Desiderio Alberto Arnaz IV (born January 19, 1953), better known as Desi Arnaz Jr., is a retired American actor and musician. He is the son of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz.

Early life
Arnaz was born on January 19, 1953, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, California. His older sister is actress Lucie Arnaz, who was born in 1951.

His birth was one of the most publicized in television history. His parents were the stars of the television sitcom I Love Lucy, and Ball's pregnancy was part of the story line, which was considered daring in 1952. The same day Ball gave birth to Desi Jr., the fictional Lucy Ricardo gave birth to "Little Ricky." As a testament to how interested the American public was in Lucy's TV baby, Arnaz appeared on the cover of the very first issue of TV Guide with the headline "Lucy's $50,000,000 baby," ($ in  dollars) because revenue from advertising tie-ins was expected to top that mark. Actor Richard Keith (a.k.a. Keith Thibodeaux) later portrayed "Little Ricky" in the TV series; Keith spent much time with Lucie and Desi Jr. in childhood and became close friends with the family, teaching Desi Jr. how to play drums.

Arnaz attended University High School in West Los Angeles.

Career

At age 12, Arnaz was a drummer with Dino, Desi, & Billy. The others were Dean Paul Martin (son of Dean Martin) and Billy Hinsche. The band scored two hit singles with "I'm a Fool" and "Not the Lovin' Kind" in 1965.

Acting
From 1968 to 1974, Desi Arnaz and his sister Lucie co-starred opposite their mother in Here's Lucy as her children. In 1968, he had a guest-starring role as Jerry and Suzie's drum-playing friend Tommy in the episode, "The Hombre Who Came to Dinner: Part 2," from the show The Mothers-in-Law, executive-produced and directed by his father. In 1970, he appeared on The Brady Bunch episode "The Possible Dream." He starred in the tearjerker movie Red Sky at Morning in 1971 with Richard Thomas, Richard Crenna and Claire Bloom. His best chance at enduring Hollywood fame came in 1973, when he played the title role in the film Marco, a musical about the life of adventurer Marco Polo.  However, like most Hollywood musicals of that period, it failed to register at the box office.

In 1974, Arnaz played the title role in the Western movie Billy Two Hats with Gregory Peck. In 1976, he appeared on two episodes of the television series, The Streets of San Francisco. Arnaz also appeared in a 1976 episode of Saturday Night Live (SNL) hosted by both Desi Arnaz and Desi Arnaz Jr.. The younger Arnaz played Ricky Ricardo while Gilda Radner played Lucy in spoofs of supposed ill-fated pilots for I Love Lucy.

In 1977, he was the lead in the film Joyride opposite fellow children of famous actors Melanie Griffith, Robert Carradine, and Anne Lockhart.

Arnaz's acting extended into the late 1980s with various appearances on television, and a leading role in the series Automan, which ran from 1983 to 1984.

In 1992, he played his father in the movie The Mambo Kings, based on a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel that he felt treated his father with respect. The film includes a scene in which Desi Jr., playing his father's character Ricky Ricardo, acts opposite his mother as Lucy Ricardo with film from the TV series intercut with the cast.

Later
Between 1998 and 2010, he was touring with a new configuration of Dino, Desi & Billy called Ricci, Desi & Billy, featuring Arnaz reunited with Billy Hinsche, and joined by Ricci Martin (youngest son of Dean Martin). The group performed original material as well as the songs the original band performed.

From about 2002 to 2007, he was vice-president of the board of Directors of the Lucille Ball–Desi Arnaz Center in Jamestown, New York. He resigned over a dispute with the executive director over the center.

In 2007, Arnaz appeared at the 5th Annual TV Land Awards with his sister Lucie to accept the Legacy of Laughter award posthumously given to their mother.

Arnaz has also headlined Babalu: A Celebration of the Music of Desi Arnaz and his Orchestra with Lucie Arnaz, Raul Esparza, and Valarie Pettiford.

On October 15, 2011, Arnaz performed in Babalu at the Coolidge Auditorium of the Library of Congress. The performance was in conjunction with the Library's Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz Collection.

Personal life
Arnaz has a daughter, Julia Arnaz, from a relationship with model Susan Callahan-Howe in 1968 when they were both 15 years old; Julia's relationship to Desi Jr. was proven by a paternity test in 1991.

Arnaz dated actress Patty Duke when he was 17 and she was 23. He accompanied Duke to the 1970 Emmy Awards ceremony where she won the Emmy for Outstanding Single Performance. The relationship became tabloid news and his mother did not approve of them together, and Duke became pregnant. After they broke up, writer and music producer Michael Tell offered to marry Duke as a way out of the scandal. Their marriage lasted only 13 days, and when Duke would later tell her son, Sean Astin, that Arnaz was his biological father, Arnaz and Astin developed a close relationship, although genetic tests later revealed that Tell was his father.  Astin said, "I can call any of them on the phone any time I want to ... John, Desi, Mike or Papa Mike ... my four dads." (Michael Pearce, Duke's husband after John Astin, was his step-father.)

Arnaz was subsequently involved with entertainer Liza Minnelli, another relationship of which his mother disapproved; Ball thought that the singer-actress was too old for her son and, because of Minnelli's perceived reckless lifestyle, not a good influence upon him. In May 1972, Arnaz announced his engagement to Minnelli. He accompanied her to the Academy Awards ceremony in March 1973 when she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. While in London, Minnelli called off their engagement to be with comedian Peter Sellers in May 1973.

Arnaz married actress Linda Purl in 1979. On January 3, 1980, Purl filed for divorce, which was finalized later that year.  On October 8, 1987, Arnaz married Amy Laura Bargiel. The couple lived in Boulder City, Nevada, with their daughter, Haley. In 1997, Arnaz purchased the Boulder Theatre in town and restored it, when it had been on the brink of ruin. After its conversion to a theatre, the cinema became the home of the Boulder City Ballet Company.

Desi's wife Amy died of cancer in 2015, at the age of 63. Both Desi and Amy were followers of Vernon Howard and attended meetings of Howard's New Life Foundation in Boulder City. They also followed and have supported the spiritual writer Guy Finley (also one of Vernon Howard's students) and his Life of Learning Center for Spiritual Discovery.

Arnaz's granddaughter (daughter of Julia) Desiree S. Anzalone, a photographer, died from breast cancer on September 27, 2020, at the age of 31. She was first diagnosed with cancer when she was 25.

Filmography

1957: I Love Lucy – Spectator at Unveiling (1 episode, 1957)
1962: The Lucy Show – Spectator (5 episodes, 1962–1965)
1968: Here's Lucy – Craig Carter (1968–1972)
1968: The Mothers-In-Law – Tommy (2 episodes, 1968)
1970: The Brady Bunch (as himself) ("The Possible Dream" episode)
1971: Love, American Style – Alan (segment "Love and the Motel Mixup") (1 episode, 1971)
1971: The Mod Squad – Victor Emory (1 episode, 1971)
1971: Mr. and Mrs. Bo Jo Jones (Made for TV movie) – Bo Jo Jones
1971: Night Gallery – Doran (1 episode, 1971)
1971: Red Sky at Morning – William 'Steenie' Stenopolous
1973: Marco  – Marco Polo
1973: She Lives! (TV) – Andy Reed
1973: Voyage of the Yes (TV) – Cal Markwell
1974: Billy Two Hats – Billy Two Hats
1975: Medical Story – Jerry Mitchell (1 episode, 1975)
1975: Medical Center (1 episode, 1975)
1976: The Streets of San Francisco – B. J. Palmer (1 episode, 1976)
1976: Police Story – Jay Vernon (2 episodes, 1976)
1976: Having Babies (TV) – Frank Gorman
1977: Black Market Baby (TV) – Steve Aletti
1977: Joyride – Scott
1977: Flight to Holocaust (TV) – Rick Bender
1978: How to Pick Up Girls! (TV) – Robby Harrington
1978: Fantasy Island – Barney Hunter (1 episode, 1978)
1978: A Wedding – Dino Sloan Corelli
1978: The Courage and the Passion (TV) – Sgt. Tom Wade
1978: To Kill a Cop (TV) – Martin Delahanty
1978: The Love Boat – Steve Hollis (2 episodes, 1978)
1979: Crisis in Mid-Air (TV) – Tim Donovan
1980: The Great American Traffic Jam (TV) – Robbie Reinhardt
1981: Advice to the Lovelorn (TV) – Steve Vernon
1982: Fake-Out – Detective Clint Morgan
1983: Automan – Walter Nebicher (13 episodes, 1983–1984)
1983: The Night the Bridge Fell Down (TV) – Johnny Pyle
1983: House of the Long Shadows – Kenneth Magee
1987: Paul Reiser Out on a Whim (TV)
1987: Matlock – Michael Porter (1 episode, 1987)
1992: The Mambo Kings – Desi Arnaz Sr.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
American male television actors
American male child actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners
American entertainers of Cuban descent
American people of English descent
American people of French descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
Desi
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American musicians of Cuban descent

Desi Arnaz Jr.


Der Renault R27 war der Formel-1-Rennwagen von Renault F1 für die Saison 2007. Das Fahrzeug markierte nach dem Titelgewinn im Vorjahr mit dem Renault R26 eine Rezession, da durch Regeländerungen sowie den Weggang des Weltmeisters Fernando Alonso ein deutlicher Leistungsabfall eintrat.

Technik und Entwicklung
Der Renault R27 basierte auf dem Vorjahreswagen Renault R26 und entstand unter Regie des technischen Direktors Bob Bell um Chefdesigner Tim Densham und Chefaerodynamiker Dino Toso. Insbesondere die Aerodynamik wurde deutlich überarbeitet. Der in den Vorjahren maßgeblich zur Dominanz der Renault-Boliden beitragende Schwingungstilger in der Fahrzeugnase wurde zur Saison 2007 verboten und kam daher nicht mehr zum Einsatz. Durch den Austritt des bisherigen Partners Michelin aus der Formel 1 Ende 2006 bezog Renault nun Reifen von Bridgestone. Der Vertrag mit dem Treibstofflieferanten Elf Aquitaine wurde dagegen verlängert. Als Werksteam setzte Renault mit dem Renault RS27 einen selbst entwickelten Motor ein, der in Zusammenarbeit mit Mecachrome entstand. Er wurde auch vom Kundenteam Red Bull Racing für den Red Bull RB3 bezogen. Der RS27 lieferte etwa 750 PS bei maximal 19.000 Umdrehungen pro Minute. Das Sieben-Gang-Getriebe des Wagens wurde ebenfalls selbst entwickelt.

Lackierung und Sponsoring
Die Lackierung des RS27 unterschied sich durch den Wegfall des bisherigen Hauptsponsors Japan Tobacco deutlich vom etablierten Farbschema der Vorjahre. Das Tiefblau der Marke Mild Seven wich einer Komposition aus Weiß, Orange und Dunkelblau sowie Designelementen im Corporate Design des neuen Hauptgeldgebers ING-DiBa. Die Fahrzeugnase dagegen verblieb im klassischen Renault-Gelb.

Weitere Sponsoren auf dem Fahrzeug waren Hanjin Shipping, Elf Aquitaine, Elysium und ChronoTech.

Fahrer und Saisonverlauf
Nach dem Titelgewinn 2006 wechselte der Weltmeister Fernando Alonso für das Folgejahr zu McLaren-Mercedes. Dadurch rückte der bei Renault verbliebene Giancarlo Fisichella zum ersten Fahrer auf. Er pilotierte den Wagen mit der Startnummer 3. Der bisherige Testfahrer Heikki Kovalainen wurde zum Stammfahrer befördert und pilotierte als zweiter Fahrer den Wagen mit der Startnummer 4. Als Testfahrer beschäftigte das Team den Nachwuchspiloten Nelson Piquet jr. und den erfahrenen Ricardo Zonta.

Der R27 konnte die hohen Erwartungen nicht erfüllen und verlor den Kontakt zur von der Scuderia Ferrari, McLaren-Mercedes und BMW-Sauber abgesteckten Spitze. Die Renault-Fahrzeuge konnten nur noch die hinteren Punkteränge erreichen – Saisonhighlight war ein zweiter Platz von Heikki Kovalainen beim Großen Preis von Japan, den er jedoch weniger durch die Schnelligkeit des Fahrzeuges als aufgrund des durch einen Wolkenbruch stark beeinträchtigten Rennbetriebes erzielen konnte. Am Saisonende belegte Renault hinter Ferrari und BMW-Sauber mit 51 Punkten den dritten Platz in der Konstrukteurswertung. Bedingt durch die Spionageaffäre bei McLaren, im Zuge derer dem Team alle Punkte aberkannt wurden, konnte Renault vom vierten Platz aufrücken. Mit 30 Punkten setzte sich Kovalainen in der Fahrerwertung gegen seinen Teamkollegen Fisichella durch, der 21 Punkte erzielen konnte.

Zur Saison 2008 verließen beide Fahrer das Team.

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

Rennwagen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2007
Formel-1-Rennwagen (Renault)

Renault R27


غلوسا (Γλώσσα) هي مدينة في ماغنيسيا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 928 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في سبوراديس
سكوبيلوس
مدن اليونان

غلوسا (ماغنيسيا)


Ioan Simionca (n. ) este un senator român, ales în 2016. În data de 7 iulie 2020 Senatorul bistrițean Ioan Simionca s-a înscris în Partidul Puterii Umaniste (social-liberal) și devine, astfel, al doilea senator din Gruparea Umanistă.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților

Ioan Simionca


Jack Beaumont (Maidenhead, 21 de novembro de 1993) é um remador britânico, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Beaumont conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio com a equipe da Grã-Bretanha no skiff quádruplo masculino, ao lado de Harry Leask, Angus Groom e Tom Barras, com o tempo de 5:33.75.

Remadores olímpicos do Reino Unido
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Jack Beaumont


Julia Maria Ragnarsson (født 30. juli 1992) er en svensk skuespillerinde. Hun er datter af skuespiller Lars-Göran Ragnarsson og scenarreder Karin Ragnarsson. Hun studerede på Heleneholms Gymnasium i Malmö 2008-11. Hun medvirker i flere tv-serier og filmer som Maria Larssons eviga ögonblick, Steppeulven, Stockholm Stories og Back to Bromma.

I 2016 spillede hun hovedrollen som Olivia Rönning i SVT-serien Springfloden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Sverige

Julia Ragnarsson


Pirkanmaa er hérað í suðvestur-Finnlandi. Íbúar eru um 530.000 (2022) sem gerir að næstfjölmennasta héraðið í eftir Uusimaa. Stærð þess 14.500 ferkílómetrar. Höfuðborgin er Tampere.

Héruð Finnlands

Pirkanmaa


Frank Sepe (born December 28, 1971 in Rosedale, New York) is an American fitness author, magazine editor, TV personality, and a fitness model of Italian and German descent.

Biography

Sepe has been featured on more than 100 magazine covers all over the world, on romance book covers, in hundreds of bodybuilding magazine articles, and on such television programs as Inside Edition, the Late Show with David Letterman, The Howard Stern Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and Hard Copy. Sepe was fitness host for ESPN2 Cold Pizza. Frank appeared in two movies: Carlito's Way and Shortcut to Happiness. He also hosted a call-in fitness radio show called The Truth on HayHouseradio.com in 2006.

Sepe is a columnist in fitness magazines and has contributed to dozens of magazines such as Good Housekeeping, Cosmopolitan, MuscleMag and  American Health & Fitness. He was the managing editor for magazines AXL, HealthSmart Today and Healthwatchers. He currently is the editor and chief of the MET-Rx Fitness Magazine and owned magazine MAQ -Men's Athletic Quarterly (www.maqmag.com) which he sold in 2009.

Sepe also is a photographer. He has photographed celebrities, pro athletes and fitness model. He has shot covers for dozens of magazines and ad campaigns for METRX and WW Nutrition. He has published three books in the health & fitness/nutrition fields, in what became a series based on his first book, The Truth (Hay House, 2004).

In 2009, Sepe launched his own brand of health and fitness products on the Home Shopping Network in the United States, "Frank Sepe Fitness as a Lifestyle". His debut on the network was on July 28, 2009 and sold out all his product in record time. He will be featured regularly on HSN selling health-based products. Sepe wrote two new books for HSN, Fitness as a Lifestyle and a companion book, 100 Questions and Answers about Training and Nutrition.

Sepe is 6'2" (188 cm) tall and weighs 220 lbs (104 kg).

Books

The Truth (Hay House, 2004)
Frank Sepe's Abs-Olutely Perfect Plan for A Flatter Stomach (Hay House, 2005)
TRUTH Body Solutions: Truthful Nutritional Strategies for a Better Body and a Better Life (Hay House, 2006)
"100 Questions and Answers about Training and Nutrition.(HSN, 2009)
"Fitness as a Lifestyle (HSN, 2009)

Writing and publishing

He contributed as a monthly columnist or fitness source to numerous men's and women's fitness publications, including American Health and Fitness, MMI, Oxygen, Cosmopolitan, and Good Housekeeping magazines. He wrote 144 fitness and nutrition columns for MuscleMag International magazine from 1996–2008. He was a co-founder of Nigel Media inc and consultant for Star76 Designs – a design company specializing in creating strong branding for social and environmentally-conscious companies.

He was a co-founder and editor-in-chief of Men's Athletic Quarterly Magazine. MAQ is a nationally distributed magazine that is celebrity and pro athlete driven. The content of the publication includes, fitness, music, fashion, pop culture, sports, girls, etc.
He was a Group Editor for Intra-Media Publishing, in charge of editorial for women's magazines Health-Smart Today and Health-Watchers. He was also in charge of AXL magazine, a 350,000 circulation men's fitness magazine. The three publications had a combined yearly circulation of 4.6 million.

Bodybuilding
 NPC Eastern USA Bodybuilding Heavyweight Champion
 NPC Metropolitan Bodybuilding Championships – Overall Champion
 IFBB North American Championships, 5th Heavyweight
 Pro IFBB Women's and Men's Fitness, Figure, Bikini and Bodybuilding judge
 NPC Fitness, Figure, Bikini and Bodybuilding judge
 2003 NPC Long Island Classic Men's Bodybuilding judge

TV, film and radio
Hosted live fitness segments for ESPN2 Cold Pizza (a sports variety show)
Featured on ESPN- American Muscle Magazine (7 times)
Fitness and Nutritional Expert for various TV news channels
Appeared on Fox Business News, Good Morning America Health, Regis and Kelly, Conan O'Brien, Inside Edition, Hard Copy
Hay House Radio Host: Hosted live one-hour call in Q and A radio show based on fitness, nutrition and motivation
Guest on dozens of radio shows over the last ten years. Most recently Cosmo radio show on Sirius Xm radio (topic: bikini season)
Featured in national TV commercials for MET-Rx
Appeared in movies: Carlito's Way, Shortcut to Happiness

Radio host
Hosted (2006) The Truth, a one-hour call-in radio program about Fitness and nutrition for Hay House Radio.

Model
Sepe appeared on over 100 magazine covers domestic and international (i.e., Muscle and Fitnes, Ironman, Muscular Development, Popular Mechanics, etc.)
Named Top Fitness Model and most photographed bodybuilder in the world by TV show Hard Copy, ESPN-American Muscle Magazine and MuscleMag International magazine
Featured and have appeared in hundreds of fitness magazines and publications over the last 12 years
Appeared on dozens of romance novels. (Harlequin)
Fashion model (i.e., Versace ads). Appeared in Flaunt, ID fashion magazines. Photographed by David Lachapelle
Spokesperson for MET-Rx 1995–2008 appearing in National Print Advertising campaigns and commercials
Featured on the cover of the Muscle Mag Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding.
Featured inside the Arnold Schwarzenegger Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding
Featured in additional fitness books etc.

Trainer
Named Top 5 Trainers in New York City by Hollywood Shape magazine
Fitness/Personal Trainer expert on TV's ESPN Cold Pizza show
Sat on board of directors for World's Greatest Personal Trainer
Fitness personal trainer expert on The Howard Stern Show (2 episodes)

See also
List of 21st-century writers

References

External links

 Frank Sepe Shrine (photos)
Bodybuilders.com (Photos and info)
MySpace profile

1971 births
Living people
American people of German descent
American people of Italian descent
American bodybuilders
Male models from New York (state)
Playgirl Men of the Month
Participants in American reality television series
People from Rosedale, Queens

Frank Sepe


An Ypsilopus erectus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Phillip James Cribb, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Phillip James Cribb och Joyce Stewart. An Ypsilopus erectus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ypsilopus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ypsilopus

Ypsilopus erectus


Der Secheron Peak ist ein Berg im Süden des australischen Bundesstaates Tasmanien. Er liegt am Südostteil der Frankland Range über dem Lake Pedder.

Westlich anschließend liegt der Frankland Peak und der Right Angle Peak befindet sich ca. 1 km südwestlich des Secheron Peak. Unterhalb der Nordflanke liegen kleine Bergseen, wie der Lake Surprise.

Quellen
Tasmap-Karte 1 : 25 000: Maconochie, Blatt 4223, 1. Auflage 2003

Eintausender
Berg in Australien und Ozeanien
Berg in Tasmanien
Tasmanische Wildnis

Secheron Peak


In heraldry, murrey is a "stain", i. e. a non-standard tincture, that is a dark reddish purple colour. It is most proximate in appearance to the heraldic tincture of purpure, but is distinct therefrom.

Overview
According to dictionaries, "murrey" is the colour of mulberries, being somewhere between the heraldic tinctures of gules (red) and purpure (purple), and almost maroon; but examples registered in Canada and Scotland display it as a reddish brown.

Poetic meanings
Centuries ago, arms were often described poetically and the tinctures were associated with different gemstones, flowers and heavenly bodies. Murrey usually corresponded to the following:
 Of jewels, the sardonyx
 Of heavenly bodies, the Dragon's Tail

Examples
The livery colours of the House of York in England in the fifteenth century were azure and murrey, as depicted on the shields of the Falcon of the Plantagenets and the White Lion of Mortimer, which are 2 of the Queen's Beasts.

See also
Mulberry (color)
Sanguine
Stain (heraldry)
Tenné
Tincture (heraldry)

References

External links

Stains
Shades of violet

Murrey


هنا قائمة بالبلديات في مقاطعة كاستيلون، والتي تقع في منطقة بلنسية شرق إسبانيا.

بلديات كاستيلون
قوائم بلدية في إسبانيا

قائمة البلديات في كاستيلون


Sala Polivalentă (senere Polyvalent Hall) er en multiarena i Bukarest, Rumænien med plads til 5.300 tilskuere. Arenaen bruges af mange forskellige aktiviteter bl.a. indendørs koncerter, tennis, gymnastik, dans, Håndbold, volleyball, basketball, vægtløftning, kampsport og professionel wrestling.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Sala Polivalentă webside

Etableret i 1974
Idrætsanlæg
Multiarenaer
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Bukarest

Sala Polivalentă


Annals of Scottish Natural History (abreviado Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist.) fue una revista con descripciones botánicas editada en Edimburgo. Se editaron 77 volúmenes entre  1892 y 1911.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en Worldcat
Descripción en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas del Reino Unido
Revistas desaparecidas del Reino Unido
Revistas científicas en inglés
Publicaciones fundadas en 1892
Publicaciones desaparecidas en 1911

Annals of Scottish Natural History


El 51.º Batallón de Instrucción Aérea (55. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Bataillon) fue una unidad militar de la Luftwaffe de Alemania.

Historia
Formado en septiembre de 1944 en Groningen de los restos del 51.º Regimiento de Campaña del Distrito Aéreo Norte de Bélgica-Francia. Es disuelto en febrero de 1945.

Referencias
WW2 - 51. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Bataillon

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

51.º Batallón de Instrucción Aérea


Elsa Lanchester (født Elizabeth Sullivan; 28. oktober 1902, død 26. december 1986) var en amerikansk teater- og filmskuespiller.

Som barn optrådte hun med Isadora Duncans dansetrup i Paris og begyndte sin skuespillerkarriere på et børneteater i London.

Filmdebut i 1927 i One of the Best.

I 1929 giftede hun sig med skuespilleren Charles Laughton; de forblev gift indtil hans død 1962.

Sammen rejste de til Hollywood i 1934, hvor Lanchester blev en populær skuespiller. Hun spillede nogle karakterroller, men var bedst i mindre eller komiske roller.

Nogle af hendes mest mindeværdige roller er Anna af Kleve i Henrik den Ottendes privatliv fra 1933 og i titelrollen som Bride of Frankenstein i 1935.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra London
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet

Elsa Lanchester


The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small mammal of the order Rodentia, characteristically having a pointed snout, large rounded ears, and a long and almost hairless tail. It is one of the most abundant species of the genus Mus. Although a wild animal, the house mouse has benefited significantly from associating with human habitation to the point that truly wild populations are significantly less common than the semi-tame populations near human activity.

The house mouse has been domesticated as the pet or fancy mouse, and as the laboratory mouse, which is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine. The complete mouse reference genome was sequenced in 2002.

Characteristics

House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of  and a tail length of . The weight is typically . In the wild they vary in color from grey and light brown to black (individual hairs are actually agouti coloured), but domesticated fancy mice and laboratory mice are produced in many colors ranging from white to champagne to black. They have short hair and some, but not all, sub-species have a light belly. The ears and tail have little hair. The hind feet are short compared to Apodemus mice, only  long; the normal gait is a run with a stride of about , though they can jump vertically up to . The voice is a high-pitched squeak. House mice thrive under a variety of conditions; they are found in and around homes and commercial structures, as well as in open fields and agricultural lands.

Newborn males and females can be distinguished on close examination as the anogenital distance in males is about double that of the female. From the age of about 10 days, females have five pairs of mammary glands and nipples; males have no nipples. When sexually mature, the most striking and obvious difference is the presence of testicles on the males. These are large compared to the rest of the body and can be retracted into the body.

The tail, which is used for balance, has only a thin covering of hair as it is the main peripheral organ of heat loss in thermoregulation along with—to a lesser extent—the hairless parts of the paws and ears. Blood flow to the tail can be precisely controlled in response to changes in ambient temperature using a system of arteriovenous anastomoses to increase the temperature of the skin on the tail by as much as  to lose body heat. Tail length varies according to the environmental temperature of the mouse during postnatal development, so mice living in colder regions tend to have shorter tails. The tail is also used for balance when the mouse is climbing or running, or as a base when the animal stands on its hind legs (a behaviour known as tripoding), and to convey information about the dominance status of an individual in encounters with other mice.

In addition to the regular pea-sized thymus organ in the chest, house mice have a second functional pinhead-sized thymus organ in the neck next to the trachea.

Taxonomy and subspecies

Mice are mammals of the Glires clade, which means they are amongst the closest relatives of humans other than lagomorphs, treeshrews, flying lemurs and other primates.

The three widely accepted subspecies are increasingly treated as distinct species by some:
Southeastern Asian house mouse (Mus musculus castaneus) (southern and southeastern Asia)
Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus); includes the fancy mouse and the laboratory mouse (Western Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Oceania)
Eastern European house mouse (Mus musculus musculus) (Eastern Europe and northern Asia)

Two additional subspecies have been recognized more recently:
Southwestern Asian house mouse (Mus musculus bactrianus) (southwestern and Central Asia)
pygmy house mouse (Mus musculus gentilulus) (the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar)

Many more subspecies' names have been given to house mice, but these are now regarded as synonyms of the five subspecies. Some populations are hybrids of different subspecies, including the Japanese house mouse (M. m. molossinus).

Chromosomal races
The standard species karyotype is composed of 40 chromosomes. Within Western Europe there are numerous populations – chromosomal races – with a reduced chromosome count arising from Robertsonian fusion.

Evolution
Suzuki et al., 2013 confirms the theory that M. musculus originates in Southwestern Asia and identifies 5 subspecies and their origins: musculus in northern Eurasia, castaneus in India and Southeast Asia, a previously unknown subspecies from Nepal, domesticus in western Europe, and gentilulus in Yemen.

Behavior

House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behavior known as "tripoding". Mice are good jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempt to maintain contact with vertical surfaces.

Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other's territories and normally enter another's territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.

House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous. They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.

Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free-living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species.

Social behavior
The social behavior of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into species-specific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.

House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context. House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal. Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have an excess of food, there is less female-female aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide. Male-male aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory. The high level of male-male aggression, with a low female-female aggression level is common in polygamous populations. The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no related females are present, breeding groups can form from non-related females.

In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Female-female aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to free-ranging species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great.

Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents. House mice show a male-biased dispersal; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasonal.

Senses and communication

Vision
The visual apparatus of mice is basically similar to that of humans but differs in that they are dichromats and have only two types of cone cells whereas humans are trichromats and have three. This means that mice do not perceive some of the colors in the human visual spectrum. However, the ventral area of the mouse retina has a much greater density of ultraviolet-sensitive cones than other areas of the retina, although the biological significance of this structure is unknown. In 2007, mice genetically engineered to produce the third type of cone were shown to be able to distinguish a range of colors similar to that perceived by tetrachromats.

Olfaction
House mice also rely on pheromones for social communication, some of which are produced by the preputial glands of both sexes. The tear fluid and urine of male mice also contains pheromones, such as major urinary proteins. Mice detect pheromones mainly with the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson's organ), located at the bottom of the nose.

The urine of house mice, especially that of males, has a characteristic strong odor. At least 10 different compounds, such as alkanes, alcohols, etc., are detectable in the urine. Among them, five compounds are specific to males, namely 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, aminotriazole (3-amino-s-triazole), 4-ethyl phenol, 3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl octane and 1-iodoundecane.

Odours from adult males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females and synchronise reproductive cycles in mature females (i.e. the Whitten effect). Odours of unfamiliar male mice may terminate pregnancies, i.e. the Bruce effect.

Tactile
Mice can sense surfaces and air movements with their whiskers which are also used during thigmotaxis. If mice are blind from birth, super-normal growth of the vibrissae occurs presumably as a compensatory response. Conversely, if the vibrissae are absent, the use of vision is intensified.

Life cycle and reproduction

Female house mice have an estrous cycle about four to six days long, with estrus itself lasting less than a day. If several females are held together under crowded conditions, they will often not have an estrus at all. If they are then exposed to male urine, they will come into estrus after 72 hours.

Male house mice court females by emitting characteristic ultrasonic calls in the 30 kHz–110 kHz  range. The calls are most frequent during courtship when the male is sniffing and following the female; however, the calls continue after mating has begun, at which time the calls are coincident with mounting behaviour. Males can be induced to emit these calls by female pheromones. The vocalizations appear to differ between individuals and have been compared to bird songs because of their complexity. While females have the capability to produce ultrasonic calls, they typically do not do so during mating behaviour.

Following copulation, female mice will normally develop a mating plug which prevents further copulation. The plug is not necessary for pregnancy initiation, as this will also occur without the plug. The presence or absence of the plug will not affect litter size either. This plug stays in place for some 24 hours. The gestation period is about 19–21 days, and they give birth to a litter of 3–14 young (average six to eight). One female can have 5 to 10 litters per year, so the mouse population can increase very quickly. Breeding occurs throughout the year. (However, animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder months, even though they do not hibernate.)

The pups are born blind and without fur or ears. The ears are fully developed by the fourth day, fur begins to appear at about six days and the eyes open around 13 days after birth; the pups are weaned at around 21 days. Females reach sexual maturity at about six weeks of age and males at about eight weeks, but both can copulate as early as five weeks.

Polygamy
Although house mice can be either monogamous or polygamous, they are most commonly polygamous. They generally show characteristics of mate-defense polygyny in that males are highly territorial and protective of their mates, while females are less agonistic. The communal nursing groups that result from these behaviors lead to lower numbers of infanticide since more females are able to protect greater numbers of offspring.

Evolutionary and behavioural consequences
Both evolutionary and behavioral consequences result from the polygamous nature of the house mouse. One consequence is the paternal investment, which is lower in polygamous mice than in mice that are monogamous. This occurs due to the fact that males spend more time involved in sexual competition than do females, leaving less time for paternal care. Polygamous male house mice spend less time alone with pups. They are also less likely and slower to retrieve lost pups than males of monogamous mice. In contrast, the maternal investment is similar between female mice that have mated once versus multiply.

The polygamous behavior of female house mice promotes sperm competition, which affects both male and female evolutionary fitness. Females who mate with multiple males tend to produce both pups in greater numbers, and with higher survival rates, increasing female fitness. Sperm competition that arises from polygamy favors males with faster, more motile sperm in higher numbers, increasing male fitness. The competitive aspect of insemination increases the frequency of polyandrous events and fertilizations. Polyandry has evolved to increase reproductive success. Male mating behavior is also affected in response to the practice of polygamous behavior. Compared to monogamous house mice, polygamous house mice mate for longer periods of time. This behaviour allows for an increase in both the transfer of sperm and paternity success, which in turn increases male fitness.

Polyandry
As opposed to polygyny, polyandrous behavior in females is the act of breeding with several males in the same season. Variation in number of males that females mate with occurs among a population. Polyandrous behavior is a common mating pattern in the subspecies Mus musculus musculus as well as its relative Mus musculus domesticus.

Polyandry occurs in 30% of all wild populations of house mice. Litters from multiple sires tend to be more genetically diverse than litters of single sires. Multiple paternity is also more common in larger populations than smaller populations, because there is a larger number of mates and more diverse mates to choose from. Within a population, males and females show different levels of multiple mating. Females show bias toward unrelated males rather than related males during sexual selection, resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression increases genetic incompatibilities, levels of homozygosity, and the chance of expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Polyandry has been shown to increase offspring survival compared to monandry.

Evolutionary consequences
The fitness of females increases in polyandrous lines due to more genetic diversity and greater litter size.

Due to polyandry, males can be confused by the identity of new offspring. Multiple mating by females and paternity confusion can decrease rates of infanticide. If the males are uncertain if the offspring are theirs, they are less likely to kill the offspring.

Intrauterine insemination causes an evolutionary consequence resulting from polyandrous behavior. When multiple males mate with one female, there are multiple sets of sperm gametes in a female mouse. Offspring fertilized by multiple males can compete more strongly for mother's resources and can lead to a decrease in body size and variation in body size.

Inbreeding avoidance
Since inbreeding is detrimental, it tends to be avoided. In the house mouse, the major urinary protein (MUP) gene cluster provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity that appears to underlie kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP haplotypes than would be expected if there were random mating. Another mechanism for avoiding inbreeding is evident when a female house mouse mates with multiple males. In such a case, there appears to be egg-driven sperm selection against sperm from related males.

Genetics
A region of mouse chromosome 16 is associated with thyroid function in mice. However, mice with a knockout of 16 genes - 550kb - in this region produced a normal phenotype, excluding these genes in particular from the dysfunction being pursued in that study.

Life expectancy

House mice usually live less than one year in the wild, due to a high level of predation and exposure to harsh environments. In protected environments, however, they often live two to three years. The Methuselah Mouse Prize is a competition to breed or engineer extremely long-lived laboratory mice. , the record holder was a genetically engineered mouse that lived for 1,819 days (7 days short of 5 years). Another record holder that was kept in an enriched environment but did not receive any genetic, pharmacological, or dietary treatment lived for 1,551 days ().

Mice and humans

History
House mice usually live in proximity to humans, in or around houses or fields. They are native to India, and later they spread to the eastern Mediterranean about 13,000 BC, only spreading into the rest of Europe around 1000 BC. This time lag is thought to be because the mice require agrarian human settlements above a certain size. The house mouse first arrived in the Americas in the early sixteenth century. It was carried aboard on the ships of Spanish explorers and Conquistadors. About one hundred years later, it arrived in North America with French fur traders and English colonists. They have since been spread to all parts of the globe by humans.

Many studies have been done on mouse phylogenies to reconstruct early human movements. For example, one study suggests the possibility of a previously unsuspected early link between Northern Europe and Madeira on the basis of the origin of Madeiran mice. House mice were thought to be the primary reason for the domestication of cats.

As pets

The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the Erya, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 BC version. Human domestication led to numerous strains of "fancy" or hobby mice with a variety of colours and a docile temperament. Domestic varieties of the house mouse are bred as a food source for some carnivorous pet reptiles, birds, arthropods, and fish. The effects of domestication can be rapid, with captive-reared mice differing in boldness and activity patterns compared to wild-caught mice after 4–5 generations in recent research.

Mice as pests

Mice are widespread pest organisms, and one of the most common rodents to infest human buildings. They commonly forage outdoors during the spring and summer, but retreat into buildings through the fall and winter to seek warmth and food. They typically feed on unattended food, leftovers and garden produce. Their foraging risks the contamination and degradation of food supplies, and can also spread other pests such as fleas, ticks and lice.

When infesting homes, house mice may pose a risk of damaging and compromising the structure of furniture and the building itself. They gnaw various materials to file down their growing teeth and keep the length under control. Common damage includes gnawed electrical wires, marks on wooden furniture and construction supporting elements, and textile damage.

Mice and diseases
House mice can sometimes transmit diseases, contaminate food, and damage food packaging. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides a list with diseases transmitted by rodents, only a few of the diseases are transmitted through the house mouse.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) can be transmitted by mice, but is not a commonly reported infection in humans, though most infections are mild and are often never diagnosed. Some concern exists that women should not be infected with LCMV during pregnancy.

House mice are not usually a vector of human plague (bubonic plague) because they have fewer infestations with fleas than do rats, and because the fleas which house mice normally carry exhibit little tendency to bite humans rather than their natural host.

Rickettsialpox, caused by the bacterium Rickettsia akari and similar to chickenpox, is spread by mice in general, but is very rare and generally mild and resolves within two or three weeks if untreated. No known deaths have resulted from the disease. Murine typhus (also called endemic typhus), caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi, is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics. The U.S. CDC currently does not mention rickettsialpox or murine typhus on its website about diseases directly transmitted by rodents (in general).

Leptospirosis is carried by a variety of wild and domestic animals including dogs, rats, swine, cattle, mice in general, and can be transmitted by the urine of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is still moist.

In Central Europe, the Dobriva sequence of hantavirus has been found in house mice. This is the most serious type of hanta that can infect humans.

Invasive species
Mice have become an invasive species on islands to where they have spread during the period of European exploration and colonisation.

New Zealand had no land mammals other than two species of bat prior to human occupation, and the house mouse is one of many species that have been introduced. Mice are responsible for a reduction in native bird species since they eat some of the same foods as birds. They are also known to kill lizards and have a large effect on native insects.

Gough Island in the South Atlantic is used by 20 species of seabirds for breeding, including almost all of the world's Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) and Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta). Until house mice arrived on the island in the 19th century with sailors, the birds did not have any mammalian predators. The mice have since grown unusually large and have learned to attack albatross chicks, which can be 90cm tall, but are largely immobile, by working in groups and gnawing on them until they bleed to death.

In the grain belt of southeastern Australia, the introduced subspecies Mus musculus domesticus breed so successfully, every three years or so they reach plague proportions, achieving densities of 1000 per hectare and causing massive disruption to communities, and losses to agriculture of A$36 million annually.

As a model organism

Mice are the most commonly used mammalian laboratory animal, due to their relatively close relationship, and associated high homology, with humans, their ease in maintenance and handling, and their high rate of reproduction. Laboratory mice typically belong to standardized inbred strains selected for the stability or clarity of specific harmful mutations. This allows research with laboratory mice to easily restrict genetic and biological variables, making them very useful model organisms in genetic and medicinal research.

In folk culture
Importance of mice as a house and agricultural pest resulted in a development of a variety of mouse-related rituals and stories in world's cultures. The Ancient Egyptians had a story about "The mouse as vizier".

Many South Slavs had a traditional annual "Mouse Day" celebration. In the eastern Balkans (most of Bulgaria, North Macedonia, the Torlak districts of Serbia), the "Mouse Day" () was celebrated on October 9 of the Julian calendar (corresponds to October 27 of the Gregorian calendar in the 20th and 21st centuries), the next day after the feast of Saint Demetrius. In the western Balkans (Bosnia, Croatia), the Mouse Day would usually be celebrated in the spring, during the Maslenitsa week or early in the Lent.

See also
Mouse brain
Myobia musculi, common mite found in fur of house mouse

References

Further reading

External links

Taxonomy
findmice.org

Genetics
Ensembl Mus musculus genome browser, from the Ensembl Project
Vega Mus musculus genome browser, includes NOD mouse sequence and annotation

Media
Pictures, movies and applets showing the anatomy of Mus musculus, from www.digimorph.org
Arkive Photographs. Short text.

Further reading
Nature Mouse Special 2002
Biology of Laboratory Rodents by David G. Besselsen
House Mouse Fact Sheet from the National Pest Management Association with information on habits, habitat and health threats
Comprehensive house mouse information, including pictures, by the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
'Fancy Mice', includes much behavioral and physiological information
Some information on muricide
Vocalizations during copulation

Cosmopolitan mammals
House Mouse
Mus (rodent)
Storage pests
House Mouse
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe

House mouse


Palmeta este un motiv în arta decorativă care, în expresia sa cea mai caracteristică, seamănă cu frunzele în formă de evantai ale unui palmier.  Are o istorie de anvergură, originară din Egiptul Antic, cu o dezvoltare ulterioară prin arta majorității Eurasiei, de obicei în forme care seamănă relativ puțin cu originalul.  În folosirile grecești și romane antice e cunoscută și sub numele de anthemion (din greacă ανθέμιον, o floare). Se găsește în majoritatea mediilor artistice, dar mai ales ca ornament arhitectural, fie sculptată, fie pictată, sau pictată pe ceramică.  Este foarte des o componentă a proiectării unei frize sau a unei margini.  Evoluția complexă a palmetei a fost urmărită pentru prima dată de Alois Riegl în Stilfragen din 1893. Semipalmeta, împărțită pe verticală, e, de asemenea, un motiv foarte comun, întâlnit în multe forme modificate și vestigiale, și deosebit de important în dezvoltarea volutelor vegetale care compun arabescurile.

Descriere

Esența paletei e un grup simetric de "frunze" răspândite care se întind dintr-o singură bază, lărgindu-se în mod normal pe măsură ce ies, înainte de a se termina cu un vârf ascuțit rotunjit sau destul de contondent.  Poate să existe o frondă centrală care e mai mare decât restul.  Numărul de frunze e variabil, dar de obicei sunt între cinci și aproximativ cincisprezece.

În designul de margine repetat denumit în mod obișnuit himion, frunzele de palmier seamănă mai mult cu niște petale de caprifoi, ca și cum ar fi concepute ca să atragă insectele fertilizante. Unii compară forma cu o mână hamsa deschisă - explicând caracterul comun și derivarea "palmei" mâinii.

În unele forme ale motivului, volutele seamănă cu o pereche de ochi, ca cele de pe harmika stupei tibetane sau nepaleze, iar ochii și discul solar de pe coroana stelelor egiptene.

În unele variante, trăsăturile unei fețe mai complet dezvoltate devin discernibile în palmetă însăși, în timp ce în anumite folosiri arhitecturale, de obicei la capul pilaștrilor sau al hermelor, evantaiul frunzelor de palmier se transformă într-o față masculină sau feminină și  volutele apar uneori ca niște sâni. Comun tuturor acestor forme e perechea de volute la baza evantaiului - care constituie caracteristicile definitorii ale palmetei.

Evoluție
Se crede că palmeta își are originea în Egiptul antic în jurul anului 2.500 de ani î.Hr., și a influențat arta greacă.  Palmetele egiptene (anthemia greacă) s-au bazat inițial pe trăsături ale diferitelor flori, inclusiv papirusul și lotusul sau crinul reprezentând Egiptul de jos și pe cel de sus și unirea lor fertilă, înainte ca ea să fie asociată cu palmierul.  Din cele mai vechi timpuri a existat o asociere puternică cu soarele și e probabil o formă timpurie a aurei.  Printre cele mai vechi forme de palmetă din Egiptul antic se număra o "rozetă" sau o floare de lotus asemănătoare margaretei care ieșea dintr-un "V" de frunziș sau petale asemănătoare hieroglifei akhet care descrie apusul sau răsăritul soarelui în punctul în care atinge cei doi munți ai orizontului - "murind", fiind "renăscut" și dând viață pământului.  O a doua formă, aparent dezvoltată din asta, e o palmetă dezvoltată mai complet, similară formelor găsite în Grecia Antică.

A treia e o versiune care constă într-o grămadă de flori de lotus sau papirus pe tulpini înalte, cu un mugur sau floare căzută pe ambele părți, care rezultă dintr-o mlaștină (primară).  Lotusul și papirusul se întâlnesc în asociere cu Hapi, zeul inundației cruciale care dă viață anuală a Nilului, care își leagă tulpinile împreună în jurul unei mese de ofrandă în motivul sema-tawi - el însuși ecou al formelor "akhet"-ului orizontului. Scena asta de unire a apărut pe baza tronului mai multor regi, despre care se credea că păstrează uniunea celor două țări ale Egiptului (cel de jos și cel de sus, dar și fizic și spiritual) și, prin urmare, stăpânesc forțele de reînnoire. Scenele astea "de legare", și plantele de mlaștină heliotrope care apar în ele, au evocat necesitatea de a discerne și dezvălui armonia subiacentă, originea tuturor formelor manifestate, care reconectează fragmentele dispersate și separate ale experienței de zi cu zi.  Implicația suplimentară este e din această sursă aparent ocultă și magică, nedivizată, iau naștere fertilitatea și viața nouă.

O altă variantă a motivului e o singură floare de lotus între doi muguri verticali, o ofrandă parfumată preferată. Zeul parfumului, Nefertum, e reprezentat de un astfel de lotus sau e înfățișat purtând un lotus ca o coroană. Lotusul de pe capul lui Nefertum încorporează în mod obișnuit niște "menats" gemene sau contragreutăți de colier (de obicei se spune că reprezintă fertilitatea) atârnând în jos de la baza florii de ambele părți ale tulpinii, amintind de perechea de tulpini simetric căzute din lotus și aglomerări de papirus menționate mai sus.  În mod curios, atunci când sunt descrise pe pereții unui mormânt egiptean și în scenele de grădină formalizate, palmierii de curmale sunt invariabil arătați într-o convenție stilistică similară, cu un grup de curmale atârnând pe ambele părți sub coroană în aceeași poziție. Legătura dintre grupurile astea agățate și volutele paletei e vizual clară, dar rămâne inexplicită. Răsăritul și apusul soarelui, și deschiderea și închiderea lotusului sunt legate de legenda lui Osiris de zi și noapte, viață și moarte și calvarul nocturn al soarelui apus ca să fie înghițit de zeița cerului nopții Nut, ca să treacă prin Duat ("lumea de dincolo") și să se nască din nou în fiecare dimineață. Plantele descrise cu acest evantai solar de frunze sau petale și "înconjurate" de perechi de flori care atârnă, muguri sau ciorchini de fructe par să emuleze și să participe la ciclul sacrificial al soarelui de moarte și renaștere, și indică lecțiile pe care le ține pentru omenire. Probabil că modelul care stă la baza tuturor acestor forme fertile, ecou al perucii cu coane de vacă și volute de sistru ale zeiței maternității Hathor, a fost uterul, cu grupurile de ovare gemene. Când soarele renaște dimineața, se spune că se naște din pântecele lui Nut. Formele de palmete stilizate ale lotusului și papirusului care prezintă rozeta solară sau roata margaretă care ies din volutele caliciului sunt acte magice similare ale "akhetului" - acest moment sacru al creației îmbunătățite, actul de a transcende sau de a depăși forma muritoare a cuiva și "ieșirea de zi" ca o formă de viață akh sau superioară, înaripată, strălucitoare, atotcuprinzătoare și atotvăzătoare.

Majoritatea primelor forme egiptene ale motivului apar mai târziu în Creta, Mesopotamia, Asiria și Persia Antică, inclusiv lotusul și marginea cu muguri. Sub forma de palmetă care apare cel mai frecvent pe ceramica greacă, adesea intercalată cu scene și fapte eroice, același motiv e legat într-o linie exterioară în formă de frunze sau de muguri de lotus. Se observă că linia exterioară a evoluat dintr-o friză alternativă de lotus stilizat și palmetă. Lucrul ăsta anticipează forma pe care a luat-o de obicei - de la sculptura renascentistă până la fântânile baroce - a interiorului unei jumătăți de scoici, în care frunzele de palmier au devenit evantaiul cochiliei iar volutele rămân la convergența evantaiului. Aici forma a fost asociată cu Venus sau Neptun și a fost în mod obișnuit flancată de o pereche de delfini sau a devenit un vehicul tras de cai de mare.  Mai târziu, această linie exterioară circulară sau ovală a devenit un motiv în sine, formând o formă de C deschisă, cu cele două volute în creștere la vârfuri. O mulțime de mobilă barocă și rococo, stucaturi sau lucrări din fier forjat de porți și balcoane sunt alcătuite din combinații mereu variate, de volute în formă de C, fie pe cont propriu, spate în spate, fie în sprijinul palmetelor pline.

Arhitectura clasică

Ca motiv ornamental găsit în arhitectura clasică, palmeta și anthemionul iau multe și variate forme. În mod obișnuit, partea superioară a motivului constă din cinci sau mai multe frunze sau petale care se ridică ritmic în sus de la o singură sursă triunghiulară sau în formă de pastilă la bază.  În unele cazuri, fructele asemănătoare fructelor unui palmier atârnă de ambele părți deasupra bazei și sub frunzele cele mai joase. Partea inferioară e formată dintr-o pereche simetrică de volute elegante în formă de "S" care se învârt în lateral și în jos de la baza frunzelor. Partea superioară amintește creșterea puternică a frunzelor și a florilor, în timp ce volutele părții inferioare par să sugereze atât contribuirea energiilor fertile, cât și a fructelor rezultate. E adesea prezent pe gâtul capitelului coloanelor ionice; cu toate astea, la capitelul coloanei corintice, ia forma unui "fleuron" sau a unei flori care se sprijină pe abaca (cea mai înaltă placă) a capitelului și izvorăște dintr-o pereche de volute care, în unele versiuni, dau naștere volutelor elaborate și acantelor capitelului.

Combinații botanice

Conform lui Boardman, chiar dacă frizele de lotuși sau cele de palmete erau cunoscute în Mesopotamia cu secole înainte, combinația nefirească a diferitelor elemente botanice care nu au nicio relație în sălbăticie, cum ar fi palmeta, lotusul și uneori rozeta, 3 o inovație pur grecească, care a fost apoi adoptată pe o scară geografică foarte largă în toată lume elenistică.

"Palmetele flăcără" elenistice

Din secolul al V-lea, palmetele au avut tendința de a avea frunze ascuțite. Cu toate astea, din secolul al IV-lea, capătul frunzelor tinde să se întoarcă, formând ceea ce se numește designul "palmetă flacără". Ăsta e designul care a fost adoptat în arhitectura elenistică și a devenit foarte popular pe o scară geografică largă. Acesta este designul adoptat de India în secolul al III-lea î.Hr. pentru unele dintre frizele sale sculpturale, cum ar fi pe abacele Stâlpilor lui Așoka sau designul central al capitelului Pataliputra, probabil prin Imperiul Seleucid sau orașe elenistice, ca Ai-Khanoum.

Folosire
În arhitectura clasică, motivul a avut folosiri specifice, ca:
 fețele antefixelor,
 acrotere,
 porțiunea superioară a stelei sau a pietrelor funerare verticale, și
 gâtul coloanelor ionice ale Erehteionului și continuarea sa ca o friză decorativă pe pereți.

Variante și motive asemănătoare

Palmeta este legată de o serie de motive în diferite culturi și perioade. În Egiptul Antic, existau motive de palmetă atât ca formă de floare, cât și ca arbore stilizat, denumit adesea Copacul Vieții. Alte exemple din Egiptul antic sunt modelele de flori de lotus alternate și muguri, discul înaripat al lui Horus cu perechea sa de șerpi ureus, Ochiul lui Horus și stela comemorativă cu vârf curbat. În versiunile asiriene ulterioare ale Copacului Vieții, aripile de șoim cu pene ale discului înaripat egiptean s-au asociat cu frunzele palmierului.  Flori de lotus și margini de muguri similare, strâns asociate cu palmete și rozete, au apărut și în Mesopotamia. Se pare că există o echivalență între coarnele creaturilor cu coarne, aripile ființelor înaripate incluzând îngeri, grifoni și frincși și atât evantaiul, cât și volutele palmetei; există, de asemenea, o formă "V" subiacentă în fiecare dintre aceste forme, care este paralelă cu asocierea palmetei în sine cu victoria, energia și optimismul.

O reprezentare a lui Nike, zeița înaripată a victoriei, de pe un vas atică din secolul al VI-lea î.Hr., arată cum se celebrează jertfa de sacrificiu la care face referire altarul volutat și cu flăcări, aripile zeiței și victoria fiind celebrate, toate rezonând cu aceleași asociații multiple subiacente purtate în formele componente ale motivului palmetei. Forme asemănătoare se găsesc la discul înaripat și la copacii sacri din Mesopotamia, bagheta caduceului lui Hermes, omniprezentele volute ale scoicilor din nișele sculpturale renascentiste, originare de la sarcofagele grecești și romane, copiat deasupra arcurilor teatrale ale avanscenelor, și pe uși, ferestre, porți din fier forjat și balcoane ale palatelor și caselor; ferestrele din lunete asemănătoare cu scoici deasupra ușilor în arhitectura georgiană gul-ul și buta de pe covoarele și textile din Asia Centrală, tridentul lui Neptun/Poseidon, atât tridentul, cât și lingamul lui Shiva, marcajele de borne în formă de petale de lotus the 'bai sema' ale templului interior thailandez, muntele lui Vishnu, Garuda, fulgerul vajra, bozduganul de diamant sau bijuteria iluminării din lotusul din Tibet și Asia de Sud-Est, motivele norilor și liliecilor și ruyi sau sceptrului ju-i și lingzhi sau ciuperca longevității tradiției chineze. Atât ca o formă a lotusului care se ridică din mlaștini ca să atingă soarele, cât și ca un copac (palmier) care ajunge de la pământ la cer, palmeta poartă caracteristicile de axis mundi sau copacul lumii. Fleur de lis-ul, care a devenit o emblemă puternică și enigmatică a dreptului divin al regilor, despre care se spune că a fost acordată regilor francezi timpurii de către un înger, a evoluat în Egipt și Mesopotamia ca o variantă a palmetei.

În mod similar, de la începutul secolului al XIII-lea până în 1806, dreptul divin al Sfinților Împărați Romani a fost conferit prin investitură în Regalia Sfântului Imperiu Roman, care a inclus pelerina de încoronare care afișa leii gemeni (amintind leii gemeni ai lui Aker de mai sus) păzind palma în forma unui copac al vieții, cu cei doi ciorchini de fructe.

Se crede că Irminsul-ul, stâlpul sacru al saxonilor și echivalentul Yggdrasil-ului scandinav, o altă versiune a copacului lumii, și-a luat forma palmetei sub influența galo-romană.

Chiar și porțile grădinilor obișnuite din suburbiile occidentale sunt acoperite cu perechi aproape identice de volute, aparent derivate din motivele asociate cu akhet și palmeta, inclusiv soarele înaripat și discul soarelui flancat cu o pereche de ochi. Porțile curților bisericilor, mormintele și pietrele funerare poartă motivul de mai multe ori în diferite forme.

Anthemionul e, de asemenea, marca de monetărie a Monedei Greciei și e reprezentat pe toate monedele euro grecești destinate circulației, precum și în toate monedele colecționarilor grecești.

Galerie

Vezi și
 Acroteră
 Lotus egiptean albastru
 Mormântul palmetelor
 Capiteluri indocorintice
 Capitelul Pataliputra

Note

Referințe
 Jessica Rawson, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon; , British Museum Pubns Ltd, 1984
 Alois Riegl, Stilfragen. Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik. Berlin 1893
 Helene J. Kantor, Plant Ornament in the Ancient Near East, Revizat: 11 august 1999, Copyright 1999 Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
 Idris Parry, Speak Silence, , Carcanet Press Ltd., 1988
 Gombrich, Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance, Londra, Phaidon, 1972
 Ernst H. Gombrich, The Sense of Order, A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art, Phaidon, 1985

Legături externe

 Egiptul Antic, copacul vieții
 Ornamentul Vegetal : Originea Sa și Dezvoltarea în Orientul Apropiat Antic
 Palmete în Țesături Fine

Motive vizuale
Ornamente
Ornamente arhitecturale

Palmetă


Charles Yves Jean Ghislaine Michel (Namur, Belgija 21. prosinca 1975.) belgijski je političar. Bivši belgijski premijer od 2014. do 2019. godine te izabrani predsjednik Europskog vijeća. Mandat mu je počeo 1. prosinca 2019., a na toj je dužnosti naslijedio Donalda Tuska.

Raniji Život i Obrazovanje

Charles Michel rođen je u Namuru, Belgija, 21. prosinca 1975. godine. Njegov otac Louis Michel je političar (reformistički pokret, MR) koji je bio gradonačelnik Jodoigne, a potom povjerenik Europske komisije i zastupnik u Europskom parlamentu. Njegova majka je Martine Pierre.

Charles Michel započeo je svoju političku karijeru u dobi od 16 godina kada se pridružio mladim liberalnim reformatorima iz Jodoignea ( Jeunes Réformateurs Libéraux de Jodoigne ), koji je povezan s MR-om. Godine 1994., u dobi od 18 godina, Charles Michel je izabran za pokrajinskog vijećnika u Valonskom Brabantu. Diplomirao je pravo na Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) i na Sveučilištu u Amsterdamu 1998. godine, nakon čega je postao odvjetnik u Bruxellesu. Uz francuski, tečno govori i nizozemski te engleki jezik.

Politička karijera

Michel je izabran u Saveznu Predstavničku komoru (Belgija) u Zastupnički dom na belgijskim saveznim izborima 1999. Godine 2000. postao je ministar unutarnjih poslova u Valonskoj vladi u dobi od 25 godina, što ga je učinilo najmlađim ministrom u povijesti Belgije.

Predsjednik Europskog Vijeća

Dana 2. srpnja 2019. Michel je izabran za predsjednika Europskog vijeća, jednog od najistaknutijih čelnih mjesta Europske unije.

Vanjske poveznice

- https://premier.fgov.be/language_selection

Predsjednici belgijske vlade

Charles Michel


Dumbarton Football Club is a semi-professional football club in Dumbarton, Scotland. Founded on 23 December 1872, they are one of the oldest football clubs in Scotland.

The club plays home games at the Dumbarton Football Stadium next to Dumbarton Castle.

They were one of the most successful of the nineteenth century, winning the Scottish Football League in the first two seasons of the competition (the first jointly with Rangers).

The club ceased playing in 1901 and did not return to action until 1905. Although at the time it was emphasised that this was a new club, subsequent directives by the SFA and Scottish Combination appear to countermand this, possibly to fast-track the re-formed club into their competitions.

Since then, the club have spent the majority of their history outside the top flight, with their last appearance at the top level coming in 1984–85 and the side currently playing in Scottish League Two. The club were the first team (and one of only two) to win at least one league title in each of the top four tiers in the Scottish football league system.

Stephen Farrell is the club's manager, having been appointed in May 2021.

In May 2021, it was announced that Dumbarton were to change ownership, with previous owners Brabco selling their majority share to Cognitive Capital.

Colours and badge
For 2022–23, the side will wear strips from the Macron brand for the first season. After three seasons playing in predominantly yellow the home strip is mainly white with a black and gold band. The away kit is navy blue and white.

The club's badge features an elephant with a castle on its back, this represents Dumbarton Rock with Dumbarton Castle upon it, based on the historic town crest. Dumbarton Rock, a volcanic plug, is said to resemble an elephant. The team's nickname 'The Sons' is derived from the phrase 'Sons of The Rock', a term used for those born in the town of Dumbarton.

Stadium

Dumbarton play their home games at Dumbarton Football Stadium (commonly referred to as "The Rock" by supporters). The  all seated stadium has been used since 2 December 2000. The only stand is overshadowed by Dumbarton Rock & sits aside the banks of the River Leven. The stadium has been named for sponsorship purposes for most of its existence:

 Strathclyde Homes Stadium (Dec 2000 – Sep 2011) until the receivership of Strathclyde Homes
 Dumbarton Football Stadium (Sep 2011 – Feb 2012)
 Dumbarton Football Stadium Sponsored by DL Cameron (Feb 2012 – Jul 2012)
 The BetButler Stadium (Jul 2012 – Sep 2014) until the liquidation of BetButler
 Dumbarton Football Stadium (Sep 2014 – Jun 2015)
 The Cheaper Insurance Direct Stadium (Jul 2015 – May 2017)
 The YOUR Radio 103FM Stadium (July 2017 – May 2018)
 C&G Systems Stadium (May 2018 – May 2021)
Dumbarton Football Stadium (May 2021 – September 2021)
Moreroom.com Stadium (September 2021 – present)

Prior to December 2000, the team played at Boghead Park from 1879 until the end of the 1999–00 season; at that time their tenure of 121 years was the longest a senior Scottish club had stayed at the same ground. Between May and November 2000, Dumbarton shared Cliftonhill in Coatbridge with Albion Rovers.

In November 2014 the club's owners, Brabco, formally announced their intention to move to a new ground after only 15 years at their home, situated in what is Young's Farm to the North of Dumbarton between Dalreoch and Renton. The proposed development would have doubled the existing capacity to 4,000, with the existing site being used to build 180 houses and a walkway along the River Clyde connecting the town centre with Dumbarton Castle. The plans were rejected by West Dunbartonshire Council in March 2018.

Attendances

Supporters and culture

Dumbarton were the first league club in Scotland to have a supporters' trust, which works to strengthen the links between the club and the fans. The trust own a significant number of shares in the club and are the fourth largest shareholder. Following a £25,000 direct investment, the trust also has a representative on the club board of directors. The supporters' trust works with the club to produce the match programme & run the club website. As well as those important functions, the trust's main role at the club is that of overseeing commercial activity.

One of the main ways supporters back the club financially is by playing the club's weekly lottery. Launched in association with Our Club Lotto by supporters trust board member Stephanie Park in 2020, fans of the club have raised thousands of pounds through their entries. Draws to win up to £10,000 take place every Wednesday night with all profits reinvested into the running of the football club.

Players

Squad

Hall of Fame
Recently, the club and its fans named their "best player of all time" and a "Hall of Fame" including:

 Lawrie Williams – 372 apps (1970–1980)
 Ray Montgomerie – 180 apps (1981–1988)
 Murdo MacLeod – 87 apps (1975–1978) and 66 apps (1993–1995) as Player/Manager
 Donald McNeil – 320 apps (1975–1988)
 Colin McAdam – 70 apps (1969–1975)
 Albert Craig – 138 apps (1981–1986)
 Tom McAdam – 76 apps (1970–1975)
 Johnny Graham – 385 apps (1967–1977)
 William Wallace – 84 apps (1972–1975)
 Kenny Wilson – 74 apps (1970–1972)
 Charlie Gibson – 257 apps (1989–1996)

Internationals
18 Dumbarton players were chosen to represent Scotland between 1880 and 1898. The club's international players were as follows:

 Ralph Aitken
 Jack Bell
 Robert 'Sparrow' Brown
 Robert 'Plumber' Brown
 Geordie Dewar
 Leitch Keir
 Archie Lang
 Joe Lindsay
 James McAulay
 William McKinnon

 John McLeod
 Thomas McMillan
 Peter Miller
 William Robertson
 Duncan Stewart
 Jack Taylor
 William Thomson
 Hugh Wilson

Coaching staff

Recent league history

Managerial history
Manager records for all league, league play-offs, League Cup, Scottish Cup & Challenge Cup games (i.e. not including friendlies & Stirlingshire Cup games)

 Permanent managers only. Stats include permanent managers who had initial caretaker spells.

As of match played 2 September 2023:

Honours

League
 Scottish Football League: Winners 1890–91, 1891–92
 Scottish First Division: Winners 1910–11, 1971–72
Runners-up 1907–08, 1983–84
 Scottish Second Division: Winners 1991–92
 Runners-up 1994–95
 Play-Off Winners 2011–12
 Scottish Third Division: Winners 2008–09
Runners-up 2001–02, 2022–23
 Scottish Combination League: Winners 1905–06

Cup

National
 Scottish Cup: Winners 1882–83
 Runners-up 1880–81, 1881–82, 1886–87, 1890–91, 1896–97
 Scottish Challenge Cup: Runners-up 2017–18
 Scottish Qualifying Cup: Runners-up 1911–12
 Scottish Consolation Cup: Runners-up 1907–08, 1910–11
 Scottish Supplementary Cup: Runners-up 1945–46
 Festival of Britain St. Mungo Quaich: Winners 1951–52

Other
 Stirlingshire Cup: Winners (16) 1952–53, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1993–94, 1995–96, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13
Runners-up 6 times
 Dumbartonshire Cup: Winners (20) 1884–85 1888–89, 1889–90, 1890–91, 1891–92, 1892–93, 1893–94, 1894–95, 1897–98, 1898–99, 1914–15, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1939–40
 Runners-up 17 times
 Dumbartonshire Association Tournament: Winners 1885–86
 Stirlingshire Consolation Cup: Runners-up 1950–51
 League Charity Cup: Winners 1890–91
 Glasgow Charity Cup: Runners-up 1881–82, 1884–85
 Greenock Charity Cup: Winners 1889–90, 1890–91
 Runners-up 1888–89, 1891–92
 Dumbartonshire Charity Cup:
 Winners 1916–17, 1917–18, 1919–20, 1921–22, 1922–23
 Runners-up 1918–19, 1924–25, 1925–26
 Clydebank Charity Cup: Runners-up 1918–19
 United Abstainers F.C. Gold Cup: Runners-up 1889–90
 Oban Saints Keyline Trophy: Winners 2005–06

Reserves
 Scottish Second XI Cup: Winners 1881–82
 Runners-up 1883–84, 1886–87, 1889–90
 Glasgow & District Reserve League: Runners-up 1942–43 (First Series), 1943–44 (First Series)
 Scottish Alliance Reserve League: Winners 1956–57 (First Series)
 Runners-up: 1956–57 (Second Series)
 Combined Reserve League: Winners 1958–59 (Second Series)
 Runners-up: 1958–59 (First Series)
 Scottish Reserve League (West): Runners-up 1985–86
 Glasgow & District Reserve League Cup: Runners-up 1942–43
 Dumbartonshire Second XI Cup: Winners 1888–89, 1889–90, 1890–91, 1891–92, 1892–93

Youths
 Scottish Under 19s League: Runners-up 2010–11
 West Region Under 18s Cup: Runners-up 2022–23
 West Region Under 17s Cup: Runners-up 2022–23

Club records
Biggest win:
Scottish Cup: 13–2 v Kirkintilloch Central (1 September 1888)

Biggest loss:
Scottish Football League: 1–11 v Albion Rovers (30 January 1926)
Scottish League Cup: 1–11 v Ayr United (13 August 1952)

Biggest home attendance:
Boghead Park: 18,001 v Raith Rovers, (2 March 1957)
Dumbarton Football Stadium: 1,978 v Rangers, (19 September 2015)

Most goals in a season: Kenny Wilson (38), 1971–72

References

External links

 Supporters Trust Website

Dumbarton
Football clubs in Scotland
Football in West Dunbartonshire
Association football clubs established in 1872
Scottish Football League teams
Scottish Football League founder members
1872 establishments in Scotland
Scottish Cup winners
Scottish Professional Football League teams

Dumbarton F.C.


Becoming Jane Austen a fost cercetat și scris de către Jon Hunter Spence student al romancierei Jane Austen. Ea prezintă o versiune demi-biografică a vieții lui Jane Austen bazată pe interpretarea lui Spencer cu privire la romanul "Mândrie și Prejudecată" ca fiind modelat pe viața reală a lui Jane Austen, deși Austen însăși nu face această afirmație pentru romanul ei.

Becoming Jane Austen a fost publicat pentru prima dată în versiunea hardcover de Hambledon Continuum în 2003. În cronici, viața timpurie a lui Jane Austen,  întâlnirile ei și dezvoltarea relațiilor dintre Austen și Tom Lefroy, bazate pe scrisorile trimise de Jane Austen către sora ei Cassandra. Cartea a fost folosită ca bază pentru filmul Becoming Jane, care a fost lansat în ianuarie 2007 (Sydney). Jon Spencer a fost un istoric consultant pentru film.

O ediție broșată a cărții a fost publicată de Continuum pe 14 iunie 2007

Relația Austen-Lefroy  a fost, de asemenea, utilizată ca bază pentru Jane și Tom: Adevărata Mândrie și Prejudecată, o piesă de teatru radiofonică de Elizabeth Lewis. Acesta a fost prima dată difuzată pe 1 iunie 2007, interpretată de Jasmine Hyde ca Austen și Andrew Scott ca Lefroy, împreună cu Penny Downie ca Doamna Austen, Jane Whittenshaw ca d-na Lefroy, Rachel Atkins ca Anne Lefroy, Lynne Seamore ca Cassandra Austen, Keiron Sine ca John Warren, și Manon Edwards ca Ellen, și regizat de Celia De Wolff.

Referințe

Cărți din 2003
Jane Austen

Becoming Jane Austen


Pi, Darren Aronofsky'ın yönetmenliğini yaptığı 1998, ABD yapımı bağımsız bir filmdir. 1998 Sundance Film Festivalinde En İyi Yönetmen ödülü almıştır.

Filmin kahramanı Max Cohen, sayı kuramcısıdır ve doğadaki her şeyin sayılarla anlaşılabileceğine inanır. Büyük sayılarla karmaşık hesaplamaları akıldan yapabilmektedir.  Bu yeteneği komşusu olan küçük kız Jenna'yı etkiler. Ancak filmin anlatıcısı olarak Cohen'in söyledikleri güvenilmezdir. Anlattıklarında Kabala metinlerine atıflar vardır. Film 60,000 Dolar gibi küçük bir bütçeyle yapılmasına karşın ABD'de 3 Milyon Dolardan fazla hasılat elde edebilmiştir.

Oyuncular
 Sean Gullette (Maximillian Cohen)
 Mark Margolis (Ben Shenkman)
 Pamela Hart (Marcy Dawson)
 Stephen Pearlman (Rabbi Cohen)
 Samia Shoaib (Devi)
 Ajay Naidu (Farroukh)
 Kristyn Mae-Anne Lao (Jenna)
 Espher Lao Nieves (Jenna's Mom)
 Joanne Gordon (Mrs. Ovadia)
 Lauren Fox (Jenny Robeson)
 Stanley Herman (Moustacheless Man)
 Clint Mansell (Photographer)
 Tom Tumminello (Ephraim)
 Ari Handel (Kabbala Scholar)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Pi sayısı

Psikolojik bilimkurgu filmleri
1998 çıkışlı filmler
Matematik ile ilgili filmler
Protozoa Pictures filmleri
Darren Aronofsky'nin yönettiği filmler
Darren Aronofsky'nin senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Clint Mansell'in müziğini yaptığı filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri avangart ve deneysel filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri psikolojik gerilim filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri bağımsız filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yapımı siyah-beyaz filmler
1990'larda bağımsız filmler
1990'larda İngilizce filmler
Artisan Entertainment filmleri
1990'larda ilk yönetmenlik denemesi filmler

Pi (film)


Alvarães Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 10,24 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2.691 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Alvarães (Viana do Castelo)


( « les arrière-salles ») est une légende urbaine effrayante dite creepypasta, diffusée sur Internet. Elle raconte l'histoire d'endroits accessibles en se noclippant (terme se référant au fait de traverser un mur ou une texture dans un jeu vidéo) de la réalité. Cet endroit est considéré comme une dimension parallèle, vide, à plusieurs niveaux connectés entre eux, utilisant pratiquement tous l'esthétique « liminale » ou « liminaire », c'est-à-dire des espaces possédant des caractéristiques telles que des grandes pièces vides et répétitives, donnant une sensation de déjà-vu à tous ceux qui s'y aventureraient.

Après sa diffusion initiale sur l'imageboard 4chan où elle a gagné en popularité, les internautes se sont emparés de la légende pour étendre son univers, à l'instar de la Fondation SCP. De nombreuses créations dérivées, comme des sites d'écritures collaboratives, des jeux vidéos et des courts métrages d'horreur ont vu le jour sous l'impulsion de la communauté et ont contribué à populariser le concept auprès du grand public.

Origines et description
Les Backrooms ont vu le jour via un fil de discussion posté sur le board /x/ de 4chan le , où un utilisateur anonyme a demandé aux membres de poster des images perturbantes. Dans les réponses de ce fil se trouvait une image représentant un long couloir jaune avec une moquette et des néons au plafond. Une des réactions à cette image fut la copypasta originelle donnant naissance aux Backrooms.

Avec la montée de la popularité de ce post, plusieurs mèmes et histoires furent créés autour de cet univers, ce qui a donné par la suite naissance à plusieurs sites d'écriture collaborative, tel qu'un premier wiki hébergé par Fandom, et un autre hébergé par Wikidot.

La localisation géographique de la photo originelle du post 4chan reste inconnue, même si plusieurs hypothèses quant à l'endroit où elle a été prise ont été suggérées. Il est aussi possible que l'image ait été générée par ordinateur. La légende urbaine a souvent été associée au concept de kenopsia, originellement théorisé sur le site The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows, étant décrit comme , et au concept d'anemoia, étant décrit comme  .

Impact et popularité

Réception

Les Backrooms sont rapidement devenues populaires auprès des internautes, qui ont pour la plupart commenté leur caractère étrange. Cette creepypasta a aussi été citée comme l'origine et/ou l'exemple de la création des espaces liminaires, les différents niveaux des Backrooms évoquant . Un nouveau regain d'intérêt y sera apporté lorsqu'une femme nommée Claire Scheulin a trouvé un centre commercial abandonné sous son Airbnb. En effet, lors de la publication de la vidéo, les commentaires ont comparé les photos de l'endroit à l'image originale des Backrooms.

Les Backrooms ont aussi souvent été comparées à Everywhere at the End of Time (-), une série d'albums musicaux de The Caretaker, décrivant l'arrivée d'un humain vers la démence à l'aide d'échantillons de chansons des années - .

Audiovisuel
Le , un court métrage d'horreur appelé The Backrooms (Found Footage), a été mis en ligne sur la chaîne YouTube du réalisateur Kane Parsons, âgé de 17 ans, connu sous le pseudonyme Kane Pixels. Il est présenté comme un enregistrement de 1991, filmé au caméscope à la manière du film Le Projet Blair Witch, où un adolescent passe à travers le sol et atterrit dans Les Backrooms, puis y rencontre plusieurs entités horrifiques, avant de se faire attraper par l'une d'entre elles, laissant seulement sa caméra réatterrir sur terre. En février 2023, le court métrage cumule plus de  de vues, et a donné naissance à une mini-série sur la chaîne du réalisateur. Le 6 février 2023, il est annoncé que le studio américain A24 travaille sur une adaptation cinématographique de la série, qui devrait être réalisé par Kane Parsons durant ses vacances d'été.

Le créateur de la série télévisée Severance, Dan Erickson a cité les Backrooms parmi ses nombreuses inspirations lors de l'élaboration de l'univers visuel de la série après que des internautes aient notés des similarités entre les deux créations.

Tout cela entraînera une apparition d'une certaine « backrooms-mania » ; en effet, depuis la sortie de certaines de ces vidéos à succès, des centaines d'autres ont fleuri sur le Net, toutes montrant différentes histoires et/ou explorations de nouveaux niveaux des Backrooms.

Jeux vidéo
Plusieurs jeux vidéo autour des Backrooms et de l'esthétique visuelle liminaire ont été créés, tel qu'Anemoiapolis, développé par Andrew Quist, artiste 3D, Post Void de YCJY Games, ou encore AbelAbel., développé par des étudiants du Cnam Enjmin. Afin de respecter l'ambiance générale des espaces liminaux, ces espaces potentiellement infinis et structurellement désorganisés, l'utilisation de la génération procédurale est fréquemment utilisée pour les jeux autour de cet univers, amplifiant ainsi l'aspect vide et interminable.

Références

Voir aussi
 Fondation SCP

Phénomène Internet
Légende urbaine
Littérature d'horreur

The Backrooms


Stadionul Motorul se poate referi la două stadioane din România:

 Stadionul Motorul din Arad
 Stadionul Motorul din Oradea

Dezambiguizare

Stadionul Motorul


L'état-major général des forces armées ukrainiennes (, abrégé en ГШ) est l'état-major des Forces armées ukrainiennes. C'est l'organe central de l'administration des forces armées et supervise la gestion opérationnelle des forces armées sous l'égide du ministère de la Défense de l'Ukraine.

Le chef d'état-major général des Forces armées ukrainiennes est nommé par le président de l'Ukraine, qui est le commandant en chef suprême des forces armées. Le , un nouveau poste de Commandant en chef des forces armées ukrainiennes est introduit, se séparant du chef d'état-major général. Le chef actuel de l'état-major général est Serhiï Chaptala, tandis que le commandant en chef est Valeri Zaloujny.

L'état-major général a été créé en 1991-1992 sur la base du quartier général du district militaire de Kiev des anciennes Forces armées soviétiques.

Membres de l'état-major

L'état-major général ukrainien est structuré en plusieurs directions, reprenant plus ou moins l'organisation de l'OTAN (J1 le personnel et le moral, J2 le renseignement, J3 les opérations, J4 la logistique, J5 la planification et la mobilisation, J6 les transmissions et systèmes d'information, J7 l'entraînement, J8 la médecine militaire, bureau de cryptologie, département d'histoire militaire, etc.).

Le commandant en chef est secondé par le chef d'état-major général ainsi que par les commandants des différentes branches des Forces armées de l'Ukraine :
 commandant en chef des forces armées ukrainiennes, général Valeri Zaloujny (nommé le ) ;
 commandant en second, lieutenant-général Ievhen Moïssiouk (depuis le ) ;
 chef d'état-major général, général d'armée Serhiï Chaptala (depuis le ) ;
 commandant des forces terrestres, lieutenant-général Oleksandr Syrsky (depuis le ) ;
 commandant de la Marine, vice-amiral Oleksiy Neïjpapa (depuis le ) ;
 commandant de la Force aérienne, lieutenant-général Mikola Olechtchouk (depuis le ) ;
 commandant des Forces d'opérations spéciales, major-général Viktor Khorenko (depuis le ) ;
 commandant des Forces d'assaut aérien, major-général Maxime Mirhorodskiï (depuis le ) ;
 commandant du Corps de marine, lieutenant-général Iouriy Sodol (depuis le ).

Chefs d'état-major général
 Depuis le  : Serhiï Chaptala
 du  au  : Serhiy Korniytchouk
 du  au  : Rouslan Khomtchak
 du  au  : Viktor Moujenko
 du  au  : Mykhaïlo Koutsyne
 du  au  : Iouri Ilïne
 du  au  :
 2010 - 2012 : Grigory Pedtchenko
 2009 - 2010 : Ivan Svyda
 2004 - 2009 : Serhiï Kiritchenko
 2003 - 2004 : Oleksandr Zatinaïko
 2001 - 2002 : Petro Chouliak
 2001 : Mykola Palitchouk
 1998 - 2001 : Volodymyr Chkidtchenko
 1996 - 1998 : Oleksandr Zatinaïko
 1993 - 1996 : Anatoli Lopata
 1992 - 1993 : Ivan Bijan
 1992 : Vassyl Sobkov
 1991 - 1992 : Gregory Jivitsia

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Forces armées de l'Ukraine
 Commandant en chef des forces armées ukrainiennes
 Armée de terre ukrainienne
 Marine ukrainienne
 Force aérienne ukrainienne
 Forces d'assaut aérien ukrainiennes
 Forces d'opérations spéciales (Ukraine)
 État-major général des Forces armées de la fédération de Russie
 101e brigade de protection de l'état-major général

Forces armées de l'Ukraine

État-major général des forces armées ukrainiennes


An Limnocharis flava in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau. An Limnocharis flava in nahilalakip ha genus nga Limnocharis, ngan familia nga Alismataceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Limnocharis

Limnocharis flava


An Chlorospatha lehmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Michael T. Madison. An Chlorospatha lehmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chlorospatha, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Chlorospatha

Chlorospatha lehmannii


الخريج  هو فيلم كوميدي-درامي أمريكي من إنتاج عام 1967 وإخراج مايك نيكولس عن رواية بنفس العنوان نشرت عام 1963 من تأليف تشارلز وب. يحكي الفيلم قصة بن برادوك (تمثيل دستين هوفمان)، خريج جامعة جديد يفتقر إلى هدف محدد في حباته، يتم إغواءه من قبل سيدة أكبر منه في السن، السيدة روبنسون (آن بانكروفت) ويقوم بعدها في الوقوع في حب ابنتها إيلين (كاثرين روس).

عام 1996 اختارته مكتبة الكونغرس الفيلم ليحفظ في سجل الأفلام الوطنية لكونه «مهما من الناحية الثقافية، التاريخية أو الفنية».

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أحداثها في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية ساخرة
أفلام أمريكية مستقلة
أفلام الأرشيف الوطني الأمريكي السينمائي
أفلام إستوديو كانال
أفلام إنتاج 1967
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1960
أفلام بلوغ سن الرشد الأمريكية
أفلام تدور أحداثها في ضواحي المدن
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1967
أفلام تقع أحداثها في باسادينا (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام تقع أحداثها في جامعات وكليات
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سانتا باربارا (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام تقع أحداثها في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام جنسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام حائزة على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل مخرج
أفلام دراما كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام دراما كوميدية إنتاج عقد 1960
أفلام درامية 1967
أفلام رومانسية كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام سجلها ديف غروزن
أفلام عن العزوبية
أفلام عن حفلات الزفاف
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي باك هنري
أفلام كوميديا درامية 1967
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية 1967
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية درامية في عقد 1960
أفلام كوميدية 1967
أفلام كوميدية جنسية عقد 1960
أفلام مبنية على روايات أمريكية
أفلام مبنية على روايات رومانسية
أفلام مبنية على كتب
أفلام مستقلة 1967
أفلام مستقلة عقد 1960
أفلام مصورة في سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام من إخراج مايك نيكولز
أفلام يونايتد آرتست
الخيانة الزوجية في الأفلام
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1960

الخريج (فيلم)


Alsat-M () ist ein nationaler privater Fernsehsender in Nordmazedonien, der seit März 2006 auf Sendung ist. Der Hauptsitz befindet sich in der Hauptstadt Skopje. Er sendet hauptsächlich in albanischer Sprache, doch einige Sendungen – wie beispielsweise die Nachrichten – werden auch in mazedonischer Sprache gesendet. Die Website bietet hingegen ihre aktuellen Nachrichten durchwegs in beiden Sprachen an. Mit diesem Angebot ist Alsat-M der einzige private Fernsehsender im Land, der nicht ausschließlich in einer Sprache sendet.

Geschäftsführerin ist Bisera Jordanovska und Programmchef Muhamed Zeqiri.

Alsat-M ist aus dem internationalen Sender Alsat entstanden, der seit 2004 in Albanien, Kosovo und Nordmazedonien sendete. Später entwickelten sich daraus in Albanien der Privatsender Albanian Screen Radio Television und in Nordmazedonien Alsat-M. Eigentümer des Senders ist seit der Gründung des Vorläufers Alsat die Veve Group, die von Vehbi Velija gegründet wurde und seit dessen Tod 2009 von seinem Sohn Ferik Velija geleitet wird. Die Veve Group ist vor allem in Albanien tätig.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website von Alsat-M (albanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehsender (Nordmazedonien)
Organisation (Skopje)
Mazedonischsprachiger Fernsehsender
Gegründet 2006

Alsat-M


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Keikō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 12. imparatoru (ö. 130)

Ölümler
 Wang Zhengjun, İmparatoriçe (d. MÖ 71)

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