Tulle (;  ) is a commune in central France. It is the third-largest town in the former region of Limousin and is the capital of the department of Corrèze, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Tulle is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle.

Stretching over more than three kilometres in the narrow and tortuous Corrèze valley, Tulle spreads its old quarters on the hillside overlooking the river, while the Notre-Dame cathedral emerges from the heart of the town. Known sometimes as "the town on seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.

Geography

Tulle is the third largest town in Limousin, behind Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde. It is situated in a very deep part of the river Corrèze valley, at its confluence with several of its tributaries, the Solane and the Céronne on the right bank, and the Saint-Bonnette and the Montane on the left bank. It stretches along a very narrow strip several kilometres long from the north-east to the south-west.

Tulle is located at the crossroads of several communication routes:

 Bordeaux - Clermont-Ferrand - Lyon axis: RD 1089 and the A89 motorway;
 Uzerche - Sévérac-le-Château axis: link between the A20 and the A75 via Tulle, Argentat-sur-Dordogne, Aurillac, Montsalvy, Espalion and Laissac. This corresponds to taking the RD 1120 then the departmental roads 920 and 28 and finally the RN 88.

Tulle station has rail connections to Brive-la-Gaillarde, Ussel and Bordeaux. Tulle is the meeting point between the South-West of France and the Massif Central. It is the former capital of Bas-Limousin, whose boundaries correspond approximately to the current department of Corrèze.

History

Antiquity
The origins of the town are still subject to debate today but it would seem that the present puy Saint-Clair, a rocky spur with steep slopes separating the Corrèze valley from that of the Solane, was an ideal location for the establishment of a Gallic oppidum. For a long time, it seems that the town has been an important crossroads on the road between Armorique and the Mediterranean Sea and on the road between Aquitaine and the Rhone Valley, both of which crossed the Corrèze at this point by a ford.

With the Roman occupation, the place would have been converted into a necropolis and temple in honour of Tutela, a Roman divine power to whom the protection of people, things and especially places was entrusted, would have been built. This Roman goddess, protector of the travellers who used to use the ford, is the namesake of the city. The temple of Tutela must have been located in the Trech district, whose name refers to the crossing of a river. The real urban centre of the region moved a few kilometres north, to the commune of Naves and the site of Tintignac, which became a crossroads between the Roman roads that followed the ancient routes of the Celtic period.

Middle Ages

The Merovingian period would have seen the Christianization of the city and the establishment of three places of worship dedicated to St. Martin, St. Peter and St. Julian. The city officially entered history only with the transformation in the 7th century of the church dedicated to Saint Martin into a monastery under the impetus of Calmine, already founder of the monastery of Mozat in Auvergne. Around the places of worship began to gather the inhabitants of the country and Tulle became once again an urban centre, a status lost since the Roman conquest.

The town was plundered several times by the Vikings, despite being several hundred kilometres from the sea, and it was during one of these sackings, in 846, that the first monastery was destroyed. To warn the inhabitants of the town of the arrival of the Vikings, a watchtower was built on a rocky promontory at Cornil, a few kilometres downstream from the Corrèze. The place was nevertheless considered safe by many churches on the Atlantic coast who had sent their relics there to preserve them from looting, notably those of Saint Clair, Saint Lô and Saint Baumard. The monastery was later rebuilt but disappeared in the 11th century. In 1989, excavations under the nave of the present cathedral uncovered the remains of an apsidiole dating from the Carolingian period as well as a poly-lobed portal of Mozarabic influence.

New constructions are undertaken for the abbey, now dedicated to Saint Martin and converted to Benedictine rule in the 11th century. On a visit to Tulle in 1095, Pope Urban II granted it his protection. The first stone of the new abbey church was laid in 1130 but the building was not completed until two centuries later. The spire of the 12th century culminates at a height of 75 metres, making it the highest in Limousin. In 2005, during construction in the vicinity of the cathedral, excavations uncovered the north wall of the medieval church of Saint-Julien, the discovery of a cemetery and three granite sarcophagi dating from the High Middle Ages. In addition, the Gothic cloister is the last one preserved in Limousin.

In 1317, Pope John XXII created the diocese of Tulle by detaching fifty-two parishes from the diocese of Limoges and the abbey-church became a cathedral. During the Hundred Years' War, the English took the city in 1346 before being driven out of it a month later by the Count of Armagnac, suffering in quick succession two trying sieges during which the inhabitants were reduced to famine. In 1370, the city sided with the King of France, Charles V, which earned it tax exemption and the ennoblement of several bourgeois families. But in 1373, the Duke of Lancaster appeared before the city and demanded that the gates be opened to him, and, in the absence of any command, a representative assembly of the population was convened and decided to carry out a new sacking. The pardon of the King of France for this betrayal took place in 1375.

The Black Death hit the city in 1348 and, on the evening of 23 June, in despair, the city authorities decided to march behind a statue of Saint John to stop what was considered a divine scourge. The plague ceased shortly afterwards, and the Tullists promised to renew this procession every year. It is still perpetuated today and is called the "Procession of the Lunade".

At the beginning of the 15th century, the town fell victim to the so-called "roadmen", brigands such as Jean de La Roche who set fire to the town in 1426 or Rodrigue de Villandrando to whom the town had to pay a large ransom in order to be spared in 1436. In 1430, the bishop recognised the power of thirty-four prud'hommes, also called "boniviri", who had military and financial powers but who had in fact been dealing with the affairs of the community unofficially since the 13th century. In 1443, Charles VII convened the Estates General of Bas-Limousin in Tulle.

The town was then divided between l'Enclos, the district around the abbey-church where the nobles, bourgeois and clerics lived, and the upper town, where most of the population lived, around the castle, located on the puy Saint-Clair and which is still characterized today by its narrow, steep streets, sometimes with stairs. In the 14th century, several noble families (Saint-Martial de Puy-de-Val, Rodarel de Seilliac, ...) began to extend the town on the left bank of the Corrèze, opposite the Cathedral, in the Alverge district, on the road towards Auvergne. In the 15th century, the city expanded outside its ramparts, in suburbs along the roads towards Aquitaine and the South (la Barrière and le Pilou), to Limoges and Paris (la Barussie, le Trech, le Fouret, la Rivière) and towards Auvergne (l'Alverge and le Canton).

Modern period

The abbey is practically disused with the secularization of 1514. The bishop had a castle built and the refectory became the seat of the court. In 1566, King Charles IX endows the town with a town hall and a consulate which definitively reduces the power of the bishop.

During the Wars of Religion, Tulle held out for the Catholics; the town first resisted the Huguenots in 1577, but the troops of the Viscount of Turenne took bloody revenge in 1585. They ransacked and devastated the town after an assault that the Protestant poet Agrippa d'Aubigné recounted.

In the 16th century, the nobles and bourgeois of Tulle engaged in a veritable architectural competition, of which buildings with finely crafted facades in Renaissance style such as the Hôtel de Lauthonye (1551), the Hôtel de Ventadour or the Loyac house described by Prosper Mérimée in 1838, still stand today. In the 16th century, a college was created and in 1620, teaching was entrusted to the Jesuits. In 1670, the town was equipped with a general hospital.

Numerous religious congregations settled in the town, the Recollects (1601), the Poor Clares (1605), the Feuillants (1615), the Ursulines (1618), the Bernardines (1622), the Visitandines and the Carmelites (1644) as well as the Benedictines in 1650. In 1705, Sister Marcelline Pauper founded a house in Tulle for the congregation of the Sisters of Charity of Nevers, to relieve the misery of the people and to teach children to read.

From the 17th century onwards, new economic activities appeared, the mills on the Corrèze and Solane rivers being used to produce paper for example. The lace craft develops and the "poinct de Tulle" develops until its fame becomes worldwide, tulle being frequently used for wedding dresses in particular. It was also the beginning of the arms industry in Tulle with the establishment of a factory in 1691 resulting from the collaboration between the master harquebusier Pauphile and the financier Fénis de Lacombe. The firearms factory will become a royal factory in 1777.

The mutilations of the cathedral and the abbey buildings were very significant during the French Revolution because, converted into a weapons factory, all the fittings, including the irons supporting the dome, were torn off for recovery, causing the collapse of the dome, the chevet, the transept and the north gallery of the cloister in 1796. The Episcopal Palace, two parish churches and several chapels in the suburbs were destroyed during the Revolution. The church was reopened for worship in 1803 but did not regain its title of cathedral until 1823, while the dome was never rebuilt, the nave being simply closed and the open space used for a promenade along the Corrèze on the current Quai Edmond-Perrier.

Contemporary era

From the 19th to World War II

During the 19th century, the physiognomy of Tulle changed a lot. A railway station opened in Souilhac district in 1871 and the town was then connected to the national railway network via Brive-la-Gaillarde. At the same time, new industries were created, notably the firearms factory. In 1886, the latter was nationalized and settled in the new district of Souilhac, along the Céronne, a river that would provide it with electricity with the construction of a hydroelectric power station in 1888. From 1917 onwards, trains passing on the nearby tracks would supply the thermal power station with coal at the level of the present Socio-Cultural Centre. Up to 5,000 employees worked at the "Manu'" as it was then known. The Manu' was the economic lung of the city and influenced the social composition of the Tullist population, which was strongly coloured by the workers.

The urban junction between the working-class district of Souilhac and the historic district of the cathedral is made by the urbanization of the current avenue Victor-Hugo. As in many other French cities inspired by the renovations of Baron Haussmann in Paris, the end of the 19th century saw the city open up, notably with the construction of the current Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle in the Trech district and the enlargement of the Place de la Cathédrale. At the same time, work was undertaken to limit the frequent floods and to clean up the city by burying the Solane river, which until then had flowed at the foot of the buildings. The city also acquired new public buildings in its role as the prefecture and main city of the department, such as the construction of the Town Hall (former bishopric), the Prefecture, the Hôtel Marbot (former Grand Séminaire), the Law Courts, the Post Office, the Halle-Gymnase (now the Latreille Hall) and the Lycée Edmond-Perrier, many of which were built in an Art Nouveau style. Completed in 1899, the Theatre is a monument of Anatole de Baudot, the first building of its kind in the world in reinforced cement. From the beginning of the 20th century, the town began to spread out on the very steep slopes of the valley and urbanisation spread.

Tulle became a garrison town from 1841, when an infantry regiment settled in the former barracks located on the Champ-de-Mars, on the current site of the Cité administrative, along the Corrèze.

From 1917 to 1922, Tulle was in the spotlight of the French press because of a news item. Over 100 anonymous letters were sent, denouncing all the secrets of the inhabitants of the city. The sender was actually Angele Laval, a spurned and insane woman. This fact inspired Clouzot for his film Le Corbeau and Cocteau for his play La Machine à écrire.

World War II

During the Second World War, the 2nd SS Division Das Reich division of the Waffen SS perpetrated a reprisal massacre of civilians in Tulle, following the killing and maiming of some 40 German soldiers in Tulle on 8 June 1944 by the Maquis resistance movement.

On 9 June 1944 a large number of male civilians were rounded up by the SS. Of these, 97 were randomly selected and then hanged from lamp posts and balconies in the town. Another 321 captives were sent to forced labour camps in Germany where 101 died. In total, the actions of the Wehrmacht, the Waffen-SS, and the SD claimed the lives of 213 civilian residents of Tulle.

Since the 1960s

In the last stages of the Algerian War and its aftermath, four military officers involved in instigating a failed coup aimed at deposing President de Gaulle were held in the prison at Tulle. De Gaulle referred at the time to "those idiotic generals playing ball in Tulle Prison". The four were Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, Maurice Challe and André Zeller.   The last of them to be released was Salan, amnestied on 15 June 1968 in the wake of "The Events" of May 1968.

In 1972, the annex of the Army Technical Teaching School (EETAT) was created in Tulle to train electromechanical engineers, accountants and mechanics. In 1977, an annex of the National Technical School of the Army (ENTSOA) was opened and closed in 1984. It was replaced in 1983 by the Gendarmerie School of Tulle, located in the barracks of La Bachellerie, which today accommodates around 1,100 gendarme students.

The Day of the Jackal, a 1973 British-French political thriller film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Edward Fox and Michael Lonsdale, has large segments of the film set in the Tulle area. Based on the 1971 novel The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsyth, the film is about a professional assassin known only as the "Jackal" who is hired to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle in the summer of 1963 and uses the Tulle area and some of its (fictional) people as cover for the preparations for the assassination attempt. Tulle appears both in the story and as the actual filming localities.

Today, Tulle, prefecture of Corrèze and bishopric, is no longer the seat of a weapons factory. Until the 1980s, MAT had been the largest employer in Limousin, but the state-owned company Giat Industries, now Nexter, has carried out numerous restructurings over the last few decades, reducing the historic Tulle production site to 120 employees. A weapons museum was created in 1979 by the staff of the factory.

Since 1973, the town centre has had a tower, the Cité administrative (Administrative City Tower), which has 22 levels and is 86 m high on the river side.

In 1996, Tulle hosted the finish of a stage of the Tour de France starting from Super-Besse (Puy-de-Dôme).

On 6 May 2012, the newly elected president, François Hollande, mayor of Tulle between 2001 and 2008, gave his first speech as President of the French Republic on the Cathedral Square, which was attended by several thousand people, including some 400 French and foreign journalists and several helicopters.

Economy
Tulle's role as a centre for lace making is highlighted by an "international lace festival" held each August. The town is also home to the Maugein accordion factory, which once employed 200, though this figure is now much reduced.   Near to this there was, until recently, a significant armaments manufacturing business, but its site is now (2011) marked only by an armaments museum.

Located in another part of town is a car parts plant owned by the American Borg-Warner company, and employing approximately 300 people.

Climate
Tulle has an oceanic climate under the Köppen classification (Cfb). Rainfall is high year-round and temperature differences between seasons are larger than in coastal areas.

Government
 Tulle is the seat of the general council of the Corrèze
 Tulle is the seat of the agglomeration community Tulle Agglo
 Tulle is the seat of the canton of Tulle, which consists of the commune of Tulle
 Tulle is the prefecture of the Corrèze department

Mayors

Mayors of Tulle since 1949 were:
 Jean Massoulier (1949–1959) for the Radicals
 Jean Montalat (1959–1971) for the SFIO
 Georges Mouly (1971–1977) for the RPR
 Jean Combasteil (1977–1995) for the PCF
 Raymond-Max Aubert (1995–2001) for the RPR
 François Hollande (2001–2008) for the PS (elected President of the Republic in 2012)
 Bernard Combes (2008–   ) for the PS

Politics
Tulle's MP in the National Assembly of France for nearly 15 years was the Socialist François Hollande, who was elected President of the Republic in 2012. Hollande also served as mayor of the town.

Population

Cultural life

Education
 Normal school of teachers
 ISMIB (Higher Institute of Management of Woodworking Industries)
 IUT of Nouvelle-Aquitaine: departments Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) and Industrial Engineering and Maintenance (GIM)
 Lycée Edmond Perrier: establishment of secondary and higher education, technologic and general (1100 pupils). The school offers a Scientific CPGE (Preparatory classes schools).
 Institute of Nursing Education
 Gendarmerie training school
 CFA (Training center for apprentices) of the 13 vents

Arts and festivals
 Festival Nuits de Nacre (accordion music) since 1984 with a strong notoriety
 Festival O'les choeurs (music, theater and exhibitions) since 1997
 Festival Du bleu en hiver (jazz, rock and blues music)
 International festival of lace
 Photographic Art Festival

Museums
 Museum of the Resistance and Deportation
 Museum of Weapons
 Museum of the Accordion

International relations
Tulle is twinned with:
 Schorndorf, Germany
 Errenteria, Spain
 Bury, England, United Kingdom
 Lousada, Portugal
 Smolensk, Russia
 Dueville, Italy

Personalities

Tulle is the birthplace of:
 Laurent Koscielny (b. 1985), football player
 Éric Rohmer (1920–2010), film director
 Marcelle Tinayre (1870–1948), woman of letters
 Alphonse Rebière (1842–1900), science writer
 Edmond Perrier (1844–1921), zoologist and director of the National Museum of Natural History
 Étienne Baluze (1630–1718), scholar
 Jean-François Melon (1675–1738), economist
 Jacques Brival (1751–1820), French Revolutionary
 Thomas Domingo (b. 1985), rugby player
 Léon Eyrolles (1861–1945), politician and entrepreneur
 Charles Silvestre (1889–1948)), writer, winner of the Prix Femina in 1926
 Philippe Manoury (b. 1952), composer
 Marie-Anne Montchamp (b. 1957), Secretary of State for Solidarities and Social Cohesion
 Robert Nivelle (1856–1924), Commander-in-Chief of the French army (1916–1917)

The following people have resided in Tulle:
 François Hollande (b. 1954), the former President of France, who was elected during the 2012 French presidential election and who previously served as Mayor of Tulle.
 Benoît Mandelbrot (1924–2010), discoverer of fractals

See also
 Tulle Cathedral
 Tulle Murders
 Communes of the Corrèze department

References

External links

Official website
 Pictures of Tulle Cathedral: ,

Communes of Corrèze
Prefectures in France
Limousin

Tulle


Torben Møller-Hansen (født 30. marts 1968 i Tåstrup) er uddannet cand.merc fra CBS og har var fra 1998 til 2020 direktør for Foreningen Nydansker.

Torben Møller-Hansen har for Foreningen opnået en lang række anerkendelser for værdiskabende integrations- og mangfoldigheds indsatser i det private og offentlige danske erhvervsliv, heriblandt: Fællesskabsprisen 2016, Integrations- børne- og socialministerens særlige pris 2013, Årets Innovative projekt v. Frivillighedens dag 2013, Unges App (højtidskalenderen)- Børsen 2012, Danmarks bedste frivilligjob - DR 1 2010, Dansk Erhvervs kommunikationspris 2006, FTF kulturpris 2001, Årets dagblads kampagne 2000 samt Reklame for alvor 1999.

Direktører fra Danmark

Torben Møller-Hansen


Feodora af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Augustenborg (Feodora Adelheid Helene Louise Caroline Pauline Alice Jenny; 3. juli 1874 – 21. juni 1910) var en prinsesse af Augustenborg, der var det syvende og yngste barn og den fjerde datter af Hertug Frederik Christian August af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Augustenborg i hans ægteskab med Adelheid af Hohenlohe-Langenburg. Hun var lillesøster til Tysklands sidste kejserinde, Augusta Viktoria.

Prinsesse Feodora Adelheid uddannede sig som kunstmaler i Dresden. Hendes læremester var Fritz Mackensen, der var en af grundlæggerne af kunstnerkolonien i Worpswede. Senere blev hun også forfatter og udgav en række værker under pseudonymerne F. Holstein og F. Hugin.

Huset Oldenburg
Huset Augustenborg
Prinsesser
Personer fra Schlesien


Robin Hood Daffy is a 1958 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon, directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released on March 8, 1958, and stars Daffy Duck as Robin Hood and Porky Pig as Friar Tuck.

It was the last of Jones' parody cartoons with the duo, and the last appearance of Porky in a theatrical cartoon directed by Jones during the Golden Age of Animation. It was also the second parody of Robin Hood directed by Chuck Jones, after the 1949 Bugs Bunny short Rabbit Hood. An edited version of Robin Hood Daffy was included in the theatrical film The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979).

Plot
The film features Daffy Duck in the role of legendary outlaw Robin Hood, and opens to the strains of his playing a song on a long-necked lute similar to a tambouras. As he prances along singing, he trips and tumbles down a hill (still singing), off a bank and into a river.

Watching is Porky Pig, as a Friar Tuck figure, who laughs uproariously at Daffy's inglorious plunge. The annoyed Daffy tries to prove his skill with a quarterstaff ("Actually, it's a buck-and-a-quarter quarterstaff, but I'm not telling him that!") on a tree-trunk bridge, but manages to hit himself in the face with it, bending his bill in what becomes a recurring visual gag throughout the film. Undeterred, Daffy tries again, but while he is spinning his quarterstaff, Porky stops it with a wooden dowel, resulting in Daffy himself spinning around and falling back into the river. He gets out of the water and confronts Porky, who has once again been reduced to fits of laughter. Daffy is initially annoyed, but then starts to laugh along with him before becoming annoyed again ("Oh, knockit off! How jolly can ya get?")

Having given up showing off, Daffy attempts to leave, but Porky follows and asks the "traveling clown" if he knows the whereabouts of Robin Hood's hideout as he "wouldst fain join me up with his band of jolly outlaws". Daffy proudly announces that he is Robin Hood, but Porky disbelieves him.

In order to prove that he is Robin Hood, Daffy informs Porky that he will attempt to rob a rich traveler on a bouncing mule and give his money "to some poor unworthy slob". Watched by Porky, Daffy pitifully fails in each and every attempt he makes to stop the traveler, usually injuring himself in the process. Daffy first attempts to shoot the traveler with an arrow, but ends up firing himself from his own bow and crashing into a tree and ends up with his head stuck through the trunk. Moments later, Daffy, (still with his head through the trunk of the now uprooted tree), confronts Porky who sarcastically says "Oh I er don't how I could have doubted you. Shall we spend the gold all in one place?" Daffy retorts "Ho ho. Very funny. Ha ha it is to laugh". Daffy then attempts to swing on a rope and kidnap the rich traveler, but slams into a succession of trees (repeatedly crying "Yoicks! And awa-aaay!" with each launch) and after chopping the trees down to clear a path, his final attempt results in him slamming face-first into a boulder. Daffy again tries to swing down from a rope, which is this time attached to a huge iron ball. He ends up slamming face-first into the side of a cliff and on to the ground (like he is doing the splits) causing the iron ball to drop down on top of him, flattening him. Daffy then attempts to fire a spear from a rubber band stretched between two trees, but it ends up forming a bridge so that the rich traveler can cross a ravine.

Eventually, the rich traveler, completely oblivious to Daffy's increasingly desperate attempts to rob him, reaches his castle unharmed, despite Daffy's final attempt to rob him by standing in front of the entrance (And getting crushed by the drawbridge as a result). This convinces Porky that Daffy is  "just not Robin Hood". The frustrated Daffy finally gives up, and in the final scene walks on with a tonsured head and wearing a habit, having decided to become a friar himself, he tells Porky; "Never mind joining me, I'll join you. Shake hands with Friar Duck!" As the film closes, Daffy's bill bends back up one more time.

Reception
Linda Simensky writes, "Robin Hood Daffy is a visual delight abounding with physical gags, bold colors — bright green against a yellow sky — and layouts and backgrounds that complement a leotard-wearing duck swinging through the trees on a rope. Daffy gets some classic moments, including a lute song and some arrow gags, but by the end he is fairly unsuccessful as a Robin Hood and gives it all up. As Daffy himself notes, 'Ha ha. It is to laugh.'"

Home media
Robin Hood Daffy, along with Rabbit Hood, is available as an extra on the DVD (and later the Blu-ray) edition of The Adventures of Robin Hood. The short is also available on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 and Essential Daffy Duck DVD sets, as well as the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1 Blu-ray set.

See also
 List of American films of 1958

References

External links

1958 films
1958 animated films
1958 short films
Merrie Melodies short films
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Animated Robin Hood films
Robin Hood parodies
Daffy Duck films
Porky Pig films
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
1950s English-language films

Robin Hood Daffy


William Morris "Willie" Bioff alias William Nelson (* 12. Oktober 1900 im Russischen Kaiserreich; † 4. November 1955 in Phoenix (Arizona)) war ein US-amerikanischer Mobster, welcher der Kosher Nostra zugerechnet wird.

Er agierte als Gewerkschaftsführer bei der Unterwanderung der Filmindustrie von Hollywood in den 1920er bis 1940er Jahren.

Leben

Kriminelle Karriere
Bioff wuchs in einem gläubigen jüdischen Haushalt in Chicago auf, aber sein Vater setzte ihn im Alter von acht Jahren auf die Straße.

Unter Umständen wurde er Mitglied der Forty-Two Gang; zumindest hatte er Kontakt zu den Battaglia-Brüdern Augie, Paul, Frank und Sam Battaglia. Seine kriminelle Karriere vom einfachen Dieb ging bis hin zum Zuhälter und führte ihn in einen Bezirk von Chicago, der als Levee bezeichnet wurde. Das Viertel war als Rotlichtviertel bekannt und stand schon früh unter Kontrolle des Chicago Outfit; spätestens aber seit 1915 als Boss Jim Colosimo drei Bordelle im Stadtviertel übernahm.

Bioffs Spezialität war offenbar das Ausnehmen jüdischer Schlachter, die koscher schlachteten. Bioff wurde Partner von George Brown, einem örtlichen Gewerkschaftsoffiziellen der International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE).

Als Forty-Two-Gang-Bandenchef Paul Battaglia am 24. Januar 1934 seine erste Haftstrafe antreten musste, war auch u. a. Bioff dabei.

Mitgliedschaft hin oder her; viele Mitglieder der Forty-Two-Gang wurden spätere führende Mobster im Chicago Outfit; Bioff kam in Kontakt mit Jake Guzik und dessen Bruder Harry; beide waren Assoziierte des Chicago Outfit, konnten aber auf Grund der nicht-italienischen Herkunft – wie Bioff – nie Vollmitglieder in den grundsätzlich rein italienischen Clans der La Cosa Nostra werden; also auch nicht im Outfit.

Trotzdem lernte Bioff auch Gangstergrößen wie Al Capone und (später) Frank Nitti kennen. In den 1930er Jahren – nach Verbüßung seiner Haftstrafe –  ging Bioff nach Kalifornien. Vermutlich wurde er von Frank Nitti entsendet, um als "enforcer" (am: Durchsetzer) mit George Brown zusammenzuarbeiten.

Hollywood
Die Ausdehnung des Outfit nach Westen war dem Umstand geschuldet, neue Einnahmequellen insbesondere nach dem abzusehenden Ende der Prohibition in den Vereinigten Staaten zu erschließen, welche dann tatsächlich 1933 aufgehoben wurde. Bereits zum Ende der 1920er Jahre hatte das Outfit erhebliches Interesse am Unterhaltungssektor entwickelt und plante dessen möglichst gewinnbringende Ausbeutung.

Erste Bestrebungen gab es bereits durch Tommy Maloy, der 1920 in Chicago die Motion Picture Machine Operators' Union übernahm und in der Folgezeit mit Al Capone und George Moran zusammenarbeitete. Das große Interesse wurde bei Nitti erst geweckt, als sich das kommerzielle Potential von Soundtracks entfaltete. Maloy begann nun auch für das neue Chicagoer Oberhaupt von Bedeutung zu werden, da er Kontrolle über die Filmvorführer-Gewerkschaft in der Stadt besaß.

Brown und Bioff hatten es über Erpressung geschafft Barney Balaban (und indirekt Sam Katz) auszunehmen. Dazu drohten sie deren Kinokette Balaban & Katz Theaters mit dem Streik der Gewerkschaft. Anfangs weigerte sich Balaban auf diese Androhungen einzugehen, nachdem er jedoch davon überzeugt wurde, dass die Gelder in eine Kasse für arbeitslose Gewerkschafter sowie für Suppenküchen gehen sollten, zahlte er 20.000 US-Dollar.

In Wirklichkeit waren diese Suppenküchen und "Spendenkassen" jedoch nur Tarnorganisationen zwecks Geldwäsche und das Geld gelangte anschließend in die Hände von Bioff und Brown.

Nitti wollte aus der Sache aber etwas größeres machen; erstes Ziel war es die Kontrolle über die International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) zu erringen. Dazu sollte Brown zum neuen Präsidenten gewählt werden, während Bioff als sein Vollstrecker arbeiten sollte.

Die effektive Kontrolle sollte dabei das Outfit behalten, die beiden Handlanger sich nur um die alltägliche Ausübung ihrer Aufgaben (inklusive des Eintreibens der Gelder) kümmern. Anfangs lag die Konzentration darauf, den Unterhaltungssektor in Chicago weiter auszunehmen, dies war aber nur der Auftakt für die größere Aktion in Hollywood.

Im Juni 1934 wurde George Brown bei einer IATSE-Versammlung in Louisville, Kentucky zum neuen Präsidenten der Gewerkschaft gewählt. Sofort begannen Brown und Bioff damit, verschiedene Gewerkschaftsmitglieder und Studio-Gewerkschaften dazu zu bewegen mit der IATSE zusammenzuarbeiten.

Schon bald darauf begannen die Operationen in Los Angeles mit der gewohnten Taktik Geld von den großen Studios wie Paramount, 20th Century Fox, RKO Studios etc. zu erpressen. Zusätzlich wurde 1936 eine Sonderabgabe auf die Gehälter der Gewerkschafter erhoben, die angeblich für eine Gewerkschaftsverteidigungskasse verwendet werden sollten.

Durch diese Methoden gelang es dem Outfit über Jahre hinweg mehrere Millionen US-Dollar an Profit zu erzielen, Geldsummen, die niemals versteuert wurden. Weitere Personen, die eine besondere Rolle in Hollywood für das Outfit spielten waren John Roselli und Fred Evans. Während Evans als Experte der Geldwäsche der erpressten Beträge galt, hatte Roselli die Aufgabe, Aufsicht über die Aktionen von Bioff in Los Angeles zu führen. Bioff wurde aufgrund seines starken Alkoholkonsums und seiner damit verbundenen Redseligkeit für ein Sicherheitsrisiko gehalten, das konstante Überwachung erforderte. Eine ähnliche Rolle für Brown, der sich hauptsächlich in Washington, D.C. und New York City aufhielt, nahm Nick Circella ein.

Im Laufe der Zeit änderte sich selbst die Wahrnehmung dieser Erpressungen bei den Studiochefs. Sie entwickelte sich immer mehr zu einer Art Bestechung von Brown und Bioff, damit diese die Forderungen der Gewerkschaft möglichst gering hielten. Dies ermöglichte den Filmstudios eine rigorose Politik gegenüber schwachen Gewerkschaften und ersparte ihnen Millionen an "Unkosten" durch Verhindern von Gehaltserhöhungen.

Zusätzlich erreichte Bioff ein geheimes Abkommen mit Joseph Schenck, der ihn in die Position eines Handelsvertreters zwischen Hollywood und DuPont Chemicals bei der Beschaffung des Rohfilmmaterial brachte. Bioff ging auf das Angebot einer 7-%-Beteiligung unter der Maßgabe ein, dass das jährliche Einkommen daraus mehr als 50.000 US-Dollar betragen müsste. Außerdem sollten weder Brown beteiligt noch dieser und Nitti darüber unterrichtet werden.

Niedergang
Die Screen Actors Guild (SAG) – 1933 in Los Angeles gegründet – erreichte es im Mai 1937, offiziell anerkannt zu werden, nachdem ein groß angelegter Streik der Schauspieler in Hollywood durchgeführt worden war und sie ebenso Unterstützung durch die IATSE erhalten hatte.

Trotz dieser Hilfe erreichte das Outfit es jedoch in den folgenden Jahren nicht, diese Gewerkschaft – sowie weitere Organisationen wie die Associated Actors and Artists of America – zu unterwandern und die Kontrolle zu übernehmen.

Bereits 1938 hatte Nitti von Bioff gefordert, dass er offiziell von seinem Posten zurücktreten solle, da er angreifbar geworden war. Ähnliches wurde ein Jahr später von Nick Circella gefordert. Beide blieben jedoch weiterhin (intern) auf der Gehaltsliste. Ursache für Nittis Forderungen waren die Nachforschungen des Schauspielers Robert Montgomery, welcher 1938 Präsident der SAG war und durch eigene Informanten herausgefunden hatte, dass Bioff durch Joseph Schenck bestochen worden war. Er setzte einen ehemaligen FBI-Agenten darauf an, private Ermittlungen durchzuführen, woraufhin bald Beweise in Form von Schecks entdeckt wurden. Ein Scheck über 100.000 US-Dollar wurde daraufhin an die Steuerbehörde weitergeleitet, die mit einer offiziellen Untersuchung begann.

Schenck musste vor einem Gericht aussagen, bei dem er die Taktiken des Outfits ausführlich offenlegte. Das Resultat dieser Aussagen war, dass er nur für ein Jahr ins Gefängnis musste, ehe er seine Aufgaben in Hollywood wieder übernehmen konnte. Das Outfit verlor aber zunehmend die Kontrolle.

In den 1930er Jahren wurden die Machenschaften von Bioff, Brown und anderen Beteiligten langsam öffentlich publik, da die Zeitungen eine Kampagne gegen diese Vorgänge begonnen hatten. Insbesondere der als konservativ geltende Reporter Westbrook Pegler versuchte die Hintergründe zu erleuchten.

Dieser war im November 1939 auf Unterlagen über Bioffs verbrecherische Vergangenheit in Chicago gestoßen und setzte nun eigenständige Untersuchungen fort, warum dieser sich nun in der Gesellschaft von Hollywood-Größen aufhalten konnte. Robert Montgomery unterstützte den Reporter zusätzlich mit seinen Untersuchungsergebnissen.

Bereits früh im Jahr 1940 wurde Bioff wegen einer ausstehenden Verurteilung aus dem Jahr 1922 inhaftiert und direkt nach seiner Entlassung ein Jahr später wurde Bioff zusammen mit Browne und Circella wegen Erpressung angeklagt. Die unterschiedlichen Vergehen reichten von Steuerhinterziehung bis zur Erpressung und standen alle in Zusammenhang mit der Ausbeutung der Filmindustrie.

Dass nach Schenck weitere Personen reden würden, wollte das Outfit offenbar nicht zulassen. So wurde im Februar 1943 Estelle Carey – die Freundin von Nick Circella – auf drastische Weise ermordet, da von ihr angenommen wurde, sie sei in die Ermittlungen gegen das Outfit bezüglich der Unterwanderung der Studios in Hollywood verwickelt. Offenbar wurde sie an einen Stuhl gefesselt, zu Tode geprügelt und anschließend verbrannt.

Während sich Circella daraufhin selbst für schuldig erklärte, entschlossen sich Brown und Bioff anders. Angesichts der Aussicht eine langjährige Haftstrafe verbüßen zu müssen, wurde Bioff zum Kronzeugen bzw.  – wie die italienischen Mafiosi es nennen – Pentito; d. h., er sagte gegen Mafiagrößen wie Paul Ricca, Philip D'Andrea, Charles Gioe, John Roselli, Lou Kaufman und Frank Nitti aus. Bioff und Brown konnten auf diese Weise ihre Haftstrafen reduzieren; kurz nach den Aussagen von Bioff beging Nitti Selbstmord.

Nach seiner Freilassung ging Bioff nach Arizona und nahm eine neue Identität als "William Nelson" an, pflegte eine Freundschaft zu Senator Barry Goldwater, den er bei seiner Wiederwahl unterstützte und mit dessen Neffen Bobby er geschäftlich zusammenarbeitete.

Seine alten Kontakte waren aber nicht völlig verschwunden: Bioff arbeitete für Gus Greenbaum, dem damaligen Manger des Riviera Kasinos in Las Vegas.

Am 4. November 1955 wurde Bioff vor seinem Haus in 1250 East Bethany von Phoenix (Arizona) (Maricopa County) Opfer einer Autobombe, welche in seinem Auto angebracht und durch den Starter gezündet worden war.

Die Tat war Thema auf Seite 1 der The New York Times am Folgetag; die Täter wurden nie ermittelt. Bioff wurde auf dem Friedhof Beth Israel Cemetery der Stadt beigesetzt.

Literatur

Weblinks
 How the Mob Extorted the Hollywood Studio System von John William Tuohy, Mai 2002 auf www.americanmafia.com (englisch)
 Barry Goldwater: Friends In Low Places von John William Tuohy, Juli 2002 auf americanmafia.com (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Angehöriger der Kosher Nostra
Opfer eines ungeklärten Tötungsdelikts
Kriminalfall 1955
Kriminalfall in den Vereinigten Staaten
Erpressungsfall
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1900
Gestorben 1955
Mann

William Morris Bioff


Lana Pudar (Mostar, 19. siječnja 2006.) bosanskohercegovačka je plivačica. Osvojila je zlatnu medalju na 200 m delfin za žene i brončanu medalju na 100 m delfin za žene na Europskom prvenstvu u vodenim sportovima 2022., brončanu medalju na 200 m delfin za žene na FINA Svjetskom prvenstvu u plivanju 2021., a nastupila je na Ljetnim olimpijskim igrama 2020. Državna je rekorderka u svih šest disciplina delfin, i rekorderka Mediteranskih igara u disciplini 100 m delfin za žene.

Karijera
Godine 2021. na Europskom juniorskom prvenstvu osvojila je zlatnu medalju na 100 m delfin i srebrne medalje na 50 m delfin i 200 m delfin.

Kao druga najmlađa plivačica na Ljetnim olimpijskim igrama 2020. u Tokiju završila je na 19. mjestu u utrci na 100 metara delfin za žene.

Na FINA Svjetskom prvenstvu u kratkim bazenima 2021. osvojila je broncu na 200 m delfin i donijela BiH prvu međunarodnu seniorsku medalju u plivanju. Na Europskom prvenstvu u vodenim sportovima 2022. održanom u Rimu osvojila je zlato na 200 m delfin i broncu na 100 m delfin, oborivši u oba finala nacionalne rekorde.

Na Europskom juniorskom prvenstvu 2023. u Beogradu bila je dominantna, osvojivši zlatnu medalju u sve tri discipline u stilu delfin i postavivši u svakoj novi rekord europskih juniorskih prvenstava.

Na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu 2023. u Netanyi osvojila je zlatna odličja na 100 i 200 m te srebrno na 50 m.

Osobni život
Lana je kći bivšeg nogometaša Velibora Pudara.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Profil na FINA-i
 Profil na SwimRankings.net
 Olimpijski profil (MOK)
 Profil na Olympediji
 Tribina specijal: Lana Pudar, Al Jazeera Balkans, 2. travnja 2021. (YouTube)

Bosanskohercegovački plivači
Životopisi, Mostar

Lana Pudar


Wolfgang Grzyb (født 29. juli 1940, død 7. oktober 2004) var en tysk fodboldspiller (forsvarer/midtbane/angriber).

Grzyb spillede hele sin karriere, fra 1965 til 1978, hos Eintracht Braunschweig. Han spillede over 300 ligakampe for klubben og var med til at sikre klubben det tyske mesterskab i 1967.

Titler
Tysk mesterskab
 1967 med Eintracht Braunschweig

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra Eintracht Braunschweig

Wolfgang Grzyb


Sistemul de nomenclatură Hantzsch-Widman este un sistem de nomenclatură chimică utilizat pentru denumirea compușilor heterociclici care conțin nuclee formate din maximum zece atomi. Unii compuși heterociclici au denumiri consacrate, folosite mai des decât denumirile conforme cu nomenclatura Hantzsch-Widman.

Nomenclatura Hantzsch-Widman a fost denumită astfel după chimistul german Arthur Hantzsch și chimistul suedez Oskar Widman, care au propus în mod independent metode similare de denumire sistematică a compușilor heterociclici, în anii 1887 și respectiv 1888. Acest sistem este folosit pentru denumirea multor compuși, printre care se numără și dioxina și benzodiazepinele.

Prefixe
Prefixele folosite în sistemul Hantzsch–Widman indică natura heteroatomului sau heteroatomilor prezenți în heterociclu. Există și o serie a priorității acestora: dacă există mai mult de un tip de heteroatom în ciclu, atunci prefixul prioritar apare primul în denumire, înaintea celuilalt prefix. De exemplu, oxa (prefixul pentru oxigen) apare mereu înainte de aza (pentru azot) într-o denumire. Ordinea de prioritate este aceeași cu aceea utilizată în nomenclatura de substituție, însă nomenclatura Hantzsch-Widman este recomandată doar pentru un set restrâns de heteroatomi.

Rădăcini

Alegerea rădăcinii pentru denumire este adesea complicată, deoarece metoda nu a fost încă standardizată complet. Principalele criterii de alegere sunt:
numărul total al atomilor din heterociclu, și se iau în considerare atât cei de carbon, cât și heteroatomii (altfel spus, mărimea ciclului)
prezența oricărei legături duble
natura heteroatomilor prezenți

În tabelul alăturat, trebuie luate în considerare și următoarele note:
ordinea de prioritate a heteroatmilor descrește astfel:
F,  Cl,  Br,  I,  O,  S,  Se,  Te,  N,  P,  As,  Sb,  Bi,  Si,  Ge,  Sn,   Pb,  B,  Al, Ga,  In,  Tl.
denumirile indicate în paranteză sunt rădăcinile pentru cazul în care aven un ciclu cu azot
compusul de bază al unor sisteme de cicluri nesaturate este cel care conține numărul maxim de legături duble non-cumulate. Compușii cu un număr intermediar de duble legături vor fi denumiți ca derivați hidrogenați ai compusului de bază.

Un singur heteroatom
Denumirile cursive sunt hotărâte de IUPAC și nu respectă nomenclatura Hantzsch-Widman

Mai mulți heteroatomi
Dacă într-un ciclu sunt prezenți mai mulți heteroatomi, atunci prefixele sunt adăugate în denumire în ordinea priorității. Astfel, denumirile individuale pentru heteroatomi se scriu consecutiv, în funcție de regulile nomenclaturii. Dacă într-un ciclu sunt prezenți mai mulți heteroatomi de același fel, atunci se pot folosit prefixele di-, tri-, tetra-, etc (de exemplu, în diazol, triazol, tetrazol). Această nomenclatură permite și denumirea compușilor ciclici care nu au atomi de carbon (de exemplu, pentazol, care nu este un compus organic, ci o hidrură de azot ciclică).

În același timp, există și reguli pentru numărarea heteroatomilor. Astfel, heteroatomul cu prioritatea cea mai mare va primi mereu numărul 1 în denumire. Următorii heteroatomi se denumesc astfel încât să primească pozițiile cele mai mici posibile, chiar dacă există mai multe metode de a le asocia numere:

Vezi și
 Nomenclatura IUPAC a compușilor organici

Referințe

Nomenclatură chimică
Compuși heterociclici

Nomenclatura Hantzsch-Widman


الكنداسة هي عبارة عن مصفاة تحلية مياه البحر إلى مياه صالحة للشرب. أطلقت الكنداسة من مصطلح لاتيني لكلمة Condensate وهو تبخر الماء وتكثيفه.

كنداسة جدة
تأسست الكنداسة في اواخر الحكم العثماني وتم ترقيته وصيانته في عهد الملك عبد العزيز عند إنشاء عين العزيزية.
تقع في المقر الحالي للبنك الاهلي التجاري ومبنى الصالحية (الفيصلية سابقا) في البلد وقد ردم البحر وانشئ شارع رئيسي الممتد من الكرنيش. جده معروفة بندرة المياه منذ القدم. فتاريخ مدينة جدة ارتبط بالعطش قديما، لا سيما أن الرحالين والمؤرخين الذين قدموا إليها استوقفتهم ندرة المياه بها.
ذكر الرحالة المغربي ابن بطوطة (المتوفي 1377 م) جده قليلة المطر، وكان الماء يجلب إليها على مسيرة يوم وكان الحجاج يسألون الماء من أصحاب البيوت. وكان الأهالي يعتمدون على اصطياد السيول ومصبات الأودية المتجهة إليها
بل وكانوا يجتمعون على أطراف المسيال ليبنوا صهاريج تبتلع مياه الأمطار وتخزنها. أو عمل حفر لخزن مياه الأمطار والاستفادة منها في شربهم واستخداماتهم. وكانت مصادر السيول لمدينة جدة خمسة أودية تتمثل في وادي غليل ومريخ والحصحاص وبريمان والكراع.

المراجع

مصطلحات بيئية

كنداسة


Der Tulare Lake war ein See im südlichen San Joaquin Valley im heutigen Kings County in Kalifornien. Bis ins späte 19. Jahrhundert war er der Fläche nach der zweitgrößte Süßwassersee (nach dem Michigansee), der vollständig in den Vereinigten Staaten lag. Als seinen Zuläufen immer mehr Wasser für die wachsenden Städte und zur Bewässerung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen entnommen wurde, trocknete er aus. Sein Name leitet sich von tule rush ab, der englischen Bezeichnung der Teichbinsenart Schoenoplectus acutus, die an seinen sumpfigen Ufern wuchs, und ist Namensgeber des Tulare County, aus dem Kings County 1893 ausgegliedert wurde.

Im Frühjahr 2023 entstand der See nach rekordbrechenden Winter-Niederschlägen in der Sierra Nevada erneut.

Geografie
Der See war Teil eines teilweise endorheischen Beckens am Südende des San Joaquin Valleys, das mit rund 42.000 km² Fläche etwa zehn Prozent der Fläche von Kalifornien ausmacht und zwischen der Sierra Nevada im Osten und dem Kalifornischen Küstengebirge im Westen liegt. Er lag in einer durch tektonische Absenkungen entstandenen Landschaft, die durch Flussablagerungen nur wenig Höhenunterschiede aufweist und durch Schwemmkegel des Kings River und des Los Gatos Creek vom nördlichen San Joaquin Valley abgetrennt ist. Der Tulare Lake war der größte Endsee in diesem Becken, die drei anderen – Kern Lake, Buena Vista Lake und Goose Lake – hatten zusammen nicht einmal ein Zehntel seiner Fläche.

Bedingt durch die geringen Höhenunterschiede schwankte die Seefläche je nach Jahreszeit bzw. Trockenperioden stark. In Jahren mit durchschnittlichen Niederschlägen stieg der Wasserspiegel um einen Meter, in niederschlagsreichen Jahren um bis zu drei Meter. Dabei wurden die weiten Schilf- und Sumpfgürtel um den See überschwemmt. Überstieg der Wasserspiegel eine Höhe von 63 m über dem Meeresspiegel, konnte der See die Fließrichtung des Fresno Slough, eines 64 Kilometer langen und bis zu 76 Meter breiten versumpften, natürlichen Kanals am Nordende des Sees, umkehren und sein Wasser in den San Joaquin River abführen. Dies geschah zwischen 1850 und 1878 in 19 von 29 Jahren. Bei seinem höchsten Wasserspiegel auf 66 m in den Jahren 1862 und 1868 hatte der See eine Fläche von über 2.000 km² und war über 10 Meter tief. Die Abflussmenge im Jahr 1862 wird auf etwa 220 Mio. m³ Wasser geschätzt. In trockenen Jahren war der flache See deutlich kleiner. Die stark veränderlichen Uferlinien konnten auch durch kräftige Winde um mehrere Kilometer verschoben werden.

Abhängig von Klimaänderungen schwankte die Fläche des Sees im Holozän mehrfach zwischen nur wenigen bis hin zu seiner Maximalgröße von über 2.000 km². Es wird vermutet, dass der See in den Trockenperioden von 892 bis 1112 und von 1209 bis 1350 entweder ausgetrocknet oder zumindest sehr klein gewesen sein muss. Erst die steigenden Temperaturen und Niederschlagsmengen seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts ließen den See häufiger überlaufen. Ohne die in den 1860er-Jahren einsetzende Umleitung von Flüssen und vermehrte Wasserentnahme hätte der Tulare Lake im 20. Jahrhundert vermutlich in 40 % der Jahre in den San Joaquin River entwässert.

Zuflüsse

Die vier Hauptzuflüsse des Tulare Lake kamen alle aus der Sierra Nevada und bildeten in der Ebene breite Binnendeltas mit zahlreichen Kanälen und Sumpfgebieten, die zeitweise trockenfallen konnten. Im Süden schuf der Kern River unterhalb von Bakersfield eine klar abgegrenzte Sumpfebene und ließ den Großteil seines Wassers im Kern Lake und Buena Vista Lake, ein kleinerer Teil floss weiter bis zum Tulare Lake. Die nördlich anschließenden Flusssysteme von White River und Deer Creek führten zu wenig Wasser, um im Großteil des Jahres bis zum Tulare Lake zu gelangen, was nur bei Hochwasser geschah. Der Tule River, der kleinste Zufluss des Sees, bildete ab Porterville einen Schwemmkegel, den er wegen seiner kleinen Mündungsarme bei Hochwasser regelmäßig überflutete. Im Nordwesten mündete der Kaweah River bei Visalia in die Ebene und teilte sich in vier große und zahlreiche kleine Kanäle, die zu ausgedehnten Sumpfgebieten führten. Nördlichster und wichtigster Zufluss mit etwa der Hälfte des zugeführten Wassers war der Kings River mit seinem großen Schwemmkegel, der die Senke auf ihrer östlichen Seite vom San Joaquin River abtrennte. Der größte Teil seines Wassers floss durch lang gezogene Sumpfgebiete Richtung Tulare Lake, während eine kleinere Menge zum San Joaquin River geführt wurde. Aus der westlich gelegenen, trockenen Küstenkette erreichte kein Fluss den See.

Die Region, in der der See lag, hat ein Klima ähnlich dem Mittelmeer, sodass 80 % der Niederschläge mit einer jährlichen Gesamtmenge von durchschnittlich unter 400 mm zwischen November und März fallen, von denen drei Viertel wieder verdunsten. 98 % des Oberflächenwassers im Becken stammen aus der Sierra Nevada, hauptsächlich aus der Zeit der Schneeschmelze von April bis Juli, die restlichen 2 % aus der Küstenkette.

Das Ende des Sees
Am Ufer des Tulare Lake lebten die Yokut-Indianer, die es aufgrund des Wild- und Fischreichtums der Gegend zur höchsten Bevölkerungsdichte Nordamerikas in der Vor-Kolonialzeit brachten, das Ökosystem des Sees aber nicht störten. Die Ankunft der Europäer und die Einführung der Landwirtschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts markierten den Anfang der umfassenden Umgestaltung der Region. Das Hochwasser von 1861/62, das die Abflusswege der Flüsse stark veränderte, und jenes von 1867/68 (das höchste seit Ankunft der Europäer) führten zum letzten Mal zur Maximalausdehnung des Sees. Schon 1871 waren weite Gebiete landwirtschaftlich genutzt, die zahlreichen Mündungsarme der vier Flüsse, besonders des Tule River und des Kaweah River, wurden in Bewässerungskanäle umgewandelt. 1872 wurde der Kings River gänzlich zum San Joaquin River umgeleitet, wodurch der Wasserstand des Tulare Lake soweit sank, dass schon in den 1880er-Jahren Teile des ursprünglichen Seebodens landwirtschaftlich genutzt werden konnten. Gleichzeitig stieg der Salzgehalt des Sees so stark an, dass viele Fischarten nicht mehr überleben konnten. 1899 wird der See das erste Mal als ausgetrocknet beschrieben, das Ende der Fischerei war erreicht.

Obwohl bis in die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts an den Oberläufen der Flüsse immer mehr Dämme zur Bewässerung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen und zur Trinkwasserversorgung errichtet wurden, entstanden in niederschlagsreichen Jahren immer wieder größere Wasserflächen, so von 1906 bis 1917. Die anschließende Trockenperiode ließ den See wieder schrumpfen. In den 1920er-Jahren kaufte James Griffin Boswell aus Georgia rund 200 km² des ehemaligen Seebodens, um darauf Baumwolle anzupflanzen. Sein gleichnamiger Neffe, der den Besitz auf rund 650 km² allein in Kalifornien vergrößerte und damit zum größten Baumwollproduzenten des Landes wurde, legte schließlich die Reste des Sees trocken.

In den Jahren 1937 bis 1946 und 1950 bis 1953 entstand der See wieder neu, da die Be- und Entwässerungskanäle die anfallenden Wassermengen nicht mehr abführen konnten. So konnte er während des Zweiten Weltkriegs als Nebenflugplatz der Naval Air Station Alameda für Flugboote genutzt werden.

Im 20. Jahrhundert wurden vier sogenannte storage cells auf einer Fläche von rund 80 km² hauptsächlich im südlichen Teil der Senke eingerichtet, um Hochwasser aufnehmen zu können. Diese Flächen sind durch Deiche begrenzt und werden nicht mehr landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Die Deiche brachen bei den besonders starken Hochwassern 1969, 1983 und zuletzt 1997. 1969 wurden dabei 360 km² Land überschwemmt und der neu entstandene Tulare Lake erreichte mit einem Wasserspiegel von 58,6 Meter den höchsten Stand in diesem Jahrhundert. 1983 übertrafen die Überschwemmungsflächen sogar 400 km², der See erreichte aber nicht wieder den Wasserstand von 1969. In beiden Fällen dauerte das Abpumpen des Wassers länger als ein Jahr.

Es gibt Pläne zur Wiederherstellung zumindest eines Teils des Tulare Lake. Dieser könnte zukünftige Hochwasser aufnehmen und gleichzeitig als Wasserspeicher für trockene Jahre im San Joaquin Valley, der weltweit produktivsten landwirtschaftlichen Region, dienen. 2001 stellte einer der größten Anbauer von Baumwolle im Tulare-Becken wegen stark gesunkener Weltmarktpreise die Produktion ein und renaturierte in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesstaat Kalifornien einen kleinen Teil seiner Anbaufläche zu einem Feuchtgebiet. 2023 wurde nach wochenlangen massiven Regenfällen der Kings River wieder in das ausgetrocknete Tulare-Bett umgeleitet.

Im Winter 2022/23 verzeichnete die Sierra Nevada Rekord-Niederschläge, so dass im Frühjahr 2023 das Schmelzwasser die größten Abflüsse aus den Bergen verursachte, seit es Wetteraufzeichungen in Kalifornien gibt. Teile der ehemaligen Seebetts wurden geflutet, Viehzuchtbetriebe evakuierten 75.000 Rinder aus Milchviehanlagen und Feedlots im Gebiet. Die maximale Ausdehnung des Sees erreichte 415 km². Das California State Water Project nutzte auf Anweisung von Governor Gavin Newsom alle Möglichkeiten, Wasser aus dem betroffenen Gebiet nach Norden abzuleiten.

Einzelnachweise

See in Nordamerika
See in Kalifornien
Ehemaliger See
Kings County (Kalifornien)

Tulare Lake


Gara Apold a fost o stație de cale ferată de pe linia Agnita, în comuna Apold, județul Mureș, România. Gara a fost deschisă în 1910 și închisă în 2001.

Note

Apold
Fondări în 1910

Gara Apold


ග්ලිරිසීඩියා සේපියම් () එසේත් නැත්නම් සාමාන්‍ය ව්‍යවහාරයට අනුව ග්ලිරිසීඩියා යනු මීටර 10 ක් 12 ක් පමණ උසට වැවෙන ගසකි. ගිනිසීරියා, මකුලත, ලාඩප්පා, නන්චි, වැටහිරියා, වැටමාර, ඇල්බීසියා, සෙවන සහ කොළ පොහොර යන නම් ද මේ ගසට භාවිතා වේ.

වෙනත් භාෂාවලින් හැඳින්වෙන නාම

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

ග්ලිරිසීඩියා සේපියම්


Agrilus picinus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Fisher, 1943, em Trinidade.

Descrição
Corpo uniformemente preto acastanhado, com um leve tom esverdeado na parte inferior do corpo; o macho tem a cabeça verde na frente, tornando-se acastanhada, enquanto a fêmea tem a frente da cabeça preta e a pubescência no protórax mais curta.

picinus

Agrilus picinus


A Marinha dos Estados Unidos teve cinco navios chamados USS Arkansas:

 , um barco a vapor que serviu de 1863 a 1865.
 , um monitor da Classe Arkansas que serviu de 1902 a 1919.
 , um couraçado da Classe Wyoming que serviu de 1912 a 1946.
 , um cruzador de mísseis guiados da Classe Virginia que serviu de 1980 a 1998.
 , um submarino de ataque da Classe Virginia em construção.

USS Arkansas


هانس يورغن فون أرنيم  قائد عسكري ألماني (4 أبريل 1889- 1 سبتمبر 1962) عمل في الحرب العالمية الثانية.

مسيرته العسكرية
 التحق بجيش إمبراطورية ألمانية في عام 1908، كما خدم في الحرب العالمية الأولى، واستمر في الجيش بعد الحرب.
 بعد اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية وبدء غزو بولندا عُيّن في 8 سبتمبر 1939 قائداً للفرقة 52، واستمر قائداً لها حتى 5 أكتوبر 1940، حيث عين قائداً للفرقة المدرعة السابعة عشرة.
 قاد تلك الفرقة أثناء غزو الاتحاد السوفيتي ضمن مجموعة الجيوش الوسطى حتى 11 نوفمبر 1941 عندما عُيّن قائداً للفيلق التاسع والثلاثون.
 في 3 ديسمبر 1942 عُيّن قائداً للجيش المدرع الخامس في تونس، وخلال قيادته لهذا الجيش اختلف مع القائد الألماني إرفين رومل الذي كان ينوي القيام بهجوم كبير عبر ممر القصرين بغرض احتلال مدينة عنابة في الجزائر، في حين كان فون أرنيم يرغب بالاحتفاظ بوضع دفاعي.
 في 9 مارس 1943 عُيّن قائد لمجموعة الجيش أفريقيا بعد رحيل رومل، وقاد قوات المحور في المرحلة الأخيرة من حملة شمال أفريقيا حتى استسلام تلك القوات في 13 مايو 1943.
 بقي فون أرنيم بعد ذلك أسير حرب لدى البريطانيين.
 توفي في Bad Wildungen في ألمانيا الغربية عام 1962.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

Shelford Bidwell (ed.), "Hitler's Generals and Their Battles", Salamander Books- London, Chatwell Books-New York, 1976.

أسرى الحرب الألمان في الحرب العالمية الثانية في الولايات المتحدة
أشخاص من جرجونغوف
أفراد الجيش الألماني في الحرب العالمية الأولى
جنرالات فيرماخت
ضباط ألمانيا النازية
عسكريون ألمان في الحرب العالمية الأولى
قادة الحرب العالمية الثانية
قادة عسكريون ألمان
كولونيل عام في الجيش الألماني (فيرماخت)
متقلدو وسام الفارس الصليبي الحديدي
مواليد 1889
نبالة بروسية
وفيات 1962

هانس يورغن فون أرنيم


Jack "Jacques" Butler (* 29. April 1909; † 2003) war ein US-amerikanischer Jazztrompeter und Sänger.

Leben
Butler wuchs in Washington, D.C. auf, bevor er Ende der 1920er Jahre nach New York City zog. Dort spielte er mit Cliff Jackson und Horace Henderson; Aufnahmen entstanden 1936 für Bluebird Records mit Willie Bryant (Moonrise in the Lowlands). Danach zog er nach Europa, wo er meist mit Willie Lewis (1936–1939) arbeitete. Zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs hielt er sich in Norwegen auf. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach New York 1940 leitete er seine eigene Band und spielte u. a. mit Mezz Mezzrow und Art Hodes. 1946 nahm er unter eigenem Namen für Aladdin mit Mercer Ellington auf (She's Got the Blues for Sale). 1948 arbeitete er in Toronto, 1950 wechselte er erneut nach Europa und hatte mit eigenem Ensemble ein langjähriges Engagement im Pariser Nachtclub La Cigale. 1961 trat er in dem Musikfilm Paris Blues auf. Viele Jahre gehörte der Saxophonist Benny Waters zu seiner Band im La Cigale, bis er sie 1967 übernahm. Daneben arbeitete Butler erneut mit Mezz Mezzrow. 1968 kehrte er nach New York zurück und trat dort weiterhin auf.

Diskografische Hinweise
  Swing De Paris (1922–1951)

Lexikalischer Eintrag
 Richard Cook, Brian Morton: The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD, LP and Cassette. 2. Auflage. Penguin, London 1994, ISBN 0-14-017949-6.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Trompeter
Jazz-Sänger
Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Jack Butler (Musiker)


Strasbourg Illkirch-Graffenstaden Basket, cel mai adesea cunoscut ca SIG sau Strasbourg este un club profesionist de baschet din Strasbourg, Franța. Clubul, fondat ]n 1929, concurează în campionatul Franței și în Liga Campionilor la Baschet. Clubul joacă meciurile de pe teren propriu în Rhénus Sport.

Istorie
Clubul a fost fondat ]n 1929, și a ajuns în prima divizie franceză de baschet pentru prima dată în 1938.
Începând cu sezonul 2004-2005, noul antrenor principal Éric Girard a preluat echipa. În sezonul regulat, SIG a terminat pe locul al treile, iar Girard a fost numit antrenorul anului. Strasbourg a câștigat campionatul pentru prima dată în sezonul 2004-2005, învingând rivala SLUC Nancy cu 72-68.

În sezonul 2005-2006, Strasbourg a jucat în Euroligă, echipa având rezultate foarte bune, învingând pe Saski Baskonia. În campionatul naționa, echipa a fost învinsă de Nancy în semifinale.

În sezonul 2006-2007, Strasbourg IG s-a oprit în sferturile de finală. După câțiva ani de regres, echipa a început să revină, sub conducerea antrenorului Vincent Collet care a preluat echipa în 2012. SIG a ajuns în finala Ligii Pro A trei ani consecutivi, în 2013, 2014, 2015. Pe lângă asta, echipa a câștigat Cupa Liderilor 2015 Liderii Cupa și Cupa Franței 2014-2015.

Palmares

Național
Campionatul Franței
 Titluri (1): 2004-2005
Cupa Franței
 Titluri (1): 2014-2015
Cupa Liderilor
 Titluri (1): 2015
Meciul Campionilor
 Titluri (1): 2015
Divizia B a Franței
 Titluri (1): 1998-1999

Jucători importanți
 Alexis Ajinça
 Axel Toupane
/ Crawford Palmer
 Kornél Dávid
 Mindaugas Timinskas
 Afik Nissim
/ Jarod Stevenson
/ Ricardo Greer
 Michael Brooks
 Chuck Eidson
 Rick Hughes
 Keith Jennings
 J. R. Reid
 Anthony Roberson
 Brion Rush
 Terence Stansbury

Legături externe
  Site web oficial
 Strasbourg IG pe Eurobasket.com

Echipe de baschet
Fondări în 1929

Strasbourg IG


En tebajakke er en enkeltradet jakke, der er uforet i bryst og skulder, med skjorte-agtige ærmer, uden slids og et revers uden jak.. Den blev oprindeligt designet som en skydejakke, der skulle gøre det nemt at hæve albuen, når man skulle skyde. Den blev fremstillet første gang i Zarautz, Spanien, og blev navngivet efter den 22. jarl af Teba, Carlos Alfonso Mitjans y Fitz-James Stuart, der fik et tilsvarende stykke beklædning som gave af Alfonso 13. under en storvildtjagt i Spanien. Tebajakken er siden blevet brugt som en type spansk landbeklædning, men også som en jakke til bybeklædning i hele verden.

Jarlen af Teba, som fik kælenavnet "Bunting", blev betragtet som en af verdens bedste skytter i sin levetid, og var grannevø af kejserinden af Frankig, Eugenia de Montijo, samt afkommer af James 2. via huset FitzJames.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Jakker

Tebajakke


Egeskov marked er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1963, der er instrueret af Anders Enevig efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Egeskov marked afholdes hvert år den 3. onsdag i september i Kværndrup. Det er delt op i en landbrugsafdeling, hvor handelen med heste, får og maskiner foregår, og en gøglerplads, hvor de farende folk holder til med deres luftgynger, skydetelte, tombolaer, lykkehjul og to små cirkus. Markedet forberedes tirsdag og åbner tidligt onsdag morgen, gøglerpladsen dog først kl. 10. Næste dag afholder vagabonderne på tingstedet ved sportspladsen i Kværndrup deres årlige valg af "stodderkonge", en skik som går tilbage til ca. 1920.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1963

Egeskov marked


Mark Gerard Hoban (born 31 March 1964) is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he is a former Member of Parliament for Fareham (2001–2015) and former Minister of State for Work and Pensions (2012–2013).

Early life
Hoban was born in Peterlee and was educated at St Leonard's Catholic School in Durham. He graduated from the London School of Economics where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in economics in 1985.

He joined PricewaterhouseCoopers in 1985 as a financial analyst, becoming a chartered account manager in 1990, and was appointed as a senior manager in 1992 until his election to Parliament.

Parliamentary career
Hoban joined the Conservative Party in 1980, and in 1989 was elected as the treasurer of the Southampton Itchen Conservative Association, serving until he was elected as the Association's vice chairman for two years in 1991.

He was the campaign manager for the local sitting Conservative MP Christopher Chope at both the 1987 and 1992 general elections.

He contested the Tyneside seat of South Shields at the 1997 general election, finishing in second place, 22,153 votes behind the sitting Labour MP, David Clark.

He was elected to the House of Commons at the 2001 general election for the Hampshire seat of Fareham following the retirement of the Conservative MP Peter Lloyd.

Hoban held the seat with a majority of 7,009 and remained the MP there until 2015. He made his maiden speech on 4 July 2001, in which he recalled one of his Fareham predecessors, Arthur Lee, who had donated the Prime Minister's country house, Chequers, to the nation in 1921.

In parliament he served as a member of the science and technology select committee for two years from 2001. He was made an Opposition Whip by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002, joining the frontbench under the leadership of Michael Howard in 2003 as a spokesman on education. Following the election of David Cameron as the party's leader in 2005, Hoban became Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury.

After the May 2010 general election, Hoban took his shadow portfolio into Government when he was appointed Financial Secretary and City Minister in George Osborne's Treasury team. His responsibilities included financial services policy, including banking and financial services reform and regulation, financial stability, City competitiveness, wholesale and retail markets in the UK, Europe and internationally; the Financial Services Authority (FSA); UK Financial Investments (UKFI); and personal savings and pensions policy. He supported the Chancellor on EU and wider international finance issues.

He was also chairman of the Associate Parliamentary Group on Business, Finance and Accountancy, until succeeded by Ian Wright MP.

It was reported in the Independent in December 2011 that Hoban had been involved in meetings with bankers lobbying to avoid proposals in the Vickers Report that were intended to reduce risks in the banking industry. The talks were alleged to be secret, but were obtained via a Freedom of Information request.

In September 2012 Hoban was moved from the Treasury to the Department of Work and Pensions. The Work Capability Assessment for which Hoban had responsibility has been heavily criticised due to its failure rate of more than 30% reversals of decisions upon appeal and because "the descriptors used to qualify for long-term support are so limited that almost nobody does so."  In July 2013, Hoban's department asked PricewaterhouseCoopers to "provide independent advice in relation to strengthening quality assurance processes across all its health and disability assessments.". Hoban received £22,507 in non-cash donations from his former employer PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2009. Hoban left the Government front benches in October 2013.

Hoban voted against gay couples adopting children in 2002, and against the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations in 2003. In 2013, Hoban took part in a discussion about Russia's anti-gay legislation with actor Simon Callow and claimed "We have seen a change of people's attitudes in the UK and that's gathered momentum over time...you can have quite rapid change in these areas."

During the MPs expenses scandal newspapers reported on Hoban's £12,000 furniture bill including  £35 on a toilet-roll holder, £10 on a chrome shower rack and £79 on four silk cushions on his second-home allowance. Hoban said, "At the time I made these claims I believed that they were reasonable and within the spirit of the rules."

Hoban announced that he would be standing down at the 2015 general election, and it was reported that he had already taken up board-level roles at three businesses.

Personal life
He has been married to Fiona Jane Barrett since August 1994 and they live in his former constituency, at Locks Heath. He has been an associate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales since 1988. Hoban is a Roman Catholic and attends mass regularly at St. Margaret Mary's Catholic Parish in Park Gate.

References

External links
 Mark Hoban MP Official constituency website
 Mark Hoban MP Conservative Party profile

 Democracy Live Mark Hoban

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1964 births
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
People from Peterlee
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
PricewaterhouseCoopers people
English Roman Catholics

Mark Hoban


Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Manṣūr ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥayyūn al-Tamīmī (), plus connu sous le nom de al-Qāḍī al-Nu'mān (), est un juriste et historien ismaélien né en  à Kairouan et mort en  au Caire, en Égypte. C'est l'un des plus importants juristes ismaéliens de la période du califat fatimide. Il rédigea le premier manuel de droit ismaélien à la demande du calife Al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh. Il fut également l'historien officiel des Fatimides.

Biographie
Né en , il entre au service du calife ʿUbayd Allāh al-Mahdī en  et sert les quatre premiers califes fatimides sous diverses fonctions, notamment celle de cadi dans la ville de Tripoli (Libye).

Commissionné par le calife fatimide Al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh afin de rédiger un ouvrage juridique, il propose en  les Daʿāʾim al-islām (Les piliers de l'Islam), un ouvrage de jurisprudence ismaélienne amené à devenir le code de référence de l'Etat fatimide. Il est également l'auteur d'un important ouvrage historique, Iftitāḥ al-daʿwa (Le commencement de la mission), couvrant la période depuis le début de la da'wa ismaélienne jusqu'à l'établissement de l'Etat fatimide en Afrique du Nord.

Il meurt en  au Caire, en Égypte.

Œuvres

Al-Nuʿmān est l'auteur de plus d'une quarantaine de traités sur la jurisprudence, l'exégèse coranique, l'histoire et des thèmes liés à l'ismaélisme en général. Parmi les plus connus figurent :

 Daʿāʾim al-islām (Les piliers de l'Islam)
 Iftitāḥ al-daʻwa (Le commencement de la mission)
 Kitāb Asās al-ta'wīl (Livre du fondement de l'interprétation symbolique)

Bibliographie
 Farhad Daftary, The Ismailis : Their History and Doctrines, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
 Farhad Daftary, Ismaili History and Intellectual Tradition, Routledge, 2017.
 Hamid Haji, Founding the Fatimid State : The Rise of an Early Islamic Empire, I.B. Tauris, Londres, 2006.
 Al-Qadi al-Nu'man, Iftitâh al-da'wa (Le commencement de la mission), trad. anglaise de H. Haji, dans Founding the Fatimid State : The Rise of an Early Islamic Empire, I.B. Tauris, Londres, 2006.
 Ismail K.H. Poonawala, The Pillars of Islam (trad. anglaise de Asaf A. A. Fyzee), Oxford University Press, 2002.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Encyclopédie de l'Islam

Voir aussi
 Ismaélisme
 Califat fatimide

Théologien musulman du Xe siècle
Personnalité chiite
Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom

Al-Qadi al-Nu'man


Hvad nu hvis? er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Alexander Bøgh Petersen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En dreng får tankerne sat i gang, da hans kæreste snakker med op til flere andre drenge på deres halvårsdag. Da hun smutter på "det lille hus", i et længere stykke tid end hvad man umiddelbart skulle tro, det ville tage, får hans fantasi frit løb, og han beslutter sig for at lede efter hende.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Hvad nu hvis?


În teoria grafurilor, gradul (sau valența) unui nod dintr-un graf este numărul de muchii  cu nodul,  fiind numărate de două ori. Gradul unui nod  este notat cu  sau .

Gradul maxim al unui graf G, notat cu Δ(G), și gradul minim al grafului, notat cu δ(G), sunt gradul maxim și, respectiv, minim al nodurilor sale. În graful din dreapta, gradul maxim este 5 și gradul minim este 0. Într-un graf regulat, toate gradele sunt la fel, și deci se poate vorbi de gradul grafului.

Lema strângerilor de mâini
Formula sumei gradelor arată că, dat fiind un graf ,

Din formulă rezultă că, în orice graf, numărul de noduri cu grad impar este par. Această afirmație (precum și formula sumei gradelor) este cunoscută sub numele de lema strângerilor de mâini. Denumirea provine de la o problemă populară de matematică, care cerea să se demonstreze că în orice grup de oameni numărul de persoane care dau mâna cu un număr impar de alte persoane din grup este par.

Șirul gradelor

Șirul gradelor unui graf neorientat este șirul necrescător al gradelor nodurilor acestuia; pentru graful de mai sus, este (5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0). Șirul gradelor este o , deci  au același șir de grade. Cu toate acestea, șirul de grade nu identifică, în general, în mod unic un graf; în unele cazuri, grafuri neizomorfe pot avea același șir de grade.

Problema șirului gradelor este problema de a găsi unele sau toate grafurile cu un șir al gradelor dat ca un șir necrescător de numere întregi pozitive. (Zerourile de la urmă pot fi ignorate, deoarece acestea sunt ușor de realizat prin adăugarea unui număr adecvat de noduri izolate în graf.) Un șir care este șirul gradelor unui graf, adică pentru care problema șirului gradelor are o soluție, este numit grafic sau un șir grafic. Drept consecință a formulei sumei gradelor, orice șir cu sumă impară, cum ar fi (3, 3, 1), nu poate fi realizat ca șir al gradelor unui graf. Reciproca este și ea adevărată: dacă un șir are o sumă pară, atunci el este șirul gradelor unui multigraf. Construcția unui astfel de graf este simplă: se conectează nodurile cu grad impar în perechi printr-un cuplaj, și se completează restul de noduri cu grad par prin auto-bucle.
Întrebarea dacă un anumit șir al gradelor poate fi realizat printr-un graf simplu este mai dificilă. Această problemă se numește și  și poate fi rezolvată prin  sau prin .
Problema de a găsi sau de a estima numărul de grafuri cu un anumit șir al gradelor este o problemă din domeniul enumerării grafurilor.

Valori speciale

 Un nod cu gradul 0 se numește nod izolat.
 Un nod cu gradul 1 se numește nod-frunză sau nod terminal. Această terminologie este comună cu studiul arborilor în teoria grafurilor și mai ales al  ca structuri de date.
 Un nod cu gradul n − 1 într-un graf cu n noduri se numește .

Proprietăți globale
 Dacă toate nodurile unui graf au gradul k, graful se numește k-regulat și graful în sine se spune că are gradul k. Similar, un graf bipartit , în care fiecare două noduri aflate de aceeași parte a bipartiției au același grad se numește .
 Un graf conex neorientat are un drum eulerian dacă și numai dacă are 0 sau 2 noduri de grad impar. Daca are 0 noduri de grad impar, drumul eulerian este și "ciclu eulerian".
 Un graf orientat este o  dacă și numai dacă fiecare nod are gradul exterior cel mult 1. Un graf funcțional este un caz special de pseudopădure în care fiecare nod are gradul exterior exact 1.
 Conform teoremei lui Brooks, orice graf, altul decât o clică sau un ciclu impar are număr cromatic cel mult Δ, și conform teoremei lui Vizing, orice graf are indicele cromatic cel mult Δ + 1.
 Un graf k-degenerat este un graf în care toate subgrafurile au un nod de grad cel mult k.

Note

Bibliografie
 .
 .

 .
 .

Teoria grafurilor

Grad (teoria grafurilor)


An Typhonium johnsonianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alistair Hay ngan S.M.Taylor. An Typhonium johnsonianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium johnsonianum


Juniperus durangensis er tegund af barrtré í einisætt. Upprunninn frá Mexíkó.

Tilvísanir

Einisætt

Juniperus durangensis


25778 Csere este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
25778 Csere este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Peter Kušnirák. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,23 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 1,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 25001-26000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

25778 Csere


Orlando Pride er en amerikansk professionel fodboldklub for kvinder, der er hjemmehørende i Orlando, Florida. Holdet blev en del af National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) i 2016.

Aktuel trup

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindefodboldklubber i USA

Orlando Pride


Schloss Moggenbrunn, ehemals ein Wasserschloss, liegt im Dorf Moggenbrunn, einem Ortsteil von Meeder im Landkreis Coburg des Regierungsbezirks Oberfranken in Bayern. Das Schloss stammt aus dem frühen 14. Jahrhundert, wurde im 16. Jahrhundert dem Zeitgeist angepasst und ist seither trotz häufigem Besitzerwechsel kaum verändert worden.

Geografische Lage
Acht Kilometer nordwestlich von Coburg breitet sich zwischen den Langen Bergen im Norden und dem Callenberger Forst im Süden eine weite, fruchtbare Ebene aus, die ursprünglich sumpfiges Land war. In der geografischen Mitte der Ebene befindet sich der Ort Meeder. Vier Kilometer östlich von Meeder liegt sein Ortsteil Moggenbrunn an der Landstraße nach Oberlauter Das Schloss befindet sich am Rande eines kleinen Parks in der Schlossgasse. Von der Landstraße aus führt eine alte Kastanienallee zur Parkseite des Schlosses.

Geschichte
Das seit 1122 belegte Rittergeschlecht mit Stammsitz in Kemmaten (heute zu Neustadt bei Coburg) besaß in Moggenbrunn bereits in der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts ein Hofgut mit Herrenhaus. Den Ausbau zu einem Wasserschloss schloss Hans Eitel Kemmater ab, der ab 1575 alleiniger Besitzer des Rittergutes war und sich aufgrund seines Lebensstils immer mehr verschuldete. Am 26. April 1600 erlosch das Geschlecht der Kemmater mit der Hinrichtung des Hans Eitel auf dem Coburger Marktplatz. Er hatte im Jähzorn nicht nur einen Knecht und den Schulmeister von Weißenbrunn vorm Wald umgebracht, sondern auch schließlich seinen eigenen Sohn. Nun fiel das Anwesen an den Landesherrn Herzog Johann Casimir von Sachsen-Coburg zurück, der es ein Jahr später dem Ritter Veit von Lichtenstein übertrug. Ritter Veit veränderte das Schloss nur in einigen Innenräumen. Die Söhne Veits von Lichtenstein verkauften das Gut 1620 an den Hochfürstlichen Rat und Centhmeister Johann Bathermann.

Der Dreißigjährige Krieg verschonte das Schloss und die wenigen Häuser von Moggenbrunn. 1677 wechselte der Besitz auf den kaiserlichen Hofrat Freiherr Friedrich von Born und 1694 auf seinen Sohn Georg Friedrich. Der veräußerte das Anwesen im gleichen Jahr an Christoph von Wildenstein, der es bereits sechs Jahre später an Heymond Johann von Schilling verkaufte. Dessen beide Töchter erbten 1716 das Hofgut, wobei die ältere der beiden, Magda Barbara, 1722 den Geheimrat Johann Karl von Würtzburg heiratete und ab dann als Alleineigentümerin geführt wurde. Nach ihrem Tod 1780 erhielt ihr Schwager, der Weimarer Kammerjunker und Hauptmann von Kanne, der auf Schloss Hassenberg residierte, das Moggenbrunner Anwesen. Im Jahr darauf starb auch er. Nun besaßen seine Töchter das Schloss. 1793 heiratete eine von ihnen den Kammerjunker von Seefried, der fortan als Schlossherr eingetragen war. Dessen Erben veräußerten 1855 Gut und Schloss an den Sonneberger Fabrikdirektor Dressel. Nach dessen Tod übernahm 1894 eine Erbengemeinschaft das Gut und ließ es 1904 versteigern. Neuer Eigentümer wurde der Seidmannsdorfer Kaufmann Johann Vetter. Hohe Hypothekenlasten auf dem Gut führten 1909 zu dessen Zerschlagung. Das Restgut mit dem Schloss kaufte der Landwirt Emil Eckardt aus Fechheim. Sein Enkel Helmut Eckardt begann 1978, den zunehmenden Verfall des Schlosses aufzuhalten. Mit großem handwerklichen Aufwand ließ er bis 2000 das Schloss detailgetreu innen wie außen restaurieren.

Die Chronik des Schlosses, die ein vollständiges Zeugnis über Besitzverhältnisse und Bautätigkeiten bis ins 18. Jahrhundert ablegte, ist 1860 verbrannt.

Baubeschreibung
Der heutige, dreigeschossige und acht- auf dreiachsige Schlossbau mit seinem rechteckigen Grundriss stammt im Kern aus dem 16. Jahrhundert. Über dem steinernen Erdgeschoss erheben sich zwei Obergeschosse in Fachwerk, das auf der Ostseite verputzt, auf den anderen Seiten mit Schiefer verblendet ist. Der Westseite ist mittig ein fünfgeschossiger, quadratischer Treppenturm vorgesetzt, dessen oberstes Geschoss ebenfalls aus mit Schiefer verkleidetem Fachwerk mit Kuppel und achteckiger Laterne als Kuppelabschluss besteht. Während die Decken über den Treppenabsätzen als Kreuzgewölbe ausgeführt sind, befinden sich über den Stufenläufen Tonnengewölbe. Einige in die Wand des Treppenturmes eingelassene Nischen mit doppelt gestufter Vertiefung dienten vormals der Aufstellung von Lampen für die Treppenbeleuchtung.

Stammen die Diamantquader, die die Gebäudeecken betonten, die Schieferverkleidungen, die Kuppel des Treppenturms und ein erstes Schmuckportal mit in Flachrelief gehaltenen Beschlagornamenten sowie der schmiedeeiserne Türklopfer mit eingefügten Maskenköpfen aus der Zeit um 1700, so sorgte die Freifrau von Würtzburg zwischen 1722 und 1725 für die endgültige Gestaltung des eleganten Portals mit flankierenden Rundfenstern und die heutigen Fensterrahmungen und Simse.

Der sich westlich des Schlosses anschließende kleine Park mit dreieckigem Grundriss weist einen Baumbestand mit zahlreichen alten Kastanien auf. Die dem Schloss ostwärts vor gelagerten Wirtschaftsgebäude stammen bis auf das Dachgeschoss des ehemaligen Pferdestalls aus neuerer Zeit. Sein quadratischer Dachreiter mit schiefergedecktem Helm und sechsseitiger Laterne trug einst die Gutsglocke, die im Ersten Weltkrieg beschlagnahmt und mit anderen Glocken zu Kanonenrohren umgegossen wurde.

Literatur
 Helmut Hofmann: Meeder in alten Bildern. Geiger, Horb a. N. 1986, ISBN 3-924932-68-9.
 Fritz Mahnke: Schlösser und Burgen im Umkreis der Fränkischen Krone. Band. 1. 3. Auflage. Druck- und Verlagsanstalt Neue Presse GmbH, Coburg 1974, S. 60–62.

Weblinks

 Ulrich Göpfert: Das ehemalige Wasserschloss Moggenbrunn.

Einzelnachweise

Moggenbrunn
Moggenbrunn
Baudenkmal in Meeder
Bauwerk in Meeder
Moggenbrunn

Schloss Moggenbrunn


Alaçam, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Köy 1400 yıllarında Bursa Söğüt ilçesinden dağılan Osmanlı soyundan oluşmuştur ki mahallenin yarısının soyadı Bursa veya Bursalı olması bunun kanıtıdır. İlk yerleşim zamanında köy ve havalisi tamamen sivri yapraklı çam ormanı oluşundan ismini bundan almıştır. Köyde Helenistik çağına ait mezar ve lahitler bulunmuş olup genellikle Beyeköy Alaçam arası daha eski dönemlere ait mağara ve timülüsler var olduğu halk tarafından bilinmektedir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet
 Alaçam mahallesi

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Alaçam, Kavak


Leandro Emmanuel Martínez, mais conhecido como Emmanuel Martínez (Tandil, 4 de junho de 1994) é um futebolista argentino que atua como ponta-esquerda. Atualmente joga no .

Carreira

River Plate
Nascido em Tandil, Emmanuel Martínez foi revelado pelo River Plate, tendo se juntado às categorias de base aos 13 anos de idade. Ele então passou algum tempo com a equipe B do clube, marcando no Superclásico contra o time reserva do Boca Juniors em 2014.

San Martín de San Juan
Em 12 de fevereiro de 2015, Emmanuel Martínez foi transferido para o San Martín de San Juan, por empréstimo de um ano. Ele fez sua estreia profissional em 4 de maio, começando o jogo como titular e marcando o gol da vitória por 1 a 0 sobre o Temperley, pelo Campeonato Argentino de 2015.

No dia 19 de janeiro de 2016, Emmanuel Martínez renovou seu contrato de empréstimo com o San Martín de San Juan por mais 18 meses. No entanto, ele não conseguiu se estabelecer como titular do time e saiu em 2017.

Chacarita Juniors
Em 25 de agosto de 2017, Emmanuel Martínez foi transferido para o Chacarita Juniors, por um contrato de empréstimo até o final do ano. Ele atuou em apenas 11 jogos e marcou apenas um gol.

Deportivo Cuenca
No dia 3 de julho de 2018, Emmanuel Martínez foi transferido ao clube equatoriano Deportivo Cuenca. Ele impressionou durante o Campeonato Equatoriano de 2019 depois de dar 11 assistências e marcar sete gols em apenas 28 jogos.

Barcelona de Guayaquil
Em 27 de dezembro de 2019, a contratação de Emmanuel Martínez foi anunciada pelo Barcelona de Guayaquil, assinando um contrato de empréstimo de um ano. Um titular imediato, foi comprado em definitivo pelo clube em 11 de janeiro de 2021, assinando um contrato de três anos.

América Mineiro
No dia 10 de agosto de 2022, foi oficializado que o América Mineiro encaminhou a contratação de Emmanuel Martínez, com o clube brasileiro 100% dos direitos econômicos do jogador e por um contrato de três temporadas.

Estatísticas
Atualizado até 10 de agosto de 2022.

 b. Jogos da Copa Sul-Americana e da Copa Libertadores da América
 c. Jogos da Supercopa do Equador

Títulos
Barcelona de Guayaquil
Campeonato Equatoriano: 2020

Ligações externas

Futebolistas da Argentina
Futebolistas do Club Atlético River Plate
Futebolistas do Club Atlético San Martín (San Juan)
Futebolistas do Club Atlético Chacarita Juniors
Futebolistas do Club Deportivo Cuenca
Futebolistas do Barcelona Sporting Club
Futebolistas do América Futebol Clube (Belo Horizonte)
Argentinos expatriados no Equador
Argentinos expatriados no Brasil

Emmanuel Martínez


TCT may refer to:

Science and technology
 Teenage Cancer Trust, a British charity organization
 Thrombin clotting time, a test used in blood coagulation
 Tocotrienol, a group of four isomers occurring in Vitamin E
 True crystallization temperature, the temperature at which salt crystals begin to crystallize from a solution
 The Coroner's Toolkit, a suite of computer forensic software
 Tungsten carbide-tipped, hardened metal used for example in an annular cutter or drill bit
 TCT, a codon for the amino acid Serine

Transportation
 Tate's Cairn Tunnel, a Hong Kong tunnel
 Texas City Terminal Railway, a 32-mile-long railroad
 Trans Canada Trail, a proposed trail that would stretch across Canada
 Tung Chung Terminal, a Hong Kong gondola lift station of Ngong Ping 360

Arts and media
 The Catholic Transcript, a Catholic paper in Hartford, Connecticut, United States
 The Catholic Thing, a Catholic online publication
 TCT (band), a Finnish band
 Tri-State Christian Television, a Christian cable television network broadcasting in the US and Canada (formerly known as Total Christian Television)

Other uses
 Touring Club de Tunisie, a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

TCT


Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging), ses dalgalarını kullanarak cismin boyut, uzaklık ve diğer verileri görmemize yarayan alet. Sesin su altında yayılmasını kullanarak su altında/ üstünde gezmeyi, haberleşmeyi ve diğer cisimleri tespit etmeyi sağlayan bir tekniktir.

Sonar İngilizce "Sound Navigation and Ranging" ifadesinin kısaltımı olan, ses dalgalarıyla bir cismin uzaklığını, boyutunu ve diğer verileri hakkında bilgi almak için kullanılan aletin adıdır. Sonar sistem ilk olarak denizaltıları için üretilmiştir. Ses dalgalarının su altında yayılması özelliğinden faydalanılarak, su altında/üstünde gezinmeyi, mesafe aralığını hesaplamayı, haberleşmeyi ve diğer cisimler hakkında bilgi edinmeyi sağlayan bir tekniktir. Sonarı yunuslar iletişim için, yarasalar ise yön bulmada kullanır.Sonar sistem aktif ve pasif olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Pasif sonar gemiler tarafından yapılan sesi dinlemektedir; Aktif sonar atış sesleri yayar ve yankıları dinler.

Tarihi

Bazı hayvanlar (yunuslar ve yarasalar) milyonlarca yıldır iletişim ve nesne tespiti için ses kullansalar da suyun insanlar tarafından kullanımı ilk olarak Leonardo da Vinci tarafından 1490'da kaydedildi. 19. yüzyılda, deniz fenerlerine bir tehlike uyarısı yapmak için bir yardımcı sualtı çanı kullanıldı. Kanadalı mühendis Reginald Fessenden, Boston'daki Denizaltı Sinyali Şirketi'nde çalışırken, daha sonra Boston Limanı'nda test edilen bir sistem olan 1912'den başlayarak deneysel bir sistem kurdu.Bu testte Fessenden derinlik sondajı, sualtı haberleşmesi (Morse kodu) ve echo range (3 km'de bir buzdağı tespit etme) gösterdi. Sözde Fessenden osilatörü, ca. 500 Hz frekans, 3 metrelik dalga boyu ve dönüştürücünün yayılan yüzünün küçük çapı (çapı 1 metreden az) nedeniyle alıcının rüzgârını belirleyemedi. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında, denizaltıları tespit etme ihtiyacı, ses kullanımı konusunda daha fazla araştırmaya yol açtı. Rus fizikçi Paul Langevin, Rus göçmen elektrik mühendisi Constantin Chilowsky ile birlikte çalışırken, 1915 yılında denizaltıları tespit etmek için aktif ses cihazlarının geliştirilmesi üzerinde çalışırken İngilizler hidrofon olarak adlandırılan su altı dinleme cihazlarını daha erken kullanmaya başladı.

Piezoelektrik ve manyetostrikt transdüserleri daha sonra kullandıkları elektrostatik transdüserleri almasına rağmen, bu çalışma gelecekteki

tasarımları etkiledi. Projektörler için Terfenol-D ve PMN (kurşun magnezyum niobat) geliştirilmiş iken, hafif ses hassas plastik film ve fiber optikler hidrofonlar için (su kullanımı için akusto-elektrikli transdüserler) kullanılmıştır. SONAR 1930'lu yıllarda Amerikalı mühendisler kendi sualtı sesi algılama teknolojilerini geliştirdiler ve termoklinler gibi geleceğin gelişimine önemli keşifler yapıldı. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında iki ülke arasında teknik bilgi değiş tokuşundan sonra Amerikalılar, RADAR'ya eşdeğer olarak üretilen sistemler için SONAR terimini kullanmaya başladı.

Materyaller ve Tasarımlar

1915-1940 yılları arasında gelişme konusunda çok az ilerleme oldu. 1940'ta ABD sonarları tipik olarak bir magnetostrikt dönüştürücüden ve bir küresel gövdede bir Rochelle tuz kristaline sırt sırta bağlanmış 1 fit çaplı bir çelik plakaya bağlı bir dizi nikel tüpünden oluşuyordu. Bu gemi gövdesine montajlandı ve manuel olarak istenen açıyla döndürüldü. Piezoelektrik Rochelle tuz kristali daha iyi parametrelere sahipti, fakat manyetostriktif ünite daha güvenilirdi. İkinci Dünya Savaşı süresince meydana gelen kayıplar, manyetostriktif transdüser parametrelerinde ve Rochelle tuzu güvenilirliklerinde ilerlemeyi sürdürerek hızlı araştırma yapılmasını sağladı. Rochelle tuzunun yerine alternatif olarak, üstün bir alternatif olan amonyum dihidrojen fosfat (ADP) bulundu; İlk uygulama, 24 kHz Rochelle tuz transdüserlerinin yerine geçti. Dokuz ay içinde, Rochelle tuzu eskimişti. ADP üretim tesisi, 1940 başlarında birkaç düzine personelden 1942'de binlerce kişiye ulaştı.

ADP kristallerinin en erken uygulanmasından birisi akustik madenler için hidrofonlardı. Kristaller, 3.000 m'den (10,000 ft) uçaklar arasında konuşlandırılacak mekanik şoklara ve komşu mayın patlamalarından sağ çıkma kabiliyetine dayanarak, 5 Hz'de düşük frekanslı kesim için belirlendi. ADP güvenilirliğinin temel özelliklerinden biri sıfır yaşlanma özelliklerinden; Kristal, parametrelerini uzun süreli depolamada dahi korur.

Başka bir uygulama akustik gezme torpidoları içindir. Torpido burnunda, yatay ve düşey düzlemde iki çift yönlü hidrofon monte edildi; Çiftlerden gelen fark sinyallerinin torpido sol-sağ ve yukarı-aşağı yönünde kullanılması sağlandı. Bir önlem geliştirildi: hedeflenen denizaltı, efervesan bir kimyasal madde taburcu etti ve torpido, gürültülü gazlı yemden sonra gitti. Karşı önlem, aktif sonar ile bir torpidodu - torpido burnuna bir dönüştürücü eklendi ve mikrofonlar, yansıyan periyodik ton patlamalarını dinliyordu. Dönüştürücüler, dikdörtgen şeklinde sıra halinde elmas biçimli alanlara düzenlenmiş aynı dikdörtgen kristal plakaları içermektedir.

ADP kristallerinden denizaltılar için pasif sonar dizileri geliştirildi. Çeşitli kristal tertibatları bir çelik boru içine yerleştirildi, vakumla hint yağı dolduruldu ve mühürlendi. Borular daha sonra paralel dizilere monte edildi.

II. Dünya Savaşı sonunda standart ABD Deniz Kuvvetleri tarama sonar bir dizi ADP kristali kullanarak 18 kHz'de çalışıyordu. Bununla birlikte daha uzun aralık istenen ancak daha düşük frekansların kullanılması gereklidir. Gerekli boyutlar ADP kristalleri için çok büyüktü, bu nedenle 1950'lerin başında manyetostriktif ve baryum titanat piezoelektrik sistemler geliştirildi, ancak bunların eşit empedans özelliklerine ulaşması ve kiriş deseninde sorunlar vardı. Baryum titanat daha sonra daha kararlı kurşun zirkonat titanate (PZT) ile değiştirildi ve frekans 5 kHz'e düşürüldü. ABD filosu, bu malzemeyi AN / SQS-23 sonarında birkaç on yıl boyunca kullandı. SQS-23 sonar önce manyetostriktif nikel dönüştürücüleri kullandı, ancak bunlar birkaç ton ağırlığındaydı ve nikel pahalıydı ve kritik bir malzeme olarak değerlendirildi; Piezoelektrik transdüserler bu nedenle ikame edildi. Sonar, 432 bireysel transdüserden oluşan büyük bir dizi idi. İlk önce transdüserler güvenilmezdi, mekanik ve elektriksel arızalar gösteriyor ve kurulumdan hemen sonra bozuluyor; Aynı zamanda birkaç satıcı tarafından üretildi, farklı tasarımlara sahipler ve özellikleri dizinin performansını etkileyecek kadar farklıydı.Bireysel transdüserlerin onarılmasına izin veren politika daha sonra feda edildi ve mühürlerdeki ve diğer yabancı mekanik parçaların sorununu ortadan kaldırarak bunun yerine, onarılamayan mühürlü modüller "harcanabilir modüler tasarım" seçildi.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın başlangıcındaki İmparatorluk Japon Deniz Kuvvetleri, kuvartz bazlı projektörleri kullandı. Bunlar özellikle düşük frekanslar için tasarlandıklarında büyük ve ağırdı; 9 kHz'de çalışan Tip 91 seti 30 inçlik bir çapa sahipti ve 5 kW güç ve 7 kV çıkış genlikli bir osilatör tarafından çalıştırılıyordu. Type 93 projektörleri sağlam kalsiyum sandviçlerden oluşuyordu, küresel dökme demir gövdelerine monte edildi. Type 93 sonarları daha sonra Alman tasarımını takip eden ve magnetostriktif projektör kullanan Tip 3 ile değiştirildi; Projektörler, yaklaşık 16 x 9 inçlik dökme demir dikdörtgen gövdede iki dikdörtgen özdeş bağımsız ünitelerden oluşuyordu. Maruz kalan alan, dalga boyu genişliğinin yarısıydı ve üç dalga boyu yüksekti. Manyetostriktif çekirdekler, 4 mm'lik nikel damgaları ve daha sonra% 12,7 ile% 12,9 arasında alüminyum içeriğine sahip bir demir alüminyum alaşımından yapılmıştır. Güç, 20 V / 8 A DC kaynaktan gelen kutuplaşmayla 3.8 kV'de 2 kW'dan sağlandı.

Japon İmparatorluğu Deniz Kuvvetleri'nin pasif hidrofonları, hareketli bobin tasarımı, Rochelle tuzlu piezo dönüştürücüler ve karbon mikrofonlara dayanıyordu.

Manyetostriktif transdüserler, II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra piezoelektrik araçlara alternatif olarak takip edildi. Nikel kaydırmalı yuvarlak dönüştürücüler, muhtemelen en büyük bireysel sonar transdüserleri olan çapı 13 feet'e kadar çıkan yüksek güçlü düşük frekanslı işlemler için kullanıldı. Metallerin avantajı, yüksek çekme mukavemetine ve düşük giriş elektrik empedansına sahip olmakla birlikte, gerilme mukavemeti öngerilmeyle arttırılabilen PZT'den daha düşük elektriksel kayıplara ve daha düşük bağlanma katsayısına sahiptir. Diğer malzemeler de denendi; Metalik olmayan ferritler, düşük elektrik akımı iletkenliği için düşük girdaplı akım kayıplarına neden olacağı konusunda umutluydu, Metglas yüksek bağlanma katsayısı sundu ancak genel olarak PZT'den daha düşüktü. 1970'lerde, nadir toprak elementleri ve demir bileşikleri, üstün manyetomekanik özelliklerle, yani Terfenol-D alaşımı ile keşfedildi. Bu, olası yeni tasarımları, örn. Bir hibrid magnetostriktif piezoelektrik dönüştürücü. En yeni sch materyal Galfenol'dur.

Diğer dönüştürücüler arasında, boşlukların yüzeyleri üzerinde manyetik kuvvetin etkilendiği değişken relüktans (veya hareketli armatür veya elektromanyetik) dönüştürücüler ve geleneksel hoparlörlere benzer hareketli bobin (veya elektrodinamik) dönüştürücüler bulunur; Son derece düşük rezonans frekansları ve üzerinde düz geniş bant özellikleri nedeniyle sualtı ses kalibrasyonunda kullanılır.

Gemilerin alt kısmına bir transdüktör yerleştirilir. Bu transdüktörün amacı insanın işiteceği veya daha yüksek frekansta ses dalgaları oluşturmaktır. Oluşturulan bu ses dalgaları denizaltılara, kayalara veya herhangi bir cisme çarparak geri döner. Böylece çarpma ve yansımanın sayesinde mesafe hesaplanır. Sesin sudaki hızı havadan yaklaşık 4 kat daha fazladır. Hesaplamalarda buna göre yapılır. Zaman aralığı sesin yansımasının vurması ile yanan bir lamba bir döner disk ile ölçülür. Disk sabit bir hızla döner. Ses gönderildiğinde lamba üstte o noktasındadır. Yansıma ile lamba tam bir daire çizer. Bazı aygıtlarsa bu menzili yani mesafeyi kaydeder. Ya da televizyon gibi ekranda orada ne olduğu anlaşılır. Sonar, daha önceleri ASDIK ismi ile tanınırdı. Su altında ses dalgaları ile yön ve uzaklığı tespit için kullanılır. Ona benzer diğer sistem ise radardır. Çalışma sistemi hemen hemen aynıdır fakat, radar ses dalgaları yerine radyo frekansları kullanır. Çalışma sistemi aynı olan bu iki cihazda sıklıkla bugün kullanılmaktadır. Yarasalar ve yunusların kendilerine ait olan sonarları vardır. Özellikle yarasalar kör olduklarından sonarları sayesinde bir yerlere çarpmadan uçarlar. Yunuslarsa sonar kullanarak sürülerini takip eder ve haberleşirler. Deniz altı inceleme ya da donanmalarda kullanılan sonar sistemlerse biraz daha farklı çalışırlar. Ses dalgaları yollandıktan sonra, mekanik sistemler aracılığı ile bir oluktan geçirilerek yoğunlaştırılır. Bu nedenle bir dizi transdüktör gemi altına yerleştirilir. Böylece yollanan sinyaller bir araya toplanarak daha güçlü frekans yollarlar.

Sonar deniz altı haritaları çıkarmakta, deniz altı maden araştırmalarında, balıkçılıkta, donanmalarda sıklıkla kullanılır. Balıkçılıkta, balığın cinsi ve yoğunluğu ve ne derinlikte olduğu sonarlar ile hesaplanır. Her balık farklı bir şekilde yansıma yaratır.  Yandan taramalı sonarlarsa, deniz dibini tam olarak görüntüler. Deniz altı bitki örtüsü, tabanda olan nesneler, deprem faylarını ve maden yataklarını bulur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kanadalı icatları

Sonar


Caniapiscau () is a vast unorganized territory in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada, part of Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality.

The territory is home to the huge Caniapiscau Reservoir, the largest body of water in Quebec and the second-largest reservoir in Canada. The reservoir was named after Lake Caniapiscau that was flooded in 1981 during the formation of the reservoir. The name comes from the Cree or Innu term kaniapiskau or kaneapiskak which means "rocky point" or "place where there is a rocky point". Albert Peter Low had noted in 1895 that "a high rocky headland jutts into the lake." He probably referred to the northwest facing peninsula that gives the reservoir the shape of an arc as we know it now.

In the 19th century, Lake Caniapiscau was frequented by hunters and fur traders. In 1834, the Hudson's Bay Company opened there an outpost to link its facilities in the James Bay region with those of Ungava Bay. The Kaniapiskau Post closed in 1870.

Community

Caniapiscau () is a small community without a permanent population, just north of the Caniapiscau Reservoir. It was formed as a temporary worksite in 1974 for workers involved in the construction of the dams and floodgates of this reservoir. The reservoir was built as part of the James Bay Project that gave rise to the La Grande hydroelectric complex. The worksite was closed after construction ended towards 1984.

Accessible only by air from 1974 to 1976, when a temporary landing strip was cleared on a nearby frozen lake, by an ice road from James Bay from 1977 to 1979 and, since late 1979, by the  long gravel Trans-Taiga Road (French: Route Transtaïga) which branches off the James Bay Road (French: Route de la Baie James).  The  between Caniapiscau and Brisay is only recommended for four-wheel drive vehicles due to large rocks on the coarse-gravel surface.

The site is now used by an outfitter (fishing and caribou hunting) and the commercial Lac Pau Seaplane Base allows floatplanes to launch, subject to seasonal conditions.

Demographics
Population trend:
 Population in 2021: 0
 Population in 2016: 0
 Population in 2011: 0
 Population in 2006: 0
 Population in 2001: 0
 Population in 1996: 0
 Population in 1991: 0

Transport
Caniapiscau is accessible by car via the Trans-Taiga Road. Located approximately 75 km south of Radisson, the Trans-Taiga highway is an unpaved gravel road. Along the road there are several campgrounds where users are able to spend the night. Donations are accepted, but not required. There are also several outfitters located along the way. Some are only open during certain times of the year, however Pourvoirie Mirage is open all year round at km 358. Food and gas may be purchased at this location. Caniapiscau Aerodrome is located in this region.

References

External links
Caniapiscau (Hydro-Québec)
Caniapiscau Reservoir

Unorganized territories in Côte-Nord
Communities in Côte-Nord
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
James Bay Project

Caniapiscau, Quebec