Hans-Jürgen Max Erich Samuel Peiper (* 4. Dezember 1925 in Frankfurt am Main) ist ein deutscher Emeritus für Chirurgie (Göttingen).

Werdegang
Hans-Jürgen Peiper wurde als ältestes Kind des Chirurgie-Professors und Mitbegründers der modernen Neurochirurgie Herbert Peiper und dessen Ehefrau Erika geb. Diener (der ersten promovierten  Kunsthistorikerin in Deutschland) geboren.  Die Familie väterlicherseits weist seit Generationen Ärzte auf, die Mutter entstammt einer angesehenen Pforzheimer Kaufmanns- und Goldschmiedefamilie. Peiper begann 1944 das Studium der Medizin an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin. Nach einjähriger amerikanischer und französischer Kriegsgefangenschaft setzte er es an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz fort, wo er 1952 zum Dr. med. promoviert wurde. Im Doktor-Hilton-S.-Read-Programm absolvierte er die amerikanische Medizinalassistentenausbildung in den USA. Nachdem er bei Rudolf Zenker am Universitätsklinikum Marburg Facharzt für Chirurgie geworden war, folgte er 1959 nach seinem Facharzt für Chirurgie Georg Heberer an die Universität zu Köln an den 2. Chirurgischen Lehrstuhl in Köln-Merheim, wo er Leitender Oberarzt wurde. 1964 wechselten beide an an den 1. Chirurgischen Lehrstuhl nach Köln-Lindenthal. Er habilitierte sich 1962 bei Georg Heberer. 1969 folgte er dem Ruf der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen auf ihren chirurgischen Lehrstuhl. Nach Heberers Weggang nach München an die LMU erhielt Peiper den Ruf nach Köln, den dieser allerdings ablehnte. 1973 und 1989 leitete er die 111. und 143. Tagung der Vereinigung Nordwestdeutscher Chirurgen. Aus seiner Klinik stammen die Ordinarien Jörg Rüdiger Siewert und Horst-Dieter Becker. Nach 25 Jahren als ordentlicher Professor und Direktor der Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemeinchirurgie wurde er 1994 emeritiert. Seine Klinik wurde mit seiner Emeritierung aufgeteilt in die Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeral (unter Leitung von Heinz Becker), die Klinik für Unfallchirurgie unter Klaus Michael Stürmer und die Klinik für Transplantationschirurgie unter Burkhardt Ringe. Sein Sohn Matthias Peiper ist ebenfalls Professor der Chirurgie.

Zum 100. Todestag von Johann von Mikulicz erschien 2005 die 2. Auflage seiner polnisch-deutschen Biografie. Peiper schrieb das Geleitwort zur deutschen Fassung.

Ehrungen
 1973 und 1989 leitete er die 111. und die 143. Tagung der Vereinigung Nordwestdeutscher Chirurgen
 Präsident der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie (1987)
 Wolfgang-Müller-Osten-Medaille des Berufsverbandes der Deutschen Chirurgen (BDC) (2002)
 Albrecht-von-Haller-Medaille der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (2011)
 Fellow des American College of Surgeons, zudem Gründungsgoverneur des German Chapter
 Ehrenmitglied der Thüringischen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie
 Ehrenmitglied der Polnischen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie (TChP)

Schriften
 Über Phäochromocytome. Medizinische Dissertation Mainz 1952.
 Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über die "apparente" Viskosität des Blutes und den Strömungswiderstand des Gesamtorganismus in extrakorporaler Zirkulation bei Temperaturen um 37 °C und 10 °C. Medizinische Habilitationsschrift Köln 1962.
 Das Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus im Spiegel der Geschichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie. Einhorn-Presse, Reinbek 2001, ISBN 3-88756-821-4.
 mit Wilhelm Hartel: Das Theodor-Billroth-Geburtshaus in Bergen auf Rügen. Wallstein, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8353-0645-5.
 Diagnostik und Therapie maligner Lymphome. G. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 978-3-437-11358-1.
 mit W. Sattel: Reinraumtechnik – Anwendung in der Medizin. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1977, ISBN 978-3-540-08409-9.
 mit L. Hollender: Pankreaschirurgie. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1988, ISBN 978-3-642-95476-4.
 mit R. Berchthold und H. Hamelmann: Lehrbuch der Chirurgie. Verlag Urban & Schwarzenberg, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-541-11603-X.

Literatur
 Rüdiger Döhler, Heinz-Jürgen Schröder und Eike Sebastian Debus: Chirurgie im Norden. Zur 200. Tagung der Vereinigung Norddeutscher Chirurgen in Hamburg 2017. Kaden Verlag, Heidelberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-942825-67-2,  S. 246–247.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Chirurg
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen)
Hochschullehrer (Universität zu Köln)
Ehrenmitglied einer wissenschaftlichen Organisation
Absolvent der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
HansJurgen
Deutscher
Geboren 1925
Mann

Hans-Jürgen Peiper


A PortosRio é uma empresa pública federal que atua como a Autoridade Portuária responsável pela gestão dos portos públicos do estado do Rio de Janeiro que compreende os portos do Rio de Janeiro, Itaguaí, Niterói e Angra dos Reis. Anteriormente, era denominada Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro.

Histórico
Os primeiros projetos para o desenvolvimento do Porto do Rio de Janeiro surgiram na década de 1870, com a construção da Doca da Alfândega. Até então, havia instalações dispersas, compreendendo os trapiches da Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil, da Ilha dos Ferreiros, da Enseada de São Cristóvão, da Praça Mauá, além dos cais Dom Pedro II, da Saúde, do Moinho Inglês e da Gamboa.

Os Decretos nº 849, de 11 de outubro de 1890, e nº 3.295, de 23 de maio de 1890, autorizaram respectivamente as empresas: Industrial de Melhoramentos do Brasil e The Rio de Janeiro Harbour and Docks a construir um conjunto de cais acostáveis, armazéns e alpendres. Foram escolhidos os trechos entre a Ilha das Cobras e o Arsenal de Marinha, e do Arsenal de Marinha até a Ponta do Caju.

Em 1903, a firma C.H. Walker & Co. Ltda foi contratada pelo Governo Federal para a execução de obras de construção e melhorias nas áreas de cais. Posteriormente, foram implantados o Cais da Gamboa e sete armazéns. A inauguração oficial do porto do Rio de Janeiro ocorreu em 20 de julho de 1910, administrado naquele ano pela Demart & Cia. De 1911 a 1922, a administração ficou com a Compagnie du Port do Rio de Janeiro e de 1923 a 1933, com a Companhia Brasileira de Exploração de Portos.

Com a Lei nº 190, de 16 de janeiro de 1936, foi constituído o órgão federal autônomo denominado Administração do Porto do Rio de Janeiro, que recebeu as instalações em transferência, ficando subordinado ao Departamento Nacional de Portos e Navegação (DNPN), do Ministério da Viação e Obras Públicas (MVOP).

Posteriormente, a entidade passou a se chamar Administração do Porto do Rio de Janeiro (APRJ).

Em 1967, foi criada a Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro através do Decreto-Lei nº 256, de 28 de fevereiro de 1967.

Em 9 de julho de 1973, por meio do Decreto nº 72.439, foi aprovada a criação da Companhia Docas da Guanabara.

Com a fusão dos estados da Guanabara e Rio de Janeiro, dando lugar ao estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Companhia Docas da Guanabara deu lugar à atual Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro (CDRJ), por meio da Portaria n° 647, de 07 de julho de 1976.

Com a promulgação da Lei nº 8.630/93, as operações portuárias foram transferidas, por intermédio de contratos de arrendamento de áreas, para empresas do setor privado, atuando sob a forma de Terminais Portuários.

Em 12 de dezembro de 2022, foi anunciado que a Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro passaria a adotar o nome fantasia Portos Rio.

Atuação
A Portos Rio tem por objeto social exercer as funções de autoridade portuária no âmbito dos portos organizados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sob sua administração e responsabilidade, em consonância com as políticas públicas setoriais formuladas pelo Ministério da Infraestrutura.

A empresa busca garantir a efetividade operacional dos seus portos com sustentabilidade, competitividade das operações e foco na satisfação dos usuários, como agente de desenvolvimento sócio econômico e ambiental.

Portos
O Complexo Portuário administrado pela Portos Rio é composto por;

 Porto do Rio de Janeiro
 Porto de Niterói
 Porto de Itaguaí
 Porto de Angra dos Reis

Referências
Empresas fundadas em 1967
Empresas de transportes do Brasil
Empresas do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Empresas estatais da União

PortosRio


Gloria Josephine May Swanson (Chicago, 27. ožujka 1899. – New York, 4. travnja 1983.) - američka glumica

Bila je jedna od vodećih glumica u vrijeme nijemog filma, ali i modna ikona. U tom je razdoblju bila posebno uspješna u filmovima koje je režirao Cecil B. DeMille. Poznata je i kao jedna od prvih glumica, koje su se usudile snimiti film koji se nije uklapao u holivudski moralni kodeks filmova tog vremena. Iz tog je razloga njezin film "Sadie Thompson" iz 1928. bio zabranjen, no, s druge strane, postao je jedan od njezinih najpopularnijih filmova, koji je objavljen isključivo na tajnim projekcijama, a Gloriji donio nominaciju za Oscara. Iako je 1929. uspješno prešla na zvučni film, zbog privatnih problema i vrlo loše financijske situacije, bila je prisiljena uskoro se povući iz filma.

Godine 1950., u 51. godini, vratila se na velika platna na velika vrata, u filmu "Bulevar sumraka" Billyja Wildera, koji je jedan od najvećih filmskih klasika zlatnog doba Hollywooda, a njezina uloga propale glumice Norme Desmond i dalje ima kultni status u glumačkim vodama.

Bila je vegetarijanka i jedna od ranih zagovornica zdrave prehrane.

Izvori

Američki filmski glumci
Dobitnici Zlatnog globusa

Gloria Swanson


جرن الشاويش مسلسل سوري أنتج عام 2007 وهو فكرة وإعداد د. نبيل طعمة، وسيناريو وحوار سلمى اللحام، ومن إخراج هشام شربتجي. أنتجته شركة الشرق للإنتاج والتوزيع الفني.

العمل
تتناول أحداث المسلسل حياة أسر دمشق في الفترة التي تلت معركة ميسلون ودخول القوات الفرنسية إلى سورية. فاستعدت أحياء

الفريق الفني
باسل خياط

ديمة قندلفت

حسن دكاك

عبد المنعم عمايري

ليليا الأطرش

وائل أبو غزالة

مديحة كنيفاتي

ميرنا زينون

قمر مرتضى

شكران مرتجى

صباح بركات

نبال الجزائري

بسام لطفي

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية

جرن الشاويش (مسلسل)


El ta'zieh, tazié o ta'zīye, (en persa: تعزیه) designa un género de teatro religioso tradicional iraní que conmemora el martirio del imán Husayn a manos de las tropas del califa omeya Yazid I y se representa únicamente durante el mes de muharram, especialmente en su décimo día (ashura). Predominan en él el canto y la música. Su nombre, de origen árabe, significa «expresión de simpatía, de duelo y de consolación» o simplemente condolencias. El tazieh data del  y tomó importancia en el  y XVII durante la dinastía Safaví. Su forma actual se desarrolla en época Qayar, en el , cuando el monarca Nasereddín Shah Qayar hizo construir en Teherán, entre otros centros de representación religiosa más pequeños, el Tekyé-ye Doulat, primer gran teatro popular destinado a la representación del tazié.

El Ta'zieh iraní fue elegido mediante la denominación El ta'zīye, arte dramático ritual como Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad en el 2010, por la Unesco.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 El Ta'zieh, teatro religioso iraní, Babak Ershadi, « La Revue de Téhéran », N° 27, février 2008

Chiismo
Género teatral
Música de Irán
Música islámica
Cultura de Irán
Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad en Irán
Cine de Irán
Artes escénicas

Ta'zieh


Nicholas Roosevelt (né Nicholas van Rosenvelt) (baptisé le 2 octobre 1658 - mort le 30 juillet 1742) était un homme politique américain. Il a été l'un des premiers membres de la famille Roosevelt et un éminent citoyen néerlando-américain de la Nouvelle-Amsterdam, qui deviendra New York. Il était le  arrière-grand-père de Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) et de Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945). Il fut le premier Roosevelt à occuper un poste d'élu en Amérique du Nord, en tant qu'échevin.

Références

Voir aussi
 Famille Roosevelt

Nicholas
Naissance en 1658
Décès en 1742

Nicholas Roosevelt (1658-1742)


Gander is a town located in the northeastern part of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, approximately  south of Gander Bay,  south of Twillingate and  east of Grand Falls-Windsor. Located on the northeastern shore of Gander Lake, it is the site of Gander International Airport, once an important refuelling stop for transatlantic aircraft. The airport is still a preferred emergency landing point for aircraft facing on-board medical or security issues.

When the U.S. closed its airspace soon after the September 11 attacks, Gander International Airport took in 38 commercial aircraft and 4 military aircraft accommodated nearly 6,700 evacuees from Olympic Airways, Air France, Lufthansa, British Airways, Alitalia and more.

Most of the streets in Gander are named after famous aviators, including Alcock and Brown, Amelia Earhart, Charles Lindbergh, Eddie Rickenbacker, Marc Garneau and Chuck Yeager.

History
Gander was chosen for the construction of an airport in 1935 because it is very close to the great circle route between New York and London. In 1936, construction of the base began, and the town started to develop. On 11 January 1938, Captain Douglas Fraser made the first landing at "Newfoundland Airport," now known as Gander International Airport, or "CYQX," in a single-engine biplane, Fox Moth VO-ADE.

During the Second World War, as many as 10,000 Canadian, British and American military personnel resided in Gander. The area became a strategic post for the Air Ferry Command of the  Royal Air Force, with approximately 20,000 American- and Canadian-built fighters and bombers stopping at Gander en route to Europe. After the war, the airbase became a civilian airport, and the location of the town was moved a safe distance from the runways. Construction of the present town site began in the 1950s, and the present municipality was incorporated in 1958; the settlement around the airport was eventually abandoned.

After the Second World War, the town grew as the airport was used as a refuelling stop for transatlantic flights, earning its name "Cross-roads of the world." Efforts were made to diversify the economy from being dependent on the airport, particularly as new aircraft designs permitted longer-range flights without the need for landing to refuel.

Gander was the site of a major aircraft accident, Arrow Air Flight 1285, on 12 December 1985. 256 people were killed in the disaster, probably caused by ice contamination on the wings, making it the deadliest air crash ever to happen in Canada.

Assistance following September 11 attacks

In 2001, Gander International Airport played an integral role in world aviation in the hours immediately following the September 11 attacks when all of North America's airspace was closed by Transport Canada and the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). As part of Operation Yellow Ribbon, 38 civilian and 4 military flights bound for the United States were ordered to land at the airport—more flights than any Canadian airport other than Halifax International. More than 6,600 passengers and airline crew members—equivalent to 66% of the local population at the time—were forced to stay in the Gander area for up to six days until airspace was reopened. Gander received the third highest volume of passengers following Operation Yellow Ribbon, behind Vancouver International Airport, which received 8,500, and Halifax International. Residents of Gander and surrounding communities volunteered to house, feed, and entertain the travellers as part of Operation Yellow Ribbon. This was largely because Transport Canada and Nav Canada asked that transatlantic flights avoid diverting to major airports in central Canada, such as Toronto Pearson and Montréal-Dorval.

Lufthansa named one of its Airbus A340 (registration D-AIFC) aircraft Gander/Halifax to thank both cities for their handling of rerouted travellers on 11 September. A book, The Day the World Came to Town, included several stories about Gander's role during that and subsequent days. A radio play, The Day the Planes Came, by Caroline and David Stafford, dealing with the effect on Gander of the 11 September passengers was first broadcast in June 2008 on BBC Radio 4 and was repeated in October 2009. A TV movie, Diverted, was made in 2009. In February 2010, NBC aired a report by Tom Brokaw covering Gander's part in the grounding of hundreds of planes on 9/11 during coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. A musical by Irene Sankoff and David Hein, Come from Away, which retells the stories of passengers and Newfoundlanders in Gander after Operation Yellow Ribbon, was mounted on Broadway in 2017. The same year, Come From Away was nominated for 7 Tony Awards and won the Tony for Best Direction of Musical. The town was also profiled in Moze Mossanen's 2018 documentary film You Are Here. National Geographic Episode "9/11: Control The Skies" tells the story of the air traffic controllers, first broadcast on 11 September 2019.

The Town of Gander continues to pursue business opportunities in the aerospace industry.

Geography
Gander is located  northwest of the provincial capital of St. John's. Ordovician-era shale, slate and greywacke form the underlying bedrock, which is covered by stony loam to silt loam podzolic or gleysolic soil.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Gander had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

As of the 2006 census, the population of Gander was found to be 97.4% white with all visible minorities totaling 0.9% of the population and the aboriginal population totaling 1.7%.

Climate
Gander has a cool to cold humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification (Dfb). It combines moderately warm and rainy summers with cold and very snowy winters. Due to the maritime influence from the Atlantic Ocean, seasonal changes are slightly less pronounced than in Canada's interior, but still substantial given its near-coastal position. Its average frost-free period runs from June 1 to October 16–136 days.

Services
Gander offers all the conveniences of a major centre. The newest development is a continually expanding business park with big box stores such as Walmart and Kent Building Supplies. There are two malls: the Gander Mall, with stores such as Canadian Tire, Sport Chek, Mark's, Dollarama, Ardene, Reitmans, and Pizza Delight, and the Fraser Mall, with a Foodland, Great Canadian Dollar Store and various government offices. Town Square at the intersection of Elizabeth Drive and Airport Boulevard has several local businesses including a Co-op grocery store.

All five major Canadian banks have branches in Gander. TD Canada Trust and RBC Royal Bank are located in Town Square, CIBC in the Fraser Mall, as well as Bank of Montreal and Scotiabank on Airport Boulevard and Roe Avenue, respectively. There are two Credit Unions: Newfoundland and Labrador Credit Union and Hamilton Sound Credit Union, both on Roe Avenue.

Medical services are provided by the James Paton Memorial Health Centre, on the Trans-Canada Highway. The hospital opened in May 1964 and has undergone many changes since then, making it a prominent hospital in the central region. The hospital has a rated beds capacity of 92.

Telephone services are provided by Bell Aliant, formerly NewTel Communications. Bell Aliant also provides DSL high-speed internet service and FibreOp high-speed internet. Rogers Communications is the cable TV and cable internet provider for the town.
Cellular phone service is also available through Telus, its subsidiary Koodo, and Bell's Virgin Mobile.

The Gander Public Library had been located at 6 Bell Place since 1987.

In popular culture
Gander airport features in the Nevil Shute novel No Highway and the film adaptation, called No Highway in the Sky in Anglophone countries other than the UK.

in 2006, the miniseries Above and Beyond deals with the Atlantic Ferry Organization, tasked with ferrying aircraft from North America to Europe in the early years of the Second World War. The production was filmed primarily at the Gander airport, and details the development of the airport as a ferry stop.

In 2013, Come from Away, a musical by Irene Sankoff and David Hein based on the events in Gander on and after 11 September was first performed at Sheridan College in Oakville, Ontario, following a workshop there the previous year. It became a co-production of the La Jolla Playhouse and the Seattle Repertory Theatre, and opened in San Diego on 29 May 2015. The show saw a production in Washington, D.C., at Ford's Theatre, from September to October 2016, then, prior to opening in Toronto, staged a pair of shows in Gander. It opened at Toronto's Royal Alexandra Theatre, running from November 2016 to January 2017, where it set a ticket sales record for the 109-year-old venue. It opened in New York on Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on 12 March 2017, and is scheduled to return to the Royal Alex in Toronto on 13 February 2018. In the year 2017, at the 71st Tony Awards, the musical was nominated for seven Tony Awards, alongside other musical award nominations, ultimately winning one for Best Direction of a Musical by Christopher Ashley.

Planetary nomenclature
In 1991, the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) officially named a crater on Mars after Gander. Gander Crater lies at latitude 31.5° south, longitude 265.9° west; its diameter is .

Public parks, walking and ski trails
 Cobbs Pond Rotary Park: a small park located on the northern edge of Gander. Amenities include: picnic area, washrooms, wharf, playground and a  boardwalk trail. It is also the site of the town's annual festival, The Festival of Flight, which occurs on the first Monday of August. The site recently reopened with renovations.
 Thomas Howe Demonstration Forest: an interpretive demonstration forest located  east of Gander on the Trans-Canada Highway. Amenities include: three walking trails with interpretive panels, a picnic area, washrooms and snowshoe trails.
 Gander Heritage Trails: meander through the streets of old airport sectors where Gander once existed, near Gander International Airport. Look for remnants of old building foundations, benches and interpretive panels.
 Newfoundland Trailway: the old Canadian National Railway that passed through Gander has been developed for walking, biking, snowmobiling and cross-country skiing. Some sections between Cobb's Pond Rotary Park and the Old Town Site have been paved.
The Airport Nordic Ski Club: located  west of Gander on the Trans Canada Highway. The club has  of trails groomed for both diagonal stride and skating by a Pisten Bully Groomer, and  of dedicated snowshoe trails. Ski  of lighted trails nightly from dusk until 10 PM (weather and snow conditions permitting). The club is a non-profit, volunteer-run organization that has hosted a number of provincial events including the KidsFest, Midget and High School Championships.
 Gander Heritage Memorial Park: located in central Gander on Airport Boulevard. It holds various monuments to aviators and soldiers from Gander and from elsewhere in Newfoundland, and the town describes it as being "envisaged as a place of quiet thought and contemplation". There is a statue of Gander, a Newfoundland dog posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal, the "animals' VC", in 2000 for his deeds in World War II, the first such award in over 50 years.

Freedom of the Town
In 2017, the 103 Search and Rescue Squadron, RCAF received the Freedom of the Town award.

See also
North Atlantic Aviation Museum

References

Further reading

External links

 Town of Gander (official site)

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador


Ostankinskajatårnet (, ) er et tv- og radiotårn i Moskva. Det er 540 meter højt, hvilket gør det til det højeste tårn og fritstående bygningsværk i Europa.
Byggeriet blev påbegyndt i 1963, og tårnet stod færdigt i 1967. Det var verdens højeste tårn og fritstående struktur indtil CN Tower i Canada blev indviet i 1976.

Behovet for TV-sendere gjorde, at der blev bygget høje TV-tårne i mange lande, blandt andet i Østblokken, som dog ikke blev bygget lige så høje som det i Moskva. Tårne på over 300 meter blev blandt andet bygget i Kiev, Tasjkent, Almaty, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Jerevan, Sankt Petersborg og Baku.

Ulykker
Tårnet brød i brand den 27. august 2000 og tre personer omkom. Ilden brød ud 93 meter over observationsplatformen, hvilket gjorde evakuering af besøgende og personale nødvendigt.

Den 1. juli 2004 kom den østrigske faldskærmsudspringer Christina Grubelnik til skade, da hun ramte tårnet under et spring.

Den 25. maj 2007 brød tårnet igen i brand, ingen mennesker kom til skade. Årsagen til brandene formodes at være kortslutninger i gammelt elektronik.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Tårne i Rusland
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Moskva

Ostankinskajatårnet


Joseph Cuschieri (* 20. Februar 1968 in Attard) ist ein maltesischer Politiker Partit Laburista.

Cuschieri gehörte von 1998 bis 2008 dem maltesischen Repräsentantenhaus an. Am 1. Dezember 2011 rückte der Sozialdemokrat ins Europäische Parlament nach. Grund für den nachträglichen Einzug ist die Erweiterung des Parlaments, durch die Malta einen Sitz hinzu gewann.

Im EU-Parlament ist Cuschieri Mitglied im Ausschuss für Verkehr und Fremdenverkehr sowie in der Delegation für die Beziehungen zur Arabischen Halbinsel. Als Stellvertreter ist Cuschieri im Ausschuss für regionale Entwicklung und in der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu Südafrika.

Weblinks
 Eigene Webseite

Quellen

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses (Malta)
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Malta
Mitglied der Partit Laburista
Malteser
Geboren 1968
Mann

Joseph Cuschieri


Lutetia, ( , ; ;  ) also known as  and  ( ; ; ), was a Gallo–Roman town and the predecessor of modern-day Paris. Traces of an earlier Neolithic settlement () have been found nearby, and a larger settlement was established around the middle of the third century BC by the Parisii, a Gallic tribe. The site was an important crossing point of the Seine, the intersection of land and water trade routes.

In the first century BC, the settlement was conquered by Romans and a city began to be built. Remains of the Roman forum, amphitheatre, aqueduct and baths can still be seen. In the fifth century it became the capital of the Merovingian dynasty of French kings, and thereafter was known as Paris.

Many artifacts from Lutetia have been recovered and are on display at the Musée Carnavalet.

Etymology

The settlement is attested in Ancient Greek as Loukotokía (Λoυκoτοκία) by Strabo and Leukotekía (Λευκοτεκία) by Ptolemy.  Likely origins are Celtic root lut- meaning "a swamp or marsh" + suffix -ecia,  It survives today in the Scottish Gaelic lòn ("pool, meadow") and the Breton loudour ("dirty").

A less likely origin is the Celtic root , which means "mouse" and -ek(t)ia, double collectiv suffix, meaning "the mice" and which is contained in the Breton word logod, the Welsh llygod "mice", and the Irish luch, genitive luchad "mouse".

History

Earliest inhabitants

Traces of Neolithic habitations, dating as far back as 4500 BC, have been found along the Seine at Bercy, and close to the Louvre. The earliest inhabitants lived on the river plain, raising animals and farming. In the Bronze Age and Iron Age, they settled in villages, in houses made of wood and clay. Their life was closely attached to the river, which served as a trade route to other parts of Europe.

The Gallic settlement

The original location of the early capital of the Parisii is still disputed by historians. They had traditionally placed the main settlement on the Île de la Cité, where the bridges of the major trading routes of the Parisii crossed the Seine. This view was challenged after the discovery between 1994 and 2005 of a large early Gallic settlement in Nanterre, in the suburbs of Paris. This is composed of a large area of several main streets and hundreds of houses over 15 hectares. Critics also point out the lack of archaeological finds from the pre-Roman era on the Ile de la Cité.

Other scholars dispute the idea that the settlement was in Nanterre. They point to the description given by Julius Caesar, who came to Lutetia to negotiate with the leaders of the Gallic tribes. He wrote that the oppidum which he visited was on an island. In his account of the war in Gaul Caesar wrote that, when the Romans later laid siege to Lutetia, "the inhabitants had burned their structures and the wooden bridges which served to cross the two branches of the river around their island fortress," which appears to describe the Île de la Cité.

Proponents of the Ile de Cité as the site of the Gallic settlement also address the issue of the lack of archaeological evidence on the island. The original oppidum and bridges were burned by the Parisii to keep them out of the hands of the Romans. The houses of the Parisii were made of wood and clay. Since then every square metre of the island has been dug up and rebuilt, often using the same materials, multiple times, making it unlikely that traces of the Gallic settlement would remain on the island. They argue that a settlement in Nanterre did not necessarily exclude that the Île-de-la-Cité was the site of the oppidum of Lutetia; both settlements could have existed at the same time.  Finally, they argue that, while Gallic settlements sometimes relocated to a new site, the new sites were usually given a new name. It would be very unusual to transfer the name of Lutetia from the Nanterre settlement to a new Roman town on the Île-de-la-Cité. They also argue that if Lutetia had not already existed where Paris is today, the new Roman city would have been given a Latin, not a Gallic name. This seems to support the argument that Lutetia was in fact located at the center of modern Paris.

The Parisii first agreed to submit to Caesar and Rome, but in 52 BC they joined other tribes, led by Vercingetorix, in a revolt  near the end of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars, the Battle of Lutetia was fought with the local tribe.  The Gallic forces were led by Vercingetorix's lieutenant Camulogenus. They burned the oppidum and the bridges to keep the Romans from crossing. The Romans, led by Titus Labienus, one of Caesar's generals, marched south to Melun, crossed the river there, marched back toward the city, and decisively defeated the Parisii. The location of the final battle, like the location of the oppidum, is disputed. It was fought near a river, which some historians interpret as the Seine, and others as the Yonne; and near a large marsh; a feature of the countryside near both the Île-de-la-Cité and Narbonne. Whatever its location was, the battle was decisive; Lutetia became a Roman town.

Roman Lutetia

The first traces of the Roman occupation of Lutetia appeared at the end of the 1st century BC, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus. By the beginning of the 1st century AD, the construction of the Roman city was underway.

The Roman city was laid out along the main Cardo Maximus street, perpendicular to the Seine. It began at the heights of the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève on the left bank, went downhill along the modern Rue Saint-Jacques, across a marshy area to the bridge connecting to the Île de la Cité; across the island, and across a bridge to a smaller enclave on the right bank. The low-lying land along the river was suitable for farming; and since it was easily flooded, the road was raised. The Cardo Maximus met the Decumanus, or main east-west street, located at modern rue Soufflot. Here was the civic basilica, containing a tribunal, and a temple. Gradually the city was furnished with a forum, and baths, all on the upper slope of Mount Sainte-Genevieve.

It was not the capital of the Roman province (Sens had that distinction) and it was to the west of the most important Roman north-south road between Provence and the Rhine. The importance of the city was due in large part to its position as an intersection of land and water trade routes.  One of the most striking archeological finds from the early period is the Pillar of the Boatmen which was erected by the corporation of local river merchants and sailors and dedicated to Tiberius.

Other major public works projects and monuments were built in the 2nd century AD including an aqueduct.

In the 3rd century, according to legend, Christianity was brought to the town by St Denis, and his companions Rusticus and Eleuthere. In about 250 he and two companions were said to have been arrested and decapitated on the hill of Mons Mercurius thereafter known as Mons Martyrum (Martyrs' Hill, or Montmartre).  According to tradition, he carried his head to Saint-Denis, where the Basilica of Saint-Denis was later built.

The mid third century brought a series of invasions of Gaul by two Germanic peoples, the Franks and the Alemanni, which threatened Lutetia. The city at the time had no fortifications. Portions of the left bank settlement, including the baths and amphitheatre, were hurriedly abandoned, and the stones used to construct ramparts around the Île de la Cité. The city was reduced in size from one hundred hectares during the high Roman Empire to ten to fifteen hectares on the left bank, and ten hectares on the Île de la Cité. A new civic basilica and baths were built on the island whose vestiges can be seen in the archeological crypt under the Parvis in front of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Place John Paul II.

In the 4th century, Lutetia remained an important bulwark defending the Empire against the Germanic invaders.  In 357–358 Julian II, as Caesar of the Western empire and general of the Gallic legions, moved the Roman capital of Gaul from Trier to Paris. After defeating the Franks in a major battle at Strasbourg in 357, he defended against Germanic invaders coming from the north. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 360 in Lutetia. Later Valentinian I resided in Lutetia for a brief period (365–366). The first documented bishop of Paris was Victorinus, in 346. The first council of Bishops in Gaul convened in the city in 360. When Saint Martin visited the city in 360, there was a cathedral, near the site of Notre-Dame de Paris.

The end of the Roman Empire in the west, and the creation of the Merovingian dynasty in the 5th century, with its capital placed in Paris by Clovis I, confirmed the new role and name for the city. The adjective Parisiacus had already been used for centuries.  Lutetia had gradually become Paris, the city of the Parisii.

The City

The Forum of Lutetia

The Forum of Lutetia was in the centre of the city, between the modern streets of Boulevard Saint-Michel on the west,  Rue Saint-Jacques on the east, rue Cujas to the north and Rue G. Lussac and rue Malbranch to the south. It was two Roman blocks wide and one block long, 177.6 x 88.8 m. Only a small part of a wall of the old forum remains above ground today, but the foundations have been extensively excavated since the 19th century.

The forum was surrounded by a wall, with entrances on the north and south. Along the outer walls on the north, south sides and west sides, were arcades sheltering rows of small shops.  At the west end was an underground gallery, or cryptoporticus.

The civic basilica, essentially the town hall, occupied the east of the forum,  It contained the courts where political, social and financial issues were discussed and decided. It had a central nave, higher than other parts of the building, and two lower collateral aisles, separated from the nave by rows of columns.

At the west end was the temple devoted to the official gods. Its facade with a portico of pillars with triangular pediment faced to the east, the tradition for Roman temples.

The Amphitheatre, or Arenes de Lutece

The amphitheatre is located near the intersection of Rue Monge and Rue de Navarre. It was about 100 x 130 m in plan, making it one of the largest in Gaul. It could accommodate as many as 17000 spectators.

It had a stage and backdrop used for the presentation of plays, along with a larger space suitable for the combat of gladiators and of animals, and other large-scale festivities. It was probably built near the end of the 1st century AD. In the early 4th century its stone was used in the construction of the fortress on the Île de a Cité, at a time when the province was threatened by barbarian invasion.

Much of the remaining building stone was reused in the city wall of Paris constructed by Philippe-Auguste in the 12th century.

The site was discovered in 1867-68 during the construction of Rue Monge by Louis-Napoleon, and excavations were begun in 1870. A bus depot was planned to be built on the same site, but a coalition of notable Parisans, including Victor Hugo, insisted that the vestiges be saved. They were declared a monument, and partially rebuilt beginning in 1915-16.

The Theatre

The Roman theatre of Lutetia was located where the Lycée Saint-Louis is today, along Boulevard Saint-Michel. It occupied one of the central blocks of the Roman city, three hundred Roman feet on each side.  It was probably built in the second part of the 1st century AD, based on coins found; it was renovated in the 2nd century. Like many other buildings on the left bank in the 4th century its stone was used in the building of the wall and new buildings on the Île-de-la-Cité. It was excavated and recreated by Theodore Vacquer between 1861 and 1884.

The slope of Mt. Genevieve was used to provide elevation for the semi-circular seating. The back of the stage faced onto to the Roman road and was decorated with arches and columns. The "pulpitum", or front stage, and "parascenum", or back stage, rested on a base of cement. When excavated in the 19th century, the chalk builders' marks were still visible on the floor.

The theatre had two groups of seating; the maenianum, or general audience seating, higher up and farther back, and the "maenianum" of the podium, for the notables, in front of the orchestra stage. It had a separate entrance, and was accessed by  a covered corridor. There were also several vomitoria, or underground passageways, to the seats of the spectators. The arena probably had some form of covering over the seats to protect spectators from rain.

The Baths

The Thermes de Cluny, the grand public baths, now part of the Musée de Cluny, are the largest and best-preserved vestige of Roman Lutetia and date from the late 1st or early 2nd century AD. They were at the junction of the two major Roman roads, between Boulevard Saint-Michel, Boulevard Saint-Germaine, and the Rue des Ecoles. The baths originally occupied a much larger area of about 300 x 400 Roman feet, a standard Roman city block, covering about one hectare.

Clients entered the baths near the modern Rue des Ecoles into a large courtyard lined with shops. They would cross the courtyard to the entrance of the baths, change their clothes, and go first into the caldarium, a hot and steamy room with benches and a pool of heated water. The room was heated by a hypocaust, an under-floor system of tunnels filled with hot air, heated by furnaces tended by slaves. After a period of time there, bathers would move to the frigidarium, which had a cold-water pool and baths, or to the tepidarium, which had the same features at room-temperature. They played an important social and political role in Lutetia as in other Roman cities. They were free of charge, or accessible for a small fee, and contained not only baths but also bars, places to rest, meeting rooms and libraries.

The original baths were probably destroyed during the first invasion by the Franks and Alamans in 275, then rebuilt.  The frigidarium, with its vault intact, and the caldarium are the main remaining rooms. They were originally covered on the inside with mosaics, marble or frescoes. The northern side was occupied by two gymnasia and at the centre of the facade was a monumental fountain. Beneath there are several lower rooms with vaulted roofs. The drain for emptying the frigidarium pool is still visible that encircled the baths and ran into a main drain located under Boulevard Saint-Michel.

Remains of other baths have been discovered. The best-preserved were found in the 19th century within the present College de France on the "Cardo" or rue Saint-Jacques. They were of about two hectares, even larger than Cluny, and included  a Palaestra, or large outdoor exercise area. Vestiges of the circular hot water pool and the cold water pool have survived, along with the hypocaust heating system. Traces were also found of marble wall coverings, frescoes and bronze fixtures.

Others were found in rue Gay-Lussac and on the Ile de la Cite.

Streets
The streets and squares were laid out in blocks ("insular") of 300 Roman feet (88.8 m) square. As a result the modern Rue Saint Martin and Rue Saint-Denis, which were both laid out in Roman times, are 600 Roman feet apart.
Excavations of the streets have uncovered the ruts in the roads from the wheels of chariots and wagons. The roads were regularly repaired with fresh stones, gradually raising their height by as much as a metre.

Residences

The residential streets of Lutetia, unlike the boulevards, were irregular and not as-well maintained as they were the responsibility of the home-owners, not the city. Traces of several of these early residential neighbourhoods, dating to the beginning of the 1st century AD, particularly on the Rue de l'Abbé  de l'Épée, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, and the garden of the Êcole des Mines have been discovered.

The houses generally had wood frames covered with clay. The floors were covered with yellow clay or packed earth. Excavations showed that the city had an important plaster industry; plaster was used to simulate stone, as a covering, or in the form of bricks and tiles.

The houses of the wealthy often had an underfloor heating system and their own bath suite. Their interior walls were covered with plaster, and often painted with frescoes, some traces of which have been recovered (see gallery). They frequently had a reception room on the ground floor and bedrooms upstairs, accessed by a stairway, as well as a cellar which sometimes had its own well. Several houses were grouped together with a common courtyard.

In May 2006, a Roman road was found during expansion of the University of Pierre and Marie Curie campus. Additionally, remains of private houses dating from the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD) containing heated floors were found. The owners were wealthy enough to own baths which was a status symbol among Roman citizens.

Aqueduct

The source of the aqueduct was in the hills outside the city at Rungis and Wissous in the present department of the Essonne where a collection tank was excavated. The aqueduct was built in the second half of the 1st century AD mainly to supply the monumental public baths of Cluny. The aqueduct could deliver an estimated 2000 m3 of water a day. The masonry and cement conduit, about 1/2 metre wide and 3/4 metre deep, was mainly below ground level over the distance of 26 kilometres to the city. The major obstacle it faced was crossing the valley of the river Bièvre where the conduit was raised on arches, some of which still exist in the Valley of Arcueil-Cachan.

Vestiges of the aqueduct have been discovered in several places including under the Institute Curie.

The Île de la Cité

Beginning in 307 AD, the increasing number of invasions of Gaul by Germanic tribes forced the Lutetians to abandon a large part of the city on the left bank, and to move to the Île de la Cité.

Vestiges of Roman buildings on the island, including baths, were found under the parvis of Notre-Dame in 1965 and can be seen today. The rampart was about two metres tall with a wooden walkway and, like most of the buildings on the island, was built from stone brought from the demolished buildings on the left bank.

A modest headquarters or "Palace" was constructed at the west end of the island, where the Palais de Justice is today. One was the residence and headquarters of the Roman military commander, and the temporary residence of two Emperors during the military campaigns. It was probably here that Julian was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 361.

Another important building on the island was the civic basilica, fulfilling the judicial functions transferred from the Left Bank. It stood between the modern Rue de la Cité and the Tribunal de Commerce, near where the flower market is today. It was discovered in 1906 during the construction of the Paris Metro station. It was 70 x 35 m  with a central nave. The entrance was probably on the Rue de la Cité, the Cardo Maximus which crossed the island and connected the bridges.

Cemeteries

During the early, or High Roman Empire, the major Roman necropolis, or cemetery, was located near the Cardo Maximus (Main Street), close to the exit of the city and some distance from the nearest residences. The Necropolis of Saint-Jacques was close to the modern intersection of Avenue Saint-Michel and Avenue Denfert-Rochereau. It occupied a space of about four hectares, and was in use from the beginning of the first until about the fourth century AD. About four hundred tombs, a fraction of the tombs that were once there, have been excavated. Tombs were often placed one above the other. Some remains were buried in stone sepulchres, others in wooden coffins, others simply in the ground. It was a common practice to bury the dead with some items of their belongings, usually some of their clothing and particularly their shoes, placed in vases. Sometimes items of food and silverware were placed in the burial vessel.

In the later years of the Empire, when the pressure of invading Germanic tribes led to the abandonment of the old monuments, a new necropolis, named for Saint-Marcel, was established near the modern Avenue des Gobelins and Boulevard du Port Royal, along the Roman main road leading to Italy.  In this necropolis the tombs were mostly composed of stone taken from the monuments in the earlier necropolis of Saint-Jacques. One of the tombs there, dating from the Third Century AD, is notable for the first recorded use of the name "Paris" for the city.  The tombs at Saint Marcel contain a variety of ceramic and glass objects from the workshops of the city, placed at the foot of the deceased. The first symbols of Christian burials, in the 5th century, were also found here.

Art and Decoration

Lutetia was both a trading centre for art works, through its access to water and land routes, and, later, the home of workshops ceramics and other decorative works. Sculpture was widely used in monuments, particularly in the several necropoli, or Roman cemeteries, in the outskirts of the city.

The Pillar of the Boatmen was donated to the city in about 14-17 AD (dedicated to the Emperor Tiberius) by the guild of boatmen, the most influential guild in the city, and was found in the Île-de-la-Cité. It depicted both Roman and Gallic deities in a series of blocks stacked into a column.

Legacy
Several scientific discoveries have been named after Lutetia. The element lutetium was named in honor of its discovery in a Paris laboratory, and the characteristic building material of the city of Paris, Lutetian Limestone, derives from the ancient name. The "Lutetian" is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene Epoch. The asteroid 21 Lutetia, discovered in 1852 by Hermann Goldschmidt, is named after the city.

Lutetia is featured in the French comic series The Adventures of Asterix, most notably in Asterix and the Golden Sickle, Asterix and the Banquet, Asterix and the Laurel Wreath and Asterix and the White Iris.

Renault uses the name Lutecia for the Japanese market Clio subcompact car, and is named after Lutetia.

See also
 History of Paris
 The Aqueduct (French)

References

Bibliography (in French)

 Guillaume, Valérie, Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris - Guide de visite, July 2021, Éditions Paris Musées, Paris, (in French) ()

 Philippe de Carbonnières, Lutèce: Paris ville romaine, collection Découvertes Gallimard (no. 330), série Archéologie. Éditions Gallimard, 1997, .

External links

 "Paris, a Roman city" (in English)  French Ministry of Culture site
 Arènes de Lutèce - Paris Parks & Gardens
 The Aqueduct

Populated places in pre-Roman Gaul
Roman Paris
la:Lutetia#Historia

Lutetia


Mario Wagner (* 1974 in Adenau) ist ein deutscher Illustrator.

Wagner absolvierte 1996–2002 ein Design-Studium an der FH Aachen mit dem Schwerpunkt Illustration. Ab 2002 arbeitete er als freier Künstler und Illustrator in Köln, arbeitet und lebt heute allerdings in San Francisco. Mario Wagners Werke sind unter anderem im New York Times Magazine, im Playboy als auch der Vanitiy Fair zu sehen gewesen. Für das New York Times Magazine ist er heute immer wieder für Auftragsarbeiten beschäftigt.

Zuletzt erlangte Mario Wagner einen neuen Grad an Popularität, da er als einer von 18 Künstlern bei dem Projekt Absolut Blank von Absolut Vodka mitmischte. Das Resultat ist eine Sonderedition namens Absolut Blank Edition Wagner.

Ausstellungen
 2005   "Aus dem Nichts" Soloshow, Damen und Herren Galerie, Düsseldorf
 2005   "xhoxh4 Galerie IV", Galerie xhoch4, Ingolstadt
 2006   "Production Lines", 4WALL, London
 2006   "Illustrative06", Berlin
 2006   "New Voices", London
 2007   "Aqua Wynwood", Aqua Art Miami, Miami
 2007   "The 9 lives of Thomas Campbell", Soloshow, Galerie Revolver, Düsseldorf
 2007   "Illustrate", 4WALL, London
 2007   "Peepshow", Galerie xhoch4, Ingolstadt
 2007   "Illustrative07", Berlin
 2007   "Musee16", Portland
 2008   "Lost Art of Murder", Cerasoli Gallery, Culver City
 2008   "Nur zu Besuch", Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg
 2008   "Letters to the editor", Fifty24SF Gallery, San Francisco
 2009   Art Basel Miami 2009, Miami, USA
 2009   Gallery Heist, San Francisco, USA
 2009   Cinders Gallery, New York, USA
 2009   Cerasoli Gallery, Los Angeles, USA
 2009   2Agenten Gallery, Berlin, Germany
 2009   ROJO® Ocho Global Group Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain
 2009   "First Things First", 111Minna Gallery, San Francisco, USA
 2010   NADA Art Fair, Pool Gallery, Miami, USA
 2010   Anniversary Show Gallery Heist, San Francisco, USA
 2010   "Blowin Up The Spot" NeonChocolate Gallery, Berlin, Germany
 2010   "Observed by Clouds", Gallery Heist, San Francisco, USA
 2010   "Cutters2010", Pool Gallery, Berlin, Germany
 2010   "Retroism", Retrospect Gallery, Byron Bay, Australia
 2010   "Excellent Condition", 111Minna Gallery, San Francisco, USA
 2010   "Today is L.A. 3010", WWA Gallery, Los Angeles, USA
 2010   "Extraordinary Mistakes", Janinebeangallery, Berlin, Germany
 2010   "Get it together again", Cultural Center Gallery, Chicago, USA
 2010   ArtWhino G40, Washington DC, USA
 2011   "The Future Is Not What It Used To Be", LeBasse Projects, Los Angeles, USA
 2011   "Cluster10", Lazarides Gallery, Newcastle, UK

Publikationen
 Freistil 1, 2, 3
 Illusive2, Die Gestalten Verlag
 Illustration Now 2, Taschen Verlag
 3x3 Illustration Annual Issue 4, 5
 3x3 Illustration Directory ILLO 08, 09
 Castle Magazine
 Digital Arts
 DPI Magazine
 IdN Magazine
 JPeople
 Juxtapoz Magazine
 ROJO Magazine
 Carne Magazine
 Computer Arts Magazine
 Cutting Edges - Contemporary Collage, Die Gestalten Verlag
 Digital Arts
 DPI Magazine
 JPeople
 Neustart - The future of German graphic design
 SUSHI
 Source Book of Illustration, MaoMao Publications
 Varoom Magazine

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Homepage von Mario Wagner

Grafiker (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Illustrator (Deutschland)
Geboren 1974
Mann
Deutscher

Mario Wagner


Hygrocybe miniata (Elias Magnus Fries, 1838 ex Paul Kummer, 1871), sin. Hygrophorus miniatus (Elias Magnus Fries, 1821 ex Elias Magnus Fries, 1838), este o specie saprofită de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Hygrophoraceae și de genul Hygrocybe, denumită în popor ciupercă roșie pitică. În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord se dezvoltă adesea imediat după o perioadă de ploaie, în mod normal întotdeauna în grupuri, pe soluri sărace și nisipoase, ne-tolerând nici un îngrășământ, pe pajiști și fânețe umede (preferat pe cele montane) precum la marginea pădurilor de conifere și a cărărilor, dar de asemenea prin turbării. Timpul apariției este din iulie până toamna târziu înainte de primul ger.

Taxonomie

Renumitul micolog suedez Elias Magnus Fries a descris ciuperca drept Agaricus miniatus în volumul 1 al trilogiei sale Systema Mycologicum din 1821. El însuși a redenumit specia în Hygrophorus miniatus, hotărât nume binomial, de verificat în cartea sa Epicrisis systematis mycologici, seu synopsis hymenomycetum, din 1838.

Apoi, în 1871, micologul german Paul Kummer a transferat specia la genul Hygrocybe sub păstrarea epitetului în marea sa lucrare Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: Anleitung zum methodischen, leichten und sicheren Bestimmen der in Deutschland vorkommenden Pilze mit Ausnahme der Schimmel- und allzu winzigen Schleim- und Kern-Pilzchen, fiind numele valabil până în prezent (2023).

Epitetul specific este derivat din cuvântul latin (=roșu de cinabru, datorită aspectului pălăriei.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru între 2 și 5 cm, este subțire, fragilă, higrofilă, inițial semisferică, apoi pentru mult timp convexă, în formă de cupolă și în sfârșit aplatizată, dar nu cocoșată, cu marginile slab ondulate și uneori crăpate precum ușor canelate. Cuticula este fin solzoasă, pe timp frumos uscată, la umezeală lipicioasă, aproape vâscoasă, coloritul fiind galben-portocaliu, roșu-portocaliu sau roșiatic (depinde de variație). Se decolorează adesea ceva la bătrânețe. Nu înnegrește după apăsare sau leziune.
 Lamelele: sunt spațiate, destul de groase, dar nu bulboase, inegale, cu lameluțe intercalate de lungime diferită, lat aderate la picior, fiind de un colorit gălbui. Muchiile sunt albicioase și nu dințate.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 3 la 6 cm și o grosime de 0,5 până la 0,8 cm, este ușor detașabil de pălărie, neted și ne-fibros, cilindric, adesea ușor curbat, subțiat la bază și gol pe dinăuntru. Coloritul seamănă celui al pălăriei, dar este spre bază mai deschis. Nu se colorează prin rupere în negru.
 Carnea: galbenă care nu se colorează în contact cu aerul după o secțiune este apoasă, subțire și friabilă, mirosul fiind imperceptibil și gustul plăcut.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori lunguieți-elipsoidali, netezi, hialini (translucizi), având o mărime de 9-11 x 5,5-6,5 microni. Praful lor este alb. Basidiile cu 4 spori în formă de măciucă destul de subțire măsoară 40-50 x 7-9 microni.
 Reacții chimice: carnea colorează apă galben ca sulful.

Confuzii
Această ciupercă poate fi confundată în primul rând cu amara și mai mica Hygrocybe mucronella (probă), mai departe cu  comestibilele Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens, Hygrocybe cantharellus (comestibilă), Hygrocybe ceracea (fără valoare culinară), Hygrocybe chlorophana, Hygrocybe coccinea, Hygrocybe intermedia, Hygrocybe punicea, sau Hygrocybe splendidissima, dar, de asemenea, cu otrăvitoarele Hygrocybe conica și Hygrocybe nigrescens care înnegresc la bătrânețe, leziune sau tăiere.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Această specie poate fi preparată, tăiată fin într-o mâncare cu alte soiuri de ciuperci. Luce Höllthaler recomandă prepararea ca supă cremoasă împreună cu conopidă, ceapă, smântână și verdețuri precum ca adăugare la legume franțuzești, de exemplu Ratatouille. Nu se potrivește pentru uscare. Ciuperca roșie pitică este de calitate culinară mai inferioară în comparație cu alte soiuri comestibile ale genului Hygrocybe.

Note

Bibliografie
 Giacomo Bresadola: "Iconographia Mycologica, vol. VII, Editura Società Botanica Italiana, Milano 1928
 Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer", vol. 1-7, vezi sub "Note"
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Hygrocybe miniata, film

Hygrocybe
Ciuperci saprofite
Ciuperci comestibile
1821 în știință

Hygrocybe miniata


Governador Mangabeira es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2010 era de 19.828 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Governador Mangabeira


Chalbaud ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Carlos Delgado Chalbaud (1909–1950), venezolanischer Politiker, Präsident 1948 bis 1950
 Román Chalbaud (* 1931), venezolanischer Regisseur, Drehbuchautor und Produzent
 Román Delgado Chalbaud (1882–1929), venezolanischer Offizier und Politiker

Chalbaud


Marek Hamšík  (fæddur 27. júlí 1987) er slóvakískur  knattspyrnumaður sem spilar sem miðjumaður með sænska félaginu IFK Göteborg.
Hann lék með Napoli á árunum 2007-2019, lék alls 408 leiki og skoraði nákvæmlega 100 mörk.

Slóvakískir knattspyrnumenn
Fólk fætt árið 1987

Marek Hamšík


En Vinterdag i Danmark er en dansk dokumentarisk stumfilm fra 1917 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Vinteroptagelser fra Frederiksberg Have. Hestetrukken kane. Det kinesiske hus. Slædefart uden for byen. Folk skal ud og nyde sneen. Snemotiver, vintervejr og kanefart. På ski og kælk ned ad bakke, måske i Dyrehaven. Landskabelige snebilleder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1917

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark

En Vinterdag i Danmark


Iubirea  este considerată o cale de înțelegere și căpătare de cunoștințe. În viziunea lui Plato reprezintă trăirea minții fără niciun gând, în timp ce Aristotel spunea că în prezența iubirii simțurile amorțesc pentru ca imperfecțiunile celor dragi să nu mai fie vizibile. Marele poet arab abbasid Al-Mutanabbi transmite prin versurile sale că dragostea nu este altceva în afară de lăcomie și explozie la care inima se supune pentru ca mai apoi să fie rănită. Unii filosofi arabi au adăugat la motivele iubirii auzul cântecelor și flirtul (ghazal). Sufismul, pe de altă parte, promovează dragostea prin dhikr (menționarea numelui lui Dumnezeu). Dragostea pentru Dumnezeu este adusă la suprafață de dhikr, care poate fi considerat și o reîmprospătare a sinelui .

Iubirea beduină, Majnun și Layla

Iubirea beduină  a fost reconstituită în prima perioadă a Islamului din legendele și poeziile care circulau pe vremea aceea, urmând să fie perpetuată în literatură de-a lungul secolelor. În cartea de convorbiri cu Jamel Eddine Bencheikh, André Miquel prezintă "amorul" într-o manieră inedită:
"Ar trebui să pornim de la o constatare simplă: în secolul al VII-lea, arabii, mai exact beduinii, au inventat o temă care va căpăta un mare succes: iubirea perfectă, imposibilă și nefericită. Doi tineri se iubesc, dar familiile lor le pun piedici [...]. Majnun și Layla, cei doi eroi ai acestei povești, sunt de foarte departe precursorii sau verii eroilor noștri Werther, Romeo și Julieta, Tristan și Isolda."
Așadar, este vorba de o dragoste nefericită care îl are ca protagonist pe cel numit Majnun, adică cel posedat de jinni, un poet nebun din dragoste: "nebun de Layla" (Majnun Layla). Povestea a început să circule mai mult după apariția Islamului, atunci când mediul beduin apare ca izvor al tuturor virtuților, al iubirii pure, caste, care poate duce la moarte. Majnun nu a fost porecla unui singur poet ci a mai multora, trei sau șase, potrivit surselor. Era cunoscut faptul că se putea înnebuni din dragoste, mai ales când convențiile sociale stăteau în calea iubirii.

Qays ibn Mulawwah
Aparținea unui trib din Arabia Centrală și ne este prezentat ca fiind îndrăgostit de verișoara lui Layla, care îi răspunde amorului său, însă familia îl respinge pentru că Majnun i-a pomenit numele fetei în versurile sale, ceea ce-l duce pe Qays la disperare și apoi la nebunie.
Numele său întreg era Qays ibn al-Mulawwah ibn Muzahim ibn ʿUdas ibn Rabiʿah ibn Jaʿdah ibn Kaʿb ibn Rabiʿah ibn ʿAmir ibn Saʿsaʿah, numele Qays implicând ideea de discernământ, de aici și tranziția sa de la inteligență la incoerență. În plus, numele duce la ideea de dificultate, foame.  Abu Saʿid al-Asmaʿi afirmă că Qays nu era nebun, ci avea un defect, lutha sau lawtha, în funcție de vocalizare, primul însemnând ideea de a se mișca încet, greu, iar al doilea se întoarce la ideea de nebunie. El însuși se consideră împovărat de judecata și încercările lui Dumnezeu (mubtala). Momentul în care el și-a  pierdut mințile se spune că a fost declanșat de următorul vers:
"Dumnezeu a creat-o pe Layla pentru a fi a altuia și m-a împovărat pe mine să-i port dragostea,
Ce bine ar fi fost să am altă povară..."

Qays ibn Durih
El se îndrăgostește de Lubna, se căsătorește cu ea, însă cei doi nu reușesc să aibă copii, motiv pentru care familia îi cere s-o repudieze, după care acesta își va plânge nefericirea pentru tot restul vieții. Moare dupa sfârșitul secolului al VII-lea, dar unele din versurile ce-i sunt atribuite aparțin unei epoci după el.

Jamil
Acest poet aparține clanului Banu Udhra, rămas în istorie drept creatorul conceptului de iubire pură, care încetează odată cu moartea, cunoscută și sub numele de iubire udhrită. Din cauza menționării iubitei sale Buthayna în poezii, a fost amenințat de clanul ei cu moartea și forțat să se refugieze în Siria, Palestina sau Egipt, unde a și murit în 701. Versurile sale au devenit opera unor muzicieni din epocă.
"Făr-a dori să dorm, mă-nvălui în speranța/ acelei întâlniri cu tine doar în vis."

Caracteristicile lui Majnun
Majnun este descris ca un personaj arhetipal care întruchipează iubirea, nebunia și poezia, strâns unite în imaginarul arab. El este în primul rând un poet conștient deasupra celorlalți, cunoaște poezia veche, este un rawi (rapsod) și are o voce frumoasă. Pentru a-și exprima suferința și sentimentele recurge la poezie. Poemul arab, qasida, are o structură fixă, a cărei parte introductivă este nostalgică. La Majnun, dragostea apare  ca un destin ("sufletul meu s-a legat de al ei dinainte de a ne fi născut", "legați vom rămâne și în întunericul mormântului
").
Nebunia poate să apară sub forma unei metafore pentru iubirea ajunsă la înalte culmi, dar Majnun este cel care o experimentează, el fiind un posedat. As`ad Khairallah descrie acest fenomen (1980, p. 82): "Nebunia, așa cum este concepută în Diwan pare să se manifeste în două forme, care se completează una pe alta. În primul rând, este o rupere de normele de comportament comun acceptate atât la nivel personal, cât și social. În al doilea rând, ea pare să vină de la o putere străină, care sălășluiește în sinele interior, în ceea ce numim noi astăzi inconștientul, o putere care se separă de controlul judecății de bun-simț."
Atitudinea arabilor față de nebunie este diferită de cea a europenilor. Ahmad al-Khuskhusi explică într-o carte ce are la bază Istoria nebuniei a lui Focault cum arabii îi privesc pe nebuni cu compătimire, milă, dar și teamă. ei se tem de capacitățile lor supranormale, pentru că un nebun  are un acces la lumea invizibilă și cunoaște tainele universului. Această teamă se transformă în sacralizare. Printre simptomele nebuniei, autorul menționează și unele comune și îndrăgostiților și poeților, printre care tendința de izolare față de societate. În aceste condiții, Majnun se revoltă regulilor societății și alege să moară în singurătate, în deșert.

Majnun și Layla - interpretare în registru mistic
Aceste poeme sunt văzute totodată ca o alegorie pentru călătoria sufletului spre Dumnezeu. In sufism, frumusețea lumii este un indicator al frumuseții absolute a Creatorului, așadar, Layla reprezință frumusețea Divinității, iar Majnun cel care lasă în urmă intelectul și devine "posedat", pierdut în contemplarea la Divinitate, dar în același timp suferă din cauza separării de cea iubită.
Precum alți mistici, Majnun se retrage în sălbăticie, de cele mai multe ori într- peșteră și urmeaza regulile abstinenței (zuhd) de la mâncare, vorbit și somn (qillat at-ta`am, qillat al-kalam, qillat al-manam).
Divinitatea este invocată de poetul nebun din dragoste pentru a i-o dărui pe Layla, iar dacă nu va face asta, Majnun nu se va căi și nu va mai fi credincios. Diavolul este și el binevenit dacă îi asigură dragostea Laylei. Poetul iubește păsările și gazelele, întrucât o regăsește pe Layla în ele, astfel putem observa un caracter totalizant a iubirii. Totodată, misticii persani au văzut în legenda lui Majnun expresia simbolică a căutării mistice.

Poezia Ghazal
Ghazal definește o poezie lirică de origine persană, în monorimă, împărțită în jumătăți de versuri (misra`) având ca temă centrală dragostea. Poeții de ghazal sunt în principal beduini: Urwa ibn Hizam (poet din clanul Udhra, se spune că a murit din dragoste pentru verișoara sa Afraa), Jamil (poetul suferinței, devotamentului pentru Buthayna), Magnun ("nebunul din dragoste" pentru Layla).
Există de asemenea, cupluri poetice celebre: Bishr și Hind, Kuthayir și Azza, Qays și Lubna, As`ad și Layla. Mărturii despre ei se găsesc în "Cărțile îndrăgostiților" din Al Fihrist scris de ibn al Nadim.
Printre temele care au trecut în poezia trubadurilor menționăm :
 iubirea în vis (doar așa o vede Jamil pe Buthayna - "Cât ziuă e, n-o văd;dar cum se lasă noaptea/ în vis se întâlnește sufletul ei cu-al meu")
 iubirea continuată după moarte ("Cât voi trăi, de inima mea vei fi iubită...")
 transformarea din iubire, încât îndrăgostitul ajunge să iubească tot neamul iubitei, chiar dacă îi e dușman. ("Mă cert cu neamul meu și-l iert pe-al tău, dușmanul...")

Dragostea de tip Udhri
Udhri și transpunerea sa poetică, Udhri Ghazal, îsi au rădăcinile de la tribul Banu Udrah. Acest tip de iubire vine înaintea poeziei abbaside de tip ghazal, unde cel iubit este mult mai idealizat.
Această dragoste se distinge prin atașamentul unui om și dedicarea sa prin poezie unei singure femei de-a lungul întregii vieți, el căutând în permanență legătura (wisal) cu  ea. Deși femeia îi răspunde sentimentelor, uniunea este interzisă din cauza societății, ceea ce duce la chin, suferință, boală, nebunie, moarte. Inimile poeților din acest clan sunt ca cele ale păsărilor, care se topesc precum sarea în apă.
Iubirea Udhri este întâlnită la poeții beduini din Hijazul de Nord și Najd în Islamul timpuriu. La dezvoltarea ei au contribuit abstinenta(zuhd) sau castitatea (iffa). Conform unui hadith al Profetului, cine iubește pasional, discret și este răbdător va muri, devenind martir. Această idee se regăsește și în literatura europeană de secol 19 în tratatul lui Stendhal, "De l`amour", urmând să-i inspire pe romanticii de la acea vreme.

"Colierul porumbiței sau despre iubire și îndrăgostiți"

Cartea lui Ibn Hazm dă naștere unui tablou al eleganței și curtoaziei, al sensibilității artistice, al cultivării poeziei și a cântatului ce caracterizau marile orașe din Imperiul Arabo-Islamic. Acestea sunt transferate și în Spania Andaluză, unde se formează un nou "cod al iubirii". Lucrarea a fost scrisă între 1025 și 1030 și redescoperită în Occident în secolul al XIX-lea. Cartea are un caracter autobiografic, Ibn Hazm deplânge vremurile fericite apuse ale califilor omeyyazi. Cartea poate fi intepretată cu referire la tradiția beduină a iubirii caste, chiar daca autorul spune de la început că nu vrea să aibă de-a face cu poveștile beduinilor. El dorește să fie original prin redarea propriilor experiențe, dar se pot auzi vocile poeților din vechime pe care și-i asociază pentru a cânta iubirea pură, "care trăiește în inima și nu dispare decât odată cu moartea". Ibn Hazm adaugă că aceasta nu trebuie confundată cu iubirea rudelor, prietenilor sau cu amorul carnal.

Semnele iubirii la Ibn Hazm
 privirea: nu clipește, urmărește toate mișcările iubitei.
 cuvintele: nu sunt înțelese decât de cel iubit.
 gesturi: grăbește pasul când vede iubita, este tulburat, caută mâna celei dragi.
 melancolia: în arabă as-sawda`- "neagră"
 plânsul
 insomnie: cei care iubesc sunt "păstori ai stelelor"
 transformări de caracter: urâtul devine frumos, zgârcitul generos, ignorantul cultivat, etc.
 slăbiciunea, paloarea
Ibn Hazm compară acest cod al iubirii curtenești cu cel al iubirii beduine. Acest cod presupune păstrarea secretului iubirii de către cel în cauză, dar și de confident. El considera că iubirea împlinită este fericirea supremă și că numai moartea îi poate despărți pe cei ce se iubesc cu adevărat.
În final, el afirmă că nu știe totul, așa cum nu înțelege pe deplin iubirea adevărată, însă știe ce nu este dragostea adevărată, care nu se confundă cu "pofta sexuală" (shahwa)

Metafore
 Metafora iubirii este setea, iar cea a dragostei este foamea.
 Scânteia - începutul pasiunii
 Focul ațâțat -  continuarea pasiunii
 Focul și flacăra - pasiune
 Incendiul -  amorul ajuns la culme
 Focul care abia pâlpâie - amorul pe cale să se stingă

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Abdul Sathar, Sufyan. "Mystical arabic poetry. Depiction of love and its significance from others`.". Hyderabad. 2004. p.2
 Anghelescu, Nadia. "Înțelepciunea arabă". Ed. Polirom. Iași. 2009.
 Shackle, Christopher. "Ghazal". Department of South Asia, SOAS, University of London
 Tartler, Grete. "Înțelepciunea arabă". Ed. Polirom. Iași. 2014.
 Watson, Alasdair. From Qays to Majnun: the evolution of a legend fromʿUdhri roots to Sufi allegory"

Legături externe
Banu Udhra
Ghazal
Colierul porumbiței
Sufismul
Poezia specifica Banu Udhra

Literatură arabă
Controverse legate de islam
Artă islamică

Iubirea beduină în literatura arabă


Joann Fletcher (Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire, Inglaterra - 30 de agosto de 1966) é um egiptólogo e professor visitante honorário no departamento de arqueologia da Universidade de York. Ela publicou vários livros e artigos acadêmicos, incluindo vários sobre Cleópatra, e fez inúmeras aparições na televisão e no rádio. Em 2003, ela afirmou controversamente ter identificado a múmia da rainha Nefertiti.

Publicações selecionadas

Aparições na televisão e no rádio

 1991: Midweek (Egyptian Hair and Cosmetics), BBC Radio 4 (21.2.91)
 1998: Post-Mortem: Egypt Uncovered, SC4/Discovery
 1999: Mystery of the Mummies: Cave Mummies of the Canary Islands, Union Pictures/Channel 4
 1999: Big Breakfast interview, Channel 4 (21.6.99)
 1999: Face of the Pharaoh, MBC/National Geographic
 1999: Midweek (Mummies), BBC Radio 4 (9.6.99)
 2000: Private Lives of the Pharaohs, 3-part series, TV6/Channel 4
 2000: Face Values: the story of cosmetics, Black Inc./Discovery
 2000: The Oldest Mummies in the World: the Chinchorro, Cicada/Discovery
 2001: Terry Jones' Hidden History of Egypt, Seventh Art/BBC
 2001: Terry Jones' Surprising History of Sex and Love, Seventh Art/BBC
 2002: Who Murdered Tutankhamen: Revealed, Atlantic/Discovery/Channel 5
 2002: The Immortals of Ancient Sheba: the Yemeni Mummies, Juniper/National Geographic/Channel 4
 2002: The True Curse of the Mummy, Stone City Films/Channel 5
 2002: Pyramid, BBC Digital Channel
 2003: The Black Mummy of Libya, Fulcrum/Channel 5
 2003: Nefertiti Revealed, Atlantic/Discovery/Channel 5
 2003: Carvilius: the Mummy of Rome, GA&A/National Geographic
 2003: Ancient Egyptians, WalltoWall/Channel 4
 2003: The Making of Ancient Egyptians, WalltoWall/Channel 4
 2003: Everywoman, World Service Radio (14.6.03)
 2005: Death In Sakkara, BBC Interactive
 2005: The Myth, the Magic, and the Mummy's Curse, BBC Interactive Museum exhibition
 2005: New research on the life and death of Irt-yruw, Tyne-Tees news (16.11.05)
 2006: Timewatch: Bog Bodies, BBC
 2006: The Mummies of Hull Museum, BBC Look North (3.3.06)
 2006: The Bog Bodies of Ireland, 60 Minutes News, Austrália (22.3.06)
 2007: My Yorkshire, ITV Yorkshire
 2008: Mummy Forensics, 6-part series (Lead Investigator and Series Consultant), History Channel
 2008: Cleopatra the Great, BBC Radio York morning show (14.5.08)
 2010: 'A History of the World in a Hundred Objects': the Anubis Mask, the Inlaid Eye, BBC Radio York (18.1.10 7am, 24.1.10 11am, 16.2.10 10.45pm and 8.4.10 11am) (26.5.10)
 2011: Mummifying Alan: Egypt's Last Secret, Blink/Channel 4/Discovery
 2012: 'Death Cult: Bog Bodies of Ireland' (Ancient X Files) series WAG TV for National Geographic Channel
 2013: Ancient Egypt: Life and Death in the Valley of the Kings (2a. parte da series), BBC/Lion TV.
 2013: Life and Death in the Valley of the Kings, BBC Learning Zone/Lion TV
 2013: Radio 5 Live with Richard Bacon (2.15-3pm), BBC Radio 5 (26.2.13)
 2013: Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4 (22.3.13)
 2013: Barnsley Museum Opening, Look North e BBC Radio Sheffield 27.6.13
 2013: 'Museum of Curiosity', Episode 1 of series 6, BBC Radio 4 (30.9.13)
 2014: Egypt's Lost Queens, BBC/Lion TV
 2014: Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4 (3.9.14)
 2015: 'Seventy Million Animal Mummies: Egypt's Dark Secret', Horizon, BBC2
 2015: The Amazing History of Egypt, BBC History Magazine podcast
 2015: The Radio 2 Arts Show with Claudia Winkleman, BBC Radio 2 (2.10.15)
 2015: Midweek, BBC Radio 4 (21.10.15)
 2015: Radio 4 in Four: Most Popular, BBC Radio 4
 2015: Symbols and Secrets, The Forum, BBC World Service (12.12.15)
 2016: Immortal Egypt with Joann Fletcher (4a. parte da serie), BBC/Lion TV
 2016: A Good Read, BBC Radio 4 (12.7.16)
 2016: Tattoos in Africa, Al-Jazeera Online
 2017: Women in History Debate, BBC History Magazine podcast
 2017: The Egypt Centre Museum of Egyptian Antiquities
 2017: Professors at Play: Assassins Creed Origins, internet broadcast (14.11), KM
 2018: 'BBC Civilisations Festival in South Yorkshire', BBC Radio Sheffield (7.3.18)
 2018: BBC Civilisations festival (com Margaret Mountford), The Star
 2018: 'Bolton's Egypt: new museum galleries', BBC 1 North-West Tonight (21.9.18)
 2019: Egypt's Unexplained Files (10a. parte da serie), Discovery Science (360 Productions/Discovery)
 2020: PM Show, BBC Radio 4 (24.1.20)

Links externos

  (University of York staff page)
 "No Discrimination" – Article by Zahi Hawass on Fletcher's Nefertiti claims and the media's reaction.
 King Tut tut tut (Sunday Times article)

  2004 by the Archaeological Institute of America
  BBC Professor Fletcher's BBC profile

Egiptólogos do Reino Unido

Joann Fletcher


102. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 102. vestlige længdekreds
 102. østlige længdekreds

102. længdegrad


Yedikır Barajı, Amasya'da, Tersakan Çayı üzerinde, sulama  amacıyla 1982-1985 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 63.000.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 28,00 m., normal su kotunda göl hacmi 6,30 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 5,93 km²'dir. Baraj 7.403 hektarlık bir alana sulama  hizmeti vermektedir.

Yedikır Barajı'nda kızılkanat, sazan ve turna balıkları yaşamaktadır. Olta balıkçılığı için Karadeniz'deki ender göllerden biridir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Amasya ilindeki barajlar
Türkiye'deki Önemli Kuş Alanları

Yedikır Barajı


Burmannia stricta ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Burmanniaceae. Sie ist nur von einem Einzelfund aus Kerala, Indien bekannt.

Beschreibung

Burmannia stricta ist eine einjährige, blattgrünlose, durchgehend weißliche, unverzweigt wachsende krautige Pflanze, die zur Blütezeit eine Wuchshöhe von 5 bis 11 Zentimeter erreicht. Sie ist mykotroph. Ein Rhizom ist nicht vorhanden, die Wurzeln sind faserig und kurz. Die Blätter sind 2,2 bis 4 Millimeter lang. Sie fehlen am Ansatz und kommen nur vereinzelt am Stängel vor, dort sind sie eiförmig-lanzettlich, schuppenartig, spitz zulaufend, eng anliegend und am Ansatz gekielt.

Blüte- und Fruchtzeit ist der November. Der Blütenstand besteht aus ein oder zwei Blüten. Die ungestielten Blüten sind 6,5 bis 9,6 Millimeter lang, die Blütenröhre ist zylindrisch und 3,3 Millimeter lang, die 7 bis 9 Millimeter langen und 1,7 bis 2,2 Millimeter breiten Flügel sind halbiert elliptisch und verlaufen vom Ansatz der äußeren Blütenlappen bis unterhalb des Ansatzes des Fruchtknotens. Die äußeren Blütenlappen sind dreieckig, aufrecht, mit dünnen oder leicht fleischigen Rändern, einem zugespitzten äußeren Ende und 1,2 bis 1,4 Millimeter lang. Die inneren Blütenlappen sind linealisch lanzettlich mit einem zugespitzten äußeren Ende und 0,6 Millimeter lang. Die Staubfäden sind ungestielt und setzen im Blütenhüllschlund an, unterhalb der inneren Blütenlappen. Das Konnektiv weist zwei kurze, seitliche Arme auf, die die Thecae tragen sowie am Ansatz einen abwärts weisenden Sporn. Der Griffel ist  ebenso lang wie die Kronröhre und fadenförmig, an seinem Ende stehen die drei annähernd ungestielten, trompetenförmigen Narben.

Die Fruchtknoten sind elliptisch und 3 bis 4,2 Millimeter lang. Die elliptische oder verkehrt-eiförmige Kapsel öffnet sich entlang von Querschlitzen. Die Samen sind zahlreich und elliptisch.

Verbreitung

Burmannia stricta ist nur von einem Einzelfund in Kerala, Indien bekannt, wo sie auf 1400 Meter gefunden wurde.

Systematik

Die Art wurde 1938 von Fredrik Pieter Jonker anhand eines Fundes aus dem Jahre 1909 erstbeschrieben.

Nachweise

Burmanniaceae
Burmanniaceen
Mykoheterotrophe Pflanze

Burmannia stricta


لايف  هو اسم مجلة أمريكية، كانت واحدة من أشهر المجلات الأمريكية في الولايات المتحدة. نشرت أول طبعة للمجلة عام 1883 من طرف جون أميز ميتشل وكانت تحرر أسبوعيا من طرف شركة النشر الحياة من مانهاتن، نيويورك. في عام 1918 أصبح تشارلز دانا غيبسون رئيس المجلة.

1936-2000
مجلة الحياة المعروفة هي مجلة للتصوير الصحفي التي أسسها هنري لوس عام 1936 في مدينة نيويورك، وكانت أول طبعة للمجلة صدرت في 23 نوفمبر 1936 تحوي صورة لسد فورت بيك في نهر ميزوري في ولاية مونتانا الأمريكية.

فيلم ذو علاقة
فيلم حياة والتر ميتي السرية كان له علاقة مباشرة في المجلة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي
 أعداد المجلة من عام 1936 حتى عام 1972

تأسيسات سنة 1936 في الولايات المتحدة
مجلات أخبار أمريكية
مجلات أسبوعية أمريكية
مجلات انحلت في 2007
مجلات أسست في 1883
مجلات أسست في 1936
مجلات تنشر من مدينة نيويورك
مجلات سابقة في الولايات المتحدة
مجلات شهرية أمريكية

لايف (مجلة)


الصوتيات أو علم الأصوات هو أحد فروع علم اللسانيات، يُعنى بالجهاز الصوتي ومخارج أصوات الكلام الإنساني وتبويبها. كان الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي أول عالم صوتيات عربي والقاموس الذي كتبه فيه أول تصنيف لأصوات اللغة العربية.
لكل لغة نظامها الصوتي الخاص بها التي يمكن كتابة أصواتها بنظامها الكتابي أو بالألفبائية الصوتية الدولية الصوتية (IPA) التي تمّكن دارسي اللغات من نطق أصواتها أو التعرف عليها.

تتألَّفُ اللغة من أصوات تجتمع لتُعبِّر عن الأشياء الحسِّيَّة والأفكار المجرَّدة، ويعتمد تصنيف الأصوات اللُّغويَّة على دراسة كيفيَّات الأصوات وطرائق تحقُّقها وإصدارها والآليَّات التي تدخل فيها والأعضاء التي في إنجازها، أي على المعرفة الدقيقة بأعضاء النطق، وعلى الفهم العلميّ لعمليَّة الكلام...

تنقسم الأصوات اللغوية إلى قسمين: الأصوات الصامتة أو الساكنة حرف صامت والأصوات المصوتة أو الصائتة أصوات اللين حرف مصوت.

تاريخ الصوتيات
بدأت دراسة الصوتيات في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد في الهند القديمة على يد عالم اللغويات بانيني الذي بحث في مكان إنتاج الصوت وطريقة إنتاجه (الكيفية) في اللغة السنسكريتية. ومن أقدم من أهتم بهذا العلم الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي المتوفي في نهاية القرن الثامن الميلادي، من تلاميذه سيبويه الذي ألف كتابه «الكتاب» وفيه وصف دقيق لأصوات اللغة العربية ومخرج place of articulation كل منها وطريقة manner إخراجها.

الصوتيات والنطقيات
علم الصوتيات والذي يُعرف (بالإنجليزية: Phonetics) يختلف عن علم النطقيات أي (Phonology)، حيث يُعنى علم الصوتيات بدراسة العملية التي يتم من خلالها إنتاج الصوت وانتقاله واستقباله من ناحية جسمانية؛ أي انه علم يدرس الأعضاء الحية التي يتم من خلالها إنتاج الصوت (جهاز النطق) وانتقاله (الموجات الصوتية) واستقباله (الاستقبال السمعي). أما علم النطقيات أو الفونولوجيا (كما تُعرف باسم علم الصواتة) فهو يدرس الطبيعة المجرّدة لوحدات الصوت أو الإشارة التي تشكّل الكلمات التي بدورها تشكّل اللغة. وبالتالي يمكن القول أن الصوتيات هي دراسة عملية تكوين الأصوات، أما النطقيات فتتمحور حول دراسة الأصوات في حد ذاتها.

ومع ذلك يبقى علم النطقيات أو الفونولوجيا أساساً لعلم الصوتيات، ولكنه فرع مستقل من علم اللغويات، يختص بدراسة الأصوات والإشارات المجرّدة (فونيم، مورفيم، ألوفون..) وقواعد الاشتقاق.

الفروع
يهتم الباحثون في علم الصوتيات بالفروع الآتية:
 دراسة جهاز النطق: ويبحث في مواضع أجزاء النطق وحركتها وشكلها أثناء النطق مثل اللسان، الشفتان، الأسنان، اللثة، الحنك، اللهاة,..
 دراسة جهاز السمع: ويهتم بدراسة عملية استقبال الأصوات عن طريق الأذن والتعرف عليها وترجمتها واستدعائها أو تذكّرها في الدماغ.
 دراسة فيزياء الأصوات: التردد والطول الموجي للصوت.

انظر أيضا
 ألفبائية صوتية دولية
 علم مخارج الحروف
 معالجة الكلام

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الجمعية الدولية لعلوم الصوتيات (ISPhS)
 موقع مختبر علوم الصوتيات التابع لجامعة مونتريال
 الأصوات والأنماط الصوتية للغات - جامعة بنسيلفانيا

فروع اللسانيات

علم الصوتيات
مصطلحات لغويات

صوتيات (لسانيات)


عبيدة قد تشير إلى:

 عبيدة، وهي قبيلة عربية.
  ، وهي قرية تونسية تقع بولاية القيروان.
 عبيدة بن الحارث صحابي من أوائل المسلمين.
 عبيدة بن عمرو السلماني تابعي.

عبيدة (توضيح)


La route régionale 595 ()  est une route régionale allant de Vieremä jusqu'à Kiuruvesi en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 595 est une route régionale de Savonie du Nord.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

595

Transport à Vieremä
Transport à Kiuruvesi

Seututie 595


«Las margaritas» (título original, Sedmikrásky) es una película checoslovaca de 1966 dirigida por Věra Chytilová. Este film suele ser considerado como uno de los más importantes dentro del movimiento de la Nueva Ola Checoslovaca y del cine surrealista y experimental moderno.

Argumento
Dos chicas jóvenes, tomando el sol en bikini, llegan a la conclusión de que si todo el mundo está corrompido, ellas también lo estarán. Después de esta subversiva conclusión ellas juegan a ser malas y negativas con el entorno.

Características

Las escenas que se producen son inconexas y subersionan el código y/o estética narrativa y/o visual planteando otra forma de lenguaje cinematográfico. La película es experimental y ciertamente surrealista.

Comentario
Rodada dos años antes de la Primavera de Praga, el film será censurado por las autoridades comunistas, después de la invasión del país por la URSS y sus aliados del Pacto de Varsovia en 1968, y su directora será marginada hasta 1975.

Véase también
 Věra Chytilová
 Nueva Ola Checoslovaca

Enlaces externos

  Página de la película en Second Run DVD (en inglés)

 Tráiler de Las Margaritas en YouTube (en versión original con subtítulos en español)

Películas de 1966
Películas de Checoslovaquia
Películas psicodélicas

Las margaritas (película)


ميناء كيبك هو أقدم ميناء بكندا. رغح انه الأقدم الا انه ثاني أكبر ميناء في مقاطعة كيبك بعد ميناء مونتريال.

تقديم
في القرن 19 كان ميناء كيبك من أهم الموانئ في العالم حيث لعب دورا حساسا في تطوير البلاد والمدينة. في 1863 أكثر من 1600 قارب مرت بالميناء حاملة 25000 بحار. في هذا الوقت عرفت الصناعات البحرية تطورا هاما بكيبك.

وصلات داخلية
 مدينة كيبك
 كيبك القديمة الدنيا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 ميناء كيبك

مدينة كيبك
مرافئ وموانئ كيبك
النقل في مدينة كيبك

ميناء كيبك


(4299) WIYN ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 28. August 1952 a Goethe-Link-Observatorium entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid wurde nach dem WIYN-Teleskop benannt.

Weblinks

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser

(4299) WIYN


The Elizabeth Islands are a chain of small islands extending southwest from the southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts in the United States. They are located at the outer edge of Buzzards Bay, north of Martha's Vineyard, from which they are separated by Vineyard Sound, and constitute the town of Gosnold in Dukes County, Massachusetts.

History

The islands were long known to and utilized by the Wampanoag and other indigenous peoples prior to European colonization. Europeans first learned of the islands in 1602 when the English colonizer Bartholomew Gosnold sighted them on his way to Virginia. However it was not until 1641, subsequent to the successful establishment of the first English North American colonies, that colonizers formally laid claim to and settled the islands in the name of the English Crown as part of the country's nascent imperial expansion. At this time they renamed the islands after Elizabeth I, who had been Queen of England when the islands had first been discovered by Europeans. In 1641, Thomas Mayhew the Elder, of Watertown, Massachusetts, bought the islands—along with Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard—from William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling.

Before the creation of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691, the islands were part of the extinct Dukes County, New York. The first known European inhabitant was Francis Usselton, who had been banished at the time for making secret trades with the local Indians without consent from the governor.

Geography and demographics
The total land area of the islands is 34.55 km² (13.34 sq mi); and there was a permanent population of 75 persons as of the 2010 census, making it the smallest town in Massachusetts.

Named islands
All of the Elizabeth Islands, except Cuttyhunk and Penikese, are privately owned by the Forbes family. Stretching south-west from land's end at Falmouth, Massachusetts, the islands are:
Nonamesset Island, the closest to the mainland
Veckatimest, a small island.
Gull Island, a small uninhabited island.
Uncatena Island, uninhabited as of the 2000 Census
Naushon Island,  long and the largest. Composed of the main island along with the smaller Nonamesset, Monohansett, Bull, Cedar, and Bachelor islands. Owned by the Forbes' Naushon Island Trust, and while it is not generally open to the public, the Forbes family has set aside Tarpaulin Cove to the south and Kettle Cove to the north as well as Bull Island and Hadley Harbor to the northeast for public enjoyment including picknicking.
The Weepecket Islands, three small, publicly accessible islands north of central Naushon owned by the Forbes family.  These islands offer very few places to land, are nearly obscured by water, and are home to numerous shore birds, seals and other animals.
Pasque Island,  long, owned by a subset of the Forbes family, and covered in poison ivy. A shallow tidal creek cuts part way through the island.
Nashawena Island,  long, owned by another subset of the Forbes family, it has grazing livestock.
Baret Island, located off the north shore of Nashawena Island.
Rock Island, located off the north shore of Nashawena Island.
Penikese Island, located about  north of Nashawena and Cuttyhunk.  Penikese is owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and has a colorful history.  It was the site of a groundbreaking 19th-century research facility that was the precursor to the famed Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, was the site of the state's only leper colony in the early 20th century, and is currently a bird sanctuary and site of the Penikese Island School, a 35-year-old school for troubled teens.
Cuttyhunk Island, farthest west in the chain, and home to most of Gosnold's municipal population. Like Penikese, Cuttyhunk is not owned by the Forbes family, and therefore much of the island is publicly accessible.
Gosnold Island, located in Westend Pond on Cuttyhunk Island.

Named channels

Channels with strong tidal currents, known locally as holes, separate the islands from each other and the mainland. Currents of up to  are driven by the different sizes and filling rates of Vineyard Sound to the southeast and Buzzards Bay to the northwest. At high tide, water flows from Buzzards Bay to the Vineyard Sound. Near mid-tide the water stops and reverses, filling the Bay at low tide.

Listed from northeast to southwest, the named channels are:
Woods Hole separating the mainland from Nonamesset Island
Robinson's Hole between Naushon Island and Pasque Island
Quick's Hole between Pasque Island and Nashawena Island
Canapitsit Channel between Nashawena Island and Cuttyhunk Island.

Named harbors and coves
Cuttyhunk Harbor is sheltered on its east by Nashawena Island on its west by Cuttyhunk Island and on its north by Penikese Island.
Tarpaulin Cove on the south shore of Naushon Island.

References

External links

Cuttyhunk Historical Society, the Museum of the Elizabeth Islands
Bathymetry of the Waters Surrounding the Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts United States Geological Survey

Islands of Dukes County, Massachusetts
Coastal islands of Massachusetts
Private islands of Massachusetts

Elizabeth Islands


Petits Arrangements avec l'histoire (titre original : ) est le septième tome de la série littéraire Les Chroniques de St Mary, écrite par Jodi Taylor, paru en 2016.

Maxwell a causé de nombreux problèmes en volant l'épée d'Arthur à Thrisk et doit faire face aux conséquences désastreuses de cette acte.

Résumé
L'histoire commence par Maxwell découvrant que Markham a perdu la moitié de son oreille car Bashford manqua sa cible dans leur tentative de prouver si Guillaume Tell avait pu transpercer la pomme sur la tête de son fils. Elle se rend ensuite dans le bureau du Dr Bairstow. Il lui annonça que Thirsk, leur principal financeur souhaitait les images du couronnement de Georges IV et la bataille de Teutobourg gagnée par Arminius. Max souhaiterait pouvoir participer à la seconde mission mais elle est trop risquée pour une femme enceinte.

Elle part alors avec Markham pour ce couronnement à l'abbaye de Westminster. Ils voulaient assister à la tentative de la reine Caroline de rentrer dans l'abbaye, bien que le roi ne voulait pas de sa présence. Les gardes ne la laissaient pas entrer alors elle commença à courir pour atteindre les autres portes. La foule fut choqué par l'attitude de leur reine. Après ses tentatives désespérées, elle remonta finalement dans sa voiture. Ensuite Max et Markham sont entrés dans l'abbaye pour assister au couronnement du roi mais à peine le roi était arrivé que quelqu'un fit tomber l'enregistreur de Maxwell par terre. Comme ils ne doivent laisser aucun objet moderne dans le passé, ils commencèrent à chercher au sol mais une personne l'a pris avant eux. Markham réussit à l'attraper et le récupérer en se prenant un coup de couteau. Ils sont finalement rentrés à St Mary.

À l'infirmerie, les autres historiens lui racontèrent leur mission à Teutobourg. Ils étaient cachés dans des arbres et il faisait tellement sombre qu'ils ne purent rien voir.

Le Dr Bairstow lui annonça que la prochaine mission allait avoir lieu autour de , une colline fortifiée britannique à cause des incursions saxonnes. Ils pourraient ainsi mettre fin au débat du Professeur Rapson et du Dr Dowson sur les murs d'enceinte. Une fois arrivés, ils remarquèrent que tout le monde se préparait à se réfugier dans le fort. Ils se sont alors également mis en route pour la colline et y ont établi un camp. Tous les hommes furent rassemblés pour un éventuel affrontement et Maxwell se retrouva seule. Toutefois ils ne devaient tuer personne afin d'éviter de changer l'histoire. C'est à ce moment qu'arriva une petite armée de cavaliers menée par Arthur. Ils se sont installés au pied de la colline afin d'être directement face aux Saxons. Ces derniers sont arrivés le lendemain et le combat à commencer. Cependant, bien que les cavaliers d'Arthur se battaient, certains Saxons avaient réussi à atteindre le fort et ont enfermé les villageois (y compris Maxwell) dans une grange. Les Saxons essayent de rentrer dans la grange mais ils ont compris qu'elle était barricadée. Ils ont alors mis feu puisque les villageois étaient bloqués à l'intérieur. Heureusement ils ont réussi à sortir avant que quelqu'un se blesse et Max retrouve ses amis. Peterson lui explique que pour éviter à tuer les contemporain, ils se sont battus entre eux en simulant leurs coups. Une fête est alors organisée le soir même. Arthur se rend le lendemain à la  pour rencontrer un druide et lui donner son épée en signe de protection. Max et son équipe rentre finalement.

Une fois au courant, Thirsk mena une recherche archéologique dans cette caverne et retrouva l'épée. Le problème est qu'en enlevant cette épée, une série de drames se produisit dans la région de la colline. Max et ses compagnons vont alors préparer un plan pour voler l'épée et rendre à l'endroit la protection d'Arthur. Leur plan se passe à merveille et lorsqu'ils atteignent la grotte, le druide était là. Maxwell lui donna l'épée et ils rentrèrent à St Mary. Guthrie les emmena au Dr Bairstow. Le directeur leur demanda des explications pour ce grave crime. Roberts et Sands ont déposé leur demission. Markham a perdu ses chances d'être le successeur de Guthrie à la direction de la Sécurité. Peterson a perdu son titre de chef de formation et ses chances de succéder au Dr Bairstow. Maxwell n'a plus ses titres académiques mais doit rester à St Mary pour affronter les conséquences de ses décisions. La directrice de Thirsk a été viré car elle soutenait St Mary et des employés de l'université Halcombe et Dottle surveillent que le quota de missions demandé soit atteint. Roberts était rentré à la ferme de ses parents et tout est à nouveau normal. Sands vit désormais chez Rosie Lee. Markham doit s'occuper des tâches ennuyantes de la Sécurité. Maxwell se réfugia avec le Dr Dowson dans les archives pour y travailler seule comme le lui avait demandé le directeur. Elle doit chercher à trouver de nouvelles sources de financements pour l'institut.

Un jour, Max apprend que Bashford, Sykes et Lingoss ont été arrêtés par la police. Avec le Professeur Rapson, elle partit les libérer et apprit qu'ils avaient essayé de vérifier une légende urbaine au sujet de grand-mère morte sur le toit d'une voiture. Le Dr Dowson apprend à Maxwell que Dr Bairstow, Guthrie et Farell sont à Thirsk et que l'ingrat Halcombe est aux commandes de St Mary. Il est parti avec les historiens en mission pour vérifier si Édouard Ier a montré son fils à la fenêtre d'une tour du château de Caernafon comme le futur prince de Galles. La capsule rentre en urgence mais semble en bon état. Clerk explique que Halcombe a été touché par une mendiante qu'il a pris pour une lépreuse et a demandé une extraction d'urgence en laissant Sykes, Bashford et Dottle sur place. Face à cette réaction contraire aux principes de l'institut, Maxwell s'énerva contre le fautif. Comme ni Bairstow ni Farell n'était présent, il fut unanimement convenu que Peterson devait s'occuper de la situation. Maxwell, Markham, Lingoss et Evans sont alors parti en mission de sauvetage. Pendant ce temps, Sykes, Bashford et Dottle s'étaient trouvés une auberge dans laquelle ils mangaient. Après avoir semé la zizanie en essayant de libérer le passage devant l'auberge, ils sont rentrés à la capsule sans avoir pu terminer la mission.

Après s'être disputée avec son mari Farell, Max découvrit une pile de données pour une mission. Elle proposa à Peterson et Markham de l'aider à la réaliser afin de redorer leur blason. Elle voulait réussir à attraper des joyaux perdus du roi Jean pour les cacher dans les jardins de St Mary et permettre à l'ancienne directrice de Thirsk d'être également réhabiliter. Mais alors qu'ils allaient partir avec la capsule de Farell, Dottle les aperçut et les força à la laisser se joindre à la mission car cette capsule devait rester secrète. Ils lui demandèrent de rester à la capsule et vérifier que tout se passe bien. Max, Peterson et Markham se sont cachés dans les marais salants du Wash et aperçoit un convoi de deux kilomètres de long. Les wagons peinaient à avancer et une tempête se leva soudainement. Ils se réfugièrent à la capsule tandis que tout fut emporté dans les bourrasques, perdus à jamais. Face à cet échec, Peterson propose de revenir quelque temps en arrière, au moment où le convoi était encore à Bishop's Lynn. Il faisait nuit et ils voulaient dérober quelques trésors pour les sauver. Alors qu'ils avançaient, ils entendirent d'autres personnes bien qu'un couvre-feu fut imposé. Ils comprirent que le roi Jean se préparait à commettre un énorme vol. Il allait mettre de côté les pièces du trésor ayant le plus de valeur pour les revendre plus tard. Malheureusement il est mort en emportant le secret dans sa tombe. Markham et Peterson ont pris une caisse et un paquet. Ils avaient en réalité réussi à sauver la couronne du Saint Empire héritée de l'impératrice Mathilde ainsi que l'épée de Tristan. Ils les ont alors enterrés dans la forêt autour de St Mary.

Maxwell explique au Dr Bairstow leur mission secrète en rentrant. Il est alors convenu que l'ancienne directrice de Thirsk Dr Chalfont. Elle annonce qu'elle laisse les rênes du département Histoire à Clerk et qu'elle souhaiterait participer à son dernier saut. Elle a choisi Stonehenge et elle y va avec Markham et Peterson. Ils ont observé la première journée la forme en fer à cheval du cromlech. Le lendemain ils furent pris dans une tempête de neige. Ils furent ensevelis sous la neige mais un Leon Farell du futur les a aidés. Il a dit à Maxwell en la voyant : "Content de te revoir, Max. Tu m'as manqué". Cette phrase a fait longtemps réfléchir Max. Ils ont décidé de rentrer à St Mary. Maxwell n'a pas dit à Leon qu'il lui avait dit cette phrase énigmatique.

Alors que tout le monde avait offert un cadeau à Max pour son enfant et qu'ils faisaient la fête, elle se retrouva nez à nez avec Ronan, l'ennemi de St Mary. Il la força à monter dans sa capsule. Il l'emmena dans un endroit hostile pour qu'elle y survive avec son fils. Comme il sera né à une autre époque, son enfant ne pourra pas être ramené dans le présent. Heureusement, peu après que Ronan soit parti, la Police du Temps arriva et permit à Max d'accoucher entre deux époques, pouvant garder son fils dans le présent. Le nom choisi fut Matthew Edward Farell, en référence au Dr Edward Bairstow et au capitaine de la Police du Temps Matthew Ellis.

Tandis que Leon et Maxwell étaient à l'infirmerie, Peterson arriva et entra dans le bureau de Foster. Ils se dirent alors qu'il allait demander Helen en mariage. Markham se joignit à eux et comme ils n'entendaient personne crier, ils pensèrent que tout allait bien pour Peterson. Maxwell dit alors à Markham qu'il resterait plus que lui et Hunter mais il affirma que cela faisait longtemps qu'ils étaient mariés. Il s'en alla laissant Leon et Max perplexes.

Liens externes

Roman de fantasy britannique
Roman britannique paru en 2016
2016 en fantasy

Petits Arrangements avec l'histoire