Neil Sedaka (; born March 13, 1939) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist. Since his music career began in 1957, he has sold millions of records worldwide and has written or co-written over 500 songs for himself and other artists, collaborating mostly with lyricists Howard "Howie" Greenfield and Phil Cody.

After a short-lived tenure as a founding member of the doo-wop group the Tokens, Sedaka achieved a string of hit singles over the late 1950s and early 1960s, including "Oh! Carol" (1959), "Calendar Girl" (1960), "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen" (1961) and "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (1962). His popularity declined by the mid-1960s, but was revived in the mid-1970s, solidified by the 1975 US Billboard Hot 100 number ones "Laughter in the Rain" and "Bad Blood". Sedaka maintained a successful career as a songwriter, penning hits for other artists including "Stupid Cupid" (Connie Francis), "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" (Tony Christie) and "Love Will Keep Us Together" (Captain & Tennille). He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1983 and continues to perform, mounting mini-concerts on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Early life: Juilliard and the Brill Building
Sedaka was born in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Mordechai "Mac" Sedaka, was a taxi driver of Lebanese Jewish descent. Sedaka's paternal grandparents came to the United States from Istanbul in 1910. Sedaka's mother, Eleanor (née Appel), was an Ashkenazi Jew of Polish and Russian descent. He grew up in Brighton Beach. His father's cousin, Rachel Gorman (née Cohen), daughter of Isaac Cohen and Calo Cohen (née Sedaca or Sedaka), was married to Morris Gorman (né Garmezano; paternal uncle to singer Eydie Gormé). Gormé's mother was of Lebanese Jewish descent.

Sedaka demonstrated musical aptitude in his second-grade choral class and, when his teacher sent a note home suggesting he take piano lessons, his mother took a part-time job in an Abraham & Straus department store for six months to pay for a second-hand upright. In 1947, he auditioned successfully for a piano scholarship to the Juilliard School of Music's Preparatory Division for Children, which he attended on Saturdays. His mother had wanted him to become a classical pianist like his contemporary Van Cliburn, and Sedaka continued to show fondness for (and capacity to play) classical music throughout his life.

At the same time, to his mother's dismay, Sedaka was discovering pop music; his mother eventually acquiesced when Sedaka received a five-figure royalty check for his hit "Calendar Girl" in 1961. When Sedaka was 13, a neighbor heard him playing and introduced him to her 16-year-old son, Howard Greenfield, an aspiring poet and lyricist. They became two of the Brill Building's composers.

Sedaka and Greenfield wrote songs together throughout much of their young lives. Before rock and roll became popular, Sedaka and Greenfield found inspiration from show tunes. When Sedaka became a major teen pop star, the pair continued writing hits for Sedaka and numerous other artists. When the Beatles and the British Invasion took American music in a different direction, Sedaka was left without a recording career. In the early 1970s, he decided a major change in his life was necessary and moved his family to Britain. Sedaka and Greenfield mutually agreed to end their partnership with "Our Last Song Together". Sedaka began a new composing partnership with lyricist Phil Cody, from Pleasantville, New York.

Early career

Rise to fame with RCA Victor: the late 1950s
After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School, Sedaka and some of his classmates formed a band called the Linc-Tones. The band had minor regional hits with songs like "While I Dream", "I Love My Baby", "Come Back, Joe", and "Don't Go", before Sedaka launched his solo career and left the group in 1957. The Linc-Tones, later renamed the Tokens near the end of Sedaka's tenure with the group, went on to have four top-40 hits of their own without Sedaka. Sedaka's first three solo singles, "Laura Lee", "Ring-a-Rockin'", and "Oh, Delilah!" failed to become hits (although "Ring-a-Rockin'" earned him the first of many appearances on Dick Clark's American Bandstand), but they demonstrated his ability to perform as a solo singer, so RCA Victor signed him to a recording contract.

His first single for RCA Victor, "The Diary", was inspired by Connie Francis, one of Sedaka and Greenfield's most important clients, while the three were taking a temporary break during their idea-making for a new song. Francis was writing in her diary, Sedaka asked if he could read it, and Connie said no. After Little Anthony and the Imperials passed on the song, Sedaka recorded it himself, and his debut single hit the Top 15 on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 14 in 1958.

His second single, a novelty tune titled "I Go Ape", just missed the Top 40, peaking at No. 42, but it became a more successful single in the United Kingdom with a No. 9. The third single, "Crying My Heart Out for You", was a commercial failure, missing the Hot 100 entirely, peaking at No. 111 but reaching No. 6 on the pop charts in Italy. RCA Victor had lost money on "I Go Ape" and "Crying My Heart Out For You" and was ready to drop Sedaka from their label; Sedaka feared he was headed for one-hit wonder status. Sedaka and his manager, Al Nevins, persuaded the RCA executives to give him one more chance.

Sedaka then bought the three biggest hit singles of the time and listened to them repeatedly, studying the song structure, chord progressions, lyrics and harmonies before writing his next songs. "Oh! Carol" delivered Sedaka his first domestic Top 10 hit, reaching No. 9 on the Hot 100 in 1959 and going to No. 1 on the Italian pop charts in 1960, giving Sedaka his first No. 1 ranking. In the UK, the song spent a total of 17 weeks in the top 40, peaking at No. 3 (4 weeks). In addition, the B-side, "One Way Ticket", reached No. 1 on the pop charts in Japan. Sedaka had dated Carole King when he was still at high school, which gave him the idea to use her name in the song. Gerry Goffin—King's husband—took the tune and wrote the playful response "Oh! Neil", which King recorded and released as an unsuccessful single the same year. Thus, this was the only time the melody of the song was used by a popular artist and a future sensation around the same time.

Big hits in the early 1960s

After establishing himself in 1958, Sedaka wrote many more hits from 1960 to 1962. His flow of Top 30 hits during this period included: "Stairway to Heaven" (No. 9, 1960); "You Mean Everything to Me" (No. 17, 1960); "Run, Samson, Run" (No. 27, 1960); "Calendar Girl" (No. 4, 1961; also reached No. 1 on the Japanese and Canadian pop charts); "Little Devil" (No. 11, 1961); "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen" (No. 6, 1961); his signature song, "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do" (No. 1, two weeks: August 11 and 18, 1962); and "Next Door to an Angel" (No. 5, 1962). For several of those songs, Sedaka was paired with Stan Applebaum and His Orchestra. Singles not making the Top 30 during this period included "Sweet Little You" (No. 59, 1961) and "King of Clowns" (No. 45, 1962). RCA Victor issued four LPs of his works in the United States and Great Britain during this period, and also produced Scopitone and Cinebox videos of "Calendar Girl" in 1961, "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do" in 1962, and "The Dreamer" in 1963. His second LP was an album mostly of old standards. He made regular appearances on such TV programs as American Bandstand and Shindig! during this period.

Writing for other performers

Connie Francis
When Sedaka was not recording his own songs, he and Howard Greenfield were writing for other performers, most notably in their earliest days Connie Francis. Francis began searching for a new hit after her 1958 single "Who's Sorry Now?". She was introduced to Sedaka and Greenfield, who played for her every ballad they had written. Francis began writing in her diary while the two played the last of their songs. After they finished, Francis told them they wrote beautiful ballads but that they were too intellectual for the young generation. Greenfield suggested that they play a song they had written for the Shepherd Sisters. Sedaka protested that Francis would be insulted by being played such a puerile song, but Greenfield reminded him Francis had not accepted their other suggestions and they had nothing to lose. After Sedaka played "Stupid Cupid", Francis told them they had just played her new hit. Francis' rendition of the song reached No. 14 on the Billboard charts, while it topped the UK Singles Chart.

While Francis was writing in her diary, Sedaka asked her if he could read what she had written. Francis said no. This inspired Sedaka to write "The Diary", his own first hit single. Sedaka and Greenfield wrote many of Connie Francis' hits, such as "Fallin'" and the "Theme from Where the Boys Are", the film in which she starred. This hit the Top 5 on the Billboard pop singles chart and Francis had several No. 1 singles. "Where the Boys Are" eventually became her signature song.

Jimmy Clanton
Sedaka and Greenfield also wrote some of Jimmy Clanton's hits, such as "Another Sleepless Night", "What Am I Gonna Do?" and "All the Words in the World". Sedaka himself recorded each of these three songs: "Another Sleepless Night" appears on his Rock With Sedaka debut album; "What Am I Gonna Do?" was the B-side of "Going Home to Mary Lou" and appeared on his 1961 album Neil Sedaka Sings "Little Devil" and His Other Hits; and "All the Words in the World" was recorded but was kept in the RCA Victor vaults until 1977, at the height of Sedaka's return to popularity, when it was released on the album Neil Sedaka: The '50s and '60s.

Session work
Sedaka also contributed some work as a session pianist during his heyday as a pop singer-songwriter. His piano playing is heard on "Dream Lover", Bobby Darin's 1959 hit.

Foreign-language recordings

Sedaka was very popular in Italy. Many of his English-language records were released there and proved quite successful, especially "Crying My Heart Out for You" (Italian No. 6, 1959) and "Oh! Carol" (Italian No. 1, 1960).

In 1961, Sedaka began to record some of his hits in Italian, starting with "Esagerata" and "Un giorno inutile", local versions of "Little Devil" and "I Must Be Dreaming", respectively. Other recordings followed, such as "Tu non lo sai" ("Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"), "Il re dei pagliacci" ("King of Clowns"), "I tuoi capricci" ("Look Inside Your Heart"), and "La terza luna" ("Waiting For Never"). "La terza luna" reached No. 1 on the Italian pop charts in April 1963. Cinebox videos exist for "La terza luna" and "I tuoi capricci". Sedaka's Italian diction was impressive; his recordings in Italian had very little American accent. RCA Victor's Italiana branch distributed his records in Italy and released three compilation LPs of Sedaka's Italian recordings.

Sedaka also recorded an album in Yiddish (Brighton Beach Memories – Neil Sedaka Sings Yiddish), several songs in Spanish including "Mi Vecinita" ("Next Door to an Angel"), a handful of songs in German, and one single apiece in Hebrew, Japanese, and Canadian French. His English-language recordings were also quite popular internationally; "One-Way Ticket to the Blues" and "Calendar Girl" reached No. 1 on the Japanese pop charts in 1959 and 1961. He also enjoyed popularity in Latin America for his Spanish-language recordings. Many of these were pressed onto 78 rpm discs.

Sedaka stated in 2020 that he was talked into focusing on the international markets because Elvis Presley, the biggest rock star in America, never toured overseas (largely because of Colonel Tom Parker's desire to avoid immigration officials), and because his publishers and managers considered it a much lower risk for a new performer to not face American audiences that knew him.

Mid-1960s

The year 1962 was one of the most important of Sedaka's career, with "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do" reaching No. 1 and "Next Door to an Angel" reaching No. 5. After this his popularity began to wane and his 1963 singles enjoyed only moderate success: "Alice In Wonderland" (No. 17), "Let's Go Steady Again" (No. 26), "The Dreamer" (No. 47), and "Bad Girl" (No. 33). "Bad Girl" was Sedaka's last Top 40 hit in the U.S. until 1974.

In 1964 Sedaka's career began a sharp decline, hastened by The Beatles' arrival on the radio and TV, and the rest of the so-called British Invasion. When describing the Beatles' effect on his career in the mid-1960s, Sedaka put it brusquely: "The Beatles—not good!" He would later describe it in 2023: "after five years of hits... the bottom fell out." From 1964 to 1966, only three of his singles cracked the Hot 100: "Sunny" (No. 86, 1964), "The World through a Tear" (No. 76, 1965), and "The Answer to My Prayer" (No. 89, 1965). His other singles from this era—"The Closest Thing To Heaven", "I Hope He Breaks Your Heart", "Let The People Talk", "The Answer Lies Within" and "We Can Make It If We Try"—all missed the Hot 100, the same fate since Sedaka's third U.S. single for RCA Victor, and became commercial failures.

To make matters worse, RCA Victor refused to release his new recording, "It Hurts to Be in Love", because he had not recorded at their own studios, as stipulated by his contract. Sedaka attempted another recording of this song in RCA's studios, but the results were unsatisfactory. Howard Greenfield and Helen Miller, the song's co-writers, offered it instead to Gene Pitney. Pitney took the existing musical track, replacing Sedaka's lead vocal track with his own. Everything else was Sedaka, including his own arrangement and backing vocals, piano-playing, and usual female backup singers. Pitney ended up with a No. 7 hit for himself and his record label, Musicor, in 1964.

For the remainder of his tenure with RCA Victor, Sedaka never fully recovered from the effects of Beatlemania, the loss of "It Hurts to Be in Love" to Pitney, or the failure of his recordings. RCA decided not to renew his contract when it expired in 1966, leaving Sedaka without a recording label. He went into retirement as a performing artist.

Although Sedaka's stature as a recording artist was at a low ebb in the late 1960s, he was able to maintain his career through songwriting. Because his publisher, Aldon Music, was acquired by Screen Gems, two of his songs were recorded by The Monkees. Other hits Sedaka wrote in this period included The Cyrkle's versions of "We Had a Good Thing Goin'" and "Workin' On a Groovy Thing"; a Top 40 R&B hit for Patti Drew in 1968; and a Top 20 pop hit for The 5th Dimension in 1969. Also, "Make the Music Play" was included on Frankie Valli's charting album Timeless.

On a 1965 episode of the quiz show I've Got a Secret, Sedaka's secret was that he was to represent the United States at the 1966 Tchaikovsky classical piano competition in Moscow. Unaware of Sedaka's secret, panelist Henry Morgan challenged Sedaka with the fact that the Soviet bureaucracy had outlawed rock 'n' roll music, and that any Western music young Russians wanted had to be smuggled into the country. Once Sedaka's secret had been revealed, he impressed the show's panelists with his performance of Frederic Chopin's "Fantaisie Impromptu". Morgan's warning turned out to be prescient, however: despite Sedaka's classical roots, his "other" life as a pop star spurred the Soviet Union to disqualify him from entering the competition.

Sedaka also made an appearance in the 1968 movie Playgirl Killer, where he performed a song called "The Waterbug".

Struggles of the late 1960s to early 1970s

Australia years
Sedaka worked to revive his solo career in the early 1970s. Despite his waning chart appeal in the US in the late 1960s, he remained very popular as a concert attraction, notably in the UK and Australia. In 2010, as a guest on Australian disc jockey Bob Rogers' radio show, he thanked Rogers and Australian music fans for standing by him during that challenging time: "You know, Bob, in my lean years—I called them 'The Hungry Years'—it was Bob Rogers and Australia who welcomed me." Sedaka made several trips to Australia to play cabaret dates, and his commercial comeback began when the single "Star-Crossed Lovers" became a major hit there. The song went to No. 1 nationally in April 1969—giving Sedaka his first charting single anywhere in four years. It also came in at No. 5 in Go-Set magazine's list of the Top 40 Australian singles of 1969. Later that year, with the support of Festival Records, he recorded a new LP of original material entitled Workin' on a Groovy Thing (released in the United Kingdom as Sounds of Sedaka) at Festival Studios in Sydney. It was co-produced by Festival staff producer Pat Aulton, with arrangements by John Farrar (who later achieved international fame for his work with Olivia Newton-John) and backing by Australian session musicians including guitarist Jimmy Doyle (Ayers Rock) and noted jazz musician-composer John Sangster. One of the tracks from the album, "Wheeling, West Virginia", reached No. 20 in Australia in early 1970. The album is also notable because it was Sedaka's first album to include collaborations with writers other than long-time lyricist Howard Greenfield; the title track featured lyrics by Roger Atkins and four other songs were co-written with Carole Bayer Sager.

Emergence and Solitaire
In 1971, Sedaka reunited with RCA and released the Emergence album. Singles from that album included "I'm A Song (Sing Me)", "Silent Movies", "Superbird", and "Rosemary Blue". Good friend and New York music impresario Don Kirshner attempted to make the U.S. release of "Emergence" a comeback for Sedaka, but the album and single releases had no appreciable success, and RCA showed little interest in promoting the album. After the failure of "Emergence" in the US market, Sedaka left New York and moved to the UK.

In 1972, Sedaka embarked on a successful British tour and was introduced by Harvey Lisberg to the four future members of 10cc (best known to American audiences for "I'm Not in Love" and "The Things We Do for Love") with whom he recorded the Solitaire album at their Strawberry Studios in Stockport issued by RCA in 1972. As well as the title track, "Solitaire", which was successfully covered by Andy Williams (UK Top 5 singles chart) and the Carpenters (US Top 20), it included two UK Top 40 singles, one of which ("Beautiful You") also charted briefly in America, Sedaka's first US chart appearance in ten years. "Solitaire" was the first collaboration between Sedaka and Phil Cody, whom Sedaka felt was an ideal lyricist for writing music in the singer-songwriter period; Sedaka and Cody "clicked" as songwriters and began a prolonged collaboration between the two. Sedaka took a different approach to songwriting with Cody compared to Greenfield, with whom he was arguing frequently near the end of their collaboration; whereas he allowed Greenfield in the studio during recording, he met with Cody off-site to write songs. Cody did not consider Sedaka to be a personal friend; he mainly saw his work with Sedaka as a work project to bring the singer into the modern era.

Return to success in the mid-1970s

Newfound success

A year later he reconvened with the Strawberry team, who had by then charted with their own debut 10cc album, to record The Tra-La Days Are Over for MGM Records, which started the second phase of his career and included his original version of the hit song "Love Will Keep Us Together" (also a US No. 1 hit two years later for Captain & Tennille). This album also marked the effective end of his writing partnership with Greenfield, commemorated by the track "Our Last Song Together" (later the last hit song for Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods, whose version hit No. 95). They reunited, however, and composed together again, before Greenfield's death in 1986. From 1974 onward, Sedaka's records were issued in Europe and around the world on the Polydor label. His first album of new material with Polydor was Laughter in the Rain (1974).

Career with The Rocket Record Company
Elton John and Sedaka met at a party in London in 1973. When John learned Sedaka had no American record label, he suggested Sedaka sign with his Rocket Record Company, Limited, and Sedaka accepted the proposition. When John visited Sedaka at his London apartment, they discussed plans for relaunching his career in the United States.

John said he had "always been a Sedaka fan anyway". He went on to say:

So the basic plan was as simple as finding out what he wanted to have on his album – which turned out to be a compilation from his British albums. It had been like Elvis coming up and giving us the chance to release his records. We couldn't believe our luck.

Sedaka's Back
Sedaka returned to the U.S. album charts with the release of Sedaka's Back, a compilation of songs from three albums he had already recorded in the UK—namely "Solitaire", "The Tra-La Days Are Over", and "Laughter in the Rain". It was only the second Sedaka album ever to chart in the U.S. Sedaka was known principally as a singles artist up to that point in his career; his only other American charting album was Neil Sedaka Sings His Greatest Hits, a compilation of his early singles. Although the single was released in the autumn of 1974 and was very slow in building in sales and at radio, eventually Sedaka found himself once again topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart (February 1, 1975) with "Laughter in the Rain". It was Sedaka's second No. 1 single thus far at that point in his career (after 1962's original version of "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do") and solidly reestablished Sedaka's popularity in America. Sedaka followed the success of "Laughter in the Rain" with a more politically motivated song, "The Immigrant", inspired by the songwriters' parents and by John Lennon, then facing immigration issues at the time. "The Immigrant" reached number 22 but topped the easy listening charts.

Writing for artists of the 1970s
In late 1972, producer Stig Anderson approached Sedaka to write the lyrics for a single by a new Swedish pop quartet then known as Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid. Sedaka agreed, on the condition he liked the song. Anderson, who had co-written the Swedish original with lyricist Björn Ulvaeus and composer Benny Andersson, intended to enter "Ring Ring" in the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest and believed with strong English lyrics it had the potential to become an international hit. He sent a tape of the song together with a rough translation to Sedaka, who within days returned original lyrics, co-written with Phil Cody. The song was entered into the Swedish Eurovision selections on February 10, 1973, but placed third. The band, renamed ABBA, made "Ring Ring" the title track of their first album, released on March 26, 1973. The single, credited to Andersson, Ulvaeus, Anderson, Sedaka and Cody, reached number 1 in Sweden and Belgium, and charted in the top 5 in at least four other countries. Sedaka later said that ABBA's "songwriting and production are in a class by themselves."

Sedaka and Greenfield co-wrote "Love Will Keep Us Together", a No. 1 hit for Captain & Tennille and the biggest hit for the entire year of 1975. Toni Tennille paid tribute to Sedaka's welcome return to music business success with her ad lib of "Sedaka is back" in the outro while she was laying down her own backing vocals for the track.  "Captain" Daryl Dragon and Toni also recorded a Spanish-language version of the song the same year that cracked the top half of Billboard'''s Hot 100 chart ("Por Amor Viviremos", US pop No. 49).

Overnight Success/The Hungry Years
In late 1975, Sedaka's most successful year of his career continued as he earned yet more chart success with the release of his second Rocket Records album, The Hungry Years. This album was an American edition of Sedaka's British Polydor album Overnight Success. The first single, "Bad Blood", hit No. 1 on the Billboard 100 and stayed there for three weeks (October 11, 18 and 25, 1975), was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and was the most commercially successful individual single of his career. Elton John provided uncredited backing vocals for "Bad Blood".  Despite their later falling out that resulted in Sedaka moving from Elton's Rocket Records to Elektra, Sedaka has credited John as being responsible for his successful return to the U.S. pop music scene. John has stated, "I only appear on the records of people I really know or like."

Another highlight from The Hungry Years was Sedaka's new version of "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do". His 1962 original, a No. 1 hit single, was upbeat; the remake was a slow ballad, which Sedaka had arranged for Lenny Welch five years prior. Sedaka's version hit No. 8 on the Hot 100 in early 1976, making him the only artist to ever record an entirely reinterpreted version of a song where both versions reached the Billboard Top 10. (Welch's version had reached No. 34.) The 1976 ballad version also hit No. 1 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart.

Steppin' Out
Later in 1976, Sedaka released a third and final album with Elton John's label The Rocket Record Company, Steppin' Out. The first single, "Love in the Shadows," was an uncharacteristically solid rock song featuring a scorching guitar solo. While it peaked at No. 16 on the Hot 100, it was the first of his three "comeback" albums' debut singles not to hit No. 1—or even the Top 10. The second single was the album's title track, once again featuring Elton on uncredited backing vocals. While it cracked the Top 40 (peaking at No. 36), it also marked the beginning of a slowdown in Sedaka's music sales and radio play, not unlike what he experienced in 1964 when The Beatles and the British Invasion arrived.

Sedaka subsequently left Rocket and signed with Elektra Records.

Sedaka met John again several times after his departure from Rocket, and he described their meetings as "cordial, but cold". The ice eventually thawed, however, and in the foreword to Sedaka's 2013 biography, John wrote of their friendship in glowing and positive terms.

Late 1970s

Transition from Rocket to Elektra
Sedaka recorded four albums for Elektra Records: A Song (which produced the adult contemporary hits "Alone at Last" and a recording of "Amarillo"), All You Need Is the Music, In the Pocket and Neil Sedaka Now. The only top-40 pop hit to emerge from the Elektra records, as well as Sedaka's last to date, was "Should've Never Let You Go", a duet between Sedaka and his daughter Dara, which had appeared on In the Pocket in 1980.

Reissue of RCA-era recordings
Throughout the 1970s, Sedaka's former record company, RCA, reissued his 1960s-era songs on compilation LPs on the RCA Victor and RCA Camden labels. Sedaka released a final album of new material with RCA, consisting of a live concert he gave in Sydney. The album was released on the RCA International label in Australia and Europe as Neil Sedaka On Stage in 1974.

1980s and 1990s

Mac Sedaka, Neil's father, died on June 6, 1981, of metastatic colon cancer; Neil was at his bedside singing his father's favorite song, Sedaka's 1965 song "Pictures From The Past", when his father briefly awoke from his coma before his death. Sedaka re-recorded the song that same year.

Sedaka left Elektra and signed with Curb Records. Sedaka recorded two albums on the Curb label – Come See About Me, a covers album, in 1983 and The Good Times in 1986. Neither of these albums fared well on the charts or in terms of sales, with only modest success for the singles that were released from them (another duet with Dara, a cover of "Your Precious Love", reached the adult contemporary charts); Sedaka left Curb in 1986.

Other successes
American singer-songwriter Ben Folds credited Sedaka on his iTunes Originals album as an inspiration for his own song-publishing career. When Folds heard that Sedaka had a song published by the age of 13, Folds set a similar goal, despite the fact that Sedaka did not actually publish until he was 16.

In 1985, songs composed by Sedaka were adapted for the Japanese anime television series Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam. These included the two opening themes "Zeta-Toki wo Koete" (based on Sedaka's "Better Days Are Coming") and "Mizu no Hoshi e Ai wo Komete" (originally in English as "For Us to Decide", but the English version was never recorded), as well as the end theme "Hoshizora no Believe" (based on Sedaka's "Bad and Beautiful"). Due to copyright restrictions, the songs were replaced for the North American DVD, as well as for Japanese online releases of the series until 2017.

In 1994, Sedaka provided the voice for Neil Moussaka, a parody of himself in Food Rocks, an attraction at Epcot from 1994 to 2006.

A musical comedy based on the songs of Sedaka, Breaking Up Is Hard to Do, was written in 2005 by Erik Jackson and Ben H. Winters; it is now under license to Theatrical Rights Worldwide.

A biographical musical, Laughter in the Rain, produced by Bill Kenwright and Laurie Mansfield and starring Wayne Smith as Sedaka, had its world premiere at the Churchill Theatre in the London borough of Bromley on March 4, 2010. Sedaka attended the opening and joined the cast onstage for an impromptu curtain call of the title song.

Into the 21st century

Sedaka was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1983, has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and was an October 2006 inductee of the Long Island Music Hall of Fame. On November 15, 2013, Pacific Pioneer Broadcasters in Los Angeles gave him their Art Gilmore Career Achievement Award at a luncheon in his honor.

American Idol

In May 2003, near the end of the second season of the Fox TV series American Idol, Sedaka appeared as a guest judge and mentor to the five remaining finalists. Third-place finalist Kimberley Locke sang the Sedaka/Greenfield composition "Theme from Where the Boys Are".

Season 2 runner-up Clay Aiken chose Sedaka's 1972 song "Solitaire" for his performance. As Aiken explained to the studio and TV audiences, host Ryan Seacrest, and the four regular judges, "Solitaire" had long been one of his mother's all-time favorite songs. When she learned that Sedaka was going to be a guest judge and that the finalists would be singing Sedaka's songs, she begged Clay to sing "Solitaire". The performance was uniformly given extraordinarily high praise by the judges. Sedaka told Aiken that he officially passed ownership of the performance of "Solitaire" to Clay, offering to record and produce a single of the song or an entire CD with him.

Although it did not appear on his debut CD itself, Aiken recorded and added "Solitaire" as the B-side to the single "The Way", whose sales were faltering. "Solitaire" was quickly moved to the A-side, and radio airplay and single and download sales responded immediately. "Solitaire" hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Singles Sales chart and was, in fact, the top-selling single for all of 2004. It also hit the Top 5 on Billboards Hot 100. Sedaka was invited back to American Idol to celebrate the success of "Solitaire" several times, as it continued to reach new milestones. Since then, Aiken has mined the Sedaka songbook again, recording a cover of probably Sedaka's best-known song, "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do", on the "deluxe version" of his 2010 CD release, Tried and True.

Amarillo – Guinness World Record

On a business trip to New York in mid-1971, Harvey Lisberg, who was a longtime fan of Sedaka, asked Don Kirshner if he'd written anything new. Kirshner took Lisberg to a small room with a piano where Sedaka was already seated, and he tapped out a few songs. One of these was the Sedaka/Greenfield composition "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo?" which Lisberg loved and placed with his artist Tony Christie who recorded and released it in 1971. The song did relatively well on the UK Singles Chart, reaching the Top 20.

Sedaka released the song in the U.S. in 1977 as the shortened "Amarillo", but it was only a mid-chart entry, peaking just shy of the Top 40.

When interviewed for an "extras" feature for a DVD set of a concert filmed in London on April 7, 2006 (see below), Sedaka jokingly said that he had heard that Christie had retired and was "golfing in Spain." The sudden revival of "Amarillo" summoned Christie back to the UK for an unexpected return to fame.  In early 2006, the song received new life yet again when a dance beat was added and the lyrics were revised to become a novelty hit, released as "Is This the Way to the (England) World Cup?", to mark the appearance of the England football team at that summer's FIFA World Cup finals.

On April 7, 2006, Sedaka was appearing at the Royal Albert Hall and filming for the aforementioned CD/DVD package, when he was interrupted mid-concert by a gentleman who walked onstage from the wings. The planned scenario was that Sedaka was to begin performing "Amarillo", and after one verse, the audience was to be surprised by the appearance of Christie for an eventual duet. At the interruption, a confused Sedaka asked, "What is this?" The interloper was a representative from Guinness World Records, and he was there to present Sedaka with an award from Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums for composing "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo?", the most successful UK single of the 21st century (up to that date)."Still Keeping It Together" interview by Russell A. Trunk with Neil Sedaka for AnneCarlini.com, Russell Trunk's Exclusive Magazine. Retrieved 07/16/11. After the presentation, Sedaka proceeded into "Amarillo", Christie entered onstage to an eruption of cheers from the audience, and after the successful duet performance, the two men walked offstage together, triumphantly arm in arm, as the first half of Sedaka's concert came to a close.

New recording contract, new chart success

Since Sedaka had lost his recording contract in the mid-1980s, he had used his own business, Neil Sedaka Music, to finance the recording, production, and distribution of new CDs and repackaging of his existing catalog of music. Because of ongoing disputes with RCA Records over the ownership of Sedaka's original late 1950s/early 1960s hits, in 1991, Sedaka re-recorded those early recordings.

In early 2007, Sedaka signed his first recording contract in nearly two decades with Razor and Tie Records, a small-but-growing, New York-based independent label with a talent roster that also includes Joan Baez, Vanessa Carlton, Foreigner, Joe Jackson, and Ladysmith Black Mambazo. The first release was The Definitive Collection, a life-spanning compilation of his hits, along with outtakes and songs previously released but unavailable in CD or download format. It debuted in the Top 25 on Billboard's Top 200 Albums chart in May 2007, one of the highest-charting albums of his entire career. It also includes "It Hurts to Be in Love", Sedaka's version of the Gene Pitney hit.Waking Up Is Hard to Do was Sedaka's next release with Razor and Tie, hitting the albums chart in May 2009. The CD was a children's album that used the melodies of many of Sedaka's best-known songs but changed the lyrics to fit the everyday lives of babies and toddlers, along with their parents, grandparents, babysitters, and other caregivers. The CD title is an example. Lastly, The Music of My Life entered the albums chart in February 2010 and comprised almost all new material. "Right or Wrong", co-written with original music partner Howard Greenfield, was done in traditional street-corner, layered doo-wop vocal harmonies with Sedaka overlaying his own voice to achieve the effect for which he was well known in his "early" heyday of the late 1950s and early 1960s. The final track, "You", has been previously released, but was remastered for this project and is one of several titles dedicated to his wife and career guide of over 50 years, Leba.

A concert performance on October 26, 2007, at the Lincoln Center in New York City paid homage to the 50th anniversary of Sedaka's debut in show business. Music impresario (and producer for The Music of My Life track "Do You Remember?") David Foster served as emcee. Other guests included The Captain and Tennille; Natalie Cole; Connie Francis; recording legend and decades-long Sedaka friend and former manager Don Kirshner; and new Solitaire "owner" Clay Aiken, among many others. Also in 2007, Donny Osmond released a CD, Love Songs of the '70s, which included a cover of Sedaka's 1975 No. 1 hit "Laughter in the Rain".

During his 2008 Australian tour, Sedaka premiered a new classical orchestral composition entitled "Joie de Vivre" (Joy of Life). Sedaka also toured the Philippines for his May 17, 2008, concert at the Araneta Coliseum.

On September 11, 2010, Sedaka performed to a TV audience at the Hyde Park, London, venue of the "Proms in the Park" for the BBC.

In early 2011, Sedaka recorded two duets ("Brighton" and "The Immigrant") with singer Jim Van Slyke for Van Slyke's Neil Sedaka tribute album, The Sedaka Sessions. LML Records released this album in August 2011.

In 2010, Sedaka duetted with West End (London) and Broadway theatre legend Elaine Paige, on their cover of "Make It With You", from Ms. Paige's UK CD release Elaine Paige and Friends. The track was originally a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 pop charts for the soft-rock group Bread in 1970. In 2014, Sedaka duetted with Engelbert Humperdinck. The pair recorded the title song from Sedaka's 1975 album The Hungry Years. The track is from Engelbert's UK/USA CD release Engelbert Calling.

Also in 2014, Sedaka duetted with up-and-coming Nashville star Mary Sarah (Gross) on Connie Francis' classic, "Theme from Where the Boys Are", on her all-duets CD Bridges. Mary Sarah was also a Season 10 (spring 2016) contestant on NBC's The Voice, and once again relied on Sedaka's "Where the Boys Are" for her blind audition. She turned all four chairs around, and ultimately placed seventh in the competition. In 2015, Sedaka duetted on his No. 1 hit from 1974 to 1975, "Laughter in the Rain", with Steve Tyrell, on Tyrell's 2015 album That Lovin' Feeling. In 2014, BBC Four broadcast the documentary, Neil Sedaka: King of Song, telling the story of the two distinct periods of success in his career.

On February 1, 2016, Sedaka performed to a sold-out audience in The Villages. Then, on August 12, 2016, Sedaka released his new acoustic album, I Do It for Applause, which includes 11 new tracks and a bonus of his first symphony that was debuted in Australia in 2008, "Joie de Vivre (Joy of Life)"; the recording features the London Philharmonia Orchestra.

In April 2020, Sedaka launched a series of free mini-concerts, released through his social media channels, as a method of entertaining his fans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Each daily concert features three songs from Sedaka's discography. Sedaka paused the series in December due to contracting COVID-19 himself, but resumed on a reduced schedule January 4, 2021, after recovering with no symptoms.

Personal life
Sedaka attended Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn, from which he graduated at the age of 17 in 1956.

He married Leba Strassberg in 1962. The couple have a daughter (Dara) and a son (Marc). Dara is a recording artist and vocalist for television and radio commercials who sang the female part on the Sedaka Billboard Top 20 hit duet, "Should've Never Let You Go" from 1980, and "Angel Queen" on the Queen Millennia soundtrack.  Marc is a Los Angeles-based screenwriter who has three children with his wife, Samantha.

Sedaka's nephew, through his marriage to Strassberg, is CNN Politics writer Harry Enten.

Sedaka underwent a procedure to remove a benign skin tumor from his nose in March 2021.

Discography

No. 1 hits
As a performer
 "Oh! Carol"  (Italy, Netherlands and Wallonia), 1960
 "One-Way Ticket to the Blues" (Japan), 1960
 "Calendar Girl"  (Canada & Japan), 1961
 "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (1962 version) – (Canada), US Billboard Hot 100, 1962, Grammy nomination for Best R&R performance
 "La terza luna" (Italy), 1963
 "Star Crossed Lovers" (Australia), 1969
 "Laughter in the Rain" – US Adult Contemporary, 1974; US Billboard Hot 100, 1975
 "The Immigrant" – US Adult Contemporary, 1975
 "Bad Blood" – US Billboard Hot 100, 1975–76, Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Performance
 "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (1975 version) – US Adult Contemporary, 1976, Grammy Award nomination for Song of the Year

As a songwriter
"Ring Ring" (English version) by ABBA (debut single) (songwriter) – (Belgium), 1973
"Solitaire" by The Carpenters (songwriter) – US Billboard Adult Contemporary, 1975
"Lonely Night (Angel Face)" by Captain & Tennille (1975) (songwriter) – (Canada), US Billboard Easy Listening
"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (1975) (songwriter) – US Billboard Hot 100, Grammy Award nomination for Song of the Year

Filmography
1968 – Playgirl Killer1973 – The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour (one episode, as himself) (musical performance)
1976 – Saturday Night Live (one episode, as himself) (musical performance)
1977 – The Carol Burnett Show (one episode, as himself)
1980 – The Toni Tennille Show (one episode, as himself)
2005 – The King of Queens (one episode, as himself)
2020–Present — Today's Mini-Concert (self-produced musical performance series)

AutobiographyLaughter in the Rain: My Own Story. New York: Putnam, 1982.

References

Sources
 Bloom, Ken. American song. The Complete Musical Theater Companion. 1877–1995, vol. 2, 2nd edition, Schirmer Books, 1996.
 Clarke, Donald. The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Viking, 1989.
 Ewen, David. American Songwriters. An H. W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, H. W. Wilson Company, 1987.
 diMartino, Dave. Singer-Songwriters, Pop Music's Performer-Composers, from A to Zevon, Billboard Books, 1984.
 Friedrich, Gary; Brown, Len. Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, Tower Publications, 1970.
 Lablanc, Michael. Contemporary Musicians, vol. 4, Gale Research, 1991.
 Larkin, Colin. The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Macmillan, 1992.
 Lyman, Darryl. Great Jews in Music, J. D. Publishers, 1986.
 Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
 Stambler, Irwin. Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul, St. Martin's Press, 1974.
 Sumrall, Harry. Pioneers of Rock and Roll. 100 Artists Who Changed the Face of Rock, Billboard Books, 1994.
 White, Mark. You Must Remember This... Popular Songwriters 1900–1980'', Frederick Warner, 1983.

External links

Neil Sedaka's Biography by Michael Turner
Neil Sedaka's comeback

1939 births
Living people
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American Sephardic Jews
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American male pianists
American male pop singers
American male singer-songwriters
American people of Sephardic-Jewish descent
American Ashkenazi Jews
American people of Lebanese-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Turkish-Jewish descent
American pop pianists
American tenors
Elektra Records artists
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American songwriters
Jewish singers
MGM Records artists
Singers from Brooklyn
People from Brighton Beach
Polydor Records artists
Razor & Tie artists
RCA Victor artists
Rocket Records artists
The Tokens members
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American Sephardic Jews
20th-century American Sephardic Jews

Neil Sedaka


أنوييا (Ανώγεια) هي مدينة في ريثيمني في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2314   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

أنوييا (ريثيمني)


Nolan Allan (né le  à Davidson dans la province de la Saskatchewan au Canada) est un joueur canadien de hockey sur glace. Il évolue à la position de défenseur.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Allan commence sa carrière avec les Broncos de Humboldt dans une ligue junior de la Saskatchewan moins de 15 ans en 2016-2017.

En 2018-2019, il rejoint les Blazers de Saskatoon dans une ligue junior de la Saskatchewan moins de 18 ans. Au terme de la saison il est nommé dans la première équipe d'étoiles et meilleur défenseur de la ligue. Il représente la province de la Saskatchewan lors des Jeux du Canada.

Il découvre la ligue de hockey de l'Ouest (LHOu) cette même année, disputant sept rencontres avec les Raiders de Prince Albert. La saison suivante, il s'impose dans la défense de cette équipe. Tous les espoirs sont de mise pour les Raiders qui sont en tête de leur division au moment de l'arrêt des activités de la ligue, à la suite de la pandémie de COVID-19.

Lors de la saison 2020-2021, il joue avec les Ice Wolves de La Ronge dans la ligue de hockey junior de la Saskatchewan (LHJS) avant de rejoindre les Raiders lorsque la LHOu reprend son activité .

En prévision du repêchage de 2021, la centrale de recrutement de la LNH le classe au quarantième rang des espoirs nord-américains chez les patineurs. Il est finalement sélectionné au  rang par les Blackhawks de Chicago.

Au niveau international
Allan représente le Canada au niveau international. Lors du Défi mondial des moins de 17 ans en 2019, il finit à la  place avec l'équipe rouge du Canada. Il remporte le championnat du monde des moins de 18 ans en 2021.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

| 2016-2017 || Broncos de Humboldt U15 ||  || 30 || 10 || 15 || 25 || 22 || 5 || 2 || 5 || 7 || 12
|-
| 2016-2017 || Broncos de Humboldt U18 ||  || - || - || - || - || - || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2017-2018 || Broncos de Humboldt U15 ||  || 26 || 12 || 32 || 44 || 57 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 2
|-
| 2018-2019 || Blazers de Saskatoon ||  || 39 || 12 || 23 || 35 || 32 || 13 || 6 || 15 || 21 || 26
|-
| 2018-2019 || Raiders de Prince Albert || LHOu || 7 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Team Saskatchewan || Jeux du Canada || 6 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 10 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2019-2020 || Raiders de Prince Albert || LHOu || 58 || 2 || 6 || 8 || 25 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Raiders de Prince Albert || LHOu || 16 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 21 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Ice Wolves de La Ronge || LHJS || 5 || 2 || 3 || 5 || 10 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || Raiders de Prince Albert || LHOu ||65 ||7 ||34 ||41 ||69 ||5  ||0  ||1  ||1  ||2

Au niveau international

|-
| 2019 || align=left| noir - 17 ans ||align="left"| Défi mondial des moins de 17 ans || 5 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 ||  place
|-
| 2021 || align=left| Canada - 18 ans ||align="left"| Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans || 7 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 ||
|-

Transactions
Le , il est sélectionné par les Raiders de Prince Albert à la  place durant le premier tour du repêchage de la LHOu.

Le , il s'engage avec les Raiders.

Le , il signe son contrat d'entrée avec les Blackhawks.

Trophées et honneurs personnels

Trophées juniors
 2018-2019
 Désigné meilleur défenseur du championnat de .
 Sélectionné dans la première équipe d'étoiles de la .

Références

Naissance en avril 2003
Naissance en Saskatchewan
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Choix de premier tour au repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH
Choix de repêchage des Blackhawks de Chicago
Joueur des Raiders de Prince Albert
Défenseur de hockey sur glace

Nolan Allan


Sunset Boulevard, mjuzikl je Andrewa Lloyda Webbera za kog su tekst napisali Don Black i Christopher Hampton. Ideju za mjuzikl Webber je dobio od istoimenog filma iz 1950., redatelja Billya Wildera s Gloriom Swanson u glavnoj ulozi.

Mjuzikl je imao praizvedbu u Adelphi Theatru u Londonu, 25. kolovoza 1993., s Patti LuPone i Danielom Benzaliem u glavnim ulogama, u režiji Trevora Nunna.

Mjuzikl govori o izblijediloj zvijezdi nijemih filmova, Normi Desmond, koja živi u sjećanjima, u svojoj kući na Sunset Boulevard u Hollywoodu, i sanja o velikom povratku na filmska platna.

Mjuzikl je izveden na Broadwayu 17. studenog 1994. u Minskoff Theateru s Glenn Close i Alanom Campbellom u glavnim ulogama. Prikazan je 977 puta i nagrađen je s nekoliko Tony Award nagrada, između ostalih i za najbolji mjuzikl 1995.

Mjuzikl

Sunset Boulevard (mjuzikl)


Raoul d'Harcourt, mort en 1307 ou 1309, est un homme d'Église français du  siècle.

Biographie

Chanoine de Paris, archidiacre de Rouen et de Coutances, chancelier de l'église de Bayeux, il était un des conseillers de Philippe le Bel.

En 1280, à Paris, il fonde le collège d'Harcourt qui deviendra le lycée Saint-Louis.

Notes et références

Chanoine du XIIIe siècle
Chanoine du XIVe siècle
Maison d'Harcourt

Raoul d'Harcourt


The California Zephyr was a passenger train that ran between Chicago, Illinois, and Oakland, California, via Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, Winnemucca, Oroville and Pleasanton in the United States. It was operated by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (CB&Q), Denver & Rio Grande Western (D&RGW) and Western Pacific (WP) railroads, all of which dubbed it "the most talked about train in America" on March 19, 1949, with the first departure the following day. The train was scheduled to pass through the most spectacular scenery on its route in the daylight. The original train ceased operation in 1970, though the D&RGW continued to operate its own passenger service, the Rio Grande Zephyr, between Salt Lake City and Denver, using the original equipment until 1983. In 1983 a second iteration of the California Zephyr, an Amtrak service, was formed. The current version of the California Zephyr operates partially over the route of the original Zephyr and partially over the route of its former rival, the City of San Francisco.

History

Pre-California Zephyr (1939 to 1949)

In 1939, the Golden Gate International Exposition opened on Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay. The CB&Q, D&RGW and WP decided to operate a train that could take passengers to the event. Service on the Exposition Flyer began on June 10, 1939. In the beginning, the train used steam locomotives as motive power and consisted of heavyweight Pullman standard cars. In later years, the train used diesel power and in the final months of service used streamlined passenger cars. Initially, the service was to be temporary, but its popularity made it a significant rival to the City of San Francisco, the Chicago-Oakland train operated jointly by the Chicago & Northwestern, Union Pacific and Southern Pacific, and it remained in operation until 1949. The CB&Q, D&RGW and Western Pacific replaced the Exposition Flyer in 1949 with the all-streamlined California Zephyr, which used the same route.

California Zephyr

In its original run, the California Zephyr operated over the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Burlington Route) from Chicago to Denver, Colorado, the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad between Denver and Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Western Pacific Railroad from Salt Lake City to Oakland, California. Cars owned by different railroads ran together; cars cycled in and out for service, repairs, and varying passenger loads with the seasons.

The first train was named in San Francisco by Eleanor Parker, but the WP entered it in the same way that railroads like the DL&W, Erie, and CNJ/RDG/B&O entered New York City: by ferry, and not by rail. California Lieutenant Governor Goodwin Knight, mayor of San Francisco Elmer Robinson, and WP President Harry A. Mitchell looked on. For the inaugural run in 1949, every woman on the train was given "silver" and orange orchids flown from Hilo, Hawaii. The car hostesses were known as Zephyrettes.

In summer 1954, the scheduled run for the 2,532 miles from Chicago to San Francisco was 50 hours 50 minutes.  An eastbound California Zephyr through Ruby Canyon saw the train's first birth on March 1, 1955, when Reed Zars was born on board.

Knowing that they could not begin to compete with the faster and less-rugged route used by the City of San Francisco, the Burlington Route, D&RGW and WP billed the California Zephyr as a scenic "rail cruise" through the Rockies.

Zephyrettes

The brainchild of Velma McPeek, the Burlington's Supervisor of Passenger Train Services, the Zephyrettes were train hostesses who performed a wide variety of roles, from tour guide to first-aid responder to babysitter. After debuting on the Denver Zephyr in 1936, they served on the California Zephyr from 1949 until it was discontinued in 1970. Described by former Zephyrette Julie Ann Lyman as "the railroad's answer to the air line stewardess", the various duties of the position included welcoming passengers, making announcements, sending telegrams, making dinner reservations, and generally serving as a liaison between the train's passengers and its crew. At any one time, there were 10 or 11 Zephyrettes who were actively employed. When Amtrak revived the California Zephyr in 1983, it invited a former Zephyrette, Beulah Bauman, to christen the train.

A pair of the Western Pacific's Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDCs), replacements for the Royal Gorge (trains No. 1 and 2), also used the name Zephyrette. From September 15, 1950, to October 2, 1960, they were in service between Oakland, California, and Salt Lake City, a distance of , which made the route the longest RDC service in the United States.

Discontinued Ferry Connection

The last portion of route utilizing the bay ferries ended in 1958 and replaced by bus service.

The opening of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and San Francisco Transbay Terminal in 1930s offered alternative rail connections directly into San Francisco until the 1950s. Declining rail ridership prompted ending rail connection and even the Transbay Terminal became a bus
depot.

Decline and replacement

The California Zephyr was not immune to falling passenger travel in the 1960s; moreover, it began to lose money even when sold out. The Western Pacific applied to discontinue its portion in 1966, but the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) refused after public outcry. The D&RGW made the same request in 1969 and in 1970 the ICC permitted Western Pacific to end its portion, provided the D&RGW and Burlington Northern Railroad provide "some semblance of [service]" between Chicago and Ogden, Utah. The last westbound California Zephyr to the west coast left Chicago on March 22, 1970, and arrived in Oakland two days later. The original California Zephyr had operated for 21 years and 2 days. East of Salt Lake City the train was reduced to a tri-weekly schedule, operating as California Service on the Burlington Northern and as the Rio Grande Zephyr on the Rio Grande.  The Rio Grande portion of the train was extended beyond Salt Lake to Ogden, Utah, allowing Nevada and California passengers to connect to the Southern Pacific Railroad's City of San Francisco.  This continued until the creation of Amtrak on May 1, 1971.

Amtrak intended to revive the California Zephyr as part its original route network in 1971, using the Burlington Northern east of Denver, the Rio Grande between Denver and Ogden, and the Southern Pacific west of Ogden, Utah. At the last minute, the Rio Grande refused to join Amtrak, fearing the new company's passenger trains would interfere with profitable freight traffic.  This forced Amtrak to use the Union Pacific's Overland Route through southern Wyoming instead of going across Colorado. Between the spring of 1971 and the summer of 1972, passengers traveling between Chicago and Oakland would have to travel on two different trains: the Denver Zephyr, which operated daily between Chicago and Denver, and the City of San Francisco, which operated three times a week between Denver and the San Francisco Bay Area. Eventually, however, after several false starts, Amtrak consolidated the two trains into one, dubbed the San Francisco Zephyr in homage to both the California Zephyr and the San Francisco Chief between Chicago and Oakland. The Rio Grande continued to operate the Rio Grande Zephyr between Denver and Ogden.

In 1983 the D&RGW elected to join Amtrak, citing increasing losses in passenger operations. Amtrak re-routed the San Francisco Zephyr over the D&RGW's Moffat Subdivision between Denver and Salt Lake City, its original preference from 1971. The change was scheduled for April 25, but a mudslide at Thistle, Utah, closed the line and delayed the change until July 16. With the change of route, Amtrak renamed the train as the California Zephyr. The modern California Zephyr uses mostly the same route as the original east of Winnemucca, Nevada. The train uses the route of the former City of San Francisco, along the Overland Route (First transcontinental railroad), between Elko, Nevada, and Sacramento. Across central Nevada, the two rail lines have been combined under owner Union Pacific to use directional running. As such, the exact spot the train switches lines depends on the direction of travel.

Route description
Both the current and original iterations of the California Zephyr operate on Chicago, Burlington and Quincy (today part of BNSF Railway) between Chicago and Denver, and the former Denver and Rio Grande Western main line from Denver to Salt Lake (today part of Union Pacific Railroad's Central Corridor). West of Salt Lake City  both iterations departed Salt Lake on the Shafter Subdivision of the former Western Pacific Railroad and crossed much of Nevada using the Elko Subdivision.

The routes of the two iterations of the California Zephyr diverge at the rail junction of Weso, Nevada  (near Winnemucca). The current iteration uses the Overland Route from this point west, the route used by the City of San Francisco.  The original California Zephyr used the Feather River Route as its path through the Sierra Nevada. Instead of passing through Reno, the original Zephyr was routed via Gerlach, Nevada, and in California passed through Portola, Oroville, Sacramento, Stockton and Pleasanton before arriving at the Oakland depot. The Feather River Route is still in use for freight; however, no longer hosts a regularly scheduled passenger service. This portion of the route mostly parallels State Route 70.

The Oakland terminal was originally the Southern Pacific Mole, where a ferry service was available to San Francisco. After July 1958, trains terminated at the Western Pacific Depot.

Equipment

The Budd Company manufactured six ten-car trainsets; three went to the Burlington, two to the Western Pacific and one to the Rio Grande. In line with the train's sightseeing schedule, each set included five of the new "Vista-Domes" (three coaches, a dormitory-lounge, and a sleeper-observation car). The California Zephyr was the first long-distance train to carry domes in regular service. In addition, each consist included a baggage car, a dining car, a 16-section sleeping car and three 10-roomette 6-double bedroom sleeping cars. The Pennsylvania Railroad owned a single 10-roomette 6-double bedroom sleeping car, the Silver Rapids, which was used for through service to New York City.

Each car was named: all names began with "Silver…" with each type of car having a different theme; the baggage cars were named after animals, the dome coaches had a western theme, the lounge and dining cars had a catering theme, the 16-section cars were named after trees, the 10-6 cars carried names associated with the suffixes used for types of Pullman sleeping cars, while the observation cars' names emphasised their domes.

The forward section of the first Vista-Dome car was partitioned off and reserved for women and children. A door was located in the corridor under the dome just behind the women's restroom to allow access to the reserved section. Early on, this reserved section was opened up to all passengers and the door and partitions were removed. Ownership of the cars was split between the three railroads almost evenly across all car types. Each car was owned by one railroad, but the ownership of the cars in any one day's train depended more on what was available at the terminals than whose railroad the train was operating over.

Generally positioned as the second Vista-Dome coach was the car referred to as the "Conductor's Car". This car was like the other Vista-Dome coaches, except a small booth with a bench seat and desk for the conductor was located in the B end.

In 1952 another type of Pullman sleeper (6-double bedrooms 5-compartments) was added to each consist; they ran as the leading sleeping car as line CZ16, and carried the names of birds as their "Silver…" theme. In addition, the Burlington bought another observation car, another 16-section car, and two 10-6 cars. With the new cars delivered that year, cars arriving in Chicago on the California Zephyr were made available for use on the Ak-Sar-Ben Zephyr for an overnight round trip to Lincoln, Nebraska. When the cars returned from Lincoln the next day, they were placed back in the westbound California Zephyr's consist for the next train out of Chicago that afternoon.

The Pennsylvania Railroad's transcontinental sleeping car to and from New York was eliminated in October 1957, owing to declining ridership.

During the winter 1963–1964 season, all seven 16-section cars were withdrawn and rebuilt as 48-seat (non-dome) coaches. They went back into service carrying the same names and were placed between the baggage car and the dome coaches as line CZ23. The Burlington renumbered their cars but the Rio Grande and Western Pacific retained the existing fleet numbers on their cars.

Preservation

The high-quality Budd-built cars of the California Zephyr have proven to be popular with private car owners. Several operate in private charter service on Amtrak, including dome-observation car Silver Solarium, dome-coach Silver Lariat, sleepers Silver Rapids and Silver Quail and a dome lounge now known as the Sierra Hotel. In 2018, the Silver Lariat, Silver Solarium, Silver Rapids and the baggage car Silver Peak were sold to the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad outside Cleveland, Ohio and entered service there in September 2018.

Seven museums currently hold equipment once used on the California Zephyr:

 The largest collection of preserved equipment can be found in Portola, California, at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum. One locomotive and four cars are currently preserved there as part of the museum's "Zephyr Project" restoration program. Western Pacific 805-A is the last intact locomotive built specifically for the California Zephyr. The cars include dome-lounge Silver Hostel, dome coaches Silver Lodge and Silver Rifle (on long-term loan from the Golden Gate Railroad Museum) and the diner Silver Plate. The Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum in Calera, Alabama, owns the Silver Maple (ex-CB&Q 400 [sleeper], rebuilt 1963 to chair car configuration, CB&Q 4742) now numbered 4741. The Silver Maple is used in regular excursion service.
 The Illinois Railway Museum owns several Burlington locomotives that were used to pull the train on occasion, Rio Grande dome coach Silver Pony, and WP baggage car Silver Beaver.
 The Colorado Railroad Museum has two Rio Grande locomotives that also saw California Zephyr and later Rio Grande Zephyr service.
 The Gold Coast Railroad Museum in Florida owns two former Western Pacific Railroad California Zephyr cars: baggage car Silver Stag and dome-observation car Silver Crescent.
 The Avon Park Depot Museum in Florida owns one former Western Pacific California Zephyr car: the Silver Palm, originally a sleeper car, is now a buffet dining car used by the museum for dinner parties. The car was converted to its buffet car state by the Auto-Train Corporation when it bought the car.
 The Austin Steam Train Association, which operates the Austin & Texas Central Railroad in the Hill Country between Cedar Park and Burnet, has completed its restoration of the Silver Pine. Originally a 16-section sleeper manufactured in 1948 by the Budd Company, the coach car re-entered revenue service in 2011 for the first time since its Denver & Rio Grande Western days.

Three diner cars were in revenue service with Amtrak as of 2015, but are now retired.

Replicas
A non-functional replica of the California Zephyr was displayed at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California. It housed Baker's Field Bakery and Bur-r-r Bank ice cream counter cafes at the Sunshine Plaza main entrance. The exhibit closed on July 31, 2011, as part of the park's $1.1 billion overhaul. Disney gave the replica to the Western Pacific Railroad Museum in Portola, California.

In popular culture
Hank Williams' 1956 single "California Zephyr" is likely his take on the traditional "Wabash Cannonball," made famous by his hero Roy Acuff; the melody and references to American cities and towns are strikingly similar.

Jack Kerouac's 1962 novel Big Sur opens with a trip to California on the train:

...I had sneaked into San Francisco as I say, coming 3,000 miles from my home in Long Island (Northport) in a pleasant roomette on the California Zephyr train watching American roll by outside my private picture window, really happy for the first time in three years, staying in the roomette all three days and three nights with my instant coffee and sandwiches...

Ben Gibbard and Jay Farrar's 2009 music album One Fast Move or I'm Gone and the associated documentary of the same name are based on Kerouac's novel Big Sur. The record opens with a song called "California Zephyr."

Grant Hart (of Hüsker Dü fame) wrote a song called "California Zephyr" for his 2009 album Hot Wax. The song may be a paean to gay liberation, especially following the AIDS epidemic.

Footnotes

References

External links

 California Zephyr Museum Online
 The California Zephyr, Legendary Passenger Train of the West

Passenger trains of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Passenger trains of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
Passenger trains of the Western Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
Passenger rail transportation in Illinois
Passenger rail transportation in Iowa
Passenger rail transportation in Nebraska
Passenger rail transportation in Colorado
Passenger rail transportation in Utah
Passenger rail transportation in Nevada
Passenger rail transportation in California
Named passenger trains of the United States
Night trains of the United States
Railway services introduced in 1949
Railway services discontinued in 1970
North American streamliner trains

California Zephyr (1949–1970)


Jython este o implementare a limbajului de programare Python proiectat să ruleze pe platforma Java. Este succesorul lui JPython.

Prezentare generală
Programa Jython poate importa și utiliza orice clasă Java. Cu excepția unor module standard, programele Jython utilizează clase Java în locul modulelor Python. Jython include aproape toate modulele din distribuția standard de limbaj de programare Python, lipsind doar câteva dintre modulele implementate inițial în C. De exemplu, o interfață în Jython poate fi scrisă cu Swing, AWT sau SWT. Jython se compilează la Java bytecode (limba intermediară) fie la cerere, fie la statică.

Istorie
Jython a fost inițial creat la sfârșitul anului 1997 pentru a înlocui C cu Java pentru codul intensiv de performanță accesat de programele Python, care sa mutat la SourceForge în octombrie 2000. Fundația Software Python a acordat un grant în ianuarie 2005. Jython 2.5 a fost lansat în iunie 2009.

Statut
Cea mai recentă versiune este Jython 2.7.1. A fost lansat la 1 iulie 2017 și este compatibil cu Python 2.7.

Deși Jython implementează specificația limbajului Python, are unele diferențe și incompatibilități cu CPython, care este implementarea de referință a Python.

Termeni de licență
Din versiunea 2.2, Jython (inclusiv biblioteca standard) este lansat sub licența Python Software Foundation (v2). Versiunile mai vechi sunt acoperite de licența Jython 2.0, 2.1 și licența software JPython 1.1.x.

Linie de comandă este disponibilă sub licența de software Apache.

Note

Limbaje de scripting

Jython


Pia Græsbøll Ottesen (født 30. september 1967 i København C) er en dansk samtidskunster. Hun er uddannet billedhugger fra Aarhus kunstakademi og Glasgow school of Art 1993-1997. Debutant 1997 på Kunstnernes efterårs-udstilling, Den frie.

Udgivelser
 "Skulptur i undervisningsbrug" af billedhugger Pia Græsbøll Ottesen. Udgivet på Forlaget Buchs i 2007. Anvendelse fra 15 år. En inspirations bog til brug i undervisning. Forskellige skulpturelle metoder præsenteres og gennemgås trin for trin.

"Det søde vikinghjørne" er 2 i 1 dansk og engelske "dessert/bage" opskrifter basseret på ingredienser som har groet i Denmark i 800-1000 tallet. Udgivet på Hvid grafisk. 2016.

Billedhuggere fra Danmark

Pia Græsbøll Ottesen


Alex R. Gibbs (1967.), američki astronom.

Tehničar je u zvjezdarnici koji je bio dijelom posade Catalinskog nebeskog pregleda: premda nije astronom po struci, otkrio je mnoga nebeska tijela, brojne asteroide (poput ,  ili 221628 Hyatt, koji je nazvan po njegovom ocu, astronomu Hyattu M. Gibbsu) i 29 kometa (229P/Gibbs i druge).

Po njemu je nazvan asteroid 14220 Alexgibbs.

Izvori

Američki astronomi
Otkrivači kometa

Alex R. Gibbs


Bel Air, også stavet Bel-Air med bindestreg, er en bydel i den vestlige del af Los Angeles. Bydelen er Los Angeles rigeste, og hjemsted for en række stjerner i underholdningsbranchen. Den dækker et areal på 16,5 km2, og blev grundlagt i 1923 af Alphonzo Bell.

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 1923
Bydele i Los Angeles

Bel Air


هند البحرينية (5 مايو 1979 -)، مغنية بحرينية لقبت ب«فراشة الخليج» و«بيونسيه العرب».

حياتها ومشوارها الفني
ولدت في مدينة عيسى لعائلة مكونه من ذكرين وثلاث إناث. عمل والدها في وزارة العمل والشؤوون الاجتماعية آنذاك بينما كانت والدتها ربة منزل، اتمت المرحلة الثانوية عام 1997 وإلتحقت بالجامعة لتكمل دراساتها العليا في تخصص إدراة الأعمال ولكنها سرعان ما إنسحبت وتعاقدت مع شركة فنون الإمارات لإصدار ألبومها الأول (هند 2000) بعد أن إكتشفها الملحن الكويتي أنور عبد الله والملحن عارف الزياني الذي أطلق عليها إسـم (هنـد) بدلاً من سهير اسمها الحقيقي.

تعاونت في ألبومها الأول مع نخبة من الشعراء والملحنين كان أبرزهـم عارف الزياني– نزار عبد الله ومكتشفها أنور عبد الله وغيرهم توالت أعمالها بعد ذلك بعد طلاقها وغيابها عادت للتعاقد مع شـركة روتانا للصـوتيات والمرئيات إثر سوء تفاهـم نشب بينها وبين شركتها المنتجة السابقة مما أتاح فـرصة أكبر للانتشار عربياً، تولى إدارة أعمالها الملحن الكويتي عبدالله العقود.

حياتها الشخصية
تزوجت للمرة الأولى من البحريني«فهد أحمد» عام 2002 وانجبت منه إبنها «عبد الله» لكنهما إنفصلا عام 2004، وتزوجت في ديسمبر 2012 من اللبناني «جورج نمر» مدير الإنتاج في قناة الوطن الكويتية وتطلقا بعد ذلك، وفي مارس 2020 أعلنت عن اصابتها بفيروس كورونا.، تزوجت من لاعب كرة السلة اللبناني «كريم عز الدين» وأعلنت عن ذلك في يونيو 2021.

ألبومات

فيديو كليب

أغاني منفردة
 2023: انتهت وياك
 2020: اكابر
 2020: ما فيني شي
 2020: هدية
 2019: موت ويعني
 2018: الله أعلم
 2017: تبلد
 2017: لهجات العرب
 2016: استاهلك
 2015: احلى شعور
 2015: قامت شياطيني
 2014: من الآخر
 2013: جذاب
 2013: موجوع قلبي
 2013: ظروف الوقت
 2012: سما ثانية، تتر مسلسل
 2010: يمة وردة
 2010: عنيدة
 2010: طقت في راسي
 2007: دار بوسلمان
 2007: عمري الباقي

أغاني مسلسلات
 1999: سرور بمشاركة أحمد الهرمي.
 2008: ظل الياسمين.
 2010: أميمة في دار الأيتام (بدلًا عن رباب).
 2012: سما ثانية.
 2019: عذراء.

المراجع

 حساب هند الرسمي على انستقرام

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
فنانو روتانا
مغنيات بحرينيات
مغنيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1979
مغنيات بحرينيات في القرن 21

هند البحرينية


Unijunction-transistor har flere specialiseringer:
 Unijunction-transistor (originale) - UJT har tre terminaler: En emitter (E) og to baser (B1 og B2).
 Komplementær unijunction-transistor (CUJT).
 Programmérbar unijunction-transistor (PUT) - har følgende terminaler: Anode, katode og gate.

Unijunction-transistor (flertydig)


Dia Mundial da Sanita, instituído pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) é celebrado no dia 19 de Novembro e pretende alertar para a crise sanitária mundial.

História
Este dia que também é conhecido como Dia Mundial da Latrina, da Retrete, do Vaso Sanitário, do banheiro ou das instalações sanitárias, foi implementado pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 2013.

O dia escolhido para o celebrar coincide com o dia em que Jack Sim fundou a Organização Mundial da Sanita em 2001. Foi declarado como  dia oficial das Nações Unidas na 67ª sessão da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas onde 122 países ratificaram a Resolução 67/291, no dia 24 de Julho de 2013, em Nova York.

Objetivos
Ao ratificar esta data a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) tem como objetivo alertar para a importância do acesso universal a serviços básicos de saneamento e água potável de forma sustentável para a população global.

Para tal, neste dia, são promovidas campanhas que procuram mobilizar a sociedade civil, organizações não-governamentais, empresas, entre outras partes interessadas, encorajando-as a agir, a definirem programas e projetos que procurem encontrar soluções para a crise sanitária mundial, responsável pela morte de 350 mil crianças em todo o mundo devido a diarreias provocadas pela ingestão de água imprópria para consumo.

Referências

Ligações Externas
 ONU | Resolução 67/291 - Saneamento para todos (2013)

 UN Water | Site Oficial do Dia Mundial da Sanita

UN - Water | Dia Mundial da Sanita
DW News | Is the toilet humanity's most important invention?

Dias internacionais da Organização das Nações Unidas
Organização das Nações Unidas

Dia Mundial da Sanita


O Código Moral do Construtor do Comunismo (Em Russo: Моральный кодекс строителя коммунизма) foi um conjunto de doze regras morais que deveriam ser seguidas por todos os membros do Partido Comunista da União Soviética e da Juventude Comunista.

O Código Moral foi adotado após o 22º Congresso do Partido da União Soviética em 1961,  como parte do novo Terceiro Programa.

O primeiro princípio é "Devoção à causa do comunismo".

As doze regras foram comparadas superficialmente aos Dez Mandamentos, porém elas se diferenciam também superficialmente. Embora em livros e na mídia de língua russa às vezes seja possível ver as afirmações sobre fundamentos na Bíblia, referindo-se, por exemplo, a "quem não trabalha, também não comerá" (Segunda Epístola aos Tessalonicenses 3:10); também usado na Constituição Soviética de 1936. Diferentemente dos Dez Mandamentos, as regras do código não eram regras de conduta engessadas; elas eram praticadas como regras de atitudes. Por exemplo, "Não cometerás adultério" de Moisés corresponderia vagamente a "Respeito mútuo dentro da família e preocupação acerca da educação das crianças" no Código.

Outra distinção notável é que o Código Moral fala em termos da relação de uma pessoa para com a sociedade, envés de termos de virtudes pessoais. Por exemplo, "Não roubarás" pode ser ligado vagamente a "Preocupação de todos acerca da preservação e multiplicação do bem comum".

O legislador e líder do Partido Comunista Guennadi Ziuganov comparou o Código Moral do Construtor do Comunismo com o Sermão da Montanha.

Doze regras do Construtor do Comunismo
Estas são as regras escritas como parte do Terceiro Programa do Partido.

 Lealdade ao Comunismo e amor à socialista Terra-mãe e outros países socialistas.
 Trabalho consciente para o bem da sociedade: Quem não trabalha, não come.
 Preocupação de todos acerca da preservação e multiplicação do bem comum.
 Alta consciência da responsabilidade social e intolerância a violação do interesse comum.
 Coletivismo e companheirismo: Um por todos e todos por um.
 Relações humanas entre seres humanos: Um ser humano é um amigo, um camarada e um irmão para outro ser humano.
 Honestidade, clareza ética, assim como modéstia e simplicidade tanto na vida particular como na vida pública.
 Respeito mútuo dentro da família e preocupação acerca da educação das crianças
 Intolerância a injustiça, parasitismo social, injustiça, gestão de carreira e aquisitividade.
 Amizade e irmandade entre todas as nações da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, intolerância a qualquer injúria racial ou étnica.
 Intolerância a todos os inimigos do comunismo, da paz e da liberdade dos povos do mundo.
 Solidariedade a todos os trabalhadores de todos os países.

Veja Também

 Virtudes Prussianas
 Terceiro Programa do Partido Comunista da União Soviética
 Oito honras e Oito Vergonhas

Referências

Cultura da União Soviética
Documentos da União Soviética
Bolchevismo
1961
União Soviética
Moralidade

Código Moral do Construtor do Comunismo


Mossley Association Football Club is a football club in Mossley, Greater Manchester, England. Nicknamed the Lilywhites after the white shirts adopted in 1912, they are currently members of the  and play at Seel Park.

History
The club was established as Park Villa. After a season of playing friendlies and cup matches, they were renamed Mossley Juniors in 1904 and joined the Stalybridge & District League. In their first competitive league match the club lost 9–1 to Dunham Villa, but they recovered to beat Mossley Volunteers 2–1 the following week. The club transferred to the Ashton, Dunkinfield & District League in 1907, and then the Oldham & District League in 1907 and the West End Amateur League in 1908. In 1909 they were renamed Mossley Association Football Club and joined Division Two of the Ashton & District League. They finished joint top of the table in 1909–10 before losing a championship play-off match 3–2 to Ashton St Peter's reserves. However, they did win the Ashton Junior Cup. The league was reduced to a single division the following season, with Mossley continuing as members. They won the league in 1911–12 and were runners-up in the next two seasons, also winning the Lady Aitken League Cup in 1913–14, beating Droylsden in a second replay.

Mossley were Ashton & District League champions again in 1914–15, also winning the League Cup and the Manchester Junior Cup. In 1915 they joined the South East Lancashire League. However, despite leading the league in January, club officials decided to disband due to the war. They reformed for the 1916–17 and joined the Manchester Amateur League, but disbanded again in January 1917. The club was resurrected again in December 1918 and joined the Manchester Section of the Lancashire Combination for the truncated 1919 season, going on to finish as runners-up. Later in 1919 Mossley were founder members of the Cheshire County League, finishing as runners-up in the league and losing the League Cup final in the 1919–20 season. They won the League Cup the following season. In 1933–34 the club won the Manchester Junior Cup for a second time. They subsequently won Manchester Shield in 1937–38.

Following World War II Mossley finished bottom of the league in 1945–46. The 1949–50 season saw the club reach the first round of the FA Cup for the first time. After beating Witton Albion 1–0, they lost 3–0 to Nuneaton Borough in a second round replay. In 1960–61 the club won the League Cup and the Manchester Intermediate Cup, winning the latter trophy again in 1966–67 and 1967–68. They reached the first round of the FA Cup again in 1969–70, losing 1–0 to Stockport County in a replay, before going on to finish as runners-up in the league. After winning the Manchester Senior Cup in 1971–72, they moved up to the Northern Premier League. The club won the Senior Cup for a second time in 1976–77. Another appearance in the FA Cup first round in 1977–78 saw them lose 3–0 to Rotherham United. However, the season ended with the club winning the Northern Premier League title and the League Cup. However, they were unable to be promoted to the Alliance Premier League as their ground did not meet the requirements. The club were subsequently invited to play in a Non League Champion of Champions Cup match at the start of the following season, but were beaten by Southern League champions Worcester City over two legs.

Mossley retained their league title in 1979–80. They also reached the FA Cup first round again, losing 5–2 to York City, as well as reaching the final of the FA Trophy, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Dagenham at Wembley Stadium. The club defeated Football League opposition in the FA Cup for the first time the following season, beating Crewe Alexandra 1–0 before losing 3–1 at home to Mansfield Town in the second round. They went on to finish as runners-up in the league, which they repeated in each of the next two seasons, as well as making further FA Cup first round appearances which ended in defeat by Stockport and Huddersfield Town. Although the club reached the FA Cup first round again in 1983–84 (losing to 5–0 Darlington), they also finished bottom of the Northern Premier League, marking the end of their period of success.

The Northern Premier League gained a second division in 1987, with Mossley becoming members of the Premier Division. They won the League Cup and the Manchester Premier Cup in 1988–89, before winning the league's Challenge Shield in 1989–90 and the Manchester Premier Cup in 1990–91. However, the club were relegated to Division One at the end of the 1992–93 season, and then finished bottom of Division One in 1994–95, resulting in relegation to Division One of the North West Counties League (which had been formed by merger of the Cheshire County League and the Lancashire Combination in 1982). They were Division One runners-up in 1998–99 and won the League Cup in 2002–03, before finishing as runners-up in Division One again the following season, earning promotion back to Division One of the Northern Premier League.

Mossley were Division One champions in 2005–06 and were promoted to the Premier Division. However, they were relegated at the end of the following season, at which point the club were placed in Division One North. The club won the Manchester Premier Cup in 2011–12, and retained it the following season, which also saw the club finish fifth in the league, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. However, they were beaten 1–0 by Cammell Laird in the semi-finals. The club won the Premier Cup again in 2014–15 and 2015–16.

Ground
The initially played at a former rugby ground in Luzley, earning the nickname the 'Luzleyites'. Seats were installed on the eastern side of the pitch and some at the southern end. In 1912 they moved to Seel Fold, which had previously been used as a rubbish tip and then a cricket field, using the adjacent Highland Laddie Hotel as their headquarters. The opening match was played on 23 September, a 4–0 win for Mossley against Stalybridge St Peters in the Ashton & District League. A record attendance of over 3,000 was set for a local derby against Mossley Celtic in the 1913–14 season. A 430-capacity stand was built on the Popular Side in 1920, with terracing installed on the same side in 1922. The stand was expanded to a capacity of 1,000 in 1927, with the ground becoming known as Seel Park in 1931. A new stand was built at the Mossley Park end in 1932 and a 300-seat stand erected on the Market Street side of the pitch four years later. The club's record attendance of 6,640 was set in 1946 for a Cheshire County League match against local rivals Stalybridge Celtic.

Mossley purchased the ground from Stamford Estates in 1948 for £1,200. The Popular Side stand was demolished in 1969 and replaced in 1971 when the club sold Gary Pierce to Huddersfield Town. Floodlights were installed the following year. A stand was built at the Park End in 1980. In 1987 the main stand had to be demolished due to storm damage, and was replaced with a 220-seat stand which was named for club president James Anderson. The ground was sold in 1988 to clear the club's debts, with Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council becoming owners in 1990. The installation of new terracing began in 1996 and finished in 2008 when the Hanover Street side was completed.

Honours
Northern Premier League
Champions 1978–79, 1979–80
Division One champions 2005–06
Challenge Cup winners 1978–79, 1988–89
Challenge Shield winners 1989–90
North West Counties League
League Cup winners 2002–03
Cheshire County League
League Cup winners 1920–21, 1960–61
Ashton & District League
Champions 1911–12, 1914–15
League Cup winners 1913–14
Manchester Premier Cup
Winners 1988–89, 1990–91, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16
Manchester Senior Cup
Winners 1971–72, 1976–77
Manchester Shield
Winners 1937–38
Manchester Intermediate Cup
Winners 1960–61, 1966–67, 1967–68
Manchester Junior Cup
Winners 1914–15, 1933–34
Ashton Challenge Cup
Winners 1921–22, 1922–23, 1929–30, 1934–35, 1948–49, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1961–62
Ashton Junior Cup
Winners 1909–10

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1949–50, 1980–81
Best FA Trophy performance: Finalists, 1979–80
Best FA Vase performance: Quarter-finals, 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2002–03
Record attendance: 6,640 vs Stalybridge Celtic, Cheshire County League, 1946
Biggest win: 9–0 vs Urmston, Manchester Shield, 1947
Heaviest defeat: 13–2 vs Witton Albion, Cheshire County League, 1926
Most appearances: Jimmy O'Connor, 613 (1972–1987)
Most goals: David Moore, 234 (1974–1983)
Most goals in a season: Jackie Roscoe, 58 (1930–31)
Record transfer fee received: £25,000 from Everton for Eamonn O'Keefe, 1979
Record transfer fee paid: £2,300 to Altrincham for Phil Wilson, 1980

See also

References

External links

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Tameside
Association football clubs established in 1903
1903 establishments in England
Lancashire Combination
North West Counties Football League clubs
Northern Premier League clubs
Cheshire County League clubs

Mossley A.F.C.


Edward Nairne est né à Sandwich, en Angleterre. Il a été apprenti chez l'opticien Matthew Loft en 1741 et a établi sa propre entreprise au 20 Cornhill à Londres après la mort de Loft en 1748. En 1774, il a pris son apprenti Thomas Blunt comme partenaire, une relation qui a duré jusqu'en 1793 lorsque Blunt a ouvert son propre magasin au 22 Cornhill.

Nairne a fait breveter plusieurs machines électriques, dont un générateur électrostatique constitué d'un cylindre de verre monté sur des isolateurs en verre ; l'appareil peut fournir de l'électricité positive ou négative, et était destiné à un usage médicinal. Dans la huitième édition du manuel d'instructions de cet appareil, il affirme que « l'électricité est presque une spécificité dans certains troubles, et mérite d'être tenue en très haute estime pour son efficacité dans beaucoup d'autres ». Il recommandait son utilisation pour les troubles nerveux, les contusions, les brûlures, les écailles, les yeux injectés de sang, les maux de dents, la sciatique, l'épilepsie, l'hystérie, les agues, etc. Il a également apporté des améliorations au microscope de Cuff, le construisant dans un boîtier portable et l'appelant microscope de poitrine.

Au début des années 1770, Edward Nairne a construit le premier baromètre marin réussi en resserrant le tube de verre . L'instrument était suspendu à des cardans montés dans un cadre autoportant pour assurer une stabilité supplémentaire. Le premier baromètre marin de Nairne a été envoyé lors du deuxième voyage de James Cook dans le Pacifique Sud.

L'une des premières références au caoutchouc en Europe remonte à 1770, lorsque Edward Nairne vendait des cubes de caoutchouc naturel dans son magasin du 20 Cornhill. Ces cubes, destinés à être des gommes, se vendaient au prix étonnamment élevé de 3 shillings par cube d'un demi-pouce. On attribue à Nairne la création de la première gomme à effacer. Avant d'utiliser le caoutchouc, les miettes de pain étaient utilisées comme gommes. Nairne dit qu'il a ramassé par inadvertance un morceau de caoutchouc à la place de la mie de pain, qu'il a découvert ses propriétés effaçantes et qu'il a commencé à vendre des gommes en caoutchouc.

Nairne contribuait régulièrement aux Philosophical Transactions de la Royal Society of London, et fut élu membre de cette institution en 1776. Il jouissait d'une grande réputation internationale, et était en correspondance avec Benjamin Franklin pour qui il a fabriqué un jeu d'aimants et un télescope vers 1758. En 1770, il est élu membre de l'American Philosophical Society, fondée par Franklin. Toujours sur la recommandation de Franklin, on lui demande de fournir des instruments pour la collection endommagée par un incendie à l'université de Harvard.

Il meurt le 1er septembre 1806 à Londres, en Angleterre.

Scientifique anglais

Edward Nairne


Diese Liste gibt den Fortschreibungsstand vom 11. September 2020 wieder und enthält 50 Baudenkmäler.

Baudenkmäler nach Gemeindeteilen

Dietenhofen

|}

Adelmannsdorf

|}

Andorf

|}

Götteldorf

|}

Hörleinsdorf

|}

Kehlmünz

|}

Kleinhaslach

|}

Leonrod

|}

Methlach

|}

Mosmühle

|}

Münchzell

|}

Neudorf

|}

Oberschlauersbach

|}

Rüdern

|}

Seubersdorf

|}

Warzfelden

|}

Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

|}

Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Dietenhofen

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Dietenhofen
Baudenkmaler Dietenhofen

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Dietenhofen


There have been as many as 48 recessions in the United States dating back to the Articles of Confederation, and although economists and historians dispute certain 19th-century recessions, the consensus view among economists and historians is that "The cyclical volatility of GDP and unemployment was greater before the Great Depression than it has been since the end of World War II." Cycles in the country's agricultural production, industrial production, consumption, business investment, and the health of the banking industry contribute to these declines. U.S. recessions have increasingly affected economies on a worldwide scale, especially as countries' economies become more intertwined.

The unofficial beginning and ending dates of recessions in the United States have been defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), an American private nonprofit research organization. The NBER defines a recession as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than two quarters which is 6 months, normally visible in real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales".

In the 19th century, recessions frequently coincided with financial crises. Determining the occurrence of pre-20th-century recessions is more difficult due to the dearth of economic statistics, so scholars rely on historical accounts of economic activity, such as contemporary newspapers or business ledgers. Although the NBER does not date recessions before 1857, economists customarily extrapolate dates of U.S. recessions back to 1790 from business annals based on various contemporary descriptions. Their work is aided by historical patterns, in that recessions often follow external shocks to the economic system such as wars and variations in the weather affecting agriculture, as well as banking crises.

Major modern economic statistics, such as unemployment and GDP, were not compiled on a regular and standardized basis until after World War II. The average duration of the 11 recessions between 1945 and 2001 is 10 months, compared to 18 months for recessions between 1919 and 1945, and 22 months for recessions from 1854 to 1919. Because of the great changes in the economy over the centuries, it is difficult to compare the severity of modern recessions to early recessions. Before the COVID-19 recession began in March 2020, no post-World War II era had come anywhere near the depth of the Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 until 1941 (which included a bull market between 1933 and 1937) and was caused by the 1929 crash of the stock market and other factors.

Early recessions and crises (1785-1836)
Attempts have been made to date recessions in America beginning in 1790. These periods of recession were not identified until the 1920s. To construct the dates, researchers studied business annals during the period and constructed time series of the data. The earliest recessions for which there is the most certainty are those that coincide with major financial crises.

Beginning in 1835, an index of business activity by the Cleveland Trust Company provides data for comparison between recessions. Beginning in 1854, the National Bureau of Economic Research dates recession peaks and troughs to the month. However, a standardized index does not exist for the earliest recessions.

In 1791, Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States to handle the country's financial needs. The bank had some functions of a modern central bank, although it was responsible for only 20% of the young country's currency. In 1811 the bank's charter lapsed, but it was replaced by the Second Bank of the United States, which lasted from 1816 to 1836.

Free Banking Era to the Great Depression (1836-1929)

In the 1830s, U.S. President Andrew Jackson fought to end the Second Bank of the United States. Following the Bank War, the Second Bank lost its charter in 1836. From 1837 to 1862, there was no national presence in banking, but still plenty of state and even local regulation, such as laws against branch banking which prevented diversification. In 1863, in response to financing pressures of the Civil War, Congress passed the National Banking Act, creating nationally chartered banks. There was neither a central bank nor deposit insurance during this era, and thus banking panics were common. Recessions often led to bank panics and financial crises, which in turn worsened the recessions.

The dating of recessions during this period is controversial. Modern economic statistics, such as gross domestic product and unemployment, were not gathered during this period. Victor Zarnowitz evaluated a variety of indices to measure the severity of these recessions. From 1834 to 1929, one measure of recessions is the Cleveland Trust Company index, which measured business activity and, beginning in 1882, an index of trade and industrial activity was available, which can be used to compare recessions.

Great Depression onward (1929–present)

Following the end of World War II and the large adjustment as the economy adjusted from wartime to peacetime in 1945, the collection of many economic indicators, such as unemployment and GDP, became standardized. Recessions after World War II may be compared to each other much more easily than previous recessions because of these available data. The listed dates and durations are from the official chronology of the National Bureau of Economic Research. GDP data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, unemployment from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (after 1948). The unemployment rate often reaches a peak associated with a recession after the recession has officially ended.

Until the start of the COVID-19 recession in 2020, no post-World War II era came anywhere near the depth of the Great Depression. In the Great Depression, GDP fell by 27% (the deepest after demobilization is the recession beginning in December 2007, during which GDP has fallen 5.1% as of the second quarter of 2009) and unemployment rate reached 10% (the highest since was the 10.8% rate reached during the 1981–1982 recession).

The National Bureau of Economic Research dates recessions on a monthly basis back to 1854; according to their chronology, from 1854 to 1919, there were 16 cycles. The average recession lasted 22 months, and the average expansion 27. From 1919 to 1945, there were six cycles; recessions lasted an average 18 months and expansions for 35. From 1945 to 2001, and 10 cycles, recessions lasted an average 10 months and expansions an average of 57 months. This has prompted some economists to declare that the business cycle has become less severe.

Many factors that may have contributed to this moderation including the establishment of deposit insurance in the form of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1933 and increased regulation of the banking sector. Other changes include the use of fiscal policy in the form of automatic stabilizers to alleviate cyclical volatility. The creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 has been disputed as a source of stability with it and its policies having mixed successes. Since the early 1980s the sources of the Great Moderation has been attributed to numerous causes including public policy, industry practices, technology, and even good luck.

See also
 Criticism of the Federal Reserve
 List of economic expansions in the United States
 List of recessions in the United Kingdom
 List of stock market crashes and bear markets

Notes

References

Sources

 US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions, National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved on September 19, 2009.

External links
 National Bureau of Economic Research
 Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions (List of NBER Recessions)
 The Three Ds of Recession: A Brief History – see table 1 and chart 1 for a more detailed list of recessions in the US

recessions

List of recessions in the United States


Die Canada Open 1985 im Badminton fanden vom 30. Oktober bis zum 2. November 1985 in Ottawa, statt.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 Badminton-Sport 34 (1986) (2), S. 18
 Badmintonmuseet.dk S. 4
 https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/501824464/

World Badminton Grand Prix 1985
1985
Badmintonwettbewerb in Ottawa

Canadian Open 1985


John Komlos (nascido em 28 de dezembro de 1944) é um historiador econômico americano de ascendência húngara e ex-detentor da Cátedra de História Econômica da  Universidade de Munique na qual esteve por dezoito anos.

Nos anos 80, os pensamentos de Komlos foram fundamentais para o surgimento da história antropométrica, um estudo do efeito do desenvolvimento econômico sobre as expressões osultados biológicos humanos, como a estatura física .

Educação
Komlos recebeu um doutorado em história (1978) e um segundo doutorado em economia (1990) pela Universidade de Chicago, onde foi influenciado pelo historiador econômico Robert Fogel para pesquisar a história econômica da estatura física humana.

Carreira
Komlos chamou essa nova disciplina de "história antropométrica" em 1989.

De 1984 a 1986, foi membro do Centro de População da Carolina da Universidade da Carolina do Norte em Chapel Hill . Komlos também ensinou em instituições como Harvard University, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Vienna e Vienna University of Economics.  Ele foi professor de economia e de história econômica na Universidade de Munique por dezoito anos antes de sua aposentadoria.

Em 2003, ele iniciou Economia e Biologia Humana como editor fundador.

Em 2013, Komlos foi eleito membro da Cliometric Society.

Komlos costumava escrever blogs para a PBS sobre assuntos econômicos atuais e em 2014 ele escreveu um livro-texto de economia, chamado What Every Economics Student Needs to Know.

Em 2019, ele escreveu outro livro, Fundamentos da economia do mundo real: o que todo estudante de economia precisa saber, que defende o capitalismo com rosto humano.

Bibliografia

 Komlos, John (2019). Fundamentos da economia do mundo real: o que todo estudante de economia precisa saber

Editores de periódicos acadêmicos
Professores da Universidade Duke
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1944
Historiadores da economia

John Komlos