Hlib Lonchyna (en ), né le , est un évêque grec-catholique ukrainien.

Biographie
Hlib Borys Sviatoslav Lonchyna naît de parents émigrés ukrainiens à Steubenville dans l'Ohio, au sein de l'éparchie de Saint Josaphat pour les Ukrainiens, à Parma.

Hlib Lonchyna étudie à l'université pontificale urbanienne de Rome, où il obtient une licence en théologie biblique en 1979, ainsi qu'à l'Institut pontifical oriental, qui lui vaut un diplôme en théologie liturgique orientale en 2001.

En 1975, il entre au monastère des Studites ukrainiens à Grottaferrata en Italie, et prononce ses vœux solennels le . Ordonné prêtre le  par le patriarche Josyf Cardinal Slipyj, il sert comme curé de la paroisse Saint Nicolas de Passaic, New Jersey (États-Unis) 1983-1985, 1990-1992, puis devient préfet des étudiants du collège gréco-catholique ukrainien Sainte-Sophie de Rome, 1985-1990.

Après son arrivée en Ukraine en 1994, il est directeur spirituel au grand séminaire de Lviv. Dans le même temps, il enseigne à l'Académie théologique de Lviv. Il collabore également comme attaché à la nonciature apostolique à Kyiv, 2000-2002.

Le , il est nommé évêque titulaire de  et évêque auxiliaire de Lviv pour les catholiques ukrainiens, et consacré par le cardinal Lubomyr Husar le 27 février.

Le , il est nommé visiteur apostolique pour les catholiques ukrainiens d'Italie et procureur de l'Archevêque majeur à Rome.

Le , il devient également visiteur apostolique pour les Ukrainiens en Espagne et en Irlande.

En mai 2006, il retourne en Ukraine, où il est chargé de la Curie patriarcale, tout en maintenant son engagement comme visiteur apostolique en Italie, en Espagne et en Irlande.

Le , il est remplacé en tant que visiteur apostolique en Italie et en Espagne. Le , il est nommé administrateur apostolique sede vacante de l'exarchat apostolique pour les catholiques ukrainiens de Grande-Bretagne. Il prend part à l'élection du nouvel archevêque majeur en 2011 après le départ à la retraite du Cardinal Husar.

Il est officiellement nommé exarque apostolique par le pape Benoît XVI le  et installé le  par l'archevêque majeur Sviatoslav Chevtchouk. Avec l'élévation de l'exarchat apostolique de Grande-Bretagne à la dignité d'éparchie, le , Hlib Lonchyna en devient son premier éparque.

Le , le siège apostolique annonce que le pape a accepté la démission de Hlib Lonchyna de sa charge d'évêque de l'éparchie de la Sainte Famille de Londres.

Références

Liens externes

 Biographie sur GCatholic.org

Étudiant de l'Institut pontifical oriental
Étudiant de l'université pontificale urbanienne
Évêque grec-catholique ukrainien
Naissance en février 1954

Hlib Lonchyna


Nils Anders Micael Roslund assina como Anders Roslund (1 de janeiro de 1961, Jönköping) é uma escritor de romance policial e jornalista sueco. Ele já foi publicado em 36 idiomas.

Biografia
Com Börge Hellström, escreveu vários best-sellers do New York Times, com vendas superiores a cinco milhões de exemplares, incluindo Tre Sekunder (em Portugal: Três Segundos), que serviu de inspiração para o filme The Informer (2019) .

Como editor-chefe da Sveriges Television, ele fundou o programa diário The Cultural News. Por muitos anos ele também trabalhou como repórter de notícias, se especializando em problemas criminais e sociais.

Prêmios
Ele já foi galardoado com o CWA International Dagger, The Glass Key e o Prêmio da Academia Sueca de Escritores de Policiais, entre outros.

Bibliografia

Ewert Grens
 Odjuret (2004) (com Börge Hellström) no Brasil: A Besta (Planeta, 2009)
 Box 21 (2005) (com Börge Hellström) no Brasil: Box 21 (Planeta, 2010)
 Edward Finnigans upprättelse (2006) (com Börge Hellström) no Brasil: Redenção (Planeta, 2011)
 Flickan under gatan (2007) (com Börge Hellström)
 Tre sekunder (2009) (com Börge Hellström) em Portugal: Três Segundos (Planeta Booket, 2014)
 Två soldater (2012) (com Börge Hellström)
 Tre minuter (2016) (com Börge Hellström)
 Tre Timmar (2018)
 Jamåhonleva (2019) em Portugal: A Aniversariante (Porto Editora, 2020)
 Sovsågott (2020) em Portugal: Bons Sonhos (Porto Editora, 2022)
 Litapåmig (2021)
 100 procent (2022)

Björndansen
 Björndansen (2014) (com Stefan Thunberg) em Portugal: O Pai (Planeta, 2016)
 En bror att dö för (2017) (com Stefan Thunberg)

Adaptações

Filme
 The Informer (2019)  baseado no livro Tre Sekunder (2009)(wikipedia em inglês).

Séries
 Box 21 (2020)
 Cell 8 (2022)

Escritores em língua sueca
Escritores de literatura policial
Romancistas da Suécia
Jornalistas da Suécia
Naturais de Jönköping

Anders Roslund


The Alvinellidae are a family of small, deep-sea polychaete worms endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. Belonging to the order Terebellida, the family contains two genera, Alvinella and Paralvinella; the former genus contains two valid species and the latter eight. Members of the family are termed alvinellids.

The family was first described in 1979 after discoveries made off the Galápagos Islands by the crew of the DSV Alvin. The ship subsequently lent its name to the family and genera within it.

The worms build mucus tubes and extend red feathery gills. Members of the Alvinellidae are noted for their exceptional heat tolerance: one species, the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana), is thought to be the most heat-tolerant complex organism on Earth.  Mitochondria start to break down at temperatures of , apparently providing an upper limit for eukaryotes. Under laboratory conditions, in a pressurized aquarium with a heat gradient, worms of the species Paralvinella sulfincola, chose water heated to  and made brief forays into water as hot as . Unlike other (chemosynthetic) vent-dwelling worms, alvinellid worms possess a digestive tract. However, they do rely on an episymbiotic relationship with thermophilic bacteria; hair-like growths of the bacteria living on the worm's back are thought to offer thermal protection to the worm.

Family Alvinellidae

Genus Alvinella
 Species Alvinella caudata
 Species Alvinella pompejana – Pompeii worm
Genus Paralvinella
 Species Paralvinella bactericola
 Species Paralvinella fijiensis
 Species Paralvinella grasslei
 Species Paralvinella hessleri
 Species Paralvinella palmiformis
 Species Paralvinella pandorae
 Species Paralvinella sulfincola
 Species Paralvinella unidentata

References

Terebellida
Animals living on hydrothermal vents

Alvinellidae


Olaylar
 Moğol İmparatorluğu en geniş sınırlarına ulaştı.
 Song Hanedanı, 319 yıl varlığını sürdürdükten sonra Yuan Hanedanı tarafından devrildi.
 ((Song Hanedanı)), yıkıldı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 19 Mart - İmparator Bing, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın 18. ve son imparatoru (d. 1272)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. İzzeddin Keykâvus, Türkiye Selçuklu Sultanı ve II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev'in büyük oğlu

1279


القرفة الإندونيسية أو قرفة بورمة  نوع نباتي ينتمي لجنس الدارصيني.

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 الدارصيني.

المراجع

أصنوفات سماها كارل لودفيغ بلوم
بهارات
قرفة
نباتات الإقليم الماليزي
نباتات الهند الصينية
نباتات طبية

قرفة إندونيسية


Pamuklu, Çermik - Diyarbakır ili Çermik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Pamuklu, Karakoçan - Elâzığ ili Karakoçan ilçesine bağlı köy
 Pamuklu, Ermenek - Karaman ili Ermenek ilçesine bağlı köy
 Pamuklu, Mut - Mersin ili Mut ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Pamuklu


An Eragrostis unioloides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Anders Jahan Retzius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck och Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Eragrostis unioloides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eragrostis

Eragrostis unioloides


Claudio Abbado (26 Haziran 1933, Milano - 20 Ocak 2014, Bologna) İtalyan orkestra şefi.

Milano Konservatuvarı müdür yardımcısı Michelangelo Abbado'nun oğlu olan Claudio Abbado, önce piyano öğrenimi gördü; sonra Bruno Bettinelli'den kompozisyon, Viyana'da Hans Swarowsky'den de orkestra şefliği dersleri aldı. 1971'de Viyana Filarmoni Operası'nın sürekli şefliğine, 1986'da da Viyana Devleti Operası'nın müzik yönetmenliğine getirildi. Bu arada 1969-1986 arasında Milano La Scala Operası'nda önce orkestra şefliği, daha sonra da müzik yönetmenliği yaptı. 1978-1983 arasında Londra Filarmoni Orkestrası'nı yönetti ve 1983-1988 arasında müzik yönetmenliğini yaptı. 1989'da ölen Herbert von Karajan'ın yerine Berlin Filarmoni Orkestrası'nın müzik yönetmenliğine getirildi. 1990'da ek olarak, Berlin Gustav Mahler Orkestrası'nın yöneticiliğini de üstlendi. Ekim 1991'de Viyana Devlet Operası'ndaki görevinden ayrıldı. 30 Ağustos 2013 tarihinde İtalya Cumhurbaşkanı Giorgio Napolitano tarafından ömür boyu senatör atanmıştır.

1933 doğumlular
Milano doğumlular
İtalyan orkestra şefleri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
2014 yılında ölenler
Yaşam boyu senatörler (İtalya)
20. yüzyıl İtalyan orkestra şefleri 20. yüzyıl İtalyan erkek müzisyenleri 21. yüzyıl İtalyan orkestra şefleri 21. yüzyıl İtalyan erkek müzisyenleri Mide kanserinden ölenler Deutsche Grammophon sahipleri EMI Classics sanatçıları Ernst von Siemens Müzik Ödülü sahipleri Légion d'honneur Büyük Haç Nişanı sahipleri Royal Academy of Music onursal üyeleri Avusturya'daki İtalyan gurbetçiler Almanya'daki İtalyan gurbetçiler Birleşik Krallık'taki İtalyan gurbetçiler Ömür boyu İtalyan senatörleri İtalyan erkek orkestra şefleri Milano Konservatuvarında öğrenim görenler
Opera yönetmenleri Milano doğumlu müzisyenler Praemium Imperiale sahipleri Kraliyet Filarmoni Topluluğu altın madalyası sahipleri Sony Classical Records sanatçıları Viyana Müzik ve Görsel Sanatlar Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler Wolf Sanat Ödülü sahipleri

Claudio Abbado


بومرسكي (بالبولندية: Województwo pomorskie) هي واحدة من 16 محافظة التي تتكون منها جمهورية بولندا ، وفقا للتقسيم الإداري لعام 1998.

المدن الرئيسية

توأمة
لمحافظة بوميرانيا اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 شانغهاي (1985 - )

أعلام
 إريك هوفمان

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1999
بوميرانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1999 في بولندا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1999

محافظة بوميرانيا


"ලිබර්ටි" යනු,  ෆ්‍රින්ජ් නමැති  ෆොක්ස් විද්‍යා-ප්‍රබන්ධ/නාට්‍යමය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවෙහි, පස්වන කතාවාරයෙහි  දොළොස් වන කතාංගය වන අතර කතාමාලාවෙහි 99වන සහ උපාන්ත කතාංගය වෙයි. 2013 ජනවාරි 18 දිනදී එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහිදී සහ ස්කයි1 තුල එරා සහ අයර්ලන්තයෙහිදී එය රුපවාහිනියෙහි දිග හැරුණේ අවසන් කතාංගය වූ  "ඇන් එනිමි ඔෆ් ෆේට්" හා සමගිනි.

ආශ්‍රිත

2013 ඇමරිකානු රූපවාහිනී කතාංග
ෆ්‍රින්ජ් (කතාවාරය 5) කතාංග

ලිබර්ටි (ෆ්‍රින්ජ්)


Paraphrynovelia est genre d'insectes hémiptères semi-aquatiques du sous-ordre des hétéroptères (punaises), de l'infra-ordre des Gerromorpha. C'est l'unique genre de la famille monotypique des Paraphrynoveliidae, et il contient deux espèces connues.

Description
Il s'agit de punaises aptères, dont les antennes sont bien visibles, flagelliformes, à quatre articles, les deux premiers de longueur pratiquement égale mais plus courts que les deux suivants, et le quatrième subdivisé au milieu, donnant l'apparence de cinq articles au total. Le pronotum couvre une partie du reste du thorax, mais pas son dernier segment, le métanotum. Les tarses comptent trois segments. Les griffes sont insérées à l'apex du dernier segment des tarses. Elles mesurent de 1.5 à 2.5 mm de long.

Répartition et habitat
Cette famille est restreinte à la zone afrotropicale. Les deux espèces connues se rencontrent dans le Sud de l'Afrique, en Afrique du Sud et à la frontière du Lesotho. Elles vivent dans les milieux ripicoles humides, à l'interface terre-eau, mais également dans la litière humide de la forêt comme plusieurs sous-familles de Gerromorpha.

Systématique
Le genre a d'abord été classé dans les Mesoveliidae. Puis, en 1978, à la suite de ses hypothèses phylogénétiques,  l'a séparé dans une famille à part, les Paraphrynoveliidae, et l'a placée dans la super-famille des Hydrometroidea. Des études plus récentes de Daamgard ont estimé que cette super-famille serait paraphylétique. Selon lui, les Macroveliidae+Paraphynoveliidae forment ensemble un clade, voisin des Veliidae+Gerridae, et, vu le peu de critère permettant de les séparer, il a proposé que Macroveliidae et Paraphrynoveliidae soient synonymisées. La monophylie du groupe Macroveliidae+Paraphrynoveliidae a été confirmée par la suite. La famille reste peu connue, avec seulement 22 spécimens répertoriés jusqu'en 2018.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 genre Paraphrynovelia Poisson, 1957

Liste d'espèces
Selon  :
 Paraphrynovelia brincki Poisson, 1957
 Paraphrynovelia slateri Andersen, 1978

Étymologie
Le nom Paraphrynovelia a été formé à partir de para-, du grec παρά, « à côté de », et de Phrynovelia, un nom de genre de punaises Mesoveliidae, ce qui signifie « un genre proche des Phrynovelia ». « Phrynovelia » est quant à lui construit à partir de phryno-, du grec φρῦνος, « crapaud », et Velia, un genre de punaises semi-aquatiques, signifiant « Velia à forme de crapaud ».

Liens externes

 Famille des Paraphrynoveliidae :

 Genre Paraphrynovelia :

Notes et références

Gerromorpha
Genre d'Hétéroptères (nom scientifique)
Famille d'Hétéroptères (nom scientifique)
Taxon décrit en 1957
Taxon décrit en 1978

Paraphrynovelia


"Won't Stand Down" é um single publicado pela banda britânica Muse em 13 de janeiro de 2022, o primeiro após um hiato de quase quatro anos desde "Pressure", presente em Simulation Theory e lançado em setembro de 2018. Faz parte do disco Will of the People, o nono álbum de estúdio da banda.

Divulgação
Em 25 de dezembro de 2021, o vocalista e guitarrista Matt Bellamy iniciou uma breve transmissão ao vivo na conta oficial do grupo no Instagram, dentro de seu carro. Podia-se ver o automóvel no piloto automático enquanto seu filho de 10 anos, Bingham, mexia-se no banco do passageiro. A versão já introduzia versos cantados.

Mais tarde, em 31 de dezembro, o perfil novamente incluiu na plataforma um indício de atividade ao mencionar o acrônimo "WSD" em uma mensagem de fim de ano. Eventualmente esta foi atualizada com "2022" no lugar da sigla. Porém, uma semana depois, desta vez em múltiplas mídias sociais, confirmou-se o agendamento do lançamento de "Won't Stand Down" para plataformas digitais em 13 de janeiro. Adicionalmente, também foi comentado outro trecho desferido no TikTok, ilustrando a abertura da música.

Estrutura
A crítica reagiu ao conteúdo principalmente com legendas de heavy metal, hard rock e rock eletrônico. Às vésperas da disponibilização do single, enfatizou-se cronicamente a intensidade da prévia, que convergia ainda ao gênero metalcore e a guitarras rompantes. Em consonância com as opiniões do público, Bellamy reiterou que a canção "é uma música sobre preservar seu lugar contra opressores, seja em um playground, no trabalho ou em qualquer lugar".

A arte da capa destoa com a peça precedente Simulation Theory através de sua essência "obscura e sinistra", apresentando uma figura semelhante a um padre encapuzada pairando acima de dez discípulos vestidos com máscaras lustrosas em extremidades.

Tabelas

Canções gravadas por Muse
Singles de 2022
Singles lançados pela Warner Bros. Records

Won't Stand Down


A Operação Soberania () foi um evento ocorrido em 2 de maio de 1958 na antiga Zona do Canal do Panamá onde um grupo de jovens universitários, em uma operação clandestina e secreta, surpreenderam as autoridades dos Estados Unidos que administravam o Canal do Panamá e hastearam a bandeira panamenha em vários lugares simbólicos.

Fatos
Um grupo de estudantes universitários panamenhos liderados por Carlos Arellano Lennox e organizado pela União dos Estudantes Universitários do Panamá decidiram, em 2 de maio de 1958, espalhar setenta e cinco bandeiras panamenhas de forma pacífica, cívica e silenciosa, ao mesmo tempo e nos principais pontos da Zona do Canal do Panamá, principalmente na área próxima ao prédio administrativo do Canal, que foram imediatamente recolhidas pela Polícia da Zona e devolvidas ao Governo do Panamá.

Com esta ação, exigiu-se a revisão dos tratados do Canal do Panamá e da soberania panamenha no local.

Consequências

A Operação Soberania foi o início de outras façanhas patrióticas que conseguiram espalhar a bandeira panamenha na Zona do Canal em 3 e 4 de novembro de 1959 e em 9 de janeiro de 1964. Como resultado dessas lutas, foram cunhadas as frases "El que siembra banderas cosecha soberanía" e "Un solo territorio, una sola bandera".

Nos eventos de 3 de novembro de 1959, a chamada "Siembra de Banderas", liderada pelo Deputado Aquilino Boyd e pelo Dr. Ernesto Castillero Pimentel, professor da Universidade do Panamá, o povo panamenho foi convidado, de maneira pacífica a entrar na Zona do Canal do Panamá, portando a bandeira panamenha como ato de reafirmação da soberania. A princípio, o protesto foi pacífico, mas quando o governo da Zona ordenou a proibição da entrada de manifestantes, houve uma violenta repressão e até a violação de uma bandeira panamenha por alguns policiais estadunidenses. Isso alterou os ânimos dos panamenhos, a ponto de ser necessário mobilizar um destacamento do exército dos Estados Unidos. Houve pessoas feridas em ambos os lados.

Após uma luta popular e diplomática do Governo do Panamá e de seu povo, em 17 de setembro de 1960, o presidente dos Estados Unidos, Dwight D. Eisenhower, reconheceu que a bandeira panamenha deveria ser hasteada juntamente com a bandeira estadunidense, e assim iniciaram-se as negociações, que foram consumadas no Acordo Chiari-Kennedy de 1962, que concedeu mais liberdades sociais e econômicas aos panamenhos dentro da Zona do Canal. Também com esse acordo, foi criada uma comissão bipartidária que resolveria a questão da bandeira.

Bibliografia
 Historia de Panamá, Castillero Reyes, Ernesto J, 12 edición, Panamá, Producciones ERLIZCA, 2003.

Ligações externas
 Cápsula del Tiempo. Operación Soberanía

História do Panamá
Zona do Canal do Panamá
Relações entre Estados Unidos e Panamá
1958 no Panamá

Operação Soberania (Panamá)


Kenan Kodro (født 19. august 1993 i San Sebastián i Gipuzkoa, Spanien) er en bosnisk professionel fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber for den spanske La Liga-klub Athletic Club og for Bosnien-Hercegovinas fodboldlandshold. Han spillede kortvarigt i den danske superligaklub F.C. København i efterårssæsonen 2018.

Han kom til FCK i sommeren 2018. Forinden havde han spillet for Real Sociedads ungdomshold i Segunda División B-ligaen samt for Lagun Onak Osasuna, Mainz 05. og Grasshopper. Han opnåede imidlertid ikke megen spilletid i FCK, og den 31. januar 2019 blev det offetnliggjort, at FCK havde solgt ham til Athletic Club. Kodro opnåede 18 kampe og seks mål for FCK.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra FC København
Fodboldspillere fra Real Sociedad
Fodboldspillere fra CA Osasuna
Fodboldspillere fra Mainz 05
Fodboldspillere fra Grasshopper-Club Zürich
Fodboldspillere fra Athletic Bilbao

Kenan Kodro


Övre Soppero (finnisch Yli-Soppero, nordsamisch Badje-Sohppar) ist eine Ortschaft (Småort) in der schwedischen Provinz Norrbottens län und der historischen Provinz Lappland. Sie gehört zur Gemeinde Kiruna.

Die Einwohnerzahl des Ortes sank von Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts (441 Einwohner 1960) kontinuierlich auf schließlich unter 200, sodass der Ort 2015 den Status eines Tätort verlor.

In Övre Soppero gibt eine Tankstelle, ein Wirtshaus, einen Kiosk und eine Schule.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz (schwedisch)

Geographie (Gemeinde Kiruna)

Övre Soppero


Fratele Roger, născut Roger Schutz, () a fost un călugăr elvețian și fondator al Comunității Taizé. În anul 1989 a fost distins cu Premiul Carol cel Mare.

Biografie
Roger Schutz este ultimul dintre cei nouă copii ai pastorului protestant originar din Bachs (Elveția), Ulrich Schütz, și ai Améliei Henriette Schütz-Marsauche, o protestantă franceză originară din Bourgogne.

S-a născut și și-a petrecut copilăria și tinerețea la Provence, în cantonul Vaud, unde tatăl său era pastor al parohiei. Din 1937 până în 1940 Roger a studiat teologia reformată la Facultatea de Teologie Protestantă din Strasbourg și la Lausanne.

Fondarea Comunității Taizé

În 1940, la vârsta de douăzeci și cinci de ani, a hotărât să meargă să împărtășească în Franța soarta acestei țări ocupate. « De la Geneva, am plecat pe bicicletă în Franța, căutând o casă unde să mă rog, unde să primesc și unde, într-o zi, va fi această viață de comunitate. »

A ales să se stabilească la Taizé, un sătuc din Bourgogne, unde locuitorii l-au primit călduros. La începutul războiului, a găzduit zeci de refugiați evrei, împreună cu sora sa Geneviève. În 1942 s-a întors în Elveția și a aflat că nu mai putea să revină la Taizé, întrucât fusese denunțat. În 1944 a revenit totuși la Taizé și s-a pus în ajutorul prizonierilor de război germani.

A murit asasinat, fiind înjunghiat de Luminița Solcan, o dezechilibrată în vârstă de treizeci și șase de ani.

Note

Bibliografie
 Kathryn Spink, La vie de frère Roger, Fondateur de Taizé, Seuil (1998)
 Yves Chiron, Frère Roger : 1915-2005 : fondateur de Taizé, Perrin, Paris, 2008,
 Jean-Claude Escaffit et Moïz Rasiwala, Histoire de Taizé, Seuil, (2008) .
 Sabine Laplane, Frère Roger de Taizé. Avec presque rien..., Cerf 2015.

Legături externe

 Site-ul web oficial al Comunității Taizé

 Secrets de Taizé, L'œcuménisme était un combat, articol din La Vie (13 martie 2008)
 La communauté de Taizé pe site-ul Musée virtuel du protestantisme français
 Hommage du Pape François à frère Roger, fondateur de Taizé pe site-ul Radio Vaticana
 Taizé : Jean Vanier rend hommage à "son" frère Roger pe site-ul Radio Vaticana

Nașteri în 1915
Nașteri pe 12 mai
Decese în 2005
Decese pe 16 august
Teologi elvețieni
Premii Carol cel Mare
Decese prin înjunghiere
Elvețieni din secolul al XX-lea
Elvețieni din secolul al XXI-lea

Fratele Roger


Cet article relate le parcours de l'équipe du Brésil de football lors de la Coupe du monde de football 2022 organisée au Qatar du  au .

Qualifications

|}

Préparation

Matchs de préparation à la Coupe du monde
Liste détaillée des matches du Brésil depuis sa qualification à la Coupe du monde :

Match amicaux

Effectif
L'effectif du Brésil, est dévoilé le .

Compétition

Format et tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la Coupe du monde a lieu le vendredi  au Centre des expositions à Doha. C'est le classement de mars qui est pris en compte, la sélection se classe  du classement FIFA, et est placée dans le chapeau 1.

Premier tour - Groupe G

Brésil - Serbie

Brésil - Suisse

Cameroun - Brésil

Huitième de finale

Brésil - Corée du Sud

Quart de finale

Croatie - Brésil

Statistiques

Temps de jeu

Buteurs

Passeurs décisifs

Notes et références

2022
Brésil
Sport au Brésil en 2022

Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2022


A machair (; sometimes machar in English) is a fertile low-lying grassy plain found on part of the northwest coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular the Outer Hebrides. The best examples are found on North and South Uist, Harris and Lewis.

Etymology
Machair is a Gaelic word meaning "fertile plain", but the word is now also used in scientific literature to describe the dune grassland unique to Western Scotland and north-west Ireland. It had been used by naturalists since 1926, but the term was not adopted by scientists until the 1940s. The word is used in a number of Irish, Scottish and Manx placenames to refer to low-lying fertile ground or fields, even in areas where no machair has ever been supported.  In Scotland, some Gaelic speakers use machair as a general term for the whole dune system, including the dune ridge, while others restrict its use to the extensive flat grasslands inland of the dune ridge. In Ireland, the word has been used only in place-names, and the habitat's existence there was only
recently confirmed. In Manx Gaelic, 'magher' is a common term for a field.

In 1976, an effort was made to strictly define machair, although a number of systems still evade classification. This proved difficult when the habitat was listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive in 1992, leading to the distinction between "machair grassland" and the "machair system".

Geography

Machair is distinguished from the links on the east coast of Scotland by a lower mineral content, whereas the links are high in silica. Machair plains are highly calcareous, with calcium carbonate concentrations of between 20% and 80% on the beaches, and decreasing further away from the shore. The pH of a machair is typically greater than 7, i.e. it is alkaline.

The inner side of a machair is often wet or marshy, and may contain lochs.

Formation
The modern theory of machair formation was first set out by William MacGillivray in 1830. He worked out that shell fragments are rolled by waves towards the shore, where they are broken up further. The small shell fragments are blown up the beach to form hillocks, which are then blown inland.

Humans
Human activity has an important role in the creation of the machair. Archaeological evidence indicates that some trees had been cleared for agriculture by around 6000 BC, but there was still some woodland on the coast of South Uist as late as 1549. Seaweed deposited by early farmers provided a protective cover and added nutrients to the soil. The grass is kept short by cattle and sheep, which also add trample and add texture to the sward, forming tussocks that favour a number of bird species.

The soil is low in a number of key nutrients, including trace elements such as copper, cobalt and manganese, which makes it necessary to feed cattle supplements or take them to summer pastures elsewhere. The sandy soil does not hold nutrients well, making artificial fertilisers ineffective and limiting the crops that can be grown to certain strains of oats and rye, and bere barley.

Ecology
Machairs have received considerable ecological and conservational attention, chiefly because of their unique ecosystems.

Sea
Kelp in the sea next to the machair softens the impact of waves, reducing erosion, and when it is washed ashore by storms, forms a protective barrier on the beach. As the kelp decays it provides home to local sand flies which in turn provide rich feeding for flocks of starlings and other passerines, wintering waders, gulls and others. If covered with sand, kelp will compost to form a fertile bed where annual coastal flowers and marram grass will thrive.

Flora

They can house rare carpet flowers, including orchids such as Irish lady's tresses and the Hebridean spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchii ssp hebridensis) and other plants such as the yellow rattle.

Fauna
Bird species including the corn crake, twite, dunlin, common redshank and ringed plover, as well as rare insects such as the northern colletes bee, the great yellow bumblebee (Bombus distinguendus) and the moss carder bee (Bombus muscorum), are found there.

Threats
Arable and fallow machair is threatened by changes to the way the land is managed, where the original system of crofts is under threat from a reduction in the number of crofters and the use of "modern" techniques. Changes to the Common Agricultural Policy, where production was decoupled from subsidies, reduced the amount of grazing taking place in many crofting areas, and led some areas to be undergrazed or abandoned. A lack of native seed increases the need for fertilizers and herbicides.

Rising sea levels caused by global warming also pose a threat to low-lying coastal areas, leading to increased erosion. In January 1993, the storm which ran MV Braer aground off Shetland eroded  of machair along the entire length of Uist and Barra. On 11/12 January
2005, a storm blowing consistently in excess of hurricane force 12 destroyed hectares of machair.

References

Beaches of Ireland
Beaches of Scotland
Coastal and oceanic landforms
Coastal geography
Ecology of the British Isles
Grasslands

Machair


Planinarska piramida u Ivančićama, zgrada u mjestu Ivančići i gradu Jastrebarsko.

Opis
Na najvišoj koti Ivančice sagrađen je vidikovac "Piramida", visoka 10 metara. Vidikovac je bez premca po vidiku zbog središnjeg položaja u Zagorju. Sagrađen je od željeza na betonskim temeljima. Na tom su mjestu planinari iz Ivanca još 1893. godine podigli drvenu piramidu, a pokraj nje uredili malo sklonište.

Okoliš planinarskih objekata je uređen, a postavljene su drvene klupe i stolovi za nekoliko stotina planinara i izletnika.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2768 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Planinarski objekti u Hrvatskoj

Planinarska piramida u Ivančićama


Maundia, monotipski biljni rod smješten u vlastitu porodicu Maundiaceae, dio reda žabočunolike. Endem je u australskim državama Novi Južni Wales i Queensland.

Jedina vrsta je M. triglochinoides, rizomski hidrogeofit koji raste po močvarama, kanalima, lagunama i plitkim potocima, dubine 30 do 60cm. Cvate u toplijim mjesecima, od studenoga do siječnja.

Sinonimi
 Triglochin maundii F.Muell., nom. provis.
 Triglochin triglochinoides (F.Muell.) Druce

Izvori

Žabočunolike

Maundia


لوك - ويلي دوفيلز بالفرنسية (Luc-Willy Deheuvels)، خريج فرنسي مُبرز في اللغة العربية وأستاذ جامعي في معهد اللغات والحضارات الشرقية معهد اللغات والحضارات الشرقية بباريس، وهو مدير «مركز بحوث الشرق الأوسط والبحر الأبيض المتوسط» CERMOM، ورئيس لجنة التحكيم الخاصة بتخريج المُبرزين في اللغة العربية.

بيبليوغرافيا
 دليل اللغة العربية الحديثة، صدر في مجلدين، مع علبتين لهذين المجلدين تحوي كل منهما شريطين صوتيين (2 كاسيت):
 دليل اللغة العربية الحديثة، المجلد الأول (كتاب مع علبة تحوي شريطين صوتيين (2 كاسيت)، من تأليف لوك-ويللي دوفايلس، ضمن سلسلة لغات وعوالم / في معهد اللغات والحضارات الشرقية، «آزياتيك» (المكتبة الآسيوية)، باريس 1996.
 دليل اللغة العربية الحديثة، المجلد الثاني (كتاب مع علبة تحوي شريطين صوتيين (2 كاسيت)، لوك-ويللي دوفايلس، ضمن سلسلة لغات وعوالم / في معهد اللغات والحضارات الشرقية، «آزياتيك» (المكتبة الآسيوية)، باريس، 1996.
 الإسلام والفكر المعاصر في الجزائر، مجلة "الأصالة"، 1971-1981؛ لوك-ويللي دوفايلس، منشورات المركز الوطني للبحوث العلمية المركز الوطني الفرنسي للبحث العلمي 1991.
 الخيمياء وبنية المتخيل في رواية «السد»، للأديب التونسي محمود المسعدي، لوك-ويللي دوفايلس، نُشِر في أقوال ورموز وأساطير: مزيج مهدى إلى جمال الدين ابن الشيخ، صادر عن دار النشر فلوريال ساناغوستان Floréal Sanagustin.
 التاريخ والملحمة الأدبية لدى التيارات الأصولية الجزائرية المعاصرة خلال السبعينات ، نُشِر ضمن «العرب والتاريخ الإبداعي»، تحت إشراف دومينيك شوفالييه Dominique Chevallier ، مطبوعات جامعة باريس -السوربون، 1995.

ترجمات
الغرف الأخرى، جبرا إبراهيم جبرا (رواية ترجمها إلى اللغة الفرنسية لوك-ويللي دوفايلس) صدرت الترجمة باللغتين العربية والفرنسية ضمن سلسلة لغات وعوالم / في معهد اللغات والحضارات الشرقية، «آزياتيك» (المكتبة الآسيوية)، باريس، 1997.

المراجع

مناهج تعليم العربية للفرنسيين
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كتاب فرنسيون
مستشرقون فرنسيون
مستعربون فرنسيون
نقاد أدب فرنسيون
نقاد أدب في اللغة العربية

لوقا-ويللي دوهوفالس


En gyselig hilsen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2008, der er instrueret af Tea Lindeburg. Filmen er produceret til viral distribution udelukkende på internettet og mobiltelefoner.

Handling
En interaktiv film om en 10-årig piges flugt gennem en forladt skole. Den lille pige bliver jagtet af en mørk fjende, og hendes sidste udvej er at ringe til modtageren af filmen og bede om hjælp. Modtagerens mobiltelefon ringer i virkeligheden, og filmen ender med at være en invitation fra afsenderen, som denne ikke kan sige nej til.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Kortfilm fra Danmark

En gyselig hilsen


عزبة مزار هي إحدى العزب التابعة لقرية العتوة التابعة لمركز قطور التابع لمحافظة الغربية بالقطر المصري.

قرى قطور

عزبة مزار


Ceyhan Nehri ya da eski adıyla Piramos ( Pyramos, veya , ), Türkiye'nin en önemli akarsularından birisidir. Çukurova'nın iki ana hayat kaynağından birisidir. (diğeri Seyhan Nehri'dir.) Uzunluğu 509 km.dir. Elbistan'ın 3 km Güneydoğusunda, Pınarbaşı Mevkii'nden doğan ve Elbistan'ın ortasından geçen Ceyhan, şehrin can damarıdır. Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin en büyük akarsularındandır. Çukurova'da geniş bir delta oluşturarak Akdeniz'de İskenderun Körfezi'ne dökülür. Başlıca kolları; Söğütlü, Hurman, Göksun, Mağara Gözü, Fırnız, Tekir, Körsulu ve Aksu çaylarıdır. Ceyhan Nehri Kahramanmaraş İl sınırları içerisinde genellikle derin vadilerden geçmektedir. Bu vadilerin birçoğu baraj suları altında kalmıştır. Menzelet Baraj gölünün bitiş noktasından itibaren başlayan Kısık Vadisi (Kanyonu) hala doğal yapısındadır. Ceyhan vadisi barajlar için son derece elverişli olması nedeniyle üzerinde birçok baraj kurulmuştur. Nehir üzerinde kaynağından denize doğru sırasıyla Sarsap, Kandil, Sarıgüzel, Hacınınoğlu, Menzelet, Kılavuzlu, Sır (Kahramanmaraş), Berke, Aslantaş (Osmaniye), Oşkan ve Berkman hidroelektrik santralleri yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Ceyhan tarım sulaması yönünden büyük bir kaynaktır.

Orta Asya'da bulunan Seyhun ve Ceyhun olan nehir isimleri Orta Asya'dan göçen Türkler tarafından Çukurova'ya geldiklerinde, Ceyhan ve Seyhan olarak konulmuştur. Roma döneminde ise şimdiki Ceyhan ilçesinin bulunduğu yerdeki Roma'ya ait kentin ve nehrin ortak adı ise Pyramus'tur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki akarsular listesi

Kaynakça

Kahramanmaraş coğrafyası
Adana coğrafyası

Ceyhan Nehri


Magrath is a town in Cardston County, Alberta, Canada. Its population was 3,281 in 2022. Magrath is  (approximately 25 minutes) south of Lethbridge and  (approximately 3.5 hours) south of Calgary.

History

Magrath was established in 1899 by settlers sent by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from Utah and Idaho. These Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints settlers were recruited by the Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company to construct irrigation works in the area funded by British interests by the family of Sir Alexander Galt. The settlers were paid in cash and land in the town. This was the first major irrigation work in Canada and was made possible by the settlers' experience with the extensive irrigation projects undertaken by their church in Utah and Idaho.

The irrigation system was completed in November 1899 and spanned ninety-miles. It was the first large-scale irrigation system in Canada. The area's irrigation canal system supplies water to farmers throughout Southern Alberta and was the first major irrigation project in Canada. In its early years Magrath was known as The Irrigation Capital of Canada, and later as "The Garden City" for its beautiful natural setting and plentiful trees. The design and layout of Magrath was based on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 'Plat of Zion' urban design model. Magrath also has historical links to the internationally recognized British Garden City tradition which was piloted in England during this same period.

Magrath was named after Charles Alexander Magrath, the son-in-law of Sir Alexander Galt. Magrath post office was established 1 March 1900, with Ammon Mercer as first postmaster.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Magrath had a population of 2,481 living in 803 of its 830 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 2,374. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

The population of the Town of Magrath according to its 2017 municipal census is 2,435, a change of  from its 2015 municipal census population of 2,398.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Magrath recorded a population of 2,374 living in 757 of its 794 total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of 2,217. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

Religious affiliation
The following is a breakdown of Magrath's population by religious affiliation from the 2001 federal census.

 Protestant: 84%
 Catholic: 4%
 No religious affiliation: 11%
 Christian Orthodox: <1%
 Christian (unspecified denomination): <1%

Statistics Canada includes 44 churches in its 2001 Protestant definition, including members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Community of Christ.

The religious affiliation within Magrath is primarily from the LDS Church. There is a stake based in Magrath, which is composed of ten congregations (eight wards and two branches) in the town and surrounding area. As of June 2016, the total membership in the Magrath Alberta Stake was reported as 2433 members.

Attractions
 Buffalo Bin Elevator - Magrath, the first of five ever built in the Province. The "Buffalo Bin" style grain elevator was built as an experiential elevator for Alberta Wheat Pool in the 1970-1980s, today only three of the original buffalo bins remain. The others still standing are Foremost and Fort Saskatchewan.
 Galt Irrigation Canal,  first major irrigation project in Canada, a National Historic Site of Canada.
 Galt Canal Nature Trail
 Magrath Golf club
 Magrath Skateboard Park
 Magrath Wind farm

Notable people
 Randall K. Bennett, general authority of the LDS Church.
 Phil Tollestrup (b. 1949), Olympics basketball player and member of the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame
Gordon McOmber (1919-2018), Lieutenant Governor for Montana (1988-1989) was born in Magrath.

See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of towns in Alberta

References

External links

1901 establishments in the Northwest Territories
Cardston County
Latter-day Saint settlements in Canada
Populated places established in 1899
Towns in Alberta

Magrath, Alberta


Zlatko Delić (Drvar, 25. prosinca 1959. — Banja Luka, 8. travnja 2018.), bosanskohercegovački psiholog i enigmatičar. Dobitnik je više priznanja iz područja enigmatike.

Životopis
Rodio se 25. prosinca 1959. godine u Drvaru. U rodnom gradu završio je osnovnu školu, a onda se preselio u Knin gdje je završio tamošnju gimnaziju. Križaljke je počeo izrađivati još kao srednjoškolac. Prvu takvu mu je još 1976. objavio popularni zagrebački časopis Vikend. Nakon srednje škole otišao je u Banju Luku gdje je završio fakultet, stekavši zvanje diplomiranog psihologa.

U Banjoj Luci proveo je ostatak života. Uspješno je gradio obje karijere, kako onu na području psihologije, tako i onu na području enigmatike. Kao psiholog često je pisao članke za tiskovine ili je gostovao u raznim elektroničkim medijima gdje je iznosio svoje analize društvenih pojava i fenomena.

Četiri i pol desetljeća Delić se bavio i enigmatikom. Kao enigmatičar objavio je više od 8.000 radova (najčešće križaljka, premetaljka i rebusa) u raznim enigmatičarskim i drugim poznatim časopisima i novinama, kao što su: Orbis, Vjesnikov Kviz, Novosti Enigma, Politika, Huper, izdanja banjalučke Bine – Skandi Rubikon, zvornička Zagonetka, Slobodna Dalmacija, Eureka, Čvorova izdanja, požarevački Kviz, izdanja EK Piramida iz Novoga Sada, te Iks, Skerco i Bravo skandi iz Beograda i ini.

Za svoje križaljke dobio je brojne nagrade, a objavljivao ih je pod pseudonimima Ludi Maks, Vinsent Vega, Psiho, Delija, Psihodelija i drugi. Bio je sudionikom brojnih enigmatskih susreta i natječaja. Zastupljen je u knjizi Istaknuti srpski enigmati, Ivice Mlađenovića (iz 1999.) i Leksikonu srpskih enigmata, Miroslava Lazarevića i Jovana Vukovića (iz 2007.), a spominje se i u Adresaru zagonetača Jugoslavije (iz 1984. godine).

Bio je član mnogih enigmatičarskih udruženja, kao što su: bjelovarski Čvor, EK Braničevo iz Požarevca kao i Enigmatskog saveza Srbije. Pamti se i njegovo sudjelovanje u Kikindi u pravljenju najveće križaljke na svijetu, duge čak 120 metara, koja je neslužbeni Guinessov rekord.

Hobiji ovog enigmatičara bili su i prevođenje stripova s engleskog jezika, kao i film.

Smrt
Delić je iznenada preminuo 8. travnja 2018. godine u svojoj 58. godini. Iza njega ostala je supruga i troje djece. Pokopan je 12. travnja 2018. na novom groblju Vrbanja u Banjoj Luci.

Izvori

Enigmatičari
Životopisi, Drvar

Zlatko Delić


El bis[hexaoxoyodato(VII)]cuprato(III) de potasio es un complejo diamagnético con fórmula molecular K7Cu(IO6)2.

Síntesis
Se obtiene por oxidación de compuestos de cobre (II) en presencia de peryodato de potasio en medio alcalino.

Referencias

B
Compuestos de yodo
Compuestos de potasio

Bis(hexaoxoyodato(VII))cuprato(III) de potasio


هاياتو إيكيدا  (3 ديسمبر 1899 - 13 أغسطس 1965) كان سياسي ياباني شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء الياباني لمرتين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

سياسيو الحزب الليبرالي الديمقراطي الياباني
أشخاص من هيروشيما (محافظة)
خريجو جامعة كيوتو
رؤساء وزراء اليابان
رؤساء وزراء اليابان القرن 20
سياسيون من محافظة عمالة هيروشيما
سياسيون يابانيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1899
مواليد في تاكيهارا (هيروشيما)
وزراء مالية يابانيون
وفيات 1965
وفيات في طوكيو
أشخاص من عمالة هيروشيما

هاياتو إيكيدا


Joaquín Villa García (Mieres, Asturias, España, 4 de junio de 1961) es un exfutbolista español que jugaba como delantero. El principal equipo a lo largo de su carrera deportiva fue el Real Sporting de Gijón, con el que disputó en seis temporadas un total de 133 encuentros en los que anotó veintisiete goles.

Trayectoria
Formado en los equipos juveniles del Veriña Club de Fútbol y del C. D. Ensidesa, llegó al Sporting de Gijón Atlético en 1981. Pasó una temporada cedido en el Real Unión Club para realizar el servicio militar.

Debutó con el Real Sporting de Gijón de la mano del técnico Vujadin Boškov, el 16 de octubre de 1983 en un partido disputado en El Molinón frente al Club Atlético de Madrid, en el que los locales se impondrían por 2-0. Sin embargo, con la llegada de José Manuel Díaz Novoa, dejó de contar para el equipo y tuvo que buscarse la vida fuera de Gijón; en 1985 se incorporó al C. E. Sabadell F. C., club en el que jugó cedido durante una campaña y en la que se convirtió en uno de los artífices del ascenso a Primera División, tras jugar treinta y dos encuentros en los que anotó siete goles.

Una vez finalizada la temporada, el Sporting se fijó en él nuevamente y decidió no prorrogar su cesión en Sabadell lo que posibilitó que regresara a su equipo de toda la vida, en el cual se mantuvo hasta 1990, llegando a disputar 133 partidos en los que marcó veintisiete goles. Posteriormente, tras acabarse su vinculación con el equipo asturiano, fichó por el R. C. Deportivo de La Coruña, en el que se militó hasta 1993, después de jugar sesenta y tres encuentros en los que logró nueve goles. Se retiró una temporada después en el C. D. Castellón, aunque no llegó a disputar ni un solo encuentro.

Clubes

Referencias

Mierenses
Futbolistas de Asturias
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Ensidesa
Futbolistas del Real Sporting de Gijón "B"
Futbolistas del Real Sporting de Gijón en los años 1980
Futbolistas del Real Sporting de Gijón en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Centre d'Esports Sabadell Futbol Club
Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Elche Club de Fútbol en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Castellón

Joaquín Villa


Retro Active ist das fünfte, 1993 veröffentlichte Musikalbum der britischen Hard-Rock-Band Def Leppard. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Sammlung verschiedener Aufnahmen aus dem Zeitraum von 1984 bis 1993. Überwiegend wurden überarbeitete Versionen von Titeln veröffentlicht, die bis dahin nur als B-Seiten auf Singles der Gruppe veröffentlicht worden waren oder bei der Veröffentlichung von Alben nicht verwendet wurden (sogenannte Outtakes).

Hintergrund
Während der Aufnahmen zum 1991 veröffentlichten Album Adrenalize starb der Def-Leppard-Gitarrist Steve Clark infolge seines Alkohol- und Drogenkonsums. Def Leppard setzte die Arbeit an dem Album fort, ohne einen Ersatz zu verpflichten, für die anschließende Tournee wurde Vivian Campbell verpflichtet, der auch festes Mitglied der Gruppe wurde.

Für Retro Active stellte die Gruppe Aufnahmen aus einem Zeitraum von zehn Jahren zusammen.

Cover

Das Coverfoto des Albums ist dem 1892 entstandenen Vanitas-Bild All is Vanity von Charles Allan Gilbert nachempfunden und zeigt eine Frau, die vor einem Frisiertisch sitzt. Auf den zweiten Blick erkennt man jedoch, dass auf dem Bild ebenso ein Totenschädel dargestellt ist, bei dem der Spiegel die Schädelform vorgibt, der Kopf der Frau die Augenhöhlen bildet, aus zwei übereinander hängenden Vorhängen und einer Kerze die Nasenhöhle entsteht und durch die vor dem Spiegel stehenden Flaschen die Zahnreihen nachgebildet werden. Ein an der Vorderseite des Tisches herunter hängendes Tuch bildet den Unterkiefer.

Im Unterschied zum Gemälde zeigt das Cover die Frau in einem weißen statt in einem schwarzen Kleid, sodass die Doppeldeutigkeit des Bildes nicht sofort ersichtlich ist. Die Frau sitzt jedoch in einem Schatten, der ihren Rücken und den unteren Bereich des Kleides abdunkelt und dadurch den Bildeffekt möglich macht.

Die deutsche Erstausgabe der CD war zusätzlich mit einem Aufkleber versehen. In weißer Schrift war auf blauem Hintergrund zu lesen:

Rezeption

Oliver Klemm (Rock Hard) schrieb zu diesem Album, "Value for money" verspreche allein schon das Konzept dieses "Häppchens für den Zwischendurch-Verzehr", das bewusst auf die Hits der Gruppe verzichte und "stattdessen reichlich rare Ware im Block" feilböte, die "im Regelfall noch einmal überarbeitet und remixt" worden sei. Dazu gehörten "diverse Non-Album-Tracks von B-Seiten aus der vergangenen Dekade", zu denen Klemm die Coverversionen von 'Action' (Sweet) und 'Only After Dark' (Mick Ronson) zählt, außerdem "die '87er-Neufassung von 'Ride Into The Sun' und das superbe 'Ring Of Fire', weitere Kuriositäten" ('From The Inside', dem Ergebnis einer Aufnahme mit den Hothouse Flowers), und eine Version von 'Miss You In A Heartbeat', mit "keinem Geringeren als Elton John" am Piano. Zudem gebe es "zwei bislang gänzlich unveröffentlichte Nummern" ('Desert Song' und 'Fractured Love'), die "als unvollendete Überbleibsel der "Hysteria"-Session in Vergessenheit" geraten seien und erst 1993 den letzten Schliff erhalten hätten. Für Def Leppard-Fans sei das Album "ein Muß".

Der Allmusic-Rezensent Eduardo Rivadavia schrieb, "gewöhnliche Fans" könnten das Album "verwirrend finden," Def-Leppard-Fanatiker hingegen würden sicher "seine Vielseitigkeit und die informativen Produktionsnotizen" schätzen.

Titelliste
"Desert Song" (Steve Clark, Joe Elliott, Rick Savage) – 5:19
Outtake aus den Hysteria Sessions
"Fractured Love" (Clark, Elliott, Savage) – 5:08
Outtake aus den Hysteria Sessions
"Action" (Andy Scott, Brian Connolly, Steve Priest, Mick Tucker) – 3:41
Ursprünglich auf der "Make Love Like a Man"-Single veröffentlicht
"Two Steps Behind" (Acoustic Version) (Elliott) – 4:16
Ursprünglich auf der "Make Love Like a Man" Single veröffentlicht
War Teil des Last Action Hero-Soundtracks
"She's Too Tough" (Elliott) – 3:41
Ursprünglich auf der Single zu "Heaven Is" veröffentlicht
"Miss You in a Heartbeat" (Phil Collen) – 4:04
Ursprünglich auf der "Make Love Like a Man"-Single veröffentlicht
"Only After Dark" (Mick Ronson) – 3:52
Ursprünglich auf der "Let's Get Rocked"-Single veröffentlicht
"Ride Into The Sun" (Clark, Collen, Elliott, Savage) – 3:12
Ursprünglich auf der "Hysteria" -Single veröffentlicht
Ursprüngliche Aufnahme des Titels war Teil der The Def Leppard E.P.
"From the Inside" (Elliott) – 4:13
Ursprünglich auf der "Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad"-Single veröffentlicht
"Ring Of Fire" (Clark, Collen, Elliott, Mutt Lange, Savage) – 4:42
Ursprünglich auf der "Armageddon It"-Single veröffentlicht
"I Wanna Be Your Hero" (Clark, Collen, Elliott, Lange, Savage) – 4:29
Ursprünglich auf der "Hysteria" -Single veröffentlicht
"Miss You in a Heartbeat" (Electric Version) (Collen) – 4:58
"Two Steps Behind" (Electric Version) (Elliott) – 4:29
"Miss You in a Heartbeat" (Piano Version) [Hidden track] (Collen) – 4:09

Weblinks

 Def Leppard: Offizielle Website

Quellen

Album (Hard Rock)
Album 1993
Def-Leppard-Album

Retro Active


Die Liste der SA-Brigadeführer bietet einen Überblick über alle Personen, die in der Sturmabteilung (SA), der "Parteiarmee" der NSDAP, den Rang eines Brigadeführers erreichten.

Zum dritthöchsten Rang, der in dieser Organisation existierte, wurden nur verhältnismäßig wenige Brigadeführer ernannt: Bei mehreren Millionen SA-Angehörigen wurden nach dem Stand der bisherigen Forschung zwischen 1933 und 1945 nur 336 Männer in diesen Rang befördert. Dies entspricht einem Verhältnis von etwa einem pro 10.000 Angehörigen, die der Organisation während der Gesamtzeit ihres Bestehens angehörten.

Die folgende Auflistung folgt der 1969 von Horst Henrich im Auftrag des Bundesarchivs erstellten "Rangliste der Obergruppenführer, Gruppenführer und Brigadeführer", die auf einer systematischen Auswertung der von der SA-Führung herausgegebenen sogenannten "Führerbefehle" als den öffentlichen Bekanntmachungen über Beförderung in der SA, aus den Jahren 1931 bis 1944, basiert. Die Reihenfolge der in der Auflistung genannten Personen folgt ihrem Dienstalter, dem Datum ihrer Ernennung zum Brigadeführer.

SA-Brigadeführer nach Ernennungsdatum

1933
 Georg Luber: 27. Juni 1933
 Kurt von Barisani: 1. Juli 1933
 Heinrich Hager: 1. Juli 1933
 Daniel Hauer: 1. Juli 1933
 Robert Kobbe: 1. Juli 1933
 Hans Karl Koch: 1. Juli 1933 (MdR)
 Erwin Kraus: 1. Juli 1933 (MdR)
 Rudolf May: 1. Juli 1933
 Helmut Oldenbourg: 1. Juli 1933
 Robert Palm: 1. Juli 1933 (MdL)
 Helmut Quitzrau: 1. Juli 1933
 Hans Ramshorn: 1. Juli 1933 (MdR)
 Karl Sauke: 1. Juli 1933
 Wilhelm Schneemann: 1. Juli 1933
 Heinrich Soest: 1. Juli 1933
 Max Thomas: 1. Juli 1933
 Willi Veller: 1. Juli 1933 (MdR)
 Peter Vogt: 1. Juli 1933 (MdR)
 August Wetter: 1. Juli 1933
 Georg von Walthausen: 1. Juli 1933
 Kurt Wege: 3. Juli 1933
 Theodor Oppermann: 20. Juli 1933 (MdR)
 Johann-Erasmus von Malsen-Ponickau: 15. August 1933
 Alexander von Humboldt: 1. September 1933
 Hermann von Schöpf: 1. September 1933
 Wilhelm von Grollmann: 1. September 1933 (MdR)
 Friedrich Möhring: 1. September 1933
 Eberhard von Wechmar: 1. September 1933
 Johannes Lampe: 1. September 1933
 Hermann Zapf (Politiker): 1. September 1933
 Konrad Häfner: 1. Oktober 1933
 Karl Leon Du Moulin-Eckart: 9. November 1933
 Richard Hildebrandt: 9. November 1933
 Max Deventer: 10. November 1933
 Fred Helwig: 10. November 1933
 Otto Bätz: 10. November 1933
 Martin Wisch: 10. November 1933
 Alfred Rodenbücher: 15. Dezember 1933
 Max Henze: 15. Dezember 1933
 Paul Moder: 15. Dezember 1933

1934
 Karl Zech: 1. Januar 1934
 Richard Herrmann: 15. Januar 1934
 Josef Malzer: 15. Januar 1934
 Fritz Adam: 15. Januar 1934
 Wilhelm Klemm: 15. Januar 1934
 Emil Borchmann: 15. Januar 1934
 Georg Rau: 1. Februar 1934 (MdR)
 Helmut Wähmann: 15. Februar 1934
 Wilhelm Heerde: 1. März 1934 (MdR)
 Theodor Tüllmann: 1. März 1934
 Henning von Vieregge: 1. März 1934
 Bodo von Alvensleben: 1. März 1934
 Gerhard Tappen: 1. März 1934
 Brückner: 1. März 1934
 Wilhelm Rediess: 15. März 1934
 Christoph Diehm: 21. März 1934
 Paul Scharfe: 20. April 1934
 Paul Hennicke: 20. April 1934
 Wilhelm Stark: 20. April 1934
 Gotthold Dziewas: 20. April 1934
 Wilhelm Sander: 20. April 1934
 Friedrich-Adolf Kuls: 20. April 1934
 Peter von Heydebreck: 20. April 1934
 Wilhelm Dettmer: 20. April 1934
 Friedrich Escher: 20. April 1934
 Heinrich Gerlach: 20. April 1934
 Heinrich Schmidt: 20. April 1934
 Konrad Boese: 25. April 1934
 Otto Teschner: 25. April 1934
 Wilhelm von Holzschuher: 13. Juli 1934

1935
 Erhard von Schmidt: 20. April 1935
 Friedrich Habenicht: 20. April 1935
 Werner Schwarz: 20. April 1935
 Otto von Molitor (* 23. August 1895): 20. April 1935
 Georg Schneider: 20. April 1935
 Albert Schönborn: 20. April 1935
 Adolf Schönhoff: 20. April 1935
 Adalbert Herwig: 20. April 1935
 Adolf Tillner: 20. April 1935
 Max-Albert Lorenz: 20. April 1935 (MdR)
 Hans Löwe: 20. April 1935
 Eugen Zech: 20. April 1935
 Georg Schwäble: 15. Juli 1935 (Stadtrat in Ulm; 1933 Sonderkommissar für SA- und SS-Angelegenheiten der Stadt und Oberamt Ulm; Führer SA-Brigade 56)
 Hermann Walch: 9. November 1935
 Walther von Lindenfels: 9. November 1935 (MdR)
 Eberhard Kergel: 9. November 1935
 Peter Kock: 9. November 1935
 Eugen Plorin: 9. November 1935

1936
 Siegmund Kunisch: 20. April 1936
 Adolf Freund: 20. April 1936
 Gustav Schmidt: 20. April 1936 (MdR)
 Karl Guttenberger: 20. April 1936
 Heinz Lampe: 20. April 1936
 Johannes Wolter: 20. April 1936
 Albert Brugger: 20. April 1936
 Joachim Weist: 20. April 1936
 Erich Behrendt: 20. April 1936 (MdR)
 Franz von Carlshausen: 20. April 1936
 Paul Arthur Rabe: 20. April 1936
 Paul Unterstab: 20. April 1936
 Herman Genth: 20. April 1936
 Erich Hagenmeyer: 20. April 1936
 Karl Ludwig Schleicher: 20. April 1936
 Richard Owe: 9. November 1936
 Willy Ziegler: 9. November 1936 (MdR)

1937
 Richard Fiedler: 30. Januar 1937 (MdR)
 Hans Korth: 30. Januar 1937
 Friedrich Heuer: 30. Januar 1937
 Fritz Stollberg: 30. Januar 1937
 Ernst Keller: 30. Januar 1937
 Otto Liebel: 30. Januar 1937
 Fritz Rilling: 30. Januar 1937
 Philipp Wurzbacher: 30. Januar 1937
 Hans Hilmeyer: 1. Mai 1937
 Otto von Haldenwang: 1. Mai 1937
 Carl Friedrich von Pückler-Burghauss: 1. Mai 1937 (MdR)
 Ernst Bischoff: 9. November 1937
 Wilhelm Boltz: 9. November 1937
 Theo Croneiß: 9. November 1937
 Peter Fink: 9. November 1937
 Ludwig Fürholzer: 9. November 1937
 Georg Gellert: 9. November 1937
 Karl Jakobsen: 9. November 1937
 Kurt Kärgel: 9. November 1937
 Karl Kleres: 9. November 1937
 Karl Lorsch: 9. November 1937
 Fritz Paschold: 9. November 1937
 Johann Schütze: 9. November 1937
 Gottfried Stubenrauch: 9. November 1937
 Emil Wäckerle: 9. November 1937
 Paul Wegener: 9. November 1937

1938
 Richard Büchener: 30. Januar 1938
 Eugen Dorsch: 30. Januar 1938
 Günther Esders: 30. Januar 1938
 Franz-Werner Jaenke: 30. Januar 1938 (MdR)
 Eberhard Kasche: 30. Januar 1938
 Carl Lintz: 30. Januar 1938
 Kurt von Rabenau: 30. Januar 1938
 Richard Schicke: 30. Januar 1938
 Fritz Schmidt: 30. Januar 1938
 Heinrich Werner: 30. Januar 1938
 Alfred Persche: 12. März 1938
 Heribert Seidler: 12. März 1938
 Franz Hanke: 12. März 1938
 Victor Band: 12. März 1938
 Alfons Erle: 9. November 1938
 Franz Rappell: 9. November 1938
 Gustav Nohel: 9. November 1938
 Thomas Kozich: 9. November 1938
 Franz Hueber: 12. März 1938
 Fritz Köllner: 15. Oktober 1938
 Julius Görlitz: 9. November 1938
 Erich Haucke: 9. November 1938 (MdR)
 Hans Hoeflmayr: 9. November 1938
 Arthur Hofmann: 9. November 1938
 Karl Horn: 9. November 1938 (MdR)
 Friedrich Klähn: 9. November 1938
 Ernst Porath: 9. November 1938
 Alfred Raabe: 9. November 1938
 Walter Schmidt: 9. November 1938
 Helmuth Seifert: 9. November 1938
 Friedrich Voigt: 9. November 1938
 Max Joachim Wienandt: 9. November 1938
 Walter Zähle: 9. November 1938
 Hans Zöberlein: 9. November 1938

1939
 Adam Durein (* 20. September 1893): 30. Januar 1939 (1933 erster Kommandeur des KZ Neustadt)
 Lorenz Zahneisen: 30. Januar 1939 (MdR)
 Konrad Rahner: 30. Januar 1939
 Peter Schug: 30. Januar 1939
 Karl Kiel: 30. Januar 1939
 Lucian Wysocki: 30. Januar 1939
 Willy Bloedorn: 30. Januar 1939
 Carl Heck: 30. Januar 1939
 Herbert Merker: 30. Januar 1939
 Erich Waldvogel: 30. Januar 1939
 Helmut Lambert: 9. November 1939
 Hermann Megow: 9. November 1939

1940
 Ernst Frenzel: 30. Januar 1940
 Heinz Huwerth (* 3. Juni 1900): 30. Januar 1940 (Stabsführer der SA-Gruppe Oberrhein)
 Otto Wilkens: 30. Januar 1940
 Horst von Petersdorff: 1. Juli 1940
 Heinz Behnert: 1. Juli 1940
 Oluf Christensen: 1. Juli 1940
 Georg Dzwiza (* 17. Januar 1899): 1. Juli 1940
 Hans Hauswald: 1. Juli 1940
 Walter Hertzer: 1. Juli 1940
 Erich Hofmann: 1. Juli 1940 (MdR)
 Otto Lohmann: 1. Juli 1940
 Walter Prüfke: 1. Juli 1940
 Erich Rudzki: 1. Juli 1940
 Hellmuth Sassenberg: 1. Juli 1940
 Wilhelm Weiskopf: 9. November 1940

1941
 Ernst Alms (* 11. April 1893): 30. Januar 1941
 Erich Beck: 30. Januar 1941
 Ernst Claußen: 30. Januar 1941
 Paul Dorr: 30. Januar 1941
 Adolf Düver: 30. Januar 1941
 Arthur Etterich: 30. Januar 1941
 Hugo Fischer: 30. Januar 1941
 Hans Glück: 30. Januar 1941
 Fritz Görnnert: 30. Januar 1941
 Willy Härtel: 30. Januar 1941
 Heinrich Hohm: 30. Januar 1941
 Eugen Hübbe: 30. Januar 1941
 Karl Jostmeier: 30. Januar 1941
 Franz Karmasin: 30. Januar 1941
 Wilhelm Kicker: 30. Januar 1941
 Johann Koehler: 30. Januar 1941
 Franz Kämpf: 30. Januar 1941
 Vinzenz Kohl: 30. Januar 1941
 Alois Kraft: 30. Januar 1941
 Richard Kretzschmar: 30. Januar 1941
 Wilhelm Kühnemund: 30. Januar 1941
 Erwin Kuhn: 30. Januar 1941
 Ludwig Mayr-Falkenberg: 30. Januar 1941
 Konrad Mesmer: 30. Januar 1941
 Arnold Mühle: 30. Januar 1941
 Oskar Müller: 30. Januar 1941
 Hermann Neef: 30. Januar 1941
 Erwin Nötzelmann: 30. Januar 1941
 Werner Römpagel: 30. Januar 1941
 Heinrich Urhe: 30. Januar 1941
 Robert Sabirowsky: 30. Januar 1941
 Georg Schaper: 30. Januar 1941
 Hanns Schaudinn: 30. Januar 1941
 Fritz Strauß: 30. Januar 1941
 Walter Walsberg: 30. Januar 1941
 Fritz Schmidt: 30. Januar 1941
 August Vollheim: 30. Januar 1941
 Richard Steinbügl: 30. Januar 1941
 Hubert Thewalt: 30. Januar 1941
 Carsten Volquardsen: 30. Januar 1941

1942
 Robert Bauer: 30. Januar 1942
 Leo Bendak: 30. Januar 1942
 Hans Cramer: 30. Januar 1942
 Fritz von Delius: 30. Januar 1942
 Otto-Heinrich Drechsler: 30. Januar 1942
 Erich Ernst: 30. Januar 1942
 Eginhard Eschborn: 30. Januar 1942
 Josef Feichtmayr: 30. Januar 1942
 Hermann Fiebing: 30. Januar 1942
 Theodor Fründt: 30. Januar 1942
 Jakob Gansmayr: 30. Januar 1942
 Friedrich Geißelbrecht: 30. Januar 1942 (MdR)
 Otto Gohdes: 30. Januar 1942 (MdR)
 Wilhelm Greß: 30. Januar 1942 (MdL)
 Eduard Kolb: 30. Januar 1942
 Arnold Lentzen: 30. Januar 1942
 Franz Mayr: 30. Januar 1942
 Adolf Neugschwandtner: 30. Januar 1942
 Heinz Pernet: 30. Januar 1942
 Hans Reimann: 30. Januar 1942
 Fritz Richter: 30. Januar 1942
 Julius Ruttkowsky: 30. Januar 1942
 Karl Schweinle: 30. Januar 1942
 Richard Suchenwirth: 30. Januar 1942
 Heinrich Theobald: 30. Januar 1942
 Wilhelm Metz: 30. Januar 1942
 Erwin Kübler: 30. Januar 1942
 Arnold Portius: 30. Januar 1942
 Karl Schulz: 11. August 1942
 Raimund Dahlem: 9. November 1942
 Wilhelm Dennler: 30. Januar 1942
 Friedrich Eichinger: 9. November 1942
 Ernst Horn: 9. November 1942
 Walter Kirchhof: 9. November 1942
 Herbert Knabe: 9. November 1942
 Werner Kolb: 9. November 1942
 Heinrich Korth: 9. November 1942
 Martin Luther: 9. November 1942
 Karl Neuscheler: 9. November 1942
 Karl Overhues: 9. November 1942
 Wolf-Werner von der Schulenburg: 9. November 1942
 Walter Troschke: 9. November 1942
 Werner Wächter: 9. November 1942

1943
 Hans Heinrich Hofrichter: 29. März 1943
 Hermann Brunk: 20. April 1943
 Ferdinand Gessert: 20. April 1943
 Richard Pohl: 20. April 1943
 Franz Xaver Dorsch: 1. Mai 1943
 Erich Böhme: 20. Juli 1943
 Willy Henke: 5. August 1943
 Karl Moock: 5. August 1943
 Josef Ackermann: 9. November 1943
 Hans von Keiser: 9. November 1943
 Karl Heinrich Sieber: 9. November 1943
 Heinrich Wilke: 9. November 1943
 Georg Haberkern: 9. November 1943

1944
 Wilhelm Aschka: 20. April 1944
 Johannes Eberhard Bochmann: 20. April 1944 (MdR)
 Fritz Bennig: 20. April 1944
 Kurt Berger: 20. April 1944
 Friedrich Wilhelm Bethke: 20. April 1944
 Georg Biederer: 20. April 1944 (MdR)
 Bernhard Blum: 20. April 1944
 Arno Breitmeyer: 20. April 1944
 Hans Duckwitz: 20. April 1944
 Franz Escher: 20. April 1944
 Wilhelm Fischer: 20. April 1944
 Emil Frank: 20. April 1944
 Otto Frowein: 20. April 1944
 Fritz Fueckert: 20. April 1944
 Hellmut Ganz: 20. April 1944
 Arnold Glasow: 20. April 1944
 Wilhelm Haas: 20. April 1944
 Alfred Hagemann: 20. April 1944
 Harald von Hedemann: 20. April 1944
 Albrecht Heinrich: 20. April 1944
 Eduard Himpel: 20. April 1944
 Walter Holzmüller (* 9. Januar 1893): 20. April 1944
 August Jäger: 20. April 1944
 Ludwig Kerth (* 2. Januar 1900): 20. April 1944
 Otto Kossatz: 20. April 1944
 Werner Kropp: 20. April 1944
 Karl Kroß: 20. April 1944
 Peter Kruse: 20. April 1944
 Heinrich Ludemann: 20. April 1944
 Anton Lutz: 20. April 1944
 Wilhelm Maul: 20. April 1944
 Oskar Milberg: 20. April 1944
 Heinz Nitzsche: 20. April 1944
 Paul Nüssler: 20. April 1944
 Kurt Peltz: 20. April 1944
 Hans Polikeit: 20. April 1944
 Max Raedler: 20. April 1944
 Karl Reschmann: 20. April 1944
 Rudolf Röhrig: 20. April 1944
 Fritz Sell: 20. April 1944
 Wilhelm Senge: 20. April 1944
 Cäsar Siebe: 20. April 1944
 Fritz Siegel: 20. April 1944
 Hermann Stoess: 20. April 1944
 Christoph Striebe: 20. April 1944
 Heinrich Thiel: 20. April 1944
 Valentin Wagner: 20. April 1944
 Albert Wiczonke: 20. April 1944
 Heinrich Wilhelm Wolf: 20. April 1944
 Friedrich Vogeler: 9. November 1944

Literatur
 Horst Henrich (Bearbeiter): Die Organisation der Obersten SA-Führung vom 5. Januar 1931 bis 20. April 1944. Einschliesslich Rangliste der Obergruppenführer, Gruppenführer und Brigadeführer. Aufgrund der amtlichen Führerbefehle 2 (31. Juli 1931) bis 85 (20. April 1944), der Verfügung vom 31. März 1931 sowie der Sonderbefehle I-V, 23a und 79a, S. 367–375. (Bundesarchiv, NS 23/438)

Siehe auch
 Höhere SA-Führer
 Liste der SA-Gruppenführer
 Liste der SA-Standartenführer

Einzelnachweise

Brigadefuhrer
SaBrigadefuhrer

Liste der SA-Brigadeführer


Örkény ist eine ungarische Stadt im Kreis Dabas im Komitat Pest.

Geographische Lage
Örkény liegt rund 50 km südöstlich der ungarischen Hauptstadt Budapest und ist über die Autópálya M5 zu erreichen.

Geschichte
Örkény wurde um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Schloss Pálóczy-Horváth, erbaut 1889–1893
 Römisch-katholische Kirche Szent Lipót, erbaut 1844–1847
 Jüdischer Friedhof (Örkény)

Städtepartnerschaften
  Dvory nad Žitavou, Slowakei
  Mali Iđoš, Serbien
  Miercurea Nirajului, Rumänien
  Ulieș, Rumänien
  Wörth an der Donau, Deutschland
  Kosson, Ukraine
Quelle: Stadt Örkény

Siehe auch
 Euro-Ring

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort im Komitat Pest

Örkény


1991 (MCMXCI) salı günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar

Ocak
 15 Ocak - Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü (FKÖ) ikinci komutanı Salah Halef (Ebu-İyad), danışmanı Ebu Muhammed ve FKÖ güvenlik şefi Ebu el Hol bir suikast sonucu öldürüldüler.
 16 Ocak - ABD öncülüğündeki BM güçleri, Irak'a karşı saldırıya geçti. Çöl Fırtınası Harekatı, Irak'ın sanayi ve savaş potansiyeli tamamen imha edip 2003 yılında ülkenin işgaline zemin hazırladı.

Şubat
 22 Şubat - Körfez Savaşı: Irak, Sovyetlerin önerdiği ateşkes anlaşmasını kabul etti.  ABD bu anlaşmayı kabul etmeyeceğini, bunun yerine geri çekilen Irak kuvvetlerinin 24 saat içinde Kuveyt'i terk etmeleri halinde saldırıya uğramayacağını bildirdi.
 26 Şubat - Körfez Savaşı: Irak lideri Saddam Hüseyin, Bağdat radyosunda Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'ten çekildiğini duyurdu. Irak askerleri geri çekilirken Kuveyt petrol sahalarını ateşe verdi; yangın 7 Kasım'a kadar sürecektir.

Mart
 17 Mart - 1991 Sovyetler Birliği referandumu yapıldı.

Nisan
 1 Nisan - Varşova Paktı feshedildi.
 9 Nisan - Gürcistan bağımsızlığa kavuştu.
 29 Nisan - Bangladeş'i vuran bir tropikal kasırga tahminen 138.000 kişinin ölümüne neden oldu.

Mayıs
 26 Mayıs - Lauda Air'e ait bir Boeing 767, Tayland'ın başkenti Bangkok yakınlarında düştü ve uçaktaki 223 kişinin tamamı öldü.

Haziran
 3 Haziran - Japonya'daki Unzen Dağı'nda bulunan volkan patladı ve piroklastik akıntı sonucunda 46 kişi öldü.
 25 Haziran - Slovenya ve Hırvatistan'ın bağımsızlıklarını ilan etmeleri üzerine Yugoslavya'da iç savaş başladı.

Temmuz
 1 Temmuz - Dünyanın ilk GSM telefon görüşmesi Finlandiya'da yapıldı.
 3 Temmuz - Rusya SFSC içinde Çeçenistan, Adigey, şimdiki Karaçay-Çerkes Cumhuriyeti, Hakas ve Altay özerk oblastları birer özerk cumhuriyet oldular.

Ağustos
 31 Ağustos- Kırgızistan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.

Eylül
 19 Eylül - Alpler'de ileride Buz Adam Ötzi olarak isimlendirilecek olan donmuş bir erkek insan cesedi bulundu.

Ekim
 18 Ekim - Azerbaycan ikinci kez bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 20 Ekim - 1991 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti genel seçimleri yapıldı.
 27 Ekim - Türkmenistan, bağımsızlığını ilan etti.

Kasım
 9 Kasım - Dağılmakta olan SSCB'ye bağlı eyaletlerden bağımsızlığı'nı ilan eden Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti'ni tanıyan ilk ülke Türkiye oldu.

Aralık
 8 Aralık - Boris Yeltsin ile Ukrayna ve Belarus cumhuriyetlerinin devlet başkanları Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu'nun (BDT) kuruluşunu ilan ettiler.
 26 Aralık - SSCB dağıldı. 23 Eylül'de bağımsızlığını ilan eden Ermenistan fiilen ve hukuken bağımsız oldu.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 2 Ocak - Luis Pedro Cavanda, Angola'lı futbolcu
 2 Ocak - Ömer Alimoğlu, Türk atıcı
 9 Ocak - Can Maxim Mutaf, Türk basketbolcu
 15 Ocak - Nicolai Jørgensen, Danimarkalı futbolcu
 16 Ocak - Marijan Urtić, Hırvat futbolcu
 26 Ocak - Nicolò Melli, İtalyan basketbolcu
 28 Ocak - Wan Zack Haikal, Malezyalı futbolcu
 30 Ocak - Lucas Albertengo, Arjantinli futbolcu

Şubat
 4 Şubat
Arman İnci, Alman Oyuncu
Seray Kaya,Türk Oyuncu

 12 Şubat - Earvin Ngapeth, Fransız voleybolcu
 17 Şubat
 Burak Deniz, Türk oyuncu
 Bonnie Wright, İngiliz oyuncu
 20 Şubat - Antonio Pedroza, İngiliz futbolcu
 22 Şubat - Dilara Tongar, Türk basketbolcu
 26 Şubat - Lee Chae-rin, Güney Koreli şarkıcı ve söz yazarı

Mart
 13 Mart - Cristian Herrera, İspanyol futbolcu
 18 Mart - [[[Tijana Malešević]]], Sırp voleybolcu
 29 Mart - Irene, Koreli şarkıcı
 31 Mart - André Claro, Portekizli futbolcu

Nisan
 4 Nisan - Jamie Lynn Spears, Amerikalı aktris ve şarkıcı
 15 Nisan - Anastasia Vinnikova, Belaruslu şarkıcı
 17 Nisan - Samira Efendi, Azeri şarkıcı
 24 Nisan - Batuhan Karadeniz, Türk futbolcu

Mayıs
 13 Mayıs - Francisco Lachowski, Brezilyalı model
 14 Mayıs - Erica Fontes, Portekizli oyuncu
 19 Mayıs - Álvaro Giménez, İspanyol futbolcu
 20 Mayıs - Emre Çolak, Türk futbolcu
 23 Mayıs - Lena Meyer-Landrut, Alman şarkıcı

Haziran
 9 Haziran - Nico Siegrist, İsveçli futbolcu
 18 Haziran - Ksenia Krasilnikova, Rus buz patenci
 19 Haziran - Aniska Tonge, Amerikalı manken
 27 Haziran - Özge Yavaş, Türk basketbolcu
 28 Haziran
 Seohyun, Girls' Generation grubunun vokali ve oyuncu
 Tijane Reis, Gine-Bissaulu futbolcu
 29 Haziran - Kawhi Leonard, Amerikalı basketbolcu

Temmuz
 8 Temmuz - Virgil van Dijk, Hollandalı futbolcu
 12 Temmuz - Muhsin Hoceci, İranlı asker
 24 Temmuz - Emily Bett Rickards, Kanadalı oyuncu

Ağustos
 3 Ağustos - Bahram Rajabzadeh, Azeri kickboksçu
 12 Ağustos - Vanessa Ble, İspanyol basketbolcu
 16 Ağustos - Kwon Ri-se, Güney Koreli grup Ladies Code'un vokalisti ve manken (ö. 2014)
 21 Ağustos - Raquel Pélissier, Haitili model

Eylül
 7 Eylül
Joe Harris, Amerikan basketbol oyuncusu
Dejan Garača, İsveçli futbolcu
 8 Eylül
Joe Sugg, İngiliz YouTuber, vlogger ve yazar
Tyler Stone, Amerikalı basketbolcu
Ignacio González, Meksikalı futbolcu
Yasin Kocatepe, Türk futbolcu
 9 Eylül
Oscar, Brezilyalı millî futbolcu
Danilo Luís Hélio Pereira, Portekizli futbolcu
 10 Eylül
Erkan Kaş, Türk futbolcu
Sem Mursi, Mısırlı milli futbolcu
Auremir, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 20 Eylül - Génesis Carmona, Venezuelalı model (ö. 2014)
 25 Eylül - Alessandro Crescenzi, İtalyan futbolcu

Ekim
 19 Ekim - Flávio Ferreira, Portekizli futbolcu
 23 Ekim - Sinan Eid, Türk basketbolcu
 25 Ekim - Zviad Lazişvili, Gürcü profesyonel dövüşçü

Kasım
 8 Kasım - Nikola Kalinić, Sırp basketbolcu
 28 Kasım - Andrea Rosales, Venezuelalı manken

Aralık
 14 Aralık - Stefflon Don, İngiliz rapçı
 24 Aralık - Louis Tomlinson, İngiliz şarkıcı

Ölümler

 6 Ocak - Ahmet Adnan Saygun, besteci (d. 1907)
 30 Ocak - Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türk profesör (d. 1916)
 20 Şubat - Hakkı Anlı, Türk ressam (d. 1906)
2 Mart - Lucien Ginsburg ya da bilinen adıyla Serge Gainsbourg, Fransız müzisyen (d. 1928)
 21 Mart - Vedat Ali Dalokay, Türk politikacı, eski Ankara belediye başkanı (d. 1927)
 8 Nisan - Dead, İsveçli müzisyen (d. 1969)
 22 Nisan - Feriha Tevfik, ilk Türkiye güzellik kraliçesi (d. 1910)
 15 Mayıs - İhsan Yüce, Türk sinema sanatçısı, senaryo yazarı ve şair (d. 1929)
 9 Temmuz - Orhan Hançerlioğlu, Türk yazar ve araştırmacı (d. 1916)
 13 Eylül - Metin Oktay, Türk futbolcu (d. 1936)
 13 Ekim - Adnan Ersöz, Türk asker (d. 1917)
 24 Ekim - Gene Roddenberry, Amerikalı yazar, senarist, Uzay Yolu'nun yaratıcısı (d. 1921)
 24 Kasım - Freddie Mercury, müzisyen (d. 1946)
 15 Aralık - Vasili Zaytsev, Sovyet keskin nişancı ve Stalingrad kahramanı (d. 1915)

Öldüğü ay ve gün bilinmeyenler;
 Eftal Nogan, Türk sporcu (d. 1906)

1991


Le Tournoi de Madrid de 1575 est le nom donné à une série de parties d'échecs qui ont eu lieu en 1575 à la cour du roi d'Espagne Philippe II. On considère que c'est le premier concours international de l'histoire du jeu d'échecs, durant lequel Giovanni Leonardo da Cutri et Paolo Boï ont joué à des moments différents contre Ruy López et le champion espagnol Alfonso Cerón.

Le tournoi de Madrid dans l'art

 Luigi Mussini — tableau Leonardo da Cutro et Ruy López jouant aux échecs à la cour du roi d'Espagne, (en )(1883.)
 Andreï Avramenko — histoire et récits d'aventures

Références

Bibliographie
 Ouvrage:Echecs, Encyclopédie russe . Энциклопедический словарь|passage=226

Joueur espagnol d'échecs
Joueur italien d'échecs
Joueur d'échecs du XVIe siècle

Tournoi de Madrid de 1575


Botany is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Botany is located 11 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the Bayside Council.

Botany sits on the northern shore of Botany Bay, east of Sydney Airport, adjacent to the suburbs of Mascot, Banksmeadow, Pagewood and Port Botany.

History

Botany Bay, to the south, is where Captain James Cook first landed on 29 April 1770, when navigating his way around Australia on his ship, the Endeavour. The ship's English botanist Joseph Banks and Swedish assistant botanist Daniel Solander, spent several days on shore collecting vast numbers of specimens, that were previously unknown in Europe. Cook's journals first referred to the bay as Sting Rays' Harbour, then later Botanist Bay and finally both these names were crossed out and replaced with Botany Bay. The suburb name comes from the bay it stands on.

Botany was originally planned as an agricultural district, in the same way the surrounding suburbs were used for market gardens. However, it became an industrial area with fellmongers yards and slaughter works. In 1809, Mr E Redmond was one of the first to settle here and Simeon Lord (1771–1840) was an important developer in the area who built a fulling mill in 1815. In 1823 he was granted  and more grants followed. Part of his estate was subdivided in 1859 to create the Booralee Township and the rest was subdivided in 1887. The Sydney Waterworks were established in Botany in 1858.

The Sir Joseph Banks Hotel was a popular hotel on the shores of Botany Bay. By 1850, a private zoo had been established there and visitors could go horse riding, play cricket and football. International athletes challenged the locals in the Sir Joseph Banks Handicap on the racetrack. In 1988, the Sir Joseph Banks Pleasure Gardens were refurbished with local industry contributions. The racing track was restored and an annual event called the Botany Bay Gift attracted international athletes again. The hotel, which was built in stages from 1840, is now listed on the Register of the National Estate. The other historic landmark in the area is St Matthew's Church of England, on the corner of Botany Road and Lord Street. It was built in 1862 and is now on the Register of the National Estate.

Former tram line service

The city line to Botany opened in 1882 as a steam tramway, with electric services commencing in 1903. The service from Circular Quay initially via Elizabeth, Chalmers and Redfern Streets (from 1902), then in 1933 via Pitt and Castlereagh Streets, and Eddy Avenue, Lee and Regents Streets, to Botany Street in Waterloo. A single-track connection along Bourke and O'Dea Streets joined at the present day Green Square, allowing access to the Dowling Street Depot. The line then passed down the entire length of Botany Road to Botany.

In Mascot, a branch led to the former Ascot Racecourse at the site of Sydney Airport. Points were provided at Bay Street on Botany Road in Botany, for short working. The line was double track throughout. From Botany, a single-track line crossed the Botany Goods railway at Beauchamp Road, then passed along Perry Street and Bunnerong Road, past the former Bunnerong Power Station to join the La Perouse line at Yarra Junction. Generally a shuttle service operated on this single track section between Botany and La Perouse. This single-track line was cut back to Military Road in 1935. The line from the junctions at Cleveland Street to Botany closed in 1960. Sydney Buses route 309 generally follows the route.

Heritage listings
Botany has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 23 Anniversary Street: Old Sir Joseph Banks Hotel
 2 Banksia Street: Botany Post Office

Demographics
According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 12,960 people in Botany.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.9% of the population.
 The most common ancestries were Australian 25.7%, English 25.5%, Irish 12.7%, Chinese 8% and Scottish 7.1%.
 62.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.4%, New Zealand 2.4%, China 2.3% and Philippines 2.2%.
 69.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.0%, Greek 1.9%, Spanish 2.0%, Indonesian 1.6% and Cantonese 1.4%.
 The most common responses for religion were Catholic 34.2%, No Religion 29.8% and Anglican 8.8%.

Commercial area
Port Botany is the site of Sydney's major port and as such, Botany is a suburb with extensive commercial development centred on shipping and freight. Botany also has a large chemical production facility owned by several companies including Huntsman and Orica (previously ICI). The plant was built in the 1940s and has been owned by Orica since 1997. The plant once manufactured paints, plastics and industrial chemicals such as solvents, and is responsible for a large groundwater plume of pollution in the area. The main shopping centre in Botany runs along Botany Road.

Sir Joseph Banks Park
Sir Joseph Banks Park comprises Foreshore Reserve and the Sir Joseph Banks Pleasure Gardens. Foreshore Reserve is 28 hectares of bushland on land reclaimed from Botany Bay. The Reserve features walking tracks through sand dunes to protected wetlands, formed around a network of ponds. The Pleasure Gardens reflect the history of the area with a zoo playground featuring life size animal statues, a mosaic depicting Banks's journey, decorative flag terrace, Banksia garden and the central oval running track.  A statue of Sir Joseph Banks examining botanical specimens is located in the pleasure gardens.

Sport and recreation
A number of well-known sporting teams represent the local area. One of them is the well known NRL club named the South Sydney Rabbitohs and Botany Rams some other teams are Pagewood Botany Soccer Club, Botany Golf Club, Bonnie Doon Golf Club, Eastlake Golf Club and The Lakes Golf Club. Lady Robinsons Beach is a prominent beach in the area.

Schools
Botany Public School is located in Botany Road. The original schoolroom is a small brick building with Gothic influences, built in 1868.

References

External links
  [CC-By-SA]
  [CC-By-SA]

Suburbs of Sydney

Botany, New South Wales


Coșmarul alb (Whiteout: Enfer blanc) este un film thriller din 2009. Este regizat de Dominic Sena după un scenariu de Jon Hoeber, Erich Hoeber, Chad Hayes și Carey Hayes. În distribuție sunt actorii Kate Beckinsale, Gabriel Macht, Columbus Short, Tom Skerritt și Alex O'Loughlin.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Kate Beckinsale - Carrie Stetko, the Special Deputy U.S. Marshal investigating the killings at the base.
 Tom Skerritt - Dr. John Fury, the base doctor.
 Columbus Short - Delfy, a pilot who helps Stetko in the investigation.
 Gabriel Macht - Robert Pryce, a UN security agent who aids Stetko in the investigation.
 Alex O'Loughlin - Russell Haden, a biologist.
 Shawn Doyle - Sam Murphy, the station's manager.
 Jesse Todd - Rubin
 Joel Keller - Jack
 Arthur Holden - McGuire
 Erin Hicock - Rhonda
 Bashar Rahal - Russian Pilot
 Julian Cain - Russian co-pilot
 Roman Varshavky, Dennis Keiffer, and Andrei Runtso - Russian guards
 Steve Lucescu - Mooney
 Paula Jean Hixson - Lab Tech
 Craig A. Pinckes - Craig Pinckes
 Sean Tucker - Operations Tech
 Marc James Beauchamp - Anton Weiss
 Nick Villarin - Newbie
 Louis Dionne - Man in Hall
 Patrick Sabongui - Miami Prisoner

Note

Legături externe
 Audio interviews

Filme din 2009
Filme regizate de Dominic Sena
Filme Dark Castle Entertainment
Filme americane
Filme canadiene
Filme în limba engleză

Coșmarul alb


29565 Glenngould este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
29565 Glenngould este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  aux Tardieux, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence de Michel Bœuf. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 2,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 29001-30000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni

29565 Glenngould


إتش تى سى ماجيك  أو يطلق عليه في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ماى تاتش ثرى جى وهو هاتف ذكي تم تصميمه بواسطة شركة إتش تى سى، وهو يعتبر ثاني هاتف ذكى يحمل نظام تشغيل أندرويد من قبل إتش تى سى.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 HTC Magic ينتقل بتجربة Android إلى فودافون.
 STC تقدم أول هواتف أندرويد - HTC Magic.

أجهزة أندرويد
هواتف تعمل بشاشة اللمس
هواتف ذكية
هواتف ذكية توقف إصدارها
هواتف شركة إتش تي سي المحمولة
هواتف محمولة عرضت في 2009

إتش تى سى ماجيك


المشهور ب(أمير خان برادوست): وهو البطل المعروف الذائع الصيت الذي خلد اسمه في الدفاع عن قلعة (دمدم)، واحد أمراء عشائر (برادوست). بترت إحدى يديه أثناء معركة خاضها لمساعدة عمر بك حاكم (سوران) فأصبح معروفا ً بـ (أمير خان بك دست)، كان أمير برادوست في نواحي (مركه ور) و(ته ركه وه ر) و(أورمية) و(اشنويه)، وحرر الشاه الإيراني شاه عباس الأول له فرمانا ً شاهانيا ً برئاسة عشائر (برادوست)، وأقدم بعد ذلك بمساعدة الشاه على تشييد القلعة (دمدم) بالقرب من مدينة اورميه. وكانت ثمة حزازات بينه وبين أمراء الشيعة منشاؤها الاختلافات المذهبية، وأخذ هؤلاء في الوشاية به لدى الشاه فأراد الشاه أن يحول دون إكمال إنشاء هذه القلعة وذلك بتحريض من (بوداق بك) حاكم (أذربيجان) لم يصدع لأوامر الشاه وأكمل القلعة. فصم الشاه عندئذ أضعاف نفوذ عشائر (برادوست)، غير أن أمير خان أبى الانصياع لهذه الرغبة وعلى اثر ذلك هاجمه الجيش الإيراني فحاصره في قلعته وكان ذلك في 26 شعبان 1017هـ.
أن الكاتب الإيراني (اسكندر منشي) وصف مناقب المدافعين وبطولتهم وصفا ً رائعا ً، وفي الحقيقة أن ما أظهره هؤلاء الأبطال من ضروب البطولة والبسالة في الدفاع عن حصنهم مما يعد نموذجا ً بارزا ً لما جبل عليه الأكراد من الشجاعة وروح التضحية ومما يعد بحق مفخرة من مفاخر الأكراد الخالدة. دافع المدافعون عن هذه القلعة دفاع المستميت لمدة سنة، وحتى في الأخير خرج المدافعون عن حصنهم واشتبكوا مع المحاصرين في حرب ضروس استعمل فيها السلاح الأبيض ولم يستسلم أحد منهم.
أصبحت دمدم ملحمة قومية معروفة في الفولكلور الأدبي الكردي تمجد بطولة واستماته الكرد امام الغزاة. وجعلها الكاتب الكردي السوفياتي اراب شمو مصدرا لروايته المشهورة بنفس الاسم. كما كتب جان دوست ملحمة شعرية باسم قلعة دمدمKela Dimdimê بالكردية وصدرت عام 1991 في كل من بون واسطمبول وبلغت أبياتها حوالي ألف وثمانمئة بيت شعري.

أشخاص من أرومية
أكراد إيران
إيرانيون من أصل كردي
معركة دمدم
مواليد في أرومية

أمير خان برادوست


(; Pali: ) is a toponym, that appears in many ancient Indian literary sources and Buddhist texts such as the Mahavamsa, some stories of the Jataka tales, the Milinda Panha and the Ramayana.

Though its exact location is unknown and remains a matter of debate, Suvarṇabhūmi was an important port along trade routes that run through the Indian Ocean, setting sail from the wealthy ports in Basra, Ubullah and Siraf, through Muscat, Malabar, Ceylon, the Nicobars, Kedah and on through the Strait of Malacca to fabled Suvarṇabhūmi.

Ian Glover, Emeritus Reader in Southeast Asian Archaeology at the University of London, has said: "It is widely accepted in the 21st century that Suvarnabhumi as reported in early Indian literature was not a specific location which can be marked on a map. Rather, it was an idealised place, perhaps equivalent to Atlantis in Western history, a distant somewhere to the east of India where traders, sailors, and Buddhist and Hindu teachers went to make their fortunes and spread their teachings and bring back gold and other exotic products desired by a rising elite and the wealthy classes at home."

Historiography

 means 'golden land' or 'land of gold' and the ancient sources have associated it with one of a variety of places throughout the Southeast Asian region.

It might also be the source of the Western concept of Aurea Regio in Claudius Ptolemy's Trans-Gangetic India or India beyond the Ganges and the Golden Chersonese of the Greek and Roman geographers and sailors. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea refers to the Land of Gold, Chryse, and describes it as "an island in the ocean, the furthest extremity towards the east of the inhabited world, lying under the rising sun itself, called Chryse... Beyond this country... there lies a very great inland city called Thina". Dionysius Periegetes mentioned: "The island of Chryse (Gold), situated at the very rising of the Sun".

Or, as Priscian put it in his popular rendition of Periegetes: "if your ship… takes you to where the rising sun returns its warm light, then will be seen the Isle of Gold with its fertile soil." Avienius referred to the Insula Aurea (Golden Isle) located where "the Scythian seas give rise to the Dawn". Josephus speaks of the "Aurea Chersonesus", which he equates with the Biblical Ophir, whence the ships of Tyre and Israel brought back gold for the Temple of Jerusalem. The city of Thina was described by Ptolemy's Geography as the capital city of the country on the eastern shores of the Magnus Sinus (Gulf of Thailand).

Location

The location of Suvarnabhumi has been the subject of much debate, both in scholarly and nationalistic agendas.  It remains one of the most mythified and contentious toponyms in the history of Asia. Scholars have identified two regions as possible locations for the ancient Suvarnabhumi: Insular Southeast Asia or Southern India. In a study of the various literary sources for the location of Suvarṇabhūmi, Saw Mra Aung concluded that it was impossible to draw a decisive conclusion on this, and that only thorough scientific research would reveal which of several versions of Suvarṇabhūmi was the original.

Some have speculated that this country refers to the Kingdom of Funan. The main port of Funan was Cattigara Sinarum statio (Kattigara the port of the Sinae).

Due to many factors, including the lack of historical evidence, the absence of scholarly consensus, various cultures in Southeast Asia identify Suwannaphum as an ancient kingdom there and claim ethnic and political descendancy as its successors. As no such claim or legend existed prior to the translation and publication of the Edicts, scholars see these claims as based in nationalism or attempts to claim the title of first Buddhists in South-East Asia.

Mainland Southeast Asia

Cambodia

Funan (1st–7th century) was the first kingdom in Cambodian history and it was also the first Indianized kingdom that prospered in Southeast Asia. Both Hinduism and Buddhism flourished in this kingdom. According to the Chinese records, two Buddhist monks from Funan, named Mandrasena and Sanghapala, took up residency in China in the 5th to 6th centuries, and translated several Buddhist sūtras from Sanskrit (or a Prakrit) into Chinese.

The oldest archaeological evidence of Indianized civilization in Southeast Asia comes from central Burma, central and southern Thailand, and the lower Mekong delta. These finds belong to the period of Funan Kingdom or Nokor Phnom, present day Cambodia and South Vietnam including part of Burma, Lao, and Thailand, which was the first political centre established in Southeast Asia. Taking into account the epigraphic and archaeological evidence, the Suvarnabhumi mentioned in the early texts must be identified with these areas. Of these areas, only Funan had maritime links with India through its port at Oc Éo. Therefore although Suvarnabhumi in time became a generic name broadly applied to all the lands east of India, particularly Sumatra, its earliest application was probably to Funan. Furthermore, the Chinese name "Funan" for Cambodia, may be a transcription of the "Suvaṇṇa" of Suvaṇṇabhumī.

In December 2017, Dr Vong Sotheara, of the Royal University of Phnom Penh, discovered a Pre-Angkorian stone inscription in the Province of Kampong Speu, Basedth District, which he tentatively dated to 633 AD. According to him, the inscription would "prove that Suvarnabhumi was the Khmer Empire." The inscription was issued during the reign of King Isanavarman I (616–637 AD) of the Cambodian Kingdom of Chenla, the successor of Funan and the predecessor of Khmer Empire. The inscription, translated, read: "The great King Isanavarman is full of glory and bravery. He is the King of Kings, who rules over Suvarnabhumi until the sea, which is the border, while the kings in the neighbouring states honour his order to their heads".  The Inscription is the oldest evidence ever found in Southeast Asia, mentioning Suvarnabhumi and identified it with Chenla. The inscription is now exhibits in the National Museum of Cambodia in Phnom Penh. However, his claim and the findings are yet to be peer-reviewed, and they are remained in doubt with other historians and archaeology experts across the region.

Myanmar

Mon tradition maintains that the Thaton Kingdom in Lower Myanmar was called Suvannabhumi ( Thuwunnabhumi). However, dating the Thaton Kingdom independent of traditional chronicles gives an earliest founding year of 825; even this date remains unattested.

There are archaeological sites within Mon State that local archeologists cite as Suvannabhumi. Suvarnabhumi City in Bilin Township is one such site with limited excavation work. The site, called Winka Old City by other archeologists, contains 40 high-grounds of which only 4 have been excavated. The Winka site, along with nearby walled sites like Kyaikkatha and Kelasa, have been dated as early as the sixth century. While the archaeology of early Lower Burmese sites requires more work, other urban centres in Myanmar like the Sri Ksetra Kingdom in modern day Pyay were Buddhist as early as the 5th century.

The scholarly search for Suvannabhumi within Myanmar is attached to various nationalistic and religious narratives about Suvannabhumi. The fifteenth century legend of Shwedagon Pagoda enshrining a few hairs of the Buddha brought back by Mon merchants highlights the cultural significance placed on early Buddhist missionaries in Myanmar. In many such legends, the narrative of the conversion of Suvannabhumi is Burmanizes key historical Buddhist figures.

Thailand

In Thailand, government proclamations and national museums insist that Suwannaphum was somewhere in the coast of central plain, especially at the ancient city of U Thong, which might be the origin of the Mon Dvaravati Culture.  These claims are not based on any historical records but on archaeological evidences of human settlements in the area dating back more than 4,000 years and the findings of 3rd century Roman coins. The Thai government named the new Bangkok airport, Suvarnabhumi Airport, after the mythic kingdom of Suwannaphum, in celebration of this tradition. This tradition, however, is doubted by scholars for the same reason as the Burman claim. Suphan Buri (from the Sanskrit, Suvarnapura, "Golden City") in present day west/central Thailand, was founded in 877-882 as a city of the Mon-speaking kingdom of Dvaravati with the name, Meuang Thawarawadi Si Suphannaphumi ("the Dvaravati city of Suvarnabhumi"), indicating that Dvaravati at that time identified as Suvarnabhumi.

Insular Southeast Asia

One of the clues referring to the Malay Peninsula came from Claudius Ptolemy's Geography, who referred to it as Golden Chersonese (literally 'golden peninsula'), which pinpointed exactly that location in South East Asia.

The term Suvarnabhumi ('land of gold') is commonly thought to refer to the Southeast Asian Peninsula, including lower Burma and the Malay Peninsula. However there is another gold-referring term Suvarnadvipa (the Golden Island or Peninsula, where dvipa may refer to either a peninsula or an island), which may correspond to the Indonesian Archipelago, especially Sumatra. Both terms might refer to a powerful coastal or island kingdom in present-day Indonesia , possibly centered on Sumatra or Java. This corresponds to the gold production areas traditionally known in Minangkabau Highlands in Barisan Mountains, Sumatra, and interior Borneo. An eighth century Indian text known as the "Samaraiccakaha" describes a sea voyage to Suvarnadvipa and the making of bricks from the gold rich sands which they inscribed with the name dharana and then baked. These pointing out to the direction of western part of insular Southeast Asia, especially Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Java.

Benefitting from its strategic location on the narrow Strait of Malacca, the insular theory argued that other than actually producing gold, it might also be based on such a kingdom's potential for power and wealth (hence, "Land of Gold") as a hub for sea-trade also known from vague descriptions of contemporary Chinese pilgrims to India. The kingdom referred to as the center of maritime trade between China and India was Srivijaya. Due to the Chinese writing system, however, the interpretations of Chinese historical sources are based on supposed correspondences of ideograms – and their possible phonetic equivalents – with known toponyms in the ancient Southeast Asian civilizations. Hendrik Kern concluded that Sumatra was the Suvarnadvipa mentioned in ancient Hindu texts and the island of Chryse mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and by Rufius Festus Avienius.

The Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist scholar, Yijing (義淨), visited the kingdom of Srivijaya on Sumatra in 672 and identified it with Suvarnadvipa, the Island of Gold (金洲 jin-zhou).

The interpretation of early travel records is not always easy. The Javanese embassies to China in 860 and 873 CE refer to Java as rich in gold, although it was in fact devoid of any deposits. The Javanese would have had to import gold possibly from neighbouring  Sumatra, Malay Peninsula or Borneo, where gold was still being mined in the 19th century and where ancient mining sites were located. Even though Java did not have its own gold deposits, the texts make frequent references to the existence of goldsmiths, and it is clear from the archaeological evidence such as Wonoboyo Hoard, that this culture had developed a sophisticated gold working technology, which relied on the import of substantial quantities of the metal.

The Padang Roco Inscription of 1286 CE, states that an image of Buddha Amoghapasa Lokeshvara was brought to Dharmasraya on the Upper Batang Hari - the river of Jambi - was transported from Bhumi Java (Java) to Suvarnabhumi (Sumatra), and erected by order of the Javanese ruler Kertanegara: the inscription clearly identifies Sumatra as Suvarnabhumi.

Butuan was so rich in treasures that a museum curator, Florina H. Capistrano-Baker, stated that it was even richer than the more well-known western maritime kingdom of Srivijaya; "The astonishing quantities and impressive quality of gold treasures recovered in Butuan suggest that its flourishing port settlement played an until recently little-recognized role in early Southeast Asian trade. Surprisingly, the amount of gold discovered in Butuan far exceeds that found in Sumatra, where the much better known flourishing kingdom of Srivijaya is said to have been located." This despite that most of the gold of Butuan were already looted by invaders.

Bangladesh
A popular interpretation of Rabindranath Tagore's poem Amar Shonar Bangla serves as the basis for the claim that Suvarnabhumi was actually situated in central Bengal at Sonargaon. In some Jain texts, it is mentioned that merchants of Anga (in present-day Bihar, a state of India that borders with Bengal) regularly sailed to Suvarnabhumi, and ancient Bengal was in fact situated very close to Anga, connected by rivers of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. Bengal has also been described in ancient Indian and Southeast Asian chronicles as a "seafaring country", enjoying trade relations with Dravidian kingdoms, Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra. Sinhalese tradition holds that the first king of Sri Lanka, Vijaya Singha, came from Bengal. Moreover the region is commonly associated with golden color - the soil of Bengal is known for its golden color (Gangetic alluvial), golden harvest (rice), golden fruits (mangoes), golden minerals (gold and clay) and yellow-brown skinned people. Bengal is described in ancient Sanskrit texts as 'Gaud-Desh' (Golden/Radiant land). During the reign of the Bengal Sultans and the Mughal Empire, central Bengal was home to a prosperous trading town called "Sonargaon" (Golden village), which was connected to North India by the Grand Trunk Road and was frequented by Arab, Persian and Chinese travelers, including Ibn Battuta and Zheng He. Even today, Bengalis often refer to their land as 'Shonar Bangla' (Golden Bengal), and the national anthem of Bangladesh - Amar Shonar Bangla (My Bengal of Gold), from the omonym Tagore's poem - is a reference to this theory.

European Age of Discovery
The thirst for gold formed the most powerful incentive to explorers at the beginning of modern times; but although more and more extensive regions were brought to light by them, they sought in vain in the East Indian Archipelago for the Gold and Silver Islands where, according to the legends, the precious metals were to be gathered from the ground and did not need to be laboriously extracted from the interior of the earth. In spite of their failure, they found it difficult to give up the alluring picture. When they did not find what they sought in the regions which were indicated by the old legends and by the maps based thereon, they hoped for better success in still unexplored regions, and clutched with avidity at every hint that they were here to attain their object.

The history of geography thus shows us how the Gold and Silver Islands were constantly, so to speak, wandering towards the East. Marco Polo spoke, in the most exaggerated language, of the wealth of gold in Zipangu, situated at the extremity of this part of the world, and had thus pointed out where the precious metals should preferably be sought. Martin Behaim, on his globe of 1492, revived the Argyre and Chryse of antiquity in these regions.

In 1519, Cristóvão de Mendonça, was given instructions to search for the legendary Isles of Gold, said to lie to "beyond Sumatra", which he was unable to do, and in 1587 an expedition under the command of Pedro de Unamunu was sent to find them in the vicinity of Zipangu (Japan). According to Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, in 1528 Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón in the ship Florida on a voyage from the Moluccas to Mexico reached a large island which he took for the Isla del Oro. This island has not been identified although it seems likely that it is Biak, Manus or one of the Schouten Islands on the north coast of New Guinea.

Notes

References

See also
Golden Chersonese
Greater India
Nanyang (region)

History of Buddhism in Asia
Ancient Indian geography
History of Southeast Asia
Old Cities of Mon people
Mon people
Srivijaya
Funan

Suvarnabhumi


"Piggy Piggy" es el sexto episodio de la primera temporada de la serie American Horror Story, que se estrenó en FX el 9 de noviembre de 2011. El episodio fue escrito por Jessica Sharzer y dirigido por Michael Uppendahl.

Trama

1994
En la Secundaria Westfield un disparador entra a la escuela y comienza a asesinar estudiantes. Termina en la biblioteca, donde lastima al profesor tratando de bloquear la entrada y asesina a todos los estudiantes. El disparador se revela como Tate. Un equipo de SWAT lo encuentra en la casa (en ese momento propiedad de Constance) y lo asesinan cuando saca un arma de fuego hacia ellos.

2011
Después que Violet confirma en Internet que Tate fue asesinado después de la masacre en Westfield High, Constance le presenta un médium, Billie Dean (Sarah Paulson), y ella y Constance explican que Tate no sabe que está muerto. Constance lo ha estado enviando a Ben, esperando que tenga un avance y lo ayude a seguir adelante, pero necesitan la ayuda de Violet, a pesar de que está sorprendida por la revelación. Ben necesita usar la casa para sus sesiones de terapia para hacer dinero, y Vivien está de acuerdo en la necesidad. Ben ve a un nuevo paciente, Derek (Eric Stonestreet), quien le tiene miedo a las leyendas urbanas, recientemente a la leyenda urbana del "Hombre Cerdo", el cual matará a cualquiera que diga la frase: "Aquí, Pequeño Hombre Cerdo" frente al espejo de un baño a oscuras. Ben también comienza a notar que Vivien ha desarrollado una atracción personal con el oficial, quién la cuida después que ella a propósito hace sonar la alarma para que él venga.

Constance y Moira ayudan a Vivien con el embarazo, preparándole comidas saludables en forma de mollejas. A pesar de estar disgustada al principio, Vivien desarrolla un apetito hacia ellos, lo que le preocupa. Contacta al técnico de ultrasonido que se desmayó durante el ultrasonido, y que desde entonces ha renunciado a su trabajo, diciendo que vio que el bebé era el Diablo. Vivien se va, enfurecida por la acusación.

Siguiendo el consejo de Ben en enfrentarse a su miedo, Derek repite la frase: "Aquí, Pequeño Hombre Cerdo" en el espejo del baño varias veces hasta que parece perder su miedo, pero es, irónicamente, asesinado por un ladrón armado escondido en su ducha, el cual justifica el asesinato diciéndole a su cómplice que lo mató porque lo llamó "Cerdo". Violet intenta consolar a Tate en el sótano, pero es asediada por los otros fantasmas. Abrumada, se suicida, y Tate intenta salvarla, llevándola a la bañera y obligándola a vomitar las pastillas. Tate confiesa que la ama y no puede entender por qué ella está fría hacia él. Él planea irse y dejarla sola, pero ella lo consuela. Constance habla con Addie a través de Billie, pero descubre que Addie está contenta que no fue revivida como un fantasma y que ahora le teme a Tate, sabiendo lo que hizo.

Producción
El episodio fue escrito por Jessica Sharzer y dirigido por Michael Uppendahl.

En crear al personaje de Billie Dean y su "regalo", el cocreador de la serie Ryan Murphy relata su propia experiencia con un médium, "Cuando la creamos," dijo, "todos nosotros en la sala de escritores han tenido algo de experiencia con psíquicos o no. Soy alguien que era muy escéptico hasta que fui a una mujer y me preguntó de la nada, '¿Tú padre está enfermo?' y dije, 'No. Recién tuvo un examen físico y está bien.' Ella dijo, 'Necesitas decirle que vuelva.' Así que volvió y le encontraron cáncer de próstata y murió dos años después. Así que Billie Dean estuvo inspirada en gran parte por esa experiencia. Estamos diciendo que sí, ella es legítima."

Recepción y ratings
Carissa Pavlica le dio al episodio 4.7 de 5 estrellas, diciendo, "No tengo la más absoluta idea de lo que está pasando en la serie y me encanta todos los momentos de ella".

Fue visto por un estimado de 2.83 millones de espectadores y obtuvo 1.6 de índice de audiencia compartido entre adultos de 18-49.

Referencias

Episodios de American Horror Story: Murder House

Piggy Piggy