The video was shown nationwide and spurred a massive manhunt for the abductor.

Arrest
On February 6, police announced that Smith, a 37-year-old father of three and car mechanic with a long list of arrests for drug-related charges and one for kidnapping and false imprisonment, was in custody as the primary suspect. In the same announcement, the police confirmed that Smith's car was involved in the crime.

The story gained national media attention in large part because Brucia's abduction was recorded by a surveillance camera. The tape shows her being approached by a man who seemed to be in his late 20s or early 30s. They apparently had a short conversation, after which he grabbed her by the arm and took her away. The FBI and NASA joined in the efforts to find Brucia and the man seen with her on the videotape. NASA researchers used advanced image processing technology to enhance the recording by reducing image jitter.

At least two informants called police, having recognized Smith from the television broadcasts of the security camera tape. Smith was already in custody at the time, having been arrested on February 3 on an unrelated parole violation. Smith refused to speak with investigators about Brucia's abduction until February 5, when he revealed where he had hidden her body, behind a nearby church.

Trial
On February 20, Smith was indicted for first-degree murder, and charges of kidnapping and capital sexual battery were also filed by Sarasota County prosecutors. The trial started November 7, 2005 in Sarasota. On November 17, 2005, the jury returned a guilty verdict. On December 1, 2005, the jury, by a vote of 10 to 2, returned a recommendation for the death penalty. On March 15, 2006, Smith was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment on the charges of capital sexual battery and kidnapping, and to death by lethal injection on the murder charge.

In October 2011, the United States Supreme Court (which had earlier rejected an appeal from Smith in June 2011), ordered that the State of Florida respond to a federal claim filed by Smith saying his right to confront witnesses at trial was violated when prosecutors introduced DNA evidence against him without making available the laboratory technician who actually performed the work. The Court later dismissed the appeal after deciding a related case, Williams v. Illinois.

In the aftermath of Hurst v. Florida, which required juries in Florida to be unanimous in imposing the death penalty, Smith's death sentence was overturned in 2018; however the Florida Supreme Court reinstated his death sentence in April 2020.

Smith died on July 26, 2021, at Union Correctional Institution in Raiford, at the age of 55.

Dramatization

The case was featured in the first episode "Come Home Carlie" of the seventh season of Investigation Discovery's See No Evil, aired in early February 2021.

See also
 Child murder
 Jessica's Law

References

External links
 Foundation created for Carlie to raise awareness
 H.R. 4150(108): Carlie's Law - Full text of the bill and its current status.
 Court TV complete coverage of the Joseph Smith murder trial
 CCTV Images

Sarasota, Florida
United States federal criminal legislation
Child murder in the United States

Carlie's Law


ස්වප්න  ෝචනය යනු නින්දේ දී තමාට    ොදැනුවත්වම ශුක්‍ර   ෝචනය සිදුවීමයි .  ොවුන් කාලයේ දී ෝන ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය නිසා  නිපදවෙන ශුක්‍ර තරලය රාත්‍රි කාලයේ දී   ොදැනුවත්වම  පිටවිය හැක. මෙනිසා  තැතිගැන්මකට , ලැජ්ජාවකට     ෝ  ගැටලු සහගත තත්ත්වයන් සමහරෙකුට ඇතිවීමට පුලුවන.ස්වප්න ෝචනය නිසා ශරීරය දුර්වල වීම , ඇඟ කෙට්ටු වීම ,මතක ශක්තිය දුර්වල වීම  වැනි දෑ සිදුවන බවට අනවශ්‍ය බියක් සමහරක් තුළ ඇත.මෙයට  සමාජයේ පවතින වැරදි මත හා මාධ්‍ය වල පලවන ඇතැම් දෑ ේතු විය හැක.

ස්වප්න මෝචනය


MAN SE (اختصار Maschinenfabrik Augsburg - Nürnberg، )، المعروفة سابقًا باسم MAN AG، وهي شركة ألمانية للهندسة الميكانيكية والشركة الأم لمجموعة مان. وهي شركة تابعة لشركة فولكسفاغن إيه جي لصناعة السيارات. يقع مقر MAN SE في ميونيخ. إنتاجها الأساسي هو لصناعة السيارات، وخاصة الشاحنات الثقيلة. وتشمل الأنشطة الأخرى إنتاج محركات الديزل لتطبيقات مختلفة، مثل الدفع البحري، وكذلك التوربينات. تقوم مان بتوريد الشاحنات والحافلات ومحركات الديزل والآلات التوربينية.  في عام 2016، حقق موظفوها البالغ عددهم 53,824 موظفًا مبيعات سنوية تبلغ حوالي 13.6 مليار يورو.

تعد شركة مان من الشركات الرائدة في مجال المعدات الهندسية والمركبات التجارية. توفر الشركة الشاحنات، الحافلات، محركات الديزل، الآلات التوربينية، والخدمات الصناعية، وتحتل مكانة متقدمة في كافة هذه المجالات. حتى شهر سبتمبر من عام 2012 كانت الشركة تعد واحدة من أكبر 30 شركة مسجلة في البورصة الألمانية داكس 30. تعد مان الشركة الأقدم بين الشركات الألمانية، حيث أحتفلت بعيدها ال250 عام 2008، ونجح موظفوها ال 51,300 في تحقيق مبيعات سنوية قدرها 15 مليار يورو في 120 دولة. للشركة شراكات متعددة مع شركات محلية في دول مثل: بولندا، الهند،تركيا، الصين، الولايات المتحدة، الإمارات العربية المتحدة جنوب أفريقيا،  Uzbekistan، البرتغال، وألمانيا/النمسا. لمان موقع آمن في مجال هندسة النقل، حيث حصدت عدة جوائز. جائزة شاحنة العام لعامى 2006 و2008 كانا لشاحنات مان.

لمحة عن الشركة
تعود ملكية MAN SE في الغالب إلى مجموعة فولكسفاغن. وهي منتج للمركبات التجارية، من خلال أقسام مان للشاحنات والحافلات ومان أمريكا اللاتينية، والمشاركة في الشركة المصنعة سينوتروك.

التاريخ

يرجع تأسيس مان لعام 1758، حيث أسس «إس تى. أنتونى» مصنع للحديد في أوبرهاوزن كأول شركة للصناعات الثقيلة في حوض الرور. عام 1808 أندمجت ثلاثة مصانع للحديد لتأسس «شركة استخراج وتجارة الحديد». عام 1921 قامت الشركة بشراء شركة «م.ا.ن»، الشركة الألمانية الجنوبية المصنعة لمان. أما «م.ا.ن» فهى نتجت عن إعادة تسمية شركة «اتحاد أوغسبيرغ ونورنبيرغ لتصنيع الآلات المحدودة» إلى «أوغسبيرغ ونورنبيرغ لتصنيع الآلات» أو  التي تختصر بالأحرف الأولى إلى «م.ا.ن». إعادة التسمية تمت عام 1908، أما الشركة فقد نتجت عن اندماجى شركتى «ونورنبيرغ للهندسة الميكانية» (تأسست 1841) وشركة «أوغسبيرغ لتصنيع الآلات» (تأسست 1840) وذلك عام 1898. تعاونت شركة مان مع شركة سورير بتاريخ 21 يونيو من عام 1915، ليقدموا أول شاحنة مان سورير التي تستطيع نقل حمولة 3 طن من المصنع المشترك في لينداو في بحيرة كونستانس. في العام 1916 تم تحويل الإنتاج إلى مصنع مان في مدينة نورمبرغ. وبعد إنفصال شركة سورير في العام 1918، استمرت الشركة تحت اسم مان واجن ويرك، وقدمت الشركة شاحنتها الأولى في العام 1924 التي تعمل بنظام الحقن المباشرة مستخدما الديزل بدلا البنزين الذي وفر 70% من تكاليف التشغيل بالمقارنة مع محركات البنزين وقتها.

أقسام الشركة

 مان للمركبات: تمثل 50% من المبيعات، و88% تأتى من السوق الأوروبى
 مان ديزل: محركات الديزيل
 مان أمريكا اللاتينية: سابقا فولكس فاجن للشاحنات والحافلات
 مان تربو: لللآلات التوربينية
 مان فيروستال: (تمتلك 30% والباقى لشركة مبادلة للاستثمار) وهي تقدم الخدمات الصناعية
 رينك (RENK): سيارات الإرسال، والوحدات الصناعية ومعدات الصيد، ومعدات الصيد البحري.

المركبات
الشاحنات والمركبات العسكرية

 طرازات إل إى: LE Series
 طرازات إف إى: FE Series

الحافلات

 ليون سيتى

قضايا قانونية
في عام 2011، تم اتهام مدير سابق في الشركة برشوة مسؤولي الدولة التركمانية مقابل عقود المشروع في عام 2002. بدأت المحاكمة في ميونيخ في عام 2019 بعد تأخير المحاكمة الأولية المحددة لعام 2016.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضًا
 فويث
 فولكس واجن للشاحنات والحافلات
 زد أف فريدريشهافين

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Documents and clippings about MAN SE in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

تأسيسات سنة 1758 في ألمانيا
شركات ألمانية أسست في 1758
شركات تصنيع انحلت في 2021
شركات تصنيع أسست في 1758
شركات دفاع في ألمانيا
شركات مدرجة في بورصة فرانكفورت
صانعو معدات خدمات طوارئ
علامات تجارية ألمانية
مصانع مركبات عسكرية
مصنعو توربينات بخارية
مصنعو شاحنات في ألمانيا
مصنعو محركات الديزل
انحلالات سنة 2021 في ألمانيا

مان (شركة)


Outpost er en kortfilm instrueret af Esben Blaakilde efter manuskript af Esben Blaakilde, Andreas Sander og Magnus Balle Schwartz.

Handling
Året er 1991. En ensom soldat bevogter et radiotårn ved en uidentificeret militær forpost i Sovjetunionen, da han bliver informeret om unionens endelige kollaps. Det betyder samtidig, at forposten bliver lukket. Men før han kan vende hjem til sin familie, får han besked på at fjerne alle spor af militær aktivitet fra forposten. Men det er ikke alle hemmeligheder, som kan begraves, og selvom Sovjetunionen er afgået ved døden, lever dens eftermæle videre på den for længst glemte forpost.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Outpost


Mali Školjić je mala hrid u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora u općini Dobrinju.

Nalazi se u uvali Soline, ujezerenom zaljevu na istočnoj obali otoka Krka. Smještena je na istočnom dijelu uvale Soline, točno nasuprot mjestu Klimnu, 50-ak metara od obale. Otvorenom moru je izložena tek s istočne strane. Desetak metara sjeverno od nje je hrid Crni.

Površine je 1.830 km².

U Državnom programu zaštite i korištenja malih, povremeno nastanjenih i nenastanjenih otoka i okolnog mora Ministarstva regionalnoga razvoja i fondova Europske unije, svrstan je pod "manje nadmorske tvorbe (hridi različitog oblika i veličine)". Pripada općini Dobrinju.

Izvori

 Kvarnerski otoci

Mali Školjić (Krk)


Magdalene Sibylle de Brandenburg-Bayreuth (27 octombrie 1612 – 20 martie 1687) a fost Electoare de Saxonia din 1656 până în 1680 ca soție a Electorului Johann Georg al II-lea de Saxonia. Fiică a Margrafului Christian de Brandenburg-Bayreuth și a Prințesei Maria a Prusiei, ea a fost membră a Brandenburg-Bayreuth, o ramură a Casei de Hohenzollern.

Biografie
Născută la Bayreuth, ea a fost al cincilea copil al Margrafului Christian de Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1581–1655) și a Mariei a Prusiei (1579–1649). Mama ei era fiica Ducelui Albert Frederic de Prusia, și a Mariei Eleonore de Cleves. Una dintre mătușile materne a fost Ducesa Anne de Prusia.

Familie
La 13 noiembrie 1638, la Dresda, Magdalene Sibylle s-a căsătorit cu Johann Georg al II-lea, Elector de Saxonia. Ei erau veri primari, soțul ei fiind fiul mătușii materne (și după care a ea a fost botezată), Magdalene Sibylle a Prusiei. Nora și verișoara ei a fost Magdalene Sibylle de Saxonia.

Magdalene Sibylle și Johann Georg II au avut trei copii:

Sibylle Marie (16 septembrie 1642 – 27 februarie 1643)
Erdmuthe Sophie (25 februarie 1644 – 22 iunie 1670), căsătorită la 29 octombrie 1662 cu Christian Ernst, Margraf de Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Johann Georg III (20 iunie 1647 –  12 septembrie 1691), succesorul lui ca Elector.

Nașteri în 1612
Decese în 1687
Casa de Hohenzollern

Magdalene Sybille de Brandenburg-Bayreuth


An Panicum missionum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Erik Leonard Ekman. An Panicum missionum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Panicum

Panicum missionum


Jacques Audiberti (Antibes, 25 de marzo de 1899- París, 10 de julio de 1965) escritor francés.

Hijo único, se trasladó a París en 1924 y estuvo interesado por el movimiento surrealista.

Premios
 1938 Prix Mallarmé
 1964 Prix des Critiques

Obra

Teatro
 Le mal court (1947)
 L'effet Glapion (1959)
 La Fourmi dans le corps (1962)

Poemarios
 Des Tonnes de semence (1941)
 Toujours (1944)
 Rempart (1953)

Novelas
 Le Maître de Milan (1950)
 Marie Dubois (1952)
 Les jardins et les fleuves (1954)
 Infanticide préconisé (1958)

Otros
 La poupée, película
 Dimanche m'attend'', diario

Referencias

Dramaturgos de Francia del siglo XX
Poetas de Francia del siglo XX
Novelistas de Francia del siglo XX
Literatura del Surrealismo
Diaristas de Francia
Escritores en francés del siglo XX
Autobiógrafos de Francia
Nacidos en Antibes

Jacques Audiberti


A Coroa do Estado de Jorge I (inglês: State Crown of George I) é a Coroa Imperial de Estado criada em 1714 para o rei Jorge I da Grã-Bretanha. Foi modificada e usada pelos monarcas subsequentes até 1838. A moldura de ouro vazia e seu monde de água-marinha que datam do reinado de rei Jaime II são ambos parte das Joias da Coroa do Reino Unido. Eles estão em exibição pública na Martin Tower na Torre de Londres.

Origem
A coroa, feita pelo joalheiro real Samuel Smithin, substituiu a coroa de estado de Carlos II (também usada por seus sucessores, Jaime II, Guilherme III e Rainha Ana) e incorporou algumas das joias e pérolas da antiga coroa, com a adição de 265 novas pérolas, 160 diamantes, 6 esmeraldas e 2 safiras, com um custo total de £ 1.440. Muito pouca mudança foi feita na forma da coroa ou no arranjo das pedras. A moldura dourada tem 20,4 cm (8,0 pol.) De altura, e o monde e a cruz que o superam têm 8,5 cm (3,3 pol.) De altura.

Aquarela

A coroa é retratada de forma vibrante em uma pintura em aquarela de Bernard Lens III, o pintor em miniatura da corte de Jorge II, datada de 1731. Esta data sugere que Lens fez um esboço da coroa antes de ser totalmente redefinida em 1727 para Jorge II, mas não terminou até algum tempo depois. A inscrição diz:A coroa com a qual Jorge I, rei da Grã-Bretanha, foi coroado em 20 de outubro de 1714. A tampa é de veludo carmesim ou roxo; verga de arminho; círculo e arcos de ouro batido. Os ornamentos são de prata e cravejados de diamantes; as pedras maiores são safiras e esmeraldas e alguns pequenos rubis. As balas na cruz da frente foram dadas à coroa por Jaime II. A bola na qual está fixada a cruz superior é água-marinha, mas a parte inferior é verde esmaltado de ouro. É usado quando o rei vai ao parlamento, é renovado a cada coroação e guardado na Torre de Londres.As "balas" mencionadas aqui são o Rubi do Príncipe Negro, um grande espinélio que na verdade estava na coroa do estado de Carlos II, e é mencionado pela primeira vez nos inventários Tudor como sendo colocado em uma coroa usada por Henrique VIII. A "água-marinha" data de 1685, quando substituiu o monde original na coroa do estado de Carlos II, e mais tarde descobriu-se que era pasta ou vidro colorido.

Uso subsequente e destino
A coroa do estado de Jorge I foi posteriormente usada nas coroações de Jorge II, para quem os arcos foram puxados para cima, e Jorge III. Em 1821, por ser vista como "um negócio muito pobre", a coroa sofreu grandes alterações, incluindo a substituição do monde em forma de losango por um globo de diamantes. Embora a coroa estivesse presente na coroação de Jorge IV, ele foi coroado com uma nova coroa de coroação feita especialmente para ele. Guilherme IV foi o último monarca a usar a coroa. Para sua coroação em 1838, a Rainha Vitória mandou fazer uma nova Coroa Imperial de Estado, usando pedras preciosas da coroa do estado de Jorge I.

Esvaziada de suas joias e descartada pela família real, a coroa de 1714 foi emprestada ao Museu de Londres pela família Amherst de 1933 a 1985. Foi comprada por Asprey em 1987 e posteriormente adquirida por Jefri Bolkiah, Príncipe de Brunei, que apresentou para o Reino Unido. Ele havia sido avaliado em £ 576.000 em 1995 para fins de um pedido de exportação da coroa para os Estados Unidos. O pedido foi retirado durante uma análise do Comitê de Revisão da Exportação de Obras de Arte. Faz parte da Royal Collection e está em exibição pública na Martin Tower na Torre de Londres desde 1996.

Referências

Joias da Coroa Britânica
Coroas

Coroa de Estado de Jorge I


Ladera é uma região censo-designada localizada estado americano de Califórnia, no sul do Condado de San Mateo, adjacente a Portola Valley. Possui mais de mil habitantes, de acordo com o censo nacional de 2020.

Geografia
De acordo com o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, a região tem uma área de , dos quais todos os  estão cobertos por terra.

Demografia

Censo 2020
Segundo o censo nacional de 2020, a sua população é de  e sua densidade populacional de . Seu crescimento populacional na última década foi de 9,2%, acima do crescimento estadual de 6,1%.

Possui  que resulta em uma densidade de  e um aumento de 2,2% em relação ao censo anterior. Deste total, 2,4% das unidades habitacionais estão desocupadas. A média de ocupação é de 2,9 pessoas por residência.

A renda familiar média é superior a  e a taxa de emprego é de 55,9%.

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias da Califórnia
Localidades do condado de San Mateo
Vale do Silício

Ladera (Califórnia)


Cahir Castle (), one of the largest castles in Ireland, is sited on an island in the river Suir. It was built from 1142 by Conchobar Ua Briain, King of Thomond. Now situated in Cahir town centre, County Tipperary, the castle is well preserved and has guided tour and audiovisual shows in multiple languages.

Construction
The castle was sited on and near an earlier native fortification known as a cathair (stone fort), which gave its name to the place. The core structure of the castle dates to construction in the 13th century by the O'Brien family. The castle was built in two parts, with the side now by the street being built 200 years before the side now housing the audio-visual show.

Granted to the powerful Butler family in late 14th century, the castle was enlarged and remodelled between the 15th and 17th centuries. It fell into ruin in the late 18th century and was partially restored in the 1840s. The Great Hall was partly rebuilt in 1840.

History
In 1375, the castle was granted to James Butler, newly created Earl of Ormond, for his loyalty to Edward III, King of England. His son James, the second Earl (by his second marriage) passed the lands around the barony of Iffa and Offa West to his children, though they were not themselves noble. This changed by 1542 when the first of the Barons Cahir was created. Unlike their Anglican kinsmen, this branch of the Butler dynasty sided with the Roman Catholic Irish in the Elizabethan wars. In 1599, the castle was captured after a three-day siege by the army of the Earl of Essex and was, for a year, put under the charge of Sir Charles Blount. Lord Cahir joined with the Earl of Tyrone in 1601 and was attainted for treason, but later obtained a full pardon. In 1627, the castle was the scene of a celebrated killing when Cahir's son-in-law, Lord Dunboyne, murdered his distant cousin, James Prendergast, in a dispute over an inheritance: he was tried for the killing but acquitted.

During the Irish Confederate Wars the castle was besieged twice. In 1647, George Mathew, the guardian of the young Lord Cahir, surrendered to Murrough O'Brien, 6th Baron Inchiquin (later 1st Earl, and a descendant of Cahir's builder) following his victory at the Battle of Knocknanauss. In 1650, he surrendered again to Oliver Cromwell, during his conquest of Ireland without a shot even being fired.

In 1961, the last Lord Cahir died and the castle became the property of the Irish state.

Protection and tourism

In the late 20th century the castle was named a National Monument, and is now managed by the Office of Public Works, who maintain the castle and operate tours.

The interior shots of the Abbey in the 1973 television film The Conflict, were filmed at the castle. In 1981, it was used as a location for a battle scene in the film Excalibur. In 1998, the site was used as a location for Saban's Mystic Knights Of Tir Na Nog on Fox Kids.

The castle was also used as a location for television series The Tudors. In 2019, it was used as a location for the film The Green Knight and in 2020 for the film The Last Duel.

Gallery

External links
 Cahir Castle — official site

References

Cahir
National Monuments in County Tipperary
O'Brien dynasty
Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland
Museums in County Tipperary
Castles in County Tipperary
Butler dynasty

Cahir Castle


Skyld & tilgivelse er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2005.

Handling
Skyld og tilgivelse er klassiske temaer i den kristne tradition. I det moderne liv, hvor religionen ikke længere spiller en central rolle, er det, som om disse temaer er blevet tabubelagte. Imidlertid må alle mennesker på et eller andet tidspunkt i deres liv forholde sig til disse spørgsmål. I filmen uddyber en teolog sine synspunkter, og to kvinder fortæller deres personlige historier om skyld og tilgivelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2005

Skyld & tilgivelse


Aaron Mateo Bauer es un biólogo estadounidense (27 de junio de 1961, Nueva York). En la actualidad es profesor de Biología en la Universidad Villanova, Pensilvania (EE. UU.), donde reside.

Después de estudiar en Nueva York y en Míchigan, estudió zoología en la Universidad de California en Berkeley desde 1982 hasta 1986, donde obtuvo su doctorado.

Estudio la evolución de las salamanquesas desde un punto de vista biológico, y también examina las causas de la extinción de especies.

Es responsable del descubrimiento de varias especies de lagartijas, algunas desaparecidas (Hoplodactylus delcourti, por ejemplo).

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2012. Phylogeography, geographic variation, and taxonomy of the Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus Taylor, 1962 from Peninsular Malaysia with the description of a new swamp dwelling species. Zootaxa 3406:39–58

 . 2012. Revision of the giant geckos of New Caledonia (Reptilia: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus). Zootaxa 3404:1–52

Honores
 Miembro honorario e investigador asociado de la California Academy of Sciences

Fuentes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Bibliografía del autor

Zoólogos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Herpetólogos de Estados Unidos
Alumnado de la Universidad Estatal de Míchigan
Alumnado de la Universidad de California en Berkeley
Personas de Nueva York (estado)
Zoólogos de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI

Aaron Matthew Bauer


محمبل قرية سورية تتبع ناحية محمبل في منطقة أريحا في محافظة إدلب. بلغ عدد سكانها 4970 نسمة في عام 2004 حسب إحصاء المكتب المركزي للإحصاء.

محمبل هي مركز الناحية الوحيد في سهل الروج شمال سوريا. وتتميز بموقع جميل جدا كونها تقع على سفح جبل الزاوية من جهته الغربية وتطل على سهل الروج ومن جهة موقعها الإستراتيجي فهي تقع على منتصف الطريق العام حلب الاذقية وفيها محطة قطار مركزية على نفس الخط يمتاز أهل محمبل بالطيبة والبساطة بالإضافة لوجود نسبة كبيرة من المثقفين وحملة الشهادات الجامعية.

تشتهر ناحية محمبل بزراعة الزيتون والعنب والتين الأصفر كما تشتهر أيضا بطعم البطيخ الأحمر لحلاوة مذاقه وحمرة لونه، يعد أهالي محمبل امتدادا لأهالي قرية مرعيان الصغيرة والواقعة أيضا على سفح جبل الزاوية من الجهة الشرقية

وبمرور الزمن استقروا في محمبل ولا يزالون يمتلكون منازل وأراضي في كلتا القريتين.

وفي السنوات الأخيرة سيطرة عليها قوات النظام السوري مما دفع معظم سكانها إلى النزوح عنها لأن معظم شبابهم من الناشطين والثوريين فأضحت البلدة
التي كانت تعج في السكان إلى (بلدة الأشباح) كما يدعوها سكان القرى المجاورة وما زال سكانها نازحين عنها منذ أيلول 2012 حتى الآن

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة أريحا
قرى محافظة إدلب

محمبل


Jeg så det land er en dansk portrætfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Henrik Lundø og Jacob Jørgensen.

Handling
I årene 1833-34 foretog H.C. Andersen sin første store udenlandsrejse. En rejse der fik afgørende betydning for hans forfatterskab og førte til hans gennembrud som digter. Forfatteren og kunsthistorikeren Hans Edvard Nørregård-Nielsen fulgte i 2003 i H.C. Andersens spor fra Schweiz, ned gennem alperne og til Italien. Undervejs fortolkes den betydning, rejsens oplevelser havde på Andersen som forfatter - og som menneske - motiveret af stemningsbilleder fra nogle af stederne i dag, Andersens egne tegninger fra dengang og uddrag fra hans dagbogsnotater. En indre rejse såvel som et indblik i tidens kunst, arkitektur og kultur som den følsomme digterspire oplevede det.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Værker om H.C. Andersen
Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Jeg så det land


A Sawfish is a large, endangered cartilaginous fish with a saw-shaped nose.

Sawfish may also refer to:

 Sawfish (window manager), a window manager for Unix systems running X
 Sawfish harvester, a submersible robot equipped with a chainsaw for harvesting underwater trees

Sawfish (disambiguation)


Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. CDA combines critique of discourse and explanation of how it figures within and contributes to the existing social reality, as a basis for action to change that existing reality in particular respects. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally argue that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use. In this sense, it differs from discourse analysis in that it highlights issues of power asymmetries, manipulation, exploitation, and structural inequities in domains such as education, media, and politics.

Background
Critical discourse analysis emerged from 'critical linguistics' developed at the University of East Anglia by Roger Fowler and fellow scholars in the 1970s, and the terms are now often interchangeable. Research in the field of sociolinguistics was paying little attention to social hierarchy and power. CDA was first developed by the Lancaster school of linguists of which Norman Fairclough was the most prominent figure. Ruth Wodak has also made a major contribution to this field of study.

In addition to linguistic theory, the approach draws from social theory—and contributions from Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Jürgen Habermas, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu—in order to examine ideologies and power relations involved in discourse. Language connects with the social through being the primary domain of ideology, and through being both a site of, and a stake in, struggles for power. Ideology has been called the basis of the social representations of groups, and, in psychological versions of CDA developed by Teun A. van Dijk and Ruth Wodak, there is assumed to be a sociocognitive interface between social structures and discourse structures. The historical dimension in critical discourse studies also plays an important role.

Methodology
CDA is an application of discourse analysis; it is generally agreed that methods from discourse studies, the humanities and social sciences may be used in CDA research. This is on the condition that it is able to adequately and relevantly produce insights into the way discourse reproduces (or resists) social and political inequality, power abuse or domination.  Examples of power being used by mainstream media have been identified in the work of Stephen Teo in Australia where he found numerous examples of racism in crime reports of Vietnamese youth. He describes the use of headlines used to control the opinions of readers to see and read about crime using what David Altheide calls fear discourse. CDA does not limit its analysis to specific structures of text or talk, but systematically relates these to structures of the sociopolitical context. This was further examined by Pamela D Schulz in her book linking Media reporting of Courts in Australia and in western democracies. Her book "Courts and Judges on Trial: Analysing and Managing Discourses of Disapproval" showed a strong connection between political manipulation of media to encourage "tougher sentencing" while at the same time refraining from changing legislation to ensure that it happens. CDA has been used to examine rhetoric in political speech acts, and any forms of speech that may be used to manipulate the impression given to the audience. However, there have been flaws noted with CDA. For example, it has been said that it is simultaneously too broad to distinctly identify manipulations within the rhetoric, yet is also not powerful enough to appropriately find all that researchers set out to establish.

Norman Fairclough discussed the term CDA in his book Language and Power.  Fairclough introduced the concepts that are now viewed as vital in CDA such as "discourse, power, ideology, social practice and common sense." He argues that language should be analyzed as a social practice through the lens of discourse in both speaking and writing.

Fairclough developed a three-dimensional framework for studying discourse, where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and consumption) and analysis of discursive events as instances of socio-cultural practice. Particularly, he combines micro, meso and macro-level interpretation. At the micro-level, the analyst considers various aspects of textual/linguistic analysis, for example syntactic analysis, use of metaphor and rhetorical devices. The meso-level or "level of discursive practice" involves studying issues of production and consumption, for instance, which institution produced a text, who is the target audience, etc. At the macro-level, the analyst is concerned with intertextual and interdiscursive elements and tries to take into account the broad, societal currents that are affecting the text being studied.

Teun A. van Dijk's approach to Critical Discourse Analysis combines cognitive theories with linguistic and social theories.  Van Dijk uses cognition as the middle layer of a three-layer approach consisting of discourse, cognitive and society.  By integrating a cognitive approach, researchers are better able to understand how larger social phenomenon are reinforced through popular, everyday discourse.  Critics of this practice point out that his approach focuses on the reproduction of ideologies rather than the transformation.

Ruth Wodak has developed a framework based on the systemic collection of sample texts on a topic to better understand the interrelationship of discourses that exist within the field.  This framework allows for the discussion and analysis of ideologies involved in a set of discourses.  The macro level of analysis is helpful in understanding how macro-structures of inequality persist through discursive processes across multiple sites and texts.

Applications
CDA has been applied to media studies, advertisements texts  English language teaching, heritage language, power and ideology, socialization and environmental sciences to name a few.

Notable academics
Notable writers include Norman Fairclough, Michał Krzyżanowski, Paul Chilton, Teun A. van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, John E. Richardson, Phil Graham, Theo Van Leeuwen, , , James Paul Gee, Roger Fowler, Gunther Kress, Mary Talbot, Lilie Chouliaraki, Thomas Huckin, Hilary Janks, Veronika Koller, Christopher Hart, Bob Hodge, and William Feighery.

See also

Bibliography

Notes

References
Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen Rosa, and Coulthard, Malcolm, (editors) (1996) Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Routledge.
Chouliaraki, Lilie & Norman Fairclough (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Norman Fairclough (1995). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
Norman Fairclough (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
Jaworski, Adam, & Coupland, Nikolas (Eds.) (2002). The Discourse Reader. New York: Routledge.
Lazar, Michelle (Ed.) (2005). Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis: Gender, Power and Ideology In Discourse. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Rogers, Rebecca (2003). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Family Literacy Practices: Power in and Out of Print. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rogers, Rebecca (Ed.) (2003). An Introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis in Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Talbot, Mary, Atkinson, Karen and Atkinson, David (2003). Language and Power in the Modern World.  Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Toolan, Michael (Ed.) (2002). Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Vol I: Precursors and Inspirations). London: Routledge.
Toolan, Michael (Ed.) (2002). Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Vol II: Leading Advocates). London: Routledge.
Toolan, Michael (Ed.) (2002). Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Vol III: Concurrent Analyses and Critiques). London: Routledge.
Toolan, Michael (Ed.) (2002). Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics (Vol IV: Current Debates and New Directions). London: Routledge.
Teun A. Van Dijk. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Teun A. Van Dijk. (2005). Racism and discourse in Spain and Latin America. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Teun A. Van Dijk. (2008). Discourse and Power. Houndsmills: Palgrave.
Weiss, Gilbert & Wodak, Ruth (Eds.) (2003). Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Palgrave.
Young, Lynne & Harrison, Claire (Eds.) (2004). Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Studies in Social Change. London: Continuum.
Anna Duszak, Juliane House, Łukasz Kumięga: Globalization, Discourse, Media: In a Critical Perspective / Globalisierung, Diskurse, Medien: eine kritische Perspektive. Warsaw University Press, 2010

Further reading
Amoussou, F., & Allagbe, A. A. (2018). Principles, Theories and Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 6(1), 11-18.
Henry Widdowson (1995). Review of Fairclough's Discourse and Social Change. Applied Linguistics 16(4): 510–516.
Norman Fairclough (1996). A Reply to Henry Widdowson's 'Discourse Analysis: A Critical View. Language & Literature 5(1): 49–56.
Henry Widdowson (1996). Reply to Fairclough: Discourse and Interpretation: Conjectures and Refutations. Language & Literature 5(1): 57–69.
 Henry Widdowson (1998). "The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis." Applied Linguistics 19(1): 136–151.
 O'Halloran, Kieran A. (2003) Critical Discourse Analysis and Language Cognition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
 Beaugrande, Robert de (2001). "Interpreting the Discourse of H.G. Widdowson: A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis. Applied Linguistics 22(1): 104–121.
Toolan, Michael (1997). What Is Critical Discourse Analysis and Why Are People Saying Such Terrible Things About It? Language & Literature 6(2): 83–103.
Stubbs, Michael (1998). Whorf's Children: Critical Comments on Critical Discourse Analysis. In Ryan, A. & Wray, A. (Eds.), Evolving Models of Language: British Studies in Applied Linguistics 12, Clevedon: BAAL/Multilingual Matters.
Blommaert, Jan & Bulcaen, Chris (2000). Critical Discourse Analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 447–466.
Blommaert, Jan, Collins, James, Heller, Monica, Rampton, Ben, Slembrouck, Stef & Jef Verschueren. Discourse and Critique. Special issue of Critique of Anthropology 21(1): 5–107 and 21(2): 117–183.
Slembrouck, Stef (2001). Explanation, Interpretation and Critique in the Analysis of Discourse. Critique of Anthropology, 21: 33–57.
Slembrouck, Stef (2005). Discourse, critique and ethnography: class-oriented coding in accounts of child protection. Language Sciences 27:619–650.
Threadgold, Terry (2003). Cultural Studies, Critical Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis: Histories, Remembering and Futures. Linguistik Online 14(2).
Tyrwhitt-Drake, Hugh (1999). Resisting the Discourse of Critical Discourse Analysis: Reopening a Hong Kong Case Study. Journal of Pragmatics 31: 1081–1088.

External links
 Discourseanalysis.net Research portal and mailing list
 Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines Research portal and conference
 Discourses.org Website of Teun van Dijk
 Norman Fairclough's profile page

Associated research groups
 Language, Ideology and Power research group at Lancaster University
 Newcastle Critical Discourse Group
 Discourse and Rhetoric group at Loughborough University

Associated journals
 Discourse & Society (from 1990)
 Social Semiotics (from 1990)
 Journal of Language and Politics (from 2002)
 Critical Discourse Studies (from 2004)
 Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines (peer-reviewed free online journal, from 2007)

Sociolinguistics
Critical theory
Discourse analysis
Social science methodology

Critical discourse analysis


Evren, eskiden Çıkınağıl, Ankara ilinin bir ilçesidir. Güneyde Aksaray'a bağlı Sarıyahşi ilçesi, kuzeyde ve doğuda Kızılırmak Nehri, batıda Şereflikoçhisar ilçesi ile çevrilidir.

Tarih
Anadolu uygarlıklarının her dönemin yaşandığı Evren, Anadolu'nun en eski yerleşim merkezlerinden birisidir. Hititler, Frigler, Persler, Romalılar, Selçuklu Hanedanı, Karahanoğulları ve Osmanlılar bu bölgede tarih boyunca çeşitli yerleşim yerleri oluşturmuşlardır.

Kültür Bakanlığının ilçe ve çevresinde yaptırmış olduğu araştırmalar sonucu M.Ö. 2400 yıllarına kadar Tunç Çağı, Demir Çağı ve Roma dönemine ait eserlerin varlığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca baraj sularının kıyısında yapılan kazılarda tufan dönemine ait olabileceği belirtilen 10 milyon yıllık fosil kalıntıları bulunmuş ve halen çalışmalar aralıklarla devam etmektedir.

Selçuklu ve Osmanlılar döneminde Türklerin yerleşim bölgesi olan Evren üzerinde aynı zamanda tarihi İpek Yolu geçmektedir.

Şu an ilçede yaşayan halkın genelinin Türkmen boylarından olduğu bir araştırmaya göre de "Derbent"* oldukları sanılmaktadır.

1963 yılına kadar köy statüsünde olup Çıkınağıl adı ile anılan ilçe, 1957 yılında önceki kuruluş yeri Hirfanlı Baraj Gölü suları altında kalması nedeni ile şu anki mevkisine taşınmıştır. 1963 yılında Şereflikoçhisar ilçesine bağlı olarak belde olmuş, 1982 yılında ise adı Evren olarak değiştirilmiştir. 1990 yılında çıkarılan 3644 sayılı kanun ile adı "Evren" kalmak kaydı ile ilçe statüsüne dönüştürülerek 2.8.1991 tarihinde de ilk kaymakamı atanmıştır.

İlçe bağlısı olarak merkez hariç olmak üzere ilçe merkezine bağlı; 9 köy ve 5 mahalleden oluşmaktadır. Askeri darbe dolayısıyla, 21 Mayıs 1984'te Çıkınağıl adıyla bir belde olan yerleşimin adı "Evren" olarak değiştirildi.

Derbent: Sınır üzerinde bulunan küçük kale, dağ üzerindeki geçitlerde ve boğazlarda bulunan karakol. Ayrıca iki dağ arasındaki geçit ve boğaz anlamına da gelir.

Nüfus

Mahalleler
Evren'in 13 mahallesinin 4'ü merkezde bulunmaktadır. Merkez mahallelerinde 1.721 kişi (%62,5) yaşamaktadır. En uzak mahallesi ise 23,5 km uzaklıktaki İnebeyli'dir. İlçede nüfusu en fazla olan, 496 kişi ile Yeni mahallesidir. Evren'in nüfusu 2017 yılında 31 kişi azalmıştır.

Evren ilçesinin mahallelerinin ilçeye uzaklığı, rakımı ve nüfusu

* Km,  kaymakamlığa olan uzaklıktır.

Yönetim

Belediye başkanları

Kaynakça

Evren, Ankara


نظام وحدات سنتيمتر غرام ثانية  (اختصاراً CGS سم.غ.ثا) هو نظام متري لوحدات القياس يعتمد على الوحدات التالية: السنتيمتر كوحدة للطول، الغرام كوحدة للكتلة، الثانية كوحدة للزمن.

ابتكر هذا النظام من قبل الجمعية البريطانية لتطوير العلوم عام 1874، واستبدل عام 1889 بنظام آخر وهو نظام وحدات متر كيلوغرام ثانية MKS، والذي بدوره استبدل بنظام الوحدات الدولي SI.

مراجع

أنظمة الوحدات
علم القياس
نظام متري

نظام وحدات سنتيمتر غرام ثانية


Bokseturneringerne ved Sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro fandt sted i perioden 6.-21. august 2016 i Pavilion 6 i Riocentro.

Deltagende lande

Medaljer

Damer

Herrer

Medaljeoverigt
Nøgle
 Værtsnation (Brasilien)

Referencer

2016
Boksning i Brasilien

Boksning under sommer-OL 2016


Jonathan Thomas "John" Squire (born 24 November 1962) is an English musician, songwriter and painter. He was the guitarist for the Stone Roses, a rock band in which he formed a songwriting partnership with lead singer Ian Brown. After leaving the Stone Roses he went on to found The Seahorses and has since released two solo albums. In 2007, Squire gave up music to fully commit to painting. However, he later returned to music when the Stone Roses reformed in 2011. When the Stone Roses disbanded for a second time in 2017 Squire once again returned to painting. However, he continues to play guitar occasionally, including making guest appearances for two shows with Liam Gallagher at Knebworth in 2022.

Squire has been described as one of the most accomplished and influential British rock guitarists of the late 1980s and early 1990s, known for his chiming melodies, spiraling riffs and live solos. He was voted the 13th greatest guitarist of the last 30 years in a national poll by BBC 6 Music in 2010.

Early life
Squire was born in Broadheath, Altrincham, Cheshire. He grew up on Sylvan Avenue in Timperley, around the corner from Ian Brown, and after attending Heyes Lane Junior School, he passed the eleven plus exam and went on to attend Altrincham Grammar School for Boys. As a child he excelled at art. He formed a close friendship with Ian Brown during their last two years at school together after Brown aided him in a fight with a school bully. The two further bonded over a shared love for punk rock, particularly the Clash.

Squire and Brown moved on to South Trafford College after passing O-Levels. Brown got expelled and Squire dropped out shortly after in order to start a band. Although Squire had a couple of guitar lessons, he was largely self-taught.

The Stone Roses
In the early 1980s Squire and Brown founded a band, Patrol, that eventually became the Stone Roses. Squire was lead guitarist, and the partnership between him and Brown formed the heart of the band's lyrical and musical output.

The Stone Roses became one of the most influential acts of its era. Their 1989 eponymous debut album quickly achieved the status of a classic in the UK, and topped NME'''s list of the Greatest British Albums of All Time. Squire (now calling himself John, instead of his birth name of Jonathan) co-wrote all of the tracks with Brown and painted the cover art, a Jackson Pollock-influenced piece containing references to the May 1968 riots in Paris.

The band's second album, Second Coming was released in 1994. It featured a heavier blues-rock sound, similar to Led Zeppelin and the Allman Brothers Band, but fused with Ian Brown's distinct Britpop vocal style. The album also featured Squire's vocals for the first time on 'Tightrope' and 'How Do You Sleep'. Squire wrote the majority of its songs alone. The album was met with mixed reaction from fans, and shortly after band infighting and rumoured cocaine abuse led to his departure from the band on 1 April 1996. The band dissolved six months later.

The Seahorses and solo career
With three previously unknown musicians, Squire formed a new band, The Seahorses, in 1996. The band's only album Do it Yourself was released in 1997. The Seahorses disbanded due to creative differences in 1999.

Following the demise of the Seahorses, Squire continued work with drummer Mark Heaney and ex-Verve bassist Simon Jones along with new vocalist Duncan Baxter as John Squire's Skunkworks, but left prior to the band releasing material as the Shining.

Squire released his first solo album, Time Changes Everything in 2002. A concept album followed in 2004 entitled Marshall's House. Squire has also said that he has recorded a third album, however he has decided not to release it as he felt that promoting and touring the album would take the fun out of the music, and turn it into a job rather than a hobby. This is the second time that Squire has recorded an album and opted to keep it unreleased, as he did the same in 1999 as a part of the Seahorses, when they recorded an album, set to be named "Minus Blue" or "Motorcade", but decided to break up rather than release the album.

Artwork
Besides music, Squire is also a published artist. His artwork has adorned the singles, album covers and promotional posters for his and the Stone Roses' music. In the 1980s, Squire's artistic style was heavily influenced by the action painting technique of Jackson Pollock. In recent years, Squire has shown a broader use of media and has incorporated newer influences to his work. One such item – a surfboard covered with Beach Boys song lyrics, which was for the War Child charity to auction – featured on the cover for Travis's 1997 single release "U16 Girls" and their debut album Good Feeling. In 2004, Squire held two well-received art exhibitions in London and Manchester.

He has exhibited his artwork at the Smithfield Gallery (July 2007) and the Dazed Gallery, London (September – October 2007). At the Smithfield Gallery opening, Squire told a reporter from the Manchester Evening News that he was giving up music for good. He explained that "I'm enjoying this far too much to go back to music." When asked about a Stone Roses reunion, he said it was "highly unlikely".

In January 2009, Squire launched a new exhibition of his art entitled Heavy Metal Semantics, in London, and further exhibitions in Oldham, Austria and Tokyo later in the year. Further exhibitions include Edinburgh in August 2010, Brussels in early 2011 and London in 2019.

Intentions for a Stone Roses reunion
After leaving the Stone Roses, Squire had a lasting feud with ex-bandmate Ian Brown, with the pair not having spoken in over a decade since Squire's departure from the band. In a 2005 Q magazine article, Squire blasted Brown, claiming "When he (Brown) was stoned, he was at best a tuneless knob and at worst a paranoid mess" (this was in response to queries about what had gone wrong with the Second Coming recording sessions, and the state of Brown's vocal due to his cannabis intake). Although both Brown and Squire performed Stone Roses songs in their solo gigs, a band reunion seemed unlikely. Squire was interviewed in June 2007 by Dave Haslam on XFM Manchester radio and discussed his current work as an artist, and claimed that even if Brown phoned him and suggested a Stone Roses reunion, he would turn the offer down. But in an interview on The Culture Show in 2008, Squire stated: "I went to that Led Zeppelin reunion show, and on the way back in the car I was thinking it would be good to do something like that one day."

In March 2009, Squire appeared to put an end to speculation surrounding the Stone Roses' reunion by defacing one of his artworks with the text "I have no desire whatsoever to desecrate the grave of seminal Manchester pop group the Stone Roses." Also on 19 March 2009, Squire appeared on the BBC's Newsnight, and when asked if a reunion would ever occur, he stated that it would "absolutely most definitely not". He said he came on air to address the fans once and for all and also, "to stop the phones ringing." He also stated his belief that music is a young person's game.

In March 2011, Brown and Squire met at the funeral of Mani's mother, leading to speculation that the band would reform. This was angrily denied at the time by Mani. However, on 18 October 2011, at London's Soho Hotel, the Stone Roses announced that they would reunite for the first time in fifteen years, playing three shows at Heaton Park, Manchester, on 29 and 30 June and 1 July 2012 as part of an extensive Reunion Tour, and on 2 December 2011 Brown and Squire performed together live for the first time since 1995. They joined Mick Jones from the Clash, the Farm and Pete Wylie at the Manchester Ritz in aid of the Justice for Hillsborough campaign. They performed "Elizabeth My Dear" as a duo before being joined by Mick Jones and the Farm for renditions of the Clash's "Bankrobber" and "Armagideon Time" with Ian Brown taking on lead vocals for the three songs. The Stone Roses played a European tour in the summer of 2012. The band played around the world, playing their last concert in 2017. Squire then returned to painting. In a 2019 interview he said he had written and recorded some songs but only his wife had heard them.

On 3 and 4 June 2022, Squire made his first stage appearances in five years at the encore of Liam Gallagher's two Knebworth House concerts, as a guest guitarist on the song "Champagne Supernova". These mirrored the guest appearances he had previously made at Oasis' record-breaking Knebworth shows in 1996.

Discography
Albums
 Time Changes Everything (2002) No.17 UK
 Marshall's House (2004) No.90 UK

Singles
 "Joe Louis" (2002) No.43 UK
 "Room In Brooklyn" (2004) No.44 UK

Live albums and EPS
 Time Changes Everything'' Live EP (Japan only) (2003)

See also

:Category:Songs written by John Squire

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official site

1962 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
British alternative rock musicians
Madchester musicians
English atheists
English male singers
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English male songwriters
Lead guitarists
Musicians from Manchester
People educated at Altrincham Grammar School for Boys
People from Altrincham
The Stone Roses members
English male guitarists
The Seahorses members
The Shining (band) members

John Squire