Trolls are fictional characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, and feature in films and games adapted from his novels. They are portrayed as monstrously large humanoids of great strength and poor intellect. In The Hobbit, like the dwarf Alviss of Norse mythology, they must be below ground before dawn or turn to stone, whereas in The Lord of the Rings they are able to face daylight.

Commentators have noted the different uses Tolkien made of trolls, from comedy in Sam Gamgee's poem and the Cockney accents and table manners of the working-class trolls in The Hobbit, to the hellish atmosphere in Moria as the protagonists are confronted by darkness and monsters. Tolkien, a Roman Catholic, drew back from giving trolls the power of speech, as he had done in The Hobbit, as it implied to him that they had souls – confronting him with a sentience dilemma, so he made the trolls in The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings darker and more bestial. They were supposedly bred by the Dark Lords Melkor and Sauron for their own evil purposes, helping to express Tolkien's combination of "fairy tale with epic, ... bonded with the Christian mythos".

Appearances

The Hobbit

In The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins and the Dwarf company encountered three stone trolls on their journey to Erebor. The stone trolls captured the Dwarves and prepared to eat them, but the wizard Gandalf managed to distract them until dawn, when exposure to sunlight turned them to stone. They had vulgar table manners, constantly argued and fought amongst themselves, in Tolkien's narrator's words "not drawing-room fashion at all, at all", spoke with Cockney accents, and had matching English working-class names: Tom, Bert, and William. Jennifer Eastman Attebery, a scholar of English, states that the stone trolls in The Hobbit "signify the uncouth".

The Lord of the Rings

As Aragorn and the four hobbit companions made their way towards Rivendell through the Trollshaws, they came upon the three trolls that Bilbo and the dwarves had encountered many years earlier, and had seen turned to stone at daybreak. Sam Gamgee recited a comic poem, "The Stone Troll", on the supposed dangers of kicking a troll, who has a "seat" which is "harder than stone", to cheer everyone up.

Cave trolls attacked the Fellowship in Moria. One had dark greenish scales, black blood, and a hide so thick that when Boromir struck it in the arm his sword was notched. However, Frodo was able to impale the "toeless" foot of the same troll with the enchanted dagger Sting.

Mountain trolls wielded the great battering ram Grond to shatter the gates of Minas Tirith. They fought using clubs and round shields at the Battle of the Morannon. Sauron bred mountain and cave trolls, and developed the more intelligent Olog-hai that were not vulnerable to sunlight.

Snow trolls are mentioned only in the story of Helm Hammerhand. When Helm went out during the Long winter clad in white to ambush his enemies, he was described as looking like a snow-troll.

The Trollshaws is a wooded region, lying north of the East Road between the rivers Hoarwell and Bruinen, where Bilbo encountered the trolls. It is not named in the text of either The Hobbit or The Lord of the Rings, but appears on the latter's map of Middle-earth drawn by Christopher Tolkien. Described as "the Trolls' wood" in the main text, the name "Trollshaws" is derived from troll + shaw, an archaic term for a thicket or small wood.

The Silmarillion

Morgoth, the evil Vala, created trolls in the First Age of Middle-earth. They were strong and vicious but stupid; as in The Hobbit, they turned to stone in sunlight.
During the wars of Beleriand, Gothmog (the Lord of Balrogs) had a bodyguard of trolls. During the Nírnaeth Arnoediad, the Battle of Unnumbered Tears, in which Morgoth defeated the united armies of Elves, Men, and Dwarves, the great warrior Húrin, a Man, faced Gothmog's trolls to protect the retreat of the Elven king Turgon. Morgoth's order to Gothmog to capture Húrin alive allowed Húrin to kill all the trolls. Many trolls died in the War of Wrath, but some survived and joined Sauron, the greatest surviving servant of Morgoth.

Origins

In Germanic mythology, trolls are a kind of giant, along with rísar, jötnar, and þursar; the names are variously applied to large monstrous beings, sometimes as synonyms. The idea that such monsters must be below ground before dawn dates back to the Elder Edda of Norse mythology, where in the Alvíssmál, the god Thor keeps the dwarf Alviss (not a troll) talking until dawn, and sees him turn to stone.

Tom Shippey, a Tolkien scholar, writes that The Hobbit audience in 1937 were familiar with trolls from fairy tale collections such as those of Grimm, and Asbjørnsen and Moe's Norwegian Folktales; Tolkien's use of monsters of different kinds – orcs, trolls, and a balrog in Moria – made that journey "a descent into hell". Attebery writes that Trolls thus moved from being grim Norse ogres to more sympathetic modern humanoids. In her view, Tolkien's trolls are based on the ogre type, but with two "incarnations": ancient trolls, "creatures of dull and lumpish nature" in Tolkien's words, unable to speak; and the malicious giants of strength and courage bred by Sauron with "enough intelligence to present a real danger". The scholar of English Edward Risden agrees that Tolkien's later trolls appear far more dangerous than those of The Hobbit, losing, too, "the [moral] capacity to relent"; he comments that in Norse mythology, trolls are "normally female and strongly associated with magic", while in the Norse sagas the trolls were physically strong and superhuman in battle.

Christina Fawcett, a scholar of English, writes that Tolkien synthesises materials from different eras, so his writing and his creatures can take on different qualities, from playful to monstrous; his hill-trolls "while still threatening, are primarily comic and slow-witted". On the other hand, when Gandalf outwits them, these same trolls are seen as "monstrous, a warning against vice, captured forever in stone for their greed and anger." All the same, Fawcett cautions that Tolkien uses tradition selectively, transferring the more positive attributes of Norse trolls, including being rich and generous, to hobbits.

Analysis

Trolls in The Hobbit

Shippey criticises Tolkien's class-based depiction of the trolls and goblins in The Hobbit, writing that the trolls were too close to labourers, just as the goblins were to munitions workers. Shippey notes, too, Tolkien's storytelling technique here, observing that making the troll's purse (which Bilbo attempts to steal) able to speak blurs the line between the ordinary and the magical.

Marjorie Burns, a scholar of English literature, writes that the trolls' tiredness with eating mutton every day matches the fantasy writer and designer William Morris's account of his travels in Iceland in the early 1870s, one of many Middle-earth features that follows Morris, including the existence of trolls: Morris mentioned visiting places called Tröllakirkja ("Trollchurch") and Tröllahals ("Trollneck"). Burns notes, too, that the adventure with the three trolls combines Bilbo's fear of being eaten with the temptation of the "fine toothsome smell" of roast mutton.

The critic Gregory Hartley notes that while in The Hobbit, Tolkien's trolls were still much like those of Norse mythology, "archetypal, stereotypical ... basking in unexamined sentience", in The Silmarillion and Lord of the Rings, "Tolkien undertook the difficult task of melding fairy tale with epic, which was in turn bonded with the Christian mythos. Characters and creatures began functioning on a multiplicity of registers." The entertainingly "light-hearted informality" of The Hobbits Cockney-speaking trolls thus gave way to the "more bestial trolls" of the later works. Hartley comments that the redaction effort that Tolkien threw himself into for his legendarium was driven by the way he had composed The Hobbit; and that the resulting "rich, curious roles" that trolls and other beasts play in Middle-earth would not have existed without it.

Speech, sentience, and souls

Fawcett suggests that Tolkien's "roaring Troll" in The Return of the King reflects the Beowulf monster Grendel's "[fiery] eye and terrible screaming." Noting that Tolkien compares them to beasts as they "came striding up, roaring like beasts ... bellowing", she observes that they "remain wordless warriors, like Grendel", although they are sentient, with intelligence and a single language, unlike the varied tongues of Tolkien's orcs.

Critics including Fawcett and Hartley note that by making all the beasts in The Hobbit talk, Tolkien, a devout Roman Catholic, had created a serious problem for himself: if trolls and other monsters were supposed to be sentient, they would in Christian terms have souls and be redeemable rather than wholly evil. Tolkien acknowledged this keenly-felt question: "Of course ... when you make Trolls speak [Tolkien's emphasis] you are giving them a power, which in our world (probably) connotes the possession of a 'soul'." Fawcett distinguishes the approach of Tolkien's narrator, who treats trolls as "wholly monstrous", from his "translator's notes" which take "a slightly more balanced view". She states that Tolkien adopts a similar multiplicity of viewpoints on the in-fiction creation of trolls: Frodo tells Sam that the Shadow cannot create "real new things of its own", but all the same, she writes, the "stone-bred mockery" seems very much alive. This is, Fawcett writes, in contrast to Tolkien's intelligent dragons, which are straightforwardly a created species with the power of speech, but certainly monsters; and in contrast to orcs which, as corrupted elves, do have souls. She concludes that Tolkien's linking of souls to speech "complicates these monstrous races".

Tolkien had another conceptual problem with the existence of evil creatures, as he believed that while good could create, evil could not. So he considered whether his evil creatures could have been corrupted from sentient beings, and whether they could breed, writing various and contradictory explanations of their origins. In The Two Towers, the leader of the Ents, Treebeard, remarks that trolls were "made ... in mockery of Ents", as Orcs were of Elves. Friedhelm Schneidewind, writing in the J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, states the precise origin of trolls "perhaps from giant apes but possibly from Men, Orcs, or 'Spirits'" is not given by Tolkien, but like Orcs, trolls were bred by Melkor and Sauron for their own evil purposes.

Defeat of evil

The Inklings scholar Charles A. Huttar writes that the trolls' presence, alongside orcs and the Balrog, means that "Moria not only houses inert obstacles but active monsters".
Burns notes that with the destruction of Sauron, trolls, like the rest of Sauron's minions, were scattered in defeat, though some survived by hiding in the hills. In Burns's view, this makes Tolkien appear both optimistic, since evil can be defeated, and pessimistic, as that defeat is never absolute.

Country folk music

The Tolkien scholar David Bratman writes that even though there is no sheet music in Tolkien's Middle-earth writings, we do "surprisingly" have "a very good idea" of how some of it should sound. In 1952, Tolkien recited part of The Lord of the Rings for George Sayer to record, and sang Sam Gamgee's song of the Stone Troll, unaccompanied and in a "rough and untrained" voice; but as Bratman comments, "but surely so was Sam's." Sayer states in the liner notes of the LP album of the recordings that Tolkien sang the song to "an old English folk-tune called The Fox and Hens." Bratman states that this is a variant of "The Fox and the Goose" or "The Fox Went Out on a Chilly Night". He comments that Tolkien sings in a major key, like Cecil Sharp's "southern English melodies" for the song. Bratman finds this "appropriate", noting Tolkien's comment that the Shire "is in fact more or less a Warwickshire village" of around 1897. In short, Bratman concludes, Tolkien intended readers to imagine Hobbits as "English country folk singing English folk songs." The poem appears also in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil; in the Tolkien critic Paul H. Kocher's words, it achieves a certain "grisly slapstick".

Adaptations

Film

Trolls are replaced by "Groans" in Gene Deitch's 1967 animated short film adaptation of The Hobbit.

In Rankin/Bass's animated 1977 adaptation of The Hobbit, the trolls were voiced by Paul Frees, Jack DeLeon, and Don Messick, who all also voiced other characters.

Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings follows the book faithfully in its depiction of the encounter with the cave troll in the Chamber, though the cave troll's foot has toes. Glenn Gaslin, reviewing the film on Slate, describes a clip from the film as "of ravenous trolls, [which] does no justice to Tolkien's darker elements".

Trolls appear in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. In The Fellowship of the Ring, Bilbo Baggins recounts his altercation with the three stone-trolls and later on, the four hobbits and Aragorn are shown resting in the shelter of the petrified trolls. The location used was Piopio, Waitomo District, in New Zealand. In the mines of Moria, a single cave troll, animated in software, is among the attackers and is depicted with two toes.

In The Return of the King, trolls fight in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, and Aragorn fights an armoured troll in the Battle of the Morannon, a departure from the book; Jackson had at one stage intended Aragorn to fight the Dark Lord Sauron in person, but "wisely" reduced this to combat with a troll.

In The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey the three stone trolls appear as in Tolkien's book. The trolls are portrayed through voice and motion capture. Bert is performed by Mark Hadlow, Tom is performed by William Kircher, and William is performed by Peter Hambleton.

In The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, trolls appear in Azog's army as shock troops. Some of the trolls have catapults mounted on their backs while others have bladed shields and other strange weaponry, such as one troll who had flails sutured to its limbs. Behind the scenes, Peter Jackson's design team added trolls to the orc army, saying that they were a "natural extension of the orcs' forces".

Games
Trolls have featured in many video games set in Middle-earth, including The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth, The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age, and The Lord of the Rings: Conquest. In The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king, the Angmar faction has a hill-troll hero named Rogash (voiced by Gregg Berger), and an Olog-hai named Brûz the Chopper (voiced by Gideon Emery) is important to the plot of Middle-earth: Shadow of War.

Middle-earth trolls have appeared in tabletop role-playing games; for example, the core book for Middle-earth Role Playing, published by Iron Crown Enterprises, included rules for Normal Trolls, Olog-hai (or Black Trolls), and Half-Trolls, and the publisher released an adventure module called Trolls of the Misty Mountains. Middle Earth Strategy Battle Game includes trolls, while Games Workshop produce a selection of troll miniatures.

Notes

References

Primary

Secondary

Sources

Fictional humanoids
Fictional trolls
Middle-earth races
Middle-earth monsters

Trolls in Middle-earth


Evangeline Taylor connue comme Avonne Taylor, née le 12 février 1899 à Springfield dans l'Ohio et morte le 20 mars 1992 à Cleveland dans l'Ohio, est une Ziegfeld Girl et actrice de cinéma américaine.

Biographie
Evangeline Taylor est la fille de Clifford Taylor et Diana Howe. Sa famille déménage à Cleveland dans son enfance. Après la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, elle s'installe à New York pour jouer à Broadway.

Avonne Taylor apparait à Broadway dans Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic 1920 et dans les Ziegfeld Follies en 1920, 1921 et 1922. Cette année-là, elle est élue la plus belle des 85 showgirls des Follies.

En 1923, elle joue dans Kid Boots au . Le Prince de Galles l'a convoque pour qu'elle apparaisse à Londres. En 1923, elle a un petit rôle dans le film Zaza avec Gloria Swanson. En 1924, elle joue le rôle de Denise Fleury dans Le Ruisseau de Pierre Wolff.

Avonne Taylor signe un contrat avec la MGM en mai 1927 qui la prête à la Mary Pickford Company pour My Best Girl, le dernier film muet de Mary Pickford, dans lequel Taylor joue la fiancée de Charles "Buddy" Rogers. Malgré le succès de My Best Girl , Taylor retourne à Broadway.

Elle ne réapparait à l'écran qu'en 1931, lorsque la réalisatrice Dorothy Arzner la choisit comme la petite amie de Fredric March dans Honor Among Lovers.

Elle quitte le cinéma en 1931, après son mariage avec .

Elle réside pendant de nombreuses années en Europe, et à Palm Springs en Californie et dans l'East Side de New York. Elle retourne dans la région de Cleveland en 1989.

Cinéma

 1927 : My Best Girl (La petite vendeuse) de Sam Taylor, Millicent Rogers.
 1931 : Honor Among Lovers de Dorothy Arzner, Maybelle Worthington.

Iconographie
Au cours de sa relation avec Avonne Taylor de 1922 à 1923,  illustrateur pour les Follies, a dessiné une série de 80 illustrations pour elle. Ces illustrations ont été découvertes parmi des albums personnels appartenant à Avonne Taylor dans un entrepôt de Palm Spring  à sa mort en 1992 et sont restées invisibles pendant 70 ans.

En 1922, elle pose pour de la publicité paraissant dans Vogue.

Vie privée
Elle a été mariée 6 fois. En juillet 1925, elle se marie avec le directeur musical des Ziegfeld Follies, Louis Gress. Ils se séparent en octobre de la même année. En mai 1931, elle épouse  (1894-1967), héritier de la fortune de la compagnie de industrie de l'amiante Johns-Manville. Ils se séparent une trentaine de jours plus tard. En 1933, elle épouse l'acteur Carlyle Blackwell (1884–1955) et son dernier mari est George Robb, un ami de longue date, décédé en 1986.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 :

Liens externes

Ziegfeld Girl
Actrice américaine de théâtre
Actrice américaine de cinéma
Actrice américaine du muet
Naissance en février 1899
Décès en mars 1992
Décès à 93 ans
Naissance à Springfield (Ohio)
Décès à Cleveland

Avonne Taylor


Die St.-Bonifatius-Kirche ist die evangelische Kirche des Orts Ditfurt in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Sie steht hoch über dem Tal der Bode auf einem alt-sächsischen Burgplatz.

Geschichte
Eine Bonifatiuskirche wird für Ditfurt bereits im 12. Jahrhundert erwähnt. Erbaut wurde sie von Mönchen des Klosters Fulda. Der westlich des Schiffs befindliche frühgotische Kirchturm stammt mit seinem 15 Meter hohen Turmstumpf von diesem Vorgängerbau. Markant sind seine aus Spitzbögen und Säulen gestalteten Schallarkaden.

Die an der wichtigen historischen Handelsstraße von Leipzig nach Braunschweig gelegene Kirche verfügte im 15. Jahrhundert durch Schenkungen über größeren Landbesitz. 1569 begann der Bau einer neuen Bonifatiuskirche, wobei man Teile des Vorgängerbaus sowie Teile der baufälligen Nikolaikirche verwendete. Die Einweihung der neuen Kirche erfolgte 1582. 1683 erfolgte der Einbau einer ersten Orgel durch den Quedlinburger Orgelbauer J. Decker. Bereits 1713 wurde eine neue Orgel mit 24 Stimmen eingebaut.

1759 erfolgte eine Erweiterung der Kirche nach Osten. Es entstand eine Sakristei, auch Kanzel und Altar wurden neu angeschafft. Der Köthener Orgelbauer J. Ch. Zuberbier baute 1759 eine neue Orgel ein. 1835 wurde ein neuer Taufstein angeschafft, 1850 erhielt der Turm einen goldenen Turmknopf. 1862 erfolgte wieder der Einbau einer neuen Orgel. Adolf Reubke aus Hausneindorf fügte eine pneumatische Orgel in den vorhandenen barocken Prospekt ein.

Durch statische Beeinträchtigungen war die Kirche 1896 einsturzgefährdet. Man entschied sich für einen Neubau der Kirche. Es entstand von 1901 bis 1903 das heutige Kirchengebäude als dreischiffige Hallenkirche. Die Einweihung der 500 Sitzplätze umfassenden neuen Kirche erfolgte am 11. August 1903. Unterhalb des Altarraums erhielt die Kirche eine Umluftheizung.

Von 1974 bis 1979 erhielt der Kirchturm eine Dachdeckung aus Kupferblech und wurde saniert. Ab 1990 erfolgten diverse Sanierungsarbeiten am Kirchengebäude. So wurde eine Schwammbeseitigung durchgeführt, die denkmalgeschützte Heizungsanlage, die Turmuhr und die Sakristei repariert. 1999 erhielt die Kirche eine zweite Glocke, deren Entstehung auf das 12. Jahrhundert datiert wird. 2004 folgte die Restaurierung des Altarraums. In den Folgejahren wurden weitere Gebäudeteile saniert.

Architektur
Das Kirchenschiff verfügt über ein Ostquerhaus und einen polygonalen Chor mit einem 5/8-Schluss. Die Gestaltung des mit Werksteinen versehenen Schiffs lehnt sich an den sogenannten Übergangsstil des 13. Jahrhunderts. Der Kirchturm wurde auf etwa 64 Meter erhöht. Der Turm der zweiten Kirche wies nur eine Höhe von 30 Metern auf. Als Zugänge zur Kirche entstanden zwei Säulenportale, die den Kirchturm auf seiner Nord- und Südseite flankieren. Die dreibahnigen Fenster der Kirche sind als Spitzbögen ausgeführt. Es bestehen Strebepfeiler und ein umlaufendes Kaffgesims.

Das Kircheninnere besteht aus einer dreischiffigen, sich über fünf Joche erstreckende Halle mit Emporen. Die Joche sind mit Kreuzrippengewölbe überspannt. Im Langhaus stehen große das Schiff gliedernde Pfeiler. An den Brüstungen der Emporen und an den Stützen befindet sich eine zurückhaltende neoromanische farbliche Gestaltung. Die im Chor befindlichen farbigen Glasfenster zeigen die Anbetung der Hirten, die Kreuzigung und die Auferstehung. Auch die übrige Ausstattung stammt aus der Bauzeit und wird als anspruchsvoll beschrieben. Die Orgel wurde 1903 vom Orgelbauer Ernst Röver aus Hausneindorf gefertigt. Sie ist im Wesentlichen original erhalten. 1917 zu Rüstungszwecken beschlagnahmte Zinnpfeifen wurden 1920 ersetzt. Ab 2005 erfolgte eine Sanierung des Instruments.

Der Kirchhof ist von einer Sockelmauer mit Speerzaun umgeben und verfügt über einen alten Baumbestand.

Literatur
Falko Grubitzsch in Dehio, Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Sachsen-Anhalt I, Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg, Deutscher Kunstverlag München Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, Seite 173
Falko Grubitzsch: Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt, Band 7.2, Landkreis Quedlinburg, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-86568-072-3, Seite 102

Weblinks

 St.-Bonifatius-Kirche zu Ditfurt, abgerufen am 3. April 2019.
 Informationen zur Orgel der Kirche, abgerufen am 3. April 2019.

Einzelnachweise

Ditfurt
Kulturdenkmal in Ditfurt
Ditfurt
Ditfurt
Ditfurt
Ditfurt

St. Bonifatius (Ditfurt)


El Ayuntamiento de Liverpool es el órgano de gobierno de la ciudad de Liverpool en Merseyside, Inglaterra. Se compone de 90 concejales, tres para cada una de las 30 salas de la ciudad. El Concejo está actualmente controlado por el Partido del Trabajo y está dirigido por Joe Anderson.

Alcalde
El alcalde de Liverpool es el primer ciudadano y representante elegido de la ciudad, que actúa como punto focal para la comunidad, así como la promoción de la ciudad. Las principales responsabilidades del alcalde incluye la reunión delegados de las ciudades hermanas, presidir las reuniones del consejo y representación de la ciudad. El alcalde de Liverpool elegido por el consejo en pleno en su Asamblea General Anual que se celebra cada mayo, y sirven por un término de un año. El actual alcalde de  Liverpool, es Frank Prendergast.

Consejos locales

Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
Ayuntamientos de Inglaterra

Ayuntamiento de Liverpool


Samstöðin er íslenskur fjölmiðill sem stofnaður var árið 2020. Samstöðin lýsir sér á þann hátt að hún sé samfélagssjónvarp og vettvangur fyrir róttæka samfélagsumræðu og raddir þeirra sem ekki fá rúm í umfjöllun meginstraumsmiðla. Fréttir, fundir, myndbönd og hlaðvarpsættir eru gefnir út af fjölmiðlinum.

Vorið 2023 var brotist inn í skrifstofur Samstöðvarinnar og tækjabúnaði stolið ásamt því að skemmdarverk voru unnin á búnaði.

Stjórn Samstöðvarinnar 2023
Eyjólfur Guðmundsson eðlisfræðingur og formaður stjórnar,
Guðmundur Hrafn Arngrímsson landslagsarkitekt og formaður Samtaka leigjenda,
Gunnar Smári Egilsson blaðamaður
María Pétursdóttir myndlistarkona
Þóra Kristín Ásgeirsdóttir, blaðamaður.

Til vara
Björn Jónasson útgefandi
Ólína Kjerúlf Þorvarðardóttir blaða- og fræðikona
Sanna Magdalena Mörtudóttir mannfræðingur og borgarfulltrúi.

Tengill
Heimasíða

Tilvísanir

Íslenskir fjölmiðlar

Samstöðin


Pire otu (Tanacetum), çok yıllık, otsu bir bitki cinsi. Genelde Asya ve Avrupa'nın birçok yerinde yetişir. Dünyada vahşî yaşamın görüldüğü birkaç başka bölgede de rastlanabilir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Colorado, Montana, Washington ve Wyoming eyâletlerinde bu otun ekimi, ve yetiştirilmesi sağlığa zararlı olduğu gerekçesi ile yasaktır.  Yaklaşık 80 türü vardır.

Bir sapa bağlı birkaç yaprakçığın birleşmesi ile oluşan yaprakları, düğmeye benzeyen sarı çiçekleri olan dik bir bitkidir. Boyları yetiştikleri bölgeye bağlı olarak 50 santimetreden 150 santimetreye kadar değişebilir. Çiçeklerinin eğer fazla tüketilirse zehir etkisi yaptığı söylenir.  Fakat Tanacetum türleri bazı Lepidoptera türlerinin larvaları tarafından yiyecek olarak tüketilir.

Türler
Tanacetum abrotanifolium
Tanacetum achilleifolium
Tanacetum argenteum
Tanacetum atkinsonii
Tanacetum balsamita
Tanacetum bipinnatum
Tanacetum camphoratum
Dalmaçya pire otu (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)
Boyalı pire otu (Tanacetum coccineum)
Tanacetum compactum
Tanacetum corymbosum
Tanacetum densum
Tanacetum douglasi
Tanacetum ferulaceum
Tanacetum haradjanii
Tanacetum huronense
Tanacetum kotschyi
Büyük yapraklı pire otu (Tanacetum macrophyllum)
Tanacetum nuttallii
Tanacetum parthenifolium
Gümüşdüğme (Tanacetum parthenium)
Tanacetum potentilloides
Tanacetum poteriifolium
Tanacetum praeteritium
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum
Solucan otu (Tanacetum vulgare)
Tanacetum sorbifolium

Galerie

Dış bağlantılar

Anthemideae
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Pire otu


Benjamin Hart né le  et mort le  est un homme d'affaires canadien, un officier de milice et un juge de paix.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Benjamin Hart est né à Montréal. Il est le  fils d'Aaron Hart, important marchand de Trois-Rivières, et de Dorothea Judah.

Il fait ses études à New York et à Philadelphie. En 1798, il retourne à Trois-Rivières pour prendre part aux affaires de la famille. À la mort de son père, en 1800, il hérite du principal magasin de la famille à Trois-Rivières et de leur maison de Montréal.

En 1806, il épouse Harriot Judith Hart, fille d'Ephraim Hart, agent de change et marchand américain. Ils ont de nombreux enfants.

Il soutient la cause des libertés civiles juives et soutient son frère Ezekiel Hart dans sa carrière politique, élu à la Chambre d'assemblée du Bas-Canada. Il apporte son aide pour faire pression afin de faire passer une loi, adoptée en 1831, qui accorde l'égalité des libertés civiles aux Juifs.

Benjamin Hart est un membre actif de la congrégation juive de Montréal. Il devient juge de paix en 1837, après que la loi accordant l'égalité des libertés civiles aux Juifs soit mise en vigueur.

Benjamin Hart participe à la guerre de 1812 en tant que soldat sous le capitaine John Ogilvy. Il poursuit ensuite une carrière dans la milice pendant de nombreuses années. Il fait partie du  bataillon de milice à Montréal en 1846 avec le grade de lieutenant-colonel.

Il dirige la société d'importation « Benjamin Hart and Company ». En 1844, son fils Théodore Hart le rejoint comme associé dans la compagnie. Cependant, il déclare faillite en 1848.

Il s'oppose au projet de loi sur les « pertes de la rébellion » de 1849. Il signe le manifeste annexionniste de Montréal, prônant l'union économique et politique avec les États-Unis. Par la suite, il s'installe à New York où il meurt. Son fils Henry N. Hart s'est installé dans le Mid West tandis que sa fille Frances Hart Schoyer est restée à New York.

Références

Liens externes

Benjamin
Personnalité canadienne du judaïsme
Homme d'affaires canadien
Naissance en août 1779
Naissance à Montréal
Décès en février 1855
Décès à New York
Décès à 75 ans

Benjamin Hart


Mae Murray (born Marie Adrienne Koenig; May 10, 1885 – March 23, 1965) was an American actress, dancer, film producer, and screenwriter. Murray rose to fame during the silent film era and was known as "The Girl with the Bee-Stung Lips" and "The Gardenia of the Screen".

Early life
Murray was born in New York City, the second-oldest child of Joseph and Mary (née Miller) Koenig. Her maternal grandparents had emigrated from France while her paternal grandparents had emigrated from Germany. She had two brothers, William Robert and Howard Joseph.

The family eventually moved to an apartment in the Lower East Side. In May 1896, Murray's father, died from acute gastritis due to his alcoholism. To support the family, her mother took a job as a housekeeper for Harry Payne Whitney.

Career

Stage
Murray began acting on the Broadway stage in 1906 with dancer Vernon Castle. In 1908, she joined the chorus line of the Ziegfeld Follies, moving to headliner by 1915. Murray became a star of the club circuit in both the United States and Europe, performing with Clifton Webb, Rudolph Valentino, and John Gilbert as some of her many dance partners.

Films
Murray made her motion picture debut in To Have and to Hold in 1916. She became a major star for Universal, starring with Rudolph Valentino in The Delicious Little Devil and Big Little Person in 1919. At the height of her popularity, Murray formed her own production company with Robert Z. Leonard. Critics were sometimes less than thrilled with her over-the-top costumes and exaggerated emoting, but her films were popular with movie-going audiences and financially successful.

In 1925, Murray, Leonard, and Stahl produced films at Tiffany Pictures, with Souls for Sables (1925), starring Claire Windsor and Eugene O'Brien, as the first film made by Tiffany. For a brief period of time, Murray wrote a weekly column for newspaper scion William Randolph Hearst.

At her career peak in the early 1920s, Murray, with other notable Hollywood personalities such as Cecil B. DeMille, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart, Jesse L. Lasky, Harold Lloyd, Hal Roach, Donald Crisp, Conrad Nagel and Irving Thalberg, was a member of the board of trustees at the Motion Picture & Television Fund – a charitable organization that offers assistance and care to those in the motion picture and television industries without resources. Four decades later, Murray received aid from this organization.

In the early 1920s, Murray was painted by Hollywood portrait painter Theodore Lukits. This work titled Symphony in Jade and Gold (The Actress Mae Murray) (1922, private collection, northern California) depicted Murray nude, gazing in a mirror. It was exhibited at the Pacific Asia Museum in 1999 and two other venues as part of the exhibition Theodore Lukits, An American Orientalist.

Decline

Murray appeared in the title role in the Erich von Stroheim-directed film The Merry Widow (1925), with John Gilbert. When silent films gave way to sound film, she debuted in the medium in Peacock Alley (1930), a remake of her earlier 1921 version Peacock Alley. In 1931, she was cast with Irene Dunne, Lowell Sherman, and fellow silent screen star Norman Kerry in Bachelor Apartment. The film was critically panned at the time of release, and Murray made only one more film: High Stakes (1931), also with Sherman.

A critical blow to her film career occurred after she married her fourth husband David Mdivani, a Georgian man of minor aristocratic roots, whose brothers Serge and Alexis married actress Pola Negri and the heiress Barbara Hutton respectively. The couple married on June 27, 1926, and Mdivani became her manager, suggesting that his new wife ought to leave MGM. Murray took her husband's advice and walked out of her contract with MGM, making a powerful foe of studio boss Louis B. Mayer. Later, she swallowed her pride and pleaded to return, but Mayer would not rehire her. In effect, Mayer's hostility meant that Murray was blacklisted from working for the Hollywood studios.

Meanwhile, in 1927, Murray was sued by her then-masseuse, the famous Hollywood fitness guru Sylvia of Hollywood, for the outstanding amount of $2,125; a humiliating and detailed court case followed.

Later years
In the 1940s, Murray appeared regularly at Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe, a nightclub that specialized in a "Gay '90s" atmosphere, often presenting stars of the past for nostalgic value. Her appearances collected mixed reviews: her dancing (in particular the Merry Widow Waltz) was well received, but she was criticized for her youthful costumes and heavy makeup application, trying to conceal her age. In 1946, she taught ballroom dancing to young teenagers at a dance studio in Los Angeles. It was located on Crenshaw Blvd., near 48th Street.

Murray's finances continued to collapse, and for most of her later life, she lived in poverty. She was the subject of the authorized biography The Self-Enchanted (1959), written by Jane Ardmore, that has been incorrectly called Murray's autobiography.

On the evening of February 19, 1964, 78-year-old Murray was found disoriented in St. Louis, thinking that she had completed a bus trip to New York City. Murray explained to a Salvation Army officer that she had become lost trying to find her hotel, which she had forgotten the name of. She also refused bus fare back to Los Angeles as she claimed to have a ticket for the remainder of the journey in her purse "if she could find it."

Personal life

In September 1908, in Hoboken, New Jersey, while she was appearing in the Follies of 1908, Murray married William M. Schwenker Jr. (born 1885), the unemployed son of a brewery-supply dealer, who cut off his son's allowance upon news of the wedding; they divorced in 1910. On December 18, 1916, she married former dancer and future Olympic bobsled champion Jay O'Brien. He had been married to Irene Fenwick.

After divorcing O'Brien in 1918, Murray wed movie director Robert Z. Leonard on August 18, 1918; they divorced on May 26, 1925.

Murray married David Mdivani, her fourth husband, on June 27, 1926. They had one child, Koran David Mdivani (1926-2018), then divorced in 1933. Koran later was raised by Sara Elizabeth "Bess" Cunning of Averill Park, New York, who began taking care of him in 1936 when the child was recovering from a double mastoid operation (Cunning's brother Dr. David Cunning was the surgeon). When Murray attempted to regain custody of her son in 1939, Cunning and her other brothers, John, Ambrose, and Cortland, refused, according to The New York Times, at which time Murray and her former husband Mdivani entered a bitter custody dispute. It finally ended in 1940, with Murray's being given legal custody of the child and the court's ordering Mdivani to pay $400 per month in support. However, Koran Mdivani continued to live with Bess Cunning, who adopted him in 1940 under the name Daniel Michael Cunning. Reportedly, Mdivani had managed to drain nearly all of Murray's money.

Murray campaigned for the reelection of President Herbert Hoover in 1932.

Death

Many years later, Murray moved into the Motion Picture House in Woodland Hills, California, a retirement community for Hollywood professionals. She died there on March 23, 1965 at the age of 79. She is interred in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Mae Murray has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6318 Hollywood Blvd. She was one of three actresses (Pola Negri and Theda Bara were the others) whose eyes were combined to form the Chicago International Film Festival's logo, a stark, black-and-white close-up of the composite eyes set as repeated frames in a strip of film.

Filmography

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Jane Kesner Morris Ardmore, The Self-Enchanted: Mae Murray, Image of an Era. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959)
 "The Rise to Stardom of Mae Murray" by Jimmy Bangley in Classic Images August 1996 (Muscatine, Iowa: Muscatine Journal, 1996)
 F. Cugat, "Mae Murray's Victory", Movie Weekly (August 19, 1922)
 Frances Marion, Off with Their Heads! (New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1972)
 Adela Rogers St. Johns, "Mae Murray-A Study in Contradictions", Photoplay (July 1924), 43

External links

 Mae Murray at the Women Film Pioneers Project

 Mae Murray at Silents Are Golden
 Mae Murray Biography at Classic Images
 Mae Murray at Virtual History
write up on Mae Murray by Tammy Stone

1885 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
Film producers from New York (state)
American people of German descent
American people of French descent
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
American women screenwriters
Ziegfeld girls
Women film pioneers
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American women film producers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Mae Murray


آخر ملوك مملكة مقدونيا القديمة حكم بين عامي 179 - 168 قبل الميلاد خاض ثالث الحروب المقدونية مع روما.

ولد تقريبا عام 212 قبل الميلاد وخلف أباه فيليب الخامس ملك مقدونيا والذي خلفه بعد مماته عام 179 وكان قبلها قد دبر مقتل أخيه ديميتريوس ووسع نفوذه إلى تراقيا وإليريا وحاول أن يسيطر على اليونان فبنى علاقات جيدة مع رودس وشجع الثورة في أيتوليا وثيساليا وبدأ يظهر كتهديد عندما زار دلفي بجيشه فقام يومينس الثالث ملك بيرغاموم بتنبيه روما لهذا.

نجاحه وغروره بدأ الحرب المقدونية الثالثة (171 - 168) مع روما فقد دعم غيتيوس ملك إليريا ثم تعرض لهزيمة قاسية في معركة بيدنا أمام قوات لوكيوس أيميليوس باولوس ومات بعد ثلاث سنوات أسيرا.

مصادر

 1978 Encyclopedia Britannica
 The Times Atlas of World History
Edited By Geoffrey Barraclough
Book Club Association, London 1983.

الأسرة الأنتيغونية
حكام في أوروبا في القرن 2 ق م
ملوك مقدونيون
مواليد عقد 210 ق م
مواليد في بيلا (اليونان)
وفيات 166 ق م
يونانيون في القرن 2 ق م
ملكيون مقدونيون في القرن 2 ق م

بيرسيوس المقدوني


සමකාලික පිහිනුම් (Synchronised swimming, 2017 වසරේ සිට artistic swimming ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි) යනු පිහිනීම, නර්තනය සහ ජිම්නාස්ටික් යන ඒවායේ මුහුම් වීමෙන් සැදුණු පිහිනුම් ආකාරයකි. මෙහිදී පිහිනුම්කරුවන් (තනි, ද්විත්ව, ත්‍රිත්ව, චතුර්ථ හෝ කණ්ඩායම්) සංගීතයට අනුව සහ සමකාලිකව, සූක්ෂමව සැකසූ චලනයන් විදහා දක්වනු ලබයි.

සමකාලික පිහිනුම් සඳහා ඉහල ජල ක්‍රීඩක හැකියාවක්, විශිෂ්ට ශක්තියක්, දරාගැනීමේ හැකියාවක්, නම්‍යශීලීතාවයක්, ලාලිත්‍යයක්, නිපුනත්වයක් සහ නිරවද්‍ය ලෙස කාලය තබාගැනීමේ හැකියාවක් මෙන්ම, ජලය යට උඩුයටිකුරුව සිටීමේදී හුස්ම පාලනය කරගැනීමේ උසස් හැකියාවක් ද අවශ්‍ය වෙයි. ඉහලට එසවීම් සහ විසිවී යාම් වලදී පිහිනුම්කරුවන්ට තටාකයේ පතුල ස්ඵර්ශ කිරීමේ හැකියාවක් නොමැති නමුත් අතිවිශිෂ්ට එසවීම් සහ විසිවී යාම් විදහා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍ය වේ.

සමකාලික පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩාව ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩාවක් වන අතර 1984 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් සිට සෑම ඔලිම්පික් තරඟාවලියකටම එය ඇතුළත් වී ඇත. වත්මන් ඔලිම්පික් ඉසව් වන්නේ යුගල සහ කණ්ඩායම් ඉසව් පමණක් වන නමුත් අතීත ඔලිම්පික් තරඟාවලි වලදී ඒකල ඉසව්ව ද පැවත්වී ඇත. 1984 සිට 1996 දක්වා පදක්කම් ජයග්‍රහණය කරමින් ඔලිම්පික් තරඟාවලි වලදී ශක්තිමත්ම කණ්ඩායම් වූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදය, කැනඩාව සහ ජපානය වන නමුත් 2000 සිට 2016 දක්වා, ඉසව් සියල්ලේම රන් පදක්කම් ජයග්‍රහණය කරමින් ක්‍රීඩාවේ ආධිපත්‍යය පතුරුවාගෙන සිටින්නේ රුසියාව යි.

නවතම මිශ්‍ර-යුගල ඉසව්ව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව, 2015, 16 වන ශූරතාවලියේ සිට ලෝක ජල ක්‍රීඩා ශූරතාවලියේ සමකාලික පිහිනුම් ඉසව්ව පිරිමින් සඳහා ද විවෘත විය. තවමත් ඔලිම්පික් වලදී පිරිමින්ට ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට ඉඩ දී නොමැති නමුත් වෙනත් බොහෝ අන්තර්ජාතික සහ ජාතික තරඟාවලි වලදී සමකාලික පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩාවේ සියළු ඉසව් සඳහා තරඟවැදීමට පිරිමි ක්‍රීඩකයින්ට අවස්ථාව ලබාදී ඇත.

අන්තර්ජාතිකව සමකාලික පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩාව පරිපාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation) මගිනි.

ක්‍රීඩා

සමකාලික පිහිනුම්


غوتفريد هاينريش، كونت بابنهايم  قائد عسكري مهم في خدمة الرابطة الكاثوليكية والامبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة خلال حرب الأعوام الثلاثين ، وحتى وفاته التي وقعت خلال معركة لوتسن .

مراجع

أفراد عسكريون في حرب الثلاثين عاما
ألمان في حرب الثلاثين عاما
ألمان مغتربون في النمسا
خريجو جامعة ألتدورف
خريجو جامعة إنغولشتات
خريجو جامعة توبنجن
رومان كاثوليك ألمان
شخصيات حرب الثلاثون عاما
فرسان الصوف الذهبي
قادة عسكريون ألمان
كونتات ألمانيا
معتنقو الكاثوليكية
مواليد 1594
مواليد في ترويشتلينغن
نبلاء ألمان
وفيات 1632
وفيات في لايبزيغ

غوتفريد هاينريش (كونت بابنهايم)


U matematičkoj analizi, teorem o međuvrijednostima kaže da, ako neprekidna funkcija f, sa segmentom [a, b] kao svojom domenom, poprima vrijednosti f(a) i f(b) na svakom kraju segmenta, onda isto tako ona i poprima svaku vrijednost između f(a) i f(b) u nekoj točki segmenta.

Ta tvrdnja ima dva važna korolara:

 Ako neprekidna funkcija ima vrijednosti suprotnog predznaka unutar segmenta, onda ona ima korijen u tom segmentu (Bolzanov teorem).
 Slika neprekidne funkcije definirane na segmentu je također segment.

Motivacija

Teorem obuhvaća intuitivno svojstvo neprekidnih funkcija: neka je f neprekidna na [1, 2] sa znanim vrijednostima f(1)=3 i f(2)=5. Tada graf od y=f(x) mora proći kroz horizontalnu liniju y=4 dok x ide od 1 do 2. To predstavlja ideju da se graf neprekidne funkcije na segmentu može nacrtati bez da se podigne olovka s papira.

Teorem

Teorem o međuvrijednosti kaže sljedeće.

Neka je dan segment  u  i neprekidna funkcija . Tada:

 Inačica 1. Ako je u broj između f(a) i f(b), to jest,  tada postoji unutarnja točka c segmenta I takva da je .

 Inačica 2. Slika  je također segment, ili sadrži  ili .

Bilješka: Inačica 2 kaže da skup vrijednosti funkcije nema prazninu. Za svake dvije funkcijske vrijednosti , čak i ako su izvan intervala između f(a) i f(b), sve točke u segmentu [c, d] su također vrijednosti funkcije: .

Podskup realnih brojeva bez unutarnje praznine je interval. Inačica 1 je prirodno sadržana u Inačici 2.

Veza s potpunošću

Teorem ovisi o, i ekvivalentan je, potpunosti realnih brojeva. Teorem o međuvrijednosti ne odnosi se na racionalne brojeve, jer praznine postoje između racionalnih brojeva; iracionalni brojevi pune te praznine. Na primjer, funkcija  za  zadovoljava f(0) = -2 i f(2) = 2. Međutim, ne postoji racionalni broj x takav da je f(x) = 0, jer je  iracionalan broj.

Povijest

Za u = 0 tvrdnja je znana pod nazivom Bolzanov teorem. Taj teorem je prvi dokazao Bernard Bolzano u 1817. Augustin-Luis Cauchy je dao još jedan dokaz 1821. Oba su bila inspirirana ciljem formalizacije analize funkcija i djelima Josepha-Louisa Lagrangea. Ideja da neprekidne funkcije imaju svojstvo međuvrijednosti ima raniji izvor. Simon Stevin je dokazao teorem o međuvrijednosti za polinome (upotrebljavajući polinom trećeg stupnja kao primjer) dajući algoritam za konstrukciju decimalnog zapisa rješenja. Algoritam iterativno dijeli interval na 10 dijelova, stvarajući dodatnu znamenku na svakom koraku iteracije. Prije nego što je formalna definicija neprekidnosti dana, svojstvo međuvrijednosti je dano kao dio definicije neprekidne funkcije. Louis Arbogast je pretpostavio da funkcije nemaju skokova, zadovoljavaju svojstvo međuvrijednosti i imaju inkremente čije veličine odgovaraju veličinama inkrementa varijable. Raniji autori držali su da je rezultat očit i da ne zahtijeva dokaz. Uvid Bolzana i Cauchya je bio definiranje općenitog koncepta neprekidnosti (preko infinitezimalnih veličina u Cauchyevom slučaju i koristeći nejednakosti u Bolzanovom slučaju), i davanje dokaza baziranog na takvim definicijama.

Izvori

 Matematička analiza
 Matematički poučci

Teorem o međuvrijednostima


The white-breasted woodswallow (Artamus leucorynchus) is a medium-sized passerine bird which breeds from the Andaman Islands east through Indonesia and northern Australia. The name "woodswallow" is a misnomer as they are not closely related to true swallows. Instead, they belong to the family Artamidae, which also includes butcherbirds, currawongs and the Australian magpie.

Taxonomy
The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1771, its specific epithet derived from the ancient Greek words leukos 'white', and rhynchos 'bill'. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1771, its specific epithet derived from the ancient Greek words leukos 'white', and rhynchos 'bill'.
Nine subspecies of Artamus leucorynchus and their habitat ranges are:
 A. l. albiventer (Lesson, 1831) - Sulawesi and Lesser Sundas
 A. l. amydrus (Oberholser, 1917) - Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, Kangean Islands, Java and Bali
 A. l. humei (Stresemann, 1913) - Andaman and Cocos Islands
 A. l. leucopygialis (Gould, 1842) - Moluccas, Kai Island, Aru Island, New Guinea and Australia
 A. l. leucorynchus (Linnaeus, 1771) - Philippines, Palawan, Borneo and Natuna Islands
 A. l. melaleucus (Wagler, 1827) - New Caledonia, Mare and Lifou
 A. l. musschenbroeki (A. B. Meyer, 1884) - Babar Islands and Tanimbar Islands
 A. l. pelewensis (Finsch, 1876) - Palau Islands
 A. l. tenuis (Mayr, 1943) - Vanuatu and Banks Islands

Description
The White-breasted Woodswallow's plumage is dark grey on the head and neck, with white underparts, giving the species its common and scientific names, in contrast to the related great woodswallow whose upper side is a more glossy black. The stout bill of a woodswallow is bluish-grey with a black tip. White breasted woodswallows can also be identified by their short, black tail and grey feet. Their completely black tail makes them the only woodswallow lacking white on its tail. Males and females are identical in appearance. Juvenile woodswallows have a more brownish plumage around their head and mantle that is usually heavily striated. Juveniles have a buff tint on their chest and a brownish bill with a dark tip. White breasted woodswallows can grow to a maximum known size of 18 cm and weigh between 35 and 45 grams. All 9 subspecies of Artamus leucorynchus are differentiated by small differences in color, overall size, wing length and bill size.

Breeding and habitat
Throughout their vast distribution across Australasia, White breasted woodswallows can be found in forests, open woodlands and semi-arid plains, with a mixture of vegetation including shrubs, mangroves, forest clearings and grasses, often near watercourses. They are usually found at elevations from sea level to . Woodswallows are partially migratory, with southern flocks moving north during Autumn and south in the spring. The breeding season for the white-breasted woodswallow varies throughout its range. In its northern ranges breeding usually occurs between March and May and in the southern ranges occurring between August and January, pre and during the wet season. The female sexual display to invite copulation includes extending the wings over the back in a V, whilst trembling toward a male/s, then waggling the tail and quietly making an 'eep' call.
White breasted woodswallows are seen to be cooperative breeders, with birds other than parents assisting with care for offspring. Both sexes participate in building nests, incubating eggs and feeding young birds. The nest of a White breasted woodswallow are shallow, bowl-shaped nests that are built from grass, twigs and roots and lined with fine grass. Nests are situated in tree forks or hollow stumps. Woodswallows are also known to recycle abandoned magpie lark nests' to use as their own. The normal clutch size is between 2 and 5 eggs. The eggs of Artamus leucorynchus are tapered oval-shaped and cream or pinkish in color with darker brown speckles. After eggs are laid, they will be incubated for 15 days.

Behaviour and diet
Despite having a bifurcated (divided) brush-tipped tongue, which is usually associated with nectar feeders, Woodswallows are insectivores primarily feeding on insects caught on the wings in flight or from a perch, and occasionally feeding on the nectar of flowers. Although they mostly feed on insects caught in flight, Woodswallows also tend to forage on the ground or in the tree canopy. Feeding can often be communal when the catch is too large for one bird.

The white-breasted woodswallow has large, pointed wings and is very agile in powered and gliding flight. They are fast-flying and are one of few passerines that can soar. Even with their small statue, White breasted Woodswallows prove to be aggressive birds whom are quite territorial with groups mobbing larger birds as a form of defense. Out of breeding season, Woodswallows are quite nomadic, chasing flying insects and roosting in large flocks. White breasted Woodswallow are generally seen in flocks of 10-50 birds, sometimes up to 100 to a flock. Flocks tend to cluster together in the evening to roost. Woodswallows are social bird, well known for their habit of huddling up together tightly in flocks, usually along a branch or powerline. This behaviour is done as means of maintaining heat and conserving energy.

Conservation status

With an extensive range, the species Artamus leucorynchus does not fall into vulnerable species categories. The species has a stable and large population size justifying its allocation as Least Concern. There is no evidence of the species decline and the species is recognised as common and therefore there is no alert for Artamus leucorynchus to be recognised as vulnerable throughout is localities.

References

External links

ABID images
White-breasted woodswallow videos, photos, and sounds in the Macaulay Library

white-breasted woodswallow
Birds of Malesia
Birds of New Guinea
Birds of New Caledonia
Birds of Palau
Birds of the Philippines
Birds of Vanuatu
Birds of Australia
white-breasted woodswallow
Articles containing video clips
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN

White-breasted woodswallow


Kanton Bern (njemački: Kanton Bern; francuski: Canton de Berne), dvojezični je kanton Švicarske konfederacije. Glavni grad kantona je Bern. Brojem stanovnika i površinom drugi je najveći od 26 švicarskih kantona.

Zemljopis

Kanton Bern smješten je na sjeverozapadu Švicarske konfederacije i prostire se od bernskih Alpi na jugu preko Švicarske visoravni sve do Jurskog gorja na sjeveru.

Kanton Bern graniči s 11 drugih kantona. Površina mu je 5 959 km2 od čega 31% su šume, 43,3% su poljoprivredne površine, 6,4 su površine koje se koriste za stanovanje i za prometnu infrastrukturu, a 19,6% su neiskoristive površine (uglavnom u predjelu Alpi).

Povijest

Kanton Bern svoje korijene nalazi u Bernskoj Republici (Respublica Bernensis) koju je osnovao grad Bern, osnovan 1191. godine. Svojevremeno Republika se prostirala od Ženevskog jezera na zapadu sve do sadašnje središnje Švicarske.

Grad Bern i njegovi posjedi ušli su kao deveti kanton u Švicarsku konfederaciju 1353. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 https://www.be.ch/ Službena stranica na njemačkom i francuskom jeziku]

Švicarski kantoni

Bern (kanton)


The year 1780 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Biology
 Clément Joseph Tissot publishes Gymnastique médicinale et chirurgicale, ou, essai sur l'utilité du mouvement, ou des différens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des malades in Paris, the first text on the therapeutic benefits of physical exercise.
 Lazzaro Spallanzani publishes Dissertationi di fisica animale e vegetale, first interpreting the process of animal digestion as a chemical process in the stomach, by action of gastric juice. He also carries out important researches on animal fertilization.

Chemistry
 Lactose is identified as a sugar by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.

Physics
 Jean-Paul Marat publishes Recherches physiques sur le feu (Research into the Physics of Fire) and Découvertes de M. Marat sur la lumière (Mr Marat's Discoveries on Light).

History of science
 Dr John Aikin publishes his Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain, the first English language historical dictionary of physicians.

Technology
 Aimé Argand invents the Argand lamp.
 Thomas Earnshaw devises the spring detent escapement for marine chronometers.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Samuel Vince

Births
 January 13 – Pierre Jean Robiquet, French chemist (died 1840).
 March 10 – William Charles Ellis, English psychiatric physician (died 1839).
 April 13 – Alexander Mitchell, Irish engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse (died 1868).
 September 5 - Clarke Abel, British surgeon and naturalist (died 1826).
 December 26 – Mary Somerville, British scientific writer (died 1872).
 Elizabeth Philpot, English paleontologist (died 1857).

Deaths
 January 22 – André Levret, French obstetrician (born 1703).
 February 20 – Johannes Burman, Dutch botanist (born 1707).
 October 17 – William Cookworthy, English chemist (born 1705).

References

18th century in science
1780s in science

1780 in science


Arca Russa (Russo: Русский ковчег, Russkij Kovcheg) é um drama histórico experimental de 2002 dirigido por Alexander Sokurov. Em Arca Russa um narrador sem nome vagueia pelo Palácio de Inverno em São Petersburgo e sugere que ele morreu em um acidente horrível e é um fantasma vagando pelo palácio. Em cada sala, ele encontra várias pessoas reais e fictícias de vários períodos dos 300 anos de história da cidade. Ele está acompanhado pelo "europeu", que representa o Marquês de Custine, um viajante francês do século XIX.O filme foi inteiramente gravado no Palácio de Inverno do Museu Hermitage do Estado Russo em 23 de dezembro de 2001, usando uma única tomada em sequência Steadicam de 96 minutos. A Arca Russa usa o dispositivo da quarta parede extensivamente, mas repetidamente quebrado e reerguido. Às vezes, o narrador e o acompanhante interagem com os demais performers, outras vezes passam despercebidos. O filme foi inscrito no Festival de Cinema de Cannes de 2002.

Russian Ark


Kuyuwini je rijeka u Gvajani. Pritoka je rijeke Essequibo.

U blizini gornjih tokova rijeka Kuyuwini , Essequiba i Cassiquity živjeli su Taruma Indijanci

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Gvajani
Pritoke Essequiba

Kuyuwini


Glazba u 1963. godini.

Svijet

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Koncertne turneje
Održane koncertne turneje.

Istaknuti koncerti
Povijesno važni koncerti, prvi povijesni koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta ili posljednji (oproštajni) koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta.

Europska natjecanja
Europska glazbena natjecanja.

 Pjesma Eurovizije:

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba, pojava (nastanak ili dolakak) glazbenog pravca i sl.
The Wailers – jamajčanski reggae sastav
Simon and Garfunkel

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.
 10. ožujka – Jeff Ament
 10. ožujka – Rick Rubin
 18. ožujka – Vanessa L. Williams
 3. kolovoza – James Hetfield
 9. kolovoza – Whitney Houston
 22. kolovoza – Tori Amos
 26. listopada – Natalie Merchant
 26. listopada – Tom Cavanagh
 31. listopada – Johnny Marr
 3. prosinca – Joe Lally
 26. prosinca – Lars Ulrich

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Kandidiranje za europska i svjetska natjecanja
Hrvatski kandidat za Pjesmu Eurovizije na Jugoviziji.

Festivali

Nagrade

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, udruga, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba, pojava (nastanak ili dolakak) glazbenog pravca i sl.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Izvori

1963.
Godine 20. stoljeća

Glazba u 1963.


El arroyo Guayabos es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de  Salto perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río de la Plata.

Nace en la Cuchilla del Arbolito y desemboca en el arroyo Arerunguá.

En sus cercanías se desarrolló la llamada Batalla de Guayabos, o batalla de Arerunguá (Banda Oriental, 10 de enero de 1815) fue un combate que resultó en victoria de los orientales (las fuerzas de José Artigas), comandadas por Fructuoso Rivera frente a las tropas del Directorio de Buenos Aires.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Mapa. Arroyo Guayabos (Desembocadura). Arroyo Arerunguá. (MVOT 212).

 Mapa. Arroyo Guayabos (cauce Medio) (MVOT 278).

 Mapa. Arroyo Guayabos (Puntas) Cuchilla del arbolito. (MVOT 213).

Guayabos
Guayabos
Guayabos

Arroyo Guayabos


Kristof Kolomb (31 Ekim 1451 – 20 Mayıs 1506), Atlantik Okyanusuna yaptığı toplam dört seferi tamamlayarak coğrafî keşifleri başlatan ve Amerika'nın kolonizasyonunun yolunu açan Cenevizli kaptan ve kâşiftir. Katolik hükümdarlar tarafından desteklenen keşifleri; Karayipler, Orta Amerika ve Güney Amerika ile Avrupalıların ilk temâsı oldu.

Genç yaşta denize açıldı ve kuzeyde Britanya Adaları'na, güneyde ise Gana'ya kadar seyahat etti. Büyük ölçüde kendi kendini eğitmiş birisi olarak, coğrafya, astronomi ve tarih ile ilgili geniş çapta kitaplar okudu. Kazançlı baharat ticaretinden kâr elde etmeyi umarak Doğu Hint Adaları'na batı üzerinden bir yol aramak için plan hazırladı. Portekizli bir soylu kadın olan Filipa Moniz Perestrelo ile evlendi ve birkaç yıl Lizbon'da yaşadı, evlilikleri sırasında büyük oğlu Diego Kolomb dünyaya geldi. Eşinin ölümünün ardından Kastilyalı Beatriz Enríquez de Arana'yı metresi olarak yanına aldı. Bu birliktelikten ise, daha sonra meşru oğlu olarak kabul edeceği, Ferdinand Kolomb doğdu. Birden fazla krallığa yönelik ısrarlı lobi faaliyetinin ardından, Kastilya hükümdarı I. Isabella batıya açılacağı bir yolculuğu finanse olmayı kabul etti. Kolomb, Ağustos 1492'de Kastilya'dan üç gemiyle ayrıldı ve 12 Ekim'de Amerika'ya iniş yaptı (Böylece bugün Kolomb öncesi Amerika olarak adlandırılan dönem sona erdi). Ayak bastığı ilk yer sakinleri tarafından Guanahani olarak adlandırılan, günümüzde yeri tam olarak bilinmeyen, Bahamalar'daki bir adaydı. Daha sonra Küba ve Hispanyola adalarını ziyaret ederek, Haiti'de bir koloni kurdu. 1493'ün başlarında Kastilya'ya geri döndü ve beraberinde bir dizi tutsak yerli getirdi. Yolculuklarının haberi kısa sürede tüm Avrupa'ya yayıldı.

Kolomb, 1493'te Küçük Antiller'i, 1498'de Trinidad'ı ve Güney Amerika'nın kuzey kıyılarını ve 1502'de Orta Amerika'nın doğu kıyılarını keşfederek Amerika'ya üç sefer daha yaptı. Karşılaştığı yerli halklara indios ("Hindistanlılar") adını verdi. Ayrıca başta adalar olmak üzere coğrafi bölgelere verdiği isimlerin çoğu günümüzde halen kullanılmaktadır. Amerika'nın tamamen ayrı bir kara parçası olduğunun ne ölçüde farkında olduğu belirsizdir ancak Uzak Doğu'ya ulaştığına dair inancından açıkça hiçbir zaman vazgeçmedi. Kolomb vali olarak görev aldığı süreçte çağdaşları tarafından vahşetle suçlandı ve kısa süre sonra görevden alındı. Kolomb'un Kastilya ve onun Amerika'daki atanmış sömürge yöneticileriyle olan gergin ilişkisi, 1500 yılında tutuklanıp Hispanyola'dan çıkarılmasına ve ardından uzun süren karşılıklı davalara yol açtı. Kolomb'un keşifleri, modern Batı medeniyetinin inşaatına yardımcı olan fetih ve kolonizasyon dönemini başlattı. İlk yolculuğunu takip eden Eski Dünya ile Yeni Dünya arasında başlattığı değişimlerin bütününe, Kolomb takası adı verilir.

Kristof Kolomb, ölümünden sonraki yüzyıllarda geniş çapta saygı gördü, ancak bilim adamları, başta Hispanyola'nın yerli halkı olan Tainolar'a karşı yapılan soykırım ve kölelik ile neredeyse yok edilmesi gibi, onun yönetimi altında verilen zararlara ve işlenen suçlara daha fazla dikkat gösterdikçe, kamuoyu algısı son yıllarda oldukça değişti. Günümüzde Batı Yarımküre'deki birçok yer, Kolombiya, Kolumbiya Bölgesi ve Kanada'nın Britanya Kolumbiyası eyaleti de dahil olmak üzere onun adını taşımaktadır.

Hayatı
Kristof Kolomb'un doğduğu yer tam olarak bilinmese de 31 Ekim 1451'den önce Cenova'da doğmuştur. Babası, hem Cenova hem de Savona'da çalışmış olan, aynı zamanda genç Kristof'un da yardımcı olarak çalıştığı bir peynir standına sahip olan, yün dokumacı Domenica Kolomb'du. Annesi ise Korsika'lı varlıklı bir ailede doğmuş olan Susanna Fontanarossa'dır. Bartolomeo,  Giovanni Pellegrino ve Giacomo olmak üzere üç erkek ve Bianchinetta adında bir kız kardeşi vardı.

1473'te Kolomb, Cenova'da bulunan Centurione, Di Negro ve Spinola aileleri için iş acentesi olarak çıraklığa başladı.1476 Mayıs'ında Cenova tarafından Kuzey Avrupa'ya değerli yük taşımak için gönderilen silahlı bir konvoyda yer aldı. İngiltere'nin Bristol ve İrlanda'nın Galway kentlerinde demirledi. Aynı zamanda 1477'de İzlanda'da olduğu da düşünülmektedir. 1477 Sonbaharında bir Portekiz gemisi ile Galway'dan Lizbon'a gittiği, burada kardeşi Bartolomeo'yu bulduğu ve Centurione ailesi adına ticaret yapmaya devam ettikleri bilinmektedir. Ardından Kristof 1477'den 1485'e kadar Lizbon'a yerleşti ve Porto Santo valisinin kızı ve Lombard kökenli bir asilzade olan Filipa Moniz Perestrelo ile evlendi.
1479 veya 1480'de oğlu Diego Columbus dünyaya geldi. 1482 ve 1485 yılları arasında Batı Afrika sahilleri boyunca ticaret yaptı. Gine'de bulunan bir Portekiz ticaret merkezi olan Elmina'ya ulaştı. Bazı kayıtlar Kristof seyahat veya iş için İspanya dışında iken eşi Filipa'nın 1485 yılı civarlarında öldüğünü yazmaktadır (Filipa'nın ölüm tarihi 1478-1485 yılları arasında olduğu düşünülse de hâlâ belirsizdir.). Bunun üzerine Kolomb Portekiz'e geri döndü. Oğlunu ve orada bulunan mal varlığını alarak Portekiz'den ayrıldı ve 1485 yılında İspanya'ya yerleşti. 1487 yılında, 20 yaşında bir yetim olan Beatriz Enriquez de Arana ile tanıştı. Beatriz'in Kolomb ile ilk Cordoba'da karşılaşmış olması muhtemeldir. Bu birliktelikleri sonucu, evlilik dışı olarak 1488 Ağustos'unda Fernando (Ferdinand) Kolomb dünyaya geldi. Ardından büyük ve meşru oğlu olan Diego'yu Beatriz ile ilgilenmesi için bıraktı ancak Diego görevlerinde ihmalkardı.

Dipnotlar ve kaynakça
Notlar

Özel

1451 doğumlular
Cenova doğumlular
1506 yılında ölenler
15. yüzyıl kâşifleri
İtalyan denizciler
İtalyan kâşifler
Amerika'nın kolonileştirilmesi
Deniz tarihi
Coğrafi keşifler
Orta Amerika kâşifleri
1490'larda Küba
15. yüzyılda Karayipler
İspanya'da defnedilenler
Kolomb ailesi
Ceneviz Cumhuriyeti'nde kişiler

Kristof Kolomb


Echo est une mini-série américaine créée par Marion Dayre et prévue pour le  sur le service de streaming Disney+. Elle est basée sur le personnage de Marvel Comics du même nom. Il se déroule dans l'Univers cinématographique Marvel (MCU), partageant la continuité avec les films de la franchise. La série se déroule après les événements de la série Hawkeye (2021), dans le cadre de la phase  du MCU.
Dayre sert de scénariste en chef pour la série avec Sydney Freeland à la tête de l'équipe de réalisation.

Alaqua Cox reprend son rôle de Maya Lopez / Echo de la série Hawkeye, avec Chaske Spencer, Tantoo Cardinal, Devery Jacobs, Cody Lightning, Graham Greene, Zahn McClarnon, Vincent D'Onofrio et Charlie Cox. Le développement du spin-off a commencé en mars 2021, avec Etan et Emily Cohen attachées en tant que scénaristes en chef, et Alaqua Cox a confirmé son retour. La série a été officiellement annoncée en , lorsque Dayre s'est révélée être le scénariste en chef, Freeland devant être à la réalisation d'ici . Le tournage a commencé fin  et durera jusqu'en , se déroulant dans la région métropolitaine d'Atlanta. En , Marvel a révélé d'autres membres de la distribution et que Catriona McKenzie réaliserait certains épisodes de la série.

Synopsis
Après sa rencontre avec Clint Barton à New York, Maya Lopez retourne dans sa ville natale, où elle doit accepter son passé, renouer avec ses racines amérindiennes et embrasser sa famille et sa communauté.

Distribution

 Alaqua Cox : Maya Lopez / Echo
 Zahn McClarnon : William Lopez, le père de Maya
 Vincent D'Onofrio : Wilson Fisk / le Caïd
 Charlie Cox : Matt Murdock / Daredevil
 Chaske Spencer
 Tantoo Cardinal
 Devery Jacobs : Julie
 Cody Lightning
 Graham Greene

Production

Genèse et développement
En , Alaqua Cox a été annoncée comme ayant été choisie pour le personnage de Maya Lopez / Echo dans la série Disney+ de Marvel Studios Hawkeye (2021). En , Marvel Studios était au début du développement d'un spin-off de Hawkeye centré sur Maya Lopez pour Disney+, avec Etan Cohen et Emily Cohen sur le point de l'écrire et de la produire. La série, intitulée Echo, a été officiellement annoncée en , et Marion Dayre était alors scénariste en chef à la place des Cohen. Bert & Bertie, qui ont réalisé l'épisode Echos dans la série Hawkeye dans lequel Maya Lopez est présentée, ne pensaient pas qu'ils seraient impliqués dans la série dérivée et ont estimé qu'il serait approprié que quelqu'un de la communauté amérindienne dise davantage l'histoire du personnage. En , Sydney Freeland a partagé un casting sur sa page Instagram, indiquant son implication dans la série en tant que réalisatrice. Marvel Studios a confirmé Freeland comme réalisatrice en , en annonçant aussi que Catriona McKenzie dirigerait des épisodes de la série. Kevin Feige des Marvel Studios, Louis D'Esposito, Victoria Alonso, Brad Winderbaum, Stephen Broussard et Richie Palmer sont producteurs exécutifs avec Dayre et Jason Gavin, tandis que Freeland est coproductrice exécutif.

Écriture
Une salle d'écriture pour la série avait été formée au moment où le développement du projet a été révélé en . En plus de Dayre, les auteurs de la série incluent Shoshannah Stern, Josh Feldman, Rebecca Roanhorse, Bobby Wilson, Steven Paul Judd, Jason Gavin, Ken Kristensen, Dara Resnik, Jessica Mecklenburg, Kaitlyn Jeffers et Paloma Lamb. Au moins deux épisodes avaient été écrits à la mi-, tandis que l'écriture des autres épisodes se poursuivait. Le directeur de l'emplacement, Ryan Schaetzle, a déclaré que l'histoire se concentrerait sur une petite ville. Marvel a déclaré que la série explorerait les conséquences des actions d'Echo dans Hawkeye et révèlerait son histoire d'origine.

Attribution des rôles
Alaqua Cox devait reprendre son rôle dans la série avec la révélation de son développement en , ce qui a été confirmé avec l'annonce officielle de la série en . En , le casting de la série était en cours, avec Marvel Studios cherchant à choisir des femmes sourdes amérindiennes ou latines. En , il a été révélé que Vincent D'Onofrio et Charlie Cox étaient impliqués dans la série, reprenant leurs rôles de Wilson Fisk / le Caïd et Matt Murdock / Daredevil des séries précédentes. À la fin du mois, Devery Jacobs a rejoint la série pour un rôle non divulgué, en fait un personnage principal nommé Julie, que Deadline Hollywood a décrite comme "résiliente et volontaire". En , Marvel a confirmé le casting de Jacobs et a annoncé que Chaske Spencer, Tantoo Cardinal, Cody Lightning et Graham Greene joueraient également dans la série, avec Zahn McClarnon reprenant son rôle de père d'Echo, William Lopez, vu dans Hawkeye.

En , Marvel Studios cherchait à recruter des silhouettes et des figurants, en particulier des Amérindiens, pour deux vagues de tournage. Le premier groupe d'environ trente personnes représenterait un "groupe central" de citadins, tandis que le casting de fond pour les danseurs et chanteurs de pow-wow était également en cours.

Costume
Stacy Caballero est la costumière de la série, après avoir travaillé sur les films Thor : Ragnarok (2017) et Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022) en tant qu'assistante costumière.

Tournage
Le Tournage a commencé le , dans toute la région métropolitaine d'Atlanta, à Atlanta, et devait se produire le long du Great Walton Railroad à Social Circle, en Géorgie ce mois-là, avec Freeland et McKenzie réalisant. Le tournage devait également avoir lieu dans et autour de Peachtree City, en Géorgie, de fin avril à fin . La série sera filmée en utilisant les titres de travail Whole Branzino et Grasshopper. Le tournage devait auparavant commencer en , ainsi que début avril. Le tournage établissant des plans pour deux épisodes à Grantville, en Géorgie, du 16 au , dans différentes rues de la ville, le château d'eau de Grantville et le château de Bonnie. Le tournage en dehors d'Atlanta aura lieu avec le premier groupe de figurants vers le , avec le deuxième groupe pendant trois semaines en juillet, et avec les danseurs et chanteurs figurants pendant environ deux à trois semaines en juillet. Le tournage avec le premier groupe de figurants durera jusqu'en .

Le , Alaqua Cox poste une capture d'écran de sa conversation avec son père dans sa story Instagram dans laquelle elle lui dit qu'ils ont « terminé Echo ». Par conséquent, le tournage serait donc terminé.

Fiche technique

 Titre original et français : Echo
 Création : Marion Dayre, d'après les personnages créés par David W. Mack et Joe Quesada

 Producteurs exécutifs : Kevin Feige, Louis D'Esposito, Victoria Alonso, Brad Winderbaum, Stephen Broussard, Richie Palmer, Marion Dayre et Jason Gavin
 Société de production : Marvel Studios
 Société de distribution : Disney Media Distribution
 Budget :
 Diffuseur : Disney+
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue d'origine : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genres : super-héros
 Durée :
 Date de diffusion :

Épisodes
La série est constituée de cinq épisodes, réalisés par Sydney Freeland et Catriona McKenzie.

Liste des épisodes

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Univers cinématographique Marvel

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2023
Série télévisée américaine des années 2020
Série télévisée de Disney+
Mini-série américaine
Série télévisée adaptée de Marvel Comics
Série télévisée de l'univers cinématographique Marvel
Série télévisée de super héros
Série télévisée fantastique
Série télévisée de fantasy
Série télévisée en anglais

Echo (série télévisée)


Philodendron grandifolium, tipična vrsta roda filodendron. Domovina mu je tropski sjever Južne Amerike (Kolumbija, Venezuela, Gvajana, Surinam, Francuska Gijana).

Penjačica je i prvenstveno raste u vlažnom tropskom biomima.

Sinonimi
 Arum grandifolium Jacq.
 Caladium grandifolium (Jacq.) Willd.
 Philodendron hookeri Schott
 Telipodus grandifolius (Jacq.) Raf.

Izvori

Philodendreae

Philodendron grandifolium


Det som skjules i sneen (svensk original titel Det som göms i snö, engelsk titel The Truth Will Out) er en svensk dramaserie på 8 afsnit skrevet af Hans Jörnlind, Aaron Levander og Leif G.W. Persson og produceret af Yellow Bird. Serien havde premiere den 21. august 2018 på den svenske Kanal 5, og den blev senere købt og udgivet af Viaplay. Serien havde premiere i Danmark den 3. oktober 2018.

Baggrund
Det som skjules i sneen var et tv-comeback fra G. W. Persson. Krimiserien er baseret på en virkelig historie, som handler om Sture Ragner Bergwell (som i en årrække kunne kendes som Thomas Quick) og Quick-historien. Dette var noget, som fangede den svenske opmærksomhed, da Thomas Quick dengang var kendt som en af Nordens første seriemordere, da han igennem 1990'erne erklærede sig skyldig i mere end 30 mord i både Sverige, Norge og Danmark. I 2001 blev Quick dømt for et sidste mord, hvilket han endte med at blive sat i isolation for. Det var på dette tidspunkt, at han skiftede navn til Sture Ragner Bergwell. Dog endte sagen i en kæmpe retsskandale, da Bergwell blev frikendt for i alt fem mord. Det viste sig, at Bergwell løj om sine drab for at få ubegrænset ret til medicin..

I serien bliver der ikke lagt vægt på våben og biljagt, men derimod den følelsesmæssige kraft. Tolkning på blikke, stilhed og tanker vægter højere end det sagte. På baggrund af netop dette, er det også usædvanligt at se Robert Gustafsson i hovedrollen, da han er en af Sveriges allerstørste komikere, og som tidligere har fået titlen som "Sveriges sjoveste mand".

Handling

Peter Wendel bliver sat i ledelsen for Stockholms henlagte sager. Hans første sag bliver en opfølgning på et gammel tilfælde, hvor en seriemorder menes, at være uskyldig i ifølge morderens advokat Roland Eklund.
Kort efter findes Eklund dræbt i sin bil. Wendel bliver bekendt med at mordvåbnet, der er brugt til at slå Eklund ihjel, er en kniv fra hans hjem. Wendel bliver herved meget nervøs for at blive anklaget. Retsteknikerne finder dog hurtigt ud af at ingen af fingeraftrykkene som er at finde på gerningsstedet matcher med Wendel, men derimod med en Lars-Åke Wall. Sammen med liget på advokaten Eklund, finder politiet en seddel, hvorpå der står: "Klas Levén lyver", Levén er den seriemorder Eklund var forsvarende advokat mod.
Jagten går nu ind på, at finde morderen Lars-Åke Wall, som også var hovedmistænkt for mordet på Fredika Jensen. Dog mener justitsministeren Björn Stenius ikke, at det er Wall, der står bag Fredika Jensens død, men holder fast på, at det er Levén, dette gør han for ikke at tabe ansigt foran hele nationen.
Midt i politiets efterforskning viser det sig, at Wall er blevet myrdet og hans lig har været skjult i en brønd. Med dette er politiet igen på bar bund med hensyn til efterforskningen af Eklunds morder. Wendel og hans kollega Barbro vender derfor blikket mod hovedvidnet Mikael Ström, som var vidne i Fredika Jensen sagen.
Wendel er overbevist om, at Ström har begået mordene på Eklund og Fredika, men han mangler blot beviser. Derfor bruger han alt sin tid, på at undersøge omkring Ströms baggrund samt overvåge ham hvert minut. Dette ender så med, at Wendel bliver taget af sagen midlertidig,
Da Lévens tidligere psykolog pludselig forsvinder, bryder Wendel sit orlov og undersøger selv videre i sagen. Samtidig bliver justitsministeren kidnappet, og det er nu et spørgsmål om tid for Wendel at afsløre Ström.
De fleste af de personer, som optræder i Det som skjules i sneen er spejlbilleder af personer fra den virkelige Quick-sag. Göran Lambertz, som var retsofficer omkring undersøgelserne af Thomas Quick, kan findes i karakteren Björn Stenius. Navnet Stenius kommer fra journalisten Yrsa Stenius, som var en af dem, som forsvarede dommene imod Quick . Anklageren Christer van der Kwast og politibetjenten Seppo Pentinen, skulle ligeledes kunne findes i serien forklædt i andre navne. Til sidst kan vi se ligeledes se Quicks psykolog Margit Norells spejlbillede i karakteren Lena Wallberg.

Modtagelse

Modtagelsen af Det der skjules i sneen har været rigtig god. Dette kan tydeligt ses, da den kan findes i flere forskellige lande (Danmark, Sverige, Norge, Polen, England og USA). Derover har den fået rimelig pæne ratings på IMDB, serien har overordnet set fået en rating på 7.3/10, men hvert afsnit er blevet bedømt med ratings over det:

Afsnit 1: 7.4/10

Afsnit 2: 7.7/10

Afsnit 3: 7.5/10

Afsnit 4: 7.8/10

Afsnit 5: 7.6/10

Afsnit 6: 7.9/10

Afsnit 7: 8.1/10

Afsnit 8: 7.6/10

Ud over de pæne scorer hos IMDB gav expressen.se Det som skjules i sneen en tredje plads over årets (2018) 10 bedste svenske serier. Med til tredje pladsen lød kommentaren: "fængslende og givende, med Robert Gustafssons nøjeregnende skuespil – der er virkelig noget at se – et eksklusivt manuskript med visuelle nuancer på det hjemmevante samt det fremmede i centrum"
På trods af de flotte anmeldelser, ser det dog ikke ud til, at Det som skjules i sneen får sig en sæson 2. I et interview blev Robert Gustafsson spurgt, om han kunne være interesseret i at spille Peter Wendel igen. Til dette svarede han, at det afhang af, om G. W. Persson kunne finde en anden historie med lignende paralleller til virkelige begivenheder .

Medvirkende
Robert Gustafsson: Peter Wendel
Maria Sundbom: Ann-Marie Wendel
Louise Peterhoff: Caijsa Bergholm
Christopher Wagelin: Jorma Virtanen
Maria Christina Langhammer (kendt som Ia Langhammer): Barbro Svensson
Erik Johansson: Marcus Johansson
Thomas W. Gabrielsson: Temo Björkman
Johan Ulveson: Björn Stenius
Ingela Olsson: Ulla Ståhlnacke
Peter Carlberg: Mikael Ström
Tyra Olin: Vera Wendel
Anders Ahlbom Rosendahl: Stefan Kvarnholt
Eva Fritjofson: Kristina Svensson
Annika Hallin: Lena Wahlberg

Kilder og henvisninger

Tv-serier fra Sverige

Det som skjules i sneen


An Lueckelia breviloba in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Rudolph Jenny. An Lueckelia breviloba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lueckelia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lueckelia

Lueckelia breviloba


Lys hornnæb () er en næsehornsfugl, der lever i det sydøstlige Asien.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Sydøstasien
Næsehornsfugle

Lys hornnæb


An Masdevallia cocapatae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Luer, Teague ngan Roberto Vásquez. An Masdevallia cocapatae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia cocapatae


Julian Alexander Bream  (15 July 193314 August 2020) was an English classical guitarist and lutenist. Regarded as one of the most distinguished classical guitarists of the 20th century, he played a significant role in improving the public perception of the classical guitar as a respectable instrument. Over the course of a career that spanned more than half a century, Bream also helped revive interest in the lute.

Early years
Bream was born in Battersea, London, England, to Henry and Violet Jessie (née Wright) Bream. At the age of two he moved with his family to Hampton in London, where he was brought up in a musical environment. His father was a commercial artist and an amateur jazz guitarist, who was unable to read music but had a finely attuned ear and could play a lot of popular music. His mother, a homemaker of Scottish descent, had a warm and loving personality, but no interest in music. His parents divorced when he was 14. His grandmother owned a pub in Battersea, and Bream spent much time there during his youth. The young Bream was impressed by the playing of Django Reinhardt; he  later named his dog "Django". Bream played the piano and cello as a child and Reinhardt inspired Bream to take up guitar.

Bream began his lifelong association with the guitar by strumming along on his father's jazz guitar at an early age to dance music on the radio. He became frustrated with his lack of knowledge of jazz harmony, so read instruction books by Eddie Lang to teach himself. His father taught him the basics. The president of the Philharmonic Society of Guitarists, Boris Perott, gave Bream further lessons, while his father became the society librarian, giving young Bream access to a large collection of rare music.

On his 11th birthday, Bream was given a small gut-strung Spanish guitar by his father. He became something of a child prodigy, at 12 winning a junior exhibition award for his piano playing, enabling him to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music. He made his debut guitar recital at Cheltenham on 17 February 1947, aged 13; in 1951, he debuted at Wigmore Hall.

Bream's father had reservations about his pursuing classical guitar. He claimed Bream would find it difficult to earn a living unless he played jazz or something similarly modern. His father's remarks made Bream more persistent and committed to becoming a professional classical guitarist. Bream played the guitar first, then the piano for his audition at the Royal College of Music, even though the guitar was not taught at the institution at the time. When the college accepted Bream, he was advised not to bring his guitar. Bream brought along his guitar regardless as he played for late-night performances. When the school's director discovered he was playing the guitar in one of the school's practice rooms, Bream was asked again to leave his guitar at home. Bream's response to the request was to leave the college.

Leaving the RCM in 1952, Bream was called up into the army for national service. He was originally drafted into the Pay Corps, but managed to sign up for the Royal Artillery Band after six months. This required him to be stationed in Woolwich, which allowed him to moonlight regularly in London with the guitar.

Career

After three and half years in the army, he took any musical jobs that came his way, including background music for radio plays and films. Recording sessions and work for the BBC were important to Bream throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s. He played part of a recital at the Wigmore Hall on the lute in 1952. Bream pursued a busy career playing around the world. His first European tours took place in 1954 and 1955, followed (beginning in 1958) by extensive touring in the Far East, India, Australia, the Pacific Islands and many other parts of the world. His first North America tour was in 1959. 1960 saw the formation of the Julian Bream Consort, a period-instrument ensemble with Bream as lutenist. The consort led a great revival of interest in the music of the Elizabethan era. In 1963, Bream performed for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston with the US debut of his Consort.

In addition to master classes, Bream was a tutor of the music summer school at Dartington.

Later career

In 1984, Bream seriously injured his right arm in a car accident.

In 1991, BBC Radio and TV broadcast Bream's BBC Prom performance of Malcolm Arnold's Guitar Concerto. He also participated in a recital and concerto performances of works by Toru Takemitsu at the Japan Festival in London with the London Symphony Orchestra.

During the 1992–93 season he performed on two occasions at the Wigmore Hall – at their Gala Re-opening Festival, and at a special concert celebrating his 60th birthday. In the same period, he toured the Far East, visiting Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan, and performed the premiere of Leo Brouwer's arrangement for guitar and orchestra of Albéniz's Iberia at the Proms. In 1994 Bream made debuts in both Turkey and Israel to great acclaim, and the following year played for the soundtrack to the Hollywood film Don Juan DeMarco.

In 1997, in celebration of the 50th anniversary of his debut, he performed a recital at Cheltenham Town Hall. A few weeks later, the BBC dedicated a television tribute This Is Your Life programme to Bream, filmed after a commemorative concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London.

Other engagements around that time included a gala solo performance at the Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool; a Kosovo Aid concert at St. John's, Smith Square, London, with the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields; recitals at the Snape Proms, Aldeburgh, and at the Norfolk and Norwich Festival; and a tour of National Trust properties in summer and autumn 2000.

In November 2001 he gave an anniversary recital at Wigmore Hall, celebrating 50 years since his debut there in 1951.  His final recital was at Maddermarket Theatre, Norwich, on 6 May 2002.

Style and influences
Bream's recitals were wide-ranging, including transcriptions from the 17th century, many pieces by Bach arranged for guitar, popular Spanish pieces, and contemporary music, for much of which he was the inspiration. He stated that he was influenced by the styles of Andrés Segovia and Francisco Tárrega. Bream had some "sessions" with Segovia but did not actually study with him. Segovia provided a personal endorsement and scholarship request to assist Bream in taking further formal music studies.  Bream's work showed that the guitar could be capably utilized in English, French, and German music.

Bream's playing can be characterised as virtuosic and highly expressive, with an eye for details, and with strong use of contrasting timbres. He did not consistently hold his right-hand fingers at right angles to the strings, but used a less rigid hand position for tonal variety.

Bream met Igor Stravinsky in Toronto, Canada, in 1965. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade the composer to write a composition for the lute and played a pavane by Dowland for him. The meeting between Bream and Stravinsky, including Bream's impromptu playing, was filmed by the National Film Board of Canada in making a documentary about the composer.

Recordings
Bream recorded extensively for RCA Victor and EMI Classics. These recordings won him several awards, including four Grammy Awards, two for Best Chamber Music Performance and two for Best Classical Performance. RCA also released The Ultimate Guitar Collection, a multi-CD set commemorating his birthday in 1993.

Despite his importance as a classical guitarist, however, many of his RCA recordings (including the series of 20th-century guitar music) were out of print for several years.  In 2011, RCA released My Favorite Albums, a 10-CD set of albums chosen by Julian Bream himself.  In 2013, RCA issued Julian Bream: The Complete RCA Album Collection, a 40-CD set which also includes two DVDs with The Lively Arts – Julian Bream:  A Life in the Country, the 1976 BBC film; and four BBC shows:  Omnibus:  Anniversary of Sir William Walton [1982], The Julian Bream Consort (1961), Monitor – Film Profile of Julian Bream [1962], and The Julian Bream Consort (1964).

Television and video
A film, A Life in the Country, was first shown on BBC TV in 1976. In it, the narrator and Bream discuss his beginnings and his life as a concert guitarist.  Bream also presented a series of four master-classes for guitarists on BBC TV.

In 1984 he made eight film segments on location in Spain for Channel 4. The collection of segments ¡Guitarra! A Musical Journey Through Spain explored historical perspectives of Spanish guitar music.

The 2003 DVD video profile Julian Bream: My Life in Music contains three hours of interviews and performances. It has been declared by Graham Wade "the finest film contribution ever to the classic guitar" and it became "Gramophone DVD of the year".

Dedications and collaborations
Many composers worked with Bream, and among those who dedicated pieces to him were Malcolm Arnold, Richard Rodney Bennett, Benjamin Britten, Leo Brouwer, Peter Racine Fricker, Hans Werner Henze, Humphrey Searle, Toru Takemitsu, Michael Tippett, William Walton and Peter Maxwell Davies. Britten's Nocturnal is one of the most famous pieces in the classical guitar repertoire and was written with Bream specifically in mind. It is an unusual set of variations on John Dowland's "Come, Heavy Sleep" (which is played in its original form at the close of the piece).

Bream also took part in many collaborations, including work with Peter Pears on Elizabethan music for lute and voice, and three records of guitar duets with John Williams.

Personal life
Bream's first wife was Margaret, daughter of the writer Henry Williamson, with whom he adopted a son.  After their divorce he married Isabel Sanchez in 1980. That marriage also ended in divorce.

He lived for over 40 years at Broad Oak House, a Georgian farmhouse in Semley, Wiltshire from 1966 until 2008. In 2009 he moved to a smaller house in the neighbouring village of Donhead St Andrew. Bream was keen on the game of cricket and was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club.

Bream died on 14 August 2020, at his home at Donhead St Andrew, at the age of 87.

Pieces written for Bream
Many compositions were written for Bream, including:

 Reginald Smith Brindle: Nocturne for Guitar Solo (1946)
 Reginald Smith Brindle: El Polifemo de Oro (1956)
 Lennox Berkeley: Sonatina, Op. 52, No. 1 (1957)
 Benjamin Britten: Songs from the Chinese for high voice and guitar, Op. 58 (1957)
 Hans Werner Henze: Drei Tentos (Kammermusik 1958)
 Denis ApIvor: Variations for Guitar, Op. 29 (1958)
 Tristram Cary: Sonata (1959)
 Malcolm Arnold: Concerto for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra, Op. 67 (1959)
 Benjamin Britten: Nocturnal after John Dowland, Op. 70 (1963)
 Richard Rodney Bennett: Impromptus (1968)
 Tom Eastwood: Ballade-Phantasy (1968)
 Peter Racine Fricker: Paseo (1969)
 Reginald Smith Brindle: Variants on two themes of J. S. Bach (1970)
 Richard Rodney Bennett: Guitar Concerto (1970)
 Malcolm Arnold: Fantasy, Op. 107 (1971)
 Alan Rawsthorne: Elegy (1971)
 William Walton: Five Bagatelles (1972)
 David Lord: Soliloquy (1973)
 Humphrey Searle: Five (1974)
 Lennox Berkeley: Guitar Concerto, Op. 88 (1974)
 Hans Werner Henze: Royal Winter Music (first sonata, 1976)
 Giles Swayne: Suite, Op. 21 (1976)
 Peter Maxwell Davies: Hill Runes (1981)
 Michael Berkeley: Sonata in One Movement (1982)
 Richard Rodney Bennett: Sonata (1983)
 Michael Tippett: The Blue Guitar (1984)
 Giles Swayne: Solo for Guitar (1986)
 Leo Brouwer: Concerto elegiaco (Guitar Concerto No. 3) (1986)
 Toru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987)
 Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990)
 Peter Maxwell Davies: Sonata (1990)
 Toru Takemitsu: Muir Woods (In the Woods) (1996)
 Harrison Birtwistle: Construction with Guitar Player: Beyond the White Hand (2013) (Commissioned by the Julian Bream Trust)
 Leo Brouwer: Ars Combinatoria (Sonata No. 5) (2013) (commissioned by the Julian Bream Trust)

Awards and recognitions
 1964: Officer of the Order of the British Empire
 1964: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance at the Grammy Awards of 1964 for Evening of Elizabethan Music performed by the Julian Bream Consort
 1966: Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music
 1967: Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra) at the Grammy Awards of 1967 for Baroque Guitar (Works of Bach, Sanz, Weiss, etc.)
 1968: Honorary Doctorate from the University of Surrey
 1968: Edison Award
 1972: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra) at the Grammy Awards of 1972 for André Previn (conductor), Julian Bream & the London Symphony Orchestra for Villa-Lobos: Concerto for Guitar
 1973: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance at the Grammy Awards of 1973 for Julian Bream & John Williams for Julian and John (Works by Lawes, Carulli, Albéniz, Granados)
 1974: Edison Award
 1976: Villa-Lobos Gold Medal (presented by the composer's widow)
 1981: Fellowship of the Royal College of Music
 1983: Fellowship of the Royal Northern College of Music
 1984: Honorary Doctorate from the University of Leeds
 1985: Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 1988: Honorary Member of the Royal Philharmonic Society
 1996: Royal Philharmonic Society Instrumentalist's Award
 1999: Doctor of Philosophy from London Guildhall University
 2009: Honorary Doctorate from the Open University
 2013: Gramophone Classical Music Awards – Lifetime Achievement

Discography

LPs
Recordings by Bream include:
 The Art Of Julian Bream (November 1960), RCA Victor LSC-2448
 Guitar Concertos (January 1961), RCA Victor LSC-2487
 The Golden Age of English Lute Music (September 1961), RCA Victor LDS-2560
 An Evening Of Elizabethan Music (1963), RCA Victor LDS-2656 (reissued March 1971 as LSC-3195)
 Julian Bream: Rodrigo, Vivaldi Concertos,  Britten Dances from "Gloriana" (1964), RCA Victor LSC-2730
 20th Century Guitar, RCA Victor LSC-2964
 70s,  RCA ARL1-0049
 Dedication, RCA ARL1-5034
 Julian Bream Plays Dowland, CLP 1726
 A Bach Recital for the Guitar, Westminster CLP 1929
 Baroque Guitar (1966), RCA
 The Classical Guitar (3 – LP set), Westminster WMS −1029
 Collection of the Greatest Performances of Julian Bream, Vol. II, Westminster
 Concertos for Lute and Orchestra, RCA ARL1-1180
 Dances of Dowland, RCA LSC-2987
 Elizabethan Lute Songs, RCA LSC-3131
 Elizabethan Music by The Julian Bream Consort, RCA LSC-3195
 The Golden Age of English Lute Music, RCA LSC-3196 RCA LD-2560
 J.S. Bach Lute Suites Nos. 1 and 2 (1966), RCA LSC-2896
 Julian & John, 1972 RCA LSC-3257
 Julian & John/2, 1974 RCA ARL1-0456
 Julian Bream's Greatest Hits, Westminster
 Julian Bream's Greatest Hits Volume Two, Westminster 9008-8185
 Lute Music of John Dowland, RCA ARL1-1491
 John Dowland: 14 Lute Pieces, Westminster W-9079
 Music for Voice and Guitar with Peter Pears, RCA LSC-2718
 Popular Classics for Spanish Guitar, RCA
 Rodrigo: Concerto De Aranjuez, Berkeley Guitar Concerto (1975), RCA
 Sonatas for Lute and Harpsichord—Bach, Vivaldi with George Malcolm, RCA LSC-3100
 Villa-Lobos, Twelve Etudes for Guitar, Suite populaire bresillienne (1978), RCA
 Julian Bream, The Art of the Spanish Guitar (1970) RCA SRS 3002
 The Woods So Wild, RCA LSC-3331
 ¡Guitarra!: The Guitar in Spain (1985), RCA (contains material not on the CD)

CDs
 Fret Works (1990), MCA
 Guitarra: The Guitar in Spain (1990), RCA
 Joaquin Rodrigo: Concerto Elegiaco/Fantasia Para Un Gentilhombre (1990), RCA
 Julian Bream plays Bach (1990), RCA
 Julian Bream Plays Granados & Albéniz (Music of Spain, Volume Five) (1990), RCA
 Music of Spain, Vol. 7 (1990), RCA
 Two Loves with Peggy Ashcroft (1990), RCA
 Baroque Guitar (1991), RCA
 La Guitarra Romantica (1991), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Villa-Lobos: Preludes (1991), RCA
 Romantic Guitar (1991), RCA
 Baroque Guitar (1993), RCA
 A Celebration of Andrés Segovia—Bream (1993), RCA
 Highlights from the Julian Bream Edition (1993), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Fantasía para un gentilhombre No1-5 (1993), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Takemitsu: To the Edge of Dream with Simon Rattle and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (1993), Capitol
 Together/Julian Bream & John Williams (1993), RCA
 Together Again/ Julian Bream & John Williams (1993), RCA
 Villa-Lobos: Guitar Concerto; Preludes; Etudes with André Previn and the London Symphony Orchestra (1993), BMG International
 Bach Guitar Recital (1994), EMI Classics
 Bach: Lute Suites, Trio Sonatas (1994), RCA
 Guitar Concertos (1994), RCA
 Julian Bream Consort, Vol. 6 (1994), RCA
 Music of Spain (1994), RCA
 Popular Classics for Spanish Guitar (1994), RCA
 Romantic Guitar (1994), RCA
 Sonata (1995), Angel
 20th Century Guitar I (1996), RCA
 The Golden Age of English Lute Music (1996), RCA
 Music for Voice & Guitar (1996), RCA
 Music of Spain: Milán, Narváez (1996), RCA
 Popular Classics for the Spanish Guitar (1997), RCA
 Julian Bream Edition, Volume 1: The Golden Age of English Lute Music (28 CDs) (1998), RCA
 The Romantic Hours (1998), RCA
 Spain—Sor, Vol. 24 (1998), BMG Classics
 Guitar Concertos (1999), RCA
 Guitar Music by Albeniz, Vivaldi, Rodrigo & Grandos (2 CDs) (1999), RCA Classics/BMG
 Woods So Wild (1999), RCA
 Nocturnal: Martin, Britten, Brouwer, Lutoslavski (2000), EMI
 The Ultimate Guitar Collection (2 CDs) (2000), RCA
 Duos de Guitares with John Williams (2001), RCA
 Spanish Guitar Music (remastered) (2001), Deutsche Grammophon
 Spanish Guitar Recital (2001), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Fantasía para un gentilhombre; Tres piezas espanolas; invocacion y danza (remastered) (2004), RCA
 Spanish Guitar Recital (2004),
 Guitar Recital: Bach, Sor, Turina, Tippet, Schubert (2005), Testament
 Music of Spain (2005), RCA
 Elizabethan Lute Songs, Decca
 Julian Bream & Friends, Musical Heritage Society
 Lute Music from the Royal Courts of Europe, BMG Classics
 Music of Spain: The Classical Heritage, RCA
 My Favorite Albums, RCA/Sony Classical

References

Sources

  Photographs by Daniel Meadows, includes discography (pp. 204–16)

External links

 Website at www.julianbreamguitar.com
 Biography  at julianbreamguitar.com
 Julian Bream at myspace.com
 Biography at hazardchase.co.uk (Archive)
 Interview at gramophone.co.uk
 LP covers at Oviatt Library Digital Collections

1933 births
2020 deaths
Military personnel from London
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Benjamin Britten
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English classical guitarists
English male guitarists
English lutenists
English people of Scottish descent
Grammy Award winners
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Musicians from London
People from Battersea
British performers of early music
RCA Victor artists
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Army Pay Corps soldiers
Royal Artillery personnel

Julian Bream


بَفلوفة هي حلوى سميت باسم راقصة الباليه الروسية الشهيرة آنا بافولوفا، الحلوى هي ذات شكل متموج من الخارج لكنها خفيفة ورقيقة من الداخل.
يعتقد أن هذه الحلوى قد صنعت خصيصا لتكريم الراقصة خلال رحلتها إلى نيوزيلندا وأستراليا. يعد الموطن الأصلي لهذه الحلوى مصدر جدال ونزاع بين كل من الدولتين.
تعد هذه الحلوى إحدى الأطباق الشعبية وأحد الأطباق الهامة في المطبخ في كل من أستراليا ونيوزيلندا.
ولسهولة وصفتها، تقدم كثيراً خلال وجبات الاحتفالات والعُطل. ويعرف هذا النوع من الحلوى غالباً في فصل الصيف، إلا أنه يتم تناوله طوال السنة في كثير من البيوت الأسترالية والنيوزيلاندية.

التحضير

المقادير:
بياض أربع بيضات
ملعقة صغيرة من عصير الليمون أو الخل
220 غرام سكر (يفضل سكر بودرة)

الطريقة :
يخفق بياض البيض جيدا وبسرعة عالية حتى يبدأ في التكتل وكلما زدنا مدة الخفق كلما كان أفضل حتى يدخل الهواء إلى المزيج ويساعد في انتفاخه.

يضاف السكر ببطء ويخفق حتى يذوب السكر تماما.. يجب التأكد من ذوبان السكر تماما حتى تنجح هذه الوصفة، وذلك عن طريق فرك المزيج بين الأصابع.. إذا أحسست بأي حبيبات للسكر أعد الخفق مرة أخرى. يصب المزيج فوق صينية مغطاة بورق الزبدة، ويدخل في فرن حرارته 150 لمدة نصف ساعة، ثم تخفف الحرارة إلى 120 ويترك ل 45 دقيقة أخرى.
تترك البَفلوفة في الفرن وبابه مفتوح حتى تبرد ثم تزين بالكريمة والفاكهة الموسمية.

البَفلوفة وحملة نيوزيلندا الإعلامية

في عام 2007 قامت شركة NZI للتأمين بعمل حملة إعلامية شاملة لتسليط الضوء على الرموز التاريخية في نيوزيلندا وكانت بَفلوفة من بين هذه الرموز (شركة NZI شركة أسترالية).

أكبر بَفلوفة في العالم

احتفل متحف تى بابا الوطني بمدينة ولينغتون النيوزيلاندية في عام 1999 بصنع أكبر بَفلوفة في العالم، وسميت باسم بافزيلا على غرار جودزيلا. قام بتقطيع البافزيلا رئيس الوزراء النيوزيلاندي في ذلك الوقت جيني شيبلي.

انظر أيضاً
 مطبخ نيوزلندي
 بسكويت أفغاني
 أوزة استعمارية

مراجع

أطباق وطنية
حلويات أسترالية
كعكات
مطبخ أسترالي
مطبخ عيد الميلاد
مطبخ نيوزيلندي

بافلوفا (طعام)