علي عثمان محمد طه (1944-) سياسي سوداني، كان عضوا في البرلمان السوداني لدورات عديدة ثم وزيراً للتخطيط الاجتماعي 1993 – 1995، ووزيراً للخارجية 1995 - 1998 ، وقد عمل نائباً أول لرئيس الجمهورية منذ 1998 ، ونائباً ثانياً لرئيس الجمهورية في حكومة الوحدة الوطنية في 9 يوليو 2005 ، نائباً أول لرئيس جمهورية السودان سابقاً بعد انفصال الجنوب حتى عام 2013 . عُرف تاريخياً بأنه الرجل الثاني في تنظيم الجبهة الإسلامية القومية، بعد حسن عبد الله الترابي إلى أن انقلب عليه في ديسمبر 1999 م، بعد مذكرة العشرة الشهيرة التي أدّت لعزل  الترابي بعد صراع على السلطة مع عمر البشير -الرئيس السوداني السابق-.

الولادة والنشأة
ولد علي عثمان محمد طه يوم 1 نوفمبر 1944 في الخرطوم لأسرة بسيطة الحال تنتمي إلى قبيلة الشايقية العربية وتلقّى تعليماً دينيا في الخلوة في بواكير حياته.

المراحل التعليمية

تلقّى الأستاذ علي عثمان محمد طه جميع مراحله التعليمية داخل السودان في ولاية الخرطوم:
 مدرسة الخرطوم غرب الابتدائية، ومدرسة الخرطوم الأميرية الوسطى، ومدرسة الخرطوم الثانوية القديمة.
 جامعة الخرطوم – تخرّج في كلية القانون عام1971 ، وتحصل على بكلوريوس القانون مرتبة الشرف الأولى من جامعة الخرطوم عام 1971م.

الوظائف المدنية والسياسية
عمل علي عثمان محمد طه في وظائف مدنية وسياسية :
 الهيئة القضائية – الأعوام 1972 - 1976 .
 المحاماة 1976 .
 عمل رائداً لمجلس الشعب 1977 – 1985 .
 عضواً في مجلس الشعب القومي لثلاث دورات 1977 - 1985 .
 زعيماً للمعارضة بالجمعية التأسيسية 1986 – 1989 .
 عضو المجلس الوطني الانتقالي 1991 – 1993 .
 وزيراً للتخطيط الاجتماعي1993 – 1995 .
 وزيراً للخارجية 1995 - 1998
 نائباً أولاً لرئيس الجمهورية 1998 .
 قاد وفد التفاوض الحكومي لتحقيق السلام بـ اتفاقية السلام الشامل التي تمت يوم9 يناير 2005 .
 نائباً ثانياً لرئيس جمهورية السودان في حكومة الوحدة الوطنية من يوم 9 يوليو 2005 .
 نائباُ أولاً لرئيس جمهورية السودان بعد انفصال جنوب السودان .
 استقال في 8 ديسمبر 2013 وعين الفريق أول بكري حسن صالح بدلاً عنه .

العمل السياسي

في فترة الرئيس السوداني الأسبق جعفر النميري
برز علي عثمان سياسيا إبّان دخوله لجامعة الخرطوم حيث انضم لـجماعة الاخوان المسلمين رغم نشأته في بيئة ختمية ومن خلال الجماعة أصبح رئيساً لإتحاد طلاب جامعة الخرطوم عام 1971 .

أُنتخب عضواً لمجلس الشعب لثلاث دورات في الفترة من 1977 - 1985 وكان رائداً لمجلس الشعب.

من داخل البرلمان أُنتخب رئيساً للجنة الشئون القانونية في العام 1985 . بعد انشقاق جماعة الاخوان المسلمين انضم إلى الجبهة الإسلامية القومية التي كان يتزعّمها الدكتور حسن الترابي .

عهد الديمقراطية الثالثة
انتخب عضواً بالبرلمان السوداني باسم الجبهة الإسلامية في فترة الديمقراطية الثالثة حيث تزعم المعارضة بالجمعية التأسيسية في الفترة من 1986 - 1989 .
بعد انقلاب الإنقاذ في 30 يونيو 1989 تم تعيينه نائباً بالبرلمان الانتقالي في الفترة من 1991 - 1993 ، وتم تكليفه من قبل رئاسة الجمهورية وزيراً للتخطيط الاجتماعي في الفترة من 1993 - 1995 ، ومن ثم وزيراً للخارجية السودانية في الفترة من 1995- 1998 .

بعد مقتل النائب الأول للرئيس السوداني الزبير محمد صالح في حادث سقوط طائرة تم تعيينه نائباً أولاً للرئيس عام 1998 - 2005 . وتزعّم رئاسة الحركة الإسلامية السودانية بعد إقصائه لحسن الترابي في ديسمبر 1999 م بعد قرارات الرابع من رمضان. وترأّس مفاوضات السلام السودانية بين شمال وجنوب السودان لإنهاء الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية التي استمرت 25 عاماً وراح ضحيتها مئات الآلاف من أبناء السودان حيث أفضت إلى توقيع اتفاقية السلام الشامل في منتجع نيفاشا الكيني في التاسع من يناير 2005م التي أدّت لانفصال جنوب السودان عن شماله في العام 2011 بإستفتاء .

وفي التاسع من يوليو من العام2005م. أدّى القسم نائباً ثانيا لرئيس الجمهورية مفسحا المجال لـ سيلفا كير كنائب أول ممثلا الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان التي وقعت مع الحكومة الاتفاقية. ثم تم تعيينه نائباً أول لرئيس جمهورية السودان بعد انفصال جنوب السودان وقدّم استقالته في ديسمبر 2013 .

ق

وصلات خارجية
 موقع رئاسة جمهورية السودان

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إسلاميون سودانيون
خريجو جامعة الخرطوم
رؤساء حكومات سجنوا لاحقا
سياسيون إسلاميون
سياسيون عرب
سياسة السودان
قضاة سودانيون
محامون سودانيون
مواليد 1944
مواليد 1947
نواب رؤساء السودان
وزراء خارجية السودان

علي عثمان طه


Tahir Akyürek, (d. 1959, Derebucak, Konya, Türkiye), Türk siyasetçidir. Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi eski başkanı.

Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Bağ-Kur Konya İl Müdürlüğü'nde Avukat, Konya Ticaret Odası'nda Genel Sekreter olarak görev yaptı. Çeşitli sivil toplum kuruluşlarında yöneticiliklerde bulundu. Daha sonra Serbest Avukat olarak çalıştı. 2004-2018 yılları arasında Konya Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı olarak görev yaptı. 2018 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nden Konya milletvekili seçildi.

Evli ve üç çocuk babasıdır.

Kaynakça

1959 doğumlular
Derebucak doğumlular
Konya belediye başkanları
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
21. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
TBMM 27. dönem Konya milletvekilleri
Konya doğumlu siyasetçiler
TBMM Bayındırlık, İmar, Ulaştırma ve Turizm Komisyonu Başkanları
20. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
21. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
TBMM 28. dönem Konya milletvekilleri
TBMM Çevre Komisyonu

Tahir Akyürek


Tore André Flo (born 15 June 1973) is a Norwegian former professional football striker and coach who is the manager of 1. divisjon club Sogndal.

He was capped 76 times, scoring 23 goals for Norway, and represented his country in 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000, and scored Norway's first goal when Norway won 2–1 against Brazil and advanced to the second round of the 1998 World Cup.

During his professional career, he played for Sogndal, Tromsø and Brann in Tippeligaen, before he moved abroad and played for Chelsea. After a successful spell with the English club, he was sold to Rangers for £12 million and became the most expensive Norwegian player. Flo later had spells at Sunderland, Siena, Vålerenga and Leeds United before he announced his retirement in March 2008. He later made two comebacks; for Milton Keynes Dons in November 2008 and the Norwegian club Sogndal in March 2011. In August 2012 he announced his retirement for the third time. He subsequently rejoined Chelsea as a member of their coaching staff.

Early life
Flo hails from the village of Flo in the municipality of Stryn in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. He comes from a family of footballers.

Club career

Sogndal
Flo started his career with his local amateur club Stryn. In 1993, he moved to Sogndal, playing with his brothers Jostein and Jarle. Tore André Flo made his debut in Tippeligaen on 17 April 1994 against Tromsø. When Sogndal was relegated from Tippeligaen in 1994, Flo was transferred to Tromsø.

Tromsø
In Tromsø, Flo became a success: he scored 18 goals in the 1995-season, and was the club's top goalscorer. His performances in that season culminated in Flo making his debut for the Norwegian national team.

Brann
Flo moved to Bergen in 1996 to play for Brann. He continued to play well, and scored 28 goals during his stay there. During his years in Brann, Flo arguably became one of Norway's best attackers.

In the first half of the 1997 season, however, he was not considered a great success by most of the Brann fans, perhaps because his mind was already in Chelsea, which he signed for under disputed circumstances. He did, however, score a hat-trick in his last game for Brann before leaving for Chelsea.

Chelsea
Flo was bought for £300,000 by the English Premier League team Chelsea in the summer of 1997.

Flo made his debut for Chelsea against Coventry City, and scored in a 3–2 loss for his side. He scored 15 goals in his debut season for Chelsea, including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane and two in a 6–2 win over Crystal Palace as Chelsea finished 4th in the Premier League and won the League Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup. Flo made a particularly important contribution in the latter tournament, hitting two away goals against Real Betis in the quarter-finals.

A year later, as Chelsea challenged for the title, Flo hit ten league goals, but constantly found his playing opportunities limited by manager Gianluca Vialli's squad rotation policy and the signing of Italian striker Pierluigi Casiraghi. The Blues eventually finished third, high enough for their first ever UEFA Champions League qualification. Flo scored 19 goals in the 1999–00 season, making him Chelsea's top scorer and helping the club win the FA Cup and reach the Champions League quarter-finals, where he scored twice in a 3–1 win over Barcelona at Stamford Bridge. He scored another at the Camp Nou in the return game against Barca, though the team ultimately lost 5–1 (it was 3–1 at full-time, with Chelsea conceding two goals in extra time). By the start of the 2000–01 season, Chelsea had signed strikers Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Eiður Guðjohnsen, despite scoring two goals and assisting one in a 3–3 away tie against Manchester United, he was again forced onto the substitutes' bench, and he requested a move away. He made 163 appearances for Chelsea (70 of which were as a substitute) and scored 50 goals.

Rangers
In November 2000, Flo was sold to Scottish Premier League team Rangers, in a record £12 million deal (£ today), making Flo the most expensive Norwegian player ever, Rangers' most expensive signing and the biggest transfer by any Scottish club.

Much was expected of Flo, and he started off well by scoring on his début in a 5–1 victory over Rangers' archrivals Celtic, and hit 18 goals in 30 SPL games. His second season at Rangers was considered his best in Scotland, scoring 22 goals in 42 games, including the opening goal in the 2002 League Cup final win over Ayr United.

Sunderland
He was sold to Sunderland on transfer deadline day at the beginning of the 2002–03 season. Flo's arrival was announced alongside fellow striker Marcus Stewart, and the total cost of the transfers were declared as £10m. The individual prices were not made clear by Sunderland, although a figure of £8.2 million for Flo was widely quoted by the media. Sunderland have since confirmed that he was bought for £6.75 million (£ today), making him Sunderland's second most expensive purchase. Sunderland's manager Peter Reid had been under-fire throughout pre-season for his failure to buy a big-name striker as a long-term replacement for the ageing Niall Quinn. The relatively high price-tag for a player who was struggling in Scotland, and the late hour of his signing led many fans, and pundits including legend Jimmy Montgomery to believe that Flo was a deadline-day panic buy. Once again he scored in his debut match, a 1–1 draw with Manchester United.

It was clear by Sunderland's tactics that Reid expected Flo to slot into the role of veteran Niall Quinn (who retired from playing in November) as a tall target-man for long-balls. It was not a role he was comfortable with, and he struggled to form a partnership with fellow striker Kevin Phillips. When Reid was sacked in October and replaced by Howard Wilkinson, Flo immediately fell out of favour – failing to make the bench for Wilkinson's first game – as Wilkinson publicly called into question the Norwegian's fitness. Flo managed to work his way back into the first-team until Wilkinson's dismissal in March. His successor, Mick McCarthy failed to give Flo 90 minutes of football in any of the remaining nine games of the season.

In 33 appearances for Sunderland Flo scored only 6 goals (4 of them in the Premiership) completing only 11 of the 23 league games he started. Sunderland were relegated to Division One, and with massive debts were forced to sell or release most players on high wages. Flo played one League Cup game in the 2003–04, but in the autumn of 2003 he was given a free transfer.

Siena
Flo then tried his luck in Italy, joining newly promoted Serie A team Siena on a free transfer in 2003. Flo played for Siena for two seasons, becoming a success in Italian football and helping the club establish themselves in the top division for the first time. He showed surprising versatility when he was asked by manager Giuseppe Papadopulo to play in a more withdrawn role as a second striker, behind Enrico Chiesa and Nicola Ventola, rather than in his usual role as a main striker. He excelled in this position and was ever-present for his club throughout the 2003–04 season, as he scored eight goals, helping Siena to avoid relegation: he scored his first goal for his new club against Empoli in the third round of the league on 20 September. The next goal came against Reggina in the sixth round 18 October. Later becoming matchwinner in a 1–0 home win against Udinese.

His second and last season with the club was less successful, as injuries and competition from other strikers saw him gain less playing time under manager Gigi Simoni; he only managed five goals from 17 starts throughout the 2004–05 season, and made 5 appearances as substitute, although he once again helped Siena avoid relegation. He scored the only goal in a historic 1–0 first ever victory against rivals Fiorentina. He put on another brilliant performance in November against eventual finalists Roma in a 2–1 Coppa Italia away win where he scored both of his team's goals. Another two goals came in a 1–3 away win against Chievo in January, he also scored the 2–1 goal in a 2–2 home tie against eventual Coppa Italia champions Inter Milan.

Vålerenga

Flo signed for the ambitious club Vålerenga from Oslo in July 2005. He was contracted to the club until the end of the 2006 season. His stay at Vålerenga was hampered by numerous injuries that prevented him of making a serious impact. Vålerenga did not offer him a new contract at the end of the season, leaving Flo free to sign with other clubs.

Leeds United
On 3 January 2007, former teammate Dennis Wise brought Flo back to England, this time for Leeds United, with a contract lasting till the end of the 2006–07 Championship season. Flo made his away début as a substitute for the Yorkshire outfit in Leeds' 3–1 defeat to West Bromwich Albion in the FA Cup. A week later Flo scored his first goal for Leeds against the same opposition after three minutes with a towering header in a league match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. Subsequent injury prevented Flo from playing any significant part during the rest of the season. Flo was believed to be set to leave Leeds due to a clause in his contract, but Leeds signed Flo with an initial one-year contract to help their 2007–08 League One campaign. He only managed to score 3 times in the League during the season, all in sub appearances. Flo was sponsored by famous Leeds fans, the Kaiser Chiefs. Flo had previously admitted that Leeds would probably be his last club before retirement. He turned into somewhat of a fans favourite without playing that much for Leeds.

In March 2008, Flo announced his retirement from football.

Milton Keynes Dons
On 21 November 2008, Flo came out of retirement and signed a contract with Milton Keynes Dons that lasted until the end of the season. He played his first match for MK Dons coming on as a sub against Scunthorpe on 6 December 2008. He didn't start a match until the 3rd last game of the season against Walsall. Flo also had the misfortune of missing the ninth penalty in a tense shoot-out against Scunthorpe United which prevented MK Dons from reaching the 2009 League one play-off final at Wembley.

On 19 May 2009, Flo was released from his contract with Milton Keynes Dons.

Sogndal

In 2011, two years after retirement, Flo surprisingly made a second comeback at newly promoted Sogndal. He first came on as a substitute against Rosenborg on 30 July. In his first start at the last day of the season he scored both goals in a 2–1 victory against league champions Molde, then coached by Ole Gunnar Solskjær.

International career
Flo made 76 appearances for the Norwegian national team and made his debut in a 0–0 draw with England. He scored 23 goals, making him Norway's joint-4th highest goalscorer, along with Ole Gunnar Solskjær. He gained the nickname Flonaldo (an obvious pun on Ronaldo, one of the world's best strikers) when Norway beat Brazil 4–2 in a friendly match. Flo played for Norway at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, scoring a goal in a 2–1 win over holders Brazil as they reached the second round. Flo chose to retire from international football in 2004, deciding to prioritise his family.

Style of play
Flo was a quick, tall, powerful, and physically strong striker, who, in spite of his size, also possessed good technique.

Managerial career
After retiring from playing in 2012, Flo returned his former club Chelsea as a club ambassador and a coach in their Academy (Chelsea Development Squad and Academy), working with their youth development teams, most often the Under-14s. He was later on promoted to a loan player technical coach working under the loan department of Chelsea.

On 17 November 2021, Flo was announced as the new head coach of Sogndal in Norway for the 2022 season, the club he began and ended his playing career.

Personal life
Flo comes from a family of footballers, with seven members of his family having played in Tippeligaen. His brother Jostein Flo and his cousin Håvard Flo have also played for a number of clubs abroad and been capped for Norway. The brothers Kjell Rune Flo and Jarle Flo have played in Tippeligaen for Molde and Sogndal, respectively. In addition have Kjell Rune's son Ulrik Flo and Håvard's nephew Per Egil Flo played for Sogndal in Tippeligaen. Flo supports Birmingham City.

Tore André Flo Academy
In 2010 Flo and football coach Sean Faulkner founded a football academy in Berkshire. It teaches children aged from 5 to 17 at schools, clubs and holiday camps. Flo coaches some sessions.

Career statistics

Honours
Brann
Tippeligaen runner-up: 1997

Chelsea
FA Cup: 1999–2000
Football League Cup: 1997–98
FA Charity Shield: 2000
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997–98
UEFA Super Cup: 1998

Rangers
Scottish Cup: 2001–02
Scottish League Cup: 2001–02

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
People from Stryn
Men's association football forwards
Kniksen Award winners
Norwegian men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Norway men's international footballers
Eliteserien players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Serie A players
Sogndal Fotball players
Chelsea F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
ACR Siena 1904 players
SK Brann players
Tromsø IL players
Vålerenga Fotball players
Leeds United F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in England
Flo family
Footballers from Vestland

Tore André Flo


සෝමබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇත්තේ බෙල්ලන්විල රජ මහා විහාරයේ බිතු සිතුවම් කළ සිත්තරා හැටියට ය.  ඔහු සිත්තරකු වගේ ම නැට්ටුවකු ද වේ. සෝමබන්දුගේ පියා ජේම්ස් ප්‍රනාන්දු වන අතර ඔහු සාම්ප්‍රදායික නැට්ටුවෙක්, සිත්තරෙක් හා මූර්ති ශිල්පියෙකු ද වන අතර සෝමබන්ඔධු චිත්‍ර කලාව හා නර්තන කලාවට අදාළ සුහුඹුල් ආභාසය ලබා ඇත්තේ සිය පියාගෙනි. සෝමබන්ධුගේ  බිරිද වූ මාලනී සෝමබන්ධු ද නර්ථන ශිල්පිණියක වේ. සෝමබන්ධුගේ දරුවන් අතර රවිබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති කීර්තිමත් නර්තනවේදියකු වන අතර මනුබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති කලා විචාරකයකු වේ.

සෝමබන්ධු විද්‍යාපති


Time Incorporated can refer to:

Time Inc., the publishing arm of Time Warner
Time Incorporated, an alternate title for the Doctor Who serial The Ultimate Foe

Time Incorporated


Gelsenkirchen-Altstadt, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Gelsenkirchen kentine bağlı idari bölge. Nüfusu yaklaşık 9.114'dür. Bismarck, Bulmke-Hüllen, Feldmark, Heßler, Schalke ve Schalke-Nord ile birlikte Gelsenkirchen'in merkezini oluşturur.

Gelsenkirchen'in ilçeleri

Gelsenkirchen-Altstadt


Santiago Navarro Félez  ( El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona, 17 de octubre de 1936 - 8 de octubre de 1993) fue un baloncestista español.

Trayectoria
Sus primeros pasos en el mundo del baloncesto los dio en el CB Prat, con 9 años, tres años después pasó al equipo de La Seda, equipo adscrito a la Obra Sindical Educación y Descanso, dos años después ingresó en el segundo equipo del FC Barcelona. Para la temporada 1956-1957 ficha por el Aismalíbar Montcada, equipo entrenado por Eduardo Kucharski, permanecería en el equipo hasta la temporada 1963-1964. Su último equipo profesional fue el FC Barcelona, jugando la primera campaña en segunda división y las dos siguiente en primera, retirándose con 30 años. Tendría una breve experiencia como entrenador en el FC Barcelona.
Tras su retirada como jugador fue entrenador durante varias temporadas del Club Bàsquet Prat donde se inició.

Internacionalidades
Fue internacional con España en 34 ocasiones, participando en los siguientes eventos:
 Juegos Olímpicos 1960: 14 posición.
 Eurobasket 1961: 13 posición.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en sports reference
 "Nuestro basket", por Manuel Espín, EMD

Baloncestistas de España
Baloncestistas de la selección de España
Baloncestistas del Club Bàsquet Prat
Baloncestistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Aismalíbar de Montcada
Deportistas de Cataluña
Nacidos en El Prat de Llobregat

Santiago Navarro


Quentin Robert Duthie Skinner (Oldham, 26 de noviembre de 1940) es un historiador británico intencionalista, republicano, de la denominada Escuela de Cambridge, caracterizada principalmente por la atención que presta al vocabulario político y su propósito de hallar la intención de los autores que estudia.
Ocupa la cátedra Barber Beaumont de ciencias humanas en la Queen Mary, University of London. Anteriormente ocupó la cátedra Regius de historia moderna en la Universidad de Cambridge.

Sus aportes son considerados un antecedente del Giro lingüístico, por la revolución historiográfica en el campo de la historia intelectual que significaron, al colocar su proyecto historiográfico en el marco de los usos públicos del lenguaje, al contrario de la escuela de Historia de las ideas, que lo situaba en un marco antropológico.

En 1978, Skinner publicó su primera gran obra: The Foundations of Modern Political Thought.

Pensamiento
Su propuesta en la historia intelectual apunta al desarrollo no solo de un entendimiento del significado de la literalidad de los textos, sino más bien a la comprensión histórica de estos en la búsqueda de la intencionalidad consciente o no del autor de una obra al escribir lo que escribió.

El texto como objeto de estudio no lo entiende como una unidad autónoma de sentido poseedor de elementos de validez universal independiente de todo contexto histórico —en su mero contenido referencial, su dimensión locutiva—, sino más bien en su dimensión ilocutiva, retomando en ello los aportes de John Langshaw Austin, para definirlo como un acto de habla.

La labor histórico-intelectual debería reconstruir el contexto de las tramas lingüísticas en el que el texto se insertó, las convenciones que limitan las afirmaciones posibles que se pueden realizar en una determinada época, para poder recobrar su sentido intencional, evitando, en los diferentes niveles de estudio de una obra, lo que nombra como «mitologías». Esto es, ficciones anacrónicas no históricas, ya sea en la pretensión de sistematización de un conjunto de obras de un mismo autor como en la reconstrucción de filosofemas particulares.

Contextualismo y republicanismo
El contextualismo de Skinner le aleja de la interpretación whig de la historia (Duncan Forbes y Peter Laslett), y responde, genéricamente, al declive de la influencia del anglicanismo y la disolución del Imperio británico. Los pensadores políticos no deben comprenderse en relación con la idea whig de progreso, por relación con una trayectoria predeterminada. Hay que entenderlos en relación con sus propias intenciones y en el contexto específico en el que escriben.

El republicanismo de Skinner, que desarrolla a partir de los años ochenta, con Margaret Thatcher en el poder, responde igualmente al estado en que queda Inglaterra tras el fin del Imperio y el fin de la influencia social de la Iglesia anglicana. El republicanismo es una alternativa al mundo victoriano, cuyo fin Skinner prevé.

Críticas
Michael Freeden le reprocha de no tener en cuenta el hecho de que las ideas no solo se producen, sino que se consumen, y que por tanto hay que reflejar cómo son percibidas. Focalizarse en las intenciones del teórico es restrictivo, ya que este no tiene por qué ser consciente de las implicaciones de su pensamiento.

Enrique Bocardo presenta una argumentación muy elaborada en su ensayo «Intenciones, convenciones y contexto» sobre las escasas posibilidades de recuperar las intenciones originales del autor a partir de las convenciones lingüísticas que dispone para expresar lo que quiere decir. La asunción principal de la crítica parte de la observación de Strawson de que los actos ilocutivos no están sujetos a convenciones, salvo para un número reducido de expresiones, cuyo sentido carece de relevancia para entender la intención original de los textos históricos. El autor asimismo señala que es importante tener en cuenta los actos perlocucionarios, tampoco sujetos a convenciones y que resultan ser decisivos para explicar qué efectos quería conseguir el autor con el texto que escribió.

Publicaciones

 The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume I: The Renaissance (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
 The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume II: The Age of Reformation (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
 Machiavelli (Oxford University Press, 1981)
 Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
 Liberty before Liberalism (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
 Visions of Politics: Volume I: Regarding Method (Cambridge University Press, 2002) [Trad. esp. Lenguaje, política e historia. (Bernal, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2007)]
 Visions of Politics: Volume II: Renaissance Virtues (Cambridge University Press, 2002) [Trad. esp. parcial  El nacimiento del Estado (Buenos Aires, Gorla, 2002)]
 Visions of Politics: Volume III: Hobbes and Civil Science (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
 L'artiste en philosophie politique (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 2003)
 Hobbes and Republican Liberty (Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Como editor:

 (Co-editor and contributor), Philosophy, Politics and Society: Fourth Series (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1972)
 (Co-editor and contributor), Philosophy in History (Cambridge University Press, 1984)
 (Editor and contributor), The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 1985)
 (Co-editor and contributor), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1988)
 (Co-editor), Machiavelli, The Prince (trans. Russell Price) (Cambridge University Press, 1988)
 (Co-editor and contributor), 'Machiavelli and Republicanism (Cambridge University Press, 1990)
 (Co-editor and contributor), Political Discourse in Early-modern Britain (Cambridge University Press, 1993)
 (Co-editor) Milton and Republicanism (Cambridge University Press, 1995)
 (Co-editor and contributor), Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, Volume I: Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
 (Co-editor and contributor), Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, Volume II: The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
 (Co-editor and contributor), States and Citizens: History, Theory, Prospects (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
 (Co-editor), Thomas Hobbes: Writings on Common Law and Hereditary Right (The Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes, Volume XI) (The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2005)
 (Co-editor and contributor), Sovereignty in Fragments: The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept (Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Entrevistas:

 1997: 'An Interview with Quentin Skinner', Cogito 11, pp. 69–78.
 2000a: 'Intervista a Quentin Skinner: Conseguire la libertà promuovere l'uguaglianza', Il pensiero mazziniano 3, pp. 118–22.
 2000b: 'Entrevista: Quentin Skinner' in As muitas faces da história, ed. Maria Lúcia Pallares-Burke, Brazilia, pp. 307–39. [Trans. in The New History: Confessions and Conversations, ed. Maria Lúcia Pallares-Burke, Cambridge, 2003.]
 2001: 'Quentin Skinnerin haastattelu', Niin & Näin 31, pp. 8–23.
 2002: 'Encountering the Past: An Interview with Quentin Skinner' Finnish Yearbook of Political Thought 6, pp. 32–63.
 2003: 'La Libertà Politica ed il Mestiere dello Storico: Intervista a Quentin Skinner', Teoria Politica 19, pp. 177–85.
 2006: 'Historia intelectual y acción política: Una entrevista con Quentin Skinner', Historia y Política 16, pp. 237–58.
 2007a: 'Neither text, nor context: An interview with Quentin Skinner', Groniek: Historisch Tijdschrift 174, pp. 117–33.
 2007b: 'La Historia de mi Historia: Una Entrevista con Quentin Skinner por Enrique Bocardo', El giro contextual: Cinco ensayos de Quentin Skinner y seis comentarios, ed. Enrique Bocardo Crespo, Madrid, pp. 45–60.
 2007c: 'Intellectual History, Liberty and Republicanism: An Interview with Quentin Skinner', Contributions to the History of Concepts 3, pp. 102–23.
 2008: 'Concepts only have histories', interview with Quentin Skinner by Emmanuelle Tricoire and Jacques Levy, EspacesTemps, document 3692
 2009a: 'Making History; The Discipline in Perspective: Interview with Professor Quentin Skinner', Storia e Politica, 1, pp. 113–34.
 2009b: 'Wie frei sind wir wirklich?' Fragen an Quentin Skinner', Zeitschrift fűr Ideengeschichte 3, pp. 5–21.
 2016: 'Ideas in Context: Interview with Quentin Skinner' by Hansong Li, Chicago Journal of History, pp. 119-127, 2016

 Bibliografía

 1988: James Tully (Editor), Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (Polity Press and Princeton University Press).
 1995: M. Edling and U. Morkenstam, 'Quentin Skinner: From Historian of Ideas to Political Scientist', Scandinavian Political Studies 18, pp. 119–32.
 1996: 'Dossier Quentin Skinner', Krisis 64.
 2001: 'Quentin Skinner og Intellektuel Historie', Slagmark: Special Number (33)
 2003a: Kari Palonen, Quentin Skinner: History, Politics, Rhetoric (Cambridge: Polity Press).
 2003b: Kari Palonen, Die Entzauberung der Begriffe: Das Umschreiben der politischen Begriffe bei Quentin Skinner und Reinhart Koselleck (Münster).
 2006: Annabel Brett and James Tully (Editors), Rethinking the Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
 2007a: Emile Perreau-Saussine, 'Quentin Skinner in context', Review of Politics, 68, pp. 106–122.
 2007b: Enrique Bocardo Crespo (Editor), El giro contextual: Cinco ensayos de Quentin Skinner y seis comentarios (Madrid: Editorial Tecnos).
 2007c: Enrique Bocardo Crespo: "Intenciones, convenciones y contexto". En Enrique Bocardo Crespo (Editor),  Cinco ensayos de Quentin Skinner y seis comentarios: pp. 305-366 (Madrid: Editorial Tecnos).
 2007d: Michael Drolet, 'Quentin Skinner and Jacques Derrida on Power and the State', History of European Ideas, 33, pp. 234–55.
 2008: Ryan Walter, 'Reconciling Foucault and Skinner on the state: the primacy of politics?', History of the Human Sciences, 21, pp. 94–114.
 2009a: Richard Fisher '"How to do things with books": Quentin Skinner and the dissemination of ideas', History of European Ideas 35, pp. 276–80.
 2009b: Frank Beck Lassen and Mikkel Thorup (Editors), Quentin Skinner: Politik og historie: En tekstsamling (Copenhague: Hans Reitzels Forlag).
 2010: Marco Geuna, 'Quentin Skinner e Machiavelli' in Anglo-American Faces of Machiavelli, ed. A. Arienzo and G. Borrelli, Milano, pp. 577–622.

 Émile Perreau-Saussine, « Quentin Skinner in Context» , dans Review of Politics, vol. 68 (1), 2007, pp.  106-122

Referencias

Premio Balzan
Historiadores del Reino Unido
Miembros de la Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
Premio Wolfson
Republicanos de Reino Unido
Doctores honorarios de la Universidad de Chicago
Doctores honorarios de la Universidad de Harvard
Miembros de la Royal Historical Society
Ateos de Inglaterra
Profesores de la Queen Mary University of London
Miembros de la Royal Society of Arts

Quentin Skinner


Rogelio Caridad Pita (La Corogne, 1874 ou 1875 - Ferrol, 1936) était un militaire espagnol.

D'idées républicaines, Caridad Pita se signala dans les années 1930 entre autres par son refus d'obtempérer quand il reçut l'ordre (comme gouverneur militaire de La Corogne) de maintenir la monarchie par la force contre le verdict des urnes en , et par son attitude d'apaisement lors de la grève insurrectionnelle d'octobre 1934. En , alors en poste à La Corogne, il refusa de se joindre à la rébellion militaire et fut en conséquence fusillé quelques mois plus tard par les insurgés nationalistes.

Carrière militaire

Rogelio Caridad Pita s'engagea dans l'armée à l'âge de . D'opinion républicaine, il a généralement été considéré comme franc-maçon, encore que certains auteurs aient émis des doutes à ce sujet.

En 1931, à la proclamation de la République, le gouverneur militaire de La Corogne donna ordre à Caridad Pita, alors doté du grade de colonel, de sortir à la rue avec ses troupes en défense de la monarchie. Cependant, s'il sortit effectivement, ce fut seul et en voiture décapotée, en manière de soumission (selon ses dires) à la volonté populaire telle qu'exprimée dans les urnes le 12 avril 1931. Après l'éclatement de la révolution de 1934 dans les Asturies, il fut dépêché à Gijón, où il se signala par son attitude conciliatrice.

En , Caridad Pita, qui avait reçu une affectation à La Corogne comme gouverneur militaire et commandant de la  brigade d'infanterie, se trouvait sous les ordres du général Salcedo, chef de la  division organique, lequel avait été nommé à ce poste par le gouvernement radical-cédiste le , c'est-à-dire peu avant les élections.

Ses convictions profondes le portaient à la loyauté envers le régime républicain constitué, loyauté qu'il s'appliquait à transmettre à ses subordonnés, notamment en les exhortant par les paroles suivantes :

Coup d'État de juillet 1936

Dans l'après-midi du vendredi , la nouvelle du soulèvement au Maroc parvint en Galice. Caridad Pita a lui-même rapporté qu'il s'était alors souvent entretenu sur la question de la rébellion militaire avec le colonel Martín Alonso, ancien africaniste, en lui signifiant que « pour [lui], il n'y avait pas d'idées politiques, mais seulement l'accomplissement pur et strict du devoir ».

Les jours suivants, marqués par une expectative tendue, les autorités militaires de La Corogne (c'est-à-dire en l'espèce : le général Salcedo, conservateur mais loyal à la République, et le général Caridad Pita) donnaient au gouverneur civil Pérez Carballo des assurances sur leur loyauté à la République, nonobstant que le premier ait reçu dans la nuit du  un télégramme de la part de Queipo de Llano lui enjoignant de rallier l'insurrection, suivi d'un appel téléphonique, le , du général Mola. Cette attitude de Salcedo incita le chef d'état-major de la division organique, le lieutenant-colonel Luis Tovar Figueras, à prendre les devants dans la matinée du , en envoyant des officiers insurgés se saisir des généraux Salcedo et Caridad Pita et en pilonnant le bâtiment du gouvernement civil, où le gouverneur Pérez Carballo avait tenté de résister au coup d'État avec l'appui de la Garde d'assaut (qui, à la différence de la Garde civile, ne s'était pas jointe au soulèvement) ; plus précisément, en ce qui concerne Caridad Pita, celui-ci, à une heure très matinale le 20 juillet, avait inopinément fait irruption dans la salle des drapeaux où se tenaient plusieurs conspirateurs et, ayant conçu des soupçons, se disposait à couper court au soulèvement du Régiment d'infanterie de Zamora , ce pourquoi il fut promptement appréhendé par le colonel Martín Alonso, qui était à la tête dudit régiment et qui, bien qu'ayant déjà participé en 1932 à la tentative de coup d'État dite Sanjurjada, avait été reconduit à son poste de commandement sous le biennat radical-cédiste.

Caridad Pita resta deux jours en détention dans la salle des drapeaux du régiment de Zamora, avant d'être transféré au château San Diego de La Corogne. Déféré devant un conseil de guerre le  à Ferrol, où il devait répondre du chef d'accusation de trahison, il fut condamné à mort et fusillé, aux côtés du général Salcedo, le , dans le fort San Felipe à Ferrol, pendant qu'il poussait des vivats à l'Espagne et à la République.

Le colonel du Génie Enrique Cánovas Lacruz, le haut-gradé comptant la plus grande ancienneté, fut désigné pour remplacer Salcedo et décréta l'état de guerre à La Corogne.

Les fils de Rogelio Caridad Pita, Carlos, Francisco, José, Rogelio et Vicente, allaient combattre dans les rangs de l'armée de la République et être contraints de partir pour l'exil à la fin de la Guerre civile.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

  La escuadra la mandan los cabos, chapitre La traición en La Coruña.
  Guerra Civil e Represión en Ferrol e Comarca .
  (thèse de doctorat, sous la direction de Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurúa et d'Ángel Bahamonde Magro).

Général espagnol
Militaire de la guerre civile espagnole du camp républicain
Condamné à mort exécuté par arme à feu
Naissance en 1874
Naissance à La Corogne
Décès en novembre 1936
Décès à Ferrol

Rogelio Caridad Pita


Málráðið (dansk: Sprogrådet), før 2012 Føroyska málnevndin (dansk: Færøsk Sprognævn), blev stiftet i april 1985, og har som mål at styrke og videreudvikle det færøske sprog og rådgive det færøske landsstyre i sproglige spørgsmål. Sprognævnet har blandt andet som opgave at fastsætte skrivemåden for nye ord som kommer ind i sproget og at tilse, at det offentlige bruger sproget på tilfredsstillende måde. Sprognævnet er underlagt det færøske kulturministerium.

Rådet er med i Nordens Sprogråd, der er en del af Nordisk råd.

Opgaver
I følge nævnets formålsparagraf (§2), er dette nævnets fastsatte opgaver:
 At samle og lagre nye færøske ord, og hjælpe til med at vælge og skabe nye ord. Nævnet skal også være observant for at finde sproglige fejl som bliver begået, og da forsøge at hindre, at fejlene bliver udbredt yderligere.
 At samarbejde med sprognævn i foreninger og institutioner, og støtte dem så meget som muligt i deres arbejde.
 At svare på spørgsmål relaterede til sprog for institutioner og private, og eftertrykkelig samarbejde med institutioner og media som har en betydelig indvirkning på sproget, såsom som statslige administration, skoler, aviser, radio og fjernsyn.
 At svare på spørgsmål om egennavne, stednavne og andre navne. Spørgsmål og svar vil blive lagret i nævnets arkiv.
 At samarbejde med andre sprogråd/-nævn og lignende institutioner i andre nordiske land, og sende repræsentanter til deres møder.

Medlemmer
Perioden for den nuværende Sprogråd begyndte 1. januar 2013, og afsluttes 31. december 2016. Der er 11 medlemmer af rådet.
Medlemmer:

 Zakaris Svabo Hansen, adjunkt, Tórshavn, formand, udpeget af Móðurmálslærarafelag Føroya (færøsklærernes forening)
 Katrin Næs, gymnasielærer, Hvannasund, næstforkvinde, udpeget af kulturministeren
 Hjalmar P. Petersen, lektor, Sandavág, udpeget af Færøernes Universitet
 Marna Jacobsen, Sørvagur, udpeget af Færøernes lærerforening og Ligestillingsnævnet
 Kári Leivsson, Hoyvík, udpeget af Rithøvundafelag Føroya (forfatterforeningen)
 Sólvá Jónsdóttir,  konsulent, Hósvík, udpeget af Námi
 Anfinnur Johansen, lektor, Hoyvík, udpeget af Navnenævnet
 Hanna Simonsen, fuldmægtig, Tórshavn, udpeget af Kommunusamskipan Føroya (kommunernes organisation)
 Eivind Weyhe, lektor emeritus, Valdur udpeget af Stednavnsnævnet
 Randi Meitil, gymnasielærer, Tórshavn udpeget af Málfelagnum (Sprogforeningen)
 Jonhard Mikkelsen, námslektari, Vestmanna, udpeget af kulturministeren

Udgivelser
Bogudgivelser fra Føroyska málnevndin:

Jóhan Hendrik W. Poulsen: Nøkur teldorð (1985, 1990)
Jóhan Hendrik W. Poulsen: Fólkanøvn: Úrval til leiðbeiningar (1989)
Jeffrei Henriksen: Mál- og bókmentaorðalisti (2003)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Málrað

Færøsk sprog
Sprognævn

Færøsk Sprognævn


Dorumlar, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 55 km, Serik ilçesine 55 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Serik'in mahalleleri

Dorumlar, Serik


Triptycon er en dansk kortfilm fra 1972 instrueret af Ib Lindberg efter eget manuskript.

Medvirkende

 Thomas Malling
 Elisabeth Nørager

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1972

Triptycon


Silicijev karbid (SiC) ili karborund (eng. Carborundum, od carbo[n]: ugljik i [co]rundum: korund), trgovačko ime za silicijev karbid, je kristalna tvar sa strukturom sličnom dijamantnoj, vrlo velike tvrdoće, poluvodičkih svojstava, velike toplinske (termičke) i kemijske otpornosti. Karborund se dobiva zagrijavanjem kremena (kvarca) s koksom u električnoj peći i koristi se kao abraziv (prah, pasta, sloj na papiru), vatrostalni materijal (talište oko 2 830 °C), dio (element) za električna grijaća tijela i u poluvodičkoj tehnici.

Premda je silicijev karbid zaista rijetka tvar na Zemlji on je široko rasprostranjen u svemiru. Ova tvar se nalazi u  oblacima prašine oko zvijezda bogatih ugljikom, a ima ga puno u prvobitnim meteoritima koji nisu podvrgnuti promjenama. Analiza zrna silicijevog karbida pronađenih u ugljičnom kondritnom Murchisonskom meteoritu pokazao je anomaliju izotopnog suodnosa ugljika i silicija, što ukazuje na porijeklo ove tvari izvan granica Sunčevog sustava. Oko 99 % zrna SiC formiralo se oko zvijezda bogatih ugljikom koje pripadaju asimptotskoj grani divova. Silicijev karbid može se često pronaći oko takvih zvijezda po njihovim infracrvenim spektrima.

Brusna ploča

Brusna ploča ili brusno kolo se sastoji od:
 sredstava za brušenje ili abraziva, koja mogu biti prirodna ili umjetna, i
 vezivnog sredstva, koja mogu biti neorganska ili organska.

Umjetna sredstva za brušenje
Umjetna sredstva za brušenje su:
 silicijev karbid ili karborund, koji se dobiva taljenjem koksa, kvarcnog pijeska i soli u električnoj peći,
 specijalni korund ili elektrokorund, koji se dobiva u električnim pećima od boksita i koksa,
 borkarbid, koji se zbog velike tvrdoće koristi kao zamjena za dijamantni prah i za obradu tvrdih metala.

Muasanit
Muasanit je rijedak mineral klase prirodnih karbida sastava SiC. Formira male bezbojne kristale s dijamantskim sjajem. Sintetička inačica i tehnički proizvod su slični po strukturi i po sastavu  — karborund.

Prirodni muasanit je prvi put bio otkriven 1893 godine u Arizoni od strane Ferdinanda Anri Muasana u čiju je čast mineral bio nazvan 1905 godine.

Tokom zadnjih desetljeća pojavila se tehnologija za izradu velikih providnih sintetičkih monokristala muasanita koje se često rabe za imitaciju brilijanata.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Obrada metala
Alati
Metaloprerađivačka industrija

Silicijev karbid


Hadelner Kanal er en del af skibsgenvejen mellem Weserfloden og Elben i Tyskland. Den er 32 km. lang og strækker sig fra Otterndorf ved Elben mellem Cuxhaven og Brunsbüttel) til søen ved Bederkesa.

Kanalen blev bygget 1852 – 1854, dels som sejlvej for mindre skibe, dels som afvandingskanal for omliggende landbrugsarealer, der led under hyppige oversvømmelser. Sammen med Bederkesa-Geeste-kanalen og floden Geeste udgør den en genvej mellem Weser ved Bremerhaven og Elben ved Brunsbüttel. Den blev bygget til skibe der var op til 33,5 m. lange, 5 m. brede og 1,5 m. dybgang. På grund af broerne undervejs måtte de højst rage 2,7 m. op over vandspejlet. Dimensionerne var også bestemt af sluserne undervejs. Sluserne tjener både som trafikporte og som højvandsspærring. Ved højvande i Elben forhindrede de, at floden oversvømmede de lavtliggende marker, og ved lavvande fremmede de dræningen. Hadelnerkanalen har sluser ved Otterndorf og ved Bederkase.

I de godt to år byggeriet varede flyttede 1150 arbejdere omkring 1 mio. kbm jord. Mellem 1957 og 1965 blev den udvidet i såvel bredde som dybde, men har siden mistet sin betydning for varetransport og benyttes kun af lystsejlere og -fiskere.

Kilder
 Willi Klenck: Heimatbuch des ehemaligen Kreis Neuhaus an der Oste. 1957
 Norbert Fischer: Das kanalisierte Wasser. Technische Modernisierung, Staat und regionale Gesellschaft in Hadeln im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Stader Jahrbuch 2005/2006, S. 407–432

Kanaler i Tyskland
Tysklands geografi
Etableret i 1854

Hadelner Kanal


Şevkiler, Karabük ilinin Eskipazar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1896 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 44 km, Eskipazar ilçe merkezine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eskipazar belde ve köyleri

Şevkiler


Latimore ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Frank Latimore (eigentlich Frank Kline; 1925–1998), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Benny Latimore (* 1939), amerikanischer Bluesmusiker
 Thomas C. Latimore († 1941), US-amerikanischer Marineoffizier

Latimore


භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාව යනු මහේක්ෂීය,  අන්වීක්ෂීය  , පරමාණුක , අණු පරමාණුක සහ අංශුමය රසායනික ක්‍රියාවලියක කොටස් හැදෑරීමට භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ යොදා ගැනීම යි.  මේ සඳහා භාව්තික විද්‍යාවෙහි එන තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ , කොන්ටම් රසායනික විද්‍යවේ,  ස්ථිතිමය ක්‍රියාවලියේ සහ චාලක විද්‍යාවේ මූලිකාංග සහ යෙදවීම් උපයෝගී කරගනියි.  එය බොහෝ විට පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ රසායන විද්‍යාවේ ඉතා පුළුල් ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් ලෙසය . එහදී බොහෝ උප මූලිකාංග යොදාගනී. කොන්ටම් ක්‍රියාවලිය  භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාවේ යොදාගනු ලබන්නේ පරමාණුක සහ විශේෂ අංශුමය රසායනික අන්තර්ක්‍රියා හෝ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා ය.

භෞතික රසායනික විද්‍යාව බොහෝ විට  බහු අණුක විද්‍යාවක් ලෙස ද හඳුන්වනු ලබයි.  එසේ හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ භෞතික රසායනික විද්‍යාව සකස් වී ඇති බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන මූලිකාංග පදනම් වී ඇත්තේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම බහු අණුක සංකල්ප මතයි.  උදාහරණ ලෙස රසායනික සමතුලිතතාව, කලිල සංකල්පය දැක්විය හැක.  භෞතික විද්‍යාව ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරණු ලබන සම්බන්ධතාවයෙහි අඩංගු වන  ප්‍රතිඵල නම්

	යම් යම් ද්‍රව්‍යවල භෞතික තත්ව මත  අන්තර් අණුක බලපෑම් (සුවිකාර්යතාවය , ආතන්‍ය ප්‍රබලතාවය, ද්‍රව්‍යවල මතුපිට පීඩනය)
	ප්‍රතික්‍රියක ප්‍රමාණය මත චාලක විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රතික්‍රියාව
	යම් යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයවල විද්‍යුත් ක්‍රියාවලිය මත අයන හඳුනාගැනීම

ඉතිහාසය

භෞතික විද්‍යාව නැමැති යෙදුම ප්‍රථමයෙන් හඳුන්වාදුන්නේ යයි පිළිගැනෙ‍න්නේ මිකෙල් ලොමොනොසෝ නැමැති පුද්ගලයාගේ 'භෞතික රසායනවාදය පිළිබඳ සත්‍යතාවය'(A Courses in true Physical Chemistry)  නැමති පිටර්ස්බර්ග් සරසවියේ ළමුන් ඉදිරිපිට පැවැත් වූ දේශනයේ දී බවයි.

නුතන භෞතික විද්‍යාවට පදනම දැමුවේ යයි විශ්වාස කරන්නේ 1876 දී ජෝසියා විලට් ගිප්ස් නැමැත්‍තා ඔහුගේ ලිපිය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීමෙන් පසුවයි.  එය ලියැවුයේ විෂමජාතීය මුලිකාංගවල තුලිතතාවය පිළිබඳවයි.  එහි භෞතික විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ බොහෝ කරුණු අඩංගු වේ.  ඒවා නම් රසායනික විභවතාවය, ගිබ්ස්ගේ ශක්තිය  , ගිබ්ස්ගේ කලාප නියමය  යන කරුණුය.  එමෙන්ම   බහු අණුක ක්‍රියාවලීන් සඳහා  ද හයිකේ කැමරලින් ඕන්ස්  (Heike Kamerlingh Onnes)  වැනි ක්‍රියාවලීන් සඳහා ද නාමකරණය සඳහා මෙය උපකාරී විය.

රසායනික භෞතික විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ ප්‍රථම විද්‍යාත්මක සඟරාව  Zeitchrift für physikalische Chemie නම් ජර්මානු සඟරාවයි.මෙය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන කද්දේ 1887 විලෙම් ඔස්ක්වෝල්ඩ් සහ ජැකොබොස් හෙන්රිකස් නැමති පුද්ගලයින් දෙදෙනෙක් විසිනි. 19 වන ශත වර්ෂයේ අග භාගය සහ 20 වන ශත වර්ෂය සළකන විට මෙම කාර්යභාරයන් ඉතාමත් වැදගත් වු අතර 1901 - 1909 පමණ කාලයෙදී රසායන විද්‍යාව සඳහා වු නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගයෙන්ද පිදුම් ලැබීය. රසායන විද්‍යාවට අදාල වු පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රමවේදයන් තාක්ෂණයේ දියුණුවන් සමග වඩාත් සාර්ථක ලෙස දියුණුවට පත් විය.වර්ණාවලීක්ශවේදයේ විවිධ වු ක්‍රමයන් භවිතයට එක් වු අතර අධෝරක්ත වර්ණාවලීක්ශවේදය , ක්ෂුද්‍ර තරංග වර්ණාවලීක්ශවේදය ආදිය ඉන් ප්‍රධාන තැනක් ගනී.

භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාවේ වැඩි දුර සංවර්ධනයත් න්‍යෂ්ටික රසායන විද්‍යාවේ දියුණුවත් සමග සිදු විය.විශේෂයෙන් දෙවන ලෝක යුධ සමය ආශ්‍රිතව දියුණු වු සංස්ථානික විඛණ්ඩනය , අභ්‍යවකාශ රසායන විද්‍යාවේ නුතන සොයාගැනීම්, ගණනය කරන ක්‍රමවෙදයන්ගේ සිදුවු නුතන සොයාගැනීම් නුතන භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාවේ ඉදිරි ගමනට විශාල ලෙස පාදක වී ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 රසායන විද්‍යාව

රසායන විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය
භෞතික විද්‍යාව
රසායන විද්‍යාව

භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාව


Maria Murzeau, née Maria Baillarger, est une résistante française, née en  à Manthelan en Indre-et-Loire et morte en 1971.

Biographie
Maria Murzeau nait le 20 mars 1891 à Manthelan. Elle est agricultrice. Maria Murzeau s'installe à partir de 1936 dans la ferme du « Franc Jeu », à Tauxigny, alors située à une douzaine de kilomètres de la ligne de démarcation. Son mari et ses huit enfants aident dans la ferme. L'exploitation est importante (130 ha) et produit élevage et céréales. Les allemands viennent souvent réquisitionner les denrées agricoles.

L'engagement
Elle aide de nombreuses personnes à passer la ligne de démarcation entre juillet 1940 et juin 1942, aidée par son mari et leurs enfants. Elle fait ainsi transiter des dizaines de prisonniers de guerre, soldats alliés, Juifs, déserteurs allemands, réfractaires au STO, résistants… La ferme sert également de refuge provisoire aux clandestins, où ils sont nourris. Plusieurs fois par semaine, de nuit, Maria, accompagnée de l'une de ses filles, font passer en zone libre des groupes de 10 à 30 clandestins. L'aller retour fait environ 20 km et prend environ 6 heures. Le mot de passe choisi est

L'arrestation
Le , les douaniers allemands l'arrêtent. Elle effectue un passage heureusement seule, sans ses filles pour une fois. Elle a le temps d'avaler le message qu'elle transportait. Transférée à la prison de Tours, elle y restera 9 mois. Elle n'est pas déportée, notamment parce que les Murzeau fournissent les Allemands.

Après la guerre, le général de Gaulle confirme par écrit l'ensemble des faits de résistance accomplis par Maria Murzeau.

Distinctions et hommages
 1950 : Croix de guerre avec palmes
 1963 : titre d'interné résistant
 2019 : La ville de Manthelan inaugure une plaque plaque située place de la Mémoire et portant la mention

Bibliographie
 Sylvie Pouliquen, Femmes de l'ombre en Touraine, PBCO Editions, 2015

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1891
Décès en avril 1971
Résistante française
Décès à 80 ans

Maria Murzeau


Zalina kula u mjestu Igranama, općina Podgora, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Podignuta u 17. stoljeću. Kula u Igranima sagrađena iznad sela vezana je uz ime lokalnog junaka Zale Antičića koji je 1687. godine obranio Igrane od turske navale. Kula je četverokatnica kvadraričnog tlorisa, zakrovljena četverostrešnim krovištem s pokrovom od kamenih ploča. Na zapadnom pročelju su u prizemlju vrata s lučnim otvorom i manja vrata na nivou prvog kata, kakva su uobičajena na obrambenim građevinama. Na pročeljima je niz puškarnica na svim nivoima. Uočavaju se dvije faze gradnje kule, završni kat s prsobranima na uglovima i sred pročelja izgrađen je naknadno, a iz ranije faze su sačuvani prsobrani sred pročelja izgrađeni na nižoj etaži. Oko 2000. godine provedena je sanacija i rekonstrukcija kule.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4794 zavedena je pod vrstom "nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene vojne i obrambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Podgori

Zalina kula u Igranama


The Strait of Baltiysk (, , ) is a strait enabling passage from the Baltic Sea into the brackish Vistula Lagoon, located in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.  The constructed strait separates the Sambian Peninsula and the Vistula Spit, and is at the northeastern side of the lagoon.

Shipping
The strait is the shipping connection from the high sea to the important Russian ports of Baltiysk and Kaliningrad in the northeastern lagoon, as well as to the Polish ports of  Elbląg, Braniewo, Tolkmicko, Frombork, Sztutowo, Krynica Morska, and Nowa Pasłęka in the southeastern lagoon.
On  17 September 2022, Poland opened a new canal through the Vistula Spit, which will allow ships to enter the Polish port of Elbląg without passing through the Strait of Baltiysk in Russia's Kaliningrad region.

Russian blockade
The Strait of Baltiysk is a strait where international navigation is governed by a non-suspendable innocent passage regime under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (dead-end strait). Despite the law since the 1990s Russia periodically blocks navigation via the strait to Polish ports.
Since 2006, Poland has considered digging another canal across the Vistula Spit in order to circumvent this restriction. The Vistula Spit canal was eventually built in 2019-2022.

History
In 1497 a storm surge dug a new gat, then called the Neues [Pillauer] Tief or Pillauer Seetief (New [Pillau] Deep, Pillau Sea Deep), through the Vistula Spit. In 1510 another storm surge widened and deepened that gat to navigability. It measured  in length and  in width. In 1626 King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden landed with 37 ships next to the gat, at a spot already slightly fortified, transforming it into the , and holding it for ten years (till the Treaty of Stuhmsdorf), also in order to pressure his brother-in-law George William, Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg, to support him in the Polish–Swedish War and the Thirty Years' War. The Swedes extended the adjacent Pillau village and built its first place of worship, a Lutheran church. In 1638 the Duke moved his residence to the close-by ducal capital Königsberg in Prussia.

In the 1960s the gat was expanded and now it measures  in width and  in depth.

Kursenieki

While today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai, are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk). The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel, and other territories of East Prussia which would be later dropped.

References

Baltiysk
Baltiysk
Bodies of water of Kaliningrad Oblast

Strait of Baltiysk


In accelerator physics, a beamline refers to the trajectory of the beam of particles, including the overall construction of the path segment (guide tubes, diagnostic devices) along a specific path of an accelerator facility. This part is either
 the line in a linear accelerator along which a beam of particles travels, or
 the path leading from particle generator (e.g. a cyclic accelerator, synchrotron light sources, cyclotrons, or spallation sources) to the experimental end-station.

Beamlines usually end in experimental stations that utilize particle beams or synchrotron light obtained from a synchrotron, or neutrons from a spallation source or research reactor. Beamlines are used in experiments in particle physics, materials science, life science, chemistry, and molecular biology, but can also be used for irradiation tests or to produce isotopes.

Beamline in a particle accelerator

In particle accelerators the beamline is usually housed in a tunnel and/or underground, cased inside a concrete housing for shielding purposes. The beamline is usually a cylindrical metal pipe, typically called a beam pipe, and/or a drift tube, evacuated to a high vacuum so there are few gas molecules in the path for the beam of accelerated particles to hit, which otherwise could scatter them before they reach their destination.

There are specialized devices and equipment on the beamline that are used for producing, maintaining, monitoring, and accelerating the particle beam. These devices may be in proximity of or attached directly to the beamline. These devices include sophisticated transducers, diagnostics (position monitors and wire scanners), lenses, collimators, thermocouples, ion pumps, ion gauges, ion chambers (for diagnostic purposes; usually called "beam monitors"), vacuum valves ("isolation valves"), and gate valves, to mention a few.

It is imperative to have all beamline sections, magnets, etc., aligned (often by a survey and an alignment crew by using a laser tracker), beamlines must be within micrometre tolerance. Good alignment helps to prevent beam loss, and beam from colliding with the pipe walls, which creates secondary emissions and/or radiation.

Synchrotron radiation beamline

Regarding synchrotrons, beamline may also refer to the instrumentation that carries beams of synchrotron radiation to an experimental end station, which uses the radiation produced by the bending magnets and insertion devices in the storage ring of a synchrotron radiation facility. A typical application for this kind of beamline is crystallography, although many other techniques utilising synchrotron light exist.

At a large synchrotron facility there will be many beamlines, each optimised for a particular field of research. The differences will depend on the type of insertion device (which, in turn, determines the intensity and spectral distribution of the radiation); the beam conditioning equipment; and the experimental end station.  A typical beamline at a modern synchrotron facility will be 25 to 100 m long from the storage ring to the end station, and may cost up to millions of US dollars. For this reason, a synchrotron facility is often built in stages, with the first few beamlines opening on day one of operation, and other beamlines being added later as the funding permits.

The beamline elements are located in radiation shielding enclosures, called hutches, which are the size of a small room (cabin). A typical beamline consists of two hutches, an optical hutch for the beam conditioning elements and an experimental hutch, which houses the experiment. Between hutches, the beam travels in a transport tube. Entrance to the hutches is forbidden when the beam shutter is open and radiation can enter the hutch. This is enforced by the use of elaborate safety systems with redundant interlocking functions, which make sure that no one is inside the hutch when the radiation is turned on. The safety system will also shut down the radiation beam if the door to the hutch is accidentally opened when the beam is on. In this case, the beam is dumped, meaning the stored beam is diverted into a target designed to absorb and contain its energy.

Elements that are used in beamlines by experimenters for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station include the following:

Windows: windows are used to separate UHV and HV vacuum sections and to terminate the beamline. They are also used between UHV vacuum sections to provide protection from vacuum accidents. The foils used for the window membrane also attenuate the radiation spectrum in the region below 6KeV.
1- Beryllium Windows: Beryllium windows can be supplied cooled, or uncooled, with various sizes (and numbers) of window apertures. Windows are sized to suit specific requirements, however the maximum size of a window is determined by the foil thickness and pressure differential to be withstood. Windows can be supplied fitted with a range of beam entry/exit flange sizes to suite specific requirements.
2- CVD Diamond Windows: Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Diamond offer extreme hardness, high thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, and high transparency over a very wide spectral range. Stronger and stiffer than Beryllium, with lower thermal expansion and lower toxicity, it is ideal for UHV isolation windows in X-ray beamlines. Windows can be supplied embedded in UHV flanges and with efficient water cooling.
3- Exit Windows: Vacuum exit windows come in a variety of materials including Beryllium and CVD diamond detailed above.

Slits: Slits are used to define the beam either horizontally or vertically. They can be used in pairs to define the beam in both directions. the maximum aperture size is selected to suit specific requirements. Options include cooled (white beam operation) or uncooled (monochromatic beam operation) slits and phosphor coating on the upstream side of the slit to assist with beam location. There are four main type of slits: Blade Slits, High Heat Load Slits, Inline Slits, High Precision Slits.
Shutters: Beam shutters are used to interrupt radiation from the front end, or optics enclosures when it is not required downstream. They have an equipment and personnel safety function. And there are three types of shutters; Photon Shutters, Monochromatic Beam Shutters, Custom Shutters
Beam Filters: (or attenuators) remove unwanted energy ranges from the beam by passing the incident synchrotron radiation through a thin transmissive foil. They are often used to manage heat-loads of white beams to optimize beamline performance according to the energy of operation. A typical filter has two or three racks, with each rack holding three of four separate foils, depending upon the beam cross-section.

Focusing mirrors - one or more mirrors, which may be flat, bent-flat, or toroidal, which helps to collimate (focus) the beam
Monochromators - devices based on diffraction by crystals which select particular wavelength bands and absorb other wavelengths, and which are sometimes tunable to varying wavelengths, and sometimes fixed to a particular wavelength
Spacing tubes - vacuum maintaining tubes which provide the proper space between optical elements, and shield any scattered radiation
Sample stages - for mounting and manipulating the sample under study and subjecting it to various external conditions, such a varying temperature, pressure etc.
Radiation detectors - for measuring the radiation which has interacted with the sample

The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load (heating caused by the beam) at the end station; the spectrum of radiation incident at the end station; and the focus or collimation of the beam. Devices along the beamline which absorb significant power from the beam may need to be actively cooled by water, or liquid nitrogen. The entire length of a beamline is normally kept under ultra high vacuum conditions.

Software for beamline modeling
Although the design of a synchrotron radiation beamline may be seen as an application of X-ray optics, there are dedicated tools for modeling the x-ray propagation down the beamline and their interaction with various components.  There are ray-tracing codes such as Shadow and McXTrace that treat the x-ray beam in the geometric optics limit, and then there are wave propagation software that takes into account diffraction, and the intrinsic wavelike properties of the radiation.  For the purposes of understanding full or partial coherence of the synchrotron radiation, the wave properties need to be taken into account.  The codes SRW, Spectra and xrt include this possibility, the latter code supports "hybryd" regime allowing to switch from geometric to wave approach on a given optical segment.

Neutron beamline
Superficially, neutron beamlines differ from synchrotron radiation beamlines mostly by the fact that they use neutrons from a research reactor or a spallation source instead of photons. Since neutrons don't carry charge and are difficult to redirect, the components are quite different (see e.g. choppers or neutron super mirrors). The experiments usually measure neutron scattering from or energy transfer to the sample under study.

See also

 Ion beam
 :Category:Neutron facilities
 Klystron

References

External links

 What is a synchrotron beamline?
 Search for the synchrotron beamline you need
  Macromolecular Crystallography at Synchrotrons: A Historical Introduction

Accelerator physics
Synchrotron instrumentation
Neutron instrumentation
Materials science
Life_sciences
Beamline

Beamline


Botho Strauss (; written as Botho Strauß) (born 2 December 1944) is a German playwright, novelist, and essayist.

Early life
His father was a chemist.

After finishing his secondary education, Strauss studied German, History of the Theatre and Sociology in Cologne and Munich. He never finished his dissertation on Thomas Mann und das Theater. During his studies, he worked as an extra at the Munich Kammerspiele.

Career

From 1967 to 1970, he was a critic and editorial journalist for the journal Theater heute (Theater Today). Between 1970 and 1975, he worked as a dramaturgical assistant to Peter Stein at the West Berlin Schaubühne am Halleschen Ufer.

After his first attempt as a writer, a Gorky film adaptation, he decided to work as a writer. Strauss had his first breakthrough as a dramatist with the 1977 Trilogie des Wiedersehens, five years after the publication of his first work. In 1984, he published Der Junge Mann (The Young Man), translated by Roslyn Theobald in 1995.

With a 1993 Der Spiegel essay, "Anschwellender Bocksgesang" ("Swelling He-Goat Song") a critical examination of modern civilisation, he triggered a major political controversy as his conservative politics was anathema to many.

In his theoretical work, Straus showed the influence of Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Adorno, but his outlook was also radically anti-bourgeois.

Strauss lives in Berlin as well as in the nearby Uckermark region. In 2017, he switched from his long-time publisher Carl Hanser Verlag to Rowohlt Verlag.

Recognition
1974: Hannoverscher Dramatikerpreis
1977: Förderpreis of the Schiller Memorial Prize
1981: Großer Literaturpreis der Bayerischen Akademie der Schönen Künste
1982: Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis
1987: Jean Paul Prize
1989: Georg Büchner Prize
1993: Berlin Theatre Prize
2001:
2007: Schiller Memorial Prize

Notes

References

External links

Botho Strauß: New German dramatic art. Goethe-Instituts Website
"Books in Brief: Fiction" on Couples, Passersby by Erik Burns, The New York Times (29 December 1996)

1944 births
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German male writers
20th-century German novelists
20th-century essayists
21st-century German dramatists and playwrights
21st-century German male writers
21st-century German novelists
21st-century essayists
Georg Büchner Prize winners
German essayists
German male dramatists and playwrights
German male novelists
German male short story writers
German short story writers
German-language writers
Living people
People from Naumburg (Saale)
Schiller Memorial Prize winners

Botho Strauss


بلدية إل باينوس/باينوسو , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 7.315 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية

إل باينوس


The Second Battle of Ushant was a naval battle fought between French and British squadrons near Ushant, an island off the coast of Brittany, on 12 December 1781, as part of the American Revolutionary War.

Background
On 10 December 1781 a French convoy sailed from Brest with reinforcements and stores for the East and West Indies, protected by a fleet of 19 ships of the line commanded by Comte de Guichen.

On 11 December 1781 Bussy-Castelnau departed Cadiz, Spain, with a squadron comprising the 64-gun Saint-Michel and the 74-gun Illustre, escorting three transports, to make his junction at Tenerife in the Canary Islands with the squadron under Guichen.

The next day they encountered a British squadron of ships of the line, commanded by Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt in HMS Victory, that had been ordered to sea to intercept the expected convoy.

Action
On 12 December Kempenfelt's squadron sighted the French convoy, discovering that its protective escort had been strengthened.

Initially, Guichen's fleet was situated downwind of the convoy, allowing the British ships to sweep down and capture 15 ships carrying troops and supplies before the French ships could intervene.

Kempenfelt's force was not strong enough to attack the 19 French escorts, but the French convoy, having deliberately risked setting sail in the North Atlantic storm season in an unsuccessful attempt to avoid British forces, was dispersed in a gale shortly afterwards, and most of the ships forced to return to port.

Aftermath
Only two of the ships of the line intended for the West Indies arrived with a few transport vessels in time for the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782.

When news of the battle at Ushant reached Britain, the Opposition in Parliament questioned the decision to send such a small force against the convoy, and forced an official inquiry into the administration of the Royal Navy. This was the first of a succession of Opposition challenges that would ultimately bring about the fall of the government of Lord North on 20 March 1782 and pave the way for the Peace of Paris the following year, which ended the American Revolutionary War.

The French transports Marquis de Castries and Neptune-Royal, lone survivors of the convoy, reached Saint Croix carrying siege artillery and an artillery company.

References

Sources

Conflicts in 1781
Ushant 1781
Military history of Brittany
1781 in France
Battle

Battle of Ushant (1781)


Donald Rumbelow (*1940) es un criminólogo británico ligado a la policía de la ciudad de Londres y a su Museo del Crimen, y también ligado a la Asociación Británica de Escritores de Crímenes (Britain's Crime Writers' Association)..

Rumbelow es un experto en cuanto a investigaciones respecto de Jack el Destripador, e incluso se desempeña como guía turístico del llamado "Circuito de Jack el Destripador", en el cual se visitan los lugares donde se cometieron los "Crímenes de Whitechapel". Las guías turísticas indican que el "Tour de Rumbelow" lleva unas dos horas en ser completado. La caminata turística comienza en Torre Hill, al noroeste de la Torre de Londres, y termina en The Ten Bells, un pub victoriano frecuentado por las víctimas Annie Chapman y Mary Kelly. Durante el paseo, Rumbelow resume los asesinatos de Jack el Destripador, y explica cómo eran las zonas de Spitalfields y Whitechapel del East End de Londres en 1888, año en el que ocurrieron los famosos crímenes.

En complemento de estas actividades, en distintos momentos Rumbelow también ha efectuado disertaciones (conferencias) más detalladas sobre estos crímenes, y ha tomado parte en varios documentales referidos a Jack el Destripador.

Rumbelow está casado y tiene dos hijos.

 Libros de Donald Rumbelow
 Donald Rumbelow, I Spy Blue: Police and Crime in the City of London from Elizabeth I to Victoria, Verlag Macmillian, 1971.
 Donald Rumbelow, Houndsditch Murders, Verlag Macmillian, 1973.
 Donald Rumbelow, Judy Hindley, Colin King, Detection (Know how books), Usborne Publishing Ltd, 1978.
 Donald Rumbelow, Triple Tree, Harap, 1982.
 Donald Rumbelow, The Complete Jack the Ripper (True Crime), Penguin Books Ltd, 1988 ISBN 0-14-017395-1,
 Stewart P. Evans, Donald Rumbelow, Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates'', Sutton Publishing, 2007 ISBN 0-7509-4228-2.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Homepage of the 'Jack the Ripper' walks (en inglés)

Escritores del Reino Unido del siglo XX

Donald Rumbelow


Faryab Vilayeti  (Farsça: فاریاب, Fāryāb), Afganistan'ın 34 vilayetinden birisidir.

Faryab vilayetinin merkezi Meymene şehridir. 20,293 km² yüzölçümündeki vilayetin nüfusu 782.000'dir.
1990'lı yılların ortalarında, Bagdis ve Faryab bölgeleri Taliban ve karşıt güçlerce yapılan şiddetli çatışmalara sahne oldu.

Faryab, Abdülraşid Dostum kuvvetlerinin en etkin olduğu bölgedir. 2000'li yılların ortalarında, Dostum kuvvetleri ile yerel devlet güçleri arasında başta Maymana olmak üzere tüm vilayette şiddetli çatışmalar yaşanmıştır.

İşgal sonrası olaylar
2009 yılında, Afganistan Türk Gücü'nde görevli Kurmay Albay Faruk Sungur ve Uzman Çavuş Mevlüt Baydar geçiktikleri bir trafik kazasında hayatlarını kaybetmiştir.

Vilayetin ilçeleri
Faryab Vilayeti 19 ilçeye ayrılmıştır. Aşağıdaki tabloda bu ilçeler alfabetik olarak gösterilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Faryab (il)


Bliensbach steht für

 Blancherupt, eine französische Gemeinde im Elsass
 Bliensbach (Wertingen), ein Ortsteil der Stadt Wertingen, Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau, Bayern
 Bliensbach (Zusam), rechter Zufluss der Zusam in Wertingen

Bliensbach


was a town located in Kimotsuki District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,577 and a density of 25.52 persons per km². The total area was 179.36 km².

On July 1, 2005, Uchinoura, along with the town of Kōyama (also from Kimotsuki District), was merged to create the town of Kimotsuki.

The Uchinoura Space Center is named after the town and was built before the merger.

External links
 Official website of Kimotsuki
 Famous website of Kimotsuki
 Isunoki Organic Farm (WOOF)

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Uchinoura, Kagoshima


Her Mind (estilizado em caixa alta) é o segundo álbum de estúdio da cantora e compositora brasileira Urias. O álbum foi lançado em 8 de junho de 2023, através do selo Mataderos. Her Mind é um álbum trilíngue, compreendendo as línguas espanhola, inglesa e portuguesa.

Antecedentes
Após o lançamento do primeiro álbum da  carreira, intitulado Fúria, Urias deu continuidade aos trabalhos. Em maio de 2022, lançou o extended play (EP), Her Mind Pt 1. O álbum foi dividido em três partes. Sobre a primeira parte Urias declarou:

Em novembro de 2022, Urias lançou a segunda parte do álbum, Her Mind Pt 2. Em dezembro lançou o single Neo Thang.

Lançamento e repercussão
Em 6 de junho de 2023, Urias divulgou, através das redes sociais, a capa de seu segundo álbum de estúdio, Her Mind, que chegou às plataformas digitais em 8 de junho de 2023,  com 13 faixas em português, espanhol e inglês.

O álbum estreou na 1ª posição na parada de álbuns mais vendidos do iTunes Paraguay. A  faixa "Magnata" alcançou a 1ª posição na parada de músicas mais vendidas do ITunes Brasil.

Título, capa e temática
Em 6 de junho de 2023, Urias revelou a arte da capa de Her Mind, em suas redes sociais. Na imagem da capa, ela está com corpo e rosto todo de cor "rosa", está de pé, e na frontal da cabeça há um "cérebro", "prateado".

Sobre a capa do álbum, Urias explica:

Turnê
Her Mind Tour é a segundo turnê da cantora e compositora brasileira, Urias, para promover seu segundo álbum de estúdio, Her Mind. A turnê terá início em São Paulo, no dia 5 de julho, e em outubro na primeira edição do The Town.

Lista de faixas

Histórico de lançamento

Referências

Álbuns de 2023
Álbuns de Urias
Álbuns de electropop
Álbuns de funk carioca
Álbuns de hip hop
Álbuns de house music
Álbuns em língua portuguesa
Álbuns em língua inglesa
Álbuns em língua castelhana

Her Mind


Prva nogometna liga Kosova je bila liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1974./75.  Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila "Lirija" iz Prizrena.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Godišnjak Fudbalskog saveza Jugoslavije 1974./75. i 1975./76., Beograd, ISSN: 0351-2894, str. 540

1974-75
KOS 1
1974-75 1
1974-75 1

Prva nogometna liga Kosova 1974./75.


La armonía de las esferas es una antigua teoría de origen pitagórico, basada en la idea de que el universo está gobernado según proporciones numéricas armoniosas y que el movimiento de los cuerpos celestes según la representación geocéntrica del universo — el Sol, la Luna y los planetas — se rige según proporciones musicales; las distancias entre planetas corresponderían, según esta teoría, a los intervalos musicales.

La expresión griega harmonia tou kosmou se traduce como «armonía del cosmos» o «música universal»; la palabra armonía se entiende aquí por las buenas proporciones entre las partes y el todo, en un sentido matemático pero también «esotérico», según el misticismo pitagórico. A su vez, como afirma Filolao, filósofo pitagórico, "La armonía sólo nace de la conciliación de contrarios, pues la armonía es unificación de muchos términos que se hallan en confusión y acuerdo entre elementos discordantes"  La palabra música (mousikê) hace referencia a «el arte de la Musas» y a «Apolo», es decir, a "la cultura del espíritu artístico o científico". El término «esferas» es de origen aristotélico y designa la zona de influencia de un planeta (Tratado del Cielo).

La teoría de la armonía de las esferas de los pitagóricos está documentada en textos antiguos desde Platón (La República, 530d y 617b; Critón, 405c) y sobre todo Aristóteles (Tratado del cielo, 290b12). Esta teoría continuó ejerciendo influencia en grandes pensadores y humanistas incluso hasta el final del Renacimiento.

Variantes

En los textos antiguos la teoría conoce muchas variantes. Se pueden hacer tres grandes distinciones, si bien esta clasificación no está propuesta en las fuentes originales.

 En un primer tiempo, la «música celeste» está compuesta de una escala ascendente o descendente que procede por grados conjuntos, y en la cual los intervalos se definen por las distancias entre los planetas. Así, en Plinio el viejo (Historia Natural II, 84), la distancia Tierra-Luna está evaluada en un tono, y los planetas se escalonan según una gama ascendente.

 Un segundo tipo de teoría propone igualmente una gama que procede por intervalos conjuntos — de un semitono o de un tono, y excepcionalmente un tono y medio — y en la cual los intervalos entre los planetas se definen por la velocidad relativa de los planetas. Es la interpretación debida posiblemente a Cicerón en el conocido Somnium Scipionis que culminaba su República, VI,18. El sonido emitido por la Luna, que es el planeta que gira más despacio, se presenta así como el más grave, mientras que la «esfera inmóvil» emite el sonido más agudo.

 El tercer tipo de armonía de las esferas se debe a una interpretación del conocido pasaje del Timeo (35-36), en el que Platón describe la fabricación de las proporciones del «Alma del Mundo» por el Demiurgo. El pasaje se basa en la serie numérica 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 8, 27 — que corresponde a la fusión de la serie de las primeras potencias de 2 (2, 4, 8) y de la serie de las primeras potencias de 3 (3, 9, 27). De esta serie, se pueden extraer relaciones numéricas sobre las cuales se basan los intervalos musicales: la razón 1 a 2 (razón doble) corresponde a la octava; la razón 2 a 3 (razón llamada hemiolia - en griego, y sesquialtera en latín) a la quinta; la razón 3 a 4 (epitrito o sesquitercio) a la cuarta; finalmente, la razón 9 a 8 (sesquioctava) al tono. Este difícil pasaje es interpretado de maneras diversas en numerosas especulaciones neoplatónicas, que utilizan esta serie para describir las relaciones entre los planetas — se puede evocar la interpretación de Macrobio, en el Commentarium in Ciceronis Somnium Scipionis, II, 2-4. Según Luc Brisson, "tres tipos de intervalos corresponden a razones musicales conocidas de la época de Platón: la cuarta 4/3, la quinta 3/2 y el tono 9/8. (...) Considerado desde un punto de vista estrictamente musical, la estructura matemática del «Alma del mundo» tendría entonces 4 octavas, una quinta y un tono: 2/1 x 2/1 x 2/1 x 2/1 x 3/2 x 9/8 = 27. Hay que remarcar no obstante, que Platón no tiene ninguna intención de hacer la teoría del tipo de música que podrían emitir los cuerpos celestes".

Historia
Se atribuye a Pitágoras el descubrimiento de la relación entre el tono de la nota musical y la longitud de la cuerda que lo produce: el tono de la nota de una cuerda está en proporción con su longitud, y que los intervalos entre las frecuencias de los sonidos armoniosos forman razones numéricas simples (véase también «Martillos de Pitágoras»). En la teoría conocida como «la armonía de las esferas», Pitágoras propone que el Sol, la Luna y los planetas emiten un único zumbido basado en su revolución orbital, y que la cualidad de la vida en la Tierra refleja el tenor de los sonidos celestiales que son imperceptibles para el oído humano.

Para Filolao, matemático y astrónomo pitagórico, año 400 a.C., el mundo es «armonía y número», todo se halla ordenado según proporciones que corresponden a tres consonancias básicas para la música: 1:2 (armonía), 2:3 (quinta), 3:4 (cuarta). La música por tanto muestra de manera diáfana, en sus propias relaciones, la naturaleza de la armonía universal. La música entendida en este contexto no es necesariamente exclusivamente instrumental, sino que responde más bien a un concepto abstracto (así cobra relevancia, por ejemplo, el estudio de los intervalos). Nicómaco de Gerasa (también pitagórico, hacia el año 200) asigna las notas de la octava a los cuerpos celestes, de manera que generan una música.

Platón presenta la noción en La República, X, 616-617. Describe un orden de ocho círculos u órbitas: estrellas fijas, Saturno, Júpiter, Marte, Mercurio, Venus, Sol, Luna, que se distinguen por su rango de distancias, su color y la velocidad de revolución. La unidad de medida, según Platón, es el intervalo Tierra/Luna (Timeo, 35 b). Los términos de la serie del «Alma del mundo» (1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 8, 27) representan las distancias de los planetas a la Tierra, medidas en razón de la distancia de la Luna a la Tierra tomada como unidad. Luna 1, Sol 2, Mercurio 3, Venus 4, Marte 8, Júpiter 9, Saturno 27 (Timeo, 36 d).

Es Aristóteles el primero en dar una exposición crítica de la noción pitagórica de las armonía de las esferas:
"Debemos ver evidentemente, después de todo lo que precede, que, cuando nos hablan de una armonía resultante del movimiento de esos cuerpos, igual a la armonía de sonidos que se entrelazan, se está haciendo una comparación muy brillante, sin duda, pero vana; esa no es la verdad de ningún modo. Hay en efecto gente [los pitagóricos] que se figura que el movimiento de cuerpos tan grandes [los planetas] debe producir necesariamente ruido, pues escuchamos alrededor nuestro los ruidos que hacen cuerpos que ni tienen tanta masa, ni una velocidad igual a la del Sol o la Luna. Por ello, uno se cree autorizado a concluir que astros tan numerosos e inmensos que aquellos que tienen este prodigioso movimiento de traslación, no pueden andar sin hacer un ruido de una intensidad desmesurada. Admitiendo en principio esta hipótesis, y suponiendo que estos cuerpos, gracias a sus distancias respectivas, están por sus velocidades en la misma proporción que las armonías, estos filósofos llegan a pretender que la voz de los astros, que se mueven en círculos, es armoniosa. Pero como sería muy sorprendente que nosotros no escucháramos esta pretendida voz, nos explican la causa, diciendo que ese ruido data para nuestros oídos desde el momento mismo de nuestro nacimiento. Esto hace que no distingamos el ruido, es que no hemos tenido nunca el contraste del silencio, que sería su contrario; pues la voz y el silencio, se hacen así distinguir recíprocamente el uno del otro. Pero, al igual que los herreros, por el hábito del ruido que hacen, no se dan más cuenta de la diferencia, así igualmente, dicen, sucede a los hombres. Esta suposición, lo repito, es muy ingeniosa y muy poética; pero es absolutamente imposible que sea así." (Aristóteles, "Tratado del Cielo", II, cap 9, 290).

La representación pitagórica del universo como una armonía tuvo tanto éxito en la Antigüedad, que Boecio, al comienzo de su De institutione musica (I,2), la incluye como una de las tres partes de la música — en su célebre tripartición entre musica mundana (música del mundo, o armonía de las esferas), musica humana (música del hombre, es decir, armonía interior que une las partes del alma y los elementos del cuerpo) y musica in instrumentis (música instrumental, en el sentido que la entendemos hoy). El éxito de esta representación del mundo, vehiculada por toda la tradición antigua retomada por Boecio, no se debilitará durante el transcurso de la Edad Media.

Johannes Kepler, en su Mysterium cosmographicum (1596), pone en relación los aspectos de los que hablan los astrólogos (relaciones angulares entre planetas) y los intervalos musicales. La oposición (planetas a 180°): razón del círculo entero a su mitad: 2:1 (octava); el trígono (planetas a 120°): razón del conjunto a la menor de las partes: 3:2 (quinta); el cuadrado (planetas a 90°): razón del conjunto a la mayor de las partes: 4:3 (cuarta). Sobre todo, en su Harmonices mundi (1619), Kepler funda la «música celeste», ya no basado en las distancias entre planetas sino en la velocidad de los mismos, en función de la segunda ley de Kepler (ley de las áreas: la velocidad de un planeta aumenta cuando este se acerca al Sol). El planeta más lejano al Sol, Saturno, durante el afelio, cubre cada día 106 segundos de arco de elipse; en el perihelio, 135; esto equivale (a menos de 2 segundos) a una razón de 4 a 5, que es la tercera mayor. Júpiter da la tercera menor, Marte la quinta, la Tierra el semitono, Venus el sostenido y Mercurio la octava aumentada de la tercera menor. Kepler supone que el tono de Saturno en el afelio es la nota «sol», en su perihelio la nota «si». El conjunto de los planetas constituye un coro en que los bajos corresponden a Saturno y Júpiter, el tenor a Marte, el contralto a la Tierra y Venus, el soprano a Mercurio.

Michael Maier, médico y alquimista, en 1622 expone que hay "un tercio" de la Tierra a la Luna, "una quinta" de la Luna al Sol, y "una octava" del Sol hasta el cielo (Cantilenae intellectuales de phoenice redivivo, Canciones intelectuales sobre la resurrección del fénix).

La ley de Titius-Bode (1772) es una nueva clase de teoría de la armonía planetaria. En 1702, James Gregory describe la secuencia de números 4, 7, 10, 15, 52, 95, para representar las distancias de los planetas en 1/10 del radio de la órbita terrestre (1.5 millones de kilómetros). En 1766, Titius enuncia una relación empírica entre los radios de las órbitas de los planetas y de los planetas enanos del Sistema Solar, basado en una progresión geométrica de razón 2. En 1772, Bode retoma la teoría: si se considera 4 como la distancia media entre Mercurio y el Sol, y si se agrega la serie 3 x 1, 3 x 2, 3 x 4, 3 x 8, etc. se obtienen cifras que se aproximan mucho a la distancia media real de los planetas con respecto al Sol, calculada en unidades astronómicas (distancia media entre la Tierra y el Sol).

 Mercurio: distancia = 4 (0,387) do
 Venus: distancia = 7 (0,723) re
 Tierra: distancia = 10 (1,000) sol
 Marte: distancia = 16 (1,524) do
 Céres: distancia = 28 (2,77) re
 Júpiter: distancia = 52 (5,203) si bemol
 Saturno: distancia = 100 (9,539) mi
 Urano: distancia = 196 (19,182) mi+
 Neptuno: distancia = 388 (30,055) la

El cristalógrafo Victor Goldschmidt utilizó como unidad astronómica no la distancia Tierra-Sol, sino la distancia Júpiter-Sol (Über Harmonie im Weltraum, en Annalen der Naturphilosophie, t. IX, 1910, p. 51-110). Obtiene, así: Sol 0, Júpiter 1, Saturno 2, Urano 4, Neptuno 6, Plutón 8; para los planetas interiores pequeños y densos de rotación lenta: Sol 0, Mercurio 1/13, Venus 1/7, Tierra 1/5, Marte 1/3, Júpiter 1. Al final: Sol 0, Júpiter 1/2 do, Saturno 1 do, Urano 2 do, Neptuno 3 sol, Plutón 4 do.

En 1781, el descubrimiento de Urano confirma la "ley de Bode". Sin embargo, en 1846, el descubrimiento de Neptuno demuestra que la ley de Titius-Bode no es válida más allá de Urano.

Véase también
 Afinación pitagórica
 Sistema astronómico pitagórico
 Ley de Titius-Bode
 Harmonices mundi
 Historia de la astronomía
 Música y matemáticas
 Belleza matemática
 Music of the Spheres (Mike Oldfield)

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Burkert, Walter: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Harvard University Press, [1962], trad. en. 1972, pp. 350-355. (Google Libros)
 Calter, Paul: «Pythagoras & Music of the Spheres»  en Dartmouth.edu (consultado el 22-04-2012).
 Ghyka, Matila: Essai sur le rythme. Prefacio de Paul Valéry. París: Gallimard, 1938.
 Godwin, Joscelyn: Harmony of the Spheres. A Sourcebook of the Pythagorean Tradition in Music. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, 1993.
 Guthrie, William C. K.: A History of Greek Philosophy (1962-1965). Cambridge University Press, t. I, pp. 295-301. (Google Libros)
 Randel, Don Michael (ed.): The Harvard Dictionary of Music. 4.ª ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 06-740-1163-5, ISBN 978-0-67-401163-2 (Google Libros)
 Reinach, Théodore: «La musique des sphères» en Revue des études grecques, 13:432-449, 1900.

Enlaces externos

Acústica
Teorías científicas obsoletas
Música de la Antigüedad
Teoría musical
Filosofía pitagórica
Filosofía de la música
Música pitagórica
Primeras cosmologías científicas

Armonía de las esferas


Kâtip Çelebi ya da Hacı Halife (Şubat 1609, İstanbul - 6 Ekim 1657, İstanbul); tarih, coğrafya, bibliyografya ve biyografya ile ilgili çalışmalar yapmış Türk-Osmanlı bilim insanı ve aydını. Dünya bilim edebiyatında en ünlü ve bilinen eseri; İslam dünyasının en değerli eserlerini içeren 15.000'e yakın kitabı ve 10.000'e yakın müellifi (yazar) alfabetik dizin sistemine göre tanıtan  Keşf ez-zunûn 'an esâmî el-kutub ve'l-fünûn ve daha sonra İbrahim Müteferrika tarafından basılan meşhur coğrafya ansiklopedisi Cihannümâ ile tanınır. Kâtip Çelebi, az sayıdaki 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı nesir yazarları arasındadır.

Yaşamı
1609 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. Babasının adı Abdullah'tı. Babası, Osmanlı devlet ve siyaset adamlarının yetiştirildiği Enderûn kurumunda eğitim görerek yetişmiş bir askerdir. Kâtip Çelebi'nin asıl adı Mustafa bin Abdullah'tır. Ordu kâtipliğinde bulunduğu için ulema ve halk arasında Kâtip Çelebi lakabı ile tanındı. Doğuda Hacı Halife, batıda ise Hacı Kalfa olarak tanınır. Hacca gittiği ve uzman memur (halife) olduğundan ötürü bu lakap ile de anılmıştır.

Eğitimi
6 yaşına geldiğinde ilk eğitimini almak için babası tarafından görevlendirilen İmam İsa Halife El-Kırımî'den Kur'an okumayı, tecvid kurallarından Mukaddime-i Cezeriyyeyi ve namazın şartlarını öğrendi. Devrin adeti üzerine, öğrendiklerini Mesih Paşa Darülkurrâsı'nda ezbere dinletti. Zekeriyyşikl

,ia Ali İbrahim Efendi ile Nefes-zâde'den ders gördü, Kur'an'ı yarısına kadar ezberleyerek aynı Darülkurrâ'da okudu. İlyas Hoca'dan tasrif (Arapça kelime bilgisi) ve avâmil (Arapça dilbilgisi üzerine yazılmış eser) öğrendi.

Böğrü Ahmet Çelebi adlı hattattan yazı dersleri aldı. On dört yaşına geldiğinde babasının aylığından 14 dirhem harçlık bağlanılarak babasının yanında Anadolu Muhasebesi Kalemi'nde şakird (stajyer) olarak devlet görevine başladı (1622-23). Kalemdeki halifelerin (uzman memur) birinden hesap-muhasebe sistemini, Erkam adı verilen yazışma kurallarını ve dönemin devlet belgelerinde kullanılan Siyakat yazısını öğrendi.

Memurluk Yılları
1624 yılında Abaza Mehmed Paşa İsyanı'nı bastırmak amacıyla hazırlanan ordunun defterlerini tutan birimde (Silâhdar Alayı) yer alarak babası ile birlikte Tercan Seferi'ne katıldı. Kayseri yakınlarında Abaza Mehmed Paşa birlikleriyle yapılan savaşa (7 Eylül 1624) tanıklık etti. Eseri Fezleke'de bu seferin ayrıntılarını ve anılarını bildirmektedir. Ordu ile birlikte Musul'a geldiklerinde (Ağustos-Eylül 1626) babası öldü ve Camii Kebir Mezarlığı'na defnedildi. Babasının vefatından bir ay sonra, aynı sefer kuvvetinde görev yaptıkları amcası da Nusaybin-Cerahlu bölgesinde öldü. Kâtip Çelebi bunun üzerine orduda görev yapan başka bir akrabasıyla birlikte Diyarbakır'a geldi. Diyarbakır'da kaldığı sırada babasının arkadaşlarından Mehmed Halife adlı bir yüksek bürokrat tarafından Süvari Mukabelesi'ne tayin edilerek İstanbul'a döndü (1627-1628). Burada Kâdızâde'nin derslerini takip etmeye başladı. Aynı yıl içinde Erzurum Kuşatması'na katıldı. Erzurum'dan Tokat'a dönüş yolunda, kış mevsiminin bastırması sebebiyle orduyla birlikte büyük zorluklar yaşadı.

Kâtip Çelebi, 1630 yılında Hüsrev Paşa'nın maiyetinde bulunarak Hamedan ve Bağdat Seferi'ne katıldı. Bu seferle ilgili olarak Cihannümâ'da ve Fezleke'de, uğradığı şehir ve bölgeler ile ordu tarafından ele geçirilen şehir, kale ve menzillerin bilgilerini vermektedir. Bağdat Kuşatması'nda ordunun defterini tuttu. Seferden sonra tekrar İstanbul'a dönerek Kâdızâde'nin derslerine katıldı. Bu zaman aralığında, Kâdızâde'den Tefsir, İhya-i Ulûm, Şerh-i Mevakıf, Dûrer ve Tarikat (Tarikat-ı Muhammediyye) okudu. 1633-1635 yılları arasında, Halep Seferi'nde hacca gitme fırsatı buldu.

Çatışma ve sefer olmadığı zamanlarda Halep'te kitapçıları ve kütüphaneleri gezerek ileride yazacağı büyük eseri Keşf ez-Zunûn 'an Esâmî el-Kutub ve'l-Fünûn (كشف الظنون عن أسامي الكتب والفنون) için biyografik ve bibliyografik temeli teşkil edecek notları hazırlamaya başladı. Halep Seferi yıllarında, sahaflarda kitap toplayıp elde ettiği hazineyi okuyarak kendini geliştirdi. Dönüşte bir kış Diyarbakır'da kalıp oradaki bilgin ve aydınlarla görüştü. 1635 yılında IV. Murad ile Revan Seferine katıldı. On yıl kadar çeşitli savaşlarda bulunduktan sonra İstanbul'a döndü ve çeşitli alanlardaki bilimlerle uğraşır oldu.

A'rec Mustafa Efendi, Ayasofya Dersiâmı (öğretim görevlisi) Abdullah Efendi ve Süleymâniye Dersiâmı Mehmed Efendi'den ders aldı. A'rec Mustafa Efendi'yi kendisine üstad edindi. Bir yandan kendisi öğrenirken diğer yandan birçok öğrenciye ders verdi.

1645 yılında Girit Seferi'ne katılması sayesinde haritaların nasıl yapıldığını inceleme fırsatını buldu ve bu konuyla ilgili eserlerde çizilen haritaları gördü. Bu arada görevinden ayrılarak üç yıl devlette çalışmadı. Bu üç yıl içinde kimi öğrencilerine çeşitli konularda dersler verdi. Bu zaman içinde sık sık hastalandığı için tedavi çareleri bulmak amacıyla çeşitli tıp kitaplarını okudu. Pek çok eserini bu yıllarda yazmıştır. 1648'de Takvimü't-Tevarih adlı eseri nedeniyle dönemin Şeyhülislamı Abdürrahim Efendi aracılığıyla kalemde ikinci halifelik görevine atandı.

 Ölümü
Kâtip Çelebi 1657 yılında öldü. Mezarı, Vefa'dan Unkapanı'ndaki Unkapanı Köprüsü'ne inen büyük caddenin sağ kenarındaydı.

Kâtip Çelebi çalışkan, iyi huylu, vakarlı, az konuşan, çok yazan biri olarak bilinir. Arapça, Farsça yanında Latince'yi de bilirdi. Osmanlı Devleti'nde Batı bilimleriyle fazla ilgilenen ve bu bilimleri Doğu bilimleriyle karşılaştırıp sentezini yapan ilk Türk bilim adamlarından biridir. Unesco tarafından doğumunun 400. yılı münasebetiyle 2009 yılı Kâtip Çelebi Yılı ilan edilmiştir.

 Eserleri
 Coğrafya
 Levâmiu'n-Nur fi Zulmeti Atlas Minur Müntehab-ı Bahriye (Kitab-ı Bahriye) Cihannümâ Tarih
 Fezleket Akvâl'l-Ahyâr fi ilmi't-târîh ve'l-ahbâr: Bir mukaddime, üç usûl ve bir son sözden oluşan Arapça fezleke. Elimizde olmayan 1300 adet yazma kaynak kullanılarak yazılan bu eser; varlıkların başlangıcı, peygamberlerin ve hükümdarların tarihi olarak özetlenebilecek bir tarih kitabıdır.
 Türkçe Fezleke Tuhfet el-Kibâr fi Esfâri el-Bihâr (Tuhfetü'l-Kibâr fi Esfâri'l-Bihâr) Takvîmü't-Tevârîh: 1648 tarihine kadar yaşanmış olayların kronolojik açıklamasını içerir. Eser, Arapça ve Farsça basılmış; İtalyanca, Latince ve Fransızcaya çevrilmiştir.
 Târîh-i Frengi tercümesi
 Revnaku's-Saltana (Târîh-i Kostantiniyye ve Kayâsire) tercümesi
 Düstûrü'l-Amel lî Islâhi'l-Halel İrşâdü'l-Hıyâfâ ilâ Târîhi'l-Yunân ve'r-Rûm ve'n Nasârâ (Yunan, Rum ve Hristiyan Tarihi Hakkında Doğrulukları Gösterme) risâlesi Bibliyografya
 Keşf el-Zunun an Asâmi el-Kutub ve el-Fünûn: Arapça yazılmış 15.000'e yakın kitap ve 10.000'e yakın yazarı tanıtan büyük bir bibliyografya ansiklopedisi mâhiyetindedir. Mısır'da, Almanya'da, İstanbul'da basıldı. Latince ve Fransızcaya çevrilmiştir. İlimlerin sayımını ve taksimini konu edinecek ölçüde, kitapları (kütüb) ve ilmî disiplinleri (fünûn) içeren geniş muhteviyatlı bir eserdir. Müellifi tarafından sonradan "Keşfü'z-Zunûn an Esamü'l-Kütübi ve'l-Fünûn" şeklinde adlandırılmıştır.
 Süllemü'l-Vüsûl ilâ Tabakâti'l-Fuhûl Câmi el-Mütûn Min Cüll el-FünûnDin
 Mîzânü'l-Hak fi İhtiyâri'l-Ehakk İlhâm el-Mukaddes Min el-Feyz el-Akdes (el-İlhâmü'l-Mukaddes Mine'l-Feyzi'l-Akdes) risâlesiSosyal, Kültürel ve Halk Bilimi
 Tuhfetü el-Ahyâr fi el-Hikem ve el-Eş'âr (Tuhfetü'l-Ahyâr fi'l-Hikem ve'l-Emsâl ve'l-Eş'âr)
 Dürer-i Müntesire ve'l Gurer-i Münteşire (Dağılmış İnciler ve Saçılmış Yıldızlar) Recmü'r-Râcim Bi's-Sîn ve'l-Cim
 Beyzâvi Tefsiri şerhi Muhammediyye şerhi Kanunnâme Tütün risâlesi''

Ayrıca bakınız
 MEB 100 Türk Edebiyatçısı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Katip Çelebi'nin Hayatı ve Eserleri
 Bekir Karliga, "The Horizon of Katip Celebi's Thought", Kaynak: The MuslimHeritage.com

1609 doğumlular
1657 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı coğrafyacıları
Osmanlı tarihçileri
17. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Osmanlı bilim insanları
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ansiklopedistleri

Kâtip Çelebi


Brevik war eine Gemeinde mit etwa 2700 Einwohnern im Süden der Provinz Telemark (2020 in Vestfold og Telemark aufgegangen) in Süd-Norwegen. Sie wurde ab dem 1. Januar 1838 selbstständig im Sinne des Formannskapsdistrikt von 1837 und wurde zum 1. Januar 1964 in die etwa zehn Kilometer nördlich gelegene, deutlich größere Kommune Porsgrunn eingemeindet.

Der Ort liegt am Südende der Halbinsel Eidanger (Eidangerhalvøya), die einen Fjord zweiteilt. Die altnordische Form des Namens lautete Breiðvík, wobei das erste Element breiðr so viel wie "breit" bedeutet und die Endung vík für "Einlass" steht.

Brevik gilt als eine der am besten erhaltenen Städte aus der Zeit der Segelschiffe und war früher Export-Zentrum für Eis und Holz. Die letzte Holzlieferung in das Vereinigte Königreich datiert etwa auf 1960.

Brevik war Endpunkt der Bahnstrecke Eidanger–Brevik. Die Strecke wurde am 15. Oktober 1895 durch König Oscar II. eröffnet. Der Personenverkehr auf der Gesamtstrecke endete 1968. Der Bahnhof in Brevik wurde am 1. Dezember 1982 geschlossen. Das 1917 errichtete Bahnhofsgebäude ist denkmalgeschützt und wird heute vom Telemark Museum und der Stiftung Porsgrunnsmuseene genutzt.

Der Begriff "Brevik" gelangte im März 2012 in die deutschen und norwegischen Schlagzeilen, als in Chemnitz ein Geschäft der bei Neonazis beliebten Modemarke Thor Steinar unter dem Namen Brevik öffnete, angeblich dem Namen der Stadt. Grund für das Aufsehen war die Ähnlichkeit mit dem Nachnamen Breivik des Urhebers der Anschläge in Norwegen 2011. Nachdem starke öffentliche Proteste eine Schließung des Ladens gefordert hatten, wurde dieser von den Inhabern eine Woche nach der Eröffnung umbenannt.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Cort Adeler (1622–1675), norwegisch-dänischer Admiral
 Jon Gjønnes (1931–2021), Physiker im Bereich der Kristallographie
 Finn Kristensen (* 1936), Politiker

Einzelnachweise

Porsgrunn
Ort in Vestfold og Telemark
Ehemalige Kommune in Vestfold og Telemark
Gemeindegründung 1838
Gemeindeauflösung 1964

Brevik


Le  est un magazine  généraliste, c'est-à-dire de la presse féminine japonaise dédiée à un public d'adolescentes. Édité par Tōkyō-sha comme revue sœur du , il est publié à un rythme mensuel à partir de 1912, proposant à ses lectrices des articles, nouvelles, illustrations, poèmes et mangas.

C'est dans ce magazine qu'ont débuté des artistes comme la romancière Nobuko Yoshiya avec  (1916-1924), l'illustrateur Kōji Fukiya en illustrant les nouvelles de Yoshiya ou encore la mangaka Toshiko Ueda avec  en 1937.

Le magazine disparaît en 1942, absorbé par son concurrent , car il ne peut faire face aux contraintes imposées par la guerre du Pacifique.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .

Magazine shōjo
Revue littéraire au Japon
Périodique japonais de prépublication de manga disparu
Magazine de prépublication de manga mensuel
Titre de presse créé en 1912
Titre de presse disparu en 1942

Shōjo gahō