Ryazan (, ) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia,  southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, Ryazan had a population of 524,927, making it the 33rd most populated city in Russia, and the fourth most populated in Central Russia after Moscow, Voronezh, and Yaroslavl.

An older city, now known as Old Ryazan (), was located  east of modern-day Ryazan during the late Middle Ages, and served as capital of the Principality of Ryazan up until the Mongol invasion in 1237. During the Siege of Ryazan, it became one of the first cities in Russia to be besieged and completely razed to the ground. The capital was subsequently moved to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (), and later renamed to Ryazan by order of Catherine the Great in 1778.

The city is known for the Ryazan Kremlin, a historic museum; the Pozhalostin Museum, one of the oldest art museums in Russia; the Memorial Museum-Estate of Academician I.P. Pavlov; and the Ryazan Museum of Long-Range Aviation.

In 2022, the Ministry of Construction published an updated rating of the new urban digitalization index. Ryazan entered the top three cities with a population of 250 thousand to a million people.

History

Principality of Ryazan

The area of Ryazan was settled by Slavic tribes around the 6th century.

It is argued that the Ryazan kremlin was founded in 800, by Slavic settlers, as a part of their drive into territory previously populated by Volga Finnic peoples. Initially, it was built of wood, gradually replaced by masonry. The oldest preserved part of the Kremlin dates back to the 12th century.

However, the first written mention of the city, under the name of Pereslavl, dates to 1095. At that time, the city was part of the independent Principality of Ryazan, which had existed since 1078 and which was centered on the old city of Ryazan. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Ryazan and Murom (cities of Kievan Rus').

Invasion by Mongols

In 12th century the lands of Ryazan being located on the border between woods and steppe suffered numerous invasions coming from the southern as northern parts of European Russia. The southern ones were usually carried out by military powers like Cumans, on the northern side, however, Ryazan was in a conflict with Vladimir-Suzdal duche who by end of the 12th century had burnt the capital of Ryazan several times already.

In the 13th century Ryazan was the first Russian city to face Mongolian invasion by hordes of Batu Khan. On December 21, 1237, after a short siege it was completely destroyed and never recovered. As a result of the takeover, the seat of the principality was moved about  to the town of Pereslavl-Ryazansky, which subsequently took the name of the destroyed capital. The site of the old capital now carries the name of Staraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close to Spassk-Ryazansky. Maps of the 16th-18th centuries show Ryazan (Old Ryazan) and Pereslavl-Ryazan together.

Golden horde

In 1380, during the Battle of Kulikovo, the Grand Prince of Ryazan Oleg and his men came under a coalition of Mamai, a strongman of the Tatar Golden Horde, and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, against the armies under the command of the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Dmitry Donskoy.

Late in the 13th century, the Princes of Ryazan moved their capital to Pereyaslavl' (), which is known as Ryazan from the 16th century (officially renamed in 1778).

The principality was finally dissolved and incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1521. The principality's last duke Ivan V of Ryazan was imprisoned for a short time for being suspected in a treasonous attempt to seal a treaty with Crimean Khanate in order to outweigh Moscow's influence. The duke fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania where he died no later than 1534.

Being the southernmost border of Rus' lands at the time, Ryazan continued to suffer from invasions of Crimean Tatars and their allies.

Grand Duchy of Moscow

Tsardom of Russia

Time of Troubles

In June of 1605 Ryazan became a seat for Greek Cypriot-born Patriarch Ignatius, a clergyman who was sent by Russian Orthodox Church to serve as an archbishop of Ryazan. He was notorious for becoming the first church official to recognize a Poland-backed impostor False-Dmitry as a legitimate monarch, alleged Czar of Tsardom of Russia, after meeting with his forces in Tula.

Around that time Ryazan ex-duchy became a home for various noble families, most notable of which are Lyapunovs, whose brothers Prokopy and Zakhary Lyapunovs played a significant roles in shaping Russian history during Times of Troubles.

Soviet Union

During World War II, Ryazan was repeatedly bombed by German Luftwaffe. Immediately after the war, rapid development of the city began, and it became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia. On October 19, 1960 a petroleum refinery produced its first gasoline.

Ryazan housed the USSR's only producer of potato-harvesting equipment at the time. Ryazselmash factory (), an accounting machines plant, and a heavy forging equipment plant, among others, were also built.

Because of the city's industrialization, Ryazan Oblast's share of workers employed in the agrarian sector shifted into the industrial sector.

Ryazan was developed as a military center, and became the main training center of the Soviet Airborne Forces. Several positioned man-portable air-defense system protect the urban sky. Besides the Airborne School (at the time named after Kliment Voroshilov), Ryazan has the Automobile School and Institute of Communications, a regiment of railway troops, airbase strategic bombers, and a training center in Diaghilev.

Ryazan developed particularly rapidly while Nadezhda Nikolaevna Chumakova served as Chair of the Council of People's Deputies of Ryazan and Ryazan mayor. Under Chumakova, the city's population increased from 72,000 to 520,000. Chumakova oversaw the construction of social and cultural amenities, more than 20 urban areas, and hundreds of kilometers of trolleybus, tram and bus routes. Landscaping became a fundamental strategy for the development of the city at that time. A "green" ring of forests, parks, and garden associations surrounded Ryazan, with large parks located in each area of the city, and compositions of flowers and vertical gardening became customary, not only for the main streets, but also for industrial zones and factory buildings. Ryazan repeatedly won recognition among the cities of the Soviet Union for its landscaping. During her 26 years in office, Chumakova often accepted awards of the Red Banner of the USSR on behalf of Ryazan.

Post-Soviet period

By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, more than half of the city's GDP was being exported into its satellite states. In the 1990s, Ryazan experienced significant economic troubles as part of the 1998 Russian financial crisis, with many ex-Soviet and newly established companies going bankrupt by the end of the decade. In September 1999, Ryazan suffered a series of attempted apartment bombing (see Ryazan Incident below).

As of 2001, Ryazan remained significantly influenced by its neighbor the Moscow Oblast, which exerted significant political and economic powers over it.

Culture

Architecture
Ryazan's buildings are not characterized by any single architectural style. Many noted Russian architects worked in Ryazan, including Kazakov, who worked and died in this city, and built the house of Politech University.

Ryazan's churches were built between the 15th and 19th centuries. Soviet Constructivism was an important step in Ryazan architecture.

Community
In 2006 and 2007, the Public Committee in Defense of the Historical and Architectural Museum "Ryazan Kremlin" campaigned against attempts by the Diocese of Voronezh to establish ownership over the Ryazan Kremlin.

A number of environmental groups are active in the city, campaigning for the removal of illegal landfills and volunteering for water area clean up. In 2019 and 2020, these groups organized and staged ecological pickets and protests.

Ryazan Cycling has built bike paths in the central parks of the city. This activity attracted the attention of the government, who promise to build several similar paths passing through the whole territory of Ryazan.

Religion
Ryazan is the seat of Diocese of Ryazan and Kasimov, an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church. Assumption Cathedral of the Ryazan Kremlin is one of the most important cathedrals in the city. Metropolia is the holder of the majority of religious temples in the city and the sole holder of the monasteries.

Believers is the cathedral church of All Who Sorrow Church. In addition, the city is home to a number of religious people, including Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Mormons, Charismatics and Muhtasibat Muslims, who built the Islamic Cultural Center.

Tourism
Ryazan is one of the leading tourist destinations in Central Russia. The Ryazan Kremlin is a symbol and the main landmark in Ryazan. It is an ensemble of the old main of Ryazan fortress (11 cen.), churches (15 - 20 cen.) and the Palace of Oleg. Sobornaia Bell is one of the highest bells of the Orthodox Church.

Ryazan State Museum of Art is one of the largest museums of Russian and European arts. It has paintings of F. Guardi, A. van Ostade, V. V. Kandinsky and others.

Geography

Environment
As of 2021 an environmental pollution of air in the city remain relatively high. Excessive emissions of toxic fumes and gaseous substances such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) from neighbouring industries (i.e. oil refinery) located next to the city are often reported by local media. In December 2020 local government was trying to address the problem by finging local commercial organizations.

Climate
Ryazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The highest temperature recorded is  in August 2010 while the lowest temperature recorded is  in January 1940.

Government

The Ryazan city governing body is divided among City's legislature (Ryazan City Duma), City administration and district's courts.

Executive powers of the city are administered by a city governour, his advisers and deputies. Formal control over activities of authorities is exercised by the Public Chamber of the city of Ryazan, who work with youth involved in the headquarters of youth activists.

The City Duma is a local parliament authorized to make city-wide laws. It's divided into sub-committees.

Ryazan is also a system of community councils areas which are deliberative bodies coordinating the work of services housing and communal services and the Department of Public Works on urban areas.

Regional authorities

The city also hosts different regional governing bodies: Ryazan Oblast Duma (regional parliament), Government and the Governor of the Ryazan Oblast. In two urban and one suburban residence being received at the highest level.

Administrative and municipal status

Ryazan is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Ryazansky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of regional significance of Ryazan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city is incorporated as Ryazan Urban Circuit.

City districts
The city of Ryazan is divided into four administrative districts:

 Moskovsky (North-Western)
 Oktyabrsky (Eastern)
 Sovetsky, including a separate Solotcha district (North Eastern)
 Zheleznodorozhny (Southern)

Protests
In January 2021 the city saw a spike in protest activity. As many as 2000 people have participated in rallies in Ryazan alone as part of the 2021 Russian protests.

Education
Important educational institutions in the city include:

Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU)
The university studies mechanical and electrical engineering, software development and others fields.
As of 2016 RSREU in a joint mission with EPAM offered free courses in software testing automation, front-end web software development (C# and .NET), and programming in JAVA.
Higher Paratrooper Command Academy (HPCA), Russia state-run military school training officers for the airborne forces. Because of HPCA the city is often referred as the "paratrooper capital" (). In 2010 the institution discontinued enrollment to its paratrooping program, and now focuses on training professional sergeants for the armed forces.
Gorky Library serves Ryazan as well as Ryazan Oblast. It is the largest library in the region.
Ryazan State Medical University (RSMU)
Ryazan State University
Various technological colleges

Crime

90s gangs

Ryazan, like many cities in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, saw a rise in crime during the 1990s.  () (Slony for short), one of the largest gangs in Russia, managed to monopolize the downtown area and the criminal underworld of Ryazan. The name is literally translated as «Elephants», after one of its leaders' height and power: Vyacheslav Ermolov Evgenievich (born 1962) nicknamed «Elephant». Before his criminal career started he was a taxi driver. The other leader was a personal driver of the vice prosecutor of the city.

In 1991, the gang became heavily involved in the racketeering of newly-privatized industries, motor vehicle sales, real estate, contract killings in other regions, participated in gang violence, kidnappings, and committed at least one armed attack on rivals which left 8 or 10 dead in November of 1993.

According to Russian propaganda channel, NTV, the gang was linked to local authorities. By 1995, Slony managed to briefly seize control over almost the entire business community of Ryazan. This situation continued up until 1996 when local law enforcement managed to apprehend some suspects linked to the gang. By 2000 the gang was almost completely eliminated. Some members were either sentenced to jail or were on the run. One member of the group allegedly committed suicide in a detention center of Tolyatti in 2016 and another in Ryazan according to Russian sources. Slony's chief leader, Ermolov is still wanted as of August 2021.

In the same period, evidence was gathered against the former (4th) mayor and chairman of city duma, . Provotorova held powerful positions in the city for eight years, and, according to local authorities, was associated with the activities of the Slony gang.

Besides Slony, there were two other powerful criminal groups which rivaled Slony and were active in 1996-2001:  and  . By the 2018 many of Elephants served their prison terms and were freed. Some of members of the Osokyn's gang were sentenced up to 20 years in 2011. Its leader who is currently a fugitive was allegedly apprehended in 2016 by Ukrainian authorities in Ukraine.

Ryazan Incident
In 1999 a group of allegedly plain-clothes FSB officers attempted to blow up a building on the East side of the city. The event is known as the Ryazan Incident.

2000s
Today, the crime rate in Ryazan is one of the lowest among the cities of the Central Federal District according to the Russian Interior Ministry. In the first six-months of 2012, 579.6 crimes were reported per hundred-thousand people, almost half the Central Federal District average of 839 reported crimes per hundred-thousand people. The low crime rate in Ryazan is often attributed to increased number of police patrols, high number of military schools, and voluntary militias headquarters distributed throughout the city's districts.

Economy

Major industry enterprises in the city include a military radio electronics production plant and an oil refinery (subsidiary of Rosneft, JSC Ryazan Oil Refining Company). The plant can refine 17 million metric tons of oil per year and is the city's largest employer.

Around a quarter of the city's population works in the electronics industry. The most notable company in this sector is Plazma, which produces plasma screens for products including tanks and locomotives. In 1994, the company created a 50-50 research and development joint-venture with the South Korean company Orion PDP. In addition to plasma technology, Plazma produces LCD screens, industrial gas lasers and medical lasers. The company exports its products to the United States, China, and Israel, among others.

In 1993 software development company EPAM Systems entered the Ryazan market. As of 2016 it worked in joint venture with RSREU helping to teach students for free.

In 2012 Russian search giant Yandex launched the 40MW data center in Sasovo; it is expected to accommodate 100,000 servers by 2019.

A steel casting company in the northwestern section of the city produces heavy steelworks and product, including industrial steel pipes for use in nuclear power plants. The plant employs a centrifugal casting method.

Public transportation
A railway connects city to the Moscow (since 1864) via two train stations:  and ; both of which are part of the Ryazan railroad transit system within the city's borders.

Airports
The Dyagilevo strategic bomber base is just west of the city, and the Alexandrovo air base is to the southeast, as is Turlatovo Airport.

Notable people

Arts
Alexander Alexandrov (1883–1946), composer
Erast Garin (1902–1980), comic actor
Alexander Genis (born 1953), writer, broadcaster and cultural critic
Yuri Kholopov (1932–2003), musicologist, music theorist, doctor of arts, and professor of the Moscow Conservatoire
Maximilian Kravkov (1887–1937), writer
Andrei Mironov (born 1975), painter
Konstantin Paustovsky (1892–1968), writer
Alexander Pirogov (1899–1964), bass opera singer
Yakov Polonsky (1819–1898), writer
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–1889), satirist
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008), writer
Sergei Yesenin (1895–1925), poet
Semen Zhivago (1807–1863), historical painter

Athletics
Anton Belov (born 1986), professional ice hockey defenceman
Olga Kaliturina (born 1976), high jumper
Maria Kalmykova (born 1978), basketball player
Yuri Kuleshov (born 1981), professional football defensive midfielder
Irina Meleshina (born 1982), long jumper
Ivan Nifontov (born 1987), judoka
Sergei Panov (born 1970), basketball player
Konstantin Selyavin (born 1974), former Russian professional football player
Kirill Sosunov (born 1975), long jumper
Alexandra Trusova (born 2004), figure skater

Engineering and science
Andrey Arkhangelsky (1879–1940), geologist
Victor Balykin (born 1947), Russian physicist
Vladimir Gulevich (1867–1933), biochemist
Aleksei Kozhevnikov (1836–1902), neurologist and psychiatrist
Nikolai Kravkov (1865–1924), pharmacologist
Sergey P. Kravkov (1873–1938), soil scientist
Sergey V. Kravkov (1893–1951), psychologist and psychophysiologist
Andrey Markov (1856–1922), mathematician
Ivan Michurin (1855–1935), biologist
Sergey Nepobedimy (1921–2014), designer of rocket weaponry
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), physiologist
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), engineer

Others
Dmitry Andreikin (born 1990), chess grandmaster
Roman Putin (born 1977), businessman
Lydia Fotiyeva (1881–1975), Bolshevik revolutionary

Twin towns and sister cities

Ryazan is twinned with:

 Alessandria, Italy
 Bressuire, France
 Brest, Belarus
 Genoa, Italy
 Lovech, Bulgaria
 Münster, Germany
 New Athos, Georgia
 Ostrów Mazowiecka, Poland
 Xuzhou, China

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links
Official website of Ryazan
Unofficial website of Ryazan
Unofficial website of Ryazan region
Photos of Ryazan
Photos of Ryazan
The Uspensky cathedral (inside the Ryazan kremlin)
Konstantinovo (motherland of the Sergei Yesenin) and other photos.
Photos of historical part of Ryazan

Ryazansky Uyezd
Populated places established in the 11th century

Ryazan


Josef Hoffmann () a fost un arhitect profesor și designer de bunuri de consum austriac.

Biografie
Hoffmann s-a născut în Pirnitz / Brtnice, Moravia (ce face parte acum din Republica Cehă), Austro-Ungaria. A studiat la Școala de Meserii din Brno / Brünn începând din 1887 și apoi a lucrat pentru autoritatea de planificare militară locală din Würzburg, Germania. Ulterior, el a studiat la Academia de Arte Frumoase din Viena cu Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer și Otto Wagner, absolvind cu Prix de Rome în 1895. În biroul lui Wagner l-a întâlnit pe Joseph Maria Olbrich și împreună au fondat Secesiunea Vieneză în 1897, împreună cu artiștii Gustav Klimt și Koloman Moser. Începând din 1899, el a predat la Kunstgewerbeschule, acum Universitatea de Arte Aplicate din Viena. Ca membru al Secesiunii, Hoffmann a dezvoltat relații puternice cu alți artiști. El a proiectat spațiile interioare în care aveau loc expozițiile Secesiunii și o casă pentru Moser, care a fost construită în perioada 1901-1903. Cu toate acestea, el a părăsit curând Secesiunea în 1905, împreună cu alți artiști din cauza conflictelor cu naturaliștii realiști cauzate de diferențele de viziune artistică și dezacordul cu privire la premisele Gesamtkunstwerk. Împreună cu bancherul Fritz Wärndorfer și cu artistul Koloman Moser a fondat compania Wiener Werkstätte, care a funcționat până în 1932. El a proiectat mai multe articole pentru Wiener Werkstätte precum scaune și fotolii, dintre care scaunul "Sitzmaschine", o lampă și seturi de pahare au ajuns în colecția Muzeului de Artă Modernă, iar un serviciu de ceai a ajuns la Muzeul Metropolitan de Artă.

Stilul lui Hoffmann a devenit în cele din urmă mai sobru și mai abstract și s-a limitat tot mai mult la structuri funcționale și la articole casnice. În 1906 Hoffmann a construit prima sa mare clădire la marginea orașului Viena, Sanatoriul Purkersdorf. Prin comparație cu Casa Moser, cu acoperișul său rusticizat, clădirea sanatoriului a fost un pas mare spre abstractizare și o îndepărtare de istoricism și de tradiționalismul mișcării Arts and Crafts. Acest proiect a servit ca un important precedent și o sursă de inspirație pentru arhitectura modernă, care s-a dezvoltat în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea, spre exemplu pentru activitatea de început a lui Le Corbusier. Ea a avut claritatea, simplitatea și logica pe care po refigura Neue Sachlichkeit.

Prin contactele cu Adolphe Stoclet, care făcea parte din consiliul de supraveghere al Austro-Belgischen Eisenbahn Gesellschaft, compania feroviară austro-belgiană, Hoffmann a primit comanda de a construi Palais Stoclet din Bruxelles, între anii 1905 și 1911, pentru bogatul bancher și industriaș feroviar Adolphe Stoclet. Această capodoperă a stilului secesionist, a fost un exemplu de Gesamtkunstwerk, plin cu picturi murale realizate în sala de mese de Klimt și cu patru sculpturi de cupru realizate pe turn de Franz Metzner. În 1907, Hoffmann a fost co-fondator al Deutscher Werkbund, iar în 1912 a companiei Österreichischer Werkbund. După al Doilea Război Mondial, el a primit însărcinări oficiale, în calitate de comisar general austriac la Bienala de la Veneția și membru în senatul artistic.

Unele dintre articolele casnice proiectate de Hoffmann se mai află și astăzi în producție, precum setul de tacâmuri Rundes Modell, care este fabricat de compania Alessi. Setul era produs inițial din argint, iar acum este realizat din oțel inoxidabil de înaltă calitate. Un alt exemplu al modelului pătratic și al liniilor geometrice stricte ale lui Hoffmann este fotoliul Kubus. Proiectat în 1910, el a fost prezentat la Expoziția Internațională ce a avut loc în Buenos Aires cu ocazia centenarului independenței Argentinei cunoscută ca Revoluția din Mai. Utilizarea constată de către Hoffmann a pătratelor și cuburilor i-au adus porecla Quadratl-Hoffmann ("Pătratul Hoffmann").

Profesor la Kunstgewerbeschule
Deși le-a spus puțin studenților săi, Hoffmann a fost un profesor foarte stimat și admirat. El a încercat să scoată tot ce era mai bun din fiecare student al său prin provocarea de a lucra ocazional la diferite comenzi reale. În cazul în care a detectat talente în rândul tinerilor artiști el a fost dispus sau dornic să-i promoveze; Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele și Le Corbusier au fost cei mai cunoscuți beneficiari ai atenției și bunăvoinței sale din rândul noii generații; alții au fost puternic influențați de estetica lui precum designerii americani Edward H. și Gladys Aschermann și Louise Brigham. Designera germană Anni Schaad a fost una dintre studentele sale. Le Corbusier a primit un loc de muncă în biroul său, Schiele a fost ajutat financiar, iar Kokoschka a  primit lucrări pentru Wiener Werkstätte. Ca membru al juriului internațional la concursul de proiecte pentru palatul Ligii Națiunilor de la Geneva din 1927, el a făcut parte din minoritatea care a votat pentru proiectul lui Le Corbusier, iar acesta din urmă vorbea mereu cu admirație de colegul său vienez. Hoffmann a votat pentru unirea Austriei cu Germania și, după cum s-a menționat în cartea Good Living Street. The fortunes of my Viennese family (2011) a lui Tim Bonyhady, arhitectul a fost admirat de către naziști care l-au numit comisar special pentru arte și meserii al Vienei și l-au însărcinat cu remodelarea clădirii fostei ambasade germane în "Haus der Wehrmacht" pentru ofițerii germani. După ce a fost folosită de către Guvernul Britanic între anii 1945 și 1955 clădirea a fost demolată. Hoffmann a murit la Viena, în vârstă de 85 de ani.

Receptarea critică a lucrărilor sale și reputația postumă
Receptarea critică a operei lui Hoffmann a reflectat fidel schimbarea gusturilor și ideologii în istoria arhitecturii din secolul al XX-lea. El a beneficiat de o atenție favorabilă din partea criticii la începutul carierei sale; The Studio l-a adus în anul 1901 în atenția lumii vorbitoare de limba engleză printr-un articol ilustrat scris de Fernand Khnopff. A avut parte, de asemenea, de o acoperire extinsă în volumul special The Art Revival in Austria, care a fost publicat de The Studio în anul 1906. În Franța, revista Art et décoration a publicat recenzii favorabile ale operelor sale timpurii sau mature. În mod natural, cele mai extinse și mai detaliate recenzii se găsesc în periodicele de limbă germană, în special Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration în care i-au fost dedicate multe articole bine ilustrate. Expozițiile internaționale de lucrări ale sale au contribuit, de asemenea, ca numele său să fie cunoscut, iar mulți distinși colaboratori de la Festschrift l-au aclamat  ca pe un maestru cu prilejul aniversării vârstei de 60 de ani. A fost decorat cu crucea de comandor al Legiunii de Onoare și cu titlul de Honorary Fellowship al American Institute of Architects. Criticul Henry Russell Hitchcock a scris în 1929: "În Germania, ca și în Austria, stilul lui Hoffmann a influențat profund Noua Tradiție". Doar trei ani mai târziu, cu toate acestea, atunci când, împreună cu Philip Johnson a publicat The International Style, numele lui Hoffmann nici măcar nu a mai fost menționat de Hitchcock. Siegfried Giedion în influenta revistă Space, Time and Architecture a scris că opera lui Hoffmann nu s-ar potrivi cu ușurință în versiunea simplificată a istoriei arhitecturii. În ciuda onorurilor și laudelor primite cu ocazia aniversării a 80 și 85 de ani, el era practic uitat la momentul morții sale. Deși adevărata lui valoare a fost recunoscută de maeștri precum Alvar Aalto, Le Corbusier, Gio Ponti și Carlo Scarpa, tânăra generație de arhitecți și istorici l-a ignorat.

Procesul de redescoperire și de reevaluare a operei sale a început în 1956 cu o carte scrisă de Giulia Veronesi și a luat amploare în cursul anilor 1970 printr-o serie de expozitii și prin publicații tematice. În anii 1980, au fost publicate mai multe monografii și s-au organizat importante expoziții. Au început să apară imitații ale stilului său,iar replici ale mobilierului și ale altor obiecte proiectate de el au avut parte de succes comercial, în timp ce articolele și proiectele originale realizate de mâna sa au fost vândute la prețuri record de către casele de licitații.

Arhitectură funcțională

 1900-1911 Designer pentru colonia de artiști Hohe Warte
 1900-1901 Casă dublă pentru Koloman Moser și Carl Moll
 1904 Sanatoriul Purkersdorf
 1905-1906 Casa scriitorului Richard Beer-Hofmann din Viena
 1905-1911 Casa Stoclet din Bruxelles, Belgia
 1907 decorațiunile interioare de la Kabarett Fledermaus din Viena
 1909-1911 Reședința Ast din Viena
 1913-1915 Reședința Skywa-Primavesi din Viena
 1913-1914 Casa de vacanță a lui Otto Primavesi (www.primavesi.eu) din Kouty nad Desnou (Winkelsdorf), Moravia (distrusă de un incendiu în anul 1922)
 1919-1924 Casa Sigmund Berl din Bruntal, Moravia
 1920-1921 Vila lui Fritz Grohmann din Vrbno pod Pradedem, Moravia
 1923-1925 Complexul de locuințe Urban Klosehof
 1924-1925 Villa Knips din Viena, pentru Sonja Knips
 1930-1932 Patru rânduri de case pentru cartierul vienez Werkbund
 1934 Pavilionul Austriei pentru Bienala de la Veneția

Articole de mobilier proiectate

 1904 Fotoliul Purkersdorf
 1905 Fotoliul Sitzmaschine
 1905 Fotoliul Kunstschau
 1905-1910 Fotoliul Palais Stoclet
 1907 Scaunul Fledermaus
 1908 Scaunul Siebenkugelstuhl
 1908 Scaunul Armloffel
 1910 Fotoliul Kubus
 1910 Fotoliul Club
 1911 Scaunul Haus Koller

Articole conexe
 Listă de artiști plastici și arhitecți austrieci

Referințe

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1870
Nașteri pe 15 decembrie
Decese în 1956
Decese pe 7 mai
Arhitecți Art Deco
Arhitecți austrieci
Arhitecți moderniști
Designeri austrieci
Oameni din Moravia

Josef Hoffmann


Karl Erich Brodmann (* 20. März 1855 in Posen; † 12. Juli 1940 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Richter am Reichsgericht.

Leben
Brodmann war Sohn eines Richters und besuchte das Martineum (Halberstadt). Nach dem Abitur studierte er an der Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität Straßburg, der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin und der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Rechtswissenschaft. Er war im Corps Rhenania Straßburg (1874) und im Corps Suevia Tübingen (1876) aktiv. Er diente als Einjährig-Freiwilliger und wurde später Oberleutnant. Ab September 1877 war er als Referendar tätig. 1883 wurde Brodmann Gerichtsassessor. Am 1. Dezember 1890 wurde er zum Landrichter in Lübeck ernannt. 1903 wurde er Oberlandesgerichtsrat am Hanseatischen Oberlandesgericht in Hamburg. Von dort wurde er zum 16. September 1910 als Hilfsrichter an das Reichsgericht berufen. Am 1. November 1911 kam er als Reichsgerichtsrat zum I. Zivilsenat, 1915 kam er in den II. Zivilsenat. Im Oktober 1915 wurde er in den VI. Zivilsenat versetzt. Ab Oktober 1918 war er wieder im II. Zivilsenat tätig. Brodmann musste auf Grund der Personalabbauverordnung 1923 (mit 68 Jahren) in den Ruhestand treten. Er war seit 1922 Dr. iur. h. c. der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig. Er war in Gottlieb Plancks Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch Mitkommentator für Sachenrecht. Brodmann starb im Leipziger Ortsteil Raschwitz, wo er zuletzt in der Adolf-Hitler-Straße 10 wohnte.

Schriften
 Die Seegesetzgebung des Deutschen Reiches, 2 Auflagen, Berlin 1903, 1905 (Digitalisat des MPIER).
 Die Urkunde besonders im Strafrecht. Berlin 1904.
 Recht und Gewalt. Berlin 1921.
 Gesetz, betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung, Berlin u. a. 1924.
 Aktienrecht: Kommentar, Berlin u. a. 1928.
 Die Sanierung unseres Aktienwesens. Berlin u. a. 1931.
 Was ist das Recht und wo ist es?: Rechtsphilosophie eines praktischen Juristen. Berlin-Grunewald 1935.
 Ueber den Begriff der Urkunde. Der Gerichtssaal, Jahrgang 47 (1892), S. 401.
 Von Wesen und Begriff des Rechts: Kurzer Abriß der rechten Art, darüber nachzudenken, Jherings Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des bürgerlichen Rechts, Bd. 55 = 2. Folge Bd. 19 (1909), S. 277.
 Die Haftung des Schuldners nach § 278 BGB, insbesondere die Haftung des Versicherungsnehmers. Jherings Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des bürgerlichen Rechts, Bd. 58 = 2. Folge Bd. 22 (1911), S. 187.
 Einzelrichter statt Zivilkammern. Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung Jahrgang 22 (1917), Sp. 555.

Literatur
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 1925, 1926, 1928/29, 1931 und 1935
 Erich Brodmann: Selbstdarstellung, in: Hans Planitz (Hrsg.): Die Rechtswissenschaft der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen, Bd. 2, Leipzig 1925, S. 27 ff.

Weblinks

 Grabstein auf dem Riensberger Friedhof, Friedhofsplannr. Q0513

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Reichsgericht)
Richter (Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht)
Ehrendoktor der Universität Leipzig
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1855
Gestorben 1940
Mann

Erich Brodmann


Rali da Estónia é uma prova rali sedeada em Tartu.
É o maior e mais importante evento de automobilismo do país e acontece em estradas suaves de terra no sul do país, algumas das quais construídas especialmente para o rali. A cidade de Tartu hospeda a largada e a chegada cerimoniais, com a sede do rali e o parque de serviços geralmente localizados no Centro Esportivo Tehvandi em Otepää. De 2014 a 2016, o Rali da Estónia foi uma etapa do Campeonato Europeu de Rali da FIA. O Rali da Estónia foi Rali candidato oficial do WRC em 2019 e juntou-se ao calendário do Campeonato do Mundo de Rali em 2020.

História

O evento inaugural, conhecido como Mad-Croc Rally Estonia por razões comerciais, foi realizado em 2010 como parte do Campeonato Estoniano de Rali. Foi vencido por Markko Märtin que venceu todas as especiais. No ano seguinte, o rali ficou conhecido como auto24 Rally Estonia. Mads Østberg conquistou vitórias consecutivas em 2011 e 2012 ao volante de um Ford Fiesta RS WRC, tornando-se assim o primeiro bicampeão do Rali da Estónia. O piloto local Georg Gross venceu o rali em 2013.

Em 2014, o Rali da Estônia tornou-se uma etapa do Campeonato Europeu de Rali. Ott Tänak venceu o rali ao volante de um Ford Fiesta R5. Em 2015, Aleksey Lukyanuk fez história ao conquistar a vitória geral ao dirigir um Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X de especificação R4 (categoria ERC-2) contra o mais potente Ford Fiesta de especificação R5 dirigido por Kajetan Kajetanowicz. Em 2016, Lukyanuk estava prestes a defender sua vitória, mas caiu da liderança na penúltima etapa, permitindo que Ralfs Sirmacis conquistasse a vitória em seu Škoda Fabia R5.

O evento entrou num hiato em 2017 e voltou em 2018, quando ficou conhecido como Shell Helix Rally Estonia por motivos de patrocínio. O rali se tornou um evento popular entre as equipas oficiais do Campeonato Mundial de Rali como preparação para o Rali da Finlândia. A edição de 2018 marcou a primeira vez que o novo Toyota Yaris WRC participou uma competição fora da série WRC. Ott Tänak venceu onze das dezasseis especiais e conquistou a sua segunda vitória no Rali da Estónia. Em 2019, os organizadores do rali assinaram um acordo com o Promotor do WRC e o Rali da Estónia se tornou o primeiro Evento candidato oficial do WRC, e revelou ambições de se tornar parte do Campeonato Mundial de Rali a partir de 2022. Todas os construtores do WRC participaram no evento, tornando o Rali da Estónia o maior rali fora do Campeonato Mundial de Rali. Ott Tänak conquistou sua terceira vitória no Rali da Estónia em estilo dominante, vencendo todas as especiais excepto duas.

2020-presente: WRC
A edição de 2020 estava programada como a segunda edição do Rali candidato ao WRC, ocorrendo uma semana após o Rali Safari do Quénia, oitava prova do WRC, e duas semanas antes do rali seguinte na Finlândia . No entanto, foi anunciado em fevereiro que a edição de 2020 seria cancelada depois que os organizadores do evento não conseguiram chegar a um acordo com o órgão regulador nacional, a Estonian Autosport Union (EAU). A principal questão na disputa foi a taxa de inscrição na competição, que a EASU aumentou 5.000 por cento de € 2.000 para € 100.000 em janeiro, apenas seis meses antes do início programado do rali em julho. Pagar esse nível de taxa não era possível, tanto legalmente quanto em termos de orçamento, conforme declarado pelos organizadores.

Em março, a disseminação da pandemia de COVID-19 levou ao cancelamento de seis provas do Campeonato Mundial de Rali. Os organizadores do campeonato anunciaram que estavam a pensar em adicionar ao calendário eventos que não faziam parte do calendário original. A Estónia estava entre os países que manifestaram interesse em sediar o evento. Apenas a 2 de julho de 2020, o promotor do WRC anunciou que a temporada voltaria com um calendário atualizado com os estreantes Rali da Estónia sediando a rodada de retoma entre 4 e 6 de setembro, tornando a Estónia a trigésima terceira nação a sediar uma prova do campeonato WRC.

O rali marcou o retorno do Campeonato Mundial de Rali após um hiato de meio ano devido à pandemia de COVID-19 e foi o 600º evento desde que o campeonato foi fundado em 1973. Vencendo o evento de aquecimento, os favoritos locais Tänak e Järveoja estavam determinados a vencer em casa pelo terceiro ano consecutivo. Os campeões mundiais em título mostraram uma velocidade impressionante ao longo do fim de semana, liderando quase todo o rali para conquistar sua primeira vitória para a Hyundai em sua pátria. Os companheiros de equipa Craig Breen e Paul Nagle terminaram em segundo após um desempenho consistente para completar um Hyundai 1–2. A edição de 2020 foi premiada com o WRC Team Spirit Award ao executar com sucesso um primeiro evento WRC seguro para Covid em apenas 63 dias.

Após o sucesso do ano anterior, o rali foi incluído no calendário do WRC de 2021, mantendo-se nos anos seguintes.

Vencedores

Multiple winners

 Anos a negrito assinalam evento WRC
 Anos a itálico assinalam evento ERC

Ligações externas

Estónia
Eventos esportivos sediados na Estônia

Rali da Estónia


Bantwal (en canarés: ಬಂಟ್ವಾಳ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Dakshina Kannada, estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 20  a 331 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 38 286 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Bantwal


Olaylar
 Büyük Veba Salgını sona erdi.
 Ayutthaya Krallığı kuruldu (dağılışı 1767).

Doğumlar
 II. Şâban, Mısır Memlûk Sultanı (ö. 1377)
 Süleyman Çelebi, imam, mutasavvıf, Türkçe kaleme alınmış mevlidlerin ilki ve en meşhuru olan "Vesîletü'n-necât"ın müellifi (ö. 1422)

Ölümler

1351


Wendy Cope  (born 21 July 1945) is a contemporary English poet.  She read history at St Hilda's College, Oxford.  She now lives in Ely, Cambridgeshire, with her husband, the poet Lachlan Mackinnon.

Biography
Cope was born in Erith in Kent (now in the London Borough of Bexley), where her father Fred Cope was manager of the local department store, Hedley Mitchell. She was educated at West Lodge Preparatory School in Sidcup and Farrington's School, Chislehurst, both in Kent. After graduating from St Hilda's College and Westminster College, Oxford, Cope spent fourteen years as a primary-school teacher. In 1981, she became Arts and Reviews editor for the Inner London Education Authority magazine, Contact. Five years later she became a freelance writer and was a television critic for The Spectator magazine until 1990.

Five collections of her adult poetry have been published, Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis in 1986, Serious Concerns in 1992, If I Don't Know in 2001,  Family Values in 2011, and Anecdotal Evidence in 2018. She has also edited several anthologies of comic verse and was a judge of the 2007 Man Booker Prize.

In 1998, she was voted the listeners' choice in a BBC Radio 4 poll to succeed Ted Hughes as Poet Laureate. When Andrew Motion's term as Poet Laureate came to an end in 2009, Cope was again widely considered a popular candidate, although she believes the post should be discontinued. Carol Ann Duffy succeeded Motion as Poet Laureate.

Cope was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. In April 2011, the British Library purchased Cope's archive including manuscripts, school reports and 40,000 emails, the largest email archive they have bought to date. The papers also includes 67 poetry notebooks and unpublished poems. Cope commented "I wanted to find a good home for my archive. The timing was dictated because we had to move home, so we needed some money to buy a house, and the space. So this was the moment. I asked Andrew Motion what I should do, and he told me someone to approach at the British Library. I wasn't sure they would want it, but they did." When the collection is catalogued and organised, the archive will be available to researchers.

In 2013, after 19 years of living together, Cope married Lachlan Mackinnon in a register office, although she has stated that she would have preferred a civil partnership.

In January 2019 she was the guest on BBC Radio 4's long-running programme Desert Island Discs. Her book choice was The Compleet Molesworth by Geoffrey Willans, her luxury item was writing materials and her favourite track was Bach's "Concerto for Two Violins and Strings in D minor".

Critical reception
Despite her slight output, her books have sold well and she has attracted a popular following with her lighthearted, often comical poetry, as well as achieving literary credibility winning two awards and making an award shortlist over a fourteen-year period. She has a keen eye for the everyday, mundane aspects of English life, especially the desires, frustrations, hopes, confusions and emotions in intimate relationships. Dr Rowan Williams is a well known fan of her work, writing that: "Wendy Cope is without doubt the wittiest of contemporary English poets, and says a lot of extremely serious things". In 2021, the poet and critic Rory Waterman published the first critical book on her work, for the Writers and Their Work series.<ref></ref>

Three haiku from Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis, where they are presented as being written by the (fictional) Tulse Hill poet Jason Strugnell, were set by the composer Colin Matthews in 1990 as Strugnell's Haiku.

In 2008 Cope's poem "After The Lunch" was used as the lyric of the song "Waterloo Bridge" by jazz composer and musician Jools Holland and singer Louise Marshall.

Progression of style
Wendy Cope's style progression spans nearly fifty years with her intermittent poetry collections. While she has released over two dozen publications, her most well-known books are her adult poetry collections. Omitting limited and selected editions, Cope has five adult releases: Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis (1986), Serious Concerns (1992), If I Don't Know(2001), Family Values (2011), and her most recent, Anecdotal Evidence (2018). The changes in her both her writing style and life can be tracked in these five collections.

Cope acknowledges herself that her first two releases are quite different from the later ones. Reportedly, her happiness plays a major part in her writing, and her first two collections were written when she was fairly unhappy. In both collections, the poems vary in content, but are similar in structure. Generally, each poem features a lighthearted delightful tone packed with punchy jokes and a dry compressed wit. The punchline is often "centered on men from the point of view of the single heterosexual woman". Paired with an unencumbered admiration for life and the simple things in it, Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis and Serious Concerns drove Cope to instant popularity. Cope's style and humor became so consistent that both fans and critics alike began to label the pieces written in this style as "Wendy Cope poems" - anthems for "several generations of frustrated and conflicted women". Details like neat rhyme schemes, humorous observations, and unexpected politically charged strikes at concepts like marriage or the patriarchy, all became admired aspects of Cope's first two collections, and garnered her both fame and an audience who became hungry for more.

The following three publications are notably different, darker, and less popular, and it's no secret why. After the wild success of Serious Concerns in the 1990s, Cope's life changed entirely. With the money and resources to dedicate herself to her writing, she quit teaching and began living with Lachlan Mackinnon, a poet she later married in 2013. As her overall happiness increase, her poetry noticeably changed. Darker, intricate free verse poems overtook the uncomplicated amusing rhymes of the past. Cope began to allude to her battles with depression, a theme present in all of her work, but that grew more evident with each collection. While there had been insertions of the topic in her earlier collections, critics and fans generally ignored them in favor of her more cheery poems". The past two decades have led to a sense of contentment, along with a confrontation with depression, to take the main stage in If I Don't Know, Family Values, and Anecdotal Evidence. Freedom and leisure that comes with success has, no doubt, allowed Cope to focus on deeper, more conflicted issues rather than pumping out guaranteed crowd-pleasers.

In terms of popularity, it is clear what fans prefer. Serious Concerns stands as Cope's most popular book, even thirty years later. In a top-ten list of "must read" Cope poems, every one of the top five are from either Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis or Serious Concerns. There's no doubt that these poems are what resonates with readers. However, Cope herself disagrees with the concept of a "Wendy Cope anthem", and doesn't believe her poetry could be categorized in this way. Cope's progression and growth, along with her willingness to discuss difficult subjects in her writing, is distinct and unquestionably commendable. Some fans are displeased with the changes and prefer that initial lighthearted approach, but one of the best comic poets from the past fifty years has every authority to develop her style and not to be confined by expectations created by her accomplishments".

According to multiple sources, Cope's favorite publication is Anecdotal Evidence and one of her favorite poems is Flowers from Serious Concerns, which is also one of her most famous.

Bibliography

Cope's poetry for adults
 (1986) Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis (Faber and Faber)
 (1992) Serious Concerns (Faber and Faber)
 (2001) If I Don't Know (Faber and Faber)
 (2011) Family Values (Faber and Faber)
 (2018) Anecdotal Evidence (Faber and Faber)

Collections of Cope's poetry for children
 (1988) Twiddling Your Thumbs (Faber and Faber)
 (1991) The River Girl (Faber and Faber)

Limited editions and selections
 (1980) Across the City [limited edition] (Priapus Press)
 (1984) Hope and the 42 (Other Branch Readings)
 (1986) Poem from a Colour Chart of House Paints [limited edition] (Priapus Press)
 (1988) Does She Like Word Games? (Anvil Press Poetry)
 (1988) Men and Their Boring Arguments (Wykeham)
 (1994) The Squirrel and the Crow'(Prospero Poets)
(1998)Being Boring [limited edition 180 copies] ( Arialia Press)
 (2008) Two Cures for Love: Selected Poems 1979–2006 (Faber and Faber)
 (2016) A Triumphant Yes  Celandine Press 150 copies signed by the author

Other publications
 (1989) Is That the New Moon? [editor] (HarperCollins)
 (1993) The Orchard Book of Funny Poems [editor] (Orchard)
 (1996) Casting a Spell [contributor] (Faber and Faber)
 (1998) The Funny Side: 101 Humorous Poems [editor] (Faber and Faber)
 (1999) The Faber Book of Bedtime Stories [editor] (Faber and Faber)
 (2000) The Orchard Book of Funny Poems [editor] (Orchard)
 (2001) Heaven on Earth: 101 Happy Poems [editor] (Faber and Faber)
 (2002) Is That The New Moon?: Poems by Women Poets [selector] (Collins)
 (2003) George Herbert: Verse and Prose [selector and introduction] (SPCK)
 (2014) Life, Love and The Archers: recollections, reviews and other prose (Hodder & Stoughton)

References

External links

Profile at Poetry Archive
Profile and poems at Poetry Foundation
BBC profile and video
National Portrait Gallery profile and portrait
Interview with Cope from Dreamcatcher No 15 – 2005

1945 births
Alumni of St Hilda's College, Oxford
English women poets
20th-century English poets
21st-century English poets
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Formalist poets
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Erith
Writers from Winchester
20th-century English women writers
21st-century English women writers
Alumni of Westminster College, Oxford

Wendy Cope


التعاون هو حي سكني من أحياء الشارقة يتميز بالبنايات العالية وفيه تمر قناة القصباء الشهيرة. والحي قريب من إمارة دبي.

تم اطلاق تسمية التعاون على هذه المنطقة نسبة لمجلس التعاون الخليجي

حيث تم تطوير المنطقة وتطوير البنية التحتية فيها من شوارع وغيرها

والدوار الموجود فيها هو دوار التعاون فيه نصب تذكاري يضم أعلام جميع دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

السكن
لم تكن منطقة التعاون قبل بضع سنوات مأهولة كما هي عليه الآن فقد كانت منطقة تفصل بين دبي الشارقة ومع تطور الحركة العمرانية ازداد عدد البنايات والأبراج المرتفعة مما جعلها مأهولة ومزدحمة وذلك لقربها من مدينة دبي.

وصلات خارجية

أحياء إمارة الشارقة

التعاون (الشارقة)


Pierre Laberge, né en  à L'Ange-Gardien et mort en , est un poète québécois.

Biographie
Originaire de Québec, Pierre Laberge marque le paysage poétique des 1970 à 1980. En effet, il a publié huit recueils aux Éditions du Noroît et participe à plusieurs événements et festivals de poésie, dont le Solstice de la poésie québécoise en 1976.

Ses poèmes sont reconnus pour « explorer l'angoisse de vivre », mais avec un certain humour. Son recueil Pris de présence (1987) se présente d'ailleurs comme « un cri de détresse lancé à la face du monde et de Dieu », dans lequel le poète part à la recherche son identité dans l'horrible monde dans lequel il vit. Sur un ton plus léger, dans Euphorismes (1984), le poète s'amuse avec les paroles de René Lecavalier et les transforme afin d'en faire des poèmes.

Lors de son décès, en 2007, une cérémonie est organisée afin de rendre hommage aux poètes disparus cette année-là. Le Sentier des poètes et Souvenirs, organisé dans le cadre du Festival International de la Poésie de Trois-Rivières, soulignait aussi les départs de Robbert Fortin, Luc Perrier, Jacques Izoard et José Ensch.

Œuvres

Poésie
 L'oeil de nuit, Saint-Lambert, Éditions du Noroît, 1973, 49 p.
 La fête, Montréal, Éditions du Jour, coll. « Les Poètes du jour », 1973, 57 p.
 Le vif du sujet, précédé de La guerre promise, Saint-Lambert/Montréal, Éditions du Noroît/Atelier des sourds, 1975, 81 p. .
 Dedans dehors, suivi de Point de repère, Saint-Lambert, Éditions du Noroît, 1977, 92 p. .
 Vue du corps, précédé de Au lieu de mourir, Saint-Lambert/Montréal, Éditions du Noroît/Presses Élite, 1979, 133 p. .
 Vivres : avec une analyse microgestuelle de de Le Brun Doré, Saint-Lambert/Montréal, Éditions du Noroît/Presses Élite, 1981, 81 p. .
 Euphorismes, Saint-Lambert, Éditions du Noroît, coll. « L'Instant d'après », 1984, 56 p. .
 Pris de présence, Saint-Lambert, Éditions du Noroît, coll. « L'Instant d'après », 1987, 89 p. .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Éditions du Noroît
 Robbert Fortin
 Luc Perrier
 Jacques Izoard

Liens externes

Poète québécois
Naissance en 1948
Décès en 2007
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Pierre Laberge


Ticimul (se pronuncia Tikimul) es una localidad ubicada en el municipio de Umán, Yucatán, México.

Tiene una altitud de 7 metros sobre el nivel del mar y se ubica al sur del estado y se ubica en las coordenadas geográficas .

Según el censo realizado por el INEGI en 2010, la población total era de 929 habitantes.

Servicios públicos
Según el censo de 2005, en Ticimul hay un total de 182 hogares, de los cuales 172 son viviendas, ninguna tienen piso de tierra y unos 75 consisten de una sola habitación, 77 de todas las viviendas tienen instalaciones sanitarias, 164 son conectadas al servicio público y 161 tienen acceso a la luz eléctrica. La estructura económica permite a 108 tener una lavadora y 153 tienen una televisión.

Educación
Según el censo de 2005, en la población hay 84 analfabetos de 15 y más años, 7 de los jóvenes entre 6 y 14 años no asisten a la escuela. De la población a partir de los 15 años 70 no tienen ninguna escolaridad, 312 tienen una escolaridad incompleta, 86 tienen una escolaridad básica y 31 cuentan con una educación posterior a básica. Un total de 30 de la generación de jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años de edad han asistido a la escuela, la mediana escolaridad entre la población es de 5 años.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2005 realizado por el INEGI, la población de la localidad era de 783 habitantes, de los cuales 397 eran hombres y 389 eran mujeres; mientras que en el 2010, el INEGI reportó un total de 929 habitantes.

Galería

Véase también

 Localidades de Yucatán
 Municipio de Umán

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Yucatán.gob.mx - Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán.
 AHL - Archivo Histórico de Localidades del INEGI.

Localidades del municipio de Umán
Toponimia maya

Ticimul (Umán)


القصاع حي من أحياء مدينة دمشق حيث يقع في منطقة ساروجة ويعتبر مركز تجاري وسياحي مهمّ في المدينة، وفيه عدد من الكنائس وتكثر فيه المحلات التجارية والصناعات التقليدية الشامية القديمة والمطاعم والمقاهي. سكان القصاع هم في الغالب من المسيحيين من الطبقة الغنية. تعود تسمية الحي نسبة إلى مهنة صناعة القصاع التي كانت متمركزة فيه قديماً، وهي تسمية متواترة شعبياً.

تاريخ
يعود تاريخ تأسيس الحي إلى أوائل القرن العشرين، خلال السنوات الأخيرة من الحكم العثماني. تأسس الحي على يد المسيحيين القادمين من حي البلدة القديمة في باب توما والذين انتقلوا إلى القصاع بسبب الظروف المعيشية المتزايدة الصعوبة في مباني باب توما القديمة والأزقة الضيقة. كما شعر سكان باب توما بالأمان الكافي للانتقال إلى الضواحي غير المرغوب فيها في المدينة القديمة بسبب زيادة الحماية التي وضعها العثمانيون في أعقاب مجزرة المسيحيين في دمشق عام 1860. وقد تم تطوير حي القصاع خلال فترة الانتداب الفرنسي، وتم تصميمه على غرار الخطوط التي وضعها المهندس المعماري الفرنسي ميشيل إيكوتشارد. في تعداد السكان الذي قام به الانتداب الفرنسي عام 1936، بلغ عدد سكان حي القصاع حوالي 1,872 نسمة، جميعهم من المسيحيين.

معالمه
 ساحة جورج خوري

المصادر

أحياء دمشق
تجمعات مسيحية سورية
معالم دمشق

القصاع


An Trichosalpinx zunagensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz. An Trichosalpinx zunagensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichosalpinx, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichosalpinx

Trichosalpinx zunagensis


Kalliosaari  est une île du golfe de Finlande dans le quartier de Vuosaari à Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation
Kalliosaari est située entre Kallahdenniemi et Skatanniemi.
Elle a une superficie de 4,2 hectares.

Le terrain est rocheux et le point culminant de l'île est à 19 mètres d'altitude.
Depuis 1994, l'île est une île de camping ouverte au grand public par l'Association de la zone de loisirs d'Uusimaa , fondée par les municipalités d'Uusimaa.

Il n'y a pas de bâtiment résidentiel sur l'île, mais il y a deux aires de grillade couvertes et une toilette extérieure, ainsi que des amarres pour bateaux.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Archipel d'Helsinki

Île du golfe de Finlande
Île d'Helsinki
Vuosaari

Kalliosaari


Lake Turkana () formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley, in northern Kenya, with its far northern end crossing into Ethiopia. It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, and Lake Van (passing the shrinking South Aral Sea), and among all lakes it ranks 24th.

Lake Turkana is now threatened by the construction of Gilgel Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia due to the damming of the Omo river which supplies most of the lake's water.

Although the lake commonly has been—and to some degree still is—used for drinking water, its salinity (slightly brackish) and very high levels of fluoride (much higher than in fluoridated water) generally make it unsuitable, and it has also been a source of diseases spread by contaminated water. Increasingly, communities on the lake's shores rely on underground springs for drinking water. The same characteristics that make it unsuitable for drinking limits its use in irrigation. The climate is hot and very dry.

The rocks of the surrounding area are predominantly volcanic. Central Island is an active volcano, emitting vapour. Outcrops and rocky shores are found on the east and south shores of the lake, while dunes, spits and flats are on the west and north, at a lower elevation.

On-shore and off-shore winds can be extremely strong, as the lake warms and cools more slowly than the land. Sudden, violent storms are frequent. Three rivers (the Omo, Turkwel and Kerio) flow into the lake, but lacking outflow, its only water loss is by evaporation. Lake volume and dimensions are variable. For example, its level fell by  between 1975 and 1993. Despite the lack of outflow, in ecology it is often regarded as a part of—or at least associated with—the Nile basin because of its prehistoric connection to this system and the similarities in their aquatic faunas.

Due to temperature (its surface water typically is  and the mean air temperature of the region generally is similar or slightly higher), aridity and geographic inaccessibility, the lake retains its wild character. Nile crocodiles are found in great abundance on the flats. The rocky shores are home to scorpions and carpet vipers. The lake is rich in fish and fishing is very important to the local economy, but this is threatened by falling water levels and overfishing.

Lake Turkana National Parks are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park lies on the lake's eastern shore, while Central Island National Park and South Island National Park lie in the lake. Both are known for their Nile crocodiles.

An abundance of hominid fossils have been discovered in the area surrounding Lake Turkana.

The area still sees few visitors, being two days' drive from Nairobi. The lake is also an imaginary boundary of the Rendille and Borana and Oromo to the Turkana land. The area is primarily clay-based and is more alkaline than seawater.

Toponymy

After the independence of Kenya, the president, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, renamed it in 1975 after the Turkana, the predominant tribe there.  The Turkana refer to the lake as Anam Ka'alakol, meaning "the sea of many fish". It is from the name Ka'alakol that Kalokol, a town on the western shore of Lake Turkana, east of Lodwar, derives its name. The previous indigenous Turkana name for Lake Turkana was Anam a Cheper.  Natives who live around Lake Turkana include the Turkana, Rendille, Gabbra, Daasanach, Hamar Koke, Karo, Nyagatom, Mursi, Surma, and Molo peoples. For the location of many of these peoples, refer to the dialect map in the article.

Lake Rudolf
The lake was originally named Lake Rudolf (in honour of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria) by Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék and his second-in-command Lieutenant Ludwig Ritter Von Höhnel, a Hungarian and an Austrian, on 6 March 1888. They were the first Europeans to have recorded visiting the lake after a long safari across East Africa. The lake kept its European name during the colonial period of British East Africa. However, the existence of the lake and its shape and location were well known in Europe long before Teleki conceived of his visit.

Jade Sea
At some unknown time, the lake acquired an alternative name as the Jade Sea from its turquoise colour seen approaching from a distance. The colour comes from algae that rise to the surface in calm weather. This is likely also a European name.

Basso Narok
J. W. Gregory reported in The Geographical Journal of 1894 that it was called "Basso Narok", meaning "Black Lake" in the Samburu language. Likewise, the nearby Ethiopian Lake Chew Bahir is called "Basso Naibor" in Samburu, meaning "White Lake". The Samburu are among the dominant tribes in the lake Turkana region when the explorers came." What the native form of this phrase was, what it might mean, and in which language is not clear.

Biology

Biomes

The major biomes are the lake itself, which is an aquatic biome, and the surrounding region, which is classified as desert and xeric shrubland. The Chalbi Desert is east of the lake. During moister times, a dry grassland appears, featuring Aristida adcensionis and A. mutabilis. During drier times, the grass disappears. The shrublands contain dwarf shrubs, such as Duosperma eremophilum and Indigofera spinosa. Near the lake are doum palms.

Plankton

Both phytoplankton and zooplankton are found in the lake. Of the former, cyanobacteria are represented by Microcystis aeruginosa and microalgae by Botryococcus braunii. Also present are Anabaenopsis arnoldii, Planctonema lauterbornii, Oocystis gigas, Sphaerocystis schroeteri, and some others. The zooplankton includes copepods, cladocerans and protozoans.

Fish

Compared to other large African lakes, Turkana has relatively few fish species. The lake holds about 50 fish species, including 12 endemics: the cichlids Haplochromis macconneli, H. rudolfianus, H. turkanae and Hemichromis exsul, the barb Enteromius turkanae, the catfish Chrysichthys turkana, the robber tetras Brycinus ferox and B. minutus, the Rudolf lates Lates longispinis, the lampeyes Lacustricola jeanneli and Micropanchax rudolfianus, and the cyprinid  Neobola stellae. Non-endemics include species such as Nile tilapia, mango tilapia, bichirs, the elephantfish Mormyrus kannume, African arowana, African knifefish, Distichodus niloticus, the Nile perch and numerous others. During the early Holocene, the water level of the lake was higher, and it overflowed into the Nile River, allowing fish and crocodiles access. Consequently, the non-endemic fishes in the lake are mainly riverine species of Nilotic origin. Some of the non-endemics do not breed in the lake, but migrate up the Omo River and other affluents to breed. The lake is heavily fished.

Birds

The Lake Turkana region is home to hundreds of species of birds native to Kenya. The East African Rift System also serves as a flyway for migrating birds, bringing in hundreds more. The birds are essentially supported by plankton masses in the lake, which also feed the fish.

Some birds more common to Turkana are the little stint, the wood sandpiper, and the common sandpiper. The African skimmer (Rhyncops flavirostris) nests in the banks of Central Island. The white-breasted cormorant (Phalacrocorax lucidus) ranges over the lake, as do many other waterbirds. The greater flamingo wades in its shallows. Heuglin's bustard (Neotis heuglinii) is found in the east of the lake region.

Reptiles

The lake formerly contained Africa's largest population of Nile crocodiles: 14,000, as estimated in a 1968 study by Alistair Graham.

The lake also has a large population of large water turtles, particularly in the area of Central Island. The Turkana mud turtle is endemic to the lake.

Mammals

Over the dry grasslands ranges a frail population of grazing mammals and predators. The grazers are chiefly Grevy's zebra, Burchell's zebra, the beisa oryx, Grant's gazelle, the topi and the reticulated giraffe. They are hunted by the lion and the cheetah. Elephants and the black rhinoceroses are no longer seen, although Teleki reported seeing (and shooting) many. Closer to the dust is the cushioned gerbil (Gerbillus pulvinatus).

Geology

Lake Turkana is an East African Rift feature. A rift is a weak place in the Earth's crust due to the separation of two tectonic plates, often accompanied by a graben, or trough, in which lake water can collect. The rift began when East Africa, impelled by currents in the mantle, began separating from the rest of Africa, moving to the northeast. Currently, the graben is 320 km wide in the north of the lake, 170 km in the south. This rift is one of two, and is called the Great or Eastern Rift. There is another to the west, the Western Rift.

Lake Turkana is a unique feature of the East African landscape. Besides being a permanent desert lake, it is the only lake that retains the waters originating from two separate catchment areas of the Nile. The Lake Turkana drainage basin draws its waters mainly from Kenya Highlands and Ethiopian Highlands.

The basement rocks of the region have been dated by two analytical determinations to 522 and 510 million years ago (mya). No rift was in the offing at that time. A rift is signalled by volcanic activity through the weakened crust. The oldest volcanic activity of the region occurred in the Nabwal Hills northeast of Turkana and is dated to 34.8 mya in the late Eocene.

The visible tectonic features of the region result from extensive extrusions of basalt over the Turkana-Omo basin in the window 4.18–3.99 mya. These are called the Gombe Group Basalts. They are subdivided into the Mursi Basalts and the Gombi Basalts.

The two latter basalts are identified as the outcrops forming the rocky mountains and badlands around the lake. In the Omo portion of the basin, of the Mursi Basalts, the Mursi Formation is on the west side of the Omo, the Nkalabong on the Omo, and the Usno and Shungura east of the Omo. Probably the best known of the formations are the Koobi Fora on the east side of Turkana and the Nachukui on the west.

Short-term fluctuations in lake level combined with periodic volcanic ash spewings over the region have resulted in a fortuitous layering of the ground cover over the basal rocks. These horizons can be dated more precisely by chemical analysis of the tuff. As this region is believed to have been an evolutionary nest of hominins, the dates are important for generating a diachronic array of fossils, both hominoid and nonhominoid—that is, both ape (includes hominins) and non-ape. Many thousands have been excavated.

Terraces representing ancient shores are visible in the Turkana Basin. The highest is 100 m above the surface of the lake (only approximate, as the lake level fluctuates), which occurred about 9500 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene as part of the African humid period. It is generally theorised that Turkana was part of the upper Nile system at that time, connecting to Lake Baringo at the southern end and the White Nile in the north, and that volcanic land adjustments severed the connection. Such a hypothesis explains the Nile species in the lake, such as the crocodiles and the Nile perch. High water levels also occurred approximately 9000, 6000 and 5000 years ago, each of which were followed by drops in lake level of more than 40m in less than 200 years. It is thought that changes in the position of the Congo Air Boundary affected the ability of moisture from the Atlantic Ocean to reach eastern Africa, which had a profound influence on the level of Lake Turkana and adjacent water bodies.

The archaeoastronomical site Namoratunga which has been dated circa 300 BC is located near Lake Turkana.

Anthropology

Hominin fossils of some of the earliest human ancestors have been found in the Turkana Basin.  Lake Turkana is considered the cradle of human life because of the diverse hominid species found living millions of years apart, in this desert landscape.  These fossils have facilitated our understanding of the dynamic human evolution process and implies that they descended from more than one common ancestor, diverging into multiple lineages.

The changing forest environment forced the early humans to adapt to a more open grassland that increased their exposure to threatening predators. Volcanic ash and drier climates were ideal for preserving these human fossils but it also caused the lake to shrink or disappear at times.

In a dry riverbed, the Lomekwi 3 site recovered primitive hammers, anvils, and cutting tools.  However, the emergence of acheulean technology no longer assumes that tool use was a distinguishing factor among homo species as Australopethicus afarensis were also using simple tools prior to the appearance of the genus homo, over 3.3 million years ago.

Australopithecus anamensis fossils discovered by Meave Leakey in 1994 date to around 4 million years ago, setting the beginning date of bipedalism back half a million years. Richard Leakey has led numerous anthropological expeditions in the area which have led to many important discoveries of hominin remains.

The two-million-year-old skull 1470 was found in 1972. It was originally thought to be Homo habilis, but the scientific name Homo rudolfensis, derived from the old name of this lake (Rudolf) was proposed in 1986 by V. P. Alexeev. In 1984, the Turkana Boy, a nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster juvenile, was discovered by Kamoya Kimeu. More recently, Meave Leakey discovered a 3.5 million-year-old skull there, designated Kenyanthropus platyops ("the flat-faced man of Kenya").

Marta Mirazón Lahr discovered the earliest evidence of human warfare at the site of Nataruk, located near the shore of an ancient and larger Lake Turkana, and where numerous human skeletons showing major traumatic injuries to the head, neck, ribs, knees and hands are evidence of inter-group conflict between nomadic hunter-gatherers 10,000 years ago.  With over 230 individuals found at the Koobi Fora site along the western shore, and scattered Homo sapien skeletons with bone marks along the eastern shore at the Nataruk Site, this region provides considerable insight to the way these early humans thrived and survived the inconsistent climate along the lake shore and beyond.

Homo erectus is the closest of Homo sapiens ancestors and contended to be the first hominin to cross the Levantine corridor out of Africa, into Europe and Asia 1.8 million years ago.

Many language groups are represented in the area around Lake Turkana, which is evidence for numerous migrations of diverse people over thousands of years. The current language groups include at least three separate subgroups of the Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan) and Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) language families, which have further subdivided into more than 12 languages surrounding the lake today. In the early Holocene (during the Holocene Climatic Optimum), lake levels were high and fishing and foraging were the primary subsistence economies. This was mostly supplanted by animal-based agriculture by 5000 years ago, when the lake level was in a period of rapid fluctuation. During the later Holocene, human responses to climatic changes included intensive fishing when lake level was high and a shift to cattle herding when the level dropped. Megalithic graves are found widely distributed on the lake shores and appear to correspond to the period when domesticated animals were first introduced to the region about 5000 years ago, while later, the dead were buried in small grave cairns. People who live in the region today commonly practice mixed subsistence, switching between hunting, fishing and animal herding based on what is feasible in a given year. However, the construction of infrastructure like Christian missionary stations, energy extraction (wind, oil) and NGO aid distribution points have made the region more connected to and dependent on outside resources for subsistence. Traditional modes of subsistence like pastoralism and fishing are now supplemented by the cash-based economy.

Wind power

The Lake Turkana Wind Power consortium (LTWP) plans to provide 310 MW of power to Kenya's national electricity grid by tapping the unique wind conditions around the lake. The plan calls for 365 wind turbines, each with a nameplate capacity of 850 kilowatts.  As of October 2016 155 turbines had been installed with completion expected in 2017. It will be the largest wind power project in Africa.

Dams

The Gibe III dam is already under construction by Ethiopia along its Omo River, with general recognition that it will cause a major decrease in river flow downstream and a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya's Lake Turkana, which receives 90 per cent of its waters from the river. According to the ARWG report, these changes will destroy the survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists and fishers along the Omo River 300,000 pastoralists and fishers around the shores of Lake Turkana – plunging the region's ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict reaching well into South Sudan, as starvation confronts all of them.

The report offers a devastating look at a deeply flawed development process fuelled by the special interests of global finance and African governments. In the process, it identifies major overlooked or otherwise minimised risks, not the least of which is a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk for a magnitude 7 or 8 earthquake in the Gibe III dam region.

Impact on Lake Turkana
The magnitude of the impact that the dam and possible irrigation projects induced by the dam will have on the water level of Lake Turkana is controversial. A hydrological study conducted for the African Development Bank in November 2010 concluded that the filling of the dam will reduce the lake's water level by two metres, if no irrigation will be undertaken. Irrigation would cause a further drop in the lake level.[29]

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organisation representing indigenous groups in northwestern Kenya whose livelihoods are linked to Lake Turkana, had previously estimated that the dam could reduce the level of Lake Turkana by up to 10 meter affecting up to 300,000 people.[30] This could cause the brackish water to increase in salinity to where it may no longer be drinkable by the indigenous groups around the lake. Currently, the salinity of the water is about 2332 mg/L, and it is estimated that a 10-meter decrease in the water level of Lake Turkana could cause the salinity to rise to 3397 mg/L.[20] Raising salinity could also drastically reduce the number of fish in the lake, which the people around Lake Turkana depend on for sustenance and their livelihoods. According to critics, this "will condemn the lake to a not-so-slow death."[9]

According to dam proponents, the impact on Lake Turkana will be limited to the temporary reduction in flows during the filling of the reservoir. Various sources state that the filling could take between one and three wet seasons.[9][26] The total storage volume of the reservoir of Gibe III dam will be between 11.75 and 14 billion cubic meter, depending on sources. According to the firm that builds the dam this would reduce the water level in the lake by "less than 50 cm per year for three years" and that salinity "will not change in any way".[26]

According to the International Lake Environment Committee, 90% of Lake Turkana's water is delivered by the Omo River on which the Dam would be built.[31] With no outlet, Lake Turkana loses 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, and its level is sensitive to climatic and seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, the historic level of Lake Turkana declined from a high of 20m above today's level in the 1890s to the same level as today in the 1940s and 1950s. Then it increased again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, and subsequently decreased again.[31]

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of the project did not assess the impact of the dam on the water level and water quality of Lake Turkana.[32] The director of Kenya's Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argued that the dam would have no negative impact on Lake Turkana.[33]

A Kenya Government report in 2021 estimated that the surface area of Lake Turkana had increased by 10% between 2010 and 2020.

In Popular Culture
Xenosaga - In the year "20XX", the Zohar, a mystical artifact, is unearthed in Lake Turkana.

See also

 Gilgel Gibe III Dam
 Hadar, Ethiopia
 Laetoli
 Lake Suguta
 List of rivers of Kenya
 Middle Awash
 Olduvai Gorge
 Omo Kibish Formation
 Rift Valley lakes
 Tugen Hills

References

Sources

 Encyclopædia Britannica under "Rudolf, Lake"
 Chambers World Gazetteer, ed. David Munro, W & R Chambers Ltd. & The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 5th Edition, 1988,  under Turkana, Lake.

Where Giants Trod/1989 by Monty Brown and published by Quiller Press, . Descriptions of the various discovery expeditions to Lake Turkana in the 19th century. The accounts inevitably offer observations about the geology and anthropology of the area.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lake Turkana remains". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Jan. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lake-Turkana-remains. Accessed 30 May 2022.
Bush, Eliot. "The Meaning of Time in the Place Where Humanity's Earliest Ancestors Arose". Scientific American, 27 Jun. 2020, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-meaning-of-time-in-the-place-where-humanitys-earliest-ancestors-arose/.
Herrero, Hannah. "Discoveries at Lake Turkana". National Geographic, 20 May 2022, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/discoveries-lake-turkana.
Hogenboom, Melissa. "The Importance of Lake Turkana". Bradshaw Foundation, 9 Dec. 2015, https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/news/index.php?id=The-Importance-of-Lake-Turkana.

External links

 Lake Turkana's entry on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites
 Satellite images showing Lake Turkana's falling water levels
 Ongoing Palaeoanthropological research in the Turkana Basin
 World Lakes Database
 Lake Turkana National Park

 Remote Tribes of Northern Kenya
 Crocodile Natural History
 Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Lake Turkana
 The Turkana Basin Institute
 Sibiloi National Park, World Heritage Site

Archaeological sites in Kenya
Archaeological sites in Ethiopia
African Great Lakes
Endorheic lakes of Africa
Lakes of Ethiopia
Lakes of Kenya
Omo River (Ethiopia)
Ethiopia–Kenya border
International lakes of Africa
Saline lakes of the Great Rift Valley
Freshwater ecoregions of Africa
Archaeology of Eastern Africa

Lake Turkana


Matematikte birim öge, birim eleman, etkisiz eleman veya nötr eleman, bir kümenin özel bir ögesidir. Bir kümede herhangi bir ögeyle işleme girdiğinde yine aynı ögeyi verir. Genel olarak e ile gösterilir.
Her a  A için öyle bir e  A vardır ki ea=ae=a olur.

A kümesinde tanımlı bir  işlemi için, bu kümedeki her eleman için  olacak şekilde bir "e" elemanı varsa "e"ye  işleminin etkisiz elemanı (ya da birim elemanı) denir.

Örneğin, toplama işleminin etkisiz elemanı 0 iken çarpma işlemininki 1 dir.
Bu ögenin kümede biricik olduğu rahatlıkla gösterilebilir:
Diyelim bu koşulu sağlayan iki birim öge var: e ve e' . Eğer bu ikisini işleme sokarsak, e=ee'=e'e=e'  olduğu görülür.

Örnekler

Soyut cebir
Cebir
İkili işlemler
Bir

Birim öge


Irisi (fr. Les Iris) je jedna od mnogih slika i grafika nizozemskog slikara Vincenta van Gogha na kojima su prikazani irisi. Irise je naslikao dok je živio u sanatoriju Saint Paul-de-Mausole u mjestu Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Francuska, u posljednjoj godini života 1890. godine.

Slika je nastala u svibnju 1889. godine, prije njegova prvog psihičkog napada. Na slici nedostaje ona napetost koja obilježava njegove posljednje slike. Van Gogh je sliku nazvao "gromobranom za moju bolest" jer je smatrao da ga jedino slikarstvo može sačuvati od potpunog gubitka razuma.

Na sliku, kao i na brojne druge njegove slike iz tog razdoblja, utjecalo je japansko ukiyo-e slikarstvo drvorezima. Sličnosti su u snažnim obrisnim linijama, neobičnim kutovima, uključujući krupni kadar, i plošna uporaba lokalnih boja bez modeliranja svjetlom. Van Gogh je smatrao ovu sliku studijom te zbog toga ne postoje skice ili crteži za nju. No, njegov brat Theo je smatrao da je dovoljno dobra da, zajedno sa slikom Zvjezdano nebo iznad Rhone, sudjeluje na godišnjoj izložbi Društva neovisnih umjetnika (Société des Artistes Indépendants) u Parizu, u rujnu 1889. Theo je pisao bratu o izložbi i spomenuo je sliku: "Dojmljiva oku izdaleka. Irisi su lijepa studija puna zraka i života."

Prvi vlasnik slike bio je Julien "Père" Tanguy, proizvođač boja i preprodavač umjetnina čiji je portret van Gogh naslikao tri puta. God. 1892. Tanguy ju je za 300 franaka prodao kritičaru i anarhistu Octaveu Mirbeau koji je bio jedan od prvih ljubitelja van Goghova slikarstva. Kasnije je završila u posjedu Joan Whitney Payson iz New Yorka.

God. 1987. u aukcijskoj kući Sotheby's u New Yorku prodana je za tada rekordnih 53,9 milijuna $ australskom poduzetniku Alanu Bondu, postavši najskupljom slikom na svijetu; rekord koji je držala pune dvije i pol godine. Alan Bond nije mogao platiti sliku i Irisi su preprodani (vjerojatno za nešto manju cijenu) muzeju Getty

Izvori

Slike Vincenta van Gogha
Slike iz 1889.

Irisi (slika)


Daiki Sato (født 7. september 1988, død 19. juli 2010) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Thespa Kusatsu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Daiki Sato


Thamnomanes es un género de aves paseriformes de la familia Thamnophilidae que agrupa a cuatro especies nativas de América del Sur, donde se distribuyen de forma disjunta desde el sureste de Colombia hasta las Guayanas y hacia el sur hasta el sureste de Perú, norte de Bolivia, centro oeste y sureste de Brasil. A sus miembros se les conoce por el nombre común de bataráes, y también hormigueros y chocas, entre otros.

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Thamnomanes» se compone de las palabras del griego «thamnos» que significa 'arbusto', y «manēs» que significa 'apasionado por'.

Características
Las aves de este género miden alrededor de 14 cm de longitud y son de color de plumaje bastante uniforme, los machos grises oscuros y con la notable excepción de la hembra de T. schistogynus con sus partes inferiores de rufo vivo. En general forrajean junto a bandadas mixtas del sotobosque. Habitan en las selvas húmedas amazónicas y se parecen con los bataritos del género Dysithamnus, aunque estos evitan la Amazonia, pero tienen la cola ligeramente más larga y son menos rechonchudos.

Lista de especies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird, el género agrupa a las siguientes especies con el respectivo nombre popular de acuerdo con la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO):

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis

Thamnomanes


Mælkemandens Hest er en kortfilm instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Valdemar Hansen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1919

Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.
Kortfilm fra Danmark

Mælkemandens Hest


Svijet

Književna djela

 Put oko svijeta u osamdeset dana Julesa Vernea

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Prijan Lovro Augusta Šenoe

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 2. ožujka – Marija Jurić Zagorka, hrvatska književnica i novinarka († 1957.)
 13. lipnja – Antun Gustav Matoš, hrvatski pjesnik, novelist, feljtonist, esejist i putopisa († 1914.)
 1. rujna – Dinko Šimunović, hrvatski književnik i učitelj († 1933.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1873.


Vermont Technical College (Vermont Tech or VTC) was a public technical college in Vermont. Its main residential campuses were located in Randolph Center and Williston. In addition, there were regional campuses distance sites, and nursing campuses in locations throughout the state.

Founded in 1866 as the Randolph Normal School, the mission of the school evolved through time, finally becoming a technical institute in 1957. On July 1, 2023, VTC merged with Northern Vermont University and Castleton University to become Vermont State University.

History
In 1806, the Vermont House of Representatives passed a law creating the Orange County Grammar School in Randolph.  The school provided education through the high school grades and by the 1850s its state mandate had expanded to include teacher training.  In 1866, Edward Conant, the principal of the Orange County Grammar School, expanded its course offerings to make it a full-fledged normal school for the education and training of teachers.  Later that year, the Vermont General Assembly passed legislation making the change official, and the school became the Randolph Normal School.

In 1910, the Randolph Normal School was selected by the legislature as the location for the Vermont School of Agriculture.  In 1957, technical courses were added to the curriculum, and the Vermont School of Agriculture was renamed the Vermont Agriculture and Technical Institute (VATI).  In 1962, VATI was authorized by the state to award associate degrees and became Vermont Technical College (VTC).  VTC began awarding bachelor's degrees in 1993 and master's degrees in 2015.

For many years, the Vermont public colleges have experienced financial stress and chronic underfunding. Exacerbated by COVID-19, in April 2020, Vermont State Colleges system Chancellor Jeb Spaulding recommended closing the Vermont Technical College residential campus in Randolph as well as all operations/campuses of Northern Vermont University. Under the proposal, some of the Vermont Tech academic programs would be consolidated in Williston. The proposal was abandoned after public opposition, with the Vermont State Colleges instead announcing it would merge its four-year schools as Vermont State University.

Academics
VTC offered bachelor's, master's, and associate degrees. Its five schools included: Agriculture, Plant, & Animal Sciences; Engineering & Computing; General Education; Nursing & Health Professions; and Professional Studies & Management. The schools offered degrees in over 50 majors.

Athletics

The Vermont Tech athletic teams are called the Knights. The college is a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primarily competing in the Yankee Small College Conference (YSCC) since the 2011–12 academic year. The Knights previously competed in the Sunrise Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2006–07 to 2010–11.

The Vermont State University Randolph Knights continue to play as of 2023.

Student life

Student radio station
WVTC, Vermont Tech's 300-watt fully licensed radio station, broadcasts online and locally at 90.7 FM. The station is located at Morey Hall on VTC's Randolph Center campus. WVTC is operated and maintained by the students of VTC through the school's Radio Club, and is financially supported by VTC Student Council.

CubeSat lab
The Vermont Tech CubeSat Lab launched its first satellite, the Vermont Lunar CubeSat, a 1U CubeSat on November 19, 2013. Intended to orbit for three to five years, the satellite was fully functional until reentry on November 21, 2015. Vermont Tech's CubeSat was the first successful satellite launched by a New England college or university. Vermont Tech subsequently aided in developing the flight software for the Lunar IceCube, a satellite intended for deployment as part of the NASA Space Launch System's first flight in 2022.

Notable people

Alumni
Charles Bayley Adams, Randolph Normal School graduate who served as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court.
Harry H. Cooley, Secretary of State of Vermont, Vermont School of Agriculture graduate (1913) and faculty member.
Alexander Dunnett, Randolph Normal School graduate who served as US Attorney for Vermont, President of the Vermont Bar Association, a member of the Vermont Senate, and Caledonia County State's Attorney.
Eugene Frederick Ladd, 1877 Randolph Normal School graduate who served as a brigadier general in the United States Army
Norman H. McAllister, member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate
Robert A. Starr, member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate
Larry Townsend, member of the Vermont House of Representatives from Randolph

Faculty and administrators
Cary Brown, executive director of the Vermont Commission on Women and director of the Women in Technology Project at Vermont Technical College.
Abel E. Leavenworth, Union Army veteran of the American Civil War; principal of the normal schools that are now Vermont Technical College and Castleton State College, as well as Bolivar Academy in Bolivar, Missouri.

See also
 List of colleges and universities in the United States
 List of colleges and universities in Vermont

References

External links
 Official website
 Vermont Tech Athletics website
 Vermont State University website

Vermont State Colleges
Randolph, Vermont
Public universities and colleges in Vermont
Organizations based in Vermont
Universities and colleges established in 1866
Buildings and structures in Orange County, Vermont
Education in Orange County, Vermont
USCAA member institutions
1866 establishments in Vermont

Vermont Technical College


Neojen, Üçüncü Zaman'ın bölündüğü dört büyük devirden son ikisi olan pliyosen ile miyoseni birden kavrayan sistem. Uluslararası Stratigrafi Komisyonu'nun (ICS) jeolojik zaman cetveline göre 23,03 milyon sene evvel başlar ve 2,58 milyon sene evvel biter. Senozoik Zaman'daki ikinci periyot, Paleojen Periyot'tan sonra gelir ve Kuaterner Periyodu onu takip eder. Neojen, iki zamana bölünmüştür: evvela Miyosen, sonra Pliosen.

Neojen, resmen 20 milyon sene kadar bir zamanı kapsayarak Fanerozoik Devrin en kısa dönemi yapar. Fakat bâzı jeologlar, Neojen'in modern jeolojik periyot olan Kuaterner'den temiz bir şekilde ayrılamadığını iddia eder.

Bu periyot esnasında memeli hayvanlar ve kuşlar gelişmeye devam ederek modern şekillerini alırken hayatın başka grupları nispeten değişmemiştir. İnsanın atası olan ilk insansılar Afrika'da ortaya çıktı. Bâzı kıta kaymaları oldu. En önemli olay, geç Pliosen'de Kuzey ve Güney Amerika'nın Panama Kıstağı'nda kaynaşmasıyla Pasifik'ten Atlantik Okyanusu'na akmakta olan sıcak akımları durmuş, böylece artık sadece Golfstream, Arktik Okyanusu'na ısı transferi yapmaya devam edegelmiştir. Küresel iklim, Neojen sırasında hatırı sayılır derecede serinleyerek onu izleyen Kuaterner periyodu'nda bir sıra kıtasal buzullaşmalara sebep olmuştur.

Bölümlemeler
ICS terminolojisinde üstten (geç, daha yeni) alta (daha erken) doğru:

Pliosen Devri iki zamana ayrılır:

 Piacenzian Zaman ve öncesinde
 Zankliyan Zaman

Miosen Devri altı zamana ayrılır:
 Messiniyan Zaman ve öncesinde
 Tortoniyan Zaman
 Serravalliyan Zaman
 Langiyan Zaman
 Burdigaliyan Zaman
 Akvitaniyan Zaman

Dünya'nın farklı jeofizik bölgelerinde başka bölgesel isimler, birbiriyle örtüşen zamanlar ve başka zaman ölçeği alt bölümlemeleri için kullanılmaktadır.

Neojen Sistemi (resmî) ve üst Tersiyer Sistemi (gayriresmî) Neojen Periyodu sırasında biriken kayaları açıklar.

Coğrafya

Neojen'de kıtalar, şimdiki pozisyonlarına çok yakındılar. Panama Kıstağı meydana gelerek Kuzey ve Güney Amerika'yı birleştirdi. Hindistan, Asya'yla çarpışmaya devam ederek Himalaya Dağları'nı meydana getirmeye devam etti. Deniz seviyeleri düşerek Afrika ve Avrasya ve Kuzey Amerika arasında kıstaklar ortaya çıkardı.

İklim

Küresel iklim mevsimsel olmaya başladı ve Paleojen'in başında başlayan bütünüyle kuruma ve serinleme meyli devam etti. Her iki kutuptaki buzullar büyüyüp kalınlaşmaya başlayarak periyodun sonunda şimdiki Buzul Çağı'nın buzullaşma dizilerinin ilki başladı.

Bitki ve hayvanlar

Deniz ve kara bitkileri ve hayvanları bu zamanda oldukça moderndi. Choristodera sürüngen grubunun nesli periyodun başlarında, Albanerpetontidae adlı iki yaşamlıların nesli da periyodun sonunda tükendi. Memeli hayvanlar ve kuşlar, baskın karasal omurgalılar olmaya devam ederek muhtelif habitatlara uyum sağlarken değişime uğradılar. İnsanın atası olan ilk insansılar, Afrika'da ortaya çıkıp Avrasya'ya yayıldılar.

Daha serin mevsimsel iklime cevaben tropik bitkiler, yaprak döken bitkilere yerini verdi ve meralar birçok ormanları yerini aldı. Otlar bu sebeple büyük ölçüde çeşitlenip bunun yanında otobur memeliler gelişince atlar, ceylanlar ve bizonlar gibi şimdiki otlanan canlıları meydana getirdi.

Anlaşmazlıklar

Neojen geleneksel olarak Pliosen Devri'nin bitiminde, yani Kuaterner Periyodu'nun eski tanımına göre başladığı zaman sona erdi; birçok zaman ölçeği bu bölünmeyi gösterir.

Fakat jeologlar arasında (bilhassa Neojen deniz jeologları arasında) meydana gelen bir hareket, hâlen devam etmekte olan jeolojik zamanı (Kuaterner) Neojen'e eklemeyi düşünürken başkaları (bilhassa Kuaterner Karasal Jeologları), belirgin farklı kayıtlar bırakan Kuaterner'in ayrı bir periyot olarak kalması konusunda ısrarcıydı. Biraz kafa karıştırıcı terminoloji ve jeologlar arasında hierarşik sınırların nerede çizilmesi gerektiği konusundaki uyuşmazlık, şimdiki zamana yaklaşırken zaman birimlerinin nispeten daha hassas şekilde bölümlendirilebilmesinden ve jeolojik korunma nedeniyle genç tortul jeolojik kayıtların çok daha büyük bir alanda korunmuş olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Çünkü eski kayıtlarla kıyaslandığında son zamanların kayıtları çok daha fazla çevreyi yansıtmaktadır ve daha çeşitlidir. Senozoik Zaman'ı yedi zaman yerine üç (ya da tartışmalı olarak iki) periyoda (Paleojen, Neojen, Kuaterner) bölerek periyotlar, Mesozoik ve Paleozoik Devirlerdeki periyotlarla daha kolay karşılaştırılabilir hâle gelir.

ICS, bir keresinde Kuaterner'i 2,58 myö başlayan Gelasiyan Aşaması'nın başıyla başlayan Neojen'in bir alt zamanı olarak kabul edilmesini teklif etti. 2004'te Uluslararası Stratigrafi Komisyonu'nun (ICS) teklifinde Neojen, Miyosen ve Pliosen zamanlarından meydana gelmekteydi. Uluslararası Kuaterner Araştırma Birliği (İng. , INQUA) Neojen ve Pliosen'in 2,58 myö bitmesini, Gelasiyan'ın Pleistosen'e transferini ve Kuaterner'in üçüncü bir periyot olarak Senozoik Zaman'da görülmesini teklif ederek 2,58 myö Dünya'nın iklim, okyanus ve biotalarında meydana gelen değişikliklerin Gauss-Matuyama magneto-stratigrafik sınırında olduğunu açıkladı. 2006'da ICS ve INQUA, bir mutabakata vararak Kuaterner'i bir alt zaman yaptı ve Senozoik'i eski klâsik Tersier ve Kuaterner'e böldü. Bu uzlaşma, Uluslararası Jeolojik Bilimler Birliği () tarafından reddedildi, çünkü bu bölümlemeyle hem Neojen, hem de Pliosen ikiye bölünmüş oluyordu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Digital Atlas of Neojen Life for the Southeastern United States by San Jose State University via Web Archive

,02

Neojen


est une femme politique japonaise née le , représentant le district de Niigata pour le Parti démocrate constitutionnel japonais à la Chambre des conseillers du Japon. Elle commence sa carrière en tant qu'avocate et s'implique dans la lutte contre les discriminations faites aux femmes.

Jeunesse et études

Uchikoshi naît le  à Asahikawa, sur l'île d'Hokkaidō, mais grandit dans la préfecture de Saitama. Elle est diplômée du , où elle effectue ses études secondaires, puis de l'université de Tokyo, où elle obtient un diplôme de droit en 1996. Elle commence ensuite un doctorat, qu'elle abandonne durant son cours.

Elle s'inscrit au Barreau en 2000, et se spécialise dans les violences domestiques, le harcèlement au travail, les discriminations faites aux femmes, ainsi que les maltraitances infantiles. Son cabinet est basé à Tokyo. En 2018, elle a notamment défendu des étudiantes japonaises, dont les notes avaient été altérées en raison de leur sexe, pour les écarter sciemment des professions médicales.

Carrière électorale
Le , elle est investie par le Parti démocrate constitutionnel japonais en tant que candidate à la Chambre des conseillers du Japon pour la préfecture de Niigata. Il s'agit de sa première candidature à une élection. Elle se présente en tant que candidate unique des partis d'opposition pour affronter le candidat sortant soutenu par le parti au pouvoir : , du Parti libéral-démocrate. Pour Uchikoshi, cette campagne est plus difficile pour les femmes, en raison des attentes traditionnelles portées sur les femmes japonaises, laissant peu de marge à la campagne électorale.

Élue à l'issue de cette élection en juillet 2019, elle siège ainsi à la chambre haute des députés du Japon.

En 2020, Uchikoshi participe à la fusion de plusieurs partis d'opposition japonais : le parti historique démocrate constitutionnel japonais et le Parti démocrate du peuple, sous le nom de Parti démocratique constitutionnel.

À la suite de la contre-performance du PDC aux élections législatives du 31 octobre 2021, qui fait élire 96 représentants alors qu'il comptait 110 sièges à la fin de la législature précédente, son président et fondateur, Yukio Edano démissionne. Lors de l'élection du nouveau bureau, Uchikoshi soutient la nomination de  au poste de secrétaire général.

Prises de position
À la Chambre des conseillers du Japon, elle est membre de plusieurs commissions et comités, comme le comité sur les questions de santé, le comité sur les questions de budget, le bureau spécial se portant sur les enlèvements nord-coréens et la commission de révision de la constitution japonaise.

Elle s'oppose à une révision de la constitution japonaise et milite pour l'autorisation du mariage homosexuel au Japon.

Uchikoshi est très impliquée dans la lutte contre les discriminations faites aux femmes, depuis son entrée dans la vie professionnelle. Depuis son élection à la chambre des conseillers, elle continue ce combat et donne plusieurs conférences de sensibilisation à cette cause.

Durant la pandémie de Covid-19, Uchikoshi s'oppose fortement au maintien des jeux olympiques d'été à Tokyo, même après un report à l'été 2021.

Vie personnelle

Sakura Uchikoshi est mariée à Ichiro Muraki, lui aussi avocat, spécialisé dans le droit pénal, avec lequel elle a un fils.

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes
 Page officielle de Sakura Uchikoshi sur le site de la chambre des conseillers du Japon

Articles connexes
 Parti démocrate constitutionnel (Japon)

Femme politique japonaise
Naissance en janvier 1968
Membre de la chambre des conseillers du Japon
Étudiant de l'université de Tokyo
Naissance à Asahikawa

Sakura Uchikoshi


Upplýsingabeiðni er í upplýsingarétti beiðni send til aðila sem þarf svo að afgreiða beiðnina. Beiðnin getur ýmist verið afgreidd á þann hátt að fallist er á að veita hinar umbeðnu upplýsingar, henni synjað, vísað frá, eða blanda af þessu. Almennt séð ríkja mismunandi kröfur til uppsetningu upplýsingabeiðna, meðal annars með tilliti til hversu nákvæmlega þurfi að afmarka upplýsingarnar sem óskað er eftir. Eftir atvikum gæti verið innheimt gjald fyrir afgreiðslu beiðninnar eða fyrir gögnin sjálf.

Algengt er að í upplýsingaréttinum séu tilgreindar ýmsar undanþágur frá því að afhenda upplýsingar, svo sem á grundvelli þjóðaröryggis eða persónuverndar, en einnig gæti hafa verið farin sú leið að veita ríkari heimild til að veita upplýsingar en skyldan nær yfir, svo framarlega sem afhendingin er ekki bönnuð sérstaklega.

Lögfræði
Upplýsingaréttur

Upplýsingabeiðni


صاروخ جو-أرض هو صاروخ موجه يتم إطلاقه من منصات تحلق في الجو كطائرات الحربية أو المروحيات لضرب أهداف أرضية كالمباني أو العربات.
تختلف أصناف هذا النوع من الصواريخ باختلاف خصائصها كحجمها ومدها.

أمثلة
صاروخ مارتليت.

مراجع

جو-أرض

صاروخ جو-سطح


An Xanthorrhoea johnsonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alma Theodora Lee. An Xanthorrhoea johnsonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthorrhoea, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Xanthorrhoea

Xanthorrhoea johnsonii