Die Weidenblättrige Zwergmispel oder Weiden-Zwergmispel (Cotoneaster salicifolius) ist ein meist immergrüner, bis 5 Meter hoher Strauch mit roten Früchten aus der Gruppe der Kernobstgewächse (Pyrinae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in China.

Beschreibung
Die Weidenblättrige Zwergmispel ist ein meist immergrüner, bis 5 Meter hoher Strauch mit ausgebreiteten bis aufgerichteten Zweigen. Die Zweige sind rötlich braun bis graubraun, anfangs dicht filzig behaart und später verkahlend. Die Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der Blattstiel ist häufig rot gefärbt, dick, 4 bis 5 Millimeter lang und filzig behaart. Die Nebenblätter sind braun, linealisch oder linealisch-lanzettlich, 4 bis 7 Millimeter lang, leicht filzig behaart und früh abfallend. Die Blattspreite ist einfach, oval-länglich, eiförmig-lanzettlich oder linealisch-lanzettlich, 4 bis 8,5 Zentimeter lang und 1,5 bis 2,5 Zentimeter breit, ganzrandig, spitz oder zugespitzt und mit keilförmiger Basis. Es werden 12 bis 16 Blattadern gebildet. Die Blattoberseite ist kahl oder fein behaart, runzelig mit eingesenkten Blattadern; die Unterseite ist grau filzig behaart mit hervortretenden Blattadern.

Die Blütenstände sind 3,5 bis 6 Zentimeter lange und 3 bis 4 Zentimeter durchmessende, zusammengesetzte Schirmrispen aus vielen Blüten mit filzig behaarten Blütenstandsspindeln. Die Tragblätter sind linealisch, 3 bis 5 Millimeter lang und fallen bald ab. Die Blütenstiele sind filzig behaart und 2 bis 4 Millimeter lang. Die Blüten haben Durchmesser von 5 bis 6 Millimeter. Der Blütenbecher ist glockenförmig und an der Außenseite graufilzig behaart. Die Kelchblätter sind dreieckig, 1,5 bis 2,5 Millimeter lang und spitz oder zugespitzt. Die Kronblätter stehen waagrecht, sie sind weiß, eiförmig oder rundlich, 2,5 bis 4 Millimeter lang und 3 bis 4 Millimeter breit, kahl, mit stumpfer Spitze und kurz genagelter Basis. Die etwa 20 Staubblätter sind etwas länger oder etwa gleich lang wie die Kronblätter. Die Staubbeutel sind rötlich. Die Spitze des Fruchtknotens ist fein behaart. Die zwei bis drei freistehenden Griffel sind gleich lang oder etwas kürzer als die Staubblätter. Die scharlachroten, verkehrt-eiförmigen, rundlichen oder eiförmigen Früchte haben Durchmesser von 3 bis 7 Millimeter. Je Frucht werden zwei oder drei Kerne gebildet. Die Weidenblättrige Zwergmispel blüht im Juni, die Früchte reifen im Oktober.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 34.

Vorkommen und Standortansprüche
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in den chinesischen Provinzen Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan und Yunnan. Die Weidenblättrige Zwergmispel wächst in Bergregionen, in Mischwäldern, Hängen und offenen Flächen in 400 bis 3000 Metern Höhe.

Systematik
Die Weidenblättrige Zwergmispel (Cotoneaster salicifolius) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Zwergmispeln (Cotoneaster). Sie wird in der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae) der Unterfamilie Spiraeoideae, Tribus Pyreae der Untertribus der Kernobstgewächse (Pyrinae) zugeordnet. Die Art wurde 1886 von Adrien René Franchet als Cotoneaster salicifolia erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Der Gattungsname Cotoneaster leitet sich vom lateinischen "cotoneum malum" für die Quitte (Cydonia oblonga) ab. Die Endung "aster" ist eine Vergröberungsform für Pflanzengruppen, die im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Gruppen als minderwertig betrachtet werden. Das Artepitheton salicifolius kommt aus dem Lateinischen, salix bedeutet "Weide" und -folius "-blättrig", zusammen also "weidenblättrig".

Verwendung
Zahlreiche Kultursorten werden der Art zugeschrieben, wobei viele aus Kreuzung mit nahe verwandten Arten entstanden sind. Nach anderer Ansicht werden die Kultursorten nur fälschlicherweise Cotoneaster salicifolius zugeordnet und wurden aus einer anderen Art gezüchtet.

Nachweise

Literatur

 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 235.

 Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (Nachdruck von 1996).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Thomas Meyer:  Datenblatt mit Bestimmungsschlüssel und Fotos bei Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (alter Name der Webseite: Blumen in Schwaben)

Zwergmispeln

Weidenblättrige Zwergmispel


Das Internationale Institut für Journalismus (IIJ) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) wurde 1962 in West-Berlin gegründet.

Aufgabe
Sinn und Zweck ist die Weiterbildung von Journalisten aus Entwicklungs- und Transformationsländern. Zielgruppe sind vor allem  Print- und Onlinejournalisten.

Unter anderem werden journalistische Weiterbildungen zu folgenden Themen angeboten:
 Umweltberichterstattung
 Medienethik
 Medienmanagement
 Multimedia und Onlinejournalismus
 Wirtschaftsjournalismus
 politische Berichterstattung

2011 wurden rund 40 Trainings- und Dialogveranstaltungen in Deutschland und den Partnerländern angeboten. Nach Aussagen des IIJ wurden damit bis zu 500 Medienvertreter erreicht.

Auftraggeber
Die wichtigsten Auftraggeber der GIZ sind in erster Linie das Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung sowie das Auswärtige Amt. Seit 2011 ist das IIJ ein Kompetenzcenter innerhalb der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.

Publikationen des IIJ für Journalisten (in Englisch)
 The ASEAN Guide. (PDF-Datei)
 Regional Integration in Southern Africa – A Guidebook. (PDF-Datei)
 How regional integration works in West Africa. (PDF-Datei)

Weblinks
 What's on. IIJ Alumni Review 2010/2011 (PDF-Datei)

Einzelnachweise

Journalistenschule in Deutschland
Entwicklungshilfeorganisation
Gegründet 1962
Unternehmen (Bonn)
Unternehmen (Eschborn)
Bildungseinrichtung der Erwachsenenbildung in Berlin

Internationales Institut für Journalismus


Trevor Bassitt (né le  à Bluffton) est un athlète américain, spécialiste du 400 mètres et du 400 mètres haies.

Biographie
En février 2022, il est sacré champion des États-Unis en salle du  à Spokane. Le , il remporte la médaille d'argent du 400 mètres lors des Championnats du monde en salle de Belgrade, derrière le Trinidadien Jereem Richards, en établissant un nouveau record personnel en finale en . Il se classe deuxième du 400 m des Championnats des États-Unis, derrière Rai Benjamin. Lors du 400 m haies des championnats du monde 2022, il décroche la médaille de bronze, devancé par le Brésilien Alison dos Santos et par Rai Benjamin. Il porte à cette occasion son record personnel à .

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sprinteur américain
Hurdleur américain
Coureur de 400 mètres
Coureur de 400 mètres haies
Champion du monde d'athlétisme
Naissance en février 1998

Trevor Bassitt


Olaylar
 1402 - Ankara Savaşı: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Sultanı Yıldırım Bayezid ile Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu Sultanı Timur arasında, Ankara'nın Çubuk Ovası'nda yapılan savaş, Timur'un zaferiyle sonuçlandı.
 1871 - Britanya Kolumbiyası, Kanada Federasyonu'na katıldı.
 1881 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ordularına karşı savaşan son Yerli Kabile Şefi olan Sioux Kabilesi lideri Oturan Boğa teslim oldu.
 1903 - Ford ilk arabasını üretti.
 1916 - I. Dünya Savaşı: Rus askerleri Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Gümüşhane kentini işgal etti.
 1921 - New York ile San Francisco arasında hava yolu ile posta servisi başladı.
 1936 - Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi imzalandı.
 1940 - Danimarka, Milletler Cemiyeti'nden ayrıldı.
 1944 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Adolf Hitler'e, Alman Ordusu'ndan bir Albay'ın (Claus von Stauffenberg) önderliğinde, başarısız olarak sona eren bir suikast girişimi gerçekleştirildi.
 1948 - Millet Partisi kuruldu.
 1949 - İsrail ve Suriye, 19 ay süren savaşın ardından barış antlaşması imzaladı.
 1951 - Ürdün Kralı I. Abdullah, Cuma namazı sırasında bir Filistinli tarafından öldürüldü.
 1964 - Vietnam Savaşı: Vietkong askeri birlikleri, Vietnam'ın güneyinde Mekong Deltası'ndaki Cái Bè Bölgesi'ne saldırdı: 11 Güney Vietnam'lı askeri personel ile 30'u çocuk 40 sivili öldürdü.
 1965 - Moskova'ya yaptığı ziyaretten dönen Başbakan Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, Sovyetler Birliği'nin Türkiye'ye ekonomik yardımda bulunacağını açıkladı.
 1969 - Tarihte ilk kez insanlı bir uzay aracı, Ay'a ulaştı. Apollo 11 Ay yüzeyine indi. Astronot Neil Armstrong da Ay'a ilk ayak basan insan oldu.
 1973 - Filistinli militanlar, Amsterdam'dan Japonya'ya giden Japon Hava Yolları'na ait bir yolcu uçağını kaçırarak Dubai'ye indirdiler.
 1974 - Kıbrıs Harekâtı: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin Garanti Anlaşması'nın III. maddesine istinaden gerçekleştirdiği askerî harekâtın başlangıcı.
 1975 - Ege Ordusu kuruldu ve Orgeneral Turgut Sunalp, Ege Ordusu Komutanlığı'na getirildi.
 1976 - Viking 1, 11 ay süren yolculuktan sonra Mars'a kondu ve Dünya'ya fotoğraflar aktarmaya başladı.
 1980 - Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi, üye ülkelerin Kudüs'ü, İsrail'in başkenti olarak tanımamaları gerektiğine 14-0 oyla karar verdi.
 1984 - Penthouse dergisi çıplak fotoğraflarını yayımlayınca, Miss America yarışması yetkilileri, Vanessa Williams'tan tacını iade etmesini istedi.
 1994 - Kuyruklu yıldız Shoemaker Levy 9'un parçaları, Jüpiter'e çarptı.
 1996 - İspanya: ETA bir havaalanına bomba attı; 35 kişi öldü.
 2001 - Londra Borsası halka açıldı.
 2001 - Saadet Partisi, Necmettin Erbakan tarafından kuruldu.
 2002 - Lima'daki (Peru) bir diskotekte çıkan yangında 25 kişi öldü.
 2005 - Kanada, aynı cinsler arasında evliliğe izin veren dördüncü ülke oldu.
 2007 - İsrail, Gazze Şeridi'nin Hamas'ın eline geçmesinin ardından Filistin Devlet Başkanı Mahmud Abbas'ı desteklemek amacıyla cezaevindeki Filistin Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi (FHKC) liderlerinden Abdurrahim Malluh'un da yer aldığı 255 El Fetih yanlısı tutukluyu serbest bıraktı.
 2009 - Ergenekon davasında emekli Orgeneraller Şener Eruygur ve Hurşit Tolon'un da aralarında bulunduğu 56 sanığın yargılanmasına başlandı. Kayıp yakınları ve İHD üyeleri, sanıkların kayıplar ve faili meçhul cinayetlerle ilgili de yargılanmasını istedi.
 2010 - DİSK Kurucu Genel Başkanı Kemal Türkler'in öldürülmesine ilişkin dava yeniden başladı. Yargıtay'ın sanık Ünal Osmanağaoğlu hakkındaki beraat kararını bozmasının ardından başlayan dava, 1 Aralık 2010'da zaman aşımı gerekçesiyle düşürüldü.
 2015 - Suruç saldırısı: Şanlıurfa'nın Suruç ilçesinde düzenlenen bombalı intihar saldırısında 34 kişi öldü, 100'den fazla kişi yaralandı.
 2016 - Türkiye'de askerî darbe girişimi sonrasında, Millî Güvenlik Kurulu önerisi ve Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile üç ay süreli olağanüstü hâl ilân edildi.
 2020 - Yenilik Partisi, Öztürk Yılmaz önderliğinde kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 MÖ 356 - Büyük İskender, Makedonya Kralı ve tarihteki en büyük İmparatoru (ö. MÖ 323)
 1304 - Francesco Petrarch, İtalyan hümanist ve şair (ö. 1374)
 1519 - IX. Innocentius, Papa (ö. 1591)
 1591 - Anne Hutchinson, İngiliz bir Püriten manevi danışman, dini reformcu (ö. 1643)
 1754 - Destutt de Tracy, Fransız filozof ve ideoloji fikrinin öncü ismi (ö. 1836)
 1774 - Auguste de Marmont, Fransız general ve asilzade (ö. 1852)
 1785 - II. Mahmut, Osmanlı'nın 30. Padişahı (ö. 1839)
 1804 - Richard Owen, İngiliz karşılaştırmalı anatomist, paleontolog, biyolog ve zoologdur (ö. 1892)
 1822 - Gregor Mendel, Avusturyalı bilim insanı ve rahip (ö. 1884)
 1830 - Clements Markham, İngiliz coğrafyacı, kâşif ve yazar (ö. 1916)
 1847 - Max Liebermann, Alman ressam ve grafik sanatçısı (ö. 1935)
 1852 - Theo Heemskerk, Hollandalı Devrimci-karşıtı politikacıydı (ö. 1932)
 1864 - Erik Axel Karlfeldt, İsveçli şair ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1931)
 1873 - Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brezilyalı havacı (ö. 1932)
 1895 - László Moholy-Nagy, Macar ressam, desinatör, fotoğrafçı ve akademisyen (ö. 1946)
 1897 - Tadeus Reichstein, Polonya doğumlu İsviçreli kimyager, 1950 yılı Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahiplerinden birisidir (ö. 1996)
 1901 - Vehbi Koç, Türk sanayici ve iş insanı (ö. 1996)
 1914 - Dobri Dobrev, Bulgar hayırsever (ö. 2018)
 1916 - Temel Karamahmut, Türk sinema filmi yönetmeni, senarist ve oyuncu (ö. 1963)
 1919 - Edmund Hillary, Yeni Zelandalı dağcı ve kâşif (ö. 2008)
 1924 - Lola Albright, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (ö. 2017)
 1924 - Tatyana Lioznova, Rus film yönetmeni (ö. 2011)
 1925 - Jacques Delors, Fransız iktisatçı ve siyasetçi
 1925 - Frantz Fanon, Fransız düşünür (ö. 1961)
 1927 - Lüdmila Alekseyeva, Rus yazar, tarihçi ve insan hakları aktivisti (ö. 2018)
 1932 - Otto Schily, Alman politikacı
 1933 - Cormac McCarthy, Amerikalı yazar ve Pulitzer Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2023)
 1934 - Aliki Vuyuklaki, Yunan aktris (ö. 1996)
 1935 - Sleepy LaBeef, Amerikalı gospel-rock müziği şarkıcısı, söz yazarı, besteci, müzisyen ve oyuncu (ö. 2019)
 1938 - Aslan Abaşidze, Sovyetler Birliği, Gürcistan ve Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı siyaset adamı
 1938 - Deniz Baykal, Türk avukat, siyasetçi ve CHP eski Genel Başkanı
 1938 - Natalie Wood, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1981)
 1942 - Aysan Sümercan, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu
 1943 - Chris Amon, Yeni Zelandalı otomobil yarışçısı (ö. 2016)
 1946 - Randal Kleiser, Amerikalı film yapımcısı ve yönetmen
 1947 - Gerd Binnig, Alman fizikçi
 1948 - Carlos Santana, Meksikalı müzisyen
 1948 - Ramiz Azizbeyli, Azeri oyuncu
 1954 - Keith Scott, Kanadalı müzisyen
 1954 - Salih Zeki Çolak, Türk asker
 1957 - Donna Dixon, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1963 - Paula Ivan, Rumen eski atlet
 1964 - Chris Cornell, Amerikalı müzisyen ve vokalist (ö. 2017)
 1964 - Melda Onur, Türk gazeteci ve siyasetçi
 1967 - Giorgi Kvirikaşvili, Gürcü siyasetçi
 1968 - Kool G Rap, Amerikalı rapçi, şair, senarist, yazar ve prodüktör
 1968 - Hami Mandıralı, Türk futbolcu
 1969 - Josh Holloway, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1971 - Sandra Oh, Kore asıllı Kanadalı oyuncu
 1973 - Omar Epps, Amerikalı aktör ve müzisyen
 1973 - Haakon, Kral V. Harald ve Kraliçe Sonja'nın tek oğlu ve Norveç tahtının varisi
 1975 - Ray Allen, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1975 - Judy Greer, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1975 - Yusuf Şimşek, Türk futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1977 - Kiki Musampa, Kongo asıllı Hollandalı futbolcu
 1978 - Willie Solomon, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1979 - Miklós Fehér, Macar futbolcu (ö. 2004)
 1980 - Gisele Bündchen, Brezilyalı model
 1981 - Hanna Yablonskaya, Ukraynalı oyun yazarı ve şair (ö. 2011)
 1988 - Gazapizm, Türk rapçi
 1988 - Julianne Hough, Amerikalı dansçı, şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1989 - Yuliya Gavrilova, Rus eskrimci
 1990 - Lars Unnerstall, Alman kaleci
 1991 - Alec Burks, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1993 - Steven Adams, Yeni Zelandalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1993 - Lucas Digne, Fransız millî futbolcu
 1993 - Atınç Nukan, Türk futbolcu
 1994
Yushi Mizobuchi, Japon futbolcu
Koray Kaçınoğlu, Türk futbolcu
Maia Shibutani, Amerikalı buz patenci
 1996 - Ben Simmons, Avustralyalı profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu
 1999 - Pop Smoke, Amerikalı rapçi ve şarkı sözü yazarıdır (ö. 2020)

Ölümler
 1031 - II. Robert, 996 yılından 1031'de ölümüne kadar Fransa kralı (d. 972)
 1109 - Eupraxia Vsevolodovna, Roma İmparatoru eşi (d. 1067)
 1156 - Toba, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 74. imparatoru (d. 1103)
 1160 - Petros Lombardos, Skolastik bir ilahiyatçı ve piskopos (d. 1095)
 1296 - Celaleddin Firuz Halacı, Delhi sultanı (1290-96) (d. 1220)
 1514 - György Dózsa, Macar savaşçı (d. 1470)
 1757 - Johann Christoph Pepusch, Alman besteci (d. 1667)
 1792 - Muhammed bin Abdülvehhâb, Vehhabîlik'in kurucusu (d. 1703)
 1793 - Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, Fransız denizci (d. 1737)
 1816 - Gavrila Derjavin, Rus şair ve devlet adamı (d. 1743)
 1819 - John Playfair, İskoç bilim insanı ve matematikçi (d. 1748)
 1866 - Bernhard Riemann, Alman matematikçi (d. 1826)
 1903 - XIII. Leo, Katolik Kilisesi'nin dini lideri (Papa) (d. 1910)
 1908 - Demetrius Vikelas, Yunan iş insanı ve yazar (d. 1835)
 1912 - Andrew Lang, İskoç asıllı, şiir, roman ve hikâye yazarı (d. 1844)
 1922 - Andrey Markov, Rus matematikçi (d. 1856)
 1923 - Pancho Villa, Meksikalı devrimci, asi ve general (d. 1878)
 1926 - Feliks Dzerjinski, SSCB'li Bolşevik önder ve ilk istihbarat servisi Çeka'nın kurucusu (d. 1877)
 1927 - I. Ferdinand, Romanya Kralı (d. 1865)
 1937 - Guglielmo Marconi, İtalyan kâşif ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1874)
 1942 - Germaine Dulac, Fransız sufrajet (d. 1882)
 1945 - Paul Valéry, Fransız yazar ve şair (d. 1871)
 1951 - I. Abdullah, Ürdün Kralı (d. 1882)
 1951 - Wilhelm, Son Alman İmparatoru II. Wilhelm'in en büyük çocuğu ve varisi ve Alman İmparatorluğu ve Prusya Krallığı'nın son veliaht prensi (d. 1882)
 1955 - Joaquín Pardavé, Meksikalı sinema oyuncusu, yönetmen ve söz yazarı (d. 1900)
 1955 - Kalust Sarkis Gülbenkyan, Ermeni asıllı Osmanlı Devleti vatandaşı iş insanı (d. 1869)
 1959 - Musahipzade Celal, Türk oyun yazarı (d. 1868)
 1967 - Fikret Muallâ, Türk ressam (d. 1903)
 1973 - Bruce Lee, Çin asıllı Amerikalı aktör ve dövüş sanatları eğitmeni (d. 1940)
 1973 - Robert Smithson, Amerikalı arazi sanatçısı (d. 1938)
 1982 - Okot p'Bitek, Ugandalı şair ve toplum bilimci (d. 1931)
 1992 - Mahmut Türkmenoğlu, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1933)
 1994 - Paul Delvaux, Belçikalı gerçeküstücü ressam (d. 1897)
 1995 - Ernest Mandel, Belçikalı marksist teorisyen (d. 1923)
 1996 - František Plánička, Çekoslovak eski millî futbolcu (d. 1904)
 2004 - Kamuran Gürün, Türk diplomat (d. 1924)
 2005 - Hulki Saner, Türk senarist, yönetmen ve film yapımcısı (d. 1925)
 2006 - Gérard Oury, Fransız film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1919)
 2009 - Vedat Okyar, Türk futbolcu, spor yazarı ve yorumcu (d. 1945)
 2012 - Aron Dolgopolski, Sovyet-İsrailli dilbilimci (d. 1930)
 2013 - Pierre Fabre, Fransız iş insanı ve kozmetikçi (d. 1926)
 2013 - Helen Thomas, Amerikalı gazeteci ve muhabir (d. 1920)
 2014 - Klaus Schmidt, Alman arkeolog (d. 1953)
 2015 - Dieter Moebius, Alman-İsviçreli elektronik müzisyeni (d. 1944)
 2017 - Chester Bennington, Amerikalı rock şarkıcısı ve Linkin Park solisti (d. 1976)
 2017 - Marco Aurélio Garcia, Brezilyalı siyasetçi ve akademisyen (d. 1941)
 2017 - Andrea Jürgens, Alman müzisyeni ve şarkıcısı (d. 1967)
 2017 - Claude Rich, Fransız oyuncu ve senarist (d. 1929)
 2017 - Sezer Sezin, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1929)
 2018 - Martin O'Donoghue, İrlandalı ekonomist, akademisyen ve siyasetçidir (d. 1933)
 2019 - Sheila Dikshit, Hint siyasetçi (d. 1938)
 2019 - Ilaria Occhini, İtalyan oyuncu (d. 1934)
 2020 - Muhammad Aslam, Pakistanlı siyasetçi ve hukukçu (d. 1947)
 2020 - Michael Jamal Brooks, Amerikalı talk-show sunucusu, YouTube içerik oluşturucusu, yazar, podcast yayıncısı ve siyasi analist (d. 1983)
 2020 - Viktor Çijikov, Rus çizer (d. 1935)
 2020 - Ruth Lewis, Roma Katolik rahibe (d. 1946)
 2020 - Jorge Villavicencio, Guatemalalı cerrah ve politikacı (d. 1958)
 2021 - Vita Andersen, Danimarkalı şair, yazar ve romancı (d. 1942)
 2021 - Françoise Arnoul, Cezayir doğumlu Fransız aktris (d. 1931)
 2021 - Billy Reid, İskoç profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1938)
 2021 - Noureddine Saâdi, Cezayirli teknik direktör (d. 1950)
 2021 - Bergen Williams, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1959)
 2022 - Alan Grant, İskoç çizgi roman yazarı (d. 1949)
 2022 - Bernard Labourdette, Fransız profesyonel bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1946)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Fırtına : Gün Dönümü Fırtınası
 Dünya Satranç Günü
 Dayılar/Amcalar Günü (ABD'de) (Uncle Day) (Temmuz'un üçüncü Cumartesi'si)

Kaynakça

0720
20

20 Temmuz


Yalmanlı, Adana ilinin Seyhan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 9 km, Seyhan ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Seyhan'ın mahalleleri

Yalmanlı, Seyhan


est un genre éteint de céphalopodes qui vivaient il y a environ  au Carbonifère. Bien qu'ils ressemblent à des actinocérides antérieurs, ils appartiennent maintenant aux Pseudorthocerida.

Systématique
Le genre Rayonnoceras a été créé en 1926 par le géologue et paléontologue américain  (1901-1972) avec pour espèce type Rayonnoceras solidiforme.

Présentation
Rayonnoceras se caractérise par de grandes coquilles droites avec un grand siphuncle subcentral composé de segments subglobulaires, comme pour la famille. Le système de canaux endosiphonculaires est bien développé et la plupart des chambres sont remplies de dépôts organiques. Certaines coquilles ont des stries transversales, d'autres sont lisses. Comme pour les actinocérides antérieurs, Rayonnoceras a un système de canaux dans le siphuncle qui comprend une ouverture étroite, le parispatium, entre les dépôts internes et la paroi interne de l'anneau de connexion. Il diffère des actinocérides antérieurs en ce qu'il a un sommet en forme de balle avec une cicatrice et une longue première chambre, caractéristique des pseuorthocérides, plutôt qu'un sommet émoussé et une courte première chambre caractéristique des vrais actinocérides.

L'orientation au cours de la vie était horizontale. Les dépôts caméraux, plus concentrés dans la partie apicale de la coquille, auraient joué le rôle de lest compensant le poids de l'animal dans la partie avant. Dans la vie, Rayonnoceras était probablement un habitant du fond qui passait la plupart de son temps immobile, attendant en embuscade une proie.

Rayonnoceras était parmi les derniers imitateurs d'actinocérides, qui ont finalement disparu au Carbonifère.

En 2003, un spécimen de Rayonnoceras solidiforme long de  a été trouvé dans l'Arkansas où il est désormais conservé au musée de l'Université de l'Arkansas. Il s'agirait du plus grand spécimen jamais découvert de ce genre.

Liste d'espèces
Selon  :
  Rayonnoceras cadyi Croneis, 1926
  Rayonnoceras eccentricum Gordon, 1964
  Rayonnoceras fayettevillense Croneis, 1926
  Rayonnoceras irregulare Schwarzbach, 1937
  Rayonnoceras nobile Meek & Worthen, 1865
  Rayonnoceras protentum Gordon, 1964
  Rayonnoceras solidiforme Croneis, 1926
  Rayonnoceras vaughanianum Girty, 1909

Publication originale

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Taxon fossile décrit en 1926
Céphalopode

Rayonnoceras


Juliette Lake Lewis (born June 21, 1973) is an American actress. She is known for her portrayals of offbeat characters, often in projects with dark themes. Lewis became an "it girl" of American cinema in the early 1990s, appearing in various independent and arthouse films. Her accolades include nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and two Primetime Emmy Awards.

The daughter of actor Geoffrey Lewis, Lewis began her career in television at age 14 before making her film debut with a small part in My Stepmother Is an Alien (1988). This was followed by a more prominent role in the comedy film National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989). She gained acclaim for her portrayal of a troubled teenager in Martin Scorsese's thriller Cape Fear (1991), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She subsequently had supporting roles in Husbands and Wives (1992), Kalifornia (1993), What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), and From Dusk Till Dawn (1996), and a starring role in Oliver Stone's crime film Natural Born Killers (1994).

In 2003, she earned an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress for the television film Hysterical Blindness (2002). She went on to co-star in the mainstream thrillers Enough (2002) and Cold Creek Manor (2003), as well as comedies such as Old School (2003) and Starsky & Hutch (2004). Lewis embarked on a musical career in 2003, forming the rock band Juliette and the Licks. Since 2009, she has been releasing material as a solo artist. Subsequent film roles include Conviction (2010), The Switch (2010), August: Osage County (2013), and Ma (2019). Since the late 2010s, Lewis has worked more frequently in television, appearing in prominent roles in series such as The Firm (2012), Wayward Pines (2015), Secrets and Lies (2015–2016), The Act (2019), Sacred Lies (2020), Queer as Folk, and Welcome to Chippendales (both 2022). Since 2021, she has starred in the Showtime mystery-thriller series Yellowjackets.

Early life
Juliette Lake Lewis was born June 21, 1973, in Los Angeles, California, to actor Geoffrey Lewis and his first wife, Glenis ( Duggan) Batley, a graphic designer. She has seven siblings or half-siblings including Lightfield (an actor who appeared in The New WKRP in Cincinnati), Peter, Miles, Matthew, Brandy, Hannah, and Dierdre. She has a step-sister, Emily Colombier.

When she was two years old, Lewis's parents divorced, and she spent her childhood living between both their homes in the Los Angeles area. Her first on-screen appearance was an uncredited bit part in Bronco Billy (1980), in which her father played a supporting role.

Career

1987–1999: Early career and success
Lewis made her first major screen appearance in the television film Home Fires (1987). Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times praised Lewis's performance in the film, writing that she "lights up the screen." She subsequently starred on the television series I Married Dora, which ran between 1987 and 1988. At age 14, she was legally emancipated from her parents (with their approval) in order to enable her to more freely work. Lewis recalled her emancipation: "I know that sounds all radical, but when you start acting when you're younger, you talk to other actor kids and their moms, and they're like, 'Yeah, if you want to get a job, they like on your resume to say emancipated minor versus minor, because you then can work over eight hours.'" For a brief period, Lewis lived with actress Karen Black, who was a mentor to her. At age 15, Lewis dropped out of high school.

She subsequently had a minor part in the science fiction comedy My Stepmother Is an Alien (1988), before landing her first major supporting role as Audrey Griswold in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989). She followed this with roles in the dystopian film Meet the Hollowheads, and the comedy The Runnin' Kind (both 1989). The same year, Lewis had a guest-starring role as Wayne's girlfriend, Delores, on the series The Wonder Years.

In 1990, Lewis co-starred with Brad Pitt, who she would go on to date for four years, in the Lifetime television film Too Young to Die?, a crime film loosely based on the case of Attina Marie Cannaday, playing a troubled young woman who falls into a world of prostitution and drugs. During this period, Lewis herself was met with legal trouble after entering a bar at age 16, for which she was arrested and charged with underage drinking.

Lewis garnered international attention and acclaim for her performance as Danielle Bowden, the daughter of a family targeted by psychopathic criminal Max Cady (Robert De Niro), in Martin Scorsese's remake of Cape Fear (1991), also starring Jessica Lange and Nick Nolte. Vincent Canby of The New York Times lauded her performance, writing: "Though Danielle recognizes Max, she is willingly implicated in his scheme. It is one of Mr. De Niro's finest moments. It also reveals Miss Lewis to be a new young actress of stunning possibilities. The sequence is the heart of the movie." Lewis garnered critical acclaim for her performance, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, as well as an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Retrospectively, her character's seduction sequence was named one of the most unforgettable scenes in film history by Entertainment Weekly and Complex.

In 1992, she had a supporting role as a college student in Woody Allen's Husbands and Wives, followed by That Night, a coming-of-age drama set in the 1960s. Lewis appeared in several films in 1993, including Peter Medak's neo-noir Romeo Is Bleeding, in which she played the mistress of a corrupt cop, played by Gary Oldman. She then reunited with former co-star Brad Pitt in the thriller Kalifornia, in which she starred as a childlike woman whose boyfriend is a serial killer. Critic Roger Ebert deemed Lewis's performance in the latter film one "of the most harrowing and convincing performances I've ever seen." At the time of filming Kalifornia, Lewis and Pitt had been in a relationship since 1990, though they separated the year of the film's release. She subsequently co-starred with Johnny Depp and Leonardo DiCaprio in the Lasse Hallström-directed drama What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), portraying a free-spirited woman who befriends a young man and his mentally disabled brother in a small town. Lewis appeared in the video for the Melissa Etheridge song "Come to My Window", (1993), portraying a mental patient.

Lewis portrayed Mallory Knox, a murderous woman who embarks on a killing spree with her psychotic lover Mickey (Woody Harrelson), in Oliver Stone's controversial satirical crime film Natural Born Killers (1994). Though the film was criticized for its graphic violence and inspiring of copycat crimes, Lewis's performance was praised as "sensational" by critic Peter Travers, and won her the Pasinetti Award for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival. The same year, she had a supporting role in Nora Ephron's Christmas-themed comedy Mixed Nuts. Lewis subsequently played a rock singer in Kathryn Bigelow's science fiction film Strange Days (1995), doing her own singing on covers of two songs written by PJ Harvey. Though a major box-office failure, Strange Days went on to develop a cult following in subsequent years. Lewis reunited with her What's Eating Gilbert Grape co-star DiCaprio, appearing with him in a supporting role in the crime drama The Basketball Diaries (1995). This same year, at age 22, Lewis entered drug rehabilitation, having been addicted to cocaine and prescription medication for several years, and completed the Narconon program within the Church of Scientology.

The following year, Lewis had a leading role in The Evening Star (1996), a flop sequel to Terms of Endearment (1983), opposite Shirley MacLaine and Bill Paxton. She appeared in Robert Rodriguez's action horror film From Dusk till Dawn (1996). In the film, written by and co-starring Quentin Tarantino, Lewis portrayed a teenage girl who is kidnapped, along with her family, by bank robbers who take them to a bar inhabited by vampires. Lewis next appeared in Some Girl (1998), followed by The Other Sister (1999), in which she portrayed a mentally challenged young woman attempting to find independence. The film received largely unfavorable reviews, though Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised it as "beautifully acted...  Carla is played by Ms. Lewis with enormous heart and sensitivity, and with body language so precise that you soon forget it is a performance." In September 1999, Lewis married professional skateboarder Steve Berra.

2000–2010: Film, television, and music
In 2000, Lewis starred in the thriller The Way of the Gun, and was featured as a vocalist on the track "Bad Brother" by the band The Infidels, from The Crow: Salvation soundtrack album, released on April that year. She appeared in the crime film Picture Claire (2001), followed by the independent lesbian-themed drama Gaudi Afternoon (2001). The film received unfavorable reviews, with A. O. Scott of The New York Times writing that both Lili Taylor and Lewis "overact like second-string sketch performers on Saturday Night Live." Lewis subsequently had a supporting role in the drama Enough (2002), playing the friend of a battered woman.

Lewis received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress for her performance in the television film Hysterical Blindness (2002), in which she starred as the friend of a woman in 1980s New Jersey who receives a psychiatric diagnosis. Additionally, she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Supporting Female. Next, Lewis had a supporting role as the lover of an unstable man terrorizing a family in the thriller Cold Creek Manor (2003). She also appeared in the HIM music video for "Buried Alive By Love" in 2003, and had a supporting part in the comedy Old School. In April 2003, Lewis filed for divorce from husband Berra after approximately three years of marriage. Lewis described the divorce as "amicable", and later commented: "Steve would be the first to admit he was a workaholic. You have to be ready to have a partnership. And sometimes you're like, 'Whoa, this is too much. I only actually have enough steam to focus on my own thing.'"

Beginning in 2003, Lewis embarked on a musical career, forming the rock band Juliette and the Licks with former Hole drummer Patty Schemel. The band released their debut EP, ...Like a Bolt of Lightning, in late 2004 through Fiddler Records. She appeared as a guest vocalist on three tracks by electronic music group The Prodigy's album Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned (also released in 2004). The same year, Lewis appeared in the comedy film Starsky & Hutch, playing the role of Kitty, and had a supporting part in the Jan Kounen's French futuristic Western film Blueberry. She subsequently appeared in comedy Daltry Calhoun (2005), playing the girlfriend of a Tennessee entrepreneur, and in the drama Aurora Borealis (also 2005), playing the live-in assistant of an elderly couple. In May 2005, Juliette and the Licks released their debut studio album, You're Speaking My Language. The band toured internationally in support of the album, and received a favorable concert review from The Guardians David Peschek, who wrote that Lewis is "exactly the kind of iconic presence that boringly boy-saturated rock needs. The Licks–they are very definitely a band, not just the star and some flunkies–are fantastic."

Lewis had a supporting part in the 2006-released The Darwin Awards, an independent comedy, followed by Catch and Release, a romantic comedy that premiered at the Austin Film Festival in October 2006. The same year, Juliette and the Licks recorded their second studio album, Four on the Floor, which featured drumming by Dave Grohl, and was released in 2007. In 2006, Blender magazine included Lewis in their hottest women of rock music list. In 2008, Lewis appeared in Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto IV, providing the voice of "Juliette", the host of fictional radio station Radio Broker, along with one of her own songs "Inside The Cage (David Gilmour Girls Remix)". Lewis had a featured role in Drew Barrymore's directorial debut Whip It! (2009), about a female roller derby player, and provided voice work for the animated science fiction film Metropia (also 2009), directed by Tarik Saleh. The same year, Lewis released her first solo studio album, titled Terra Incognita, through The End Records.

In 2010, Lewis starred in a number of films, first appearing in Mark Ruffalo's directorial debut Sympathy for Delicious, about a paralyzed disc jockey, followed by the comedy The Switch (2010), in which she appeared as the friend of a woman trying to conceive a child through artificial insemination. She appeared as a murder witness in the biographical crime film Conviction. Though only featured in a small portion of the film, The Wall Street Journal deemed Lewis a "scene-stealer," and she subsequently won the Boston Society of Film Critics Award Best Supporting Actress. Additionally, Lewis had a role in Todd Phillips's black comedy Due Date, reprising her role of Heidi in Old School (2003).

2011–present: Television and film
Lewis's first film in 2011 was the independent drama Hick, in which she starred as the alcoholic mother of a young girl in 1980s Nebraska. Lewis subsequently had a minor role in the Canadian drama Foreverland. She followed this with the thriller Open Road, and a starring role in the short-lived series The Firm, on NBC as Tammy, assistant to lead character Mitch McDeere. Next, Lewis had a central role in the dramedy film August: Osage County (2013), playing one of several sisters who reunite with their dysfunctional mother at their familial Oklahoma home after their father commits suicide. An adaptation of Tracy Letts' play of the same name, August: Osage County was a box-office success, grossing $37 million in the United States.

Lewis was involved in musical projects in 2013, contributing backing vocals to the track "Saint of Impossible Causes", on Joseph Arthur's tenth studio album The Ballad of Boogie Christ. She appeared in the music video for "City of Angels" by Thirty Seconds to Mars.

In 2014, Lewis had lead roles in the drama Hellion and in the independent comedy Kelly & Cal, in which Lewis portrayed a former punk-turned-suburban housewife. Lewis subsequent had a lead role as a music producer in Jem and the Holograms (2015), a film adaptation of the 1980s animated series Jem. The film was a box-office bomb, and received largely negative response from critics of the television series. Lewis followed this with a lead role as a small-town detective on the ABC crime series Secrets and Lies, which aired two seasons. She had a recurring guest role in the first season of the science fiction mystery series Wayward Pines (2015). Also in 2015, Lewis contributed vocals to the song "Stickup" by electronic artists Karma Fields & Morten, which was released on Monstercat in November that year. Lewis had a supporting role in the techno thriller film Nerve (2016), about an online video game.

In November 2016, Lewis returned to music with her first solo EP, Future Deep, which she released independently, marking her first musical project in seven years. She described the EP as "an eclectic bunch of songs tinged with the darkest blues, contagious 60s garage rock and dance funk anthems." Lewis subsequently guest-starred on season two of the comedy series Graves (2017), and appeared as a reiki healer on the comedy series Camping (2018), adapted from the British series of the same name. Judy Berman of Time magazine gave the series an unfavorable review, writing that Lewis is "underutilized, as usual."

Also in 2018, Lewis appeared in the independent drama film Back Roads, about a young man trapped by circumstance in rural Pennsylvania after his mother (played by Lewis) murders his father. She was cast in a supporting role in Sam Taylor-Johnson's A Million Little Pieces, adapted from the book of the same name by James Frey. In late 2018, Lewis was cast in the premiere season of The Conners, a spin-off of Roseanne, playing Blue, girlfriend of Darlene Conner's ex-husband David Healy (reuniting with Johnny Galecki, who played her brother in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation). Lewis subsequently appeared in Tate Taylor's psychological horror film Ma (2019), playing the mother of one of several teenagers who grow close to a disturbed woman (Octavia Spencer) in their neighborhood. Ma was a box-office success, grossing over $60 million worldwide, and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film. Lewis had a guest role on Hulu's biographical crime series The Act, chronicling the life of Gypsy Rose Blanchard and the murder of her mother, which premiered in March 2019.

Lewis reunited again with Tate Taylor for his film Breaking News in Yuba County, filmed in the summer of 2019. In 2022, Lewis appeared in the Showtime thriller series, Yellowjackets.

Personal life
Lewis was born into Scientology and started practicing it in the 1990s. She credited Scientology's Narconon program for helping her rehabilitate after a years-long drug addiction in her early adult years. When asked in 2010 by Vanity Fair if she was a Scientologist, Lewis responded "I am, yeah," and went on to explain: "I'm a Christian! I think there's so much confusion because people don't understand a religion where you can be another religion but you can still practice Scientology." In an interview with Time in 2015, Lewis remarked about protecting her freedom of choice and religion, and being annoyed at people's misconceptions about Scientology; "whatever people's conceptions are of me, I think it's cute. I roll with it."

By 2021, she began to distance herself from Scientology, telling The New York Times and The Washington Post that she is a spiritualist and does not identify as a Scientologist.

Lewis has supported Little Kids Rock, an American nonprofit organization that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools, by painting a Fender Stratocaster guitar and donating it to an auction to raise money for the organization.

Filmography

Discography

Juliette and the Licks

Albums
 You're Speaking My Language (2005)
 Four on the Floor (2006)

EP

 …Like a Bolt of Lightning (2004)

Juliette Lewis

Album
 Terra Incognita (2009)

EP
 Future Deep (2017)

Other appearances

 "Hardly Wait" (1995) PJ Harvey cover from Strange Days
 "Come Rain or Come Shine" (1999) from The Other Sister
 "Danny Boy Song" (2004) from Blueberry
 "Hotride", "Spitfire", and "Get Up Get Off", from the 2004 Prodigy album Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned
 "You'll Be Sorry", from the Boots Electric album Honkey Kong

Accolades

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from Los Angeles
American child actresses
American film actresses
American former Scientologists
American people of Welsh descent
American television actresses
American women rock singers
Juliette and the Licks members
Singers from Los Angeles

Juliette Lewis


Urtica chamaedryoides é uma espécie de angiosperma da família Urticaceae. É nativa do sudeste dos Estados Unidos e no norte do México, onde é geralmente encontrada em áreas arborizadas ricas e úmidas. Em algumas áreas da Flórida, tornou-se uma erva daninha de gramado e pastagem.

Assim como outras urtigas, Urtica chamaedryoides produz pêlos urticantes que causam um veneno de inseto como picada quando tocados. Também produz pequenas flores verdes que são polinizadas pelo vento.

Referências

Flora do México
Flora do Sudeste dos Estados Unidos
Urtica

Urtica chamaedryoides


The Sonics are an American garage rock band from Tacoma, Washington, that formed in 1960. Their aggressive, hard-edged sound has been a major influence on punk and garage music worldwide, and they have been named inspirations to the White Stripes, LCD Soundsystem, Nirvana and other musical artists.

The band performed several early rock standards such as "Louie, Louie", and "Skinny Minnie" as well as original compositions like "Strychnine", "Psycho", and "The Witch". Their catalogue is generally based around simple chord progressions, often performed with a speed and tonal aggression that was novel for the time, making the band a notable influence on later punk rock bands, such as the Stooges and the Cramps.

Biography

1960s

The Sonics were formed in 1960 in Tacoma, Washington by teen-aged guitarist Larry Parypa, with the encouragement of his music-loving parents. The earliest lineup included Parypa, drummer Mitch Jaber, and guitarist Stuart Turner; Parypa's brother Jerry briefly played saxophone, and their mother occasionally filled in on bass at rehearsals. In 1961, Parypa's older brother Andy became the bass player, and Tony Mabin took over as their new saxophone player.

When Turner left for the army, Rich Koch (who had previously played with the Wailers) joined as lead guitarist, and Marilyn Lodge became their first singer, the band having been an instrumental combo up to that point. A new drummer, Bill Dean, replaced Jaber.

Koch and Lodge left the band in 1963. Local star Ray Michelsen became the band's singer after having sung with several other popular bands on the local scene. Larry began looking for a drummer to replace Dean, who he felt was uncommitted to the band, and found Bob Bennett playing in a band called the Searchers, with keyboardist Gerry Roslie and sax player Rob Lind. Ray Michelsen was looking to leave the band, so the Parypas hired Bennett, Roslie, and Lind, and let their previous saxophonist Mabin go. The well-known lineup was in place, but the Sonics' career did not begin in earnest until 1964, when Gerry Roslie  started singing lead vocals. With Roslie as lead singer, the band started playing gigs at local venues such as the Red Carpet, Olympia's Skateland, the Evergreen Ballroom, Perl's (Bremerton), the Spanish Castle Ballroom, and St. Mary's Parish Hall.

They soon were scouted by Buck Ormsby, bassist for popular Northwest band the Wailers, and signed to Etiquette Records, the Wailers' own record label. Their first single was "The Witch" (with Little Richard's "Keep a-Knockin'" as the B-side) in November 1964. The record was popular with local kids, and went on to become the biggest selling local single in the history of the Northwest despite its radio airplay being restricted because of its bizarre subject matter.

Early in 1965 Etiquette released the Sonics' debut LP, Here Are The Sonics, which was produced at Audio Recording in Seattle, Washington with famed Pacific Northwest recording engineer Kearney Barton. It was recorded on a two-track tape recorder, with only one microphone to pick up the entire drum kit. It was here that they began to pioneer some of their infamously reckless recording techniques. A second album, Boom, followed in February 1966. During the recording, the Sonics ripped the soundproofing off the walls at the country and western-oriented Wiley/Griffith studio in Tacoma to "get a live-er sound." The covers of both albums feature the photography of Jini Dellaccio.

Their heyday began to come to a close when the band transferred to Jerden Records in late 1966, and headed to Hollywood to record the poorly selling album Introducing the Sonics with Larry Levine at Gold Star Studios. Although it has been rumoured that Jerden executives pushed the Sonics into a more polished sound, the band itself had decided to follow new influences in modern music, resulting in songs that were quite different from their raucously early recordings. The band, however, was not satisfied with the material on Introducing the Sonics, calling the cleaner, slicker recordings "the worst garbage."

The original band fell apart between 1966 and 1968, with members leaving to attend university or join other bands; saxophonist Rob Lind became a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War. Eventually, all of the original members left, except Gerry Roslie, with new members continuing on with the name Sonics (later 'Jim Brady and the Sonics') until 1980, although it was a completely different band, at times even incorporating string and horn sections.

Reformations
The original Sonics reunited briefly in 1972 for a live show at Seattle's Paramount Theater, with the recording of this show released as Live Fanz Only by Etiquette. In 1980, a new Sonics fronted by Gerry Roslie recorded the album Sinderella, which featured versions of the original band's material.

The emergence of punk rock in the late '70s and grunge in the '90s led to new interest in the Sonics, and much of their material was re-released by labels in the US and Europe. Larry and Andy Parypa continued performing with various bands in the Northwest, while Roslie, Lind, and Bennett pursued careers outside of music.

A further surge of interest in the Sonics was sparked by the use of their hard-rocking version of Richard Berry's "Have Love, Will Travel" in a 2004 Land Rover TV ad.

Their music was further impressed upon younger generations through a movement known as The Beat Army, an online music forum based on Facebook which is operated by author and music producer Paul Collins.

In 2007, the Sonics reunited again, this time for the Cavestomp garage rock festival in Brooklyn (November 2–4, 2007). The line up featured original members Gerry Roslie on vocals and keyboards, Larry Parypa on guitar, and Rob Lind on tenor sax, with Ricky Lynn Johnson (of the Wailers) on drums and Don Wilhelm (of the Daily Flash) on bass and vocals.

In 2008, the Sonics recorded a live session for Mark Lamarr's BBC Radio 2 show God's Jukebox on March 22. They played their first ever shows in London on Friday March 21 and Sunday March 23; later that year, "Have Love, Will Travel" was prominently featured on the soundtrack of Guy Ritchie's hit film RocknRolla.

Since then, they have played the Primavera Festival in Barcelona, followed by Bilbao, then the Sjock Festival in Belgium, Norway, and the Azkena Rock Festival in Vitoria in the Basque Country.

Their first show in their home region since their last Seattle reunion in 1972 was on Halloween 31 October 2008 at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, where they were introduced and joined onstage for several songs by Steven Van Zandt. Kent Morrill (front man of the Wailers R.I.P. 2011) made a surprise appearance to help sing his signature song "Dirty Robber".  Bob Bennett was also present to sit in on drums albeit only for a few songs and only while Ricky Lynn Johnson played in unison.

In 2009 Freddie Dennis, formerly of Freddie and the Screamers, the Kingsmen, and the Liverpool 5, took Wilhelm's place as bassist and vocalist. The following year they released 8, an EP featuring both live cuts and four new songs produced by Larry Parypa and Jack Endino at Sound House Recording in Seattle. For the recording Andy Parypa came back on bass.

In 2012 Johnson was replaced by drummer Dusty Watson, who has played with Slacktone, Agent Orange, Dick Dale, the Surfaris, Davie Allan and the Arrows, Lita Ford, the Supersuckers, The Boss Martians, Fur Dixon, Jon and the Nightriders, and others.

The Sonics headlined the fifth annual Muddy Roots Music Festival over Labor Day weekend in 2014. That same year, Muddy Roots Recordings published the previously unreleased song, "Bad Betty," on a 7" record (split with Mudhoney) for Record Store Day.

On January 21, 2015, the band announced they would be releasing a new album, their first in over 40 years, entitled This Is The Sonics. The album was released via their own imprint, Revox on March 31.  The band also announced a tour to support the new album.

On May 2, 2016, an announcement was posted by Rob Lind on the band's Facebook site that Gerry Roslie and Larry Parypa would no longer be continuing as touring members of the band although they will still be involved in recording and Larry will occasionally be playing live with the band. Their positions are being filled on a touring basis by Jake Cavaliere of the Lords of Altamont on keyboards and Evan Foster of the Boss Martians on guitar.

Influence
Kurt Cobain of Nirvana said in an interview with Nardwuar the Human Serviette on CITR-FM, discussing drum sounds, "I, I have to admit...The Sonics recorded very, very cheaply on a two track you know, and they just used one microphone over the drums, and they got the most amazing drum sound I've ever heard. Still to this day, it's still my favorite drum sound. It sounds like he's hitting harder than anyone I've ever known."

The White Stripes named The Sonics as one of the bands that influenced them the most, calling them "the epitome of '60s punk" and claiming they were "harder than the Kinks, and punk long before punk".

LCD Soundsystem name-checked The Sonics, among other bands, in their debut single, "Losing My Edge".

Nicholaus Arson of the Hives cites The Sonics' version of "Have Love, Will Travel" as a favorite.

The German country band the BossHoss named themselves after the Sonics' song "Boss Hoss".

A 1993 tribute album entitled Here Ain't The Sonics was released on PopLlama Records, featuring contributions from Mono Men, Screaming Trees, Thee Headcoats, the Cynics, Mojo Nixon and the Original Sins.

Band members

The classic Sonics lineup, as recorded on Here Are The Sonics and Boom:
Rob Lind – saxophone, vocals, harmonica
Gerry Roslie – organ, piano, lead vocals
Andy Parypa – bass guitar
Larry Parypa – lead guitar, vocals
Bob Bennett – drums

Current touring lineup:
Rob Lind – saxophone, vocals, harmonica
Dusty Watson – drums
Freddie Dennis – bass guitar, vocals
Jake Cavaliere – keyboards, vocals
Evan Foster – guitar

Bennett and Andy Parypa, unable to travel, were replaced by Watson and Dennis. In 2016 it was announced that Roslie and Larry Parypa would no longer tour with the band. They were replaced by Cavaliere and Foster. Saxophonist Lind is the sole original member in the touring band.

Discography

Studio albums
Here Are The Sonics (Etiquette Records, 1965)
Boom (Etiquette, 1966)
Introducing the Sonics (Jerden, 1967)
Sinderella (Bomp, 1980)
This is the Sonics (Revox, 2015) #21 Billboard Heatseekers; #25 Billboard Tastemakers

Compilations and live albums
Merry Christmas (Various Artists album, Etiquette, 1966)
Explosives (Buckshot, 1973)
The Sonics (SRT, 1978)
Fire and Ice (First American, 1983; re-released as Fire & Ice: Lost Tapes Vols. 1 & 2 in 1996)
Full Force! (Line, 1984; re-released as Full Force! The Best of The Sonics in 1987)
The Ultimate Sonics (Etiquette, 1991)
Maintaining My Cool (Jerden, Munster Records, 1991)
Psycho-Sonic (Big Beat, 1993)
This Is... The Savage Young Sonics (Norton, 2001)
The Jerden Years 1966-69 (Munster, 2004)
Busy Body!!! Live in Tacoma 1964 (Live, Norton, 2007)
The Sonics Live at Easy Street Record Store Day Release (Re:VOX & Easy Street Records 2016)

Singles
"The Witch"/"Keep A-Knockin'" (Etiquette, 1964)
"The Witch"/"Psycho" (Etiquette, 1965)
"Psycho"/"Keep A-Knockin'" (Etiquette, 1965)
"Boss Hoss"/"The Hustler" (Etiquette, 1965)
"Don't Be Afraid Of The Dark"/"Shot Down" (Etiquette, 1965)
The Sonics' "Don't Believe In Christmas"/The Wailers' "Christmas Spirit" (Etiquette, 1965)
"Cinderella"/"Louie Louie" (Etiquette, 1965)
"You Got Your Head On Backwards"/"Love Light" (Jerden, 1966)
"Like No Other Man"/"Love Light" (Jerden, 1966)
"The Witch"/"Like No Other Man" (Jerden, 1966)
"Psycho"/"Maintaining My Cool" (Jerden, 1966)
"Love-itis"/"You're In Love" (Jerden, 1967)
"Lost Love"/"Any Way The Wind Blows" (Piccadilly, 1967)
"Any Way The Wind Blows"/"Lost Love" (UNI, 1967)
"Dirty Old Man"/"Bama Lama Bama Loo" (Burdette, 1975)
"The Witch"/"Bama Lama Bama Loo" (Great Northwest, 1979)
"The Witch"/"Keep A-Knockin'"  (Norton, 1998)
"Psycho"/"Have Love Will Travel" (Norton, 1998)
"Cinderella"/"He's Waitin'" (Norton, 1998)
"Boss Hoss"/"The Hustler" (Norton, 1998)
"Strychnine"/"Shot Down" (Norton, 1998)
The Sonics' "Louie Louie"/The Wailers' "Louie Louie" (Norton, 1998)
"Don't Believe In Christmas"/"Santa Claus" (Norton, 1998)
"Bad Betty"/"I Like It Small" [Mudhoney] (Muddy Roots, 2014)

EPs
Live Fanz Only  (Live at Seattle's Paramount Theater, 1972) (Etiquette, 1986)
8 (The Sonics Record Co./Re:Vox, 2010, 2011 on Re:Vox)

References

External links

 [ The Sonics] at Allmusic
 Sonics licensing

Garage rock groups from Washington (state)
Musical groups from Tacoma, Washington
Musical groups established in 1960
Norton Records artists
Protopunk groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1968
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
American garage punk groups
1960 establishments in Washington (state)

The Sonics


A teoria da justificação do sistema (TJS) é uma teoria dentro da psicologia social na qual as crenças justificadoras do sistema servem a uma função psicologicamente paliativa. Propõe que as pessoas têm várias necessidades subjacentes, variando de indivíduo para indivíduo, que podem ser satisfeitas pela defesa e justificação do status quo, mesmo quando o sistema pode ser desvantajoso para certas pessoas. As pessoas têm necessidades epistêmicas, existenciais e relacionais que são atendidas e se manifestam como suporte ideológico para a estrutura predominante de normas sociais, econômicas e políticas. A necessidade de ordem e estabilidade e, portanto, a resistência a mudanças ou alternativas, por exemplo, pode ser um motivador para os indivíduos verem o status quo como bom, legítimo e até desejável.

De acordo com a teoria da justificação do sistema, as pessoas desejam não apenas manter atitudes favoráveis sobre si mesmas (justificação do ego) e os grupos aos quais pertencem (justificação de grupo), mas também manter atitudes positivas sobre a estrutura social abrangente na qual estão entrelaçadas. e se vêem obrigados a (justificação do sistema). Esse motivo justificador do sistema às vezes produz o fenômeno conhecido como favoritismo fora do grupo, uma aceitação da inferioridade entre grupos de baixo status e uma imagem positiva de grupos de status relativamente mais altos. Assim, a noção de que os indivíduos são simultaneamente defensores e vítimas das normas instiladas pelo sistema é uma ideia central na teoria da justificação do sistema. Além disso, a facilidade passiva de sustentar a estrutura atual, quando comparada ao preço em potencial (material, social, psicológico) de agir contra o status quo, leva a um ambiente compartilhado no qual os arranjos sociais, econômicos e políticos existentes tendem a ser preferidos. Alternativas ao status quo tendem a ser menosprezadas e a desigualdade tende a se perpetuar.

Ver também
 Armadilha do progresso
 Ideologia
 Lista de vieses cognitivos
 Pensamento de grupo
 Teoria do consenso
 Viés de autoridade
 Viés de status quo

Bibliografia
Hanson, Jon (2007). Thanksgiving as "System Justification"?. Retrieved December 1, 2007. The Situationist

Teorias sociais
Erro

Justificação do sistema


Brze banane, hrvatski glazbeni sastav iz Zagreba, iz Dubrave osnovan 1980-ih godina. Svirali su pop-rock.

Povijest
Brze banane su legendarni rock band iz Zagreba (Dubrava), osnovan krajem 80-tih, u kojem je karijeru započeo Mladen Burnać, koji je uz svojeg brata Antu- Zdravka Burnaća ujedno bio i osnivač benda. Dok je Ante-Zdravko bio tekstopisac i menađer sastava, Mladen je bio lider, pjevač, gitarist, te autor glazbe. Do izlaska prvog albuma, sastav najduži dio karijere nastupa kao trio: Mladen Burnać (vokal i gitara), Siniša Popović (bas gitara), te Zdenko Bartolović (bubnjevi). Zvuk benda je bio mješavina punka i rocka, privlačili su pažnju svojim atraktivnim i eksplozivnim nastupima. U toj postavi održali su 1987. godine i legendarni koncert u Kulušiću.

Sjajnu uzlaznu putanju benda i pripreme za objavljivanje prvog albuma prekinula je tragična prometna nesreća (1989. godine, kod Celja u Sloveniji), u kojoj su živote izgubili Mladenov brat, Ante-Zdravko Burnać i njihov najbolji prijatelj, Milan Čačić – Mišo (ujedno i fotograf benda), dok je Mladen bio jedini preživjeli iz te nesreće. Bend tada privremeno prestaje djelovati, a Mladen, nakon oporavka od povreda, ipak odlučuje snimiti i objaviti album benda (na kojemu je bila posveta da je snimljen "u spomen Anti i Miši"). Taj prvi i jedini album imena "Brze Banane" objavljen je 1990. godine za izdavačku kuću Orfej u Zagrebu.

Album je izašao kao ploča (vinil) i kazeta, a sadržavao je 10 pjesama:
Producent albuma bio je Željko Bošković, a bend je tada svirao u izmijenjenom sastavu kao kvartet: Mladen Burnać (gitara i vokal), Siniša Popović (bas), Žarko Fabek (gitara, ex ITD Band), te Jurica Ugrinović (bubnjevi, ex Ritmo Loco, Cubismo, Zagreb Jazz Portret). Kako je bend promijenio neke članove, tako se promijenio i punk-rock zvuk iz prve faze, te je bend na albumu zvučao više kao snažni pop-rock sastav.

Nakon godinu dana, 1991. godine objavljuju i singl ploču "Oglasi". Zanimljivost tog singla je ta, da na njemu uz Mladena, pjevaju (u to doba još slabo poznati): Severina Vučković, Ivana Banfić i Sandi Cenov. U toj drugoj fazi rada, pjesma "Kiša" postaje zaštitni znak benda i potencijalni hit - međutim, zbog nemogućnosti nastupanja u ratnim uvjetima u Hrvatskoj, bend u potpunosti prestaje djelovati 1992. godine.

Za vrijeme rada, bend Brze banane je nastupio na više od 80 koncerata u svim mogućim klubovima diljem Hrvatske i cijele bivše države, a imao je samostalne koncerte i u tada prestižnim i legendarnim rock klubovima, kao što su: Kulušić, Lapidarij, Sallon, Gjuro i drugi. (nastupili su i na Gitarijadi u Zaječaru 1987.). Tijekom rada, pored navedenih članova, u sastavu su kratko vrijeme svirali još: Ivo Šimeg (gitara), Tunica Vidaković (bas gitara), Davor Čelić (bubnjevi) i Branko Fejer (bubnjevi). Najpoznatije pjesme bile su: "Kiša", "Prošao sam sve" i "Pero i Europa".

Diskografija
 Brze banane, studijski album, Orfej, 1990.
 Oglasi / Od tvog pogleda, singl, Orfej, 1991.

Članovi
Članovi su bili Mladen Burnać, Siniša Popović – bas gitara, Žarko Fabek-Febo (ITD Band) – solo gitara i Jurica Ugrinović (ex Ritmo Loco, Cubismo, Zagreb Jazz Portret). Do izlaska albuma svirali su i drugi onda poznati zagrebački glazbenici: Ivo Šimeg – gitara, Tunica Vidaković – bas, Zdenko Bartolović – bubnjevi, Davor Čelić – bubnjevi i Branko Fejer – bubnjevi.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Brze banane - Apple Music
Audio snimka koncerta u Kulušiću 25. svibnja 1987. godine - YouTube

Zagrebački glazbeni sastavi

Brze banane


Droemer Knaur este un grup editorial german cu sediul în München. Grupul este format din editurile de carte Droemer, Knaur, Pattloch Publisher și O. W. Barth. Droemer Knaur aparține Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. În plus, grupul editorial deține platforma on-line neobooks.com, un furnizor gratuit pentru cărți electronice autopublicate.

Istoric
Editura își are originea în legătoria de cărți pe care Theodor Knaur o avea la Leipzig în anul 1846. După ce a publicat sporadic mai multe cărți, editura Theodor Knaur a adoptat în 1884 un program editorial regulat. Editura a fost vândută în 1901 librarului berlinez Gabriel Hendelsohn, care a redenumit-o Theodor Knaur Nachf. Verlag.

În 1902 Adalbert Droemer a fost angajat în cadrul editurii ca redactor însărcinat cu activitatea editorială. În 1934 frații evrei Hendelsohn au fugit de persecuția nazistă și au emigrat în Statele Unite ale Americii, iar Droemer a preluat editura. Doi ani mai târziu, fiul lui Droemer, Willy Droemer, a început să facă parte din conducerea editurii și i-a succedat tatălui său după moartea lui Adalbert Droemer în 1939. În octombrie 1939 Theodor Knaur Nachf. a publicat Knaurs Welt-Atlas cu hărți care reprezentau Marele Reich German și teritoriile recent cucerite și anexate de naziști. În 1943, birourile companiei și presele tipografice au fost distruse de bombardamentele Aliaților.

După sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Willy Droemer a fondat în castelul Wiesentheid (Franconia Inferioară) o nouă editură în locul celei vechi, cu denumirea Droemersche Verlagsanstalt; editura s-a mutat curând la München. Noua editură a continuat tradiția vechii edituri și a avut succes.

Începând din 1970, Willy Droemer și Georg von Holtzbrinck au lucrat împreună și au efectuat un schimb de acțiuni ale companiei. În 1980, grupul editorial Georg von Holtzbrinck a preluat complet editura, iar Droemer s-a retras din conducerea companiei. În 1982, editura a preluat Kindler Verlag.

Începând din anul 1999, grupul editorial Droemer Knaur este deținut de grupul editorial Georg von Holtzbrinck și de Weltbild. În același an, editura Pattloch a fost integrată în grupul editorial Droemer Knaur. Pattloch-Verlag a fost fondată în 1946 în Aschaffenburg și a făcut parte din grupul Weltbild din 1987. Editura Pattloch a publicat cărți de non-ficțiune scrise de renumiți oameni de știință și jurnaliștilor specializați pe probleme sociale. Odată cu cărțile autorilor Manfred Lütz și Raphael M. Bonelli a început o tradiție de bestseller-uri pe teme de psihoterapie.

Grupul editorial Droemer Knaur a fost editura cu cele mai mari vânzări în 2005 și 2006, potrivit listei din raportul publicat în Der Spiegel.

Începând cu anul 2008 Droemer Knaur publică, de asemenea, cărți electronice. În 2009 a fost fondat PAN-Verlag, care a funcționat până în 2012.
În 2010 a fost preluată O. W. Barth Verlag (anterior S. Fischer Verlag). O. W. Barth a fost fondată în 1924 în München și a fost vândută către Scherz Verlag din Berna în anul 1973. Odată cu aceasta, a fost achiziționată de către S. Fischer în 2002. O. W. Barth Verlag este o editură de literatură spirituală focalizată pe învățăturile orientale și pe sisteme de vindecare, precum și de non-ficțiune, la granița între știință și spiritualitate.

În 2010 a fost lansată platforma on-line neobooks.com și în 2011 a apărut marca Droemer Paperback.

Printre cei mai cunoscuți autori de ficțiune publicați de editură se află Iny Lorentz, Sebastian Fitzek, Anne Hertz, Sabine Ebert și Andreas Franz; de asemenea, au fost publicați scriitori cunoscuți pe plan internațional precum Karen Rose, Val McDermid, John Katzenbach sau Michael Connelly.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Istoria editurii (PDF)

Edituri din Germania

Droemer Knaur


Nedkastningssteder eller modtagepladser er lokaliteter hvor fly kan nedkaste forsyninger og folk med faldskærm.

I Danmark var det lokaliteter hvor allierede fly kunne nedkaste våbencontainere med faldskærm under besættelsen. Kravet til sådanne var at de skulle være let at finde for flybesætningerne; et kendingsmærke i nærheden, f.eks. en sø var en fordel. Stederne måtte ikke ligge for tæt på beboelse eller på de tyske installationer.

Selve nedkastningspladsen skulle være åben, så faldskærmene ikke hang fast i træer eller lignende, en skov ud til pladsen var en fordel, så modtageholdet kunne holde sig skjult.

Antallet af modtagepladser i Danmark blev af modstandsbevægelsen opgjort til ca. 400. Dog kom ikke alle pladser i brug.

Referencer

 Sådan så våbennedkastninger ud under krigen filmklip

2. verdenskrig

Nedkastningssted


Urmi Basu é uma activista indiana que luta pela protecção das trabalhadoras do sexo em Calcutá. Em 2019 ela recebeu o Nari Shakti Puraskar - o maior prémio para mulheres na Índia.

Vida

Basu nasceu em Calcutá. Em 2000 ela fundou a organização "New Light" que cuida de profissionais do sexo em Calcutá. Ela usou os seus próprios fundos para criar a organização. Foi dito que deixou o seu segundo marido quando ele não apoiava o seu trabalho. A base da New Light tem uma creche e permite que as mulheres fiquem lá no abrigo nocturno. Ela está preocupada com a prostituição transgeracional, 90% das filhas de profissionais do sexo seguem as mães para a prostituição a partir de uma idade média de treze anos.

Em 2012 ela e a sua organização foram destaque num filme americano (PBS) intitulado "Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide". Foi um documentário de quatro horas que estreou na PBS em outubro de 2012.

Ela recebeu o prémio Nari Shakti Puraskar no Dia Internacional da Mulher em 2019. O prémio "2018" foi entregue no Palácio Presidencial pelo Presidente da Índia. O primeiro-ministro Narendra Modi esteva presente.

Pessoas vivas
Ativistas da Índia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Urmi Basu


El Faro de Punta Palmar está ubicado sobre las costa del Océano Atlántico, en Punta Palmar, Rocha, Uruguay. Fue construido en 1977. Es una torre cilíndrica de fibra de vidrio, 4 franjas blancas y 3 rojas, su base es de hormigón, rodeada por los aloes típicos de la costa.

Tiene 12 metros de altura y un alcance luminoso de 8,8 millas náuticas. El faro ha sido automático desde un principio con un sistema de gas acetileno y actualmente con energía de paneles solares.

Se puede divisar desde el balneario Punta del Diablo, sobre la playa de la Viuda, pero el sitio cerrado a visitantes y la torre está rodeadada por una propiedad privada.

Referencias

Faros de Rocha
Costa de Rocha

Faro de Punta Palmar


أييوس ديميتريوس (Άγιος Δημήτριος) هي مدينة في كوزاني في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1075 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كوزاني (مقاطعة)
مدن اليونان

أييوس ديميتريوس (كوزاني)


Bastimentos ubicada en una de las isla que incluye el mismo nombre, y el corregimiento ubicado en el distrito de Bocas del Toro en el archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, al noroeste del país centroamericano de Panamá. La isla es de aproximadamente 52 km², lo que la hace una de las más grandes en Panamá.

El Parque nacional Isla Bastimentos abarca una gran parte de la isla Bastimentos, los Cayos Zapatilla, además de las aguas y los manglares que rodean a la isla.

Se localiza al sur de la isla Colón, al este de Isla Solarte e Isla San Cristóbal y al norte de Isla Popa, Cayo Agua y los Cayos de Zapatilla, en el mar Caribe.

Demografía

En 2010 Bastimentos contaba con una población de 1 954 habitantes según datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y una extensión de 61 km² lo que equivale a una densidad de población de 31,4 habitantes por km².

Razas y etnias

 54,3 % Chibchas (Americanos)
 28,71 % Afropanameños
 16,99 % Mestizos

Véase también
 Geografía de Panamá
 Geografía de América

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla
 Portal del Turismo de Bocas del Toro, bocas.com
 Portal de la Diversidad Turística de Bocas del Toro, bocas.travel
 Sitio Web de Bastimentos

Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro

Isla Bastimentos


Asociación Atlética Argentinos Juniors, almennt þekkt sem Argentinos Juniors, er argentínskt knattspyrnufélag frá Buenos Aires. Félagið er ekki eitt af stærstu liðum argentínsku knattspyrnunnar en á þó nokkra landsmeistaratitla og hefur einu sinni unnið álfukeppnina Copa Libertadores. Félagið er frægast fyrir að vera uppeldislið Diego Maradona sem hóf þar atvinnuferil sinn. Leikvangur félagsins hefur heitið í höfuðið á Maradona frá árinu 2004.

Saga
Argentinos Juniors var stofnað þann 14. ágúst árið 1904 af hópi ungra pilta sem tilheyrðu félagsskap anarkista sem kallaði sig píslarvottana frá Chicago sem vísaði til þeirra manna sem teknir voru af lífi eftir Blóðbaðið á Haymarket árið 1886. Hið nýstofnaða lið gerði rauðan og hvítan að einkennislit sínum til heiðurs atjórnmálamanninum Alfredo Palacios, sem var fyrsti þingmaður Argentínu úr röðum sósíalista.

Þáttaskil urðu í sögu argentínskrar knattspyrnu árið 1917 þegar átján sögðu skilið við deildarkeppnina til að stofnsetja atvinnumannadeild og var Argentinos Juniors í þeim hópi. Þetta markaði upphafið að innleiðingu atvinnumennsku í íþróttinni í landinu. Ef undan er skilið þriðja sæti í argentínsku deildinni árið 1960, aðeins tveimur stigum á eftir meisturum Independiente markaði félagið ekki djúp spor í fótboltasögunni og var oft í annarri deild.

Argentinos Juniors höfðu orðspor sem uppeldisstöð ungra leikmanna og þann 20. október 1976 fengu stuðningsmenn liðsins að sjá fimmtán ára ungling, Diego Maradona, þreyta frumraun sína með aðalliði félagsins. Hann varð markakóngur Metropolitano ársins 1979 (á þessum árum voru tvær Argentínukeppnir á ári hverju, Metropolitano og Nacional) og átti hann eftir að endurtaka leikinn í næstu þremur meistarakeppnum. Árið 1980 náði Argentinos Juniors öðru sæti í Metropolitano, sem var þá besti árangur félagsins frá upphafi.

Maradona var seldur til Boca Juniors fyrir milljón Bandaríkjadali sem þótti svimandi fjárhæð. Þótt Maradona hafi ekki sjálfum tekist að leiða uppeldisfélag sitt til meistaratignar þá tryggði söluhagnaðurinn af honum það að félagið gat styrkt leikmannahóp sinn verulega.

Argentinos Juniors urðu Metropolitano-meistarar árið 1984, sem var fyrsti stóri titill félagsins í sögunni. Annar slíkur fylgdi í kjölfarið þegar liðið varð Nacional-meistari 1985. Sama ár tókst liðinu að næla í eftirsóknarverðustu nafnbót fótboltans í Suður-Ameríku þegar liðið vann Copa Libertadores eftir vítaspyrnukeppni í oddaleik á móti kólumbíska liðinu América de Cali.	Aftur þurfti að grípa til vítaspyrnukeppni í keppni Evrópumeistaranna og Suður-Ameríkumeistaranna næsta ár, en þar tapaði liðið á móti Juventus frá Ítalíu.

Árið 1988 rataði Argentinos Juniors í heimsfréttirnar eftir það sem þá var talið lengsta vítaspyrnukeppni sögunnar í leik gegn Racing Club. Liðið vann þá 20:19 eftir að 44 spyrnur höfðu verið teknar.

Í byrjun 21. aldarinnar lenti Argentinos Juniors í kröggum og þurfti að verja nokkrum misserum í annarri deild. Liðið kom sterkt til baka og árið 2010 urðu þeir í þriðja sinn argentísnkir meistarar eftir sigur í Clausura-keppninni.

Argentínsk knattspyrnufélög

Argentinos Juniors


Kenzo Miyazawa (1937—2003) fue un artista marcial japonés, llegó a 7° Dan de Aikidō. También el fundador la organización Asociación Argentina de Aikido o Aikikai Argentina en el año 1980, afiliada a la Federación Internacional de Aikido (IAF, International Aikido Federation) o Aikikai Internacional.

Nació el 11 de febrero, en la prefectura japonesa de Chiba. Desde niño se inició en las artes marciales, primero aprendió de su padre la esgrima de la escuela Katori. Con aproximadamente 11 años se inicia en Judo y  Kenpo Karate (Chuan Fa Tang Shou, o "sistema de boxeo de la mano china").

En 1959, con 21 años, y el deseo de estudiar otro arte marcial, un amigo le comentó sobre el Aikido. A finales de año se inscribe en el Sankei Dojo en Yurakucho; lugar que se caracterizaba por dictarse clases por muchos maestros distinto (como Hiroshi Tada, Sadateru Arikawa, Nobuyoshi Tamura, Koichi Tohei y Seigo Yamaguchi). Y donde tuvo la ocasión de conocer a O'Sensei.

Se graduó de Licenciado en Ciencias Económicas, especializado en Comercio Exterior y con dominio de los idiomas Inglés, Alemán y Español.

En Argentina
Deseando emigrar de Japón, se instaló en la Argentina en 1964. Donde al principio trato de mantenerse a través de operaciones de comercio exterior (exportanto algunos productos a Japón), pero la inflación del país lo perjudicó.

Al año siguiente (1965) decidió enseñar artes marciales, comenzó en el Instituto Kumazawa y el Instituto Argentino de Judo. En 1968 recibió de la Aikikai un menjo o permiso de enseñanza.

Continuo estudiando Karate-Do Shotokan, llegando a graduarse de 2° Dan, que recibió del Maestro Itaya.

En el año 1972 alquiló su primer dojo, ubicado en un departamento en un primer piso, en el barrio de Villa Urquiza, donde dio clases hasta el año 1977. En el año 1978 es el anfitrión de la primera visita a la Argentina del Doshu Kisshomaru Ueshiba (hijo del fundador del Aikido), quien volvió al país en 1990 dando un seminario en el Club Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires.

En 1980 funda la organización Asociación Argentina de Aikido, afiliada a la International Aikido Federation.

Finalmente pudo abrir su propio dojo en el año 1981, actual sede central de la Asoc. Arg. de Aikido.

En 1988 recibe el 6° Dan por Doshu K. Ueshiba. Posteriormente se le otorga 7° Dan Aikikai y el rango Shihan.

El último Doshu, Moriteru Ueshiba (hijo de Kisshomaru), también visitó Argentina por gestión de Miyazawa, en 1992.

En el año 2003, con 66 años, muere víctima de una enfermedad, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Sus cenizas fueron esparcidas en las Costas de Pinamar, según fuera su voluntad.

Difundió el Aikido por el interior de la Argentina: Córdoba, Tucumán, Neuquén. También tuvo una importante trayectoria y presencia internacional, destacándose su cargo de vicepresidente por Latinoamérica de la IAF.

Referencias

Aikidokas

Kenzo Miyazawa


Benjamin Samuel Bloom (February 21, 1913 – September 13, 1999) was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning. He is particularly noted for leading educational psychologists to develop the comprehensive system of describing and assessing educational outcomes in the mid-1950s. He has influenced the practices and philosophies of educators around the world from the latter part of the twentieth century.

Early life and education
Bloom was born in Lansford, Pennsylvania, to an immigrant Jewish family. His parents fled a climate of discrimination in Russia.  Bloom was one of five children, three being older brothers and one a younger sister. His father was a picture framer and his mother was a homemaker. Bloom achieved excellence most notably in his academics while also showing athletic ability in swimming and handball. He graduated high school as his class valedictorian.

After graduating from Pennsylvania State College, he worked as a research worker with the Pennsylvania State Relief Organization. The following year, he moved to Washington to do similar work with the American Youth Council. His work with the AYC led to his meeting and work with Ralph Tyler, where he would help design assessments for Ralph Tyler's Eight-Year Study. Bloom then applied for the doctorate program under the University of Chicago in 1939, as this would give Bloom the chance to study under Ralph Tyler. Bloom would marry his wife Sophie the following year in 1940, as she was pursuing her masters in the University of Chicago. Bloom achieved his doctorate in 1942.

Bloom worked for the University of Chicago's Board of Examinations from 1940-1959. The purpose of the Board of Examinations was to improve on the quality of education given by the University of Chicago through modifying the university's educational requirements and assessments. Bloom's work during his time with the Board of Examinations reflected this goal as his works were based on how to teach and educational measurement. Bloom later succeeded Ralph Tyler as the University Examiner in 1953. By 1960, Bloom had left his position in the Board of Examinations and worked at Stanford, California for the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences.

From the late 1950s to the late 1980s, Bloom had begun doing work on education internationally. In Hamburg, Germany Bloom attended a UNESCO Institution of Education meeting. Following the meeting, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) was founded in an attempt to encourage cross-national studies on educational achievement. Bloom was a cofounder for this organization. Through this organization Bloom would conduct studies alongside colleagues with the purpose of collecting data to improve and observe on education on a global level. By 1986, Bloom was invited to the University of Shanghai as 1 of 25 exchange scholars between China and the United States.

Works
In 1956, Bloom edited the first volume of The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, which classified learning objectives according to a rubric that has come to be known as Bloom's Taxonomy. It was one of the first attempts to systematically classify levels of cognitive functioning and gave structure to the otherwise amorphous mental processes of gifted students. Bloom's Taxonomy remains a foundation of the academic profession according to the 1981 survey, "Significant Writings That Have Influenced the Curriculum: 1906–81" by Harold G. Shane and the National Society for the Study of Education. Bloom's 2 Sigma Problem is also attributed to him.

Benjamin Bloom conducted research on student achievement. Through conducting a variety of studies, Bloom and his colleagues observed factors within the school environment as well as outside of it that can affect how children can learn. One example was the lack of variation in teaching. Bloom hypothesized if teachers adapted their teaching methods to the individual needs of each student, more children would receive the opportunity to learn better. This led to the creation of Bloom's Mastery Learning procedure. This procedure required that teachers organize skills and concepts into instructional units approximately 1–2 weeks in length. At the end of the unit, the student would receive an assessment that would provide the student with constructive feedback on what the child learned from the unit. If a child lacked understanding on any of the major concepts of the unit, they would be assigned corrective assignments based on information they had trouble understanding. They would then take a second assessment focusing specifically on the skills and concepts they were instructed to practice on. This insures each student gains individualized instruction at a pace the child needs in order to learn at an optimum level. For students who showed mastery of the given unit, it is recommended they receive enrichment activities to further learning experiences. These activities are self-selected by the student and may come in the form of academic games, reports, special projects, etc.

Aside from his work on educational objectives and outcomes, Bloom also directed a research team that evaluated and elucidated the process of developing exceptional talents in individuals, shedding light upon the phenomena of vocational eminence and the concept of greatness.

In the article "The Role of Gifts and Markers in the Development of Talent" (1982), 70 individuals that are known as being among the best in their field are interviewed, in addition to their parents, teachers, and other significant persons in their life. The purpose of the interviews was to collect the various special characteristics believed to have been the reasons for their success. The individuals studied were mathematicians, Olympic swimmers, and concert pianists who were arguably some of the most successful in their field. The three main characteristics frequently shared in the interviews by the individuals, their parents, and teachers was willingness to work, competitiveness, and ability to learn new techniques. By the end of the Bloom's interviews, it was noted after all the data was collected that the interpretation of the parent's children as being talented led to the parents creating an environment that allowed for growth within the subject through hiring teachers/tutors, opportunities in the form of competitions and events, and overall encouragement from the parents and others involved in the individuals life. The belief that the individuals were talented, the attention given to a specific characteristic observed, as well as the possible inherent gift of the individual were considered to be markers. The markers were defined as the major reasons for the encouragement and motivation exhibited by the teachers and parents of the successful individuals. These factors in addition to the individual's interest and willingness to work in their respective field are arguably some of the reasons for their huge success.

References

5. Anderson, L. W. (2003). Benjamin S Bloom: His life, his works, and his legacy. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Educational psychology: A century of contributions. (pp. 367–389). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

6. Bloom, B. S. (1982). The role of gifts and markers in the development of talent. Except. Child, 48, 510–522.

7. Guskey, T. R. (2007). Closing achievement gaps: revisiting Benjamin S Bloom's "learning for mastery." Journal of Advanced Academics, 19(1), 8–31..

Further reading
 Bloom, Benjamin Sapkota (1980). All Our Children Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Bloom, Benjamin S. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (1956). Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright (c) 1984 by Pearson Education.
 Bloom, B. S. (ed). (1985). Developing Talent in Young People. New York: Ballantine Books.
 Eisner, Eliot W. "Benjamin Bloom: 1913-1999." Prospects, the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXX, no. 3, September 2000. Retrieved from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/bloome.pdf on April 10, 2009.
 Torsten Husén, Benjamin S. Bloom, in: Joy A. Palmer (ed), Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present Day, London - New York: Routledge, 2001, pp. 86–90.

External links
 Benjamin Bloom - Mastery Learning

1913 births
1999 deaths
20th-century educational theorists
American educational theorists
20th-century American psychologists
American cognitive psychologists
American educational psychologists
Pennsylvania State University alumni
People from Carbon County, Pennsylvania
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty

Benjamin Bloom


Kugiai steht für:
 den litauischen Namen der Ortschaft Nagornoje  in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad
 den litauischen Namen der Ortschaft Perwomaiskoje in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad

Kugiai


Lighed angiver en tilstand, hvor alle i et samfund er stillet lige på bestemte områder. Det kan være med hensyn til retslige eller sociale rettigheder eller mht. sundhed eller økonomiske muligheder.

En sideordnet og beslægtet betydning af udtrykket er ensartethed, f.eks. i sammenhænge som "en slående lighed" og "i lighed med".

Spørgsmålet om, hvilken grad af lighed et samfund skal tilstræbe, har været et centralt emne i såvel filosofien som den politiske debat i Vesten i mange hundrede år. Sammen med frihed og broderskab udgjorde lighed således det centrale indhold i den franske revolutions slagord (og den nuværende franske republiks motto) Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Samtidig har der været en langsigtet tendens til, at emneområdet for, hvad der debatteres lighed indenfor, er blevet udvidet over tid.

Åndshistorisk baggrund

Bl.a. den græske filosof Aristoteles, de romerske stoikere, kirkefaderen Augustin og reformationsteologer som John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Thomas Müntzer og Jean Calvin samt den engelske filosof John Locke har haft betydning for udviklingen af moralfilosofiske tanker om lighed. Også grundlæggende tanker i den profetiske jødedom, den tidlige kristendom og islam har været inspiration for lighedstanker. Lighedens hovedfilosof blev imidlertid schweizeren Jean-Jacques Rousseau, bl.a. med skrifterne Om Oprindelsen til Uligheden blandt Menneskene, og dens Grundstøtter fra 1755 og Den sociale kontrakt fra 1762. Ifølge Rousseau var menneskene lige i naturtilstanden, men med samfundsudviklingen og ikke mindst ejendomsretten udvikledes en uacceptabel ulighed.

Den franske revolution og frem

Siden tiden omkring den franske revolution har lighedsdiskussionen været central. USA's uafhængighedserklæring fra 1776, som starter med en erklæring om menneskerettighederne, indeholder den berømte sætning: Vi anser disse sandheder for selvindlysende, at alle mennesker er skabt lige, og at de af deres Skaber har fået visse umistelige rettigheder, heriblandt retten til liv, frihed og stræben efter lykke. Den franske menneskerettighedserklæring af 1789 garanterede ligeledes personlig frihed og lige rettigheder. I 1800-tallet blev politisk og juridisk lighed (lighed for loven) efterhånden mere udbredt i mange europæiske lande, bl.a. ved afskaffelse af slaveri, indførelsen af nationale parlamenter og udvidelse af stemmeretten.

Fra slutningen af 1800-tallet kom lighedsdiskussionen i stigende grad til at handle om økonomisk og social lighed fremfor blot politisk og juridisk. De tre ideologiske retninger, der blev toneangivende efter den franske revolution, konservatismen, liberalismen og socialismen, adskilte sig ikke mindst i deres holdning til disse spørgsmål. Forskellige holdninger til statens rolle mht. at skabe lighed mellem forskellige befolkningsgrupper har vedvarende præget den politiske debat frem til nutiden.

Lige muligheder overfor lige udfald

En vigtig problemstilling i diskussionen om lighed er, hvorvidt man ønsker lighed i mulighederne for forskellige personer eller lighed i udfaldet. Mulighedslighed fokuserer på, om mennesker har lige gode muligheder. Hvordan de så forvalter disse muligheder, er op til dem selv. Udfaldslighed fokuserer derimod på, hvor lige fordelingen af goder er, efter at folk har forvaltet deres muligheder. Mens lige muligheder for alle er et ideal, som deles af de allerfleste i moderne vestlige lande, gælder det samme ikke nødvendigvis lighed i udfald. Hvis to personer har samme evner og udgangspunkt, men den ene vælger at arbejde flittigt og som følge deraf får en højere indkomst, mens den anden vælger at holde mere fri og derfor opnå en mindre indkomst, vil de to personer have haft samme muligheder i udgangspunktet, men opnår ikke samme resultat. Mange vil opfatte en sådan forskel i indkomst som retfærdig, mens indkomstforskelle, der skyldes arv, held og andre forhold udenfor den pågældende persons egen kontrol, opleves som mindre rimelige.

Sammenhæng mellem lighed og økonomisk effektivitet

Indenfor den økonomiske forskning er der peget på, hvordan udviklingen i ligheden i et samfund kan påvirke den økonomiske vækst og samfundets efficiens. Sammenhængen kan være både positiv og negativ. Spørgsmålet har fået stigende fokus i takt med, at udviklingen i de seneste årtier har medført større ulighed i indkomster i de fleste vestlige lande.

Se også

 Egalitarisme
 Ligestilling
 Social ulighed
 Økonomisk ulighed
 Indkomstfordeling
 Diskrimination

Kilder

Litteratur

Social ulighed
Politisk filosofi

Lighed


Shins may refer to:
 Shina people, an ethnic group of northern Pakistan and India
 The Shins, an American rock band

See also
 Shin (disambiguation)

Shins


An Stelis transversalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Stelis transversalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis transversalis


Üzümlü, Antalya ilinin Kaş ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1530 ve 1926 yılı kayıtlarında Margaz olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 225 km, Kaş ilçe merkezine 35 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kaş'ın mahalleleri

Üzümlü, Kaş


1. ŽNL Karlovačku u sezoni 2019./20. je činilo 10 klubova. Prvenstvo je nakon 14. kola prekinuto zbog pandemije koronavirusa u Hrvatskoj. Prvak je postao Nogometni klub Slunj i ostvario je promociju u viši rang. Zadnji na tablici bio je Nogometni klub Korana Karlovac, no zbog odluke Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza, iz lige nije bilo ispadanja.

Tablica

Izvori

2019-20
karlovačka-1

1. ŽNL Karlovačka 2019./20.


Auf Bischof- lautende Ortsnamen finden sich verbreitet.

Namenkunde

Es gibt zwei Ableitungen der Namen:
 zum einen eine besitzanzeigende Herkunft, also konkrete Eigenbesitztümer eines Bischofs  bei Siedlungs- und Flurnamen, Stiftungen, oder Grenzmarken der Bistümer
 und zum anderen nach der Form der Mitra, des Bischofshutes als Rangkrone, für Berge mit Doppelgipfel (in der Form auch für alle möglichen anderen Objekte, vergl. Bischofsmütze)

Formen:
 Bischof, Bischoffen, Bischof[f]er (Höfe)
  Bischofberg, Bischofsberg, Bischberg; Bischofsburg; Bischofegg;  Bischoffshausen; Bischofshof, Bischofshofen; Bischofsheim, Bischoffsheim; Bischofsmais; Bischofsmühle; Bischofsreut, Bischofrod, Bischofroda, Bischofrode, Bischofferode, Bischoperode; Bischofsried; Bischofstal; Bischofstein; Bischofswarth; Bischofswerda; Bischweiler, Bischweier, Bischwiller, Bischwihr;  Bischofswiesen; Bischofszell
 Pischelsdorf

Beispiele

Nach dem Besitz

 Pischelsdorf am Engelbach, Oberösterreich, 803 dem Passauer Bistum vermacht
 Bischberg, Oberfranken – 1013 als Biscoffesberge urkundlich
 Bischwiller, dt. Bischweiler, Region Elsass, Département Bas-Rhin – Gründung der Bischöfe von Straßburg des 11. Jh.
 Bischofroda im Wartburgkreis, Thüringen – Rodungsstiftung des Mainzer Bischofs Ruthard, urkundlich 1104
 Bischwihr, dt. Bischweier, Region Elsass, Département Haut-Rhin – im 12. Jh. Bischoveswilre zu Weiler
 Bischofsmais, Landkreis Regen  – Rodung von Kloster Niederaltaich (ersterwähnt 1136, seinerzeit reichsunmittelbar)
 Bischofswiesen, Berchtesgadener Land – Besitz der Salzburger Bischöfe bis 1155, danach fürstpröpstlich berchtesgadnerisch
 Bischofshofen, Pongau, Land Salzburg – im 13. Jahrhundert Besitz der Bischöfe vom Chiemsee (1151 Hofen, 1215 Pongo)
 Bischofberg, in Radebeul-Zitzschewig, Sachsen, heute Gut Hohenhaus – im 15. Jahrhundert Sommerresidenz der Meißner Bischöfe
Erweiterte Formen und andere Sprachen:
 Bischofteinitz (Horšovský Týn), Tschechien – Gründung des Bischofs von Prag

Als Grenzmarke
 Bischofberg, Niederösterreich – Grenze der Diözesen Linz und St. Pölten
Analog:
 Pic des Trois Évêchés, 3116 m, Grandes Rousses, Hautes-Alpes – Dreiländereck

Nach der Form

 Bischofsmütze, am Dachstein, Große 2458 m, Kleine 2430 m – charakteristisch von Süden; Form seit einem großen Bergsturz 1993 wenig bildhaft
 Bischof, 2127 m, in den Kitzbüheler Alpen, Tirol – charakteristisch von Norden
 Bischofberg, 801 und 796 m, bei Völkermarkt in den Lavanttaler Alpen, Kärnten
 Bischofsberg, 801 m, südöstlich Königswiesen im Mühlviertel, Oberösterreich
Formen in anderen Sprachen:
 Monte Mitra, 868 m, bei Bitica, Äquatorialguinea

Einzelnachweise

Siedlungsname
Flurname
Oronym

Bischof- (Toponym)


ඇමීටරය (ඇම්පියර් මීටරය සිට) යනු ධාරාව මැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරන මිනුම් උපකරණය වේ. විදුලි ධාරාවව ඇම්පියර් (A) ඒකකයෙන් මනිනු ලැබේ. කුඩා ධාරා මැනීම සඳහා එය මිලිඇම්පියර් හෝ මයික්‍රෝඇම්පියර් පරාසය තුළ පිළිවෙලින් මිලිඇමීටරය හෝ මයික්‍රෝඇමීටරය ලෙස නම් කර ඇත. මුල් කාලයේ භාවිතා කර ඇමීටර පෘථිවි චුම්භක ක්ෂේත්රය මත රඳා පවතින පරීක්ෂණාගාර උපකරණ වූහ. 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගය වන විට,  මෙම උපකරණ ඕනෑම තත්ත්වයකට ගැලපෙන ලෙස සහ විදුලි බල පද්ධතිවල නිවැරදි මිනුම් ලබා ගතහැකි පරිදි නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී.

ඉතිහාසය
විදුලි ධාරාවක්, චුම්බක ක්ෂේත්ර හා භෞතික බලවේග අතර සම්බන්ධතාවය පළමුව හාන්ස් ක්රිස්ටියන් 1820 දී සදහහන් කරන ලදී. ඔහු ධාරාවක් ගලන කම්බියක් අසලට මාලිමා යන්ත්රයක් ගෙන ආ විට එහි දර්ශකය උතුරු යොමුවේ සිට පරාවර්තනයකට ලක්වන බව නිරීක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සීකන ගැල්වනෝමීටරය මෙම ආචරණය භාවිතයෙන් ධාරා මැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරන ලදී. මෙය, මෙම උපකරණය පෘථිවි ක්ෂේත්රය සමග සන්ධානගතව විට පමණක් භාවිතා කළ හැකි ය. උපකරණයේ සංවේදීතා බලපෑම වැඩි කිරීමට අතිරේක කම්බි මාරුවෙන් මාරුවට භාවිතා කරමින් වැඩි කරන ලදී. මෙය "ගුණකයන්හි" ලෙස හඳුන්වයි..

වර්ග

සල දගර
මෙම ද' ආර්සන්වල් ගැල්වනෝමීටරය සල දගර ඇමීටරය වේ. එය ස්ථිර චුම්බක වල චුම්භක ක්ෂේත්රයේ තබා දඟර තුළින් ධාරාව වන දඟර ගමන් කිරීමට මගින් එහි චුම්බක අපගමනය භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම උපකරණය නූතන ආකෘතිය එඩ්වඩ් වොට්සන් විසින් වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලදී. ඒ සදහා බලයක් නැවත ගබඩා කර හැකි ලෙස සර්පිලාකාර දගර දෙකක් භාවිතා කරයි ලදී. යකඩ හරය හා ස්ථිර චුම්භකයකය අතර ඇති ඒකාකාර වායු අවකාශය ආතර ධාරාවට රේඛීය සමානුපාතික ලෙස ක්‍රියාත්මකවන ලෙස නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. මෙම මීටරයට ඒකාකාර පරිමාණයක් ඇත. මූලික මීටරයේ පූර්ණ පරිමාණ උත්ක්‍රමණය මයික්‍රෝඇම්පියර් 25 ක් පමණ සිට මිලිඇම්පියර් 10 ධාරා පරාසයක තිබේ.

චුම්භක ක්ෂේත්රය ධ්රැවිත නිසා, ඇමීටරයේ දර්ශකය ධාරාව ගලන දිශාවට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ දිශාවට ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. සරල ධාරා ඇමීටරය එය සම්බන්ධ කර ඇති ආකාරයට සංවේදීය. බොහෝ ඇමීටර වල ධන අග්‍රය සලකුණු කර ඇත. නමුත් සමහර මැද ශූන්‍ය යාන්ත්රණය ඇති අතර එහි ධාරාව දෙදිදිශාවටම මැනීම් කළ හැක. සල දඟර ඇමීටරය ප්‍රත්‍යාවරත ධාරා සඳහා ඒ තුළින් ගලන ධාරාවේ සාමාන්‍ය අගය (මධ්‍යනය) දක්වයි. මේ හේතුව නිසා සල-දඟර ඇමීටර් සරල ධාරා සඳහා ඍජුවම පමණක් භාවිතා කළ හැකි අතර ප්‍රත්‍යාවරත ධාරා සදහා එසේ නොහැකිය. මෙම වර්ගයේ ඇමීටරයේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය, වෝල්ට්මීටරය හා ඕම්මීටරය යන දෙකම සඳහා බොහෝ දුරට සමාන වේ.

චාලක චුම්භක
ගමන් චුම්භකයක් මෙම ඇමීටරය තුල සවිකර ඇති අතර, මෙහි ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයට සමානය. මෙහි දගරය ස්ථිර ලෙස සවිකර ඇති අතර කටුව චාලක චුම්බකය සමග සවිකර ඇත. සල දඟර උපකරණයට වඩා විශාල ධාරා මෙම උපකරණය මගීන් මැනිය හැකිය. බොහෝ විට ධාරා දස කිහිපයකට දඟර ඝනැති වයර් කළ හැකි සහ ධාරාව hairsprings විසින් සිදු කළ යුතු නැති නිසා ය. ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, මේ වර්ගයේ සමහර Ammeters hairsprings සියල්ල, ඒ වෙනුවට ප්රතිස්ථාපන බලයක් ලබා දීමට ස්ථාවර ස්ථිර චුම්බක භාවිතා නැහැ.

විද්‍යුත්ගතික
ස්ථිර චුම්බක ද' ඇවසෝල් චලන වෙනුවට විද්‍යුත්ගතික  චලන භාවිතා කර හැකීය. මෙම උපකරණය ප්‍රත්යාවර්ත හා සෘජු ධාරා දෙකටම ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වන අතර සරල ධාරා සඳහා සත්‍ය ආර්.එම්.එස් පෙන්නුම් කළ හැකිය. මෙම උපකරණය සඳහා විකල්ප භාවිතා කිරීම සඳහා වොට්මානය බලන්න.

චාලක යකඩ
චාලක යකඩ ඇමීටරය ස්ථාවර දඟර වල විද්යුත් චුම්බක බල ඇති වූ විට අමීටරයේ ඇති කුඩා යකඩ කැබැල්ලක් භාවිතා කර ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. 1884 දී චලනය වන යකඩ ඇමීටර් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ ඔස්ට්රියානු ඉංජිනේරු ෆෙඩ්රික් ඩ්‍රේක්ස්ලර් විසිනි. මෙම වර්ගයේ ඇමීටර් සෘජු හා ප්‍රත්‍යාවර්ත ධාරා (සෘජු ධාරා මත පමණක් වැඩ කරන සල-දඟර ඇමීටරය ක්‍රියා කාරීත්වයට විරුද්ධ ලෙස) යන දෙකටම ප්‍රතිතිචාර දක්වයි. යකඩ කොටස චාලක දඟරය සමග සහ දර්ශකය සමග ද ස්ථාවර කොටස තබ දගරය සමග සමන්විත වේ.  ප්‍රත්යාවර්ත හෝ ඍජු ධාරාව දඟර තුළින් ගලා යන විට චුම්බක ක්ෂේත්රයක් ප්‍රේරණය වී දර්ශකය සහිත දගරය භමය වන අතර හෙලික්සීය දුන්න ප්‍රති විරුද්ධ බලයක් දී එය පාලනය කරයි. මෙම ඇමීටර වර්ගයේ උත්ක්‍රමණය ධාරාවේ වර්ගයට අනුලෝමව සමානුපාතික වේ. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන්, එවැනි මීටර් සාමාන්යයෙන් රේඛීය නොවන පරිමාණ ඇති නමුත් යකඩ කොටස් සාමාන්යයෙන් පරිමාණ තරමක් එහි පරාසය පුරා අති අතර එය නියම අකාරයකට හැඩය වෙනස් කර ඇත. මෙම උපකරණය ගමන් ඕනෑම ඒසී ධාරා සදහා තරංග හැඩයේ ආර්.එම්.එස් අගය දක්‌වයි. චාලක යකඩ ඇමීටර පොදුවේ කාර්මාන්ත වල දී  ප්‍රත්යාවර්තක ධාරා සංඛ්යාතය මැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ.

උණුසුම් වයර
මෙම වරගය් ධාරාව එහි වයරය හරහා යන විට එය තාපයට අනුව විස්තාරණය වේ. මෙම උපකරණයේ ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වන කාලය හා නිරවද්‍යතාවය අඩුය. රේඩියෝ තරංග සංඛ්යාත ධාරා මැනීමට යොදා ගනී.

ඩිජිටල්
මෙම ඇනෙලොග් ඇමීටරය බොහොමයක් ව්යුත්පන්න මීටර් සඳහා පදනම වේ. ඩිජිටල් මීටරයේ මූලික යාන්ත්රණය ඩිජිටල් වෝල්ට් මීටරයේ යාන්ත්රණයක් වන අතර, වෙනත් මීටර් වර්ග මේ වටා ඉදි කොට ඇත.

ඩිජිටල් ඇමීටරය  සමානුපාතික ක්රමයෙන් ශන්ට් ප්‍රතිරෝධයක් භාවිතා කර වෝල්ටීයතා නිෂ්පාදනය කකරයි. මෙම වෝල්ටීයතාව පසුව ඩිජිටල් වෝල්ට් මීටරයෙන් ඇනලොග් සිට ඩිජිටල් පරිවර්තකයක් ආදරයෙන් (ඒ.ඩි .සී.)  මනිනු ලැබේ  එවැනි උපකරණ බොහෝ විට සයින් තරංග සඳහා පමණක් එම ආර්.එම්.එස් අගය පෙන්නුම් කිරීම සඳහා ක්‍රමාංකනය කර ඇති නමුත් සැලසුම් බොහෝමයක් ආකාර සාධකය සීමාවන් තුළ සැබෑ ආර්.එම්.එස් අගය දක්‌වයි.

අනුකලන

 ඒකාබද්ධ ලෙස සකස් කරන ලද උපකරණ අනුකලන අමිටර ලෙස හැදින්වේ. මෙම අමිටරවල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ධාරාව  හා කාල නිෂ්පාදන ලබා දීම, කාලයත් විද්යුත් ආරෝපණ හුවමාරුවත් අනුලෝමව සමානුපාතික වේ. මෙය ශක්තිය නිපදවීම සඳහා (ශක්තිය ලබා ගැනීමට ආරෝපණය වෝල්ටීයතාවයෙන් ගුණ කළ යුතුය) හෝ බැටරි හෝ ධාරිතාව ඇස්තෙම්න්තු කිරීමට සඳහා භාවිතා කළ හැක.

පිකෝමීටර
පිකෝඇමීටර හෝ පිකෝ ඇමීටර භාවිතයෙන් ඉතා අඩු විදුලි ධාරාවක් මැනිය හැකිය. පිකෝඅමිටර සංවේදී මිනුම් ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.

බොහෝ  පිකෝඇමීටර "අථත්ය කෙටි" තාක්ෂණය භාවිතා කිරීමට සහ මිනුම් බහු දශක ආවරණය කිරීම සඳහා මාරු කළ යුතු බව විවිධ මිනුම් ක්‍රම කිහිපයක් තියෙනවා. වෙනත් නවීන පිකෝඇමීටර ලඝු-සටහන සම්පීඩන හා පරාසය තුළ දත්ත මාරුව හා ඒ ආශ්රිත වෝල්ටීයතා නැති බවින් "ධාරා අඩුකරන" ක්‍රමය භාවිතා කරයි. විශේෂ සැලසුම් සහ භාවිතය සලකා බැලීම් කාන්දු ධාරා වැනි විශේෂ පරිවාරක පලවා හරින පලිහක් ලෙස මිනුම් අවම කිරීම පිණිස නිරීක්ෂණය කළ යුතුය. ට්‍රියක්සිල් කේබල් බොහෝ විට පරීක්ෂණයක් සම්බන්ධතා සඳහා භාවිතා කරනු ඇත.

යෙදීම්
ඇමීටර මැනිය යුතු ධාරා ගමන් කරන (කුඩා භාගික ධාරා සඳහා) පරිපත සමග ශ්රේණිගත සම්බන්ධ කරයි. නැතහොත්  ධාරාවන් එහි ශන්ට් ප්‍රතිරෝධය හෝ ඇමීටරය හරහා ගාලා යයි. ඇමීටරයේ අභ්‍යන්තර ප්‍රතිරෝධය ඉතා අඩු වන බැවින් ඇමීටර වෝල්ටීයතා ප්‍රභවයක් හරහා සෘජුවම සම්බන්ධ කර නො ගත යුතු ය. ඇමීටර නිපදවා ඇත්තේ බෙහෙවින් අඩු විභව අන්තර සදහා වන අතර එහි අග්‍ර හරහා අඩු වෝල්ටීයතා අන්තරයක් සඳහා නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. මෙම ඇමීටර විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරනු ලබන හානි වන අමතර පරිපථ ගණන එහි " භාරය" ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සාමාන්‍ය වොට්සන් වර්ගයේ ඇමීටර් වල දුන්න සහ ප්‍රයෝගික දගරයට සීමිට ධාරා පමණක් ගෙනයා හැකි නිසා මැනිය හැක්කේ මිලිඇම්පියර් ධාරා පමණයි. විශාල ධාරා මැනීම සඳහා ශන්ට් ප්‍රතිරෝධයක් ඇමීටරයට සමාන්තර ගතව සවිකර  යුතුය. ප්‍රතිරෝධය භාගික වශයෙන් මිලිඕම් පරාසයක වන පූර්ණ සංඛ්යාවක විය යුතුය

බහු-පරාසය ඇමීටර සඳහා ශන්ට් ප්‍රතිරෝධ ගණනාවක් එකට සම්බන්ධ කිරීමෙන් යොදා ගත හැකිය.

50mV පූර්ණ පරිමාණ වෝල්ටීයතා පරාසයක්  mA, 100 mA, සහ  ධාරා සදහා අපේක්ෂිත ප්රතිරෝධය අගයන් පිළිවෙලට R1 = 4.5 ඕම්, R2= 0.45 ඕම්, R3 = 0.05 ඕම් වේ. චාලක ප්‍රතිරෝධය ඕම් 1000 නම් උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, R1 ඕම් 4.525 සකස් කළ යුතු ය.

ස්විච ශන්ට් කලාතුරකින් 10A ධාරා සදහා භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ.

මැද ශූන්ය ඇමීටරය මගින් දෙදිශාවටම ගමන් කරන ධාරා මැනිය හැකිය. මෙම ඇමීටර කෝෂ ශ්‍රේණි සදහා පොදුවේ භාවිතා වේ. මෝටර් රථ හා ට්රක් රථ ඉහළ ධාරා පරීක්ෂා කිරීමට විශේෂ මැද බින්දු වර්ගයේ ඇමීටර භාවිතා කරන අතර එහි චුම්භකයක තීරුවක් ඇති අතර එය දර්ශකය ධාරාවක් නොමැතිව  ස්ථාවර මද්‍යයේ තබා ගැනීමට උපකාරවේ.

මෙහි ශන්ට් ප්‍රතිරෝධයේ ඉතා අඩු ප්‍රතිරෝධයක් ඇති බැවින්, වැරදීමකින් වෝල්ටීයතා ප්‍රභවයක් සමඟ සමාන්තර ගතව සම්බන්ද කරහොත් සමහරවිට උපකරණ සහ රැහැන් වලට හානි සිදූවන අතර පිපිරීමක් සිදුවී නිරීක්ෂකයාට හානි සිදුවීමට ද හේතු වේ

සරල ධාරා පරිපථ වල දී ධාරා පරිනාමක මගින් සන්නායකයක් වටා යන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් 1 A හෝ 5 A වන පහසුවෙන් කියවිය හැකි පූර්ණ ශ්‍රේණිගත ධාරා චුම්බක ක්ෂේත්‍ර බවට පරිවර්තනය කරයි.
අතේ ගෙන යා හැකි  ඇමීටර් ධාරාව මැනීම සඳහා කර්මාන්ත හා වාණිජ විදුලි උපකරණ නඩත්තු කිරීම සඳහා පොදු මෙවලමකි.

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