The Chen dynasty (), alternatively known as the Southern Chen (南陳 / 南朝陈) in historiography, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and the fourth and last of the Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Following the Liang dynasty, the Chen dynasty was founded by Chen Baxian (Emperor Wu). The Chen dynasty further strengthened and revitalized the economy and culture of southern China, and made territorial expansions northward, laying the foundation for future dynasties. It was conquered by the Sui dynasty in 589, marking an end to the Northern and Southern dynasties period in Chinese history. The descendants of the Chen imperial family continued to hold powerful high-ranking positions in the imperial courts of both the Sui and Tang dynasties.

History

Founding and expansion: Chen Baxian
In the twilight of the Liang dynasty (548–557), the Houjing Disturbance (侯景之乱) occurred. The insurrection caused the downfall and ruin of the Liang. In 557, Chen Baxian a former high-ranked Liang general, took the initiative to establish a new empire in Southern China: the Chen dynasty. Its founder Chen Baxian had been granted the title of "Prince of Chen", and on taking the throne he followed the Chinese practice of using his former princely title as the name of the new dynasty.

Chen Baxian was a visionary leader whose conquests helped revived the economy and culture of South China, bringing it to new heights. Near the start of the dynasty, Chen's northern neighbors the Eastern and Western Wei were later replaced by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, with the north of the Yangtze river held by the Qi, and the southwest including Sichuan was held by the Zhou. Chen Baxian defeated the Northern armies in one swoop, securing the prosperity and dominance of the Chen dynasty, and making further territorial gains in the north.

Vietnam: Defeating Lý Thiên Bảo
In 541, the people of Giao Châu Province (Chen northern Vietnam) rebelled under Lý Bôn. Xiao Ying sent the generals Sun Jiong (孫冏) and Lu Zixiong (盧子雄) to attack Lý Bôn, with Xiao Ying overseeing the operations. In spring 542, Xiao Ying and Xiao Zi ordered Sun and Lu to attack, but they lost to Lý, and soon infighting broke out between Sun, Lu, and another general Zhou. Xiao Ying then sent Chen Baxian to clean up the situation, and Chen Baxian defeated all of them, killing Du Tianhe and capturing Du Sengming and Zhou. Believing that Du Sengming and Zhou were both good soldiers, he released them and retained them on his staff. For this accomplishment, the Emperor Wu of Liang created Chen the Viscount of Xin'an and had an artisan draw a portrait of Chen.

In January 544, Lý Bôn proclaimed himself emperor and named his small state Vạn Xuân. In winter 544, Xiao Ying died, and initially, Chen started escorting Xiao Ying's casket back to Jiankang for burial. On the way, while he was still at Dayu Mountain (大庾嶺, on the borders of modern Jiangxi and Guangdong), he made a rendezvous with the new governor of Giao Châu Province, Yang Piao (楊瞟), and another nephew of Emperor Wu's, Xiao Bo (蕭勃), to attack Lý Bôn. Xiao Bao did not want to set out on the campaign, and therefore tried to persuade Yang not to advance. Chen persuaded Yang otherwise, and in spring 545, Yang, with Chen as his lieutenant, attacked Lý Bôn, defeating him and forcing him to flee into the mountains and conduct guerilla warfare instead. In 548, Lý Bôn died of illness, and when Lý Bôn's brother Lý Thiên Bảo succeeded him and attacked Ái Province (愛州, around modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam), Chen defeated Lý Thiên Bảo. Emperor Wu made Chen the governor of Gaoyao Commandery (高要, Chen Zhaoqing, Guangdong) as well as the commander of the forces of the surrounding commanderies.

Hou Jing

In summer 548, Hou Jing, formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a successor state of the Northern Wei), rebelled and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu of Liang and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage. After Jiankang's fall, Hou, who had initially claimed that he wanted to restore Northern Wei's imperial clan to power, from the control of the regent Gao Cheng, enticed the governor of Guang Province, Yuan Jingzhong (元景仲), a member of Northern Wei's imperial Yuan clan, to join him. When Chen received the news, he publicly announced Yuan's treachery and gathered the troops of the nearby generals to attack Yuan. Yuan committed suicide, and Chen welcomed Xiao Bo, then the governor of Ding Province (定州, roughly Guangxi) to take over Guang Province. In winter 549, against Xiao Bo's request, Chen took his troops and embarked on a campaign to join the fight against Hou, sending messengers to Emperor Wu's son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, the governor of Jing Province (荊州, central and western Hubei), pledging support and loyalty to Xiao Yi, then commonly viewed as the leader of the remaining Liang provinces not under Hou's control.

For the next year, Chen advanced north through modern Jiangxi, fighting the various local warlords and generals loyal to Hou, with his main struggle against Li Qianshi (李遷仕). In spring 551, he captured and killed Li. Xiao Yi made him the governor of Jiang Province (江州, around Jiangxi). By fall 551, he had rendezvoused with Xiao Yi's main general, Wang Sengbian, at Xunyang (尋陽, Chen Jiujiang, Jiangxi). In 552, after they had sworn a solemn oath to Liang, they advanced east toward Jiankang, where Hou had killed Xiao Gang (who had succeeded Emperor Wu as Emperor Jianwen) and taken the throne himself as Emperor of Han. Chen was instrumental in the subsequent siege of Jiankang, and they defeated Hou together, causing Hou to flee. Subsequently, Hou was killed by his own men. For Chen's contributions, Xiao Yi created Chen the Marquess of Changcheng—Chen's home county. Wang put Chen in charge of the important city Jingkou (京口, Chen Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). For the next two years, Chen fought several border battles against the Northern Qi. At times, when Xiao Yi summoned Wang on campaigns, Wang would put Chen in charge of Jiankang.

Rise
In 554, Western Wei launched a major attack on Jiangling, and Emperor Yuan summoned Wang to come to his aid, putting Chen in charge of Jiankang. Before Wang could reach Jiangling, however, Western Wei had already captured Jiangling, killing Emperor Yuan and declaring his nephew Xiao Cha emperor instead (as Emperor Xuan). Wang and Chen refused to recognize Emperor Xuan; instead, in spring 555, they welcomed Emperor Yuan's 11-year-old son Xiao Fangzhi the Prince of Jin'an—Emperor Yuan's only surviving son—to Jiankang, preparing to make him emperor and first having him take the title Prince of Liang. When Jiankang fell, Chen's son Chen Chang and nephew Chen Xu, who had been serving in the imperial administration, were captured and taken to the Western Wei capital Chang'an as honored captives.

At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙) the Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor. Wang initially rejected Xiao Yuanming, but after his forces lost a few battles to Northern Qi forces, changed his mind and decided to accept Xiao Yuanming as emperor after extracting a promise from Xiao Yuanming to make Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. In summer 555, Xiao Yuanming arrived at Jiankang to take the throne, and he created Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. Wang and Chen continued to be in charge of the military.

Chen, however, was unhappy about the situation, believing Xiao Yuanming to be unworthy of the throne. Despite Wang Sengbian's knowledge of Chen's displeasure, however, Wang did not suspect Chen of having any rebellious intentions, as they had been friendly, and Wang and Chen had agreed on having Wang Sengbian's son Wang Wei (王頠) marry Chen's daughter. In fall 555, believing reports that Northern Qi was going to attack, Wang sent his secretary Jiang Gan (江旰) to Jingkou to alert Chen. Chen took over control of the imperial government, forcing Xiao Yuanming to abdicate and making Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing).

Chen initially sent his nephew Chen Qian and his general Zhou Wenyu against Du and Du's ally Wei Zai (韋載). Meanwhile, Xu and Ren, aided by Northern Qi, made a surprise attack on Jiankang, nearly capturing it, but were repelled by Chen's general Hou Andu. Soon, Chen defeated Wei and Wei surrendered, and Chen returned to Jiankang, leaving Zhou to face Du.

Despite Northern Qi aid, Xu and Ren could not defeat Chen, and Chen put Shitou, which the Northern Qi general Liu Damo (柳達摩) had captured, under siege. Liu sought peace, but requested Chen to send his relatives as hostages to Northern Qi. Most officials advocated peace, and Chen, despite his skepticism about such a peace holding, agreed, and sent his nephew Chen Tanlang (陳曇朗), Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, and Wang Min (王珉), the son of the key official Wang Chong (王沖), as hostages, permitting Northern Qi forces to withdraw, and Xu and Ren withdrew with them.

By spring 556, Du had either been captured or surrendered to Zhou and Chen Qian, and Chen Baxian executed Du. Wang Sengzhi fled to Northern Qi, and the capital region was largely under Chen Baxian's control. Meanwhile, Northern Qi forces were preparing another attack, but they invited Xiao Yuanming to their camp to discuss peace. Chen sent Xiao Yuanming to Northern Qi camp, but before talks could begin, Xiao Yuanming died from a severe infection on his back. By summer 556, Northern Qi forces were again descending on Jiankang, but once there, their forces stalemated with Chen's forces. Northern Qi forces' food supplies soon ran out, and Chen defeated them, killing Xu and capturing a number of Northern Qi generals, whom Chen executed. Meanwhile, Hou Tian, having been defeated by another general, Hou Ping (侯平), chose to submit to Chen.

During the next year, Chen began to receive greater titles and offices, progressing from Marquess of Changcheng to Duke of Changcheng to Duke of Yixing to Duke of Chen to Prince of Chen. In 557, Xiao Bo declared a resistance against Chen from Guang Province. Soon, however, Zhou defeated Xiao Bo's general Ouyang Wei (歐陽頠), and Xiao Bo was killed by his own generals. At the same time, Wang Lin, who controlled modern Hunan and eastern Hubei, suspicious of Chen's intentions, refused his summon to Jiankang and prepared for battle instead. Chen sent Zhou and Hou Andu against Wang Lin. In winter 557, Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing the Chen dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Emperor Jing the Prince of Jiangyin. He posthumously honored his parents emperor and empress, his deceased wife Lady Qian empress, and his deceased son Chen Ke crown prince. He created his wife Zhang Yao'er empress.

Emperor Wen

In 559, Chen Baxian fell ill, and the throne was passed to his nephew Chen Geng or Emperor Wen of Chen. Chen Geng eliminated separatist forces within the empire and reformed the former Liang's policies, making the dynasty more stable. Over time, the economy of major cities was restored.

Emperor Wen honored Empress Zhang as empress dowager. He created his wife Princess Shen Miaorong empress and her son Chen Bozong crown prince. As he inherited the throne from Emperor Wu, he did not posthumously honor his father Chen Daotan as an emperor as might otherwise have been expected, but, in order to make sure that his father would be properly venerated (which would require Chen Daotan's legal heir—Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu—to be present to offer sacrifices to him), he created his own son Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing instead, and created Chen Xu, who was then still at Chang'an, the capital of Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou, the Prince of Ancheng. In 563, Emperor Wen himself began to offer sacrifices to Chen Daotan using ceremonies due to an emperor, but never honored his father as an emperor.

In the Book of Chen, the historian Yao Silian wrote about Emperor Wen (referring to Emperor Wen by his temple name Shizu):

Shizu [Emperor Wen] grew up in difficult times, and he knew much about the people's suffering. He was observant of things and frugal in his lifestyle. Ever night, he would order his servants to open the door to his sleeping quarters, to bring in the emergency submissions so that he could review them. He also ordered that his guards, whenever they were to change shifts, should throw their shift plates on the stone steps so that they would be loud enough to wake him.

Emperor Wen further solidified and unified the territory of Chen, helping the economy recover and flourish.

Emperor Chen Bozong
Emperor Wen was succeeded by Chen Bozong (Emperor Fei), who was then succeeded by Chen Xu (Emperor Xuan). Both Chen Bozong and Chen Xu were also very effective and capable rulers who further strengthened and expanded the state, rivaling and even defeating the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi.

In the ninth year of Taijian (太建 577), Northern Zhou dynasty destroyed Northern Qi. In the following year, Chen and Zhou launched a fierce battle in Luliang, Chen defeated the Zhou and made further advances north.

Chen Bozong married Empress Wang (Chen dynasty), and they had a son Chen Zhize. During his reign, important matters were also trusted to his uncle Chen Xu, as well as Kong, Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師知).

Emperor Xuan

Emperor Chen Xu married Liu Jingyan and had a son Chen Shubao. For reasons unclear in history, Chen Xu left the throne empty for more than a month, but finally took the throne in spring 569 (as Emperor Xuan). He honored Grand Empress Dowager Zhang as empress dowager instead, while Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dowager Shen became known as Empress Wen. He created his wife Princess Liu empress and his heir apparent Chen Shubao crown emperor. Emperor Wen's sons continued to have honored positions as imperial princes and held key posts, but none had particularly high power.

In fall 569, Emperor Xuan, suspicious that Ouyang He (歐陽紇) the governor of Guang Province (廣州 Guangzhou, Guangdong) would rebel, summoned Ouyang back to Jiankang. Ouyang was himself suspicious of Emperor Xuan's intentions, and therefore refused the order and rebelled. Emperor Xuan sent the official Xu Jian (徐儉, Xu Ling's son) to try to persuade Ouyang to change his mind, but Ouyang would not relent. Emperor Xuan then sent the general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) to attack Ouyang. By spring 570, Zhang captured Ouyang and delivered him to Jiankang, where Ouyang was beheaded. Zhang, encouraged by the victory, then attacked Western Liang's capital Jiangling, but after some initial gains, nearly capturing Jiangling, he suffered defeats by the Northern Zhou general Lu Teng (陸騰) and withdrew. Despite this campaign, after this point on, Chen and Northern Zhou largely had peaceful relations, often exchanging embassies, forming an alliance against Northern Qi.

In spring 573, Emperor Xuan resolved to attack Northern Qi. Emperor Xuan, at the suggestion of Xu Ling, selected Wu Mingche, who alone among the generals was resolute as to his support for the campaign, as the commander of the forces, with Pei Ji (裴忌) and Huang Faqu as Wu's deputies. Wu's forces made quick gains against Northern Qi, and by summer 573 had gained most of the territory between the Yangtze River and the Huai River. By fall 573, Wu put the important city Shouyang (壽陽, Chen Lu'an, Anhui) under siege, and he captured Shouyang in 573, capturing and killing the Northern Qi general in charge of defending the city, the former Liang general Wang Lin. The entire region between the Yangtze and Huai was now in Chen hands. Emperor Xuan was so pleased that he, in an elaborate ceremony, conferred a variety of honors on Wu. He also displayed Wang's head on the Jiankang city gate, although after a request by Zhu Yang (朱瑒), in which Zhu pointed out that Wang was faithful to Liang and should be honored, he returned Wang's head for a proper burial. In the following years, Chen continued to make minor gains against Northern Qi, but was not making major attacks.

In winter 576, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou launched a major attack on Northern Qi, quickly capturing, in succession, Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, Chen Taiyuan, Shanxi) and capital Yecheng. Soon, he captured the Northern Qi emperor Gao Wei and annexed most of Northern Qi's territory by spring 577.

Oddly enough, Emperor Xuan believed that he could seize part of Northern Qi territory after Northern Zhou's victory, and he sent Wu Mingche to again advance north. In winter 577, Wu put Pengcheng (彭城, Chen Xuzhou, Jiangsu) under siege, and Emperor Xuan was confident that Wu would soon be able to capture the region south of the Yellow River. When the official Cai Jingli (蔡景歷) warned otherwise, he was so displeased that he demoted Cai to the post of a commandery governor. In spring 578, the Northern Zhou general Wang Gui (王軌) thoroughly crushed Wu, capturing him. Regretting his actions, Emperor Xuan recalled Cai to the capital. With the people's hearts shaken by the great defeat, in fall 578, Emperor Xuan held a ceremony in which the officials reaffirmed their loyalty to the state.

In winter 579, Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou launched an attack on Chen, commanded by the general Wei Xiaokuan. Chen's Emperor Xuan mobilized his troops to resist. However, all of the cities that they had captured from Northern Qi previously quickly fell. By new year 580, nearly all of the territory north of the Yangtze had fallen to Northern Zhou, leading to a large wave of refugees who fled across the Yangtze to Chen territory.

In summer 580, Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan died suddenly, and his father-in-law Yang Jian seized power as regent. The generals Yuchi Jiong rose against Yang, and he was joined by the generals Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難) and Wang Qian (王謙). Sima, the governor of Xun Province (勛州, Chen Xiaogan, Hubei) and the nine surrounding provinces, soon surrendered to Chen, seeking Chen aid. Emperor Xuan sent the generals Fan Yi (樊毅), Ren Zhong (任忠), and Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) to attack Northern Zhou's southern provinces to aid Sima, whom he created the Duke of Sui. However, Wei Xiaokuan quickly defeated Yuchi, forcing Yuchi to commit suicide, and Sima's own forces collapsed. He was forced to flee to Chen territory, and all of the territory he controlled was retained by Northern Zhou. Yang Jian soon seized the throne in spring 581, destroying the Northern Zhou and establishing the Sui dynasty.

In spring 582, Emperor Xuan died. After a failed attempt by his son Chen Shuling (陳叔陵), allied with Emperor Wen's son Chen Bogu (陳伯固), to seize the throne, Crown Prince Shubao took the throne.

Last emperor: Chen Shubao

Initially, Chen Shubao was still recovering from his injuries, and Empress Dowager Liu governed as regent, assisted by Chen Shujian. As Chen Shubao did not favor Empress Shen, she was not allowed to attend to him during his recovery period. Rather, Consort Zhang did. After Chen Shubao recovered, Empress Dowager Liu returned imperial authorities to him and did not again govern.

When Emperor Xuan died, Northern Zhou's successor state, the Sui dynasty, had been attacking, but upon hearing about Emperor Xuan's death, Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) decided that it was improper to attack a state that had just lost its emperor and withdrew his forces. He also sent ambassadors to mourn Emperor Xuan's death, and his letter to Chen Shubao referred to himself by his personal name—a sign of humility. Chen Shubao's return letter included the sentence, "May it be that when you govern your state, all things can be well, and that between heaven and earth, there will be peace and quiet." The states exchanged ambassadors often and generally had peaceful relations, although Sui's Emperor Wen was gradually building up military power on the Yangtze.

In spring 583, displeased that Chen Shujian was becoming overly powerful, Chen Shubao, encouraged by his associates Kong Fan () and Shi Wenqing (), made Chen Shujian the governor of Jiang Province (江州, Chen Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to remove him from power. He subsequently kept Chen Shujian at the capital by promoting him to the honorary post of Sikong (). Meanwhile, despite the fact that Chen Shubao was still supposed to be in mourning period for Emperor Xuan, he was spending much time in feasting. When the official Mao Xi () tried to persuade him to change his ways, Chen Shubao demoted Mao and sent him out of the capital.

Around the new year 584, Chen Shujian, prayed that he would be restored to grace. When this was discovered, Chen Shubao considered executing Chen Shujian, but after Chen Shujian reminded him how Chen Shujian was responsible for saving him from Chen Shuling, Chen Shubao spared him but removed him from his posts.

In 584, Chen Shubao built three particularly luxurious pavilions within his palace—Linchun Pavilion (), Jieqi Pavilion (), and Wangxian Pavilion (), residing himself at Linchun Pavilion, while having Consort Zhang reside at Jieqi Pavilion and Consorts Gong and Kong share Wangxian Pavilion. He often spent his days feasting with his concubines, headed by Consort Zhang, as well as those ladies in waiting and officials who had literary talent (including Jiang Zong, whom he made prime minister, Kong Fan, and Wang Cuo ), having those officials and ladies in waiting sing or write poetry to praise his concubines' beauty. Two of the particularly known songs, Yushu Houting Hua () and Linchun Yue (), were written to praise the beauties of Consorts Zhang and Kong.

Chen Shubao would often hold Consort Zhang on his lap and have Consort Zhang, who was considered intelligent, read and rule on the petitions submitted to him. Meanwhile, Consort Kong and Kong Fan, who were not related, began to refer to each other as sister and brother, and used their relationship to further their power as well, so Consorts Zhang and Kong became exceedingly powerful. To finance Chen Shubao's construction projects, taxes were raised, and soldiers and the officials, who were previously immune to taxes, were also required to pay them, causing general discontent from those classes. Further, at Kong Fan's urging, Chen Shubao transferred much of the military command to civilian officials, further causing the generals to be disgruntled.

In spring 585, Zhang Dabao () the governor of Feng Province (豐州, Chen Fuzhou, Fujian), accused of corruption and on the verge of being replaced by Li Yun (), instead ambushed Li and killed him, starting a rebellion. However, Zhang was soon defeated and killed.

In fall 587, while Emperor Jing of Western Liang was at the Sui capital to meet with Sui's Emperor Wen, the Western Liang officials Xiao Yan (蕭巖, Emperor Jing's uncle) and Xiao Huan (蕭瓛, Emperor Jing's brother), in fear that the Sui general Cui Hongdu () was actually intending to attack the Western Liang capital Jiangling, surrendered to Chen Shubao's cousin Chen Huiji () the Marquess of Yihuang with the people of Jiangling. Chen Shubao accepted the surrender and made Xiao Yan and Xiao Huan provincial governors.

In spring 588, Chen Shubao, believing Consorts Zhang's and Kong's accusations that Chen Yin resented him for not favoring Empress Shen, deposed Chen Yin and created him the Prince of Wuxing, instead creating Consort Zhang's son Chen Yuan crown prince. He also considered deposing Empress Shen and replacing her with Consort Zhang, but did not get a chance to do so before Sui launched a major attack in spring 588 as well. By winter 588, the Sui attack was in full operation, with three major prongs commanded by Emperor Wen's sons, Yang Guang (later Emperor Yang of Sui) and Yang Jun, and Yang Su, and with Yang Guang in overall command of the operation, assisted by Gao Jiong. Reports from the upper Yangtze, however, were being suppressed by Shi Wenqing and Shen Keqing () and never reached Chen Shubao, as Shi, not realizing the seriousness of the Sui threat, did not want anything to interfere with his own plans to become the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, Chen Changsha, Hunan). Yang Su, who attacked from the upper Yangtze, therefore faced no serious opposition and soon controlled the upper Yangtze, not allowing any Chen forces which might have wanted to head downstream to aid the capital to be able to get through.

In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi () crossed the Yangtze from Guangling (廣陵, Chen Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and the Sui general Han Qinhu () crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, Chen Ma'anshan, Anhui), without opposition from Chen forces and sandwiching the Chen capital Jiankang. Only then did Chen Shubao realize the seriousness of the situation, but instead of resisting in earnest, he panicked, leaving Shi in effective control of the situation. Eventually, the general Xiao Mohe convinced Chen Shubao that he should be allowed to engage Heruo, despite opposition from the general Ren Zhong (). Heruo defeated Xiao Mohe and captured him, and the rest of Chen troops collapsed, allowing the Sui forces to enter the capital. In panic and abandoned by his officials, Chen Shubao hid in a well with Consorts Zhang and Kong, but was discovered and captured. When he was brought before Heruo Bi, he was so fearful that he prostrated himself before Heruo Bi act that brought words of contempt from Heruo. However, he and his household were generally treated well by the Sui generals, although Gao, blaming Consort Zhang for Chen's collapse, executed her. Some of the Chen generals continued to resist, but were quickly defeated, particularly because at the Sui forces' request, Chen Shubao wrote letters to the Chen generals ordering them to surrender. Chen was at its end. Soon, the Sui army escorted Chen Shubao and his household to the Sui capital Daxing (大興, near Chang'an).

Sui-Tang dynasties
In the north, a new power emerged, the Sui dynasty. The Sui destroyed the Northern Zhou and eventually absorbed the Chen dynasty in 589. Chen Shubao was the last ruler of the Chen dynasty, and his family held high positions in the Sui royal court. The Sui was an important dynasty for subjugating the East Tujue, Tuyuhun, and Goguryeo to the north and east as well as starting the Grand Canal project, much of which was based in Chen dynasty territory. Many members of the Chen royal family became high-ranking officers or married into the Yang ruling family of the Sui dynasty, such as Consort Chen (Wen).

The Sui also suppressed the Rau peoples to the south, who had resumed raids against the region of Jiaozhi (Vietnam). From 590 to 618, the short-lived Sui dynasty experienced numerous rebellions, not just from the former Chen territory, but also the Wang, Liu, and Li clans. Sui general Yang Su tried to suppress the rebellions in the early 590s, but eventually the Sui collapsed, and Yang Su's sons were executed. Li Yuan then murdered the last emperor Yang You of the Sui dynasty and founded the Tang dynasty.

During the Tang, numerous members of the former Chen family became high-ranked officials in the Tang court, with some like Chen Shuda holding powerful political offices.

Culture
Jiankang, the capital, was an important cultural, political and religious center, attracting businessmen and Buddhist monks from Southeast Asia and India. The culture of the Southern dynasties reached their apex during the Chen dynasty. In literature, Xu Ling (徐陵) was an influential writer during the Chen dynasty, with his literary collection "New Songs of Yutai" being passed down for generations. One of the most famous chapters from New Songs of Yutai is "Peacock Flying Southeast" (《孔雀东南飞》). In art, Yao Zui's (姚最) "Continued Paintings" has the greatest influence.

Once Chen Baxian became emperor he immediately took steps to officially sanction Buddhism, as he displayed a relic believed to be a Buddha's tooth and held a major Buddhist festival. He also, following the lead of Liang's Emperor Wu, offered himself to Buddha's service on one occasion. He made several requests to Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou to return Chen Chang and Chen Xu, and while Northern Zhou promised to do so, they would actually not be returned in Emperor Wu's lifetime.

Chen dynasty emperors including Chen Baxian claimed descent from the legendary Emperor Shun.

Emperors of Chen dynasty (557–589)

Family tree

Marriage
More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Tuoba Xianbei Princess Nanyang (南阳长公主) was married to Xiao Baoyin (萧宝夤), a Han Chinese member of Southern Qi royalty.

Notable descendants
 The ancestors of the Ho dynasty of Vietnam claim descent from the Chen dynasty, as well as the Chen (state)

Gallery

See also

 Chen (state), Zhou dynasty
 Trần dynasty, Vietnam golden age
Chen Han
 Sui dynasty, a brief successor state
 Tang dynasty, succeeded the Sui
 History of Northern Dynasties
 History of Southern Dynasties
 Zizhi Tongjian

References

Citations

Sources

 Book of Chen
 History of the Southern Dynasties
 Zizhi Tongjian

External links

Dynasties of China
Former countries in Chinese history
557 establishments
589 disestablishments
6th-century establishments in China
6th-century disestablishments in China

Chen dynasty


The besra  (Accipiter virgatus), also called the besra sparrowhawk, is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.

The besra is a widespread resident breeder in dense forests throughout southern Asia, ranging from the Indian subcontinent eastwards across Southeast Asia and into East Asia. It nests in trees, building a new nest each year. It lays 2 to 5 eggs.

This bird is a medium-sized raptor (29 to 36 cm) with short broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to fast maneuvering through dense vegetation. The normal flight of this species is a characteristic "flap–flap–glide".

This species is like a darker version of the widespread shikra with darker upperparts, strongly barred underwing, broader gular stripe and thin long legs and toes. The adult male besra has dark blue-grey upperparts, and is white, barred reddish brown below. The larger female is browner above than the male. The juvenile is dark brown above and white, barred with brown below. In all plumages have 3-4 equally sized dark bands on uppertail.

In winter, the besra will emerge into more open woodland including savannah and cultivation. Its hunting technique is similar to other small hawks such as the sparrowhawk and the sharp-shinned hawk, relying on surprise as it flies from a hidden perch or flicks over a bush to catch its prey unaware.

The prey is lizards, dragonflies, and small birds and mammals.

Taxonomy
Ten subspecies are recognised:
 A. v. affinis Hodgson, 1836 – west Himalayas to central China and Indochina
 A. v. fuscipectus Mees, 1970 – Taiwan
 A. v. besra Jerdon, 1839 – south India and Sri Lanka
 A. v. vanbemmeli Voous, 1950 – montane Sumatra
 A. v. rufotibialis Sharpe, 1887 – montane Borneo
 A. v. virgatus (Temminck, 1822) – montane Java and Bali
 A. v. quinquefasciatus Mees, 1984 – montane Flores (central Lesser Sunda Islands)
 A. v. abdulalii Mees, 1981 – Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 A. v. confusus Hartert, EJO, 1910 – north, central Philippines
 A. v. quagga Parkes, 1973 – central, south Philippines (except Palawan group and Sulu Archipelago)

References

 Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp,

Accipiter
True hawks
Birds of prey of Asia
Birds of India
Birds of China
Birds of Indonesia
Birds of the Philippines
Birds described in 1822

Besra


Desmond Broe (1921 – 16 de Setembro de 1968) foi um escultor irlandês.

O seu pai, Leo, era escultor, com o negócio de escultura da família administrado em Harold's Cross, Dublin. A sua irmã, Irene, também era escultora.

Broe frequentou o National College of Art and Design e ganhou a Bolsa Taylor em 1943 para modelagem. O seu trabalho fez parte do evento de escultura na competição de arte nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1948. O seu trabalho foi exibido ao lado dos da sua irmã e pai, assim como May Power, na exposição de 1955 do Institute of the Sculptors of Ireland na Hugh Lane Gallery. Uma das suas obras mais notáveis é uma placa para Patrick e William Pearse, erguida na sua antiga casa no n.º 27 da Pearse Street. Ele também esculpiu a lápide no túmulo da família no Cemitério Deans Grange, e no Memorial do IRA em Athlone.

O filho de Broe, Dimitri, assumiu o negócio de escultura da família, que mais tarde ficou conhecido como Monumental Sculptors.

Escultores da Irlanda
Mortos em 1968
Nascidos em 1921

Desmond Broe


Khmost (, ) er en biflod til Dnepr fra højre i Smolensk oblast i Rusland. Khmost er 136 km lang og har et afvandingsareal på 636 km². Middelvandføringen er 4,51 m³/s.

Rferencer

Bifloder til Dnepr
Floder i Smolensk oblast

Khmost


Gagarinskaïa (en  et en ) est une station de la ligne Leninskaïa du métro de Novossibirsk.

Mise en service en 1992, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne Leninskaïa.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Gagarinskaïa, est une station de passage de la Ligne Leninskaïa du métro de Novossibirsk. Elle est située entre la station Zaïeltsovskaïa, terminus nord de la ligne, et la station Krasny prospekt, en direction du terminus sud, Plochtchad Marksa.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire

La station Gagarinskaïa est mise en service le . La station est due aux architectes T. Tkatchiova, V. Kozliaev, E. Malykhine.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte
Gagarinskaïa est desservie par les rames de la ligne Leninskaïa.

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transcription du russe en français
 Métro de Novossibirsk

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de métro mise en service en 1992
Station du métro de Novossibirsk

Gagarinskaïa (métro de Novossibirsk)


Et blik er nok er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 1982 instrueret af Per B. Holst.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Ove Sprogøe, Jensen

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1982

Et blik er nok


Fotokemija je dio fizikalne kemije koji se bavi kemijskim reakcijama uz sudjelovanje elektromagnetskog zračenja. Njegovom apsorpcijom može se pokrenuti početni stadij fotolize (razgradnje kemijske tvari djelovanjem elektromagnetskog zračenja), a moguće je i da se reagirajuće molekule pobude u reaktivnije stanje više energije (tako se odvijaju mnogi fotokemijski procesi u živim bićima, na primjer pretvorba ergosterola u vitamin D pod utjecajem ultraljubičastog zračenja te fotosinteza). Kao izvor zračenja u fotokemiji se sve više koristi laser te rendgensko i gama-zračenje, tako da se fotokemija približava radijacijskoj kemiji. Fotokemijske su reakcije važne u atmosferskoj kemiji, fiziologiji i drugom. Osim klasičnih primjena (na primjer u fotografiji), fotokemijske reakcije mnogo se koriste u organskoj sintezi.

Fotosinteza

Fotosinteza je proces stvaranja organskih tvari iz ugljikova dioksida (CO2) i vode (H2O) s pomoću svjetlosne energije i klorofila uz istodobno izlučivanje kisika (asimilacija). Proces se odvija u kloroplastima zelene biljke. Ugljikov ciklus, koji počinje ugradnjom CO2 putem fotosinteze jedan je od najvažnijih procesa na Zemlji. Svi živi organizmi (autotrofni i heterotrofni) procesima disanja (biooksidacije) razgrađuju organske tvari koje su prethodno nastale fotosintezom u biljci i pritom se oslobađa u njima vezana Sunčeva energija u obliku adenozin trifosfata (ATP). Proces fotosinteze može se podijeliti na primarne procese, za koje je nužna Sunčeva svjetlost, a odvijaju se u tilakoidnim membranama kloroplasta (plastidi), te sekundarne procese, takozvani Calvinov ciklus, za koji svjetlost nije tako nužna (reakcije tame), a odvija se u stromi kloroplasta.

Fotoliza

Fotoliza je kemijska reakcija razgradnje kemijske tvari djelovanjem elektromagnetskog zračenja. Tako se na primjer vodik i klor neće spojiti u klorovodik (HCl) sve dok se njihova smjesa ne ozrači, jer je za započinjanje reakcije disocijacijom molekule klora (Cl2) u atome potrebna znatna energija, a ona je sadržana u kvantu ultraljubičastog zračenja. Dobro je poznata i fotoliza srebrnih halogenida pri osvjetljivanju fotografske emulzije (fotografija).

Izvori

Grane kemije
Metabolizam
Elektromagnetsko zračenje

Fotokemija


Howard Percy "Bob" Robertson (January 27, 1903 – August 26, 1961) was an American mathematician and physicist known for contributions related to physical cosmology and the uncertainty principle. He was Professor of Mathematical Physics at the California Institute of Technology and Princeton University.

Robertson made important contributions to the mathematics of quantum mechanics, general relativity and differential geometry. Applying relativity to cosmology, he independently developed the concept of an expanding universe. His name is most often associated with the Poynting–Robertson effect, the process by which solar radiation causes a dust mote orbiting a star to lose angular momentum, which he also described in terms of general relativity.

During World War II, Robertson served with the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) and the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). He served as technical consultant to the Secretary of War, the OSRD Liaison Officer in London, and the Chief of the Scientific Intelligence Advisory Section at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.

After the war Robertson was director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 1950 to 1952, chairman of the Robertson Panel on UFOs in 1953 and scientific advisor to the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) in 1954 and 1955. He was chairman of the Defense Science Board from 1956 to 1961, and a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) from 1957 to 1961.

The Robertson crater on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor.

Early life
Howard Percy Robertson, was born in Hoquiam, Washington, on January 27, 1903, the oldest of five children of George Duncan Robertson, an engineer who built bridges in Washington state, and Anna McLeod, a nurse. His father died when he was 15 years old, but although money was short, all five siblings attended university. He entered the University of Washington in Seattle in 1918, initially with the intention of studying engineering, but he later switched to mathematics. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics in 1922 and a Master of Science in mathematics and physics in 1923.

In 1923 Robertson married Angela Turinsky, a philosophy and psychology student at the University of Washington. They had two children: George Duncan, who became a surgeon, and Marietta, who later married California Institute of Technology (Caltech) historian Peter W. Fay. At the University of Washington he also met Eric Temple Bell, who encouraged him to pursue mathematics at Caltech. Robertson completed his PhD dissertation in mathematics and physics there in 1925 under the supervision of Harry Bateman, writing "On Dynamical Space-Times Which Contain a Conformal Euclidean 3-Space".

Upon receipt of his doctorate, Robertson received a National Research Council Fellowship to study at the University of Göttingen in Germany, where he met David Hilbert, Richard Courant, Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Martin Schwarzschild, John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner. He found Max Born unsympathetic to his concept of an expanding universe, which Born considered "rubbish". He also spent six months at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he was a post-doctoral student of Arnold Sommerfeld.

Mathematics
Robertson returned to the United States in 1927, and became an assistant professor of mathematics at Caltech. In 1928, he accepted a position as an assistant professor of mathematical physics at Princeton University, where he became an associate professor in 1931, and a professor in 1938. He spent 1936 on sabbatical at Caltech. His interest in general relativity and differential geometry led to a series of papers in the 1920s that developed the subject.

Robertson wrote three important papers on the mathematics of quantum mechanics. In the first, written in German, he looked at the coordinate system required for the Schrödinger equation to be solvable. The second examined the relationship between the commutative property and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The third extended the second to the case of m observables. In 1931 he published a translation of Weyl's The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics.

It was Robertson's anonymous 1936 critical peer review of a paper submitted by Albert Einstein to Physical Review which caused Einstein to withdraw the paper from consideration.

Yet perhaps Robertson's most notable achievements were in applying relativity to cosmology. He independently developed the concept of an expanding universe, which would imply distant galaxies as seen from Earth would be redshifted – a phenomenon previously confirmed by Vesto Slipher
. Robertson went on to apply the theory of continuous groups in Riemann spaces to find all the solutions that describe the cosmological spaces.    This was extended by Arthur Geoffrey Walker in 1936, and is today widely known in the United States as the Robertson–Walker metric.

One of Robertson's landmark papers, a brief note in The Annals of Mathematics, entitled a "Note on the preceding paper: The two body problem in general relativity", solved that problem within a degree of approximation not improved on for several decades.  Earlier work, such as the Schwarzschild metric, were for a central body that did not move, while Robertson's solution considered two bodies orbiting each other. Nevertheless, his solution failed to include gravitational radiation, so the bodies orbit forever, rather than approaching each other.

Yet Robertson's name is most often associated with the Poynting–Robertson effect, the process by which solar radiation causes a dust mote orbiting a star to lose angular momentum. This is related to radiation pressure tangential to the grain's motion. John Henry Poynting described it in 1903 based on the "luminiferous aether" theory, which was superseded by Einstein's theories of relativity. In 1937, Robertson described the effect in terms of general relativity.

Robertson developed the theory of invariants of tensors to derive the Kármán–Howarth equation in 1940, which was later used by George Batchelor and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in the theory of axisymmetric turbulence to derive Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation.

World War II
Aside from his work in physics, Robertson played a central role in American scientific intelligence during and after World War II. He was approached by Richard Tolman shortly after World War II began in 1939, and began working for the Committee for Passive Protection Against Bombing. This was absorbed with other groups into Division 2 of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), with Robertson engaged in the study of terminal ballistics.

In 1943, Robertson became the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) chief scientific liaison officer in London. He became close friends with Reginald Victor Jones, and Solly Zuckerman praised the work Robertson and Jones did on scrambling radar beams and beacons. In 1944 Robertson also became a technical consultant to the Secretary of War, and the chief of the Scientific Intelligence Advisory Section at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force. His fluency in German helped him to interrogate German scientists, including rocket scientists involved in the V-2 rocket program. He was awarded the Medal for Merit for his contributions to the war effort.

Later life
After the war, Robertson accepted a professorship at Caltech in 1947. He would remain there for the rest of his career, except for long  periods of government service. He was a Central Intelligence Agency classified employee and director of the Weapons System Evaluation Group in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Weapons System Evaluation Group in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 1950 to 1952, and scientific advisor in 1954 and 1955 to the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), General Alfred M. Gruenther. In 1953 he chaired the Robertson Panel, which investigated a wave of UFO reports in 1952. He was chairman of the Defense Science Board from 1956 to 1961, and a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) from 1957 to 1961.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, serving as its foreign secretary from 1958 until his death in 1961, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Mathematical Society, the American Physical Society, the American Astronomical Society, the American Philosophical Society, the Operational Research Society, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

In August 1961, Robertson was hospitalized after being injured in a car accident. He suffered a pulmonary embolism and died on August 26, 1961. He was survived by his wife and children. His papers were donated to the Caltech Archives by his daughter and son-in-law in 1971.

Notes

References

1903 births
1961 deaths
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American mathematicians
American relativity theorists
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
American cosmologists
Medal for Merit recipients
People from Hoquiam, Washington
Princeton University faculty
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni

Howard P. Robertson


Der Leichelberg ist ein bewaldeter,  hoher Berg in der Thüringischen Rhön zwei Kilometer östlich von Kaltensundheim, auf dessen Gebiet sich auch der Gipfel befindet. Am Ostfuß des Berges liegt Aschenhausen. Touristisch wird der Südhang vom Milseburgweg des Rhönklubs erschlossen, der die Städte Fulda und Meiningen verbindet. Südwestlich unterhalb des Leichelbergs befindet sich ein Modellflugplatz.

Quelle
Freistaat Thüringen: Landesamt für Vermessung und Geoinformation

Berg in Europa
Berg in der Rhön
Berg im Landkreis Schmalkalden-Meiningen
Geographie (Kaltennordheim)

Leichelberg


ඉන්දියානු ගණිතඥයෙකු වූ ශ්‍රිනිවාස් රාමානුජන් ඉයෙන්ගර් ගණිතමය විශ්ලේෂණය , සංඛ්‍යා වාදය , අපරිමිත ශ්‍රේණි‍ය සහ සන්තත භාග යන ගණි‍ත ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්ට විශාල දායකත්වයක් දැක්වූවෙකි. එහෙත් ශුද්ධ ගණිතය සඳහා ක්‍රමානුකූල පුහුණුවක් ඔහු නොල ද තරම් වේ.

රාමානුජන් උපන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ තමිල්නාඩු ප්‍රාන්තයේ එරොඩ්හි පල්ලිලෙයම් නම් ප්‍රදේශයේය. ක්‍රමානුකූල ගණිතයට අත‍්පොත් තබන විට හෙතෙම දස හැවිරිදි විය. ඔහු ගණිතයට සහජ දක්ෂතාවක් දැක්වූ අතර වයස අවුරුදු 13 වන විට එස්. එල්. ලෝනි විසින් රචිත උසස් ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය පිළිබද ග්‍රන්ථ සම්පූර්ණයෙන් අධ්‍යයනය කර අවසන් කළේය. මේ වන විට ඔහු තමාගේම ප්‍රමේයයන් ගොඩනැගීමට ද සමත්ව සිටියේය. ඔහු පාසලේ දී ද ගණිතයට අසාමාන්‍ය හැකියාවක් පෙන්වමින් තෑගි හා ප්‍රශංසා ලැබීමට සමත් විය. වයස අවුරුදු 17 වන විට රාමානුජන් බර්නූලි සංඛ්‍යා සහ ඔයිලර් මැස්කරෝනි නියතය පිළිබඳ තමාගේම පරීක්ෂණ සිදු කිරීමට සමත් විය. ඔහුට මේ වන විට කුම්භකෝනන්හි රජයේ පාසලට ඇතුළත්වීමට ශිෂ්‍යත්වයක් හිමි විය. නමුත් ඔහුගේ විෂය මාලාවට අයත් වූ ගණිතමය නොවන ක්‍රියාකාරකම්වලින් අසමත් වීම නිසා ඔහුට ශිෂ්‍යත්වය අහිමි විය. අනතුරුව ඔහු ස්වාධීනව ගණිතමය පරීක්ෂණ සිදු කිරීම සදහා වෙනත් විද්‍යාලයකට බැදුණු අතර මේ කාලය තුළ සිය ජීවිකාව ලෙස හෙතෙම මදුරාසි කොටුවේ භාරකාර කාර්යාලයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ගණකාධිකාරී කාර්යාලයේ ලිපිකරුවෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. 1912 හා 1013 අතර කාලයේ දී ඔහු සිය ප්‍රමේයන්හි සාම්පල කේම්බ්‍රිජ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ ආචාර්යවරුන් තිදෙනෙකුට යවන ලද අතර ඔහුගේ දක්ෂතාවයන් තේරුම්ගත් ජී. එච්. ගාමි රාමානුජන්ට කේම්බ්‍රිජ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ තමා යටතේ අධ්‍යයන කටයුතු කිරීමට ඇරයුම් කළේය.

රාමානුජන් ඔහුගේ කෙටි ජීවිත කාලය තුළ විවිධ ප්‍රතිඵලයන් 3900කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය. (මේවා බොහෝමයක් සර්වසාම්‍යයන් සහ සමීකරණ විය) මේවා අතරින් සුළු සංඛ්‍යාවක් සාවද්‍ය බවත් තවත් සමහරක් ඉන් පෙර සොයාගන්නා ලද කරුණු බවත් ඔප්පු වී තිබෙන නමුදු ඔහුගේ සොයාගැනීම්වලින් බොහොමයක් සත්‍ය හා නිවැරදි බව මේ වන විට පිළිගෙන තිබේ. රාමානුජන් ප්‍රථමක හා රාමානුජන් තීටා ශ්‍රිතය ආදිය කලින් රාමානුජන්ගේ ස්වීය හා අසාමාන්‍ය චින්තන ක්‍රමය පැහැදිලි වන අතර ඉහත ආකාර සොයාගැනීම් විශාල පරාසයේ බව පරීක්ෂණවලට මග පාදා තිබේ. කෙසේ නම් ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන සොයාගැනීම් කිහිපයක්ම ගණනයේ ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රවාහයන්ට එක්වීම සිදු වූයේ ඉතා සෙමිනි. වර්තමානයේදී රාමානුජන්ගේ අදහස් හා ක්‍රියාකාරීත්ව මත පදනම්ව සිදු කරන සියලු ආකාර පරීක්ෂණවල විස්තර හා ප්‍රතිඵල ප්‍රකාශනය කිරීම සඳහා වර්තමාන "රාමානුජන් ජර්නලය" නම් අන්තර්ජාතික ප්‍රකාශනයක් පළ කෙරේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan

චරිත කතා
ගණිතඥ
1887 උපත්
1920 මරණ

ශ්‍රිනිවාස් රාමානුජන්


The Web Experimental Psychology Lab is a website for participating in Web-based experiments, a method used in experimental psychology. The Web Experimental Psychology Lab was founded in 1994-1995, by Ulf-Dietrich Reips at the University of Tübingen, then moved to the University of Zürich and on to the Universidad de Deusto, and is now at the University of Konstanz. For the first time, participants were able to take part in studies via a web browser in a virtual psychology laboratory.

In January 2017 the Society for Computation in Psychology named Reips' 2001 article on the Web Experimental Psychology Lab in the journal Behavior Research Methods one of eight "groundbreaking and influential" articles in the history of the society and the field.

References

External links
Web Experimental Psychology Lab

Psychology experiments
Science websites

Web Experimental Psychology Lab


Gavro Manojlović (Zadar, 27. listopada 1856. – Zagreb, 1. studenoga 1939.) bio je hrvatski povjesničar i akademik.

Životopis
Gavro Manojlović rođen je u Zadru. Studirao je u Zagrebu i Beču, gdje je 1896. doktorirao filozofiju povijesti i klasičnu filologiju. Od 1880. godine radio je kao srednjoškolski profesor u Zagrebu, Požegi i Osijeku. Od 1902. godine bio je redoviti profesor opće povijesti staroga vijeka na Filozofskome fakultetu u Zagrebu. Bavio se proučavanjem povijesti staroga vijeka, bizantologijom, filozofijom povijesti, a pisao je i udžbenike.

U dva navrata, od 1908. do 1910. i od 1913. do 1918. godine bio je zastupnik Hrvatsko-srpske koalicije u Hrvatskom saboru.

Od 1908. godine redoviti je član, a do 1924. do 1933. godine predsjednik Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. Osnovao je Orijentalnu zbirku HAZU.

Bio je urednik lista za mlade Pobratim i Nastavnog vjesnika.

Djela
 Mladi dani Veljkovi (1880.), zbirka pjesama
 O godini prijenosa sv. Anastazije u Zadar (1901.)
 Jadransko pomorje IX. stoljeća : u svjetlu istočno-rimske (bizantinske) povijesti  (1902.)
 Povijest staroga Orijenta (1923.)
 Sile pokretnice i pravilnosti u univerzalnoj historiji (1927.)

Izvori
Bilješke i literatura

 Manojlović, Gavro, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 5. prosinca 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Manojlović, Gavro, Hrvatski biografski leksikon
 Povijest staroga Orijenta, knjiga I., svezak II.

Hrvatski povjesničariAkademici HAZUŽivotopisi, Zadar

Gavro Manojlović


මහින්ද තෙරණුවන් මහින්ද්‍ර  (; Mahindra) (මිහිඳු) නමින් ක්‍රි.පූ. 3 වන සියවසේදී මගධ රටේ (දැනට භාරතයේ  බිහාර්) උපත ලැබීය. මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ අශෝක අධිරාජයාගේ පුතුවේ. බෞද්ධ ප්‍රභව වල විස්තර කර ඇති පරිදි මහින්ද රහතන් වහන්සේ විසින් බුද්ධ ධර්මය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ගෙන එන ලදී.

ඓතිහාසික මූලාශ්‍ර
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ ඓතිහාසික හා ආගමික පසුබිමක් සහිත ග්‍රන්ථ දෙකක් වන දීපවංසය සහ මහාවංසය හි, මහින්දාගමනය හා දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රජතුමා බුද්ධධර්මය වැළඳ ගැනීම පිළිබඳව සඳහන් වේ.

චරිතාපදානය
මහින්ද හැදී වැඩුනෙ විදිශ නම් ගමෙහි එතුමාෙග් මවත් සමගය. 20 වන වියෙහිදී මොග්ගලීපුත්ත-තිස්ස හිමි නම යටතෙ  පැවිදි බවට පත්විය. මහින්ද තෙරණුවන්ගෙ පියානන්ගෙ අාගමික ගුරුතුමා වූ උන්වහන්ෙස් මහින්ද තෙරණුවන්ටද තිපිටකය පිළිබඳව මනා නිපුණත්වයක් ලබා දෙන ලදී. මිහිඳු හිමියන් ශීලංකාෙව් බුද්ධ ධර්මය පචාරය කිරීම සඳහා උන්වහන්ෙස්ෙග් පියාණන් වූ ධර්මාෙශා්ක රජු විසින්, ඉත්තිය, උත්තිය, සම්බල සහ භද්ධසාල (සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය ෙග පුතණුවන්) යන හිමි වරුන් සමග ශී ලංකාවට වැඩම කරවන ලදී. ඒ 3 වන ධර්ම සංඝායනාවෙන් පසුව මොග්ගලීපුත්ත-තිස්ස තෙරණුවන්ෙග් අනුශාසනාවන්ට අනුවය. මෙම ගමනට සුමන සාමෙෙන්ර නම හා මිහිඳු හිමියන්ගෙ ඥාති මුනුපුෙරකු වූ භන්ඩුක උපාසක ද සහභාගී වී ඇත. මෙම පිරිස වෙදසගිරි නම් වූ විහාරයෙ හි සිට ගමන් අරඹා ඇත. එම ස්ථානය අද සාංචි විහාරය ලෙස විශ්වාස කෙෙර්.

මහාවංශයට හා දීපවංශයට අනුව මෙම පිරිස පසලොස්වක දිනයක පැවති ජාතික උත්සවයක් අතරතුර  ලක්දිවට පැමිණ ඇත. එම මොහොතේ දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රජතුමා මිහින්තලේ දී මුව දඩයමේ යෙදෙමින් සිට ඇත.   එහි සඳහන් අන්දමට අශෝක රජතුමා හා දේවානම්පියතිස්ස රජතුමා කලින් දැන හැඳිනගෙන සිටි අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික මට්ටමින් තෑගි බෝග හුවමාරු කරගෙන ඇත.

වැදගත්කම හා උරුමය
මිහිඳු හිමි ලක්දිවට වැඩම කර පසු මෙරට බුදු දහම පැතිර ගියේය.වෘක්ෂ වලට හා පර්වත ආදියට වන්දනාමාන කළ මෙරට මිනිසුන් බුදු දහම ඇදහීමට හා පිළිගැනීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.ඉන් පසුව භික්ෂුනි සාසනය ඇරඹීමට ද උන්වහන්සේ විසින් විශාල මෙහෙයක් ඉටු කර ඇති බව ඉතිහාසයේ පැවසේ.ඒ සඳහා උන්වහන්සේගේ සහෝදරිය වූ සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය ද උපකාර කල සේක

අමතරව
බුද්ධාගම - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
තිස්ස රජ සහ දේවානම්පිය තිස්ස රජ

ආශ්‍රේය

බාහිර ඈදුම්
 Mahinda Thera
 The arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka
 The Birthplace Buddhism in Sri Lanka
 Historical Buddhist details of Sri Lanka
 Buddhism, The Buddha and what are His Teachings?

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික භික්ෂූහූ
ඉන්දියානු බෞද්ධයෝ
මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බුද්ධාගම
රජ නොවුනු රාජකීයයන්
මිහින්තලය

මහින්ද තෙරණුවෝ


Sjunkfjorden er en fjordarm af Sørfolda i Sørfold kommune i Nordland fylke i Norge. Den går 11 kilometer i sydvestlig retning fra indløbet mellem Geitneset i vest og Jovikneset i øst til Sjunkfjorddalen som fortsætter mod sydøst fra fjordbunden.
Med undtagelse af området ved indløbet på østsiden er fjorden omgiet af fjelde på omkring tusind meters højde med Sjunkhatten (1.185 moh.) på vestsiden og Vassviktindan (op mod 1.135 moh.) på østsiden som de højeste.

Fjorden ligger i Sjunkhatten nationalpark, er uden vejforbindelser og har lidt  affolket gårdbebyggelse langs kystlinjen med Sjunkfjorden i bunden, hytte i Hella, gården Vassvik og gårdene ved Færøyvatnet på østsiden. På vestsiden ligger gården Sjunkan i bunden af den omtrent to kilometer dybe Sjunkvika.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland

Sørfold

Sjunkfjorden


West Pymble er úthverfi í norðurhluta Sydney, í bæjarfélaginu Ku-ring-gai-ráði, um 15 km norðvestan við miðborg Sydney.

Sydney

West Pymble


Chicagos Gadeengle er en film instrueret af Steve James.

Handling
Chicagos gadeengle følger tre personer, der med stort mod, ydmyghed og humor arbejder for at beskytte deres lokalsamfund i Chicago fra den vold, de engang selv udøvede. Filmen er en intim rejse ind i hjertet af den vold der år ud og år ind hærger i den amerikanske stoby. Gennem et helt års optagelser følger filmen disse tre personer - to mænd og en kvinde - i deres arbejde med at gribe ind i tvister, før de eskalerer og bliver voldelige og endda dødelige. Filmen indfanger ikke blot deres arbejde, men også deres egne historier om håb og frelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

The Interrupters


Republika Hrvatska i Alžirska Narodna Demokratska Republika održavaju diplomatske odnose od 15. listopada 1992. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Alžiru.

Veleposlanici
Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Alžirskoj Narodnoj Demokratskoj Republici osnovano je odlukom predsjednika Republike od 26. travnja 2006.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Alžir na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Alžir

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Alžiru


La gare de Clavier est une ancienne gare ferroviaire belge de la ligne 126, de Statte à Ciney, située à Val Clavia, sur la commune de Clavier, dans la province de Liège en Région wallonne.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Clavier était située au point kilométrique (pk) 17,50 de la ligne 126, de Statte à Ciney entre le point d'arrêt de Modave-Village et la gare d'Havelange.

Histoire
La section de Modave à Ciney, construite par la Société anonyme du chemin de fer Hesbaye-Condroz, est inaugurée par les Chemins de fer de l'État belge le . La station de Clavier se trouve dans le village de Val Clavia à la sortie de l'éprouvante montée au sud de Modave. Le chef-lieu de la commune (Clavier) se trouve à quatre kilomètres.

La ligne de Huy-Sud à Ciney ferme aux voyageurs en 1962 et le trafic des marchandises prend fin en 1964 sur la section de Marchin à Clavier, cette gare continue à être desservie depuis Ciney mais la ligne est définitivement déclassée en 1973. Les rails, entretenus a minima en vue d'une hypothétique réouverture pour des raisons stratégiques, sont finalement arrachés en 1999.

Un RAVeL a été aménagé sur la ligne. Le bâtiment de la gare a été réaffecté en habitation.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le  correspond au type standard de la compagnie Hesbaye-Condroz, composé de trois parties : une aile de service en  à toit plat, un corps de logis plus large que long à pignons latéraux, et une longue aile principale de six (puis sept) travées. Il sert désormais d'habitation.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Hugo de Bot, Architecture des gares en Belgique, tome I (de 1835 à 1914), Brepols, Turnhout, 2002.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Belgique
 Ligne 126 (Infrabel)

Liens externes
  Pandora : la ligne 126

Gare
Gare fermée dans la province de Liège
Gare mise en service en 1877

Gare de Clavier


දේශමාන්‍ය විනිසුරු පද්මනාදන් රාමනාදන් (1932 සැප්තැම්බර් 1 – 2006 දෙසැම්බර් 7) ප්‍රමුඛ පෙළේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දෙමළ නීතිඥයෙකු සහ විනිසුරුවරයෙකි. රාමා නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ඔහු මහාධිකරණ විනිසුරුවරයෙක්, අභියාචනාධිකරණ විනිසුරුවරයෙක්, පළාත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයෙක්, විශ්වවිද්‍යාල කුලපතිවරයෙක් සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ විනිසුරුවරයෙක් විය.

මුල් ජීවිතය සහ පවුල
රාමනාදන් උපත ලැබුවේ 1932 සැප්තැම්බර් 1 වැනිදාය. ඔහු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත පාලන සමයේ ප්‍රමුඛ දේශපාලඥයෙකු වූ පොන්නම්බලම් රාමනාදන්ගේ මුණුපුරා වන ශ්‍රීමනී සහ පහතරට නිෂ්පාදන සංගමයේ තැරැව්කරුවකු සහ සභාපති සංගරපිල්ලේ පද්මනාදන් ගේ පුත්‍රයා විය. රාමනාදන් කොළඹ ශාන්ත ජෝශප් විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ මොන්ට්ෆර්ඩ් උසස් පාසලෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීය. ඔහු දක්ෂ ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් විය. පාසලෙන් පසු රාමනාදන් එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගොස් ශාන්ත ඩේවිඩ් විද්‍යාලය, වේල්ස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ ග්‍රේස් තානායමේ ඉගෙනුම ලැබීය. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සිටියදී ඔහු පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සිසුන් සඳහා නේවාසික ශාලාවක් වන ලන්ඩන් හවුස් හි වාසය කළේය. එහිදී ඔහු සිංහ බස්නායක, ඩෙස්මන් ප්‍රනාන්දු, වෛද්‍ය ටෝනි ගේබ්‍රියෙල්, පාලිත කිර්තිසිංහ, අජිත් ජයරත්න, වෛද්‍ය ලාල් ජයවර්ධන, වෛද්‍ය මනෝ මුත්තුකුමරු සහ වෛද්‍ය ගිහාන් තෙන්නකෝන් සමඟ ජීවිත කාලය පුරාම මිත්‍රත්වය ඇති කර ගත්තේය.

රාමනාදන් විවාහ වූයේ කොළඹ ප්‍රදේශයේ නීතිඥයකු වූ සුප්පයියා සරවනමුත්තුගේ දියණිය වන මනෝ සමඟය.

වෘත්තීය
රාමනාදන් නැවත ලංකාවට පැමිණීමට පෙර බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය දේශීය ආදායම් අංශයේ ටික කලක් සේවය කළේය. ඔහු ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ නීතීඥයෙකු බවට පත් වූ අතර නීතියේ නියැලී සිටියේය. ඔහු 1970 දශකයේ අගභාගයේදී නීතිපති දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට සම්බන්ධ වූයේ ඔටුන්න හිමි උපදේශකයෙකු ලෙසය. 1978 දී මහාධිකරණයට පත් වූ ඔහු මාතර, අනුරාධපුර, කුරුණෑගල සහ කොළඹ යන ප්‍රදේශවල සේවය කළේය. 1985 දී ඔහු අභියාචනාධිකරණයට පත් කරන ලදී. පසුව ඔහු අභියාචනාධිකරණයේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස උසස් කරන ලදී. පසුව ඔහු ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට පත් කරන ලදී.

රාමනාදන් විනිසුරු මඩුල්ල ලෙස ග්‍රේස් තානායම විසින් තේරී පත් විය. ඔහු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විද්වතුන්ගේ සංගමයේ සභාපති, වෛද්‍ය-නීති සංගමයේ සභාපති, ඉන්දු පැසිෆික් නීතිය හා වෛද්‍ය සංගමයේ කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු සහ හේග්හි ස්ථිර බේරුම්කරණ අධිකරණයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු ද විය. රාමනාදන් මහතාට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවන ඉහළම සිවිල් සම්මානය වන දේශමාන්‍ය ගෞරව නාමය ජනාධිපති චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග මහත්මිය විසින් පිරිනමන ලදී.

පසුකාලීන ජීවිතය
ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගැනීමෙන් පසු රාමනාදන් 2000 වසරේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ 4 වැනි ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු 2005 ජූලි මාසයේදී නව ඌව වෙල්ලස්ස විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ කුලපතිවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා මානව හිමිකම් කොමිෂන් සභාවේ සභාපතිවරයා මෙන්ම කොළඹ ශ්‍රී පොන්නම්බලම් වානේෂ්වරර් කෝවිල ඇතුළු ආගමික සංවිධාන කිහිපයක භාරකරු ද විය.

රාමනාදන් කූඩාරම් සමාජයේ සාමාජිකයෙකු වූ අතර ඔහුගේ සුනඛයන් සංදර්ශනවලදී නිතිපතා ප්‍රදර්ශනය කළේය. 1990 ගණන්වල මහනුවර පැවති සුනඛ සංදර්ශනයක දී ඔහුගේ එක් ඩච්ෂන්ඩ් "ශූරයන්ගේ ශූරයා" කිරුළ දිනා ගත්තේය. ඔහු රොටේරියන් සහ ෆ්‍රීමේසන් ද විය.

රාමනාදන් 2006 දෙසැම්බර් 7 දින මිය ගියේය.

යොමු කිරීම්

2006 මරණ
1932 උපත්

පී. රාමනාදන් (විනිසුරු)


Twenty One Pilots (også  twenty øne piløts (med små bogstaver) forkortet tøp eller tøpperne) er en amerikansk musikalsk duo med oprindelse i Columbus, Ohio. Bandet blev dannet i 2009 af Tyler Joseph sammen med tidligere medlemmer Nick Thomas og Chris Salih, som forlod bandet i 2011. Derfor har bandet sidenhen bestået af forsanger Tyler Joseph og trommeslager Josh Dun, efter at sidstnævnte tiltrådte bandet i 2011. Duoen er bedst kendt for singler som "Stressed Out", "Ride", og "Heathens". De vandt i 2017 en Grammy Award for bedste popduo ved den 59. årlige Grammy Awards ceremoni.

De udgav selv deres to første album, Twenty One Pilots i 2009 og Regional at Best i 2011, før de i 2012 indgik en kontrakt med pladeselskabet Fueled By Ramen. Herefter udgav de deres tredje album, Vessel, i 2013. Deres fjerde album i 2015, Blurryface, blev deres helt store gennembrud, og indeholder blandt andet store hits som "Stressed Out" og "Ride". I 2016 udgav de singlen "Heathens", som er en del af soundtracket til filmen Suicide Squad. Duoens femte og seneste album, Trench, blev udgivet d. 5 oktober 2018.

Musikalske stil og indflydelse

Twenty One Pilots bruger en blanding af klaver (nogle gange et elektronisk tastatur eller en keytar), synthesizer, trommer (nogen gange blandet med elektroniske trommer), vokal, og en sjælden gang ukulele. Deres sange er som regel poesi-baseret (skrevet af Joseph og Dun); Joseph har udtalt, at når poesien er for lang, bliver han nødt til at rappe det for at teksterne passer ind.

Folk har typisk problemer med at bestemme, hvilken genre bandet hører til, da de ofte blander dem.

Diskografi

 Twenty One Pilots (2009)
 Regional at Best (2011)
 Vessel (2013)
 Blurryface (2015)
 Trench (2018)
 Scaled and Icy (2021)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Hiphopgrupper fra USA
Musikgrupper fra 2009
Duoer

Twenty One Pilots


Savisith is a child born on 13/06/2011 in Sri lanka. his mother is Sumudu Meewala and his father is Sri lal Mahesh he got 177 to his scholarship exam

Savisith


The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), previously known as International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1957 to collect and provide nautical expertise and advice.  IALA is also known by its French name of Association Internationale de Signalisation Maritime (AISM).

Background
IALA brings together representatives of the aids to navigation services of about 80 countries for technical coordination, information sharing, and coordination of improvements to aids to navigation throughout the world. It was established in 1957 to provide a permanent organization to support the goals of the Technical Lighthouse Conferences, which had been convening since 1929. The General Assembly of IALA meets about every four years. The council of 24 members meets twice a year to oversee the ongoing programs.

Four committees maintain work programs established for four year periods:
 ENAV – e-Navigation;
 ARM – Aids to Navigation Requirements and Management – concentrating on management issues experienced by members;
 ENG – Engineering and Sustainability – concentrating on the engineering aspects of all aids to navigation and their impact on the environment, the committee is also in charge of overseeing the IALA activities regarding the preservation of historic lighthouses and equipment;
 VTS – Vessel Traffic Services – concentrating on all issues surrounding VTS

IALA committees provide important documentation to the International Hydrographic Organization and other international organizations, while the IALA Secretariat acts as a clearing house for the exchange of technical information, and organizes seminars and technical support for developing countries.

Its principal work since 1973 has been the implementation of the IALA Maritime Buoyage System. This system replaced some 30 dissimilar buoyage systems in use throughout the world with 2 major systems. This rationalised system was introduced as a result of two accidents in the Dover Straits in 1971 when the Brandenburg hit the wreck of the Texaco Caribbean off Folkestone and sank although the wreck was accurately buoyed. A short while later the Niki also struck the Texaco Caribbean and sank, despite the wreckage being adequately marked. The combined loss of lives in these two accidents was 51 persons.

Although the international agreement of 1982 implementing a harmonized buoyage system is a major achievement for IALA the Organization, through its committees carried out a lot of works in other directions resulting in innovating techniques being adopted all over the work, such as the AIS (Automatic Identification System), DGNSS (Differential Global Navigation System) and many others.

Its future achievement is likely to be the implementation of the e-navigation. e-navigation does not aim at ships being electronically operated but gathering and displaying all navigation information through connected sources of information and harmonized data exchange.

IALA is based near Paris in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

Main recommendations
IALA is primarily known for the IALA Maritime Buoyage Systems or sea mark systems that are used in the pilotage of vessels at sea:
 Lateral marks  indicate the edges of a channel.
 Cardinal marks  indicate the direction of safe water at a dangerous spot.
 Safe water marks  indicate the deep water and open end of a channel.
 Special marks indicate a special area or feature, e.g. pipe-outfall,  areas of: administration/speed restriction/water-skiing, etc.
 Isolated danger marks indicate a hazard to shipping.
 Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy : Temporary interim measure(s) deployed to mark any new wreck, (IALA Recommendation O-133, introduced in 2006).

Each type of mark has a distinctive colour, shape and possibly a characteristic light.

IALA sea mark regions
The IALA Maritime Buoyage System defines two regions in the world:  IALA region A and IALA region B. Region B covers the whole of the Americas, Japan, South Korea and the Philippines, while the rest of the world belongs to the region A.

Sources
The text of "Background" section of this article originated from section 125 of the American Practical Navigator, a document produced by the government of the United States of America.

See also

 Captain John Bury
 General lighthouse authority
 e-Navigation concept

Notes

External links
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) official site
Allships - Marine Self-testing on IALA.

Lighthouse organizations
Maritime signalling
Navigation organizations


Unionfs is a filesystem service for Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD which implements a union mount for other file systems. It allows files and directories of separate file systems, known as branches, to be transparently overlaid, forming a single coherent file system. Contents of directories which have the same path within the merged branches will be seen together in a single merged directory, within the new, virtual filesystem.

When mounting branches, the priority of one branch over the other is specified. So when both branches contain a file with the same name, one gets priority over the other.

The different branches may be either read-only or read/write file systems, so that writes to the virtual, merged copy are directed to a specific real file system. This allows a file system to appear as writable, but without actually allowing writes to change the file system, also known as copy-on-write. This may be desirable when the media is physically read-only, such as in the case of Live CDs.

Unionfs was originally developed by Erez Zadok and his team at Stony Brook University.

Uses
In Knoppix, a union between the file system on the CD-ROM or DVD and a file system contained in an image file called knoppix.img (knoppix-data.img for Knoppix 7) on a writable drive (such as a USB memory stick) can be made, where the writable drive has priority over the read-only filesystem. This allows the user to change any of the files on the system, with the new file stored in the image and transparently used instead of the one on the CD.

Unionfs can also be used to create a single common template for a number of file systems, or for security reasons. It is sometimes used as an ad hoc snapshotting system.

Docker uses file systems inspired by Unionfs, such as Aufs, to layer Docker images. As actions are done to a base image, layers are created and documented, such that each layer fully describes how to recreate an action. This strategy enables Docker's lightweight images, as only layer updates need to be propagated (compared to full VMs, for example).

UbuntuLTSP, the Linux Terminal Server Project implementation for Ubuntu, uses Unionfs when PXE booting thin or thick clients.

Other implementations
Unionfs for Linux has two versions. Version 1.x is a standalone one that can be built as a module. Version 2.x is a newer, redesigned, and reimplemented one.

aufs is an alternative version of unionfs.

overlayfs written by Miklos Szeredi has been used in OpenWRT and considered by Ubuntu and has been merged into the mainline Linux kernel on 26 October 2014 after many years of development and discussion for version 3.18 of the kernel.

unionfs-fuse is an independent project, implemented as a user space filesystem program, instead of a kernel module or patch. Like Unionfs, it supports copy-on-write and read-only or read–write branches.

The Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system uses union mounts extensively to build custom namespaces per user or processes.

Union mounts have also been available in BSD since at least 1995.

The GNU Hurd has an implementation of Unionfs. As of January 2008, it works, but results in a read-only mount-point.

mhddfs works like Unionfs but permits balancing files over drives with the most free space available. It is implemented as a user space filesystem.

mergerfs is a FUSE based union filesystem which offers multiple policies for accessing and writing files as well as other advanced features (xattrs, managing mixed RO and RW drives, link CoW, etc.).

Sun Microsystems introduced the first implementation of a stacked, layered file system with copy-on-write, whiteouts (hiding files in lower layers from higher layers), etc. as the Translucent File Service in SunOS 3, circa 1986.

JailbreakMe 3.0, a tool for jailbreaking iOS devices released in July 2011, uses unionfs techniques to speed up the installation process of the operating system modification.

See also
 OverlayFS
 Aufs

References

External links

   – A FUSE-based alternative implementation of Unionfs
 FunionFS  – Another FUSE-based implementation of Unionfs
 The new unionfs implementation for FreeBSD and status of merging (2007-10-23)
 On Incremental File System Development
 LUFS-based unionfs for Linux  (based on LUFS)
 DENX U-Boot and Linux Guide: Overlay File Systems

Free special-purpose file systems
File systems supported by the Linux kernel
Union file systems

UnionFS


Keton, bir organik fonksiyonel grubun ve bu grubu içeren bileşiklerin genel adıdır. Merkezdeki karbon atomuna çift bağla bağlanmış bir oksijen (karbonil) ve aynı karbona bağlanmış iki karbon atomundan oluşur. Bu iki karbon atomu alifatik veya aromatik bir bileşiğe ait olabilir. Ketonlar, yapılarındaki karbonil grubunda hidrojen bulunmadığı için yükseltgenmezler. İndirgendiklerinde ise sekonder alkolleri oluştururlar.
En bilinen üyeleri çözücü olarak kullanılan aseton ve etil metil ketondur.

Fonksiyonel gruplar

Keton


User:Yasasuru
Sinhala Wikipedia (Yasasuru)

 Created
 රාම් මන්දිර්, භුබනේස්වර්
 යමේශ්වර් දේවාලය
 අනන්ත වසුදේව දේවාලය
 භාරතේස්වර් දේවාලය
 බ්‍රහ්ම දේවාලය, බින්දුසාගර්
 චෞසති ජෝගිනී දේවාලය
 රාමේශ්වර් දෙවොල
 ධෞලි
 දිශීෂ්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 ගෝසාගරේස්වර් ශිව දේවාලය
 මදනේස්වර් ශිව දේවාලය
 නාගේස්වර දේවාලය, භුබනේස්වර්
 ලාබේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 ඓසාන්‍යේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 අඛාඩචණ්ඩි දේවාලය
 අෂ්ටසම්භු ශිව දේවාල
 බෛතාල දෙවොල
 භෘකුතේස්වර් ශිව දේවාලය
 ස්වප්නේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 දේවසභා දේවාලය
 සිවතීර්ථ මාථා, පැරණි නගරය
 චන්ද්‍රෙස්ඛර මහාදේව දේවාලය
 බ්‍යාමෝකේස්වර දේවාලය
 චක්‍රේශ්වරී ශිව දේවාලය
 චින්තාමණීස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 විෂ්ණු දේවාලය, භුබනේස්වර්
 ලාඩු බාබා දේවාලය
 භාරති මාථා දේවාලය
 චම්පකේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 බ්‍රහ්මේස්වර දේවාලය
 හාථිගුම්ඵා අභිලේඛනය
 සුකුතේස්වර දේවාලය
 සිසුපාල්ගාර්
 සර්වත්‍රේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 උත්තරේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 තලේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 සුක දේවාලය
 සුබර්ණේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 ලාඛේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 පබනේස්වර දේවාලය
 භ්‍රිංගේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය
 ගංගේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය

Expanded

 Added references

 Items improved (Wikidata)
:wikidata:Q4984940
:wikidata:Q3517635
:wikidata:Q2578551
:wikidata:Q42230359
:wikidata:Q4955506
:wikidata:Q11058991
:wikidata:Q6507707
:wikidata:Q3498218
:wikidata:Q5282210
:wikidata:Q5587124
:wikidata:Q6507406
:wikidata:Q6958786
:wikidata:Q6467004
:wikidata:Q4699105
:wikidata:Q4700665
:wikidata:Q4810570
:wikidata:Q4848728
:wikidata:Q4902078
:wikidata:Q7651663
:wikidata:Q5266574
:wikidata:Q7532439
:wikidata:Q5071450
 :wikidata:Q5003932
 :wikidata:Q5068422
 :wikidata:Q5101322
 :wikidata:Q7935983
 :wikidata:Q6469842
 :wikidata:Q4901208
 :wikidata:Q5069919
 :wikidata:Q4955611
 :wikidata:Q3151502
 :wikidata:Q16900846
 :wikidata:Q3485360
 :wikidata:Q7424777
 :wikidata:Q7903409
 :wikidata:Q7679427
 :wikidata:Q7635703
 :wikidata:Q7630783
 :wikidata:Q6479547
 :wikidata:Q7121522
 :wikidata:Q4902076
 :wikidata:Q5521124

Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon/Report contribution


An Stanhopea maduroi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson ngan Robert Louis Dressler. An Stanhopea maduroi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stanhopea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Stanhopea

Stanhopea maduroi


Catherine Gattilusio (morte en 1442) est une princesse italienne, fille d'Orietta Doria et de Dorino Ier Gattilusio, seigneur de l'île de Lesbos et brièvement épouse du futur empereur byzantin Constantin XI avec qui elle s'unit en 1441. Originaire d'une des familles de la noblesse italienne qui s'est installé en Grèce dans le cadre de la Francocratie à partir du , elle apparaît quand elle est choisie comme deuxième épouse pour Constantin Paléologue, frère de l'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue et héritier présomptif du trône byzantin. Les raisons de ce choix demeurent méconnues mais c'est Georges Sphrantzès, fidèle ami de Constantin, qui arrange l'union. L'Empire est alors en grand danger face à l'Empire ottoman et Lesbos, l'une des principales îles de la mer Egée, est proche de Constantinople. Constantin l'épouse sur l'île à l'été 1441 mais il doit rapidement se rendre dans le despotat de Morée. Catherine reste sur l'île avant le retour de son époux quelques mois plus tard, appelé à l'aide par Jean VIII, sous la menace des Ottomans et d'une révolte de Démétrios Paléologue. Constantin prend la route de la cité impériale et, cette fois, Catherine l'accompagne. Tous deux font étape sur l'île de Lemnos où ils sont rapidement bloqués par les Turcs. Au cours de ce siège, dont ils ne sont délivrés que par une intervention de Venise, Catherine tombe malade alors qu'elle est enceinte et s'éteint à peine un an après son mariage, laissant Constantin veuf pour la deuxième fois et sans enfant. Elle est enterrée à Myrina.

Notes

Sources
 .

Décès en 1442
Famille Paléologue
Personnalité italienne du XVe siècle
Lesbos

Catherine Gattilusio


José Bonifácio es un municipio brasileño situado en el estado de São Paulo. Según el censo de 2022, tiene una población de 36 633 habitantes.

Posee un área de 860.20 km².

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 32.763
 Urbana: 29.684
 Rural: 3.079
 Hombres: 16.351
 Mujeres: 16.412

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 38,1

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 8,96

Expectativa de vida (años): 75,42

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,31

Tasa de alfabetización: 90,16%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,777 (PNUD)
 IDH-M Salario: 0,746
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,840
 IDH-M Educación: 0,866
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Hidrografía
 Río Tieté

Carreteras
 SP-425 - Carretera Assis Chateaubriand
 BR-153 - Carretera Transbrasiliana

Economía
El sector terciario es el más relevante de la economía de José Bonifácio, con 62,3% del PIB. La industria corresponde a 29,1%. La actividad agropecuaria representa el 8,4% del PIB.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 José Bonifácio en WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

José Bonifácio (São Paulo)


Blad schizophrène es una película del año 2007.

Sinopsis
Videoclip realizado para el grupo Hoba Hoba Spirit que se desarrolla en un hospital psiquiátrico. Un recién llegado cruza las puertas del hospital con un solo pensamiento en mente: escapar. Este marroquí enfermo y esquizofrénico representa una juventud desengañada de la vida que sueña con salir de su país.

Referencias

Blad schizophrène


USA's Grand Prix West var et Formel 1-løb som i - blev arrangeret på Long Beach, Californien. Efter 1983 vendte det tilbage som Long Beach Grand Prix i CART-serien.

Vindere af USA's Grand Prix West

Eksterne henvisninger
 Chicane F1 – Long Beach

USA's Grand Prix West


Nogometni klub "Odmut 90" (NK Odmut 90; Odmut 90 Grebnice; Odmut 90) je bio nogometni klub iz naselja Grebnice, koje je Daytonskim sporazumom podijeljena između općine Bosanski Šamac, Republika Srpska te općine Domaljevac-Šamac, Županija Posavska, Federacija BiH u Bosni i Hercegovini.

O klubu
NK "Odmut 90" je osnovan 1990. godine kao drugi klub u Grebnicama uz već postojeći "Korpar". Uključuju se u natjecanje "Općinske lige Bosanski Šamac", koju osvajaju odmah u prvoj sezoni, te se plasiraju u "Posavsku ligu", u kojoj su igrali u jesenskom dijelu sezone 1991./92., no liga se potom prekida zbog političke situacije uzrokovane Domovinskim ratom u Hrvatskoj te početkom rata u BiH. Zbog ratnih događanja klub prestaje s djelovanjem te se poslije ne obnavlja.

Uspjesi
 Općinska liga Bosanski Šamac
 prvak: 1990./91.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Grebnice
 NK Korpar Grebnice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Iljo Dominković: Nogomet u Bosanskoj Posavini : 1920-1995, Orašje, 1996.,  (B - graf), str. 127

Odmut 90
Odmut 90
Odmut 90
Odmut 90
Odmut 90

NK Odmut 90 Grebnice


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Horné Semerovce enthält die drei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Horné Semerovce im Okres Levice.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Horne Semerovce


Ana de Iorque, Duquesa de Exeter, também conhecida como Ana Plantageneta (Fotheringhay, 10 de agosto de 1439 – Windsor, 14 de janeiro de 1476) foi filha mais velha de Ricardo, 3.º Duque de Iorque e de Cecília Neville. Foi irmã mais velha dos reis Eduardo IV (1461–1483) e Ricardo III (1483–1485).

Casamentos e descendência
Ana casou-se duas vezes e divorciou-se do primeiro marido.

Primeiro casamento
Em 1447, quando tinha oito anos de idade, Ana casou-se com Henrique Holland, 3.º Duque de Exeter (1430–1475). Durante a Guerra das Rosas, o duque de Exeter ficou do lado da Casa de Lencastre contra a família da sua mulher, a Casa de Iorque. Exeter comandou algumas das maiores vitórias da Casa de Lencastre na Batalha de Wakefield e na Segunda Batalha de St. Albans. Ele também foi um dos comandantes da derrota dos Lencastre na Batalha de Towton. O duque fugiu para a Escócia depois da batalha e, mais tarde, partiu com Margarida de Anjou para o exílio na França. Em 4 de março de 1461, o irmão mais novo de Ana, Eduardo, tornou-se rei. Ele confiscou os bens do duque de Exeter, mas entregou-os a Ana e à filha do casal, Ana Holland. Ana e o duque de Exeter separaram-se em 1464 e divorciaram-se em 1472. Durante o segundo reinado de Henrique VI, Ana manteve-se leal ao seu irmão Eduardo e, naquela que parece ter sido a sua única intervenção política, tentou persuadir o seu irmão, Jorge, Duque de Clarence, a abandonar a causa dos Lencastre. Os seus argumentos sortiram algum efeito, pelo que ela ajudou a restaurar o reinado de Eduardo IV.

Ana só teve uma filha com o duque de Exeter, Ana Holland (1461 – entre 26 de agosto de 1467 e 6 de junho de 1474), que se casou em outubro de 1466 no Palácio de Greewich com Tomás Grey, filho de Isabel Woodville e do seu primeiro marido. Esta morreu sem filhos entre 26 de agosto de 1467 e 6 de junho de 1474. Mais tarde, Tomás casou-se com Cecília Bonville, 7.ª Baronesa de Harington, outra herdeira jovem e rica.

Segundo Casamento
Ana casou-se pela segunda vez por volta de 1474 com Thomas St. Ledger (c. 1440 – 1483), um seguidor leal do seu irmão, Eduardo IV. Em 1483, ele participou na rebelião falhada do Duque de Buckingham contra o irmão mais novo do rei Eduardo, Ricardo III, que acabou por lhe suceder. Após o falhanço da rebelião, Thomas foi executado. No entanto, o rei Eduardo tinha garantido que as terras do antigo Duque de Exeter ficariam na posse de Ana e dos seus herdeiros, pelo que se ela se voltasse a casar, os seus filhos poderiam herdá-las.

Ana morreu ao dar à luz a sua única filha com Thomas, Anne St. Ledger (14 de janeiro de 1476 – 21 de abril de 1526), que passou a ser a herdeira das  terras da mãe e do seu primeiro marido. Anne casou-se com George Manners, 11.º Barão de Ros e foi a mãe de Thomas Manners, 1.º Conde de Ruthland, um favorito da corte de Henrique VIII.

Morte e enterro
Ana foi enterrada em 1 de fevereiro de 1476 na Capela de St. Ledger, que fica no transepto norte da Capela de São Jorge, no Castelo de Windsor, inaugurada em 1481 pelo seu marido. Mais tarde, a capela mudou de nome para Ruthland, em homenagem ao seu genro, George Manners, 11.º Barão de Ros (cuja efígie, em conjunto com a da sua mulher, Anne St. Ledger, se encontra lá).

Referências

Naturais de Northamptonshire
Filhas de duques
Ingleses do século XV
Mulheres do século XV
Casa de Iorque

Ana de Iorque, Duquesa de Exeter


144496 Reingard este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
144496 Reingard este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Wildberg de Rolf Apitzsch. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 12,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 144001-145000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

144496 Reingard


Den eurasiske økonomiske union (EAEU) (, )  er en økonomisk union mellem Rusland, Hviderusland, Kasakhstan, Kirgisistan og Armenien. Aftalen om etablering af unionen blev undertegnet i Astana 29. maj 2014 med ikrafttræden den 1. januar 2015.

Unionen lægger op til tættere økonomisk integration og samordning, med et fælles marked og fri bevægelse af varer, tjenester, kapital og arbejdskraft mellem medlemsstaterne.

Tadsjikistan og Usbekistan har også ytret ønske om at slutte sig til unionen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Internationale organisationer
Etableret i 2015

Den eurasiske økonomiske union


Mario Delmoro (1947.), hrvatski motociklistički i automobilistički as, trofejni automobilist iz Pule, višestruki prvak, član AMD Pula. Jedan je od simbola Istarskog relija, na kojem je pobijedio deset puta.

Životopis
Rodio se 1946. godine. U obitelji su mu već bili zaraženi motociklizmom. Brat Bruno natjecao se u konkurenciji motorkotača do 175 kubika i bratić Marčelo sa svojim Moto Morinijem od 50 ccm. Mario je 1961. prodavao ulaznice za auto-moto utrku koja se održavala u sklopu brzinskog prvenstva Hrvatske u Puli na kojoj su se Bruno i Marčelo natjecali i od tog vremena seže Mariova zaraženost auto-moto športom. U međuvremenu je završio je za automehaničara te je tako cijeli život proveo uz radionicu, motore, automobile, motorkotače i utrke. Ubrzo je krenuo s natjecanjima. Već na prvom službenom natjecanju je pobijedio. U vožnji spretnosti u Pazinu je 1964. godine vozeći motorkotač Puch od 250 kubičnih centimetara. U motociklizmu je bio do 1970., nakon čega je prešao u automobilizam. Činio je čuda vozeći četverobrzinskog fiću s uklonjenim poklopcem motora, pobjeđujući pored konkurenata koji su vozili petobrzinske Abarthe friziranih motora. I u automobilizmu je već na prvom natjecanju pokazao moć. Postavio je rekord staze, s fićom, pored vozača koji su vozili BMW 2002. Bilo je to 1971. na Delmorovoj prvoj brzinskoj utrci. U kategoriji do 850 kubika izletio je izvan staze, ali se vratio i napregnuo da bi nadoknadio zaostatak. Na kraju je bio čak četvrti.

Na Istarskom rallyju pobijedio je 10 puta u klasi do 850 kubika i u ukupnom plasmanu. Pobjeđivao je na prvenstvima Jugoslavije na kružnim stazama i trostruki doprvak na brdskim stazama u kategoriji do 1150 kubika. Pobjeđivao je i na utrkama u Austriji i Italiji. U samostalnoj Hrvatskoj vozeći FIAT Ritmo osam je puta bio prvak u skupini H (nehomologirana vozila do 1400 kubika). Nekoliko je puta pobijedio na prvenstvu Hrvatske na kružnim stazama. I danas se natječe na Buzetskim danima na kojoj se natjecao preko 25 puta. Do danas je Delmoro osvojio 532 nagrade u vidu pehara, medalja i diploma, od čega pehara više od trista.
Aktivno se utrkivao sve do svoje 64. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski vozači relija
Hrvatski športski motociklisti
Životopisi, Pula

Mario Delmoro


Kentaurlar (Yunanca: Κένταυρος, Kendavros (tekil), Κένταυροι, Kendavri (çoğul)) ya da Sentorlar, Yunan mitolojisinde kısmen insan ve kısmen at görünümlü yaratıklardır.

Yunan Mitolojisi'nde Sentor
Yunan Mitolojisi'nde yarı insan ve yarı at bedenli düşsel varlıktır. Centaur Gandharvarlar gibi, Hint-Avrupa kültürlerine özgü olan, bulutlar ve dağlardan gelen sularla ilgili cinle aynı köktendir. Yunanlara göre centaurlar (sentorlar) İksion'un oğullarıydı. Homeros'a göre ise Tesalya'da yaşayan karşı koyulmaz bir güce sahip olan vahşi bir kavimdir. Genellikle kaba ve kötü yaratıklar olarak bilinirler. Efsaneye göre; Hippodameia ile evlenirken Lapithai kralı Pirithoos, onları düğününe çağırmış, şölenin ortasında centaurlar nişanlı kızı kaçırmak ve oradaki kızların ırzına geçmek istemişlerdir.

Efsaneler
Sentor efsanesi at sırtında savaşa giden savaşçılardan gelmektedir. Sentorun sureti görenlere çok farklı ve ürkütücü gelmektedir. İnkalar'ın, Pizarro ve adamları 1533'te at üstünde geldiklerinde yanılmış olmaları muhtemeldir. Çünkü inandıkları at ve insan birleşimi canlının gerçek olduğu fikri onları o sırada çok korkutmuştur.
Sentorların var olup olmadığı ile ilgili tartışmalarda varlığı yönündeki en önemli kanıt yine Yunan kaynaklarından gelmektedir. Sentorların; Türkler olduğu konusunda bir dizi araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Mitolojik efsanelerin anlatıldığı dönemde atın evcilleştirilmesi ve hakimiyeti konusunda Orta Asya halkları oldukça üstünlerdi, Türklerin Orta Asya'dan Batı'ya gerçekleştirdikleri seferlerde bu yakıştırmaları haiz olmuşlardır. Türklerin olağanüstü at binme yeteneklerinin yanında at binerken kılıç kullanma, isabetli ok atma yetenekleri bunun sebeplerindendir. Atın hızlı hareketi sırasında at kafasını mümkün olduğunca öne eğer, uzaktan sadece atın bacakları ve üzerinde savaşan er görünürdü. Bu da mitolojide sentorların doğuşunda etken olmuştu, Yunan mitolojisinde sentorlar savaşçı, savaş yetenekleri gelişmiş, güçlü yaratıklar olarak tasvir edilmiştir.

Bilinen Sentorlar

Sentorler arasında en ünlüleri Nessos, Hiron, Folos, Evritiyon'dır. Hepsi Herakles hikâyelerinde geçmektedir. İleos ve Roitos ise, tanrıça Atalanta'ya saldırı girişimi sırasında Meleager tarafından yok edilmişlerdir.

Modern edebiyatta sentorlar
Sentorları modern zamanlarda birçok yerde görmek mümkündür. Örneğin; Narnia Günlükleri (ve film uyarlaması Narnia Günlükleri:Aslan, Cadı ve Dolap), Zeyna:Savaşçı Prenses, Titan triloji, Harry Potter.
Bunlara ek olarak Shakespeare'in Yanlışlıklar Komedyası. Percy Jackson Ve Olimposlular Şimşek Hırsızı eserinde Centaur Inn bir otel adıdır.

Oyun karakteri olarak
 Dungeons & Dragons adlı role-playing oyununda sentorlar bir ırk adıdır.
 Mortal Kombat dövüş oyunları serisinde, ilk üç oyunun kötü, yönetici karakteri Motaro, bir sentordur.
 Age of Mythology oyununda sentor klasik çağ mit ünitesidir.
 Etten ve kemikten yapılmamış olmasına rağmen Mega Man 6'daki Robot Master, Centour Man karakteri sentor gibi görünecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır.
 Shining Force serilerindeki sentorlar şövalyeler olarak geçmektedir.
 Fantezi romanlardaki sentorlar, bazen barbar karakterler olmanın ötesinde türünün devamlılığı için çalışan onurlu bir ırk olarak gösterilmektedir. Gerçek-zamanlı bilgisayar oyunlarında Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos ve MMORPG, World of Warcraft, sentorlar barbar savaşçılar olarak gösterilmiştir.
 The University of Tennessee'nin Hodges Kütüphanesi'nde, "Centaur from Volos" adlı sürekli bir sergi bulunmaktadır. Sergi bir insan iskeleti ile bir Shetland midillisinin iskeletinin birleştirilerek Sentorlere İnanır Mısınız? başlığıyla yapılmıştır.
 Bully adlı bilgisayar oyununda Fetty'nin Keşke bir sentor olsaydım dediğini duyarsınız.
 Disciples II: Dark Prophecy oyununda sentorlar gardiyanlar ve savaşçılardır.
 Warcraft dünyasında da sentorlar birçok yerde karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
 Heroes of Might and Magic serisinde sentor mit ünitesidir.
 AQW (Adventure Quest Worlds) oyununda Centaur 21 İsimi ile Ev Satmaktadır.
 Knight Online oyununda kullanılan bir canavardır
 League of Legends oyununda Hecarim adındaki karakter de örnektir.
 Mobile Legends Bang Bang oyununda Hylos adındaki karakter de örnektir.
Knight Online Oyununda da Centaur Adında Geçmektedir
 Rappelz'de evcilleştirilebilen ve saldırılabilen nadir bir yaratıktır.
Ayrıca Percy Jackson ve Olimposlular: Şimşek Hırsızı filminde karşımıza Kheiron veya Chiron olarak çıkmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Tıpkı sentorlarda olduğu gibi Yunan mitolojisindeki diğer melez canlılar Helenik kültür ile Arkaik ve non-Helenik kültür arasında eşiksel bağlantı sağlar.

 Harpi
 Minotor
 Deniz kızı
 Satir
 İtbarak
 Sfenks
 Griffon
 Arboğa

Kaynakça
 M. Grant and J. Hazel, Who's Who in Greek Mythology, David McKay & Co Inc, 1979

Dış bağlantılar

 Theoi Project on Centaurs  edebiyatta
 "MythWeb"  Sentorlar hakkında makale

Fantastik yaratıklar

Kentaur


SD Memory Card ("Secure Digital Memory Card" in kısaltmasıdır. Türkçesi: "Güvenli Sayısal Hafıza Kartı") bir hafıza kartı standardıdır. Standart, Ağustos 1999'da SanDisk, Panasonic (Matsushita) ve Toshiba'nın ortak çabalarıyla MultiMediaCard'lara (MMC'ler) göre bir iyileştirme olarak tanıtıldı.

SecureDigital kartları 2001 yılında SanDisk tarafından, daha eski bir standart olan MMC kartının geliştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. SecureDigital ismi, donanımsal olarak içerdiği Digital Rights Management (Digital Rights Management) fonksiyonundan ileri gelmektedir. İçindeki kullanıcı tarafından görünemeyen bir hafıza alanı, yasal olmayan dosyaların kullanımını engellemek için ayrılmıştır. Hafıza kartı okuyucu, CompactFlash (CF), Secure Digital (SD) veya MMC kart (MMC) gibi bir hafıza kartındaki verilere erişmek için kullanılan bir cihazdır.

Yapısı
Hafıza kartı dahili bir denetleyici içerir. 32 mm × 24 mm × 2,1 mm ebatlarındadır. SD 1.1 standardına göre kartların kapasitesi 8 MB ile başlayıp FAT16 dosya sisteminin sınırı olan 2 GB'a kadar katlanarak çıkmaktadır. SD 2.0 veya SDHC olarak bilinen standart ile beraber ise kapasite 32 GB'a ulaşmıştır. SD 3.0 veya SDXC olarak bilinen standart ile beraber ise en yüksek kapasite teorik olarak 2 TB'a erişmiştir. Ayrıca kartlar üzerinde bir adet yazım koruma tırnağı mevcuttur.

Daha ufak cihazlar için miniSD geliştirilmiştir. 20 mm × 21,5 mm × 1,4 mm ölçüleri ile ortalama SD-Card'ın yarısı kadardır. Küçük bir çevirici yardımı ile tüm normal SD-Slotlarına takılabilmektedir. Bu ufak kartlar 32 MB ila 2 GB arasında bir kapasiteye sahiptirler.

MicroSD-kartları SD Card ve miniSD den daha ufaktırlar. 11 mm × 15 mm × 1 mm ölçüleri ile 2005'te dünyanın en küçük Flash-RAM-hafıza kartıdır. SD kartlar farklı hızlarda olup hız değerleri CD-ROM sürücülerde olduğu gibi X harfiyle belirtilir ve 1X=150kB/s'dir.

Transfer Hızı
Üretime başlandığında ortalama 3,6 MB/s okuma ve 0,8 MB/s yazım hızına sahip iken, günümüz kartları 2 MB/s ile veri aktarabilmektedir. High-speed olarak nitelendirilen kartlar (SanDisk Ultra IV) ise 40 MB/s hızında okuma ve yazım yapabilmektedir.

En yüksek değerler, üreticiye ve kullanılan cihaza göre değişebilir. Çoğunlukla aktarım hızı doğrudan verilmez, bunun yerine CD okuma hızı baz alınarak verilir (= ortalama 150 kB/s ilk single speed veya 1x sürücüler). Bu yazım metodu CD-Yazıcılar ve diğer yazılabilir medyalar için de bir standart halini almıştır. Örneğin; High-speed SD card 50x = ortalama 7,5 MB/s yazım hızına denk gelir. 267X'e kadar SD Card'lar mevcuttur.

High Speed SD kartlar aşağıda verildiği gibi "hız sınıfı dereceleri"'ne sahiptir. Bunlar garanti edilen en düşük yazma hızlarıdır.
 Class 2: 16 Mbit/s (2 MB/s)
 Class 4: 32 Mbit/s (4 MB/s)
 Class 6: 48 Mbit/s (6 MB/s)
 Class 10: 80 Mbit/s (10 MB/s)

Teknik özellikler

 CompactFlash Çeşitleri
 CF-Typ I (42,8 mm × 36,4 mm × 3,3 mm)
 CF-Typ II (42,8 mm × 36,4 mm × 5,0 mm)
 CompactFlash kartların kapasiteleri 4 ile 16 GB arasında değişmektedir.
 CompactFlash kartların çoğunluğu FAT16 dosya sistemi kullanmaktadır. 2 GB'dan fazla kapasiteye sahip CompactFlash kartlar FAT32 dosya sistemini kullanmaktadır.
 Okuma hızları 4 ila 40 MB/s = 25x ila 250x arasıdır (1x = 150 kB/s).
 Yazma hızları 2 ile 40 MB/s arasında değişmektedir.
 Çalışma gerilimleri 3,3 V (± %5) veya 5V (± %10)'dur.
 Çalışma sıcaklıkları ise 0 °C ile 60 °C arasıdır.

Okuma yazma sınıf standartları

Kullanımı

SD-Kartlar günümüzde pek çok aygıtın içindedir. Genellikle dijital kameralar, MP3 çalarlar ve PDA pek çok alan için SD karta ihtiyaç duyarlar. Bunun dışında Nintendo şirketinin bazı ürünlerinde SD kartlara rastlanır.

SD-Kart kullanabilen cihazlar çoğunlukla Multimedia Card kullanabilirler; çünkü ölçüleri, biraz ince olmasının dışında aynıdır. Fakat Multimedia Card için üretilmiş aygıtlar genellikle SD-Kartlar ile uyumlu değildirler. Zira yuva daha incedir.

Öte yandan SD-Kart ile Multimedia Card arasındaki en önemli teknik fark, Multimedia Card'larda bulunmayan; ancak SD kartlar üzerinde yer alan ve adlarının "Secure Digital"in (secure=güvenli) baş harfleri kısaltılmasıyla anılan SD kartların yan tarafında yer alan kayıt engelleme kilidinin bulunmamasıdır. Bu kilit sayesinde bir kartın MMC (Multimedia Card) ya da SD (Secure Digital) kart olup olmadığı kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir.

SDHC (SD 2.0)

SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity) yüksek kapasiteli SD kart teknolojisi 32 GB depolama kapasitesine kadar imkân taniyan SD kart çeşididir. Sadece SD kart versiyon 2.0 destekleyen cihazlar tarafından desteklenmektedir. 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB VE 32 GB kapasiteli SDHC kartlar sınıfına girer.

SDXC (SD 3.0)

SDXC (Secure Digital Extended Capacity) biçiminde son sınır olan 2 TB (2048 GB)'a kadar kart üretilebilir. SDHC kartlarda 2 TB kapasiteyi desteklemektedir; ancak SD 2.0 şartnamesi gereği 32 GB ile yapay olarak sınırlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 SD Kart Derneği

1999'da tanıtılan ürünler
Japon icatları
Bilgisayar depolama ortamları

SD kart


لصباح 85 فيلم بين مصري ولبناني وسوري شاركت فيه وهذه القائمة جزء منها:

 أيام اللولو (1986)
 المخطوف (1983)
 ليلة بكى فيها القمر (1980)
 كلام في الحب (1973)
 شلة المشاغبين (1973)
 جيتار الحب (1973)
 باريس والحب (1972)
 عجيب أفندي (1971)
 كانت أيام (1970)
 نار الشوق (1970)
 عصابة النساء (1969)
 وادي الموت (1968)
 فندق الأحلام (1968)
 أهلا بالحب (1968)
 إيدك عن مراتي (1968)
 3 نساء (1968)
 كرم الهوى (1967)
 شارع الضباب (1967)
 رحلة السعادة (1966)
 المليونيرة (1966)
 موال (1966)
 بيروت صفر 11 (1966)
 ليالي الشرق (1965)
 حبيبة الكل (1965)
 الصبا والجمال (1965)
 فاتنة الجماهير (1964)
 إنت عمري (1964)
 أفراح الشباب (1964)
 عقد اللولو (1964)
 المتمردة (1963)
 منتهى الفرح (1963)
 لبنان في الليل (1963)
 الأيدي الناعمة (1963)
 القاهرة في الليل (1963)
 هذا الرجل أحبه (1962)
 الليالي الدافئة (1962)
 طريق الدموع (1961)
 الحب كده (1961)
 جوز مراتي (1961)
 معبد الحب (1961)
 حلاق السيدات (1960)
 الرباط المقدس (1960)
 ثلاثة رجال وامرأة (1960)
 العتبة الخضراء (1959)
 الرجل الثاني (1959)
 توبة (1958)
 مجرم في إجازة (1958)
 حبيب حياتي (1958)
 شارع الحب (1958)
 سلم علي الحبايب (1958)
 مهرجان الحب (1958)
 نهاية حب (1957)
 إغراء (1957)
 وكر الملذات (1957)
 إزاي أنساك (1956)
 صحيفة السوابق (1956)
 وهبتك حياتي (1956)
 قلبي يهواك (1955)
 دموع في الليل (1955)
 ثورة المدينة (1955)
 يا ظالمني (1954)
 خطف مراتي (1954)
 فاعل خير (1953)
 لحن حبي (1953)
 ظلموني الحبايب (1953)
 الحب في خطر (1951)
 خدعني أبي (1951)
 سيبوني أغني (1950)
 الآنسة ماما (1950)
 أختي ستيته (1950)
 الليل لنا (1949)
 بلبل أفندي (1948)
 قلبي وسيفي (1947)
 صباح الخير (1947)
 أنا ستوتة (1947)
 لبناني في الجامعة (1947)
 إكسبريس الحب (1946)
 أول نظرة (1946)
 عدو المرأة (1946)
 شمعة تحترق (1946)
 سر أبي (1946)
 بنت الشرق (1946)
 أول الشهر (1945)
 القلب له واحد (1945)
 هذا جناه أبي (1945)

صباح
صباح

قائمة أفلام صباح


An Eriophorum tolmatchevii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni M.S.Novos.. An Eriophorum tolmatchevii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriophorum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriophorum

Eriophorum tolmatchevii