جيسيكا تاندي (7 يونيو 1909 - 11 سبتمبر 1994)  ممثلة بريطانية، حاصله على جائزة أوسكار 1989 كأفضل ممثلة عن دورها في فيلم توصيل الأنسة دايزي.

نشأتها
هي الأصغر بين ثلاثة أشقاء، ولدت تاندي في شارع غيلديستون في هاكني في لندن، والدها هاري تاندي ووالدتها جيسي هيلين هورسبول. كانت والدتها من عائلة كبيرة في فينلاند في كامبردجشاير، وعملت مديرة مدرسة للأطفال المتخلفين عقلياً، وكان والدها بائعًا متجولًا لشركة تنتج الحبال. تلقت تعليمها في مدرسة دام أليس أوين في إزلينغتون.

توفي والدها عندما كان عمرها 12 عامًا، ثم درّست والدتها دورات مسائية لكسب المال. أُسر شقيقها إدوارد لاحقًا في حرب اليابانيين في الشرق الأقصى.

مسيرتها المهنية كممثلة
بدأت تاندي حياتها المهنية في سن الثامنة عشر في لندن، بداية بتقديم عروض أمام ممثلين مثل لورنس أوليفيه وجون غيلغد. دخلت ضمن أفلام في بريطانيا، لكنها انتقلت بعد فشل زواجها من جاك هوكينز إلى الولايات المتحدة على أمل العثور على فرص أفضل. غالبًا ما كان عليها أن تسعى بقوة خلال فترة عملها كممثلة رائدة على المسرح في لندن من أجل الحصول على أدوار بسبب منافستها مع بيغي أشكروفت وسيليا جونسون. تزوجت في عام 1942 من هوم كرونين وأدت على مدار الأعوام التالية أدوارًا مساعدة في العديد من أفلام هوليود. نالت تاندي جنسية الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 1952.

عملت تاندي أيضًا في الإذاعة مثل العديد من ممثلي المسرح. وأدت بشكل منتظم شخصية الأميرة ندى في سلسلة الساحر ماندريك. ثم مع هيوم كرونين في برنامج الزواج الذي أُذيع على الراديو بين عامي 1953 و1954، ثم عرض على التلفاز.

كان أول فيلم لها الصليب السابع (عام 1944). عادت لتؤدي أدوارًا مساعدة بعد فشلها في الحصول على أدوار بطولة، مثل دورها في وادي القرار (عام 1945)، والسنوات الخضراء (عام 1946، دور ابنة كرونين)، دراغونويك (عام 1946) بطولة جين تيرني وفينسنت برايس، كهرمان أبدي (1947). استمرت مسيرتها السينمائية بشكل متقطع خلال العقود الثلاثة التالية حيث حصلت على أدوار أفضل على المسرح. شملت أدوارها خلال ذلك الوقت (ثعلب الصحراء: قصة روميل عام 1951) نور الغابة مع جيمس ماسون (عام 1958)، ودورها كأم قاسية في فيلم ألفريد هتشكوك الذي حمل عنوان الطيور (عام 1963).

فازت في مسرح برودواي بجائزة توني كأفضل ممثلة مسرحية عن أدائها دور بلانش دوبوا في مسرحية عربة اسمها الرغبة في عام 1948. خسرت فرصة أداء الدور في الفيلم وأدته الممثلة فيفيان لي، وركزت على المسرح.

حياتها الشخصية
تزوجت تاندي في عام 1932 من الممثل الإنجليزي جاك هوكينز وأنجبا سوزان هوكينز (1934-2004). أصبحت سوزان ممثلة وكانت زوجة ابن جون موينيان تيتيمر، وهو راهب سابق ألف كتاب (كنت راهباً: السيرة الذاتية لجون تيتيمير)، وأدت أدوار صغيرة في (الأفق المفقود 1937) و(مقابلة جون دو 1941). تزوجت بعد طلاقها من هوكينز في عام 1940 من زوجها الثاني الممثل الكندي هوم كرونين في عام 1942. عاشت مع كرونين عدة سنوات في باوند ريدج في نيويورك قبل الانتقال إلى كونيتيكت، وبقيا معًا حتى وفاة في عام 1994. أنجبا طفلان هما ابنتهما تاندي كرونين، ممثلة شاركت مع والدتها في فيلم (قصة سيدة) وابنها كريستوفر كرونين.

وفاتها
أُصيبت بسرطان المبيض في عام 1990، وعانت الذبحة الصدرية والمياه الزرقاء. استمرت في العمل على الرغم من أمراضها وتقدم عمرها. توفيت في 11 سبتمبر عام 1994 في منزلها في إيستون بولاية كونيتيكت الأمريكية عن عمر ناهز 85 عامًا. لا يزال سبب الوفاة غير معلن.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص متعلمون في مدرسة السيدة أليس أوين
أشخاص من إيستون (كونيتيكت)
أمريكيون متجنسون
بريطانيون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
حائزون على جائزة إيمي
حائزون على جائزة توني
حائزون على جائزة دراما ديسك
حائزون على ديفيد دي دوناتيلو
فائزات بجائزة بافتا لأفضل ممثلة
مكرمون من مركز كينيدي
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام إنجليزيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات إنجليزيات في القرن 20
ممثلات بريطانيات في القرن 20
ممثلات تلفزيون إنجليزيات
ممثلات حائزات على جائزة أوسكار لأفضل ممثلة
ممثلات مسرح أمريكيات
ممثلات مسرح إنجليزيات
ممثلات من لندن
مهاجرون إنجليز إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1909
مواليد في لندن
وفيات 1994
وفيات السرطان في كونيتيكت
وفيات بسبب سرطان المبيض
وفيات في كونيتيكت

جيسيكا تاندي


Sonia represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993, singing "Better the Devil You Know". The song, chosen from a selection broadcast on A Song for Europe, was placed second in the contest.

Before Eurovision

Artist selection
A shortlist of artists included by the BBC was presented to the Head of Delegations of each participating country in the Eurovision Song Contest that ultimately selected the British entrant. Sonia was revealed by the BBC as the British entrant for the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest. The UK branch of the International Eurovision Fan Club (OGAE), had conducted a poll in late 1991, asking the members to nominate which singer they'd like to represent the UK in the contest. Sonia was the overwhelming winner of that poll, announced in early 1992.

A Song for Europe 1993
Two songs each, both performed by Sonia, were premiered during four preview programmes on BBC1 between 14 March and 4 April 1993. The final, held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan, was filmed earlier on 8 April 1993 and televised on 9 April 1993. The show was broadcast on BBC1 and BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce. A public televote selected the winning song, "Better the Devil You Know", which was revealed during a separate show broadcast on BBC1 and hosted by Terry Wogan.

Sonia released the winning song on an Arista vinyl 7" single, 12" single, CD single and cassette, reaching no. 15 in the UK singles chart. The top four songs were included in her album Better The Devil You Know, released by Arista just after the Eurovision final. The album peaked at no. 32 in the UK album chart. The remaining four tracks have not been released in any official format.

At Eurovision
Twenty five countries participated in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, Ireland on 15 May. "Better the Devil You Know" was placed second with 164 points. It received points from every country apart from Greece and Malta.

Voting

References

1993
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993
Eurovision
Eurovision


Johann Alexander Wisniewsky (* 23. Mai 1929 in Langenbielau, Landkreis Reichenbach; † 3. Februar 2012 in Lingen (Ems)) war ein deutscher Unternehmer.

Werdegang
Wisniewsky stammte aus Niederschlesien und kam 1946 als Heimatvertriebener nach Lingen im Emsland. Aus der 1958 gegründeten Drogerie "Zum Goldenen Becher", in der er in der eigenen Dunkelkammer Kundenfilme und Bilder entwickelte, baute er das industrielle Fotogroßlabor "colibri" auf, das in den 1980er Jahren eines der führenden Unternehmen in dieser Branche war. Mit dem Einzug der Digitalfotografie und weil er in der eigenen Familie keinen Nachfolger gefunden hatte, verkaufte er 1991 das Unternehmen mit seinen drei Standorten (Colibri Lingen; Colorfix Dortmund und iZett Regensburg) an die Firma Kodak in Stuttgart.

1995 gründete er die "Johann-Alexander-Wisniewsky-Stiftung" mit einem Stiftungskapital von drei Millionen DM. Stiftungszweck ist die Förderung der musisch-kulturellen Bildung, die Erforschung der neueren emsländischen Geschichte und die Unterstützung des Hospiz-Gedankens im Emsland. Die Stiftung leistete u. a. Anschubfinanzierungen für die Hospizvereine im Emsland. Darüber hinaus unterstützt sie die Aus- und Weiterbildung der Hospizmitarbeiter. Seit ihrem Bestehen hat die Wisniewsky-Stiftung über eine Million Euro an Fördergeldern ausgeschüttet.

Ehrungen
 2002: Emslandmedaille
 2005: Bundesverdienstkreuz
 2005: Niedersächsischer Verdienstorden am Bande

Weblinks
 Lingener Unternehmer Alexander Wisniewsky starb im Alter von 82 Jahren. In: Lingener Tagespost, 9. Februar 2012
 Webseite der Johann-Alexander-Wisniewsky-Stiftung

Unternehmer (Niedersachsen)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Wikipedia:Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes (Ausprägung ungeklärt)
Träger des Verdienstkreuzes des Niedersächsischen Verdienstordens (am Bande)
Person (Schlesien)
Person (Lingen (Ems))
Deutscher
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Johann Alexander Wisniewsky


Sydney Anne Bristow (played by Jennifer Garner) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the television series Alias. She is an American woman with a Russian-Canadian family background who works as a spy for the CIA.

Sydney is depicted in the series as being strong both physically and emotionally. She deals with some significant trauma over the years: the death of her fiancé, the death of her best friend, the realization that her mother was a former KGB spy, the estrangement of many of her friends and the constant activity and changes that she must endure from being a spy on a regular basis. Sydney is highly skilled in Krav Maga and is  a hyper polyglot, speaking English, Russian, German, Greek, Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Norwegian, Swedish, Romanian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Uzbek, Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Indonesian, Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Vietnamese, Polish, Serbian, Czech, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian in various episodes. Throughout the series her code names are Bluebird, Freelancer, Mountaineer, and Phoenix.

Character biography
Sydney Bristow was born April 17, 1975. For the first six years of her life she lived with both of her parents, Jack and Laura Bristow (real name Irina Derevko). However, her father's work with the CIA kept him away from home much of the time. Sydney and her family were living in rural Maryland until Jack was transferred to Los Angeles when Sydney was two. In 1981 her mother, who was also an undercover agent for the KGB, faked her own death to prevent being apprehended by the FBI. Afterwards Jack was taken into custody for some time, because it was believed that he also was part of a larger conspiracy.

Jack named Arvin Sloane as Sydney's temporary guardian and Sydney went to live with Sloane and his wife Emily, for a time (Note that this is a retcon as it was previously established that Sydney did not meet Arvin or Emily until Sydney had already started working for SD-6. Sydney herself had stated that she had large memory gaps from around the time of her mother's death and can only remember that her father began drinking heavily and became more of an absentee father, leaving Sydney to be raised by nannies. Later it is revealed that the memory gaps are due to Jack, who after finally having been cleared, tested Project Christmas on Sydney, so that she would never be recruited by the KGB, and like all the candidates tested, the training ended with Sydney's memory erased.)

When Sydney was 19 years old and a freshman in college, a man approached her and told her that he worked with US intelligence and that they wanted to interview her because she fit a profile. She declined at first but then decided to join them. After meeting with an organization she believed was the Central Intelligence Agency, she signed "dozens of non-disclosure agreements" and was offered a job.

They had Sydney take a job as an office assistant on the twentieth floor of Credit Dauphine, a corporate bank in downtown Los Angeles. She assumed that the bank was somehow affiliated with the CIA. When she told her father about her job after about a month, he ordered her to quit because as a double agent within SD-6, he knew the bank was a front. Sydney angrily refused to quit and this led to the beginning of a several-year estrangement in their relationship.

Eventually she was told that she was ready for the transition, which involved eight months of training. It was during the training that Sydney first heard the term SD-6. At this time, she believed that SD-6 was affiliated with the CIA, that it was a black ops division of the CIA, funded by the CIA's black budget. They led her to believe that SD-6 was one of these divisions and that that was why they did not operate through Langley, Virginia.

The transition ended when they made reference to SD-6 headquarters. They told her they would take her there. What she did not realize was that the headquarters was in the same building. Her role within SD-6 was desk work, at first, but she advanced quickly. Within the first year, she was assigned to reconnaissance missions.

Sydney was told that the objective of SD-6 was "the retrieval and study of intelligence, both military and industrial, throughout the world that is critical to the superiority and survival of the United States of America."

Seven years after joining SD-6, Sydney discovered that SD-6 was actually a branch of the Alliance of Twelve, an international organized crime group involved in the trade of intelligence and weapons, and was an enemy of the United States.

Storylines

Season 1
Sydney was engaged to be married to her boyfriend Danny Hecht, but he was killed by SD-6 after Sydney told him that she worked for the CIA. Shortly thereafter, she was informed of what SD-6 was by her mostly estranged father, who worked in the highest levels of SD-6.

Sydney went to the real CIA with her knowledge of SD-6, and was recruited by the CIA into working as a double agent to bring down SD-6. Her handler, Agent Michael Vaughn, and who is her ongoing love interest on the show, gives her missions from the CIA. She soon learns that her own father is a double agent as well. During her time at SD-6, Sydney performed missions with Marcus Dixon, who sometimes became suspicious that Sydney was a double agent. Dixon was still under the impression that SD-6 was part of the U.S. Government. Sydney had to balance all these new revelations with keeping all these secrets from her friends, notably Will Tippin and Francie Calfo.

During this season, the head of SD-6, Arvin Sloane, was obsessed with Milo Rambaldi, a man from the 15th century who was able to create brilliant devices that were far ahead of their time.  Sydney worked on a number of missions to retrieve or modify these Rambaldi devices to prevent them from falling into the hands of SD-6. During the season finale, on one such mission to destroy such a device, Sydney is captured and discovers that the organization that SD-6 has been pursuing is being run by Irina Derevko, Sydney's mother and a former KGB spy.

Season 2
During season 2, Sydney continues to act as a double agent inside SD-6 and also performs direct missions for the CIA. Irina Derevko turns herself in to the CIA and provides valuable information to help bring down SD-6. Midway through the season, the CIA finally has enough information to bring down the entire Alliance organization and the assault on SD-6 headquarters, led by Sydney and Vaughn. The organization comes tumbling down, but Sloane gets away and is now working covertly with Julian Sark.

Following the fall of SD-6, Sydney decides she wants to leave the CIA but finds herself unable to do so knowing that Sloane is still free. Sydney also has to work to make amends with Dixon, who is bitter that Sydney knew SD-6 was not part of the U.S. Government and didn't tell him, although they are eventually able to patch things up and Dixon begins to work with the CIA.

During this time, Sydney's friend and roommate Francie has secretly been replaced by an agent of Sloane and Sark's, Allison Doren. Sydney eventually figures out that "Francie" is not who she says she is and the two engage in a battle which destroys the entire apartment. Sydney shoots Allison three times, apparently killing her, but Sydney is also severely wounded and passes out.

When Sydney wakes up, she is in Hong Kong and comes to find out that two years have passed without her knowledge.

Season 2 saw a fundamental change in Sydney's character, allegedly introduced in order to give the show more action. In the first season, Sydney almost never kills, preferring fisticuffs and tranquilizer guns to deadly blows and real bullets. Starting this season, she behaves more like a stereotypical spy, usually killing enemies and rarely using tranq guns. Although there were some minor incidents prior, the episode "Phase One" is generally considered to mark the arrival of this new version of Sydney. While some fans have criticized this change in Sydney's character, others have suggested that it might have been influenced by the arrival of her mother. During season 2 Sydney also begins to dress and act more sexually to achieve her goals.

Season 3
Sydney now has to deal with the pain of not knowing what has happened for the previous two years of her life, but also the fact that Vaughn is now married to another woman, National Security Council liaison Lauren Reed. Sydney tries to manipulate the CIA to stay in the loop of the organization (they don't trust her because of her absence).

Sydney learns that an organization known as The Covenant seems to be involved with her disappearance. In the meantime, Sydney continues to perform missions for the CIA, while working with her father to find out more about her past.

Eventually Sydney learns through FBI Assistant Director Kendall (who is actually the director of the Department of Special Research) that she worked in the employ of the Covenant as a supposedly brainwashed assassin, although she was able to resist their attempts to manipulate her due to her experiences with Project Christmas and report to the CIA during this time. Eventually, she wiped her own memories to conceal information and perhaps also because of the horrifying realization that the Covenant had extracted her eggs in order to fulfill one of Rambaldi's prophecies. She was also greatly disturbed that she chose to kill an unarmed man in cold blood rather than risk losing her cover as a brainwashed assassin.

Sydney and Vaughn continue to suppress their feelings for each other in light of Vaughn's relationship with Lauren. However, it is discovered that Lauren is actually an agent working for the Covenant, although both Sydney and Vaughn are, at first, unaware of this fact.

The CIA learns that there is a mole in the Los Angeles office. Jack is assigned to find the mole and soon starts to suspect Lauren. Jack confronts Lauren's father, Senator Reed, but he dismisses it.

Meanwhile Vaughn decides to separate from Lauren. Lauren tells Sark and Sark explains that the last time Vaughn strayed from a relationship because of Sydney he quickly reconnected when his then-girlfriend Alice Williams' father died. Sark orders Lauren to kill her father. Lauren cannot go through with it but her mother bursts in and finishes the job. They frame Senator Reed for being the mole. Vaughn quickly recommits to Lauren, breaking Sydney's heart.

On a mission to meet a Covenant asset, Sydney sees Lauren. When she tells Vaughn he dismisses it. Sydney talks to Jack and then Jack talks to Vaughn telling him the signs that his wife is betraying him. When Vaughn becomes suspicious he looks in Lauren's suitcase and discovers evidence that she does work for the Covenant.

Vaughn tells Jack and Sydney and he is ordered by Dixon to pretend that he is unaware of Lauren's betrayal. Lauren soon finds out that she has been played by Vaughn and she and Sark kidnap him. After torturing him and failing to get any information they leave him for dead. Weiss finds Vaughn and he is taken to the hospital.

Sydney soon discovers that the Passenger is Nadia Santos, her half-sister by the way of an affair between Irina and Sloane. After a rescue mission, Sydney's sister is taken by Sloane so he can get the formula that was stored in her brain by Rambaldi (actually her unique nervous system can replay the graphical hand movements encoded in the Rambaldi Fluid-protein strands that cause unconscious, movements like handwriting). Sydney rescues her again, but Nadia later elects to accompany Sloane in search of the Rambaldi artifact known as The Sphere of Life.

Lauren enters the CIA office disguised as Sydney and steals information. Sark is captured and interviewed by Vaughn. Sark gives up Lauren and Vaughn resolves to kill her. Vaughn tracks her down and brings her to an empty warehouse.  As Lauren dangles from the ceiling, Vaughn states that he loves Sydney more than he hates Lauren thus he will not kill Lauren. He does, however, plan to douse her in hydrochloric acid, rendering her unrecognizable. Sydney's aunt, the ambiguous Katya Derevko, stabs him in the back. When Sydney learns about Vaughn, she goes after Lauren herself. Vaughn goes after her and arrives just in time to save Sydney from Lauren. As Vaughn and Sydney kiss, Lauren tries to make one last shot. Vaughn sees this and shoots her dead. Before Lauren dies she tells Sydney that there is a safe deposit box in Wittenburg that has information about her.

Sydney goes to the box and finds secret CIA documents about her. Jack gets there and tells her that she was never supposed to find them.

Season 4
Several months after her discovery, Sydney is once again estranged from her father, having discovered (through the secret documents) that he had killed Irina Derevko. Following a botched mission in Shanghai, she receives a dressing down at a performance review, is demoted, and is subsequently dismissed from the CIA.

In truth, Sydney has been recruited into APO (Authorized Personnel Only), a new black ops division of the CIA patterned after SD-6. Much to her dismay, this new agency is headed by Sloane, who oversees a handpicked team which includes Sydney, Jack Bristow, Vaughn, and Dixon. During APO's first mission, Marshall is also recruited, as is her half-sister, Nadia. Her former colleague, Eric Weiss, thinks that Sydney is working for a bank - the same cover she had used when working for SD-6.

During the course of APO's first mission, to bring down a terrorist and assassin-for-hire, she learns the man was actually hired to kill her - by Irina. Jack subsequently killed Irina to protect his daughter. Meanwhile, Sydney rekindles her romance with Vaughn. Later, it is revealed that Irina is not actually dead - Jack killed a genetic double in an elaborate deception orchestrated by Irina's evil sister, Elena, who recruits Sloane in activating a huge Mueller device invented by Rambaldi, which has the potential to destroy the world. Irina is rescued from Elena's clutches and reunited with her family - including Nadia, who she hasn't seen for years - and together they fly to Russia to stop Elena's plans.

Around this time, after some twists and turns and ups and downs in their relationship, Vaughn finally proposes marriage prior to the mission to go after Elena. Sydney doesn't answer just yet. Finally, when she is about to destroy the Mueller device, Sydney goes back to Vaughn and gives him an affirmative reply.

During the mission in Russia, it is revealed that Sloane was able to infiltrate the drinking water of the city through his charity, and all who had drunk this water and were exposed to the Mueller device were genetically altered and became excessively violent. When Nadia is captured by Elena, she is injected with the infected water and consequently attempts to kill Sydney.

The season ends on a cliffhanger when Vaughn reveals to Sydney that his real name is not Michael Vaughn, and depending on who is asked, he might be a "bad guy". At that moment, their car is T-boned by an unknown assailant.

Season 5
Sydney and Vaughn survive the car crash, but Vaughn is taken by their assailants. He manages to escape and tells Sydney that his real name is André Michaux. He also tells her that he's been working for several years to uncover the activities of a mysterious organization known as Prophet Five. His father before him had also worked to gather intel on Prophet Five. Shortly thereafter, Sydney learns she is pregnant and Vaughn is shot and apparently killed by a rogue agent posing as a CIA officer. Four months later, Sydney makes contact with Renée Rienne, an assassin on the CIA's most wanted list, who had been working with Vaughn, and whose father had worked with Vaughn's father, to bring down Prophet Five.

Sydney finds a kindred spirit in Rachel Gibson, a young, wide-eyed, inexperienced agent rescued from "The Shed", a covert criminal organization that, much like SD-6, operates under the alias of a CIA black-ops division. Gibson, like Sydney years earlier, had been duped into believing she was working for the CIA. Now a member of APO, Gibson is learning the ways of being a field agent, with Sydney her designated handler, just as Michael had worked with her. With Nadia still comatose in the hospital, Gibson has moved into Sydney's home.

Sydney has also put at least some demons of the past behind her. Now fully reconciled with her father, she has also expressed some forgiveness of Sloane, to the point of writing a letter of recommendation for Sloane's release hearing.

Sydney continues to go on missions when her condition allows, often using the pregnancy as part of her disguises. However, in the episode "Solo", she came to realize that these days might be fast coming to a (temporary) end when she is not allowed to go on a mission due to her condition.

Three weeks before her due date, Sydney is captured by Prophet Five in order to force her (via a form of drug-induced hypnosis) to remember details of a giant SD-6 flowchart that she had been shown by Michael Vaughn during one of their first meetings. Encouraged by her mental recreation of Michael Vaughn, she is able to resist the hypnosis and provide false information to her kidnappers (who, unbeknownst to Sydney, include Irina). Sydney discovers that she has been stranded aboard a freighter at sea where she attempts to elude Prophet Five and one of their associates, Kelly Peyton. During this incident, she discovers that her family doctor is actually a Prophet Five agent, and suffers a complication with her pregnancy that (to her later surprise) is corrected by Prophet Five and the baby is saved.

After being extracted by APO, Sydney is reunited with her mother and together with her and Jack they travel to Vancouver in order to obtain a mysterious object called "The Horizon" which Prophet Five believed Sydney possessed. During this mission, which is complicated by the discovery that Irina works for Prophet Five and a subsequent attack by Peyton, Sydney goes into labor and — with the aid of Irina and Jack — gives birth to a baby girl, named Isabelle. Irina subsequently disappears with The Horizon.

After the birth of Isabelle, it is revealed that Vaughn didn't die. After his shooting, Jack helped him fake his death and hide in Bhutan.

About a month after giving birth, Sydney returns to duty when Anna Espinosa is recruited by Peyton to kidnap Will Tippin. Espinosa implants an explosive in Tippin's head and demands that page 47 of Rambaldi's manuscript be turned over to her in return for the disarming code. Sydney and Will battle Anna but lose page 47, and in the process Anna uses an unknown chemical agent to collect genetic material from Sydney. Anna goes through the genetic doubling process and becomes Sydney's duplicate.

After Anna kills Renée Rienne while she is on a mission with APO, a chip bearing Michael Vaughn's real name (André Michaux) is discovered implanted in her body. The chip bears what appears to be a corrupted code. Sydney heads to Nepal to meet with Vaughn but is intercepted by an agent of Prophet Five while Anna keeps Sydney's rendezvous with Vaughn. Anna and Vaughn discover that Vaughn has the other half of the code on a chip implanted in his body and after deciphering the code he and Anna head to Germany. They discover a bunker containing all of Vaughn's father's research on Prophet Five. Vaughn reveals that he knows Anna is not Sydney and they fight. Anna gains the upper hand until Sydney shoots her in the head, killing her. Sydney goes undercover as Anna to infiltrate Prophet Five and meets up with Peyton.

Sydney, still undercover as Anna, meets Sloane and learns that she is to seek a rose from an ancient Italian monastery. She meets up with Julian Sark in Italy and he gets them arrested to infiltrate the prison that stands where the monastery once did. Sydney discovers an elderly man who identifies himself as The Rose. The Rose gives Sydney an amulet and tells her she can't stop Prophet Five from carrying out its plans. While Peyton extracts Sark from the prison, Sloane attempts to kill Sydney, still believing she is Anna. Sydney survives the attempt but Sloane escapes with the amulet. Sydney and Vaughn return to Los Angeles, where Vaughn meets his daughter for the first time. Their happiness is short-lived, however, as Sydney gets a call from Sloane, who has figured out that she is still alive.

Sydney finally travels to Sydney, Australia as part of an APO mission to get intel on the twelve leaders of Prophet Five. She successfully captures intel on three of the twelve and returns to Los Angeles.

Shortly thereafter, Marshall and Rachel are abducted by Peyton and Sark respectively and Sydney encounters Sloane, who convinces her to get Marshall to help him locate a certain cavern. Marshall is able to pass a message to Sydney, who, working with Marshall's wife Carrie, is able to locate Marshall and Rachel and mount a rescue. Marshall and Rachel advise the team that Sloane is seeking a cave in Italy and Sydney deduces that Sloane is headed for Mount Subasio. She and Vaughn travel there and Sydney descends into the cave. There she encounters Sloane again, with the amulet she recovered earlier. Sloane fires several rounds into the floor of the cave at Sydney's feet, causing the floor to give way. Vaughn rescues Sydney and performs CPR on her.

The team next tracks Sloane to Mongolia and the tomb of Milo Rambaldi. There Sydney encounters Sloane yet again as he implements his endgame by placing the Horizon on an altar, thus creating a red, hovering ball-shaped fluid similar to that created by the Mueller device. Sydney disrupts Sloane's plans by grabbing the Horizon from the altar, causing the ball to collapse in a torrent of red liquid. Sark leads Jack and Vaughn into the tomb after capturing them, and Sloane shoots Jack in the chest to force Sydney and Vaughn to leave. Seeing her father severely wounded, Sydney grabs a gun and eventually shoots Sloane several times, who crashes into the puddle of Rambaldi-fluid. With Sloane seemingly dead, Sydney tries to stay with her bleeding father, but he begs her to leave him and to stop Irina. Sydney reluctantly obeys and departs for Hong Kong for a final confrontation with Irina. Jack drags himself back into the tomb and confronts Sloane, who has become immortal because of the fluid. Sloane offers to heal Jack, but Jack tells Sloane that he has caused so much pain for Sydney over the years that he will not allow him to do it again and reveals a bomb that he strapped to his body and detonates it, killing himself. The explosion causes a cave in and Sloane is trapped in there forever.

In Hong Kong, Sydney and Irina clash a final time, with Sydney seeking to stop Irina from using the Horizon to gain immortality. In the course of the fight, Irina ends up atop a glass skylight, the Horizon just inches away from her. With the glass cracking under Irina's weight, Sydney pleads with her to take her hand. Irina refuses and attempts to grab the Horizon. The glass breaks completely, causing Irina to fall to her death.

The series ends a few years into the future. Sydney and Vaughn are married and semi-retired and are now living in a beachside house on an obviously very far off island. Dixon comes to visit and is greeted by Vaughn and Sydney, who is holding their second child who is named Jack after Sydney's father. Isabelle has found the blocks for Project Christmas and assembles them in no time, but dismantles it after Sydney calls for her and she joins her family outside. As everyone walks down the beach, the screen cuts to black with the message: THANK YOU FOR FIVE INCREDIBLE YEARS.

Casting
Before landing the lead role in Alias, Garner auditioned five times for a guest appearance in J. J. Abrams's Felicity. When Abrams created Alias, he wanted Garner to portray Sydney. "There was something about her that I just thought was really special. I always thought she had something in her personality that was funnier and sexier and smarter and more mischievous than anything I'd seen her do. And when I wrote Sydney, I wanted to show that," he said. Melissa George, who went on to play Lauren Reed on the show, was also considered for the role of Sydney. Garner took private martial arts lessons for one month during the audition process. She did many of the physical stunts herself throughout the series. Her first stunt double was Dana Hee, who was later replaced by Shauna Duggins.

Reception

As of 2004, Sydney was named one of the 10 best current characters by Zap2it. In June 2010, she was ranked No. 42 on Entertainment Weekly'''s "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years". UGO.com ranked her the 20th Top TV Character out of 50. Sydney was listed AOL TV's "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters", ranking at No. 27. and AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters. Bristow also appeared in Maxim list of the Hottest Nerd Crushes. She was also included in Total Sci-Fi Onlines list of The 25 Women Who Shook Sci-Fi.  TV Guide named her one of TV's Toughest Ladies.  Her relationship with Michael Vaughn was featured in TV Guide''s list of the best TV couples of all time.

Garner also received critical acclaim for her performance. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama out of four consecutive nominations, as well as four Emmy nominations for her lead performance. She was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series in 2004 and she won the award in 2005.

In August 2003, the actual CIA enlisted Jennifer Garner to appear in a recruitment video, which would be shown at fairs and college campuses. A CIA officer said: "Jennifer and the character of Sydney Bristow both reflect a lot of the qualities we look for in new career field officers."

References

Alias (TV series) characters
American female characters in television
Female soldier and warrior characters in television
Fictional American secret agents
Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel
Fictional double agents
Fictional female martial artists
Fictional female secret agents and spies
Fictional feminists and women's rights activists
Fictional Krav Maga practitioners
Fictional polyglots
Fictional secret agents and spies in television
Martial artist characters in television
Television characters introduced in 2001

Sydney Bristow


Muscal (în rusă și ucraineană: москаль, în bielorusă: маскаль, în poloneză: moskal, în lituaniană: maskolis) este o denumire istorică utilizată pentru locuitorii Marelui Ducat al Moscovei între secolele al XII-lea și al XVIII-lea. Astăzi acest cuvânt a devenit o insultă etnică cu referire la rușii din Rusia, fiind folosit în Ucraina, Belarus și Polonia. Termenul este frecvent peiorativ sau condescendent, un echivalent al termenului rus hohol pentru ucraineni. Un al termen peiorativ cu semnificație etnică, kațap este insultător și înseamnă "țăcălie". O altă versiune este că termenul kațap provine din cuântul crimeean kasab (măcelar), pentru că soldații moscoviți cărau topoare mari, care îi făceau să semene cu niște măcelari.

Istorie și etimologie

Inițial, în secolul al XII-lea, cuvântul muscal se referea la locuitorii "Moscoviei", fiind tradus ad-literam ca "moscovit" (diferențiindu-i pe locuitorii din Marele Ducat al Moscovei de alți slavii estici ca locuitorii Ruteniei Albe (belaruși), Ruteniei Roșii (galițieni) și alții). Cu timpul, cuvântul a devenit un arhaism în toate limbile slavice de est și a supraviețuit doar ca nume de familie în fiecare dintre aceste limbi—vezi mai jos.

Conotația negativă, cu toate acestea, datează de la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea când cuvântul a început să fie folosit ca o insultă etnică pentru toți rușii. La acel moment, soldații Armatei Imperiale Ruse (și mai târziu cei ai Armatei Sovietice) staționate pe teritoriile ce aparțin astăzi Ucrainei și Poloniei au devenit cunoscuți sub numele de muscali și acei oameni care au fost recrutați cu forța în armată au fost descriși în ucraineană ca fiind luați la muscali (în ). Pentru că cei mai mulți dintre ei, după ce serveau în Armată (pe termene de 25 de ani, în unele perioade ale istoriei Rusiei), continuau să vorbească în limba rusă după demobilizare, cuvântul a dobândit o conotație negativă și era folosit pentru cei care și-au pierdut rădăcinile.

Influență culturală
"Moskal" este un personaj stereotip în teatrul tradițional ucrainean de păpuși denumit vertep.

Moskaliki este denumirea ucraineană pentru pești mici, folosiți, de obicei, ca momeală sau ca o gustare frugală.

El este folosit, de asemenea, ca nume de familie în unele limbi slave de est.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Search query in Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries

Ruși

Muscal


උස්බෙකිස්තානයෙහි කාන්තාවන්ගේ සාමාජීය සහ නෛතික තත්ත්වය වෙත බලපෑම් ඇති කර ඇත්තේ දේශීය සම්ප්‍රදායයන්, ආගම, සෝවියට් පාලනය සහ, නිදහසෙන් පසුව සමාජීය ප්‍රතිමානයන්ගේ වෙනස්වීම් වෙති.

මාතෘ සෞඛ්‍ය සේවාව සහ ගැබ් ගැනීම වළක්වන ඖෂධ සපයා ගත හැකි බව
ගැබ් ගැනීම වළක්වන ඖෂධ සපයා ගත හැකි බව සහ මාතෘ සෞඛ්‍ය සේවාව අතර සම්මිශ්‍ර ස්වභාවයක් පවතියි. 2003 වසරෙහිදී කාන්තාවන් අතරින් 62.3% ක් නොමිලයේ ලැබෙන ගැබ් ගැනීම වළක්වන ඖෂධ භාවිතා කලහ. කෙසේවෙතත්, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය ඇස්තමේන්තු කරනුයේ උස්බෙකිස්තානයෙහි කාන්තාවන් අතුරින් 13.7% පමණ ඔවුන්ගේ මීලඟ ගර්භණී භාවය වළක්වාගැනීමට හෝ පමා කිරීමට හෝ කැමැත්තෙන් සිටියද, එසේ කිරීමට ඔවුන්ට නොහැකි වන්නේ ගැබ් ගැනීම වළක්වන ඖෂධ සඳහා පවතින සීමිත ප්‍රවේශය නිසා බවයි. 2000 වසරෙහිදී, රට තුල දළ වශයෙන්  වින්නඹු මාතාවන් 20,900 සිටියහ.

බලහත්කාර වන්ධ්‍යකරණය

බලහත්කාර වන්ධ්‍යකරණය උස්බෙකිස්තානය තුල භාවිතා වන බවට වාර්තා ලැබී ඇත. 2012 අප්‍රේල් 12 දින බීබීසී ලෝක සේවයෙහි "එසයින්මන්ට්" වාර්තාවක් විසින් සාක්ෂි එළිදරවු වූයේ,  ජනගහණයෙහි වර්ධනය පාලනය කිරීමේ රජයෙහි ප්‍රයත්නයක් වශයෙන්,  කාන්තාවන්ගේ දැනුවත්බව නොමැතිවද ඔවුන් වන්ධ්‍යකරණය කෙරන බවයි.

දිවි නසාගැනීම
සිරුරට ගිනි තබා ගැනීම යනු උස්බෙකිස්තානයෙහි කාන්තාවන් අතර සිය දිවි නසාගැනීමෙහි පසිඳු ආකාරයකි. 2001 වසරෙහිදී ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත්තේ දළ වශයෙන් වසරකට කාන්තාවන්  500 පමණ අක්‍රොශකාරී තත්ත්වයන් නිසා සිය දිවි නසා ගන්නා බවයි.

ජාවාරම්කාරී මිනිස් ප්‍රවාහනය
ජාවාරම්කාරී මිනිස් ප්‍රවාහනය අඩු කිරීමට රජය විසින් කිසියම් ප්‍රයත්නයක් දරන බවට එජා විසින් පිළිගෙන ඇත. නිදසුනක් වශයෙන්, ජාවාරම්කාරී මිනිස් ප්‍රවාහන වල ගොදුරු වලට ලක් වන්නන් හට සෘජු දුරකතන පහසුකම් ලබා දී ඇති අතර, ජාවාරම්කාරී මිනිස් ප්‍රවාහන සඳහා වසර පහක සිට අටක් දක්වා සිර දඬුවම් නියම වෙයි.

කෙසේවෙතත්, ජාවාරම්කාරී මිනිස් ප්‍රවාහන තවමත් පවතින්නේ, ජාවාරම්කාරී ලෙසින් ප්‍රවාහනය කෙරුණු කාන්තාවන් සඳහා උස්බෙකිස්තානය සැපයුම්කරුවෙකු සහ ගැනුම්කරුවකු වන බැවිණි."ජාවාරම්කාරී මිනිස් ප්‍රවාහනය සිදුවන්නේ 'ස්ථානාන්තර ප්‍රවාහන' වෙළෙඳාමෙහි දිගුවක් වශයෙනි. ළමුන් බලාගන්නා කාන්තාවන්, උගන්වන්නන් හෝ ළදරුවන් බලාගන්නන් ලෙසින් සේවා නියුක්තිය පොරොන්දු වෙමින් කාන්තාවන් සංචාරක වීසා මත ප්‍රවාහනය කෙරෙන මුත්, බොහෝ විට ලිංගික කර්මාන්තයෙහි ශ්‍රමිකයන් ලෙසින් කෙළවර වෙති."

කාන්තාවන්ගේ ආර්ථික ඉඩප්‍රස්ථා
කාන්තාවන්ගේ ආර්ථික ඉඩප්‍රස්ථා ඉහළ නැංවීම සඳහා උපකාර කිරීමට උස්බෙක් රාජ්‍යය විසින් වැඩසටහන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන නමුදු, අනවරත ගැටළු පවතියි. නිදසුනක් ලෙසින්, ශ්‍රමික වෙළෙඳපොළ, ස්ත්‍රී-පුරුෂ භාවය අනුව වෙන්ව තිබෙන අතර, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කාන්තාවන් සඳහා අඩු වේතනයක් ගෙවනු ලබයි. "නිෂ්පාදන-නොවන ක්ෂේත්‍රයෙහි නුපුහුණු පුද්ගලයන්ගෙන් සමස්තයම පාහේ කාන්තාවන් වෙතින් සමන්විත වෙයි." රාත්‍රී සේවය හෝ අතිකාල සේවය හෝ සඳහා කානතාවන් භාවිතා කිරීමද සිදු කල නොහැක්කකි. 2003 වසර වන විට, ලිංගික වද හිංසා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක නීතියක් නොතිබුණි.

ආබාධිත දරුවන් හෝ බොහෝ දරුවන් හෝ සහිත මවුවරුන් හට වයස වසර 50 වන විට විශ්‍රාම ගිය හැකිවෙයි—එනම් නියම කර ඇති විශ්‍රාම ගන්වන වයසට (55) වඩා වසර පහක් පමණ පෙරදී.

කාන්තාවන්ගේ නෛතික අයිතිවාසිකම් සහ රජය තුල ඔවුන්ගේ නියෝජනය
2004 වසර වන විට, උස්බෙකිස්තානයෙහි මැතිවරණ නීතිය විසින් අවශ්‍යව තිබුණේ, පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සඳහා මැතිවරණ වලදී දේශපාලන පක්ෂ විසින් අවම වශයෙන් කාන්තා අපේක්ෂකයන්  සියයට 30ක් යෝජනා කළ යුතු බවයි. කෙසේවෙතත්, රජයේ සෑම මට්ටමකම, කාන්තා අවනියෝජනය, ජන්ම පුරුද්දක් ලෙසින් පවතියි.

උස්බෙකිස්තානය තුල සර්වජන ඡන්දබලය පවතියි; කෙසේවෙතත්, "මහජන මතය පිළිබඳ මධස්ථානය විසින් සිදු කෙරුණු සමීක්ෂණ තුලින් ලද දත්ත පරිදී, නාගරික කාන්තාවන් අතුරින් 64% ක්ද ග්‍රාමීය කාන්තාවන් අතුරින් 50% ක්ද විශ්වාස කරනුයේ, දේශපාලන බලගෝලය තුල කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා වැඩි අවස්ථාවක් පුරුෂයන් සතු බවයි".

බලහත්කාර විවාහ සහ මනාලියන් පැහැරගෙන යෑම
රටෙහි සමහර කොටස් වල, විශේෂයෙන්ම  කුරාකල්පක්ස්තානයෙහි මනාලියන් පැහැරගෙන යෑම තුලින් සිදුවන බලහත්කාර විවාහ පවතියි.   මනාලියන් පැහැරගෙන යෑම සහ ආර්ථික අස්ථායිබව අතර සම්බන්ධයක් ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි. විවාහෝත්සව අධික වශයෙන් මිල අධික විය හැකි අතර, පැහැරගෙන යෑම වෙතින් උත්සවය සඳහා වන වියදම මෙන්ම මනාලිය වෙනුවෙන් ගෙවිය යුතු මුදලද වැලැක්වෙයි. සමහරක් උගතුන් වාර්තා කරනුයේ, අව ප්‍රමාණ අධ්‍යාපනයක් ලැබූ සහ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය හෝ මද්‍යසාර හෝ ප්‍රශ්න සහිත සහ එබැවින් එතරම් ප්‍රිය නොඋපදවන පුරුෂයන් විසින් ඔවුන්ගේ මනාලියන් පැහැරගෙන යෑමට වැඩි ප්‍රවණතාවයක් දක්වන බවයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

උස්බෙකිස්තානය

උස්බෙකිස්තානයෙහි කාන්තාවෝ


Because I said so es una película de comedia romántica de Estados Unidos dirigida por Michael Lehmann en 2007, protagonizada por Diane Keaton, Mandy Moore, Gabriel Macht y Tom Everett Scott.

Sinopsis
Daphne Wilder (Diane Keaton) es una madre sobreprotectora que ha criado sola a sus tres hijas: la sensata psicóloga Maggie (Lauren Graham), la sexy e irreverente Mae (Piper Perabo), y la insegura y adorable Milly (Mandy Moore). Una vez casadas sus dos hijas mayores, Daphne se propone ayudar a su hija Milly, que es la menor, a encontrar al hombre perfecto con el que compartir su vida. Para ello pondrá un anuncio en internet buscando candidatos sin que su hija sepa nada. Allí conocerá al hombre que para ella sería perfecto para su hija pequeña, un arquitecto llamado Jason (Tom Everett Scott), y también al tipo de hombre con el que no quiere que acabe, Johnny (Gabriel Macht), un músico que tiene un hijo. Así, Milly acabará conociendo a los dos inesperadamente, teniendo una relación con ambos y más tarde descubriendo lo que su madre planeó a sus espaldas y teniendo que elegir entre uno de los dos chicos o a ninguno.

Reparto

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas de Universal Pictures

¡Porque lo digo yo!


La Sainte Famille est une peinture à l'huile sur toile () réalisée par le peintre italien de l'École de Ferrare Dosso Dossi, datable vers 1527 et conservée à la Pinacothèque capitoline des musées du Capitole à Rome.

Histoire
Le retable a été peint pour une église de Ferrare. Il a rejoint les collections des princes Pio avant des rejoindre les collections des musées du Capitole lors de la cession du quart de la collection au pape Benoit XIV en 1750.

Description et style
Ce grand retable concentre l'attention sur le rapport d'affection qui lie Marie, l'Enfant Jésus et saint Joseph, représenté d'une manière profondément réaliste. La pose gracieuse de la Vierge suppose une construction monumentale solide, mise en valeur par l'équilibre des gradations chromatiques de ses vêtements.

Références

Bibliographie
.

Articles connexes
 École de Ferrare
 Renaissance ferraraise

Liens externes

Tableau de Dosso Dossi
Tableau des années 1520
Sainte Famille dans la peinture
Œuvre de Dosso Dossi en Italie
Œuvre conservée aux musées du Capitole

Sainte Famille (Dossi)


Giresun Dağları, Kuzey Anadolu Dağları'nın Kıyı dağları kesiminde Giresun, Sivas ve Ordu illerinin sınırlarında bulunan, Gavur dağları ve Canik Dağları arasında uzanan kısmı.
Karadeniz kıyısına doğru Gelevera, Yağlıdere, Aksu gibi akarsularla yarılan bir yamaçla yavaş yavaş iner. Güneyde Kelkit Vadisi'nde Suşehri, Koyulhisar ve Şebinkarahisar'a bakan yamaçları daha diktir. Doğuda Alucra Dağları'nda 3.400 m'ye kadar yükselir. En yüksek tepesi 3391 m yükseklik ile Gümüşhane ile Giresun'un Alucra ilçesi arasında kalan Karadağ'dır. Batıda en yüksek tepesi Sivas ile Giresun'un Bulancak ilçesi sınırında Karagöl Yaylası'na hakim 3.107 rakımlı tepedir. Alp-Himalaya orojenezi ile oluşmuş kıvrım dağlardandır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki dağlar listesi
 Türkiye'deki yanardağlar

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki sıradağlar

Giresun Dağları


රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසව යනු කොරියානු රජවරුන්ගේ (තුන් රාජධානි, එක්සත් සිල්ලා, ගෝර්යෝ සහ ජොසොන් රාජවංශ සමයන්හි). රාජකීය උපබිසෝවරුන් සඳහා භාවිතා වූ තනතුරකි. ජොසොන් රාජවංශ සමයේ (ජොසොන් අවසානයේ කොරියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය අයත් නොවේ) පහළ මට්ටමේ උපබිසෝවරුන්ට සහ මාලිග ස්ත්‍රීන්ට (5a මට්ටම සහ පහළ) වඩා ඉහළ මට්ටමක වූ උපබිසෝවරුන් නේගුංහි (내궁) කොටසක් ලෙස සැලකුණු අතර, ඔවුන් අගබිසවට පහළ නිලයන් දරන්නියන් ලෙස සැලකිණි. මෙහි අරුත නම් 1 සිට 4 දක්වා මට්ටම්වල රාජකීය වංශවත් උපබිසෝවරුන් රාජකීය පවුලේම කොටසක් ලෙස සැලකුණු බවයි.

මෙලෙසින්, අගබිසවට (ජුංජොන් 중전) පහළින් කාණ්ඩ 4ක් යටතේ උසස්-නිලයක් ඇති රාජකීය උපබිසෝවරුන් වර්ග කෙරිණි. මේ සෑම කාණ්ඩයක්ම මට්ටම් 2කින් සමන්විත වේ. මෙම මට්ටම් අතරින් ඉහළ මට්ටම a (ජොං, 정) ලෙසත්, පහළ මට්ටම b (ජොං, 종) ලෙසත් මෙහි දක්වා ඇත:

1a. බින් 빈 (嬪): රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසව ශ්‍රේණිය 1
1b. ග්වයිඉන් 귀인 (貴人)
2a. සෝඋයි 소의 (昭儀): රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසව ශ්‍රේණිය 2
2b. සුක්යි 숙의 (淑儀)
3a. සෝයොං 소용 (昭容): රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසව ශ්‍රේණිය 3
3b. සුක්යොං 숙용 (淑容)
4a. සෝවොන් 소원 (昭媛): රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසව ශ්‍රේණිය 4
4b. සුක්වොන් 숙원 (淑媛)

බින්ගේ තනතුර සඳහා, රජු හෝ අගබිසව විසින් රාජකීය බිසවගේ චරිතයට/පෞරුෂයට සම්බන්ධ උපසර්ගයක් එක්කරනු ලබයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, හුයිබින් (හුයි = දීප්තිමත්), සුක්බින් (සුක් = නිර්මල/පවිත්‍රත්වය), ඉයුයිබින් (ඉයුයි = සුදුසු/ගැලපෙන) ආදිය දැක්විය හැක. කෙසේනමුත් ඔවුන් සියලු දෙනාම "බින්" නිලයෙහි වූ නිසා ඔවුන් සෑම දෙනාම සමාන මට්ටමෙහි ලා සැලකිණි.

5a. සංගුං (상궁 හෝ 尙宮) සහ සංග්‍යුයි (상의 හෝ 尙儀) පාලිකාවෝ රාජකීය පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන් යටතේ ඍජුවම සේවය කළ අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධානියාට අංශය භාරව තිබිණි. ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යය සහ අංශය අනුව, ඔවුන්ව සංගුං තනතුර තුළ අභ්‍යන්තරව නැවත ශ්‍රේණිගත කෙරිණි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අගිබසවට සේවය කළ සංගුංවරියට කුමරෙකුට, කුමරියකට හෝ උපබිසවකට සේවය කළ සංගුංවරියකට වඩා ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීමෙහි ඉහළම බලතල හිමි විය. රජුගේ ප්‍රසාදය දිනාගතහොත් සංගුංවරියකට ද, "රාජකීය උපබිසවක්" බවට පත්විය හැකි විය. ඔවුනට අමතනු ලැබූයේ "ප්‍රසාදය ලත් සංගුං" ලෙස වූ අතර, ඔවුනට 5a වැනි ඉහළ තනතුරක් හිමි වේ. කෙසේනමුත්, ඔවුන් තවමත් සිටින්නේ ශ්‍රේණිය 5හි බැවින් "ප්‍රසාදය දිනූ සංගුංවරිය" නේගුංහි, එනම් රාජකීය පවුලෙහි සාමාජිකාවක ලෙස නොසැලකෙයි. එසේම රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසවක ලෙස නොසැලකෙයි. ඒ වෙනුවට ඔවුන් සංගුංගේ ශ්‍රේණියෙහි උපබිසවක ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. කෙසේනමුත්, ප්‍රසාදය දිනූ සංගං කෙනෙකුට ඇයගේ සේවය සඳහා සංගුංවරියක් හිමි විය.

5b සිට 9b දක්වා ශ්‍රේණි පහත් පන්තියේ මාලිග ස්ත්‍රීන් සහ දැරියන් සඳහා හිමි විය. මාලිග ස්ත්‍රීන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මාලිගයට ඇතුළත් කරගැනුණේ ලාබාල අවධියේදී ය. එමනිසා, මාලිගය ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන නවාතැන ලෙස සැලකෙයි. විශේෂ අවස්ථාවලදී සහ ඉහළ නිලධාරීන්ගේ අනුමැතියකින් තොරව ඔවුනට මාලිගය හැරයාමට අවසර නොතිබිණි.

වැදගත් අගබිසෝවරු සහ රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසෝවරු
 මිෂිල් බිසව (540-600)
 හමන් යුන් වංශයේ ජෙහොන් අගබිසව (1445–1482)
 පප්යොං යුන් වංශයේ ජොංහුයි අගබිසව (1418–1483)
 පප්යොං යුන් වංශයේ මුන්ජොං අගබිසව (1502–1565)
 යොහ්‍යුං මින් වංශයේ ඉන්හ්යොන් අගබිසව (1667–1701)
 ග්යොංජු කිම් වංශයේ ඉන්වොන් අගබිසව (1687–1757)
 ඉන්දොං ජං වංශයේ රාජකීය වංශවත් හුයි බිසව (1659–1701)
 හේජු චෝයි වංශයේ රාජකීය වංශවත් සුක් බිසව (1670–1718)
 දල්සුං සියෝ වංශයේ ජොංසොං අගබිසව (1692–1757)
 ග්යොංජු කිම් වංශයේ ජොංසුන් අගබිසව (1745–1805)
 සොං වංශයේ රාජකීය වංශවත් උයි බිසව (1753–1786)
 පාක් වංශ‍යේ රාජකීය වංශවත් සු බිසව (1770–1822)
 අන්දොං කිම් වංශයේ සුන්වොන් අගබිසව (1789–1857)
 අන්දොං කිම් වංශයේ චොනින් අගබිසව (1837–1878)
 යොහ්‍යුං මින් වංශයේ මියොංසොං අධිරාජිනිය (1873–1895, අගබිසව ලෙස)
 හේප්යොං යුන් වංශයේ සුන්ජොං අධිරාජිනිය (1894–1966)

මේවාත් බලන්න
 අගබිසව
 වැන්දඹු රැජින
 මව්බිසව
 රැජින
 උපබිසව
 බහුභාර්යා සේවනය

රාජකීය උත්තමාවියන්
කොරියානු රාජ්‍යත්වය
රාජකීය තනතුරු
පවුල

කොරියානු රජවරුන්ගේ රාජකීය වංශවත් බිසව


Tru-la-lá es un conjunto de música bailable de cuarteto que inició su actividad el 17 de noviembre de 1984 tocando en el club Unión San Vicente en Córdoba (Argentina), de la mano de su creador Manolo Cánovas y desde el 2000 por su hijo Mauricio Cánovas. Esta banda se inscribe dentro de la cultura musical propia de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) y que reconoce sus orígenes a mediados del .

En Tru-la-lá dieron sus primeros pasos dentro de la música varios artistas reconocidos como: "Marito" (Mario Gutiérrez), Gary, Javier la "Pepa" Brizuela, Cristian Abel Amato, Pablo Ravasollo, Claudio Toledo, Jean Carlos, Ale Ceberio, Sandro Gómez, entre otros.

Tru-la-lá ha tenido gran aceptación en el público cuartetero y actualmente mantiene su vigencia y realiza presentaciones en la ciudad de Córdoba y localidades del interior provincial.

Historia

Los orígenes
La historia de Tru-la-lá está íntimamente ligada a Manolo Canovas, alias "Manolito", su fundador y alma mater. Manolito logró conformar una banda para tocar música de cuarteto, un género que estaba en auge en la ciudad de Córdoba. El 17 de noviembre de 1984 la banda dio su primer baile, siendo Manolito su mánager, y Mario Gutiérrez ("Marito") el cantante. Ese año grabaron su primer disco, que se titula "Mi tío es un ají", nombre de la canción más popular de la banda. En ese mismo disco Manolito puso su voz para cantar un fragmento de una cumbia cuartetera: "Mujer sin corazón".

En el año 1985 se sumó el cantante Edgar Efraín Fuentes (Gary), que se alternó con Marito hasta que este se alejó. A la voz de Edgar se sumaron la de "El Negro José" Moyano y posteriormente la de Javier "La Pepa" Brizuela. Trulalá tuvo gran aceptación en el público cuartetero y compartió escenarios con otras figuras de ese género en los años 80: Carlitos "Mona" Jiménez, Sebastián, Pelusa y la banda "Chebere", entre otros. Realizó presentaciones en la ciudad de Córdoba y localidades del interior provincial.

La época de los cambios
En 1990 Edgar Fuentes se separa de Tru-la-lá, iniciando su carrera solista con el seudónimo de "Gary". Canovas rearma el grupo, introduciendo la voz de Sandro Gómez junto a la de Javier Brizuela. Esta formación se mantiene durante años y brinda muchos éxitos como "Mi novia postiza", "Brindo por ella", "Una lágrima sobre el teléfono", "El novio de Raquel", "Corazones rotos", "Todo pasó pasó", "Penas y alegrías del amor" (a dúo), "No meta la mano", "Dónde andarás" y "Bella María de mi alma" (también a dúo). En 1994 Javier Brizuela y otros integrantes abandonan Trulalá para formar un nuevo grupo de cuartetos: La Barra. Canovas rearma una vez más el combo y trae al dominicano Jean Carlos para que cante junto a Sandro Gómez. Ese año Trulalá festeja su primera década.

Los tres discos en que canta Jean Carlos ("10 años", "El Trulalazo" y "Con la música en la sangre") reflejan un cambio en el estilo musical, introduciendo más elementos del merengue y sonidos centroamericanos. Esto significó abandonar el estilo cuartetero puro que había distinguido al grupo, pero siguió gozando del acompañamiento del público. Tras grabar los tres discos mencionados, sorpresivamente Jean Carlos abandona Trulalá y se lanza como solista, obteniendo gran éxito gracias a su paso por dicha banda. Durante 1996-1997 se producen varios ingresos y alejamientos en voces, Canovas rearma de nuevo la formación y en 1997 Trulalá queda de nuevo consolidada, con Cristian Abel Amato y Claudio Toledo como las voces principales, a las que se unirá después Alejandro Ceberio. Así formada, Tru-la-lá sigue produciendo éxitos como "Una lágrima un suspiro", "Mi problema" o "El baile del Kikiki".

La banda Tru-la-lá siempre tuvo una gran repercursión entre la gente, a tal punto que sus seguidores se autodenominaron "trulaleros" y formaron una red de fanes muy variada y pintoresca. Canovas fue un trabajador incansable de la música, que entendía que el cuarteto es una música para alegrar a los bailarines, no un show de estrellas musicales. El creador y mánager de la banda también mantuvo a Córdoba como centro de su actividad, a diferencia de otros músicos que intentaban que el cuarteto tuviera repercusión nacional.

Adiós a Manolito
Tru-la-lá sufrió un rudo golpe cuando el 30 de mayo de 1999 Manolito Canovas sufrió un ataque cerebral que lo dejó en coma. Se le diagnosticaron tres coágulos en el cerebro y los pronósticos eran reservados. Fue la primera vez que el grupo quedaba sin su alma mater, y la conducción fue asumida por personas cercanas a Manolito. La salud de este fue una preocupación constante, al punto que los trulaleros organizaron incluso una cadena de oración en la Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen, ofreciendo una misa semanal por su recuperación. De este modo, sin Canovas, Tru-la-lá festejó sus 15 años con un gran baile. En esa ocasión se presentó el tema "Amigo", dedicado a Manolito. Este falleció el 4 de junio de 2000, y en reconocimiento a su aporte a la música cordobesa, también se lo recuerda todos los 4 de junio,  fecha  instituida  como "Día de la Música de Cuartetos" en homenaje al CUARTETO LEO ,  de Leonor Marzano y MIguel Gelfo, creadores del "tunga-tunga" ritmo característico de la música de cuarteto.

La desaparición de Manolito abrió una etapa nueva en la historia de Tru-la-lá. Los bailes y las nuevas canciones siguieron dándose, pero la ausencia del gran líder fue motivo para conflictos entre quienes querían dirigir la empresa Tru-la-lá. Cristian Abel Amato siguió el camino de tantos excantantes, al abandonar Tru-la-lá y fundar su propia banda: La Fiesta. Al poco tiempo Toledo se unió a él.

En el
Nuevos cantantes entraron y salieron de la banda. Alejandro Ceberio quedó como la única voz de la banda cuando el otro cantante, Pablo Ravassollo, falleció en un accidente automovilístico. La formación se consolidó finalmente hacia 2009 con los cantantes César "Neno" Aguirre, Pablo David Ortiz y César Palavecino, este último un exparticipante del show televisivo "Operación Triunfo".

En ese año Tru-la-lá celebró sus 25 años con un gran baile en el club Sociedad Belgrano, del cual se editó un disco titulado "25 Vivo's". En la actualidad Tru-la-lá es administrada por la familia Cánovas, y la dirección general de la banda está a cargo de Mauricio Cánovas, hijo de Manolito. Tru-la-lá continúa hasta el día de hoy produciendo bailes y editando discos. Hasta 2012 el grupo había recibido 39 discos de oro y 5 discos de platino, además de varios premios y galardones.

El 5 de enero de 2015 el secretario de los dueños de dicha empresa, le comunican vía telefónica la salida y desvinculación de Pablo David Ortiz luego de casi 9 años de permanencia quedando así como únicas voces de la banda César Palvecino y César "Neno" Aguirre.

El 14 de marzo de 2015 luego de 2 semanas de vacaciones Tru-la-lá presentó en Villa Retiro a Gaston Fernández, un chico de la ciudad de Mendoza que fue incorporado como tercera voz de la orquesta.

En el año 2017 César "Neno" Aguirre abandona la agrupación para formar parte de otro proyecto, e ingresa como cantante Santiago Ariel Griffo, un cantante con una trayectoria solista en Buenos Aires bajo el nombre de "Tyago", y hasta entonces cantante desde el inicio de otra formación cuartetera llamada "Kimbara". Cabe aclarar que Santiago Griffo es hijo de los famosos cantantes "Ariel el Principe" ex Chunchulas y de "Gladys la bomba tucumana".

En la actualidad Tru la lá se encuentra integrado por Gino Rodríguez, el Pana Rodríguez y Pablo Mansilla.

Cantantes

 Mario "Marito" Gutiérrez (1984-1986)
 Luis "Chocolate" Martín (1984)
 Edgar Efraín Fuentes "Gary" (1985-1990)
 José "Pucho" Moyano (1986-1989)
 Javier "La Pepa" Brizuela (1989-1994)
 Sandro Gómez (1990-1997)
 "Jean Carlos" Sánchez (1994-1996)
 Claudio Toledo (1995-2003)
 Marcelo "El Turco" Jatuff (1996-1997)
 Cristian "El Loco" Amato (1997-2002)
 Alejandro Ceberio (1997-2007)
 Cristian Vaca (2002)
 Pablo Ravassollo (2002-2006)
 Gabriel Iruela (2003)
 Manuel Villalba (2003-2005)
 Eliazim Rivera (2003-2005)
 David Ortiz (2006-2015)
 Iván Pedraza (2006-2009)
 César Palavecino (2008-2018)
 César "Neno" Aguirre (2009-2017)
 Gastón "Tonchi" Fernández (2015-2017)
 Santiago "Tyago" Griffo (2017-2018)
 Gustavo "Toro" Corvalán (2017-2018)
 Pablo Mansilla (2018-presente)
 Jonathan "Pana" Rodríguez (2018-presente)
 Gino Rodríguez (2019-presente)

Formaciones de Cantantes
1984: Mario "Marito" Gutiérrez / Luis "Chocolate" Martín

1985: Mario "Marito" Gutiérrez / Edgar "Gary" Fuentes

1986-1989: Edgar "Gary" Fuentes / José "Pucho" Moyano

1989-1990: Edgar "Gary" Fuentes / Javier "Pepa" Brizuela

1990-1994: Javier "Pepa" Brizuela / Sandro Gómez

1994-1995: Sandro Gómez / Carlos "Jean Carlos" Sánchez

1995-1996: Sandro Gómez / Jean Carlos / Claudio Toledo

1996-1997: Sandro Gómez / Claudio Toledo / Marcelo "Turco" Jatuff

Mediados de 1997: Claudio Toledo / Cristian "Loco" Amato

Fines de 1997-2002: Claudio Toledo / Cristian "Loco" Amato / Alejandro Ceberio

Fines de 2002-2003: Claudio Toledo / Alejandro Ceberio / Pablo Ravassollo

Julio de 2003: Alejandro Ceberio / Pablo Ravassollo / Gabriel Iruela

Agosto de 2003: Alejandro Ceberio / Pablo Ravassollo / Gabriel Iruela / Eliazim "Ely" Rivera

Septiembre de 2003-2005: Alejandro Ceberio / Pablo Ravassollo / Eliazim "Ely" Rivera / Manuel Villalba (Participación Alterna)

2005-2006: Alejandro Ceberio / Pablo Ravassollo

2006-2007: Alejandro Ceberio / David Ortiz / Iván Pedraza

Fines 2007: David Ortiz / Iván Pedraza

2008-2009: David Ortiz / Iván Pedraza / César Palavecino

2009-2014: David Ortiz / César Palavecino / César "Neno" Aguirre

2015-2017: César Palavecino / César "Neno" Aguirre / Gastón "Tonchi" Fernández

Principios de 2017: César Palavecino / Gastón "Tonchi" Fernández / Santiago "Tyago" Griffo

Mediados de 2017: César Palavecino / Gastón "Tonchi" Fernández / Santiago "Tyago" Griffo / Gustavo "Toro" Corvalán

Finales de 2017: César Palavecino / Santiago "Tyago" Griffo / Gustavo "Toro" Corvalán

Inicios de 2018: César Palavecino / Santiago "Tyago" Griffo / Gustavo "Toro" Corvalán / Jonathan "Pana" Rodríguez

Mediados de 2018: Santiago "Tyago" Griffo / Jonathan "Pana" Rodríguez / Pablo Mansilla

Fines de 2018: Jonathan "Pana" Rodríguez / Pablo Mansilla

2019- Actualidad: Jonathan "Pana" Rodríguez / Pablo Mansilla / Jonathan "Gino" Rodríguez

Línea cronológica de cantantes de la banda

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</center>

Letras
Prácticamente desde el principio, Canovas introdujo en las canciones de Tru-la-lá un repertorio de letras que hablaban de la realidad social que vivía el público cuartetero.

Tru-la-lá no cantó solamente canciones de amor, aunque tampoco prescindió de ellas. En su primer disco ("Mi Tío Es Un Ají") Marito cantó el tema "Qué pena me da (niño bueno)", que habla de un muchacho que lleva el pan a su casa a través de la delincuencia, todo ello sin que su familia lo sepa

 "En aquel rincón" y "El diario de hoy" (sobre el abandono que sufren niños y jóvenes)

 "4 líneas para el cielo" (sobre el sufrimiento de un huérfano),

 "Ha vuelto a robar" (acerca de la delincuencia como forma de vida)

 "Maribel te amo" (sobre la prostitución)

Integrantes

 Voz: Pablo Mansilla
 Voz: Pana Rodríguez
 Voz: Gino Rodríguez
 Timbales: Valentin Cánovas
 Tambora: Sebastian "facha" Amato
 Tumbadoras: Lisandro Monzón
 Teclados : Axel Oviedo "camello"
 Batería: Marcelo "bombolo" Escudero
 Trompeta: Favio Vilchez
 Trombón: Renato Montes
 Güira: Maximiliano Ruggiero
 Acordeón: Alexis Cejas
 Bajo: Marcos Barrionuevo "chino"

Discografía

Álbumes oficiales

DVD

 Ta' copao (2006)
 26 Años de película (2011)
 Simplemente Tru la-la (2012)
 En el alma (2014)

Participaciones

 Encuentro de mostros <junto a Sebatián, Pelusa y Chebere> (1986)
 Exageradísimo '87 <junto a Sebastián y Pelusa> (1987)
 Exageradísimo '88 <junto a Chébere y Pelusa> (1988)
 Los monstruos contraatacan <junto a Sebastián, Pelusa y Chebere> (1988)
 Exageradísimo '89 <junto a Sebastián y Pelusa> (1989)
 Exageradísimo '90 <junto a Sebastián y Orly> (1990)
 Exageradísimo '92 <junto a Gary y El Negro Videla> (1992)
 Exageradísimo '94: Felices fiestas <junto a Gary, Vanessa, El Negro Videla, Wilkins, Miguel Ángel Robles y Orly> (1993)
 Música con todo: Recuerdos vol. 1 <junto a Chébere, Sebatián y Pelusa> (1995)
 Música con todo: Recuerdos vol. 2 <junto a Chébere, Pelusa y Sebatián> (1995)
 Exageradísimo '95 <junto a La Mona Jiménez, Orly, El Negro Videla, Alberto Tosas, Ronny, Miguel Ángel Robles y Wilkins> (1995)
 Música con todo: Recuerdos vol. 3 <junto a Gary, Chébere, Sebastián, Pelusa, Orly y El Negro Videla> (1996)
 Exageradísimo 96 <junto a La Mona Jiménez y Sebastián> (1996)
 Exageradísimo 97 <junto a Pelusa, Sebastián y El Negro Videla (1997)>
 Exageradísimo 98 <junto a Pelusa y Jean Carlos> (1998)
 Exageradísimo del milenio <junto a Chébere> (1999)
 Exageradísimo <junto a Jean Carlos y Rodrigo> (2000)
 Cuarteto para mayores de 30 <junto a Pelusa, Sebastián, Chebere y Orly> (2001)
 Exageradísimo 2001 <junto a Alcala y Jean Carlos> (2001)
 Exageradísimo 2002 <junto a Jean Carlos y Banda Rubinho> (2002)
 Exageradísimo de oro: 25 Años de cuarteto <junto a Chébere, Manto Negro, Los Chicos Orly, Sebastián, La Mona Jiménez, Santamarina, Gary, Trigo Verde, Pelusa, Jean Carlos, La Barra> (2010)
 Cuarteteando 2018 <junto a Damián Córdoba, Carli Jiménez, Monada, Ulises Bueno, Pitty Murua, Megatrack, Chipote, Cristian Amato y La Banda de Carlitos> (2018)
 Cuartetos continuados <junto a Sebastián, Chébere y La Mona Jiménez> (2018)

 Otros discos

 Los exagerados de Tru la-la (1996, RCA)
 Trulamix con La Pepa (1998, RCA)
 15 Éxitos (1998, RCA)
 Sus grandes éxitos (1999, DBN)
 Discografía completa vol. 1 (2001, RCA)
 Discografía completa vol. 2 (2001, RCA)
 Discografía completa vol. 3 (2001, RCA)
 Discografía completa vol. 4 (2002, RCA)
 Discografía completa vol. 5 (2002, RCA)
 Discografía completa vol. 6 (2003, RCA)
 Gary: Mi paso por Tru la-la (2004, RCA)
 Canta Jean Carlos: Mi paso por Tru la-la (2004, RCA)
 Discografía completa vol. 7 (2008, RCA)
 Éxitos originales (2013, RCA)
 Esenciales (2019)
 Grabaciones encontradas (2019)
 Gary & Tru la-la: 20 Éxitos (2020)
 Recordando éxitos'' (2022)

Sencillos
 Durmiendo en el lugar equivocado (2018)
 Toma mi vida (2018)
 Llegaste tu / Un angel llora (2019)
 Te esperaba (2019)
 Confieso (2019)
 Muchas novias (2019)
 Tatuado hasta los huesos (2019)
 Me hiciste un borracho (2019)
 A donde vas (2019)
 A las chicas / Mami mueve, con Los Bam Band Orquesta (2020)
 Cancela el sentimiento (2020)
 Olvídate / Te voy a amar (2020)
 Con tu nombre (2020)
 No sé vivir si no es contigo, con Rodrigo Tapari (2020)
 La culpa es tuya (2021)
 Más, con La K'onga (2021)
 Cómplice fiel, de El Kabra (2021)
 No lloro más, con Banda XXI (2021)
 Tu karma (2021)
 Fue culpa del amor (2021)
 Dame el amor, de Tyago Griffo (2022)
 Una parte de ti (2022)
 Si pudiera tenerte (2022)
 Te olvidaré (2022)
 Antes de ti (2022)
 Quiéreme (2022)
 Una noche más (2022)
 No es amor (2022)
 Session 922: Titi me preguntó / La bachata / Quédate (2022)
 Latidos (2022)
 Costumbres (2023)
 Vista al mar (2023)
 Fuego (2023)
 Dime qué pasó, de Agus Cassano (2023)

Premios

Distinciones de la Capif

Discos de Oro

Discos de Platino

Otras Distinciones

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial

Grupos de música de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)
Grupos de cuarteto
Grupos de música de los años 1980

Tru-la-lá


Simple and Protected GSSAPI Negotiation Mechanism (SPNEGO), often pronounced "spenay-go", is a GSSAPI "pseudo mechanism" used by client-server software to negotiate the choice of security technology. SPNEGO is used when a client application wants to authenticate to a remote server, but neither end is sure what authentication protocols the other supports. The pseudo-mechanism uses a protocol to determine what common GSSAPI mechanisms are available, selects one and then dispatches all further security operations to it. This can help organizations deploy new security mechanisms in a phased manner.

SPNEGO's most visible use is in Microsoft's "HTTP Negotiate" authentication extension. It was first implemented in Internet Explorer 5.01 and IIS 5.0 and provided single sign-on capability later marketed as Integrated Windows Authentication. The negotiable sub-mechanisms included NTLM and Kerberos, both used in Active Directory. The HTTP Negotiate extension was later implemented with similar support in:
 Mozilla 1.7 beta
 Mozilla Firefox 0.9
 Konqueror 3.3.1
 Google Chrome 6.0.472

History
 19 February 1996 – Eric Baize and Denis Pinkas publish the Internet Draft Simple GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism (draft-ietf-cat-snego-01.txt).
 17 October 1996 – The mechanism is assigned the object identifier 18.104.22.168.5.5.2 and is abbreviated snego.
 25 March 1997 – Optimistic piggybacking of one mechanism's initial token is added. This saves a round trip.
 22 April 1997 – The "preferred" mechanism concept is introduced. The draft standard's name is changed from just "Simple" to "Simple and Protected" (spnego).
 16 May 1997 – Context flags are added (delegation, mutual auth, etc.). Defenses are provided against attacks on the new "preferred" mechanism.
 22 July 1997 – More context flags are added (integrity and confidentiality).
 18 November 1998 – The rules of selecting the common mechanism are relaxed. Mechanism preference is integrated into the mechanism list.
 4 March 1998 – An optimisation is made for an odd number of exchanges. The mechanism list itself is made optional.
 December 1998 (Final) – DER encoding is chosen to disambiguate how the MIC is calculated. The draft is submitted for standardisation as RFC 2478.
 October 2005 – Interoperability with Microsoft implementations is addressed. Some constraints are improved and clarified and defects corrected. Published as RFC 4178, although it is now non-interoperable with strict implementations of now-obsoleted RFC 2478.

Notes

References

External links
  The Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism (obsoletes ).
  SPNEGO-based Kerberos and NTLM HTTP Authentication in Microsoft Windows

Cryptographic protocols
Computer access control protocols

SPNEGO


Fransız bulldogu, iyi huylu, oyuncu ve dikkatli bir köpek ırkıdır. Kulakları yarasa kulağına benzer. Bekçilik görevine uygundur. Çoğu fransız bulldogu farelerden hoşlanmaz. Özellikle yaşlıları ve çocukları çok sever. Aşırı sıcak hava kalp krizi geçirmesine yol açabilir. Çok yürüyüş yapmazlar.

Kökeni
Yerli bir Fransız cinsidir. Muhtemelen İngiliz buldoğunun kanını taşır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında büyük bir şöhrete sahipti.

Tanımı
9-12 kilo ağırlığında, 28–33 cm uzunluğunda olup, ortalama ömürleri 9-11 yıldır. Küçük, enerjik bir ırktır. Geniş, yuvarlak, yarasaya benzeyen kulakları ve yassı kare kafası vardır. Brachiocephalic hayvanlardır. İngiliz buldoğuna benzerlik gösterir.

Fransız buldoğunda görülebilecek hastalıklar
Fransız Buldoğu ırkı köpeklerde sindirim sistemi sorunları, kalça displazisi, damak yarığı ve pıhtılaşma bozukluğu olan Von Willebrand hastalığı görülebilir.

Gereksinimi
Fazla bakıma gereksinimi yoktur. Lastik bir fırçayla taranması dökülmüş tüylerini gidermek için kullanılmalıdır. Ağız-burun kısmının yassı olmasından ötürü, Fransız buldoğu salyalanmaya meyillidir, dolayısıyla ağzı düzenli olarak temizlenmelidir. Gerektiği zaman yıkanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

Köpek ırkları

Fransız buldoğu


Gurgen I. od Iberije (gruz. გურგენ I), iz dinastije Bagrationi, bio je knez Tao-Klardžetije i predsjedavajući knez Iberije. Nosio je bizantski naslov kuropalata. Vladao je od 881. do svoje smrti 891. godine, kao posljedice dinastičkih zavada.

Najstarijeg sina kneza Adarnaza I., Gurgena, krstio je istaknuti redovnik Grigol Handzteli. Od oca je naslijedio vojvodstvo Gornji Tao, uključujući rezidenciju Kalmahiju. U dinastičkom ratu koji je izbio među Bagratidima, Gurgen je u početku bio na strani Nasre, koji je ubio svog rođaka Davida I., kuropalata Iberije, 881. godine. Vjeran politici podjele i zbog maloljetnosti Davidova sina i legitimnog nasljednika Adarnaza, Bizant je kao kuropalata potvrdio, ne Adarnaza, već Gurgena. Na kraju je Gurgen promijenio stranu i pridružio se Adarnazu protiv Nasre, koji je poražen i usmrćen 888. godine. Kao rezultat podjele Nasrinog nasljedstva, Gurgenenovim posjedima dodani su Šavšetija i Artaani, o čemu svjedoči gruzijski ljetopisac iz 18. stoljeća Vahušti.

U međuvremenu je Adarnaz, budući da nije bio kuropalat, a vodeći se primjerom svojih armenskih rođaka, preuzeo titulu kralja. Odnosi između Adarnaza i Gurgena zaoštrili su se i izrodili u otvoreni rat. Gurgena su, Adarnaz i njegov saveznik Bagrat Mampali 891. godine, smrtno ranili i zarobili u Mglinavi kod Artaanija. Prema njegovoj posljednjoj volji, Gurgen je pokopan u manastiru Opiza, kojeg je sam dao obnoviti.

Gurgen je vjerojatno bio oženjen kćerkom Smbata VIII. Bagratunija (826. – 855.), sparapetom Armenije. Iza sebe je ostavio dva sina - Adarnaza i Ašota - postajući tako začetnik Bagratidove "prve kuće Tao" koja će izumrijeti s njegovim unukom Gurgenom II.

Izvori

Kneževi Iberije

Gurgen I. od Iberije


«I'd Rather Be Gone» —«Prefiero estar ausente»— es una canción del grupo de rock Player, incluida en su cuarto álbum Spies Of Life y publicada por RCA Records en 1982.

Representa un estilo mucho más lento del que acostumbraban a grabar. Fue escrita principalmente por J.C. Crowley (exmiembro de la banda) y Dennis Lambert, quien ocupaba el lugar de productora. La letra de la canción tiene un significado muy doloroso y de sufrimiento, debido al fracaso comercial que el grupo estaba pasando.

Peter fue el vocalista y escritor de casi todos los sencillos de ese álbum, junto con los otros miembros John Friesen, Miles Joseph y Rusty Buchanan.

Miembros
 Peter Beckett
 John Friesen
 Miles Joseph
 Rusty Buchanan

Enlaces externos
 Player - I'd Rather Be Gone

Sencillos de 1982
Sencillos de Player
Canciones de Player
Sencillos de rock
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de pop rock
Canciones de hard rock

I'd Rather Be Gone


Pokémon Puzzle League is a puzzle video game in the Puzzle League series developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. Released in North America on September 25, 2000, and in Europe on March 2, 2001, its Puzzle League-based gameplay has a focus on puzzle-based strategy in the game's grid-based format. To advance to new levels, players are required to combat the game's trainers and gym leaders, similar to the ones featured in Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow. One of several games based on the Pokémon anime, it features lead protagonist Ash Ketchum, his Pikachu, his companions Brock and Misty, the Kanto Gym Leaders, and other characters from the series.

As the development process of video games as a whole changed drastically from the 2D era of the fourth generation of video game consoles to the 3D era of the fifth generation, so did the development of Pokémon Puzzle League. The increased capabilities for artificial intelligence (AI) compelled the developers to create multiple levels of difficulty for the game, and it was implemented successfully in all but the 3D modes of the game, in which the AI becomes erratic at times. Local multiplayer capabilities are also available for one-on-one Puzzle League battles.

Pokémon Puzzle League received mostly positive reviews from critics. Pokémon Puzzle Challenge, a companion puzzle game, was released for the Game Boy Color in 2000. Re-releases of the game followed in 2008 for the Wii via Virtual Console, and in 2022 on the Nintendo Switch via Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack.

Gameplay

Pokémon Puzzle League features the same gameplay as in Panel de Pon. The objective is to clear blocks from the playfield by arranging them in horizontal or vertical lines of three or more blocks. A continuous stream of new blocks pushes up from the bottom of the playfield, causing the entire playfield to rise continuously. If the blocks reach the top of the playfield, the player loses. The player can temporarily stop the progression of blocks by scoring combos and chains, and in two-player battles, these actions also cause garbage blocks to stack on top of the opponent's playfield.

Unlike its predecessors, Pokémon Puzzle League features a 3D mode in addition to the traditional 2D mode. In this mode, gameplay takes place on a cylinder with an effective width of 18 blocks, compared to the six-block width of the flat 2D field. It also features the original block design from Panel de Pon and Tetris Attack, as well as a Pokémon-oriented design (selected by default). The game features the ability to battle against AI opponents, though their abilities are limited when using the 3D gameplay style.

The game includes several modes of play. In "1P Stadium", players control Ash Ketchum as they compete to defeat a series of increasingly difficult opponents and become the Puzzle Master. "2P Stadium" allows two players to choose one of 15 Pokémon trainers to play as, and battle one another using different gameplay rulesets. Other game types include "Marathon", which challenges players to continue playing as long as possible before the blocks fill the screen; "Time Zone", in which players attempt to achieve the highest score possible within a two minute time limit; "Spa Service", a stage-based mode where the player must clear a target number of lines to advance to the next stage; and "Puzzle University", a puzzle mode where players must clear predetermined block configurations within a limited number of moves. The game also includes modes designed to teach newer players, including "Professor Oak's Lab", in which Professor Oak provides several tutorials on how to play; and "Mimic Mansion", a training arena hosted by Tracey Sketchit that demonstrates techniques and allows players to practice.

Characters

The 16 playable characters in Pokémon Puzzle League are directly taken from the Pokémon anime, including characters that originally debuted in previous Pokémon games, such as Misty, Brock, and Giovanni. Ash Ketchum is the only playable character in the 1P Stadium mode, whereas other characters are available in the 2P Stadium mode. Ash's rival Gary Oak's Pokémon, a Nidoran♀, Growlithe, and Krabby, appear fully evolved into Nidoqueen, Arcanine, and Kingler when playing 1P Stadium on Hard difficulty or higher, although these evolved forms are not available when playing as Gary in 2P Stadium. The game's difficulty setting determines who the player faces as the final opponent: Giovanni in Easy mode, Bruno in Normal mode, Gary in Hard mode, and Mewtwo in Very Hard and Super Hard modes, which upon his defeat rewards the player with a different ending scene.

In addition to Ash, characters playable in the 2P Stadium mode include the eight Kanto Gym Leaders; Orange Islands companion Tracey Sketchit; perpetual villains Jessie, James, and Meowth of Team Rocket; rivals Gary Oak and Ritchie; Elite Four trainers Lorelei and Bruno; and Mewtwo, who uses cloned Pokémon.  Each character has a unique set of three Pokémon to battle with and a specific theme music; these differences are purely cosmetic and do not affect gameplay. Non-playable characters include Professor Oak, who provides tutorial information to the player; Nurse Joy, who hosts the game's "Pokemon Center" options menu; and less-seen Team Rocket members Butch and Cassidy, who appear as special opponents in the Spa Service mode.

Plot
Ash and Pikachu are on vacation when they are called on the phone by Professor Oak, who tells Ash he has been selected as one of the challengers for the official Puzzle League Tournament. Ash races off excitedly with Pikachu to the nearby Pokémon Puzzle League Village.

During the tournament, Ash challenges Gary, his first rival, before defeating seven of the eight of the Kanto region gym leaders and earning their badges, learning from them of a legendary undefeated competitor known as the Puzzle Master. After battling Tracey and Team Rocket, Ash challenges the supposed Puzzle Master, Giovanni, and defeats him to win the last badge. Soon after, he defeats the Elite Four, including the current Puzzle League Champion, Gary.

Upon Gary's defeat, Ash is named the new champion and presented with a trophy, which immediately warps him into a final challenge with the true Puzzle Master, Mewtwo. After defeating Mewtwo, Ash is warped back to his vacation spot. Ash initially believes the experience to be a dream, until he discovers a Pokémon Puzzle Master trophy awarded to him by Mewtwo.

Development
The game's engine was originally built for an unpublished Panel de Pon title for Nintendo 64; this version was ultimately released as part of the Nintendo Puzzle Collection compilation for GameCube.

The in-game soundtrack is primarily composed of instrumental arrangements of tracks from the 1999 soundtrack album Pokémon 2.B.A. Master. Other featured tracks include an arrangement of "Catch Me If You Can" from Pokémon: The First Movie'''s short feature Pikachu's Vacation, and other instrumental tracks from the Pokémon anime. The game also features animated full-motion video cutscenes, along with voice acting by the cast of the anime series.

ReceptionPokémon Puzzle League received "generally favourable reviews", according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Fran Mirabella III of IGN said, "I'm totally addicted and thrilled with Pokémon Puzzle League." Blake Fischer of NextGen called it "a surprisingly fun experience, if a little on the cute side. It may not be up to Puzzle Fighter 2 Turbo standards, but it's one of the best puzzlers on N64." Miss Spell of GamePro said the game "is designed for young gamers, encouraging creative puzzle-solving—something parents will love. Older puzzle fans who have a high Jigglypuff tolerance will also enjoy this well-structured offering." Human Tornado said, "Even though it's yet another take on Tetris, Pokemon Puzzle League has enough game modes to give it extra depth, and learning the art of advanced chains and combos will take a long time. Pokemon'' and puzzle game fans will appreciate this fun and challenging N64 game."

See also

Notes

References

External links

2000 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo Software Technology games
Nintendo Switch Online games
Puzzle League
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games developed in the United States
Virtual Console games for Wii
Multiplayer and single-player video games

ja:パネルでポン#Pokémon Puzzle League

Pokémon Puzzle League


කියුබාව සහ ඇ.එ.ජනපදයට අයත් ග්වන්ටානමෝ බොක්ක ප්‍රදේශය මෙම දූපතේ පිහිටා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 කියුබාව

කියුබාව
බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙවු

කියුබා දූපත


An Paphiopedilum violascens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Paphiopedilum violascens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paphiopedilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

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Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum violascens


Radek Bejbl (født 29. august 1972 i Nymburk, Tjekkoslovakiet) er en tjekkisk tidligere fodboldspiller (midtbane).

Karriere

Bejbl spillede for både Tjekkoslovakiets og Tjekkiets landshold og nåede i alt 58 landskampe og tre scoringer. Han var en del af det tjekkiske hold, der nåede finalen ved EM 1996 i England. Han spillede alle tjekkernes kampe i turneringen, inklusive finalen der endte med et finalenederlag til Tyskland efter forlænget spilletid. Året efter deltog Bejbl med tjekkerne ved Confederations Cup 1997, hvor holdet vandt bronze, og han var også med ved EM 2000 i Belgien og Holland.

På klubplan tilbragte Bejbl en stor del af sin karriere i hjemlandet hos Slavia Prag, som han vandt det tjekkiske mesterskab med i 1996. Han spillede senere også i Spanien for Atlético Madrid, for franske RC Lens og for østrigske Rapid Wien, inden han sluttede karrieren i hjemlandet hos Slovan Liberec.

Titler
Tjekkisk mesterskab
 1996 med Slavia Prag

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tjekkiet
Fodboldspillere fra Slavia Prag
Fodboldspillere fra RC Lens
Fodboldspillere fra Atlético Madrid
Fodboldspillere fra Rapid Wien
Fodboldspillere fra Slovan Liberec
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 1996
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2000

Radek Bejbl


2024  විස්සයි20 ලෝක කුසලානය නවවන ICC පිරිමි T20 ලෝක කුසලානය වන අතර එය ජාත්‍යන්තර විස්සයි20 ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියකි. එය 2024 ජුනි මාසයේදී බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් සහ ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දී පැවැත්වීමට නියමිත අතර කණ්ඩායම් 20 ක් සහභාගී වේ. එය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ක්‍රීඩා කරන පළමු ICC ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලිය වේ.

සත්කාරක්වය
ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලය (ICC) විසින්  2024 පිරිමි T20 ලෝක කුසලානය බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් සහ එක්සත් ජනපදයේදී පැවැත්වෙන බව 2021 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී නිවේදනය කලේය.  මෙම රටවල් වල ක්‍රිකට් සංගම් දෙක අතර උපායමාර්ගික හවුල්කාරිත්වයේ කොටසක් ලෙස වසර දෙකක සූදානමකින් පසුව ක්‍රිකට් බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් සහ ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපද ක්‍රිකට් විසින් ඒකාබද්ධ ලංසුවක් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී.

2022 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී, ICC හි මූල්‍ය ප්‍රොටෝකෝලවලට අඛණ්ඩව අනුකූල නොවීම සහ එක්සත් ජනපද ක්‍රිකට් හි මූල්‍ය තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ කනස්සල්ලෙන් පසුව, ICC විසින් USA ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානයේ පරිපාලන සම-සත්කාරකවරයාගේ භූමිකාවෙන් ඉවත් කර ඇති බව වාර්තා විය. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙය ඇමෙරිකාවේදී තරග ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට බලපානු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා නොකළේය.

තරගාවලි ආකෘතිය
සුදුසුකම් ලබා ඇති කණ්ඩායම් 20 කාණ්ඩ හතරකට බෙදනු ලබන අතර, ඉන් එක් කාණ්ඩයක පෙරමුණ ගන්නා කණ්ඩායම් දෙක සුපිරි 8 වටයට සුදුසුකම් ලබයි. මෙම අදියරේදී, කණ්ඩායම් හතරකින් යුත් කාණ්ඩ දෙකකට බෙදා  එක් එක් කාණ්ඩයෙන් පළමු කණ්ඩායම් දෙක පිළිමළුන් පිටුදැකීමේ අදියරට සුදුසුකම් ලබන අතර එය අවසන් පූර්ව තරග දෙකකින් සහ අවසන් මහා තරගයකින් සමන්විත වේ.

කණ්ඩායම්
2022 තරඟාවලියේ හොඳම කණ්ඩායම් අට, සත්කාරක රටවල් දෙක වන බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය සමඟ තරඟාවලියේ ලීග් අදියර සඳහා දැනටමත් සුදුසුකම් ලබා ඇත . ඉතිරි ස්ථාන සදහා 2022 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන විට ICC පිරිමි T20I කණ්ඩායම් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම්වල මීළඟ ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම් දෙකට හිමිය

බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්වන් 2022 තරඟාවලියේ හොඳම අට දෙනා අතරට නොපැමිණීම නිසා, ICC ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම්වල ඉතිරිව සිටින හොඳම කණ්ඩායම් දෙක 2024 සංස්කරණය සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබයි; ඔවුන් පළමු අට දෙනා අතරට පැමිණ සිටියේ නම්, තවත් තුන්වන කණ්ඩායමකට අවස්ථාව ලැබීමට ඉඩ තිබුණි.  ඉතිරි ස්ථාන අට ICC හි කලාපීය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟ හරහා තෝරාගනු ලබන අතර, අප්‍රිකාව, ආසියාව සහ යුරෝපයේ ඉහළම කණ්ඩායම් දෙක සහ ඇමරිකාව සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියා පැසිෆික් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් එක් කණ්ඩායම බැගින් ඇතුළත් වේ.  2022 මැයි මාසයේදී, ICC විසින් යුරෝපය, නැගෙනහිර ආසියා-පැසිෆික් සහ අප්‍රිකාව සඳහා උප කලාපීය තහවුරු කරන ලදී.

යොමු කිරීම්

2024 වි20 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය


An Greigia cochabambae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther. An Greigia cochabambae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Greigia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Greigia

Greigia cochabambae


Die Grand Street ist eine Straße im Süden von New York Citys Stadtbezirk Manhattan, USA.

Lage und Verlauf
Die Grand Street verläuft durch Downtown Manhattan in ost-westlicher Richtung parallel und südlich der Delancey Street von SoHo über Chinatown, Little Italy und die Lower East Side zum East River.

Westlich der Chrystie Street verläuft die Grand Street als Einbahnstraße – östlich davon in beide Richtungen. Sie verfügt über eine zusätzliche Fahrradspur.

Im 19. Jahrhundert, vor dem Bau der Williamsburg Bridge, verband die Grand Street Ferry die Grand Street (Manhattan) mit der Grand Street (Brooklyn).

Gebäude entlang der Grand Street
Das Cooperative Village erstreckt sich über mehrere Blocks am südlichen Ende der Grand Street. Andere erwähnenswerte Gebäude umfassen das alte Police Headquarters Building, das Gebäude der Home Savings of America und die Bialystoker Synagogue.

Nahverkehr
Die Grand Street ist über die U-Bahn-Haltestelle Grand Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line) an den öffentlichen Nahverkehr angeschlossen.

Geschäfte
Die meisten der verbliebenen Geschäfte im jüdischen Besitz in der Lower East Side befinden sich an der Grand Street – wie z. B. Kossar's Bialys, East Side Glatt, Moishe's Kosher Bakery oder East Broadway Bakery on Grand.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
Grand Street storefronts Fotos von Geschäften und Häusern entlang der Grand Street
New York Songlines: Grand Street – ein virtueller Spaziergang (englisch)

Straße in Manhattan

Grand Street (Manhattan)


Christian Grasmann (født 16. marts 1981 i München) er en tysk forhenværende cykelrytter. Hans foretrukne disciplin var banecykling, hvor han har vundet medaljer ved EM.

På bane har han vundet flere tyske mesterskaber.

Han har vundet to seksdagesløb i 78 starter, og ved Københavns seksdagesløb er det blevet til én andenplads i 2015 med makker Jesper Mørkøv. Han kørte karrierens sidste seksdagesløb i februar 2019, da han for sjette gang stillede til start i det danske løb.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra München
Mandlige cykelryttere fra Tyskland

Christian Grasmann


كانت الإذاعة في لبنان الوسيلة الإعلامية الأكثر جاذبية خلال فترة طويلة في لبنان وحتى بزوغ التلفزة لا سيما في سنوات الحرب الأهلية في لبنان.

فئات الإذاعات اللبنانية
وتقسم المحطات الإذاعية اللبنانية إلى ثلاث فئات:

 الفئة الأولى هي التي يسمح لها ببث الأخبار السياسية: وهي:
 إذاعة لبنان
 صوت الشرق
 إذاعة نداء المعرفة
 صوت لبنان الحر
 إذاعة جبل لبنان
 المجموعة اللبنانية للاعلام إذاعة النور
 صوت الشعب
 صوت لبنان
 صوت الغد
 صوت سيفان
 صوت الوطن
 صوت لبنان العربي
 إذاعة الفجر 104.9
 إذاعة صوت بيروت ولبنان الواحد. ومعظهم هذه الاذاعات تتبع جهات سياسية أو طائفية.
 الفئة الثانية هي الإذاعات التي تبث البرامج الفنية فقط وهي:
 راديو روتانا
 دلتا
 راديو سكوب
 فرانس إف أم
 لايت إف أم،
 فضول ميوزيك
 راديو إن
 ساوند أوف ميوزيك
 راديو وان
 راديو نوستالجي
 لبيون سكار
 ميكس إف إم
 باكس نتوورك
 إذاعة البشائر
 سترايك.
 الفئة الثالثة هي إذاعات الإف أم التي تبث في المناطق. وهي تعد بالمئات، فخلال الطفرة الإعلامية الغير شرعية التي شهدها لبنان بثت المئات من إذاعات الـ «إف. أم» التي تعمل على الموجة القصيرة جداً، وكان يكفي وجود هاتف ومكتب صغير لإدارة إذاعة يغطي بثها بضعة كيلومترات مربعة، وبعد صدور قانون الإعلام إنخفض عددهم بشكل ظاهر.

الإذاعات السياسية
الإذاعات اللبنانية موزعة على القوى السياسية التي تمتلك إلى جانبها محطات تلفزيونية وصحف:
 إذاعة النور تنطق باسم «حزب الله».
 إذاعة الفجر تنطق باسم «الجماعة الإسلامية (لبنان)»
 صوت الشرق تنطق باسم «تيار المستقبل»
 إذاعة بيروت ولبنان الواحد، تمثل رأي اتحاد قوى الشعب العامل.
 إذاعة نداء المعرفة تنطق باسم .
 إذاعة الرسالة تنطق باسم «حركة أمل».
 صوت بيروت انترناشيونال، تمثل رأي قوى ال 14 من اذار.
 صوت لبنان تنطق باسم حزب «حزب الكتائب اللبنانية».
 إذاعة صوت الشعب تمثل الحزب الشيوعي اللبناني.
 صوت لبنان الحر كانت من مؤسسات القوات اللبنانية".
 صوت الغد تنطق باسم التيار الوطني الحر.
 صوت فان تنطق بلسان «حزب الطاشناق» الارمني. وهي تبث معظم برامجها باللغة الارمنية.
لبنان أول دولة عربية تسمح لمحطات إذاعة خاصة بالعمل ضمن حدودها مع احتفاظ الحكومة بحق الموافقة على إنشاء المحطات ومراقبة نشرات الأخبار والبرامج السياسية. وبإمكان جهاز الرقابة إيقاف أي بث يعتقد إن له انعكاسات سلبية على الأمن.

الإذاعات الدينية

 صوت المحبة.
 صوت الإنجيل.
 هللويا
 القرآن الكريم

الإذاعات الرياضية
 نجمة FM
 أنصار FM
 عهد FM
 صفاء FM

مراجع

 الإذاعات في لبنان تطرح القضايا الاجتماعية... سياسةً

إذاعات إنترنت

إذاعات لبنان


الشهر العالمي للتوعية حول سرطان الثدي أو الزهري لأكتوبر  هي مبادرة عالمية بدأ العمل بها على المستوى الدولي في أكتوبر 2006 حيث تقوم مواقع حول العالم باتخاذ اللون الزهري أو الوردي كشعار لها من أجل التوعية من مخاطر سرطان الثدي. كما يتم عمل حملة خيرية دولية من أجل رفع التوعية والدعم وتقديم المعلومات والمساندة ضد هذا المرض.

انظر أيضًا
 سرطان الثدي
 سرطان الثدي عند الرجال
 شريط وردي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الزهري لأكتوبر
 المؤسسة المصرية لمكافحة سرطان الثدي
 البرنامج الأردني لسرطان الثدي

توعية بسرطان الثدي
سرطان الثدي
مناسبات أكتوبر
مناسبات في الولايات المتحدة
منظمات سرطان الثدي

الشهر العالمي للتوعية حول سرطان الثدي


L'épreuve individuelle de combiné nordique aux Jeux olympiques de 2018 sur le tremplin normal a lieu le  à Zhangjiakou.

L'épreuve est composée d'un saut et d'une course de ski de fond de 10 km. Les points obtenus lors du saut sont convertis en secondes et les athlètes partent selon le classement du saut lors de la course de ski de fond. L'arrivée de la course de ski de fond détermine le classement final.

Le Japonais Ryota Yamamoto domine le concours de saut. Dans la course de ski de fond, il ne peut pas suivre et un groupe de trois athlètes est en tête jusque dans le dernier tour. Dans la dernière montée, Vinzenz Geiger revient sur le groupe et l'emporte. L'Allemand devance Jørgen Graabak et Lukas Greiderer, seul rescapé du groupe sur le podium.

Organisation

Lieux

Les épreuves se déroulent à Zhangjiakou dans le Hebei à  de Pékin à une altitude d'environ . Les compétitions à cette altitude sont rares et certains athlètes effectuent des stages de préparation dans des villes autrichiennes, italiennes ou françaises pour s'habituer à ces conditions. La dernière fois que des épreuves olympiques avaient lieu à une telle altitude, c'était lors des Jeux olympiques de 2002 à Soldier Hollow. Les conditions sur place sont attendues comme très froide (près de la limite autorisée de ) et sèche.

Pour le saut à ski, les tremplins sont construits entre 2017 et 2020 avec un budget initial de . Le complexe compte deux tremplins : un HS 140 et un HS 106. Les tremplins sont les seuls homologués en Chine et ils servent de centre national pour les sauteurs chinois. Le nom du complexe vient de sa ressemblance avec un . Les athlètes sont impressionnés par les dimensions ainsi que l'architecture du complexe. Les tremplins sont situés dans une zone où soufflent fréquemment des vents violents. Quelques jours avant la course, les épreuves masculine, féminine et par équipes. Pour le HS 106, les records du tremplin sont de  réalisé par le Russe Danil Sadreev chez les hommes et de  par Urša Bogataj chez les femmes.

Sur la piste de ski de fond, il n'y a pas de difficultés majeures et le profil des pistes est relativement plat. En effet, le circuit de  compte trois petites montées et autant de descentes. Au total, il y a  de dénivelé positif sur cette boucle. Les compétitions se déroulent sur de la neige artificielle, ce qui complique la glisse des skis. Le fartage des skis s'annonce complexe et déterminant dans les résultats. Les pistes sont éclairées grâce à un système de projecteurs situés sur le long de la piste.

Des tribunes étaient prévues pour les deux sites de compétitions, mais en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19, il n'y a pas de vente de billets au grand public. Seules quelques personnes invitées peuvent assister aux compétitions. Les principales compétitions de test des équipements sportifs ont dû être annulées en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19 et seulement des courses de la coupe continentale de combiné nordique 2022 et de la  ont pu être disputées.

Calendrier
Le saut d'essai est programmé à  heure locale (UTC+8). Le concours de saut débute à  et la course de ski de fond commence à .

Format de l'épreuve
Les athlètes exécutent premièrement un saut sur le tremplin normal (HS 106) suivi d'une course de ski de fond de  qui consiste à parcourir quatre boucles de . À la suite du saut, des points sont attribués pour la longueur et le style. Le départ de la course de ski de fond s'effectue selon la méthode Gundersen (1 point = 4 secondes), le coureur occupant la première place du classement de saut s'élance en premier, et les autres s'élancent ensuite dans l'ordre fixé. Le premier skieur à franchir la ligne d'arrivée remporte l'épreuve.

Athlètes participants

Cinq athlètes sont absents en raison de tests positifs au Covid-19. Quatre athlètes sont à l'isolement en Chine. Il s'agit des Allemands Eric Frenzel, quadruple vainqueur de la coupe du monde, et Terence Weber, l'Estonien Kristjan Ilves et le favori Norvégien Jarl Magnus Riiber. L'Italien, Samuel Costa est testé positif avant son départ et il n'est pas encore en Chine au moment de la course. Ainsi, il y a quatre membres du Top 7 mondial qui sont non partant de la première course olympique.

Parmi les pays comptant cinq athlètes mais ne pouvant en aligner que quatre, l'Autriche choisit de ne pas sélectionner Mario Seidl. Pour les autres nations, la Finlande n'aligne pas , la France  et le Japon Hideaki Nagai.

Les favoris de la course sont Johannes Lamparter, leader de la coupe du monde, Vinzenz Geiger et Jørgen Graabak. Johannes Lamparter a remporté un titre de championnats du monde de ski nordique et il est en tête de la coupe du monde. Malgré son jeune âge (20 ans), l'Autrichien est ambitieux et il ne semble pas nerveux selon son entraîneur Christoph Eugen. Vinzenz Geiger a déjà remporté une médaille d'or en relais il y a quatre ans ainsi que deux médailles mondiales. Il a également remporté une des courses de Seefeld in Tirol ce qui fait qu'il aborde la course avec confiance. Enfin, Jørgen Graabak a remporté la dernière compétition avant la course, les Trois jours du combiné nordique.

Akito Watabe, Ilkka Herola sont considérés comme des prétendants aux médailles. Ilkka Herola juge la piste comme plus difficile que prévu avec des replats aux sommets des bosses et que la course de ski de fond fera des différences importantes. Il manque de ce parcours l'avantage et que les  seront courus en . Enfin, il considère que le tremplin ressemble à celui d'Oberstdorf où il avait remporté une médaille l'année dernière aux championnats du monde de ski nordique et qu'il y a peu d'écart à l'issue du concours de saut. L'entraîneur des athlètes finlandais, Petter Kukkonen considère qu'une quinzaine d'athlètes peuvent envisager une médaille.

Les premiers entraînements sur le tremplin ont lieu le . Ils sont remportés par Julian Schmid et Espen Andersen. Le deuxième entraînement est dominé une nouvelle fois par Julian Schmid ainsi que par Franz-Josef Rehrl.

Récit de l'épreuve
Lors du concours de saut, Ryota Yamamoto réalise le plus long saut du jour avec . Ce saut lui permet de disposer d'une avance de  d'avance sur l'Autrichien Lukas Greiderer qui est très heureux de son saut à . Les Allemands Julian Schmid et Johannes Rydzek qui ont sauté à  et  sont respectivement à  et . Johannes Rydzek, quadruple médaillé olympique et en difficulté quasiment toute la saison, est donc en bonne position pour envisager une médaille. L'Autrichien Johannes Lamparter qui est le favori et le leader du classement de la coupe du monde ne saute qu'à  ce qui le relègue à plus d'une minute. Derrière des skieurs rapides comme Ilkka Herola, Jørgen Graabak ou encore Vinzenz Geiger suivent à quelques secondes derrière l'Autrichien. Antoine Gérard est disqualifié en raison d'une combinaison non conforme. En effet, sa combinaison est déchirée au niveau de la hanche droite ce qui est interdit.

Lors de la course de ski de fond, Ryota Yamamoto est rapidement rattrapé par un groupe de trois athlètes composé de Lukas Greiderer, de Julian Schmid et de Johannes Rydzek. Derrière, un groupe de poursuivants se forme avec Ilkka Herola, Jørgen Graabak, Vinzenz Geiger, Johannes Lamparter ou encore Akito Watabe. Dans le deuxième tour, Ryota Yamamoto est définitivement lâché par les trois autres athlètes et le trio de tête dispose d'environ une trentaine de secondes sur le groupe de poursuivants. Dans le troisième tour, l'Allemand Julian Schmid se met en tête du trio et il effectue la majorité du travail. Derrière, le groupe de poursuivants est à environ  à l'entrée du dernier tour. C'est le moment choisi par Johannes Rydzek pour lâcher ses deux compagnons de tête. Il prend rapidement quelques secondes d'avance sur Lukas Greiderer alors que Julian Schmid est totalement lâché. Dans le groupe de poursuivants, Vinzenz Geiger attaque également et il est accompagné par Jørgen Graabak et Johannes Lamparter alors que Ilkka Herola coince. Dans la dernière montée, Vinzenz Geiger accélère et seul Jørgen Graabak peut le suivre. Les deux athlètes reprennent les hommes de tête et se jouent la victoire au sprint. C'est l'Allemand qui s'impose derrière le Norvégien. Joahnnes Rydzek pris par des crampes est doublé dans la dernière montée par Lukas Greiderer qui parvient à conserver la troisième place devant son compatriote Johannes Lamparter. Joahnnes Rydzek termine cinquième, devant Ilkka Herola, Akito Watabe et Julian Schmid.

Réactions
Vinzenz Geiger est heureux de sa victoire mais relative en raison de l'absence de plusieurs athlètes. Il confesse avoir eu une préparation compliquée car il a été  d'Eric Frenzel dans l'avion et qu'il a dû être isolé pendant plusieurs jours. Ses entraînements ont également été perturbés en raison de son statut de cas contact. Avant le début de la course, il ne croyait pas en ses chances. Au fur et à mesure des tours, il a commencé à envisager le bronze puis l'or dans le dernier tour. La performance de l'Allemand est encensée par ses compatriotes ainsi que par l'entraîneur national, Hermann Weinbuch.

Jørgen Graabak est ravi de sa médaille. Pour , le Norvégien a fait  et qu'il ne pouvait espérer mieux. Le Norvégien regrette l'absence de Jarl Magnus Riiber et les officiels essaient de faire en sorte que l'athlète puisse participer aux deux autres courses. L'athlète est plutôt pessimiste et il pense qu'il va manquer l'intégralité de la compétition.

Grâce à Lukas Greiderer, les athlètes autrichiens du combiné ont prolongé leur série de médailles. Il est le cinquième Autrichien à remporter une médaille individuelle après Klaus Sulzenbacher (1984, 1988), Felix Gottwald (2002, 2006), Bernhard Gruber (2010) et Lukas Klapfer (2018). Depuis les Jeux de 2002, il y a toujours eu au moins une médaille aux Jeux olympiques. Lukas Greiderer considère qu'il a réalisé la  et qu'il est très heureux d'avoir remporté une médaille aux Jeux olympiques. Il ajoute qu'il considère avoir réalisé que son saut était exceptionnel alors qu'il avait des problèmes au tremplin ces derniers mois. Au contraire, son compatriote Johannes Lamparter, un favori, est déçu de sa quatrième place même si ce n'était que sa première course olympique. Il avoue qu'il était très nerveux lors du concours de saut et qu'il a fait un saut correct mais pas très bon. Dans la dernière montée, il n'avait pas la capacité de suivre Vinzenz Geiger.

Pour les Finlandais, Ilkka Herola n'atteint pas le podium qui semblait à sa portée. L'athlète considère avoir donné le maximum mais qu'il n'était pas dans un bon jour. Les Français terminent assez loin. Le premier d'entre-eux est Mattéo Baud qui termine  pour sa première course olympique. Celui-ci est plutôt satisfait de sa course et de son concours de saut.

Podium

Résultats

Notes et références

Combiné nordique aux Jeux olympiques de 2022

Combiné nordique sur tremplin normal aux Jeux olympiques de 2022


Stara crkva Sv. Katarine u Zemuniku Donjem sagrađena je sredinom 17. stoljeća.

Sagrađena je na mjesnom groblju izvan mjesta na Gradini. Proširena (dograđena) je 1853., izgorjela u požaru 1900., te odmah obnovljena i znatno uljepšana. Jednobrodna je građevina sa sakristijom i tri oltara. Glavni oltar je mramorni sa svetohraništem i slikom sv. Katarine, bočni mramorni oltar Gospe od Zdravlja s drvenim Gospinim kipom i treći je mramorni oltar s drvenim kipom sv. Josipa. U niši je kip sv. Katarine od drva. Zvonik na preslici s dva zvona, u Domovinskom ratu crkva je dosta oštećena.

Obnovu crkve su pokrenuli općina Zemunik Donji i Župni ured uz pomoć Konzervatorskog odjela u Zadru. Sanacija je iznosila 1,4 milijuna kuna uz pomoć Ministarstva kulture u iznosu 300.000 kuna i općine Zemunik s 850.000 kuna, a sama župa je osigurala 200.000 kuna.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zadarska županija
Zemunik

Crkva Sv. Katarine u Zemuniku Donjem