Bilgisayar biliminde fonksiyonel programlama programların fonksiyonları uygulayarak ve oluşturarak yapıldığı bir programlama paradigmasıdır.

Fonksiyon tanımlarının, programın çalışma durumunu güncelleyen bir dizi zorunlu ifade yerine, değerleri diğer değerlerle eşleyen ifade ağaçları olduğu bildirimsel programlama paradigmasıdır.

Fonksiyonel programlamada fonksiyonlar birinci sınıf vatandaşlar olarak ele alınır, yani adlara (yerel tanımlayıcılar dahil) bağlanabilir, bağımsız değişkenler olarak iletilebilir ve tıpkı diğer veri tipleri gibi diğer işlevlerden döndürülebilir. Bu, programların küçük fonksiyonların modüler şekilde birleştirildiği bildirimsel ve birleştirilebilir tarzda yazılmasına imkan verir.

Fonksiyonel programlama, yalnızca fonksiyonların kullanılmasıyla yazılmış programlardır. Fonksiyonel programların tipik özellikleri:
 Atama deyimi bulunmaz. Değişkenlerin değeri bir kere verildi mi, bir daha değişmez.
 Yan etkiler yoktur. Bir fonksiyonu çağırmak kendi sonucunu hesaplamaktan başka bir etki üretmez.

Dış bağlantılar
 Why Functional Programming Matters

Fonksiyonel programlama


Ettore Beggiato (* 4. August 1954 in Campiglia dei Berici) ist ein italienischer Politiker, Historiker und Buchautor. Er war Abgeordneter im Regionalrat der Region Venetien (1985–2000) und Abgeordneter in der Provinz Vicenza (1985–1987 und 2002–2007). Von 1983 bis 1985 bekleidete er das Amt eines Regionalrates in der Region Venetien.

Leben
Ettore Beggiato war Parteisekretär der Liga Veneta in der Provinz Vicenza von 1981 bis 1987. Er war Gründer der l'Union del Popolo Veneto, Generalsekretär der Liga Veneta Repubblica und ist verantwortlich für die politische Bewegung Progetto Nordest in der Region Venetien.

Ettore Beggiato ist Ehrenbürger der Gemeinde Serafina Corrêa im Bundesstaat Rio Grande do Sul in Brasilien.

Werke (Auswahl)
 La lotta dei Veneti contro lo stato italiano
 1866: la grande truffa - Il plebiscito di annessione del Veneto all'Italia, Editoria Universitaria Venezia (2007)
 1809: l'insorgenza veneta. La lotta contro Napoleone nella Terra di San Marco, Il Cerchio (2009) ISBN 88-8474-210-2
 L'unità divisa 1861 - 2011: parla l'Italia reale, Il Cerchio (2010) ISBN 978-88-8474-229-2
 Il Senno di poi - L'unità d'Italia vista 150 anni dopo, Il Cerchio (2011) ISBN 978-88-8474-271-1
 Lissa, l'ultima vittoria della Serenissima (20 liglio 1866), Il Cerchio (2012) ISBN 88-8474-317-6

Weblinks
 Ettore Beggiato offizielle Website
 Buchvorstellung: Freiheitskampf in Venetien 1809
 Veneto Libaro
 Katholisches Magazin für Kirche und Kultur Fra Diavolo und der (vergessene) katholische Widerstand gegen Revolution, Jakobiner und Napoleon

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Venetien)
Ehrenbürger in Brasilien
Italiener
Geboren 1954
Mann

Ettore Beggiato


أحداث السابع من أيار 2008 هي أحداث جرت في العاصمة اللبنانية بيروت وبعض مناطق جبل لبنان بين المعارضة والموالاة. تعتبر ميدانياً الأكثر خطورة وعنفاً منذ انتهاء الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية عام 1990. وكانت إثر صدور قرارين من مجلس الوزراء اللبناني بمصادرة شبكة الاتصالات التابعة لسلاح الإشارة الخاص بحزب الله وإقالة قائد جهاز أمن مطار بيروت الدولي العميد وفيق شقير. الأمر الذي اعتبرته المعارضة تجاوزا للبيان الوزاري الذي يدعم المقاومة. ولما كانت الحكومة تعتبر في نظر المعارضة حينها «غير شرعية» بسبب تجاوزها لميثاق العيش المشترك، استعملت القوة لردع الحكومة، إلا أنها توقفت بعد سحب الحكومة للقرارين محل النزاع.
في 2020، اعترف وليد جنبلاط بمسؤوليته عن الأحداث، مشيرًا إلى أنه «افتعل 7 أيار».

الأسباب

 صدور بيان أول عن الحكومة اللبنانية جاء فيه أن مجلس الوزراء برئاسة فؤاد السنيورة قرر اعتبار «شبكة الاتصالات الهاتفية التي أقامها حزب الله غير شرعية وغير قانونية وتشكل اعتداء على سيادة الدولة والمال العام». وقررت إطلاق الملاحقات الجزائية ضد جميع الأفراد والهيئات والشركات والأحزاب والجهات التي تثبت مسؤوليتها في مد هذه الشبكة. مشيرة إلى وجود دور إيراني على هذا الصعيد.
 صدور بيان ثاني عن الحكومة اللبنانية قررت فيه إقالة قائد جهاز أمن مطار بيروت الدولي العميد (وفيق شقير) من منصبه، وإعادته إلى ملاك الجيش. وذلك بعد بحث قامت به الحكومة اللبنانية في الاتهامات التي وجهها النائب (وليد جنبلاط) أحد أقطاب تحالف 14 آذار ضد حزب الله.

تفاصيل الأحداث

أصدر مجلس الوزراء القرارين في الوقت الذي كانت تعتبر فيه حكومته «غير شرعية» من قبل المعارضة لخروجها عن ميثاق العيش المشترك الذي كفله الدستور وذلك لكون الطائفة الشيعية غير ممثلة في الحكومة باستقالة وزرائها احتجاجاً على عدد من التصرفات التي قامت بها الحكومة أثناء وبعد حرب تموز اعتبرتها المقاومة «تصب في صالح إسرائيل»، وعدم وجود أي تمثيل وزاري لأكبر كتلة نيابية مسيحية والتي يتزعمها (ميشال عون)، فكان صدور القرارين بمثابة محاولة من حكومة (السنيورة) لإثبات شرعيتها.

كما يأتي كذلك صدور القرارين في الوقت الذي اتهمت فيه المعارضة وعلى رأسها حزب الله فريق تحالف 14 آذار الموالي للحكومة بإنشاء «ميليشيات مسلحة» باسم شركات أمنية خاصة، ظاهرها حماية شخصيات سياسية لكن حجمها وتسليحها يدلان على أن لها أهداف سياسية وبخاصة «مواجهة المقاومة».

تفاصيل أحداث القرار الأول

بعد اجتماع دام أكثر من ثماني ساعات ليلاً، صدر بيان عن الحكومة اللبنانية جاء فيه أن مجلس الوزراء قرر اعتبار «شبكة الاتصالات الهاتفية التي أقامها حزب الله غير شرعية وغير قانونية وتشكل اعتداء على سيادة الدولة والمال العام». وأعلنت الحكومة في البيان الذي تلاه وزير الإعلام (غازي العريضي)، إطلاق الملاحقات الجزائية ضد جميع الأفراد والهيئات والشركات والأحزاب والجهات التي تثبت مسؤوليتها في مد هذه الشبكة.

ورفضت الحكومة مبررات حزب الله التي تقول إن إقامة هذه الشبكة يندرج في إطار حماية الحزب وربطها بسلاحه وبهدف التشويش على الأجهزة الإسرائيلية. وأكد (العريضي) أن الحكومة اللبنانية مستعدة لتزويد الجامعة العربية بكافة الوثائق ذات الصلة بهذه المسألة وبالدور الذي تقوم به هيئات إيرانية على هذا الصعيد. ويأتي هذا القرار في أعقاب تصاعد التصريحات الإعلامية من أقطاب الأكثرية النيابية عن شبكة اتصالات تابعة لحزب الله في عدد من المناطق اللبنانية بموازاة شبكة الاتصالات التابعة للدولة. ورد نائب الأمين العام لحزب الله (نعيم قاسم) على هذه التصريحات بقوله إن شبكة الاتصالات هي «توأم لسلاح المقاومة وجزء من الحماية الخاصة بحزب الله».

تفاصيل أحداث القرار الثاني

بحثت الحكومة اللبنانية في الاتهامات التي وجهها النائب (وليد جنبلاط) أحد أقطاب الأكثرية النيابية ضد حزب الله على خلفية قيامه بمراقبة مطار بيروت الدولي بواسطة كاميرات خاصة. وكان النائب جنبلاط قد دعا إلى طرد سفير إيران ومنع طيرانها من الهبوط في مطار بيروت، متهما حزب الله «بتلقي شحنات من الأسلحة عن طريق المطار» الواقع في الضاحية الجنوبية معقل الحزب.

واتهم أيضاً جنبلاط حزب الله بوضع الكاميرات «لمراقبة الوافدين في المطار» وتحديدا قادة الأكثرية النيابية أو مسؤولين أجانب، كما دعا إلى إقالة رئيس جهاز أمن المطار العميد (وفيق شقير) كونه مقربا من حزب الله. وكان نائب حزب الله في البرلمان اللبناني (حسن فضل الله) أكد في تصريحات له أن «كل هذه الاتهامات تنطلق من دوافع سياسية ولا ترتبط بأي مسألة قانونية أو أمنية»، مشددا على أن الحزب لن يتعاون مع القضاء إذا ما تبنى موقف النائب جنبلاط.

يشار إلى أن المدعي العام (سعيد ميرزا) أمر بفتح تحقيق بهذه الاتهامات بعد تسلمه مستندات من وزارتي الدفاع والداخلية حول قيام حزب الله بوضع كاميرات لمراقبة مطار بيروت الدولي. كذلك نقلت وكالة (أسوشيتد برس) عن مسوؤلين في القضاء اللبناني (طلبوا عدم الكشف عن أسمائهم) قولهم إن المدعي العسكري (سامي صدر) بدأ فعليا التحقيق مع بعض الشهود على ذمة القضية.

ردود الفعل (السياسية) بعد صدور القرارات

قام حزب الله بإبلاغ المعنيين أن «أي محاولة للتعرض لهذه الشبكة سوف تواجه بمقاومة شرسة من الحزب الذي سيتعامل مع المتعرضين للشبكة على أنهم من عملاء إسرائيل». كما تحدث نائب أمين عام الحزب (نعيم قاسم) قائلا أن «الاتصالات لشبكة المقاومة توأم سلاح المقاومة، ومن يوجه سهامه للاتصالات يعنِ أنه يوجه سهامه للسلاح، ويريد أن يقول لا تقاتلوا إسرائيل». كما انتقد (قاسم) التقرير الذي رفعه الوزير (مروان حمادة) بشأن شبكة اتصالات الحزب إلى مجلس الوزراء، وقال إن تقريرا مبنيا على «الإمكانية» و«المحتمل» و«ربما» و«يمكن يصير»، هو تقرير يفتقر إلى المصداقية. كما اعتبر أمينه العام (حسن نصر الله) تفكيك شبكة اتصالات حزب الله بمثابة «إعلان حرب» مما وصفها بـ«حكومة جنبلاط» على الحزب والمقاومة «لمصلحة أمريكا وإسرائيل».

واعتبر رئيس مجلس النواب (نبيه بري) قرار إقالة العميد (وفيق شقير) بأنه خطوة «تعني ملامسة المحرمات، وليس فقط الخطوط الحمر»، كما أن (بري) أبلغ رئيس الحكومة (فؤاد السنيورة) رسالة «شديدة اللهجة» باسمه وباسم الأمين العام لحزب الله السيد (حسن نصرالله)، ورئيس المجلس الإسلامي الشيعي الأعلى الشيخ (عبد الأمير قبلان)، يحذره فيها من عواقب المس بموقع العميد (شقير) في المديرية العامة لأمن المطار.

واعتبرت المعارضة أن الحكومة وبخاصة رئيسها (فؤاد السنيورة) «تبنت للمرة الأولى في تاريخ حكومات ما بعد اتفاق الطائف موقفا غريبا لناحية اعتبار إجراءات المقاومة الأمنية بمثابة اعتداء على أمن الدولة». وأشارت إلى أن الحكومة قد رفعت «سقف المواجهة السياسية الداخلية بقرار إقالة قائد جهاز أمن المطار العميد (وفيق شقير) من منصبه، ما سيدفع قوى المعارضة ولا سيما حركة أمل وحزب الله إلى الرد».

كما هددت قوى المعارضة بالرد على القرارات التي إتخذتها الحكومة باللجوء إلى «خطوات مقابلة تضع البلاد أمام وضع عصيب». كما أشارت مصادر مقربة من المعارضة قولها أنه «قد لا يكون من المبالغة قراءة مقدمات لفوضى قادمة تعم البلاد».

النتائج
 مقتل 71 شخصا من كلا الجانبين.
 دمار في ممتلكات بعض المناطق.
 نشوء حالات توتر وصدامات مسلحة بين أنصار من كلا فريقي الموالاة والمعارضة خاصة في الشمال والبقاع اللبنانيين.
 سحبت الحكومة اللبنانية القرارين الصادرين عنها.
 اجتماع الفرقاء اللبنانين في الدوحة والخروج باتفاق أنهى الأزمة السياسية اللبنانية والذي سمى باتفاق الدوحة.
 إنهاء المعارضة لاعتصامها في ساحة رياض الصلح.
 انتخاب المرشح التوافقي العماد (ميشال سليمان) رئيسا للجمهورية اللبنانية.
 تشكيل حكومة وحدة وطنية من 30 وزيرا توزع على 16 للموالاة و11 للمعارضة و3 للرئيس، وتتعهد كافة الأطراف بمقتضى هذا الاتفاق بعدم الاستقالة أو إعاقة عمل الحكومة.
 الاتفاق على قانون انتخابي يرضي جميع الأطراف، ومناقشة البرلمان اللبناني «للبنود الإصلاحية» الواردة في اقتراح القانون الذي أعدته اللجنة الوطنية اللبنانية.
 قام نوع من أنواع التهدئة المتبادلة (سياسياً وإعلامياً) فيما بين الموالاة والمعارضة، والذي كان التوتر بينهم مستمر منذ 18 شهراً.

انظر أيضا
 الدستور اللبناني.
 تحالف 8 آذار.
 تحالف 14 آذار.
 سلسلة اغتيالات ثورة الأرز.
 اعتصام المعارضة (لبنان 2006).
 حزب الله.
 اتفاق الدوحة.
 مجزرة حلبا
 قائمة نزاعات الشرق الأوسط الحديثة.

مصادر

لبنان في 2008
الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية
الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي
تحالف 14 اذار
تحالف 8 آذار
حروب حزب الله
حروب لبنان
سياسة لبنان
نزاعات في 2008

أحداث 7 أيار


An Eremurus saprjagajevii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Boris Alexjewitsch Alexeevich Fedtschenko. An Eremurus saprjagajevii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremurus, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eremurus

Eremurus saprjagajevii


An Arundinella montana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Arundinella montana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arundinella, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arundinella

Arundinella montana


Dendrocopos, ağaçkakangiller (Picidae) familyasından bir kuş cinsi.

Türler
Cins içinde yer alan 12 tür:

 Cins Dendrocopos
 Dendrocopos hyperythrus
 Dendrocopos macei
 Dendrocopos analis
 Dendrocopos atratus
 Dendrocopos darjellensis
 Dendrocopos himalayensis
 Dendrocopos assimilis
 Dendrocopos syriacus
 Dendrocopos leucopterus
 Dendrocopos major
 Dendrocopos noguchii
 Dendrocopos leucotos

Notlar

Dendrocopos


Edwin Evans, également appelé Edwin Evans Jr., est un critique musical britannique, né le  à Londres et mort dans la même ville le .

Biographie
Edwin Evans naît le  à Londres.

Il fait des études générales et travaille dans la télégraphie, les chemins de fer et la finance, entre 1889 et 1913 . Autodidacte en musique, il est l'un des pionniers de la critique musicale moderne en Grande-Bretagne et publie ses premiers articles dès 1901.

Professionnellement, il est d'abord critique à la Pall Mall Gazette (1912-1923), puis au Daily Mail (à partir de 1933), et assure la rédaction de plusieurs revues musicales, dont Musical News and Herald, The Dominant et The Music Lover.

De 1907 à 1917, il joue également un rôle clé dans les travaux du comité de la « Société des Concerts Français », qui présente les premières exécutions britanniques de 240 œuvres françaises de musique de chambre.

Evans est un grand défenseur des compositeurs de son temps, notamment Debussy, qu'il contribue à faire connaître et apprécier au public britannique, Ravel ou Roussel. En 1919 et 1920, il rédige dans le Musical Times une série d'articles sur les compositeurs britanniques modernes, dont Bridge, Bax, Ireland, Holst et Vaughan Williams. Ami de Diaghilev et Stravinsky, il écrit un livret sur les ballets L'Oiseau de feu et Petrouchka pour la série  en 1933, et rédige pendant de nombreuses années des notes de programme pour des concerts à Londres.

Il est l'un des fondateurs de la Société internationale pour la musique contemporaine (SIMC), qu'il préside de 1938 à 1945.

Comme musicographe, il est l'auteur de The Margin of Music (Oxford, 1924), Tchaikovsky (Londres, 1906 ; éd. rév. New York, 1935) et Music and the Dance (éd. posthume, Londres, 1948). Il participe aussi aux troisième, quatrième et cinquième éditions du dictionnaire Grove.

Edwin Evans meurt le  à Londres. Sa précieuse bibliothèque de livres et de partitions constitue le noyau de la .

Il est le fils du musicographe et organiste Edwin Evans. Pour le distinguer de son père, il est souvent appelé Edwin Evans Jr. (junior).

Références

Bibliographie

 .
 .

Liens externes

Critique musical britannique
Musicographe
Naissance en septembre 1874
Naissance à Londres
Décès en mars 1945
Décès à Londres
Décès à 70 ans

Edwin Evans (critique musical)


El término Proletari (, proletario) puede referirse a:

Proletari (Krasnodar), localidad del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia.
Proletari (Lípetsk), localidad del óblast de Lípetsk, en Rusia.
Proletari (Nóvgorod), localidad del óblast de Nóvgorod, en Rusia.
Proletari (Samara), localidad del óblast de Samara, en Rusia.

Proletari


António Gonçalves Ribeiro, conhecido como "Tarzan" ou "Ruaz" na Costa da Caparica, foi um nadador salvador português, nascido a 7 de Outubro de 1922.

Tem cerca de 300 salvamentos feitos.

Infancia
Nascido nos anos 20, a 7 de Outubro de 1922, tendo crescido num ambiente com poucos recursos.

Carreira
A sua primeira actividade foi de Pescador.

Foi posteriormente nadador salvador  na Costa da Caparica, na antiga FNAT (hoje INATEL) partir de 1939 e por mais de 40 anos.

António Gonçalves Ribeiro (Tarzan)


Mitcham is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 20 km east from Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Whitehorse local government area. Mitcham recorded a population of 16,795 at the 2021 census.

History

Mitcham was named after Mitcham Grove, a farm property that was owned by William Slater, who grew roses and herbs for perfumes and remedies. From its settlement in the 1860s, the Mitcham area was generally used for orchards, brickmaking and pottery. Mitcham Post Office opened on 1 June 1884.

From its settlement in the 1860s, the Mitcham area was generally used for orchards, brickmaking and pottery.
A Heatherdale Post Office opened in 1948 and closed in 1971. The Mitcham North Post Office opened in 1960.

However, since the 1950s post war expansion, Mitcham has become a suburban area.

Demographics
In the 2021 census the population of Mitcham was 16,795, approximately 51.6% female and 48.4% male.

The median/average age of the people in Mitcham is 39 years of age.

Nearly two-thirds (64.2%) of people living in the suburb of Mitcham were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were 7.9% China, 2.9% India, 2.3% England, 2.3% Malaysia and 1.3% Hong Kong.

Two-thirds (65.7%) of people living in Mitcham speak English only. The other top languages spoken are Mandarin 10.5%, Cantonese 4.5%, Vietnamese 1.1%, Italian 1.1% and Persian (Excluding Dari) 1.1%.

The religious makeup of Mitcham is 45.7% no religion, 17.1% Catholic, Anglican 5.9%, 4.1% not stated, and Non-defined Christian 3.7%.

Facilities

The main shopping precinct is centered on the intersection of Whitehorse Road and Mitcham Road and features a supermarket, cafes, fast food outlets and specialty shops.

The main secondary school in Mitcham is Mullauna College, on the site of the old Mitcham High School.

The main primary school in Mitcham is Mitcham Primary School, next to Mullauna College.

Mitcham also has a number of parks and reserves, including:
 Yarran Dheran, a bushland park, located on the banks of Mullum Mullum Creek.
 Halliday Park, a public garden, which has a war memorial, a large children's playground and is home to Bowls Victoria Premier Division's Mitcham Bowling Club.

 Walker Park, a sports reserve, which is home to Mitcham Cricket Club and Mitcham Football Club.
 Antonio Park, is seven hectares in size and includes a playground, walking trails, remnant bushland, a BBQ area and bird watching opportunities. The park is named after the Antonio family who were first associated with the land in 1892. The site of their original weekend shack is now part of the Antonio Park Primary School grounds. In the early 1900s the family bought what is now the main body of the park and built a permanent home in Deep Creek Road. Remnants of the garden are still present in the formal part of the Park. The family gifted the land to the former Nunawading Council in 1955, but members of the family lived there until 1963. The northern section of the park, known as the "New Lands" was purchased from Charles Schwerkolt in 1975 to replace the land sold to the Education Department for Antonio Park School.
 Mitcham Private Hospital
 Schwerkolt Cottage: Used to back onto Yarran Dheran via a track along the Mullum Mullum Creek.

Transport

The main north–south roads are Mitcham Road and Heatherdale Road. The main east–west road is Whitehorse Road (Maroondah Highway), which connects with the EastLink tolled freeway, which skirts the northern and eastern boundaries of the suburb.

Mitcham has one railway station; Mitcham, which are on the Belgrave and Lilydale railway lines.

There are a number of bus routes, which link the suburb to surrounding areas. Many of these connect with Mitcham railway station.

Attractions

Schwerkolt Cottage is a pioneer cottage (circa 1880s), near the Yarran Dheran bushland park. The cottage and other buildings are now a local history museum. The cottage is surrounded by 2.25 hectares of gardens and bushland. The stone cottage has been restored to its original condition and furnished in a style of the period. The Opening Hours; Weekends and Public Holidays, 2.00pm-5.00pm and Group Tours by appointment on weekdays only.

Schools
Antonio Park Primary School
Mitcham Primary School
Rangeview Primary School
Mullauna Secondary College
St Johns Catholic Primary School
Vermont Primary School

Movie history

Mitcham was a filming location for the world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, which used the suburb in key scenes for the 1906 movie.

Sport

The suburb has two Australian Rules football teams: the Mitcham Tigers, competing in the Eastern Football League. and the Mitcham Eagles, who compete in the Saturday Football League. Their home ground is at Heatherdale Reserve.

The Mitcham Connection

Mitcham was the home of comedian Dave O'Neil, The Volvos musicians Heynes Arms & AC Fanta, Sforzando lead vocalist, poet and writer Quincy Hall, actor brothers Brett and Trevor Lewis, playwright Sandra Long, writer Michael McArthur, director James McArthur, sculptor Joanne Mott and abstract artist 'Egghatch'. These and other Mitcham-raised artists have become collectively known as the Mitcham Connection. During the 1996 Melbourne International Comedy Festival, several of the Mitcham Connection artists, namely Sandra Long, the McArthur brothers and Quincy Hall, collaborated with several other playwrights and stage directors to produce the extraordinary show To Go at Something Bald-Headed. The show was composed of four plays, including The Harry Blade Show, featuring AC Fanta, Torquil Neilson and Anthony Rive. The show was officially launched by Democrats Senator Lyn Allison.

Notable people
 Alan Barelli - AFL Player
 Chris Crewther - Politician
 Steve Darmody – rugby league player
 Sforzando vocalist Quincy Hall – singer, poet and writer
 Blake Hardwick - AFL Player
 Jessica Humble - Soccer Player
 Abel Kay - Tennis Player
 Jim Keogh - AFL Player
 Kelvin Moore - AFL Player
 Bob Pratt - AFL Player
 Dave O'Neil – comedian
 Herb Sawatzky - AFL Player
 Karl von Möller – director and cinematographer
 Felicity Wishart - conservationist and environmental activist
 Jack Zander - AFL Player

See also
 City of Doncaster and Templestowe – Parts of Mitcham were previously within this former local government area.
 City of Nunawading – Parts of Mitcham were previously within this former local government area.
 Heatherdale - A neighborhood in Mitcham with its own train station.

References

External links

 Schwerkolt Cottage and Museum Complex
 Victorial Electoral Commission
 Home Page Eastern Football League

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Whitehorse

Mitcham, Victoria


Mark 81(MK-81) ABD yapımı bir bombadır. Mark 80 serisinin en ufağıdır. Düşman tanklarına ve diğer yer hedeflerine ve de küçük binalara saldırılarda kullanılan basit, ucuz ve etkileyici bir serbest düşüşlü bombadır.

Mark 80 Serisi
 MK-82
 MK-83
 MK-84

Bombalar

MK-81


Les Sarta sont une ancienne tribu berbère du Moyen Âge. D'origine sanhadjienne, ils occupaient les régions du Drâa et du Tafilalet. Maîtres des territoires de parcours du Djebel Saghro aux oasis du Bani, les Serta possédaient plusieurs citadelles dans la région de Tamadalt.

Menad Ibn Manqus, père de Ziri ibn Menad, était le « souverain » (sahib) de Qalʻat Manādiyya, près de Sijilmassa. Selon Grigori Lazarev, les Telkatas de la Qal'at Manādiyya, ne formaient alors probablement qu'une fraction des Sarta, une tribu sanhadja dont Al-Bakrī mentionne la situation entre le Drâa et Sijilmassa. Certains commentateurs médiévaux rattachent ainsi les Talkāta fondateurs de la dynastie ziride, aux autres grandes mouvances Zenāga/Ṣanhāja du Sahara et du sud marocain.

Les In Gafû et Setta de la confédération des Sanhadja du Deren seraient peut-être des branches issues des anciens Sarta, dont l'ethnonyme semble disparaitre. Toutefois, le nom même de Setta serait peut-être même une déformation, due à un copiste, du nom de Serta. Les localisations au sud de l'Atlas des In Gafû et des Setta, ainsi que la disparition, dans leurs anciens territoires, de l'ethnonyme Serta plaident pour cette hypothèse.

Histoire

En 1055, Abdellah ben Yassin, fondateur du mouvement religieux et politique almoravide, campe à Tamadalt, et y recrute une importante armée parmi les Sarta et Targa qui possèdent quelques citadelles dans la région. Abdellah ben Yassin décide ensuite de se lancer à l'attaque de Sijilmassa, occupée par les Maghraouas. La bataille tourne à l'avantage des Almoravides qui s'emparent de Sijilmassa, et y massacrent les Maghraouas restants.

Références

Tribu du Maroc
Sanhadja

Sarta


Peary-Land Ekspeditionen er en dansk ekspeditionsfilm instrueret af Eigil Knuth.

Handling
I det store arbejde, der fra dansk side er blevet gjort gennem årene for at udforske polaregnene - og især Grønland - har hæren og flåden ofte ydet en stor indsats ved at stille mænd og materiel til rådighed. Således også i 1938, da dr. Lauge Koch foretog en flyveekspedition til det nordøstlige Grønland, kaldet Peary Land. Filmen er også kendt som Mørkefjordsekspeditionen. Bemærk, at denne film ikke omhandler Eigil Knuths berømmede Peary Land-ekspeditioner, der finder sted senere, nemlig fra 1947 og fremefter. Optagelser derfra kan ses i Vejen mod Nord (1948) og Danmark bag polarkredsen (1947).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1938
Dokumentariske optagelser
Film om Grønland
Polarekspeditioner

Peary-Land Ekspeditionen


Bülbülü Öldürmek (İngilizce: To Kill a Mockingbird), ABD'li yazar Harper Lee'nin 1960'ta yayınlanan ve Pulitzer Ödülü kazanan romanıdır. Yayınlandığı dönemde büyük bir başarı kazanarak, modern Amerikan Edebiyatı'nın klasikleri arasına girdi. Roman, yazarın 1936 yılında, on yaşındayken yaşadığı bir olayı temel almaktadır. Harper Lee, yaşadığı kasabanın civarında yaşanan bu olayın ailesi ve komşuları üzerindeki etkilerini gözlemleyerek eserini oluşturmuştur.

Lee'nin yaşamı boyunca yazdığı iki romandan ilki olan (1960'ta yayımlanan ve ilk romanı olan "Bülbülü Öldürmek" ile dünya çapında şöhret kazanan Harper Lee'nin 55 yıl sonra çıkan ikinci kitabı "Tespih Ağacının Gölgesinde", 2015 yılında yayımlandı) Bülbülü Öldürmek, ABD'nin güneyinde yer alan Maycomb adlı kurgusal bir kasabada geçer. Jean Louse "Scout" Finch adında küçük bir kızın bakış açısından kaleme alınmış olan eser, bugüne dek dünyada en çok satılan romanlar arasında yer almaktadır ve aynı adı taşıyan, başrolde Gregory Peck'in yer aldığı klasik bir filmi de çekilmiştir.

Scout'a eşlik eden Jem, her ikisinin en yakın arkadaşı Dill ve bir avukat olan babaları Atticus Finch'in başlarından geçeni konu alan roman, ABD'de asılsız bir iddiayla yargılanan bir zenciyi savunmakla görevlendirilen, bu yüzden kasabanın geri kalanıyla ters düşen Atticus Finch'in etrafında şekillenir.

Romandaki "Dill" karakteri, yazar Harper Lee'nin çocukluk arkadaşı olan Truman Capote'den esinlenilerek yaratılmıştır. O zamanki adı Truman Persons olan Capote, tıpkı romanda Dill'in Scout'ların kapı komşusu olduğu gibi, Harper Lee'nin kapı komşusuydu.

Romanın orijinal İngilizcesi, 1970'li yıllarda Türkiye'de  yabancı dille eğitim yapan devlet okullarında (Maarif Bakanlığı Kolejleri) İngilizce derslerinde okutulmuştur. 1962 de filmi Oscar ödülünü almıştır. Kitabın baş karakterleri Scout Finch, Jem Finch, Atticus ve Dill'dir.

Kaynakça
Genel

Özel

1960 romanları
Pulitzer Ödülü alan romanlar
1960'larda Amerikan romanları
Sinemaya uyarlanmış Amerikan romanları
Yasaklanmış kitaplar
Kurguda cinsellik
Irkçılık ile ilgili romanlar
Tiyatroya uyarlanmış Amerikan romanları
İlk romanlar
Kurguda hukuk
Konusu Alabama'da geçen romanlar
J. B. Lippincott & Co. kitapları
1930'larda geçen romanlar

Bülbülü Öldürmek


An Stelis triangularis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues. An Stelis triangularis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis triangularis


دائرة تاظروك إحدى دوائر الجزائر التابعة لولاية تمنراست. عاصمتها هي تاظروك و تضم بلديات تاظروك وأدلس.

مراجع

تاظروك

دائرة تاظروك


es un manga de acción seinen escrito e ilustrado por Kohske. Actualmente lo publica Shinchosha en la revista mensual de antología de manga Monthly Comic Bunch. La serie ha inspirado a un manga spin-off, una serie de audio dramas, una serie de anime y una novela original.

Sinopsis
Gangsta sigue la vida de dos gánsteres amistosos del barrio, Worick Arcangelo y Nicolas Brown, y Alex Benedetto. Conocidos como «Benriya», se ganan la vida en las caóticas calles de Ergastulum como matones a sueldo.

Personajes principales

Uno de los dos Benriya, Nicolas es un distante espadachín de treinta y cuatro años, siempre brusco y seco. Es sordo y se comunica con lengua de signos, a pesar de que puede hablar con ciertas limitaciones, y también puede leer los labios perfectamente. Es bajo de estatura en comparación con los otros personajes masculinos (lo que le molesta que le mencionen), y siempre se le ve con sus placas de identidad. Nicolas es muy hábil con la espada y dado que es un "etiquetado" de nivel A tiene habilidades sobrehumanas, como poder saltar muy alto, reflejos extremos, y mayor resistencia. Nicolas y Worick parecen ser amigos desde hace por lo menos veinte años. Se demuestra que, siendo un joven adolescente, Nicolas sirvió una vez como un mercenario para el padre de Worick, y también parece ser que Nicolas mató al padre de Worick cuando le quemó el ojo izquierdo a su hijo.
La relación de Nicolas con Alex, por otro lado, es inestable. Mientras que él es la primera persona en el manga que muestra un gesto amable hacia ella (cuando le tira una servilleta en la cabeza después de que un hombre la hizo sangrar por la nariz). Nicolas escoge no hacerle caso porque ella no entiende la lengua de signos y él no quiere hablar. Sin embargo, la primera vez que habla en el manga es cuando le pide a Chad, un policía, que le deje a Benriya tomar a Alex como su "botín", para salvarle así la vida. Aunque es silencioso y casi siempre va con el ceño fruncido (a menos que sea en una pelea con un oponente fuerte), Nicolas también tiene un lado cariñoso exclusivamente para Nina, la joven ayudante de Doctor Theo. También parece haber una conexión especial con una mujer enferma alojada en el establecimiento de Georgina.

El otro miembro de Benriya, de treinta y cinco años, Worick es exactamente lo contrario de Nicolas. Worick es despreocupado, encantador, agradable, y disfruta coqueteando con muchas mujeres, especialmente con Alex. Es ágil, muy hábil usando armas de fuego. Worick tiene el pelo largo normalmente recogido en una media cola de caballo y tiene un parche en el ojo izquierdo. Se da a entender que su padre una vez utilizó uno de los ojos de Worick para apagar su cigarrillo. Worick conoce bien la lengua de signos y los fines de semana trabaja como gigolo por su segundo trabajo.

Una mujer de veinticuatro años a la que Benriya salvó al matar a su proxeneta en uno de sus encargos. Recibieron la orden de eliminar también a Alex junto con el resto de la organización y a su líder Berry Abott. Nicolas y Worick la reclaman como su "botín". En un extraño giro de los acontecimientos, ahora vive con ellos dos y trabaja como su secretaria. Alex tiene la piel oscura, pelo negro y largo, y un acento notable de fuera de Ergastulum. Actualmente está trabajando duro para aprender la lengua de signos para que pueda comunicarse con Nicolas.

Manga
Escrito e ilustrado por Kohske, Gangsta comenzó su serialización en la revista japonesa de manga Monthly Comic Bunch en marzo de 2011. En julio de 2011, el primer volumen fue publicado por Shinchosha

Volúmenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  (japonés)

Anime de 2015
Manga de 2011
Anime y manga de acción
Anime y manga de crimen
Anime y manga dramático
Series de manga
Seinen
Series de anime de Lantis
Series de anime de Bandai Visual
Series dobladas al español en España
Series de anime realizadas por Manglobe

Gangsta.


Det at være antireligiøs eller areligiøs er en afvisning af religioner.

Antireligiøsitet bliver ofte forvekslet med ureligiøs, ateisme og agnosticisme. (Ateisme er fraværet af tro på højere magter, mens agnosticisme er benægtelse af vished om højere magter.)

Det at være areligiøs bygger på et konkret valg og ikke en manglende interesse, da den areligiøse i høj grad interesserer sig for religion. Det er en afvisning af religioner pga. deres dogmatiske og postulerende natur, men de areligiøse hævder ikke som ateisterne, at der ikke findes højere magter, eller som agnostikerne, at vi aldrig kan vide noget om dem. For den areligiøse er det dogmerne, der er fjenden, altså den kritikløse hævdelse af, at denne eller hin lære er sand.

Som position ligger antireligiøs mellem ureligiøsitet, agnosticisme og ateisme, da den er bevidst overvejende og reflekterende, men ikke som ateismen, fuldstændigt afvisende.

Kilder/referencer

Religion
Agnosticisme

Antireligiøs


An Carex tsiangii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Fa Tsuan Wang ngan Tang. An Carex tsiangii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex tsiangii


Lapeyre steht für:

 Lapeyre, eine französische Gemeinde im Département Hautes-Pyrénées.

Lapeyre ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Patrick Lapeyre (* 1949), französischer Schriftsteller und Lehrer
 Xavier Lapeyre (* 1942), französischer Autorennfahrer

Siehe auch:
 Lapeyrère

Lapeyre (Begriffsklärung)


Eugen Rotaru (n. 15 august 1941, Rîșcani, raionul Bălți, Basarabia - d. 5 decembrie 2018, București) a fost un scriitor român născut în Basarabia.

Biografie
A fost căsătorit cu actrița Maria Rotaru și este tatăl actorului și regizorului Alex Rotaru, ambasador cultural al Statelor Unite în lume.

A scris texte pentru peste 190 de șlagăre românești și a colaborat cu artiști precum Angela Similea, Mirabela Dauer, Corina Chiriac Aura Urziceanu, Stela Enache, Eva Kiss, Mihaela Runceanu, Laura Stoica, Monica Anghel, Loredana Groza, Oana Sârbu, Dan Spătaru, Horia Moculescu, Marius Țeicu, Gabriel Dorobanțu, Adrian Daminescu șamd.

A decedat la data de 5 decembrie 2018 și a fost înmormântat la Cimitirul Bellu din București.

Filmografie

Scenarist
 De-aș fi Peter Pan (1992) – scenariul și textele cântecelor

Note

Nașteri în secolul al XX-lea
Decese în 2018
Scenariști români
Textieri români
Înmormântări în Cimitirul Bellu

Eugen Rotaru


القطن  جنس نباتي ينتمي إلى الفصيلة الخبازية. يضم حوالي 150 نوعاً.

وهي نباتات المناطق الحارة، والنبات وهو عبارة عن شجيرة صغيرة ويتطلب رياً جيداً وأرضاً خصبة حتى ينمو بشكل جيد لينتج قطناً على درجة عالية من الجودة.

أهم الأنواع ضمن جنس القطن
تؤخذ ألياف القطن من شعرات تحيط ببذور عدة أنواع من نباتية ضمن جنس القطن  التابع للفصيلة الخبازية (Malvacae). أنواع وسلالات القطن  عديدة، ولكن يمكن تقسيم أهم الأنواع المستأنسة إلى خمسة كالآتي:
 قطن البرباد (Gossypium barbadense): يتبعها أهم سلالات القطن ذي التيلة الطويلة (1,5 – 2,5 بوصة) مثل قطن جزر البحر (Sea island) وجورجيا ومعظم سلالات القطن المصري والأمريكي. ونباتات هذا النوع تكون شجيرات تتراوح طولها بين 3 و8 أقدام، سوقها مستقيمة ومستديرة وناعمة، وهي متسعة التفريع. أما الأوراق فعريضة ومفصصة تفصيصًا عميقًا ذات 3 – 5 أقسام أكبرها الفص الأوسط. أزهارها صفراء تنتهي بقواعد قرمزية. أما البذور فسوداء وملساء يسهل نزع الشعر عنها وليست مغطاة بشعرات زغبية. ويظهر أن الخواص المميزة لهذا القطن تعتمد إلى درجة كبيرة على الطقس والتربة، ولذا فإن أي تغير في هذين العاملين يؤدي حتمًا إلى تغير في خواص التيلة.
 قطن عشبي (GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM): منتشر في بلاد كثيرة إلا أن موطنه الأصلي آسيا، فمنه تنحدر معظم سلالات القطن الهندي. وكذلك أقطان آسيا الصغرى والقطن السوري. ويقال أن قطن أمريكا الشمالية يتبع هذا النوع. ونباتات الهرباسيوم تتراوح في الارتفاع بين 2 و5 أقدام. والفروع والجذوع مستديرة ومتعرجة بسبب وجود عُقَل بها. وتكون عادة مغطاة بطبقة وبرية وهي صغيرة، أما الأوراق فجلدية الملمس ولها 5 – 7 فصوص. وسيقان الأوراق طويلة والأزهار صفراء ضاربة إلى اللون القرمزي. ويبلغ طول التيلة ¾ إلى 1 بوصة. ولون التيلة بين الأبيض والأصفر والأسمر. والبذور مغطاة بالزغب الخشن.
 قطن بيروفي (Gossypium peruvianum): وطنها الأصلي أمريكا الجنوبية والوسطى. وقد انتشرت في أماكن أخرى ويقال إنها تكون أصل القطن المصري. وتبلغ في الطول من 10 إلى 15 قدمًا، والجذوع قوية وطويلة. والأوراق كبيرة وسميكة ذات ثلاث فصوص. أما الأزاهر فصفراء، والنباتات حمراء قرمزية. والبذور سوداء متصل بعضها بالبعض في صورة مخروط ويكسوها زغب أخضر ورومادي. أما التيلة فتبلغ في الطول من بوصة إلى بوصة ونصف، وهي خشنة تشبه الصوف في ملمسها. ويتبع قطن بيرو والبرازيل هذا النوع.
 قطن شجري (GOSSYPIUM ARBOREUM): تنمو في الهند والصين. وتكون أشجارًا، يترواح طولها بين 6 أقدام و12 قدمًا. والفروع طويلة ودقيقة، ولنها قرمزي عندما تكون صغيرة. والأوراق سميكة وناعمة عميقة التفصيص، ذات 5 إلى 7 فصوص. أما الزهور فكبيرة بيضاء ضاربة إلى الحمرة. أما التيلة فقصيرة لا تزيد عن ¾ البوصة. ولنها مائل إلى الصفرة أو الاخضرار. وتمتاز نباتات هذا النوع بكونها معمرة.

زراعة القطن
القطن نبات معمر. ويتحتم لزراعة القطن تربة خاصة وجو صالح. وكل نوع من أنواع القطن يتطلب ظروفًا خاصة مثل الجو والتربة كثيرًا مالا تصلح للأنواع الأخرى. ويختلف وقت زراعة القطن باختلاف البلد. ففي أمريكا يبدأ موسم البذار من منتصف مارس إلى نهاية أبريل. وفي سوريا وفي مصر يزرع المحصول في النصف الأول من شهر فبراير إلى 15 أبريل، ويزرع القطن الهندي (سوارت) من مايو إلى أوائل أغسطس. ويزرع قطن بيرو والبرازيل من أواخر ديسمبر إلى أواخر أبريل.

حلج القطن
بعد جني القطن وفرزه، يكبس في أكياس ويرسل إلى المحالج لكي تفصل التيلة عن البذرة، وبعد ذلك يكبس القطن المحلوج في بالات. أما البذور فيؤخذ منها جانب للبذر في السنة القادمة والجزء الباقي يرسل إلى المعاصر حيث يستخلص منه الزيت المعروف بزيت البذرة أو الزيت الفرنسي. ويستعمل هذا الزيت في الأكل وفي صناعة الصابون. أم الثفل المتخلف عن عصير البذور فيستعمل عذاء للماشية.

زيت بذرة القطن
يتكون زيت القطن من جلسيريدات حمض النخليك (Palmitic) وحمض الزيتيك (Oleic) وبعض أحماض أخرى غير مشبعة. وبعض أحماض أخرى غير مشبعة. وهذه الأخيرة هي التي تسبب تأكسد الزيت جزئيًا في درجة الحرارة العالية وتعطيه بعض خواص الجفاف. ويحتوي الزيت على جانب من الاستاريين الذي يمكن فصله بتبريد الزيت إذ يرسب الاستياريين في هذه الحال وتبلغ كثافة القطن في درجة 12°م (0,922 – 0,93) ومعامل تصبنه 287 – 300 وعدد اليود 105 ومعامل الانكسار في درجة 15°م (1,478). وزيت القطن غير المكرر قاتم اللون ويحتوي على مواد مخاطية لذلك يجب تكريره قبل الاستعمال.

الحشرات والآفات
أهم الأضرار في نبات القطن : من أهم الأضرار أو المشكلات في نبات القطن هي مشكلة الحشرات ، ومن أهمها ديدان القطن والتي تهجم على البذرة التي يخرج منها القطن قبل نضوجها مما يسبب خرابها ، وهذه الحشرة تسبب دمار الكثير من المحاصيل .

معرض الصور

انظر أيضا
 قطن
 محلج القطن

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 المعهد المركزي لأبحاث القطن في الهند

قطن (جنس)
أجناس الخبازية
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
أعلاف
خبازية
قطن
محاصيل الطاقة
محصول غير غذائي
نباتات ليفية
وقود حيوي

قطن (جنس)


Tour de l'Avenir 2018 var den 55. udgave af det franske landevejscykelløb, også kendt som ungdommens Tour de France. Løbet foregik i perioden 17. til 26. august 2018. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2018 og var klassificeret som 2.Ncup. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev slovenske Tadej Pogačar.

Ryttere og hold

Danske ryttere
Jonas Vingegaard
Jonas Gregaard
Mikkel Bjerg
Magnus Bak Klaris
Mikkel Frølich Honoré
Andreas Stokbro

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

6. etape

7. etape

8. etape

9. etape

10. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Tour de l'Avenir 2018


Chandler Kinney, née le  à Sacramento (Californie), est une actrice américaine. Elle est connue pour ses rôles dans les séries télévisées  et L'Arme fatale. En 2022, elle incarne Tabitha « Tabby » Haworthe, l'un des rôles principaux de la série Pretty Little Liars : Original Sin.

Biographie

Filmographie

Cinéma

 2012 : Dance Battle America : Chantel

Télévision

Séries télévisées

 2013 : American Horror Story : Julia âgée
 2013 : 90210 Beverly Hills : Nouvelle génération : Olivia
 2014 : Trois fantômes chez les Hathaway : Mirabelle (6 épisodes)
 2014–2016 : Normal Street : Catherine Dillman (22 épisodes)
 2015 : Le Monde de Riley : Vanessa
 2016–2019 : L'Arme fatale : Riana Murtaugh (30 épisodes)
 2017 : Agent K.C. : Monique (2 épisodes)
 2020 : Zombies 2 : Wolf Tales : Willa
 2020 : ZOMBIES : Addison's Moonstone Mystery : Willa (voix, 8 épisodes)
 2021 : The Ghost and Molly McGee : Tammy Myers
 2021 : ZOMBIES : Addison's Monster Mystery : Willa (voix, 6 épisodes)
 2022 : Pretty Little Liars : Original Sin : Tabitha « Tabby » Haworthe

Téléfilms

 2013 : Company Town : Ally McKinley
 2020 : Zombies 2 : Willa
 2022 : Zombies 3 : Willa

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice américaine de télévision
Actrice américaine de cinéma
Enfant acteur américain
Naissance en août 2000
Naissance à Sacramento

Chandler Kinney


Stupné este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Považská Bystrica din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 692 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Stupné este atestată documentar din 1416.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Stupné


Aseksüellik, herhangi birine yönelik cinsel çekim eksikliği veya cinsel etkinlikteki ilgi düşüklüğü veya yokluğu. Bir cinsel yönelim eksikliği olarak veya karşıcinsellik, eşcinsellik ve çiftcinselliğin yanındaki dördüncü bir varyasyon olarak düşünülebilir. 2004'te yapılan bir çalışmada aseksüelliğin yaygınlığı %1 olarak belirlenmiştir.

Aseksüellik, davranışsal ve genellikle bireyin kişisel veya dini inançları gibi unsurların üzerinde etkili olduğu cinsel etkinlikten kaçınma ve bekarlıktan farklıdır; cinsel davranışın aksine, cinsel yönelimin kalıcı olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Bazı aseksüel kişiler romantik partnerlerini memnun etme arzusu ya da çocuk sahibi olma arzusu gibi çeşitli nedenler dolayısıyla, cinsel çekim veya seks arzusu eksikliğine rağmen cinsel etkinlikte bulunabilirler.

Bir cinsel yönelim olarak aseksüelliğin kabulü ve bilimsel araştırma alanı açısından halen oldukça yenidir, hem sosyoloji hem de psikoloji bakımından büyüyen bir araştırma alanı olarak gelişmeye başlamıştır. Bazı araştırmacıların aseksüelliğin bir cinsel yönelim olduğunu savunmasına karşın, bazı araştırmacılar ise aynı görüşte değildir.

İnternet ve sosyal medyanın ortaya çıkışından bu yana çeşitli aseksüel topluluklar oluşmaya başlamıştır. Bu topluluklardan en hızlı büyüyen ve en bilineni David Jay tarafından 2001'de kurulan Aseksüel Görünürlüğü ve Eğitimi Ağı'dır (Asexual Visibility and Education Network) (AVEN).

Düşünce dünyasında modernizmin kurucularından Kant ile barizlik kazanan bir tercih olarak zemini oturtulan aseksüellik O'na göre bir değiş-tokuş işlemi ve normal seyri olarak insanların birlik ruhuna aykırı ve düzenin sürekli kaynayan doğasını oluşturan kötülüğün çekim alanı olarak bir faaliyet döngüsünü doğurmaktadır.

Tanımlamalar

Romantik ilişkiler ve kimlik

Aseksüel kişiler, herhangi bir cinse yönelik cinsel çekim eksikliğine rağmen, tamamen romantik ilişkilerde bulunabilirler. Cinsel yönelim veya cinsel kimliğin romantik veya duygusal yönleri bakımından, kendilerini karşıcinsel, lezbiyen, gey, çiftcinsel veya aşağıdaki terimlerden biri olarak tanımlayabilirler:
 aromantik: herkese yönelik romantik çekim eksikliği
 biromantik (veya ambiromantik): erkeklere ve kadınlara yönelik romantik çekim (fakat aynı zamanda olmasa da olur) - çiftcinselliğin romantik yönü
 heteroromantik: kendinden farklı cinsiyetten olan kişilere yönelik romantik çekim - karşıcinselliğin romantik yönü
 homoromantik: kendisi ile aynı cinsiyetten olan kişilere yönelik romantik çekim - eşcinselliğin romantik yönü
 panromantik: her cinsiyetten olan kişiye yönelik romantik çekim - panseksüelliğin romantik yönü
 poliromantik: birden çok cinsiyete yönelik romantik çekim (fakat tüm cinsiyetlere değil). Poliseksüelliğin romantik yönü.
 andromantik, gayneromantik ve ambiromantik: çekici gelen bireyin cinsiyetini ima etmeden yalnızca maskülenliği veya feminenliği ya da interseks/üçüncü cinsiyetten olmayı ifade eden kişilere yönelik romantik çekim; sıklıkla ikili olmayan bir cinsiyet kimliğine sahip aseksüeller tarafından kullanılır. androfili, gaynefili ve ambifilinin romantik yönü.
 demiromantik veya demiseksüel: kendisini "gri romantik" veya "gri aseksüel" olarak tanımlayan kişi, çünkü bu kişiler yalnızca uygun istikrarlı veya büyük duygusal bağlantı oluştuğunda romantik veya cinsel çekim hissedebilirler.

Cinsel yönelim ve etimoloji
Aseksüelliğin, bir cinsel yönelim olup olmadığı üzerinde önemli tartışmalar vardır. Özellikle, kimseye seksüel ilgi duymama, cinsel isteğin azalması/bulunmaması belirtilerini  Hipoaktif Cinsel İstek Bozukluğu ile aynı kabul edip aseksüelliğin tıbbi bir sorun olduğunu savunanlar bulunur. Fakat aseksüellik genel olarak bir bozukluk (örneğin anorgazm, anhedoni gibi) ya da cinsel işlev bozukluğu olarak kabul edilmez. Ayrıca aseksüellerin, HCİB olanların aksine bariz bir sıkıntı göstermediği ve cinsel uyarılma konusundaki eksikliklerine ilişkin insanlar arasında zorluk deneyimi yaşamadığı da görülmektedir. Aseksüeller, cinsel çekim hissetmemelerini hayatlarının bir parçası olarak görüp, kalıcı karakteristik özellikleri olarak kabul etmektedirler. Aseksüeller ile HCİB'ler arasında yapılan bir çalışmada HCİB'lerin yaşadıkları cinsel arzu ve istek eksikliğini aseksüellerden daha çok sıkıntı ve sorun olarak görüp, daha çok depresif belirtiler gösterdikleri ortaya çıktı. Araştırmacılar Richards ve Barker, hazırladıkları raporda aseksüellerde aleksitimi, depresyon ya da kişilik bozuklukları oranlarında bir anormallik olmadığına değindiler. Bununla birlikte bazı insanlar da aseksüelliğin belirtilen hastalıkların bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkabileceğini de savunmaktadır.

Bazı argümanlarda aseksüellerin doğal cinselliği reddettiği ve cinselliğin anksiyeteye, istismara sebep olduğunu savunduğu ve bazen mastürbasyon yapan aseksüellerin de bu inanca dayandığı da belirtilir. Bunların haricinde aseksüellerin partnerlerini romantik açıdan memnun edebilmek için cinsel faaliyette bulundukları da argümanlar arasındadır.

Aseksüelliğin bir cinsel işlev bozukluğu olup olmadığı toplum içinde halen bir tartışma konusudur. Aseksüellik olarak tanımlanan durumlar genelde bir cinsel yönelim olarak kabul ediliyor.

Bazı bilim insanları, kimi aseksüellerin doğal cinsel dürtüleri olduğu halde mastürbasyona başvurmadıklarını ve aseksüel olarak yaşamlarını sürdürdükleri bu yüzden aseksüelliğin bir cinsel yönelim olduğunu beyan etmişlerdir.

Aseksüel bayrağı

Ağustos 2010'da, AVEN dışında ve İngilizceye bağlı kalmaksızın yapılan oylama ve fikirlere dayanılarak yapılan araştırmada; aseksüelliğin farkındalığını arttırmak için şu anki bayrak kabul görmüştür. Bayrak AVEN dışı bir websiteden seçilip oylamada %41.1 oyla birinci seçilmiştir ve bu oylamada %10.4lük kesim aseksüelliğin bayrağı olmaması taraftarı olmuştur. Bayrakta 4 yatay şerit bulunmaktadır ve diğer seksüel yönelim bayraklarına benzemektedir. Aseksüelliğin sembolü olarak kabul görülmektedir.

Semboller ve anlamları

 Siyah: Aseksüelliği sembolize etmektedir.
 Gri: Gri-Aseksüelliği ve demiseksüelliği sembolize etmektedir.
 Beyaz: Seksüel kesimi ifade etmektedir.
 Mor: Aseksüel topluluğunu ifade etmektedir. (AVEN)

Ayrıca bakınız

 Medyada aseksüellik tasviri

Kaynakça

Aseksüellik


Luis Bernardino Negreti (Junín (Buenos Aires), Argentina, 20 de mayo de 1890 - ibídem, 4 de julio de 1936) fue un destacado poeta y compositor, autor además del Himno a Junín.

Biografía
Negreti nació en Junín (Buenos Aires), Argentina, el 20 de mayo de 1890. Bohemio, romántico, soñador y noctámbulo, desde muy joven se entregó a la poesía, perpetuando en sus versos a las cosas cotidianas, la alegría y las miserias de la vida, los éxitos y los fracasos.

El 1 de abril de 1911, cuando tenía sólo 20 años de edad, fue uno de los fundadores del Club Atlético Sarmiento, y en 1919 fue vicepresidente de comparsa "Los Pelotaris", de activa participación en carnavales y veladas danzantes de la época.

En 1929 publicó "Mi ventana que da sobre la vida", libro de poesías de 141 páginas editado por Bases en La Plata y presentado en Junín el 16 de enero de 1930.

Uno de sus legados más importantes es el "Himno a Junín", con letra de Negreti y música de Ignacio Grau. Fue presentado el 28 de octubre de 1931 en el Teatro Italiano de Junín. También se destacó como autor de letras de tangos. En 1926 escribió "La reina del arrabal", con la colaboración del bandoneonista Juan Behety, y en 1931 "Mujer que yo quise tanto", con música de José Meccia.

Negreti falleció en Junín el 4 de julio de 1936, a los 46 años de edad. En su homenaje, en septiembre de ese año se estrenó el tango "Bohemio", con letra de Rodolfo Cristobo y música de Luis Cavagión. El 15 de junio de 1937 se publicó su libro póstumo "Sencillamente", que junto a "Mi ventana que da sobre la vida" serían sus obras de poesía más destacadas.

El recuerdo en Junín
El poeta del pueblo es recordado en Junín con una calle, una plaza, un monumento y un jardín de infantes.

 Calle Negreti: nace en la plaza homónima y recorre 30 cuadras a través de los barrios El Molino, San Francisco, Ramón Hernández y Martín Miguel de Güemes. Anteriormente llamada Ushuaia, se le asignó la actual denominación el 29 de mayo de 1948.
 Plaza Negreti: ubicada en el barrio El Molino, frente a la escuela 19 y al Cementerio Central. Recibió su denominación por ordenanza Nº 117 del 17 de septiembre de 1949.
 Monumento a Negreti: está emplazado en el Boulevard de los Trovadores, en Chile entre Guido Spano y Winter.
 Jardín de Infantes 916: ubicado en Bolívar 329, lleva el nombre del poeta juninense.

Véase también
Ciudad de Junín

Bibliografía

Escritores de la provincia de Buenos Aires
Poetas de Argentina del siglo XX
Compositores de Argentina
Escritores en español
Juninenses

Luis Negreti


NRO may stand for:
 National Reconciliation Ordinance, a Pakistani law
 National Reconnaissance Office, maintains United States reconnaissance
 National Repertory Orchestra, in Colorado
 National Review Online, web version of the magazine National Review
 Nobeyama radio observatory, a division of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
 Non-resident Oriya, an informal term for people of Oriya ancestry
 Number Resource Organization, allocates IP numbers
 "Never Really Over", a song by Katy Perry, 2019

NRO


Florida puması (Puma concolor coryi), kedigiller (Felidae) familyasından, kritik seviyede soyu tükenmekte olan bir puma alt türü. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Florida eyaletinde yaşayan bir puma türü olan ve yaygın ismini de bu eyaletten alan Puma concolor coryi doğu ABD'de bulunan tek pumadır. 70'ten daha az üreyen üyeye sahip Florida pumasının nüfusu şu an sadece 87'dir. Florida puması ilk kez 1958'de Florida eyalet yasasında soyu tükenme tehlikesinde olan bir hayvan olarak yer almıştır. En büyük düşmanı:Amerikan timsahı ve Amerika aligatörü

Kaynakça

Puma
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki memeliler
Florida'nın sembolleri
Tartışmalı taksonlar

Florida puması


Les processus clinoïdes antérieurs (ou apophyses clinoïdes antérieures) sont deux saillies osseuses des extrémités médiales du bord postérieur de la petite aile de l'os sphénoïde.

Ils se situent au-dessus du sillon carotidien.

Ils donnent insertion à la petite circonférence de la tente du cervelet et sont un point d'attache des ligaments pétro-sphénoïdaux.

Ils sont parfois reliés au processus clinoïde moyen par un spicule osseux, et lorsque cela se produit, la terminaison du sillon de l'artère carotide interne est convertie en un foramen.

Notes et références

Crâne

Processus clinoïde antérieur


Stefan Anton George (; 12 July 18684 December 1933) was a German symbolist poet and a translator of Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare, Hesiod, and Charles Baudelaire. He is also known for his role as leader of the highly influential literary circle called the George-Kreis and for founding the literary magazine  ("Journal for the Arts").  From the inception of his circle, George and his followers represented a literary and cultural revolt against the literary realism trend in German literature during the last decades of the German Empire.

Biography

Early life
George was born in 1868 in  (now part of Bingen) in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. His father, also named Stefan George, was an innkeeper and wine merchant, and his mother Eva (née Schmitt) was a homemaker. When Stefan was five years old, the family moved to Bingen am Rhein.

According to Michael and Erika Metzger, both sides of the George family had lived in the area for generations and had risen from peasants, to millers, and finally to small town merchants.

At the time, the Roman Catholic Church was very important to the daily life of Bingen am Rhein and to the George family. Life revolved around the feast days of the Liturgical Calendar. Furthermore, when Stefan's mother died, the oleander trees she had planted when she had married her husband were donated to the nuns of the nearby Rochusberg, which symbolized a returning of God's gifts back to Him.

After attending primary school in Bingen, Stefan was sent, at the age of thirteen, to one of the best secondary schools in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in the Grand-Duke Louis IV's capital city of Darmstadt. There, from 1882 to 1888, Stefan, "received a vigorous humanistic education in which Greek, Latin, and French were stressed."

Stefan "excelled in French" and gained "a thorough knowledge of modern European literature, as well as of the Greek and Roman authors."

Although later described as a loner, Stefan assembled his first circle of friends in Darmstadt, where he had access to libraries and to the theater, which fascinated him. He also taught himself to read Norwegian in order to read the works of Henrik Ibsen in the original language.

The making of a poet
At the age of nineteen, George and a few other students of the Gymnasium started a literary journal called Rosen und Disteln ("Roses and Thistles"). Here George published his first poems under the pseudonym Edmund Delorme. Even though the Gymnasium emphasized the poetry of the German Romantics, George taught himself Italian, in order to both read and translate the Renaissance poets whom he most revered. His first poems consisted of literary translations and imitations of the Italian poetry of Petrarch and Torquato Tasso.

When his schooling was concluded in 1888, it was clear to George and to his family that it would not work for him to follow the usual course into university, business, or the German civil service. Instead he began to travel.

He later told a friend, "Germany was intolerable then; just think of Nietzsche! I would have thrown a bomb if they had kept me here; or I would have perished like Nietzsche. My father was glad to get rid of me, for he sensed the danger."

Hoping to improve his grasp of English, George lived in London between May and October 1888. Queen Victoria was on the throne and London was still the capital of the global British Empire. George later recalled that in England he saw, "an expansive sense of life, borne by great political tasks and goals, an ancient cultural unity which carefully preserved traditions, a firmly moded way of life for all classes of the populace, a decorous politeness among all the people, phenomena which were no longer found in the Germany of those years, or which were just beginning to emerge."

It is also believed to have been during his time in London that George first encountered the English poetry of the, "honored masters", Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Charles Swinburne, and Ernest Dowson, whose works George would later translate into German and publish in his homeland.

While briefly returning to Germany and his parental home in Bingen, George expressed a desire to convene a "Congress" of like-minded poets and to publish a collection of their works.

This was an idea deeply rooted in both the Western Canon and in German literature, as Goethe, Schiller, and the other German Romantic poets had circles of adherents who gathered around them. Even before that, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock had referred to his closest friends as, die wenigen Edlen ("The Noble Few") and had made detailed plans for, Die Gelehrtenrepublik ("The Republic of Scholars").

During his subsequent tours of Switzerland and northern Italy, George played the title role in a production of Moliere's Le Misanthrope performed at Montreux. George later recalled, "Can you imagine anything more contradictory than that I, the socialist, communard, atheist, should play in a comedy with a German baron in the house of a professor of theology surrounded by a whole bevy of society ladies?"

Suffering from severe loneliness, George arrived in Paris in May 1889. On his first day there, he met the French poet Albert Saint-Paul, through whom George was introduced into the city's literary bohemia. Despite the intensely anti-German revanchism reigning over French culture during the Belle Époque, George found himself, "spontaneously accepted by his peers." Through Albert Saint-Paul, George was introduced to Paul Verlaine, Francis Vielé-Griffin, Albert Mockel, and Waclaw Rolicz-Lieder.

Saint-Paul also persuaded the poet Stéphane Mallarmé to invite George to attend the Tuesday Symbolist soirées held in, "that little room in the Rue de Rome". George had been described to Mallarmé as resembling, "the young Goethe before Werther". When they met, Mallarmé received George warmly, particularly when the latter revealed that he had recently begun translating Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal into German.

Many years later, the members of Mallarmé's circle were to recall that they immediately identified Stefan George as, "a poet of unusual promise." Despite his confidence, George seemed extremely shy and rarely participated in the circle's discussions, preferring instead to listen and learn. Meanwhile, George also filled 365 pages with poems by French and other European authors, many of which he was later to translate into German.

According to the Metzgers, "For the Symbolists, the pursuit of 'art for art's sake', was a highly serious – nearly a sacred – function, since beauty, in and of itself, stood for a higher meaning beyond itself. In their ultimate higher striving, the French Symbolists are not far from the Platonic ideals of the Good, the True, and the Beautiful, and this idealistic aspect was undoubtedly what appealed to George far more than the Estheticism, the Bohemianism, and the apparent Nihilism so often superficially associated with this group."

Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé were the only living poets whom George considered his superiors and whose apprentice he ever wished to be. Particularly Mallarmé, whose circle of disciples called him Le Maître ("The Master"), was to be a lifelong model for George's art, philosophy, and way of life.

The French Symbolists were every bit as enthusiastic for George, as is revealed by the evidence of their surviving letters and subsequent memoirs of his visit to Paris, which were published in a 1928 theme issue of the Revue d'Allemagne. George wrote in 1896, "Paris, the only place where I found and possess true friends."

At this time, George felt a very intense hostility to what he saw as the banality and philistinism of German culture during the German Empire. In his subsequent poem Franken ("Frankish Lands"), which celebrates his visit to Paris and, "whose title recalls the original unity of Germany and France under Charlemagne", George denounced the militarism and expansionism of the Imperial Government, "the complacent materialism of the German middle class", and the hostility to German artists, poets, and intellectuals. George asked the German people, "Where is your bard, you proud and boastful race?" He then answered that there was no one, as the German people had driven Friedrich Nietzsche insane and forced Arnold Böcklin into exile. Even so, "Stefan George's experience in Paris during the early 1890's ... impelled him to return to Germany to give a new voice and form to German poetry."

Blätter für die Kunst
After returning to Germany, George first began to study Romance languages and their literature at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, where he remained for three semesters.

At the time, George had serious doubts about the ability of the German language to say what he wished to say in his poems. For this reason, he preferred instead to write French and Spanish poetry and even invented a language which he dubbed Lingua Romana, which combined words from Spanish and Latin with German syntax.

George also seriously considered emigrating to Mexico at the urging of a wealthy Mexican family he had met and befriended in Paris. When George saw the family off on a ship back to Mexico, he gifted them with a copy of the first collection of his poems in German; Hymnen ("Odes"), which had just been privately printed in a limited edition of 100 copies.

Also while living in Berlin, George joined forces with fellow student Carl August Klein to found the annual literary magazine entitled . At the time, George felt that German poets had been reduced to two main literary movements, both of which he opposed. The first was for a poet to be, "a provider of a pleasant diversion", or as Arno Holz called such poetry, "a lilac-sweet spring rhapsode". The other role was for a poet to become a Naturalistic social critic, or what George sarcastically termed, "an apostle of reality". Stefan George and Carl Klein therefore intended for Blätter für die Kunst to be a vehicle for what they termed, "the new art", which was intended to both build upon and supersede both literary movements within German poetry, while also drawing upon the ideas of the French Symbolists.

While George was not the first German poet to draw inspiration from the French Symbolists, he has been termed, "the most gifted, eloquent, and productive exponent of the poetic aspects of the movement in his homeland". George also, "did not slavishly follow any masters", but set his own stamp upon those aspects of Symbolism that he found appropriate for his purpose of revitalizing German culture and German literature.

George was the main person of the literary and academic group known as the George-Kreis ("George-Circle"), which included some of the major, young writers of the time such as Friedrich Gundolf and Ludwig Klages. In addition to sharing cultural interests, the group promoted mystical and political themes. George knew and befriended the "Bohemian Countess" of Schwabing, Fanny zu Reventlow, who sometimes satirised the group for its melodramatic actions and opinions. George and his writings were identified with the Conservative Revolutionary philosophy. He was homosexual, yet exhorted his young friends to have a celibate life like his own.

During 1914, at the start of the World War, George foretold a sad end for Germany. In 1916, in a deliberate revolt against the jingoistic literary movement known as Hurrah-Patriotismus, which was overwhelmingly popular on the German home-front during the First World War, George wrote and published the pessimistic poem " Der Krieg" ("The War").

The outcome of the war was the realization of his worst fears. In the 1920s, George despised the culture of Germany, particularly its bourgeois mentality and archaic church rites. He wished to create a new, noble German culture, and offered "form", regarded as a mental discipline and a guide to relationships with others, as an ideal while Germany was in a period of social, political, spiritual and artistic decadence.

National Revolution
George's poetry was discovered by the small but ascendant Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), a precursor to Nazism, which had its roots in Bavaria. George's concepts of "the thousand year Reich" and "fire of the blood" were adopted by the NSDAP and incorporated into the party's propaganda. George would come to detest their racial theories, especially the notion of the "Nordic superman".

According to Peter Hoffmann, however,  Stefan George, "had a low opinion of Hitler, in whom he saw none of the greatness of a Caesar or a Napoleon". Shortly before Hitler became Chancellor on 30 January 1933, "the poet said that if the National Socialists came to power, everyone in Germany would have to wear a noose around his neck, and those who refused would be hanged immediately."

In February 1933, the Nazis began dismissing all of their political opponents as well as Jews from the Prussian Academy of the Arts; including Thomas Mann, René Schickele, Georg Kaiser, and Franz Werfel. They were replaced with politically reliable, "national writers", such as Hans Grimm and Hans Carossa.

By April 1933, George was referring to the National Socialists as, "hangmen." He also assigned the youngest of his followers, Karl Josef Partsch to talk Frank Mehnert out of joining any Nazi-affiliated organizations.

On 5 May 1933 the Prussian Minister for Sciences, Arts, and Public Education, Bernhard Rust, informed George that the new government wished to appoint him to an honorary position within the Academy. Rust further explained that he intended to publicly describe George as the forefather of the Nazi Party's "national revolution", and also offered him a large sum of money to do with as he wished. If George was agreeable to the proposal, President Paul von Hindenburg or Chancellor Adolf Hitler would personally write the official letter.

On 10 May 1933 George replied by letter. He declined both the money and the honorary position, "in the so-called academy", but said that he approved of its "national" orientation. George explained, however, that he had administered German literature for five decades without any need for an academy. On the other hand, George did not deny his, "ancestorship of the new national movement and did not preclude his intellectual cooperation".

There were those within the Nazi Party, however, who were enraged by George's negative response to the offer, who suspected the sincerity of his claims of sympathy for the national revolution, and who even denounced Stefan George by calling him a Jew.

In order to renew his passport, George returned to his native Bingen am Rhein at the beginning of July, but left for Berlin-Dahlem just four days before his 65th birthday. Some historians believe that this was a deliberate effort to evade official honors from the new government. But the new Government made no further efforts beyond a personal telegram of congratulations from Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

Personal life

Ida Coblenz
Many years later, Stefan George told his friends that there had been a woman who was "my world". George met Ida Coblenz, a wealthy and cultured German Jewish heiress who both admired his poems and showed very deep insights into them, at Bingen am Rhein in 1892. Many of George's poems in Preisgedichte, Das Jahr der Seele (1897), and even in Der Siebente Ring (1907), were inspired by her.

George saw Ida often, particularly in the fall of 1894 and the summer of 1896. Ida's brief and unhappy arranged marriage to Leopold Auerbach, a Jewish businessman from Berlin, did nothing to interrupt her relationship with George. When Ida, however, began a relationship with the married poet Richard Dehmel, whom she later married in 1901, George viewed Ida's decision as a betrayal of the worst order. Dehmel, due to his Marxism, Bohemianism, and, "sensual glorification of life as it is", stood for everything that George detested in German poetry in Imperial Germany.

After meeting Dehmel before Coblenz's house in Bingen, George wrote to her, "Our [friendship] arises from the fact that each of us is able to communicate what he thinks great and noble to the other – it rises and falls with this ability – and disappears entirely when something appears great and noble to one which is brutal and debased to the other."

George had been planning to dedicate his 1897 poetry collection Das Jahr der Seele to Ida Coblenz. Instead, the name of George's sister was printed where that of Ida Coblenz was intended to have stood.

Death in exile
On 25 July 1933 George travelled to Wasserburg on Lake Constance, where he remained for four weeks. He was joined there at various times by Frank Mehnert, Berthold von Stauffenberg, Claus von Stauffenberg, and other younger members of the George-Kreis.

On 24 August 1933 George took a ferry across the Lake to Heiden, Switzerland. Although the Master had chosen to make the journey to escape the humid lakeside air and had spent the previous two winters at Minusio, George later said, in an example of the Master's, "mild political humor", that in the middle of the Lake he began to breathe far more easily.

Shortly after the attending the Roman Catholic wedding at Bamberg of his brother Claus to Baroness Nina von Lerchenfeld, Berthold von Stauffenberg arrived at Minusio on 27 September 1933 and found the Master feeling very weak and devoid of appetite.

That same month, however, George declared that both his way of life and his friendships were sufficient proof of his tolerance and indifference to all religions.

In November 1933, Frank Mehnert spread the news that the Master's medical condition was very grave. Robert Boehringer, Frank Mehnert, Walter Kempner, and Clotilde Schlayer took turns keeping vigil at his hospital bedside. When Partsch, Albrecht von Blumenthal, Walter Anton, Ludwig Thormaehlen, and the three Stauffenberg brothers also arrived, they were allowed a brief glimpse of the Master in his darkened room; but the poet was not aware of their presence.

Stefan George died at Minusio on 4 December 1933. Although Berthold von Stauffenberg, Thormaehlen, Anton, Blumenthal, and others wished to return the Master's body to Germany for burial, Boehringer, as the poet's heir, overruled them by quoting the Master's own words, "A man should be buried where he dies."

In response, the George-Kreis decided to inter the Master locally. Claus von Stauffenberg organized the wake in accordance with the customs of the Italian-speaking Canton of Ticino and the George-Kreis kept constant vigil at the Minusio cemetery chapel until the morning of 6 December 1933.

On 5 December the German Consulate at Lugano contacted the city officials of Minusio and asked for the date and time of the funeral. The George-Kreis replied that the funeral would be at 3pm on 6 December but added that mourners from outside the Circle were not wanted. Just in case, the funeral was then secretly rescheduled for 8:15 on the morning of 6 December. Boehringer, however, disapproved of the deception and quietly informed Baron Ernst von Weizsäcker, the German Minister at Bern, that he could deliver a wreath to the grave on the day after the funeral.

Twenty-five members of the George-Kreis, including Jewish members Ernst Morwitz and Karl Wolfskehl, attended the funeral. The laurel wreath later delivered by the German Foreign Office bore a swastika printed on a white ribbon. This subsequently caused a running battle within the Circle between those, like Clotilde Schlayer, who repeatedly chose to remove it and other members who kept replacing it with new swastika ribbons. As the mourners left the railroad station at Locarno following the ceremony, some of the younger members of the George-Kreis were seen to give the Nazi salute.

Legacy
According to the Metzgers, "When Stefan George died in 1933, there was a grim dissonance between the eulogies from inside and outside Germany, the former claiming George as the prophet of the Third Reich, which had taken power that year, the latter often interpreting his silence as expressing his utter contempt for the new regime."

Literary achievements
From the inception of the Circle, George and his followers represented a literary and cultural revolt against the literary realism trend in German literature during the last decades of the German Empire.

George was also a highly important intermediary between German Romanticism and literary realism of the 19th century and the 20th-century Expressionist and Modernist poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke, August Stramm, Reinhard Sorge, and Berthold Brecht. Even though the Master was, like his fellow war poets Siegfried Sassoon, Hedd Wyn, and Wilfred Owen, a very harsh critic of his own era, Stefan George was also very much a man of his own time.

George's poetry is characterized by an aristocratic ethos; his verse is formal in style, lyrical in tone, and often arcane in language, being influenced by Greek classical forms. By both emulating and building upon the literary language of the German Romantics and Biedermeier poets, "Stefan George's poetry", according to Peter Hoffmann, "helped to form modern literary German." He also experimented with various poetic metres, punctuation, obscure allusions and typography.

Believing that the purpose of poetry was to create an alternative to reality  he was a strong advocate of art for art's sake  George's beliefs about poetry were drawn from the French Symbolist poets and he considered himself to be both the student and the successor of Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine.

Stefan George's "evident homosexuality" is represented by works such as Algabal and the love poetry he devoted to a gifted adolescent of his acquaintance named Maximilian Kronberger, whom he called "Maximin", and whom he believed to be a manifestation of the divine. The relevance of George's sexuality to his poetic work has been discussed by contemporary critics, such as Thomas Karlauf and Marita Keilson-Lauritz.

Algabal is one of George's best remembered collections of poetry, if also one of his strangest; the title is a reference to the effete Roman emperor Elagabalus. George was also an important translator; he translated Dante, Shakespeare and Baudelaire into German.

George was awarded the Goethe Prize in 1927.

Das neue Reich
George's last complete book of poems, Das neue Reich ("The New Realm"), was published in 1928. It was banned in Occupied Germany after World War II, as the title sounded tainted by Nazism. But George had dedicated the work, which includes the lyric Geheimes Deutschland ("Secret Germany") written in 1922, to Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, who, with his brother Claus, took a leading role in the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler and overthrow the Nazi Party. Both brothers, who were executed after the plot failed, had considered themselves to be acting on the teachings of the Master by trying to kill Hitler and put an end to Nazism. The book describes a new form of society ruled by a hierarchical spiritual aristocracy. George rejected all attempts to use it for mundane political purposes, including those of Nazism.

Influence
In a view inspired by the German Romantic poets and the French Symbolist, George and his followers saw him as the monarch of a separate government of Germany, composed of his intellectual and artistic disciples, bonded by their faithfulness to "The Master" and to a common vision. In his memoirs, Albert Speer claims to have met George during the early 1920s and that his elder brother, Hermann, was an acquaintance of his: George "radiated dignity and pride and a kind of priestliness ... there was something magnetic about him."

George's poetry emphasized self-sacrifice, heroism, and power, which won him the approval of the National Socialists. Though many Nazis claimed George as an influence, George remained aloof from such associations.  Soon after the Nazi seizure of power, George left Germany for Switzerland where he died the same year.

Some of the members of the 20 July plot against Hitler were drawn from among his devotees, notably the Stauffenberg brothers who were introduced to George by the poet and classical scholar Albrecht von Blumenthal.  Although some members of the George circle were avowedly anti-semitic (for example, Klages), the Circle also included Jewish authors such as Gundolf, the historian Ernst Kantorowicz, the Zionist Karl Wolfskehl, and Erich Berger.  George was fond of his Jewish disciples, but he expressed reservations about their ever becoming a majority in the group.

George's influence on Ernst Kantorowicz was decisive in the latter's controversial biography of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, which was published in 1927. The book's account of Frederick II and his "dynamic personality and ability to shape the Empire according to a higher vision seemed to sum up the aspirations of the George Circle." George is even reported to have "carefully corrected" the manuscript and saw that it was published.

One of George's most well known collaborators was Hugo von Hofmannsthal, a leading literary modernist in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hofmannsthal, however, refused membership in the group. Later in life, Hofmannsthal wrote that no one had influenced him more than George.  Those closest to the "Master," as George had his disciples call him, included several members of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler, among them Claus von Stauffenberg himself. Stauffenberg frequently quoted George's poem Der Widerchrist (The Anti-Christ) to his fellow members of the 20 July plot.

Poetry of George in music
Stefan George's poetry was a major influence upon the 20th-century classical music composed by the Second Viennese School, particularly during their Expressionist period.
 Radically innovative Austrian Jewish composer Arnold Schoenberg set George's poetry to music in the "Ich darf nicht dankend", Op. 14/1 (1907), String Quartet No. 2, Op. 10 (1908), and in The Book of the Hanging Gardens, Op. 15 (1909).
 Arnold Schoenberg's student Anton Webern also set George's poetry to music in his early choral work Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen, Op. 2. Webern did the same in two other sets of songs, Op. 3 and 4 of 1909, and in several posthumously published vocal compositions from the same period.

Movies related to Stefan George
Rainer Werner Fassbinder's 1976 comedy film Satan's Brew pokes fun at both Stefan George and the George-Kreis.

Bibliography
 1890: Hymnen ("Hymns"), 18 poems written reflecting Symbolism; dedicated to Carl August Klein; limited, private edition
 1891: Pilgerfahrten ("Pilgrimages") limited, private edition.
 1892: Algabal (1892); illustrated by Melchior Lechter; limited, private edition.
 1897: Das Jahr der Seele ("The Year of the Soul").
 1899: Teppich des Lebens ("The Tapestry of Life").
 1900: Hymnen, Pilgerfahrten, and Algabal, a one-volume edition published in Berlin by Georg Bondi which first made George's work available to the public at large.
 1901: Die Fibel ("Primer"), poems written from 1886–1889.
 1903: Tage und Taten ("Days and Works"; cf. Hesiod's Works and Days).
 1907: Der siebente Ring ("The Seventh Ring").
 1913: Der Stern des Bundes ("The Star of the Covenant")
 1917: Der Krieg ("The War").
 1928: Das neue Reich ("The Kingdom Come").

References

Further reading
 Breuer, Stefan (1996). Ästhetischer Fundamentalismus: Stefan George und der deutsche Antimodernismus. Darmstadt: Primus.
 Capetanakis, D., 'Stefan George', in Demetrios Capetanakis  A Greek Poet In England (1947), p. 72–89
 Frank, Lore & Sabine Ribbeck (2000). Stefan-George-Bibliographie 1976–1997. Mit Nachträgen bis 1976. Auf der Grundlage der Bestände des Stefan-George-Archivs in der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
 Goldsmith, Ulrich (1951). Stefan George and the Theatre. New York: The Modern Language Association (PLMA Publications LXVI:2).
 Goldsmith, Ulrich (1959). Stefan George: A Study of his Early Work. Boulder: University of Colorado Press (University of Colorado Studies Series in Language and Literature 7).
 Goldsmith, Ulrich (1970). Stefan George. New York: Columbia University Press (Essays on Modern Writers).
 Goldsmith, Ulrich (1974). Shakespeare and Stefan George: The Sonnets. Berne: Franke.
 Kluncker, Karlhans (1985). "Das geheime Deutschland": Über Stefan George und seinen Kreis. Bonn: Bouvier (Abhandlungen zur Kunst-, Musik- und Literaturwissenschaft 355).
 Norton, Robert E. (2002). Secret Germany: Stefan George and his Circle. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
 Norton, Robert E. (2010). "Wozu Stefan George?" WestEnd. Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 7. Jg., Heft 2, : 133–141.
 Schmitz, Victor (1978). Stefan George und Rainer Maria Rilke: Gestaltung und Verinnerlichung. Berne: Wild.
 Rieckmann, Jens (ed.) (2005). A Companion to the Works of Stefan George. Camden House.
 Lacchin, Giancarlo (2006). Stefan George e l'antichità. Lineamenti di una filosofia dell'arte. Lugano: University Words.
 Schefold, Bertram. (2011). Politische Ökonomie als Geisteswissenschaft. Edgar Salin und andere Ökonomen um Stefan George, in Studien zur Entwicklung der ökonomischen Theorie, XXVI. Edited by Harald Hagemann, Duncker & Humblot
 Lerner, Robert E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life, for George's relationship with his pupil Kantorowicz.

External links

Concise overview
The Writings of Stefan George Online (In German)
Stefan George letters to Ernst Morwitz, 1905–1956. Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.

Some poems in both German and English

1868 births
1933 deaths
People from Bingen am Rhein
People from Rhenish Hesse
Conservative Revolutionary movement
German expatriates in Switzerland
German-language poets
German poets
German translators
German World War I poets
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
English–German translators
French–German translators
Italian–German translators
Translators of William Shakespeare
Translators of Dante Alighieri
German male poets
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German nationalists
Symbolist poets
German LGBT poets
German gay writers

Stefan George


La pédagogie du théâtre (en ) est une discipline à part entière qui mêle le théâtre et la pédagogie. Ce domaine, apparu au cours du , s'est développé indépendamment de l'enseignement de l'art dramatique, la distinction étant qu'un professeur d'art dramatique enseigne généralement la méthode, la théorie et/ou la seule pratique du théâtre, tandis que la pédagogie du théâtre se fonde sur des aspects aussi bien artistiques qu'éducatifs pour développer des compétences langagières et sociales. La pédagogie du théâtre est basée sur le théâtre et la mise en scène, mais travaille également à éduquer dans des domaines qui dépassent le champ du théâtre.

Historique
Le mouvement de la pédagogie du théâtre compte de nombreux fondateurs. En Allemagne, où il est largement reconnu et mis en application, Hans-Wolfgang Nickel est considéré comme un pionnier de la pédagogie du théâtre avec la création de la  (le Théâtre berlinois des enseignants) en 1959. Nickel enseigne plus tard les jeux théâtraux et activités éducatives à l'école supérieure de pédagogie de Berlin Ouest en 1974.

Hans Martin Ritter est un autre pédagogue du théâtre très reconnu. En 1973, il lance une série d'expérimentations à partir du modèle d'apprentissage par le jeu de Bertholt Brecht. Son but consiste à développer une méthode de projet interdisciplinaire pour l'école, dans laquelle le théâtre est utilisé comme une forme d'enseignement et d'apprentissage. Ces expérimentations ont mené Ritter à co-fonder un programme pilote international mêlant les champs du théâtre et de l'éducation.

Le Brésilien Augusto Boal, metteur en scène et facilitateur, est peut-être le théoricien et praticien de la pédagogie du théâtre à la plus grande renommée internationale. Il est le créateur du Théâtre de l'opprimé, pratiqué aujourd'hui par des millions de personnes dans plus de 70 pays.

Description
L'objectif premier de la pédagogie du théâtre est d'amener un changement dans notre compréhension du monde qui nous entoure. En atteignant ce but, d'autres compétences sont enseignées et apprises, entre autres :

 Apprentissage de compétences de langage comprenant le langage non-verbal et le langage non-écrit ;
 Perfectionnement de compétences théâtrales et d'un langage théâtral ;
 Utilisation de l'action collective pour résoudre des conflits internes dans une communauté.

La pédagogie du théâtre met l'accent sur ces formes de communication pour simplifier les interactions humaines, aider les participants à mieux se connaître ainsi que leurs pairs et leur environnement. Ancré tout autant dans l'éducation traditionnelle que dans le théâtre amateur, le champ d'action de la pédagogie du théâtre s'est développé pour toucher plusieurs secteurs, dont :

 Recours au théâtre dans la sphère sociale, pour travailler dans les prisons, avec des personnes en convalescence, comme prévention de la violence, etc…
 Collaboration théâtrale entre acteurs amateurs et professionnels ;
 Support éducatif, aussi bien dans les écoles ordinaires que dans les théâtres ;
 Dans l'enseignement de la médecine, pour améliorer la communication entre la faculté et les étudiants, ainsi qu'entre les praticiens et les patients ;
 Dans la formation professionnelle, par l'utilisation de l'apprentissage kinesthésique pour enseigner la prise de parole en public, la conscience de son langage corporel, le travail sur la motivation, etc.
 Entretenir le lien entre les gens de théâtre et leur public ;
 Des formes et techniques théâtrales particulières comme le théâtre forum et d'autres méthodes développées par le Théâtre de l'opprimé.

Les personnes qui pratiquent la pédagogie du théâtre travaillent dans un cadre éducatif basé principalement sur une situation concrète, dans laquelle le théâtre est généralement utilisé comme moyen de parvenir à un objectif. À travers cette méthode, la pédagogie du théâtre, donne aux participants la possibilité d'explorer leurs propres idées et de suivre leurs impulsions, ce qui étend les modes de communication et d'interaction, avec soi-même comme avec son environnement socio-culturel. Utiliser la gestuelle, l'intonation, l'expression faciale et le comportement sur scène invite les participants à analyser ces aspects performatifs créés par la tension dramatique dans leur vie quotidienne. Mettre physiquement en scène des situations et des personnalités de la vie réelle permet à ces situations de s'exprimer plus clairement.

Enseignement
La pédagogie du théâtre est un domaine de l'enseignement supérieur, bien qu'il n'existe pas de consensus sur les formations dispensées et les diplômes. En Allemagne, on peut obtenir un diplôme de pédagogie du théâtre, dont des licences et masters dans divers organismes, et de nombreuses villes allemandes ont des centres de pédagogie du théâtre qui offrent une formation moins formelle et non réglementée. Des instituts certifiés proposent des formations continues en pédagogie du théâtre allant d'un à quatre ans, en suivant les lignes directrices établies à l'intention des cursus universitaires par le , l'association allemande de pédagogie du théâtre.

Il existe aussi des Centres pour le Théâtre de l'Opprimé, comme le CTO de Rio au Brésil, le Theatre of the Oppressed Laboratory à New York ou le Théâtre de l'Opprimé à Paris, qui dispensent des formations en pédagogie du théâtre ou en théâtre forum à partir des méthodes d'Augusto Boal et Paulo Freire.

En France, la pédagogie du théâtre est très peu enseignée. Elle existe en tant que module au sein de cursus de Lettres, d'Arts du spectacle ou de Sciences du langage à l'Université de Grenoble. Le studio Alain De Bock et Katherine Gabelle (Cours privé formant des professionnels du théâtre) propose également une formation à la pédagogie théâtrale basée entre autres sur les textes de Stanislavski, Brecht ou Jouvet.

Il existe aux États-Unis trois institutions mettant l'accent sur la pédagogie du théâtre (voir page en anglais).

Voir également
 Pédagogie des opprimés
 Pédagogie sociale
 Théâtre de l'opprimé

Notes et références

Bibliographie

  Tanja Bidlo,  [« Éducation théâtrale. Introduction. »], Essen, Oldib Verlag, 2006
  Hans Hoppe :  [« Théâtre et pédagogie. Fondamentaux, critères et modèles du travail pédagogique du théâtre. »] Munster, Lit Verlag, 2003.2. Aufl.2011,
  Felix Rellstab :  [« Manuel jeu théâtral. 4. Pédagogie du théâtre. »] Wädenswil, Stutz Publishing Printing SA, CH-2000
  Gerd Koch / Marianne Streisand (dir.) :  [« Dictionnaire de la pédagogie du théâtre. »] Berlin Milow, Schibri, 2003
  Marianne Streisand / Susan Hentschel / Andreas Poppe / Bernd Ruping (dir.) :  [« Les générations en dialogue. Archéologie de la pédagogie du théâtre I. »] Milow, Schibri-Verlag, 2005
  Jürgen Weintz : , [« Pédagogie du théâtre et jeu théâtral : expérience esthétique et psychosociale par le travail des rôles. »] Milow, Schibri-Verlag, 2007,

Liens externes

 Bundesverband Theaterpädagogik (Association allemande de pédagogie du théâtre)
 Fachverband Theaterpädagogik Schweiz (Association suisse de pédagogie du théâtre)
 Übersicht anerkannter Ausbildungen (Aperçu des formations reconnues)
 Ratgeber zur Ausbildung Theaterpädagogik (Guide éducatif de la pédagogie du théâtre)
 Beschreibung des Berufsbilds beim Deutschen Bühnenverein (Description de la profession par l'Association allemande du théâtre)
 Centre pour le dialogue communautaire et le changement, Inde : briser les schémas, créer le changement – Conduire des ateliers et des recherches sur le théâtre des opprimés, en particulier dans les domaines de l'éducation et de la santé

Enseignement du théâtre
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Pédagogie du théâtre


An Walleria gracilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Richard Anthony Salisbury, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Susan Carter. An Walleria gracilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Walleria, ngan familia nga Tecophilaeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Walleria

Walleria gracilis


An Anthurium gracile in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Edward Rudge, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Anthurium gracile in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Anthurium

Anthurium gracile


Zimirina deserticola est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la wilaya de Biskra en Algérie. Elle se rencontre vers Biskra.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Dalmas en 1919.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, le desert.

Publication originale
 Dalmas, 1919 : « Synopsis des araignées de la famille des Prodidomidae. » Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Algérie

Zimirina deserticola


Roxitromicina este un antibiotic din clasa macrolidelor, fiind un derivat al eritromicinei cu grupă funcțională oximă. Este utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene.

Molecula a fost patentată în 1980 și aprobată pentru uz medical în 1987.

Note

Vezi și
 Azitromicină
 Claritromicină
 Eritromicină

Macrolide
Oxime

Roxitromicină