555 est un roman d'Hélène Gestern paru en  aux éditions Arléa et ayant reçu la même année le grand prix RTL-Lire.

Sujet
Le roman a pour sujet, la découverte d'une partition dont l'auteur pourrait être le compositeur italien Domenico Scarlatti.

Personnages
Grégoire Coblence, ébéniste. Marié à Florence, qui l'a quitté sans explication.

Giancardo Albizon, luthier réputé. Son atelier jouxte celui de Grégoire Coblence, qui restaure des meubles anciens et des étuis d'instruments à cordes.

Manig Terzian, claveciniste de renommée mondiale.

Rodolphe Luzin-Farge, musicologue, spécialiste de Scarlatti.

Joris De Jonghe, riche collectionneur belge, veuf qui vit dans le souvenir de sa femme.

Ces cinq personnages sont les narrateurs successifs et alternés de l'intrigue, Chacun intervenant en treize courts chapitres.

Florence, l'épouse de Grégoire Coblence, clôt le roman dans une longue lettre adressée à Grégoire Coblence, son mari,  dans laquelle elle explique pourquoi elle l'a quitté et donne la clé de l'énigme qui est le fil du roman, autour d'une partition inconnue de Scarlatti, qui s'ajouterait aux "555" répertoriées.

Résumé
Grégoire Coblence découvre une partition ancienne dans un étui de violoncelle qu'il est chargé de rénover. Elle suscite l'intérêt de Giancardo Albizon, qui a de graves problèmes d'argent à cause de dettes de jeu pour lesquelles il subit des menaces de mort de la part d'un "Polonais". Surmontant sa timidité naturelle, Grégoire obtient, par l'intermédiaire de son ami luthier, d'être reçu par Manig Terzian. La claveciniste déchiffre la partition et la joue devant Grégoire. Elle est enthousiaste car elle croit reconnaître dans cette pièce splendide la main de Scarlatti. Or cette partition, déposée dans l'atelier du luthier, disparaît ainsi que deux violons, lors d'un cambriolage.

Dès lors, toute l'intrigue du roman se noue autour de cette partition. Est-elle authentique ? Comment s'est-elle trouvée dans cet étui de violoncelle à l'insu de son propriétaire ? Chaque personnage se découvre une raison vitale de la retrouver. L'ébéniste pour la rendre à son propriétaire. Le luthier pour la revendre au collectionneur. Le musicologue pour relancer sa carrière. La claveciniste pour l'ajouter à son répertoire. Le collectionneur pour rendre hommage à la grande mélomane qu'était sa femme disparue.

Récompense
Le roman reçoit le , le grand prix RTL-Lire.

Éditions
 ..

Notes et références

Roman français paru en 2022
Roman récompensé par le Grand prix RTL-Lire

555 (Hélène Gestern)


Rail shooter (also known as on-rails shooter) is a subgenre of shoot 'em up video game. Beginning with arcade games such as the 1985 Space Harrier, the gameplay locks the player character into a set path, only allowing for limited or no divergence from it, in a similar manner to a theme park dark ride (which are typically on train tracks). While moving on this path, players must aim and shoot enemies while dodging projectiles and avoiding damage. Many rail shooters feature a flying protagonist or ship; however, some take place while walking, running or driving. While rail shooters saw a resurgence on the Wii due to its Wii Remote control scheme, new games in the genre are considered a rarity in the modern day, although many games of other genres contain rail shooter segments.

History
The rail shooter genre stemmed from arcade games, with seminal games being Space Harrier (1985) and After Burner (1987), both developed by Sega. The original Star Fox (1993) further popularized rail shooters, adding 3D graphics. By the mid-1990s, first-person rail shooters became popular in arcades, such as Time Crisis (1995) and The House of the Dead (1996). Panzer Dragoon (1995) and Panzer Dragoon II Zwei (1996) were two well-regarded rail shooters released around this time, with Star Fox 64 releasing in 1997 and gaining wide renown for its graphics, level design and non-linearity. However, it was the last primarily rail shooter Star Fox game, with Nintendo switching to a fully 3D range of movement going forwards. Bucking the trend of combat-oriented games, Pokémon Snap (1999) was one of the first nonviolent rail shooters, and also popularized the photography game genre.

Starting in the late 1990s, the genre started to become unpopular, with on-rails gameplay becoming a "dark mark" due to a stigma of being overly shallow. While games such as Panzer Dragoon Orta (2002) were still released during this time, the lull lasted until the advent of motion control on home consoles, leading to a "rebirth" of the genre with major third-party releases in order to capitalize on the light gun-style gameplay. These included The House of the Dead: Overkill (2009), a grindhouse-style prequel to the original, and Dead Space: Extraction (2009), a spin-off of the survival horror Dead Space franchise, although the developers, facing controversy over its differences from the Xbox 360 and PS3 versions, used the term "guided experience" to describe its gameplay. Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles (2009) featured shakycam movement, while Sin & Punishment: Star Successor (2009) was praised for its impressive graphics. The Kinect also saw its own games, such as Child of Eden (2011), although other developers avoided making their games rail shooters, fearing negative reception.

Following this motion control "boom", the genre dried up yet again, with releases like Crimson Dragon (2013) being sporadic and low-quality. While many modern games limit the player to linear levels, they still allow for free movement within those levels. In the modern day, the genre has become largely relegated to indie games, such as Ex-Zodiac, a retro-styled game heavily inspired by the now-defunct Star Fox series.

See also

 First-person shooter
 Third-person shooter
 Light gun shooter

References

Video game genres

Rail shooter


Carl Schuch (født 30. september 1846 i Wien, død 13. september 1903 sammesteds) var en østrigsk maler.

Schuchan studerede i Wien, i München (hvor han sluttede sig nær til Leibl og Trübner), Bruxelles, Venedig og Paris. I Paris arbejdede han 1882—94 og modtog meget mærkbare impulser fra Courbets kolorit. Han malede fortrinsvis stilleben og landskaber og viser sig her som en af Tysklands mest kultiverede og mest ægte malerbegavelser. Hans kunst ses i mange tyske museer, to stillebensstykker i Dresdens Galleri, landskaber med mere i Berlins Nationalgalleri og så videre, en større samling af hans værker i statsgaleriet i Wien. På den baltiske udstilling i Malmö i 1914 var han smukt repræsenteret med en halv snes billeder, blandt andet det store Stillleben i køkkenet (en mand sidder og polerer tinkrus).

Litteratur

Malere fra Østrig
Stillebenmalere
Landskabsmalere
Østrigere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Wien

Carl Schuch


Robert Vancea (født 28. september 1976) er en tidligere rumænsk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Rumænien

Robert Vancea


Internet Relay Chat services (usually called IRC services) is a name for a set of features implemented on many modern Internet Relay Chat networks. Services are automated bots with special status which are generally used to provide users with access with certain privileges and protection. They usually implement some sort of login system so that only people on the access control list can obtain these services.

Components
The most popular style of services uses a number of fake clients whose names end in "Serv". The four below are nearly always seen in services of this style.

 ChanServ, a channel service bot, is used to protect channel operators and help run the channel. This is convenient for the operators because they do not need to have an operator on the channel all of the time to keep their status.
 NickServ, a nickname service bot, is used to register and protect user nicknames.
 MemoServ, a memo service bot, is used to record and deliver messages to users who are currently offline.
 OperServ is used by IRC operators to perform administrative functions. Also known as AdminServ, RootServ, or OpServ (srvx).

Some others are also seen following this naming convention in some services packages including:

 BotServ, a bot which allows channel operators to assign bots to their channels. These bots are mostly a ChanServ representative in the channel.
 HelpServ, the help service bot, is used to provide help on a variety of IRC topics.
 HostServ, a host service bot, is used to allow general users to register a vhost so that their real IP address on IRC is hidden.
 RootServ, used on specific networks, is utilized by Services Root Administrators to perform Root Administrative functions for the IRC Network and Services Program.
 SpamServ, used to protect channels against spam.
 StatServ, a statistic services bot, is used to perform various statistical analysis on the IRC Network.

Other commonly used services bots:

 Global, a message agent, is a specific service that is used to send global messages via services. This agent is usually given a global IRC Operator status as to be able to perform the function. This service must be on a U-lined server so it has the ability to spoof nicknames. This service is often renamed to the name of the network (e.g. DalNet or Xevium.).

History
The original NickServ was written by Armin Gruner at the Technical University of Munich in 1990. The original intention was to give out friendly warnings that somebody else already likes to use a specific nickname, since the IRC protocol has no built-in provision to protect electronic identities.

NoteServ and MsgServ followed up soon after the introduction of NickServ, and had a similar job to today's MemoServ.

It was considered acceptable behavior simply to /ignore NickServ's notices, but an operator decided to /kill NickServ and use the nickname NickServ himself, subsequently collecting all identify passwords from users and being amused by that.
This led to a public debate over the usefulness and safety of services and the discontinuation of NickServ on EFnet, and EFnet's current Nicknames are not owned policy arose.

In 1995 DALnet invented ChanServ, then re-implemented NickServ and MemoServ.
Today, EFnet and IRCnet are the last large IRC networks which stick to their policy of living without identity protection. Some debate still remains over the value and benefits of Services on IRC, although they are generally considered essential to providing a pleasant chatting experience. This is proven in the fact that most service-less networks have died out.

Many variants of services have been implemented over time, so each IRC network speaks a different service dialect, making it close to impossible for client developers to implement unified graphical interfaces to the various registration procedures.
Still, most of them are inspired by DALnet's and Armin's original works, only Undernet and QuakeNet stick out with a completely different approach.

ChanServ
ChanServ, on many IRC networks, is an IRC service which maintains channel registration and access information. If a channel is registered with ChanServ, its owners (and those they have designated) can use ChanServ to obtain control over the channel, gaining channel operator privileges. Most channel service bots also allow other sorts of channel management options, such as topic locks (in addition to +t), mode locks, and providing users automatically with operator status, half-operator status, voice, or other access, as designated by the channel owners. They may also provide some form of automated ban-list management.

There are several implementations of IRC services which have a ChanServ bot; some other services use other names, such as CS. The exact commands and features available depend on the service implementation and the network in question.

Access levels
 Founder
 Super operator (often written as SOP or SOp)
 Auto operator (often written as AOP or AOp)

OperServ
OperServ is a component of most IRC services packages used to help administer an Internet Relay Chat network. It provides IRC operators with functions to help monitor and maintain the network, manage the other services, and deal with problematic users.

Some of the more infamous functions of OperServ are the "lines", such as the K-line and G-line. These are used to discipline troublesome network users, however, other network lines are available for use. The exact features available depend upon a particular operator's permissions, and the specific implementation in use.

On DALnet a similar concept known as an "AKill" was used instead of a G-line. The term AKill comes from an earlier implementation in which the IRC services would automatically "kill" (disconnect) the user remotely upon login, rather than the individual servers simply denying the connection.

On OpenNap networks, OperServ is a pseudo-user which allows users above a specific permission level to execute server administration commands. Although primarily intended to supplement clients without built-in support for such actions, there are no restrictions on its use.

IRC services software packages
There are several software packages that implement services. Some of the popular ones include srvx, Atheme, DalekIRC Services, ChatServices, Hybserv (developed for use with the Hybrid IRCd software), Epona, Anope, and IRC Services 5 (supporting a wide range of IRC daemons, considered the "original" IRC Services). While some of these packages provide excellent features in the eyes of many users, some network operators decide to write their own services, with the most important reasons being flexibility, customization, and often, mostly on smaller networks, fun also plays an important role. Not all packages implement the above service bots. Also, sometimes the bots have different names, and may or may not implement these functions in the form listed above. Even so, the above form is the most common.

The exception to the bot usage is the more modern DalekIRC Services, who specialize in IRC ←→ WordPress integration, and lets you use normal server /COMMANDs instead of messaging a bot to achieve the desired goal.

Standardization

The IRC+ initiative was working on producing recommendations for services to use common numerics for essential functions, so that clients could have unified and simplified user interfaces for dealing with services for the most essential functions (like, registering an identity on an IRC network). However, due to lack of support, the IRC+ initiative have ceased their work.

Since then there has been an initiative called IRCv3 who have continued to advance IRC.

See also
 IRC commands
 Internet Relay Chat
 IRC operator
 IRC channel operator
 IRC takeover
 IRCd

References

Further reading

Services, Internet Relay Chat

IRC services


An Anthurium chamberlainii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Maxwell Tylden Masters. An Anthurium chamberlainii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium chamberlainii


Askerî mahkemeler ya da dîvân-ı harbler, askerî hukuk hükmü altında olan askerî personel için ceza belirler. Genellikle askeriyede disiplin ihlalini önlemek için çoğu ülkelerin askeriyelerinde yer alırlar. Ayrıca, savaş tutsaklarını yargılamak amacıyla kullanılır ve Cenevre Sözleşmeleri, savaş suçları nedeniyle yargılanan savaş mahkûmlarının askeriyenin kendi mensuplarına uyguladıkları prosedürlere tabi tutulmalarını belirtir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Askerî mahkemeler (Türkiye)

Askerî hukuk
Uluslararası mahkemeler

Askerî mahkeme


An Valiha diffusa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Soejatmi Dransfield. An Valiha diffusa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Valiha, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Valiha

Valiha diffusa


Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585 - 1619), İtalyan keşiş, filozof ve ateizm kuramcısı.

Küçük yaşta ailesi tarafından Cizvitler'in yönettiği okullara gönderildi. Daha sonra yine aynı tarikatın yönettiği Napoli Üniversitesi'ne devam etti. 1603 yılında çok sofu ve gizemli bir tarikat olan Karmelitler'e kabul edildi. 1606'da Karmelit keşişi olarak hukuk doktoru oldu. 1608'de Padova'ya 1611'de de Venedik'e atandı. 1612 yılında Karmelitler ile arası açıldı ve İngiltere'ye kaçmak zorunda kaldı. Fikir ve din suçlusu sayılan Vanini, İngiltere'de Hristiyanlığın Tanrısını kabul etmediğini ilan etti ve görüşlerini yaymak için Hollanda'ya, Lyon'a, Paris'e gitti.

Bu dönemde iki kitap yazdı ve 1615-1616'da yayımladı. Bunlardan De Adminrandes'de öne sürdüğü görüşe göre; Kendisi madde olmayan bir Tanrı nasıl olur da maddi dünyayı yaratmış olabilir ki? diye sormuş ve devamında da Sonsuz olan Madde'dir, Ruh değildir yanıtını vermiştir. Cin, peri ve şeytanın bizzat Kilise tarafından uydurulmuş ve gerçekte var olmayan yaratıklar olduklarını söylemişti. İnsan hayvandan gelmedir, onun ileri bir aşamasıdır, temizidir. Sizler de Doğa'dan başka hiçbir güce sakın tapmayın. En büyük ve tek güç madde ve doğadır, demiş ve kendini Hristiyanları dinsizleştirmeye adamıştı.

1619 yılında ateizm suçlamasıyla yakılarak idam edildi. Kitapları hala Vatikan'ın 'Yasak Kitaplar Listesi'ndedir.

Konu bağlamında araştırma yapanlar ateizmin kaynağının bizzat Roma Katolik Kilisesi olduğunu öne sürerler ve kanıt olarak da 15. ve 16. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan tüm ateistlerin bu kiliseden çıkmış olduklarını gösterirler.

Kaynakça
Aytunç Altındal, Vatikan ve Tapınak Şövalyeleri, s. 18-19
 IULII CAESARIS VANINI,Amphitheatrum aeternae providentiae divino-magicum, christiano-physicum, nec non astrologo-catholicum adversus veteres philosophos, Atheos, Epicureos, Peripateticos et Stoicos, Lugduni, Apud Viduam Antonii de Harsy, ad insigne Scuti Coloniensis, 1615.
 IULII CAESARIS VANINI, De admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque mortalium arcanis libri quatuor, Lutetiae, Apud Adrianum Perier, via Iacobaea, 1616.
 L. CORVAGLIA, Le opere di Giulio Cesare Vanini e le loro fonti, voll. 2, Milano, 1933-34 (rist. anast.: Galatina, Congedo, 1990).
 G. C. VANINI, Opere, ed. Giovanni Papuli e Francesco Paolo Raimondi, Galatina, Congedo, 1990.
 X. ROUSSELOT, Oeuvres philosophiques de Vanini traduites pour la première fois, Paris, Gosselin, 1842.
 G. PORZIO, Le opere di Giulio Cesare Vanini tradotte per la prima volta in italiano, voll. 2, Lecce, Bortone, 1912.
 Anfiteatro dell'eterna provvidenza, ed. Francesco Paolo Raimondi e Luigi Crudo, Galatina, Congedo, 1981.
 I meravigliosi segreti della natura, regina e dea dei mortali, ed. Francesco Paolo Raimondi e Luigi Crudo, Galatina, Congedo, 1990.
 J. P. CAVAILLE, Dis/simulation Jules-César Vanini, François La Mothe Le Vayer, Gabriel Naudé, Louis Machon et Torquato Accetto. Religion, morale et politique au XVIe siècle, Paris, Champion, 2002.
 A. CORSANO, Per la storia del pensiero del tardo Rinascimento, II. G. C. Vanini, "Giornale Critico della Filosofia Italiana", XXXVII, 1958, pp. 201–44.
 D. FOUCAULT, Un philosophe libertin dans l'Europe baroque: Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585 –1619), Paris, Champion, 2003.
 É. NAMER, La vie et l'oeuvre de Jules-César Vanini, Prince des libertins, mort à Toulouse sur le bucher en 1619, Paris, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1980.
 A. NOWICKI, Centralne Kategorie filozofii Vaniniego, Warszawa, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970.
 G. PAPULI, Le interpretazioni di G. C. Vanini, Galatina, Congedo, 1975;
 G. PAPULI, Studi vaniniani, Galatina, Congedo, 1990.
 F. P. RAIMONDI, Giulio Cesare Vanini nell'Europa del Seicento, con una appendice documentaria, Pisa-Roma, Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, 2005.
 F. P. RAIMONDI (a c. di), Giulio Cesare Vanini e il libertinismo. Atti del Convegno di Studi tenutosi a Taurisano il 28-30 ottobre 1999, Galatina, Congedo, 2000.
 F. P. RAIMONDI, Giulio Cesare Vanini: dal tardo Rinascimento al Libertinisme érudit. Atti del Convegno di Studi Lecce-Taurisano 24-26 ottobre 1985, Galatina, Congedo, 2002.
 F. P. RAIMONDI, Vanini e il 'De tribus impostoribus', Ethos e Cultura, Studi in onore di E. Riondato, Miscellanea erudita LI-LII, v. I, Padova Antenore, 1991, pp. 265–290;
 F. P. RAIMONDI, Vanini et Mersenne, "Kairos", 12, 1998, pp. 181–253;
 G. SPINI, Ricerca dei libertini. La teoria dell'impostura delle religioni nel Seicento italiano, Roma 1950 (nuova edizione riveduta e ampliata, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1983).
 C. VASOLI, Riflessioni sul problema Vanini, in S. BERTELLI, Il libertinismo in Europa, Milano-Napoli, 1980, pp. 125–167.

1585 doğumlular
1619 yılında ölenler
İtalyan filozoflar
İtalyan ateistler
17. yüzyılda İtalyanlar
İşkence kurbanları
İdam edilmiş filozoflar
Yakılarak idam edilmiş kişiler
Ateist filozoflar

Giulio Cesare Vanini


Steingeit  (ibex, fleirtala ibices) er safn nokkurra villtra tegunda af geitarætt. Þær má finna í Evrópu, Asíu, Norður-Afríku og Austur-Afríku. Karldýrin eru með mun stærri sveigð horn en kvendýrin. Lífslengd getur verið allt að 20 árum.

Alpasteingeit (Capra ibex): Finnst í fjalllendi Suður og Austur Evrópu.
Núbísk steingeit (Capra nubiana): Miðausturlönd, Súdan og Egyptaland.
Bezoar steingeit (Capra aegagrus aegagrus): Finnst í Suðvestur-Asíu og við Austur-Miðjarðarhaf.
Eþíópísk steingeit (Capra walie): Hálendi Eþíópíu.
Íberísk steingeit (Capra pyrenaica): Á Íberíuskaga.
Síberísk steingeit (eða asísk steingeit) (Capra sibirica): Fjalllendi Mið-Asíu.
Vestur-kákasísk steingeit (Capra caucasica): V-Kákasus.
Austur-kákasísk steingeit (Capra cylindricornis): A-Kákasus.

Geitur

Steingeit


عِين غُرَاب قرية تقع في معتمدية حفوز بولاية القيروان من الوسط التونسي. ترقيمها البريدي هو 3130.

قرى ولاية القيروان

عين غراب


Cumakayalı, Sinop ilinin Saraydüzü ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Kayalı olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Boyabat ilçesi Saraydüzü bucağına bağlıyken, 20 Mayıs 1990'da kurulan Saraydüzü ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 126 km, Saraydüzü ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Saraydüzü belde ve köyleri

Cumakayalı


Preotul Toma Chiricuță (n. 6 iunie 1887 – d. 1971) este unul dintre  fondatorii (la 1 mai 1915) societății literare  "Academia bârlădeană" , alături de George Tutoveanu și Tudor Pamfile.

S-a născut în data de 6 iunie 1887, în localitatea Odaia, comuna Bursucani, județul Vaslui și este tatăl profesorului Ion Chiricuță.
Urmează cursurile facultății de Litere si Filosofie, apoi studiază Teologia. Și-a completat studiile la Universitățile din Leipzig, Erlangen și Heidelberɡ. . Înainte de a deveni preot a activat la Botoșani ca profesor de limba germană, apoi ca pedagog și redactor.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1887
Nașteri pe 6 iunie
Decese în 1971
Preoți ortodocși români

Toma Chiricuță


Denis Alonso Hamlett Mandell (Limón, 9 de enero de 1969) es un exfutbolista y entrenador costarricense. Actualmente es director deportivo de New York Red Bulls.

Biografía
Después de sus padres se separaron, Hamlett se trasladó a vivir con su madre a Silver Spring, Maryland cuando tenía diez años y asistió a Escuela Superior Albert Einstein. En 1987, Hamlett inició jugando fútbol con la universidad de Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Wilmington, antes de trasladarse a la Universidad George Mason en Fairfax, Virginia después de su temporada de novato. Él ganó el Colonial Athletic Association y elogios durante sus tres temporadas de jugar en George Mason. Se graduó en 1992 con una licenciatura en administración pública y fue admitido en el Salón de la escuela de Fama en el 2006.

Carrera profesional

Dennis Hamlett comenzó su carrera profesional el 10 de junio de 1992, cuando firmó con el Fort Lauderdale Strikers de la American Professional Soccer League. Él pasó los veranos de 1992 y 1993 jugando al fútbol al aire libre con los huelguistas. En el otoño de 1992, se unió a los Heat de Harrisburg de la National Professional Soccer League. Pasó dos temporadas con los Heat. Entonces, desde 1994 - 1995, jugaba al fútbol de verano en interiores para el Splash Anaheim de la CISL.
En 1996, Hamlett fue redactado por el Colorado Rapids en la segunda ronda, en el draft inaugural de la Major League Soccer. Su juego estelar continuó con el Colorado Rapids, donde ganó el Defensor del BIC difíciles de la concesión del año.

Final de su carrera
Su carrera como jugador terminó en 1997 cuando sufrió un derrame cerebral causado por una deficiencia de proteína de la sangre.

Clubes

Como futbolista

Como directo técnico

Como asistente técnico

Referencias

Futbolistas de Costa Rica
Entrenadores de fútbol de Costa Rica
Entrenadores del Chicago Fire

Dennis Hamlett


Theodora Șotcan (n. ) este o fostă deputată română, alesa în legislatura 2016-2020.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat

Theodora Șotcan


Al Yamamah () is the name of a series of record arms sales by the United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia, paid for by the delivery of up to  of crude oil per day to the British government. The prime contractor has been BAE Systems and its predecessor British Aerospace. The first sales occurred in September 1985 and the most recent contract for 72 Eurofighter Typhoon multirole fighters was signed in August 2006.

Mike Turner, then CEO of BAE Systems, said in August 2005 that BAE and its predecessor had earned £43 billion in twenty years from the contracts and that it could earn £40 billion more. It is Britain's largest ever export agreement, and employs at least 5,000 people in Saudi Arabia.

In 2010, BAE Systems pleaded guilty in a United States court to charges of false accounting and making misleading statements in connection with the sales. An investigation by the British Serious Fraud Office into the deal was discontinued after political pressure from the Saudi and British governments.

Background
The UK was already a major supplier of arms to Saudi Arabia prior to Al Yamamah. In 1964 the British Aircraft Corporation conducted demonstration flights of their Lightning aircraft in Riyadh and in 1965 Saudi Arabia signed a letter of intent for the supply of Lightning and Strikemaster aircraft as well as Thunderbird surface to air missiles. The main contract was signed in 1966 for 40 Lightnings and 25 Strikemasters (eventually raised to 40). In 1973 the Saudi government signed an agreement with the British government which specified BAC as the contractor for all parts of the defence system (AEI was previously contracted to supply the radar equipment and Airwork Services provided servicing and training). Overall spending by the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) was over £10 billion (SAR 57 billion).

In the 1970s, United States defence contractors won major contracts, including 114 Northrop F-5s. In 1981 the RSAF ordered 46 F-15Cs and 16 F-15Ds, followed in 1982 by the purchase of 5 E-3A AWACS aircraft. Following these deals and partly due to pro-Israeli sentiment in the US Congress, which would have either blocked a deal or insisted on usage restrictions for exported aircraft, Saudi Arabia turned to the UK for further arms purchases.

Summary
The Financial Times reported Saudi Arabian "interest" in the Panavia Tornado in July 1984. Export had become a possibility after West Germany lifted its objections to exports outside of NATO. In September 1985 Saudi Arabia agreed "in principle" to a Tornado, Hawk and missile deal. On 26 September 1985 the defence ministers of the UK and Saudi Arabia sign a Memorandum of Understanding in London for 48 Tornado IDSs, 24 Tornado ADVs, 30 Hawk training aircraft, 30 Pilatus PC-9 trainers, a range of weapons, radar, spares and a pilot-training programme. The second stage (Al Yamamah II) was signed on 3 July 1988 in Bermuda by the defence ministers of the UK and Saudi Arabia.

Although the full extent of the deal has never been fully clarified, it has been described as "the biggest [British] sale ever of anything to anyone", "staggering both by its sheer size and complexity". At a minimum, it is believed to involve the supply and support of 96 Panavia Tornado ground attack aircraft, 24 Air Defence Variants (ADVs), 50 BAE Hawk and 50 Pilatus PC-9 aircraft, specialised naval vessels, and various infrastructure works. The initial Memorandum of Understanding committed the UK to purchasing the obsolete Lightning and Strikemaster aircraft, along with associated equipment and spare parts.

The British government's prime contractor for the project is BAE Systems. BAE has approximately 4,000 employees working directly with the Royal Saudi Air Force (also see Military of Saudi Arabia).

The success of the initial contract has been attributed to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who lobbied hard on behalf of British industry. A Ministry of Defence briefing paper for Thatcher detailed her involvement in the negotiations:

There were no conditions relating to security sector reform or human rights included in the contracts. Contracts between BAE Systems and the Saudi government have been underwritten by the Export Credits Guarantee Department, a tax-payer funded insurance system. Guarantees on a contract worth up to £2.7 billion were signed by the Government on 1 September 2003. In December 2004, the Commons Trade Committee chairman, Martin O'Neill, accused the Government of being foolish for concealing a £1 billion guarantee they have given to BAE Systems.

Al Yamamah I
48 Panavia Tornado IDS (interdictor/strike aircraft)
28 GR1 standard
6 GR1A reconnaissance standard
14 dual control trainers
24 Panavia Tornado ADVs, equivalent to RAF's Tornado F3 standard
JP233 runway denial munition
Sea Eagle anti-ship missile
ALARM anti-radar missile
 Skyflash air-to-air missile

The first aircraft (two Hawks) were delivered on 11 August 1987 at BAE's Dunsfold facility.

Al Yamamah II

Deliveries early 1990s – 1998
48 Panavia Tornado IDS

Eurofighter Typhoon (al-Salam)

In December 2005 the governments of the UK and Saudi Arabia signed an "Understanding Document" which involved the sale of Typhoon aircraft to replace RSAF Tornados and other aircraft. Although no details were released, reports suggested the deal involved the supply of 72 aircraft. On 18 August 2006 a contract was signed for 72 aircraft. The aircraft cost approximately £4.43 billion, and the full weapons system is expected to cost approximately £10 billion.

Tornado upgrade
In February 2006 Air Forces Monthly suggested that the eventual Eurofighter order may reach 100 and the deal could include the upgrade of the RSAF's Tornado IDS aircraft, likely similar to the RAF's Tornado GR4 standard. In an editorial the magazine also raises the prospect of a requirement for a new lead-in fighter trainer to replace the earlier generation of Hawk 65/65As and to provide adequate training for transition of pilots to the advanced Typhoon. BAE System's 2005 Interim Report noted that three RSAF Tornado IDS' arrived at their Warton facility for design evaluation tests with the ultimate aim being "to improve serviceability, address obsolescence, and enhance and sustain the capability of the aircraft". On 10 September 2006 BAE won a £2.5 bn (€3.7 bn, $4.6 bn) contract for the upgrade of 80 RSAF Tornado IDS aircraft.

Corruption allegations
There have been numerous allegations that the Al Yamamah contracts were a result of bribes to members of the Saudi royal family and government officials.

Some allegations suggested that the former prime minister's son Mark Thatcher may have been involved; however, he has strongly denied receiving payments or exploiting his mother's connections in his business dealings.

In February 2001, the solicitor of a former BAE Systems employee, Edward Cunningham, notified Serious Fraud Office of the evidence that his client was holding which related to an alleged "slush fund". The SFO wrote a letter to Kevin Tebbit at the MoD who notified the Chairman of BAE Systems but not the Secretary of Defence. No further action was taken until the letter was leaked to and reported on by The Guardian in September 2003.

In May 2004, Richard Evans appeared before parliament's defence select committee and said: "I can certainly assure you that we are not in the business of making payments to members of any government."

In October 2004, the BBC's Money Programme broadcast an in-depth story, including allegations in interviews with Edward Cunningham and another former insider, about the way BAE Systems alleged to have paid bribes to Prince Turki bin Nasser and ran a secret £60 million slush fund in relation to the Al Yamamah deal. Most of the money was alleged to have been spent through a front company called Robert Lee International Limited.

In June 2007 the BBC's investigative programme Panorama alleged that BAE Systems "paid hundreds of millions of pounds to the ex-Saudi ambassador to the US, Prince Bandar bin Sultan".

In his book, David Wearing uses the example of F&C Asset Management, a major institutional investor, who (despite benefiting in the short term) warned the defence procurement minister that it would reduce the efficient functioning of financial markets as a whole. "We believe that, for long term investors, bribery and corruption distort and de-stabilise markets, expose companies to legal liabilities, disadvantage non-corrupt companies and reduce transparency", thus undermining national legislation governing corrupt practices.

1992 NAO report
The National Audit Office (NAO) investigated the contracts and has so far not released its conclusions; the only NAO report ever to be withheld. Official statements about the contents of the report go no further than to state that the then chairman of the Public Accounts Commission, now Lord Sheldon, considered the report in private in February 1992, and said: "I did an investigation and I find no evidence that the MOD made improper payments. I have found no evidence of fraud or corruption. The deal ... complied with Treasury approval and the rules of Government accounting."

In July 2006, John Bourn, the head of the NAO, refused to release a copy to the investigators of an unpublished report into the contract that had been drawn up in 1992.

The MP Harry Cohen said, "This does look like a serious conflict of interest. Sir John did a lot of work at the MoD on Al Yamamah and here we now have the NAO covering up this report." In early 2002 he had proposed an Early Day Motion noting "that there have been ... allegations made of large commission payments made to individuals in Saudi Arabia as part of ... Al Yamamah ... [and] that Osama bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda network have received substantial funds from individuals in Saudi Arabia."

Serious Fraud Office investigation
The Serious Fraud Office was reported to be considering opening an investigation into an alleged £20 million slush fund on 12 September 2003, the day after The Guardian had published its slush fund story. The SFO also investigated BAE's relationship with Travellers World Limited.

In November 2004, the SFO made two arrests as part of the investigation. BAE Systems stated that they welcomed the investigation and "believe[d] that it would put these matters to rest once and for all".

In late 2005, BAE refused to comply with compulsory production notices for details of its secret offshore payments to the Middle East. The terms of the investigation was for a prosecution under Part 12 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001.

Threats by the Saudi government
At the end of November 2006, when the long-running investigation was threatening to go on for two more years, BAE Systems was negotiating a multibillion-pound sale of Eurofighter Typhoons to Saudi Arabia. According to the BBC the contract was worth £6 billion with 5,000 people directly employed in the manufacture of the Eurofighter, while other reports put the value at £10 billion with 50,000 jobs at stake.

On 1 December, The Daily Telegraph ran a front-page headline suggesting that Saudi Arabia had given the UK ten days to suspend the Serious Fraud Office investigation into BAE/Saudi Arabian transactions or they would take the deal to France, but this threat was played down in other quarters. A French official had said "the situation was complex and difficult ... and there was no indication to suggest the Saudis planned to drop the Eurofighter." This analysis was confirmed by Andrew Brookes, an analyst at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, who said "there could be an element here of trying to scare the SFO off. Will it mean they do not buy the Eurofighter? I doubt it."

There were reports of a systematic PR campaign operated by Tim Bell through newspaper scare stories, letters from business owners and MPs in whose constituencies the factories were located to get the case closed.

Robert Wardle, head of the SFO, also stated (in a later High Court challenge, see below) that he had received a direct threat of a cessation of counterterrorist co-operation from the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the UK, in the first of three meetings held to assess the seriousness of the threat: "as he put it to me, British lives on British streets were at risk".

Article 5 of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery prohibits the decision to drop investigations into corruption from being influenced by considerations of the national economic interest or the potential effect upon relations with another state. This does not however explicitly exclude grounds of national security.

This prompted the investigation team to consider striking an early guilty plea deal with BAE that would minimise the intrusiveness to Saudi Arabia and mitigate damage. The Attorney General agreed the strategy, but briefed Prime Minister Blair, who in a reply dated 5 December 2006 urged that the case be dropped. Despite affirming his government's commitment to bribery prosecution, he stressed the financial and counter-terrorism implications. That same day, Prince Bandar met with Foreign Office officials, after spending a week with Jacques Chirac to negotiate a French alternative to the BAE deal.

A week later, after consultation with the SFO, the Attorney General met with Blair to argue against dropping the case. It was Blair's opinion that "Any proposal that the investigation be resolved by parties pleading guilty to certain charges would be unlikely to reduce the offence caused to the Saudi Royal Family, even if the deal were accepted, and the process would still drag out for a considerable period".

On 13 December, the Director of the SFO wrote to the Attorney General to inform him that the SFO was dropping the investigation and would not be looking into the Swiss bank accounts, citing "real and imminent damage to the UK's national and international security and would endanger the lives of British citizens and service personnel".

Investigation discontinued
On 14 December 2006, the Attorney General Lord Goldsmith announced that the investigation was being discontinued on grounds of public interest. The 15-strong team had been ordered to turn in their files two days before. The statement in the House of Lords read:

The Prime Minister, Tony Blair, justified the decision by saying "Our relationship with Saudi Arabia is vitally important for our country in terms of counter-terrorism, in terms of the broader Middle East, in terms of helping in respect of Israel and Palestine. That strategic interest comes first."

Jonathan Aitken, a former Conservative government minister and convicted perjurer, who was connected with the deals in the 1980s, said that even if the allegations against BAE were true, it was correct to end the investigation to maintain good relations with Saudi Arabia.

Mark Pieth, director of anti-fraud section at the OECD, on behalf of France, Greece, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States, addressed a formal complaint letter before Christmas 2006 to the Foreign Office, seeking explanation as to why the investigation had been discontinued. Transparency International and Labour MP Roger Berry, chairman of the Commons Quadripartite Committee, urged the government to reopen the corruption investigation.

In a newspaper interview, Robert Wardle, head of the Serious Fraud Office, acknowledged that the decision to terminate the investigation may have damaged "the reputation of the UK as a place which is determined to stamp out corruption".

Delivery of the first two Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft (of 72 purchased by the Saudi Air Force) took place in June 2009.

Judicial review
A judicial review of the decision by the SFO to drop the investigation was granted on 9 November 2007. On 10 April 2008 the High Court of Justice ruled that the SFO acted unlawfully by dropping its investigation. The Times described the ruling as "one of the most strongly worded judicial attacks on government action" which condemned how "ministers "buckled" to "blatant threats" that Saudi cooperation in the fight against terror would end unless the ... investigation was dropped."

On 24 April the SFO was granted leave to appeal to the House of Lords against the ruling. There was a two-day hearing before the Lords on 7 and 8 July 2008. On 30 July the House of Lords unanimously overturned the High Court ruling, stating that the decision to discontinue the investigation was lawful.

OECD investigation
The OECD sent their inspectors to the UK to establish the reasons behind the dropping of the investigation in March 2007. The OECD also wished to establish why the UK had yet to bring a prosecution since the incorporation of the OECD's anti-bribery treaty into British law.

US Department of Justice investigation
On 26 June 2007 BAE announced that the United States Department of Justice had launched its own investigation into Al Yamamah. It was looking into allegations that a US bank had been used to funnel payments to Prince Bandar. The Riggs Bank has been mentioned in some accounts. On 19 May 2008, BAE confirmed that its CEO Mike Turner and non-executive director Nigel Rudd had been detained "for about 20 minutes" at George Bush Intercontinental and Newark airports respectively the previous week and that the DOJ had issued "a number of additional subpoenas in the US to employees of BAE Systems plc and BAE Systems Inc as part of its ongoing investigation". The Times suggested that, according to Alexandra Wrage of Trace International, such "humiliating behaviour by the DOJ" is unusual towards a company that is co-operating fully.

Under a plea bargain with the US Department of Justice BAE was sentenced in March 2010 by US District Court Judge John D. Bates to pay a $400 million fine, one of the largest fines in the history of the DOJ. US District Judge John Bates said the company's conduct involved "deception, duplicity and knowing violations of law, I think it's fair to say, on an enormous scale". BAE was not convicted of bribery, and is thus not internationally blacklisted from future contracts.

See also

Wafic Saïd
Lockheed bribery scandals

References

External links
OECD to press Blair over BAE inquiry The Guardian December 2006
Al-Yamamah Scandal (Archived 2009-10-24)
The Al-Yamamah Connection : bombs, bribery and BAE Systems
Corp Watch – BAE System's Dirty Dealings  – November 2003
Out of Arms Way – The Guardian – August 2003

Documentary video
Black Money – PBS Frontline documentary (watch online)

BAE Systems
Political scandals in the United Kingdom
Corporate scandals
Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Royal Saudi Air Force
Weapons trade
March 2010 crimes in the United States
Accounting scandals
Finance fraud
Corruption in the United Kingdom
Corruption in the United States
Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom military relations

Al-Yamamah arms deal


Olinko Delorko (30. siječnja 1910., Split – 18. veljače 2000., Zagreb) hrvatski je književnik, proučavatelj usmene književnosti i prevoditelj.

Životopis
Diplomirao je slavistiku i filozofiju na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu 1935. godine. Radio je kao srednjoškolski nastavnik u Zagrebu od 1937. do 1950. U Institutu za narodnu umjetnost radio je od 1950. do 1975. godine. Uređivao je Hrvatsku reviju s B. Livadićem od 1943. do 1945. godine.

Proučavao je usmeno stvaralaštvo, stručnim je i znanstvenim radovima surađivao u mnogim znanstvenim izdanjima, a priredio je i nekoliko zbirki usmenih pučkih pjesama. Studije i članke o hrvatskom usmenom pjesništvu skupio je u knjizi Zanemareno blago (1979.)

Bavio se prevođenjem te se i sam bavio pjesništvom.

Doprinos
Njegove su zbirke bile velik prodor u folkloristici. U svojoj je antologiji Ljuba Ivanova (1969.) unio vlastite zapise usmenih kazivanja iz Dalmacije od otoka Premude do Molunta u Konavlima. U predgovorima svojih zbiraka davao je informacije o putu, količini prikupljene građe, ali i životu ljudi i njihovim problemima. Skupio je veliku pjesničku građu od kazivačica, uglavnom iz Dalmacije, među kojima dominiraju kazivačice usmenih pjesama.

Djela
Zbirke usmenih pjesama:

 Hrvatske narodne balade i romance, 1951.
 Zlatna jabuka, 1956.
 Istarske narodne pjesme, 1960.
 Narodne lirske pjesme, 1963.
 Narodne epske pjesme, 1964.
 Ljuba Ivanova, 1969.
 Narodne pjesme, 1971.
 Narodne pjesme otoka Hvara, 1976.

Antologije:

 Hrvatska moderna lirika, s D. Tadijanovićem, 1933.
 Talijanska lirika, s A. Nizetom, 1939.

Ostala djela:

 Pjesme, 1934.
 Rastužena Euterpa, 1937.
 Razigrani vodoskoci, 1940.
 Zgode poremećene sreće (Uspomene i zapažanja), 1942.
 Uznosite slutnje, 1944.
 Izgaranja, 1958.
 Svijetli i tamni sati, 1961.
 Lirski eden, 1965.
 Dolaze oblaci, 1978.
 Radost i bol čitanja, 1978.
 Zanemareno blago. O hrvatskoj narodnoj poeziji, 1979.
 Izabrana djela. Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti, 139., 29 – 171, 1982.
 Otimanja zaboravu, 1988.
 Rasudbe i domišljaji, 1988.
 Izabrane pjesme, 1990.

Istaknuti prijevodi:

 Michelangelovi soneti
 iz Kanconijera (F. Petrarca)
 pomogao prijevodu Raja uz Mihovila Kombola (D. Alighieri)
 Tražim ženu (Panzini)

Prepjevao je stihove L. Aorista, T. Tassa, G. D. D'Annunzija, G. Ungarettija, S. Quasimoda i drugih.

Nagrade
Nagrađen je nagradom Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević 1941. godine za zbirku Razigrani vodoskoci, Nagradom Matice Hrvatske 1970. za antologiju Ljuba Ivanova te Nagradom Vladimir Nazor za knjigu Zanemareno blago 1979. i nagradom za životno djelo 1990. godine. Odlikovan je Redom Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića za osobite zasluge u kulturi 1996. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski folkloristi
Hrvatski znanstvenici
Dobitnici nagrade Vladimir Nazor
Hrvatski prevoditelji
Nositelji Reda Danice Hrvatske

Olinko Delorko


Darío Botero Uribe (Calarcá, Quindio, julho de 1938 - Bogotá, 21 de junho de 2010) foi escritor, pensador, professor emérito e professor da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia.

Ele recebeu um doutorado da Universidade Nacional com o título de Mestre. Estudou Direito, Ciência política e Filosofia - curso de mestrado - na mesma universidade, onde ocupou o cargo de Decano da Faculdade de Direito, Ciências Políticas e Sociais, 1986-1988. Ele desenvolveu um projeto filosófico original que chamou de Vitalismo Cósmico. Ele era vitalista e utópico. Deixou um importante legado ao pensamento colombiano e latino-americano.

Biografia

Primeiros anos

Botero nasceu em Calarcá, Quindío, Colômbia. Estudou Direito e Ciência Política - curso de Mestrado - na Universidade Nacional da Colômbia.

Em 1960, participou com outros intelectuais e profissionais colombianos, entre eles Camilo Torres Restrepo, Orlando Fals Borda, Eduardo Umaña Luna, María Cristina Salazar, Virginia Gutiérrez de Pineda, Carlos Escalante e Tomás Ducay, na fundação da primeira Faculdade de Sociologia da América Latina, na Escola Nacional Universidade da Colômbia.

Carreira profissional internacional

Participou na pós-graduação Kolloquium com o Professor Jürgen Habermas, na Universidade Johann Wolfgang Goethe em Frankfurt, República Federal da Alemanha em 1983-1984.

Filósofo da cultura, da vida social e do direito, deu frequentemente seminários e conferências sobre questões filosóficas, culturais e políticas. Fundador e diretor da revista Politeia, da qual editou 29 números. A revista apresentava ensaios do romancista R.H. Moreno-Durán, o filósofo Iván Soll, o professor Mario Bettati, Germán Andrés Molina Garrido, Jesús Martín-Barbero, entre outros autores de renome na América Latina e no mundo.

Botero foi fundador e diretor da revista Planeta Sur, com 3 edições. Publicou mais de 15 livros e numerosos ensaios sobre os temas de sua especialidade.

Foi também fundador e membro do conselho de administração da Associação Colombiana de Filosofia do Direito e Filosofia Social. Palestrante em seminários científicos e filosóficos nas principais universidades da Colômbia e algumas da América Latina.

Vitalismo Cósmico

No final de sua vida, desenvolveu um projeto filosófico original que chamou de Vitalismo Cósmico, que busca pensar o mundo a partir de uma perspectiva latino-americana. O Vitalismo Cósmico situa a vida como um conceito tridimensional: vida cósmica, vida biológica e vida psicossocial. Desta forma, o conceito de vida e sua projeção na práxis cultural e social são enriquecidos.

Após um desenvolvimento teórico geral e um exame das grandes concepções da natureza, Botero conclui com uma teoria ambientalista que busca disciplinar o comportamento do cidadão em relação à natureza e delineia um humanismo concreto baseado na transnatureza e não na antropologia, como resposta aos críticos do humanismo de Martin Heidegger e Michel Foucault.

Livros

Os livros de Darío Botero são:

 El Estado y la cultura en la Grecia Antigua  - (O estado e a cultura na Grécia Antiga) (1975).Publicado pela Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia. Edição de FabioBarrera Téllez. Mapas de Mauricio Cortés.
 El Estado y la cultura en la Grecia Antigua - (O estado e a cultura na Grécia Antiga) (1979).Reedição da livraria Tercer Mundo. Bogotá.
 Unidimensional racional a la pluridimensionalidad humana - (Unidimensionalidade racional àmultidimensionalidade humana) (1991)
 La voluntad de poder de Nietzsche - (A vontade de poder de Nietzsche) (1992)
 La razón política: crítica de los fundamentos filosóficos del pensamiento político moderno -(Razão política: crítica aos fundamentos filosóficos do pensamento político moderno) (1994)
 El derecho a la utopía - (O direito à utopia) (1994)
 El poder de la filosofía y la filosofía del poder - (O poder da filosofia e a filosofia do poder) (1996)
 ¿Por qué escribo? - (Por que escrevo?) (1998)
 Manifiesto del pensamiento latinoamericano - (Manifesto do Pensamento latino-americano) (1999)
 Filosofía Vitalista - (Filosofia Vitalista) (2000)
 Vida, ética y democracia - (Vida, ética e democracia) (2001)
 Vitalismo Cósmico - (Vitalismo Cósmico) (2002)
 Pensar de nuevo el mundo: aforismos - (Repensar o mundo: aforismos) (2004)
 Martin Heidegger: la filosofía del regreso a casa - (Martin Heidegger: A filosofia do regressoa casa) (2004)
 Discurso sobre el humanismo - (Discurso sobre humanismo) (2004)
 Si la naturaleza es sabia, el hombre no lo es - (Se a natureza é sábia, o homem não é) (2005)
 Teoría social del derecho - (Teoria Social do direito) (2005)
 Discurso de la no-razón - (Discurso da não-razão) (2006)
 La comunidad política vitalista - (A comunidade política vitalista) (2008)
 La concepción ambiental de la vida - (A concepção ambiental da vida) (2009)

Ver também
 Vitalismo
 Utopia

Ligações externas

 Citações famosas de Darío Botero Uribe (Em espanhol).
Um olhar crítico sobre o Vitalismo Cósmico de Darío Botero Uribe (2010) (Em espanhol).

Referências

Homens
Nascidos em 1938
Mortos em 2010
Filósofos da Colômbia
Escritores da Colômbia
Naturais de Quindio

Darío Botero


L'épine nasale antérieure du corps du maxillaire, est une saille osseuse triangulaire qui prolonge en avant la suture inter-maxillaire entre les deux os maxillaires. C'est un repère craniométrique situé au niveau des narines dans la partie la plus haute du philtrum. Il est rarement sujet de fracture.

Galerie

Voir aussi

 Épine nasale postérieure

Notes et références

Crâne

Épine nasale antérieure du corps du maxillaire


Fraxinus xanthoxyloides er tegund af eskitré sem vex frá Afganistan til Tíbet. Þetta er lítið tré eða runni, að 7 m hátt.

Tilvísanir

Smjörviðarætt

Fraxinus xanthoxyloides


ياهو! نيوز بالإنجليزية (Yahoo! News) موقع أخباري تابع لشركة ياهو الأمريكية تقوم بجمع الأخبار من جميع الوكلات والصحف ووضعها في الموقع.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

إعلام
برمجيات آي أو إس
خصائص إنترنت أنشئت في عام 1996
شركات أمريكية
ياهو!

ياهو! نيوز


Kriseteori i faget økonomi omhandler årsagerne til og konsekvenserne af økonomisk recession, som fører til lavkonjunktur. Kriseteorier er generelt associeret til marxistisk økonomi, især til tesen om profitraten og dennes tendens til fald.

Tidligere analyser blev leveret af Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi, der fremsatte det første forslag af til krisens systematik. John Stuart Mill benytter i sit værk Principles of Political Economy begrebet tendensen til at overskuddet nærmer sig minimum i kapitel IV i Bog IV, og i Kapitel V analyserer han konsekvenserne af denne tendens. Her gennemgår han en række af de centrale elementer hos David Ricardo, men uden at have benyttet Karl Marx' teoretiske arbejde.

En undersøgelse af de konkurrerende teorier om krise i de forskellige grene af den politiske økonomi og økonomi blev foretaget af Anwar Shaikh i 1978.

Historisk udvikling

Marx' kriseteori blev livligt diskuteret blandt ledende marxister i begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede. En relativt lille gruppe, der inkluderede Lenin og Rosa Luxemburg forsvarede den teoretisk, mens andre, med Eduard Bernstein og senere Hilferding som væsentlige bidragydere, tvivlede på dens anvendelighed i praksis.Han præsenterer den i sin mest udviklede form med profitratens tendens til fald, som han kombinerer med en diskussion af forskellige modvirkende tendenser, der kan bremse eller ændre dens indflydelse på kapitalapparatet.

Ligheder (og forskelle) hos John Stuart Mill & Marx
Der er flere elementer i Marx' analyse, som viser hans kendskab til Mills formuleringer, især Mills behandling af, hvad Marx efterfølgende kaldte de modvirkende tendenser: ødelæggelse af kapital gennem konkurser (§5), forbedringer i produktionsapparatet (§6), import af produkter (§7) og kapitalflugt (§8). For begge gælder det således, at der er tale om en tendens, der kan modvirkes af foranstaltninger, som ophæver den teoretiske virkning. Disse modvirkende kræfter er som følger:

 (1) En stigning i arbejdsintensiteten (via intensivering af arbejdet eller forlængelse af arbejdsdagen)

 (2) Ved at presse af lønningerne under deres værdi

 (3) Billiggørelse af den konstante kapital (via øget produktivitet)

 (4) Relativ overproduktion (som fastholder mange arbejdere, der er ansat i relativt tilbagestående industrier,  hvor den organiske sammensætning af kapitalen er lavere end gennemsnittet

 (5) Udenrigshandel (som tilbyder billigere råvarer og mere rentable kanaler med investeringer

 (6) forøgelse af aktiekapitalen (rentebærende kapital, hvis  afkast er lavere end gennemsnittet med andre.

Især vedrørende effekten af øget produktivitet, billiggørelse af råvarer og udenrigshandel er Marx og Mill er i overensstemmelse med hinanden.

Forskel mellem marxister og keynesianere
Keynesiansk økonomi kan ses som forsøg på en "middelvej" mellem "laissez-faire", den uforfalskede kapitalisme og marxismen. Keynes anbefalede, at staten udøver en vis kontrol med den økonomiske aktivitet, hvor kriser håndteres med en politisk styring, der kompenserer for markedets imperfektioner.

Keynes havde kun overfladisk studeret Marx' skrifter, fordi han anså disse for forældede. Han var derfor formentlig uvidende om, at de som fælles udgangspunkt havde kritikken af den klassiske ligevægtsteori, ligesom de begge afviste Says lov.

Selv om Marx og Keynes ligeledes var enige om, at kriser er et indbygget element i den kapitalistiske produktionsmåde, anvender de begrebet økonomisk krise på forskellig og delvis modsatrettet vis. Den keynesianske tilgang forholder sig strengt inden for det økonomiske felt og beskriver en 'boom' og en 'bust'-cyklus, der på langt sigt skaber balance i økonomien. Marx mente derimod, at den økonomiske krise nødvendigvis udvikles af modsætningerne i den kapitalistiske produktions relationer.

"Hvor Marx adskiller sig fra Keynes er netop spørgsmålet om den faldende  profitrate. Det er ikke tilbøjeligheden til at forbruge eller subjektive forventninger om fremtidig rentabilitet, der er afgørende for Marx. Det er graden af udbytning og arbejdskraftens sociale produktivitet, som er de centrale overvejelser, set i forhold til det eksisterende kapitalapparat. Mens det for Keynes er kapitalens lave marginale produktivitet , der forårsager en overflod af kapital i forhold til  forventningerne til afkast  og derfor til en 'potentiel' overproduktion af råvarer (når kapitalisten ikke vil  investere). For Marx er overproduktion af kapital  kun relateret til arbejdskraftens samfundsmæssige produktivitet og de eksisterende  betingelser for udbytning. Det udgør en utilstrækkelig masse af merværdi i forhold til den samlede kapital. Så for Marx kan krisen kun  løses ved at udvide den rentable produktion og akkumulation, mens det for Keynes angiveligt kan afhjælpes ved at øge den "effektive efterspørgsel", og dette giver en mulighed for, at staten stimulerer produktionen."
Yaffe bemærkede i 1972, at "... passager i Kapitalens bind III, der henviser til massernes underkonsumption på ingen måde kan tolkes som en kriseteori om manglende efterspørgsel. Marx skriver ganske vist, at "den sidste årsag til alle virkelige kriser altid forbliver den fattigdom og det begrænsede forbrug hos masserne, som sammenlignet med tendensen i den kapitalistiske produktion til at udvikle produktivkræfterne, på en sådan måde, at kun den absolutte magt over forbruget af hele samfundet vil sætte grænsen."
Den ovenstående passage indeholder en blot en beskrivelse eller en tilpasning til de kapitalistiske produktionsforhold. Marx kaldte det en tautologi at forklare krisen ved manglende effektivt forbrug ... Fuld beskæftigelse er ifølge Marx mulig, når kapitalakkumulationen øger efterspørgslen efter arbejdskraft, som påvirker lønningerne. Hvis lønningerne stiger "for meget", falder profitraten, hvilket medfører en recession. Hos Keynes er fuld beskæftigelse et tegn på overophedning af økonomien, som staten bør modvirke ved at stramme finanspolitikken. Samspillet mellem beskæftigelse og løn er i øvrigt matematisk formaliseret i Goodwins model.

Henvisninger

Yderligere læsning
 Allen, Tony et al. [1978] The Recession: Capitalist Offensive and the Working Class RCP 3, July 1978, Junius
 Allen, Tony [1981] World in Recession in RCP 7, July 1981, Junius
 Brooks, Mick [2012] Capitalist Crisis Theory and Practice: A Marxist Analysis of the Great Recession 2007–11 eXpedia
 Bullock, Paul and Yaffe, David [1975] Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3/4 November 1975, RCG
 Chesnais, François [1984] Marx's Crisis Theory Today in Christopher Freeman ed. Design, Innovation and Long Cycles in Economic Development 2nd ed. 1984 Frances Pinter, London
 Chesnais, François [Feb 2012] World Economy - The Roots of the World Economic Crisis in International Viewpoint Online magazine : IV445
 Clarke, Simon [1994] Marx's Theory of Crisis Macmillan
 Day, Richard B [1981] The 'Crisis' and the 'Crash': Soviet Studies of the West (1917–1939) NLB
 Grossman, Henryk [1922] The Theory of Economic Crises
 Grossman, Henryk [1941] Marx, Classical Political Economy and the Problem of Dynamics
 Grossman, Henryk [1929,1992] The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System Pluto
 Grossman, Henryk [1932,2013] Fifty years of struggle over Marxism 1883‐1932
 Kliman, Andrew [2007] Reclaiming "Marx's 'Capital': A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency, Lexington, Lanham
 Kliman, Andrew [2011] The Failure of Capitalist Production: Underlying Causes of the Great Recession, Pluto
 Kliman, Andrew [2015] The Great Recession and Marx's Crisis Theory. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 74: 236–277.
 Kuhn, Rick Economic Crisis and Socialist Revolution: Henryk Grossman's Law of accumulation, Its First Critics and His Responses
 Kuhn, Rick [2007] Henryk Grossman and the Recovery of Marxism Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
 Kuhn, Rick [2007] 'Henryk Grossman Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism' 'Henryk Grossman Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism' in ISR Issue 56 November-December
 Kuhn, Rick [2013] Marxist crisis theory to 1932 and to the present: reflections on Henryk Grossman's 'Fifty years of struggle over Marxism' paper to Society of Heterodox Economists Conference, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2–3 December 2013
 Kuruma, Samezō [1929] An Introduction to the Study of Crisis Sep. 1929 issue of Journal of the Ohara Institute for Social Research, (vol. VI, no. 1) Translated by Michael Schauerte
 Kuruma, Samezō [1936] An Overview of Marx's Theory of Crisis first published in August 1936 issue of 'Journal of the Ohara Institute for Social Research'. Translated by Michael Schauerte
 Lenin V.I. [1916] Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
 Mattick, Paul [1971] Marx and Keynes Merlin; dansk udgave: ''Marx og Keynes'' [1973], Røde Hane
 Mattick, Paul [1981] Economic Crisis and Crisis Theory  Merlin Press
 Mattick, Paul [2008]. Review of David Harvey's The Limits to Capital in Historical Materialism 16 (4):213-224.
 Norfield, Tony [2016] The City: London and the Global Power of Finance, Verso, London
 Pradella, Lucia [2009] Globalisation and the Critique of Political Economy: New insights from Marx's writings. Routledge'
 Rosdolsky, Roman [1980] The Making of Marx's 'Capital''' Pluto
 Rubin, Isaak Illich [1979] A History of Economic Thought, InkLinks, London
 Shaikh, Anwar [1978] An Introduction to the History of Crisis Theories in 'U.S. Capitalism in Crisis', URPE, New York
 Shoul, Bernice [1947] The Marxian Theory of Capitalist Breakdown
 Ticktin, Hillel, 'A Marxist Political Economy of Capitalist Instability and the Current Crisis', Critique'', Vol.37.
 Vort-Ronald, Pat, [1974] Marxist Theory of Economic Crisis, Australian Left Review, 1(43), 1974, 6-13.
 Yaffe, David [1972] The Marxian Theory of Crisis, Capital and the State, Bulletin of the Conference of Socialist Economists, Winter 1972, pp 5–58
 Yaffe, David [1978] The State and the Capitalist Crisis 2nd ed RCG Reprint

Makroøkonomi

Kriseteori (økonomi)


Stanford Derere  es un escultor de Zimbabue conocido por sus tallas en piedra, nacido el 31 de enero de 1956 en Chapeya Ma Village en el distrito de Makosa. Pertenece a la segunda generación de escultores modernos de Zimbabue.

Datos biográficos
Nacido en el pueblo de Chapeyama, Derere creció jugando con arcilla y trabajando en la agricultura. En la escuela se interesó por el dibujo y durante un poco de tiempo asistió a una escuela de arte para aprender pintura y dibujo, pero hubo de abandonarla al no poder pagar la matrícula. En 1985 comenzó sus estudios en el Taller BAT dependiente de la Galería Nacional de Zimbabue, interesado todavía en la pintura y el grabado y en 1988 obtuvo el certificado de excelencia. Inmediatamente después pasó a la escultura, en la que se ha especializado, y ha expuesto su obra en Zimbabue y en diversos países europeos; sus esculturas se encuentran en la colección del Parque de Esculturas Chapungu.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Zimbabue
Escultores del siglo XX
Escultores del siglo XXI
Zimbabuenses del siglo XX
Zimbabuenses del siglo XXI

Stanford Derere


හැලී මාරියා බෙරී (අගෝස්තු 14, 1966) යනු අමෙරිකානු ජාතික රංගන ශිල්පිනියක්, චිත්‍රපටි නිෂ්පාදිකාවක් සහ හිටපු මෝස්තර නිරූපිකාවක් වේ. ඇය විසින් රංගනයෙන් දායක වූ ප්‍රේමණීය නාට්‍යයක් සේ සැළකුණු මොන්ස්ටර්'ස් බෝල් (2001) නාට්‍යය සඳහා, 2002 වර්ෂයේදී ඇය හොඳම නිළිය වෙනුවෙන් වූ ඇකඩමි සම්මානයක් දිනාගැනීමට සමත් වූවාය. එසේ හොඳම නිළිය වෙනුවෙන් වූ ඇකඩමි සම්මානයක් හිමිකරගත් අමෙරිකානු සුදු ජාතික නොවූ එකම කාන්තාව (2016 වන විටදී) ලෙස ඇය සැළකේ.

2000 දශකයේ හොලිවුඩයේ වැඩිම ගෙවීමක් ලද රංගන ශිල්පිනයක් වූ බෙරී, ඇය විසින් රංගනය එක් කල සිනමා පට කිහිපයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීමටද දායක වූවාය. රංගන ශිල්පිනියක් වීමට පෙරාතුව, නිරූපිකාවක් වූ ඇය රූප සුන්දරී තරග සඳහාද ඉදිරිපත් වෙමින් 1986 මිස් යූඑස්ඒ දෙවන ස්ථානය හිමිකරගැනීමට සමත් වූවාය. එම වසර වෙනුවෙන් පැවැත්වූ ලෝක රූ රැජිණ තරගයේ හයවන ස්ථානයද ඇයට හිමිවිය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1966 උපත්

හැලී බෙරී


Donald Clarence Laycock est un linguiste australien né à Newcastle le  et mort à Canberra le . Spécialiste des langues de Nouvelle-Guinée, c'est aussi un polymathe qui s'intéresse à de nombreuses  dont l'énochien, les chansons paillardes, le tarot et les langues artificielles comme le pidgin.

Linguistique de la Nouvelle-Guinée
Après avoir été le premier doctorant en linguistique de l'université de Canberra, il y soutient en 1962 une thèse sur les langues du groupe Sepik en Nouvelle-Guinée, dont il dégage certaines structures communes. De 1962 à 1964, il voyage en Europe et en Amérique du Nord où il occupe différents postes d'enseignement, avant de revenir en 1964 se fixer à l'université de Canberra.

Sa thèse devient en 1964 le premier livre de linguisitque publié par l'éditeur universitaire Pacific Linguistics<ref>{{ouvrage|langue=en|prénom=Donald|nom=Laycock|titre=The Ndu language family (Sepik District, New Guinea)|éditeur=Pacific Linguistics|lieu=Canberra|année=1965|doi=10.15144/PL-C1}}.</ref>. Il propose en 1973 de regrouper un ensemble de 27 familles et de 91 langues de la région au sein d'un sous-embranchement, le , une hypothèse qui ne sera remise en cause que trente ans plus tard. Il identifie ensuite en 1975 le groupe des langues torricelli parlées dans la région des monts Torricelli puis le groupe des langues piawi. Il s'intéresse aussi aux pidgins et aux créoles.

Avant son décès, il joue un rôle important dans la coordination de deux ouvrages : International Language Atlas of the Pacific Area et Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Greater Pacific Area''.

Autres domaines de recherche
Considéré comme un , Laycock s'intéresse à toutes soortes de .

Il est particulièrement connu pour son étude de l'énochien, censé être le , et dont il établit le caractère de langue construite, parfois proche de la glossolalie. Laycock estime notamment que .

Laycock porte un intérêt connexe au tarot et à la numérologie, appréhendés d'un point de vue sceptique, ainsi qu'aux jeux de cartes et de société.

Il profite d'une période d'enseignement à l'université d'Indiana, qui dispose d'un riche fonds consacré à la culture populaire, pour consacrer plusieurs recherches aux chansons paillardes et s'intéresse plus généralement aux aspects linguistiques du discours érotique ou obscène.

Références

Bibliographie
.

.

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1936
Naissance en Australie
Linguiste australien
Décès en décembre 1988
Décès en Australie
Décès à 52 ans

Donald Laycock


Maratonul Internațional Sibiu este un eveniment de alergare filantropic din România, care se adresează atât alergătorilor profesioniști, cât și amatorilor. Pe lângă cursele dedicate adulților, cu distanțe de 5km, 10km, 21km, 42km și 2.7km (pentru tinerii de 13-17 ani), există și Cursele copiilor, împărțite în 4 categorii de vârstă (de la 4 la 12 ani).

Conform tradiției, Maratonul Internațional Sibiu are loc anual, în ultima sâmbătă din mai. Acesta a fost organizat începând cu 2012, inițial sub denumirea de SemiMaraton Sibiu, iar din 2017 i-a fost adăugată cursa de 42 de km – moment în care a fost redenumit în Maratonul Internațional Sibiu.

Startul evenimentului se dă în Piața Mare din Sibiu, iar cursele de semimaraton și maraton ajung până în localitățile Poplaca și Rășinari.

La ediția din 2016 a semimaratonului a alergat și Carmen Iohannis, Prima Doamnă a României.

În 2018, aproape 4.000 de participanți au alergat pentru 26 de proiecte, pentru care s-au strâns 592.492 lei. În 2019, doritorii pot alerga pentru 40 de cauze.

Maratonul Internațional Sibiu 2019 este organizat de Fundația Comunitară Sibiu, în parteneriat cu Grey Projects și Clubul Sportiv Comunitar Sibiu.

Note

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial

Maraton
Filantropie
Competiții de atletism
Sport în Sibiu

Maratonul Internațional Sibiu


An Stipa aphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Rodway, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni J.Townrow. An Stipa aphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa aphylla


Deadhorse es un área no incorporada ubicada en el borough de North Slope en el estado estadounidense de Alaska. El pueblo consiste principalmente de instalaciones de trabajadores de empresas que operan cerca de la Bahía de Prudhoe. Deadhorse es accesible vía la Autopista Dalton desde Fairbanks, o el Aeropuerto Deadhorse.

Geografía
Deadhorse se encuentra ubicada en las coordenadas .

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial
 Deadhorse local weather
 Dalton Highway

Áreas no incorporadas de Alaska
Localidades del borough de North Slope

Deadhorse (Alaska)


The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) is a deep-field image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, containing an estimated 10,000 galaxies. The original data for the image was collected by the Hubble Space Telescope from September 2003 to January 2004. It includes light from galaxies that existed about 13 billion years ago, some 400 to 800 million years after the Big Bang.

The HUDF image was taken in a section of the sky with a low density of bright stars in the near-field, allowing much better viewing of dimmer, more distant objects. Located southwest of Orion in the southern-hemisphere constellation Fornax, the rectangular image is 2.4 arcminutes to an edge, or 3.4 arcminutes diagonally. This is about one-tenth of the angular diameter of a full moon viewed from Earth (less than 34 arcminutes), smaller than a 1 mm2 piece of paper held 1 m away, and equal to roughly one twenty-six-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is oriented so that the upper left corner points toward north (−46.4°) on the celestial sphere.

In August and September 2009, the HUDF field was observed at longer wavelengths (1.0 to 1.6 µm) using the infrared channel of the recently fitted Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). This additional data enabled astronomers to identify a new list of potentially very distant galaxies.

On September 25, 2012, NASA released a new version of the Ultra-Deep Field dubbed the eXtreme Deep Field (XDF). The XDF reveals galaxies from 13.2 billion years ago, including one thought to have formed only 450 million years after the Big Bang.

On June 3, 2014, NASA released the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 image, the first HUDF image to use the full range of ultraviolet to near-infrared light. A composite of separate exposures taken in 2002 to 2012 with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3, it shows some 10,000 galaxies.

On January 23, 2019, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias released an even deeper version of the infrared images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field obtained with the WFC3 instrument, named the ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The new images improve the previous reduction of the WFC3/IR images, including careful sky background subtraction around the largest galaxies on the field of view. After this update, some galaxies were found to be almost twice as big as previously measured.

Planning
In the years since the original Hubble Deep Field, the Hubble Deep Field South and the GOODS sample were analyzed, providing increased statistics at the high redshifts probed by the HDF. When the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) detector was installed on the HST, it was realized that an ultra-deep field could observe galaxy formation out to even higher redshifts than had currently been observed, as well as providing more information about galaxy formation at intermediate redshifts (z~2). A workshop on how to best carry out surveys with the ACS was held at STScI in late 2002. At the workshop Massimo Stiavelli advocated an Ultra Deep Field as a way to study the objects responsible for the reionization of the Universe. Following the workshop, the STScI Director Steven Beckwith decided to devote 400 orbits of Director's Discretionary time to the UDF and appointed Stiavelli as the lead of the Home Team implementing the observations.

Unlike the Deep Fields, the HUDF does not lie in Hubble's Continuous Viewing Zone (CVZ). The earlier observations, using the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) camera, were able to take advantage of the increased observing time on these zones by using wavelengths with higher noise to observe at times when earthshine contaminated the observations; however, ACS does not observe at these wavelengths, so the advantage was reduced.

As with the earlier fields, this one was required to contain very little emission from our galaxy, with little Zodiacal dust. The field was also required to be in a range of declinations such that it could be observed both by southern hemisphere instruments, such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and northern hemisphere ones, such as those located on Hawaii. It was ultimately decided to observe a section of the Chandra Deep Field South, due to existing deep X-ray observations from Chandra X-ray Observatory and two interesting objects already observed in the GOODS sample at the same location: a redshift 5.8 galaxy and a supernova. The coordinates of the field are right ascension , declination  (J2000). The field is 200 arcseconds to a side, with a total area of 11 square arcminutes, and lies in the constellation of Fornax.

Observations

Four filters were used on the ACS, centered on 435, 606, 775 and 850 nm, with exposure times set to give equal sensitivity in all filters. These wavelength ranges match those used by the GOODS sample, allowing direct comparison between the two. As with the Deep Fields, the HUDF used Directors Discretionary Time. In order to get the best resolution possible, the observations were dithered by pointing the telescope at slightly different positions for each exposure—a process trialled with the Hubble Deep Field—so that the final image has a higher resolution than the pixels on their own would normally allow.

The observations were done in two sessions, from September 23 to October 28, 2003, and December 4, 2003, to January 15, 2004. The total exposure time is just under 1 million seconds, from 400 orbits, with a typical exposure time of 1200 seconds. In total, 800 ACS exposures were taken over the course of 11.3 days, two per orbit; NICMOS observed for 4.5 days. All the individual ACS exposures were processed and combined by Anton Koekemoer into a set of scientifically useful images, each with a total exposure time ranging from 134,900 seconds to 347,100 seconds. To observe the whole sky to the same sensitivity, the HST would need to observe continuously for a million years.

The sensitivity of the ACS limits its capability of detecting galaxies at high redshift to about 6. The deep NICMOS fields obtained in parallel to the ACS images could in principle be used to detect galaxies at redshift 7 or higher but they were lacking visible band images of similar depth. These are necessary to identify high redshift objects as they should not be seen in the visible bands. In order to obtain deep visible exposures on top of the NICMOS parallel fields a follow-up program, HUDF05, was approved and granted 204 orbits to observe the two parallel fields (GO-10632). The orientation of the HST was chosen so that further NICMOS parallel images would fall on top of the main UDF field.

After the installation of WFC3 on Hubble in 2009, the HUDF09 programme (GO-11563) devoted 192 orbits to observations of three fields, including HUDF, using the newly available F105W, F125W and F160W infra-red filters (which correspond to the Y, J and H bands):

Contents

The HUDF is the deepest image of the universe ever taken and has been used to search for galaxies that existed between 400 and 800 million years after the Big Bang (redshifts between 7 and 12). Several galaxies in the HUDF are candidates, based on photometric redshifts, to be amongst the most distant astronomical objects. The red dwarf UDF 2457 at distance of 59,000 light-years is the furthest star resolved by the HUDF. The star near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600-01400432 with apparent magnitude of 18.95.

The field imaged by the ACS contains over 10,000 objects, the majority of which are galaxies, many at redshifts greater than 3, and some that probably have redshifts between 6 and 7.  The NICMOS measurements may have discovered galaxies at redshifts up to 12.

Scientific results
The HUDF has revealed high rates of star formation during the very early stages of galaxy formation, within a billion years after the Big Bang. It has also enabled improved characterization of the distribution of galaxies, their numbers, sizes and luminosities at different epochs, aiding investigation into the evolution of galaxies. Galaxies at high redshifts have been confirmed to be smaller and less symmetrical than ones at lower redshifts, illuminating the rapid evolution of galaxies in the first couple of billion years after the Big Bang.

Hubble eXtreme Deep Field

The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF), released on September 25, 2012, is an image of a portion of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field image. Representing a total of two million seconds (about 23 days) of exposure time collected over 10 years, the image covers an area of 2.3 arcminutes by 2 arcminutes, or about 80% of the area of the HUDF. This represents approximately one thirty-two millionth of the sky.

The HXDF contains about 5,500 galaxies, the oldest of which are seen as they were 13.2 billion years ago. The faintest galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. The red galaxies in the image are the remnants of galaxies after major collisions during their elderly years. Many of the smaller galaxies in the image are very young galaxies that eventually developed into major galaxies, similar to the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood.

See also
 List of deep fields
 List of UDF objects (1–500)
 HUDF-JD2
 UDF 2457 (star)
 UDFj-39546284
 UDFy-38135539

References

External links

 NASA site with animations
 Exploring galaxy formation in the early universe - How did the first galaxies get so large so quickly?
 Scalable interactive UDF with 10,000 galaxies mapped. Wikisky.org
 Hubblesite page for the XDF image
 XDF Project from the UCO/Lick Observatory
 The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field in Light and Sound at APOD
 ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field

Hubble Space Telescope images
Physical cosmology
Sky regions
Astronomy image articles
2004 works
2019 works
2000s photographs
2010s photographs
Articles containing video clips
Color photographs

Hubble Ultra-Deep Field


La  est une gare ferroviaire située à Yachiyo, dans la préfecture de Chiba au Japon. Cette gare est exploitée par la compagnie Keisei.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Katsutadai est située au point kilométrique (PK) 40,3 de la ligne principale Keisei.

Historique
La gare a été inaugurée le .

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
La gare dispose d'un bâtiment voyageurs avec guichets, ouvert tous les jours.

Desserte
 Ligne principale Keisei :
 voie 1 : direction Aoto (interconnexion avec la ligne Keisei Oshiage pour Oshiage) et Keisei Ueno
 voie 2 : direction Keisei Narita et aéroport de Narita

Intermodalité
La gare de Tōyō-Katsutadai, terminus de la ligne Tōyō Rapid, est située à proximité immédiate de la gare.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Lien externe
  La gare de Katsutadai sur le site de Keisei

Gare Keisei
Gare dans la préfecture de Chiba
Gare mise en service en 1968

Gare de Katsutadai


An Deiregyne pterygodium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Deiregyne pterygodium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Deiregyne, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Deiregyne

Deiregyne pterygodium


أيياسوس (Αγιάσος) هي مدينة في ليسفوس في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2149 نسمة.

مراجع

لسبوس
مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في لسبوس

أغياسوس


Hemofili çoğunlukla genetik geçiş gösteren, vücutta kanın pıhtılaşma sisteminde rol alan ve pıhtılaşma faktörleri olarak adlandırılan proteinlerin eksikliği veya yokluğu nedeniyle ortaya çıkan, pıhtılaşma bozukluğu yaratan ve X kromozomundaki çekinik bir gen ile taşınan bir tür kanın pıhtılaşamaması hastalığıdır.

Kanın vücutta dolaşmasını sağlayan kan damarları atar, toplar ve kılcal damarlardan oluşur. Bu damarlar tiplerinden herhangi birinde hasar meydana gelmesi durumunda iç kanama meydana gelebilir. Normal şartlarda kan damarı hasar gördükten hemen sonra travmanın damar üzerine etkisiyle damar duvarı kasılır ve "Trombosit" adı verilen kan hücreleri devreye girerek hasarlı bölgede "Trombosit Tıkacı" adı verilen geçici bir tıkaç oluşturur. Damardaki yırtılma küçükse, bu tıkaç kan kaybını tek başına durdurabilir, fakat delik büyükse kanamayı durdurmak için Trombosit tıkacına ek olarak kanın pıhtılaşması da gerekmektedir. Bu aşamada, pıhtılaşma faktörlerine ihtiyaç vardır. Pıhtılaşma faktörlerinin devreye girmesiyle oluşan Fibrin İplikçikleri, Trombositleri, kan hücrelerini ve plazmayı da içine alarak kan pıhtısını oluşturur.

Hemofili'de ise yeterince güçlü bir kan pıhtısı oluşamamaktadır. Bu nedenle bir Hemofili hastasında vücut içi veya vücut dışı ciddi bir travma meydana gelirse, hastaya genellikle pıhtılaşmanın sağlanması için tıbbi müdahale gerekir. Hemofili hastalarının kanamaları normal bir insandan daha hızlı kanamaz, fakat kan kaybının süresi uzundur.

Orta şiddette kanamalar

Eklem içi kanamalar Eklem içi kanamalar en sık ayak, el bileklerinde ve dizlerde görülür. Bunun nedeni, bu bölgelerin hareket anında en fazla yüklenilen, hareket eden ve darbelere maruz kalan bölümler olmalarıdır. Bu kanama türünde oluşan basınç nedeniyle hastalarda şiddetli ağrılar görülür. Zamanında tedavi edilmeyen eklem içi kanamalar kalıcı hasarlar bırakabilirler. Bu kanamaların en önemli belirtileri eklemlerde hareket sırasında ağrı ve ısı artışıdır.

Kas içi kanamalar Travma veya burkulmaya bağlı kas içi kanamalar da en sık ortaya çıkan kanamalardır. Bu tür kanamalar belli bir nedene bağlı olmaksızın da gerçekleşebilir. Bu kanamaların en önemli belirtileri kol veya bacaklarda hareket zorluğu, hareket sırasında ağrı ve söz konusu bölgelerde ısı artışıdır.

Doku içi kanamalar Doku içi kanamalar özellikle hemofili hastalarının ilk teşhisleri aşamasında önemli bir ipucudur. Bunlar genellikle yüzeysel deri kanamaları olduklarından ve morartı, çürük gibi belirtilerle kendilerini gösterirler. Birkaç gün içinde kendiliklerinden düzeldikleri için genellikle özel bir tedavi gerektirmezler. Başta koyu mavi veya mor olup zamanla yeşil, kahverengi ve sarıya dönüşerek yok olan ezik ve çürükler eğer büyümeye devam eder ve renkleri gittikçe koyulaşırsa en kısa zamanda bir hekime başvurulmalıdır.

Orta şiddette kanamalar görüldüğünde travma veya kanama bölgesi gözlem altında tutulmalıdır. Eğer bu alanda kötüleşme görülürse yine en kısa zamanda bir hekime başvurulmalıdır.

Hafif şiddette kanamalar

Burun kanamaları Kısa süreli burun kanamaları burunun soğuk suyla yıkanması veya oturur durumda olan hastanın 5-10 dakika parmakla burun kanatlarını sıkıca sıkarak tampon etmesiyle genellikle durdurulabilir.

Hafif kesik ve sıyrıklar Herhangi bir travmaya bağlı olarak deride sıyrık oluştuğunda veya deri hafifçe kesildiğinde sızıntı tarzında kanama varsa yarayı temizleyip 10 dakika kadar temiz bir sargı beziyle tampon etmek genellikle yeterlidir.

Hemofili hastalarının günlük hayatının bir parçası olan ve genelde faktör 8 uygulaması gerektirmeyen bu kanamalarda eğer kanama durdurulamazsa en kısa zamanda bir hekime başvurulmalıdır.

Bariton sesli insanlarda hemofili görülme olasılığı düşük olmakla beraber, larinks bölgesi kaslarında sigara içilmesine bağlı olarak atrofi ve ses tellerinde partiküller gözlenebilir.

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162532/http://www.wfh.org/index.asp?lang=EN Dünya Hemofili Federasyonu Resmi Web Sitesi
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070217204612/http://www.hedef-tr.org/ HEDEF Hemofili Dernekleri Federasyonu (Türkiye)
 http://www.turkhemoder.org.tr/  Türkiye Hemofili Derneği Resmi Web Sitesi

 Hemophilia.ca , Hemophilia A & B information, Canadian Hemophilia Society
 Hemophilia.org , Types of Bleeding Disorders], UK Haemophilia Society
 Haemophilia.org.uk, An Introduction to Haemophilia, UK Haemophilia Society
 History of Heamophilia Research
 Hemophilia Magazine , National Hemophilia Foundation

Pıhtılaşma sistemi hastalıkları
İnsan kromozom X

Hemofili


Chlodomer, also spelled Clodomir or Clodomer (c. 495 - 524) was the second of the four sons of Clovis I, King of the Franks.

History
Clodomir was the eldest son of Clovis and his wife, Clotilde. On the death of his father, in 511, he divided the kingdom of the Franks with his three brothers: Theuderic I, Childebert I, and Chlothar I. Chlodomer became King of the Franks at Orléans. This kingdom included, most notably, the bishoprics of Tours, Poitiers and Orléans. Chlodomer married Guntheuc, with whom he had three sons: Theodebald, Gunthar, and Clodoald.

In 523–24, possibly at the instigation of his mother Clotilde, who was eager to avenge the death of her parents who had been allegedly assassinated by her uncle Gundobad, the father of Sigismund of Burgundy. From the sixth century on, the marriage of Clovis and Clotilde was made the theme of epic narratives, in which the original facts were materially altered and the various versions found their way into the works of different Frankish chroniclers. The story of Clotilde's revenge is taken up by Gregory of Tours. It is, however, assumed that this tale is apocryphal.

Nonetheless, Chlodomer joined with his brothers in an expedition against the Burgundians. After capturing Sigismund, Chlodomer returned to Orléans. Chlodomer had Sigismund and his sons Gisald and Gondebaud assassinated in May 524.

Sigismund's brother Gondomar returned triumphantly to Burgundy at the head of the troops sent by his ally, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. There, he massacred the garrison the Franks had left behind. Chlodomer then led a second expedition against the Burgundians. He was killed on this expedition, in June that same year, at the Battle of Vézeronce. Theuderic married Sigismund's daughter Suavegotha. Chlodomer's kingdom was divided such that Chlothar I received Touraine and Poitou; Childebert I the territories on both banks of the Loire with Orléans.

When his widow married Chlothar I, Chlodomer's three sons were taken to Paris and entrusted to their grandmother Clotilde. However, Chlothar, not wishing to give them a share of their father's inheritance when they came of age, murdered ten-year-old Theodebald and seven-year-old Gunthar. Only the youngest, Clodoald, was saved by the loyalty of a few of the faithful. Better known as Saint Cloud, he later became abbot of Nogent, having given up his hair, the symbol of the Frankish royalty, rather than giving up his life.

References

Further reading

 Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, .
 Geary, Patrick J. (1988). Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, .
 James, Edward (1991). The Franks. London: Blackwell, .
 Oman, Charles (1914). The Dark Ages, 476–918. London: Rivingtons.
 Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (1962). The Long-Haired Kings, and Other Studies in Frankish History. London: Methuen.
 Wood, Ian N. (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751. London: Longman, .

Merovingian kings
Monarchs killed in action
Frankish warriors
495 births
524 deaths
6th-century Frankish kings

Chlodomer


Stephen Henighan (* 19. Juli 1960 in Hamburg) ist ein kanadischer Journalist, Schriftsteller und Übersetzer deutscher Herkunft. Er verfasste mehrere Romane, Kurzgeschichten, Sachbücher und Aufsätze.

Leben
1965 kam Henighan zusammen mit seiner Familie nach Kanada. Er wuchs auf dem Land in der Provinz Ontario auf. Dort absolvierte er seine Schulzeit und begann anschließend u. a. Politikwissenschaft am Swarthmore College (Pennsylvania) zu studieren.

Zwischen 1984 und 1992 studierte Henighan an der Concordia University in Montreal und konnte dieses Studium mit einem M.A. abschließen. Seinen Lebensunterhalt verdiente er in diesen Jahren als freiberuflicher Journalist. Später ging  er ans Wadham College (University of Oxford), wo er 1996 in Lateinamerikanischer Literatur promoviert wurde. Darauf folgten weiter Studienaufenthalte in Kolumbien, Rumänien und Deutschland.

1996 betraute man Henighan mit einem Lehrauftrag (Lateinamerikanische Literatur) am Queen Mary & Westfield College (University of London). Ende 1998 kehrte er in seine Heimat zurück und ab 1999 lehrt Henighan an der University of Guelph (Ontario). Parallel dazu fungiert er als Herausgeber der Biblioasis Edition bei Windsor (Ontario).

Rezeption
Neben seinen journalistischen Arbeiten und den verschiedenen fachlichen Schriften als Dozent entstand mit den Jahren auch ein kleines literarisches Œuvre. Neben seinen drei Romanen liegt der Schwerpunkt auf vielen Kurzgeschichten. Diese wurden und werden beinahe regelmäßig in Zeitschriften und Magazinen wie The Times Literary Supplement, The Walrus, The Globe and Mail und Montreal Gazette veröffentlicht.

Werke (Auswahl)

Autor
Romane
 Other Americans. A novel. Simon & Pierre, Toronto 1990, ISBN 0-8892-4218-6.
 The places where names vanish. Thistledown Press, Saskatoon 1998, ISBN 1-89544-977-4.
 The streets of winter. Thistledown Press, Saskatoon 2004, ISBN 1-89434-576-2.

Kurzgeschichten
 Nights in the Yungas. Thistledown Press, Saskatoon 1992, ISBN 0-92063-397-8.
 North of Tourism. Cormorant Books, Dunvegam 1999, ISBN 1-896951-13-9.
 A grave in the air. Thistledown Press, Saskatoon 2007, ISBN 978-1-89723-529-4.

Sachbücher
 Assuming the light. The Parisian literary apprenticeship of Miguel Ángel Asturias. Legenda Edition, Oxford 1999, ISBN 1-900755-19-X.
 When words deny the world. The reshaping of Canadian Writing. The Porcupine's Quill, Erin, Ont. 2002, ISBN 0-88984-240-X.
 A report on the afterlife of culture. Biblioasis Edition, Emeryville 2008, ISBN 978-1-89723-142-5.
 Lost Province. Adventures in a Moldovan Family. Beach Holme Publ., Vancouver 2002, ISBN 0-88878-432-5.
 A Green Reef. The Impact of Climate Change. Linda Leith Publishing, Westmont, Quebec 2013, ISBN 978-1-927535271.
 deutsch: Unsere Welt in Gefahr. Klimawandel und Zivilisation. Alouette Verlag, Oststeinbek 2014, ISBN 978-3-924324-17-9.

Aufsätze
 Caribbean Masks. Frantz Fanon and Alejo Carpentier. In: Robin W. Fiddian (Hrsg.): Postcolonial perspectives on the cultures of Latin America and Lusophone Africa. University Press, Liverpool 2000, ISBN 0-85323-576-7.
 History after History's End. In: Irene M. Blayer, Mark C. Anderson (Hrsg.): Latin American Narratives and Cultural Identity. Selected Readings. Peter Lang Verlag, New York 2004, ISBN 0-8204-6320-5, S. 62–75.

Übersetzungen
 Ondjaki: Good Morning Comrades. A Novel ("Bom dias, comarades"). Biblioasis Edition, Emeryville 2008, ISBN 978-1-89723-140-1.
 Mihail Sebastian: The accident. A Novel ("Accidental"). Biblioasis Edition, Emeryville 2011, ISBN 978-1-926845-16-6.

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Kanada)
Autor
Übersetzer aus dem Portugiesischen
Übersetzer aus dem Rumänischen
Übersetzer ins Englische
Deutscher
Kanadier
Geboren 1960
Mann

Stephen Henighan


والتر إي. فونتروي  هو سياسي أمريكي من مواليد 6 فبراير 1933م.

الميلاد
ولد في 6 فبراير 1933 في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية

النشاط
عضو الكونغرس الأمريكي السابق، وناشط بارز في مجال الحقوق المدنية

المؤهلات العلمية
الدكتوراه الفخرية في القانون من جامعة ييل Yale State Univ

فونتروي وحركة الحقوق المدنية
 مبعوث مارتن لوثر كنغ الخاص لرؤساء أميركا جون كينيدي وليندون جونسون وكبار القادة الفيدراليين داخل الولايات المتحدة الأميركية
 عمل فونتروي منسقاً للمسيرات التاريخة في واشنطون وخارجها من أجل المساواة بين المواطنين وإنهاء سياسة التمييز العنصري إبان حقبة الستينات
 تم تعيينه للإشراف علي تطبيق قوانين عدم التمييز ونائباً لمجلس مدينة كولومبيا في 1967

في الكونغرس الأمريكي
 مبعوث صيانة حقوق مواطني مقاطعة كولومبيا
 عضو لجنة المالية والتمويل في مجلس النواب طيلة عشرين عاماً
 مؤسس ورئيس لجنة الأفارقة الأميركان داخل الكونغرس الأمريكي
 رئيس اللجنة الفرعية للسياسة المالية الداخلية لمدة ست سنوات
 رئيس اللجنة الفرعية للتنمية الدولية والتمويل والتجارة والسياسة المالية لأربع سنوات
 رئيس وحدة المهام في هاييتي لمدة خمسة عشر عاماً

فونتروي والعلاقات الدولية
 من واقع منصبه كرئيس للجنة المالية والتمويل في الكونغرس الأمريكي, أعد السيد فونتروي مشاريع تنموية موجهة للمناطق الأشد فقراً في العالم من بينها زيمبابوي والسودان وموزمبيق وغيرها
 من كبار المحاربين لسياسة التفرقة بين البيض والسود في جنوب أفريقيا (الأبارتهايد)
 من أشد المعارضين للحرب على العراق وسياسات المحافظين الجدد بإدارة بوش
 استهدفه اللوبي الصهيوني بالنقد والتشهير بسبب آراؤه السياسية الداعمة للحقوق العربية العادلة
 تقابل مع الكثير من رؤساء الدول من بينهم الرئيس ميخائيل جورباتشوف رئيس الإتحاد السوفييتي سابقاً, والرئيس أنور السادات الذي قابله عدة مرات في واشنطون

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء أمريكيون أفارقة في مجلس النواب الأمريكي
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي
أعلام ثورة 17 فبراير
أمريكيون أفارقة مسيحيون
أمريكيون مقاطعون للضرائب
حقوقيون أمريكيون
ديمقراطيون من واشنطن العاصمة
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون أمريكيون
مرشحو الرئاسة الأمريكية لعام 1972
مرشحو الرئاسة الأمريكية لعام 1976
مواليد 1933
مواليد في واشنطن العاصمة
ناشطو حركة الحقوق المدنية
مندوبون إلى مجلس النواب الأمريكي من المقاطعة في كولومبيا
مرشحون أمريكيون أفارقة في رئيس الولايات المتحدة
سياسيو واشنطن العاصمة أدينوا بجرائم
أمريكيون أفارقة في سياسة واشنطن العاصمة
أمريكيون أعضاء في رجال دين أدينوا بجرائم

والتر فونتروي