En Australie et dans l'état d'Australie-Méridionale, une zone d'administration locale est la portion de territoire relevant de l'autorité d'un  gouvernement local, et sur laquelle les habitants administrent leurs propres affaires dans le cadre prévu par l'article 64A de la loi constitutionnelle de 1934 (SA).

Ces territoires, appelés zones d'administration locale  (Local Government Areas ou LGA), sont constituées et gérées conformément à la loi de 1999 sur le gouvernement local d'Australie-Méridionale. Dans la liste ci-dessous les LGA sont regroupées par régions, telles qu'elles sont définies par la Local Government Association of South Australia.

Parmi ces Conseils, les deux plus étendus sont les Conseils aborigènes de Maralinga Tjarutja et d'Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. Ils sont situés dans le Nord profond de l'Australie-Méridional et font plus de 100 000 km 2 .  Viennent ensuite le Conseil du district de Coorong et le Conseil de Loxton Waikerie  . Les plus petites LGA sont celles de Walkerville et de Prospect, elles font moins de 10 km 2 chacune. La zone ayant la plus forte croissance démographique était celle de Playford, dans la banlieue nord d'Adelaïde avec une augmentation nette de 1 363 personnes entre juin 2017 et  juin 2018. Vient ensuite celle de  Charles Sturt avec 1 353 pour la même période .  Whyalla a eu la plus grande perte nette de population avec 238 habitants et Port Augusta a enregistré une baisse de 163 personnes. La ville d'Adélaïde à connu une croissance de population de 2,3% sur la même période.

Aire métropolitaine d'Adélaïde
Cet ensemble de zones administratives se trouve autour de la métropole d'Adélaïde. Il s'étire sur 70 km le long de la côte du Golfe St Vincent et va jusqu'à 50 km à l'intérieur des terres.

Autres régions d'Australie-Méridionale

Péninsule d'Eyre

Région centrale

Région du Sud et des Collines

Région de Murray Mallee

Région sud-est

Outback

Cartes

Références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Association des gouvernements locaux d'Australie du Sud
 Régions de gouvernement local de SA - cartes cliquables

Zone d'administration locale en Australie-Méridionale

Zones d'administration locale d'Australie-Méridionale


Colin Furze (født 14. oktober 1979) er en en britisk youtuber, stuntmand, opfinder og filmproducent fra Stamford i Lincolnshire, England. Furze blev uddannet blikkenslager, og arbejdede som dette i en række år inden han blev hyret til Sky1's program Gadget Geeks. Colin Furze YouTube-kanal blev oprettet 16 november 2006.

Furze har en Youtubekanal, hvor han uploader videoer af projekter og opfindelser han laver. Han har bl.a. fremstillet en dødsdrom, verdens længste motorcykel, verdens hurtigste barnevogn, en jet-drevet motorcykel og en hoverbike.

Visse af hans projekter er blevet udført med støtte fra fjernsyn og computerspil som promovering, og disse inkluderer en skjult kniv og
en klatrekrog fra Assassin's Creed og en bunker under hans baghave for at promoveres Sky1's tv-serie You, Me and the Apocalypse.

Karriere
Colin gik på Malcolm Sargent Primary School som barn. I begyndelsen af sine teenageår havde han allerede bygget flere træhytter. I et interview med The Sun udtalte han, at han også havde arbejdet på en gynge over et stenbrud nær sit hjem. Han blev uddannet blikkenslager efter endt skolegang i en alder af 16. Kort efter hans far døde opdagede han YouTube, hvor han begyndte at lægge videoer op af sine opfindelser. Den første video var af hans dødsdrom i 2007.

Han har en hustru og en søn, der blev født i 2012. Sønnen, Jake, medvirker ofte i hans videoer.

I 2017 udgav han bogen This Book Isn't Safe!, hvori han beskriver 10 projekter, som man kan lave derhjemme.

Opfindelser
Furzes mange opfindelser bliver publiceret på YouTube. Den 13. marts 2010 uploadede han en video, hvor han havde ombygget en scooter som havde en flammekaster inkorporeret, der kunne skyde ild op til 15 m væk. Den 25. marts blev Furze arresteret af Lincolnshire Police, for at være i besiddelse af genstande, der var omdannet til skydevåben. Han blev han løsladt mod kaution uden sigtelse den næste dag. Dette var Furzes tredje forsøg på at fremstille en flammekaster, idet den første ikke tændte og den anden brændte.

Den 5. maj 2014 postede Furze den første video i et 3 uger langt X-Men-projekt, hvor han fremstillede kløer som karakteren Wolverine baseret på pneumatik. I løbet af den første uge havde denne video modtaget over 3 millioner hits. Resten af projektet gik med at imitere Magnetos evner med magnetsko, en flammekaster som Pyro og en fryseanordning som Iceman.

Den 15. september udgav han den første video af et projekt kaldet "Apocalyptic BUNKER project". Her viser Colin hvordan han byggede en bunker i sin baghave. Dette projekt spredte sig ud over 9 separate videoer.

Den 23. oktober 2015 udgav han den første af en række videoer, hvori han fremstillede en skjult kniv til at promovere det nye Ubisoft-spil Assassin's Creed: Syndicate. Våbnet er et ikonisk våben for spilseriens protagonist.

Den 23. august 2016 udgav han den første af en række videoer, hvor han fremstillede en cyborgarm, i stil med et våben som protagonisten i spilserien Deus Ex bruger, i forbindelse med udgivelsen af Deus Ex: Mankind Divided.

Den 28. april 2016 fremstillede Furze en hoverbike (svævecykel) ved hjælp af to paramotorer.

Den 13. februar 2020 udgav Colin Furze første del af et projekt (Homemade Screw Tank). Colin Furze udgav den sidste del af video serien den 12. marts "Test drive" Colin Furze har senere udgivet nye videoer med opgraderinger til "Homemade Screw Tank".

Den 24 juni 2021 udgav Colin Furze den første del af en serie, hvor han konstruere en tunnel i sin baghave kaldet "DIGGING A SECRET TUNNEL".

Furzes YouTubekanal har over 11,3 mio. følgere i 15. juli 2021.

Rekorder
Den 14. oktober 2010 blev det annonceret at Furze havde fremstillet en handicapscooter, der kunne opnå en hastighed på 114 km/t, i et forsøg på at komme i Guinness Rekordbog. Det tog ham næsten 3 måneder at bygge og den havde en 125 cc motor fra en motocross motorcykel.

Den 10. oktober 2012 uploadede Furze en video, der viste ham med en barnevogn med motor, der kunne opnå en hastighed på 48 km/t, hvilket gjorde den til verdens hurtigste barnevogn. Den blev beskrevet i oktoberudgaven af Popular Science Magazine fra 2013, hvor Furze blev interviewet om baggrunden for projektet.

Den 30. marts 2017 postede han en video, hvor han restaurerede og kombinerede en radiobil fra 1960'erne med en motorcykel på omkring 100 hestekræfter. Fartøjet opnåede en hastighed på 172.827 km/t med en gennemsnitshastighed på 161.475 km/t for begge retninger, og den blev anerkendt som verdens hurtigste radiobil af Guinness Rekordbog. BBC Worldwide havde sat Furze i gang med projektet for at The Stig kunne køre den og brugte det som promovering til en ny sæson af bilprogrammet Top Gear.

Fjernsyn
Furze har optrådt som ekspert i Gadget Geeks som var en kortlivet tv-serie på Sky1, hvor han var en del af et panel af eksperter sammen med Tom Scott og Charles Yarnold. Furze har været 'number one' adskillige gange på Science Channels show Outrageous Acts of Science og har medvirket i E4's show Virtually Famous to gange, hvor han demonstrerede sine wolverineklør i 2014 og året efter hvor han fremviste sin "toaster-kniv".

Bibliografi
 This Book Isn't Safe! (2017)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Youtube
 Twitter
 Website

Personer fra England
Opfindere fra Storbritannien
YouTubere fra Storbritannien

Colin Furze


An Dendrochilum vanoverberghii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Dendrochilum vanoverberghii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum vanoverberghii


Jacques-René Hébert (d. 15 Kasım 1757 - ö. 24 Mart 1794), Fransız gazeteci ve devrimci.

Fransız İhtilali'nin en önemli devrimcilerinden biri olan Hébert, Katolik Kilisesi'ne olan karşıtlığı ve halkçılığıyla nam salmıştır. Ateizm hakkında meydanlarda konuşmalar yapmıştır. Kendisi ilk başlarda pek çok devrimci arkadaşı gibi Girondistenlere karşı Jakobenler saflarında yer almış ancak daha sonra Cordeliers Kulübü'ne geçmiştir. Joseph Fouché ve diğer dostlarıyla birlikte Hristiyanlık karşıtı kampanyayı yürüten Hébert, yeni bir inanç anlayışı olan Akıl Kültü'nü ortaya koyanlardandı. Yine pek çok arkadaşı gibi onun da ölüm tarihi ve sebebi aynıdır: 1794 - giyotin.

Ayrıca bakınız
Joseph Fouché
Hébertistler
Anti-klerikalizm

1757 doğumlular
1794 yılında ölenler
İdam edilmiş Fransızlar
Fransız Devrimi'nde kişiler
Başı kesilerek idam edilmiş kişiler
Fransız ateistler
Ateizm aktivistleri
Giyotinle idam edilmiş kişiler

Jacques-René Hébert


A 14.ª etapa do Giro d'Italia de 2023 teve lugar a 20 de maio de 2023 e consistiu numa etapa em linha com início na cidade suíça de Sierre e final no município italiana de Cassano Magnago sobre um percurso de 193 km. Esta foi vencida pelo alemão Nico Denz da equipa Bora-Hansgrohe, enquanto o francês Bruno Armirail do Groupama-FDJ conseguiu a liderança.

Classificação da etapa

Classificações ao final da etapa

Classificação geral (Maglia Rosa)

Classificação por pontos (Maglia Ciclamino)

Classificação da montanha (Maglia Azzurra)

Classificação dos jovens (Maglia Bianca)

Classificação por equipas "Super team"

Abandonos
  Stefan de Bod (EF Education-EasyPost) não tomou a saída.
  Samuele Battistella (Astana Qazaqstan Team) não tomou a saída.
  Alessandro Verre (Arkéa Samsic) retirou-se durante a etapa.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial

Giro d'Italia de 2023

14.ª etapa do Giro d'Italia de 2023


Boris Borisovich Rotenberg (Leningrado, Rusia, 16 de mayo de 1986) es un futbolista ruso, naturalizado finlandés, que juega de defensa en el F. C. Lokomotiv Moscú de la Liga Premier de Rusia. Ha sido internacional con la selección de .

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Rusia
Futbolistas del FC Jokerit
Futbolistas del Klubi-04
Futbolistas del Zenit de San Petersburgo
Futbolistas del Shinnik Yaroslavl
Futbolistas del Football Club Leon Saturn Rámenskoye
Futbolistas del FK Jimki
Futbolistas del Alania Vladikavkaz
Futbolistas del FC Dinamo Moscú
Futbolistas del FC Kubán Krasnodar
Futbolistas del Olympiakos Nicosia
Futbolistas del FK Rostov
Futbolistas del FC Lokomotiv Moscú
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Finlandia
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Finlandia
Futbolistas judíos
Nacidos en San Petersburgo

Boris Rotenberg


est un ancien magazine de micro-informatique japonais, publié par ASCII Corporation à partir de 1977. Il est orienté pour les utilisateurs professionnels qui utilisent un ordinateur personnel chez eux ou au travail, mais il traite aussi régulièrement de jeu vidéo et de musique assistée par ordinateur. Il est aussi connu sous le nom  et distingué de , créé en 1997. ASCII est ensuite renommé en  en 2008, puis cesse de publier en 2010. Weekly ASCII cesse quant à lui de paraître en 2015. Un site d'informations est toujours actif.

 , un magazine de jeux informatiques, est publié pour la première fois en tant que numéro supplémentaire de l'ASCII en 1982, et   est une branche de LOGiN.

Historique

En 1976, NEC sort le TK-80, un kit d'ordinateur à carte unique, et il est devenu populaire parmi les amateurs au Japon.   rejoint la fondation du premier magazine japonais de micro-informatique I/O en tant que rédacteur en chef lorsqu'il est étudiant à l'université Waseda. Les I/O sert initialement d'informations pour les systèmes de micro-ordinateurs assemblés avec quelques colonnes de jeux vidéo. Avec le développement du  marché du jeu vidéo, il se déplace vers un magazine de jeux vidéo. En revanche, Nishi considère que les ordinateurs personnels devaient avoir bien plus de potentiel que les jeux vidéo.

En avril 1977, Nishi quitte l'entreprise, emprunte de l'argent à sa grand-mère et visite la West Coast Computer Faire à San Francisco. Cela lui fait réaliser la différence entre le Japon et les États-Unis, où se déroule alors le début de la révolution de l'ordinateur personnel.

Le 24 mai 1977, Nishi fonde   avec ses amis,   et  . Ils publient l'ASCII en tant que magazine de micro-ordinateurs pour les entreprises, tandis que l'I/O était destiné aux amateurs. Le premier numéro se vend à . Il est devient ensuite l'un des magazines informatiques les plus populaires dans les années 1980 au Japon. En 1999, le magazine atteint son plus grand tirage avec .

Références

Presse mensuelle au Japon
Magazine d'informatique disparu

ASCII (magazine)


Acest articol descrie fazele de promovare și retrogradare la finalul Ligii Naționale de handbal feminin 2018-2019.

Format
În ediția 2018-2019, Liga Națională de handbal feminin s-a desfășurat doar cu tur și retur, fără Play-Off și Play-Out. La întrecere au participat 14 echipe, dar CSM Roman a fost retrasă din campionat după 7 etape de către finanțatorul principal, Consiliul Local al orașului Roman. Astfel, doar echipa clasată pe ultimul loc la finalul competiției a retrogradat direct, în timp ce echipele clasate pe locurile 11 și 12 au disputat un turneu de baraj împreună cu formațiile care au terminat sezonul pe locurile 3 și 4 în Divizia A. Regulamentul de desfășurare preciza că, la capătul turneului de baraj, primele două echipe clasate vor rămâne sau, după caz, vor promova în Liga Națională. Echipa care a retrogradat direct, CSM Galați, a fost decisă în urma înfrângerii din data de 5 mai 2019 din etapa a XXIV-a, punctele acumulate până în acel moment nemaifiindu-i suficiente pentru a rămâne în Liga Națională, indiferent de rezultatele din partidele rămase de jucat.

În această ediție echipele clasate pe locurile 1 și 2 în Divizia A au promovat direct în Liga Națională. Cele două echipe, HCM Slobozia și CS Rapid București, au promovat după ce s-au calificat în finala Diviziei A, pe 18 mai 2019.

Echipele

Echipe care au participat la baraj

Partidele
Regulamentul FRH de desfășurare a Diviziei A de handbal feminin 2018-2019 preciza că barajul pentru promovare/menținere în Liga Națională va avea loc în perioada 29.05–02.06.2019 sau 05–09.06.2019. Regulamentul mai stabilea și ordinea de desfășurare a partidelor. Federația Română de Handbal a decis ca partidele să se joace în perioada 05–09 iunie 2019, în Sala Polivalentă "Măgura" din Cisnădie. Programul final a fost anunțat la începutul lunii iunie.

În urma meciurilor disputate, CSM Slatina și CS Universitatea Cluj, clasate pe primele două locuri la sfârșitul turneului de baraj, și-au păstrat locul în Liga Națională și în sezonul 2019-2020.

Principalele marcatoare ale turneului de baraj
Actualizat pe data de 7 iunie 2019

Referințe

Liga Națională de handbal feminin 2018-2019
Liga Națională de handbal feminin 2019-2020

Liga Națională de handbal feminin 2018-2019, promovare și retrogradare


Deskriptiv poetik er en litteraturteoretisk tilgang til at arbejde med litteratur. Begrebet poetik går tilbage Aristoteles og er blevet brugt på mange forskellige måder. David Gorman skriver, at "If criticism is the study of literary works, poetics is the study of the features of those works, that is, the properties they can share: [...] its topic is any shared or shareable feature of literary works." Det handler altså om generelle karakteristikker af litterære stile og perioder. Ifølge litteraturforskeren  indtager den deskriptive poetik en "mellemposition" mellem teoretisk orienterede læsninger og så analyser af fx enkeltværker. I McHales øjne er formålet med deskriptiv poetik at "give udtømmende redegørelser af forskellige slags objekter", der så enten kan være en enkelt tekst eller gruppe af tekster, en enkelt forfatters produktion, en genre, en litteraturhistorisk periodes stil eller specifikke litterære stilarter. For McHale er tilgangen ikke defineret så meget af, hvad den studerer, men mere måde hvorpå den arbejder med generalisering i det analytiske arbejde. Tilgangen fik et forum i det kortlivede tidsskrift PTL: A Journal of Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature, der dog hurtigt blev efterfulgt af det mere succesfulde Poetics Today. Ifølge litteraten Uni Margolin var tilgangen meget udbredt i første halvdel af det 20. århundrede (især i  Tyskland), men er siden ikke blevet vist meget opmærksomhed, da den ikke er lige så teoretisk orienteret som mange andre litterære analysestrategier.

Litteratur
 Harshav, Benjamin (2007) Explorations in Poetics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Olsen, Stein Haugom (1976) "What is Poetics?" i The Philosophical Quarterly 26:105, pp. 338-351.

Se også

 Historisk poetik (en tilsvarende tilgang inden for film- og medievidenskaben)

Referencer

Litteratur
Humaniora
Litteraturteoretiske skoler

Deskriptiv poetik


Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz (* 1. März 1947 in Goslar) ist ein deutscher Professor für Öffentliches Recht, Umweltrecht und Verwaltungswissenschaften.

Leben
Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz studierte von 1966 bis 1977 in Göttingen, Frankfurt und Marburg Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften, seine juristische Promotion erfolgte in Augsburg. Im Jahr 1986 wurde er in Bayreuth für Öffentliches Recht habilitiert.

Nach verschiedenen Lehrstuhlvertretungen wirkte Schulze-Fielitz ab 1989 als Professor an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Organisationswissenschaften der Universität der Bundeswehr München. Im Wintersemester 1994/95 übernahm er den Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, Umweltrecht und Verwaltungswissenschaften an der Juristischen Fakultät der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg. Seit April 2012 ist er im Ruhestand. Im Studienjahr 2003/2004 war er Fellow am Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. Im Rahmen der akademischen Selbstverwaltung bekleidete er von 1999 bis 2001 das Amt des Dekans und von 2001 bis 2003 Studiendekan der Juristischen Fakultät.

Er ist Mitglied in der Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer e. V. Nachdem er bereits von 2002 bis 2003 das Amt des stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden bekleidet hatte, wurde er auf der Mitgliederversammlung 2007 für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 zum Vorsitzenden gewählt.
Seit der Gründung der Stiftung Umweltenergierecht am 1. März 2011 ist Schulze-Fielitz Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrates. 2018 erhielt Schulze-Fielitz ist die Verdienstmedaillen "Bene Merenti" in Gold der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg u. a. für "sein herausragendes Engagement um die Förderung des Wissenschaftsstandorts Würzburg".

Schulze-Fielitz ist verheiratet und hat drei Kinder.

Werke (Auswahl)
Sozialplanung im Städtebaurecht – am Beispiel der Stadterneuerung, Königstein, 1979, XXI, 458 Seiten (= Augsburger Dissertation)
Der informale Verfassungsstaat. Aktuelle Beobachtungen des Verfassungslebens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Lichte der Verfassungstheorie, Berlin 1984, 176 Seiten
Theorie und Praxis parlamentarischer Gesetzgebung – besonders des 9. Deutschen Bundestages (1980–1983), Berlin 1988, XXXI, 662 Seiten (= Bayreuther Habilitationsschrift)
 Staatsrechtslehre als Mikrokosmos. Bausteine zu einer Soziologie und Theorie der Wissenschaft des Öffentlichen Rechts, Tübingen 2013, VIII, 506 Seiten und 26 Seiten Ausklapptafeln
 Die Wissenschaftskultur der Staatsrechtslehre im Spiegel der Geschichte ihrer Vereinigung, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2022, ISBN 978-3-16-160977-0.

Vollständiges Literaturverzeichnis. Stand: 1. Januar 2022

Weblinks

 Informationen auf der Homepage der Juristischen Fakultät Abgerufen am 12. Januar 2016

Einzelnachweise

Rechtswissenschaftler (21. Jahrhundert)
Rechtswissenschaftler (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität der Bundeswehr München)
Hochschullehrer (Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1947
Mann
Absolvent der Universität Augsburg

Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz


سليمان بن وهب190 - 272 هـ / 806 - 885 م سليمان بن وهب بن سعيد بن عمرو بن حصين الحارثي.
وزير، من كبار الكتاب، من بيت كتابة وإنشاء في الشام والعراق، ولد ببغداد، وكتب للمأمون وهو ابن 14 سنة، وولي الوزارة للمهتدي باللّه، ثم للمعتمد على اللّه. ونقم عليه الموفق بالله، فحبسه، فمات في حبسه.

له (ديوان رسائل)، وكان من مفاخر عصره أدباً وعقلاً وعلماً، ولأبي تمام والبحتري مدح به وبأهله. تعود أصوله إلى عائلة مسيحية نسطورية من واسط.

من أشعاره

? - 272 هـ / ? - 885 م

مراجع

أشخاص من الدولة العباسية في القرن 9
سجناء ومعتقلون في الدولة العباسية
شعراء العصر العباسي
شعراء بغداديون
عرب في القرن 9
كتاب عراقيون
مسيحيون عراقيون
مواليد القرن 9
نساطرة
وزراء عباسيون
وفيات 272 هـ
وفيات 885
وفيات في بغداد

سليمان بن وهب


ඒ, උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තකයට වූ ඔක්සිකරණ ඔක්සිහරණ ප්රතික්රියා (ඔක්සිකාරක ෙහෝ අඩු) පවාහනය විසින් අඩු විෂ සහිත දූෂක කිරීමට සමන වායු විෂ දූෂක පරිවර්තනය කරන වාහන දුම් පාලනය උපාංගය වේ. උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක පෙට්රල් (ගැසොලින්) හෝ ඩීසල් ඇතුලු කෙට්ටු-පිළිස්සුම් එන්ජින් හෝ මගින් පෝෂනය අභ්යන්තර දහන එන්ජින් සමඟ භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ.

උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක පෙට්රල් (ගැසොලින්) හෝ ඩීසල් ඇතුලු කෙට්ටු-පිළිස්සුම් එන්ජින් හෝ මගින් පෝෂනය අභ්යන්තර දහන එන්ජින් සමඟ භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ.

උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක පළමු පැතිර හඳුන්වා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ මෝටර් රථ වෙළෙඳපොළ තුළ විය. පිටකුරු විමෝචනය එක්සත් ජනපද පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂක ඒජන්සිය දැඩි රෙගුලාසි වලට අනුකූලව කටයුතු කිරීමට උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක ඇතිව ඉන්ධන බලයෙන් වාහන සමන්විත 1975 නිෂ්පාදිත වර්ෂය නිෂ්පාදකයින්. [1] [2] [3] කාබන් මොනොක්සයිඩ් ඒකාබද්ධ [4] මෙම "දෙකක් මාර්ගයක්" පරිවර්තක ( කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් (CO2 වායුව) සහ ජලය (H2O) නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීමට unburned හයිඩ්රොකාබන (මහ කොමසාරිස්) සමග කම්පැණි). [1] කෙසේ වෙතත්, දෙකක් මග පරිවර්තක තවමත් කෙට්ටු පිළිස්සුම් එන්ජින් සඳහා භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ; 1981 දී දෙකක් මග උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක ද නයිට්රජන් ඔක්සයිඩ අඩු බව "තුන් ආකාරයකින්" පරිවර්තක (NOx) විසින් යල්පැන ඉටු කරන ලදී.

[1] කෙසේ වෙතත්, දෙකක් මග පරිවර්තක තවමත් කෙට්ටු පිළිස්සුම් එන්ජින් සඳහා භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ; 1981 දී දෙකක් මග උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක ද නයිට්රජන් ඔක්සයිඩ අඩු බව "තුන් ආකාරයකින්" පරිවර්තක (NOx) විසින් යල්පැන ඉටු කරන ලදී.

උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක වඩාත් සුලබ මෝටර් රථ ගැන පද්ධති ලෝකයෙන් තුරන් වීමට අයදුම් වුව ද, ඔවුන් ද විදුලි ජනක යන්ත්ර, ලිෆ්ට්, කැණීම් උපකරණ, ට්රක් රථ, බස් රථ, දුම්රිය එන්ජින් සහ යතුරු පැදි භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. ඔවුන් විමෝචනය පාලනය කිරීමට සමහර දර ලිප් භාවිතා කර ඇත. [5] මෙම ඍජු පරිසර රෙගුලාසි හරහා හෝ සෞඛ්ය හා ආරක්ෂක නියාමන හරහා හෝ, ආණ්ඩුව ප්රතිචාර සාමාන්යයෙන් වේ.

ඉතිහාසය

උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තකයට ලොස් ඇන්ජලීස් smog මුල් අධ්යයන ප්රතිඵල ප්රකාශයට පත් කරන විට 1930 දී එක්සත් ජනපදය වෙත ගෙන [6] කරන ඉයුජින් Houdry, උත්ප්රේරක තෙල් පිරිපහදුවේ දී ප්රංශ ජාතික යාන්ත්රික ඉංජිනේරු හා විශේෂඥ, නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ, Houdry ගැන සැලකිලිමත් විය වායු දූෂණය තුළ දුම් අඩුක්කුව පිටකුරු හා මෝටර් වාහන පිටකුරු භූමිකාව හා, Oxy-උත්ප්රේරකයක් සමාගමක් ආරම්භ කළේය. Houdry ප්රථම කෙටි සඳහා "බළලුන්" නමින් දුම් අට්ටි සඳහා උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක වර්ධනය කරන ලදී. එවිට ඔහු අඩු ශ්රේණියේ නොවන leaded ගැසොලින් භාවිතා එම ගබඩා ලිෆ්ට් සඳහා උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක වර්ධනය කරන ලදී. [7] ඉන්පසු මැද භාගයේ 1950 දී ඔහු මෝටර් රථ මත භාවිතා ගැසොලින් එන්ජින් සඳහා උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක සංවර්ධනය කිරීමට පර්යේෂණ ආරම්භ විය. ඔහු තම කටයුතු සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපද පේටන්ට් බලපත්රයක් 2742437 පිරිනමන ලදී. [8]

වැඩි දැඩි විෙමෝචන පාලන නීති බොහෝ ගැසොලින් සිට විරෝධී හතරේ නියෝජිතයා tetraethyllead ඉවත් බල තෙක් උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක ක පැතිර ගිය සම්මත සිදු වූයේ නැත. ඊයම් ඒ 'උත්ප්රේරකයක් වස' වන අතර, ඵලදායී උත්ප්රේරකයක් මතුපිට ආලේපනයක් පිහිටුවීම මගින් උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තනවලින් අක්රීය වනු ඇත. [9]

උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තක තවදුරටත් [11] 1973 දී පළමු නිෂ්පාදනය, උත්ප්රේරක පරිවර්තකයට නිර්මාණය කරමින් Engelhard සංස්ථාවේ ජෝන් ජේ Mooney හා කාල් ඩී කීත් ඇතුළු ඉංජිනේරුවන් මාලාවක් මගින් [10] දියුණු කරන ලදී

ආචාර්ය විලියම් සී Pfefferle නයිට්රජන් ඔක්සයිඩ සහ කාබන් මොනොක්සයිඩ් සැලකිය යුතු ගොඩනැගීමෙන් තොරව දහන ඉඩ, 1970 ගනන් මුල දී ගෑස් ටර්බයින සඳහා උත්ප්රේරක combustor වර්ධනය කරන ලදී. [12] [13]

රසායන විද්‍යාව

උත්ප්‍රේරක පරිවර්තනය


Tlos (Likçe: 𐊗𐊍𐊀𐊇𐊀 Tlawa, Hititçe: 𒁕𒆷𒉿 Dalawa, Antik Yunanca: Τλώς veya Τλῶς) bugün Muğla'nın Seydikemer ilçesi yakınlarında yer alan kadim bir Likya kentiydi. Likya'nın en önemli yerleşimlerinden biri olan Tlos Antik Kenti, Fethiye İlçesi'nin yaklaşık 42 km doğusundaki Yaka Köyü sınırları içerisinde kalmaktadır. Bölgenin en yüksek dağları olan Akdağlar'ın (Kragos) sarp batı yamaçlarında başlayan antik yerleşim, Eşen Nehri'nin getirdiği alüvyonlarla oluşmuş vadi düzlüğüne kadar ulaşır. Ayrıca güneydeki Saklıkent Kanyonu ile kuzey yönde bulunan Kemer Beldesi antik kentin egemenlik sınırlarını çizer.

Savunmaya elverişli dağlık arazi yapısı ve Eşen Ovasına hakim konumuyla öne çıkan kentin antik komşuları arasında kuzeyde Araxa, kuzeydoğuda Wiyanawanda (Oinoanda), kuzeybatıda Kadyanda, güneyde Awarna (Xanthos), güneybatıda Pina (Pınara) ve batıda Atriya (Telmessos) şehirleri yer almaktadır. Böylece Tlos yerleşiminin başka hiçbir Likya kentinde olmadığı kadar geniş bir coğrafyaya yayıldığı anlaşılır ki, bundan dolayı Hitit kaynaklarında Tlos için "şehir" yerine "ülke" ifadesi kullanılmıştır. Gerçi Tlos Antik Kenti için kullanılan ülke ifadesi şaşırtıcı gözükmektedir. Ancak ele geçen yazıtlardan antik kentin çok sayıda semt ve mahallelerden oluştuğu, çevresinde ise merkeze bağlı pek çok köy yerleşiminin bulunduğu bilinmektedir.

Etimoloji
Tlos, bölgenin yerli halklarından Likyalıların şehre verdiği Tlava adının Helenize edilmiş halidir. Şehrin adı Hitit belgelerinde Dalava olarak geçmektedir.

Yunan sömürgeciliği döneminde Yunan yerleşimciler Batı Anadolu'yu kolonize etmeye başladıktan sonra yerleştikleri her kent için bir kuruluş efsanesi ve bir de kurucu kahraman yaratmışlardır. Tlos'un kuruluş efsanesi de Helen mitoslarına dayandırılmış ve Tlos kentinin adının Tremilus ile Praksidike'nin dört oğlundan biri olan "Tloos"dan geldiğine inanılmıştır. Hatta Pinaros, Xanthos ve Kragos'un onun kardeşleri olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Bahsi geçen mitolojik aktarımların en erkeni, MÖ 5. yüzyıla tarihlenen tarihçi Herodotos'un çağdaşı ve ayrıca Homeros ekolünden geldiği bilinen Halikarnasos'lu Panyasis'e aittir. Benzer bir inanışın uzun yıllar boyunca kabul gördüğünü gösteren diğer bir antik kaynak ise, MS 6. yüzyılda yaşadığı kabul edilen Byzantion'lu Stephanos'dur. Stephanos Byzantinos yazdığı "Ethnika" isimli coğrafi kitapta Panyasis'in aktarımlarını aynen kopyalamıştır.

Tarihçe
Likyalıların Batı Anadolu'nun yerli halkı olan Luviler ile akraba oldukları kabul edilmektedir. Konuştukları dil Tunç Çağı Luvicesine oldukça benzemektedir ve ana tanrıça eni mahanahi başta olmak üzere Luvi tanrılarına taparlar. Eberhard Zangger de Likya'yı Luvi kültürünün merkez bölgesi olarak tanımlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda Anadolu'da Yunan sömürgeciliği başlamadan önce Güneybatı Anadolu'da yaşadıkları Hitit kaynaklarında da doğrulanmıştır. Likyalıların adı önce Hititlere ve daha sonra Yunan işgalcilere karşı birleşen bir Batı Anadolu konfederasyonu olan Aşşuva Konfederasyonu listesinde Lukka olarak yer almaktadır.

Homeros, her ne kadar Likyalıların Yunan kökenli olduğunu iddia etmişse de İlyada destanında tüm Anadolu halklarının birleşerek Troya önlerinde Miken Yunanları birliğine karşı savaştığını etraflıca anlatmıştır. Anadolu halklarının dış güçlere karşı oluşturduğu bu birliktelik Troya savaşları öncesinde de bilinmektedir. Örneğin Hitit Kralı II. Muvatalli ile Mısır firavunu II. Ramses önderliklerinde gerçekleşen Hitit-Mısır savaşı esnasında, tüm Anadolu halkları bir araya gelerek Hititlerin yanında savaşmıştır. Bu birliktelik, daha sonra II. Hattuşili zamanında imzalanan Kadeş Barış Antlaşması'nda da kendini gösterir. Dolayısıyla Homeros ve onu izleyen Antik Yunan kaynaklarında Likyalıların Yunan olarak gösterilmesi, İyonya döneminde Anadolu halklarının Helenize edilmesi politikasının bir parçasıdır. Çünkü bu iddia ilk kez Homeros'un aktarımlarında geçer ve MÖ 8. yüzyıldan önce bu teori ile ilgili hiçbir yazılı belge bulunmamaktadır. Anadolu ve Mısır kökenli yazılı belgeler ise Likyalıların Yunan kökenli olmadığını, Luvilerle akraba olan bir yerli Anadolu halkı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Likyalıların Anadolu'daki Yunan sömürgeciliği öncesinde bu topraklardaki varlığı bugün epigrafik ve arkeolojik buluntularla belgelenmiştir. Örneğin bölgenin coğrafi olarak tanımlanmasında kullanılan Lukka/Lukki ifadeleri hem Hitit hem de Mısır metinlerinden, MÖ 15. yüzyıldan itibaren bilinmektedir. Gelidonya Burnu ve Uluburun batıkları ise dönemin arkeolojik kalıntılarını oluşturur. Benzer Bronz Çağ buluntularına son yıllarda kıyı Likya şehirlerinde de rastlanılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Likyalıların Hellen soylu olduğu ve isimlerini Atina kralı Pandion'un oğlu Lykos'dan aldığı mitos inancı gerçeği yansıtmamaktadır. Doğrusu, Lykia ifadesinin Yunancalaştırılmış bir kelime olduğudur. Diğer yandan Likyalılar kendilerini Trmmili, ülkelerini ise Trmmise olarak tanımlamışlardır. Homeros'un Likyalılar için kullandığı Termilai ifadesi Trmmili ile özdeştir. Trmmili ya da Termilai kelimelerinin bugünkü Dirmil/Altınyayla yerleşimi ile aynı olduğu, Claudius Dönemi'nde dikilen Patara Yol Kılavuz Anıtı üzerindeki Trimili ifadesiyle kesinlik kazanmıştır. Bununla da Herodotos'un Trmmili halkının Girit adasından geldiği aktarımının gerçeği yansıtmadığı anlaşılır. Eğer Likya halkı bölgeye başka bir yerden göç ederek gelmiş ise, onların anavatanı Eşen Irmağı'nın doğduğu ve bereketli toprakların bulunduğu bugünkü Dirmil ve yakın çevresi olmalıydı.

Tlos isminin de Yunanlar ile hiçbir ilişkisi bulunmamaktadır. Tlos kent adı Likçe bir ifade olan "Tlawa" kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Tlawa ismi ise, MÖ 15. yüzyıldan itibaren Hitit metinlerinde pek çok kez karşılaştığımız Lukka toprakları içerisindeki "Dalawa" yerleşimi ile özdeştir. Dalawa isminin geçtiği Hitit kaynakları arasında Konya-Yalburt'da bulunan ve üzerinde büyük Hitit kralı IV. Tuthaliya'nın (MÖ 1250-1220) Lukka seferinin anlatıldığı açık hava tapınağı ortostatları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Söz konusu ortostatlardan 14. ve 15. bloklar üzerinde: "Dalawa Ülkesi'ne indim. Dalawa Ülkesi'nin kadınları ve çocukları önümde eğildiler", ifadesi okunmaktadır. Yalburt hieroglif yazıtlarından tüm Likya Bölgesinin Büyük Hitit Krallığı Dönemi'ndeki varlığı ve Hititlerle olan yakın ilişkisi açıkça görülebilmektedir.

Yazılı belgelerde vurgulanan Tlos'daki Hitit Dönemi yerleşimi bugün antik kentte ele geçen arkeolojik buluntularla da desteklenmektedir. Özellikle Geç Bronz Çağı'na tarihlenen buluntular arasında taş balta ve el aletleri ile farklı formlar gösteren bronz baltalar, hançer ve ok ucları örnek gösterilebilir. Ancak bu bölgede yaşayan ilk insanların geçmişi hem Tlos kazılarında ele geçen arkeolojik kalıntılar hem de Tlos teritoryumunda yer alan Arsa ve Girmeler mağara/ höyük buluntuları ışığında Hititler zamanından çok daha öncesine geri gitmektedir. Özellikle 2009-2010 yıllları araştırmaları esnasında Tlos'da gün ışığına çıkartılan taş baltalar ve çakmak taşı el aletleri ile Girmeler Mağarası önündeki höyük kalıntısında tespit edilen buluntular arasında büyük benzerlik bulunmaktadır. Girmeler Mağarası önündeki buluntular içerisinde Hacılar ve Kuruçay seramikleriyle yakın benzerlik gösteren çömlek parçaları da yer almaktadır. Benzer seramikler Arsa Köyü sınırları içerisinde yer alan Tavabaşı Mevkii mağaralarında da tespit edilmiştir. Bahsi geçen tüm arkeolojik buluntular yapılan stilistik ve tipolojik incelemeler doğrultusunda Geç Neolitik Dönem'e kadar tarihlenebilmektedir. Ayrıca Tavabaşı Mevkii mağaralarının dış yüzeylerinde bulunan farklı ikonografideki kaya resimleri de benzer örnekler ışığında yine aynı döneme verilmektedir. Dolayısıyla Batı Likya Bölgesi'nin Eşen Nehri havzasında Neolitik Dönem'den itibaren kullanılan diğer mağara veya höyük yerleşimlerinin bulunması muhtemeldir. Diğer yandan Elmalı Ovası ve Doğu uzantısında bulunan Hacılar, Kuruçay, Bademağacı ve Höyücek gibi Neolitik Dönem yerleşim buluntuları ile yapılan karşılaştırmalarda her iki bölge arasında yoğun ticari ilişkilerin bulunduğu da anlaşılmıştır. Böylece Orta Anadolu Neolitiği'nin Batı Anadolu kıyılarına kadar olan uzantısı ilk kez arkeolojik verilerle belgelenmiştir.

Tlos ve yakın çevresinde Neolitik Dönem ile başlayıp Demirçağı'na kadar kesintisiz devam eden yerleşim izleri tespit edilmesine rağmen, Demirçağ başlangıcından MÖ 540 yıllarındaki Pers istilasına kadar geçen süreye ait pek fazla arkeolojik buluntu ele geçmemiştir. Sadece MÖ 2. binyılı sonlarına tarihlenen ve gri seramik olarak da adlandırılan küçük çömlek parçaları ile az sayıda Geometrik Dönem seramikler ancak günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. Söz konusu döneme ait buluntular uzun yıllardır kazıları devam eden diğer Likya kentlerinden bilinmektedir. Tlos Kazıları oldukça yenidir ve dolayısıyla zaman içerisinde bahsi geçen döneme ait yeni arkeolojik veriler beklenmektedir.

Başlangıçtan itibaren tüm Likya kentleri arasında ethnos-polis düşüncesine dayanan askeri (symmachia-epimachia), politik (sympoliteia) ve dini (amphiktionia) bir birliktelik bulunmaktaydı. Söz konusu birlikteliğin başlangıcı, MÖ 15. yüzyılda oluşturulan Batı Anadolu'daki Aşşuva/Arzawa konfederasyonuna tüm Likya kentlerinin "Lukkalılar" kimliği altında katılımında hissedilir. Benzer bir birlik oluşumu Hitit Kralı II. Muvatalli ile Mısır Firavunu II. Ramses önderliklerinde gerçekleşen Hitit-Mısır savaşı esnasında "Lukka Ülkesi" adıyla Hitit'lerin yanında yer almalarında da gözlemlenir. Lukka kimliği altında Mısır'a ve Kıbrıs'a saldırmaları da yine bu birlik oluşumunun somut bir göstergesidir. Bunlardan başka, Troya savaşları esnasında Akha Hellenleri'ne karşı kral Sarpedon önderliğinde Lukka ordularının da ön saflarda yer almaları, söz konusu birlik oluşumunun MÖ 2. binde ne kadar kuvvetli olduğunun önemli diğer bir ifadesidir. Likya halkının bu organize görünümü sadece MÖ 2. binli yıllarla sınırlı kalmamış, Demir Çağ'ından itibaren de pek çok benzer örnek olduğu bilinmektedir. Herodotos'un Likyalılar ile ilgili aktarımlarında benzer bir düşünce özellikle vurgulanmıştır. MÖ 452-445 yılları arasındaki Atik Delos Birliği listelerinde "Likyalı" kavramının kullanılması, Pers veya Yunan egemenliğine karşı Likya şehirlerinin ortak savunma yapma planları yine bu birliktelik düşüncesinin somut göstergeleri olarak kabul edilebilir. MÖ 2. yüzyıl ilk yarısındaki Likya Birliği kuruluşu öncesi basılan beylik dönemi sikkelerin üzerinde kullanılan ortak semboller de yine birlikteliğe işaret etmektedir. Likyalıların erken dönemlerde kendi aralarında oluşturdukları birlik yapısı, MÖ 168/67 yıllarında kurumsallaştırılıp resmileştirilmiş ve böylece, özünde Likya kentlerinin ve vatandaşlarının demokratik bir anayasa çerçevesinde oylama esaslı, seçimle yönetilmelerine dayanan Likya Birliği kurulmuştur.

Her ne kadar Likya kentleri arasında sürekli ortak bir birliktelik gözlemlense de, MÖ 540 yıllarında Harpagos önderliğinde Pers ordularının Likya'yı istila etmesiyle bağımsızlık yitirilir ve Beylikler Dönemi sonuna kadar tüm Likya Bölgesi Pers egemenliği altında kalır. MÖ 360 yıllarında Perikle'nin Perslere karşı başlattığı bağımsızlık savaşının başarısızlıkla sonuçlanması ardından Likya kısa bir süreliğine Karya Bölgesi'ne bağlanır. MÖ 334/33'te Büyük İskender Likya'ya egemen olmuştur. İskender'in ölümünün ardından egemenlik sırasıyla Antigonoslar, Ptolemaioslar, Seleukoslar ve Rodos arasında sürekli el değiştirmiştir. Likya'nın bu karmaşık dönemi, MÖ 168/67 yıllarında Roma Senatosu tarafından Likya'nın bağımsızlığının tanınması ve Likya Birliği'nin resmileştirilmesiyle son bulur.

Tlos Antik Kenti Xanthos, Patara, Pinara, Olympos ve Myra gibi birliğin üç oy hakkına sahip en büyük altı şehrinden biri kabul edilmiştir. MS 43 yılında Roma İmparatoru Claudius Likya Bölgesi'ni bir Roma eyaletine dönüştürür. Bu dönemde de Tlos birlik içindeki önemini korumuş ve Metropolis unvanını taşımaya devam etmiştir. Bu önemden kaynaklanmış olsa gerek ki, Patara'da dikilen Yol Kılavuz Anıtı'nda vurgulandığı gibi, Likya yol ağı yedi farklı yönden Tlos'a bağlanmış ve güneyde Xanthos'tan, güneybatıda Pinara'dan, batıda Telmessos'tan, kuzeybatıda Kadyanda'dan, kuzeyde Araxa'dan, kuzeydoğuda Oinoanda'dan ve doğuda Choma'dan gelen ticari yollar Tlos'da kesişmiştir. Bu güzergahların pek çoğunun günümüzde de kullanıldığı bilinmektedir.

Hristiyanlık Dönemi'nde Tlos, Likya'nın önemli piskoposluk merkezlerindendir. Bu dinsel önemin MS 12. yüzyıla kadar devam ettiği arkeolojik verilerle belgelenmiştir. Tlos, Likya sınırları içerisindeki önemini Osmanlı Dönemi'nde de hissettirir. Bölgeye en son 19. yüzyılda gelen ve "Kanlı Ali Ağa" olarak ünlenen Osmanlı Derebeyi, Tlos Akropolünün zirvesine antik dönem kalıntılarını da kullanarak şatosunu inşa etmiştir. Bugünkü modern Yaka Köyü antik Tlos yerleşiminin üzerine kurulmuştur. Günümüzde kral mezarlarında yapılan kazılarda eski kralların iskeletleri bulunmuştur.

Galeri

Kaynakça
 Işık Ülkesi LİKYA, Antik Kentleri-Yazı:Tekin Gün.17.07.2020
 Ebenhard Zangger (2019). Luvi Uygarlığı – Ege'nin Bronz Çağındaki Eksik Halka. Ege Yayınları.
 Trevor Bryce (2006). The Trojans and their Neighbours (İngilizce). Routledge.
 Bilsen Şerife Özdemir (2016). Tlos Tanrıları ve Kültleri (Doktora Tezi). Akdeniz Üniversitesi.

Dipnotlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Akdeniz Üniversitesi Tlos Antik Kenti Kazıları web sayfası

Likya antik kentleri
Türkiye'deki eski yerleşim birimleri
Muğla ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Eski Rum Ortodoks Kilisesinin piskoposluk bölgeleri
Arkeoloji taslakları

Tlos


Domingo Renault (Carúpano, Estado Sucre, 21 de enero de 1932 - Cumaná, 16 de enero de 2012) fue un bailarín, coreógrafo y maestro de danza venezolano. Fue miembro fundador de la primera compañía de ballet clásico Ballet Nena Coronil y miembro fundador y solista del Ballet Nacional de Venezuela.

Nacido en una familia de bajos recursos, sus padres María Ambrosia y Juan de Dios no estaban en el medio artístico. Hizo su primaria en Carúpano, Grupo Escolar Pedro Elias Aristiguieta, y luego decidió convertirse en bailarín. Solicitó una beca al gobierno para iniciar estudios de danza pero, en aquella época, eso no se estilaba en el país. Así que decide viajar a Caracas para iniciar allí sus estudios de danza.

En 1950 viaja a Caracas y se aloja en la casa de un hermano, consigue ingresar becado a una academia privada de danza, toma clases con el maestro ruso Paul Gorsky hasta 1953. Apoyado e impulsado por su maestro, conoce a Nena Coronil, quien se convierte en su tutora. En 1954 ingresa al recién creado Ballet Nena Coronil y más tarde a la ingresa al Ballet Nacional de Venezuela.

Tratando de ampliar sus conocimientos, decide viajar a Europa en 1958 y se radica en París, para perfeccionar su técnica y buscar nuevas oportunidades.

Es allí donde, apoyado por su amigo costarricense Julián Pérez Calderón, consigue su primer contrato en una compañía profesional de danza: Gran Ballet de Burdeos. Este fue el inicio de una larga carrera artística por Europa que lo llevó a ser parte de las compañías de danza: Ballet de la Opera de Salzburgo, Ballet de la Opera de Mainz, Ballet Jeunesse Musical París, Teatro de la Opera de Luebeck, Ballet de la Opera de Frankfort-am-Main.

En 1974 regresa a Venezuela y forma parte del Ballet de la Universidad de Los Andes. En 1987 fundó la Escuela de Ballet Clásico Domingo Renault de Carúpano y  el Ballet Clásico Nena Coronil en Cumaná. Desde esa fecha realizó una constante labor de enseñanza en Cumaná.

Véase también
 Nena Coronil
 Ballet Nena Coronil
 Academia Interamericana de ballet
 Irma Contreras

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Fundación "Domingo Renault", presenta "La Hija del Faraón"

Coreógrafos de Venezuela
Maestros de danza de Venezuela
Carupaneros
Bailarines de Venezuela

Domingo Renault


Tigran Vartani Petrosyan (17 Haziran 1929 - 13 Ağustos 1984), 1963-1969 arasında dünya şampiyonu olan büyükusta unvanına sahip Sovyet Ermeni satranç oyuncusudur. 1969'da Boris Spassky'ye yenilerek dünya satranç şampiyonluğuna veda etmiştir.

1929 doğumlular
Tiflis doğumlu sporcular
1984 yılında ölenler
Sovyetler Birliği'nde kanserden ölenler
Vagankovo Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Ermeni satranç oyuncuları
Gürcistan Ermenileri
Sovyet satranç oyuncuları
Gürcü satranç oyuncuları
Dünya satranç şampiyonları
Satranç büyükustaları
Sovyet satranç yazarları
Mide kanserinden ölenler
Moskova'da defnedilenler
20. yüzyıl Ermeni yazarları
Satranç Olimpiyatı katılımcıları
20. yüzyıl Gürcü yazarları
Satranç teorisyenleri

Tigran Petrosyan


El distrito de Nooken (en kirguís: Ноокен району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Jalal-Abad en Kirguistán. Tiene como capital la ciudad de Massy.

N

Distrito de Nooken


The Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS) is the eighth largest trade union in the United Kingdom. Most of its members work in UK government departments and other public bodies.

History
The union was founded in 1998 by the merger of the Public Services, Tax and Commerce Union (which mostly represented the executive grades of the Civil Service) and the Civil and Public Services Association (mostly representing the clerical grades). The General Secretaries of the two unions, John Sheldon and Barry Reamsbottom respectively, became Joint General Secretaries of the new union. In 2000, Mark Serwotka was elected General Secretary and has held the position since: he was elected unopposed in 2005 (no other candidate received enough valid nominations from PCS branches); he was re-elected in 2009 for a five-year term, and in 2014 was re-elected for a further five years. In 2018, the union won £3 million in damages from the Department for Work and Pensions, after a legal challenge against the withdrawal of the "check off" system of paying union subscriptions.

Membership and organisation
The union had 195,901 members at the end of 2015 and is the largest trade union representing civil servants in the UK.

PCS is organised into groups that deal with different bargaining units such as Revenue and Customs, Work and Pensions and Law and Justice.

Two factions compete in elections to the National Executive Committee of the PCS, its governing body: the ruling Left Unity faction, which stands candidates as part of the Democracy Alliance, and an opposing Independent Left faction.

PCS Credit Union
PCS Credit Union Limited is a savings and loans co-operative established by the trade union for its members in 2011. It is a member of the Association of British Credit Unions Limited, authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the PRA. Ultimately, like the banks and building societies, members' savings are protected against business failure by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

Affiliations
Organisations to which PCS is affiliated include Abortion Rights, Amnesty international and the Cuba Solidarity Campaign.

Strikes and protests involving PCS members

2008
In conjunction with Prospect, members at the Science Museum went on strike over pay.

2010

On 8 March 2010, 270,000 civil servants began a 48-hour strike over government changes to redundancy payments.

2011
The union voted for a one-day strike on 30 June 2011.

2013
Strike action was organised for New Year's Eve 2013 for all Metropolitan Police Service Civil Staff due to a pay dispute. Taking strike action on this day was deemed to be most effective because of the busy nature of the day for police.  The MPS offered a below inflation wage increase of 1%. Another strike ballot was announced on 6 February 2014 for strike action on 12 and 13 February 2014.

As part of the union's budget day strikes, a series of protests took place across branches in the Culture Group, including Tate and National Museums Liverpool to highlight the effect of government cuts to arts funding.

2014
PCS announced they would be joining a national strike alongside other unions on Budget Day - 10 July, over pay restraint and austerity in the public sector.

2015
From 11 August 2015, PCS members at the National Gallery took indefinite strike action against a proposed privatisation of the security staff at the gallery. The strike lasted for over 100 days.

At the Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales branch, members voted for strike action after proposals to end their weekend pay premiums.

Members of the Royal Household branch, including staff at Windsor Castle, voted for action short of a strike in an effort to achieve the Living Wage.

Another of the union's Culture Group branches went on strike in December 2015 against the removal of weekend allowances. The dispute at the National Museum of Scotland branch was eventually ended when funding from the Scottish Government enabled a buy out of the allowances.

2016
Cleaners in HMRC went on strike as their outsourced employer, ISS, claimed it couldn't afford the Government's new National Living Wage.

2017
Strike action of Driving Examiners was organised for 4 and 5 December to coincide with the introduction of new driving tests in order to protest against the introduction of Satellite Navigation to the test on 4 December. Examiners also voted started work to rule on 23 November.

2019
In conjunction with GMB, PCS members at Historic Royal Palaces took strike action against proposed changes to their pensions. This was the first time the Beefeaters had been on strike in 55 years.

Outsourced workers at the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) went on strike to demand the London Living Wage in a coordinated action with United Voices of the World (UVW) union members at the nearby Ministry of Justice.

In December 2019, Security Guards and Front of House workers at Wallace Collection successfully protested outside an exhibition opening to secure the London Living Wage.

2020
Following mass redundancies in the arts and culture sector caused by the COVID-19 lockdown, PCS members working for the commercial arm of Tate galleries in London took 42 days strike action against mass redundancies. A further 300 redundancies were also announced at Southbank Centre, leading to mass protests by PCS members outside the venues.

2021
After a large, and in several cases fatal, COVID-19 outbreak in the offices of the Drivers and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA), PCS members took multiple days of strike action in June and July to highlight the lack of adequate health and safety protection.

Leadership

General Secretaries
1998: John Sheldon and Barry Reamsbottom
2000: Mark Serwotka

Assistant General Secretaries
2000: Hugh Lanning
2004: Chris Baugh and Hugh Lanning
2013: Chris Baugh
2019: John Moloney

See also

 Lobbying in the United Kingdom
 British Civil Service
 Credit unions in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 PCS website
 PCS Young Members Website
 PCS Proud
 PCS family tree
 Catalogue of the PCS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
 Summary of the PCS Prison Service equal pay papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Trade unions in the United Kingdom
Civil service trade unions
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1998
Credit unions of the United Kingdom
London Borough of Wandsworth
Trade unions based in London
Trade unions affiliated with the Trades Union Congress

Public and Commercial Services Union


Eriophyton, biljni rod iz porodice medićevki smješten u tribus Lamieae, dio potporodice Lamioideae. Rodu pripada 12 vrsta trajnica koje rastu od središnje Azije do Himalaja i Kine.

Vrste
 Eriophyton anomalum (Juz.) Lazkov & Sennikov
 Eriophyton lamiiflorum (Rupr.) Bräuchler
 Eriophyton maleolens (Rech.f.) Salmaki
 Eriophyton marrubioides (Regel) Ryding
 Eriophyton nepalense (Hedge) Ryding
 Eriophyton oblongatum (Schrenk) Bendiksby
 Eriophyton rhomboideum (Benth.) Ryding
 Eriophyton staintonii (Hedge) Ryding
 Eriophyton sunhangii Bo Xu, Zhi M.Li & Boufford
 Eriophyton tibeticum (Vatke) Ryding
 Eriophyton tuberosum (Hedge) Ryding
 Eriophyton wallichii Benth.

Sinonimi
 Alajja Ikonn.
 Erianthera Benth.
 Menitskia (Krestovsk.) Krestovsk.
 Stachyopsis Popov & Vved.
 Susilkumara Bennet

Izvori

Lamieae

Eriophyton


Palača (kaštel) Soardo-Bembo je utvrđeni kaštel-palača u Balama.

Karakteristike
Najveća je građevina u Balama. Fasada je gotičko-renesansna. Palača je utvrđena. Nastala je od dviju četvrtastih obrambenih kula. Povezivao ih je most, a na prijelazu iz 14. u 15. st. među tim je kulama izgrađen je stambeni dio palače ukrašen gotičkim kvadriforama i postala je stambeni objekt.

Povijest
Pripadala je obitelji Soardo. Vlasnici su se promijenili kad je obitelj ostala bez muških nasljednika i kad se 1618. pripadnica te obitelji Veronica udala za Alvisea Bemba. Tako je vlasništvo prešlo na obitelj Bembo. Obitelj Bembo je u palači organizirala razna društvena događanja. Od 1750. godine obitelj Bembo za stalno se nastanila u Balama, a prvi je bio Tomaso Bembo.

Izvori

Bale
Soardo-Bembo
Soardo-Bembo
Soardo-Bembo
Zaštićene stambene građevine u Istarskoj županiji

Palača Soardo-Bembo


Kuzu tandır ya da Akşehir tandır kebabı, Türk mutfağında yer alan bir tandır kebabıdır. Akşehir yöresine aittir. Kuzu eti, soğan, domates, patates ve biber ile hazırlanır. Saatlerce özel bir pişirme yöntemi gerektiren tandır denilen fırında pişirilen kuzu parçaları (bazen bütün bir kuzu). Ekmek ve çiğ soğanla servis edilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Güncel haber

Türk mutfağındaki kebaplar

Kuzu tandır


A China teve um crescimento de dois dígitos em sua indústria de biotecnologia e passou de uma das nações mais lentas a uma das mais rápidas na adoção de novas biotecnologias. O setor de biotecnologia é visto na China e internacionalmente como uma área central do desenvolvimento científico e econômico nacional. A principal organização nacional de biotecnologia do país é o Centro Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Biotecnologia da China. O CNCBD é uma entidade criada em 3 de novembro de 1983, vinculada ao Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia com a aprovação do Conselho de Estado. CNCBD é o único centro nacional que coordena e implementa o programa nacional de C&T em Biotecnologia e Saúde.

Indústria
A indústria de biotecnologia na China começou em 1984. Em 1997, o número de empresas de biotecnologia chinesas era de cerca de 200. Em 2000, estimou-se que o número de empresas chinesas de biotecnologia triplicou para 600. Em 2005, a indústria de biotecnologia da China aumentou para 900 empresas de biotecnologia modernas. A indústria de biotecnologia da China registrou vendas totalizando US$2,4 bilhões em 2000, em comparação com US$31 milhões em 1986.

Fatores de desenvolvimento
A indústria biofarmacêutica da China está se expandindo gradualmente devido a fatores favoráveis como o rápido crescimento econômico da China, maior renda das pessoas e crescente compreensão e demanda por produtos biofarmacêuticos. A indústria biofarmacêutica passou a ter um papel mais importante na economia nacional, atraindo a atenção dos investidores - privados e públicos.

Cuidados de saúde
Com a melhoria do sistema de saúde e a crescente conscientização das pessoas sobre o tratamento de doenças, métodos de tratamento modernos são usados no tratamento clínico, o que tem promovido o desenvolvimento de hemoderivados. Atualmente, os hemoderivados frequentemente usados no tratamento clínico incluem mais de 20 tipos, pertencentes a 3 sub-catálogos como albumina sérica humana, imunoglobulina e fatores de coagulação .

Vacina
A demanda de vacinas aumentou drasticamente com o crescente poder de consumo e conscientização das pessoas sobre a saúde, de modo que o mercado de vacinas está se expandindo rapidamente. A vacina cobrada, como um suplemento ao programa de vacinas gratuitas, promoveu o rápido crescimento do mercado doméstico de vacinas, o reagente de diagnóstico externo está se tornando popular entre as pessoas, devido ao conhecimento mais profundo sobre os catálogos e o efeito curativo dos medicamentos biológicos. Hoje em dia, as drogas genéticas e as drogas com anticorpos estão substituindo as drogas químicas que têm muitos efeitos colaterais para curar os pacientes com câncer, e isso trará mais oportunidades para os pacientes com câncer.

Importação e exportação
O volume de importação e exportação de produtos biofarmacêuticos da China foi de 377 milhões de dólares em 2007, um aumento de 48% em comparação com o ano passado. O volume das importações atingiu 336 milhões de dólares, um aumento de 51% em relação a 2006, e o volume das exportações foi de 41 milhões de dólares.

A taxa de crescimento do volume de exportação diminuiu do nível de 58% em 2006 para 26% em 2007. Embora as exportações da indústria biofarmacêutica da China mantivessem constantemente uma alta taxa de crescimento, o volume é muito pequeno em comparação com o volume de importação.

O volume de exportação foi de apenas 41 milhões de dólares em 2007, enquanto o volume de importação somou US$336 milhões. Esse contraste acentuado indica que os produtos biofarmacêuticos da China representam uma proporção de mercado muito baixa no mercado internacional.

Biotecnologia agrícola
O Ministro da Agricultura da China, Du Qinglin, declarou em julho de 2006 que a ciência e a tecnologia deveriam contribuir com até 63% do crescimento do setor agrícola chinês até 2020. O ministro destacou cinco áreas que serão o foco da China na tentativa de tirar proveito da biotecnologia na agricultura, incluindo algodão e arroz GM, produtos agrícolas seguros, equipamentos agrícolas e instituições de pesquisa.

Organizações

P&D

 Academia Chinesa de Ciências Agrícolas (CAAS)
 Academia Chinesa de Ciências Médicas (CAMS)
 Academia Chinesa de Silvicultura (CAF)
 Academia Chinesa de Ciências (CAS)
 Fundação Nacional de Ciências Naturais da China (NSFC)
 Associação Chinesa de Ciência e Tecnologia (CAST)

Ministérios

 Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MOST)
 Ministério da Saúde (MS)
 Ministério da Agricultura (MOA)
 Ministério da Educação (MOE)

Agências

 Administração Estatal de Alimentos e Medicamentos (SDA)
 Administração Estadual de Proteção Ambiental (SEPA)
 Escritório Estadual de Propriedade Intelectual (SIPO)
 Fundação Nacional de Ciências Naturais da China (NSFC)
 Centro de intercâmbio de ciência e tecnologia da China (CSTEC)

Programas estatais

 Programa Nacional de P&D de Tecnologias Principais (NKTRDP)

Aprovado em 1982 e implementado em três Planos Quinquenais, o programa inclui três questões principais: agricultura,  tecnologias novas e de ponta, e desenvolvimento social. A pesquisa em tecnologias biológicas está focada no melhoramento agrícola, medicina genética, produtos biológicos marinhos e a industrialização em tecnologias-chave.

 Programa Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Alta Tecnologia (programa 863)

O programa foi aprovado em março de 1986 (por causa dessa data é simplesmente denominado "863"). Seu objetivo era desenvolver tecnologia de ponta para diminuir a distância entre a China e os países desenvolvidos. O programa lista a biotecnologia como uma das sete áreas-alvo. '863' é o maior programa de desenvolvimento C&T da China. O orçamento para o programa 863 foi aumentado de RMB 5,9 bilhões nos últimos 15 anos para RMB 15 bilhões para o 10º Plano Quinquenal (2001–2005).

 Programa Tocha

Estabelecido em 1988, o Programa Torch visa comercializar as tecnologias novas e de ponta da China. O programa incentiva o investimento nas zonas de alta tecnologia da China.

 Programa Spark

Estabelecido em 1986, o Programa Spark foi o primeiro programa a promover o desenvolvimento da economia rural com base na ciência e na tecnologia. Um dos principais conteúdos do programa é o desenvolvimento de produtos agrícolas de alto rendimento, alta qualidade e alta eficácia.

Parques e incubadoras de ciência
Desde o início do Programa da Tocha da China em agosto de 1988, 53 "Parques Industriais de Ciência e Tecnologia Nacionais" (STIPs) foram aprovados pelo Conselho de Estado (Zonas de Alta Tecnologia e Novas Tecnologias em Nível Estadual). Em 2000, havia um total de 20.796 empresas nos STIPs.

Iniciativas de biotecnologia

 :Categoria: Biotecnologia

 Indústria farmacêutica na China
 Parque industrial de biotecnologia
 Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, um jornal revisado
 Conselho de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia e Ciências Biológicas
 Diretiva sobre a proteção legal de invenções biotecnológicas Diretiva 98/44 / CE

Leitura adicional

 Biotecnologia vegetal na ciência da China
 Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects (2007) Por Valerie J. Karplus, Xing Wang Deng, Norman E. Borlaug
 Ciências da vida e biotecnologia na China Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 29 de junho de 2007; 362 (1482): 947–957.
 O otimismo cauteloso prevalece para a biotecnologia chinesa Engenharia genética e notícias sobre biotecnologia

Jornais

 Journal of Chinese Biotechnology
 Jornal Chinês de Biotecnologia Agrícola

Referências

Citações

Fontes

 Indústria de Biotecnologia na China OCDE
 Indústria de biotecnologia chinesa
 Um gigante emergente da biotecnologia?
 Crescimento da indústria de biotecnologia da China
 Recomendações para o desenvolvimento da biotecnologia na China
 Previsões de cinco anos para a indústria de biotecnologia na China
 O desenvolvimento da indústria de biotecnologia médica da China precisa ser impulsionado pela inovação
 O Papel da Região Administrativa Especial de Hong Kong no Desenvolvimento da Indústria de Biotecnologia na China Albert Yen Chang
 Integrando a Indústria de Biotecnologia da China na Criação de Conhecimento Global
 Biotecnologia industrial na China
 Regulamentações 'atrapalham' o investimento em biotecnologia da China
 Foco europeu em biotecnologia na China
 É a biotecnologia no futuro da China

Ligações externas

 Associação de Biotecnologia Medicinal da China
 ChinaBio Hoje
 bionews.com.cn
 BIOTECH CHINA
 Estatísticas de biotecnologia - China OCDE
 O Surgimento da Biotecnologia Moderna na China
 Biotecnologia na China (1989)
 O salto da China em biotecnologia
 Visão geral da estrutura regulatória chinesa
Ciência e tecnologia na China
Indústria na China

Indústria de biotecnologia na China


es una serie de máquinas tragaperras (pachislot) ambientada en la franquicia Parodius y desarrollada por la división de Konami llamada KPE (Konami Parlor Entertainment). Comenzó a publicarse en el septiembre del año 2010, únicamente en Japón, y hasta el momento se compone de dos títulos:
  (septiembre de 2010)
  (noviembre de 2010)

Gameplay

El juego se basa en los acontecimientos ocurridos en la saga del mismo nombre. Sus Protagonistas Hikaru y Akane son conejitas de playboy de Gokujo Parodius de 1994.

 Takosuke y Hikaru juega béisbol en la playa.
 Takosuke puso la fotografía.
 Akane se convierte en enfermera.
 El Pingüino Pirata de Parodius Da! tiene el martillo en las cartas.
 Akane Persigue a Michael con cofre del tesoro.
 Hikaru y Akane matan contra los cuatro jefes.
 Pentarou decide saludar a Penguette.
 Lecher Tako A saca su casete, sopla y puso la consola desde el principio.

Música de Gokuraku Parodius

 Isla de los piratas : Polca Bajo truenos y relámpagos por Johann Strauss II (Remix) (Parodius Da!)
 Tema de Vic Viper: Gradius, dogfight: 'Comienzo de la historia' (remezcla) (Gokujo Parodius)
 Tema de Pentarou : Antarctic Adventure - Melodía de inicio (al comienzo) (Gokujo Parodius)
 ¡Vamos juntos! : Vals de La bella durmiente por Piotr Ilich Chaikovski (Gokujo Parodius)
 El panda bailarín : Marcha de los toreros' (preludio del acto I de la ópera Carmen) por Georges Bizet (Gokujo Parodius)
 Acorazado gato para siempre: Barras y estrellas por siempre por John Philip Sousa (Cortada) (Gokujo Parodius)
 Soy Eliza (Gokujo Parodius)
 Festival deportivo de caramelos : Tritsch-Tratsch Polka por Johann Strauss II (Gokujo Parodius)
 Una vez más, aquí llega el barco de los hermanos: Cabalgata de las valquirias por Wilhelm Richard Wagner y Gradius II: 'La antigua Edad de Piedra' (Gokujo Parodius)
 ¡Corre! ¡Corre! ¡Corre! : 'Final' de la Obertura de Guillermo Tell por Gioacchino Rossini (Gokujo Parodius)
 Baile Paro-Paro: 9.ª Sinfonía, Sinfonía del Nuevo Mundo, 4.º movimiento por Antonín Dvořák (Gokujo Parodius)
 Rika de patrulla: Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), nivel 8-3: 'El enemigo final' (Gokujo Parodius)
 Memorias de disparos: Twinbee, música de Power up de campana: 'Poderes fantásticos' (Cortada) (Gokujo Parodius)
 Amor de Yoshiko y Yoshio: Aires gitanos (Zigeunerweisen), Op. 20 por Pablo de Sarasate (Cortada) (Gokujo Parodius)
 Por favor, Juega Otra Vez ¿OK?: Gradius II, tema de game over (Gokujo Parodius)
 Rapsodia del maíz : Fuchs, du hast die Gans gestohlen por Ernst Anschütz (Sexy Parodius)
 Baño superveloz : Csikos Post por Hermann Necke (Sexy Parodius)
 Yie Ar Kung-Fu va al palacio del Rey dragón : Jingle al inicio - Yie Ar Kung-Fu (NES), Música de las batallas 1 a 5 - Yie Ar Kung-Fu (Arcade) y Música de las batallas 6 a 11 - Yie Ar Kung-Fu (Arcade) (Sexy Parodius)
 Bienvenido, chico : Castlevania, tema de jefe de nivel: 'Mente venenosa' y Danza húngara n.º 5 por Johannes Brahms (Sexy Parodius)
 ¡Detruye el caramelo!: Gradius, tema de jefe de nivel: 'Portaaviones' (Sexy Parodius)
 El Tema de Shooting Star : Twinbee Yahho!, nivel 1: Vuelo gemelo (Sexy Parodius)
 Salida para Sexy : Gradius III, dogfight n.º 1: Salida del espacio (remezcla) (Sexy Parodius)
 Tema del águila Sabu: Gradius II (Vulcan Venture), tema de jefe de fase: '¡Cuidado!' (Sexy Parodius)
 Tema de Labios calientes: Can-can del Orfeo en los infiernos por Jacques Offenbach (Sexy Parodius)
 Yūko es tu enemiga: Preludio n.º 7, Opus 28, por Frédéric Chopin y 'Escena 1' de El lago de los cisnes, Opus 20, por Piotr Ilich Chaikovski (Cortada) (Sexy Parodius)
 Tiroteo loco: Thunder Cross II, nivel 1: 'Batalla aérea' (Cortada) (Sexy Parodius)
 Happy-Go-Lucky (Canción Original)

Personajes

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial de Gokuraku Parodius en KPE, Inc. (en japonés)
 Página web oficial de Gokuraku Parodius A en KPE, Inc. (en japonés)

Parodius
KPE

Gokuraku Parodius


La ville de Woburn est une banlieue de la ville de Lower Hutt, et de la capitale, qui est la cité de Wellington, située dans la partie inférieure de l'île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Municipalités limitrophes

Installation
C'est le siège de la gare de

Histoire
'Henry Petre' avait créé une ferme dans le secteur dans les années 1840 et nomma la zone d'après la succession du Duc de Bedford à l'Abbaye de Woburn.
La ferme de Petre fut plus tard prise en charge par Daniel et Harriet Riddiford, où les descendants y ont construit une grande maison alors que les terrains eux-mêmes, ont été graduellement subdivisés .
Riddiford Street dans Lower Hutt est nommée pour cela.

Voir aussi

 Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Liens externes
The Town of Woburn, A Place of Destiny (1938 article)

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Banlieue de Wellington City

Woburn (Nouvelle-Zélande)


Milburn est une petite localité située à environ  au nord de la ville de Milton, située dans l'île du Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Prison de Milburn
Milburn est depuis 2007, le siège de la .
Cette prison pour homme, de faible à moyenne sécurité, est située à l'extrémité nord de la ville de Milburn, et c'est la plus grande de la région d'Otago, abritant   et employant

Carrières

Milburn est aussi connu localement pour des carrières de calcaire.
De nombreux milliers de tonnes de calcaire coquillier sont extraits des collines séparant le fleuve Tokomairiro  et le lac  chaque année pour être utilisées comme fertilisants.
Un grand fossile de baleine peut-être visible sur une zone d'exposition au niveau d'un point de vue sur la carrière donnant sur la plaine de Tokomairiro et le lac Waihola.

Toponymie
Milburn fut dénommé d'après 'Morris Milburn', qui vint en Nouvelle-Zélande à partir du Sunderland, situé au nord-est de l'Angleterre en 1858.
Il arriva au port de Lyttleton à bord du navire The Zealandi.
Il voyagea ensuite par voie de terre vers Dunedin, faisant la plus grande partie du chemin à pied.
Dans la région d'Otago, il suivit la direction des champs aurifères avec les diverses fortunes et des incidents comme ceux qui attendaient les mineurs au cours de leur vie.
Travaillant avec succès au niveau de Gabriel's Gully, puis à Molyneux et à Milburn, la dernière place mentionnée étant dénommée d'après lui.

Voir aussi

 Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Otago

Milburn (Nouvelle-Zélande)


Jesper Simo (født 15. august 1985 i Silkeborg) er en dansk journalist, der arbejder som kommentator og vært hos TV3 Sport, hvor han bl.a. dækker Premier League, Superligaen og Champions League m.fl. Han er uddannet fra Danmarks Medie- og Journalisthøjskole, og har tidligere været praktikant på Viasat Sport, inden han i 2009 skiftede til Canal 9.

I sommeren 2015 flyttede han med til Discovery Networks Danmark i forbindelse med opkøbet af Canal 9 og den daværende Canal 8. Fra efteråret 2018 var han kommentator på de første tre sæsoner af eSuperligaen.

I marts 2020 skiftede han tilbage til TV3 Sport.

Kilder

Tv-værter fra Danmark
Sportsjournalister fra Danmark
Personer_fra_Silkeborg

Jesper Simo


El Faro Isla Santa María es un faro perteneciente a la red de faros de Chile. Se ubica en la Isla Santa María, Región del Biobío.

Referencias

Isla Santa Maria
Isla Santa Maria
Arquitectura de 1887
Chile en 1887

Faro Isla Santa María


The Eighth Army is a U.S. field army which commands all United States Army forces in South Korea. It is headquartered at the Camp Humphreys in the Anjeong-ri of Pyeongtaek, South Korea. Eighth Army relocated its headquarters from Yongsan to Camp Humphreys in the summer of 2017. It is the only field army in the U.S. Army. It is responsible to United States Forces Korea and United States Army, Pacific.

History

World War II

The unit first activated on 10 June 1944 in the United States, under the command of Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger. The Eighth Army took part in many of the amphibious landings in the Southwest Pacific Theater of World War II, eventually participating in no less than sixty of them. The first mission of the Eighth Army, in September 1944, was to take over from the U.S. Sixth Army in New Guinea, New Britain, the Admiralty Islands and on Morotai, in order to free up the Sixth Army to engage in the Philippines Campaign (1944–45).

The Eighth Army again followed in the wake of the Sixth Army in December 1944, when it took over control of operations on Leyte Island on 26 December. In January, the Eighth Army entered combat on Luzon, landing the XI Corps on 29 January near San Antonio and the 11th Airborne Division on the other side of Manila Bay two days later. Combining with I Corps and XIV Corps of Sixth Army, the forces of Eighth Army next enveloped Manila in a great double-pincer movement. Eighth Army's final operation of the Pacific War was that of clearing out the southern Philippines of the Japanese Army, including on the major island of Mindanao, an effort that occupied the soldiers of the Eighth Army for the rest of the war.

Occupation of Japan

Eighth Army was to have participated in Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. It would have taken part in Operation Coronet, the second phase of the invasion, which would have seen the invasion of the Kantō Plain on eastern Honshū. However, the Japanese surrender cancelled the invasion, and the Eighth Army found itself in charge of a peaceful occupation. Occupation forces landed on 30 August 1945, with its headquarters in Yokohama, then the HQ moved to the Dai-Ichi building in Tokyo. At the beginning of 1946, Eighth Army assumed responsibility for occupying all of Japan. Four quiet years then followed, during which the Eighth Army gradually deteriorated from a combat-ready fighting force into a somewhat soft, minimally-trained constabulary. Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker took command in September 1948, and he tried to re-invigorate the Army's training, with mixed success.

Korean War

The peace of occupied Japan was shattered in June 1950 when 75,000 North Korean troops with Russian made tanks invaded South Korea, igniting the Korean War. U.S. naval and air forces quickly became involved in combat operations, and it was soon clear that U.S. ground forces would have to be committed. To stem the North Korean advance, the occupation forces in Japan were thus shipped off to South Korea as quickly as possible, but their lack of training and equipment was telling, as some of the initial U.S. units were destroyed by the North Koreans. However, the stage was eventually reached as enough units of Eighth Army arrived in Korea to make a firm front. The North Koreans threw themselves against that front, the Pusan Perimeter, and failed to break it.  In the meantime, Eighth Army had reorganized, since it had too many divisions under its command for it to exercise effective control directly. The I Corps and the IX Corps were reactivated in the United States and then shipped to Korea to assume command of Eighth Army's subordinate divisions.

The stalemate was broken by the Inchon landings of the X Corps (tenth corps, consisting of soldiers and Marines). The North Korean forces, when confronted with this threat to their rear areas, combined with a breakout operation at Pusan, broke away and hastily retired north.

Both South and North Korea were almost entirely occupied by United Nations forces. However, once U.S. units neared the Yalu River and the frontier between North Korea and China, the Chinese intervened and drastically changed the character of the war. Eighth Army was decisively defeated at the Battle of the Chongchon River and forced to retreat all the way back to South Korea. The defeat of the U.S. Eighth Army resulted in the longest retreat of any U.S. military unit in history. General Walker was killed in a jeep accident on 23 December 1950, and replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway. The overstretched Eighth Army suffered heavily with the Chinese offensive, who were able to benefit from shorter lines of communication and with rather casually deployed enemy forces. The Chinese broke through the U.S. defenses despite U.S. air supremacy and the Eighth Army and U.N. forces retreated hastily to avoid encirclement. The Chinese offensive continued pressing U.S. forces, which lost Seoul, the South Korean capital. Eighth Army's morale and esprit de corps hit rock bottom, to where it was widely regarded as a broken, defeated rabble.

General Ridgway forcefully restored Eighth Army to combat effectiveness over several months. Eighth Army slowed and ultimately halted the Chinese advance at the battles of Chipyong-ni and Wonju. It then counter-attacked the Chinese, re-took Seoul, and drove to the 38th parallel, where the front stabilized.

When General Ridgway replaced General of the Army Douglas MacArthur as the overall U.N. commander, Lieutenant General James Van Fleet assumed command of Eighth Army. After the war of movement during the first stages, the fighting in Korea settled down to a war of attrition. Ceasefire negotiations were begun at the village of Panmunjom in the summer of 1951, and they dragged on for two years. During the final combat operation of the war, Lieutenant General Maxwell D. Taylor (promoted to general 23 June 1953) commanded the Eighth Army. When the Military Demarcation Line was finally agreed to by the Korean Armistice Agreement, South Korea and North Korea continued on as separate states.

Guarding Korea

During the aftermath of the Korean War, the Eighth Army remained in South Korea. By the 1960s, I Corps, consisting of the 7th Infantry Division and the 2nd Infantry Division, remained as part of the Eighth Army. Then, in 1971, the 7th Infantry Division was withdrawn, along with the command units of I Corps, which were moved across the Pacific Ocean to Fort Lewis, Washington. Later, in March 1977, a memo from President Jimmy Carter said "...American forces will be withdrawn. Air cover will be continued." Bureaucratic resistance from the Executive Branch, with support in Congress, eventually saw the proposal watered down. Eventually one combat battalion and about 2,600 non-combat troops were withdrawn.

This left the 2nd Infantry Division at the Korean Demilitarized Zone to assist the South Korean Army. Besides forming a trip-wire against another North Korean invasion, the 2nd Infantry Division remained there as the only Army unit in South Korea armed with tactical nuclear weapons. (Otherwise, there is only the U.S. Air Force in South Korea and on Okinawa.)  All nuclear weapons were taken from the Army to be under Air Force control. Later, in 1991, all U.S. nuclear weapons were removed from South Korea.

Structure 1989

At the end of the Cold War Eighth Army consisted of the following units:
  Eighth Army, Yongsan Garrison, South Korea
 Headquarters & Headquarters Company
  2nd Infantry Division, Camp Casey
  17th Aviation Brigade, Camp Coiner
 Headquarters & Headquarters Company
 4th Battalion, 58th Aviation (Air Traffic Control), Camp Coiner
 1st Battalion, 501st Aviation (Assault), Camp Coiner (UH-60A Black Hawk helicopters)
 2nd Battalion, 501st Aviation (Medium Lift), Camp Coiner (CH-47D Chinook helicopters)
 4th Battalion, 501st Aviation (Attack), Camp Page (AH-1F Cobra & OH-58C Kiowa helicopters)
 5th Battalion, 501st Aviation (Attack), Camp Coiner (AH-1F Cobra & OH-58C Kiowa helicopters)
  1st Signal Brigade, Camp Humphreys
 Headquarters & Headquarters Company
 36th Signal Battalion
 41st Signal Battalion
 304th Signal Battalion, Camp Colbern
 307th Signal Battalion
 257th Signal Company, Camp Humphreys
  8th Military Police Brigade (Provisional), Camp Coiner
 Headquarters & Headquarters Company
 94th Military Police Battalion
 728th Military Police Battalion
  501st Military Intelligence Brigade (Provisional), Yongsan Garrison
 Headquarters & Headquarters Detachment
 3rd Military Intelligence Battalion (Aerial Exploitation), Camp Humphreys
 524th Military Intelligence Battalion (Human Intelligence)
 532nd Military Intelligence Battalion (Intelligence & Electronic Warfare)
 751st Military Intelligence Battalion (Counterintelligence), Camp Humphreys
  18th Medical Command, Seoul (the following peacetime listing is incomplete)
 Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment
 52nd Medical Battalion
 121st Combat Support Hospital, Camp Humphreys
  19th Support Command, Daegu (the following peacetime listing is incomplete)
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 Special Troops Battalion
 20th Area Support Group, Camp Henry
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 23rd Area Support Group, Camp Humphreys
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 194th Maintenance Battalion
 227th Maintenance Battalion
 Company A, 3rd Battalion 501st Aviation (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance), Camp Humphreys
 Company A, 3rd Battalion, 501st Aviation (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance), Camp Humphreys
 25th Transportation Center (Movement Control), Yongsan Garrison
 21st Transportation Company (Command Transport), Yongsan Garrison
 46th Transportation Company, Camp Carroll
 34th Area Support Group, Seoul
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 501st Corps Support Group, Camp Red Cloud
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 8th Personnel Command
 516th Personnel Service Company
 175th Finance Center
 176th Finance Support Unit
 177th Finance Support Unit
 23rd Chemical Battalion
 44th Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy), Camp Mercer
 8th Army Band

Recent times
In 2003, plans were announced to move the 2nd Infantry Division southward. The division, with 15 bases north of the Han River and just south of the DMZ, was to be the most important formation to be moved south of the Han River in two phases "over the next few years" a joint statement between the South Korean and U.S. governments said on June 5, 2003.As of 2015, it appears that one brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division will remain at Camp Casey, near Dongducheon.

The headquarters of the Eighth Army was Yongsan Garrison, but moved southward to Camp Humphreys by 2019. In April 2017 the Eighth Army headquarters began its move from Yongsan to Camp Humphreys and held a ceremony to relocate a statue of General Walton Walker.

Organization

 Eighth Army, USAG Humphreys

 Eighth Army Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
 Headquarters Support Company
 Operations Company
 Intelligence and Sustainment Company
 Eighth Army Band
 2nd Infantry Division (Joint United States and South Korean Army)
 2nd Infantry Division Combined Division Staff (Joint United States and South Korean Army)
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
 Rotational Stryker Brigade Combat Team
 210th Field Artillery Brigade
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
 210th Field Artillery Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
 1st Battalion, 38th Field Artillery Regiment
 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery Regiment
 Rotational M270 MLRS Field Artillery Battalion
 70th Brigade Support Battalion
 Combat Aviation Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 2nd Battalion (Assault), 2nd Aviation Regiment
 3rd Battalion (General Support), 2nd Aviation Regiment
 4th Battalion (Attack), 2nd Aviation Regiment
 5th Squadron (Attack/Reconnaissance), 17th Cavalry Regiment
 Company E, 2nd Aviation Regiment (General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle)
 602d Aviation Support Battalion
 2nd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 Special Troops Battalion
 194th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
 1st Signal Brigade, subordinate to 311th Signal Command / US Army Pacific
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 United States Army Communications Information Systems Activity, Pacific
 41st Signal Battalion
 304th Expeditionary Signal Battalion
 19th Expeditionary Sustainment Command
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 94th Military Police Battalion
 Materiel Support Command Korea
 6th Ordnance Battalion
 25th Transportation Battalion
 498th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
 Korean Service Corps
 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
 2nd Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (Patriot)
 6th Battalion, 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (Patriot)
 Battery D, 2nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (THAAD)
 65th Medical Brigade
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 549th Hospital Center
 168th Medical Battalion (Multifunctional)
 618th Dental Company
 106th Medical Detachment (Veterinary Specialist Services)
 U.S. Army Medical Materiel Center – Korea
 501st Military Intelligence Brigade
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 3rd Military Intelligence Battalion
 368th Military Intelligence Battalion (US Army Reserve), at Parks Reserve Forces Training Area, California
 524th Military Intelligence Battalion
 532nd Military Intelligence Battalion
 719th Military Intelligence Battalion
 United Nations Command Security Battalion, Joint Security Area
 Korean Field Office
 Army Special Operations Forces Liaison Element, Korea
 Joint United States Military Affairs Group - Korea
 Eighth Army Non-Commissioned Officers Academy
 Training Support Activity, Korea
 11th Engineer Battalion, subordinate to 130th Engineer Brigade / US Army Pacific
 23rd Chemical Battalion
 4th Airfield Operations Battalion, 58th Aviation Regiment
 2501st Digital Liaison Detachment - headquartered at Camp Yongin. The detachment deploys in support of First (Wonju) and Third (Yongin) Republic of Korea Armies (FROKA/TROKA) and the soon to be Combined Ground Component Command (CGCC) to provide continuous liaison capability between Eighth Army and the two ROK Field Army headquarters.
 2502nd Digital Liaison Detachment
 3rd Battlefield Coordination Detachment
 United States Army Corps of Engineers, Far East District

Other army units based in South Korea:
 403rd Army Field Support Brigade, Camp Henry, part of Army Sustainment Command
 Army Field Support Battalion - Korea
 Army Field Support Battalion - Northeast Asia
 837th Transportation Battalion, part of 599th Transportation Brigade / Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command

Specific units

8th Army Band

The 8th Army Band is the official musical unit of the HQ 8th Army and supports United States Forces Korea and the United Nations Command. The 62 member band was founded in 1916 as the Band of the 35th Infantry Regiment. During World War II, the band, then known as the 25th Infantry Division Band based out of Hawaii, served in the Pacific Theater, being a participant in Central Pacific and Guadalcanal campaigns. It was reorganized in November 1950 and reassigned to the newly formed ROK, the same year the Korean War began. Awards and honors the band has received include the Meritorious Unit Commendation and two Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations. Nicknamed Freedom's Ambassadors due to its area of responsibility, it has performed at events such as the Wonju Tattoo, the Gangwon International Tattoo as well as Korean War memorial ceremonies in the country. The Alliance Brass, an ensemble in the 8th Army Band, celebrated its 99th anniversary in Mongolia in June 2015 with a concert on Sükhbaatar Square.

Korean Service Corps
The Korean Service Corps was a reserve force composed of South Korean volunteers who were augmented to the 8th Army. They provided labourers who were used to carry ammunition and supplies, and support the overall logistic elements of the army. It is today, a paramilitary civilian formation that is battalion-sized. Continuing is role as a combat service support unit, it is capable of being expanded and mobilized during a wartime situation.

List of commanders

References

External links

 Eighth Army – Official Homepage
 GlobalSecurity: Eighth Army

008 Army
Military units of the United States Army in South Korea
Military units and formations established in 1944
USFldArmy0008

Eighth United States Army


Osječka knedla delikatesa je nastala od starog običaja iz vremena osmanske vladavine, a povezuje se s običajem poznatim kao Knedl sat.

Povijesni kontekst

Dana 14. kolovoza 1526. Osijek je, ulaskom osmanske vojske u grad, postao dijelom Osmanskog Carstva, pod čijom je vlašću ostao sljedeću 161 godinu, do 1687. Posljednji osmanski vojnik grad je napustio u petak, 29. rujna te godine, oko 11 sati. Kao podsjetnik na taj veliki događaj, od 18. stoljeća i izgradnje crkava, ustalio se neobičan običaj zvonjenja crkvenih zvona petkom u 11 sati.

S obzirom na to da je petak nemrsni dan, 1920-ih godina osječke su domaćice sa zvonjavom crkava u 11 sati običavale zakuhavati tjesteninu ili Mehlspeisen Glock, kako bi ručak bio na vrijeme gotov, oko podneva. Takva navika s vremenom je dobila ime Knedl sat, kako je i danas poznata, a ime je dobila po knedlama, koje su Osječanima bile omiljeno jelo, izrađeno od krumpirova tijesta.

Običaj je s vremenom bio pomalo zaboravljen, a oživljen je 2016., otkad se knedla ponovno pravi kao tradicionalno osječko jelo.

Priprema

Za pripremu knedli potrebno je:

 750 g krumpira
 150 g oštrog brašna
 150 g glatkog brašna
 1 jaje
 50 g šećera
 10 g soli
 2 velike žlice oraha
 2 velike žlice maka
 šljive
 krušne mrvice

Knedle je potrebno uvaljati u ispržene krušne mrvice, pomiješane s po dvije žlice maka i oraha.

Vanjske poveznice

 "Slasta": "Osječka knedla", Osijek031, 12. svibnja 2016.
 PETKOM NA "OSJEČKU KNEDLU" (13.05.)  TZ Osijek, 13. svibnja
 Dani vina, turizma i cikloturizma u Osijeku (07.05.) - HrTurizam.hr
 Nefreteta Z. Eberhard: Beč ima sachericu, Linz linzere, Samobor kremšnite - a Osijek?, Glas Slavonije, 11. veljače, 2014.
 Vesna Latinović: Ekstra djevičanska slavonska svinjska mast i osječka knedla osvajaju posjetitelje sajmova diljem Hrvatske, Glas Slavonije, 16. ožujka, 2016.
 Tag Osječka knedla  Osijeknews
 Radio Osijek/TM: Osječke knedle i Muzeji u loncu , Hrvatski radio - Radio Osijek, 3. ožujka 2016.
 Knedl sat u Osijeku, kanal TZ Osijeka na YouTubeu

Osijek
Slavonska kuhinja

Osječka knedla


is a town and peninsula located in Fujitsu District, Saga Prefecture, Japan. As of March 1, 2017, the town has an estimated population of 9,125.

Geography
Tara is bordered by Isahaya, Ōmura, Kashima and the Ariake Sea.  On a clear day, it is possible to see the mountains across the sea. Tara includes Mount Tara and Mount Kyoga, which are two of the highest mountains in Kyūshū and part of the Tara Mountains. Tara is composed of two traditional — and to a lesser extent, linguistic — sections, which were once independent towns: Tara (多良) and Ōura (大浦). Tara is located quite close to the Kashima Gatalympics, which takes place near Hizen-Iida station.

Ōura harbor is the main port of entry via sea.

Significant locations
Famous, tourist, and historic sites of note include:

Kinsenji (temple)
Once had influence on shrines throughout Kyūshū, though it is now literally a shell of its former glory (see legends below)

Takezaki Kanze Onji (temple)
Culturally one of the most influential areas in Tara (see festivals, below)

Tara Takezaki onsen
One of the few sources of tourism in modern times

Shirahama beach;
Small and littered with sharp shells, yet facilities exist and a sea-center is close by with recreational activities such as jet-skiing

Kenkou no Mori Park ("forest of health")
A fairly large park in the middle of the mountains

Camp Nakayama
Camping ground with cabins (open for a short period each year) and a trail to Mount Tara and other important areas in the Tara mountains

 and the Tara mountains
Mount Tara is one of the tallest mountains in Kyūshū.

Taller than mount Tara, making it the tallest in the prefecture.  If one is traveling by car, it is more readily accessible from Kashima or Ōmura, though a ridgeline exists between it and mount Tara that hikers often use.

Takezaki Castle Ruins
Degraded into not much more than a wall; its purpose was once to be a lookout for invasions from Nagasaki

Takezaki Castle Observatory
Re-creation of the original Takezaki Castle, this tall structure is at the edge of the peninsula overlooking the sea

Lighthouse Ruins
Reduced to a memorial stone

History
May 1, 1889 — the boundaries of the villages known as Tara, Ōura, and Nanaura were established.
February 11, 1955 — Tara and Ōura became one town, Tara-chō.
March 1, 1955 — a section of Nanaura was absorbed into Tara-chō.

History
Due to influence from Nagasaki, Christianity existed in the area, but after the results of the Shimabara Rebellion, most of the Christians were killed or went underground and became Kakure Kirishitans. The only evidence remaining is grave stones that are scattered throughout Tara.

Legends
Local legend has it that a force from the south once tried to invade Tara.  The villagers wore demon masks to scare the intruders, and won the skirmish.

Another local legend originating in the 9th century is that of a handsome warrior-monk,  Takeno Shintaro, whose looks so charmed the ladies that they sang a song whenever he came down from the mountains. The lyrics of the song ask for him to fall and break his leg so that he would have to stay among the women. Women could not go into the mountains at that time in history because of the mountains' sacred nature. The mountains themselves were worshiped as the realm of gods (at this time the local belief was that gods were another step along a buddha's progression), and the temple at Mount Tara, Kinsen-ji, had authority over more than 70 shrines in Kyūshū. However, under the Meiji restoration, the god-buddha connection became taboo and today Kinsen-ji lies in disrepair. During 1780, a song named "Zanza-bushi" spread through Japan. Saga people adapted the melody and used it to recreate the song "Takeno Shintaro-san".  The first two stanzas:

There is a legend about the origins of the Doro Mochi Tsuki festival (see festivals section below).  In the legend, set about 200 years ago, the village was poor.  On occasion of the village elder being away on a pilgrimage, the town's people all had the same dream. In the mysterious dream, an itinerant monk came to the village as they were discussing how to pray for rain and in hunger stole some mochi.  The villagers blamed him and killed him. Out of regret, they buried him.  Rain fell upon the place where he was buried.  The villagers believed the rain was due to the monk, and offered mochi to him, thus starting the traditional festival.

Festivals and religious occasions
There are many festivals in Tara, some with history spanning back hundreds of years.  These are listed below, in order of date.
January 2 - January 3, : A hadaka matsuri at Takezaki Kanzeon temple wherein men dressed in loincloths try to stop a man dressed as an oni, who carries a box.  The men then pull at the oni and shred the red kimono the oni wears. There is also a dance by boys in costumes.
January 8, : This matsuri is an archery event in the Ochiyōzu district in which the participants wield bows and arrows made out of green bamboo. Words like "east", "west", "south", "north" and "oni" are written on the targets. 33,333 arrows are said to be shot metaphorically, though the actual number is much less.  3 is a number that carries connotations of innocent omens in the festival, therefore the figure.
Mid January, : A children's festival at Takezaki Kanzeon temple in which they take round straw mats and pierce them with long spears.  Then they take the luck of the new year upon themselves and make wishes.
January 14, : A children's festival in which they go around carrying sticks with straw wrapped around the end.  They chant, "!", a ritual saying, as they strike the ground in unison.  This drives away bad luck and invites fortune.  This type of festival happens in other places in Japan.
April 1, : To honor their ancestors, people dress as white foxes and perform a synchronized dance.
Mid May, : A Buddhist ceremony in Takezaki Kanzeon temple and around the coast that appeases the force in charge of the catch and prays for a safe fishing season.  During the ceremony a monk travels along the coast, ringing gongs and beating drums, while chanting a sutra in honor of a bodhi ancestor that is interred at Takezaki Kanzeon temple. This ceremony is more than 400 years old.
End of July, beginning of August : At night the town gathers on Michikoshi beach and dances, O-bon-style, in a giant ring.  Many people wear yukata. There are also fireworks.  This is a relatively new festival, but arguably the biggest in Tara. Many events happen at the same time, and traditional matsuri stands are set up, allowing access to festival foods and games.
2nd Saturday and Sunday of September, : At Tara-dake Shrine and throughout Tara for a few weeks, people give thanks for (and for ensuring for the prosperity of another) a big harvest. People excitedly dance around in black outfits and wear oni masks.  They also carry drums and cymbals and beat taiko drums.  This is said to be the oldest of Tara's festivals and traditions.
September 22, : A muddy, mochi-pounding festival at Itoki Kabuta, in which men wearing fundoshi battle each other on a slippery mud field of red-clay while pounding mochi (see above for origins of this matsuri). The muddy mochi made in the event is then offered on a plate to a statue of Yakushi Nyorai.

Other events
January 4, : To celebrate the return of spring, runners from Tara and other places gather in front of Tara elementary school and run a marathon.
July 10: Shirahama beach officially opens
July 21: Camp Nakayama opens to the public.
End of July through the beginning of August, . Held in Tagori, kids come from all over Japan to have their pet beetles fight in little rings on the tops of logs.  The beetle that falls of the log loses.

Discontinued festivals and traditions
Some festivals have recently stopped being performed, or are rarely observed anymore.  Among them are: the cucumber festival, in which cucumbers were piled in hopes of blessings such as safety and babies, and the demon fires events, in which large bonfires were made.

Industry

Tara was once a thriving tourist destination, but as Japan's economy has slowed down, so has Tara's.  Most young people relocate to the larger cities when they become adults.  Tara is on a main railroad line and traversed by route 207 (see transportation below), and benefits somewhat from the tourism this brings.  As a result, many people in Tara are opposed to new train lines that would make commerce through Tara all but obsolete.  However planning has gone ahead, and Tara has received a payoff to compensate.

It is regionally famous for its crabs (of the wanigani variety), mikans, and oysters, the latter of which is in season during the winter.  During oyster (or kaki) season, it is common for people to come from surrounding prefectures and enjoy grilled kaki.  Many restaurants have special, bare-bones plastic and wood sections that are only open during this season.  Most of such business happens on the weekends, and this is also a good business time for the local farmer's market.

Other industry in Tara includes animal husbandry, especially chicken farms, and forestry.  But Tara's most profitable industry probably lies in the surrounding sea.  Besides fishing and marine life, Tara boasts thousands of nori collecting poles and nets.

Education
Tara has one prefectural highschool, Tara High School (佐賀県立太良高等学校), and two junior high schools.  There are also two elementary schools and scattered kindergartens.

Transportation
Most travelers come to Tara by National Route 207 or via the Nagasaki Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu.

Stations
Tara is serviced by the JR Kyushu railroad company.  It has two stations and one switchbox.
Nagasaki Main Line
Tara Station
Hizen-Ōura Station

Air
The closest airport is Saga Airport, followed by one in Nagasaki.  Most travelers go to Fukuoka Airport for travel abroad.

Roads
National Route 207 runs through the length of the town, and is the only road to Nagasaki Prefecture. The mountains are seeded with small roads, many of them one lane and unpaved.  A road leads from camp Nakayama towards Kashima and Ureshino.

Sea
While fishing is a huge industry, there is no known sea travel, nor are there ferries available.

Language
While standard Japanese is spoken and understood in the area, the locals also speak the local dialect, Saga-ben, which is further broken down into Tara-ben and Ōura-ben.  Some examples of speech include:
"dōgan", or the even older and more rustic "dōgyan"; approximately equivalent to standard Japanese's "dō" (how).
Extremely common words that end in "re" have "re" replaced by "i".  For instance, "kore" = "koi", "ore" = "oi" etc.
"Kyu kyan ba" means "I have to eat it today"
"Soigi ne" (in the Tara quarter) and "Aigi ne" (in Ōura) are the local equivalent to "ja ne", or in English "see you later". "Soigi" is generally substituted where standard Japanese's "ja" or "de wa" would be.

References

External links

 Tara official website
Exploring the Tara mountains A guide to various hiking and rock-climbing routes in the area.
 Guide to Tara Festivals
 Tara Event info

Towns in Saga Prefecture

Tara, Saga