In mathematics, a cubic surface is a surface in 3-dimensional space defined by one polynomial equation of degree 3. Cubic surfaces are fundamental examples in algebraic geometry. The theory is simplified by working in projective space rather than affine space, and so cubic surfaces are generally considered in projective 3-space . The theory also becomes more uniform by focusing on surfaces over the complex numbers rather than the real numbers; note that a complex surface has real dimension 4. A simple example is the Fermat cubic surface

in . Many properties of cubic surfaces hold more generally for del Pezzo surfaces.

Rationality of cubic surfaces
A central feature of smooth cubic surfaces X over an algebraically closed field is that they are all rational, as shown by Alfred Clebsch in 1866. That is, there is a one-to-one correspondence defined by rational functions between the projective plane  minus a lower-dimensional subset and X minus a lower-dimensional subset. More generally, every irreducible cubic surface (possibly singular) over an algebraically closed field is rational unless it is the projective cone over a cubic curve. In this respect, cubic surfaces are much simpler than smooth surfaces of degree at least 4 in , which are never rational. In characteristic zero, smooth surfaces of degree at least 4 in  are not even uniruled.

More strongly, Clebsch showed that every smooth cubic surface in  over an algebraically closed field is isomorphic to the blow-up of  at 6 points. As a result, every smooth cubic surface over the complex numbers is diffeomorphic to the connected sum , where the minus sign refers to a change of orientation. Conversely, the blow-up of  at 6 points is isomorphic to a cubic surface if and only if the points are in general position, meaning that no three points lie on a line and all 6 do not lie on a conic. As a complex manifold (or an algebraic variety), the surface depends on the arrangement of those 6 points.

27 lines on a cubic surface
Most proofs of rationality for cubic surfaces start by finding a line on the surface. (In the context of projective geometry, a line in  is isomorphic to .) More precisely, Arthur Cayley and George Salmon showed in 1849 that every smooth cubic surface over an algebraically closed field contains exactly 27 lines. This is a distinctive feature of cubics: a smooth quadric (degree 2) surface is covered by a continuous family of lines, while most surfaces of degree at least 4 in  contain no lines. Another useful technique for finding the 27 lines involves Schubert calculus which computes the number of lines using the intersection theory of the Grassmannian of lines on .

As the coefficients of a smooth complex cubic surface are varied, the 27 lines move continuously. As a result, a closed loop in the family of smooth cubic surfaces determines a permutation of the 27 lines. The group of permutations of the 27 lines arising this way is called the monodromy group of the family of cubic surfaces. A remarkable 19th-century discovery was that the monodromy group is neither trivial nor the whole symmetric group ; it is a group of order 51840, acting transitively on the set of lines. This group was gradually recognized (by Élie Cartan (1896), Arthur Coble (1915-17), and Patrick du Val (1936)) as the Weyl group of type , a group generated by reflections on a 6-dimensional real vector space, related to the Lie group  of dimension 78.

The same group of order 51840 can be described in combinatorial terms, as the automorphism group of the graph of the 27 lines, with a vertex for each line and an edge whenever two lines meet. This graph was analyzed in the 19th century using subgraphs such as the Schläfli double six configuration. The complementary graph (with an edge whenever two lines are disjoint) is known as the Schläfli graph.

Many problems about cubic surfaces can be solved using the combinatorics of the  root system. For example, the 27 lines can be identified with the weights of the fundamental representation of the Lie group . The possible sets of singularities that can occur on a cubic surface can be described in terms of subsystems of the  root system. One explanation for this connection is that the  lattice arises as the orthogonal complement to the anticanonical class  in the Picard group , with its intersection form (coming from the intersection theory of curves on a surface). For a smooth complex cubic surface, the Picard lattice can also be identified with the cohomology group .

An Eckardt point is a point where 3 of the 27 lines meet. Most cubic surfaces have no Eckardt point, but such points occur on a codimension-1 subset of the family of all smooth cubic surfaces.

Given an identification between a cubic surface on X and the blow-up of  at 6 points in general position, the 27 lines on X can be viewed as: the 6 exceptional curves created by blowing up, the birational transforms of the 15 lines through pairs of the 6 points in , and the birational transforms of the 6 conics containing all but one of the 6 points. A given cubic surface can be viewed as a blow-up of  in more than one way (in fact, in 72 different ways), and so a description as a blow-up does not reveal the symmetry among all 27 of the lines.

The relation between cubic surfaces and the  root system generalizes to a relation between all del Pezzo surfaces and root systems. This is one of many ADE classifications in mathematics. Pursuing these analogies, Vera Serganova and Alexei Skorobogatov gave a direct geometric relation between cubic surfaces and the Lie group .

In physics, the 27 lines can be identified with the 27 possible charges of M-theory on a six-dimensional torus (6 momenta; 15 membranes; 6 fivebranes) and the group E6 then naturally acts as the U-duality group. This map between del Pezzo surfaces and M-theory on tori is known as mysterious duality.

Special cubic surfaces
The smooth complex cubic surface in  with the largest automorphism group is the Fermat cubic surface, defined by

Its automorphism group is an extension , of order 648.

The next most symmetric smooth cubic surface is the Clebsch surface, which
can be defined in  by the two equations

Its automorphism group is the symmetric group , of order 120. After a complex linear change of coordinates, the Clebsch surface can also be defined by the equation

in .

Among singular complex cubic surfaces, Cayley's nodal cubic surface is the unique surface with the maximal number of nodes, 4:

Its automorphism group is , of order 24.

Real cubic surfaces
In contrast to the complex case, the space of smooth cubic surfaces over the real numbers is not connected in the classical topology (based on the topology of R). Its connected components (in other words, the classification of smooth real cubic surfaces up to isotopy) were determined by Ludwig Schläfli (1863), Felix Klein (1865), and H. G. Zeuthen (1875). Namely, there are 5 isotopy classes of smooth real cubic surfaces X in , distinguished by the topology of the space of real points . The space of real points is diffeomorphic to either , or the disjoint union of  and the 2-sphere, where  denotes the connected sum of r copies of the real projective plane . Correspondingly, the number of real lines contained in X is 27, 15, 7, 3, or 3.

A smooth real cubic surface is rational over R if and only if its space of real points is connected, hence in the first four of the previous five cases.

The average number of real lines on X is  when the defining polynomial for X is sampled at random from the Gaussian ensemble induced by the Bombieri inner product.

The moduli space of cubic surfaces
Two smooth cubic surfaces are isomorphic as algebraic varieties if and only if they are equivalent by some linear automorphism of . Geometric invariant theory gives a moduli space of cubic surfaces, with one point for each isomorphism class of smooth cubic surfaces. This moduli space has dimension 4. More precisely, it is an open subset of the weighted projective space P(12345), by Salmon and Clebsch (1860). In particular, it is a rational 4-fold.

The cone of curves
The lines on a cubic surface X over an algebraically closed field can be described intrinsically, without reference to the embedding of X in : they are exactly the (−1)-curves on X, meaning the curves isomorphic to  that have self-intersection −1. Also, the classes of lines in the Picard lattice of X (or equivalently the divisor class group) are exactly the elements u of Pic(X) such that  and . (This uses that the restriction of the hyperplane line bundle O(1) on  to X is the anticanonical line bundle , by the adjunction formula.)

For any projective variety X, the cone of curves means the convex cone spanned by all curves in X (in the real vector space  of 1-cycles modulo numerical equivalence, or in the homology group  if the base field is the complex numbers). For a cubic surface, the cone of curves is spanned by the 27 lines. In particular, it is a rational polyhedral cone in  with a large symmetry group, the Weyl group of . There is a similar description of the cone of curves for any del Pezzo surface.

Cubic surfaces over a field
A smooth cubic surface X over a field k which is not algebraically closed need not be rational over k. As an extreme case, there are smooth cubic surfaces over the rational numbers Q (or the p-adic numbers ) with no rational points, in which case X is certainly not rational. If X(k) is nonempty, then X is at least unirational over k, by Beniamino Segre and János Kollár. For k infinite, unirationality implies that the set of k-rational points is Zariski dense in X.

The absolute Galois group of k permutes the 27 lines of X over the algebraic closure  of k (through some subgroup of the Weyl group of ). If some orbit of this action consists of disjoint lines, then X is the blow-up of a "simpler" del Pezzo surface over k at a closed point. Otherwise, X has Picard number 1. (The Picard group of X is a subgroup of the geometric Picard group .) In the latter case, Segre showed that X is never rational. More strongly, Yuri Manin proved a birational rigidity statement: two smooth cubic surfaces with Picard number 1 over a perfect field k are birational if and only if they are isomorphic. For example, these results give many cubic surfaces over Q that are unirational but not rational.

Singular cubic surfaces
In contrast to smooth cubic surfaces which contain 27 lines, singular cubic surfaces contain fewer lines.   Moreover, they can be classified by the type of singularity which arises in their normal form. These singularities are classified using Dynkin diagrams.

Classification
A normal singular cubic surface  in  with local coordinates  is said to be in normal form if it is given by . Depending on the type of singularity   contains, it is isomorphic to the projective surface in  given by  where  are as in the table below.  That means we can obtain a classification of all singular cubic surfaces. The parameters of the following table are as follows:  are three distinct elements of , the parameters  are in  and  is an element of . Notice that there are two different singular cubic surfaces with singularity .

In normal form, whenever a cubic surface  contains at least one  singularity, it will have an  singularity at .

Lines on singular cubic surfaces
According to the classification of singular cubic surfaces, the following table shows the number of lines each surface contains.

Automorphism groups of singular cubic surfaces with no parameters
An automorphism of a normal singular cubic surface  is the restriction of an automorphism of the projective space  to . Such automorphisms preserve singular points. Moreover, they do not permute singularities of different types. If the surface contains two singularities of the same type, the automorphism may permute them. The collection of automorphisms on a cubic surface forms a group, the so-called automorphism group. The following table shows all automorphism groups of singular cubic surfaces with no parameters.

See also
Algebraic surface
Enriques–Kodaira classification
Fano variety
Schubert calculus

Notes

References

External links

 Lines on a Cubic Surface by Ryan Hoban (The Experimental Geometry Lab at the University of Maryland), based on work by William Goldman, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
 The Cubic Surfaces DVD (54 animations of cubic surfaces, downloadable separately or as a DVD)

Algebraic surfaces
Complex surfaces

Cubic surface


Henri Konow (7 de fevereiro de 1862 - 18 de janeiro de 1939) foi um oficial naval dinamarquês, vice-almirante e o último governador das Índias Ocidentais dinamarquesas, supervisionando a transferência da administração para os Estados Unidos após o Tratado das Índias Ocidentais Dinamarquesas em 1916, sob a qual o Reino da Dinamarca vendeu as ilhas agora chamadas de Ilhas Virgens Americanas aos Estados Unidos em troca de 25 milhões de dólares em ouro.

Nascidos em 1862
Mortos em 1939
Dinamarqueses

Henri Konow


Cet article est une liste des présidents et directeurs généraux de la Fondation Wikimédia depuis le début de la fonction.

Chronologie des présidents

Chronologie des directeurs généraux

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Fondation Wikimédia
 Mouvement Wikimédia

Wikimédia
Fondation Wikimedia

Liste des présidents et directeurs généraux de la Fondation Wikimédia


Narodni pokret za oslobođenje Angole (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola)
Narodni pokret za oslobođenje Azawada (Mouvement Populaire de Libération de l'Azawad)

MPLA


Andréa Michaelsson, connue sous le pseudonyme de Btoy, née en 1977 à Barcelone, est une artiste peintre espagnole.

Elle vit et travaille à Barcelone.

Biographie
André Michaelsson étudie le droit pendant quatre ans, puis la photographie à l'Institut d'études photographiques de Barcelone pendant trois années. Elle est surtout connue pour ses pochoirs d'après des photographies anciennes de femmes des années 1920 à 1950.

En 2002, la mort de sa mère la plonge dans un grand stress, auquel elle échappe en peignant, et se concentre sur le street art. Sous le pseudonyme de « Btoy », elle expérimente la peinture acrylique et les bombes de peinture en aérosol. Elle collabore d'abord avec Ilya Mayer, puis travaille seule. Peintre de la rue, elle trouve son style dans les artères de Barcelone aux côtés d'artistes venus de France, de Suède et d'Angleterre et du Royaume-Uni. Affiches, peintures murales, estampes et toiles font partie de ses réalisations.

Dès 2005, elle commence a exposer dans des galeries d'art. Btoy est aujourd'hui exposée dans les galeries étrangères, notamment à Los Angeles, Londres, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Bruxelles et Mexico. En 2008, elle est invitée par Banksy au  à Londres en 2008, où elle réalise plusieurs peintures murales, dont une dans le tunnel de la station de métro Waterloo.

Œuvres

 Allemagne
 Düsseldorf.

 France
 Aubervilliers : In situ Art Festival, 2014.
 Bagneux: Portrait de Lucie Aubrac, 2022, peinture murale sur le mur pignon d'un immeuble face à l'entrée du métro  de la station Bagneux-Lucie-Aubrac, ligne .
 La Rochelle : Springtime Delights Festival (Fela Kuti), 2014.
 Lille : Rachael (Dernier prototype d'Eldon Tyrell dans Blade Runner, film de Ridley Scott sorti en 1982), .
 Marles-les-Mines : Résidence, .
 Montry : Pilote, 2010.
 Paris :
 Quai 36 Art Residence, Gare du Nord, 2015.
 , Le MUR rue Oberkampf : Louise Michel, .
 Tour du  : Portrait de la danseuse américaine Evelyn Nesbit, 2014.

 Tunisie
 Erriadh (Djerba) : Djerbahood, été 2014.

Expositions
 Barcelone : N2 Gaqleria.
 Bonn : Bundeskunsthalle Museum, avec Bansky
 Londres :
 Pictures On Walls
 The Dog  Festival
 SC Gallery
2014
 Paris : Exposition Btoy, galerie Itinerrance, du  au
2012
 Las Calles Hablan, exposition collective avec Debens, Tom14, Kenor, Pez, Kafre, Alice, SM172, Ogoch, BToy] et Gola, Mutuo Centro de Arte, Barcelone (Espagne) ( - )

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Tour Paris 1, Albin Michel, .

 Artaq bookzine 2011, Artaq, éditions Suty pour Artaq, 2011.
  Mario G.Suarez, Los nombres esenciales del arte urbano y graffiti españo, éd. Lunwerg, 2011.
  Cristian Campos, 1000 Ideas for Graffiti and Street Art , Rockport Publishers, 2011.
 GraffitiArt, Paris, .
  Olly Walker, The Stencil Book, Londres, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, .
  Street artist guide, Londres, Graffito editions, .
  Ictus, Barcelone, Rojo Magazine, .
  Stencil History X, .
  « BTOY », Belio Magazine, « Die Young Collection », 2007.
  Scenes graffiti in Barcelona, Barcelone, Éd. Monsa, 2006.
  Barcelona-New York, Barcelone, Éd. Monsa, 2006.

Annexes

Liens externes

 Présentation biographique et œuvres sur artsper.com

Peintre espagnol du XXIe siècle
Peintre espagnole
Peintre catalan
Peintre portraitiste espagnol
Personnalité utilisant un pseudonyme
Naissance en 1977
Naissance à Barcelone
Femme street artiste

Andréa Michaelsson


Les 100 meilleurs films de l'histoire du cinéma ukrainien sont une note attribuée de 1 à 100 aux meilleurs films du cinéma ukrainien. Les films ont été sélectionnés en juin 2021 par le Centre national du film Oleksandr-Dovzhenko à Kiev, en Ukraine, grâce à un sondage réalisé auprès de représentants de la communauté cinématographique nationale et internationale.

Liste

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Liste de films ukrainiens

Liens externes

 TOP 100. Rating of the best films in the history of Ukrainian cinema

Liste de films
Film ukrainien

Liste des 100 meilleurs films de l'histoire du cinéma ukrainien


Cercul magic este un film românesc din 1975 regizat de David Reu (debut regizoral în lungmetraje de ficțiune). Scenariul este bazat pe romanul polițist omonim scris de Nicolae Mărgeanu.
Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Octavian Cotescu, Constantin Codrescu și Mircea Anghelescu.

Rezumat

Prezintă aventurile maiorului Mircea Vigu.

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Octavian Cotescu — mr. Mircea Vigu, ofițer la Miliția Judiciară din București
 Constantin Codrescu — Mihai Onu, pictor, membru al unei bande de derbedei fasciști în anii războiului
 Mircea Anghelescu — Stambuliu, avocat de divorțuri, vecin al familiei Onu
 Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan — Emil Novăcescu, inginer la Uzina de Mașini din București, amantul Antoanetei Onu
 Dumitru Chesa — cpt. Andreescu, ofițer la Miliția Judiciară din Timișoara
 Dorin Dron — Iosif Adam, vechi prieten al lui Mihai Onu, bărbatul care l-a servit cu coniac pe paznicul de cimitir Johann Lustig
 Ștefan Tapalagă — Nodea, procurorul însărcinat cu anchetarea uciderii Antoanetei Onu
 Dumitru Rucăreanu — pictor, fost coleg de studii și vechi prieten al lui Mihai Onu
 Nicu Constantin — ospătarul de la grădina de vară a Parcului Herăstrău / ospătarul din tren / ospătarul de la hotelul din Constanța
 Tudorel Popa — proprietarul bătrân, miop și surd al casei în care locuiește ing. Novăcescu
 Alexandru Lulescu — responsabilul Bufetului Bega din Timișoara
 George Aurelian — maestrul Miclea, avocatul bufetierului
 Ion Colomieț — Ionescu, inginer șef la Uzina de Mașini din București
 Virgil Constantinescu — Ion Vasilescu, partenerul de șah al lui Adam de la hotelul din Constanța
 Olga Delia Mateescu — Antoaneta Onu, soția infidelă a pictorului, câștigătoare a marelui premiu de la loto
 Dana Comnea — dr. Nemoianu, medic, sora pictorului Onu
 Rozina Cambos — Gina Alexiu, funcționară la Uzina de Mașini din București, sportivă pasionată
 Ioana Ciomîrtan — bătrâna care-și caută fiul dispărut în anii războiului
 Maria Ploae — studenta venită din practică la un combinat, pe care milițienii o întâlnesc în trenul de București (menționată Maria Ploaie)
 Ana Vlădescu — Maria Adam, sora lui Adam (menționată Ana Vlădescu-Aron)
 Dan Aldea
 Gheorghe Novac — medicul legist
 Alexandru Vasiliu
 Vasile Dinescu
 Romulus Bărbulescu — milițianul care-l urmărește pe Novăcescu
 Dumitru Gheorghiu
 Traian Petruț — meșterul bătrân de la Uzina de Mașini din București
 Constanța Cisman
 Liliana Filipov
 Dida Drăgan — cântăreața de la grădina de vară a Parcului Herăstrău

Producție
Filmările au avut loc în perioada 10 mai – 24 iulie 1975. Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 2.601.000 lei.

Coloana sonoră - interpretează: Dida Drăgan, Dan Aldea și formația "Sfinx" pe versuri de Nina Cassian.

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.716.253 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1975 în film

Filme din 1975
Filme regizate de David Reu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme de acțiune
Filme polițiste românești
Debuturi regizorale

Cercul magic (film)


Ray Mantilla, nacido Raymond Mantilla (Nueva York, 22 de junio de 1934-Nueva York, 21 de marzo de 2020) fue un percusionista estadounidense de jazz y jazz latino. Ha trabajado como músico de sesión y como colaborador en giras, con los principales músicos de jazz de su época. Mantilla fue también director de big bands, destacando el grupo "M'Boom", coliderado con Max Roach.

Historial
Mantilla comenzó a tocar en Nueva York, a mediados de los años 1950. En esa época, trabajó con un gran número de bandas de latin jazz, entre las que se incluyen La Playa Sextet, las big bands de Xavier Cugat, Lou Perez, René Touzet, Miguelito Valdez, y el Monguito Conjunto. Acompañó a la cantante Eartha Kitt, en 1955. En 1960 realizó una gira con la banda de Herbie Mann y grabó con Max Roach. También grabó con Al Cohn, en 1961, y con Freddie Hubbard, Buddy Rich, y Larry Coryell. Desde 1963 a 1969, Mantilla lideró su propia big band en Puerto Rico, uniendo en 1970 fuerzas con Max Roach, para formar el grupo de percusiones, "M'Boom".

Mantilla fue miembro de los Jazz Messengers de Art Blakey a comienzos de los años 1970, realizando giras por EE. UU., Europa y Japón. A continuación, grabó con Gato Barbieri, Joe Farrell (1974), Richie Cole, Don Pullen (1976-77), Charles Mingus (1977-78), Walter Bishop, Jr., y Morgana King (1979). Realizó una gira por Cuba con Dizzy Gillespie, en 1977.

En 1979 fundó un grupo llamado "The Ray Mantilla Space Station", y a lo largo de la década de 1980, trabajó en directo y en grabaciones, con músicos como Muhal Richard Abrams, Kenny Burrell, Shirley Scott o Warren Chiasson. En 1991 puso en marcha una nueva banda, "The Jazz Tribe".

Falleció a los ochenta y cinco años en Nueva York el 21 de marzo de 2020 a consecuencia una complicación con el linfoma que padecía, la noticia fue difundía por su hermano Kermit Mantilla.

Discografía como líder
Mantilla (Inner City Records, 1978)
Hands of Fire (Red Records, 1984)
Synergy (Red, 1986)
Dark Powers (Red, 1988)
The Next Step (Red, 2000)
Man-Ti-Ya (Savant Records, 2004)
Good Vibrations (Savant, 2006)

Referencias

Leonard Feather e Ira Gitler: The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz. Oxford, 1999, p. 433.
Este artículo está tomado, en su versión inicial, de Wikipedia en inglés.

Percusionistas de jazz de Estados Unidos
Músicos de jazz latino
Músicos de bop
Directores de big bands
Músicos de sesión de Estados Unidos
Fallecidos por linfoma
Fallecidos por cáncer en Nueva York (estado)

Ray Mantilla


Kadıoğlu, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 152 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 40 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Kadıoğlu, Vezirköprü


Koha Jonë () ist eine albanische Tageszeitung und ein Medienunternehmen mit Sitz in Tirana. Einst die führende Zeitung des Landes, ist die Auflage auf wenige Tausend Exemplare geschrumpft (2001: 8000 Exemplare, 2008: 2500 Exemplare).

Geschichte
Am 11. Mai 1991 – einige Monate nach dem Sturz des Kommunismus in Albanien – veröffentlichten Nikollë Lesi und Aleksandër Frangaj in der nordalbanischen Stadt Lezha die erste Ausgabe der Zeitung. Nach einigen Monaten wechselten sie in die Hauptstadt Tirana. Lesi und Frangaj waren die ersten Chefredakteure der Zeitung.

Im Gründungsjahr 1991 entwickelte sich Koha Jonë zu einer der einflussreichsten Zeitungen des Landes und zog viele landesweit berühmte Publizisten an. 1992 ging der Erfolg weiter, und der Zeitung gliederten sich bekannte Namen der albanischen Presse an wie Ben Blushi, Armand Shkullaku, Andi Bushati, Andi Bejtja und Frrok Cupi. Mit der Zeit nahm Koha Jonë eine eher kritische Position gegenüber den Präsidenten Sali Berisha und den Regierungen ein und wurde zur Opposition im Land. 1994 erreichte die Zeitung eine landesweite Druckauflage von 73.000 Exemplaren, die nie mehr von der albanischen Presse übertroffen wurde.

1996 wurde Nikollë Lesi alleiniger Aktionär des Unternehmens, nachdem er die 40 Prozent seines Partners Aleksandër Frangaj aufgekauft hatte.

Während des Lotterieaufstandes 1997 wurde am 2. März, in der ersten Nacht nach der Verhängung des Ausnahmezustands, der Sitz in Tirana niedergebrannt. Die Täter konnten nicht identifiziert werden.

Nach 1997 verfielen Einfluss und Gewicht der Zeitung zunehmend, bis 2007 Lesi sein Unternehmen an Aleksandër Frangaj, seinen früheren Partner, verkaufte und Koha Jonë somit Teil der Mediengruppe um TV Klan wurde.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Zeitung (Albanien)
Albanischsprachige Zeitung
TV Klan
Onlinezeitung
Tageszeitung
Ersterscheinung 1991
Unternehmen (Tirana)

Koha Jonë


كفر سعدون إحدى قرى مركز قطور التابع لمحافظة الغربية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

التاريخ
قرية كفر سعدون من القرى القديمة، حيث وردت باسم «كفر سعدان» في أعمال الغربية ضمن قرى الروك الصلاحي التي أحصاها ابن مماتي في كتاب قوانين الدواوين، كما وردت باسم «كفر سعدون» في أعمال الغربية ضمن قرى الروك الناصري التي أحصاها ابن الجيعان في كتاب «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية». وفي العصر العثماني وردت باسم «كفر سعدون» في التربيع العثماني الذي أجراه الوالي العثماني سليمان باشا الخادم في عصر السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني ضمن قرى ولاية الغربية، وفي تاريخ 1228هـ/1813م الذي عدّ قرى مصر بعد المسح الذي قام به محمد علي باشا باسم «كفر سعدون» ضمن قرى مديرية الغربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان كفر سعدون 3,875 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة الغربية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية شبرا نباص (قطور)

كفر سعدون


Gran Station (Gran stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Gjøvikbanen i Gran i Oppland fylke i Norge. Stationen består af et enkelt spor med perron og en stationsbygning i mørkt træ opført efter tegninger af arkitekten Paul Due. Stationen, der betjenes af alle tog på Gjøvikbanen, ligger 205,2 meter over havet og 67,7 km fra Oslo S. Den 1,41 km² store indsø Jarenvatnet ligger et par hundrede meter nord for stationen.

Stationen blev etableret 20. december 1900, to år før Gjøvikbanen stod færdig i sin fulde længde.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Gjøvikbanen
Etableret i 1900
Jernbanestationer i Oppland

Gran Station


Leefructus, monotipski fosilni rod biljaka iz reda žabnjakolike. Jedina vrsta L. mirus pronađena je u geološkoj naslagi Jišian, u razdobljku krede, i star je 125 milijuna godina.

Izvori

Žabnjakolike

Leefructus


Slaviansk-na-Kubani o Slaviansk del Kubán  es una ciudad, centro administrativo del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situada a orillas del río Protoka, uno de los brazos deltaicos del río Kubán, 74 km al oeste del centro de Krasnodar, capital del krai. Cabecera del ókrug urbano Slaviánskoye.

Historia

La ciudad tiene su origen en una factoría o colonia comercial genovesa establecida en el , llamada Copa, Coparia o Conario, controlada por la familia Ghisolfi. Tras la caída de la influencia de la república en la región del Ponto, fue abandonada hasta 1747, cuando tropas del kanato de Crimea erigieron un fuerte denominado Eni-Kopyl, que se convertiría en el asentamiento de Kopyl. Tras la conquista rusa de la península de Tamán, el regimiento Slavianski de húsares construyó el fuerte Slavianski feldshanets en el emplazamiento del fuerte tártaro en 1806, y la ciudad, que había sido rebautizada como stanitsa Kopylskaya y poblada con familias de cosacos del Mar Negro en 1806, recibió el nombre de Slaviánskaya por el regimiento y la fortaleza en 1865.

En 1913 se construyó la estación de ferrocarril Protoka, en la línea entre Krýmskaya y Timashóvskaya, lo que favoreció la creación de establecimientos industriales. Hasta 1920 pertenecía al otdel de Temriuk del óblast de Kubán, del que fue centro administrativo desde 1897 hasta esa fecha. Durante la Gran Guerra Patria, fue ocupada por las tropas de la Wehrmacht de la Alemania Nazi desde verano de 1942 al 23 de marzo de 1943,en que fue liberada por las tropas del Ejército Rojo de la Unión Soviética. Recibió el estatus de ciudad en 1958 y el nombre de Slaviansk-na-Kubani para distinguirla de Sloviansk, en la actual Ucrania, que en ruso también se denomina Slaviansk.

Demografía

Economía y transporte

Los principales sectores económicos de la localidad son el agropecuario (vinícola, la carne, la producción de arroz y la cría de aves), el textil y los materiales de construcción. Las principales empresas del sector agrícola son OAO Slavianski konservny zavod, OAO Slaviasnki jlebozavod OAO Shvéinaya fábrika Slavianska, OAO Slavianski Kirpich, OAO Malosirzavod Slavianski, OAO Slavianski kombinat jleboprodukt, ZAO Stela Stroítelnaya firma y otras.

También tiene cierta importancia como centro balneoterapéutico

Cuenta con una estación de ferrocarril en la línea Krymsk-Timashovsk y un pequeño aeropuerto utilizado para trabajos con avionetas.

Cultura, educación y lugares de interés

A partir de 2004 se celebra el festival cultural de Slaviansk durante 3 o cuatro días a principios de agosto. Cabe destacar el monumento a los combates en la península de Tamán en la Gran Guerra Patria (1923). Existe en la localidad un museo etnográfico, museo ecológico de Priazovie occidental. Entre sus monumentos religiosos se puede destacar la catedral Sviato-Uspenski (1907), la iglesia Sviato-Panteleimónovskaya (iglesia ortodoxa rusa) y la iglesia de San Sargis de Slavinsk-na-Kubani (iglesia apostólica armenia).

En cuanto a las instituciones educativas, cabe destacar el Instituto Estatal Pedagógico de Slaviansk, el Instituto Técnico Agrícola de Slaviansk, la escuela profesional nº45 y una filial del Colegio Médico de Novorosíisk.

Personalidades
 Evgeni Lukiánenko (*1985), saltador con pértiga ruso.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex, accesible desde este enlace.
 Sitio web de Slaviansk-na-Kubani.
 Sitio web no oficial de la ciudad.
 Informaciones sobre la ciudad.
 Sitio web del raión .
 Mapa en vlasenko.net .

Localidades establecidas en 1794

Slaviansk-na-Kubani


Zemaljska obrana Tirola (njem. Landesverteidigungskommando in Tirol) je bila vojna formacija austrougarske vojske u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata djelovala je na Talijanskom bojištu.

Povijest
Zemaljska obrana Tirola formirana je u 24. svibnja 1915. na osnovi jedinica okruga Tirol sa zadatkom obrane zapadnih, južnih i istočnih granica Tirola. Zapovjednikom zemaljske obrane imenovan je general konjice Viktor Dankl kojemu je načelnik stožera bio general bojnik Kletus von Pichler. Sjedište stožera zemaljske obrane bilo je u Innsbrucku, a ista se nalazila u sastavu Jugozapadnog fronta. Tijekom postojanja zemaljska obranu je činilo pet okruga. Jedinice zemaljske obrane sudjelovale su u više graničnih okršaja s talijanskim snagama, te nisu sudjelovale u nekim većim vojnim operacijama.

Tijekom priprema za Tirolsku ofenzivu došlo je do promjene zapovjedništva zemaljske obrane. Tako je u ožujku 1916. generala konjice Viktora Dankla koji je imenovan zapovjednikom novoustrojene 11. armije, na mjestu zapovjednika zamijenio general pješaštva Josef Roth. Istodobno i dio bojišta kojeg su držale postrojbe zemaljske obrane preuzele su jedinice novoformirane 11. armije, te 3. armije. Nakon neuspjeha Tirolske ofenzive Zemaljska obrana Tirola je 28. srpnja 1916. rasformirana.

Zapovjednici
Viktor Dankl (14. svibnja 1915. – 15. ožujka 1916.)Josef Roth (15. ožujka 1916. – 28. srpnja 1916.)

Načelnici stožera
Kletus von Pichler (14. svibnja 1915. – 15. ožujka 1916.)

Sastav
svibanj 1915.: 53. polubrigada, 54. polubrigada, 91. pješačka divizija, 90. pješačka divizija, 56. gorska brigada, Kombinirana divizija Pustertal, tvrđava Trento
listopad 1915.: 53. polubrigada, 88. zemaljska brigada, 91. pješačka divizija, 8. pješačka divizija, 52. polubrigada, 90. pješačka divizija, Kombinirana divizija Pustertal, tvrđava Trento
svibanj 1916.: 53. polubrigada, 91. pješačka divizija, 90. pješačka divizija, Kombinirana divizija Pustertal

Vojni raspored Zemaljske obrane Tirola u svibnju 1915.
Zapovjednik: general konjice Viktor Dankl
Načelnik stožera: general bojnik Kletus von Pichler

Okrug I (Ortler) (potpuk. Hradezny)
53. polubrigada (potpuk. Hradezny)
tvrđave Nauders i Gomagoi

Okrug II (Tonale) (puk. Stiller)
54. polubrigada (puk. Stiller)
tvrđava Tonale

Okrug III (Južni Tirol) (podmrš. Koennen-Horak)
91. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Koennen-Horak)
a) Odsjek Judicarien
50. polubrigada (puk. Spiegel)
tvrđava Lardaro
b) Odsjek Riva
tvrđava Riva (genboj. Schiesser)
c) Odsjek Etschtalsperre
181. pješačka brigada (genboj. Englert)
d) Odsjek Folgaria-Lavarone
180. pješačka brigada (genboj. Verdross)
tvrđava Folgaria-Lavarone
tvrđava Tenna-Colle delle bene
e) Odsjek Valsugana
52. polubrigada (puk. Kreschel)

Okrug IV (Fleimstal) (podmrš. Scholz)
90. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Scholz)
55. gorska brigada (puk. Concini)
179. pješačka brigada (puk. Schiessler)

Okrug V (Pustertal) (podmrš. L.Goiginger)
Kombinirana divizija Pustertal (podmrš. L.Goiginger)
51. gorska brigada (puk. Sparber)
56. gorska brigada (genboj. Bankowski)

tvrđava Trento (podmrš. Guseck)
5. landšturmska mornarička brigada (genboj. Jonak)
3. topnička brigada (puk. Kleinschnitz)

Vojni raspored Zemaljske obrane Tirola u listopadu 1915.
Zapovjednik: general konjice Viktor Dankl
Načelnik stožera: general bojnik Kletus von Pichler

Okrug I (Ortler) (puk. Abendorf)
53. polubrigada (puk. Abendorf)
tvrđave Nauders i Gomagoi

Okrug II (Tonale) (genboj. Eckhardt)
88. zemaljska zaštitna brigada (genboj. Eckhardt)
tvrđave Tonale i Pejo

Okrug III (Južni Tirol) (podmrš. Koennen-Horak)
91. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Koennen-Horak)
Odsjek Judicarien
50. polubrigada (puk. Spiegel)
tvrđava Lardaro
Odsjek Riva
tvrđava Riva (genboj. Schiesser)
8. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Fabini)
181. pješačka brigada (genboj. Englert)
180. pješačka brigada (genboj. Verdross)
Grupa Ellison (puk. Ellison)
52. polubrigada (puk. Kreschel)

Okrug IV (Fleimstal) (podmrš. Scholz)
90. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Scholz)
55. gorska brigada (puk. Spielvogel)
179. pješačka brigada (puk. Schiessler)
58. gorska brigada (puk. Borotha)

Okrug V (Pustertal) (podmrš. L.Goiginger)
Kombinirana divizija Pustertal (podmrš. L.Goiginger)
96. pješačka brigada (puk. Vonbank)
56. gorska brigada (genboj. Englert)

tvrđava Trento (podmrš. Guseck)

Vojni raspored Zemaljske obrane Tirola u svibnju 1916.
Zapovjednik: general pješaštva Josef Roth

Okrug I (puk. Lempruch)
53. polubrigada (puk. Lempruch)

Okrug II (genboj. Steinhart)

Okrug III (podmrš. Koennen-Horak)
91. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Koennen-Horak)
 Odsjek Pinzolo (puk. Seyfried)
 Odsjek Judicarien (puk. Spiegel)
 Odsjek Riva (podmrš. Schiesser)

Okrug IV (podmrš. Scholz)
90. pješačka divizija (podmrš. Scholz)
55. gorska brigada (genboj. Spielvogel)
179. pješačka brigada (puk. Schiessler)

Okrug V (podmrš. L.Goiginger)
Kombinirana divizija Pustertal (podmrš. L.Goiginger)
96. pješačka brigada (puk. Vonbank)
56. gorska brigada (genboj. Eccher ab Echo)

Literatura
 Edmund Glaise-Horstenau. Osterreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg, 1914-1918, Austrian Militarwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen. Beč, 1931.
 John Ellis, Michael Cox. The World War I Databook. Aurum Press Ltd. 2001.
 Pétér Jung. The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1) 1914-16. Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2003.
 Pétér Jung. The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (2) 1916-18. Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2003.

Vanjske poveznice
     Zemaljska obrana Tirola na stranici Austrianphilately.com
     Zemaljska obrana Tirola na stranici Austro-Hungarian-Army.co.uk
     Zemaljska obrana Tirola na stranici Valka.cz

Zemaljska

Zemaljska obrana Tirola


Salyangoz, yumuşakçalar (Mollusca) şubesinin Orthogastropoda sınıfındaki kabuklu kara hayvanlarının ortak adıdır.

Salyangozlar, tatlı sularda, denizlerde ve bütün çevrede görülebilen hayvanlardır. Nemli yerlerde bulunurlar ve yağışın bol olduğu ve havanın tam soğumadığı sonbahar aylarında sürekli görülürler. Vücutlarında bol miktarda su bulunduğu için çok soğuk havalarda donarlar. Çok sıcak havalarda ise su kaybederek kuruyabilirler. Geçtikleri yerlerde iz bırakmalarını sağlayan parlak renkli sümüksü bir sıvı üretirler. Kabuklarıyla gövdelerinin arasındaki kurumuş sümüksü sıvı, vücutlarındaki nemi kaybetmemelerini sağlar. Kışın toprak altına ya da ağaç kovuklarına girerek etkinliklerini azaltırlar. Yazın çok sıcak olduğunda da benzer şeklide davranırlar. Çoğunlukla otobur olmakla beraber, etobur ya da hepçil olabilirler. Salyangozlar en çok yağmur yağdığında ortaya çıkarlar.

Salyangoz ekonomik bir üründür. Deniz salyangozunun bazı türleri tüketim için denizden toplanır. Yenilebilir kara salyangozunun da birçok faydaları vardır.

Beslenmeleri
Salyangoz geceleri beslenir. Öncelikle çürüyen organik maddelerle beslenirler. Yiyecekleri ayrıca mantarlar, likenler, yeşil yapraklar, solucanlar, kırkayaklar, böcekler, hayvan dışkısı, leş ve diğer sümüklü böcekleri içerir. Bazı salyangozlar da diğer salyangozlarla beslenir.

Genellikle otobur olan salyangozlar, bitkinin taze sürgünlerini yediği için zarara sebep olabilirler. Çiftçiler ürünlerini salyangozlardan korumak için çeşitli yöntemlere başvururlar. Az sayıda olduklarında, toplayıp uzak bir yere götürerek ya da çok olduklarında bahçe duvarlarına, sebze aralarına, ağaçlara sarımsak suyu dökerek ya da sarımsak asarak uzak kalmalarını sağlarlar. Kullanılan diğer bir yöntem ise, uçlarına gerilim uygulanmış birbirine paralel 2 bakır şerit asmaktır. Salyangozlar 2 şeride aynı anda temas etmeleri ile akıma kapılarak bakırla çevrili alandan uzaklaşmaktadır.

Salyangoz yiyen hayvanlar
Salyangozlarla beslenen çok sayıda hayvan vardır. Kuşlar, küçük memeli hayvanlar, kertenkeleler, kurbağalar, kırkayaklar, böcekler ve bazı büyük salyangoz türleri salyangozlarla beslenen canlılardandır.

Çiftleşme

Türdeşlerinin herhangi biriyle çiftleşebilir; çünkü erdişidir yani hem erkek hem dişidir. Kafasını toprakdaki bir deliğe sokarak yumurtlar.

Sınıflandırma

 Üst takım Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987
 Üst familya Cocculinoidea Dall, 1882
 Üst familya Lepetelloidea Dall, 1882
 Üst takım "Hot Vent Taxa" Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
 Takım Neomphaloida Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1983
 Üst familya Neomphaloidea McLean, 1981
 Üst familya Peltospiroidea McLean, 1989
 Üst takım Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1989
 Üst familya Fissurelloidea Flemming, 1822
 Üst familya Haliotoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Lepetodriloidea McLean, 1988
 Üst familya Pleurotomarioidea Swainson, 1840
 Üst familya Seguenzioidea Verrill, 1884
 Üst familya Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst takım Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896
 Takım Neritopsina Cox & Knight, 1960
 Üst familya Neritoidea Lamarck, 1809
 Üst takım Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960
 Takım Architaenioglossa Haller, 1890
 Üst familya Ampullarioidea J.E. Gray, 1824
 Üst familya Cyclophoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847
 Takım Sorbeoconcha Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
 İnfra takım Littorinimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
 Üst familya Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809
 Üst familya Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
 Üst familya Carinarioidea Blainville, 1818
 Üst familya Cingulopsoidea Fretter & Patil, 1958
 Üst familya Cypraeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Ficoidea Meek, 1864
 Üst familya Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
 Üst familya Littorinoidea (Children), 1834
 Üst familya Naticoidea Forbes, 1838
 Üst familya Rissooidea J.E. Gray, 1847
 Üst familya Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Tonnoidea Suter, 1913
 Üst familya Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
 Üst familya Vanikoroidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Üst familya Velutinoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Üst familya Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Xenophoroidea Troschel, 1852
 İnfra takım Neogastropoda Thiele, 1929
 Üst familya Buccinoidea
 Üst familya Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
 Üst familya Conoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Muricoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 İnfra takım Ptenoglossa J.E. Gray, 1853
 Üst familya Eulimoidea Philippi, 1853
 Üst familya Janthinoidea Lamarck, 1812
 Üst familya Triphoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847
 Alt takım Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884
 Üst familya Campaniloidea Douvillé, 1904
 Üst familya Cerithioidea Férussac, 1822
 Alt takım Hypsogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
 Alt takım Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960
 Üst familya Loxonematoidea Koken, 1889
 Üst takım Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840
 Takım Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885
 Üst familya Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Üst familya Omalogyroidea G.O. Sars, 1878
 Üst familya Pyramidelloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Üst familya Rissoelloidea J.E. Gray, 1850
 Üst familya Valvatoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Takım Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards, 1848
 İnfra takım Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
 Üst familya Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Doridoxoidea Bergh, 1900
 Üst familya Onchidoridoidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
 Üst familya Polyceroidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
 İnfra takım Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984
 Üst familya Aeolidioidea J.E. Gray, 1827
 Üst familya Arminoidea Rafinesque, 1814
 Üst familya Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845
 Üst familya Metarminoidea Odhner in Franc, 1968
 Alt takım Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
 Üst familya Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
 Üst familya Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
 Alt takımr Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
 Üst familya Acteonoidea D'Orbigny, 1835
 Üst familya Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
 Üst familya Cylindrobulloidea Thiele, 1931
 Üst familya Diaphanoidea Odhner, 1914
 Üst familya Haminoeoidea Pilsbry, 1895
 Üst familya Philinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
 Üst familya Ringiculoidea Philippi, 1853
 Alt takım Gymnosomata Blainville, 1824
 Alt takım Notaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
 Üst familya Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
 Üst familya Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray, 1847
 Alt takım Sacoglossa Von Ihering, 1876
 Üst familya Oxynooidea H. & A. Adams, 1854
 Alt takım Thecosomata Blainville, 1824
 İnfra takım Euthecosomata
 Üst familya Limacinoidea
 Üst familya Cavolinioidea
 İnfra takım Pseudothecosomata
 Üst familya Peraclidoidea
 Üst familya Cymbulioidea
 Alt takım Nudibranchia Blainville, 1814
 Takım Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814
 Alt infra takım Orthurethra
 Üst familya Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
 Üst familya Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
 Üst familya Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
 Üst familya Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
 Alt infra takım Sigmurethra
 Üst familya Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
 Üst familya Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
 Üst familya Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
 Üst familya Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
 Üst familya Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
 Üst familya Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
 Üst familya Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
 Üst familya Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
 Üst familya Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
 Üst familya Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
 Üst familya Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
 Üst familya Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
 Üst familya Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
 Üst familya Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
 Üst familya Punctoidea Morse, 1864
 Üst familya Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
 Üst familya Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
 Üst familya Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
 Üst familya Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
 Üst familya Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
 Üst familya Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
 Üst familya Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
 İnfra takım Acteophila Dall, 1885
 Üst familya Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
 İnfra takım Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
 Üst familya Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
 İnfra takım Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856
 Alt takım Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864
 Üst familya Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
 Üst familya Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Üst familya Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
 Üst familya Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
 Üst familya Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
 Alt takım Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
 Alt takım Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
 Üst familya Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
 Üst familya Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
 Üst familya Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889

Salyangozun insanlarla ilişkileri

Kara salyangozları tarım ve bahçe zararlısı olarak bilinir ancak bazı türler yenilebilir lezzettedir ve bazen ev petleridir. Ayrıca mukusları cilt bakım ürünleri için de kullanılabilir.

Tarımda
Bahçıvanların ve çiftçilerin değerli bitkilere verilen zararı azaltmak için kullandıkları çeşitli salyangoz kontrol önlemleri vardır. Konsantre sarımsak veya pelin otu solüsyonları gibi daha az toksik kontrol seçenekleri gibi geleneksel pestisitler hala kullanılır. Bakır metal de salyangoz kovucudur ve bu nedenle ağaç gövdesinin etrafındaki bakır bant salyangozların yukarı tırmanmasını ve yapraklara ve meyvelere ulaşmasını engeller. diyatomlu toprak gibi kuru, ince öğütülmüş ve cızırtılı bir madde tabakası da salyangozları caydırabilir.

Dekolte salyangozu (Rumina decollata) bahçe salyangozlarını yakalar ve yer ve bu nedenle bazen biyolojik haşere kontrolü ajanı olarak kullanılır. Ancak dekolte salyangoz, bölgenin doğal faunasının değerli bölümünü temsil edebilecek diğer karındanbacaklılara saldırma ve onları yeme olasılığı olduğundan bu seçenek sorunsuz değildir.

Gıda olarak

Fransız mutfağı'nda örneğin Escargot à la Bourguignonne de yenilebilir salyangozlar servis edilir. Yemek için salyangoz yetiştirme helisikültür olarak bilinir. Yetiştirme amacıyla salyangozlar, kuru saman veya kuru odun ile telli bir kafeste karanlık bir yerde tutulur. Coppiced şarap-üzüm asmaları genellikle bu amaç için kullanılır. Yağmurlu dönem boyunca, salyangozlar kış uykusundan çıkar ve mukuslarının çoğunu kuru odun/saman üzerine bırakır. Salyangozlar daha sonra yemek pişirmek için hazırlanır. Pişirildiğinde dokuları hafif çiğnenir ve yumuşaktır.

Gurme gıdası olarak yemesi zevkli olmasının yanı sıra, çeşitli kara salyangoz türleri dünyanın dört bir yanında yoksul insanlarca kolayca toplanabilen protein kaynağıdır. Birçok kara salyangozu değerlidir çünkü muz tarlalarında dökülen yapraklar gibi çok çeşitli tarımsal atıklarla beslenebilirler. Bazı ülkelerde dev Afrika kara salyangozu ticari gıda olarak üretilir.

Kara salyangozları, tatlı su salyangozları ve deniz salyangozları birçok ülkede yenir. Dünyanın belirli yerlerinde salyangozlar örneğin Endonezya'da satay olarak kızartılan sate kakul meşhur bir yemektir. Bazı salyangoz türlerinin yumurtaları havyar yenildiği gibi yenir.

Bulgaristan'da salyangozlar geleneksel olarak fırında pilavla pişirilir veya tavada bitkisel yağ ve toz kırmızı biberle kızartılır. Ancak bu yemekler için kullanılmadan önce salyangozlar sıcak suda iyice kaynatılır (90 dakikaya kadar) ve elle kabuklarından çıkarılır. Ülkede yemek için en yaygın kullanılan iki tür Helix lucorum ve Helix pomatia'dır.

Kıtlık yemeği
Normalde belirli bölgelerde yenmeyen salyangoz ve sümüklü böcek türleri, tarihsel zamanlarda zaman zaman kıtlık gıdası olarak kullanılmıştır. 1800'lerde yazılan bir İskoçya tarihi salyangoz çeşitlerini ve veba zamanlarında gıda maddesi olarak yenilmelerini anlatır.

Parazit hastalıkları
Salyangozlar ayrıca schistosomiasis, angiostrongyliasis, fasciolopsiasis, opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis, paragonimiasis ve clonorchiasis gibi insanlara bulaşabilen paraziter hastalıklarla da ilişkilendirilebilir.

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 Salyangozları yiyeyn salyangozlar
 Kahverengi bahçe salyangozu
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Salyangoz


Fort George was a military fortification in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. The fort was used by the British Army, the Canadian militia, and the United States Armed Forces for a brief period. The fort was mostly destroyed during the War of 1812. The site of the fort has been a National Historic Site of Canada since 1921, and features a reconstruction of Fort George.

The British established Fort George in the 1790s to replace Fort Niagara. Many of its structures were demolished in May 1813, during the Battle of Fort George. After the battle, American forces occupied the fort for seven months before withdrawing in December 1813. Although the British regained the fort shortly afterwards, little effort was put into its reconstruction after they captured Fort Niagara the following week. The poor wartime design of Fort George led its replacement by Fort Mississauga in the 1820s, although the grounds of Fort George saw some use by the military until the end of the First World War. During the late-1930s, the Niagara Parks Commission built a reconstruction of Fort George. The site was opened in 1940, and has been managed as a historic site and living museum by Parks Canada since 1969.

The fort has irregular-shaped earthwork with six bastions, and a number of reconstructed buildings within it. The restored gunpowder magazine is the only building that dates to the original Fort George. The fort forms a part of Fort George National Historic Site, which also includes Navy Hall to the east of the fort. The historic site serves as a learning resource for the War of 1812, 19th-century military life in Canada, and the historic preservation movement during the 1930s.

Background
A fort was first considered on the site by Gother Mann of the Royal Engineers. The fort was intended to serve as a secondary fort to Fort Niagara, assisting in that fort's defence in the event it was attack. Fort George's large size was due to its original purpose as a supply depot, rather than as a true defensive fortification. The fort neither defended the mouth of the river, nor any approach to the adjacent settlement.

However, after the Jay Treaty was signed, British forces were required to withdraw from U.S. territory, including Fort Niagara. In 1791, land was formally set aside to build new fortifications on the high ground adjacent to the Navy Hall at Niagara-on-the-Lake. The site was selected by members of the Royal Engineers, as its elevation was  higher than the elevation of Fort Niagara.

History
Although the British set aside land near Navy Hall to build a new fort, the British Army did not begin construction of Fort George, or its withdrawal from Fort Niagara until 1796, after the Jay Treaty was signed. Fort George was completed in the same year with a blockhouse/barracks, a stone gunpowder magazine, and two small warehouses. In an attempt to negate this advantage, American forces built a battery on an elevated river bank opposite of Fort George. In an effort to counter the American battery, the British built a half moon battery southeast of Fort George. Fort George was largely manned by members of Royal Canadian Volunteers after British forces withdrew a number of soldiers from Upper Canada.

Tensions with First Nations, and the U.S. government in the late 1790s prompted British forces to refortify the colony, including the fort. Six earthen and log bastions, connected by a wooden  palisade, and surrounded by a ditch were built around the fort; with the fort containing five log blockhouses/barracks, a hospital, kitchens, workshops, and officers' quarters by the start of the 19th century. Timber was obtained from trees felled in the area; and transported via the Niagara River. Most of the fort was built by members of the Royal Canadian Volunteers, a unit that was later disbanded in 1802.

By 1812, the fort was used as the headquarters for the central division of the British Army and a depot for the Indian Department. Believing Fort George was too large to defend given the number of soldiers he had available, Major-General Isaac Brock drafted plans to reduce the size of the fort by a third. Specifically, he proposed to abandon the southern bastions, the octagonal blockhouse, and the stone gunpowder magazine; erecting palisades to cut off the abandoned sections from the rest of the fort.

War of 1812
Shortly after the American declaration of war, work on the northeast bastion was undertaken by members of the York Militia. When the fort was manned by British during the war, the fort was occupied by British Army regulars; members of the Canadian militia, including the Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men; and First Nation allies.

Given the fort's location near the Canada–United States border, the fort became the centre of several military actions during the War of 1812. In October 1812, the fort was subject to bombardment with heated shots from American forces in Fort Niagara, as a diversion for the American assault on Queenston Heights. The diversionary bombardment, in addition to another bombardment in November 1812 led to the destruction of several buildings in the fort. After Brock's death at Queenston Heights, he was buried in a military funeral at Fort George's northeast bastion.

Battle of Fort George

The Battle of Fort George began on 25 May 1813, when Fort George was subjected to an artillery barrage and heated shots from Fort Niagara, and newly built and fortified shore batteries; resulting in the destruction of the log buildings within the fort. Two days later, an American landing force of 2,300 troops disembarked in four waves approximately  from Fort George, on the shoreline of Lake Ontario under the cover of cannonade fire. By the third landing wave Brigadier General John Vincent realized that his force of 560 men were at risk of being outflanked, and trapped at Fort George; resulting in him giving the order to destroy the fort's ammunition, to spike its guns, and to retreat and evacuate the fort. First Nations warriors under John Norton covered the British retreat, although the Americans made no real effort to pursue them.

The Americans advanced cautiously towards the fort, wanting to avoid any potential casualties against a potentially sabotaged gunpowder magazine; which occurred at the conclusion of the Battle of York. American forces were able to prevent the destruction of a substantial portion of what remained of the fort, having arrived quickly enough for a U.S. artillery captain to extinguish one of the magazine fuses.

American occupation
Although the British evacuated the fort on 7 June, American forces did not formally occupy the fort until 9 June. Once the Americans occupied the fort, they immediately began work on new fieldworks, refortifying the bastions of the fort, and extending the northwest bastion; with the fort serving as the U.S. Army of the Center's headquarters. Although American forces used some parts of the fort's old fieldwork, the fort was made substantially smaller, into a more defensible pentagonal-shape fort. In addition to rebuilding the earthwork ramparts, they also repaired the palisades, and added entrenchments near the northeast bastion and towards the river. However, they did not erect any other permanent structures in the fort, with its forces instead garrisoning in small outlying outposts around the fort.

The fort was largely modified to defend the American encampment adjacent to the fort from an attack from inland. The Americans intended to use the encampment as a staging ground for an invasion further into the Niagara peninsula. During its seven-month occupation of the fort, the American military initially brought more soldiers to the fort in preparation for their advance, and raised a local volunteer corps, making it the only military unit to be raised within the fort during the war.

Although the fort was intended to act as a bridgehead for an American invasion of the peninsula, the American military was forced to reconsider its invasion plans after facing several setbacks; including disease, increased desertion rates, continued risk of ambush outside the confines of the encampment, and a British advance towards the area after the battles at Stoney Creek, and Beaver Dams. Plans to advance further inland were eventually scrapped, and American forces commenced a slow withdrawal from the fort; with only 60 soldiers remaining in Fort George by December 1813. Upon receiving intelligence that 1,500 British and 700 First Nations warriors were advancing onto the fort, the American garrison was ordered to withdraw, and to raze the fort and the adjacent settlement. The American garrison left the fort on 11 December after spiking the fort's guns and razing the settlement; although they did not destroy what remained of the fort.

British reoccupation
British forces arrived at the fort shortly after the Americans departure from the town, finding the only remaining buildings in the fort being the gunpowder magazine, and some temporary magazines erected by the Americans. Shortly after reoccupying the fort, the British began working on building a temporary barracks, officers' quarters, guardhouse, and another magazine. Nine days after reoccupying the fort, British forces conducted an assault that led to the capture of Fort Niagara, and the razing of communities on the American side of the river in retaliation for the burning of Niagara. As Fort Niagara remained occupied by the British for the remainder of the war, British military focus shifted towards the more strategically placed Fort Niagara; with no further investments made in maintaining Fort George.

In July 1814, American forces under Winfield Scott attempted to seize forts George and Niagara. However, Scott was forced to withdraw after realizing the naval support he was promised would not materialize.

Post-War of 1812

In 1817, American president James Monroe visited the Canadian side of the Niagara River during a goodwill trip, and was entertained by British officers at the fort. However, Fort George's inability to guard the mouth of the Niagara River was criticized by military analysts after the war, leading to the construction of Fort Mississauga near the mouth of the river in the 1820s. During the same period, work on Butler's Barracks was undertaken southwest of the fort, and out of range of the batteries on the American side of the river.

The equipment within the fort was later auctioned away in 1821, and its palisades relocated to other sites in the next year. By 1825, the body of Isaac Brock was disinterred from the northeast bastion, and placed at Brock's Monument in Queenston. In 1828, the headquarters of British Army centre division was formally moved to York, with the fort reportedly only made up of a few "wooden decaying barracks". In 1839, Navy Hall was converted into a barracks for the British garrison, with the fort's former barracks being converted to a stables.

During the 1860s, the Canadian government took control of the British military complex in the area, which included Fort George, Fort Mississauga, Butler's Barracks, and the training commons; although the ruins of Fort George saw little use from the Canadian militia. The ruins of the fort was intermittently leased to a private citizen, who acted as  a custodian-tenant of the property. During this period, several buildings were converted for other uses; with the officers' quarters incorporated into a farmhouse, the stone gunpowder magazine used for storing hay, and the property itself used as a grazing field for cattle. By the 1880s the bastions and the gunpowder magazine were in poor condition, portions of the fort were being used as farmland, with only the officers' quarters occupied by a custodian.

In 1882, the Wright family was granted a lease from the Department of Militia and Defence; which led to the opening of a golf club in the area, with the golf course occupying portions of the ruins. The golf course was transformed into an eighteen-hole course in 1895, further expanding into the ruins in 1895. The fort's ruins were the subject of controversy when the golf club proposed clearing the ruins of the fort. As the golf club's membership was predominantly made up of American residents summering in the area, the proposal was subject to criticism from local and Toronto-based newspapers that published nationalistic editorials critical of the proposal; describing it as a "desecration of sacred heroic sites as [selling out] to Sabbath-breaking Americans". Facing stiff criticism, the golf club eventually abandoned their plans for the fort ruins. The golf club ceased operations shortly before the First World War.

During the First World War, the Canadian military built a military hospital on the site of the fort's esplanade, with a mess, kitchen, and guardhouse and lands adjacent to the fort; collectively known as Camp Niagara. The buildings remained in use by the military until the end of the war.

Conversion into a historic site

On 21 May 1921, the site was named as a National Historic Site of Canada, with a stone cairn placed on the site. During the mid-1930s, the Department of National Defence accepted an offer from the Niagara Parks Commission, where the commission would reconstruct and restore Fort George, Fort Mississauga, and the Navy Hall, in return for a 99-year lease on all three properties for C$1 per year; although the department reserved the right to reclaim the properties after providing six-months notice.

The commission began to restore the Navy Hall in August 1937, which was followed by restoration efforts to the fort's gunpowder magazine. However, the fort's officers' quarters were torn down and relocated to another part of the fort; while the buildings erected during the First World War were relocated outside the fort. During this period, bulldozers were also used to push the fort's earthen ramparts into place. The surrounding area was also cleared of overgrowth, resulting from the site's intermittent abandonment. In 1939, reconstruction of the fort's former buildings, in addition to a visitor centre outside of the fort took place. White pine was imported from northern Ontario in order to facilitate the building's construction. The fort reconstruction was completed in 1939 with the installation of its wooden gates, although its visitor centre remained under construction for several months after. Reconstruction and restoration efforts were largely guided by the fort's original 1799 designs; and were largely completed through make-work programs, with the head of the Niagara Parks Commission, Thomas McQuesten, also serving as the provincial Minister of Public Works. Wood used during the reconstruction effort were pressurized with creosote for longevity, with the material lasting until 2010.

Fort George was included in the 1939 royal tour of Canada, although the royal cavalcade only passed by the fort, having never stepped inside it. The Niagara Capital Commission had initially planned a "grand opening" of the site; although the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in these proposals being shelved, deemed "inappropriate" in the midst of a war. Fort George was opened to the public on 1 July 1940; although its "official opening and dedication" did not occur until June 1950, with a flypast provided by the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the United States Air Force. The Niagara Parks Commission operated the fort as a museum, exhibiting military artifacts in the reconstructed blockhouses.

In 1969, the lease with the commission was prematurely ended when the property was transferred from the Department of National Defence to Parks Canada. In 1987, a citizen cooperating association, the Friends of Fort George, was formed. From 2009 to 2010, several archaeological digs were conducted to ascertain the landscape of the fort, as well as excavate artifacts left behind by soldiers during the war.

Grounds
The fort, and its surrounding grounds are operated by Parks Canada as the Fort George National Historic Site of Canada. The national historic site includes the fort, and a visitor reception centre situated outside the fort.  West of the fort is the Commons,  of green space that separates the Fort George National Historic Site from Butler's Barracks, another National Historic Site of Canada.

The only structure on the historic site that dates back to the original fort is the stone gunpowder magazine, with the majority of the buildings on the site dating back to the fort's reconstruction in the 1930s. All the historic reconstructed structures are considered "level 2 cultural resources," as they provide the fort's "historical character," a learning resource for the development of historical sites through make-work programs during the Great Depression, and illustrate the methods used by historic preservation movement in the 1930s.

Fort

Although the fort was modified several times in the early 19th century, the 1937–39 reconstruction configured the layout of the fort to resemble its 1799 configurations. However, as a serious archaeological survey was not conducted prior to its reconstruction, several differences exist between the reconstruction and the original 1799 fort; most notably differences with the rampart's placement and a difference in the blockhouses' appearances. Additionally, as the bulldozers were used to reshape the fort's earthworks, the fort's interior terrain was significantly flattened, resulting in a flatter topography when compared the original fort.

The gunpowder magazine is the only original building in the fort. Reconstructed buildings in the fort include the four blockhouses, a single storey officers' kitchen, a single-storey rectangular officers' quarters built in a Colonial Revival-style, and a rectangular guardhouse with a gabled roof clad in cedar shakes. All the reconstructed buildings are loose interpretation of the original structures, with the designs based on the architect's interpretation of a frontier fort. As a result, the historical designation is confined to the footprint of the buildings. The fort's artificer's and blacksmith shop, was also constructed during the 1930s reconstruction of the fort, although the building itself is not based on any historical antecedent. The building is used as a modern workshop, although it was designed in the same aesthetic as the other reconstructed buildings.

Blockhouses

The fort features three blockhouses inside the fort's palisades, all of which were completed in 1939. All three blockhouses are two-storey log structures, whose second storey overhangs from the first. They all also feature a low pitched roof, clad in cedar shakes. However, the present blockhouses found inside the palisades were not designed after the original blockhouses of Fort George, but instead were designed based on existing blockhouses at Fort York.

The blockhouses were designed with an exposed log exterior, based on the architect's interpretation of a rugged "frontier" aesthetic, although clapboards were added onto the blockhouses to give them a more refined appearance. Blockhouse 1 and 3 are square-shaped whereas Blockhouse 2 is a large, rectangular-shaped blockhouse. As opposed to the other blockhouses, Blockhouse 3 is accessed through an exterior staircase that leads to its second storey access point. Blockhouse 3 also houses storage rooms, change rooms, lunch rooms, and washrooms for Parks Canada staff.

In addition to the three blockhouses inside the palisades, there is also another blockhouse located on the palisades of the fort, near the south redan; also completed during the fort's reconstruction. As with the other blockhouses it is two storeys tall and features an overhanging second storey; although unlike the other blockhouses, it takes the shape of an octagon. The only access point to the octagonal blockhouse is through a tunnel from inside the fort. As with the other blockhouses, the aesthetic of the reconstructed octagonal blockhouse was based on the ones from Fort York.

Gunpowder magazine
The fort's gunpowder magazine is the only structure in the fort that dates back to the fort's original construction in 1796. In addition to being the fort's oldest building, the magazine is also one of Niagara-on-the-Lake's oldest buildings. Although the fort was built on elevated ground above Navy Hall, the gunpowder magazine was built over a depression of a ravine; making the roof the only part of the building visible from Fort Niagara. A drainage system was required to drain the moisture collected from the ravine shortly after the magazine's completion, in order to preventing the floor boards from rotting. Until the fort's gunpowder magazine was completed, the original Navy Hall was briefly used as an ammunition store after the British transferred their garrison from Fort Niagara to Fort George. Shortly after the gunpowder magazine's was completed, defensive earthworks were created to the northeast of the magazine in an effort to further fortify it.

The walls are made of  limestone likely quarried from nearby Queenston. The interior was built with bricks, with a  brick arch to reinforce its roof. The small windows and doors are sheathed in copper, preventing any accidental ignition of the gunpowder from sparks. The double-layered wooden floors were also pegged to the ground as opposed to nailed. In spite of these features however, the building itself was not shell-proof, and may be liable to fires as a result of accidents or enemy action.

Although the gunpowder magazine was situated in the portion of the fort that was abandoned by Isaac Brock, it remained in use. During the Battle of Queenston Heights, the metal covering on the magazine's roof was set ablaze, although the Garrison quickly removed the metal coverings and extinguished the fire. Although the fort was largely abandoned by the British in the 1820s in favour of Fort Mississauga, the magazine remained in use by Fort Mississauga's garrison until the 1830s. During the mid-19th century, the building was occasionally occupied by squatters.

The building could store 300 barrels of gunpowder, a second stone and brick gunpowder magazine was built, though that magazine was abandoned and reported "in ruins" by 1814.

Ramparts

The ramparts of the fort were made up of irregular earthworks consisting of six bastions, each framed with timber and connected by a line of picketing. The earthworks were bulldozed into place during the 1930s. As opposed to the present earthworks, which were largely bulldozed in place, the original fort's earthworks were built using wooden cribs over the ravine gully, and using inundated clay to stabilize the soil. Because bulldozers were used for the earthworks reconstruction, only the area around the two northern bastions have a resemblance with the original fort's configuration.

Because the fort was designed as a supply depot and not a true defensive fortification, the earthwork's bastions were poorly positioned, with a lack of interlocking lines of fire creating areas of vulnerability at certain parts of the ramparts. Attempts to rectify these deficiencies were made prior to the War of 1812, when Isaac Brock instructed that the fort's size be reduced, by abandoning the southern ramparts and erecting palisades at the new defensive line. Further modifications made to the fort's original ramparts during the Americans occupation of the fort, transforming it into a smaller, more defensible pentagonal fort. These modifications are not reflected in the reconstructed Fort George, with the restoration process restoring the fort to its 1799 configuration; although the archaeological remains of the American dug entrenchments next to the fort are still visible.

Navy Hall

In addition to the fort, Fort George National Historic Site also contains Navy Hall, a reconstructed historical building below the eastern ramparts of the fort at the shoreline of the Niagara River. The original Navy Hall predates the construction of the original Fort George, with the building having served as the barracks for the Provincial Marine, and the larger area being used as a shipyard and supply depot for Fort Niagara. During the late 1780s and early 1790s, the building was intermittently used by the lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe as a private residence. Simcoe's offices were made into an officers' mess for soldiers in Fort George; while the rest of the building was used as storage for the Provincial Marines. An American artillery barrage in November 1812 led to the destruction of the original Navy Hall.

The British rebuilt Navy Hall, and a new wharf shortly after the end of the war; albeit one that was slightly smaller. By 1840, Navy Hall was modified to fit a barracks; and the area surrounded with a guardhouse, customs house, ferry house, and taverns. However, these buildings were relegated to storage use by the 1850s. In an effort accommodate the construction of the Erie and Niagara Railway Navy Hall was moved closer to the fort ruins, and was later converted for use as a stable During the First World War, the building was partially renovated after it was converted into a laboratory for the Canadian Medical Corps. However, it was abandoned again after the war, resulting in its deterioration. After the Erie and Niagara Railway line closed, process of reconstruct the building at its original location was undertaken. A new stone foundation was used, with the building's facade largely encased in stone; while the lumber was salvaged from an old barn.

In 1969, Navy Hall was also designated a National Historic Site of Canada, although it remains associated with the Fort George National Historic Site. As with the other reconstructed buildings in Fort George, Navy Hall's historical designation is restricted to the building's footprint. Like the other reconstructed buildings at the historic site, Navy Hall has not been evaluated by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada for possible national significance, and is considered a "level 2 cultural resource" for the historic site.

Museum operations

Parks Canada operates the fort as a living museum providing visitors a glimpse of military life in 19th century Upper Canada, as well as exhibits on the War of 1812. A number of its exhibits focus on lieutenant governor Simcoe, as well as the Provincial Marine, the maritime equivalent of the Canadian militia.

The museum contains several artifacts that originate from the fort during the War of 1812 period, including a portrait of an officer from the 100th Regiment of Foot that was stationed; a sword believed to be carried by an officer of the Royal Engineers, and a sword belt plate from the Lincoln and Welland Militia.

See also
 List of forts
 List of museums in Ontario

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Buildings and structures in Niagara-on-the-Lake
Foreign military bases in Canada
George
History museums in Ontario
Installations of the British Army
Living museums in Canada
Military and war museums in Canada
Museums of the War of 1812
Museums in the Regional Municipality of Niagara
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Protected areas of the Regional Municipality of Niagara
George
War of 1812 National Historic Sites of Canada

Fort George, Ontario


Die Pannenmühle in Niederkrüchten war eine Wassermühle mit zeitweise zwei unterschlächtigen Wasserrädern.

Geographie
Die Pannenmühle hat ihren Standort am Mittellauf der Schwalm an der Kreisstraße 29 in der Gemeinde Niederkrüchten im Kreis Viersen. Der Mühle vorgelagert war ein Weiher. Oberhalb der Pannenmühle liegt die Lüttelforster Mühle, unterhalb die Radermühle. Der Wasserspiegel liegt bei 47 m über NN.

Geschichte
Die Pannenmühle blickt auf eine mehr als 350-jährige Geschichte zurück und wird 1655 zum ersten Mal als Ölmühle genannt. Die Mühle lag auf der linken Seite der Schwalm, war also zu dieser Zeit im geldrischen Herrschaftsgebiet zu Hause. Trotz dieses Standortes musste der Müller an Jülich zwölf Albus (Münze) und zwei Pfund gelbem Wachs entrichten, weil er den halben Strom, also auch jülich'sches Antriebswasser nutzte. So kann man es im Lagerbuch der Rentmeisterei Brüggen von 1725/26 lesen. Überdies war hier an der Mühle ein Grenzübergang, und im östlichen Flügelbau aus dem 17. Jahrhundert war früher ein Zollhaus. Das kleine Gebäude wurde "et Spanische Hüske" genannt. Dieser Teil Gelderns gehörte nämlich seit 1543 zum Reich Karl V., in dem die Sonne nicht unterging.

Den Namen scheint die Mühle von dem zum plattdeutsch abgeleiteten Wort für Dachziegel "Pannen" erhalten zu haben, die hier hergestellt wurden und später die Tonwarenindustrie im benachbarten Brüggen berühmt gemacht haben.

1847 wurde die Mühle erweitert, die nun über vier Keilpressen, zwei Kollergänge und ein Rührwerk verfügte. Sie hatte zwei unterschlächtige Wasserräder, 1873 wurde noch zwei Mahlgänge für Roggen und Weizen eingebaut. 1882 kaufte Friedrich August Gotzes die Mühle für 16.000 Taler. Anfang 1900 begann die Wandel zu einem Ausflugslokal mit Badeanstalt. Nach der Verlegung der Schwalm im Jahre 1926 wurde der Mühlenbetrieb mit einem Dieselmotor bis 1960 aufrechterhalten.

Denkmaleintrag
Um 1841 erbautes ehemaligen zweigeschossiges Mühlengebäude mit Krüppelwalmdach. Das heutige Wohnhaus hat früher das Mahlwerk der Mühle beinhaltet. Dieser Teil ist im Inneren durchgebaut, zeigt nach Nord - Ost hin jedoch noch die ursprünglichen Blockrahmenfenster. Die äußere Schmalseite des Gebäudes ist mit Maueranker auf 1841 datiert. Im unteren Teil ist sie aus Naturstein erbaut. Der Ansatz der Mühlradachse ist ablesbar. Der Baukörper aus Fachwerk ist mit seinem gesamten Ständerwerk und Kaminblock erhalten. Kamine befinden sich im Erd- und Obergeschoss, schließen aber an den gleichen Zug an. Sie sind massiv gemauert, rechteckig mit vorn abgeschrägten Ecken und einem Feuerungsloch.

Die Gebäude sind ein wichtiges Zeugnis für die Geschichte des Ortes und die Entwicklung der Arbeits- und Produktionsverhältnisse. Erhaltung und Nutzung liegen daher aus volkskundlichen Gründen im öffentlichen Interesse.

(Denkmalliste Nr. 10)

Galerie

Literatur
 Hans Vogt: Niederrheinischer Wassermühlenführer. Krefeld 1998, Seite 439–440.
 Horst Jungbluth, Helmuth Elsner: Die Schwalm – Tal der Mühlen. Schwalmtal 1989, Seite 45–47.

Weblinks

 Schönheiten des Niederrheins - Pannenmühle

Wassermühle im Kreis Viersen
Bauwerk in Niederkrüchten
Wassermühle an der Schwalm (Maas)
Mühle in Europa

Pannenmühle


Delije (tur. deli, ar. delīl, lud, neobuzdan, pohlepan ili u drugom značenju vodič), u staroj turskoj organizaciji neregularna laka konjica pograničnih vojnih snaga. Ime su dobili po smjelosti i hrabrosti ili pak kao vodiči turskih snaga.

Kasnije delije prerastaju u vojnički red serhat-kulu (osmanskih krajišnika), osnovan u Bosni i Srbiji dolaskom na vlast sultana Sulejmana II. U Bosni se prvi put spominju 1526. za vrijeme namjesništva Gazi Husrev-bega, koji ih je, prema nekim podacima imao oko 100 tisuća. Prve delije činile su tjelesnu gardu pograničnih zapovjednika, a zatim su se razvili u snažne udarne jedinice. Novačeni su od najhrabrijih islamiziranih stanovnika Bosne, Srbije, i dijela osvojene Hrvatske. Kasnije su se delije kao rod vojske proširile i u ostatku Osmanskog Carstva.

Odredom delija zapovijedao je delibaša, a on se dijelio na bajrake (oko 50-60 ljudi) na čelu s bajraktarom.

Literatura

 "Delije". U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 2. Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970, str. 371.

Osmanske vojne postrojbe

Delije (osmanska postrojba)


Simon Vollesen (født 26. januar 1998) er en fodboldspiller fra Danmark, der spiller for IF Skjold Birkerød i Danmarksserien.

Klubkarriere
Vollesen fik sin debut for Lyngby Boldklubs førstehold den 11. marts 2018, da han blev skiftet ind i det 81. minut i stedet for Kevin Tshiembe i et 1-0-nederlag ude til SønderjyskE. Han skiftede i sommerpausen 2018 til IF Birkerød, hvor han fik sin kampdebut den 11. august samme år.

Landsholdet
Den 4. september 2018 blev han af DBU udtaget til Danmarks midlertidige herrelandshold op til en testkamp mod Slovakiet den 5. september. Landsholdet blev primært sammensat af spillere fra 2. division og Danmarksserien som følge af en igangværende konflikt mellem Spillerforeningen og DBU.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Lyngby Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Idrætsforeningen Skjold Birkerød

Simon Vollesen


Daptus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Daptus acutus Reitter, 1893
 Daptus afghanistanus Jedlicka, 1965
 Daptus komarowi Semenov, 1889
 Daptus pictus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823
 Daptus vittatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION.
 Nomenclator Zoologicus.

Harpalina

Daptus


Thorkild Roose er en portrætfilm fra 1949 om skuespilleren Thorkild Roose instrueret af Torben Anton Svendsen.

Handling
Optagelserne viser Roose som Mefistofeles i "En sjæl efter døden" (J. L. Heiberg), som Delescluze i "Nederlaget" af Nordahl Grieg, og som kardinal Gonzaga de Castro i "Kardinalernes middag" (Julio Dantas)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1947
Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Thorkild Roose (dokumentarfilm)


උඩුගමශ්‍රීබුද්ධරක්ඛිතරතනපාලාභිධානමහානායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේ

          ක්‍රිස්තුවර්ෂ  1893 ජූනිමස02 වැනිදාකුරුණෑගල  දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේපොතුහැරඋඩුගමගමේඋපතලැබූමුන්වහන්සේගේපියාණන්වූයේඋඩුගමජයසුන්දරමුදියන්සේලාගේගම්පතිනිලමේතුමාය.ඩිංගිරිමැණිකේජයසුන්දරකුමාරිහාමිමුන්වහන්සේගේමවවූවාය.උඩුගමබුලුපිටියරජයේවිද්‍යාලයෙන්හාමහනුවරත්‍රිත්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන්මූලිකාධ්‍යාපනයලදමුන්වහන්සේක්‍රිස්තුවර්ෂ1909 දීස්වකීයගුරුදේවෝත්තමඋඩුගමශ්‍රීගුණරතනාභිධානනායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේවෙතින්ප්‍රව්‍රජ්‍යාවලබනලදි.

                      ඉන්පසුබොරලැස්ගමුවේපරමධම්මනිවෙසපිරිවෙණකේන්ද්‍රකොටගනිමින්තත්පරිවේණස්ථානයෙහිවැඩවුසූඅතිගෞරවාර්හවලානේපඤ්ඤාතිස්ස,ලෙනදොරධම්මරක්ඛිතආදියතීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේලාවෙතින්ධර්මවිනය,භාෂාශාස්ත්‍රාදියවිෂයෙහිදැනුමලදහ.ක්‍රිස්තාබ්ධයෙන්1915 වැන්නෙහිදීඅස්ගිරිමහාවිහාරයවෙතවැඩමවාඅතිගෞරවාර්හඅඹගස්වැවේශ්‍රීධම්මපාලරතනජෝත්‍යභිධානතෙළෙස්වැනිමහානායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේඋපාධ්‍යායකොටගලගෙදරශ්‍රීගුණරතන,වැල්ලවශ්‍රීඅත්ථදස්සිනායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේලාකර්මාචාරීවඋපසම්පත්තියලදහ.

    පොතුහැරශ්‍රීරතනපාලාභිධානමහානායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේගේසඟපෙළපතනියෝජනයකරනමුන්වහන්සේවර්ෂ1921 දීඋතුම්දළදාතේවාමුරයටපත්වූහ.තවදඅතිගෞරවාර්හමුල්ලේගමධර්මකීර්තිශ්‍රීචන්ද්‍රජෝතිගුණරතනාභිධානපසළොස්වැනිමහානායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේවෙතින්කාරකසංඝසභාවටපත්වූඅතර1941 වර්ෂයේදීරන්ගිරිදඹුලුරජමහවිහාරාධිපතිනායකපදවියටදපත්වූහ.

        ස්වකීයගුරුදේවෝත්තමඋඩුගමශ්‍රීගුණරතනාභිධානමහාස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේගේඅපවත්වීමෙන්කටුගස්තොටගොහාගොඩලියන්ගස්තැන්නපුරාණවිහාරය,මැල්සිරිපුරතලංගමුවරජමහවිහාරයහාපරණගමඅනුරාගලරජමහවිහාරයයනවිහාරයන්හිඅධීශත්වයටපත්වූහ.මුන්වහන්සේවිසින්අතිගෞරවාර්හඋරුලෑවත්තේශ්‍රීරතනජෝත්‍යභිධානඅනුනායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේගෙන්පුරප්පාඩුවූඑමඅනුනායකපදවියලද්දේවර්ෂ1955 දීය.එහිදීආණ්ඩුකාරතුමාවෙතින්එමසන්නස්පත්‍රයපූජාකිරීමදවිශේෂිතසිදුවීමකි.

    තවදඅතිගෞරවාර්හයටවත්තේධර්මකීර්තිශ්‍රීසුමංගලධම්මරතනාභිධානමහානායකස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේගෙන්පුරප්පාඩුවූමහානායකපදවියසඳහාවර්ෂ1966 අගොස්තුමස18 වැනිදාමුන්වහන්සේපත්වූහ.එමෙන්මමහියංගණරජමහවිහාරාධිපතිනායකපදවියටදපත්වූහ.

    වරක්භාරතයටසම්ප්‍රාප්තදලයිලාමාසම්මුඛවීමටලක්දිවින්වැඩමකළසංඝරත්නයඅතරමුන්වහන්සේදවූහ.සැමටහිතවත්එමෙන්ත්‍යාගශීලීගුණැතිමුන්වහන්සේගේශිෂ්‍යවරයන්ලෙස(1999_2015)හාකාරකසංඝසභිකවඳුරාගලරතනජෝතිස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන්වහන්සේදවෙත්.මුන්වහන්සේවර්ෂ1970 පෙබරවාරිමස09 වැනිදිනපූර්වාහ්න6.45 ටඅපවත්වූසේක.

උඩුගම ශ්‍රී රතනපාල මහනායක මාහිමිපාණන් වහන්සේ (1966 1970)


El cantopop (en chino 粵語流行音樂) es un coloquialismo utilizado para denominar a la «música popular cantonesa», y que a veces se asocia con el HK-pop, abreviatura correspondiente a 'música popular de Hong Kong'. Es categorizada como un subgénero de música popular china dentro del C-pop. Sus influencias provienen no solo de otras formas de la música china, sino también de una variedad de estilos internacionales, incluyendo el jazz, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, música electrónica y música pop occidental, entre otras.

Casi invariablemente el cantopop se canta en cantonés, teniendo una base de fanes de carácter internacional especialmente localizado en países del sudeste asiático tales como Malasia y Singapur, además de la provincia de Guangdong en China continental; sin embargo, Hong Kong se mantiene como el eje más significativo del género.

Historia

Años 1920: orígenes shanghaianos

La influencia musical occidental llega por primera vez a China en los años veinte, y más específicamente a Shanghái.
Artistas como Zhou Xuan () o Yao Ming () actúan en diversas películas y graban varias canciones populares, convirtiéndose probablemente en las primeras estrellas de la música pop china.

En 1949, cuando la República Popular China es establecida por el partido comunista, una de las primeras acciones llevadas a cabo por el gobierno fue denunciar a la música pop como pornográfica. A comienzos de los años cincuenta, grandes olas de inmigrantes provenientes de Shanghái se establecen en la zona denominada "La Punta Norte" () de Hong Kong, teniendo como resultado, la aparición de la primera generación de artistas y aclamados compositores de cantopop.

Años sesenta: la aceptación cultural
En los años sesenta, la música cantonesa en Hong Kong aún se limitaba ampliamente a la ópera cantonesa tradicional y a la interpretación ―algo cómica― de música occidental; en este contexto, Tang Kee-chan (), Cheng Kuan-min (), y Tam Ping-man () pasan a constituirse en los primeros artistas en editar discos en cantonés.

La generación baby boomer de dicha época prefería la música británica y estadounidense importada, así como también a la música en mandarín. La cultura occidental era en dicho momento homologable con la educación y sofisticación presentes en Hong Kong, siendo populares Elvis, Johnny Mathis y The Beatles.

A la inversa, se consideraba como pasados de moda o de bajo nivel educacional a aquellos que preferían a la música cantonesa; en particular, Cheng Kum-cheung y Chan Chai-chung () eran dos de los cantantes más populares de dicha música cuyo segmento objetivo específico era la generación joven, aunque Connie Chan Po-chu generalmente es considerada como la primera celebridad juvenil de Hong Kong, principalmente debido a que su extensa carrera; Josephine Siao es también otra artista de dicha era.

Años setenta: aparición de la televisión y de la industria moderna

La década anterior sentó las bases para la creación de la nueva música pop hongkonesa; en efecto, diversas bandas comienzan a imitar a grupos británicos y estadounidenses. Dos tipos de música cantonesa local aparecen en el mercado casi de manera simultánea en 1973: el primer tipo sacó provecho de la popularidad alcanzada por las series dramáticas de la primera estación de televisión comercial inalámbrica en Hong Kong, TVB, basado principalmente en un estilo lírico tradicional; el otro tipo poseía un estilo musical más occidentalizado, contando con el apoyo de Polydor Records Hong Kong, subsidiaria de PolyGram a partir de 1978. Algunos cantantes notables de esta era incluyen a Liza Wang y Paula Tsui.

La televisión era la nueva maravilla tecnológica, disponible principalmente para las clases adineradas, existiendo una alta valoración y respeto por el contenido realizado en vivo. Las telenovelas pasan a ser un recurso necesario para cubrir la parrilla programática de los canales, por lo que muchas canciones cantonesas populares llegaron a transformarse en canciones temáticas de estos.
Alrededor de 1971, Sandra Lang, una cantante secundaria que nunca había interpretado cantopop, fue invitada a interpretar el primer tema central cantonés para TV titulado La Yuanfen de una boda que llora y ríe (); este tema fue una colaboración entre los compositores Yip Siu-dak () y el legendario Joseph Koo, constituyéndose en una canción pionera que alcanzó los primeros lugares de las listas de popularidad; otros grupos que se beneficiaron de la promoción televisiva incluyen a Four Golden Flowers ().

Samuel Hui, el vocalista líder de la banda Lotus formada a finales de los sesenta, firmó con Polydor en 1972; el tema que lo hizo famoso fue la canción central de la película Los jugadores juegan a juegos (), y que también fue protaginozada por Hui.

La estrella de las melodías televisivas fue Roman Tam, cuyas interpretaciones lograron elogiosas críticas, siendo considerado como el padre del cantopop.
Por otro lado, tres de los más famosos intérpretes de temas centrales de teleseries fueron Jenny Tseng, Liza Wang y Adam Cheng. The Wynners y George Lam en tanto, también amasaron una base de fanes considerables con su nuevo estilo. Samuel Hui continuó dominando las listas de popularidad, ganando de manera consecutiva el Premio a las mejores ventas del siglo otorgado en la primera y segunda versión del IFPI Gold Disc Presentations en 1977 y 1978.

Años ochenta: el comienzo de la época de oro

Durante los años ochenta, el cantopop se dispara con artistas, productores y compañías disqueras trabajando en armonía; en este contexto, estrellas tales como Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, Alan Tam, Sally Yeh, Priscilla Chan y Danny Chan se transformaron rápidamente en nombres cotidianos. La industria utilizaba de manera efectiva canciones pertenecientes al cantopop en dramas de TV y películas, apareciendo algunos de los más grandes soundtracks de todos los tiempos provenientes de películas tales como A Better Tomorrow. En parte, el éxito provenía del progresivo desarrollo económico hongkonés, lo que atraía a patrocinadores y compañías disqueras con la idea de contrataciones lucrativas y millonarias. Existían también sencillos japoneses con letras cantonesas.

Teresa Teng, una de las solistas chinas más exitosas (denominada como "la reina de las canciones en mandarín") también incursiona en el cantopop, alcanzando un gran éxito comercial con sus hits originales en cantonés a comienzos de los ochenta bajo el sello Polygram. Jenny Tseng (que se asienta en Hong Kong proveniente de Macau) también se transforma en una figura notable.

Así como el cantopop ampliaba sus seguidores en las comunidades de origen chino alrededor del mundo, el ingenio de los emprendedores hongkoneses los lleva a comenzar a utilizar un nuevo sistema de almacenamiento en disco óptico (Laserdisc), lo que permitió otra explosión en el mercado musical.

1990s: La era de The Four Heavenly Kings

En los años noventa, las estrellas del cantopop Alan Tam, Leslie Cheung, Samuel Hui, Priscilla Chan, el compositor Joseph Koo, y otros se retiran o disminuyen su actividad. Chan deja Hong Kong con el fin de continuar sus estudios en la Universidad de Siracusa, mientras que el resto abandona Hong Kong en medio de la incertidumbre originada por las protestas de la Plaza de Tian'anmen de 1989.

El grupo musical "The Four Heavenly Kings" (), conformado por Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok y Leon Lai dominaron la música, y la cobertura de las revistas, TV, publicidad y cine.

Adicionalmente, emergieron nuevos talentos tales como Beyond (principales rivales de The Four Heavenly Kings), así como también divas de la música tales como Sammi Cheng y Faye Wong, cuya popularidad puede ser comparable a la de The Four Heavenly Kings. Shirley Kwan también dejó su huella con el sencillo "Happy Are Those In Love" ().

La tensión política y la inestabilidad económica en 1997 ―derivada de la transferencia de soberanía de Hong Kong― creó una atmósfera culturalmente desafiante para la industria, toda vez que el establecimiento de la Ley Básica de Hong Kong y las nuevas ordenanzas lingüísticas instauraron al mandarín estándar como idioma oficial.

Artistas

Solistas masculinos

 Albert Au
 Kenny Bee
 Danny Chan
 Daniel Chan
 Eason Chan
 Jackie Chan
 Jaycee Chan
 Jordan Chan
 Jason Chan
 Sammul Chan
 William Chan
 Pak Ho Chau
 Wakin (Emil) Chau
 Edison Chen
 Adam Cheng
 Ekin Cheng
 Kevin Cheng
 Ronald Cheng
 Hins Cheung
 Julian Cheung
 Ryan Lau
 Alfred Hui
 Jacky Cheung
 Leslie Cheung
 Louis Koo
 Louis Cheung
 Steven Cheung
 Benji Chiang
 Endy Chow
 Alex Fong
 Khalil Fong
 Andy Hui
 Ken Hung
 Kelvin Kwan
 Kenny Kwan
 Michael Kwan
 Leo Ku
 Aaron Kwok
 Roger Kwok
 Leon Lai
 Bowie Lam
 Chet Lam
 George Lam
 Raymond Lam
 Jan Lamb
 Andy Lau
 Wilfred Lau
 Gene Lee
 Hacken Lee
 Edmond Leung
 Tony Leung
 Don Li
 Gallen Lo
 Justin Lo
 Lowell Lo
 Douglas Low
 Juno Mak
 Dennis Mak
 Pong Nan
 Deep Ng
 Edwin Siu
 William So
 Alan Tam
 Roman Tam
 Patrick Tang
 Alex To
 Nicholas Tse
 Wong Cho Lam
 Deric Wan
 Dave Wang
 Chris Wong
 Paul Wong
 Bosco Wong
 Anthony Wong
 James Wong
 Charles Ying
 Shawn Yue
 Samuel Hui
 Yip Sai Wing

Solistas femeninas

 Bobo Chan
 Connie Chan
 Chelsia Chan
 Flora Chan
 Kit Chan
 Priscilla Chan
 Vincy Chan
 Kelly Chen
 Joyce Cheng
 Sammi Cheng
 Stephanie Cheng
 Yumiko Cheng
 Cecilia Cheung
 Teresa Cheung
 Lesley Chiang
 Mandy Chiang
 Maggie Fu
 Charlene Choi
 Gillian Chung
 Rachelle Chung
 Sherman Chung
 Linda Chung
 Niki Chow
 Vivian Chow
 Renee Dai
 Theresa Fu
 Fiona Fung
 G.E.M.
 Cherry Ho
 Denise Ho
 Paisley Hu
 Deanie Ip
 Grace Ip
 Elanne Kong
 Ella Koon
 Kellyjackie
 Jade Kwan
 Shirley Kwan
 Susanna Kwan
 Gigi Lai
 Vivian Lai
 Mag Lam
 Sandy Lam
 Winnie Lau
 Coco Lee
 Annabelle Louie
 Eunix Lee
 Tiffany Lee
 Isabella Leong
 Cathy Leung
 Gigi Leung
 Toby Leung
 Rain Li
 Prudence Liew
 Candy Lo
 Mimi Lo
 Karen Morris
 Anita Mui
 Kary Ng
 Yan Ng
 Cass Phang
 Fiona Sit
 June Tang
 Stephy Tang
 Vangie Tang
 Teresa Teng
 Kay Tse
 Jenny Tseng
 Jessica Hsuan
 Kate Tsui
 Paula Tsui
 Janice Vidal
 Jill Vidal
 Liza Wang
 Emme Wong
 Faye Wong
 Ivana Wong
 Linda Wong
 Bianca Wu
 Myolie Wu
 Sally Yeh
 Charlie Yeung
 Miriam Yeung
 Frances Yip
 Joey Yung
 Ivana Wong

Grupos

 2R
 4ando(son)
 AMK
 At17
 Benji and Lesley
 Beyond
 Bliss
 C AllStar
 Cookies
 Cream
 Dear Jane
 Dry
 E-Kids
 Echo
 EO2
 Fama
 Freeze
 Grasshopper
 HotCha
 Krusty
 I Love You Boy'z
 The Jade Band
 LMF
 Mister (Mr)
 MP4
 Online
 Ping Pung
 PixelToy
 Purple Nine
 Raidas
 Rubberband
 Royals
 Shine
 Sky
 Softhard
 SohBim
 Soler
 Square
 Sun Boy'z
 Swing
 Tai Chi
 Tat Ming Pair
 Twins
 The Pancakes
 The Raiders
 The Wynners
 VEGA
 YLK Organization
 Zarahn
 Zen

Referencias

Cantopop
Géneros musicales
Géneros de música pop

Cantopop


مهرجان شبيب للثقافة والفنون مهرجان ثقافي / فني، منبثق عن جمعية شبيب للثقافة والفنون والتي هي جمعية غير ربحية. كانت انطلاقة المهرجان الأولى عام 1995 بفعاليات ثقافية وفنية محلية في معظمها وخاصة أن المهرجان أقيم بمناسبات وطنية عزيزة على الأردنيين والعرب، وجمع برنامج المهرجان ما بين فن الغناء والطرب والمسرح والفنون التشكيلية والشعر والحرف اليدوية وغيرها.

أهداف المهرجان
تم اختيار اسم شبيب ليذكر الأردنيين والعرب بـ «قصر شبيب» التاريخي والواقع في مدينة الزرقاء، والذي يعتبر علامة حضارية بارزة، ويهدف المهرجان إلى:
 المساهمة في تطوير الثقافة والعمل على تعزيز الروابط مع الهيئات الثقافية المتشابهة محلياً وعربياً ودعم العمل الثقافي الجماعي.
 إظهار الدور الحضاري والإبداعي للتراث الأردني عربياً إنسانياً.
 رعاية وإنتاج الأنشطة والفعاليات والبرامج الثقافية.
 التواصل مع المجتمع المحلي والمساهمة بتنميته ثقافياً واجتماعياً.
 المساهمة والمشاركة في النشاطات الاجتماعية والثقافية للمجتمع المحلي.
 لإقامة المهرجانات الفنية الغنائية مع مشاركة فنانين عرب وأردنيين وعرض مسرحيات فنية أردنياً وعربياً ودولياً.

انظر أيضا
 مهرجان الأردن

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

مراجع

فعاليات أردنية
مهرجانات في الأردن

مهرجان شبيب للثقافة والفنون


Büller oder Bueller ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Carl William Büller (auch Karl Wilhelm Büller; 1851–1923), deutscher Schauspieler und Regisseur
 Ernst von Büller (1829–1910), deutscher Generalmajor

 Harry R. Büller (auch Harry R. Bueller; * 1952), niederländischer Mediziner und Hochschullehrer
 Michael Stoffregen-Büller (* 1939), deutscher Journalist und Autor
 Vera Büller (Schauspielerin), deutsche Schauspielerin
 Vera Bueller (Journalistin) (Vera Buellerion), Schweizer Journalistin und Autorin
 William Büller (auch Karl Wilhelm Büller; 1876–1950), deutscher Schauspieler, Regisseur und Theaterintendant

Büller


Rolf Michaelis (* 1968) ist ein im Bereich Militärgeschichte aktiver Autor und Verleger, der mit dem thematischen Schwerpunkt Waffen-SS vor allem in rechtsextremen Verlagen und Zeitschriften publiziert. Seine Schriften werden von seriösen Medien als apologetisch bis rechtsextremistisch eingeordnet.

Schriftstellerische und politische Aktivität
Rolf Michaelis ist Autodidakt. Als solcher schrieb und publizierte er eine große Zahl von Büchern über SS-Einheiten. Er ist Stammautor der von der Bundesregierung dem rechtsextremen Spektrum zugeordneten Deutschen Militärzeitschrift (DMZ). Er veröffentlicht größtenteils in einem 1994 eröffneten Selbstverlag (Erscheinungsort zunächst Erlangen, aktuell Berlin), weitere Publikationen von ihm erscheinen im Winkelried-Verlag, dessen Verleger der frühere Mitarbeiter der NPD-Landtagsfraktion in Schwerin Eric Kaden ist, der einen rechtsextremen Versandbuchhandel unterhält.

Bei Winkelried erschienen 2006 drei Bücher über Ausländer (Ukrainer, Esten, Russen) in der Waffen-SS. Ebenfalls 2006 erschien "Die Waffen-SS" als Sonderausgabe des zuvor im Selbstverlag erschienenen Buchs sowie ein Buch über die wegen ihrer Kriegsverbrechen berüchtigte SS-Sondereinheit Dirlewanger.

Einen längeren Weg durch verschiedene Verlage ging die Schrift Die 10. SS-Panzer-Division "Frundsberg". 2004 erschien sie im Selbstverlag des Verfassers, 2006 im rechtsextremen Nation-Europa-Verlag, im gleichen Jahr auch bei "Wydawn. Militaria" in Warschau und 2009 in Lizenzausgabe im Dörfler-Verlag. Dörfler verlegt auch weitere Bücher von Michaelis, weitere erschienen in einem Kleinst- und Zuschussverlag (Leonidas-Verlag).

Michaelis ist Mitglied des 1967 gegründeten Kameradenwerk Korps Steiner e.V., der "Truppenkameradschaft der europäischen Freiwilligen in der Waffen-SS' III. Panzerkorps'". Felix Steiner war zeitweilig Kommandant des III. (germanisches) SS-Panzerkorps.

Rezeption
Eine Rezeption der zahlreichen Schriften von Michaelis in der seriösen Zeitgeschichtsforschung ist kaum feststellbar. Soweit es vereinzelt zu einer Wahrnehmung kam, fällt das Urteil durchweg ablehnend aus. Einig sind seriöse Stimmen sich in der Zuordnung zur apologetisch bis offen rechtsextremen Publizistik.
 Tribüne. Zeitschrift zum Verständnis des Judentums (2000): Michaelis "macht in rechtsextremen Postillen auf sich aufmerksam"
 der Politologe Thomas Casagrande (2003): Michaelis verkläre "das soldatische Heldentum, ohne dabei wirklich auf und Ursachen und Hintergründe einzugehen"
 der Militärhistoriker Romedio Graf von Thun-Hohenstein in einer Rezension von Das SS-Fallschirmjäger-Bataillon 500/600 (2007): Die Schrift enthalte zwar einige Informationen, aber erhebliche handwerkliche Mängel bei den Quellenangaben. Insgesamt erweise sie sich als "sehr stark apologetisch" und könne "daher nur unter Vorbehalt verwendet werden".

Weblinks
 Webseite des Michaelis Verlages

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Person des Rechtsextremismus
Militärschriftsteller
Geboren 1968
Deutscher
Mann

Rolf Michaelis (Schriftsteller, 1968)


Jan Evangelista Zelinka ist der Name folgender Personen:

*Jan Evangelista Zelinka (Vater) (1856–1935), tschechischer Komponist
Jan Evangelista Zelinka (Sohn) (1893–1969), tschechischer Komponist

Jan Evangelista Zelinka