The Weather Girls are an American female duo whose best-known line-up comprised Martha Wash and Izora Armstead. Formed in 1976 in San Francisco, California, Wash and Armstead began their musical careers as Two Tons O' Fun, the female backup duo for disco singer Sylvester. After several years of singing background for Sylvester, the duo was signed in 1979 to Fantasy Records as Two Tons O' Fun. The duo changed their name to The Weather Girls and were launched into somewhat more mainstream recognition following the release of the single, "It's Raining Men" (1982), which became their first number-one song on the US Dance Chart and their biggest hit. Despite having several hit songs on the Dance Chart as Two Tons O' Fun and The Weather Girls, the duo never achieved a top 40 hit on the main US Hot 100 and ultimately disbanded in 1988 after the release of their self-titled fifth album The Weather Girls.

In 1991, Armstead reformed the duo with her daughter Dynelle Rhodes. Over the course of a decade, the Armstead and Rhodes released three albums: Double Tons of Fun (1993), Think Big!, and Puttin' On the Hits (1999). In 2004, Armstead died due to heart failure and was replaced with singer Ingrid Arthur in 2005. Following the release of two albums Totally Wild! (2005) and The Woman I Am (2009), Arthur left the group and was replaced with singer Dorrey Lin Lyles in 2012.

As the Weather Girls with Martha Wash and Izora Armstead, the duo received a Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1983.

History

1970–1975: Formation and early years
Izora Rhodes and Martha Wash met at a young age. Wash attended Church of God in Christ, which was an alley away from the Baptist church Rhodes was attending. Rhodes was the lead vocalist and pianist of the San Francisco Inspirational Choir. Wash and Rhodes eventually landed in a gospel group called N.O.W. (News of the World). While performing part-time in the group, Wash worked as a secretary for UC Hospital while Rhodes worked as a bartender and a nurse assistant. Rhodes also worked as a piano and vocal teacher.

1976–1979: Sylvester and the Two Tons o Fun
In February 1976, Wash auditioned as a backup singer before American singer-songwriter Sylvester and his manager Brent Thomson. Impressed with her vocal performance, Sylvester inquired if she had another large black friend who could sing, after which she introduced him to Izora Rhodes. Although he referred to them simply as "the girls", Wash and Rhodes formed a musical duo called Two Tons O' Fun. Two Tons O' Fun debuted as Sylvester's backing vocalists on his self-titled third album Sylvester, released in 1977. The duo sang backup vocals on the album's singles "Down, Down, Down" and "Over and Over"; the former charted at number eighteen on the Billboard Dance chart.

In 1978, Sylvester released his fourth album Step II, in which The Two Tons also contributed background vocals throughout the album. They performed backing vocals on the singles "Dance (Disco Heat)" and "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" which both peaked at number one on Billboards Dance chart. In 1979, the duo secured their own record deal with Fantasy Records. That same year, Two Tons O' Fun sang background on Sylvester's live album Living Proof, one of their final performances together. As they began to work on their own album, the duo appeared in fewer shows with Sylvester.

1980–1981: Debut album and Backatcha
On January 24, 1980, the duo released their debut self-titled album Two Tons o' Fun. The album spawned two top-five dance singles: "Earth Can Be Just Like Heaven" and "I Got the Feeling". Shortly after the release of the album, they changed their name to The Two Tons after being informed that an Oklahoma gospel act had already registered the group name "Two Tons o Fun" with ASCAP since 1958. Their second album Backatcha was released later that year. The album spawned a single "I Depend On You" that peaked at number seventy-two on the Dance chart. The follow-up single "Never Like This" peaked at number fifty-five on the R&B chart.

1982–1988: The Weather Girls and breakthrough
In September 1982, the duo released their single "It's Raining Men", and changed their duo title to The Weather Girls, a name chosen as a pun on the song's subject. The song became their biggest hit to date, peaking at number one on the Dance chart and number forty-six on Billboard'''s Hot 100 chart. The song also peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, and became certified Silver-status for sales exceeding 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. "It's Raining Men" received a nomination at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards (1983) for Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal. On January 22, 1983, they released their third album Success. Despite the overall success of the album's lead single, the album experienced mild success. The album's title-track "Success" was released as the second single and peaked at number eighty-nine on the R&B chart. Two additional singles, "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair" and "Dear Santa (Bring Me a Man This Christmas)", were also released but failed to chart.

In 1984, The Weather Girls performed backing vocals on the million-selling single "Centipede" by Rebbie Jackson. The song was written, arranged, and produced by Michael Jackson, who also sang background vocals on the song. It reached number 4 on the Black Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. In 1985, The Weather Girls released their fourth album Big Girls Don't Cry. The album's singles "Well-A-Wiggy" and "No One Can Love You More Than Me" experienced moderate success and had poor promotion. In 1988, The Weather Girls released their self-titled fifth album The Weather Girls, party produced by Full Force and Reggie Lucas, which was ultimately seen as a commercial failure by their record label. Shortly after the album, The Weather Girls disbanded and Wash took up a solo career and also began working as a session vocalist.

1991–2003: Reformation
After a three-year hiatus and Wash pursuing her solo career, Armstead reformed The Weather Girls with her daughter Dynelle Rhodes and relocated to Germany in 1991. Their first album together Double Tons of Fun was released in 1993. The album's lead single "Can You Feel It" peaked at number two on Billboards Dance chart. The song also peaked at number 75 on Germany's music chart, their second single to enter that chart since "It's Raining Men". While touring the club circuit, the album's third single "We Shall All Be Free" peaked at number 80 on Germany's music chart. Their follow-up album Think Big! was released in December 1995. The album saw Armstead's contribution as a songwriter and penning several songs, including the album's third single "The Sound of Sex (Ooh Gitchie O-La-La-Ay)", which was written with her daughter. The album also contained a cover version of Sylvester's 1979 disco hit "Stars", recorded as a duet with Scottish pop singer Jimmy Somerville.

In 1999, The Weather Girls released their eighth studio album Puttin' On The Hits, which contained a collection of covered disco songs. The non-album track "Big Brown Girl" was released as a single in 1999. In 2002, they joined the Disco Brothers for participation in the German National Final for the Eurovision Song Contest with their song "Get Up". In the end, the group only managed a 13th place out of 15.

2004–2012: Lineup change
On September 16, 2004, Izora Armstead died of heart failure at age 62. Prior to Armstead's passing, new member Ingrid Arthur joined The Weather Girls in 2004. Following Armstead's passing, they released the album Totally Wild. It scored an underground club hit with the single "Wild Thang" in 2004. In 2006, Joan Faulkner began performing with Rhodes and often substituting for Arthur. In 2008, the Weather Girls released a single "Break You", which topped the Dance chart. In 2009, the duo released a new studio album titled The Woman I Am. In 2012, The Weather Girls released "It's Raining Men 2K12", a newly recorded version of their 1982 hit, produced by Sebo Reed. In the same year, Arthur departed from The Weather Girls to focus on her solo career. Dorrey Lin Lyles, a singer who had worked with the duo in the past, was added to the duo in mid-2012.

2013–present: Recent activity
The Weather Girls began touring internationally in 2013. In 2018, they released a new single "We Need Love", produced by Torsten Abrolat, Terri B! and featuring, Jason Anousheh.

Legacy
Widely associated with their biggest song "It's Raining Men", VH1 ranked the song at thirty-five on their list of the 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2000, and also at thirty-five in their 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 1980s in 2009. Paste Magazine ranked the song twelve in their list of The 60 Best Dancefloor Classics in February 2017.

"It's Raining Men" has often been perceived as a gay anthem. A campaign in Facebook was launched on January 19, 2014, to get the song to UK number one in response to a UKIP councillor blaming recent UK floods and adverse weather on divine retribution for the British government's introduction of gay marriage. The campaign was reported widely and The Weather Girls' version reached number 21 on the first day of the chart week. The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart in 2014 at number 31. In 2017, Rolling Stone included the song on their 25 Essential LGBTQ Pride Songs list. In 2018, Billboard ranked the song at number forty-seven on their The 50 Best Gay Anthems Of All Time list. The Gay UK'' ranked the song at number two on their Top 40 Gay Anthems for Pride list.

To date, The Weather Girls have accumulated an overall total of four number-one dance singles. Dynelle Rhodes holds the rights to the Weather Girls name and performs across Europe.

Members

Current members
 Dynelle Rhodes – co–lead vocals (1991–present)
 Dorrey Lin Lyles – co–lead vocals (2012–present)

Touring members
 Joan Faulkner – co–lead vocals (2006–present)

Former members
 Martha Wash – co–lead vocals (1976–1988)
 Izora Armstead – co–lead vocals (1976-1988), (1991–2004)
 Ingrid Arthur – co–lead vocals (2006–2012)

Faulkner often substitutes for and performs as the second member.

Discography

Albums

Singles

See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links

1976 establishments in California
1982 establishments in the United States
African-American girl groups
American disco girl groups
American hi-NRG groups
American pop music groups
American soul musical groups
Musical duos from California
American women in electronic music
Disco duos
Female musical duos
Electronic music duos
Columbia Records artists
Fantasy Records artists
Musical backing groups
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups established in 1982
Musical groups from San Francisco

The Weather Girls


Sporveien AS (tidligere Kollektivtransportproduksjon AS) er et norsk aktieselskab ejet af Oslo kommune. Selskabet ejer og forvalter infrastrukturen for sporvejene og T-banen i Oslo, herunder stationer, tunneler og bygninger. Datterselskaberne Sporveien Trikken og Sporveien T-banen står for al drift med sporvogne og T-banetog, mens datterselskabet Unibuss kører en stor del af byens busser, alle tre på kontrakt med trafikselskabet Ruter. Sporveien ejer desuden selskaberne Bussanlegg og Sporveien Media.

Selskabet blev stiftet 1. juli 2006, da det daværende Oslo Sporveier blev delt i en driftsdel, Kollektivtrafikkproduksjon, og en administrationsdel, der i 2008 blev en del af Ruter. I 2013 skiftede Kollektivtrafikkproduksjon navn til Sporveien Oslo. Til daglig blev selskabet dog bare kaldt Sporveien, så som en forenkling skiftede selskabet navn til det 1. september 2017.

Eksterne henvisninger
Officiel hjemmeside

Noter

Oslos sporveje
Etableret i 2006
T-banen i Oslo
Trafikselskaber i Norge

Sporveien


Yoshiyuki Sakamoto (født 30. maj 1972) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama Flügels.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoshiyuki Sakamoto


Le Portrait du doge Leonardo Loredan (en ) est une peinture du maître italien de la Renaissance Giovanni Bellini, datant de vers 1501-1502. Il représente Leonardo Loredan, Doge de Venise de 1501 à 1521, dans ses vêtements d'apparat avec le corno ducale porté sur un bonnet de lin, et est signé  sur un cartellino. Il est exposé à la National Gallery de Londres.

Description
Ce portrait officiel représente Leonardo Loredan dans ses robes d'État officielles en tant que Doge de Venise, avec ses boutons ornés. Le chapeau de forme distinctive est dérivé du capuchon d'un pourpoint. Le doge porte la cape de cérémonie, confectionné en damas tissé au fil d'or, dont Bellini a magnifiquement rendu le chatoiement. Comme pour les autres portraits traditionnels du Doge, la composition ressemble à un buste de portrait sculpté romain. Le tableau donne une image officielle et figée du modèle, mais il suggère aussi sa personnalité et invite peut être à une méditation sur la vieillesse. Le tableau est signé  – la forme latine de Giovanni Bellini – sur un cartellino attaché à un parapet à la base de la composition.

John Pope-Hennessy a décrit Bellini comme « de loin le plus grand portraitiste officiel du , ajoutant que la tendance à l'idéalité qui nuit à ses portraits privés ici lui a été très utile et lui a permis de codifier, avec une conviction inébranlable, le portrait officiel de la personnalité ».

Provenance
Le tableau aurait initialement été à Venise et a probablement été pillé lorsque Napoléon a conquis la ville. Il a été acheté en 1807 pour  par William Thomas Beckford, qui, en 1844, l'a vendu à la National Gallery pour .

Références

Liens externes
Portrait of doge Leonardo Loredan, National Gallery

Tableau de Giovanni Bellini
Tableau des années 1500
Peinture de la Renaissance
Portrait d'homme
Œuvre conservée à la National Gallery

Portrait du doge Leonardo Loredan


Les Forces de défense du Cameroun méridional (FDCM ; en anglais ; , SOCADEF) est la branche armée du Mouvement de libération du peuple africain, un mouvement séparatiste.

Présentation
Les Forces de défense du Cameroun méridional sont dirigées par Ebenezer Akwanga, qui est basé aux États-Unis, et ses forces terrestres sont commandées par le général Andrew Ngoe.

Avec les Forces de défense de l'Ambazonie, elle est l'une des milices les plus importantes qui combattent lors de la crise anglophone au Cameroun.

Les Forces de défense du Cameroun méridional ne rejoignent pas le Conseil d'autodéfense de l'Ambazonie, une organisation parapluie, créée par le gouvernement provisoire. Cependant, son aile politique, le Mouvement de libération du peuple africain (MLPA), prend part à la formation du Conseil de libération du Cameroun méridional en mars 2019, s'unissant au gouvernement intérimaire, dans le cadre d'une organisation faîtière.

Le , le  Andrew Ngoe est tué à Matoh à Mbonge, laissant le « général Opobo » aux commandes. En mars 2020, la milice apparaît dans les médias lorsqu'elle déclare un cessez-le-feu de deux semaines, afin de permettre aux personnes de se faire tester s'agissant du coronavirus.

En juin 2021, le général Opobo est capturé et tué par d'autres séparatistes, et les Forces de défense du Cameroun méridional auraient été dissoutes. En réalité, la milice est entrée dans la clandestinité pendant plusieurs mois, le temps d'acquérir de meilleures armes et une nouvelle direction.

En septembre 2021, les Forces de défense du Cameroun méridional réapparaissent avec un nouveau chef, connu sous le nom de Général Jason.

Références

Faction armée en Afrique
Histoire militaire du Cameroun
Organisation indépendantiste
Faction armée indépendantiste
Ambazonie
Mouvement guérillero


Lacul de acumulare Iskăr (în ) este cel mai mare lac de acumulare din Bulgaria. Este situat pe râul Iskăr și furnizează apă pentru capitala Sofia, de asemenea mai este folosit și pentru a produce hidroelectricitate.

Lacul de acumulare are un volum de 673 milioane m³, dintre care 580 millioane sunt folosite iar restul sunt în rezervă. Are un bazin de drenaj de  km² și are o lungime de 25 km. Este situat la 820 m altitudine deasupra nivelului mării, barajul său este de 204 m lungime și 76 m înălțime.

Istorie

Planurile inițiale pentru construirea unui baraj pe râul Iskăr datează încă din 1900-1901, imediat după construirea Centralei hidroelectrice Pancearevo. În 1921, ideea a fost din nou ridicată, dar realizarea ei a eșuat din cauza incapacității municipalității de a despăgubi locuitorii satelor vecine Gorni Pasarel, Shishmanovo și Kalkovo. Prin fotografii topografice și cercetări geologice, au fost făcute evaluări privind barajul. Observări ale nivelurilor apei de la Iskar la Pasarel au fost făcute în 1932-1941 pentru a construi ceea ce inițial a fost numit "Barajul Sf. Petru" (denumit după mănăstirea din Dolni Pasarel, care trebuia să se afle lângă rezervor).

Noi cercetări geologice legate de construcția barajului au început în 1947 în patru locuri între Gorni Pasarel și Pancearevo. Locul kilometrului 37 al râului Iskăr a fost ales ca fiind cel mai potrivit din punct de vedere geologic, topografic și economic. Apele râului au fost studiate în continuare între 1947 și 1948.

Lucrările la proiectele pentru un sistem de alimentare cu apă din Iskăr au început în 1948, în cadrul noului proiect Energohidroproekt. Designul și primul proiect au fost create de o echipă condusă de inginerul Moiseev cu ajutorul specialiștilor sovietici. Proiectul a fost aprobat de consiliul de experți al Ministerului de Electrificare și Meliorare și s-a planificat ca barajul să aibă un volum de lucru 520 milioane m³ și un volum de rezervă de 60 milioane m³.

Lucrările de pregătire au început în 1949, construcția principală fiind realizată la sfârșitul anului 1950. Sistemul de alimentare cu apă a fost deschis oficial la 6 septembrie 1954.

Bibliografie

Lacuri din Bulgaria

Lacul de acumulare Iskăr


Elizabeth Chase Olsen (* 16. Februar 1989 in Sherman Oaks, Kalifornien) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin. Große Bekanntheit erlangte sie durch die Rolle der Wanda Maximoff/Scarlet Witch in den Marvel-Filmen.

Kindheit und Jugend
Elizabeth Chase Olsens Mutter, Jarnette Olsen (geb. Jones), ist eine ehemalige Tänzerin und ihr Vater, David Olsen, Bankier und Immobilienhändler. Sie ist die jüngere Schwester der Zwillinge Mary-Kate und Ashley Olsen, welche bereits als Kinder in Filmen und im Fernsehen spielten. Olsen hat einen älteren Bruder, einen jüngeren Halbbruder und eine jüngere Halbschwester. Ihre Eltern ließen sich 1996 scheiden.

Olsen begann zu schauspielern, als sie vier Jahre alt war, und trat mehrmals in Mary-Kate und Ashleys Projekten, wie 1994 in dem Fernsehfilm Abenteuer auf der Wildwasser-Ranch, auf. Außerdem bekam sie kleine Rollen in den Musikvideos ihrer Schwestern. Als Kind nahm sie Schauspielunterricht und verbrachte Zeit im Musiktheatercamp. Olsen hätte 2004 beinahe aufgehört, sich der Schauspielerei zu widmen, da die Aufmerksamkeit der Medien auf Mary-Kates Essstörung gelenkt wurde.

Nach ihrem Schulabschluss 2007 an der Campbell Hall School studierte sie Schauspiel bei der Atlantic Theater Company und besuchte die Filmhochschule Tisch School of the Arts. Olsen schloss ihr Studium an der NYU im Januar 2013 ab.

Leben und Wirken
2011 übernahm sie die Hauptrolle im Horrorfilm Silent House. Im gleichen Jahr erhielt sie für ihre Darstellung der Martha in Martha Marcy May Marlene gute Kritiken. Für diese Rolle wurde sie für mehrere Preise, darunter den Saturn Award und Satellite Award, nominiert. Zudem erhielt sie von der Chicago Film Critics Association eine Auszeichnung als Most Promising Performer. Die Los Angeles Film Critics Association ehrte sie und die anderen Hauptdarsteller als Besten Nachwuchs.

In Red Lights (2012) spielte sie an der Seite von Robert De Niro und Sigourney Weaver. Seit 2014 ist sie in der Rolle der Scarlet Witch, auch bekannt als Wanda Maximoff, Teil des Marvel Cinematic Universe. Als solche war sie in The Return of the First Avenger, 2015 in Avengers: Age of Ultron, 2016 in The First Avenger: Civil War, 2018 in Avengers: Infinity War und 2019 in Avengers: Endgame zu sehen. Auch in der im Januar 2021 angelaufenen Disney+-Serie WandaVision ist sie als Scarlet Witch zu sehen. Diese Rolle übernahm sie auch in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022).

In dem Thriller Wind River von Taylor Sheridan, der am 21. Januar 2017 im Rahmen des Sundance Film Festivals seine Premiere feierte, übernahm Olsen die Hauptrolle einer FBI-Agentin.

2017 wurde sie in die Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) aufgenommen, die jährlich die Oscars vergibt.

Privatleben
Olsen ist seit ihrem 13. Lebensjahr Atheistin, da sie der Auffassung ist, dass Religion eine Gemeinschaft sein sollte und ein Ort, an dem man beten kann, und nicht etwas, das die Freiheit von Frauen bestimmen sollte. Sie ist Botschafterin für Bobbi Brown Cosmetics.

Olsen war mit dem Schauspieler Boyd Holbrook verlobt, von dem sie sich 2014 trennte. Im Juni 2019 verlobte sie sich mit Robbie Arnett, einem Sänger und Musiker der US-amerikanischen Band Milo Green. Sie leben zusammen in Los Angeles. Im Juni 2021 gab Olsen bekannt, dass die beiden geheiratet haben.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

 1994: Abenteuer auf der Wildwasser-Ranch (How the West Was Fun)
 2011: Silent House
 2011: Martha Marcy May Marlene
 2011: Peace, Love, & Misunderstanding
 2012: Red Lights
 2012: Liberal Arts
 2013: Kill Your Darlings – Junge Wilde (Kill Your Darlings)
 2013: Very Good Girls
 2013: In Secret – Geheime Leidenschaft (In Secret)
 2013: Oldboy
 2014: Godzilla
 2014: The Return of the First Avenger (Captain America: The Winter Soldier)
 2015: Avengers: Age of Ultron
 2015: I Saw the Light
 2016: The First Avenger: Civil War (Captain America: Civil War)
 2016: Drunk History (Fernsehserie, Folge 4x06)
 2017: Ingrid Goes West
 2017: Wind River
 2017: Kodachrome
 2018: Avengers: Infinity War
 2018–2019: Sorry for Your Loss (Fernsehserie, 20 Folgen)
 2019: Avengers: Endgame
 2021: WandaVision (Fernsehserie, 9 Folgen)
 2022: Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness
 2023: Love and Death (Miniserie, 7 Folgen)
 2023: His Three Daughters

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen (Auswahl)

 2011: Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award: Beste Darstellerin
 2011: Chicago Film Critics Association: Vielversprechendster Darsteller
 2011: Florida Film Critics Circle: Pauline Kael Breakout Award
 2011: Ghent International Film Festival: Spezielle Erwähnung
 2011: Indiana Film Journalists Association Award:  Beste Darstellerin
 2011: Los Angeles Film Critics Association: Bester Nachwuchs, New Generation Award
 2011: Phoenix Film Critics Society Award: Beste Darstellerin, Bester Nachwuchs
 2011: Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award: Beste Darstellerin
 2021: MTV Movie & TV Awards: Beste Serien-Performance
 2021: MTV Movie & TV Awards: Bester Kampf (zusammen mit Kathryn Hahn)
 2021: Emmy-Nominierung als beste Hauptdarstellerin in einer Miniserie in WandaVision
 2022: Golden Globe Award: Nominierung in der Kategorie Beste Hauptdarstellerin – Miniserie oder Fernsehfilm für WandaVision

Weblinks

 Elizabeth Olsen bei Moviepilot

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Kinderdarsteller
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1989
Frau

Elizabeth Olsen


Christian IV. (n. 16 septembrie 1722, Bischweiler, astăzi Bischwiller – 5 noiembrie 1775, la Castelul Pettersheim) a fost Conte Palatin de Zweibrücken.

Biografie
Tatăl său a fost Contele Christian al III-lea Palatin de Zweibrücken (1674–1735) pe linia Birkenfeld-Bischweilersch a Casei Wittelsbach, mama sa Karoline Contesă de Nassau-Saarbrücken (1704–1774).

Urmași

Christian s-a căsătorit în anul 1751 morganatic cu Marianne Camasse (1734–1807), mai târziu, Contesă de Forbach, pe care o cunoscuse cu un an mai înainte, la vârstă de 16 ani, la teatrul din Mannheim ca dansatoare. Valabilitatea căsătoriei a fost neclară, fiind reluată pe 3 septembrie 1757. Christian și Marianne au avut împreună copii:

 Christian (n. 20 septembrie 1752 - 25 octombrie 1817), căsătorit cu Adelaide-Francoise de Béthune-Pologne (1761–1823) (Haus Béthune)
 Philipp (n. 1754, später umgetauft in Wilhelm; † 1807), căsătorit cu Adelaide de Polastron (1760–1795)
 Maria Anna Caroline (1755–1806), Freiin von Zweibrücken
 Karl Ludwig (1759–1763)
 Elisabeth Auguste Friederike (n. 6 februarie 1766- d. 1836), Freiin von Zweibrücken
 Julius August Maximilian (1771–1773)

Arbore genealogic

</center>

Literatură
 Philippe Cachau :"Le château de Christian IV, duc des Deux-Ponts, à Jägersburg. Un château français en Allemagne", Francia, band 39, 2012, p.135–165.

 Adalbert von Bayern: Der Herzog und die Tänzerin – Die merkwürdige Geschichte Christians IV. von Pfalz-Zweibrücken und seiner Familie, Pfälzische Verlagsanstalt, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, 1966

Note

Conți Palatini de Zweibrücken
Nașteri în 1722
Decese în 1775

Christian al IV-lea, Conte Palatin de Zweibrücken


HMS Bulwark is the second ship of the Royal Navy's  assault ships. She is one of  the United Kingdom's two landing platform docks designed to put Royal Marines ashore by air and by sea.

Although launched in 2001, delays caused the delivery date to be put back, and the ship entered service In 28 April 2005. Together with , and other amphibious ships, she has provided a larger and more effective amphibious capability than the previous  vessels. Between October 2011 and June 2015 she was the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy. She has been in extended upkeep since 2020.  The ship is designed to send large numbers of troops and vehicles to shore as quickly as possible. Bulwark has supported a permanently embarked Royal Marines landing craft unit, 4 Assault Squadron Royal Marines. The rear of Bulwark opens and floods a compartment, allowing the boats inside to be launched. The  flight deck is able to take two Sea King HC4 or Merlin medium-lift helicopters and stow a third. The deck can also support two Chinook heavy-lift helicopters, one down the side of the flight deck and one at the rear of the flight deck. Although the Albion design does not have a hangar, the ship has sufficient equipment to support helicopter operations.

Bulwark was launched at the BAE Systems shipyard at Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, on 15 November 2001. She is, to date, the most recent surface vessel to have been constructed at Barrow with the yard currently specialising in submarine construction.

Operational history
Bulwark departed the UK in January 2006 for a six-month East of Suez maiden deployment. She conducted counter-terrorist and counter-piracy tasks in waters off the Horn of Africa. Bulwark then headed for the northern Persian Gulf to become the flagship of Task Force 158, providing security for Iraqi oil platforms. At the start of mid 2006 Bulwark was near Spain. Due to the 2006 Israel–Lebanon crisis, on 15 July 2006 she was ordered to divert to Lebanon and to support operations evacuating British citizens from the conflict area. On 20 July, she evacuated approximately 1,300 people from Beirut in the biggest British evacuation. On completion of her extended deployment the ship returned to the United Kingdom. At the start of June 2007 Bulwark was berthed at Sunderland on the River Wear.

In October 2008, Bulwark was at the Tail of the Bank in the Firth of Clyde together with the aircraft carrier  and the French amphibious ship , taking part in Exercise Joint Warrior 2008.

On 18 February 2009, Bulwark sailed from Devonport as flagship to Commander UK Amphibious Task Group, Commodore Peter Hudson, on the Taurus 09 deployment. She was joined by Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) , Type 23 frigates  and  and four ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

In May 2010, she entered a dry-dock at HMNB Devonport to refit, eventually rejoining the fleet in March 2011, and then took over as fleet flagship from her sister ship Albion in October 2011. She made a five-day visit to London on 16 March 2011. Bulwark undertook Operational Sea Training at the end of June 2011 in preparation to take up the role of fleet flagship of the Royal Navy. Bulwark was on standby as leading ship of the UK's recently formed Response Force Task Group. In October she participated in Exercise Joint Warrior in Loch Eriboll, the largest war games staged in the UK, involving the French Marines and other NATO forces.

On 15 February 2012, Bulwark made an unscheduled stop in Kiel, Germany, after ice on the Elbe river prevented her from entering the city of Hamburg as originally planned. At the end of February, Bulwark visited the Polish port of Gdynia, carrying out exercises with two Polish frigates,  and . She also hosted onboard over 4,000 people from the city. The vessel had entered the Baltic Sea to prepare for  Exercise 'Cold Response', a NATO winter war games exercise due to take place in northern Norway in March 2012. In April, she also took part in Exercise 'Joint Warrior' with several other British and foreign vessels including the aircraft carrier  off the coast of Scotland. She was part of the COUGAR 13 task group, with the Commander UK Task Group and his staff embarked on board. She was visited by the Commander of Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO.

At the end of May 2014, Bulwark visited Greenwich in London, where the public were able to visit the ship for tours conducted by the crew, and she also took part in celebrations marking the 350th anniversary of the formation of the Royal Marines. In late 2014 Bulwark was deployed for the COUGAR 14 Response Force Task Group annual exercise and the International Mine Counter Measures Exercise (IMCMEX).

Between April and July 2015 Bulwark was allocated to Operation Weald, the upgraded search and rescue operation of the Italian coast for migrants crossing from Libya. She was assisted by three Merlin HM.2 helicopters from 814 Naval Air Squadron. Bulwark recovered over 2,900 migrants from the sea during the operation. Bulwark assisted in providing security for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting held in Malta in November. This duty was completed in December 2015.

In 2016, the ship was the flagship for Exercise Griffin Strike, the validation exercise for the Anglo-French Combined Joint Expeditionary Force, after which she participated in the Centenary commemorations for the Battle of Jutland in Scapa Flow. In July, the ship came alongside Sunderland and exercised the Freedom of the City of Durham with a full ceremonial parade through the streets, finishing with a service at St Cuthbert's Cathedral. In September 2016, the ship again acted as the flagship for the Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) 16 deployment (the new name for the COUGAR series of deployments) and, with COMATG embarked, deployed for exercises off (and with) Albania, France, Israel, Somaliland, and Oman.

As announced in 2011, Bulwark entered extended readiness (uncrewed reserve) in early 2017, and transferred her role as Fleet Amphibious Flagship to her sister ship Albion on her emergence from refit.

According to the Ministry of Defence, the planned out-of-service date for Bulwark is 2034. However, in October 2017, the BBC's Newsnight reported that the Ministry of Defence was considering decommissioning Bulwark and Albion as part of a package of cost-cutting measures intended to mitigate the expense of the Royal Navy's two new aircraft carriers. This action was reversed by then Secretary of State for Defence Gavin Williamson in September 2018.

In late 2020 Bulwark was dry-docked for phase two of her optimised support period. The ship was to remain in dry dock prior to undertaking a phase 3 "recertification package" ahead of her planned return to the fleet in 2023. In mid-2023 it was reported that the ship would not be ready for active operations until sometime in 2024.

In the media
Bulwark is the featured ship in the second series of Warship originally shown on television channel Five in the UK.  The season followed her during the Taurus 09 deployment.

Bulwark was heavily featured in Episode 2 of the 2017 series of Warship on Channel 4, which although based in , followed the entire Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) 16 deployment.

Affiliations
In 2015 HMS Bulwark supported the following affiliations:
 County Durham
 Royal Irish Regiment
 Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers
 HMS Bulwark, Albion, and Centaur Association
 RAF Odiham
 St. Aloysius' College Scout Group
 Bishop of Durham
 Forest of Teesdale Primary School, Co Durham
 Durham Trinity School and Sports College
 Monkton Combe School Combined Cadet Force
 Training Ship Adventure, Bristol Sea Cadet Corps
 Training Ship Rhyl, Sea Cadet Corps
 Giggleswick School Combined Cadet Force
 Bishop Auckland Hospital
 Bidwell Brook School

References

External links

Royal Navy HMS Bulwark (royalnavy.mod.uk)

Albion-class landing platform docks
Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Navy
Amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
2001 ships

HMS Bulwark (L15)


Adrian Henri Vital van Emelen fue un pintor y escultor belga-brasileño, nacido el 10 de octubre de 1868 en Lovaina, Bélgica y fallecido el 27 de julio de 1943 en São Paulo.

Datos biográficos
No hay fuentes encontradas de cómo vivió el artista en su infancia, adolescencia y juventud; su biografía académica y artística comienza en 1920, cuando Van Emelen, que contaba con más de cincuenta años, dejó su tierra natal y se instaló en Sao Paulo. Este cambio se debió a los reiterados llamamientos de dos hombres que gozaban de gran prestigio en la época. El primero fue don Miguel Kruse, abad del Monasterio de São Bento y el segundo, el historiador Alfonso d'Escragnolle Taunay en ese momento director del industrioso Museo Paulista, en la actualidad incorporado en la Universidad de São Paulo y popularmente conocido como Museu do Ipiranga. Ambos, comprometidos en dotar a las instituciones que dirigían de obras de arte para valorizarlas, estaban buscando artistas de reconocido prestigio.

En el Monasterio de São Bento
En el Monasterio de São Bento, Van Emelen sólo dejó esculturas. Son suyas las figuras de los doce apóstoles, con dos metros y medio de altura, colocadas en la nave central de la iglesia benedictina. Asimismo, es autor de la Piedad, situada en las capillas laterales y además de las imágenes de Santa Ana y Santa Gertrudis.

Consta que es el autor de las pinturas al fresco sacras, de la Iglesia de São José de Ipiranga.

En el Museo Paulista

Para el Museo Paulista, Van Emelen talló estatuas de los pioneros Manuel Preto y Francisco de Brito Peixoto, respectivamente, exploradores y colonos de los futuros estados de Paraná y Rio Grande do Sul; fue también el autor de muchos cuadros de carácter histórico, como Escena puerto de Santos - Cena do porto de Santos(1826) y Tropeiros à beira da estrada (1930), esta última instalada en la sala de iconografía de la antigua Sao Paulo . En la investigación realizada en el Museo, se encontró que aún quedan por encontrar las siguientes pinturas al óleo : Centenario de Porto Feliz (sin fecha), Rancho en la carretera de Sorocaba (1930), Caboclos do Sertão do Tietê (1930) y Antiguas arcadas (sin fecha).

En la Pinacoteca del Estado

El nombre de Van Emelen también aparece en la colección de la Pinacoteca del Estado de São Paulo, rico museo paulista, ubicado en el barrio de la Luz, famoso por su extensa colección de pinturas y esculturas de artistas que han vivido en el Estado o en Brasil.

El catálogo publicado en 1955, registró como pertenecientes a esa institución dos lienzos: la Academia de Derecho y Paisaje. Este último, de acuerdo con el libro anterior, había sido enviado en préstamo, para la decoración del Palácio dos Campos Elísios de Sao Paulo, en esa época sede del gobierno estatal. Sin embargo, más adelante, en el catálogo fechado en 1988, no aparece ningún registro del paisaje. De los dos cuadros sólo el primero de los dos anteriormente citados sigue conservado en la colección (n°1376). Se puede conjeturar que la obra se ha perdido o ha sufrido graves daños. Esto realmente sucedió con cierta frecuencia en relación con pinturas de la Pinacoteca que en ese momento, fueron cedidas para decorar habitaciones de otros departamentos del gobierno estatal. Para evitar mayores pérdidas, los trabajos asignados a préstamos fuera de la Pinacoteca, fueron recogidos y se encuentran ahora en la colección de la institución.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
 Catálogo de la Pinacoteca del Estado de Sao Paulo , 1955
 Catálogo de la Pinacoteca del Estado de Sao Paulo , 1988
Enlaces internos
 Anexo:Pintores de Brasil
Enlaces externos

 arcadja.com: Obras de Adrian Henri Vital van Emelen
 artnet.com: La mujer del minero , bronce de Adrian Henri Vital van Emelen.

Emigrantes belgas hacia Brasil
Pintores de Brasil del siglo XIX
Pintores de Brasil del siglo XX
Escultores de Brasil
Escultores del siglo XX
Pintores de Bélgica del siglo XIX
Pintores de Bélgica del siglo XX
Escultores de Bélgica del siglo XIX
Escultores de Bélgica del siglo XX
Escultores de Bélgica en Brasil
Escultores de Flandes
Nacidos en Lovaina

Adrian Henri Vital van Emelen


Spooling er en teknik, der bruges på computere til at koble computeren og de programmer, der kører på den, sammen med langsomme ydre enheder, sådan at de langsomme enheder ikke bremser afviklingen af andre programmer unødigt.

I dag bruges ordet spooling mest om printspooling, men begrebet kan også anvendes om f.eks. båndstationer og hulkortmaskiner.

Ideen er, at i stedet for at lade et program kommunikere direkte med den ydre enhed, hvilket ville få programmet til at bruge megen tid på at vente, og i øvrigt få andre programmer, der har brug for den samme enhed, f.eks. skal skrive noget ud, til at være blokerede, indtil det første program, der startede en udskrift, var helt færdig, så skriver programmerne i stedet til hver sin buffer eller fil på systemet. Først når udskriften er færdig, og udskriftsfilen er lukket, sættes filen i kø til printeren. Printspooleren vil så sørge for at skrive filen ud, når printeren er ledig. Dernæst kan spooleren gå videre til evt. næste printfil i køen. Printspooleren multitasker altså på computeren. Tilsvarende kan en stak hulkort læses ind og lagres midlertidigt på f.eks. en disk, inden det program, der skal bruge dataene fra hulkortene, får lov at køre. På den måde skal programmet ikke vente så meget, og hulkortlæseren bliver hurtigst muligt fri til anden brug.

Ofte giver computersystemet mulighed for at administrere printkøen, således at filer kan holdes tilbage, flyttes til en anden printer, slettes eller genudskrives.

På større computere vil spoolsystemet ofte udskrive et par skillesider imellem hvert printjob. Skillesiderne har med store typer en angivelse af jobbets navn og den bruger, der skal have udskriften. Hvis udskriften sker på endeløse baner, såkaldte leporellolister, så vil skillearkene gerne skrive rækker af stjerner (*) hen over perforationen. Derved er det muligt for et menneske at se på siden af papirstablen, hvor de enkelte printjob skal adskilles.

Navnet
Betegnelsen spooling angives at være en forkortelse for Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line fra firmaet IBM, men udtrykket kan også være skabt som en henvisning til en spole (med f.eks. magnetbånd), hvor noget kan opbevares.

Kilder og henvisninger

Datalogi

Spooling


Tevfikiye, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 35 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Tevfikiye, Alaca


Jorge Fernández Granados (31 de octubre de 1965, Ciudad de México) es un poeta, narrador, ensayista, antólogo y traductor mexicano.

Semblanza biográfica
Estudió guionismo y literatura en la SOGEM. Becario del Centro Mexicano de Escritores, 1988-89; del INBA, 1991- 92, y del FONCA, 1992-93.

Obra
Obra poética

 Entretejedura (colectivo), (UAM/Delegación Cuauhtémoc, 1988)
 La música de las esferas (Castillo, 1990)
 El arcángel ebrio (UNAM, 1992)
 Resurrección (Aldus, 1995)
 El cristal (Era, 2000)
 Los hábitos de la ceniza (Joaquín Mortiz, 2000)
 Principio de Incertidumbre (Era, 2007)
 Si en otro mundo todavía, Antología personal (Almadía, 2012)

Narrativa

 El cartógrafo (Cnca, 1996)

Ensayo

 El fuego que camina (DGP-Conaculta, 2014)

Antología

 La fábula del tiempo (Era, 2005), selección de la Obra Poética de José Emilio Pacheco

Premios

 Premio Literario Nacional de la Juventud "Alfonso Reyes" 1988, por "La música de las esferas"
 Premio Internacional de Poesía "Jaime Sabines" 1995, por "Resurrección"
 Premio Nacional de Poesía Aguascalientes 2000, por "Los hábitos de la ceniza"
 Premio Iberoamericano de Poesía "Carlos Pellicer" 2008 para obra publicada, por "Principio de Incertidumbre"

Referencias

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Escritores de la Ciudad de México
Poetas de la Ciudad de México

Jorge Fernández Granados


The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature, and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was produced by British electrical engineering firm Ferranti Ltd.  It was the world's first commercially available electronic general-purpose stored program digital computer.

Although preceded as a commercial digital computer by the BINAC and the Z4, the Z4 was electromechanical and lacked software programmability, while BINAC never operated successfully after delivery

The Ferranti Mark 1 was "the tidied up and commercialised version of the Manchester Mark I". The first machine was delivered to the Victoria University of Manchester in February 1951 (publicly demonstrated in July) ahead of the UNIVAC I which was delivered to the United States Census Bureau in late December 1952, having been sold on 31 March 1951.

History and specifications

Based on the Manchester Mark 1, which was designed at the University of Manchester by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn, the machine was built by Ferranti of the United Kingdom. The main improvements over it were in the size of the primary and secondary storage, a faster multiplier, and additional instructions.

The Mark 1 used a 20-bit word stored as a single line of dots of electric charges settled on the surface of a Williams tube display, each cathodic tube storing 64 lines of dots. Instructions were stored in a single word, while numbers were stored in two words. The main memory consisted of eight tubes, each storing one such page of 64 words. Other tubes stored the single 80-bit accumulator (A), the 40-bit "multiplicand/quotient register" (MQ) and eight "B-lines", or index registers, which was one of the unique features of the Mark 1 design. The accumulator could also be addressed as two 40-bit words. An extra 20-bit word per tube stored an offset value into the secondary storage. Secondary storage was provided in the form of a 512-page magnetic drum, storing two pages per track, with about 30 milliseconds revolution time. The drum provided eight times the storage of the original designed at Manchester.

The instructions, like the Manchester machine, used a single address format in which operands were modified and left in the accumulator. There were about fifty instructions in total. The basic cycle time was 1.2 milliseconds, and a multiplication could be completed in the new parallel unit in about 2.16 milliseconds (about 5 times faster than the original). The multiplier used almost a quarter of the machine's 4,050 vacuum tubes. Several instructions were included to copy a word of memory from one of the Williams tubes to a paper tape machine, or read them back in. Several new instructions were added to the original Manchester design, including a random number instruction and several new instructions using the B-lines.

The original Mark 1 had to be programmed by entering alphanumeric characters representing a five-bit value that could be represented on the paper tape input. The engineers decided to use the simplest mapping between the paper holes and the binary digits they represented, but the mapping between the holes and the physical keyboard was never meant to be a binary mapping. As a result, the characters representing the values from 0–31 (five-bit numbers) looked entirely random, specifically /E@A:SIU½DRJNFCKTZLWHYPQOBG"MXV£.

The first machine was delivered to the University of Manchester. Ferranti had high hopes for further sales, and were encouraged by an order placed by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment for delivery in autumn 1952. However, a change of government while the second machine was being built led to all government contracts over £100,000 being cancelled, leaving Ferranti with a partially completed Mark 1. The company ultimately sold it to the University of Toronto, who had been building their own machine, but saw the chance to buy the complete Mark 1 for even less. They purchased it for around $30,000, a "fire sale" price, and Beatrice Worsley gave it the nickname FERUT. FERUT was extensively used in business, engineering, and academia, among other duties, carrying out calculations as part of the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Mark 1 Star

After the first two machines, a revised version of the design became available, known as the Ferranti Mark 1 Star or the Ferranti Mark 1*. The revisions mainly cleaned up the instruction set for better usability. Instead of the original mapping from holes to binary digits that resulted in the random-looking mapping, the new machines mapped digits to holes to produce a much simpler mapping, ø£½0@:$ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ. Additionally, several commands that used the index registers had side effects that led to quirky programming, but these were modified to have no side effects. The original machines' JUMP instructions landed at a location "one before" the actual address, for reasons similar to the odd index behaviour, but these proved useful only in theory and quite annoying in practice, and were similarly modified. Input/output was also modified, with five-bit numbers being output least significant digit to the right, as is typical for most numeric writing. These, among other changes, greatly improved the ease of programming the newer machines.

The Mark 1/1* weighed .

At least seven of the Mark 1* machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam. Another was installed at Avro, the aircraft manufacturers, at their Chadderton factory in Manchester. This was used for work on the Vulcan among other projects.

Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, the parents of Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, both worked on the Ferranti Mark 1 and Mark 1*.

Computer music

Included in the Ferranti Mark 1's instruction set was a hoot command, which enabled the machine to give auditory feedback to its operators. The sound generated could be altered in pitch, a feature which was exploited when the Mark 1 made the earliest known recording of computer-generated music, playing a medley which included "God Save the King", "Baa Baa Black Sheep", and "In the Mood". The recording was made by the BBC towards the end of 1951, with the programming being done by Christopher Strachey, a mathematics teacher at Harrow and a friend of Alan Turing. It was not, however, the first computer to have played music; CSIRAC, Australia's first digital computer, achieved that with a rendition of "Colonel Bogey".

Computer games

In November 1951, Dr. Dietrich Prinz wrote one of the earliest computer games, a chess-playing program for the Manchester Ferranti Mark 1 computer.  The limitation of the Mark 1 computer did not allow for a whole game of chess to be programmed.  Prinz could only program mate-in-two chess problems.  The program examined every possible move for White and Black (thousands of possible moves) until a solution was found, which took 15–20 minutes on average.  The program's restrictions were: no castling, no double pawn move, no en passant capture, no pawn promotion, and no distinction between checkmate and stalemate.

See also
 History of computing hardware
 List of vacuum-tube computers
 Manchester computers

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 Ferranti Mark 1 at Computer50
 A simulator of the Ferranti Mark 1, executing Christopher Strachey's Love letter algorithm from 1952
 The Ferranti Mark 1* that went to Shell labs in Amsterdam, Netherlands (Dutch only), Google translation

  Contains photo of the console
 Programming Ferut in Transcode:
,

Early British computers
Ferranti
Ferranti computers
History of Manchester
History of science and technology in England
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
Vacuum tube computers
Serial computers

Ferranti Mark 1


Botryococcaceae, porodica zelenih algi u redu Trebouxiales. Postoji četiri poriznata roda s 19 vrsta, a rod Botryococcus dao je ime porodici.

Rodovi
 Botryococcus Kützing
 Caulodendron A.Comas
 Dichotomococcus Korshikov
 Selenodictyon G.Uherkovich & A.Schmidt ex Comas & Komárek

Izvori

Trebouxiophyceae

Botryococcaceae


Nikoğos Bey Balyan (Ermenice: Նիկողայոս Պալեան Nigoğayos Balean, 1826-1858), Garabet Amira Balyan'ın ilk erkek çocuğu, Ermeni mimar. En önemli eseri, babası Garabet Amira Balyan'la birlikte yaptıkları Dolmabahçe Sarayı'dır.

İstanbul'da doğdu ve 1843'te kardeşi Sarkis Bey ile birlikte mimarlık okumak için Collège Sainte-Barbe de Paris'e gitti. 1845'te hastalık yüzünden kardeşi ile beraber İstanbul'a geri döndü.  Babası Garabet ile çalışırken tecrübe kazandı ve Sultan I. Abdülmecit'in sanat danışmanı oldu. Ayrıca batı mimarlığını öğretmek için açılan iç mimarlık okulunun kurucusudur. Nizamnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân'ın yazılmasında kilit isimlerdendir. 1858 yılında İstanbul'da tifodan ölmüştür.

Önemli Eserleri
 Adile Sultan Kasrı, Validebağ (1853)
 Dolmabahçe Camii, diğer adıyla Bezm-i Alem Valide Sultan Camii (1852–1854)
 Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi
 Çırağan Sarayı
 Ermeni Hastanesi
 Ihlamur Kasrı (1849)
 Küçük Mecidiye Camii (1843)
 Küçüksu Kasrı, diğer adıyla Göksu Kasrı (1857)
 Ortaköy Camii, babası Garabet Amira Balyan ile birlikte (1854)
 Tophane Saat Kulesi

Ayrıca bakınız
 Balyan ailesi

Balyan ailesi
İstanbul doğumlu mimarlar
1826 doğumlular
Osmanlı Ermenileri
Osmanlı mimarları
1858 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Tifodan ölenler

Nikoğos Balyan


Desesperación hace referencia a varios artículos:

Sentimiento
Desesperación, pérdida total de la esperanza y también a la cólera, despecho o enojo.

Literatura
Desesperación (novela), de terror, escrita por Stephen King y publicada en 1996;

Cine
Desesperación, título que recibió en Argentina la película Stage Fright de Alfred Hitchcock, conocida en otros países hispanohablantes como Pánico en la escena.
Desesperación (película), título que recibió en España la película Despair – Eine Reise ins Licht de Rainer Werner Fassbinder.

Además
Los soldados de la desesperación, nombre que se dio en Francia a los que se sublevaron en junio de 1848. Se les llamó así porque los que tomaron parte en la sublevación lo hicieron por miseria.

Véase también

Desperado

Desesperación (desambiguación)


Salix miyabeana es una especie de sauce perteneciente a la familia de las salicáceas. Es nativa del norte de Japón.

Descripción
Es un arbusto caducifolio o pequeño árbol que alcanza un tamaño de 6–7 m de altura.

Taxonomía
Salix miyabeana fue descrita por Karl Otto von Seemen y publicado en Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. Leipzig 21(4, Beibl. 53): 50. 1896.
EtimologíaSalix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.miyabeana: epíteto
SinonimiaSalix dahurica Turcz. ex Laksch.Salix glacilior Nakai	Salix liliputa Nas.	Salix mongolica SiuzewSalix tenuifolia'' Turcz. ex E.Wolf

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. Leipzig 21(Beibl. 53):50.  1896

miyabeana
Flora de Japón
Plantas descritas en 1896
Plantas descritas por Seemann

Salix miyabeana


A rotação mental é a capacidade de girar representações mentais de objetos bidimensionais e tridimensionais, uma vez que está relacionada com a representação visual de tal rotação dentro da mente humana. Existe uma relação entre áreas do cérebro associadas à percepção e rotação mental. Também pode haver uma relação entre a taxa cognitiva de processamento espacial, inteligência geral e rotação mental.

A rotação mental pode ser separada nos seguintes estágios cognitivos:

 Crie uma imagem mental de um objeto de todas as direções.
 Gire o objeto mentalmente até que uma comparação possa ser feita (orientando o estímulo para outra figura).
 Faça a comparação.
 Decida se os objetos são iguais ou não.
 Relate a decisão (o tempo de reação é registrado quando a alavanca é puxada ou o botão pressionado).

Avaliação
Em um teste de rotação mental, o participante compara dois objetos 3D (ou letras), muitas vezes girados em algum eixo, e afirma se eles são a mesma imagem ou se são imagens espelhadas (enantiomorfos). Normalmente, o teste terá pares de imagens, cada uma girada em um número específico de graus (por exemplo, 0°, 60°, 120° ou 180°). Um determinado número de pares será dividido entre ser a mesma imagem girada, enquanto outros são espelhados. O pesquisador julga o participante sobre a precisão e rapidez com que ele pode distinguir entre os pares espelhados e não espelhados.

Pesquisa notável

Shepard e Metzler (1971)
Roger Shepard e Jacqueline Metzler (1971) foram alguns dos primeiros a pesquisar o fenômeno. Seu experimento testou especificamente a rotação mental de objetos tridimensionais. Cada sujeito foi apresentado com vários pares de objetos tridimensionais. O experimento foi projetado para medir quanto tempo cada sujeito levaria para determinar se o par de objetos era de fato o mesmo objeto ou dois objetos diferentes. A pesquisa mostrou que o tempo de reação dos participantes para decidir se o par de itens correspondia ou não era linearmente proporcional ao ângulo de rotação da posição original. Ou seja, quanto mais um objeto foi girado do original, mais tempo leva para um indivíduo determinar se as duas imagens são do mesmo objeto ou enantiomorfos.

Vandenberg e Kuse (1978)
Em 1978, Steven G. Vandenberg e Allan R. Kuse desenvolveram um teste para avaliar as habilidades de rotação mental com base no estudo original de Shepard e Metzler (1971). O Teste de Rotações Mentais foi elaborado com desenhos em nanquim. Cada estímulo era uma imagem bidimensional de um objeto tridimensional desenhado por um computador. A imagem foi então exibida em um osciloscópio. Cada imagem foi então mostrada em diferentes orientações giradas em torno do eixo vertical. Seguindo as idéias básicas do experimento de Shepard e Metzler, este estudo encontrou uma diferença significativa nas pontuações de rotação mental entre homens e mulheres, com os homens tendo um desempenho melhor. As correlações com outras medidas mostraram forte associação com testes de visualização espacial e nenhuma associação com habilidade verbal.

Atividade neural
Estudos de ativação cerebral de Imagem de ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI) durante a rotação mental revelam aumento consistente da ativação do lobo parietal, especificamente do sulco interparietal, que depende da dificuldade da tarefa. Em geral, quanto maior o ângulo de rotação, maior a atividade cerebral associada à tarefa. Este aumento na ativação do cérebro é acompanhado por tempos mais longos para completar a tarefa de rotação e maiores taxas de erro. Os pesquisadores argumentaram que o aumento da ativação do cérebro, o aumento do tempo e o aumento das taxas de erro indicam que a dificuldade da tarefa é proporcional ao ângulo de rotação.

Diferenças de Sexo
Alguns estudos mostraram que há uma diferença entre homens e mulheres nas tarefas de rotação mental. Para explicar essa diferença, a ativação do cérebro durante uma tarefa de rotação mental foi estudada. Em 2012, um estudo foi feito com pessoas que se formaram em ciências ou em artes. Homens e mulheres foram solicitados a executar uma tarefa de rotação mental, e sua atividade cerebral foi registrada com um fMRI. Os pesquisadores descobriram uma diferença na ativação do cérebro: os homens apresentam uma atividade mais forte na área do cérebro usada em uma tarefa de rotação mental.

Visão
Ciências cognitivas

Rotação mental


Norris Green is a suburb and ward of Liverpool, England, in the east of the city. At the 2001 Census it had a population of 17,784, which had fallen to 15,047 at the 2011 Census.

History
Historically a part of Lancashire, Norris Green's development was announced in late 1925 and named after the Liverpool-based Norris family.

It is thought the land Norris Green was built on was donated to the city by Lord Derby, who was at the time resident at nearby Knowsley Hall. It is also suggested Lord Derby did not give the land away - he didn't own it in the first place.

The area called Norris Green was a farming estate; it stretched as far as Stone Bridge House to the north and Norris Green Farm (opposite the junction of Hornspit Lane and Almonds Green) to the south. The sale boundary in the 1920s consisted of the railway, Carr Lane, Dwerryhouse Lane and Hornspit Lane. It was bought by the council for the sum of £65,000 from the estate of Leyland & Naylor.

Geography
The area is defined by a number of major thoroughfares. These are: the A580 East Lancashire Road and a small portion of Walton Hall Avenue to the north; Lowerhouse Lane and Dwerryhouse Lane to the east; Muirhead Avenue and Queens Drive to the south and Townsend Avenue back to Walton Hall Avenue to the west.

The area is bordered by Walton to the west, Fazakerley to the north, Croxteth to the north east and east, West Derby to the south and Clubmoor to the south-west

Norris Green's district centre is known locally as "Broadway", consisting of mainly shops found around Broadway and Broad Lane (though this is actually located in neighbouring Clubmoor ward). The former North Liverpool Extension Line runs past this area and includes Broadway Bridge.

There are no actual pubs in the main residential area, but a small number of public houses do exist particularly around the vicinity of Broadway shops.

Housing
Homes on the periphery of the estate and on the main routes through the area are largely brick and well-built, with those on minor routes and residential roads made of concrete. It is this concrete group of housing that was considered defective.

The estate was subject to large-scale upgrading and renovation in the early 1970s, when it was still almost entirely under local authority ownership. This was several years before the introduction of the right to buy scheme, which gave council tenants the right to buy their homes from local authorities.

A large number of new homes have been constructed on derelict land cleared following the demolition of defective houses on the "Boot Estate". Most of these demolitions took place around 2000.

Landmarks
The most notable landmark when approaching Norris Green from the north or west is the large former Cheshire Lines railway bridge, on the former Loop Line, crossing the junction of Utting Avenue and Townsend Avenue from north to south. A 1930s art deco public library is also widely recognised. The exterior and interior of Norris Green Youth Centre have been refurbished; this 2011 refurbishment, supported by the annual charity event Children in Need, was featured on BBC Television's DIY SOS.

Transport
There are a number of frequent bus services to and from Liverpool city centre via Norris Green and the Broadway area. The No.14 (will accept both Arriva or Stagecoach bus tickets or passes) bus is the main bus route running from the city centre to Willow Way, Croxteth. A major cross city bus route, the 61 Aigburth to Seaforth bus service also passes through the area.
A project to provide a tram service, Merseytram, was abandoned due to a lack of funds.

Notable people
Peter Byrne (philosopher)
 Steve Coppell, former Manchester United football player and former manager of Reading, was born here.
 Shaun Duggan, writer, was born and grew up in the area.
Howard Gayle, footballer
 Actor Geoffrey Hughes, who found fame in Coronation Street, and later Heartbeat and Keeping Up Appearances, was born in Norris Green.
 Holly Johnson and other members of Frankie Goes to Hollywood.
Chris Lawler, footballer for Liverpool FC
 Ian McCulloch, lead singer of the prominent Liverpool band Echo & the Bunnymen grew up on Parthenon Drive in Norris Green. Also, a track from their 2006 album Siberia is titled Parthenon Drive.
 Winifred Robinson, the BBC Radio presenter, lived here for twenty years from 1962.
 Joe Royle, former Everton player and Manchester City manager, was also from the area.
 1980s pop band A Flock of Seagulls originated from Norris Green.
 Mark "Bez" Berry's parents grew up in the area.
 Actor Tom Baker grew up in this area.
 Chris Wilder, Sheffield United football club manager, lived in the area.
 Molly McCann, UFC fighter, grew up in Norris Green.

See also
Church of St Christopher, Norris Green

References

External links
 Liverpool City Council, Ward Profile: Norris Green
 Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 11

Areas of Liverpool

Norris Green


The Gloria Patri, also known as the Glory Be to the Father or, colloquially, the Glory Be, is a doxology, a short hymn of praise to God in various Christian liturgies. It is also referred to as the Minor Doxology (Doxologia Minor) or Lesser Doxology, to distinguish it from the Greater Doxology, the Gloria in Excelsis Deo.

The earliest Christian doxologies are addressed to the Father "through" (διὰ) the Son, or to the Father and the Holy Spirit with (μετά) the Son, or to the Son with (σύν) the Father and the Holy Spirit.

The Trinitarian doxology addressed in parallel fashion to all three Divine Persons of the Trinity, joined by and (καί), as in the form of baptism, Matthew 28:19, became universal in Nicaean Christianity, which was established as the official faith of the Church with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380.

Greek version

The Greek wording is as follows:

,

Glory be to the Father
Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
Both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.

The second part is occasionally slightly modified and other verses are sometimes introduced between the two halves.

Syriac version
East Syriac (used by the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church)

Malabar East Syriac (used by the Syro Malabar Church)

West Syriac (used by the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Syriac Catholic Church)

Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit,
from everlasting and for ever and ever (literal translation)

According to Worship Music: A Concise Dictionary, the lesser doxology is of Syrian origin.

There is an alternate version which the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church use in their liturgies:

Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit,
And upon us, weak and sinful, may mercy and compassion be showered, in both worlds, forever and ever. Amen.

Arabic

Arabic is one of the official liturgical languages of the Church of Jerusalem and the Church of Antioch, both autocephalous Orthodox Churches and two of the four ancient Patriarchates of the Pentarchy.

The Arabic wording of this doxology is as follows:

Roman Rite Latin version

Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,
Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

This differs from the Greek version because of the insertion of "sicut erat in principio", which is now taken to mean "as it (glory) was in the beginning", but which seems originally to have meant "as he (the Son) was in the beginning", and echo of the opening words of the Gospel according to John: "In the beginning was the Word".

In 529, the Second Synod of Vasio (Vaison-la-Romaine) in Gaul said in its fifth canon that the second part of the doxology, with the words "sicut erat in principio", was used in Rome, the East, and Africa, and ordered that it be said likewise in Gaul. Writing in the 1909 Catholic Encyclopedia, Adrian Fortescue, while remarking that what the synod said of the East was false, took the synod's decree to mean that the form originally used in the West was the same as the Greek form. From about the 7th century, the present Roman Rite version became almost universal throughout the West.

Mozarabic Rite Latin version

Gloria et honor Patri et Filio et Spiritui sancto
in sæcula sæculorum.

Glory and honour to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit
for ages of ages.

The similarity between this version used in the then extreme west of the Church and the Syriac version used in the extreme east is noteworthy.

English versions
The following traditional form is the most common in Anglican usage and in older Lutheran liturgical books:
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son:
and to the Holy Ghost;
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be:
world without end. Amen.

The translations of "semper" as "ever shall be", and "in saecula saeculorum" as "world without end" date at least from Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer.

The Catholic Church uses the same English form, but today replaces "Holy Ghost" with "Holy Spirit", as in The Divine Office the edition of the Liturgy of the Hours used in most English-speaking countries outside the United States. Divine Worship: The Missal, published by the Holy See in 2015 for use under the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus allows "Holy Spirit" and "Holy Ghost" to be used interchangeably.

In 1971, the International Consultation on English Texts (ICET) used since 1971:
Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit:
as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever. Amen.

This was adopted in the publication, Liturgy of the Hours (Catholic Book Publishing Company), but has not come into popular use by lay Catholics. It is found also in some Anglican and Lutheran publications.

A variant found in Common Worship has "will" instead of "shall":
Glory to the Father and to the Son
and to the Holy Spirit;
as it was in the beginning is now
and will be for ever. Amen.

Especially in Anglican circles, there are various alternative forms of the Gloria designed to avoid masculine language. The form included in Celebrating Common Prayer is:
Glory to God, Source of all being,
Eternal Word and Holy Spirit;
as it was in the beginning is now
and shall be for ever. Amen.

The doxology in the use of the English-speaking Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches, follows the Greek form, of which one English translation is:
Glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit,
now and forever and to the ages of ages. Amen.

The translation of the Greek form used by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in the United States is:
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
now and always and forever and ever. Amen.

Use

Eastern Churches
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Church of the East, and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the Lesser Doxology is frequently used at diverse points in services and private prayers. Among other instances, it is said three times by the reader during the usual beginning of every service, and as part of the dismissal at the end. When it is used in a series of hymns it is chanted either before the last hymn or before the penultimate hymn. In the latter case, it is divided in half, the "Glory..." being chanted before the penultimate hymn, and "Both now..." being chanted before the final hymn (which is usually a Theotokion).

Western Churches
In the Roman Rite, the Gloria Patri is frequently chanted or recited in the Liturgy of the Hours principally at the end of psalms and canticles and in the responsories. There are a few exceptions: for the canticle in the Book of Daniel, Chapter 3 (The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children), the Gloria Patri is not chanted; rubrics in the liturgical books direct that: In fine huius cantici non dicitur Gloria Patri ("at the end of this canticle the Gloria Patri is not to be said"). Instead, the phrase "Praise him, and magnify him forever" is used.

The Gloria Patri also figures in the Introit of the Latin Mass. It is also present in the Introit in the form of the Roman Rite published in Divine Worship: The Missal. The prayer also figures prominently in pious devotions, notably the rosary, where it is recited at the end of each decade.

Amongst Anglicans, the Gloria Patri is mainly used at the Daily Offices of Morning and Evening Prayer, to introduce and conclude the singing or recitation of psalms, and to conclude the canticles that lack their own concluding doxologies.

Lutherans have historically added the Gloria Patri both after the chanting of the Responsorial Psalm and following the Nunc Dimittis during their Divine Service, as well as during Matins and Vespers in the Canonical hours. In Methodism, the Gloria Patri (usually in the traditional English form above) is frequently sung to conclude the "responsive reading" of the psalms as they are set out for congregational reading. The prayer is also frequently used in evangelical Presbyterian churches.

See also
Greater doxology

References

External links
"Doxology" at New Advent
Glory Be
 The Glory Be and other prayers of the Rosary in many languages
 A website with the Lord's Prayer in multiple languages; some of the languages also have the Glory Be
 Audio recordings and texts of the Gloria Patri and other prayers in various languages

Christian prayer
Christian worship and liturgy
Rosary

Gloria Patri