Ann Thayer Crosset (født 16. marts 1954 i Cincinnati, Ohio USA), er dansk-amerikansk danser, koreograf og pædagog.

Hun er uddannet ved Julliard School of Performning Arts i New York 1976 og flyttede til Danmark i 1977. I 1980-89 grundlagde og drev hun sammen med Cher Geurtze et danseteater, fra 1985 kaldet Uppercut Danseteater. Sideløbende med sit virke som danser, var Ann Crosset kunstnerisk leder af Oure Danselinien 1993-1996 og i 1999-2003 det første medlem af Statens Teaterråd (nu Kunstrådet) med en kunstnerisk baggrund indenfor dans. I 2009 grundlagde Ann Crosset KOMPAGNI B ved Den Kongelige Ballet, som er et professionelt balletkompagni, der optræder for børn, med børn, i forestillinger skabt af børn.

Som danser er Ann Crosset mest kend for sin medvirken i Lars von Tries Dancer in the Dark.

Eksterne henvisninger

Kunstnere fra Danmark
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Personer fra Cincinnati

Ann Thayer Crosset


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The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known commonly as the whitetail and the Virginia deer, is a medium-sized species of deer native to North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia, where it predominately inhabits high mountain terrains of the Andes. It has also been introduced to New Zealand, all the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico), and some countries in Europe, such as the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Romania and Serbia. In the Americas, it is the most widely distributed wild ungulate.

In North America, the species is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains as well as in southwestern Arizona and most of Mexico, except Lower California. It is mostly displaced by the black-tailed or mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from that point west except for mixed deciduous riparian corridors, river valley bottomlands, and lower foothills of the northern Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming west to eastern Washington and eastern Oregon and north to northeastern British Columbia and southern Yukon, including in the Montana valley and foothill grasslands. The westernmost population of the species, known as the Columbian white-tailed deer, was once widespread in the mixed forests along the Willamette and Cowlitz River valleys of western Oregon and southwestern Washington, but current numbers are considerably reduced, and it is classified as near-threatened. This population is separated from other white-tailed deer populations.

Texas is home to the most white-tailed deer of any U.S. state or Canadian province, with an estimated population of 5.3 million. High populations of white-tailed deer exist in the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Illinois, Wisconsin, Maryland, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, and Indiana also boast high deer densities. The conversion of land adjacent to the Canadian Rockies to agriculture use and partial clear-cutting of coniferous trees, resulting in widespread deciduous vegetation, has been favorable to the white-tailed deer and has pushed its distribution to as far north as Yukon. Populations of deer around the Great Lakes have expanded their range northwards, also due to conversion of land to agricultural use, with local caribou, elk, and moose populations declining. White-tailed deer are crepuscular, meaning they are most active during the dawn and dusk hours.

Taxonomy

Some taxonomists have attempted to separate white-tailed deer into a host of subspecies, based largely on morphological differences. Genetic studies, however, suggest fewer subspecies within the animal's range, as compared to the 30 to 40 subspecies that some scientists have described in the last century. The Florida Key deer, O. v. clavium, and the Columbian white-tailed deer, O. v. leucurus, are both listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In the United States, the Virginia white-tail, O. v. virginianus, is among the most widespread subspecies. Several local deer populations, especially in the Southern United States, are descended from white-tailed deer transplanted from various localities east of the Continental Divide. Some of these deer populations may have been from as far north as the Great Lakes region to as far west as Texas, yet are also quite at home in the Appalachian and Piedmont regions of the south. These deer, over time, have intermixed with the local indigenous deer (O. v. virginianus and/or O. v. macrourus) populations.

Central and South America have a complex number of white-tailed deer subspecies that range from Guatemala to as far south as Peru. This list of subspecies of deer is more exhaustive than the list of North American subspecies, and the number of subspecies is also questionable. However, the white-tailed deer populations in these areas are difficult to study, due to overhunting in many parts and a lack of protection. Some areas no longer carry deer, so assessing the genetic difference of these animals is difficult.

Subspecies

There are 26 subspecies; seventeen of these occur in North America, ordered alphabetically. (Numbers in parentheses are range map locations.)

North and Central America
O. v. acapulcensis  (1)– (Southern coastal Mexico)
O. v. borealis  (2)– northern white-tailed deer (the largest and darkest of the white-tailed deer)
O. v. carminis  (4)– Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer (Texas-Mexico border)
O. v. chiriquensis  (5)– (Panama)
O. v. clavium  (6)– Key deer or Florida Keys white-tailed deer
O. v. couesi  (7)– Coues' white-tailed deer, Arizona white-tailed deer, or fantail deer
O. v. dacotensis  (9)– Dakota white-tailed deer or northern plains white-tailed deer (most northerly distribution, rivals the northern white-tailed deer in size)
O. v. hiltonensis  (12)– Hilton Head Island white-tailed deer
O. v. leucurus  (13)– Columbian white-tailed deer (Oregon and western coastal area)
O. v. macrourus  (14)– Kansas white-tailed deer
O. v. mcilhennyi  (15)– Avery Island white-tailed deer
O. v. mexicanus  (17)– (central Mexico)
O. v. miquihuanensis  (18)– (northern central Mexico)
O. v. nelsoni  (19)– (southern Mexico to Nicaragua)
O. v. nemoralis  (20)– Nicaraguan white-tailed deer (Gulf of Mexico to Suriname in South America; further restricted from Honduras to Panama)
O. v. nigribarbis  (21)– Blackbeard Island white-tailed deer
O. v. oaxacensis  (22)– (southern Mexico)
O. v. ochrourus  (23)– northwestern white-tailed deer or northern Rocky Mountains white-tailed deer
O. v. osceola  (24)– Florida coastal white-tailed deer
O. v. rothschildi  (26)– (Coiba Island, Panama)
O. v. seminolus  (27)– Florida white-tailed deer
O. v. sinaloae  (28)– (southern Mexico)
O. v. taurinsulae  (29)– Bulls Island white-tailed deer (Bulls Island, South Carolina)
O. v. texanus  (30)– Texas white-tailed deer
O. v. thomasi  (31)– (southern Mexico)
O. v. toltecu  (32)– (southern Mexico to El Salvador)
O. v. venatorius  (35)– Hunting Island white-tailed deer (Hunting Island, South Carolina)
O. v. veraecrucis (36)– (eastern coastal Mexico)
O. v. virginianus  (37)– Virginia white-tailed deer or southern white-tailed deer
O. v. yucatanesis (38)– (northern Yucatán, Mexico)

South America
O. v. cariacou  (3)– (French Guiana and northern Brazil)
O. v. curassavicus  (8)– (Curaçao)
O. v. goudotii  (10)– (Colombia (Andes) and western Venezuela)
O. v. gymnotis  (11)– South American white-tailed deer (northern half of Venezuela, including Venezuela's Llanos region)
O. v. margaritae  (16)– (Margarita Island)
O. v. nemoralis  (20)– Nicaraguan white-tailed deer (Gulf of Mexico to Suriname in South America; further restricted from Honduras to Panama)
O. v. peruvianus  (25)– South American white-tailed deer or Andean white-tailed deer (most southerly distribution in Peru and possibly Bolivia)
O. v. tropicalis  (33)– Peru and Ecuador (possibly Colombia)
O. v. ustus (34)– Ecuador (possibly southern Colombia and northern Peru)

Description

The white-tailed deer's coat is a reddish-brown in the spring and summer, and turns to a grey-brown throughout the fall and winter. The white-tailed deer can be recognized by the characteristic white underside to its tail. It raises its tail when it is alarmed to warn the predator that it has been detected.

An indication of a deer's age is the length of the snout and the color of the coat, with older deer tending to have longer snouts and grayer coats.

A population of white-tailed deer in New York is entirely white except for the nose and hooves – not albino – in color. The former Seneca Army Depot in Romulus, New York, has the largest known concentration of white deer. Strong conservation efforts have allowed white deer to thrive within the confines of the depot.

The white-tailed deer's horizontally slit pupil allows for good night vision and color vision during the day. Whitetails process visual images at a much more rapid rate than humans and are better at detecting motion in low-light conditions.

Size and weight

The white-tailed deer is highly variable in size, generally following both Allen's rule and Bergmann's rule that the average size is larger farther away from the equator. North American male deer (also known as a buck) usually weigh , but mature bucks over  have been recorded in the northernmost reaches of their native range, namely Minnesota, Ontario, and Manitoba. In 1926, Carl J. Lenander Jr. took a white-tailed buck near Tofte, Minnesota, that weighed  after it was field-dressed (internal organs and blood removed) and was estimated at  when alive. The female (doe) in North America usually weighs from . White-tailed deer from the tropics and the Florida Keys are markedly smaller-bodied than temperate populations, averaging , with an occasional adult female as small as . White-tailed deer from the Andes are larger than other tropical deer of this species and have thick, slightly woolly-looking fur. Length ranges from , including a tail of , and the shoulder height is . Including all races, the average summer weight of adult males is  and is  in adult females. It is among the largest deer species in North America, and the largest in South America.

Deer have dichromatic (two-color) vision with blue and yellow primaries; humans normally have trichromatic vision. Thus, deer poorly distinguish the oranges and reds that stand out so well to humans. This makes it very convenient to use deer-hunter orange as a safety color on caps and clothing to avoid accidental shootings during hunting seasons.

Antlers

Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism. Bucks without branching antlers are often termed "spikehorn", "spiked bucks", "spike bucks", or simply "spikes/spikers". The spikes can be quite long or very short. Length and branching of antlers are determined by nutrition, age, and genetics. Rack growth tends to be very important from late spring until about a month before velvet sheds. Healthy deer in some areas that are well-fed can have eight-point branching antlers as yearlings (1.5 years old). Although antler size typically increases with age, antler characteristics (e.g., number of points, length, or thickness of the antlers) are not good indicators of buck age, in general, because antler development is influenced by the local environment. The individual deer's nutritional needs for antler growth is dependent on the diet of the deer, particularly protein intake. Good antler-growth nutritional needs (calcium) and good genetics combine to produce wall trophies in some of their range. Spiked bucks are different from "button bucks" or "nubbin' bucks", that are male fawns and are generally about six to nine months of age during their first winter. They have skin-covered nobs on their heads. They can have bony protrusions up to a  in length, but that is very rare, and they are not the same as spikes.

Antlers begin to grow in late spring, covered with a highly vascularised tissue known as velvet. Bucks either have a typical or atypical antler arrangement. Typical antlers are symmetrical and the points grow straight up off the main beam. Atypical antlers are asymmetrical and the points may project at any angle from the main beam. These descriptions are not the only limitations for typical and atypical antler arrangement. The Boone and Crockett or Pope and Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to measure what proportion of the antlers is asymmetrical. Therefore, bucks with only slight asymmetry are scored as "typical". A buck's inside spread can be from . Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred, from late December to February.

Ecology
White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats. The largest deer occur in the temperate regions of North America. The northern white-tailed deer (O. v. borealis), Dakota white-tailed deer (O. v. dacotensis), and northwest white-tailed deer (O. v. ochrourus) are some of the largest animals, with large antlers. The smallest deer occur in the Florida Keys and in partially wooded lowlands in the Neotropics.

Although most often thought of as forest animals depending on relatively small openings and edges, white-tailed deer can equally adapt themselves to life in more open prairie, savanna woodlands, and sage communities as in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. These savanna-adapted deer have relatively large antlers in proportion to their body size and large tails. Also, a noticeable difference exists in size between male and female deer of the savannas. The Texas white-tailed deer (O. v. texanus), of the prairies and oak savannas of Texas and parts of Mexico, are the largest savanna-adapted deer in the Southwest, with impressive antlers that might rival deer found in Canada and the northern United States. Populations of Arizona (O. v. couesi) and Carmen Mountains (O. v. carminis) white-tailed deer inhabit montane mixed oak and pine woodland communities. The Arizona and Carmen Mountains deer are smaller, but may also have impressive antlers, considering their size. The white-tailed deer of the Llanos region of Colombia and Venezuela (O. v. apurensis and O. v. gymnotis) have antler dimensions similar to the Arizona white-tailed deer.

In some western regions of North America, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with those of the mule deer. White-tail incursions in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas have resulted in some hybrids. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also used by moose in some areas. White-tailed deer may occur in areas that are also exploited by elk (wapiti) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixed deciduous forest of eastern United States. In places such as Glacier National Park in Montana and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains (Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Canadian Rocky Mountains, as well as in the Yukon Territory (Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park), white-tailed deer are shy and more reclusive than the coexisting mule deer, elk, and moose.

Central American white-tailed deer prefer tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, seasonal mixed deciduous forests, savanna, and adjacent wetland habitats over dense tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. South American subspecies of white-tailed deer live in two types of environments. The first type, similar to the Central American deer, consists of savannas, dry deciduous forests, and riparian corridors that cover much of Venezuela and eastern Colombia. The other type is the higher elevation mountain grassland/mixed forest ecozones in the Andes Mountains, from Venezuela to Peru. The Andean white-tailed deer seem to retain gray coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes, whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the reddish brown coats. South American white-tailed deer, like those in Central America, also generally avoid dense moist broadleaf forests.

Since the second half of the 19th century, white-tailed deer have been introduced to Europe. A population in the Brdy area remains stable today. In 1935, white-tailed deer were introduced to Finland. The introduction was successful, and the deer have recently begun spreading through northern Scandinavia and southern Karelia, competing with, and sometimes displacing, native species. The 2020 population of some 109,000 deer originated from four animals provided by Finnish Americans from Minnesota.

Diet
White-tailed deer eat large amounts of food, commonly eating legumes and foraging on other plants, including shoots, leaves, cacti (in deserts), prairie forbs, and grasses. They also eat acorns, fruit, and corn. Their multi-chambered stomachs allow them to eat some foods humans cannot, such as mushrooms (even those that are toxic to humans) and poison ivy. Their diets vary by season according to the availability of food sources. They also eat hay, grass, white clover, and other foods they can find in a farmyard. Though almost entirely herbivorous, white-tailed deer have been known to opportunistically feed on nesting songbirds, field mice, and birds trapped in mist nets, if the need arises. When additional amounts of minerals such as calcium are needed in their diet, they can resort to osteophagy, chewing on bones of dead animals. A grown deer can eat around  of vegetable matter annually. A population of around  can start to destroy the forest environment in their foraging area.

Their diet consists mostly of woody shoots, stems, and leaves of woody plants as well as grasses, cultivated crops, nuts, berries, and wildflowers. The items they feed on are not generally abundant in mature forests and are mostly found at "edges". Edges are described as a "mosaic of vegetation types that create numerous interwoven 'edges' where their respective boundaries intersect" and provide optimum cover for browsers such as the white-tailed deer. White-tailed deer can easily thrive in suburban areas, as a combination of increased safety from some predators (including human hunting), high quality and abundance of foods in home gardens, city parks, open farmland, and other factors all create landscapes with an abundance of edge habitat.

The white-tailed deer is a ruminant, which means it has a four-chambered stomach. Each chamber has a different and specific function that allows the deer to eat a variety of different foods, digesting it at a later time in a safe area of cover. The stomach hosts a complex set of microbes that change as the deer's diet changes through the seasons. If the microbes necessary for digestion of a particular food (e.g., hay) are absent, it will not be digested. Utilizing foregut fermentation, the fermented ingesta (known as cud) is regurgitated and chewed again, to mix it with saliva and reduce the particle size. Smaller particle size allows for increased nutrient absorption and the saliva is important because it provides liquid for the microbial population, recirculates nitrogen and minerals, and acts as a buffer for the rumen pH.

Predators
There are several natural predators of white-tailed deer, with wolves, cougars, American alligators, jaguars (in the American southwest, Mexico, and Central and South America) and humans being the most effective natural predators. Aside from humans, these predators frequently pick out easily caught young or infirm deer (which is believed to improve the genetic stock of a population), but can and do take healthy adults of any size. Bobcats, Canada lynx, grizzly and American black bears, wolverines, and packs of coyotes usually prey mainly on fawns. Bears may sometimes attack adult deer, while lynxes, coyotes, and wolverines are most likely to take adult deer when the ungulates are weakened by harsh winter weather. Many scavengers rely on deer as carrion, including New World vultures, raptors, red and gray foxes, and corvids. Few wild predators can afford to be picky and any will readily consume deer as carrion. Records exist of American crows and common ravens attempting to prey on white-tailed deer fawns by pecking around their face and eyes, though no accounts of success are given. Occasionally, both golden and bald eagles may capture deer fawns with their talons. In one case, a golden eagle was filmed in Illinois unsuccessfully trying to prey on a large mature white-tailed deer.

White-tailed deer typically respond to the presence of potential predators by breathing very heavily (also called blowing) and fleeing. When they blow, the sound alerts other deer in the area. As they run, the flash of their white tails warns other deer. This especially serves to warn fawns when their mother is alarmed. Most natural predators of white-tailed deer hunt by ambush, although canids may engage in an extended chase, hoping to exhaust the prey. Felids typically try to suffocate the deer by biting the throat. Cougars and jaguars will initially knock the deer off balance with their powerful forelegs, whereas the smaller bobcats and lynxes will jump astride the deer to deliver a killing bite. In the case of canids and wolverines, the predators bite at the limbs and flanks, hobbling the deer, until they can reach vital organs and kill it through loss of blood. Bears, which usually target fawns, often simply knock down the prey and then start eating it while it is still alive. Alligators snatch deer as they try to drink from or cross bodies of water, grabbing them with their powerful jaws and dragging them into the water to drown.

Most primary natural predators of white-tailed deer have been essentially extirpated in eastern North America, with a very small number of reintroduced critically endangered red wolves, around North Carolina and a small remnant population of Florida panthers, a subspecies of the cougar. Gray wolves, the leading cause of deer mortality where they overlap, co-occur with whitetails in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and most of Canada. This almost certainly plays a role in the overpopulation issues with this species. Coyotes, widespread and with a rapidly expanding population, are often the only major nonhuman predator of the species in the Eastern U.S., besides an occasional domestic dog. In some areas, American black bears are also significant predators. In north-central Pennsylvania, black bears were found to be nearly as common predators of fawns as coyotes. Bobcats, still fairly widespread, usually only exploit deer as prey when smaller prey is scarce. Discussions have occurred regarding the possible reintroduction of gray wolves and cougars to sections of the eastern United States, largely because of the apparent controlling effect they have through deer predation on local ecosystems, as has been illustrated in the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and their controlling effect on previously overpopulated elk. However, due to the heavy urban development in much of the Eastern U.S., and fear for livestock and human lives, such ideas have ultimately been rejected by local communities and/or by government services and have not been carried through.

In areas where they are heavily hunted by humans, deer run almost immediately from people and are quite wary even where not heavily hunted.

White-tailed deer can run faster than their predators and have been recorded sprinting at speeds of  per hour and sustaining speeds of  per hour over distances of ; this ranks them amongst the fastest of all deer, alongside the Eurasian roe deer. They can also jump  high and up to  forward. When shot at, a white-tailed deer will run at high speeds with its tail down. If frightened, the deer will hop in a zig-zag with its tail straight up. If the deer feels extremely threatened, however, it may choose to attack, charging the person or predator posing the threat, using its antlers or, if none are present, its head to fight off its target.

Forest alteration
In certain parts of eastern North America, high deer densities have caused large reductions in plant biomass, including the density and heights of certain forest wildflowers, tree seedlings, and shrubs. Although they can be seen as a nuisance species, white-tailed deer also play an important role in biodiversity. At the same time, increases in browse-tolerant grasses and sedges and unpalatable ferns have often accompanied intensive deer herbivory. Changes to the structure of forest understories have, in turn, altered the composition and abundance of forest bird communities in some areas. In regions of intermediate density, deer activity has also been shown to increase herbaceous plant diversity, particularly in disturbed areas, by reducing competitively dominant plants; and to increase the growth rates of important canopy trees, perhaps by increased nutrient inputs into the soil.

In northeastern hardwood forests, high-density deer populations affect plant succession, particularly following clear-cuts and patch cuts. In succession without deer, annual herbs and woody plants are followed by commercially valuable, shade-tolerant oak and maple. The shade-tolerant trees prevent the invasion of less commercial cherry and American beech, which are stronger nutrient competitors, but not as shade tolerant. Although deer eat shade-tolerant plants and acorns, this is not the only way deer can shift the balance in favor of nutrient competitors. Deer consuming earlier-succession plants allows in enough light for nutrient competitors to invade. Since slow-growing oaks need several decades to develop root systems sufficient to compete with faster-growing species, removal of the canopy prior to that point amplifies the effect of deer on succession. High-density deer populations possibly could browse eastern hemlock seedlings out of existence in northern hardwood forests; however, this scenario seems unlikely, given that deer browsing is not considered the critical factor preventing hemlock re-establishment at large scales.

Ecologists have also expressed concern over the facilitative effect high deer populations have on invasions of exotic plant species. In a study of eastern hemlock forests, browsing by white-tailed deer caused populations of three exotic plants to rise faster than they do in the areas which are absent of deer. Seedlings of the three invading species rose exponentially with deer density, while the most common native species fell exponentially with deer density, because deer were preferentially eating the native species. The effects of deer on the invasive and native plants were magnified in cases of canopy disturbance.

Population and controls
The white-tailed deer population in North America has declined by several million since 2000, but as of 2017 is considered healthy and is approximately equal to the historical pre-colonization white-tailed population on the continent. The species has rebounded considerably after being overhunted nearly to extinction in the late 1800s and very early 1900s. By contrast, the species' closest cousins (blacktail deer and mule deer) have seen their populations cut by more than half in North America after peaking in 1960 and have never regained their pre-colonization numbers. In the 21st century, the loss of natural predators has been more than offset by the ongoing loss of natural habitat to human development, and changes to logging operations.

Several methods have been developed to curb the population of white-tailed deer in suburban areas where they are perceived as overabundant, and these can be separated into lethal and nonlethal strategies. Most common in the U.S. is the use of extended hunting as population control, as well as a way to provide meat for humans. In Maryland and many other states, a state agency sets regulations on bag limits and hunting in the area depending on the deer population levels assessed. Hunting seasons may fluctuate in duration, or restrictions may be set to affect how many deer or what type of deer can be hunted in certain regions. For the 2015–2016 white-tailed deer-hunting season, some areas allowed only the hunting of antlerless white-tailed deer. These included young bucks and females, encouraging the culling of does which would otherwise contribute to increasing populations via offspring production.

A more targeted yet more expensive removal strategy than public hunting is a method referred to as sharpshooting. Sharpshooting can be an option when the area inhabited by the deer is unfit for public hunting. This strategy may work in areas close to human populations, since it is done by professional marksmen, and requires a submitted plan of action to the city with details of the time and location of the action, as well as number of deer to be culled. Another controversial method involves trapping the deer in a net or other trap, and then administering a chemical euthanizing agent or extermination by firearm. A main issue in questioning the humaneness of this method is the stress that the deer endure while trapped and awaiting extermination.

Nonlethal methods include contraceptive injections, sterilization, and translocation of deer. While lethal methods have municipal support as being the most effective in the short term, some opponents of this view suggest that extermination has no significant impact on deer populations. Opponents of contraceptive methods point out that fertility control cannot provide meat and proves ineffective over time as populations in open-field systems move about. Concerns are voiced that the contraceptives have not been adequately researched for the effect they could have on humans. Fertility control also does nothing to affect the current population and the effects their grazing may be having on the forest plant make-up.

Translocation has been considered overly costly for the little benefit it provides. Deer experience high stress and are at high risk of dying in the process, putting into question its humaneness. Another concern regarding translocation is the possible spreading of chronic wasting disease to unaffected deer populations and concerns about exposure to human populations.

In addition to the danger of deer-vehicle collisions the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported that the estimated loss in field crops, nuts, fruits, and vegetables in 2001 was near $765 million.

Behavior

Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females. Sparring among males determines a dominance hierarchy. Bucks attempt to copulate with as many females as possible, losing physical condition, since they rarely eat or rest during the rut. The general geographical trend is for the rut to be shorter in duration at increased latitude. Many factors determine how intense the "rutting season" will be; air temperature is a major one. Any time the temperature rises above , the males do much less traveling looking for females, else they will be subject to overheating or dehydrating. Another factor for the strength of rutting activity is competition. If numerous males are in a particular area, then they compete more with the females. If fewer males or more females are present, then the selection process will not need to be as competitive.

Reproduction

Females enter estrus, colloquially called the rut, in the autumn, normally in late October or early November, triggered mainly by the declining photoperiod. Sexual maturation of females depends on population density, as well as the availability of food. Young females often flee from an area heavily populated with males. Some does may be as young as six months when they reach sexual maturity, but the average age of maturity is 18 months. Copulation consists of a brief copulatory jump.

Females give birth to one to three spotted young, known as fawns, in mid-to-late spring, generally in May or June. Fawns lose their spots during the first summer and weigh from  by the first winter. Male fawns tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females. For the first four weeks, fawns are hidden in vegetation by their mothers, who nurse them four to five times a day. This strategy keeps scent levels low to avoid predators. After about a month, the fawns are then able to follow their mothers on foraging trips. They are usually weaned after 8–10 weeks, but cases have been seen where mothers have continued to allow nursing long after the fawns have lost their spots (for several months, or until the end of fall) as seen by rehabilitators and other studies. Males leave their mothers after a year and females leave after two.

Bucks are generally sexually mature at 1.5 years old and begin to breed even in populations stacked with older bucks.

Communication

White-tailed deer have many forms of communication involving sounds, scent, body language, and marking. In addition to the blowing as mentioned above in the presence of danger, all white-tailed deer can produce audible noises unique to each animal. Fawns release a high-pitched squeal, known as a bleat, to call out to their mothers. This bleat deepens as the fawn grows until it becomes the grunt of the mature deer, a guttural sound that attracts the attention of any other deer in the area. A doe makes maternal grunts when searching for her bedded fawns. Bucks also grunt, at a pitch lower than that of the doe; this grunt deepens as the buck matures. In addition to grunting, both does and bucks also snort, a sound that often signals an imminent threat. Mature bucks also produce a grunt-snort-wheeze pattern, unique to each animal, that asserts its dominance, aggression, and hostility. Another way white-tailed deer communicate is through the use of their white tail. When spooked, it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the immediate area.

Marking
White-tailed deer possess many glands that allow them to produce scents, some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose. Four major glands are the preorbital, forehead, tarsal, and metatarsal glands. Secretions from the preorbital glands (in front of the eye) were thought to be rubbed on tree branches, but research suggests this is not so. Scent from the forehead or sudoriferous glands (found on the head, between the antlers and eyes) is used to deposit scent on branches that overhang "scrapes" (areas scraped by the deer's front hooves before rub-urination). The tarsal glands are found on the upper inside of the hock (middle joint) on each hind leg. The scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk through and rub against vegetation. These scrapes are used by bucks as a sort of "sign-post" by which bucks know which other bucks are in the area, and to let does know a buck is regularly passing through the area—for breeding purposes. The scent from the metatarsal glands, found on the outside of each hind leg, between the ankle and hooves, may be used as an alarm scent. The scent from the interdigital glands, which are located between the hooves of each foot, emit a yellow waxy substance with an offensive odor. Deer can be seen stomping their hooves if they sense danger through sight, sound, or smell; this action leaves an excessive amount of odor for warning other deer of possible danger.

Throughout the year, deer rub-urinate, a process during which a deer squats while urinating so the urine will run down the insides of the deer's legs, over the tarsal glands, and onto the hair covering these glands. Bucks rub-urinate more frequently during the breeding season. Secretions from the tarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong-smelling odor. During the breeding season, does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks a doe is in heat and able to breed. Bucks also rub trees and shrubs with their antlers and heads during the breeding season, possibly transferring scent from the forehead glands to the tree, leaving a scent other deer can detect.

Sign-post marking (scrapes and rubs) is a very obvious way white-tailed deer communicate. Although bucks do most of the marking, does visit these locations often. To make a rub, a buck uses his antlers to strip the bark off small-diameter trees, helping to mark his territory and polish his antlers. To mark areas they regularly pass through, bucks make scrapes. Often occurring in patterns known as scrape lines, scrapes are areas where a buck has used his front hooves to expose bare earth. They often rub-urinate into these scrapes, which are often found under twigs that have been marked with scent from the forehead glands.

Hunting
White-tailed deer have long been hunted as game, for pure sport and for their commodities, and is probably the most hunted native big game species in the Americas. In Mesoamerica, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were hunted from very early times. Rites and rituals in preparation for deer hunting and celebration for an auspicious hunt are still practiced in the area today. Ancient hunters ask their gods for permission to hunt, and some deer rites take place in caves.

Venison, or deer meat, is a nutritious form of lean animal protein. In some areas where their populations are very high, white-tailed deer are considered a pest, and hunting is used as a method to control them.

In 1884, one of the first hunts of white-tailed deer in Europe was conducted in Opočno and Dobříš (Brdy Mountains area), in what is now the Czech Republic. In the same era, white-tailed deer were hunted to near extinction in North America, but numbers have since rebounded to approximate pre-colonization levels. In the United States, whitetail hunting is far more popular in some states than others. The top five states for whitetail hunter concentrations are all in the Northeast and Midwest (Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, New York, Wisconsin, and Ohio). The Northeast in particular has twice the hunter density of the Midwest and Southeast and ten times that of the West.

Since whitetail deer is very adaptable, inhabiting diverse regions ranging from tropical rain forests to high-altitude mountain chains of the Andes Mountains at more than 13,000 feet, different hunting methods as well as types of guns and ammo may be used. Most common cartridges used include the .243 Winchester, .308 Winchester, .25-06 Remington, .270 Winchester, 7mm Remington Magnum, .30-06 Springfield, .300 Winchester Magnum and 12 gauge shotshells. Due to the whitetail deer's frame and weight, cup and core bullets are the most recommended for taking clean, ethical shots.

Sport hunting for whitetail deer is a way of conservation of natural habitats as well as a population management.

Human interactions

By the early 20th century, commercial exploitation and unregulated hunting had severely depressed deer populations in much of their range. For example, by about 1930, the U.S. population was thought to number about 300,000. After an outcry by hunters and conservation ecologists, commercial exploitation of deer became illegal and conservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced. In 2005, estimates put the deer population in the United States at around 30 million. Conservation practices have proved so successful, in parts of their range, the white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their cultural carrying capacity and the animal may be considered a nuisance. A reduction in non-human predators (which normally cull young, sick, or infirm specimens) has undoubtedly contributed to locally abundant populations.

At high population densities, farmers can suffer economic damage by deer feeding on cash crops, especially in corn and orchards. It has become nearly impossible to grow some crops in some areas unless very burdensome deer-deterring measures are taken. Deer are excellent fence-jumpers, and their fear of motion and sounds meant to scare them away is soon dulled. Timber harvesting and forest clearance have historically resulted in increased deer population densities, which in turn have slowed the rate of reforestation following logging in some areas. High densities of deer can have severe impacts on native plants and animals in parks and natural areas; however, deer browsing can also promote plant and animal diversity in some areas. Deer can also cause substantial damage to landscape plants in suburban areas, leading to limited hunting or trapping to relocate or sterilize them. In parts of the Eastern US with high deer populations and fragmented woodlands, deer often wander into suburban and urban habitats that are less than ideal for the species.

Farming

In New Zealand, the United States, and Canada, white-tailed deer are kept as livestock, and are extensively as well as intensively farmed for their meat, antlers, and pelts. The industry for farming white-tailed deer has grown significantly in the past two decades. In recent years, sales of white-tailed deer has generated up to $44 million in revenue. They are a good business venture because they have a high fertility rate and long reproductive life, can tolerate all weather, can be raised on land that is not suitable for agriculture and offer many by-products that can be sold. The North-American white-tail deer industry is split between breeding farms and hunting ranches. While some people care about the by-products produced by the deer, some people just care for the pursuit of a hunt. In the United States alone, around 13-14 million hunting licenses are sold every year. This could be a very profitable industry, especially considering the invasiveness of this species and the rate they have shown they are able to reproduce. However, this industry could have great repercussions on the ecosystem the farms are placed in because overpopulation of deer causes damage to local fauna.

Deer–vehicle collisions

Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal's range, especially at night and during rutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans. Vehicular damage can be substantial in some cases. In the United States, such collisions increased from 200,000 in 1980 to 500,000 in 1991. By 2009, the insurance industry estimated 2.4 million deer–vehicle collisions had occurred over the past two years, estimating damage cost to be over 7 billion dollars and 300 human deaths. Despite the alarming high rate of these accidents, the effect on deer density is still quite low. Vehicle collisions of deer were monitored for two years in Virginia, and the collective annual mortality did not surpass 20% of the estimated deer population.

Many techniques have been investigated to prevent roadside mortality. Fences or road under- or over- passes have been shown to decrease deer-vehicle collisions, but are expensive and difficult to implement on a large scale. Roadside habitat modifications could also successfully decrease the number of collisions along roadways. An essential procedure in understanding factors resulting in accidents is to quantify risks, which involves the driver's behavior in terms of safe speed and ability to observe the deer. Some have suggested that reducing speed limits during the winter months when deer density is exceptionally high would likely reduce deer-vehicle collisions, but this may be an impractical solution.

Diseases
Another issue that exists with high deer density is the spreading of infectious diseases. Increased deer populations lead to increased transmission of tick-borne diseases, which pose a threat to human health, to livestock, and to other deer. Deer are the primary host and vector for the adult black-legged tick, which transmits the Lyme disease bacterium to humans. Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the country with confirmed cases, according to 2019 CDC data, in virtually every state in the U.S. with the highest incidence levels in the states from Maine to Virginia, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. In 2019 the number of confirmed and probable cases totaled about 35,000. Furthermore, the incidence of Lyme disease seems to reflect deer density in the eastern United States, which suggests a strong correlation. White-tailed deer also serve as intermediate hosts for many diseases that infect humans through ticks, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Newer evidence suggests the white-footed mouse is the most significant vector.

SARS-CoV-2

Blood samples gathered by USDA researchers in 2021 also showed that 40% of sampled white-tailed deer demonstrated evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with the highest percentages in Michigan, at 67%, and Pennsylvania, at 44%. A later study by Penn State University and wildlife officials in Iowa showed that up to 80 percent of Iowa deer sampled from April 2020 through January 2021 had tested positive for active SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than solely antibodies from prior infection. This data, confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, alerted scientists to the possibility that white-tailed deer had become a natural reservoir for the coronavirus, serving as a potential "variant factory" for eventual retransmission back into humans. An Ohio State University study further showed that humans had transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to white-tailed deer on at least six separate occasions and that deer possessed six mutations that were uncommon in humans at the time of the study. Infected deer can shed virus via nasal secretions and feces for five to six days and frequently engage in activities conductive to viral spread, such as sniffing food intermingled with waste, nuzzling noses, polygamy, and the sharing of salt licks. Canadian researchers uncovered an entirely new SARS-CoV-2 variant within a November–December 2021 study of Ontario white-tailed deer. The new COVID variant had also infected a person who had close contact with local deer, potentially marking the first instance of deer-to-human transmission.

Cultural significance

In the U.S., the species is the state animal of Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, the game animal of Oklahoma, and the wildlife symbol of Wisconsin. The white-tailed deer is also the inspiration of the professional basketball team the Milwaukee Bucks. The profile of a white-tailed deer buck caps the coat of arms of Vermont and can be seen in the flag of Vermont and in stained glass at the Vermont State House. It is the national animal of Honduras and Costa Rica and the provincial animal of Canadian Saskatchewan and Finnish Pirkanmaa. It appears on the reverse side of the Costa Rican 1,000 colón note. The 1942 Disney film adaptation of Bambi, famously changed Bambi's species from the novel's roe deer into a white-tailed deer.

Climate change

Migration patterns
Climate change is affecting the white-tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size. This species of deer is restricted from moving northward due to cold harsh winters. Consequently, as climate change warms up Earth, these deer are allowed to migrate further north which will result in the populations of the white-tailed deer increasing. Between 1980 and 2000 in a study by Dawe and Boutin, presence of white-tailed deer in Alberta, Canada was driven primarily by changes in the climate. Populations of white-tailed deer have also moved anywhere from 50 to 250 km north of the eastern Alberta study site. Another study by Kennedy-Slaney, Bowman, Walpole, and Pond found that if current CO2 emissions remained the same, global warming resulting from the increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will allow white-tailed deer to survive further and further north by 2100.

Food web
When species are introduced to foreign ecosystems, they could potentially wreak havoc on the existing food web. For example, when the deer moved north in Alberta, gray wolf populations increased. This butterfly effect was also demonstrated in Yellowstone National Park when the rivers changed because wolves were re-introduced to the ecosystem. It is also possible that the increasing white-tailed deer populations could result in them becoming an invasive species for various plants in Alberta, Canada.

Disease
However, there are also negative effects resulting from climate change. The species is vulnerable to diseases that are more prevalent in the summer. Insects carrying these diseases are usually killed during the first snowfall. However, as time goes on, they will be able to live longer than they used to meaning the deer are at higher risk of getting sick. It is possible that this will increase the deers' mortality rate from disease. Examples of these diseases are hemorrhagic disease (HD), epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses, which are transmitted by biting midges. The hotter summers, longer droughts, and more intense rains create the perfect environment for the midges to thrive in. Ticks also thrive in warmer weather heat results in faster development in all of their life stages. 18 different species of tick infest white-tailed deer in the United States alone. Ticks are parasitic to white-tailed deer transmit diseases causing irritation, anemia, and infections.

See also

 Deer hunting
 Artiodactyla (list)
 James Jordan Buck
 Hole in the Horn Buck

References

Further reading

 Geist, Valerius (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology, Stackpole Books,
 Michels, T.R. (2007). The Whitetail Addicts Manual, Creative Publishing,

External links

 White-tailed Deer, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
 Video of White-tailed/Coues Deer, Arizona Game & Fish
 Natureworks, New Hampshire Public TV
 White-tailed deer, Hinterlands Who's Who
 Smithsonian Wild: Odocoileus virginianus

Odocoileus
Deer, White-tailed
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)
Symbols of Michigan
Symbols of Mississippi
Mammals described in 1780
Articles containing video clips
Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann
Symbols of Illinois
Symbols of Arkansas
Symbols of Pennsylvania
Symbols of South Carolina
Symbols of New Hampshire
Symbols of Nebraska
Symbols of Ohio
Symbols of Oklahoma
Symbols of Wisconsin
Provincial symbols of Saskatchewan
National symbols of Costa Rica
National symbols of Honduras

White-tailed deer


Der Autobahnring von Changsha (), chin. Abk. G04 01, ist ein lokaler halbkreisförmiger Autobahnring um die Stadt Changsha in der Provinz Hunan. Er weist eine Länge von 98 km auf und verläuft nördlich, westlich und südlich von Changsha. Im Osten der Stadt verläuft die Autobahn G4. Ferner kreuzt ihn die regionale Autobahn G5513.

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in Hunan
Changsha
Changsha

Autobahnring Changsha


An Comanthera vernonioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni L.R.Parra och Ana Maria Giulietti. An Comanthera vernonioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Comanthera, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. v. confusa
 C. v. melanolepis
 C. v. minor
 C. v. vernonioides

Mga kasarigan

Comanthera

Comanthera vernonioides


FC Zürich Frauen er en fodboldklub for kvinder fra Zürich, Schweiz. Klubbens førstehold har spillet i Schweiz' nationalliga siden dets etablering i 1970. Holdet har vundet mesterskabet 20 gange og pokalturneringen 12 gange.

Titler

Officielle
 Schweiziske mestre Nationalliga A:
 som SV Seebach Zürich: 12 (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1998)
 som FFC Zürich Seebach: 1 (2008)
 som FC Zürich Frauen: 11 (2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023)
 Swiss Women's Cup vinder:
 som SV Seebach Zürich: 7 (1981, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993)
 som FFC Zürich Seebach: 1 (2007)
 som FC Zürich Frauen: 6 (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019)

Pr. invitation
 Menton Tournament: 1 (1990)

Aktuel trup
Pr. 4. marts 2017, ifølge klubbens hjemmeside.

Referencer

Kvindefodboldklubber
Fodboldklubber i Schweiz
Sport i Zürich

FC Zürich Frauen


برشوم الصغرى إحدى قرى مركز طوخ التابع لمحافظة القليوبية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان برشوم الصغرى 3,136 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة القليوبية

مصادر

قرى طوخ

برشوم الصغرى


Mit Wurzeln, die bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zurückreichen, entwickelte sich die Landmaschinenfabrik Hermann Raussendorf in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren zu einem der großen Landmaschinenhersteller in Deutschland, der sich vor allem bei stationären Strohpressen und Dreschmaschinen-Kombinationen einen Namen gemacht hatte.

Geschichte
Ursprung der Firma ist die 1856 von Friedrich August Raussendorf in Klein-Boblitz bei Bautzen eröffnete Werkstatt zur Reparatur von Landmaschinen. Später wurden in dieser Firma Häcksel- und Einbaudreschmaschinen hergestellt. 1876 entstand die erste fahrbare Dreschmaschine.

Sohn August Raussendorf gründete 1888 eine Tischlerei in Klein-Boblitz, inzwischen ein Ortsteil von Mönchswalde. In der Tischlerei stellte er zunächst die Holzgestelle für die Einbaudreschmaschinen der väterlichen Firma her, die zwischenzeitlich sein Bruder Johann Raussendorf übernommen hatte. Später kamen weitere Produkte und Partner hinzu. Nach abgeschlossener Ausbildung als Tischler stieg 1907 sein Sohn Hermann Raussendorf in der Firma ein und befasste sich mit der Entwicklung von Strohpressen als Ergänzung der Einbaudreschmaschinen.

1911 kamen die ersten Selbstbindepressen auf den Markt. 1914 waren bereits 1000 Stück produziert. Die Firma hatte zu diesem Zeitpunkt etwa 40 Beschäftigte. In den Kriegsjahren kamen die Aktivitäten der Firma fast vollständig zum Erliegen, so dass 1919 praktisch eine Neugründung durch Hermann Raussendorf erfolgte.

Die Strohpressen wurden zum Schwerpunkt des Unternehmens, das in den Folgejahren stark expandierte. Da die Möglichkeiten in Klein-Boblitz beschränkt waren, übernahm Hermann Raussendorf 1926 die Immobilien einer ehemaligen Papierfabrik im nahe gelegenen Singwitz und siedelte 1927 an diesen neuen Standort um. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte das Unternehmen 160 Beschäftigte. Die 10.000. Strohpresse wurde 1928 bereits in Singwitz produziert.

Das Pressensortiment wurde erweitert und durch Dreschmaschinen ergänzt. Dieses Programm hatte Raussendorf Ende 1933 von einer norddeutschen Dreschmaschinenfabrik "Erntesegen" übernommen, die nach Werdau/Sa. umgesiedelt war.

1934 wurde mit etwa 300 Beschäftigten die 25.000. Strohpresse produziert. Auf der Grundlage der Innovationen bei den Strohpressen und Dreschmaschinen konnte die Firma ihre Marktpositionen sehr stark ausbauen. 1935 kam der erste "Kombinus" als Kombination von Dreschmaschine und Strohpresse in Stahlausführung auf den Markt. Das kleinste Modell dieser neuen Produktlinie erhält 1936 auf der Ausstellung in Frankfurt am Main eine Auszeichnung. Ende der 1930er Jahre verließen mit etwa 700 Beschäftigten jährlich bis zu 1.000 Dreschmaschinen und bis zu 6000 Strohpressen das Werk. Die Firma Raussendorf war in dieser Zeit mit etwa 50 % am Strohpressenexport von Deutschland beteiligt. Bis 1939 wurden etwa 45.000 Strohpressen produziert.

In den Kriegsjahren war das Unternehmen auch in der Rüstungsproduktion tätig, der Schwerpunkt blieb jedoch die Landmaschinenproduktion. 1946 erfolgte die Demontage des Betriebes. Die Reste kamen unter Treuhandverwaltung. Unter dem Namen Kombinus Dreschmaschinenbau Singwitz wurde daraus 1948 ein Volkseigener Betrieb mit dem traditionellen Produktionsprogramm. Der Betrieb wurde Bestandteil der  Vereinigung Volkseigener Betriebe Land-, Bau- und Holzbearbeitungsmaschinen und gehörte 1951 zu den Gründungsmitgliedern des in Neustadt in Sachsen ansässigen Kombinates Fortschritt Landmaschinen. In diesem wurde das Werk mit der Landmaschinenfabrik Bischofswerda (vormals Knauthe) zum Mähdrescherwerk Bischofswerda/Singwitz vereinigt.

Erzeugnisse
Haupterzeugnisse in den 1930er Jahren waren:
 Stationäre Strohpressen (Bauart mit Fallschwingkolben) in verschiedenen Baugrößen und Varianten mit Preßkanalbreiten von 800 mm bis 1500 mm und Strohdurchsätzen von 900 bis 5000 kg/Stunde
 Dreschmaschinen, die vorzugsweise als Kombination mit entsprechenden Strohpressen geliefert wurden, in Holz- und Stahlbauweise (jeweils mehrere Baugrößen). Mit Dreschkanalbreiten von 1700 mm und 1800 mm und Dreschtrommeldurchmessern im Bereich von 380 bis 530 mm lagen die Korndurchsätze im Bereich von 700 bis 2000 kg/Stunde.

Dazu kamen Köpfschlitten für das Pommritzer Zuckerrübenernteverfahren, der "Pommritzer Bauernkran" für die Stallwirtschaft und Hackmaschinen.

Literatur

Weblinks

 http://www.mdw-singwitz.de/geschichte.html
 http://www.raussendorf.de/firmengeschichte.html
 http://www.helo-obergurig.de

Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Landkreis Bautzen)
Ehemaliger Landmaschinenhersteller
Fortschritt Landmaschinen
Obergurig
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Landkreis Bautzen)

Landmaschinenfabrik Hermann Raussendorf


Le Shamā'il Muhammadiyyah ("Les qualités sublimes de Muhammad"), souvent appelé Shamā'il al-Tirmidhi ou simplement Shamā'il, est une collection de hadiths compilés par le savant Tirmidhi du IXe siècle concernant les détails complexes de la vie du prophète islamique Mahomet, y compris son apparence, ses biens, ses manières et bien plus encore. Le livre contient 399 récits des successeurs de Mahomet qui sont divisés en 56 chapitres.

Les plus connus et acceptés de ces hadiths sont attribués à Ali, cousin et gendre de Mahomet. Une autre description bien connue est attribuée à une femme nommée Umm Ma'bad. D'autres descriptions sont attribuées à Aisha, `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas, Abu Hurairah et Hasan ibn Ali. Alors que shama'il énumère les caractéristiques physiques et spirituelles de Mahomet en prose simple, dans hilye, celles-ci sont écrites dans un style littéraire. Parmi les autres textes descriptifs de Shama'il figurent le Dala'il al-Nubuwwah d'Al-Bayhaqi, le Tarih-i Isfahan d'Abu Naeem Isfahani, Al-Wafa bi Fadha'il al-Mustafa d'Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi et Al-Shifa de Qadi Ayyad sont les principaux livres shemaa-il et hilya.

Contenu des descriptions
La description de Muhammad par Ali, selon Tirmidhi, est la suivante :
[Il est rapporté] de 'Ali (que Dieu soit satisfait de lui) que lorsqu'il a décrit les attributs du Prophète (que les bénédictions de Dieu et la paix soient sur lui), il a dit : « Il n'était pas trop grand et n'était pas il était trop petit, il était de taille moyenne parmi la nation. Ses cheveux n'étaient pas courts et bouclés, ils n'étaient pas non plus longs, ils pendaient en vagues. Son visage n'était pas trop dodu, ni charnu, mais il était quelque peu circulaire . Son teint était blanc rosé. Ses yeux étaient grands et noirs, et ses cils étaient longs. Il avait une ossature large et des épaules larges. Son torse était glabre à l'exception d'une fine ligne qui s'étendait de sa poitrine jusqu'à son ventre. Ses mains et ses pieds étaient plutôt grands. Lorsqu'il marchait, il se penchait en avant comme s'il descendait une pente. Lorsqu'il regardait quelqu'un, il tournait tout son corps vers lui. Entre ses deux épaules se trouvait le sceau de la prophétie, et il était le dernier des les prophètes.
La description attribuée à Umm Ma'bad est la suivante :
J'ai vu un homme pur et propre, avec un beau visage et une belle silhouette. Il n'était pas gâché par un corps maigre, ni trop petit à la tête et au cou. Il était gracieux et élégant, avec des yeux intensément noirs et des cils épais. Il y avait une voix rauque et son cou était long. Sa barbe était épaisse et ses sourcils étaient finement arqués et non joints. Lorsqu'il se taisait, il était grave et digne, et lorsqu'il parlait, la gloire se levait et l'envahissait. Il était de loin le plus beau des hommes et le plus glorieux, et de près il était le plus doux et le plus beau. Il était doux de parole et articulé, mais pas mesquin ou insignifiant. Son discours était un chapelet de perles en cascade, mesuré de telle sorte que personne ne désespérait de sa longueur, et aucun œil ne le défiait à cause de la brièveté. En compagnie, il est comme une branche entre deux autres branches, mais il est le plus florissant des trois en apparence et le plus beau en puissance. Il a des amis qui l'entourent, qui écoutent ses paroles. S'il commande, ils obéissent implicitement, avec empressement et hâte, sans sourciller ni se plaindre.
Le titre de Mahomet en tant que « sceau des prophètes » (   ; c'est-à-dire le dernier d'entre eux, comme le « sceau » fermant la communication de Dieu à l'homme) est tiré de la description d'Ali,Entre ses deux épaules était le sceau de la prophétie, et il était le sceau des prophètesCe « sceau de prophétie » (   ) entre les épaules de Mahomet est décrit plus en détail dans d'autres textes du hadith, et fait l'objet d'une discussion dédiée dans Sahih Muslim . Il est représenté comme une taupe au bout de son omoplate gauche, en taille comparée à un œuf de pigeon ou à une pomme. Un passage de Sunan Abu Dawood (32.4071), également recueilli dans le Shama'il, rapporte comment un Qurrah ibn Iyas al-Muzani à l'occasion de prêter allégeance à Mahomet a mis sa main dans sa chemise pour « sentir le sceau ».

Traductions et éditions
Le Shama'il est généralement imprimé en annexe au Jami' de Tirmidhi en Inde et au Pakistan. Le professeur MHF Quraishi a traduit en anglais le Shama'il of Tirmidhi, qui a été publié en 1980 en Inde.

Une traduction et un commentaire en ourdou , Khasa'il-i Nabawi a été écrit par Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi.

Une traduction et un commentaire en anglais, « A Commentary on the Depiction of Prophet Muhammad » ont été publiés en 2015.

Une traduction et un commentaire en ouzbek, « Shamoili Muhammadiya » de Ziyovudin Rahim a été publié en 2020.

Références

Grands Recueils de Hadith
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Al-Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya


Nesiergus es un género de arañas que pertenece a la familia Theraphosidae (tarántulas).

Especies
 Nesiergus gardineri (Hirst, 1911) — Seychelles
 Nesiergus halophilus (Benoit, 1978) — Seychelles
 Nesiergus insulanus (Simon, 1903) — Seychelles

Véase también
 Lista de especies de Theraphosidae

Referencias
  2008. The World Spider Catalog, versión 9.0. American Museum of Natural History.

Enlaces externos

Theraphosidae

Nesiergus


Slaget ved Assandun var et slag, der stod ved Assandun 18. oktober 1016 mellem Knud den Stores danske invasionsstyrke og Edmund Jernsides angelsaksiske hær. Det var en del af Knud den Stores invasion af England.

Stednavnet Assandun kan dreje sig om enten Ashdon ved Saffron Walden i det nordlige Essex, eller Ashingdon ved Rochford i det sydøstlige Essex. Knud den Stores hær vandt slaget, der udgjorde kulminationen på den danske generobring af England, idet kong Edmund herefter aftalte at dele England med kong Knud.

I 1020 indviede kong Knud en kirke ved Assandun til minde om slaget.

I Knýtlingesaga gengives et skjaldedigt af Ottar den Sorte, som beskriver slaget:
Ved Assandun virkede du veli skjoldkrigen, krigerkonge.
Brunt var ligenes kødserveret til blodfuglene.
I slaget du vandtmin herre, med dit sværd
nok af et navn hernord for danskernes skove.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Assandun, Slaget ved
Assandun, Slaget ved
Assandun, Slaget ved
Begivenheder i 1016

Slaget ved Assandun


المقيم الأبدي  (Blade of the Immortal بليد أوف ذي إيمورتال) هي سلسلة مانغا من تأليف هيرواكي سامورا أقتُبست إلى مسلسل أنمي تلفزيوني، تم عرضه في قناة آي تي-إكس في اليابان.

طاقم إنتاج الأنمي
 الإخراج: كويتشي ماشيمو
 تأليف النص الرئيسي: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 تصميم الشخصيات: يوشيميتسو ياماشيتا
 الموسيقى: كو أوتاني
 إنتاج الموسيقى: بوني كانيون
 إخراج الصوت: تورو ناكانو
 إنتاج الرسوم: بيتراين
 مساعدة إنتاج الرسوم: برودكشن آي جي
 إنتاج: جماعة إعادة دوجو أسانو

عناوين حلقات الأنمي
 1 - مجرم (罪人 توغابيتو)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: كويتشي ماشيمو
 الإخراج: تومويوكي كوروكاوا
 إخراج الرسوم: يوشيميتسو ياماشيتا
 2 - سيطرة (征服 سيفُكو)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: كوجي ساواي
 الإخراج: كوجي ساواي
 إخراج الرسوم: مانامو أماساكي
 3 - أغنية حب (恋詠 كويوتا)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: يوكي أريه
 الإخراج: يوكي أريه
 إخراج الرسوم: مانامو أماساكي، تومواكي كادو
 4 - عبقري (天才 تِنساي)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: هيروشي موريوكا
 الإخراج: هيروشي موريوكا
 إخراج الرسوم: يوشياكي تسوباتا
 5 - متعصب (執人 شوجين)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: تومويوكي كوروكاوا
 الإخراج: تومويوكي كوروكاوا
 إخراج الرسوم: مُتسمي ساساكي
 6 - أغنية الحشرات (蟲の唄 موشي نو أوتا)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: يوكي أريه
 الإخراج: يوكي أريه
 إخراج الرسوم: مانامو أماساكي
 7 - معابر ثلاثة (三途 سانزو)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: كوجي ساواي
 الإخراج: كوجي ساواي
 إخراج الرسوم: يوشيمتسو ياماشيتا
 8 - عزف (爪弾 تسُمابيكي)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: هيروشي موريوكا
 الإخراج: هيروشي موريوكا
 إخراج الرسوم: هيتومي أوتشياي
 9 - حلم (夢弾 يومِبيكي)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: تومويوكي كوروكاوا
 الإخراج: تومويوكي كوروكاوا
 إخراج الرسوم: يوشياكي تسوباتا
 10 - قناع (變面 كاواريمِن)
 النص: كينيتشي كانيماكي
 الستوري بورد: كوجي ساواي، يوكي أريه
 الإخراج: كوجي ساواي
 إخراج الرسوم: مُتسمي ساساكي
 11 - جناح (羽根 هاني)
 النص: كينيتشي كانيماكي
 الستوري بورد: كوجي ساواي
 الإخراج: كوجي ساواي
 إخراج الرسوم: مانامو أماساكي
 12 - عدو رين اللدود (斜凜 شارين)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: هيروشي موريوكا
 الإخراج: هيروشي موريوكا
 إخراج الرسوم: هيتومي أوتشياي
 13 - رياح (風 كازي)
 النص: هيرويوكي كاواساكي
 الستوري بورد: كوجي ساواي
 الإخراج: تومويوكي كوروكاوا
 إخراج الرسوم: يوشيميتسو ياماشيتا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

انتقام في أنمي ومانغا
أنمي ومانغا تاريخية
أنمي ومانغا تاريخية فانتازيا
أنمي ومانغا حركة
أنمي ومانغا فانتازيا مظلمة
أنمي ومانغا ملحمية
برامج أمازون فيديو الأصلية
برودوكشن آي جي
بي تراين
روايات مسلسل يابانية
ساموراي في أنمي ومانغا
سلسلات مانغا
ليدين فيلمز
مانغا 1993
مانغا 2019
مانغا حولت إلى أفلام
مانغا حولت إلى مسلسلات تلفزيونية
مانغا سينن
مجلات مصورة من كودانشا
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2008
مسلسلات أنمي مستندة إلى مانغا
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 2008
نينجا في أنمي ومانغا

المقيم الأبدي


Ohnholz ist ein Ortsname:
 Ohnholz (Pfedelbach), Weiler im Ortsteil Untersteinbach (Pfedelbach) der Gemeinde Pfedelbach im Hohenlohekreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Ohnholz (Kempten), Weiler der kreisfreien Stadt Kempten (Allgäu), Bayern

Ohnholz


Olaylar
 2 Şubat - İspanyol Pedro de Mendoza, Buenos Aires şehrini kurar.
 14 Nisan - İngiltere Parlamentosu, ülkedeki manastırların feshedilmesi ve İngiltere'deki Katolik Kilisesi'nın 560 manastırına devlet tarafından el konulmasına karar verdi. Böylece İngiliz Tacına yıllık 200.000 pound (2023 yılında 207 milyon pound eşdeğerinde veya 5 trilyon Türk lirası) tutarında ilave gelir sağlandı.
 4 Temmuz - Ahıska, Osmanlılarca fethedildi.
 19 Mayıs - Anne Boleyn vatana ihanet suçundan idam edildi.
 31 Ağustos - Klise Kuşatması başladı.
 Danimarka sömürge imparatorluğu kuruldu.
 Danimarka-Norveç kuruldu.
 İlk kez @ işareti Floransalı bir tüccarın mektubunda kullanıldı.

Doğumlar
 16 Ocak - Yi I, Koreli Neo-Konfüçyüsçü filozof ve yazar (ö. 1584)
 12 Şubat - Leonardo Donato, Venedik Cumhuriyeti'nde "Doçe" unvanı ile devlet başkanlığı yapan 90. düka (ö. 1612)
 24 Şubat - VIII. Clemens, papa (ö. 1605)
 31 Mart - Aşikaga Yoşiteru, Japonya'nın Muromaçi döneminin sonlarında hükümdarlık eden 13. Aşikaga hükümdarı (ö. 1565)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Bostanzade Mehmed Efendi, iki kez Osmanlı Devleti şeyhlülislamlığı yapmış devlet adamı (ö. 1598)
 Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi, Türk tarihçi, şeyhülislam ve müderris (ö. 1599)

Ölümler
 7 Ocak - Aragonlu Catherine, İngiltere kralı VIII. Henry'nin ilk karısı, I. Mary'nin annesi, Kral II. Ferdinand ve Kraliçe Isabella'nın kızı (d. 1485)
 15 Mart - Pargalı İbrahim Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı (d. y. 1495)
 19 Mayıs - Anne Boleyn, İngiltere kraliçesi, kral VIII. Henry'nin ikinci karısı ve kraliçe I. Elizabeth'in annesi (d. 1501 / 1507)
 17 Mayıs - George Boleyn, İngiltere Kralı VIII. Henry'nin ikinci karısı olan Anne Boleyn'in kardeşi (d. 1504)
 12 Temmuz - Desiderius Erasmus, Kuzey Avrupa Rönesansı'nın önemli ustası ve klasik edebiyat araştırmacısı, hümanist bilgin ve ilahiyatçı (d. 1466)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Tatavlalı Mahremi, divan şairi

Kaynakça

1536


Elderslie () is a village in the council area and historic county of Renfrewshire in west central Scotland. It chiefly serves as a commuter village, situated midway between the towns of Paisley and Johnstone, and lies  west of Glasgow city centre.

Elderslie is most famous as the assumed birthplace of Scottish hero Sir William Wallace, a knight born around 1270 who served as a military leader in the Wars of Scottish Independence before being captured and executed. There is a monument to him in the village, alongside what is believed to be his home.

History
The origin of the name of "Elderslie" is Old English for "field of Elder Trees".

It is assumed that William Wallace was born and grew up in Elderslie. On the site of the ancient Elderslie Castle there stands a monument to commemorate his life, and a commemoration ceremony is held every August. Also on the site is the Wallace Yew, an ancient yew tree and the Wallace Oak stood nearby until 1856. Auchenbathie Tower a few miles to the south is a site associated with William Wallace in an action against the English.

From 1862 until 2004 when the carpet firm merged operations in Kilmarnock only to go into receivership a year later the village was the home to Stoddard Carpets which made the carpets for the Cunard liners ,  and Queen Elizabeth 2 which were built by John Brown & Company in their shipyard in Clydebank. The firm also produced carpets for Queen Elizabeth II's wedding in Westminster Abbey, the ocean liner  and for the Concorde aircraft.  A remaining example of the work which was carried out here can be seen in the circular carpet which covers the floor of the drawing room in Culzean Castle designed by Robert Adam.

Elderslie railway station operated on the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway from 1840 to 1966.

Education
There is one non-denominational state primary school in Elderslie: Wallace Primary School, which is a feeder school for Castlehead High School, a secondary school in Paisley.

Landmarks
William Wallace Monument and Wallace Yew
Elderslie Kirk; Elderslie was once divided between two parishes of the established Church of Scotland, Elderslie West and Elderslie East, which amalgamated around 1977.  Worshippers now meet in the former West church, renamed Elderslie Kirk.
Old Patrick Water; The stream which runs through the village, colloquially known as the Brandy Burn
There is a golf club called Elderslie Golf Club and a bowling club.
Alleged home of William Wallace

Notable people
William Wallace (died 1305) – Scottish warrior
Wilhelmina Alexander (1756–1843) - Robert Burns' Bonnie Lass o'Ballochmyle.
Margaret McCoubrey (1880–1955) – Irish suffragist and active participant of the co-operative movement.
George Campbell Hay (1915–1984) – Writer
Dougie Vipond (1966–present) – television presenter and drummer of Deacon Blue.
Peter Nardone (1965–present) – musician
Richard Madden (1986–present) – actor
Callum Hawkins (1992–present) – Scottish record holder in the marathon and the British all-time number three.

See also
 Elderslie railway station
William Wallace
Renfrewshire

References

External links

Wallace Primary School

Villages in Renfrewshire
Johnstone

Elderslie, Scotland


بلدية مالاجون ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 8.124 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

أعلام
 رامون غونزاليس

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في ثيوداد ريال
بلديات سيوداد ريال

مالاجون (سيوداد ريال)


A Vanessa tameamea é uma das duas espécies de borboletas endêmicas do Havaí, a outra é Udara blackburni.

Descrição
As lagartas se alimentam das folhas de plantas da família Urticaceae, especialmente as de māmaki (Pipturus albidus) mas também ōpuhe (Urera spp.),  ākōlea (Boehmeria grandis), olonā (Touchardia latifolia) e (Neraudia spp.). Os adultos comem a seiva das árvores koa (Acacia koa).

Taxonomia
É nomeado após a Casa Real de Kamehameha; o último rei desta linhagem, Kamehameha V, havia morrido em 1872, pouco tempo antes desta espécie ser descrita. O nome específico tameamea é uma transcrição antiquada e parcialmente errada de "Kamehameha". A língua havaiana não tem distinção estrita entre a plosiva alveolar surda e a plosiva velar surda; o uso varia de ilha para ilha, mas hoje, "k" é usado como a transliteração padrão. A transição glotal surda "h" é distinta e deve sempre ser pronunciada - por exemplo, "aloha" está correto enquanto "aloa" é uma pronúncia errada. Assim, enquanto "Tamehameha" seria uma transcrição legítima (embora considerada antiquada na maioria das ilhas), "Tameamea" não é.

Referências

Ligações externas

Símbolos do Havaí
Fauna endêmica do Havaí
Vanessa
Espécies vulneráveis (NatureServe)

Vanessa tameamea


Za naselje na otoku Oahuu, pogledajte Waipio, Havaji.
Dolina Waipiʻo (eng. Waipiʻo Valley) dolina je smještena na havajskom Velikom otoku, u okrugu Hamakua. Ime doline znači "zakrivljena voda" na havajskom jeziku.

U dolini se nalazio dvor nekih havajskih poglavica (havajski Aliʻi). Prvi vladar koji je tamo imao dvor bio je Kahaimoelea. Mjesto je bilo poznato po stablima Eugenije reinwardtiane, koja su zvana Nioi wela o Paʻakalana. Ta su se stabla nalazila pokraj dvora poglavicâ, ali je poglavica Kahekili II. dao spaliti četiri "sveta stabla" u 18. stoljeću.

Dolina je danas poznata po farmama taroa i prekrasnim vodopadima. Posljednja scena iz filma Vodeni svijet snimljena je u dolini.

Izvori i bilješke

Havaji
Doline
Reljefni oblici u SAD-u

Dolina Waipio


Nolina matapensis es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia de las asparagáceas. Es originaria de

Norteamérica.

Descripción
Nolina matapensis tiene forma de árbol con un tamaño de 3 a 10 m de altura. La base del tronco está hinchada con  15 a 50 cm de diámetro. Las hojas son herbáceas de color verde brillante, lineales de 60 a 100 cm de largo por 10 - 15 mm de ancho. Los márgenes de las hojas están finamente dentados. La inflorescencia es de 0,5 a 2 m de largo, con  numerosas ramificaciones. Las flores son de color  blanco a color crema, de 2 mm de diámetro. El periodo de floración es de abril a junio. El fruto en forma de cápsulas semillas esféricas de color marrón de 2-3 mm de diámetro.

Nolina matapensis es resistente a temperaturas de -8 °C.

Distribución y hábitat

Nolina matapensis  es una especie rara. Se encuentra en México en los estados de Sonora y Chihuahua distribuidas en elevaciones desde 1800 hasta 2000 m,  en el bosque. Está aislada geográficamente y tiene similitudes con la especie endémica de Baja California Nolina beldingii.

Taxonomía
Nolina matapensis fue descrita por Ira Loren Wiggins y publicado en Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium 3(3): 65–66, pl. 14, f. 1–5, en el año 1940.
Etimología
Nolina: nombre genérico otorgado en honor del botánico francés  Abbé P. C. Nolin, coautor del trabajo publicado 1755 Essai sur l'agricultura moderne.

matapensis: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Matape.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

lmatapensis
Flora de México
Plantas descritas en 1940
Plantas descritas por Wiggins

Nolina matapensis