En electricidad, el término descarga parcial (PD) hace referencia a una ruptura dieléctrica localizada en una pequeña región de un sistema sólido o líquido de aislamiento eléctrico sometido a condiciones de estrés de alta tensión que no puentea el espacio entre dos conductores.

Una descarga de tipo PD puede dañar el material de aislamiento circundante por la erosión del aislamiento. Además, los gases corrosivos emitidos por una fuente de descargas de tipo PD pueden producir daños adicionales al aislamiento circundante y a las piezas metálicas, estableciendo zonas adicionales sujetas a descargas de tipo PD. A la larga, el medio aislante puede fallar produciendo llama, y esta, a su vez, daños en los aparatos eléctricos, interrupciones del suministro eléctrico, incendios y explosiones.

Tipos de descarga parcial

La norma IEC 60270 define las descargas parciales como "descargas localizadas de electricidad que sólo puentean parcialmente el aislante entre conductores". Esta amplia definición incluye desde descargas de tipo PD relativamente inofensivas hasta otras que son difíciles de detectar en campo y pueden ser muy destructivas. Es útil, por tanto, dividir las descargas parciales en tres categorías.

La descarga en corona es la descarga que se produce en el aire o el gas que rodea un conductor. Tiene lugar cuando el campo eléctrico localizado excede la tensión de ruptura del aire o el gas circundante. Esto ocurre típicamente en las puntas o en los bordes afilados de los conductores. En particular, es muy común en equipos de exteriores.

La descarga en corona puede considerarse relativamente inofensiva en equipos de exteriores, ya que los gases corrosivos son eliminados o transportados lejos por los efectos meteorológicos. Sin embargo, si la descarga en corona tiene lugar en un entorno cerrado, los gases corrosivos no tienen salida y pueden producir daños adicionales. La descarga en corona en equipos de exteriores es, a menudo, difícil de eliminar; por otra parte, el diseño de ciertos equipos favorece intrínsecamente este tipo de descargas. Se considera una práctica recomendada, no obstante, eliminar las fuentes de descarga en corona siempre que ello sea posible, durante el mantenimiento habitual, ya que pueden enmascarar problemas más serios.

La descarga superficial es la que se produce en la superficie de un aislador; su resultado más típico es la generación de pistas de conducción en la superficie del aislador y la reducción de su eficacia. Está estrechamente asociada a la contaminación y la humedad, y es una forma de descarga parcial relativamente común.

La descarga superficial es particularmente dañina en aislantes encapsulados en resina o poliméricos. Si no se detectan y reparan, los puntos de descarga crecen y pueden llegar a arder. Es también posible que se formen grietas en el esmalte de los aisladores de porcelana y la cerámica que contienen resulte dañada. Si la causa de la descarga superficial es la contaminación y aquella se detecta a tiempo, a veces es posible limpiar los aisladores de vidrio o porcelana antes de que se produzcan daños a largo plazo.

La descarga interna es un tipo de descarga que se produce en el interior del material o líquido aislante y está asociada a pequeñas cavidades huecas, a menudo microscópicas en un principio, existentes en el interior del aislador sólido o líquido. Es una forma relativamente poco frecuente de descarga parcial.

La descarga interna es la más difícil de diagnosticar en campo, ya que el problema no presenta síntomas visibles o audibles. Sin embargo, si no se repara y llega a producirse llama, no existirá una vía de escape para la liberación de la energía calorífica, de rápida emisión, y el aislador podría explotar.

Hay que tener en cuenta, sin embargo, que algunos libros de texto y sitios web utilizan diferentes definiciones para la descarga en corona. En ocasiones se denomina "descarga en corona" tanto a la descarga en corona (de acuerdo con la definición anterior) como a la descarga superficial. Algunas veces, la descarga en corona se usa como sinónimo de descarga parcial para cubrir las tres definiciones anteriores. Con frecuencia, las descargas internas se omiten.

Medida y detección de la descarga parcial

Cuando se inicia la descarga parcial, aparecen pulsos transitorios de corriente de alta frecuencia cuya duración oscila entre los pocos nanosegundos y el microsegundo; luego desaparecen y vuelven a aparecer repetidamente. Las corrientes procedentes de descargas de tipo PD son difíciles de medir a causa de su pequeña magnitud y corta duración. El evento puede detectarse como un cambio muy pequeño en la corriente consumida por la muestra sometida a prueba. Uno de los métodos que permiten medir tales corrientes es colocar una pequeña resistencia de medida de corriente en serie con la muestra, y ver en un osciloscopio la tensión generada utilizando un cable coaxial del calibre adecuado. La salida de esta prueba se detecta generalmente como un cambio en la carga, y se expresa en pC. Esta es la base de la metodología descrita en la norma IEC 60270, en ocasiones denominada "medida de carga aparente".

Las medidas que describe la norma IEC son ideales para medidas de laboratorio, en las que el sistema puesto a prueba se puede alimentar con una fuente de laboratorio limpia, se dispone de accesorios de prueba y el sistema se sitúa en el interior de una jaula de Faraday. Las medidas de campo no pueden realizarse con una jaula de Faraday y la fuente de alimentación suele distar mucho de una fuente ideal en tales casos. Son medidas expuestas a ruido y, en consecuencia, menos sensibles.

Existen, no obstante, otros métodos que permiten realizar medidas en campo y, aunque no resultan tan sensibles como las medidas que describe la norma IEC, son notablemente más apropiados. Las medidas en campo deben ser, por necesidad, rápidas, seguras y sencillas si están destinadas a su aplicación por propietarios y operadores de equipos MT y AT.

Las tensiones transitorias a tierra (TEV) son picos de tensión inducidos en la superficie de las piezas metálicas circundantes. Estos se producen porque la descarga parcial crea picos de corriente en el conductor y, por tanto, también en las piezas metálicas conectadas a tierra situadas en las proximidades del conductor. Los pulsos TEV están repletos de componentes de alta frecuencia, como resultado de lo cual el conjunto metálico del sistema conectado a tierra presenta una considerable impedancia a tierra. Es el origen de los picos de tensión. Estos permanecen en la superficie de las piezas metálicas circundantes (hasta una profundidad de 0,5 micras en acero dulce a 100 MHz) y forman lazos de corriente alrededor de la superficie exterior allí donde exista una discontinuidad en la estructura metálica. Existe un efecto secundario por el que las ondas electromagnéticas generadas por la descarga parcial generan también picos TEV en las piezas metálicas circundantes, actuando tales piezas metálicas como una antena. Los picos TEV son fenómenos muy útiles para detectar y medir descargas parciales, ya que pueden detectarse sin efectuar conexiones eléctricas ni retirar ningún panel.

Las medidas ultrasónicas se basan en el hecho de que una descarga parcial emite ondas sonoras. La banda de frecuencia de las emisiones suele centrarse en 40 kHz, pero se extiende hasta el área audible en el caso de descargas extremadamente perjudiciales. Las descargas internas no emiten ultrasonidos. La utilidad de la detección ultrasónica está, por tanto, restringida a descargas superficiales y descargas en corona.

La detección del campo electromagnético permite captar las ondas de radio generadas por la descarga parcial. Como ya se ha indicado anteriormente, las ondas de radio pueden generar picos TEV en la estructura metálica circundante. Puede lograrse una mayor sensibilidad de medida, especialmente a mayores tensiones, utilizando antenas UHF integradas o antenas externas montadas en separadores aislantes instalados en la estructura metálica circundante.

Aplicación práctica

En la práctica, la detección de descargas parciales resulta muy útil para determinar si el aislamiento de un equipo MV/HV está comenzando a degradarse. Por ejemplo, la Autoridad de Salud y Seguridad de Reino Unido ha publicado directrices aconsejando la comprobación regular de la actividad de descarga parcial en seccionadores mecánicos.

Normas internacionales

 IEC 60270:2000/BS EN 60270:2001 "High-Voltage Test Techniques - Partial Discharge Measurements"
 IEC 61934:2006 "Electrical insulating materials and systems - Electrical measurement of PD under short rise time and repetitive voltage impulses"
 IEC 60664-4:2007 "Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems –  Part 4: Consideration of high-frequency voltage stress"
 IEC 60034-27:2007 "Rotating electrical machines – Off-line partial discharge measurements on the stator winding insulation of rotating electrical machines"
 IEEE Std 436™-1991 (R2007) "IEEE Guide for Making Corona (Partial Discharge) Measurements on Electronics Transformers"
 IEEE 1434–2000 "IEEE Trial-Use Guide to the Measurement of Partial Discharges in Rotating Machinery"
 IEEE 400-2001 "IEEE Guide for Field Testing and Evaluation of the Insulation of Shielded Power Cable Systems"

Referencias

Véase también

 Arborescencia eléctrica

Conceptos relativos a las instalaciones eléctricas

Descarga parcial


Goltug nagara (azerski: Qoltuq nağara, ruski: Голтуг нагар) azerbajdžansko je narodno glazbalo koje spada pod udaraljke. Goltug nagara je jedna od najčešćih udaraljka u Azerbajdžanskoj narodnoj glazbi.

Etimologija
Qoltuq na azerskome znači pazuh, a nagara dolazi od arapske riječi نقارة koja znači kucanje, tucanje.

Opis
Koristi se u ansamblima i orkestrima. Svira se lupanjem dlanova i prstiju obiju ruka, a ponekad s pomoću dva lagana štapića. Tijekom sviranja koriste se tehnike poput šamaranja, tremola, trilera i pucketanja.

Nagara, koja ima snažnu zvučnu dinamiku, dozvoljava raznolike nijanse timbra koji se mogu reproducirati i na otvorenome zraku. Goltug nagara koristi se u tradicionalnim folklornim obredima, narodnim kazališnim komadima i u plesovima poput džanglija, jalljija, itd. Tijelo instrumenta je izrađeno od drveća oraha, marelice i drugih drveća, a membrana od ovčje kože. Visina iznosi 350 – 360 mm, a dijametar 300 – 310 mm.

Vidi još
 Nagara
 Džura nagara
 Bejuk nagara
 Goša-nagara

Azerbajdžanski bubnjevi

Goltug nagara


Slovacia a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro în perioada 5 – 21 august 2016, cu o delegație de 51 de sportivi, care a concurat în 11 sporturi. Cu un total de patru medalii, inclusiv două de aur, Slovacia s-a aflat pe locul 37 în clasamentul final.

Participanți
Delegația slovacă a cuprins 51 de sportivi: 32 de bărbați și 19 de femei (rezervele la fotbal, handbal, hochei pe iarbă și scrimă nu sunt incluse). Cel mai tânăr atlet din delegația a fost arcașul Boris Baláž (18 ani), cel mai vechi a fost trăgătorul de tir Erik Varga (40 de ani).

Medalii

Medaliați

Medalii după sport

Natație

Referințe
 Slovacia la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016  pe Rio2016.com

Slovacia la Jocurile Olimpice
Țări la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


Termostat, bir fiziksel sistem 'in sıcaklığını algılayan ve sistemin sıcaklığının istenen ayar noktası yakınında kalması için çalışan bir kontrol aracıdır.

Termostatlar, ayar noktası sıcaklığına kadar ısıtan veya soğutan herhangi bir cihazda veya sistemde kullanılır; Termostat, bina ısıtma, merkezi ısıtma, otomobil radyatörleri, klimalar, HVAC sistemleri, su ısıtıcıları, elektrikli ütüler, fırın lar ve buzdolap ları dahil mutfak ekipmanı, ve tıbbi ve bilimsel kuluçka makinesi vb. yerlerde kullanılır. Bilimsel literatürde, bu cihazlar genellikle termostatik kontrollü yükler (TCL'ler) olarak sınıflandırılır. Termostatik olarak kontrol edilen yükler, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki toplam elektrik talebinin yaklaşık % 50'sini oluşturur.

Termostat, istenen ve ölçülen sıcaklıklar arasındaki hatayı azaltmaya çalıştığı için bir "kapalı döngü" kontrol cihazı olarak çalışır. Bazen bir termostat, bir otomotiv termostatı gibi kontrollü bir sistemin hem algılama hem de kontrol eylem öğelerini birleştirir.

İlk çift metalli sıcaktan etkilenmiş olan termostat, 1726'da saatin çeşitli sıcaklık şartlarında çalışması sırasında hassasiyetini korumak için kullanılmıştır.

Termostat kelimesi Yunanca θερμός "termos", "sıcak" ve στατός "statos", "ayakta, sabit" kelimelerinden türetilmiştir.
Termostat kelimesiyse 1830'da, çift metal şeridin sıcaklıkta farklı uzamadan dolayı bükülüp, ısıtma ve soğutma sistemlerini kontrol etmesinde ortaya atılmıştır.

Değişik termostat türleri ortaya çıkmasına rağmen, geliştirilmiş çift metal şeritli termostatlar günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Diğer bir tür genleşme katsayısı düşük bir çubukla genleşme katsayısı yüksek bir tüpün birer uçlarının birleştirilmesinden meydana gelir. Tüpteki kısalma çubuğun serbest ucunun hareket edip, bir vanayı veya bir elektrik düğmesini kapatmasını sağlar. Değişik bir türse, kolay buharlaşan bir sıvının sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değişik basınç meydana getirmesiyle çalışır. Buzdolaplarındaki termostat bu tiptendir.

Genel Bakış
Termostat, doğru sıcaklık değerini korumak için ısıtma veya soğutma cihazlarını açıp kapatarak veya bir ısı transfer sıvısının akışını gerektiği gibi düzenleyerek kontrol yapar. Termostat, ortam havası kontrolünden otomotiv soğutma sıvısı kontrolüne kadar çeşitli uygulamalarda genellikle bir ısıtma veya soğutma sistemi için ana kontrol ünitesi olabilir. Termostatlar, ayar noktası sıcaklığına kadar ısıtan veya soğutan herhangi bir cihaz veya sistemde kullanılır. Örnekler arasında bina ısıtma, merkezi ısıtma ve klimalar, fırın ve buzdolabı gibi mutfak ekipmanları ve tıbbi ve bilimsel kuluçka makinesi vardır.

Yapısı
Termostatlar, sıcaklığı ölçmek için farklı sensör türleri kullanır. Bir türünde, bobin şeklindeki bir bimetal şerit olan mekanik termostat, ısıtma veya soğutma kaynağını kontrol eden elektrik kontaklarını doğrudan çalıştırır. Bunun yerine elektronik termostatlar, ısıtma veya soğutma ekipmanını kontrol etmek için yükseltme ve işleme gerektiren bir termistör veya başka bir yarı iletken sensör kullanır. Isıtma veya soğutma ekipmanının çıkışı, gerçek sıcaklık ve sıcaklık ayar noktası arasındaki farkla orantılı olmadığından, bir termostat "bang-bang kontrolörü" örneğidir. Bunun yerine, ısıtma veya soğutma ekipmanı, ayarlanan sıcaklığa ulaşılana kadar tam kapasite ile çalışır ve ardından kapanır. Bu nedenle, termostat ayarı ile istenen sıcaklık arasındaki farkın artırılması, istenen sıcaklığa ulaşmak için gereken süreyi değiştirmez. Hedef sistem sıcaklığının değişebileceği oran, hem ısıtma veya soğutma ekipmanının sırasıyla hedef sisteme veya hedef sistemden ısı ekleme veya çıkarma kapasitesi ve hedef sistemin ısıyı saklama kapasitesi ile belirlenir.

Sıcaklık ayar noktasına yakın olduğunda ekipmanın aşırı hızlı döngüsünü önlemek için termostat bir miktar histerez içerebilir. Ayarlanan sıcaklıkta anında "açık" dan "kapalı" ya ve tam tersi olarak değişmek yerine, histerezisli bir termostat, sıcaklık ayarlanan sıcaklık noktasını biraz geçene kadar geçiş yapmaz. Örneğin, 2 °C'ye ayarlanmış bir buzdolabı, yiyecek bölmesinin sıcaklığı 3 °C'ye ulaşana kadar soğutma kompresörünü çalıştırmayabilir ve sıcaklık 1 °C'ye düşene kadar çalışmaya devam eder. Bu, belirli bir büyüklükte bir hedef sistem sıcaklığı salınımı ortaya çıkarmasına rağmen, ekipmanın çok sık anahtarlamadan kaynaklanan yıpranma riskini azaltır.

Isıtılan veya klimalı alanlarda oturanların konforunu artırmak için bimetal sensör termostatları, ısıtma ekipmanı çalışırken sıcaklık sensörünü hafifçe ısıtmak veya soğutma sistemi çalışmıyorken sensörü hafifçe ısıtmak için bir "ön tahmin" sistemi içerebilir. Doğru ayarlandığında bu, sistemdeki herhangi bir aşırı histerezi azaltır ve sıcaklık değişimlerinin büyüklüğünü azaltır. Elektronik termostatların elektronik eşdeğeri vardır.

Sensör türleri
İlk teknolojiler, elektrotları doğrudan cama yerleştirilmiş cıva termometrelerini içeriyordu, böylece belirli (sabit) bir sıcaklığa ulaşıldığında kontaklar cıva tarafından kapatılacaktı. Bunlar bir dereceye kadar doğruydu.

Günümüzde kullanılan yaygın sensör teknolojileri şunlardır:
 Bimetal lisanslı mekanik veya elektrikli sensörler.
 Genişleyen balmumu peletleri
 Elektronik termistör ve yarı iletken cihazlar
 Elektrik termokuplar

Bunlar daha sonra şu kontrol yöntemlerini kullanarak ısıtma veya soğutma cihazını kontrol eder:
 Doğrudan mekanik kontrol
 Elektrik sinyalleri
 Pnömatik sinyaller

Tarihi
Muhtemelen en erken kayıtlı termostat kontrolü örnekleri Hollandalı yenilikçi Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633) tarafından 1620 civarında İngiltere'de yapılmıştır. Bir tavuğun kuluçka makinesi sıcaklığını düzenlemek için cıvalı termostatı icat etti. Bu, kaydedilen ilk geri bildirim kontrollü cihazlardan biridir.

Modern termostat kontrolü 1830'larda bi-metalik termostatı icat eden İskoç kimyager Andrew Ure (1778–1857) tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Zamanın tekstil fabrikalarının optimum şekilde çalışması için sabit ve sürekli bir sıcaklığa ihtiyaçları vardı, bu nedenle Ure, artan sıcaklığa tepki olarak metallerden biri genişlerken bükülen ve enerji beslemesini kesen bimetalik termostatı tasarladı.

Wisconsin 'den Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) 1883'te bi-metal oda termostatının patentini aldı ve iki yıl sonra ilk çok bölgeli termostatik kontrol sistemi için bir patent başvurusunda bulundu.

Albert Butz (1849–1905) elektrikli termostatı icat etti ve 1886'da patentini aldı.

Termostatın ilk endüstriyel kullanımlarından biri, kümes hayvanları inkübatörlerinde sıcaklığın düzenlenmesiydi. İngiliz mühendis Charles Hearson, 1879'da kümes hayvanı çiftliklerinde kullanılmak üzere alınan yumurtalar için ilk modern kuluçka makinesini tasarladı. Kuluçka makineleri, doğal olarak yumurtadan çıkan bir yumurtanın deneyimini tam olarak taklit etmesinde sıcaklığı düzenlemek için doğru bir termostat kullandı.

Mekanik termostatlar
Bu, yalnızca tamamen mekanik araçlar kullanarak hem algılayan hem de kontrol eden cihazları kapsar.

Bimetal
Evsel su ve buhar bazlı merkezi ısıtma sistemleri geleneksel olarak bi-metal şerit termostatlar tarafından kontrol edilir ve bu, bu makalenin ilerleyen kısımlarında ele alınacaktır. Tamamen mekanik kontrol, bireysel akışı düzenleyen yerelleştirilmiş buhar veya sıcak su radyatör bi-metal termostatlar olmuştur. Ancak termostatik radyatör vanası (TRV) artık yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Bazı çatı türbin havalandırma deliklerinde damperleri düzenlemek için tamamen mekanik termostatlar kullanılır ve soğukta veya soğuk dönemlerde bina ısı kaybını azaltır.

Bazı oto yolcu ısıtma sistemlerinde su akışını ve sıcaklığını ayarlanabilir seviyede tutmak için termostatik kontrollu bir vana (valf) bulunur. Daha eski araçlarda termostat, hava akışını yönlendirmek için su vanalarını ve kanatçıkları kontrol eden işleticilere motor vakumunun uygulanmasını kontrol eder.

Modern araçlarda vakum işleticileri merkezi bir bilgisayarın kontrolündeki küçük solenoidler tarafından çalıştırılabilir.

Balmumu peleti

Otomotiv

Günümüzde kullanılan tamamen mekanik termostat teknolojisinin belki de en yaygın örneği, soğutucunun hava soğutmalı radyatöre akışını düzenleyerek motoru optimum çalışma sıcaklığı yakınında tutmak için kullanılan içten yanmalı motor soğutma sistemi termostatıdır. Bu tip termostat, belirli bir sıcaklıkta eriyen ve genişleyen bir balmumu peleti içeren kapalı bir bölme kullanarak çalışır. Bölmenin genişlemesi, çalışma sıcaklığı aşıldığında bir valfi açan bir çubuğu çalıştırır. Çalışma sıcaklığı balmumunun bileşimine göre belirlenir. Çalışma sıcaklığına ulaşıldığında termostat, sıcaklık değişikliklerine yanıt olarak açılmasını kademeli olarak artırır veya azaltır, motor sıcaklığını optimum aralıkta tutmak için radyatöre giden soğutma suyu devridaim akışını ve radyatöre giden soğutucu akışını dinamik olarak dengeler.

Tüm Chrysler Group ve General Motors ürünleri dahil birçok otomobil motorunda, termostat ısıtıcı göbeğine akışı kısıtlamaz. Radyatörün yolcu tarafı deposu ısıtıcı göbeğinden akan termostata baypas olarak kullanılır. Bu, termostat açılmadan önce buhar ceplerinin oluşmasını önler ve ısıtıcının termostat açılmadan önce çalışmasını sağlar. Diğer bir faydası ise, termostat arızalandığında radyatörde hala biraz soğutucu akışı olmasıdır.

Duş ve diğer sıcak su kontrolleri
Termostatik karışım vanası, sıcak ve soğuk suyun karışımını kontrol etmek için balmumu peleti kullanır. Yaygın bir uygulama, elektrikli su ısıtıcısının Legionella bakterilerini öldürecek kadar ( üzerinde) bir sıcaklıkta çalışmasına izin verirken vananın çıkışı hemen haşlamayacak () kadar sıcaklıkta su verir.

Analiz
Balmumu pelet tahrikli valf, iki ısıl genleşme eğrisinden oluşan balmumu peletinin histerez grafiğinin çizilmesi yoluyla analiz edilebilir; genişleme (hareket) - sıcaklık artışı ve büzülme (hareket) - sıcaklık düşüşü. Yukarı ve aşağı eğriler arasındaki yayılma, vananın histerezisini görsel olarak gösterir; Katılar ve sıvılar arasındaki faz geçişi veya faz değişimi nedeniyle balmumu tahrikli valflerde her zaman histerez vardır. Histerez, özel hidrokarbon karışımları ile kontrol edilebilir; Sıkı histerezis en çok arzu edilen şeydir ancak bazı uygulamalar daha geniş aralıklar gerektirir. Balmumu pelet tahrikli valfler, diğerlerinin yanı sıra haşlanma önleme, donma koruması, aşırı sıcaklık temizleme, güneş termal enerjisi veya güneş termal, otomotiv ve havacılık uygulamalarında kullanılır.

Gaz genleşmesi
Termostatlar bazen gaz fırınlarının sıcaklığını ayarlamak için kullanılır. Kontrol birimine ince bir bakır boru ile bağlı gaz dolu bir ampulden oluşur. Ampul normalde fırının üst kısmında bulunur. Tüp, bir diyaframla kapatılmış bir haznede sona erir. Termostat ısındıkça, gaz diyaframa basınç uygulayarak genleşir ve bu da brülöre giden gaz akışını azaltır.

Pnömatik termostatlar
Bir pnömatik termostat, bir dizi hava dolu kontrol tüpü aracılığıyla bir ısıtma veya soğutma sistemini kontrol eden bir termostattır. Bu "kontrol havası" sistemi, gerektiğinde ısıtma veya soğutmayı etkinleştirmek için kontrol tüpündeki basınç değişikliklerine (sıcaklık nedeniyle) yanıt verir. Kontrol havası tipik olarak "şebeke" üzerinde 15-18  psi (genellikle 20  psi'ye kadar çalışabilmesine rağmen) tutulur. Pnömatik termostatlar tipik olarak, uç cihaza (valf/damper aktüatörü/pnömatik-elektrik anahtarı, vb.) Borulanan 3-15  psi çıkış/branş/sınırlayıcı sonrası (tek borulu çalışma için) basınç sağlar.

Pnömatik termostat, elektrikli termostatı icat etmesinden kısa bir süre sonra 1895'te Warren Johnson tarafından icat edildi. 2009 yılında Harry Sim, pnömatik olarak kontrol edilen binaların bina otomasyon sistemleriyle entegre edilmesine olanak tanıyan bir pnömatik-dijitale arayüz  için patentle ödüllendirildi ve doğrudan dijital kontrol (DDC) ile benzer faydalar sağladı.

Balmumu pelet tahrikli bir valf(vana), balmumu peletinin iki ısıl genleşme eğrisinden oluşan histerezisinin grafiğini çizerek analiz edilebilir; genişleme (hareket) - sıcaklık artışı ve büzülme (hareket) - sıcaklık düşüşü. Yukarı ve aşağı eğriler arasındaki yayılma, vananın histerezi ni görsel olarak gösterir; Katılar ve sıvılar arasındaki faz değişikliğinden dolayı balmumu tahrikli teknolojide her zaman histerez vardır. Histerez, özel hidrokarbon karışımları ile kontrol edilebilir; Sıkı histerezis en çok arzu edilen şeydir ancak özel mühendislik uygulamaları daha geniş aralıklar gerektirir. Balmumu pelet tahrikli vanalar haşlanma önleme, donma koruması, aşırı sıcaklık temizleme, güneş enerjisi, otomotiv ve havacılık gibi diğer uygulamalarda da kullanılır.

Kaynakça

Isıtma, havalandırma ve klima
İçten yanmalı motor soğutma sistemi

Termostat


Antonio Gómez Cano, (Murcia, 22 de julio de 1912 — Murcia, 18 de enero de 1985) fue un pintor español de tendencia impresionista.

Biografía

Aprendizaje

Antonio Gómez Cano nace en Murcia en una casa de la calle Alfaro, donde vivió hasta los dos años edad, cuando la familia se traslada a la casa-taller de su padre, Antonio Gómez Sandoval, situada en la calle Simón García, nº 55, del barrio murciano de Santa Eulalia (y donde viviría hasta sus primeros años de casado).

Comenzó a pintar en el taller de su padre, estudiando entre 1923-1928, en la Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País. En ese período se relacionó con varios de los artistas de la generación de los años 20: Pedro Flores García, Luis Garay, Ramón Gaya, Pontones, o González Moreno. En 1931 expone por primera vez en una muestra colectiva  organizada por "Los Amigos del Arte". En 1933 ingresó como alumno libre en la Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes de San Fernando de Madrid.

Al estallar la Guerra Civil, Gómez Cano es movilizado por el ejército de la República a Archena (Murcia) como dibujante en la "Escuela de Tanques".

En 1939 realiza bocetos de decoración con su padre, para la sastrería "Garriga", y en 1941, decoraciones sobre las vidrieras en el edificio Chys, de la calle Trapería, construido por Pedro Muguruza. Precisamente, animado por este arquitecto, se instaló en Madrid con su familia; ciudad en la que decoró la escuela de Aeromodelismo en Cuatro Vientos, en colaboración con el pintor Molina Sánchez, que por aquellas fechas también había llegado a la capital.

Madurez

En 1942 participa en el Salón de los Once, junto a Solana, Pruna, o Rafael Zabaleta. Eugenio d'Ors lo describió así en su presentación del evento: "uno de los más felices anuncios de la pintura española contemporánea". En 1943 participa en la exposición "Autorretratos" en el Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno.  En 1944 es seleccionado para formar parte del II Salón de los Once, junto a obras de Rosario Velazco, Humbert, Benjamín Palencia, Serrano, Pruna o Eduardo Vicente. En esos años colaboró en una serie de programas dedicados al arte en Radio Nacional de España, en Madrid.

En 1946 participa en la exposición "Autorretratos" en el Museo de Arte Moderno (su autorretrato fue adquirido por el Museo y enviado en depósito al de Bellas Artes de Murcia). En 1947 realiza su primera exposición en Bilbao, conociendo a pintores como los hermanos Antonio y Pablo Bilbao, Federico Echevarría, Ibarrola, Oteiza y al poeta Blas de Otero. En 1948 obtiene el "Premio Villacis" otorgado por la Diputación Provincial de Murcia con su cuadro Retrato de Teresa.

De 1954 a 1955 pinta La última cena y Escenas de la Pasión, en las instalaciones de las obras del Pantano del Cenajo, donde técnicos y personal de la obra prestaron sus rostros a los personajes. Para la Sala de las compuertas de fondo del pantano, en un túnel de 150 metros de profundidad pintó dos grandes murales, entre las máquinas dispuestas y aparatos hidráulicos. En 1956 participa en la Bienal de Arte de Venecia con "Escena de la Pasión".

Recibe una beca del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, estudiando y pintando numerosos cuadros en Florencia y Venecia. Vuelve por segunda vez a Italia, y posteriormente a Francia, donde reside unos meses en París. Durante los años que transcurren desde 1959 – 1965 comparte estudios en Bilbao, Murcia y Madrid. En 1965 expone en la "Galería Quixote" de Madrid.

Regreso a Murcia

Desde 1971 a 1980 residió, trabajó y expuso en su Murcia natal en diferentes galerías de arte. En 1981 se montó una Exposición Antológica de Gómez Cano en el Centro Cultural de la Villa de Madrid, que recopilaba buena parte de sus obras. Muere en enero de 1985.

Referencias

Documentación bibliográfica

 El Liberal de Murcia (Murcia, 9/10/1925) Pág.3
 El Tiempo (Ed. Mañana) (Murcia, 16/10/1926) Pág.1
 El Liberal de Murcia (Murcia, 15/10/1926) Pág.2
 La Verdad de Murcia (Murcia, 18/10/1928). Pág.3
 La Verdad de Murcia (Murcia, 19/10/1929) Pág.4
 La Verdad de Murcia (Murcia, 25/12/1929) Pág.2
 Abraham López, Jose Luis Antonio Oliver Belmás y las Bellas Artes en la prensa de Murcia, Ayuntamiento de Cartagena, Concejalía de Cultura, 2002. Págs. 139-140
 M.J. Aragoneses Pintura decorativa en Murcia. Siglos XIX y XX, Diputación Provincial de Murcia, Murcia, 1964. pp. 141 y 200
 Antonio Manuel Campoy Diccionario crítico del arte español contemporáneo, Colección Arte Contemporáneo, Madrid, 1973. p. 154
 Moya Huertas, Miguel. Pictografía de Gómez Cano. "La Estafeta Literaria", 25 de marzo de 1945. p. 32
 Azcoaga, E. Antonio Gómez Cano, un colorista patético, en el Catálogo de Gómez Cano, Centro Cultural de la Villa, Madrid, 1980.
 Catálogo de la exposición "Familia de pintores: Antonio Gómez Sandoval, Antonio Gómez Cano y Antonio Gómez Estrada". C. A. Región de Murcia. Murcia 2002.
 Miró, Gabriel. Figuras de la Pasión del Señor. Madrid: Guadarrama, D.L. 1969.
 La Verdad de Murcia (Murcia, 18/8/1957) Pág.13.
 Gómez Cano en la Galería Delos, J. Ballester En: La Verdad de Murcia (Murcia, 29/12/1971) Pág. 5
 Cartas a Juan Bautista Sanz, Colección de Cartas (1970-76), Galería Zero, Murcia
 La Verdad de Murcia (Murcia, 19/1/1985). Págs. 1, 5.

Enlaces externos

Noticia en Región de Murcia digital.

Pintores de la Región de Murcia
Pintores de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Murcia
Fallecidos en Murcia

Antonio Gómez Cano


Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin (also Tchigorin; ;  – ) was a chess player from the Russian Empire. He played two World Championship matches against Wilhelm Steinitz, losing both times. The last great player of the Romantic chess style, he also served as a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet chess school", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

Chess career
Chigorin was born in Gatchina but moved to nearby Saint Petersburg some time later. His father worked in the Okhtensk gunpowder works. Chigorin's parents died young and Chigorin entered the Gatchinsk Orphans' Institute at the age of 10. He became serious about chess uncommonly late in life; his schoolteacher taught him the moves at the age of 16, but he did not take to the game until around 1874, having first finished his studies before commencing a career as a government officer.

Once smitten with the game, he terminated his employment and started life as a chess professional. In 1876, he started a chess magazine, Chess Sheet, which he edited until 1881 (only 250 subscribers in all of Russia).  He played a series of matches with established masters Emanuel Schiffers (1878–1880) and Semyon Alapin (1880) and notched up a large plus score against each. It was not long after that he was regarded as the best player in the city and possibly the whole of Russia.

His first international tournament was Berlin 1881, where he was equal third (+10−5=1) with Szymon Winawer, behind Johannes Zukertort and Joseph Henry Blackburne. This event included 17 master competitors.

At the great London tournament of 1883, he finished fourth (+16−10=0) behind Zukertort, Wilhelm Steinitz and Blackburne. The 14 competitors in this double round robin event included practically all of the best chessplayers in the world.

At the very strong tournament of New York 1889 he was equal first with Max Weiss. Following this great success he challenged the world champion Steinitz for a match with the World Championship at stake.

The World Championship match was played at Havana in 1889, but he lost 10½–6½ (+6−10=1). A second World Championship match was played also at Havana in 1892, but he narrowly lost 12½–10½ (+8−10=5).

His overall record against Steinitz was very close (+24−27=8). He also played a much publicised 'telegraph match' against Steinitz in 1890, devised to settle a theoretical argument. Chigorin had the slight advantage of choosing the openings in advance from a list supplied by Steinitz and duly won both games.

Towards the end of the century, his standing at home and abroad continued to rise, and he was in the world's top four or five players. His reputation as a match player too, continued to grow. He drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (+9−9=4) and in his lifetime, maintained a narrow plus score against Tarrasch (+14−13=8), who was a fearsome player in his own right. He had a strong plus score against Richard Teichmann (+8−3=1), but a poor record versus David Janowski (+4−17=4). Most of his losses to Janowski occurred late in Chigorin's life, when he was past his best.

In all likelihood, his best performance occurred at the Hastings 1895 chess tournament, where he placed second, ahead of reigning world champion Emanuel Lasker, Tarrasch and former world champion Steinitz. All of the greatest players of the time participated in the event and Chigorin's outstanding result included winning his individual encounter with tournament victor, Harry Nelson Pillsbury.  Pillsbury had great respect for Chigorin's ability and for good reason, as Chigorin had a marginal lifetime plus score against him (+8−7=6). Although Chigorin had a poor record against Lasker in serious play (+1−8=4), he was victorious with the black pieces in their first game of this 1895 tournament, in which he outplayed Lasker in a classic two knights versus two bishops ending.

In other major competitions, he was joint winner at Budapest 1896, and beat Rudolf Charousek (+3−1) in the playoff. At Cologne in 1898, he was equal second with Charousek and Wilhelm Cohn after Amos Burn. His 7th-place finish at London 1899 was disappointing in comparison, but this was another tournament notable for its impressive list of participants. At Monte Carlo 1901, he placed equal third after Janowski and Carl Schlechter.

A highly skilled exponent of gambit lines, he won the King's Gambit-themed Vienna Tournament of 1903 and defeated Lasker (+2−1=3) in a sponsored Rice Gambit tournament in Brighton. The latter was however something of a hollow victory, as it was emerging that the Rice Gambit was unsound and so, playing the black side in each game gave him a distinct advantage. He was also perhaps the most skilled 19th century practitioner of the Evans Gambit, which featured in many of his great duels with Steinitz. At Łódź 1906, in a four-person event, he finished second to Akiba Rubinstein.

Alongside these international events, he also entered and won the first three All-Russia Tournaments of 1899, 1900/01 and 1903. These prestigious successes further cemented his reputation as Russia's best player. Upon losing the fourth such event in 1906, he challenged the winner Gersz Salwe to a match and came out the victor (+7−5=3).

Style and demeanour
His playing style featured a well-honed tactical ability and an imaginative approach to the opening. He rejected many of the inflexible doctrines put forward by Tarrasch and Steinitz, but accepted Steinitz' teachings about the soundness of the defensive centre. Indeed, he went on to add to the development of the concept through the work he carried out with closed variations of the Ruy Lopez. He also pioneered some variations of the Slav Defence. A large bearded man, Chigorin was described as 'decidedly handsome'.

Frank Marshall once commented on the highly agitated state that would possess Chigorin when faced with difficult positions. Aside from the usual frantic foot-tapping and crossing of legs, he would occasionally become "a bundle of nerves", at which point his temperament could turn "quite fierce".

Later life

As an ambassador for Russian chess, Chigorin was a shining example; he gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns and subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

According to the Canadian International Master Lawrence Day, Chigorin travelled with the young Fedor Bogatyrchuk to Russian events in the 1905–1907 period, helping to train him. After moving to Canada following World War II, Bogatyrchuk then trained Day.

By 1907, Chigorin's health (both mental and physical) started to decline dramatically. He failed badly in a chess tournament. He was clearly not in good health and was diagnosed by doctors in Carlsbad with an advanced and untreatable case of diabetes. This prompted a prediction that he had only months to live, whereupon he returned to his estranged wife and daughter in Lublin and died the following January. Not long before he died, at while having an emotional outburst, Chigorin burned his chess set. In 1909, a Chigorin Memorial tournament was played in St. Petersburg. After that many more followed: from 1947 onwards mainly in Sochi and from 1990 back in Saint Petersburg.

Legacy

Through his original talent, lively games and prolific teachings, many Russians regard Mikhail Chigorin as the founder of their "School of chess", later to become known as the Soviet School of Chess. Overshadowed to some extent in the 1920s by the exciting new theories of the hypermodern movement, Chigorin's influence nevertheless demands a prominent and permanent place in the Soviet chess hegemony of the 20th century.

Openings

Chigorin has several chess openings or variations of openings named after him, the two most important being the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Na5 10.Bc2 c5 11.d4 Qc7) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6). Whilst the former has remained popular through the 1900s, the latter struggled to attract a great many devotees until relatively recently. Igor Miladinović has used the Chigorin Defence with great regularity, but its current revival owes much to the efforts of Alexander Morozevich, who has championed the opening both in play and in his book – The Chigorin Defence According To Morozevich (published 2007).

Another opening line invented by Chigorin is 1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 in the French Defence. It is now generally regarded as a forerunner of King's Indian setups, but Chigorin also played it with other ideas (such as b2–b3) in mind.

In popular culture
A famous Chigorin game played against Steinitz in 1892 is used as the base for the plot of The Squares of the City, a 1965 science-fiction novel by John Brunner.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Mikhail Chigorin download 171 of his games in pgn format.

1850 births
1908 deaths
People from Gatchina
People from Tsarskoselsky Uyezd
Chess players from the Russian Empire
Chess theoreticians
19th-century chess players
20th-century chess players
Deaths from diabetes

Mikhail Chigorin


Sofia Province () is a province (oblast) of Bulgaria. The province does not include Sofia in its territories, but Sofia remains its administrative center. The province borders on the provinces of Pernik, Kyustendil, Blagoevgrad, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Lovech, Vratsa, Montana and "Sofia City Province" (which is in a separate oblast, see Sofia Administration), and borders with Serbia to the northwest.

History

Prehistory and antiquity
Archaeological excavations near Chavdar suggest that the region has been settled by humans as early as 7,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of a mass settlement dates back to Thracian times, including tumuli (burial mounds) which remain poorly studied. According to Thucydides, the areas north of Vitosha were inhabited by the Tilataei and the Treri. The Triballi were also known to have inhabited the region around Serdica. The Serdi, a Celtic tribe that appeared in place of the vanished Treri and Tilataei, were first mentioned in 29 BC. Roman General Marcus Licinius Crassus began his campaign against the Triballi in that year, and in 27 BC his troops captured Serdica.

Felix Philipp Kanitz, the first person to study the Iskar Gorge area thoroughly, identified eight Roman castella, which he considered proof of the great strategic importance the Romans placed on the gorge. The road passing through it connected Roman lands from Thessaloniki all the way to Dacia. However, up until modern times, the gorge was poorly accessible because of its rugged terrain. As a result, the inhabitants were partially isolated from the rest of the world, self-reliant, but also safe from wars and invasions. Some of the population of Moesia thus found the Iskar river area an appealing safe haven later in the 5th century, when the province was threatened by Hunnic and Gothic raids.

Middle Ages
Gothic assaults were followed by large-scale settlement of South Slavs in territories south of the Danube in the early 580s AD. The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, was incapable of defending these territories at the time. With most Byzantine troops protecting the rich Asian provinces from Arab and Persian raids, even small and disorganised Slavic attacks caused much disruption throughout Moesia. The numerous Slavs gradually mixed with and assimilated the native population. The area remained under Byzantine control until 809 AD, when Krum captured Serdica and massacred some 6,000 soldiers and civilians. Sometime in the 10th century, construction of the Boyana Church began as well.

Churches and monasteries in the area flourished during the Second Bulgarian Empire. Tsar Ivan Alexander established a ring of 14 monasteries around Sredets (formerly Serdica), with rules and organisation similar to the monastery cluster on Mount Athos, known as Sveta Gora in Bulgarian. The Sveta Gora of Sofia includes temples and monasteries throughout today's Sofia Province, spanning from Plana and Vitosha Mountains in the south to Dragoman and the slopes of Stara Planina in the north. Some of these were established during the First Bulgarian Empire or generally before Ivan Alexander's rule. Apart from these monasteries, a number of other, smaller temples can be traced back to the Second Empire. This includes the Saint Nicholas church in Bukovets, built by Crusaders in the 12th century. Crusader presence was also attested around Bov, which is believed to have been established by an eponymous Fourth Crusade knight who became a vassal of Tsar Kaloyan.

Ottoman rule
The modern territory of Sofia Province has been part of three of the four revolutionary districts during the April Uprising.

Under the Third Bulgarian State
A few years after Bulgaria's liberation in 1878, Bulgarian nationalists organised a coup in the Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia and declared its unification with the Principality of Bulgaria. The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the strengthening of its rival. Serbian king Milan I declared war on Bulgaria on 14 November 1885, but the Serbian forces were decisively defeated at the Battle of Slivnitsa between 17 and 19 November. Another decisive Bulgarian victory occurred at Gurgulyat, where Bulgarian soldiers and civilian volunteers fought the Serb Moravian division and prevented it from reinforcing the main Serbian force at Slivnitsa.

During World War II, a number of resistance fighters were based in the area. The mainly Soviet-oriented resistance - the People's Liberation Rebel Army, PLRA - organised locally under the 1st Sofia Rebellion Operations Zone, particularly in the areas around Botevgrad and Ihtiman. Anti-partisan operations by the Bulgarian government military, then part of the Axis powers, had become fierce by 1944. In January 1944, Special Operations Executive Major William Frank Thompson and another British officer, Sergeant Kenneth Scott, were parachuted with radio equipment in southern Yugoslavia; their mission was to provide liaison between the British Army and the PLRA. The two joined a group of 100 ill-equipped Bulgarian partisans and entered Bulgaria in May 1944.

After some initial success, the group was ambushed, and Thompson was captured near Eleshnitsa along with a dozen Bulgarian partisans. After being shown the severed heads of other partisans on pikes, they were tortured by government troops and their paramilitary aides, the Gendarmerie. Because of his Communist sympathies and fluent Bulgarian and Russian, Thompson and the other resistance fighters were executed by a firing squad. Several villages in the area were merged after the war into what is now a single village, Thompson, named after the British officer.

Geography

 With a territory of 7 020 km², Sofia Province is the second-largest in Bulgaria. It also has the highest number of municipalities, 22, and borders nine other provinces as well as Serbia to the northwest. The lowest areas stand at 350 metres above sea level, whereas the highest rise above 2,900 metres, resulting in diverse terrain, soil and climatic factors.

A temperate climate with cold winters, cool springs and mild summers hampers the agricultural use of the otherwise fertile mountain valleys. Stara Planina, Sredna Gora and Rila are the principal mountain ranges that the province straddles, while Plana and Vitosha lie entirely within its territory. The highest peak on the Balkan Peninsula, Musala, rises 2,925 metres above sea level in Rila at the southern end of the province.

The precise height of Musala was only measured in 1932 by an expedition of the State Geographic Institute of the Ministry of War. Previously, Vihren in southwest Bulgaria was imprecisely measured and proclaimed to be the country's highest peak. This made Mytikas on Mount Olympus in Greece, which rose only three metres higher than Vihren, the highest on the Balkan Peninsula. Locals in Bulgaria supposedly began piling up rocks on Vihren over time to restore its status, but the 1932 military expedition measured both Vihren and Musala with a margin of error of only 15 centimetres and thus put an end to the rivalry.

Rila is also the source of the Iskar, the longest river that runs entirely within Bulgarian territory. It is a tributary to the Danube and forms part of the Black Sea river basin. The  long Cherni (black) Iskar is considered the main stem of the river, taking its source from the Chamovsko Lake (2,500 m) to the north-east of Damga Peak (2,669 m) and from there the river flows in north-eastern direction through the Govedartsi Valley, filled by the waters of the Chanakgyolski, Malyovishki and Urdini Lakes. The river enters the Balkan Mountains at the town of Novi Iskar and forms a long and spectacular gorge, whose slopes reach a height of 200 m up to 500 m at some points. The Iskar Gorge reaches a length of  between its beginning at Kurilo, a neighbourhood of Novi Iskar, and the village of Lyutibrod where it ends. Other rivers flowing through the province
s territory are Topolnitsa, Nishava and Maritsa, and larger bodies of water include 60 barrages and dams.

Demographics

Sofia Province has 247,489 inhabitants according to the 2011 Bulgarian Census.

The Sofia province (Област, oblast) contains 22 municipalities (singular: община, obshtina - plural: Общини, obshtini). The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town (in bold) or village, and the population of each as of 2009.

The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:

The province had a population of 273 252 (also given as 273,240) according to a 2001 census, of which  were male and  were female.

Ethnic groups

Total population (2011 census): 247 489

Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 230 781 persons:
Bulgarians: 210 974 (91,42%)
Romani: 17 079 (7,40%)
Others and indefinable:  2 728 (1,18%)

Ethnic groups in the province according to 2001 census:
253 536 Bulgarians (),
16 748 Romani ()
and 2956 others and unspecified ().

Religion

Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:

Economy
Sofia Province's Gross regional product (GRP) was 3.11 billion leva ($1.84 billion) in 2016, with a per capita value of 13,203 leva ($7810), the third-highest nationally. That year, some 9,000 companies produced 8.12 billion leva ($4.8 billion) worth of goods and services. Nearly two-thirds of businesses are in the processing sector and operate at a profit.

Mining has been developed on a large scale since the 1950s. The Chelopech copper mine opened in 1954 and has since produced 19.7 million tonnes of ore, peaking at 512,000 tonnes annually in 1988. In 1958, a copper smelter and refinery near Pirdop began operations and blended concentrates from Chelopech and two other mines in the area, Elatsite and Assarel. Since its privatisation in 1997, the smelter has become Bulgaria's second-largest company as a subsidiary of Aurubis. Canadian company Dundee Precious Metals Inc. has acquired the Chelopech mine, where gold concentrate is currently extracted alongside copper.

Mondelez Bulgaria (formerly Kraft Foods Bulgaria) is the largest confectionery producer nationally, largely owing to the production capacity of its chocolate factory in Svoge. The factory was established in 1901, privatised in 1993, and upgraded in 2008 to produce up to 365,000,000 chocolate bars annually. Beverages are manufactured near Kostinbrod, where the largest instant coffee factory in Southeast Europe, as well as the main Coca-Cola bottling facility in Bulgaria, are located.

Botevgrad is a major microelectronics R&D and manufacturing centre. Microchips, integrated circuits, sensors and automotive electronics are all produced by private companies on the grounds of the former "Mikroelektronika" state-owned factories. Computer manufacturing was also thriving in Pravets during the Socialist era and by 1988 Bulgaria seemed set to become a major exporter of computers to the West. Pravetz models manufactured in the town accounted for 40% of all computers used in the Eastern Bloc in the 1980s. The Pravets manufacturing plant became defunct after the collapse of Communism, but a high-voltage electronics factory owned by Siemens has taken its place.

Bulgaria's oldest ski resort, Borovets, is located near Samokov. Its high annual influx of tourists has given a boost to the local property market and has drawn foreign investment in hospitality and recreation.

See also
Provinces of Bulgaria
Municipalities of Bulgaria
List of cities and towns in Bulgaria
List of villages in Sofia Province

References

Bibliography

Provinces of Bulgaria

Sofia Province


AXN Spin je kabelski i satelitski televizijski kanal u vlasništvu Sony Pictures Television International. Kada je lansiran bio je namijenjen prvenstveno mlađoj publici, koja emitira reality emisije, crtiće, anime i televizijske serije, ali sada prikazuje reprize drugih AXN kanala.

Povijest
Emitiranje je započelo 11. siječnja 2012. godine. Dostupan je u Poljskoj na satelitskim platformama: Cyfrowy Polsat i nc+ (HD verzija). Od 1. lipnja 2012. pridružuje se ponudi digitalne TV mreže UPC Polska i TOYA (SD verzija). Od 1. ožujka 2013. pokrenut je u Rumunjskoj na UPC-u i u ožujku 2015. na DIGI-ju. U siječnju 2014. godine pokrenut je u Srbiji, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj, Sloveniji, Bosni i Hercegovini i Sjevernoj Makedoniji.

Dostupan je CAM modulima u Conaxu, Irdetu, Mediaguardu, Nagravisionu i Viaccessu.

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O GOLDS-UFSC é um nanossatélite brasileiro, ou mais especificamente, um CubeSat 2U que está sendo desenvolvido pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e com previsão de lançamento em 2024. Este satélite é uma continuidade do CubeSat 1U FloripaSat-1, desenvolvido pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisa e lançado em 2019 junto com o satélite CBERS-4A.

Objetivo
O GOLDS-UFSC é uma iniciativa de estudantes e pesquisadores do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Tecnologias Espaciais (SpaceLab) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, tendo como objetivo principal validar o funcionamento do módulo EDC (Environmental Data Collector), desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Esta carga útil foi desenvolvida para CubeSats de tamanho 1U ou superior, com a função de receber sinais transmitidos por plataformas pertencentes ao Global Open coLlecting Data System (GOLDS).

Além disso, o satélite conta com um transceptor operando em VHF e dedicado exclusivamente ao uso da comunidade radioamadora. Este transceptor transmite dados de telemetria do satélite, e pode transmitir e receber mensagens encaminhadas por radioamadores do mundo todo através de um repetidor de mensagens embarcado.

Lançamento
O nanossatélite tem previsão de lançamento para 2024, ainda sem local ou data definidos.

Satélites
Programa espacial brasileiro

GOLDS-UFSC


Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property applying to many linear time-invariant systems that are distinguished by having an impulse response  which does not become exactly zero past a certain point, but continues indefinitely. This is in contrast to a finite impulse response (FIR) system in which the impulse response  does become exactly zero at times  for some finite , thus being of finite duration. Common examples of linear time-invariant systems are most electronic and digital filters. Systems with this property are known as IIR systems or IIR filters.

In practice, the impulse response, even of IIR systems, usually approaches zero and can be neglected past a certain point. However the physical systems which give rise to IIR or FIR responses are dissimilar, and therein lies the importance of the distinction. For instance, analog electronic filters composed of resistors, capacitors, and/or inductors (and perhaps linear amplifiers) are generally IIR filters. On the other hand, discrete-time filters (usually digital filters) based on a tapped delay line employing no feedback are necessarily FIR filters. The capacitors (or inductors) in the analog filter have a "memory" and their internal state never completely relaxes following an impulse (assuming the classical model of capacitors and inductors where quantum effects are ignored). But in the latter case, after an impulse has reached the end of the tapped delay line, the system has no further memory of that impulse and has returned to its initial state; its impulse response beyond that point is exactly zero.

Implementation and design
Although almost all analog electronic filters are IIR, digital filters may be either IIR or FIR. The presence of feedback in the topology of a discrete-time filter (such as the block diagram shown below) generally creates an IIR response. The z domain transfer function of an IIR filter contains a non-trivial denominator, describing those feedback terms. The transfer function of an FIR filter, on the other hand, has only a numerator as expressed in the general form derived below. All of the  coefficients with  (feedback terms) are zero and the filter has no finite poles.

The transfer functions pertaining to IIR analog electronic filters have been extensively studied and optimized for their amplitude and phase characteristics. These continuous-time filter functions are described in the Laplace domain. Desired solutions can be transferred to the case of discrete-time filters whose transfer functions are expressed in the z domain, through the use of certain mathematical techniques such as the bilinear transform, impulse invariance, or pole–zero matching method.  Thus digital IIR filters can be based on well-known solutions for analog filters such as the Chebyshev filter, Butterworth filter, and elliptic filter, inheriting the characteristics of those solutions.

Transfer function derivation
Digital filters are often described and implemented in terms of the difference equation that defines how the output signal is related to the input signal:

where:
 is the feedforward filter order
 are the feedforward filter coefficients
 is the feedback filter order
 are the feedback filter coefficients
 is the input signal
 is the output signal.

A more condensed form of the difference equation is:

which, when rearranged, becomes:

To find the transfer function of the filter, we first take the Z-transform of each side of the above equation, where we use the time-shift property to obtain:

We define the transfer function to be:

Considering that in most IIR filter designs coefficient is 1, the IIR filter transfer function takes the more traditional form:

Stability
The transfer function allows one to judge whether or not a system is bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stable. To be specific, the BIBO stability criterion requires that the ROC of the system includes the unit circle. For example, for a causal system, all poles of the transfer function have to have an absolute value smaller than one. In other words, all poles must be located within a unit circle in the -plane.

The poles are defined as the values of  which make the denominator of  equal to 0:

Clearly, if  then the poles are not located at the origin of the -plane. This is in contrast to the FIR filter where all poles are located at the origin, and is therefore always stable.

IIR filters are sometimes preferred over FIR filters because an IIR filter can achieve a much sharper transition region roll-off than an FIR filter of the same order.

Example
Let the transfer function  of a discrete-time filter be given by:

governed by the parameter , a real number with  .   is  stable and causal with a pole at . The time-domain impulse response can be shown to be given by:

where  is the unit step function. It can be seen that  is non-zero for all , thus an impulse response which continues infinitely.

Advantages and disadvantages
The main advantage digital IIR filters have over FIR filters is their efficiency in implementation, in order to meet a specification in terms of passband, stopband, ripple, and/or roll-off. Such a set of specifications can be accomplished with a lower order (Q in the above formulae) IIR filter than would be required for an FIR filter meeting the same requirements. If implemented in a signal processor, this implies a correspondingly fewer number of calculations per time step; the computational savings is often of a rather large factor.

On the other hand, FIR filters can be easier to design, for instance, to match a particular frequency response requirement. This is particularly true when the requirement is not one of the usual cases (high-pass, low-pass, notch, etc.) which have been studied and optimized for analog filters. Also FIR filters can be easily made to be  linear phase (constant group delay vs frequency)—a property that is not easily met using IIR filters and then only as an approximation (for instance with the Bessel filter). Another issue regarding digital IIR filters is the potential for limit cycle behavior when idle, due to the feedback system in conjunction with quantization.

Design Methods

Impulse Invariance
Impulse invariance is a technique for designing discrete-time infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filters from continuous-time filters in which the impulse response of the continuous-time system is sampled to produce the impulse response of the discrete-time system.
Impulse invariance is one of the commonly used methods to meet the two basic requirements of the mapping from the s-plane to the z-plane. This is obtained by solving the T(z) that has the same output value at the same sampling time as the analog filter, and it is only applicable when the inputs are in a pulse.
Note that all inputs of the digital filter generated by this method are approximate values, except for pulse inputs that are very accurate. This is the simplest IIR filter design method. It is the most accurate at low frequencies, so it is usually used in low-pass filters.

For Laplace transform or z-transform, the output after the transformation is just the input multiplied by the corresponding transformation function, T(s) or T(z). Y(s) and Y(z) are the converted output of input X(s) and input X(z), respectively.

When applying the Laplace transform or z-transform on the unit impulse, the result is 1. Hence, the output results after the conversion are

Now the output of the analog filter is just the inverse Laplace transform in the time domain.

If we use nT instead of t, we can get the output y(nT) derived from the pulse at the sampling time. It can also be expressed as y(n)

This discrete time signal can be applied z-transform to get T(z)

The last equation mathematically describes that a digital IIR filter is to perform z-transform on the analog signal that has been sampled and converted to T(s) by Laplace, which is usually simplified to

Pay attention to the fact that there is a multiplier T appearing in the formula. This is because even if the Laplace transform and z-transform for the unit pulse are 1, the pulse itself is not necessarily the same. For analog signals, the pulse has an infinite value but the area is 1 at t=0, but it is 1 at the discrete-time pulse t=0, so the existence of a multiplier T is required.

Step Invariance
Step invariance is a better design method than impulse invariant. The digital filter has several segments of input with different constants when sampling, which is composed of discrete steps. The step invariant IIR filter is less accurate than the same input step signal to the ADC. However, it is a better approximation for any input than the impulse invariant.
Step invariant solves the problem of the same sample values when T(z) and T(s) are both step inputs. The input to the digital filter is u(n), and the input to the analog filter is u(t). Apply z-transform and Laplace transform on these two inputs to obtain the converted output signal.
Perform z-transform on step input
Converted output after z-transform
Perform Laplace transform on step input
Converted output after Laplace transform
The output of the analog filter is y(t), which is the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s). If sampled every T seconds, it is y(n), which is the inverse conversion of Y(z).These signals are used to solve for the digital filter and the analog filter and have the same output at the sampling time.
The following equation points out the solution of T(z), which is the approximate formula for the analog filter.

Bilinear Transform
The bilinear transform is a special case of a conformal mapping, often used to convert a transfer function  of a linear, time-invariant (LTI) filter in the continuous-time domain (often called an analog filter) to a transfer function  of a linear, shift-invariant filter in the discrete-time domain.
The bilinear transform is a first-order approximation of the natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane to the s-plane.  When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely the Z transform of the discrete-time sequence with the substitution of

where  is the numerical integration step size of the trapezoidal rule used in the bilinear transform derivation; or, in other words, the sampling period. The above bilinear approximation can be solved for  or a similar approximation for  can be performed.

The inverse of this mapping (and its first-order bilinear approximation) is

This relationship is used in the Laplace transfer function of any analog filter or the digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filter T(z) of the analog filter.
The bilinear transform essentially uses this first order approximation and substitutes into the continuous-time transfer function,

That is

which is used to calculate the IIR digital filter, starting from the Laplace transfer function of the analog filter.

See also
Autoregressive model
Electronic filter
Finite impulse response
Recurrence relation, mathematical formalization
System analysis

External links

 IIR Digital Filter design tool - produces coefficients, graphs, poles, zeros, and C code
 EngineerJS Online IIR Design Tool - does not require Java

Digital signal processing
Filter theory

Infinite impulse response


توماس بيرديتش  (17 سبتمبر 1985) لاعب تنس تشيكي محترف، وهو من أفضل 10 لاعبين عالمياً حسب رابطة محترفي كرة المضرب منذ يوليو 2010، ويحتل حاليا المرتبة السادسة عالميا، وأفضل إنجاز له كان في وصوله لنهائي بطولة ويمبلدون 2010 وذلك بعد تغلبه في ربع النهائي على روجر فيدرير، وفي نصف النهائي على نوفاك دجوكوفيتش، ليخسر في النهائي أمام رافاييل نادال.

وهو لعب في أطول مباراة زوجي على الإطلاق مع لوكاس روسول، ضد سويسرا في كأس ديفيز، حيث استمرت (7 ساعات ودقيقتين)، كما وصل إلى ربع النهائي وأفضل في 15 بطولة، وهو يعتبر حالياً من أفضل لاعبي التنس.

السيرة الذاتية
بدأ توماس لعب التنس في سن الخامسة في مسقط رأسه في فالاشسكي ميزيريتشي، مورافيا، تشيكوسلوفاكيا، وكان والده مارتن مهندس قطارات، وأمه هانا طبيبة، وقد فاز ببطولة جمهورية التشيك للأطفال ثم انتقل إلى مدينة باردوبيتسه من أجل إدارة أفضل وتدريب أكثر تقدماً، وقام بتدريبه إيفان ليندل، وبعد سنوات من التدريب الشاق كان فوزه ببطولة مرموقة للناشئيين في مدينة باردوبيتسه.

بيرديتش معجب كبير بلعبة هوكي الجليد وخاصة فريق ديترويت رد وينجز ولتقى بالكثير من لاعبي دوري الهوكي الوطني. ويفضل بيرديتش لعب كرة التنس على الملاعب الصلبة وتكمن قوته بضرباته الأمامية والإرسال، وأصبح بيرديتش لاعب محترف سنة 2002 وقفز أكثر من 800 مركز في تصنيف ATP.

المسيرة الإحترافية

2002-2004
 عام 2002 تمكن توماس بيرديتش من الفوز ببطولتين محليتين (في التشيك) على الملاعب الترابية، أولها بطولة التشيك F5 في سبتمبر، ثم بطولة التشيك F8 في نوفمبر، لينهي عام 2002 في التصنيف 398 عالمياً.
 عام 2003 فاز في ثلاث بطولات وأول لقب له في هذا العام في بطولة بريطانيا العظمى F5 ثم حصل على بطولة بودايش في شهر يوليو، ثم لقب منافسات غراتس في النمسا في أغسطس. كما وصل إلى نهائي بطولة بريطانيا العظمى F1 وخسر النهائي أمام الجنوب إفريقي ويسلي مودي. ووصل في هذا العام إلى الدور النصف النهائي في 6 بطولات، ووصل إلى أول بطولات رابطة محترفي كرة المضرب (ATP) وحقق أول فوز في بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة وخسر في الدور الثاني من الأرجنتيني خوان اجناثيو شيلا. وأنهى هذه السنة في التصنيف 113.
 عام 2004 بدأ بيرديتش العام بأول مشاركة في بطولات الجراند سلام وفاز في أول مباراة على نيكولا مايو (3-1)، ثم خسر أمام الأمريكي أندريه أغاسي المصنف الرابع في ذلك الوقت. ثم تمكن بيرديتش في شهر مارس من الحصول عل أول البطولات في هذه السنة وهي بطولة بيزانسون في فرنسا، ثم فوزه ببطولتي برونزويك ووايدن في ألمانيا في شهر يونيو، ثم شارك في بطولتي فرنسا المفتوحة وبطولة ويمبلدون 2003 إلا أنه خرج من الدور الأول.

شارك بيرديتش في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2004، وبعدها حقق إنجاز كبير بالوصول للدور الرابع في بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة ليخسر أخيراً أمام الألماني تومي هاس المصنف 45 في ذلك الوقت.

2005-2006
كانت بداية سنة 2005 غير موفقة لبيردتش حيث خرج من الدور الأول في بطولات أديليد، سيدني وأستراليا المفتوحة، ثم خرج من الدور الثاني في بطولات مرسيليا، روتردام وبطولة دبي للتنس، ليعود في بطولة إنديان ويلز للماسترز ويصل للدور الثالث. وفي بطولة ويمبلدون وصل للدور الثالث بعد خسارة من الأمريكي تايلور دينت، ثم وصل لمركز الوصيف في بطولة السويد المفتوحة بعد خسارة من الإسباني رافاييل نادال. كما وصل إلى نصف نهائي بطولة واشنطن المفتوحة ليخسر أخيراً من الأمريكي جيمس بليك.

قام توماس بيرديتش بإقصاء رافاييل نادال المصنف الثاني حينها في بطولة سنسيناتي للماسترز  من الدور الأول لكن خسر البطولة في الدور الثاني. ووصل توماس إلى الدور الثالث من بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة ليصطدم بالأمريكي أندريه أغاسي الذي أخرجه من البطولة بعد مباراة قوية لبيرديتش. وحقق توماس بيرديتش أول بطولة له في بطولات الأساتذة (الماسترز) بعد فوزه في بطولة باريس للماسترز وقد فاز بيرديتش بالنهائي على الكرواتي إيفان ليوبيسيتش بعد مباراة استمرت 3 ساعات تفاصيلها (6-3, 6-4, 3-6, 4-6, 6-4)

في 2006، بدأ توماس العام بوصوله لنصف نهائي بطولة أديليد وكان تصنيفه العالمي 24، ووصل إلى الدور الثاني في بطولة أستراليا المفتوحة، وحقق توماس بيرديتش نجاحا في دورة رولان غاروس الدولية بعد وصوله للدور الرابع وخسارته أمام السويسري روجر فيدرير المصنف 1 عالميا آنذاك والذي فاز مجدداً على بيرديتش في نهائي بطولة هالي المفتوحة، وجدد روجر فيدرير فوزه على بيرديتش في الدور الرابع من بطولة ويمبلدون. وبعدها وصل التشيكي توماس بيرديتش إلى نصف نهائي بطولة شتوتغارت وخسارته من الإسباني ديفيد فيرير.

في بطولة كندا للماسترز حقق توماس بيرديتش فوزاً على الإسباني رافاييل نادال بالدور الثالث بنتيجة (6-1, 3-6, 6-2)  ثم خسر بالدور الرابع من الفرنسي ريشارد جاسكيه. وبعدها وصل للدور الرابع في بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة بخسارة من جيمس بليك. وحصل توماس على مرتبة الوصيف في بطولة مومبي بعد خسارته نهائي البطولة مع الروسي دميتري تورسنوف، كما وصل لنصف نهائي بطولة مدريد المفتوحة والذي قدم فيها إنجاز كبير بفوزه على الأمريكي أندي روديك المصنف 6 آنذاك، ثم فوزه على الإسباني رافاييل نادال المصنف 2 آنذاك ليخسر أخيراً في الدور الرابع من التشيلي فيرناندو غونزاليس.

2007-2008
بدأ توماس بيرديتش سنة 2007 بالوصول لربع نهائي بطولة سيدني الدولية والدور الرابع لبطولة أستراليا المفتوحة 2007 والتي خسر فيها من الروسي نيكولاي دافيدينكو بعد مباراة قوية تفاصيلها (7-5, 4-6, 1-6, 6-7)، ووصل بذلك للتصنيف 12 عالمياً. ثم خسر مبكراً في روتردام ودبي وإنديان ويلز وميامي للماسترز. ثم عاد وحقق إنجاز بوصوله لنصف نهائي بطولة مونتي كارلو على الملاعب الترابية فبدأ بهزيمة الإسباني نيكولاس ألماغرو ثم الألماني بنيامين بيكر ثم تومي روبريدو وفي ربع النهائي هزم السويدي روبن سودرلينغ ليخسر في نصف النهائي من الإسباني رافاييل نادال. ليصل بعدها لنصف نهائي بطولة ميونخ المفتوحة وربع نهائي بطولة روما للماسترز 2007. وعلى الرغم من انطلاقته المتميزة على الملاعب الترابية إلا أنه خسر من الجولة الأولى في بطولة رولان غاروس من قبل الإسباني جويرمو جارسيا لوبيز.

حقق توماس بيرديتش لقب بطولة هالي المفتوحة بعد فوزه في النهائي على القبرصي ماركوس باجداتيس (7-5, 6-4)، ولم يخسر أي مجموعة خلال هذه البطولة. في بطولة ويمبلدون وصل للدور ربع النهائي في أفضل أداء له بالبطولات الأربع الكبرى، وبدأ مشواره بالفوز على نيكولاس ماسو ثم ميشيل لودرا ثم بالفوز على الكوري الجنوبي لي هيونغ تايك ثم على السويدي يوناس بيرغمان ليخسر أخيراً من رافاييل نادال.
ثم وصل للجولة الثالثة من سنسيناتي للماسترز بعد فوزه على بنيامين بيكر ثم أرنو كليمان ليخسر في الجولة الثالثة من الروسي نيكولاي دافيدينكو المصنف الخامس آنذاك بنتيجة (3-6 ,2-6). كما وصل للجولة الرابعة من بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة بعد فوزه بالجولة الأولى على مارك جيكيل، وبالجولة الثانية على الإيطالي سيموني بوليلي، وبالجولة الثالثة على الإسباني فرناندو فيرداسكو، ليخسر أخيرا من الأمريكي أندي روديك ويتقدم للتصنيف 9 عالمياً بعد هذه البطولة. وحقق بيرديتش وصول لنصف نهائي بطولتي بانكوك وطوكيو، وخرج مبكراً من الجولة الأولى في بطولة مدريد المفتوحة، ثم وصل لربع نهائي بطولة بازل السويسرية للتنس. ليختتم الموسم بالوصول للجولة الثالثة من بطولة باريس للماسترز بعد فوزه بالجولة الثانية على الكرواتي ماريو أنشيك، وبالجولة الثالثة خسر من الإسباني دافيد فيرير.

في 2008، بدأ الموسم بالمشاركة ببطولة سيدني الدولية وخسر في ربع نهائي البطولة أمام الأُسترالي كريس جيوشيون بنتيجة (6-4, 7-6, 4-6). أما في بطولة أستراليا 2008 فقد دخل توماس بيرديتش البطولة وتصنيفه العالمي 13، وتغلب بيرديتش بالجولة الأولى على النمساوي فيرنر إيشاوير، ثم في الجولة الثانية على الإسباني أوسكار هيرنانديز، وفي الجولة الثالثة على خوان موناكو، ليخسر في الجولة الرابعة من المصنف الأول آنذاك روجر فيدرير بنتيجة (4-6, 6-7, 3-6). وخرج من الجولة الثانية من روتردام ودبي وإنديان ويلز. ليعوض ذلك بالوصول لنصف نهائي بطولة ميامي للماسترز 2008 حيث فاز بالجولة الثانية على الأمريكي سام كويري، وبالجولة الثالثة على الإسباني خوان كارلوس فيريرو، وبالجولة الرابعة على الروسي دميتري تورسنوف، ثم بالدور ربع النهائي فاز على الروسي إيغور أندريف، وبالنصف النهائي يخسر من الإسباني رافاييل نادال المصنف الثاني في ذلك الوقت، ليتقدم توماس بيرديتش للمركز 9 عالمياً مجدداً. وبعدها إنقطع بيرديتش عن الملاعب بسبب التواء بالكاحل الأيمن مما أدى به لعدم المشاركة ببطولتي روما للماسترز ومونتي كارلو للماسترز.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مذكورون في وثائق بنما
أشخاص من فالاشسكي ميزيريتشي
أشخاص من مونت كارلو
تشيكيون مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون من إقليم زلين
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من التشيك
لاعبو كرة مضرب تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2004
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
مواليد 1985
مواليد في فالاشسكي ميزيريتشي

توماس بيرديتش


An Oxytenanthera abyssinica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Achille Richard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni William Munro. An Oxytenanthera abyssinica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oxytenanthera, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Oxytenanthera

Oxytenanthera abyssinica


بلدية فيلار ديل بيدروسو ، هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة قصرش والتي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 779 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قصرش
بلديات قصرش

فيلار ديل بيدروسو


Stonehaven er en by i Aberdeenshire i Skotland. Den ligger på Skotlands nordøstlige kyst og har  indbyggere. Som den gamle county town i Kincardineshire, voksede Stonehaven frem fra en fiskerlandsby fra jernalderen. Denne del kaldes i dag "Auld Toon" ("old town"=den gamle by), og blev udvidet ind i landet. Så sent som i 1500-tallet ses kort der skriver byen som Stonehyve, Stonehive, Pont brugte det alternative Duniness.

Byens togstation er Stonehaven railway station, hvorfra der er togforbindelse til bl.a. Edinburgh, Glasgow og London. Byen ligger øst for A90 road. Omkring 3 km nord for byen ligger fæstningsruinen Dunnottar Castle, der blev grundlagt i middelalderen.

Langs kajen ligger Stonehaven Tolbooth, der er et lokalmuseum.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Archived oral history interview on the Stonehaven Fireball tradition
 James Murdoch

Aberdeenshire
Byer i Skotland

Stonehaven


Burni  es un posiólok del raión de Mostovskói del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Málaya Labá, constituyente del río Labá, de la cuenca del río Kubán, 43 km al suroeste de Mostovskói y 177 al sureste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 34 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Psebaiskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Бурный (Краснодарский край).
 Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net
 Burni en invierno en Panoramio
 Puente helado sobre el Málaya Labá en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Mostovskói del krai de Krasnodar

Burni (Krasnodar)


Kelly Joy Hoare (; born 1 July 1963) is a former Australian politician. She was a member of the House of Representatives from 1998 to 2007, representing the New South Wales seat of Charlton for the Australian Labor Party (ALP). She succeeded her father Bob Brown in federal parliament.

Early life
Hoare was born on 1 July 1963 in Deniliquin, New South Wales. She is one of two children born to Elizabeth Joy () and Robert James Brown. Her father, a school principal, was elected to state parliament in 1978 and to federal parliament in 1980, becoming a federal government minister. She is also a distant descendant of Henry Turner, one of the founders of the ALP.

Hoare completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Canberra. She was a public servant before entering politics, working as an auditor in the Department of Defence and later in the employment department where she was responsible for unemployed people with special needs. She then worked as an electorate officer for her father.

Politics
Hoare was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1998 federal election, succeeding her father in the seat of Charlton. She was re-elected at the 2001 and 2004 elections. She is the first woman to follow her father into federal parliament.

In 2003, Hoare was described as the "only Caucus member from New South Wales not factionally aligned", although she opposed Kim Beazley returning to the party's leadership. She was a public opponent of the proposed Anvil Hill Coal Mine.

Prior to the 2007 federal election, Hoare was successfully challenged for ALP preselection by high-profile trade unionist Greg Combet. Her removal as the endorsed candidate was acrimonious. She publicly threatened to sue the ALP for unfair dismissal, and she stated that her removal would lead to her family losing its house as she was the sole breadwinner. After being replaced by Combet, allegations of sexual misconduct against Hoare were leaked to the Murdoch media. In her final speech to parliament in June 2007, she stated she was "disgusted by the vile way in which I have been treated by people from whom I should have been able to expect greater decency, loyalty and support" and that there was "nothing voluntary about my departure from this parliament".

Personal life
Hoare and her husband have two children. In May 2007 she publicly stated she was undergoing counselling after she "allegedly demanded sex from a government driver".

References

1963 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Hoare
People from Deniliquin
Hoare
University of Canberra alumni
Australian public servants
Australian women public servants
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian women politicians

Kelly Hoare


පුරාණ ග්‍රීක දේව මිත්‍යා කතා වලට අනුව

ග්‍රීකයන්ගේ මහ දෙවි සියුස් () ය. ඔහු පුරාණ මිසරයේ මහ දෙවි වූ අමුන් ආශ්‍රිත කරගෙන නිර්මාණය වූ දෙවියෙකි. සියුස් ඔලිම්පියානු දේව මණ්ඩලයේ රජු වූ  අතර සියුස් දෙවියා අහසට හා අකුණු වලට අධිපතිත්වය දරණ ලදී. ඔලිම්පියානුවන් අතර වැඩිමහලු දෙවියා සියුස් වන අතර ඔහුට හේඩීස් සහ පොසෙයිඩන් යනුවෙන් සොහොයුරන් දෙදෙනෙකු හා හෙස්ටියා, ඩිමීටර්, හේරා, යැයි සොහොයුරියන් තිදෙනෙකු ද වෙයි  සියුස් ගේ මව්පියන් වනුයේ ක්‍රොනෝස් (කාලයට අධිපති) හා රියා නම් මව් දෙවඟන යි. ඔව්හු  ටයිටන්වරු වෙති.

සියුස්


Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard, 16. Duke of Norfolk (* 30. Mai 1908 in Arundel; † 31. Januar 1975) war ein britischer Adliger.

Leben
Fitzalan-Howard wurde am 30. Mai 1908 auf Arundel Castle, dem Stammsitz seiner Familie, geboren. Er war der Sohn des Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15. Duke of Norfolk (1847–1917), aus dessen zweiter Ehe mit Gwendolyn Constable-Maxwell, 12. Lady of Herries of Terregles (1877–1945). Als Heir apparent seines Vaters trug Fitzalan-Howard zu dessen Lebzeiten den Höflichkeitstitel Earl of Arundel and Surrey. Er war noch minderjährig, als er beim Tod seines Vaters 1917 dessen Adelstitel und Würden erbte. Er wurde dadurch 16. Duke of Norfolk, 34. Earl of Arundel, 17. Earl of Surrey, 12. Earl of Norfolk,  24. Baron Maltravers und 14. Baron FitzAlan, Clun and Oswaldestre. Da seine Titel als Duke of Norfolk und Earl of Arundel die ältesten bis heute bestehenden und damit ranghöchsten, nicht-königlichen Titel der Peerage of England sind, war er der Premier Duke and Earl of England. Außerdem erbte er die Würde und das Staatsamt des Earl Marshal of England.

Er besuchte die Oratory School in Woodcote, South Oxfordshire, und diente von 1931 bis 1933 als Lieutenant der Royal Horse Guards in der British Army. 1934 wechselte er zum 4th Battalion des Royal Sussex Regiment der Territorial Army. 1935 war er Bürgermeister seines Heimatortes Arundel in West Sussex und 1936 wurde er in den britischen Kronrat aufgenommen. Ab 1936 amtierte er als Justice of the Peace für West Sussex. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg diente er als Offizier, wurde verwundet, und stieg bis in den Rang eines Majors auf.

Zu seinen Aufgaben als Earl Marshal gehörte unter anderem die Organisation der Krönungen von Georg VI. (1937) und Elisabeth II. (1953) sowie der Investitur von Prinz Charles als Prince of Wales (1969).

Beim Tod seiner Mutter erbte er 1945 auch deren schottischen Adelstitel als 13. Lord Herries of Terregles. Neben der Verwaltung seiner ererbten Güter und der Wahrnehmung seines Sitzes im House of Lords übte er von 1945 bis 1949 auch das Amt eines Deputy Lieutenant von Sussex, von 1949 bis 1974 das Amt des Lord Lieutenant von Sussex und von 1974 bis zu seinem Tod das Amt des Lord Lieutenant von West Sussex aus.

Er interessierte sich insbesondere für Cricket und Pferderennen. 1956/57 war er Präsident des Marylebone Cricket Clubs.

Orden und Ehrenzeichen
 1937: Knight Companion des Hosenbandordens
 1946: Knight Grand Cross des Royal Victorian Order
 1953: Royal Victorian Chain
 1968: Knight Grand Cross des Order of the British Empire

Ehe und Nachkommen
Er heiratete am 27. Januar 1937 Hon. Lavinia Strutt, Tochter des 3. Baron Belper. Aus dieser Ehe gingen vier Töchter hervor:
 Anne Elizabeth Fitzalan-Howard, 14. Lady Herries of Terregles (1938–2014), ⚭ 1985 Colin Cowdrey, Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge;
 Mary Katharine Fitzalan-Howard, 15. Lady Herries of Terregles (1940–2017), ⚭ 1986 Anthony Mumford, Group Captain der Royal Air Force;
 Lady Sarah Margaret Fitzalan-Howard (1941–2015) ⚭ 1988 Nigel Clutton;
 Theresa Jane Fitzalan-Howard, 16. Lady Herries of Terregles (* 1945) ⚭ 1975 Michael Kerr, 13. Marquess of Lothian.

Er starb 1975. Die älteste Tochter, Lady Anne, erbte die schottische Lordship of Parliament Herries of Terregles, während das Dukedom und die übrigen Titel an den nächsten männlichen Erben, seinen Neffen dritten Grades Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 12. Baron Beaumont, gingen.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Fürstliche Häuser. Band 7, C. A. Starke-Verlag, Limburg 1964, S. 506.

Weblinks

 Norfolk, Duke of (E, 1483) bei Cracroft's Peerage

Duke of Norfolk
Earl of Arundel
Earl of Norfolk
Earl of Surrey
Baron Arundel
Baron Maltravers
Lord Herries of Terregles
Mitglied des House of Lords
Marschall (England)
Mitglied des Privy Council (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Ritter des Hosenbandordens
Knight Grand Cross des Royal Victorian Order
Knight Grand Cross des Order of the British Empire
Träger der Royal Victorian Chain
Major (British Army)
Bernard FitzalanHoward, 16 Duke Of Norfolk
Brite
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 1975
Mann

Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16. Duke of Norfolk


تصفيات كأس أوروبا للشباب لكرة القدم 2011 - المجموعة الثانية التي تضم 5 منتحبات. وهم يتنافسون لحجز مقعد لنهائيات كأس أوروبا للشباب تحت 21 سنة 2011.

المجموعة الثانية

تصفيات بطولة أوروبا تحت-21 لكرة القدم 2011
كرة قدم أيرلندية في 2009
كرة قدم أيرلندية في 2010


John Dillon (4 September 1851 – 4 August 1927) was an Irish politician from Dublin, who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for over 35 years and was the last leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. By political disposition Dillon was an advocate of Irish nationalism, originally a follower of Charles Stewart Parnell, supporting land reform and Irish Home Rule.

Early life
John Dillon was born in Blackrock, Dublin, a son of the former "Young Irelander" John Blake Dillon (1814–1866). Following the premature death of both his parents, he was partly raised by his father's niece, Anne Deane. He was educated at Catholic University School, at Trinity College Dublin and at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium. He afterwards studied medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, then ceased active involvement in medicine after he joined Isaac Butt's Home Rule League in 1873, winning notice in 1879 when he attacked Butt's weak parliamentary handling of Irish Home Rule. His family financial means enabled him to turn and devote all his energies to political life.

He became a leading land reform agitator as member of the original committee of the Irish National Land League, spearheading the policy of "boycotting" advocated by Michael Davitt with whom he was allied in close friendship. He entered the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1880 as member for County Tipperary, and was at first an ardent supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell. He travelled to the United States with Parnell on a fund-raising mission for the Land League. On his return he denounced William Ewart Gladstone's Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 as achieving nothing for small farmers. His views on agrarian reform and on Home Rule led him being branded an extremist, which resulted in his arrest from May until August 1881 under the Irish Coercion Act.

Radical reformer

Again imprisoned for agitation in October 1881 together with Parnell, William O'Brien and others in Kilmainham Gaol, he signed the No Rent Manifesto in solidarity although not fully in agreement with it. Parnell sought to end the Land War by agreeing the Kilmainham Treaty after which they were released from prison in May 1882. Shortly afterwards they received the freedom of the city of Dublin.  Unhappy with Parnell's "New Departure" and because his health had suffered, he resigned his seat in Parliament on 6 March 1883, and retired from politics to Colorado in America where his brother lived. Returning in 1885, Parnell nominated him as the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate for East Mayo in the general election in November 1885, where he was returned unopposed. He represented the constituency without a break until 1918.

He was one of the prime movers in the Irish Land League's famous Plan of Campaign instigated by Timothy Healy and organised by Timothy Harrington, which provided, that in the case of excessive rents the tenant should pay his rent to the Land League instead of the landlord, and in case of eviction be supported by the general fund. Dillon was compelled by the Court of Queens Bench in December 1886 to find securities for good behaviour, but two days later he was arrested while receiving rents on Lord Clanricarde's estate at Portumna, County Galway. In this instance the jury disagreed, but in April 1887 he was again imprisoned under Coercion and upon release he resumed agrarian agitation with a speech during a demonstration in September where O'Brien was on trial in Mitchelstown during which the crowd threw stones at the police who then shot three civilians, known as the "Mitchelstown massacre". When in 1888 he defended Munster farmers he was again imprisoned for six months under the provisions of the new Criminal Law Procedure Bill, or Coercion Act. In all he was imprisoned six times.

Anti-Parnellite course

He was released in September, and in the spring of 1889 sailed for Australia and New Zealand, where he collected funds for the Nationalist party. On his return to Ireland he was again arrested, but, being allowed bail, sailed to America, and failed to appear at the trial. He returned to Ireland by way of Boulogne, where he and William O'Brien held long and indecisive discussions with Parnell after his divorce crisis over his continued leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party. When these broke down they surrendered to the police in February, and were interned in Galway gaol from where they were released in July 1890.

Both he and O'Brien had become increasingly perturbed with the tenor of Irish politics as epitomised by Timothy Healy. After Parnell's divorce case the leader refused to step down and the party split. Dillon was one of his strongest opponents and joined the majority anti-Parnellite block, the Irish National Federation (INF), with Justin McCarthy becoming its leader. John Redmond led the minority pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) after Parnell's death later in 1891. When the Liberals reclaimed office in 1892 Dillon took part in the negotiations on the second Home Rule Bill, the Irish Government Bill 1893, which was rejected by the House of Lords. Although he never lost sight of home rule or the land question, particularly the evicted tenants, he now concentrated on the day-to-day running of the INF as deputy-chairman.

Party manoeuvrings
When home rule became postponed after the Conservative Party returned to power in 1895, Dillon took the opportunity to expel Healy from his influence in the party.  He also opposed Horace Plunkett in his attempts to bring Unionists and Nationalists together, and his efforts to help small farmers through his co-operative movement. In November Dillon married Elizabeth Mathew at the Brompton Oratory who bore him six children. In February 1896 he took over as chairman of the INF on McCarthy's resignation. That autumn he arranged a convention of the Irish race, which included 2,000 delegates from various parts of the world. In 1897 Dillon opposed in the House of Commons the Address to Queen Victoria on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee, on the ground that her reign had not been a blessing to Ireland, and he showed the same uncompromising attitude in 1901 when a grant to Lord Roberts was under discussion, accusing him of systematised inhumanity. He was suspended on 20 March 1902 for violent language addressed to Joseph Chamberlain, calling the then Colonial Secretary a "damned liar".

Dillon was present in January 1898 when William O'Brien launched his "United Ireland League" (UIL) from an agrarian platform in Ballina, County Mayo. Though helping to establish its constitution Dillon was very ambivalent about this new association, marking the first strains in the O'Brien-Dillon relationship. The year was also eventful with the attainment of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 which put the administration of local affairs into Irish hands, not at all favoured by Dillon before attaining full Home Rule. O'Brien's UIL spread rapidly, forcing the divided factions, the INL and the INF, of the Irish Parliamentary Party to reunite under Redmond in 1900, with Dillon as deputy Party leader. He faithfully supported Redmond in the following years.

Conciliation unthinkable
Dillon played a decisive role in opposing O'Brien's "doctrine of conciliation" in Irish politics, especially during the 1902 Land Conference and after O'Brien won the subsequent Wyndham Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903. O'Brien was viciously attacked by Dillon, who bore an instinctive dislike of negotiations with landlords, unwilling to accommodate the landlord class, he never shedded his mistrust of dialogue with Unionists. His theory was that agrarian unrest better favoured achieving Home Rule by putting relentless pressure on landlords and the government. His attacks and those of the party's Freeman's Journal alienated O'Brien who left the Party in November 1903. O'Brien's engagement during 1904–5 with the Irish Reform Association and his appraising of the 1907 Irish Council Bill were equally condemned by Dillon who despised all dealings with the "hereditary enemy". The ensuing breach never healed. Dillon subsequently gained control of the UIL through his protégé, its new secretary Joseph Devlin, MP for Belfast West, with whom Dillon always maintained a close alliance.

With the UIL and the IPP practically fused into a single body, Dillon later had MP members associated with O'Brien's policy of conciliation, amongst them Thomas O'Donnell and D. D. Sheehan, expelled as "factionists" from the party. The Home Rule Movement, influenced very greatly by Dillon, reverted to a narrow traditional stand, which opposed any chance of an inclusive nationalism and failed to include new interests within Catholic society. His Home Rule Movement was largely a confessional ethnic body, sustained largely by the Ancient Order of Hibernians, an exclusively Catholic and secret fraternity, largely under control of his close associate Joe Devlin.  Dillion's Home Rule Movement was characterised by permanent class war and did not facilitate the working of the Wyndham Land Act; conflict above victory.

Dillon suffered occasional health incapacities causing irregular attendance at Westminster, particularly when his wife died in 1907 though after the Liberals returned to power in 1906, he was more often consulted.  Between 1910 and 1914 the Irish Home Rule question re-emerged, introduced by Prime Minister H. H. Asquith.  In his approach to Irish self-government under Home Rule took a more uncompromising stand to Redmond's, who during the Ulster crisis of 1913 was prepared to concede a large measure of local autonomy to Ulster.  On 15 and 16 January Dillon spent lunch at the Commons with one of his closest supporters, Guardian editor, C. P. Scott, and ardent home ruler, he urged the Irish leader to lobby the new Labour MPs. It was unthinkable for Dillon, who put the integrity of Ireland foremost: he poured scorn on Edward Carson's Ulster Unionist Party and their Ulster Volunteers' threat of civil war as being a gigantic bluff. Scott courted Dillon's opinion most assiduously at the Bath Club and his Manchester home in favour of "gradual strengthening of the military force in Ulster", without support the police might "cave in altogether". "Incredibly weak" Dillon was unable to prevent Carson's amendments to Crewe's Home Rule bill. Likewise Dillon condemned O'Brien's new All-for-Ireland League's proposals for concessions to Ulster as encouraging their demands.  He remained inflexible at various meetings, including the Buckingham Palace Conference's endeavour to settle the problem of Ulster.  He agreed only reluctantly to Redmond conceding to six counties temporarily opting out of the Home Rule Act 1914, which in September received Royal Assent but was suspended for the duration of World War I.

Dillon was a strong opponent of giving women the vote, telling a group of women that "women's suffrage will I believe, be the ruin of our western civilisation. It will destroy the home, challenging the headship of man, laid down by God. It may come in your time - I hope not in mine".

Uncompromising stand for peace
With the outbreak of the Great War Dillon accepted Redmond's decision to follow Britain's support of the Allied war effort, but he abstained from recruiting for the Irish divisions. The 1916 Rising took the Irish Party by surprise.  He intervened with David Lloyd George to halt the 90 sentences of execution pronounced by "field court-martial" (in camera without defence or jury) under martial law by General Maxwell after he declared the rebellion "treason in time of war".  He told Scott his party must support Conscription or lose the election. But on 10 January, they did just that "to make their protest" with Lib-Lab assistance.  Dillon insisted that if they went ahead they would "fill the whole country" with the same type of radicals, as opposed to imprisonment.  This would leave the radicals with as many supporters as could "fit in a single gaol cell".  He attacked the Government in the House of Commons and declared that the rebels were "wrong", but had fought "a clean fight".  Intervention to halt the executions after 15th; an unbridgeable chasm in Anglo-Irish relations.  The secret trials and executions had changed public opinion into sympathy for the rebels.  He was involved in May 1916 with Lloyd George's futile attempt to implement Home Rule after the Rising, which failed in July on the issue of the exclusion or not of Ulster. He declined a nomination to the Irish Convention on Home Rule in 1917.

After Redmond's death on 6 March 1918, Dillon returned to Ireland to take up the party leadership.  When the allied armies on the Western Front were hit and thrown into a temporary severe retreat by the German spring offensive, which decimated the 10th and 16th Irish divisions, the Government attempted a month later in panic to extend conscription to Ireland, which Dillon opposed with tenacity, and in protest withdrew all Irish Members from the House of Commons. The attempt to impose conscription jointly linked with implementing Home Rule disgusted the wider Irish public and resulted in an immediate swing of support to Sinn Féin which precipitated their election landslide after the war.

Dillon attempted to persuade the Government in July 1918 to implement Irish self-government by introducing a motion for self-determination in the Commons. He made clear in September that the goal of Home Rule could only be "the establishment of national self-government, including full and complete executive, legislative and fiscal power", and that national solidarity was essential. But he completely underestimated the need to offer provisions for Ulster concerns, a fatal misjudgement shared by most Nationalists and Republicans alike.

It was left to Dillon to fight a last campaign in the general election of December 1918.  After a failure to reach a pact with Sinn Féin, his party was swept into oblivion. He was defeated in East Mayo by Éamon de Valera's 8,975 votes to his 4,514. Retiring from politics, Dillon was not spared witnessing the violent epoch of the Anglo-Irish War, the implementation of Home Rule in Northern Ireland, the ensuing Partition of Ireland endorsed by the Irish Free State and the resulting Irish Civil War.

Family background
He got married in 1895 to Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Justice J. C. Mathew, who bore him six children. Tall and slim he cut an imposing figure, his personal reputation hampered at times by a pessimistic and gloomy nature as well as conservative views on labour and women. He died in a London nursing home at the age of 76, on 4 August 1927, and was buried four days later in Glasnevin cemetery, Dublin. There is a street named after him in Dublin's Liberties, beside the old Iveagh Market.

One of his six children was James Mathew Dillon (1902–1986), a prominent Irish politician and leader of the National Centre Party and of Fine Gael (1957–1966) also Minister for Agriculture.

Commemoration
John Dillon Street in Dublin city is named after him.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1851 births
1927 deaths
19th-century Irish politicians
Anti-Parnellite MPs
Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Irish land reform activists
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Mayo constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Tipperary constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
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UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
People from Blackrock, Dublin
Politicians from County Dublin
United Irish League
People educated at Catholic University School

John Dillon


Iedera se poate referi la:

 Iederă, plantă
 Comuna Iedera, Dâmbovița
 Iedera de Sus, Dâmbovița
 Iedera de Jos, Dâmbovița
 Râul Iedera

Iedera


Maxillaria piresiana é uma espécie de planta do gênero Maxillaria e da família Orchidaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1952 por Frederico Carlos Hoehne.

Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Maxillaria consanguinea pallida  Hoehne
 Maxillaria consanguinea major  Hoehne
 Maxillaria fucata  Klotzsch
 Maxillaria monoceros  Klotzsch
 Maxillaria picta brunnea  Rchb.f.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Ligações externas
 Maxillaria piresiana no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Maxillaria
Plantas descritas em 1952
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Maxillaria piresiana


Dobrič je naselje u slovenskoj Općini Polzela. Dobrič se nalazi u pokrajini Štajerskoj i statističkoj regiji Savinjskoj.

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2018. godine naselje je imalo 199 stanovnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Naselja u Općini Polzela

Dobrič (Polzela, Slovenija)


Istočnoeuropsko vrijeme, skraćeno EET  je vremenska zona koju koriste, među ostalim, države Bugarska, Egipat, Estonija, Finska, Grčka, Izrael, Latvija, Litva, Rumunjska, Turska i Ukrajina. Zimi je to ista vremenska zona kao UTC.

U ovim državama se ljetno računanje vremena računa kao:
 EET = UTC + 2 sata (standardno vrijeme), UTC + 3 sata (ljetno vrijeme)
 EEST = Drugi naziv EET-a tijekom ljetnog računanjavremena.

UTC+2 bez ljetnog računanja vremena koristi se npr. u ruskoj Kalinjingradskoj oblasti kao i u Južnoafričkoj Republici i Zimbabveu.

 Vremenske zone

Istočnoeuropsko vrijeme