The Lada / VAZ-2105, 2104 and 2107, collectively marketed as Lada Riva for right-hand drive models (in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand), the Lada Nova in Germany, and by multiple other names and markets, are a series of compact sedans of the Zhiguli line-up (Fiat 124-based cars), built by Russian car manufacturer AvtoVAZ (formerly VAZ). Introduced in 1979 in the Soviet Union, and progressively introduced to Western European and global markets from the early 1980s, under the Lada brand, they were sold as saloons (2105 and 2107), and station wagon (2104) versions.

Today they are generally referred to as the Lada Classic series, being derived from the original Fiat 124 platform which has been the now-iconic mainstay of the AvtoVAZ lineup since the company's foundation in the late 1960s. Russian production at the company's main plant at Togliatti ended in September 2012.

Along with the other Fiat 124 derivatives, it is the world's third best selling, single generation automobile platform, after the Volkswagen Beetle and the Ford Model T, and one of the longest production run platforms alongside the Volkswagen Beetle, the Hindustan Ambassador, the Volkswagen (Type 2) Bus, and the Toyota 70 Series.

History

Although introduced in 1979 and first produced in quantity in 1980, the Riva's origins are older: it is a modernised and restyled version of the original Lada type VAZ-2101 Zhiguli saloon, which was introduced in 1970 as a modified license copy of the Fiat 124. VAZ began development work on the facelift version as early as 1975, and the first prototypes were built in 1977, although it would not be until 1983 – three years after its release in the Soviet Union – that the car was made available in Western European markets, and like its predecessors - aimed squarely at the budget end of the market.

The Riva itself is officially designated – and known in the home market – as VAZ-2105 (base saloon [sedan]), VAZ-2104 (station wagon), and VAZ-2107 (deluxe saloon identified by the large chromed grille). In Russia, VAZ-2105, VAZ-2104, and VAZ-2107 are considered to be different cars rather than variants but nonetheless all of them are part of a single "Klassika" ("Classic") family along with older models such as the VAZ-2101. They are popularly known as Pyatyorka ("the five"), Chetvyorka ("the four") and Semyorka ("the seven").

Mechanically, the car is virtually identical to the first-generation VAZ-2101, featuring the Fiat-derived manual transmissions, coil spring suspension all round, and aluminium alloy drum brakes with cast iron brake shoes on the rear wheels. The smaller-engined variant, the   version (VAZ-2105) had a revamp of its inline four-cylinder compared to the original VAZ-2101 (Lada 1200). The old OHC design had its camshaft driven by chain, while the new one had a toothed belt drive. Some modifications of the Riva's larger-engined version (VAZ-2107) carried on with the  chain-driven OHC engine coming over from the original Lada 1500 (VAZ-2103), while others had a later  1,6L VAZ-2106/21067 engine. Another change was made to the engine in 1992, when single point fuel injection and catalytic converters were specified to keep up with emissions legislation.

The 2107 was announced in 1982, offered as the luxury version (and the most expensive), with improved interior (including front headrests), a new instrument panel, and a chrome grille; it came with either  (21072) or  (21074) engines. (The 21079 was a Wankel engined version.)

The first 2104 station wagon appeared in 1984, in three models: the 2104 with ; the 21041 with ; and the 21043 with  (VAZ-2103) engine.

Export sales proved to be very good in Eastern Europe. In the West, Rivas had limited presence in such countries as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, New Zealand (where it served as a taxi), and Canada. In Finland, they had much larger sales due to the fact that Finland had closer economic ties with the Soviet Union. Canada was the only market to offer whitewall tires. Canadian 2107s were "briefly sold as the Dennis Signet", after the importer, Peter Dennis Motor Corporation. Canadian sales, along with several European markets, ended on 4 July 1997.

Tightening safety and emissions legislation combined with the economic instability in the former Soviet Union during the 1990s led to the Riva being withdrawn from most Western European markets by 1997, although it remained in production at the AvtoVAZ factory in the Russian Federation and was sold as the Lada Classic. It was one of the cheapest automobiles available in the Russian market and remains the most popular second-hand car in Russia even after its production ceased.

In 2002, production of the wagon model was taken over by Izh, before assembly was also started at the Bogdan Group's LuAZ plant, and later in Cherkasy, Ukraine. The 2107 model was produced also at the ZAZ factory in Ukraine and at Suzuki's factory in Egypt. In August 2011, Russian production of the 2107 was moved to Izh. After about thirty years of production, the 2105 was discontinued in 2010, followed by the 2104 and 2107 in 2012.

United Kingdom
The British market was opened with the 1300GL in 1983, and the 21051 (Riva 1200L) had the . British sales were based heavily on low sales price and durability. In 1986, 20,000 Ladas were sold in Britain, 30,000 in 1988. British imports of the older VAZ-2101/2102/2106 ended soon after the Riva's introduction, although they remained available in the Soviet Union and much of the old Eastern Bloc for several years afterwards.

In a review of the new economy car, the British automobile magazine Autocar noted its low price of only £3,158 (£10,736.82 in 2020), improved road performance and an "impressive list of standard equipment", which included "height-adjustable headlamps, internally adjustable driver's door mirror, velour-covered seats, heated rear window, illumination lights for bonnet and boot", and a 21-piece toolkit. However, its spartan interiors and aging design meant that it was never aimed at buyers of market leaders' similar-sized but more expensive products, such as the Ford Sierra, Vauxhall Cavalier and Austin Montego. Nonetheless, the Riva was still selling well in the United Kingdom and many other Western markets in the early 1990s, but the next few years saw a raft of new models come from budget competitors such as Daewoo, Hyundai, Kia and Proton, pushing Riva sales into terminal decline. This, combined with the economic hardships and much-needed investment to adapt cars to stricter European Union emissions requirements not being available, resulted in the decision to withdraw Lada from the UK (and some other European markets) and Canada on 4 July 1997. They had cheaply tried to produce catalytic converter equipped cars (EU mandated from 1992) using carburettors, when all other car makers changed to fuel injection to more accurately control fuel/air ratios. However the catalysts were quickly destroyed as a result and most cars failed their first MOT test (at three years old) as a result.

Despite Lada's withdrawal in 1997 from the British market, most of the surviving Rivas on UK roads were not scrapped; rather the vast majority were re-exported back to Russia due to a shortage of used examples in their homeland and the export specification was considered superior to those that were available domestically.  Even in 2021, many ex-UK right hand drive Rivas are still operating in Russia and the former Soviet states.

New Zealand
The car was also sold in New Zealand, where it was distributed by the New Zealand Dairy Board. The Dairy Board received the cars in lieu of cash payments for deliveries of mutton and butter to the Soviet Union. The last such trade was carried out in 1990.

Models

2104

Estate edition
VAZ-2104 – VAZ-2105 engine, a  carburetor, 4-speed transmission (CAT), the base model
VAZ-21041 – engine VAZ-2101, , 4-carb item. PPC. Not commercially produced.
VAZ-21042 – engine VAZ-2103, , right hand drive.
VAZ-21043 – engine VAZ-2103,  carburetor with a 4- or 5-speed. CAT, in versions with electrical equipment and interior of the VAZ-2107.
VAZ-21044 – engine VAZ-2107, , single injection, 5-speed. CAT, export model.
VAZ-21045 – engine VAZ-2107, , single injection, 5-speed. CAT, export model. Not commercially produced.
VAZ-21045D – VAZ-341 engine, , diesel, 5-speed. PPC.
VAZ-21047 – engine VAZ-2103, , carb, 5-speed. CAT, an improved version with the interior of the VAZ-2104/7. Export modifications were equipped with the radiator grille of the VAZ-2107.
VAZ-21048 – engine VAZ-343, , diesel, 5-speed. PPC.
VAZ-21041i – engine VAZ-21067  injector, 5-speed gearbox, with the same interior and electrics as the VAZ-2107, the front seats of the IL-2126.
VAZ-21041 VF – radiator design VAZ-2107, VAZ-2103 engine of  injector, 5-speed gearbox, interior and electrical VAZ-2107 car, the front seats of the Izh-2126.

Pickup Edition
VAZ-21043-33 Pikap – 1.5-litre with 52 kW, produced from 1991 to 2012 at PSA VIS-Avto.

2105

Lada 2105 – with the carb. engine VAZ-2105 (, , ) and 4-speed. CAT;
Lada 2105 b – the engine VAZ-2103 (distributed injection, , , , the Euro-2) and 5-speed. CAT;
Lada 21050 – with the engine VAZ-2105 and 5-speed. CAT;
Lada 21051 – with carb. engine VAZ-2101 (, , ) and 4-speed. CAT;
Lada 21053 – with carb. engine VAZ-2103 (, , ) and 4 of Art. CAT;
Lada 21053-20 – the engine VAZ-2104 (distributed injection, , , , the Euro-2) and 5-speed. CAT;
Lada 21054 – small series, especially for the traffic police, the Interior Ministry and the FSB. Carburetted VAZ-2106 engine (, , ), equipped with an additional fuel tank and battery.
Lada 21054-30 – the engine VAZ-21067 (distributed injection, , , , the Euro-3) and 5-speed. CAT;
Lada 21055 – small scale modification for the cab with a diesel engine VAZ (BTM) – 341 production Barnaultransmash (, , );
Lada 21057 (Lada Riva) – Export version of VAZ-21053 with right-hand drive and a single injection engine (Euro-1) was produced in 1992–1997 for the markets of the UK and countries with left-hand traffic;
Lada 21058 (Lada Riva) – Export version of VAZ-21050 with right-hand drive, produced in 1982–1994 for the markets of the UK and countries with left-hand traffic;
Lada 21059 – Debut 1980 as a small scale spetsmodifikatsiya for the traffic police, the Interior Ministry and the KGB with   two-rotor  VAZ-411M or (slightly larger displacement)  VAZ-4132 Wankel engine (which both featured a 9.4:1 compression ratio) and four-speed manual transmission. Capable of  and  in nine seconds. Priced at 52,000 rubles.
VIS – 2345 – pick poluramnoy design based on VAZ-21053 and 21054, produced by JSC VAZInterService with 1995 by 2006;
Lada 2105 VFTS (Lada VFTS) – a sports car, which was being built at the facilities of the Vilnius factory vehicles under the guidance of the legendary Soviet rallista Stasys Brundza. Homologated to FISA Group B standard. Markets forced engine VAZ-2106, using carburetors WEBER 45 DCOE (  at 7000 rpm  at 5500 rpm) and a spur 4 and 5-speed gearbox, with claw couplings include; since 1986 in order to reduce weight, the car was equipped with doors made of aluminum.
Lada 2105 VIHUR – rally car produced industrial association for the production of sports equipment "Vihur" CC DOSAAF in Tallinn. Homologated for Group A-2/1 union classification (the so-called "queen-group"). According to the requirements of the A-2/1, the engines were serially unchanged.

2107

Lada 2107 (engine 2103, , 4 cyl., Carburetor)
Lada 21071 (engine 2105, , 4 cyl., Carburetor, timing belt)
Lada 21072 ( engine, Grade 8., Single injection – export version for the European market)
Lada 21073 (engine 2106, , 4 cyl., Carburetor)
Lada 21076-20 (engine 2104, , 4 cyl., Point Injection)
Lada 2107–71 ( engine,  engine 21034 for gasoline A-76, version for China)
Lada 21074-20 (21067-10 engine, , 4 cyl., Distributed injection, Euro-2)
Lada 21074-30 (21067-20 engine, , 4 cyl., Distributed injection, Euro-3)
Lada 21077 (engine 2105, , 4 cyl., Carburetor, timing belt – export UK version)
Lada 21078 (engine 2106, , 4 cyl., Carburetor – export UK version)
Lada 21079 Debut 1982, fitted with  two-rotor  VAZ-411M or (slightly larger displacement)  VAZ-4132 Wankel engine (which both featured a 9.4:1 compression ratio) and five-speed manual transmission. Capable of  and  in 9 seconds. Priced at 58,000 rubles. Originally created for the needs of federal agencies: the traffic police, the Interior Ministry and KGB.
Lada 2107 ZNG (21213 engine, , 4 cyl., Point Injection)

Other variants
Model variants included the Riva Signet, Riva 1200, Riva 1300, Riva 1500, and Riva 1600, with trim levels "E" and "L". A Turbo charged model Lada 2107 Turbo was sold in Finland, this version was made by Finnish Lada importer.

Small numbers of Lada rally cars were built with  Wankel engines, fitted with a pair of Weber DCOE twin-choke carburettors.

Production at Suzuki Egypt
In Egypt, the Amal Foreign Trade Company and Lada's parent company AvtoVAZ signed a joint venture agreement to assemble Ladas for the North African market in 2000. However, as they did not have their own factory, space was found at a local Suzuki plant in Cairo to assemble the 2107 version of the Riva. As of 2006, production continued at Suzuki until 2015 with an additional model, the 2110, being produced.

Safety
In the early 1980s, when it was put into production, the car complied with UNECE car safety standards and GOST technical standards.

In 2001, the 2107 version of the Riva scored 0 points out of 16 in a frontal crash test conducted by the modern Russian ARCAP safety assessment program, and was awarded zero stars out of four. The reviewers noted that the result of the test was easily predictable and couldn't be positive, as they were dealing with an old car having an outdated construction of the body and designed at the time when safety tests were different from those of 2001.

In 2002 Za Rulyom magazine performed crash tests on two Lada 21053 models, a new car from 2002 and a used one from 1994. The magazine's experts noted that the newer model complied with UNECE car safety standards 12-03 and 33, but the older and used one failed the latter standard. The story also expressed doubt that the 2002 model could meet the stricter safety requirements that would be imposed in October of the same year.

End of production
In the 2010s, the sales of the Lada Classics remained strong in the car's native Russia and some of the former Eastern Bloc nations. However, production of the 2105 ceased at AvtoVAZ's Togliatti plant at the end of 2010 after a 30-year production run and nearly 3,000,000 units, with production of the other variants being fully moved to the IzhAvto plant near Izhevsk.

The 2107 made the transition to the IzhAvto plant in August 2011, thus marking the end of production of the original Fiat 124 derived models at Togliatti after a 41-year production run and over 14 million units.

In September 2012, the history of the sedan model in Russia was over, when the last 2104 came off the IzhAvto assembly lines. The last unit of the Lada Classic series, a 2104 model, was produced by IzhAvto on 17 September 2012. Starting from the same month, production at the Izhevsk factory was replaced with the Lada Granta. However, , the 2107 model was still in production in Egypt.

References

External links

Lada and Fiat model (Russian)
Lada Cars reviews, images, infos (English)

Cars of Russia
Compact cars
Riva
Station wagons
Sedans
Soviet automobiles
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Cars introduced in 1980
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
ARCAP small family cars
Cars discontinued in 2012

Lada Riva


Selassie ( Dreifaltigkeit) ist der Name bzw. Vatername folgender Personen:

 Amha Selassie I. (1916–1997), äthiopischer Adeliger, Kronprinz von Äthiopien
 Anna Gebre Selassie (* 1991), tschechische Handballspielerin
 Ermias Sahle-Selassie (* 1960), äthiopischer Politiker
 Fikre Selassie Wogderess (1945–2020), äthiopischer Politiker

 Haile Selassie (1892–1975), Kaiser von Äthiopien
 Imru Haile Selassie (1892–1980), äthiopischer Politiker
 Makonnen Haile Selassie (1924–1957), Kind von Kaiser Haile Selassie von Äthiopien und Kaiserin Menen Asfaw
 Maren Haile-Selassie (* 1999), Schweizer Fußballspieler
 Sahle Selassie (1795–1847), Meridazmatch und Negus von Schoa, Äthiopien
 Theodor Gebre Selassie (* 1986), tschechischer Fußballspieler
 Yohannes Haile-Selassie (* 1961), äthiopischer Paläoanthropologe
 Zere Yacobe Selassie (* 1953), äthiopischer Kronprinz
 Zewde Gabre-Selassie (1926–2008), äthiopischer Adeliger, Kronprinz von Äthiopien

Siehe auch:
 Haile Gebrselassie (* 1973), äthiopischer Langstreckenläufer
 Ghirmay Ghebreslassie (* 1995), eritreischer Langstreckenläufer

Selassie


El marquesado de los Soidos es un título nobiliario español creado por el rey Carlos III de España el 1 de noviembre de 1785 a favor del noble portugués Jerónimo António Pereira Coutinho Pacheco de Vilhena e Brito.

El título se creó con grandeza de España de primera clase originaria, con el vizcondado previo de San Antonio en data desconocida de 1785 y el 3 de mayo de 1787.

Todos los miembros de esta familia, han estado siempre muy vinculados con Portugal, donde han tenido siempre su residencia. Sus descendientes incluyen a António Xavier Pereira Coutinho, cuyo bisnieto Vasco Manuel de Quevedo Pereira Coutinho ha sido creado I marqués de Pereira Coutinho el 7 de abril de 2011.

Armas
La rama principal de esta Casa usa por armas: esquartelado: 1, Coutinho; 2, Pereira; 3, de Azevedo de los señores de São João de Rei; 4, Pacheco; sobre el todo: el 1.º y 4.º quarteles de Manuel de Vilhena; timbre: Coutinho; corona de marqués; manto y corona de grande de España. La rama secundaria de esta Casa usa por armas: esquartelado: 1, Coutinho; 2, partido en pala: 1.ª, Arrais; 2.ª, de Mendonça; 3, partido en pala: 1.ª, Pimentel antiguo; 2.ª, Nogueira; 4. Coutinho; sobre el todo: Pereira; timbre: Coutinho; corona de marqués; manto y corona de grande de España.

Marqueses de los Soidos

Titulares del marquesado de los Soidos
Jerónimo António Pereira Coutinho Pacheco de Vilhena e Brito (m. 1 de abril de 1787), I vizconde de San Antonio y luego I marqués de los Soidos. Se casó con María Justina de Mendonça Arrais  (m. 21 de julio de 1786). Le sucedió su hijo:

Antonio Luis Pereira Coutinho Pacheco de Vilhena (m. 19 de junio de 1799), II marqués de los Soidos. Contrajo matrimonio el 21 de noviembre de 1774 con Isabel Teresa Bárbara Pereira Neto Pato de Novais. Le sucedió su hijo;

Jerónimo António Pereira Coutinho (m. 23 de agosto de 1814), III marqués de los Soidos. Soltero. Le sucedió su hermano:

António Xavier Pereira Coutinho (m. 13 de octubre de 1852), IV marqués de los Soidos,  casado el 8 de junio de 1817 con María da Madre de Deus de Lemos Pereira de Lacerda. Le sucedió su hijo:

António Luis Pereira Coutinho (m. 9 de agosto de 1908), marqués de los Soidos (de iure). El 22 de abril de 1844 contrajo matrimonio con María José da Graça Teles de Melo de Almeida. Le sucedió;

Rehabilitación en 1909

Francisco Sánchez-Pleytés e Hidalgo de Quintana  Beltrán de Caicedo y Sobrevilla (Estepa, bautizado el 21 de junio de 1862-Madrid, 24 de julio de 1914), V marqués de los Soidos, que rehabilitó el título en 1909,  marqués de Frómista caballero de la Orden de Calatrava, y senador del Reino por derecho propio en la legislatura 1910, 1911 y 1914. Se casó en primeras nupcias con María de los Dolores de Villaverde y de los Hoyos (m. 13 de junio de 1892) y en segundas con Josefa Jiménez y Jiménez. Le sucedió su hija:

María Carlota Sánchez-Pleytés y Jiménez (Madrid, 27 de diciembre de 1896-8 de mayo de 1967), VI marquesa de los Soidos y XIV marquesa de Frómista, casada con Pedro Cabello y Maíz (m. Madrid, 13 de enero de 1973). Le sucedió su hijo:

Francisco José Cabello y Sánchez-Pleytés (m. 4 de noviembre de 2010), VII marqués de los Soidos y marqués de Frómista. Se casó con María del Carmen Suárez-Guanes y González de la Riva (m. Córdoba, 6 de mayo de 2000). Le sucedió su hijo:

Francisco José Cabello y Suárez-Guanes, VIII marqués de los Soidos, grande de España y marqués de Frómista, Se casó con Leonor Gámez Benito.

Notas

Referencias

Soidos, los
Soidos, los
Soidos, los
Soidos, los
España en 1785
España en 1909

Marquesado de los Soidos


Victorio Candido Edades (December 23, 1895 – March 7, 1985) was a Filipino painter. He led the revolutionary Thirteen Moderns, who engaged their classical compatriots in heated debate over the nature and function of art. He was named a National Artist in 1976. The history names Victorio Edades as "the father of Modern Philippine art". Schooled in the US upon his return he introduced an entirely new way of thinking about art. He argued that art can be more than representation of reality, it can be representation of reality as seen through the mind and emotions of the artist.

Biography
Victorio Edades was born on December 23, 1895, to Hilario and Cecilia Edades. He was the youngest of ten children (six of whom died of smallpox). He grew up in Barrio Bolosan in Dagupan, Pangasinan. His artistic ability surfaced during his early years. By seventh grade, his teachers were so impressed with him that he was dubbed "apprentice teacher" in his art class. He was also an achiever from the very beginning, having won awards in school debates and writing competitions.

Later career
After high school, Edades and his friends traveled to the United States. Before enrolling in Seattle, Edades incidentally made a detour to Alaska and experienced working in a couple of factories. Nonetheless, he moved on to Seattle and enrolled at the University of Washington where he took up architecture and later earned a Master of Fine Arts in Painting. The significant event that stirred Edades, and made him as what he is known now, was his encounter with the traveling exhibition from the New York Armory Hall. This art show presented modern European artists such as Cézanne, Gauguin, Matisse, Picasso and the Surrealists. His growing appreciation to what he saw veered him away from the conservative academic art and Realistic schools and thus he began to paint in the modern manner. The two former schools of thought were inclined more towards idyllic subject matter, and require a mastery of refined detailing. What attracted Edades to the modernist movement was its principle to go beyond the idealistic exteriors propagated by Impressionism and Realism. Modernist thought encourages experimentation in artistic expression and allows the artist to present reality as he sees it in his own way.

During his journey to America, he participated in art competitions, one of which was the Annual Exhibition of North American Artists. His entry The Sketch (1927) won second prize.
When he returned to the Philippines in 1928, he saw that the state of art was "practically dead." Paintings he saw dealt with similar themes and were done in a limited technique that mostly followed the works of Fernando Amorsolo, the first Philippine national artist and the most popular painter of the time. He recognized that there was no creativity whatsoever, and that the artists of that time were merely "copying" each other. So in December, Edades bravely mounted a one-man show at the Philippine Columbia Club in Ermita to introduce to the masses what his modern art was all about. He showed thirty paintings, including those that won acclaim in America. It was a distinguished exhibit, for the Filipino art circle was suddenly shaken by what this young man from Pangasinan had learned from his studies abroad. Viewers and critics were apparently shocked and not one painting was sold.

Edades helped organized the University of Santo Tomas (UST) Department of Architecture in 1930 and was its acting head. In 1935, he was appointed as Director of the UST College of Architecture and Fine Arts, which he organized under the wing of Architecture. He was guided by the existing American curricula when he made the Fi Painting. On February 12, 1977, UST conferred on Edades the degree of Doctor of Fine Arts, Honoris Causa.

Retirement
Edades retired to Davao City with his family. There he taught for a time at the Philippine Women's College and resumed his career as an artist.

Death
He died on March 7, 1985, in Davao City, Philippines.

Artistic development

Early styles after his stint in architecture already show his inclination towards the impressionism technique. In The Market and The Picnic, his choice of subject matter do not take flight from pleasant daily scenery; yet his brush strokes and observance of non-proportionality in the figures made his teachers consider him "very ambitious." His earlier works already showed his affinity towards the style of Cézanne and other Post-Impressionists.

The height of his artistic development is his dynamic entry into Philippine art in 1928 with his solo exhibit at the Philippine Columbia Club. Here he mounted his most renowned work, The Builders. This work is the sum total of all the other pieces included in the show. They are a far cry from the works of the first Philippine national artist and most popular painter Fernando Amorsolo and the other classicists who painted bright cheery scenes of flawless Filipinos and their idealized daily routines. Edades, on the other hand, presented figures in muddy earth colors – yellow ochres and raw sienna accented by bold black contours. Subjects are distorted figures (those whose proportions defy classical measure), and Edades' brush strokes are agitated and harsh. The choice of his subject also caused quite a stir to those who viewed the show. He portrayed tough, dirty construction laborers and simple folk wrestling in dung and dust. Even his nudes are nothing like Amorsolo's portrayal of the Filipina at her best.

With the uproar Edades' ideas raised, he knew that he cannot make a living out by merely painting what he wished. So he got by producing commissioned works, particularly murals. He did murals for prominent individuals (like Juan Nakpil) and institutions.
His later works are said to be 'flatter.' His portraits and genre paintings in Davao are not seen to be as heavy or solid as his earlier phase with The Builders. From Cézanne, Edades grew more interested in the style of Utamaro of Japan and other artists whose charm is in color rather than solidity.

By introducing modern ideas into the Philippine art scene, Victorio Edades managed to destroy the conventions of domestic art, and also got rid of the clichéd ideology he believed stunted the development of Philippine art. His defiance to what the Conservatives structured as 'art' was a conscious call for real artistic expression. He attested that "art is ever the expression of man's emotion, and not a mere photographic likeness of nature. Thus to express his individual emotion, the artist is privileged to create in that distinctive form that best interprets his own experience. And the distortion of plastic elements of art such as line, mass and color – is one of the many ways of expressing one's rhythmic form." That was the reason why his disproportionate figures are made that way – for the sake of composition.

Legacy
Through his continuous propagation of modern art as shown in his works and teachings, Edades proved that modernists were not fooling people as Guillermo Tolentino asserted. Dialectically, Edades explained that modern art is not anti-classicist. He said, "From the technical point of view, Modern Art is an outgrowth of Classical Art. Modern Art is the interpretation of the Classical concept conditioned by the artist's new experience with the aid of improved means of aesthetic expression." Not conforming to the academic perception of art, he made art available to the ordinary person. Through his determination to stand by his ideology, Edades became a bridge between the past and the present.

Auction records
For the longest period, the works of Edades despite his role in the development of Philippine modernism have only become prominent in the Philippine art market during the 2010s. In the same period, works by other Philippine modernists Anita Magsaysay-Ho, José T. Joya and Hernando R. Ocampo have already broken world record prices at auction.

On November 22, 2014, an early work from 1926 called American Football Player sold for a record price of PHP9.276 million (US$205,923.65) at a Christie's auction in Hong Kong. That record was broken on June 11, 2012, when a later work from 1976 called Poinsettia Girl was sold at a Leon Gallery auction in Manila for a world record price of PHP23.230 million (US$440,257.98).

The Other Moderns

Galo B. Ocampo; Carlos V. Francisco (National Artist, 1973); Vicente Manansala (National Artist, 1981); Hernando R. Ocampo (National Artist, 1991); Cesar Legaspi (National Artist, 1990); Demetrio Diego; Diosdado Lorenzo; José Pardo; Ricarte Purugganan; Bonifacio Cristobal; Arsenio Capili; Anita Magsaysay-Ho.

References

Further reading
Benesa, Leo. "Victorio Edades." 2002. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. April 13, 2004 .
An excerpt from What is Philippine about Philippine Art? and Other Essays. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2000. Reprinted from Weekend, September 21, 1979, 4.
—,"Philippine Contemporary Art as a Post-War Phenomenon." 2002. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. April 13, 2004 . An excerpt from What is Philippine about Philippine Art? and Other Essays. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2000. Reprinted from Verlag Neves Forum, 1970.
Deocampo, Nick. "Edades: Victorio C. Edades and Modernism in Philippine Art." [Manila]: National Commission for Culture and the Arts Commission on Galleries, [2004].
Guerrero, Amadis Ma. and Purita Kalaw Ledesma. Edades: National Artist. Makati: Published for Security Bank & Trust Co. by Filipinas Foundation, c1979.
Ingle, Lydia Rivera. Edades: kites and visions. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, c1980.
Paras-Perez, Rod. Edades and the 13 moderns. Manila : Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1995.

1895 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Filipino painters
Artists from Pangasinan
Filipino artists
Filipino portrait painters
Modernism
National Artists of the Philippines
People from Dagupan

Victorio Edades


Nisré Mimi Zouzoua, né le 16 juillet 1996 à Brockton, est un joueur américano-ivoirien  de basket-ball jouant au poste d'arrière.

Biographie

Famille
Nisré Zouzoua est né d'une mère américaine et d'un père ivoirien.

Carrière en club
Nisré Zouzoua fait ses premiers pas sous les couleurs de l'équipe de l'université Bryant qu'il quitte en 2017 après une saison 2016-2017 où il aura été le meilleur marqueur de son équipe ainsi que nommé dans le cinq majeur de la Northeast Conference. Il rejoint ensuite l'université du Nevada à Reno. Sa carrière commence à Dax Gamarde, une équipe du championnat de France de basket-ball de Nationale masculine 1 (NM1), troisième échelon du basket français derrière la Pro A et la Pro B.

Il rejoint à l'intersaison 2021 l'Alliance Sport Alsace, club de Pro B. En novembre 2021, il est arrêté 6 semaines en raison d'une blessure.

Carrière en équipe nationale
Avec l'équipe de Côte d'Ivoire de basket-ball, Nisré Zouzoua se qualifie pour le Championnat d'Afrique de basket-ball 2021 et atteint la finale de la compétition perdue face à la Tunisie.

Palmarès
 Finaliste du Championnat d'Afrique de basket-ball 2021 avec l'équipe de Côte d'Ivoire de basket-ball

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur international ivoirien de basket-ball
Joueur américain de basket-ball
Naissance en juillet 1996
Naissance à Brockton
Joueur du Dax Gamarde basket 40
Joueur de l'Alliance Sport Alsace
Étudiant de l'université Bryant
Joueur de basket-ball du Wolf Pack du Nevada
Joueur d'Aix Maurienne Savoie Basket

Nisré Zouzoua


Swynnerton es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Stafford, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Swynnerton tiene una superficie de 36,44 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Swynnerton tenía 4233 habitantes (49,16% varones, 50,84% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 116,16 hab/km². El 18,62% eran menores de 16 años, el 74,63% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 6,76% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,54 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20,06% estaban solteros, el 67,55% casados, y el 12,39% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 98,89% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,54% mestizos, el 0,33% asiáticos, el 0,14% negros, y el 0,09% de cualquier otro salvo chinos. La mayor parte (97,05%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,06% de la población, mientras que el 1,89% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 82,83%, el budismo por el 0,17%, el hinduismo por el 0,12%, el judaísmo por el 0,21%, el islam por el 0,19%, el sijismo por el 0,12%, y cualquier otra religión por el 0,17%. El 10,16% no eran religiosos y el 6,05% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 1733 hogares con residentes, 47 vacíos, y 4 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Swynnerton


Kulturno-povijesna cjelina poluotoka Sustipana s crkvom sv. Stjepana u Splitu, Hrvatska, na poluotoku Sustipanu i zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Cjelina istaknutih ambijentalnih, kulturno-povijesnih i memorijalnih vrijednosti s ostacima gradskog groblja i benediktinskog samostana i crkve sv. Stjepana "pod borovima" po kojoj je dobio ime. Prezentirani arheološki ostaci pripadaju ranokršćanskoj trobrodnoj bazilici s polukružnom apsidom, koja je pregrađena u 11.st. kada se uz nju razvio nekoć znameniti benediktinski samostan. Današnja crkva sv. Stjepana izgrađena je 1814., a u njezine su vanjske zidove uzidani ranoromanički i gotički ulomci iz starije crkve. Godine 1826. na Sustjepanu je uređeno prvo gradsko groblje izvan gradskih zidina, koje je 1958. preneseno na Lovrinac. U središtu današnjeg parka s uređenim stazicama, okruženim borovima i čempresima je klasicistički glorijet iz 1851., autora Vicka Andrića.

Zaštita

Pod oznakom Z-5524 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao urbana cjelina.

Izvori

Stjepan
Zaštićene urbane cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji


Yeşil Sol Parti () ou YSP, é um Partido político da Turquia fundado a 25 de Novembro de 2012. O seu símbolo consiste numa árvore com um tronco roxo formando uma figura humana, a coroa constituída por folhas verdes individuais e o sol amarelo formando a cabeça da figura humana no meio da coroa.

História
O YSP, anteriormente denominado Yeşiller ve Sol Gelecek Partisi (Partido do Futuro Verde e Esquerda), foi fundado a 25 de Novembro de 2012 através da fusão do Eşitlik ve Demokrasi Partisi (Partido da Igualdade e Democracia) e do Yeşiller Partisi (Partido dos Verdes). Define-se como um partido verde com ideias de esquerda-liberal.

Em 2014, o partido apoiou Selahattin Demirtaş como candidato presidencial nas eleições presidenciais turcas de 2014. Também apoiou o PDS nas eleições parlamentares de Junho de 2015.

No Segundo Congresso do Partido Ordinário a 2 de Abril de 2016, o partido mudou o seu nome para Yeşil Sol Partisi (YSP). O actual logótipo do partido deve-se à decisão tomada no Segundo Congresso Extraordinário a 16 de Outubro de 2022. Selahattin Demirtaş sugeriu mais tarde que, no caso de uma possível proibição do HDP, todos os candidatos do grupo parlamentar HDP concorreriam em nome do YSP nas eleições parlamentares de 2023.

Com a decisão de 24 de Março de 2023, o HDP, o Emekçi Hareket Partisi (Partido do Movimento dos Trabalhadores) e o Toplumsal Özgürlük Partisi (Partido da Liberdade Social) decidiram concorrer às eleições presidenciais e parlamentares unidos nas listas da YSP, a fim de reforçar a aliança Millet İttifakı (Aliança da Nação) do líder da oposição Kemal Kilicdaroglu. A YSP é, portanto, um partido-chave para as eleições presidenciais de 2023.

Partidos políticos da Turquia
Partidos políticos de esquerda
Partidos políticos fundados em 2012

Yeşil Sol Parti


Moskva-Sjeremetevo Internationale Lufthavn ()  er en international lufthavn beliggende i Khimki, Moskva oblast, Rusland, 29 km nordvest for det centrale Moskva. Sjeremetevo er et knudepunkt for persontranfikken i det russiske internationale luftfartsselskab Aeroflots flyvninger, og er en af de tre store lufthavne, der tjener Moskva sammen med Domodedovo Internationale Lufthavn og Vnukovo Internationale Lufthavn (IATAs bykode for Sjeremetevo, Domodedovo og Vnukovo er MOW). I 2015 håndterede lufthavnen 31.612.000 passagerer og 265.040 fly bevægelser, hvilket gør lufthavnen til den største lufthavn i Rusland siden 2015.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Lufthavne i Rusland
Sjeremetevo Internationale Lufthavn
Etableret i 1957
Lufthavne i Sovjetunionen


Gyula Moravcsik (* 29. Januar 1892 in Budapest, Österreich-Ungarn; † 10. Dezember 1972 ebenda) war ein ungarischer Byzantinist.

Leben
Der Sohn eines Rechtsanwalts studierte an der Budapester Universität klassische Philologie. 1914 promovierte er dort zum Dr. phil. Bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges wurde er Soldat in der österreich-ungarischen Armee und geriet 1915 in russische Kriegsgefangenschaft, in der er bis 1920 in Sibirien verblieb. Während seiner Kriegsgefangenschaft erlernte er sowohl die russische als auch die neugriechische und die türkische Sprache.

Nach seiner Rückkehr aus Sibirien wurde er 1923 Professor am Baron-József-Eötvös-Kollégium in Budapest und dann nach seiner 1924 erfolgten Habilitation zunächst 1932 an der Universität Budapest außerordentlicher und 1936 ordentlicher Professor für griechische Philologie.

Die Schwerpunkte seiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten lagen auf dem Gebiet der Auswertung byzantinischer Schriftquellen für die ungarische Geschichte und die der Turkvölker. Diesem Zweck diente vor allem sein bedeutendstes Werk, die ,Byzantinoturcica', das 1942/43 erschien und 1958 in erweiterter Form neu aufgelegt wurde. In diesem Werk hat Moravcsik alle bekannten Quellen der ungarisch-byzantinischen Beziehungen in kritischer Zusammenfassung inventarisiert. In weiteren Forschungen untersuchte er die Wort-, Namens- und Legendenbildungen auf ihre Herkunft und ihre Bezüge zu Byzanz.

Für seine wissenschaftlichen Leistungen wurde Gyula Moravcsik am 1. Juni 1967 in den Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste als ausländisches Mitglied aufgenommen.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Byzantinoturcica. Die byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Turkvölker. Bd. 1. 3. unveränderte Auflage. Leiden 1983. erneute Auflage Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2022, .

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Ekkehard Völkl: Dem Gedenken an Gyula Moravcsik (1892-1972) In: Ungarn-Jahrbuch 1974–1975, S. 311

Byzantinist
Hochschullehrer (Budapest)
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Friedensklasse)
Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
Ungar
Geboren 1892
Gestorben 1972
Mann

Gyula Moravcsik


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Die Bahnstrecke Ahrdorf (Ahr)–Blankenheim (Wald) war eine eingleisige, nicht elektrifizierte Nebenbahn im heutigen Nordrhein-Westfalen. Sie wird auch Obere Ahrtalbahn genannt.

Geschichte

Die Strecke wurde als Verbindung von Ahrtalbahn sowie indirekt zwischen Linker Rheinstrecke und Eifelstrecke geplant.

Der Bahnbau wurde 1909 genehmigt, für die 25 Kilometer lange Strecke waren vom Preußischen Landtag 5,4 Millionen Mark Baukosten bewilligt. Die eigentlichen Bauarbeiten begannen im April 1910. Feierlich eröffnet wurde die Strecke am 1. Mai 1913; die Kosten betrugen am Ende 7,8 Millionen Mark.

Am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden mehrere Brücken durch die Wehrmacht gesprengt, daraufhin ruhte der Betrieb. Der Wiederaufbau zog sich mehrere Jahre hin, erst 1950 wurde der Verkehr auf dem Abschnitt zwischen Mülheim (Eifel) und Blankenheim (Wald) wieder aufgenommen. Ein Jahr später folgte der restliche Streckenabschnitt zwischen Ahrdorf (Ahr) und Mülheim (Eifel). Ab 1954 wurde die Strecke im Bereich zwischen Mülheim (Eifel) und Blankenheim (Wald) wieder von Personenzügen befahren.

Bereits 1947 war der Personenverkehr auf dem Teilstück zwischen Ahrdorf (Ahr) und Mülheim auch formell eingestellt worden. Auf dem noch bedienten Abschnitt wurde bis 1958 Personenverkehr durchgeführt, im selben Jahr wurde auch der Güterverkehr zwischen Ahrdorf (Ahr) und Mülheim aufgegeben.

Der verbliebene Güterverkehr wurde in zwei Abschnitten beendet, zwischen Mülheim und Blankenheim 1961 sowie nach 1970 zwischen Blankenheim (Eifel) und Blankenheim (Wald). Bis 1980 wurde die Strecke komplett abgebaut.

Literatur
 Kurt Hoppstädter: Die Entstehung des Eisenbahnnetzes im Moseltal und in der Eifel. Nach den Akten des Staatsarchivs Koblenz bearbeitet. 1963. (Manuskript in der Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln)
 Klaus Kemp: Die Ahrtalbahnen. Eisenbahn-Kurier-Verlag, Freiburg 1983, ISBN 3-88255-542-4.
 Bernd Franco Hoffmann: Stillgelegte Bahnstrecken im Rheinland. Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2014, ISBN 978-3-95400-396-9.
 Heinz Schönewald: Die Geschichte der Ahrtalbahn. Eifel-Verlag, Jünkerath 2016, ISBN 978-3-943123-17-3 / 2. Auflage, Jünkerath 2020, ISBN 978-3-943123-40-1.
 Manfred Jehnen: Wieder eine neue Eifelbahn. 100 Jahre Ahrdorf–Blankenheim (Wald). Selbstverlag der Eisenbahnfreunde Jünkerath, Jünkerath 2018, ISBN 978-3-9815435-2-0.
 Klaus Kemp: Eisenbahnchronik Eifel. Band 2: Die östlichen Eifelbahnen, Moselstrecke und Privatbahnen. Eisenbahn-Kurier-Verlag, Freiburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-8446-6421-8.

Weblinks

 [strecken/2637.htm Beschreibung der Strecke 2637] im NRWbahnarchiv von André Joost

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Nordrhein-Westfalen

Bahnstrecke Ahrdorf–Blankenheim


الأبِسْتاق (الأفيستا/Upasta) هو كتاب الرسول الفارسي زرادشت الذي يعد الكتاب المقدس لدى أتباع الديانة الزرادشتية.
وكلمة «الافيستا» باللغات القديمة تعني (الأساس والبناء القوي)، والأبستاق مكتوب باللغة الأبستاقية (الأفستية) ذات صلات قوية باللغة السنسكريتية الهندية القديمة، ويقول المؤرخون أن (الأفيستا) المقدسة كتب على 12000 قطعة من جلود البقر أتلفت أغلبها نتيجة لمرور تلك القرون من الزمن وبقيت 38000 ألف كلمة منها، وتقول بعض الروايات أنها كانت حوالي 345،700 كلمة أي أربعة أضعاف، وكانت من واحد وعشرين جزءً وخمسة أقسام:

 يسنا: وتعني نوع أو شكل وهي على شكل (أناشيد أو تراتيل) وهي أدعية ومعلومات حول الدين وهي أشهر أقسامه وينسب إلى الرسول زرادشت وهو 72 يسنا هات وكل يسنا يشمل مجموعة أدعية.
 ويسبرد: يضم مجموعة من ملحقات اليسنا وهي أكثر من 23 كَرده
 ونديداد: (يصف الأشكال المختلفة للأرواح الشريرة) وهي حول الحلال والحرام، والطاهر والنجس، فيها كثير من القوانين الدينية. ومعناها القوانين الضد الأباليسة.
 يشتها: وتعني الأناشيد والتسابيح وكل يشت باسم أحد الأجسام النورانية.
 افيستاي: بجوك (خردة افيستا) وهي الصلوات اليومية وتضم تراتيل في بيان عظمة الإله.

وفي الديانة الزرادشتية هناك اعتقاد بوجود ستة معاونين أو مساعدين لزرادشت وهم باعتبارهم من الملائكة المقدسين يأتمرون بأمر من (سبنتا مئنيو) أي الروح المقدسة وهم:

 وهومن
 واهيشته أشا
 واريا خشاترا
 سبنته أرمئيتي
 هوروارتات
 امريتات

وبحسب الديانة الزرادشتية فالكون خلق قبل 12000 عام حكم إله الخير منها ثلاثة آلاف عام، كان فيها إله الشر في الظلام طيلة حكم إله الخير، ثم ظهر إله الشرّ وواجه فيها إله الخير وقد أعطاه إله الخير مدة 9000 عام ليتقابلوا فيها، وقد كان إله الشر مطمئنا للفوز بالألوهية إلا أن ظهور زردشت ونشره الدين الجديد والخير جعل الناس تنفر من إله الشرّ مما أدى إلى هزيمته وبقي إله الخير يحكم الكون وهو الذي خلق الخليقة والأكوان وتربع على عرش الربوبية، ووزع خيره على الكائنات جميعاً، لذا يجب إطاعة أوامره وتوحيده وأنه لا شريك له في الملك.

القيامة حسب الديانة الزردشتية

في المعتقد الزردشتي سيظهر ثلاثة منقذين (مخلصين). الأول ظهر قبل ظهور زرادشت بـ 1000 عام واسمه هوشيدر ، والثاني اسمه سيظهر بعد زرادشت بـ 2000 عام واسمه هوشيدرماه، أما الثالث وهو سوشيانس فسيظهر بعد زرادشت بـ 3000 عام وهو الذي سيثبت العدل في الدنيا بعد ظلم يطول أمده، وفي روايات يقال أنه هو المسيح الذي سيظهر مجدداً بعد صعوده إلى الرب بعد أن ينال العذاب.

الديانة الزرادشتية تعتقد بالروح ووجودها، ويعتقدون إن الفاني هو الجسد وليس الروح، وإن الروح ستبقى في منطقة وسطى بين النار والجنة، وأن اعتقادهم راسخ بالجنة والنار والصراط وميزان الأعمال أما بالنسبة للجحيم في الديانة الزرادشتية فهي تختلف في وصفها عن الأديان الأخرى، ويعتقد معتنقو الديانة الزرادشتية أن الجحيم عبارة عن منطقة باردة وفيها أنواع من الحيوانات المتوحشة التي سوف تعاقب المذنبين بما اقترفت أيديهم من أثم في الدنيا.

نبذة من الترانيم والدعوات في الديانة الزردشتية

(أنا عالم أنك الحق وأنك مع العقل النير. هكذا أراك وأرى أيضاً أن الرب الحكيم بالغ العظمة له العرش والقصاص، بهذا القول من أفواهنا، سنحول بشر من فرائس للشر إلى كائنات عظيمة). (ترنيمة 2 الأفستا زرادشت رنيمة 31) (هو الذي ملأ بوساطة العقل في البدء السموات المباركة بالنور، هو الذي خلق بـ(مشيئة) الحق الذي أبدع (العقل الخير) هذا الذي زدته أيها (الرب الحكيم) بروحك التي صارت منذ الآن واحدة أيها الرب. يقول زرادشت في الونديداد إحدى أسفار الأفستا: (حينما ينمو الشعير تنزعج الشياطين وحينما يحصد القمح يغشى على الشياطين فالبيت الذي يدخله القمح تخرج منه الشياطين مذمومة مدحورة. فالإنسان تركبه الشياطين إذا كان دون الحاجة وإذا كان فوقها أيضاً، فالشيطان هنا هو الفقر.

ترجمة لنص من نصوص سفر اليسنا وهي قسم الترانيم والدعوات في الأفستا:
(إني أتصورك ـ أيها المعطي الأكبر مزدا ـ جميلاً حينما أشاهد أنك القوة العليا ذات الأثر الفعال في تطوير الحياة وحينما أرى أنك تكافئ الناس على الأعمال والأقوال. لقد كتبت الشر (عقاباً) على الشر وجعلت السعادة جزاءً وفاقاً لمن يعمل الخير، وذلك بفضلك العظيم الذي يظهر أثره، حينما تتبدل الخليقة التبدل النهائي).

الزردشتية هي عقيدة دينية تتمحور حول ألوهة إله واحد مطلق عالمي ومجرد، وقد جاء ذلك على صفحات الـ(أفت) إذ ينبعث صوت زرادشت عبر سطور الـ(جاتها يآسنا) يناجي الإله (أهور مزدا (إني لأدرك أنك أنت وحدك الإله وأنك الأوحد الأحد، وإني من صحة إدراكي هذا أوقن تمام اليقين من يقيني هذا الموقن أنك أنت الإله الأوحد.. اشتد يقيني غداة انعطف الفكر مني على نفسي يسألها: من أنتِ، ولفكري جاوبت نفسي؛ أنا؟ إني زرادشت أنا، وأنا؟ كاره أنا الكراهية القصوى الرذيلة والكذب، وللعدل والعدالة أنا نصير!
من هذه أتفكّر الطيبة التي تحوم في خاطري، ومن هذا الانعطاف الطبيعي في نفسي نحو الخير، ومن هذا الميل الفطري في داخلي إلى محق الظلم وإحقاق الحق أعرفك. من هذه الانفعالات النفسية والميول الفكرية التي تؤلّف كينونتي وتكوّن كياني ينبجس في قلبي ينبوع الإيمان بأنك أنت وحدك أهورا مزدا، الإله وأنك الأوحد الأقدس الخيّر الحق).

تنقسم النفس البشرية إلى قسمين ما دام الإنسان دون الكمال فهو أيضاً دون النقاء:
 1. سبتامينو (القوة المقدسة) (الطاقة المدركة) (أنا العليا) بمفهوم فرويد.تدعم هذه القوة سبع فضائل عليا (الحكمة والشجاعة والعفة والعمل والإخلاص والأمانة والكرم هذه الفضائل بمثابة الملائكة. تدفع هذه الفضائل القوة المقدسة النفس البشرية إلى الخير والنور والحياة والحق.
 2. أنكرة مينوا: (القوة الخبيثة) (الطاقة غير المدركة) الخافية بمفهوم يونغ. وتساند هذه القوة سبع رذائل هي النفاق والخديعة والخيانة والجبن والبخل والظلم وإزهاق الروح وهي بمثابة شياطين. وتدفع هذه القوة الخبيثة المتكونة من النقص في النفس البشرية إلى الشر والظلام والموت والخداع، ويبقى هذا الصراع قائماً بين هاتين القوتين داخل النفس البشرية إلى أن يصل الإنسان إلى النقاء، يقول زرادشت في الأفستا، ترنيمة 30_ (منذ البدء أعلن الروحان التوأم عن طبيعتهما -الطيب والشرير - بالفكر والكلمة والفعل - بينها يختار الرجل الحكيم جيداً ولا يفعل هكذا الأحمق).

وحثت الزرادشتية الإنسان على معرفة نفسه ليصل إلى ذاته ودعته إلى أن يتوحد فكره وقوله وفعله: مينش، كونش، كونيش، فالفكر الصادق والقول الطيب والعمل الصالح هي أمهات الفضائل التي تخرج الإنسان عن انفصامه وتوصله لذاته.

إثباتاً لوحدانية الله:(وماذا عن الاثنى عشر الها)
يقول زرادشت في الأفستا 34- (أين أيها الحكيم سوف يكون المخلص مستحوذ (العقل الخير) هؤلاء الذين أحالوا العقائد والمورثات إلى معاناة وعذاب سوف يكون مصيرهم الجحيم، ولكنني لا أعرف غيرك فأنقذنا بواسطة الحق.

ومن أقوال زرادشت أيضاً

إني لأدرك أنك أنت وحدك الإله وأنك الأوحد الأحد، وإني من صحة إدراكي هذا أوقن تمام اليقين من يقيني هذا الموقن أنك أنت الإله الأوحد.. اشتد يقيني غداة انعطف الفكر مني على نفسي يسألها: من أنتِ؟
ولفكري جاوبت نفسي؛ أنا؟ إني زرادشت أنا، وأنا؟ كاره أنا الكراهية القصوى للرذيلة والكذب، وللعدل والعدالة أنا نصير!
من هذه أتفكّر الطيبة التي تحوم في خاطري، ومن هذا الانعطاف الطبيعي في نفسي نحو الخير، ومن هذا الميل الفطري في داخلي إلى محق الظلم وإحقاق الحق أعرفك، من هذه الانفعالات النفسية والميول الفكرية التي تؤلّف كينونتي وتكوّن كياني ينبجس في قلبي ينبوع الإيمان بأنك أنت وحدك أهورا مزدا، الإله وأنك الأوحد الأقدس الخيّر الحق.

المراجع

الزرادشتية
لغة كشميرية
نصوص مقدسة

أبستاق


Tu cara me suena es un programa de televisión español de éxito internacional emitido por Antena 3, homónimo. El concurso consiste en maquillar a los participantes para ser caracterizados como el artista a imitar, e interprete una de sus canciones. Ganará quién mayor puntuación saque del jurado y el público.

Fue estrenado el 29 de febrero de 2012 y finalizó el día 20 de mayo de 2012. El programa fue presentado por Luis Jara y emitido por Megavisión.

Mecánica del programa

El programa importado desde España, se basa en que durante 10 galas, los participantes deberán demostrar que son los mejores cantando e imitando al cantante real. Tras sus actuaciones, el jurado deberá valorar a los concursantes con una puntuación diferente a cada uno (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 y 12 puntos). Además, los concursantes darán 5 puntos al compañero que crean que lo ha hecho mejor.

Calificaciones

Las puntuaciones serán diferentes para cada participante, es decir, cada jurado tendrá puntos del 2 (puntuación más baja) al 12 (puntuación más alta).
Cada integrante del jurado deberá entregar una nota por cada presentación sin poder repetir el puntaje que entrega a los concursantes. Es decir,  Óscar Mediavilla no podrá calificar con nota 8 a más de un participante, sino que deberá repartir toda la escala de puntos a los concursantes.
Terminada las calificaciones, serán los propios participantes quienes entregarán puntaje a sus compañeros. Cada uno podrá entregar 5 puntos a un solo compañero, resultando nominado el participante que menor puntaje sume al final del capítulo.

El jurado
Las actuaciones de los famosos son valoradas por un jurado profesional compuesto habitualmente de cuatro personas, que a veces se ve reforzado por los invitados del programa. Los componentes del jurado son:

Profesores
 Renata Bravo - Comediante y actriz.
 Verónica Lobos - Coreógrafa.
 Daniel Guerrero - Músico, cantante y compositor.

Temporadas

Tu cara me suena (2012)
 29 de febrero de 2012 a 20 de mayo de 2012.

Esta es la primera edición de este nuevo talent show que Megavisión pone en marcha. Un grupo de 10 artistas imitarán a cantantes consagrados que les serán asignados por el pulsador una máquina que elige al azar al artista que deben imitar en la siguiente gala.

Participantes

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
!width="500"|Participante
!width="20"|Edad
!width="170"|Situación final
!width="40"|Galas ganadas
!width="40"|Galas perdidas
|-
|bgcolor=""| Fernando Godoy - Actor
| align="center" |28
Ganador
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|-
|bgcolor=""| Cristián Henríquez - Comediante y artista circense.
| align="center" |34
2º lugar
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|-
|bgcolor=""| Óscar "Lolo" Peña - Mánager y empresario.
| align="center" |59
 lugar
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|2
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|-
|bgcolor=""| Claudio Reyes - Comediante.
| align="center" |53
4º lugar
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|-
|bgcolor=""| Catalina Palacios - Actriz, cantante y animadora.
| align="center" |32
5º lugar
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|-
|bgcolor=""| Juan Antonio Labra - Cantante y compositor.
| align="center" |53
Abandona
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|-
|bgcolor=""| Alejandra Herrera  - Actriz.
| align="center" |40
| style="background:Red;color:White;"|7.ª eliminada
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=""| Nino Morales - Cantante.
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=""|
| style="background:Red;color:White;"|6º eliminado
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|-
| style="background:Red;color:White;"|4º eliminado
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|-
|bgcolor=""| Valentina Roth - Bailarina
| align="center" |20
5.ª eliminada
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|-
|bgcolor=""| María Eugenia Larraín  - Modelo.
| align="center" |38
3.ª eliminada
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|-
|bgcolor=""| Jhendelyn Núñez - Modelo.
| align="center" |23
2.ª eliminada
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|-
|bgcolor=""| Lorene Prieto - Cantante y actriz.
| align="center" |45
1.ª eliminada
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|-
|bgcolor="White" align="center"|1
|}

Puntuaciones semanales
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" |Participantes
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 129 de febrero
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 27 de marzo
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 314 de marzo
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 425 de marzo
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 51 de abril
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 615 de abril
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 722 de abril
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 829 de abril
!style="width:6%" rowspan="2" scope="col" | Gala 96 de mayo
!style="width:6%" colspan="2" | Período final
|-
!style="width:6%" | Semifinal13 de mayo
!style="width:6%" | Final20 de mayo
|-
| bgcolor="" |Fernando
| style="background:Yellow" | Cuarto
| style="background:Yellow" | Cuarto
| style="background:Yellow" | Segundo
| style="background:Yellow" | Segundo
| style="background:Yellow" | Segundo
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:Purple" | Lesionado
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:Gold" |1° Lugar
|-
| bgcolor="" |Cristián
| style="background:Yellow" | Tercero
| style="background:Yellow" | Noveno
| style="background:Yellow" | Tercero
| style="background:GreenYellow" | Ganador
| style="background:Yellow" | Tercero
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:Silver" |2° Lugar
|-
| bgcolor="" |Lolo
| style="background:GreenYellow" | Ganador
| style="background:Yellow" | Quinto
| style="background:Yellow" | Sexto
| style="background:Yellow" | Sexto
| style="background:GreenYellow" | Ganador
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:Red" |3° Lugar
|-
| bgcolor="" |Claudio
| style="background:Lavender; text-align:center" colspan="5"|No Estaba
| style="background:Lime" | Salvado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:Orange" |4° Lugar
|-
| bgcolor="" |Catalina
| style="background:Yellow" |Quinta
| style="background:Yellow" | Tercera
| style="background:GreenYellow" | Ganadora
| style="background:#87D3F8"|Séptima
| style="background:#87D3F8"|Sexta
| style="background:Lime" |Salvada
| style="background:#87D3F8" | Nominada
| style="background:#87D3F8" | Nominada
| style="background:Lime" |Salvada
| style="background:tomato" | Nominada
| style="background:Brown" | 5° Lugar
|-
| bgcolor="" |Juan Antonio
| style="background:Yellow" | Segundo
| style="background:Yellow" | Segundo
| style="background:Yellow" | Séptimo
| style="background:Yellow" | Tercero
| style="background:Yellow" | Cuarto
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:Lime" |Salvado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:pink" | Abandona
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="1"|
|-
| bgcolor="" |Alejandra
| style="background:Yellow" | Novena
| style="background:Yellow"| Sexta
| style="background:#87D3F8"| Octava
| style="background:Yellow" | Cuarta
| style="background:Yellow" | Quinta
| style="background:#87D3F8"| Nominada
| style="background:Lime" |Salvada
| style="background:Black" | Eliminada
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="5"|
|-
| bgcolor="" |Nino
| style="background:Yellow" | Sexto
| style="background:GreenYellow" | Ganador
| style="background:Yellow" | Cuarto
| style="background:Yellow" | Quinto
| style="background:Black" | Eliminado
| style="background:tomato" | Nominado
| style="background:Black" | Eliminado
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="6"|
|-
| bgcolor="" |Valentina
| style="background:Lavender; text-align:center" colspan="5"|No Estaba
| style="background:Black" | Eliminada
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="7"|
|-
| bgcolor="" |Kenita
| style="background:Yellow" | Octava
| style="background:#87D3F8"| Octava
| style="background:Yellow" | Quinta
| style="background:Black" | Eliminada
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="8"|
|-
| bgcolor="" |Jhendelyn
| style="background:Crimson" | Perdedora
| style="background:Yellow" | Séptima
| style="background:Black" | Eliminada
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="9"|
|-
| bgcolor="" |Lorene
| style="background:Yellow" | Séptima
| style="background:Black" | Eliminada
| style="background:Gray; text-align:center" colspan="10"|
|}

 Ganador de la noche.
 Posiciones intermedias.
 Perdedor de la noche.
 Nominado y salvado por el jurado.
 Salvado por el público
 Salvado de la eliminación.
 Eliminado de la noche.
 No se presentó por lesión.
 Se retira de la competencia
 El concursante fue finalista de la competencia y obtuvo el 5° lugar.
 El concursante fue finalista de la competencia y obtuvo el 4° lugar.
 El concursante fue finalista de la competencia y obtuvo el 3° lugar.
 El concursante fue finalista de la competencia y obtuvo el 2° lugar.
 El concursante fue finalista de la competencia y obtuvo el 1° lugar.

 Seguimiento

 Gala 1

 Gala 2

 Gala 3

 Gala 4

 Gala 5

 Gala 6

 Gala 7

 Gala 8

 Gala 9

 Semifinales - Duelos

 Final

 El participante obtuvo la nota más alta y es el ganador de la noche.
 El participante obtuvo la nota más baja y es el perdedor de la noche o el duelo.
 El participante obtuvo el puntaje total más bajo y es eliminado.
 El participante es el ganador del duelo y no es nominado(a).
 El participante es el perdedor del duelo y es nominado(a).
 El participante es nominado pero no es eliminado del programa.

 Repechaje
El repechaje se realizó el 8 de abril y en él participaron los eliminados y algunos nuevos integrantes que competirán para poder ser parte del programa. El método de reingreso fue por medio de competencia en donde se sabrá que participante reingresara a la competencia.

 Concursantes

 Gala repechaje

 Reingresa a la competencia.
 Eliminado para siempre.

 Audiencias

     Programa más visto.
     Programa menos visto.

Ediciones de Tu cara me suena

Audiencia media por ediciones
Estas han sido las audiencias de las ediciones del programa Tu cara me suena.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web Oficial "Tu cara me suena"

Programas de televisión de Chile
Programas de televisión de Mega
Programas de televisión iniciados en 2012
Televisión de Chile en 2012
Programas de televisión finalizados en 2012

Tu cara me suena (programa de televisión chileno)


Amphoe Borabue () est un amphoe de la province de Maha Sarakham.

Histoire

Géographie

Démographie

Points d'intérêt

Références

Liens externes

Borabue

Amphoe Borabue


Steven Blake Crowder (født 7. juli 1987) er en amerikansk-canadisk konservativ politisk kommentator, skuespiller og komiker. Han er vært for podcasten Louder with Crowder, der dækker nyheder, popkultur og politik, og streames på tjenester som YouTube og på hjemmesiden LouderWithCrowder.com. Han var stemmeskuespiller på TV-serien  Artur , hvor han gav stemme til karakteren Alan i løbet af sæsonerne 5-6. Han er også en tidligere bidragyder til Fox News, og er en regelmæssig gæst på det konservative nyheds- og underholdningsnetværk TheBlaze.

Crowder's far er amerikansk og hans mor fransk-canadisk. Steven har dobbelt statsborgerskab og taler både fransk og engelsk. Han giftede sig med sin kone, Hilary Crowder, i august 2012, og skrev om fordelene ved seksuel afholdenhed før ægteskabet. Crowder er en tilhænger af Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) og deltager i kampsportkonkurrencer. Han var en fortaler for legalisering af MMA i New York.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hjemmesiden  Louder with Crowder

Konservatisme
Personer fra Longueuil
YouTubere fra USA
YouTubere fra Canada

Steven Crowder