Seyyan Oskay (d. 1913, İstanbul - ö. 16 Mayıs 1989, Maltepe, İstanbul), Türk şarkıcı ve tangocuydu.

Türkiye'de kadınların sahneye çıkması konusunda öncülük etmiş kadınlardandır. Başta Çoban Yıldızı olmak üzere birçok özgün Türk müziği eserini seslendirdi. İlk Türkçe tango olan Mazi Kalbimde Bir Yaradır'''ı seslendiren ilk kişi idi. Tango, rumba ve foxtrot icra eden Oskay, seslendirdiği yüzlerce eser arasında en çok tangolarıyla ün kazanmıştır.

 Yaşamı

Seyyan Hanım, 1913 yılında İstanbul'un Gedikpaşa semtinde doğdu.  Babası Hikmet Bey, annesi Raziye Hanım'dır. Seyyan Hanım, beş çocuklu ailenin tek kızıydı.  Ondan önce doğan erkek kardeşiyle eşit olduklarını vurgulamak için babası ona "eşit" anlamına gelen "Seyyan" adını koydu. Ailesi Selanik'ten mübadeleyle İstanbul'a geldikten sonra, Kanlıca'da bir konağa yerleşmişti. Babası Hikmet Bey bir süre Mustafa Kemal'in özel kuryeliğini yaptı. Samsun'a çıkan Mustafa Kemal Paşa'ya katılmak için bir gemi ile Karadeniz'e açılan babasını bir suikast sonucu 7 yaşında iken kaybetti.

İlk öğreniminin ardından ağabeyi Avni Bey'in teşviki ile bir süre  İstanbul Konservatuvarı'na devam etti ve orada Talariko Bey'den dersler aldı. Konservatuvar yıllarında yalnızca İtalyanca-Fransızca şarkılar seslendirdi. 16 yaşında iken ilk defa Kadıköy Operet Sahnesi'nde (günümüzde Süreyya Sineması'nın olduğu bina) okulun düzenlediği bir konserde sahneye çıktı.  Kaptanzade Ali Rıza Bey tarafından orada keşfedildi ve okuldan alınan izinle onun  bestelediği  "Efem", "Çoban Yıldızı", "Akşam Garipliği ", "Zavallı Aşk" gibi özgün Türk müziği örneklerini plağa kaydetti. Halit Recep Arman tarafından çok-seslendirmesi yapılan bu eserlerle tanındı.

1930-1932 yıllarında İstiklal Caddesi'nde, bugünkü Atlas Sineması binasında bulunan Moulin Rouge (Kırmızı Değirmen) adlı mekanda şarkılarını icra etti. Sahne hayatı 1,5 yıl sürdü. Bu dönemde ilk Türk tangosu olan, Necip Celal Andel'in bestelediği Mazi Kalbimde Bir Yaradır", adlı eseri seslendirdi. Mazi ve Ayrılık tangolarını 1932'de plağa doldurdu. Bu plak çok sevilince Seyyan Hanım art arda Necip Celal tangoları doldurdu.

Moulin Rouge'da onu dinlemeye gelen Teğmen Sait Oskay ile evlendi ve bu evlilikten dört çocuk sahibi oldu. Eşinin görevi dolayısıyla Anadolu'nun değişik yerlerine seyahat etti. Seyyan Hanım, eşi ile Sarıkamış'a taşındıktan sonra Sahibinin Sesi firması ile on yıllık bir anlaşma yaptı. Yılda bir kez İstanbul'a gelip Necip Aşkın Orkestrası eşliğinde stüdyoya girdi, plak doldurdu. Elli kadar plak çıkardı. Rumbalar, foksrotlar ve marşlar da seslendirdi ancak hep tango sanatçısı olarak tanındı. 1942'de ikinci çocuğu doğduktan sonra müzik piyasasından çekildi.

1978 yılında Darıca'da deniz kenarında, kendisini tanıyan bir radyo yapımcısı tarafından yeniden keşfedildi ve birkaç radyo programına katıldı.  17 Ocak 1979'da, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi'nde düzenlenen Fehmi Ege'yi Anma Gecesi'nin onur konuğu olarak sahneye çıktı. Son röportajını 1985 yılında Murat Belge'ye verdi. 16 Mayıs 1989'da Maltepe'deki evinde 76 yaşında öldü.

 Albümleri
 Ölümünün ardından çıkarılan albümler
1996'da, içinde yirmi eser barındıran Tangolar – Seyyan Hanım'' albümü, kaset ve CD olarak yayımlandı. Bu albüm için taş plaklar 130 numaralı gramofonda çalınmış, üç ayrı mikrofondan hard disk'e kaydedilmiş, sesler ekrana grafik olarak yansıtılmış ve tonmeister tarafından filtre edilmiştir.

2019 yılında, Cemal Ünlü taş plakların gramofonla çalınıp olarak çıkardı.

Dış bağlantılar

 Zamanın İçinden , Diyap Başman, 1930'lu yıllarda sesiyle büyüleyen kadın sanatçımız Seyyan Oskay'ın hayatını konu alan belgesel radyo programı.
Benim Adım Çalıkuşu , Seyyan Hanım'ın sesinden bir tango

Notlar

Kaynakça

1913 doğumlular
1989 yılında ölenler
Tango müzisyenleri

Seyyan Hanım


فلـِــنسبورغ  مدينة بولاية شليسفيش هولشتاين الألمانية. تقع على ساحل بحر البلطيق في أقصى شمال البلاد على الحدود مع الدنمارك. يناهز عدد قاطنيها 88.000 ساكن.

ولدت بها البهلوانية الدانماركية إلفيرا ماديغان.

التاريخ

تأسست فلنسبورغ في القرن الثالث عشر في أقصى نقطة داخلية لخلل فلنسبورغ، وبدأت بالنمو بعد تراجع الرابطة الهانزية. بين عامي 1460 و1864 كانت إحدى الموانئ الرئيسية بالمملكة الدنماركية.

استولت عليها بروسيا خلال حرب شلسفيغ الثانية (1864). لا تزال جالية دنماركية كبيرة تعيش في فلنسبورغ.

خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية لم تتطل المدينة عملياً أي أضرار. فر أمير البحر كارل دونيتس إليها في عام 1945 هربا من قوات التحالف، ولكن تم القبض عليه في وقت لاحق هنا.

توأمة
لفلنسبورغ اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 نويبراندنبورغ
 سووبسك
 كارلايل (1961 - )

أعلام

 آنا صوفي أميرة الدنمارك
 هينريتش يانسن
 ماكس كريستيانسن
 مارغريتا الأولى الدانماركية
 توماس فينك
 جاكوب لانج
 غوتهارد فيشر
 كارل أوبيرج
 فريدريش براندت
 كريستيان الخامس ملك الدنمارك

مراجع

الأماكن الساحلية المأهولة في ألمانيا (بحر البلطيق)
بلدات شليسفيغ هولشتاين
مدن وبلدات ساحلية في بحر البلطيق

فلنسبورغ


Boholia, biljni rod iz porodice broćevki smješten u tribus Airospermeae. Jedina vrsta je B. nematostylis iz Malezije: Mali sundski otoci, Filipini (otok Bohol), Sumatra i Borneo

Izvori

Cinchonoideae

Boholia


Die Wiener Charta ist ein von der rot-grünen Stadtregierung in Wien beschlossenes Projekt zur Verbesserung des Zusammenlebens in der Stadt. Die Regierungsvertreter bezeichnen es als eine der größten Bürgerbefragungen Europas.

Hintergrund
Sie wurde nach der Landtags- und Gemeinderatswahl 2010 angekündigt und 2012 fertiggestellt. Viele sehen darin einen Versuch der linken Parteien, der FPÖ unter Heinz-Christian Strache die Themenführerschaft im Bereich Integration abzunehmen, auch wenn es dezidiert nicht als reines Integrationsprojekt vorgestellt wurde.

Ziel ist es, für Wiener gesetzlich nicht bindende Spiel- und Benimmregeln aufzustellen. Dafür werden zwischen 19. März und 1. April 2012 unter der Beteiligung der Bürger Themen gesammelt. Außerdem sollen mehrere Nichtregierungsorganisationen miteinbezogen werden. Die fertige Charta wurde im November 2012 vorgestellt.

Kritik
Erich Kocina von der Tageszeitung Die Presse meint, dieses Vorhaben trage die "Handschrift der Grünen". Er kritisiert, dass sich ohnehin nur jene am Bürgerbeteiligungsprozess teilnehmen werden, die "auch jetzt schon organisiert sind, soll heißen NGOs, Caritas, Pfarren, basisdemokratisch erfahrene Initiativen". Am Ende werde zwar ein ambitioniertes Papier stehen, Kocina bezweifelt allerdings, dass das die Integrationsprobleme lösen werde.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
Offizielle Website

Politik (Wien)

Wiener Charta


Nationwide Building Society is a British mutual financial institution, the seventh largest cooperative financial institution and the largest building society in the world with over 16 million members. Its headquarters are in Swindon, England.

Nationwide is made up of around 250 different building societies. Among the most significant mergers were those with the Anglia Building Society in 1987 and the Portman Building Society in 2007. It is now the second largest provider of household savings and mortgages in the UK and has a 10.3% market share of current accounts for the 2021/2022 financial year.

For the financial year 2021/2022, Nationwide had assets of around £272.4 billion compared to £483 billion for the entire building society sector, making it larger than the remaining 42 British building societies combined.

It is a member of the Building Societies Association, the Council of Mortgage Lenders and Co-operatives UK.

History
The Society's origins lie in the Co-operative Permanent Building Society, founded in 1884. Based at New Oxford House, High Holborn, it changed its name in 1970 after deciding to leave the British Co-operative Union. The new name was put to a member vote, with members voting 135,675 to 15,585 in favour.

In 1987, the Northampton-based Anglia Building Society merged with Nationwide. The new society was known as Nationwide Anglia Building Society at first, but the Anglia name was dropped in 1991. In 1992, Nationwide moved its head office to Nationwide House, Pipers Way, Swindon. It had been operating a computer centre and administrative office in the town since 1974 and head office departments had been gradually migrating to Swindon.

Nationwide launched an early UK internet banking service on 27 May 1997.

In 1999, Nationwide, together with various UK tabloid newspapers and media, launched a campaign against controversial cash machine fees. The campaign reached a peak when Barclays Bank announced a plan to charge all customers of rival banks and financial providers, including those of Nationwide, £1 for every cash machine withdrawal made from a Barclays-owned cash machine. This prompted Nationwide to warn Barclays that it would take legal action against the bank if it did not back down. Nationwide claimed Barclays had broken the rules of the LINK network of cash machines, which the bank had joined earlier in the year. The following year, withdrawals from most cash machines owned by UK banks were made free for customers of all banks and building societies throughout the UK.

In 2007, Nationwide members voted at its Annual General Meeting to donate at least 1% of pre-tax profits to charitable activities each year. Nationwide completed a merger with Portman Building Society on 28 August 2007, creating a mutual body with assets of over £160 billion and around 13 million members. Portman's earliest component was the Provident Union Building Society founded in Ramsbury, Wiltshire in 1846.

In the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the Nationwide acted to safeguard the mutual sector, acquiring the ailing Cheshire and Derbyshire building societies in September 2008, followed by the Dunfermline Building Society on 30 March 2009.

On 24 March 2009, Nationwide Building Society opened a direct savings branch in Dublin, Ireland called Nationwide UK (Ireland), to distinguish it from the unconnected and now-defunct Irish Nationwide Building Society. However, Nationwide ceased all operations in the Irish Republic in 2017.

In 2012, the Society announced that it would integrate the Cheshire, Derbyshire and Dunfermline building Societies into Nationwide. The Societies had operated under their own brands as divisions of the Society. The rebranding of each business was phased, with the Dunfermline first to be merged in June 2014. The Cheshire and Derbyshire followed in October and November 2014 respectively.

On 22 May 2015, it was announced that the Society's chief executive, Graham Beale, intended to retire. On 16 November 2015, Nationwide announced that Joe Garner, CEO of Openreach, would succeed Graham as Nationwide CEO in Spring 2016. Joe Garner joined the Society as chief executive on 5 April 2016.

In May 2016, the Society confirmed that it would be closing its subsidiary on the Isle of Man, Nationwide International, following a review of its business. The branch, based in Douglas, provided a range of offshore savings accounts in euros, pound sterling and US dollars. It held assets in excess of £2.76 billion as at 31 March 2008, increasing to £3.69 billion by 31 March 2009, making it one of the largest deposit takers in the Isle of Man. Nationwide confirmed it would close on 30 June 2017.

On 1 October 2016, Carillion began providing services for Nationwide's headquarters in Swindon, 'specifically aligned to Nationwide's sustainability strategy'. This contract was expected to be worth approximately £350 million, building on an existing partnership of nearly nine years. When Carillion went into liquidation in January 2018, Nationwide took on 297 staff previously employed by the contractor.

In April 2017, the Society confirmed that it would be closing its subsidiary on the Republic of Ireland, Nationwide UK (Ireland), following a review of its business. Its branch at 13 Merrion Row, Dublin 2 closed on 31 May 2017. The remainder of the business closed at the end of the year. Nationwide announced it would be building a new community at Oakfield in Swindon working in partnership with Swindon Borough Council. Planning permission for the 239 houses was granted in 2019. The homes will be EPC A rated and built on a not-for-profit model. In 2021 the development won the 'Building for a Healthy Life' prize as part of the Housing Design Awards.

In March 2022, Kevin Parry replaced David Roberts as chairman; and in June 2022, Debbie Crosbie, who had been CEO of TSB Bank, succeeded Joe Garner, as chief executive.

In October 2023 Nationwide Building Society committed to its biggest rebrand since 1987, replacing its iconic 'village icon'. The move was part of a wider commitment to maintain a High Street presence as many banks continue to close branches.The move will see all 605 branches receive investment to enable the building society to protect face-to-face customer interactions.

Mutual status
Nationwide is committed to staying mutual and is keen to emphasise that it has members rather than shareholders. However, it has had challenges against its mutual status in the past.

Nationwide was by far the largest British building society that did not convert to a bank in the wave of demutualisations that occurred from the late 1980s to the late 1990s.

In 1998, society members seeking a windfall, branded as carpetbaggers by the UK media, meant Nationwide members had to vote on whether to demutualise the society and float on the London Stock Exchange. The attempt failed, despite media reports of possible pay-outs to members of around £1,000 to £1,500 each, as Nationwide members voted by a narrow margin of 33,700 against converting the building society into a bank.

Society members again proposed a resolution in 2001 for another vote by Nationwide members to convert the society to a bank. The resolution was rejected by the Nationwide board on legal grounds.

Controversies
In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–08, executive pay practices came under increasing scrutiny at Nationwide as in the rest of the financial sector. The Building Society Members' Association began to campaign against acceptance of remuneration reports at AGMs in 2009, and with the CEO's compensation rising 45% to £2.25 million by 2012 the board's levels of pay attracted criticism in The Guardian, and The Huffington Post.

Nationwide has also had to pay out over £473 million of compensation to customers for the mis-selling of PPI.

Nationwide had to scrap its intentions to pursue a digital business current account in April 2020, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The society has said the pandemic has driven down the medium-term interest rates, which the society believes has made the project unviable. Nationwide has committed to return the £50m grant from the Banking Competition Remedies scheme, which distributes funding that Royal Bank of Scotland was ordered to set aside as a condition of its 2009 bailout. The project is estimated to have cost members £70 million, but Nationwide have said that all staff working on the project will be redeployed elsewhere. It still provides some business savings accounts.

Products and services

Nationwide Building Society provides financial services both directly, and through 686 branches (as of 2023). Nationwide is a major provider of both mortgage loans and savings in the UK, as well as personal banking such as loans, credit cards, bank accounts and insurance products.

Financial performance
For the 2015/2016 Preliminary Results (April 2015–April 2016), underlying profits were up 9% to £1.337 billion, while statutory profits rose by 23% to £1.279 billion. Cost income ratio was 53.9%. Common Equity Tier 1 and leverage ratios improved to 23.2% and 4.2%. Gross and net lending were at £32.6 billion and £9.1 billion respectively. Nationwide helped 57,200 people buy their first home.  Member deposits increased by £6.3 billion.

Credit rating
Nationwide's long term credit rating, as of the second half of 2022, was A1 with Moody's, A+ with Standard & Poor's and A+ with Fitch Ratings.

Subsidiaries
Nationwide owns several subsidiary companies, including:

Nationwide International Limited – offshore deposit taker
Nationwide Syndications Limited – syndicated lending
The Mortgage Works (UK) plc – specialised mortgage lender
UCB Home Loans Corporation Limited – specialised mortgage lender
Derbyshire Home Loans Limited – specialised mortgage lender
E-MEX Home Funding Limited – specialised mortgage lender

Key people
Group Chairman: David Roberts (since July 2015)
Group Chief Executive: Debbie Crosbie (since June 2022)

List of chief executives

 Charles Cooper (1884–1892)
 Arthur Webb (1892–1939)
 Harry Score (1939–1947)
 Stanley Lindsey (1947–1951)
 Sir Herbert Ashworth (1951–1961)
 Joe Simpson (1961–1967)
 Leonard Williams (1967–1981)
 Cyril English (1981–1985)
 Sir Timothy Melville-Ross (1985–1994)
 Brian Davis (1994–2001)
 Philip Williamson (2002–2007)
 Graham Beale (2007–2016)
 Joe Garner (2016–2022)
 Debbie Crosbie (2022–)

See also

Nationwide Group Staff Union

References

External links

 Nationwide Commercial
 Nationwide International
 Nationwide UK (Ireland)

Building societies of England
Buildings and structures in Swindon
Banks established in 1846
Companies based in Swindon
British companies established in 1846

Nationwide Building Society


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Sliač enthält die 15 nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Sliač im Okres Zvolen.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Sliac


An Elionurus euchaetus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adjan. ngan Clayton. An Elionurus euchaetus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elionurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elionurus

Elionurus euchaetus


Zavodske () est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Ternopil, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Ternopil

Zavodske (oblast de Ternopil)


Ante Tešija (Lećevica, 29. listopada 1913. – Crikvenica, 1. rujna 2012.), atletski trener, atletičar i gimnastičar. Posebno se istaknuo kao trener bacača kladiva Krešimira Račića sudionika OI u Melbourneu 1956. godine, također i Australca Kena Lorrowaya finalista OI 1980. u Moskvi. Kao trener u hrvatskoj djelovao je u klubovima: AK Jadran Crikvenica, AK Karlovac, ASK Split.

Nagrade i priznanja
 2000. Državna nagrada za šport "Franjo Bučar"
 2000. Nagrada Grada Crikvenice za životno djelo
 2016. Nagrada za iznimni doprinos razvoju hrvatske atletike (postumno)

Povezani članci
 Bacanje kladiva na Olimpijskim igrama

Izvori

Hrvatski atletski treneri
Dobitnici nagrade Franjo Bučar

Ante Tešija


King O'Malley, né probablement le  à Valley Falls et mort le  à Melbourne, est un homme politique australien. Ministre de l'Intérieur dans les années 1910, il est décrit comme la personnalité « la plus énigmatique » et « l'une des plus hautes en couleur » de l'histoire de la vie politique australienne. Riche homme d'affaires mais fidèle au Parti travailliste, mythomane et enclin à promouvoir sa propre importance, il a été l'objet de plusieurs biographies, d'une exposition au musée de Canberra, et d'une comédie musicale à succès.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Les origines de King O'Malley sont incertaines car il a construit sa propre légende autour de mensonges fluctuants à ce sujet. Né probablement dans le territoire du Kansas le , peu avant l'incorporation de ce territoire aux États-Unis d'Amérique, il affirme par la suite être né le 4 juillet, jour de la fête nationale américaine, et en 1854 plutôt qu'en 1858. Il affirme également un temps être né au Québec, afin d'être reconnu comme citoyen britannique et être éligible à un mandat parlementaire en Australie. À d'autres moments, il dit être originaire de l'Iowa, de New York ou encore de Washington. Il serait le fils d'un Irlandais émigré aux États-Unis, et son prénom « King » serait le nom de jeune fille de sa mère. Très peu éduqué, il aurait été élevé par son oncle propriétaire d'une petite banque, et aurait travaillé pour lui à partir de l'âge de 14 ans.

Vers l'âge de 20 ans, il devient vendeur itinérant d'assurance, dans le Kansas puis le long de la côte ouest des États-Unis. Il semble avoir, avec un complice, dérobé plusieurs milliers de dollars à des acheteurs, en les trompant par son charisme, et en affirmant son soutien à la prohibition pour les induire en confiance. Il prétend avoir, durant cette période, créé une église de la tribu amérindienne des Cayuses, s'en être fait l'unique évêque, et avoir accompli des miracles avec l'aide d'une « belle jeune acolyte » qu'il dit avoir épousée. Il arrive à Sydney en 1888, et dira par la suite avoir quitté les États-Unis car sa jeune épouse était morte de la tuberculose ; atteint par cette même maladie, il aurait embarqué son propre cercueil parmi ses bagages pour la traversée en bateau de l'océan Pacifique. Bien qu'ayant débarqué à Sydney, il affirme avoir débarqué au Queensland et y avoir été soigné par un Aborigène jusqu'à être intégralement guéri - une pure invention de sa part. En réalité, il semble avoir quitté les États-Unis pour échapper à la justice, y étant accusé de détournement de fonds.

En Australie, il devient à nouveau vendeur itinérant d'assurance, à Melbourne puis à Hobart, Zeehan, Launceston (en Tasmanie), Coolgardie (en Australie-Occidentale) puis Adélaïde (en Australie-Méridionale).

Entrée en politique

Affirmant être canadien de naissance et donc citoyen britannique, il se présente avec succès aux élections législatives d'Australie-Méridionale de 1896, les premières auxquelles les femmes aient le droit de vote dans cette colonie britannique autonome ; il fait campagne pour la gratuité scolaire, la création de pensions de retraite et le plein droit à la propriété pour les femmes mariées. Il est élu député indépendant de la circonscription de la baie de la Rencontre à l'Assemblée d'Australie-Méridionale. Il introduit et fait adopter une proposition de loi légitimant les enfants dont les parents se sont mariés après leur naissance. Il est battu dans sa circonscription aux élections de 1899, et se présente sans succès aux élections législatives tasmaniennes de 1900 dans une circonscription minière. L'Australie s'unifie en une fédération en 1900, et King O'Malley fait campagne très activement auprès des mineurs et des ouvriers de Tasmanie, les encourageant à s'inscrire sur les listes électorales pour les premières élections législatives fédérales en 1901. Candidat indépendant, il promeut à nouveau la création de pensions de retraite et l'égalité des droits des femmes, mais aussi une politique de protectionnisme pour la nouvelle fédération. Il est élu député de Tasmanie à la Chambre des représentants, et, pour une raison inconnue, il est le seul député fédéral de la première législature à choisir de prêter un serment laïc plutôt que religieux. Il attire surtout l'attention des dessinateurs de presse par ses longs cheveux, son chapeau à larges bords qu'il porte même à l'intérieur de la Chambre, sa broche d'opale attachée à sa cravate, sa « personnalité moqueuse et espiègle » et sa tendance à « faire le clown ».

Il devient membre du Parti travailliste australien trois mois après son élection, et est au moins partiellement responsable de la décision du parti de changer l'orthographe de son nom, devenant le Labor Party (orthographe américaine) et non plus le Labour Party (orthographe britannique et australienne). Réélu en 1903, il est fait membre en 1904 d'une commission parlementaire pour la création de pensions de vieillesse. Il persuade le parti de promettre la création d'une banque nationale de réserve et de dépôt, arguant que le pouvoir inhérent aux banques doit pouvoir être exercé par l'État et non seulement par le secteur privé.

Marié en 1910, King O'Malley est fidèle aux convictions féministes qu'il a toujours défendues, et « fait en sorte que son épouse puisse être financièrement indépendante ».

Ministre de l'Intérieur

Les élections de 1910 confèrent aux travaillistes une majorité absolue des sièges dans les deux chambres du Parlement fédéral. Andrew Fisher devient Premier ministre et, contre la volonté de ce dernier, le parti parlementaire impose que King O'Malley soit nommé ministre. Andrew Fisher le fait ministre de l'Intérieur. Il obtient la création de la Banque du Commonwealth, même si elle ne correspond pas au rôle qu'il envisage pour une banque nationale, et il est chargé de la planification de la création d'une nouvelle capitale fédérale. Il propose sans succès qu'elle soit nommée « Shakespeare » ; elle deviendra Canberra. Il obtient toutefois qu'une politique de prohibition soit appliquée à cette capitale, y interdisant la vente d'alcool, qu'il qualifie de « jus à tituber » (stagger juice) ; cette décision très impopulaire, qui contraint les résidents de Canberra de se fournir en alcool à Queanbeyan en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, sera toutefois abrogée en 1928.

En 1911, il est le ministre qui introduit au Parlement le projet de loi pour la construction du Chemin de fer trans-australien reliant l'Australie-Méridionale à l'Australie-Occidentale. Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il s'oppose à demi-mot à l'envoi à la guerre de soldats recrutés par conscription, et perd de ce fait son ministère lorsque le Parti travailliste se divise sur cette question et que le Premier ministre Billy Hughes quitte le parti pour créer un gouvernement minoritaire nationaliste. Les Tasmaniens soutiennent majoritairement la conscription, et King O'Malley est battu dans sa circonscription aux élections de 1917. Il se présente ensuite sans succès aux élections de 1919 et de 1922, avant de renoncer à la politique.

Auto-promotion
Après ses défaites électorales, il se consacre à entretenir et amplifier sa propre légende, se présentant notamment activement dans les journaux et à la radio comme le « père » de la banque fédérale. Son amie Dorothy Catts contribue à sa réputation en présentant comme factuelles ses diverses inventions à son propre égard, dans la bibliographie qu'elle publie de lui (King O'Malley, Man and Statesman : « King O'Malley, homme et homme d'État ») en 1957.

Il meurt à son domicile en décembre 1953, prétendument à l'âge de 99 ans mais très certainement en réalité à l'âge de 95 ans. Il était le dernier survivant des membres du premier parlement fédéral de 1901. Sa dernière excentricité est de léguer la majeure partie de sa fortune à la création d'un programme de bourses pour les jeunes filles souhaitant étudier les arts ménagers, car il affirme que « l'art de savoir cuisiner, trop souvent négligé, est essentiel au bien-être de l'humanité ». Il reçoit des obsèques nationales. Le musée de Canberra estime que si King O'Malley a été « un travailleur sans relâche et un vrai démocrate investi passionnément en faveur de l'action de l'État pour la protection sociale des citoyens », il est aussi « profondément égocentrique, s'intéressant avant tout à la promotion de lui-même et à la longévité de sa légende après sa mort ». Bob Ellis et  écrivent en 1970 à son sujet la comédie musicale , vaudeville produit pour les célébrations du bicentenaire de l'arrivée de James Cook en Australie, et décrit par l'Institut national des arts du théâtre comme un exemple important du new wave australien. Et, en hommage ironique à la volonté de King O'Malley d'interdire de tels établissements dans la capitale, un pub irlandais à Canberra porte son nom.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1858
Décès en décembre 1953
Ministre australien de l'Intérieur
Prohibition
Personnalité australienne du XIXe siècle
Personnalité australienne du XXe siècle
Décès à Melbourne
Décès à 95 ans

King O'Malley


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Ozdín enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Ozdín im Okres Poltár.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Ozdin
!


NGC 309 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 6 septembrie 1876 de către Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 308
 NGC 310

Legături externe
 NGC 309 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 309 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1876
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel

NGC 309


George Stewart Henry (July 16, 1871 – September 2, 1958) was a farmer, businessman and politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as the tenth premier of Ontario from 1930 to 1934. He had acted as minister of highways while Ontario greatly expanded its highway system. Henry continued the expansion as premier, but his party did not provide relief during the Great Depression and lost the 1934 election.

Background
Henry was born in Township of King, York County, Ontario, the son of William and Louisa Henry (née Stewart).

He attended Upper Canada College for high school and moved on to the University of Toronto, where he received a Bachelor of Arts. He earned his LL.B. at Osgoode Hall Law School. He also spent a year at the University of Toronto's Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph and decided to become a farmer in East York, Ontario.

He was a member of York Township Council from 1903 to 1910, was Township reeve from 1906 to 1910, and elected warden of York County in 1909.

Political career

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1913 as a Conservative in the riding of York East. In 1918, he was appointed as Minister of Agriculture. In 1920, he ran for the leadership of the provincial Conservatives at that party's first-ever leadership convention but lost to Howard Ferguson who led the party to victory in the subsequent general election. From 1923 to 1930, Henry served as Minister of Highways in the Ferguson government and expanded on the highway system that was initiated by the previous government of Ernest C. Drury. When Ferguson stepped down in 1930, barely a year into the Great Depression, Henry succeeded him as Conservative Party leader and as Premier of Ontario. Henry continued his programme of building roads and extended Ontario's highway system from  to .

Construction of Canada's first four-lane controlled access superhighway, the Toronto to Niagara Falls Queen Elizabeth Way, was the most lasting achievement of the highway program.

Henry was opposed to government intervention to deal with the economy. Aside from building roads, his government did little to alleviate public suffering during the Great Depression, such as unemployment in the cities, or the collapse of prices for farm products in the country. Henry's government, like the federal government of RB Bennett, established work camps for jobless men. They were established not so much to provide social welfare but rather as social control: to evacuate the potentially-radical element from the cities. The work camps also provided a source of labour for the construction of Henry's highway system.

In the 1934 election, Henry sought a new mandate from the voters in his first election as Premier. Some felt that the government had little to offer beyond more road construction, and the Tories were soundly defeated by the Ontario Liberal Party, led by Mitchell Hepburn. He became the Leader of the Opposition from 1934 to 1936, when he retired as the Conservative leader.

Henry Farm
In 1898, Henry bought the farm house and property in which he would spend almost all of his adult life after he had graduated from the Ontario Agricultural College. The "Mulholland Homestead" had been settled by his great-grandfather Henry Mulholland, who sold it in the early 19th century.

The farm was located in what was then known as Todmorden,  and contained . He sold it in 1958 for approximately  million to a British construction firm that was planning on building a housing division. He died ten days after he had completed the sale, on September 2, 1958. It became a suburban housing subdivision in the 1960s, Henry Farm, in  City of North York, which is now part of the amalgamated City of Toronto.

A public high school near his former homestead was named after him, George S. Henry Academy.

References

External links

The Ontario Heritage Foundation plaque - Honourable George Stewart Henry 1871–1958
George S. Henry family fonds, Archives of Ontario

1871 births
1953 deaths
Canadian farmers
Finance ministers of Ontario
Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
Members of the United Church of Canada
People from King, Ontario
Premiers of Ontario
University of Toronto alumni
Osgoode Hall Law School alumni
Upper Canada College alumni
Ontario Agricultural College alumni
Mayors of York, Ontario
20th-century Canadian farmers
19th-century farmers

George Stewart Henry


Oğuz Atay (12 Ekim 1934, İnebolu - 13 Aralık 1977, İstanbul), Türk roman, öykü ve oyun yazarı.

Hayatı
Oğuz Atay, 12 Ekim 1934'te Kastamonu'nun İnebolu ilçesinde dünyaya geldi. Babası, ağır ceza yargıcı ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) VI. ve VII. dönem Sinop, VIII. dönem Kastamonu vekili Cemil Atay'dır. İlk ve ortaokulu Ankara'da okuyan Atay, 1951'de bugünkü adı TED Ankara Koleji olan Ankara Maarif Kolejinden, 1957'de İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi İnşaat Fakültesinden mezun oldu. Askerliğini 1957-59 yılları arasında yaptıktan sonra tamir ve kontrol elemanı olarak Kadıköy vapur iskelesinin yapımında çalıştı. Görevinden istifa ettikten sonra İstanbul Devlet Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Akademisi (şimdiki Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi) İnşaat Bölümü'nde öğretim üyesi oldu. 1975'te doçent olan Atay, Topografya adlı bir de mesleki kitap yazdı. Çeşitli dergi ve gazetelerde makale ve söyleşileri yayımlandı. Oğuz Atay, Tutunamayanların 1971-72'de yayımlanmasından sonra, önemli bir tartışmanın odak noktası oldu. Bu romanıyla 1970 TRT Roman Ödülü'nü kazandı. Roman, Oğuz Atay'ın 20. ölüm yıldönümü olan 1997 yılında UNESCO tarafından 20. yüzyıl Türk edebiyatının en seçkin eseri olarak seçilmiştir.

Türk edebiyatının en önemli eserlerinden biri olan Tutunamayanlar, eleştirmen Berna Moran tarafından, "hem söyledikleri hem de söyleyiş biçimiyle bir başkaldırı" olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Moran'a göre Tutunamayanlardaki edebi yetkinlik, Türk romanını çağdaş roman anlayışıyla aynı hizaya getirmiş ve ona çok şey kazandırmıştır.

Atay'ın büyük etki yaratan eseri Tutunamayanları 1973'te yayımladığı Tehlikeli Oyunlar adlı ikinci romanı izlemiştir. Hikâyelerini Korkuyu Beklerken başlığı altında toplayan Atay, 1911-1967 yılları arasında yaşamış ve aynı zamanda hocası olan Prof. Mustafa İnan'ın hayatını konu edinen Bir Bilim Adamının Romanı'nı 1975 yılında yayımlamıştır. 1973 yılında yayımlanan Oyunlarla Yaşayanlar adlı oyunu, Devlet Tiyatrosu'nda sahnelenmiştir. Atay, beyninde çıkan habis bir tümör nedeniyle büyük projesi "Türkiye'nin Ruhu"nu yazamadan 13 Aralık 1977'de, arkadaşı Altay Gündüz'ün Mecidiyeköy'deki evinde hayatını kaybetmiştir. Atay, Edirnekapı Mezarlığı Sakız Ağacı mevkiine defnedildi.

Öldükten sonra 1987'de Günlük, 1998'de ise Eylembilim adlı kitapları yayımlanmıştır. Sağlığında hiçbir kitabı ikinci baskı bile yapamayan Atay'ın kitapları ölümünden sonra büyük ilgi gördü ve defalarca basıldı. Yıldız Ecevit'in hazırladığı Oğuz Atay biyografisi "Ben Buradayım..." - Oğuz Atay'ın Biyografik ve Kurmaca Dünyası 2005 yılında yayınlandı.

Korkuyu Beklerken eseri 2008 yılında Öteki Tiyatro tarafından tiyatro oyunu olarak sahnelenmiştir. Tehlikeli Oyunlar romanı, 2009 yılında Seyyar Sahne tarafından aynı adla tiyatro oyunu olarak uyarlanarak sahnelenmeye başlanmış ve hâlen sahnelenmektedir. Bir Bilim Adamının Romanı adlı biyografik eseri de 2012 yılında Bir Bilim Adamının Oyunu: Mustafa İnan adıyla Te Sahne tarafından tiyatroya uyarlanarak sahnelenmeye başlanmıştır.

Eserlerinde düşle gerçeğin birbirine karışması, üstkurmacanın kurgunun ana ilkesi olması Oğuz Atay'ı postmodernist roman kategorisinde eser veren ilk Türk yazar yapmıştır. Oğuz Atay, özellikle Tutunamayanlar romanında, modern şehir yaşamı içinde bireyin yaşadığı yalnızlığı, toplumdan kopuşları ve toplumsal ahlaka, kalıplaşmış düşüncelere yabancılaşan, tutunamayan bireylerin iç dünyasını anlatır. Yapıtları eleştiri, mizah ve ironi barındırır. Kastamonu Valiliği kendisi adına 2007 yılından beri Oğuz Atay Edebiyat ödülleri vermektedir.

Yayımlanmış eserleri
 Tutunamayanlar (1972)
 Tehlikeli Oyunlar (1973)
 Bir Bilim Adamının Romanı (1975)
 Korkuyu Beklerken (1975)
 Oyunlarla Yaşayanlar (1975)
 Günlük (1987 - ölümünden sonra)
 Eylembilim (1998 - ölümünden sonra)

Hakkında yazılan eleştiri kitapları ve makaleler
 Oğuz Atay Sözlüğü, Sefa Kaplan Holden Kİtap, 2021, ISBN             9786057489470
Ölülerle Konuşmak, Shakespeare'den Joyce'a Tutunamayanlar'da Edebi Miras Meselesi, Meltem Gürle İletişim Yayınları, 2016, ISBN 978-975-051-971-0
Türk Romanında Postmodernist Açılımlar, Yıldız Ecevit, İletişim Yayınları, 2001, İstanbul. ISBN 978-975-470-875-2
 "Ben Buradayım" - Oğuz Atay'ın Biyografik ve Kurmaca Dünyası, Yıldız Ecevit, İletişim Yayınları, 2005, İstanbul. ISBN 978-975-05-0321-4
 Oğuz Atay'a Armağan – Türk Edebiyatının "Oyun/Bozan"ı, yayına hazırlayan: Handan İnci, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul 2007.
 Nabokov'dan Oğuz Atay'a 'Tutunamayanlar'da 'Solgun Ateş' İzleri, Ramazan Gülendam–Bahadır Sürelli, Varlık, 1151, 31-37 (2003).
 "Yapıtları ve Yaşamıyla Oğuz Atay" , Hasan Uygun, Mavi Melek, sayı:44, 05/02/2010.
 "Korkuyu Beklerken Gelenler": Oğuz Atay Öyküleri Üzerine Yazılar , derleyen: Hilmi Tezgör.
 Oğuz Atay: Romandaki düşünce , Feridun Andaç, edebiyathaber.net, 1 Aralık 2015.
 Oğuz Atay'ın Dünyası, Tatjana Seyppel, İletişim Yayınları, 1989, İstanbul.
Oğuz Atay'da Aydın Olgusu, Yıldız Ecevit, Ara Yayıncılık, 1989
Geleceği Elinden Alınan Adam - Oğuz Atay, Sefa Kaplan, Doğan Kitap, 2014
Yer Değiştiren Gölge, Nurdan Gürbilek, Metis Yayınları, 1995
 Oğuz Atay İçin Bir Sempozyum, Handan İnci-Elif Türker, İletişim Yayınları, 2009, İstanbul. (13-14 Aralık 2007 tarihlerindeki sempozyumun genişletilmiş basımı.)

 Belgesel
Nilgün Eroğlu Maktav'ın yönettiği Hayat Bir Oyundur'' adlı 2002 TRT yapımı bir belgesel bulunmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

 Oğuz Atay'ın 86'ıncı doğum günü vesilesiyle Google'ın hazırladığı Doodle

Ayrıca bakınız
 MEB 100 Türk edebiyatçısı listesi

Kaynakça

1934 doğumlular
1977 yılında ölenler

Türk mühendislik akademisyenleri
Türk inşaat mühendisleri
Türk roman yazarları
Türk oyun yazarları
Postmodern yazarlar
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi İnşaat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
İnebolu doğumlular
Edirnekapı Şehitliği'ne defnedilenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Türk hikâye yazarları
Gazi Lisesinde öğrenim görenler

Oğuz Atay


Signe Guttormsen (født 24. september 1964) er en dansk billedkunstner uddannet 1986-1993 fra Kunstakademiet i København og 1991-1992 fra Rijksakademie van beeldende Kunsten i Amsterdam, Holland. Fra 1993-1995 bosat i Berlin og fra 1996-2008 bosat i Köln, herefter København. I årene 2012-2015 var Signe Guttormsen formand for Den Frie Udstilling i København.

Signe Guttormsen benytter en række forskellige medier i sin kunsteriske praksis. Hun dyrkede tidligere fotografiet som udtryksform men vendte sig i løbet af 1990'erne maleriet. Udtrykket er rent abstrakt og hendes billeder opstår ikke ud fra en traditionel malerisk tænkemåde og materialerne adskiller sig ofte fra det typiske for malerigenren. Materialer som træ og aluminium indgår således ofte i Signe Guttormsens værker, mens også tekstelementer, fotografi og lys spiller en væsentlig rolle.

Desuden har Signe Guttormsen udført en lang række bygningsintegrerede kunstværker. I 2010 skabte hun en stor gulvmosaik i Frederik IX's Palæ på Amalienborg Slot. Andre bygningsintegrerede værker tæller BaneDanmarks Trafiktårn Vest, Fredericia (2015), Institut for molekylær medicin, Syddansk Universitet, Odense (2014) og Midtsjællands Gymnasium, Ringsted (2013),   alle præsenteret i monografi- og debatbogen GÆSTFRIT - kunst i det fælles rum (forlaget Ekbátana, 2017) med interview og redaktion af Torben Sangild og bidrag af Camilla Jalving, museumsansvarlig ARKEN, og Karsten R.S. Ifversen, arkitekturredaktør, Politiken.

Offentlige samlinger (udvalg)
 Signe Guttormsens værker er repræsenteret i samlingerne hos følgende danske og internationale institutioner:
 KØS Museum for kunst i det offentlige rum, Køge
 Horsens Kunstmuseum, Horsens
 Sorø Kunstmuseum, Sorø
 Det Nationale Fotomuseum, København
 Statens Kunstfond, København
 Stadtsparkasse KölnBonn, Köln
 Hydro Aluminium, Bonn
 Kunsthalle Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven

Udvalgt bibliografi
 GÆSTFRIT - kunst i det fælles rum (WELCOMING - art in shared spaces), Forlaget Ekbátana, 2017.

Familie
Signe Guttormsens far er billedkunstneren Niels Guttormsen (f. 1932).

Referencer

Billedkunstnere fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Signe Guttormsen


Çalıpınar, Antalya ilinin Gazipaşa ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı Osmanlı arşivlerinde Muretlu-eyn olarak geçer. Daha sonra halk ağzında Murtleyn, Murtluin ve daha sonra da Murtlin olarak değişmiştir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 170 km, Gazipaşa ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Gazipaşa'nın mahalleleri

Çalıpınar, Gazipaşa


كريستوفر يونغ  (28 أبريل 1957 في نيوجيرزي) هو مؤلف موسيقى أفلام وملحن أمريكي.

تحصل على بكالوريوس في الموسيقى من كلية ماساتشوستس هامبشاير، وواصل دراسته في جامعة بشمال تكساس، قبل أن يسافر عام 1980 إلى مدينة لوس أنجلس. هناك عمل مع فرقة على آلة الدرمز.

ألف يونغ إلى الآن لأكثر من 80 فيلم تمثيلي، عام 1990 فاز بجائزة زحل عن عمله في فيلم شيخ النار2 - ملازم الجحيم.

أعماله الموسيقية
 الرجل العنكبوت 3
 قتل في 1600

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة شمال تكساس
خريجو كلية الموسيقى في جامعة شمال تكساس
خريجو كلية هامبشير
خريجو مدرسة السينما بجامعة كاليفورنيا (لوس أنجلوس)
مواليد 1957
مواليد 1958
موسيقيون من نيوجيرسي
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام أمريكيون
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام أمريكيون ذكور

كريستوفر يونغ


පස්ගෝරසය යනු ගිතෙල්, වෙඩරු, මෝරු, කිරි, දීකිරි යි.

බුදු දහම

පස්ගෝරසය


Et stykke på vej er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Barbro Boman efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Gennem en historie om en enke og hendes forsørgervanskeligheder fortæller filmen om den hjælp til uddannelse, som Mødrehjælpen yder enligtstillede kvinder med børn og berører samtidig andre sider af institutionen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1959
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Et stykke på vej


مدن الصفيح أو الصَّرائف هي المناطق العشوائية التي بنيت من بقايا مواد خام من صفيح أو خشب رقائقي أو بلاستيك أو غيرها.

تتمثل ظاهرة نشوء المناطق العشوائية في قيام شريحة من المجتمع بأخذ المبادرة وحل مشكلاتها الإسكانية بمفردها خارج نطاق الجهات المختصة وبعيداً عن نفوذها أو تدخلها ويتم ذلك بإمكانيتها المادية والثقافية المحدودة مما ينتج عن ذلك بيئة عمرانية غير مقبولة من كافة النواحي حيث ينقصها الكثير من القيم والمبادئ المعمارية والبيئية والتخطيطية السليمة. غالبا ما تفتقر إلى المرافق الصحية المناسبة والكهرباء و الهاتف.

مراجع

تشرد (علم اجتماع)
عشوائيات
مبان ومنشآت حسب النوع
هندسة المدن
مدن صفيح
استيطان عشوائي

مدن الصفيح


كوكومين فوكو  هي ألبسة وزعت في اليابان في 2 نوفمبر 1940 على أنها الملابس الوطنية القياسية للذكور في اليابان.

بدأ بتطبيق نظام الملابس الموحد نتيجة توحيد نظام الحياة وتبسيطه في أوقات الحرب وتحويله إلى نظام حياة عسكري حتى لعامة الشعب.

يشبه شكل الملابس الملابس العسكرية بخمسة أزرار ولون الملابس العسكرية مع قبعة وقفازات وحذاء ذات مواصفات محددة بدقة متناهية، إلا أن الملابس التي تختفي تحتها تكون حرة.

قسمت إلى أربع فئات من 1 إلى 4 لكل منها طراز مختلف.

المراجع

أزياء وطنية
تاريخ ملابس آسيوية
ملابس يابانية
ملابس يابانية لكامل الجسم

كوكومين فوكو


A gazette is an official journal, a newspaper of record, or simply a newspaper.

In English and French speaking countries, newspaper publishers have applied the name Gazette since the 17th century; today, numerous weekly and daily newspapers bear the name The Gazette.

Etymology
Gazette is a loanword from the French language, which is, in turn, a 16th-century permutation of the Italian gazzetta, which is the name of a particular Venetian coin. Gazzetta became an epithet for newspaper during the early and middle 16th century, when the first Venetian newspapers cost one gazzetta. (Compare with other vernacularisms from publishing lingo, such as the British penny dreadful and the American dime novel.) This loanword, with its various corruptions, persists in numerous modern languages (Slavic languages, Turkic languages).

Government gazettes

In England, with the 1700 founding of The Oxford Gazette (which became the London Gazette), the word gazette came to indicate a public journal of the government; today, such a journal is sometimes called a government gazette. For some governments, publishing information in a gazette was or is a legal necessity by which official documents come into force and enter the public domain. Such is the case for documents published in Royal Thai Government Gazette (est. 1858), and in The Gazette of India (est. 1950).

The government of the United Kingdom requires government gazettes of its member countries. Publication of the Edinburgh Gazette, the official government newspaper in Scotland, began in 1699. The Dublin Gazette of Ireland followed in 1705, but ceased when the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922; the Iris Oifigiúil (Irish: Official Gazette) replaced it. The Belfast Gazette of Northern Ireland published its first issue in 1921.

Gazette as a verb
Chiefly in British English, the transitive verb to gazette means "to announce or publish in a gazette"; especially where gazette refers to a public journal or a newspaper of record. For example, "Lake Nakuru was gazetted as a bird sanctuary in 1960 and upgraded to National Park status in 1968." British Army personnel decorations, promotions, and officer commissions are gazetted in the London Gazette, the "Official Newspaper of Record for the United Kingdom". Gazettal (a noun) is the act of gazetting; for example, "the gazettal of the bird sanctuary".

See also
 Gazetteer
 List of British colonial gazettes
 List of English words of French origin
 List of government gazettes

References

External links

Newspaper terminology
Italian inventions
Westminster system×××·

Gazette


Lundu (also spelled landu or landum) is a style of Afro-Brazilian music and dance  with its origins in the African Bantu and Portuguese people.

History

The interconnectedness of Lusophone countries dates back to the Atlantic Slave Trade, between Portugal, Brazil and regions of Africa. In the 15th century, the Portuguese were the primary exporters of African slaves to the Americas, and with slaves came their musical traditions. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a massive Brazilian presence in Angola, enabling a cultural exchange between the two Portuguese colonies. This exchange enabled subtle amalgamations of musical styles between Angola, Brazil and other African slave trade countries. The establishment of a creole population in Brazil  led to further cultural developments in language, religion and art.  In 1859, French journalist Charles Ribeyrolles described Afro-Brazilian free practices on a fazenda in Rio de Janeiro province:

Dissemination

Records from the inquisition of the 18th century reveal that the Europeans initially considered gandus and lundus to be witchcraft. Many slave-owning Europeans in Brazil tolerated the dance in an attempt to avoid slave rebellion. Eventually, the style became attractive to Europeans in Brazil for its sexualized quality and its believed effectiveness in reversing witchcraft. de Mattos was disgruntled by the blurring by dance and drums of strict racial and cultural boundaries in Brazil.

Gradually, the lundu style grew in popularity among the elite population in Brazil. In 1749, Brazilian musician Manuel de Almeida Botelho immigrated to Lisbon, bringing with him the modinha and lundu musical styles. By the 19th century, lundu had become the music of choice for the Luso-Brazilian bourgeoisie. Historians have even called the style the "…most characteristic late 18th century [genre] of dance and song in Portugal and Brazil".

Style

Lundus are characterized by varying structure, the interplay of tonic and dominant harmony, and strummed chords layered atop a syncopated rhythm reminiscent of traditional West African music. Limited recordings are available of traditional lundus style. Usually a flirtatious ritual of a couple dance, accompanied by a guitar, or sometimes a thumb piano or drums, Lundu is related to the Spanish fandango and other new-world dances like the Argentine Zamba, the Peruvian Zamacueca and the Cuban Bolero - they all involve, to some degree, handkerchiefs, castanets, and holding one's arms above one's head. In the 19th century, the lundu was one of the sources of the Choro, the Maxixe and the Samba

Literature

References

Brazilian styles of music
Brazilian dances
Afro-Brazilian culture

Lundu (dance)


Zálší bezeichnet mehrere Ortschaften in Tschechien

 Zálší, Gemeinde im Okres Tábor
 Zálší u Chocně, Gemeinde im Okres Ústí nad Orlicí
 Zálší, Ortsteil von Sepekov, Okres Písek

Zálší (Begriffsklärung)


USS Sargent Bay (CVE-83) was a  of the United States Navy. She was named after Sargent Bay, located within Revillagigedo Island, and was built for service during World War II. Launched in January 1944, and commissioned in March 1944, she served in support of the Invasion of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet. She was decommissioned in June 1946, when she was mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in July 1959.

Design and description

Sargent Bay was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, had a beam of , and a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight  Bofors anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as twelve  Oerlikon cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20-mm cannons, and the amount of 40-mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. For example, during the Invasion of Iwo Jima, she carried 20 FM-2 fighters, and 12 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, for a total of 32  aircraft. During the Battle of Okinawa, she carried 18 FM-2 fighters, 10 TBM-1C variant torpedo bombers, and 3 TBM-3 variant torpedo bombers, for a total of 31 aircraft.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942, under the name Didrickson Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. The escort carrier was laid down on 8 November 1943, under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 1120, by Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington. She was launched on 31 January 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Edith W. DeBaun; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 9 March 1944, with Captain William Theodore Rassieur in command.

Service history

Upon being commissioned, Sargent Bay underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to San Diego. She then underwent a transport mission, ferrying P-47 Thunderbolts of the 333rd Fighter Squadron, 318th Fighter Group to Saipan. She unloaded her cargo on 18 July, and reported to the 3rd Fleet at Pearl Harbor on 17 August. The next day, she departed, bound for Eniwetok and Manus Island. On 6 November, she left Manus, assigned to Task Group 30.8 (Fleet Oiler and Transport Carrier Group) on the first of four tours with replenishment groups operating off the Philippines. She provided air cover and support for the vulnerable oilers which supplied the frontline fast carrier groups with fuel and replacement aircraft, enabling them to operate out at sea for long periods of time. During this time period, Sargent Bay was based out of Ulithi. She remained on this duty until 27 January 1945, staying out at sea in two to four week increments.

In February 1945, Sargent Bay was assigned to Task Group 52.2, the escort carrier group responsible for providing air cover in preparation for the Invasion of Iwo Jima. Along five other carriers, she operated under the command of Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague, in Carrier Division 26. Her air contingent provided artillery spotting and close air support for the marines struggling through the island, and she also conducted aircraft screening for the task group, as well as anti-submarine patrols. She continued operations until 11 March, when she retired along with her task group.

Sargent Bay was only out of action for a short period of time, as she joined Task Group 52.1.1, the escort carrier force assigned to support the planned Battle of Okinawa. Under the command of Rear Admiral Felix Stump, she began operations off of Okinawa on 25 March. She provided many of the same duties as she did during the Invasion of Iwo Jima, including conducting anti-aircraft patrols. Notably, on the late evening of 3 April, her fighters shot down one of a pair of kamikazes attempting to approach the escort carriers. Anti-aircraft fire from the destroyer  brought down the other kamikaze. On 7 April, she traded places with the escort carrier , as she briefly left to join the Logistics Support Group, before returning to the strike force on 18 April. She left again on 15 May, for repairs at Guam. She rejoined operations over Okinawa on 2 June, before finally retiring from the operation on 20 June.

Proceeding south, she arrived off of Leyte on 23 June, and spent the next month performing upkeep. She then sailed for the United States, arriving at San Pedro on 9 August for repairs and overhaul. There, news of the Japanese surrender broke. After completing overhaul, she joined the Operation Magic Carpet fleet, which repatriated U.S. servicemen from around the Pacific. During the month of October, she made two runs, transporting personnel from Hawaii. She then conducted a run to Eniwetok, and a final run to Okinawa, finishing her duties before the New Year.

Passing through the Panama Canal, Sargent Bay arrived at Boston on 23 March 1946 for inactivation. She was decommissioned on 23 June, and subsequently stored at the South Boston Naval Annex, where she was mothballed as part of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was reclassified CVU-83 on 12 June 1955. She was struck from the Navy list on 27 June 1958, and she was sold on 30 July 1959 to J.C. Berkwitt Co., New York. She was ultimately broken up in Antwerp, Belgium, starting September 1959.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Sargent Bay


Epic Drama este un canal de televiziune, lansat pe 14 decembrie 2017 în țări precum Bulgaria, Bosnia și Herțegovina, Croația, Republica Cehă, Estonia, Grecia, Letonia, Lituania, Macedonia, Muntenegru, Polonia, România, Serbia, Slovacia, Slovenia, Turcia, Ucraina și Ungaria.

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 Aniela
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 Copper (în română Justiție brutală)
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Epic Drama


NGC 222 este un roi deschis  situat în Micul Nor al lui Magellan, în constelația Tucanul. A fost descoperit în 1 august 1826 de către James Dunlop. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 11 aprilie 1834 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 221
 NGC 223

Legături externe
 NGC 222 pe WikiSky
 NGC 222 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri deschise
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1826
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de James Dunlop

NGC 222


1809 පෙබරවාරි මස 12 වන දින උපත ලැබූ ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන් 1861 මාර්තු මස 04 වන දින සිට ඝාතනයට ලක්වන තෙක්ම ඇමරිකාවේ 16 වන ජනාධිපතිවරයා වශයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. ඇමරිකාවේ වහල්භාවය ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට එරෙහිව සෘජුව කථා කරන විරුද්ධවාදියෙක් ලෙස ලින්කන් ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වූ අතර ඔහු 1860 දී රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂ නාම යෝජනාව ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතරම එම වර්ෂයේම පසු කායේ ජනාධිපතිධූරයට තේරී පත් වුණි. ඔහුගේ පාලන කාලය අතරතුර පක්ෂයෙන් නොමනාප වී යන්නවුන්ගේ උත්සාහයන් ව්‍යර්ථ කරමින් හෙතෙම ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට කටයුතු කරන ලදී. ලින්කන් විසින් වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵල දෙන මිනුම් දඬු කීපයක් ද හඳුන්වාදුන් අතර 1863 දී තම විමුක්තිය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීමත් සමඟම 1865 දී ඔහු 13 වන වතාවටත් ව්‍යවස්ථාව සංශෝධනයට ලක් කරන ලදී.

ලින්කන් විසින් ජයාග්‍රාහී යුධ උපක්‍රම සමීපව අධීක්ෂණය කළ අතර විශේෂයෙන්ම උසස් ජෙනරාල්වරු තෝරා ගැනීමේ දී උලිසෙස් එස්. ග්‍රාන්ට් ඇතුළුව ඔහු එය විශේෂයෙන් අධීක්ෂයට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් තීරණය කොට ඇති අන්දමට ලින්කන්, හේද වූ රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය මනාව හැසිරීමට සමත් විය. එකී බෙදී ගිය පක්ෂවලින් නායකයන් තම කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයට රැගෙන ඒමෙන් හා ඔවුනට සාමුහිකව කටයතු කිරීමේ බලය ලබාදීමෙන් හෙතෙම ස්වකීය පක්ෂය මනාව හසුරවන ලදී. 1861 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය මඟින් ඇති වූ යුධ බිය පූර්ණ වශයෙන් නිශ්ක්‍රීය නායකත්වය යටතේ යුද්ධයේ ආරම්භ‍යත් සමඟම වහල් මායිම් ජනපදවල පාලනය වෘත්තීය සමිති විසින් පවරා ගන්නා ලදී. ඊට අමතරව ලින්කන් 1864 පැවැත්වූ ජනපතිවරණයේ නැවත ඡන්දය ඔහු මනාව කළමණාකරණය කරන ලදී.

යුධ විරුද්ධවාදීන් ලින්කන් විවේචනයට භාජනය කළේ වහල්භාවය සම්බන්ධයෙන් සමඟි සම්මුතියකට ඒමට ලින්කන්ගේ තිබූ නොකැමැත්ත නිසාය. අනෙක් අතට රැඩිකල්වාදී රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂ සාමාජිකයින් අතර පවතින භේදය අහෝසි කිරීමට ක්‍රියා කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ද ඔහු විවේචනයට බඳුන් වූයේ ඒ කරුණු හේතු කොට ගෙන වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාදාමය වෙත ළඟා වීම මන්දගාමී ස්වරූපයක් ඉසිලූ බැවිනි. මෙවැනි බාධා හමුවේ වුවද ලින්කන් ජයග්‍රාහී ලෙස ස්වකීය වාග් කෞශල්‍ය හා දේශනය මඟින් මහජන මතය දිනා ගත් අතර ඔහුගේ ගෙට්ස්බර්ග් ඇමතීම මීට උදාහරණ වශයෙන් දැක්විය හැකිය. යුද්ධයට සමීප වීමත් සමඟ ලින්කන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය පිළිබඳ මැදහත් දර්ශනයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර සමඟි සන්ධානය වීම මඟින් ජාතිය යළි ඉක්මනින් එක් කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් ඔහු විසින් සොයා බලන ලදී.

1865 දී ඔහුගේ ඝාතනය ඇමරිකානු ඉතිහාසයේ මුල්ම ජනාධිපති ඝාතනය විය. එමෙන්ම ජාතිය නැවත එක් කිරීමේ මාතෘ වීරවරයන් ලෙස ද ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන්ව සලකන ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ඇමරිකාව

ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන්


Eco FM este un post de radio din Republica Moldova. Grila de emisie este compusă din reportaje ecologice, cât și promovarea științei și mai multe emisiuni dedicate studenților. Emite în eter în raionul Ștefan Vodă din aprilie 2015, în raionul Fălești din martie 2016, în raionul Sîngerei din mai 2017 și în raionul Anenii Noi din iunie 2018. La începutul anului 2017, Inspectoratul Ecologic de Stat a decernat mai multor ONG-uri și companii de mass-media, printre care Eco FM, diplome pentru promovarea valorilor ecologice în societate.

Stații de emisie
 Anenii Noi - 104,4 MHz
 Fălești - 97,6 MHz
 Sîngerei - 100,2 MHz
 Ștefan Vodă - 98,5 MHz

Note

Legături externe
 Site web oficial

Posturi de radio moldovenești

Eco FM


فولنوفاخا (Волноваха) هي مدينة في أوبلاست دونيتسك في أوكرانيا.

أعلام
 سيرخي بولبات

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة دونيتسك
مدن مدمرة
مدن وبلدات بنيت في حقبة الإمبراطورية الروسية
مدن وبلدات في أوكرانيا شيدت إبان الإمبراطورية الروسية

فولنوفاخا


Fântânile - piesă științifico-fantastică într-un act este o piesă de teatru  de Romulus Bărbulescu și George Anania care a fost publicată în Almanahul Anticipația din 1983. Este o piesă științifico-fantastică într-un act și patru tablouri. A fost montată în 1988 în regia lui Cristian Munteanu ca teatru radiofonic.

Se bazează pe povestirea omonimă care a apărut în 1966 în numărul 278 al Colecției de povestiri științifico-fantastice și în 1967 în volumul Pe lungimea de undă a Cosmosului, Editura Tineretului, Colecția SF.

Prezentare
Patru călători pornesc să studieze o civilizație despre care se vorbește în mesajul unui călător astral. La sosire li se înfățișază o planetă pustie, cu un relief pietros, pe care roboții trimiși în explorare nu descoperă nimic. Părăsind rând pe rând nava, trei dintre membrii echipajului au senzația că se prăbușesc în fântâni fără fund în care iau legătura cu o altă lume. Dar pentru a se putea realiza contactul dintre ei și acea civilizație care are altă substanțialitate, ei trebuie să își piardă temporar cel mai important organ de simț, permițând accesul la creierul lor. Astfel, cel numit Visătorul își pierde văzul, Taciturnul - auzul, iar Scepticul - simțul tactil. Singur Prudentul se dovedește incapabil să deschidă un canal de legătură și nu poate intra în contact cu acea civilizație.

Referințe și note

Vezi și
 Listă de piese de teatru românești
 Teatru științifico-fantastic
 1983 în științifico-fantastic

Piese de teatru românești
Piese de teatru științifico-fantastice
Piese de teatru într-un singur act
1983 în științifico-fantastic

Fântânile


Moira Shire Council is a Local Government Area in the Northern Victoria Region of Victoria, Australia. Located in the north-east part of the state, it covers an area of . As at June 2021 the population was 30,018.

It includes the towns of Cobram, Nathalia, Numurkah, Tungamah  and Yarrawonga. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Cobram, Shire of Nathalia, Shire of Numurkah, and parts of the Shire of Tungamah and Shire of Yarrawonga.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Moira Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Cobram, it also has a service centre located in Yarrawonga. The Shire is named after the county of Moira, of which the LGA occupies the northern part.

Council

Current composition
The council is composed of nine councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality.

In the wake of a report detailing the "preventable" murder of a senior manager, the Moira Shire council was dismissed by the Minister for Local Government, Melissa Horne on 7 March 2023. An interim administrator has been appointed.  Elections to elect a new council will not be held until 2028.

Administration and governance
The council meets in various locations around the Shire. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Cobram and its service centre in Yarrawonga.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the shire had a population of 30,522 up from 29,112 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

See also
 List of localities (Victoria)
 List of places on the Victorian Heritage Register in the Shire of Moira

References

External links

Moira Shire Council official website
Metlink local public transport map
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas of Victoria (state)
Hume (region)

Shire of Moira


Sir Richard Blackmore (22 January 1654 – 9 October 1729), English poet and physician, is remembered primarily as the object of satire and as an epic poet, but he was also a respected medical doctor and theologian.

Earlier years
He was born at Corsham, in Wiltshire, the son of a wealthy attorney.  He was educated briefly at Westminster School and entered St Edmund Hall, Oxford, in 1669 at 15. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1674 and his MA in 1676. He was a tutor at the college for a time, but in 1682 he received his inheritance from his father. He used the money to travel. He went to France, Geneva, and various places in Italy. He stayed for a while in Padua and graduated in medicine at Padua. Blackmore returned to England via Germany and Holland, and then he set up as a physician. In 1685 he married Mary Adams, whose family connections aided him in winning a place in the Royal College of Physicians in 1687. He had trouble with the College, being censured for taking leave without permission, and he strongly opposed the project for setting up a free dispensary for the poor in London. This opposition would be satirised by Sir Samuel Garth in The Dispensary in 1699.

Blackmore the epic poet
Blackmore had a passion for writing epics. Prince Arthur, an Heroick Poem in X Books appeared in 1695. He supported the Glorious Revolution, and Prince Arthur was a celebration of William III. The poem was based on the form of Virgil's The Aeneid and the subject matter of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. It told of the Celtic King Arthur opposing the invading Saxons and taking London, which was a transparent encoding of William III opposing the "Saxon" James II and taking London. John Dennis derided the poem as being "servile" in its treatment of Geoffrey of Monmouth and having an inconsequential and fearful hero. Nevertheless, it went through three editions and William made Blackmore physician-in-ordinary (a position he would hold with Queen Anne as well), gave him a gold medal, and knighted him in 1697. William also assigned Blackmore the task of writing the official treatment of the plot of Sir George Barclay, who sought to kill William (not appearing until 1723, as A true and impartial history of the conspiracy against the person and government of King William III, of glorious memory, in the year 1695).  In 1697, Blackmore followed that with King Arthur: an Heroic Poem in Twelve Books. Like its predecessor, it was a treatment of current events in ancient garb, but, this time, the public and court were less interested and the matter less interesting. Additionally, Blackmore took John Milton as his model, rather than Virgil, and he admitted in his preface that his previous book had been too adherent to the Classical unities.

Having used his epics to fight political battles, albeit safe ones at first, Blackmore was opposed by wits of the other camp, especially as time went on. William Garth attacked Blackmore's stance on the dispensary, only to be answered by Blackmore with A Satyr against Wit (1700). Tom Brown led a consortium of wits in Commendatory Verses, on the Author of the Two Arthurs, and a Satyr against Wit (1700). Blackmore had not only been explicitly partisan in his epics, but he had announced that epic was necessary to counter the degeneracy of poetry written by wits. Having answered Garth in 1700, he did not answer Brown. However, John Dryden accused Blackmore of plagiarizing the idea of an epic on Arthur from him and called him a "Pedant, Canting Preacher, and a Quack" whose poetry had the rhythm of wagon wheels because Blackmore wrote in hackney cabs on his way between patients (prologue to The Pilgrim (1700)).

In 1705, with Anne on the throne and William dead, Blackmore wrote another epic, Eliza: an Epic Poem in Ten Books, on the plot by Rodrigo Lopez, the Portuguese physician, against Queen Elizabeth. Once more, the "epic" was current events, as it meant to denounce John Radcliffe, a Jacobite physician who was out of favor with Anne. Anne did not appear to take sufficient notice of the epic, but Sarah Churchill did. Two occasional pieces followed: An advice to the poets: a poem occasioned by the wonderful success of her majesty's arms, under the conduct of the duke of Marlborough in Flanders (1706) and Instructions to Vander Beck (1709). These courted favor with the Duke of Marlborough with some success.

In 1711, Blackmore produced The Nature of Man, a physiological/theological poem on climate and character (with the English climate being the best). This was a tune up for Creation: A Philosophical Poem in 1712, which was praised by John Dennis, Joseph Addison, and, later, Samuel Johnson, for its Miltonic tone. It ran to 16 editions, and of all his epics it was best received. Its design was to refute the atheism of Vanini, Hobbes and (supposedly) Spinoza, and to unfold the intellectual philosophy of Locke. Johnson thought that it would be the sole memory of Blackmore, and Dennis said that it was the English De Rerum Natura, but with infinitely better reasoning.

Blackmore ceased writing epics for a time after Creation. In 1722 he continued his religious themes with Redemption, an epic on the divinity of Jesus Christ designed to oppose and confute the Arians (as he called the Unitarians). The next year, he released another long epic, Alfred. The poem was ostensibly about King Alfred the Great, but like his earlier Arthurian epics, this one was political. It was dedicated to Prince Frederick, the eldest son of King George II, but the poem vanished without causing any comment from court or town.

While others approached the epic as a celebration of national origins (Dryden, for example) or sought in it the most lofty subject matter possible (as Edmund Spenser and John Milton had done), Blackmore argued that the form of the epic would "reform" poetry, that it would cease the cavils of wits and the sexuality of rakes. Further, while proclaiming his intention of reforming poetry itself, he used his epics quite often to achieve political, and personal, goals.

Non-epic writing
Blackmore was a religious author when he was not a political author. In 1713 he and his friend John Hughes began a periodical modelled on The Spectator entitled The Lay Monk. It only ran from 13 November 1713 to 15 February 1714 and appeared once every three weeks during that period. All the same, Blackmore had its issues collected and published as The Lay Monastery in the year the journal foundered.

In 1716, he became censor as well as a director of the College of Physicians, but the Hanoverians were not as taken with Blackmore as William or Anne had been. In that year, he had two volumes of Essays upon Several Subjects published, with an attack on Alexander Pope in the second volume. In 1718, he again went to press with A Collection of Poems on Various Subjects, which collected shorter poems that had already been published.

Blackmore was very concerned with Protestantism. He joined the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in America in 1704. He wrote Just Prejudices against the Arian Hypothesis, putatively against Deism and Unitarianism in 1721 and then, to help matters, wrote Modern Arians Unmasked in the same year. He also produced A New Version of the Psalms of David in 1721 and tried to get the Church of England to accept them as canonical translations. The next year, he resigned his governing position in the College of Physicians, and he also continued his campaign against supposed Arians with Redemption. In 1724, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel was set to publish Blackmore's Psalms as official for America, but the Bishop of London, Edmund Gibson (a conservative, but a Whig), opposed the project and kept it from coming to fruition.

Finally, Blackmore attempted to answer Deism again with Natural Theology, or, Moral Duties Consider'd apart from Positive in 1728. In 1731, his last work, The Accomplished Preacher, was published posthumously.

As a physician
Blackmore has come down, largely through the verse of Alexander Pope, as one avatar of Dulness, but, as a physician, he was quite forward thinking. He agreed with Sir Thomas Sydenham that observation and the physician's experience should take precedence over any Aristotelian ideals or hypothetical laws. He rejected Galen's humour theory as well. He wrote on plague in 1720, smallpox in 1722, and consumption in 1727.

He died in Boxted, Essex and was buried in his local parish church, where a monument was constructed.

As a butt of satire
Blackmore's fame today rests with his enemies. Garth's The Dispensary made him out to be a greedy fool with delusions, but Pope's criticisms would be the most lasting, and Pope hits Blackmore over and over again on his stupidity and delusions of grandeur. The Scriblerus Club (Pope, John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Robert Harley, Henry St. John, Jonathan Swift, and Thomas Parnell) attacked Blackmore in 1717's Three Hours after Marriage. Pope further picked out Blackmore's foolish lines in Peri Bathos (1727) and gives a devastating characterization of "Neverending Blackmore" in The Dunciad (1728), where Blackmore's poetry is so awful that it can even put lawyers to sleep. These attacks were on top of Tom Brown's previous attacks, as well as Dryden's.

Blackmore's poetry is leaden. What further qualified him as a 'dunce' was his willingness to use poetry for the purposes of self-advancement. The self-interest involved in King Arthur was apparent to contemporaries, and the desperation of Alfred was similarly offensive to other poets. In addition, Blackmore used his poetry to vilify fellow poets, especially (but not exclusively) Tory poets, and that made him vulnerable to counter-attacks that he could not survive. Nevertheless, in his own time, he enjoyed the "approbation of Locke, and the admiration of Molineux." His poetry was also praised by Watts and Matthew Henry, who frequently quoted Blackmore's poems in his Commentary on the Whole Bible.

Notes

References
Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds.  The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  vol. 6, 1–3.  London: Oxford UP, 2004.

External links

1654 births
1729 deaths
17th-century English medical doctors
18th-century English medical doctors
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century English poets
Epic poets
People from Corsham
Physicians-in-Ordinary
Writers of Arthurian literature
English male poets
17th-century English poets
17th-century male writers
Knights Bachelor
People from Boxted, Essex
Burials in Essex

Richard Blackmore


Heiligenstedten Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 8,96 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1675 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Gerfried Klitz tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtitzehoe-land.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Heiligenstedten


Anike Agbaje-Williams, née Kuforiji  est la première femme animatrice de télévision au Nigeria et la première femme africaine à travailler à la télévision.

Biographie

Enfance et formations
Anike Agbaje-Williams est née le 23 octobre 1936  à Abéokuta. Elle commence son cursus scolaire à Lagos où elle fréquente la CMS Girls School. En 1950, lorsque la CMS Girls School est transférée à Ibadan et rebaptisée St Anne's School, elle  déménage avec l'école et termine ses études dans la ville.

Carrière
En 1955, après avoir terminé ses études secondaires, elle est embauchée par la Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation à Ikoyi à Lagos, où elle commence sa carrière en tant que lectrice de nouvelles. Elle remplace d'abord un collègue qui ne se présentait pas au travail. Impressionnés par sa voix et son professionnalisme, les responsables de la chaîne lui demandent alors de rejoindre le département des programmes en tant que présentatrice.

Lorsqu'une station de télévision est créée à Ibadan en 1959, elle postule et passe un entretien à la suite duquel elle obtient un emploi dans la station. Anike Agbaje-Williams fait partie du personnel pionnier de la WNTV, la première station de télévision du Nigeria et est la première femme à y travailler. Elle devient productrice et directrice des programmes de la chaîne de télévision, avant de prendre sa retraite en 1986.

Références

Présentateur de journaux télévisés
Animatrice nigériane de télévision
Animatrice de radio nigériane
Journaliste de télévision
Journaliste nigérian du XXe siècle
Pionnière dans les médias
Naissance en octobre 1936
Naissance à Abeokuta
Journaliste nigériane

Anike Agbaje-Williams


Neşid es-Selam es-Sultani (Türkçe: Sultana Selam Marşı), Umman Sultanlığı'nın milli marşıdır. 1970'te uyarlanarak 6 Kasım 1997'de değiştirilmiştir.

Ulusal marşlar
Umman'ın ulusal sembolleri

Neşid es-Selam es-Sultani


This is a list of the former local government districts in Northern Ireland showing statistics for population, population density and area. The figures are from the 2011 Census.

These districts officially dissolved on 1 April 2015 when they were merged into eleven larger districts, statistics for which are listed at Local government in Northern Ireland.

See also
 Local government in Northern Ireland
 Local Councils in Northern Ireland by area
 Local Councils in Northern Ireland by population density
 List of districts in Northern Ireland by religion or religion brought up in
 List of districts in Northern Ireland by national identity

Notes

Government of Northern Ireland
Districts of Northern Ireland, 1972–2015
Demographics of Northern Ireland
Lists of places in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland

List of districts in Northern Ireland (pre-2015)


Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (d. 23 Eylül 1949, New Jersey), Amerikalı şarkıcı, gitarist ve şarkı yazarı.

Bruce Springsteen 1960'lı yıllarda müzik hayatına başlayarak çeşitli gruplarla çalan folk ve rock'ı harmanlayan bir müzisyendir. E Street Band adlı grubu, Basçı Gary Tallent, saksafoncu Clarence Clemons, gitarist Steven Van Zandt, klavyeci Danny Federici, piyanist Roy Bittan ve baterist Max Weinberg'den oluşmaktadır. 1982 yılında Steven Van Zandt, solo çalışmalar yapmak için gruptan ayrılınca yerine Nils Lofgren geldi. 1989 yılında grubundan ayrılmış ve solo çalışmalara yönelmiştir. En ünlü albümleri, 'Born to Run' ve 'Born in the USA'dir.

Hayatı
Springsteen Freehold'da, babasının işçi olarak çalıştığı bir geçimini değirmenlerden kazanan insanların yaşadığı kasabada büyüdü. Asi ve sanatçı tarafı O'nu yakın bir Jersey kıyısına sürükledi. Burada rock gruplarıyla tanıştı ve pek iyi sayılmayacak bir hayatla tanıştı. Orta-Atlantik kıyısında bar gruplarında kendini geliştirirken, 1972'de solo sarkıcı-söz yazarı oldu ve John Hammond, Sr. ile görüştü ve bir anda Columbia Records'la anlaşma yaptı. İlk iki albümünü 1973'te yayınladı, bu albümlerde folk-rock, soul, ve rhythm and blues etkileşimleri bulunmaktadır, bilhassa da Van Morrison, Bob Dylan ve Stax/Volt Lp'lerinden etkilenmeler olmuştur. Springsteen'in sesini, işlenmemiş bariton, yüksek tempolu şarkılarda bağırırken ve yavaş şarkılarına daha fazla duygu vermek için bu albümlerde kullandı. Fakat göz alıcı gitar tekniği, yoğun güç efektlerinden 1950'lerin rock and roll'una uzanan, yumuşatılmalıydı ki sarkıcı-söz yazarı formatına uysun.

Üçüncü albümü, Born to Run (1975) ile Springsteen, Phil Spector ve Roy Orbison'a çok şey borçlu olan tam bir rock and rollera, dönüştü. Bir günlük Şarkı döngüsüne sahip bu albüm çıkmadan sansasyon oldu. Columbia'nın halkla ilişkiler harekâtı, albümün ilk çıktığı hafta Time ve Newsweek'e kapak olmasını sağladı. Ama albüm sadece ortalama satış yaptı, ve üç yıl sonra da devamı niteliğinde, daha karanlık, kaba Darkness on the Edge of Town geldi. The River(1980)'den "Hungry Heart" ile Ulusal bir hit single oluşturdu.

O zamana kadar ise, sahne gösterileriyle tanınmaktaydı, 3 ya da 4 saat suren E Street Band'iyle çaldığı rock, folk ve soulu dramatik yoğunluk ve coşkun mizahla karıştırdığı şovlarla. Grubu, karışık stereotipler: rock and roll haydutlarından, cool müzik profesyonellerine oluşmaktaydı.- sanki müziksel bir olgudan çok bir çeteydi. Görünüşte de birlikteliklerini sağlayan liderlerine olan inançtan daha fazla bir şeyle bir arada durmaktaydılar. Springsteen ve saksafoncusu Clarence Clemons, büyük siyahi adam, bazen sanki Huckleberry Finn'den sahne oynuyor gibilerdi, sahne ise onların salıydı. Springsteen'in, Born to Run'dan sonraki, record firmasının halkla ilişkileriyle ve pazarlama yöntemleriyle savaşması ve ayrıca zorluklarla yapılan kayıtları ve gözalıcı sahne şovları, sadece bir performer değil ama prensip sahibi, güçlü, ve popüler biri olduğunu kanıtladı. Bu zaman kadar Springsteen , bir ihtimalle Doğu Deniz kısmının, Boston'dan Virginia'ya uzanan belgesinde bir kahramandı. Şarkıları ve tavırları belirli bir rock and roll yasam tarzını yansıtmaktaydı ki bu O'nu ulusal bir figür veya uluslararası bir başarı yapmıyordu.

Nebraska (1982), sade akustik şarkılardan oluşuyordu, ve çoğu bir şekilde ölümle ilgiliydi, olağandışı bir araydı. Born in the U.S.A. (1984) ve devamı niteliğindeki 18 aylık dünya turu Springsteen'in başarılı yazar-performer kimliğini gözler önüne serdi. 7 hit single çıkan albümde, bilhassa da Born in the USA sarkısı, sempatik şekilde yazılmış Vietnam Gazileri portresidir ve yanlış anlaşılmıştır. (Vatansever bir şarkı sanılmıştır). Springsteen'in perspektifi bariz bir şekilde işçi sınıfı olmuştur. Bu tarafı açıkça The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) albümünde vurgulanmıştır. The Ghost of Tom Joad, kendisini Amerika'nın ekonomik ve ruhsal yoksunluğu ile ilişkilendirmiştir. Ve 1994 hit single'ı , AIDS konulu, "Streets of Philadelphia" (Philadelphia filminden), hem Müzik Oscar'ı hem de Grammy ödülü kazanmıştır.

Springsteen'in diğer yönü ise Tunnel of Love (1987) ile baslayan albümlerinde görülmektedir, ve Human Touch ve Lucky Town (aynı anda 1992'de çıkmışlardır). Bu albümlerdeki şarkılar, yakın insani ilişkiler üzerine yoğun kişisel yansımalar taşır. Ama popüler olabildikleri söylenemez.

Bruce Springsteen and the E Band Live 1975-1985 (1986) seti bu sanatçının bu aşamaları arasında bir köprüdür ki O'nun canlı, görsel sahne şovunu ne kadar sese döküp kaydedebilirseniz ancak bu kadar yakın olabilirsiniz. (Müzik video çalışması çok daha az iyidir). E Street Band'in 1989'da dağılması ve popüler müziğe kayışlar, Springsteen'in popülaritesini frenlemiştir. 1998'de Springsteen, bir box set çıkardı, Tracks, orijinal albümlerinde yer vermediği şarkıları bu sete koydu. Gözalıcılığı, O'nu çoğu benzerinden ayırmıştır. Tracks satışları Live'dan çok düşük kalmıştır. 1998'de E Streetb Band'le reunion turuna cıktı. Bir sonraki sene ise Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'e alındı.

Tarihçe
 1972: Columbia Records ile anlaşma imzaladı.
 1973: 'Greetings From Asbury Park, NY' adlı ilk albümünü ve daha sonra 'The Wild, The Innocent And The E Street Shuffle' adlı albümünü yayınladı.
 1975: 'Born To Run' adlı üçüncü albümü yayınlanarak Top 10´de yer aldı.
 1978: 4. albümü 'Darkness At The Edge Of Town' yayınlandı.
 1980: 'The River' adlı double albümü 1 numaraya yükseldi.
 1982: 'Nebraska' adlı albümü yayınlandı.
 1984: 'Born in the U.S.A.' adlı albümünü yayınlandı.
 1984 - 1986: Dünya turnesine çıktı.
 1986: 'Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band / Live 1975 ' 1985' adlı konser albümünü yayınladı.
 1987:'Tunnel Of Love' adlı albümü Ekim ´de piyasaya çıktı.
 1989: E Street Band´den ayrıldı.
 1992: 'Human Touch', 'Lucky Town' ve 'MTV Unplugged' albümlerini yayınladı.
 1993: 'Philadelphia' filmi soundtrack albümü için 'Streets of Philadelphia' adlı şarkıyı yazdı.
 1994: Streets of Philadelphia parçası ile Oscar ve Grammy ödüllerinin de sahibi oldu.
 1995: 'Greatest Hits' adlı albümü ve 'The Ghost Of Tom Joad' piyasaya çıktı.
 1998: 'Tracks' albümü yayınlandı.
 1999: '18 Tracks' adlı albümü yayınlandı.
 2001: Live in New York City
 2002: 'The Rising'
 2003: 'The Essential Bruce Springsteen'
 2005: 'Devils & Dust'
 2007: 'Magic'
 2008: 'Girls in their Summer Clothes'
 2008: 'Magic Tour Highlights'
 2009: Greatest Hits with E-Street Band
 2009: Working On A Dream
 2010: London Calling: Live In Hyde Park
 2010: The Promise: The Darkness On The Edge Of Town Story
 2012: Wrecking Ball
 2014: High Hopes
 2019: Western Stars
 2020: Letter to You
 2022: Only the Strong Survive

Dış bağlantılar

 Bruce Springsteen resmi internet sitesi
 Across the Border
 If I Should Fall Behind

1949 doğumlular
En İyi Özgün Şarkı Akademi Ödülü sahibi şarkı yazarları
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
BRIT Ödülü sahipleri
Columbia Records sanatçıları
Sony/ATV Music Publishing sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
Altın Küre Ödülü kazanan müzisyenler
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
Amerikalı folk gitaristleri
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı piyanistler
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı piyanistler
Amerikalı rock piyanistleri
Amerikalı erkek şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Şarkı Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Görsel Medya Şarkısı Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Yılın MusiCares Kişisi Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Müzik Filmi Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Yılın Şarkısı Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Favori Erkek Pop/Rock Sanatçısı Amerikan Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikan Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşam Boyu Başarı Tony Onur Ödülü sahipleri
Özel Tony Ödülü sahipleri

Bruce Springsteen


Kurt Stettler (* 11. April 1910 in Boll; † Dezember 1974 in Bern) war ein Schweizer Radrennfahrer.

1933, noch als Amateur, wurde Kurt Stettler Schweizer Strassenmeister und gewann die Ungarn-Rundfahrt. Bei den Strassenweltmeisterschaften im selben Jahr im französischen Montlhéry wurde er Vize-Weltmeister hinter seinem Landsmann Paul Egli. Von 1934 bis 1939 war er Profi. Sein grösster Erfolg in dieser Zeit war der zweite Platz bei den Schweizer Strassenmeisterschaften im Jahre 1934.

Weblinks

Radsportler (Schweiz)
Schweizer Meister (Radsport)
Schweizer
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1974
Mann

Kurt Stettler (Radsportler)


داء الليشمانيات الجلدي (يُسَمَّى بِالعَامِّيَّةِ: المُسْتَكْوِيَةُ أو البداة أو الأبدة أو الآكِلَةُ أو المُحْتَفِرَةُ أو الأخت)  أشيع أشكال داء الليشمانيات، وهو مجموعة أمراض يسببها طفيلي وحيد الخلية من جنس الليشمانيا، حيث يمكن لنحو عشرين نوعاً من هذا الطفيلي أن تسبب المرض عند الإنسان، أغلبها، باستثناء المرض الناجم عن الليشمانيا المدارية، أمراض حيوانية المنشأ. ينتقل هذا المرض بواسطة
لدغ حشرات من أسرة الفواصد تنتمي إلى جنس الفاصدة في العالم القديم وجنس اللوتزومية في العالم الجديد.

التسميات المحلية
التسميات المحلية لداء الليشمانيات الجلدي عديدة حسب مناطق توطن المرض، منها قرحة الشرق وحبّة حلب وحبة السنة وحبة بسكرة وقرحة بغداد، والأخت في شبه الجزيرة العربية (في العالم القديم)، ومرض الأنديز أو إسبونديا في العالم الجديد.

العلامات والأعراض

داء الليشمانيا الجلدي التالي لمرض الكلازار (عقبولة الداء الأسود PKDL)

ينجم  (PKDL) عن الإصابة بمرض الكلازار الذي قد يظهر على جلد الأفراد المصابين بعد فترة يمكن أن تصل إلى 20 عامًا من علاجهم جزئيًا أو عدم علاجهم أو حتى لدى هؤلاء الأفراد الذين يمكن القول إنه شفوا منهُ على النحو الكافي والملائم. ففي السودان، يمكن أن يظهر هذا المرض في حوالي %60 من الحالات التي خضعت للعلاج. ويظهر هذا المرض في صورة بقع جلدية ناقصة التصبغ أو حطاطات أو عقيدات أو احمرار بالجلد في منطقة الوجه. وعلى الرغم من أي كائن حي يسبب الإصابة بمرض الكلازار يمكنه أن يسبب الإصابة بداء PKDL، فإنه من الشائع ارتباط الإصابة به بطفيل الليشمانيا الدونوفانية الذي يسبب أنماطًا مختلفة من المرض في كل من الهند والسودان. ففي النمط الذي يظهر به المرض في الهند، تكبر العقيدات بمرور الوقت وتشكل بقعًا أو لطعًا دهنيةً كبيرةً، لكنها نادرًا ما تتقرح، لكن بالنسبة للعقيدات التي تتكون في النمط الذي يظهر في أفريقيا، فإنها غالبًا ما تتقرح كلما تقدمت مراحل المرض بمرور الوقت. ويشيع امتداد تأثير هذا المرض ليشمل الأعصاب في أفريقيا، لكن هذا الأمر نادر الحدوث في شبة القارة الهندية. وقد تبين من خلال دراسة هذا المرض في إطار علم الأنسجة أن هناك مجموعة متنوعة من الخلايا الالتهابية المزمنة؛ والتي يمكن أن تتمثل في خلايا بلعمية أو في أورام حبيبية ظهارية. ولا يعتبر تركيز الطفيليات ثابتًا في كل الدراسات المتعلقة بهذا الشأن، الأمر الذي ربما يعكس انخفاض درجة حساسية أساليب التشخيص التي كانت مستخدمة من قبل.

يتضمن منهج التشخيص الحالي: 1- الكشف عن وجود الطفيليات من خلال الفحص الميكروسكوبي، سواء عن طريق فحص مستنبتات طفيلية أو التلقيح الحيواني في المعمل، 2- التشخيص المناعي لمستضدات الطفيليات، 3- الكشف عن الحمض النووي DNA للطفيل في النسيج الحيوي المصاب. وتتمتع وسائل التشخيص الأحدث المعتمدة على تقنية تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي (PCR) بدرجة حساسية ودقة أعلى. وقد تم الإعلان عن ظهور حالات إصابة بداء PKDL لدى أفراد مصابين بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية المعروف باسم HIV اختصارًا وقد يمثل ذلك مشكلةً في المستقبل.

ويستخدم صوديوم الستيبوجلوكونات (SSG) بمفرده أو مع دواء الريفامبيسين لعلاج داء PKDL لفترة علاج طويلة قد تمتد إلى 4 أشهر. وربما يكون الخضوع للعلاج موضع جدل خاصةً وأن فترة العلاج طويلة.

داء الليشمانيا الجلدي المخاطي

يعتبر داء الليشمانيا الجلدي المخاطي أكثر أنواع داء الليشمانيا الجلدي إثارةً للخوف نظرًا لأنه ينتج آفات مدمرة ومشوهة في الوجه. وفي الأغلب يكون السبب فيها هو طفيل الليشمانيا البرازيلية، لكن هناك حالات نادرة تم رصدها والتي يرجع السبب في حدوثها إلى طفيل الليشمانيا الأثيوبية.

ويعالج داء الليشمانيا الجلدي المخاطي على فترات طويلة (تصل إلى 30 يومًا) من العلاج بجرعات كبيرة (20 ملليجرام/كيلوجرام) من الأنتيمونيات خماسية التكافؤ. وقد لا ينجح العلاج في نحو %42 من حالات الإصابة. وحتى في حالات المرضى الذين يبدو ظاهريًا أنهم قد شفوا من المرض، قد تعاود حوالي %19 منهم الإصابة بالمرض مرةً أخرى. وجرب العديد من أشكال المزج بين الأدوية التي تحتوي على عوامل منظمة للمناعة، مثل إعطاء مزيج من دواء البنتوكسيفللين (مثبط العامل المنخر للورم ألفا) ومركب الأنتيموني خماسي التكافؤ بجرعات كبيرة لمدة 30 يومًا على عدد محدود من المرضى (23 مريضًا) من البرازيل خضعوا لدراسات عشوائية مضبوطة باستخدام الدواء الوهمي حول تأثير هذا المزيج الدوائي، وقد شفيت نسبة 90% منهم، كما تراجعت الفترة اللازمة للعلاج، وهي النتيجة التي ينبغي تفسيرها ودراستها بحرص في ضوء الحدود الأساسية للدراسات محدودة النطاق. وكانت إحدى الدراسات محدودة النطاق السابقة (التي أجريت على 12 مريضًا)، مع إضافة كريم الإيموكويمود للمزيج السابق، قد أظهرت نتائج مبشرة والتي لا يزال من الضروري التحقق منها من خلال تجارب ذات نطاق أوسع.

الفيسيولوجيا المرضية

ينتقل البروماستيجوت، الطور المعدي من طفيل الليشمانيا، إلى جلد الإنسان عن طريق لدغة ذبابة الرمل. بعدها، يهاجم طفيل الليشمانيا الخلايا البلعمية في الإنسان ويتكاثر داخلها.

تظهر آفة حمراء بارزة في مكان لدغة الذبابة (غالبًا في غضون أسابيع أو ربما بعد سنوات من اللدغة). بعد ذلك، تتقرح الآفة وقد تصيبها عدوى بكتيرية ثانوية. في أنواع عديدة من طفيل الليشمانيا، (على سبيل المثال، طفيل الليشمانيا الكبيرة) عادةً ما تشفى الآفة بشكل تلقائي، ولكنها تترك ندوبًا ضامرةً مكانها. وفي بعض الأنواع الأخرى (مثل طفيل الليشمانيا البرازيلية) ربما تشفى الآفة تلقائيًا مع ترك آثار ندبة مكانها، لكنها تعاود الظهور مجددًا في مكان آخر من الجسم (خاصةً الآفات الناتجة عن الإصابة بداء الليشمانيا المخاطي المدمر). وقد تشفى آفات الأنواع الأخرى من الليشمانيا تلقائيًا، ثم تعاود الظهور مرةً أخرى في صورة آفات ملحقة حول مكان الآفة الأصلية، أو على امتداد مسار التصريف الليمفاوي.

تسبب بعض أنواع طفيل الليشمانيا داء الليشمانيا الجلدي (مثل طفيل الليشمانيا الكبيرة وطفيل الليشمانيا المدارية)، بينما تسبب بعض الأنواع الأخرى داء الليشمانيا الحشوي (مثل طفيل الليشمانيا الطفلية وطفيل الليشمانيا الدونوفانية)، على الرغم من أن البحث الناشئ (بسبب ارتفاع معدلات انتشار الإصابة التي تمتد من دول الغرب المتقدمة وحتى الشعوب القبلية) يظهر عدم وجود حدود واضحة وفاصلة بين هذه الأنواع.

التشخيص

يعتمد التشخيص على المظهر المميز للآفات البارزة التي تغطيها قشرة ولم تُعالج والتي يمكن أن تتقرح وتصيبها عدوى ثانوية من كائنات حية مثل بكتيريا المكورات العنقودية الذهبية، لدى شخص قد عاد من منطقة يستوطن بها المرض. ويتمثل المعيار الأمثل للتشخيص في تقنية تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي المعروفة باسم PCR اختصارًا.

العلاج
لا توجد أدلة مؤكدة على أن هناك علاجًا مثاليًا لداء الليشمانيات الجلدي. فطرق العلاج المناسبة لأحد أشكال داء الليشمانيات قد تكون غير مناسبة لأنواع أخرى منه. وعلى نحو مثالي، ينبغي بذل كل جهد ممكن من أجل تحديد أنواع طفيل الليشمانيا من خلال التقنيات الجزيئية (تقنية PCR) قبل البدء في علاج أي منها. وفي إطار أية دولة نامية، عادةً ما يكون هناك نوع واحد فقط من الطفيل منتشرًا في كل إقليم أو مدينة بها، لذلك ليس من الضروري غالبًا تصنيف كل عدوى طفيلية.

 طفيل الليشمانيا الكبيرة
 تعتبر حالات العدوى بالليشمانيا الكبيرة عادةً من الحالات التي تشفى تلقائيًا ولا تتطلب علاجًا، لكن هناك تقارير عديدة عن وجود حالات إصابة خطيرة سببها طفيل الليشمانيا الكبيرة في أفغانستان.
وفي المملكة العربية السعودية، ثبتت فاعلية الفلوكونازول في تسريع الشفاء من خلال تناول 200 مغ منه يوميًا عن طريق الفم لمدة ستة أسابيع
 الليشمانيا البرازيلية
 يعتبر العلاج باستخدام مركبات الأنتموان خماسي التكافؤ أو الأمفوتريسين ضروريًا في حالة الإصابة بعدوى بالليشمانيا البرازيلية بسبب احتمال أن يتسبب في تكون آفات مخاطية جلدية مشوهة للوجه.

الليشمانيا الطفلية
 تسبب الليشمانيا الطفلية الإصابة بداء الليشمانيات الجلدي في جنوب فرنسا.

هناك طرق علاج جديدة بدواء الميلتيفوسين الذي يتم تناوله عن طريق الفم (إمبافيدو) والذي قد أوضحت تجارب سريرية عديدة فاعليته وأمنه في علاج كلٍ من داء الليشمانيات الحشوي وداء الليشمانيات الجلدي. وتظهر دراسات أجريت مؤخرًا في بوليفيا ارتفاع معدل الشفاء من داء الليشمانيات الجلدي المخاطي في حالة استخدام دواء الميلتيفوسين. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أظهرت دراسات مقارنة ضد الأنتيمونيات خماسية التكافؤ في إيران وباكستان تحقق معدل شفاء عالٍ من كل من طفيلي الليشمانيا الكبيرة والليشمانيا المدارية في حالة استخدام الدواء نفسه.
وقد تم تسجيل هذا الدواء في العديد من دول أمريكا اللاتينية (مثل كولومبيا)، وكذلك في ألمانيا، موطن شركة «زينتاريس جي إم بي إتش» المصنعة للدواء. وفي أكتوبر 2006، تم منح الدواء وضع الدواء اليتيم (orphan drug)، أو الدواء المستخدم لعلاج الأمراض أو الحالات المرضية النادرة، من قبل إدارة الأغذية والأدوية الأمريكية. وبوجه عام، فإن هذا الدواء يتميز بآثار جانبية طفيفة مقارنة ببقية الأدوية الأخرى. وتتمثل الآثار الجانبية الأساسية له في حدوث اضطرابات هضمية خلال اليومين الأولين من العلاج، الأمر الذي لا يؤثر مطلقًا على فاعلية الدواء.

ومن الشائع حدوث إصابة بعدوى بكتيرية ثانوية (خاصة العدوى بالعنقودية الذهبية) وقد يتطلب علاجها استخدام المضادات الحيوية. وللأسف، قد يخطئ الأطباء غير المعتادين على مواجهة حالات الإصابة بداء الليشمانيات الجلدي في تشخيص الآفة، بحيث يعتبرونها عدوى بكتيرية عادية (خاصةً بعد عزل بكتيريا العنقودية الذهبية من عينات الجلد التي يتم أخذها لإجراء فحص بكتيري) ويغيب عن أذهانهم احتمال أن تكون إصابة بداء الليشمانيات.

الانتشار الوبائي للمرض
يعتبر داء الليشمانيا الجلدي من الأمراض المستوطنة في أجزاء عديدة من العالم. لحوالي 20 نوعًا من أنواع طفيل الليشمانيا المختلفة القدرة على إصابة الإنسان بالعدوى. ويرتبط انتشار داء الليشمانيا الجلدي ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالتوزيع الجغرافي؛ حيث يمكن أن تنتشر الإصابة بداء الليشمانيا الجلدي بين المناطق الجغرافية المختلفة بمعدلات مختلفة لتمتد لقرى تبعد حتى بمقدار 15 ميلاً عن مركز الإصابة.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ترتبط بعض أنواع طفيل الليشمانيا بوجود الإنسان، ولذلك فهي تنتشر في المدن (مثل طفيل الليشمانيا المدارية)، بينما ترتبط بعض الأنواع الأخرى عادة بدرجة أكبر بأنواع من الحيوانات، ومن ثم تعتبر من الطفيليات حيوانية المصدر (مثل طفيل الليشمانيا الكبيرة). وهناك بعض أنواع الطفيليات التي يمكن أن تعتبر عادةً من الطفيليات حيوانية المصدر (مثل طفيل الليشمانيا البنامية)، والتي ربما تتحول إلى أمراض تصيب الإنسان بشكل رئيسي.

ولقد كانت هناك حالات إصابة بداء الليشمانيا الجلدي منتشرة بين الجنود العائدين من أفغانستان.

المراجع

أمراض جلدية
أمراض منقولة بناقل
داء الليشمانيات
عدوى طفيلية ولسعات وعضات للجلد
وبائيات

داء الليشمانيات الجلدي