A teodemocracia é um sistema político teocrático proposto por Joseph Smith, fundador da Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias. De acordo com Smith, uma teodemocracia é uma fusão de princípios democráticos republicanos tradicionais – sob a Constituição dos Estados Unidos – juntamente com um governo teocrático.

Smith descreveu-o como um sistema sob o qual Deus e o povo detinham o poder de governar em retidão. Smith acreditava que esta seria a forma de governo que governaria o mundo na Segunda Vinda de Cristo. Esta política constituiria o "Reino de Deus" que foi predito pelo profeta Daniel no Antigo Testamento. Os princípios teodemocráticos desempenharam um papel menor na formação do Estado de Deseret no Velho Oeste americano.

O ideal político de Smith
Os primeiros santos dos últimos dias eram tipicamente democratas jacksonianos e estavam altamente envolvidos em processos políticos republicanos representativos. De acordo com o historiador Marvin S. Hill, "os santos dos últimos dias viram o turbilhão de crenças e instituições sociais concorrentes no início do século XIX como evidência de agitação social e encontraram confirmação nos tumultos e violência que caracterizaram a América jacksoniana". Smith escreveu em 1842 que os governos terrenos "fracassaram em todas as suas tentativas de promover a paz e a felicidade eternas... [Mesmo os Estados Unidos] são arrendados, do centro à circunferência, com lutas partidárias, intrigas políticas e interesses seccionais."

A crença de Smith era que apenas um governo liderado pela divindade poderia banir a destrutividade de facções ilimitadas e trazer ordem e felicidade à Terra. O apóstolo da Igreja Orson Pratt declarou em 1855 que o governo de Deus "é um governo de união". Smith acreditava que uma política teodemocrática seria o cumprimento literal da oração de Cristo no Evangelho de Mateus: "Venha o teu reino, seja feita a tua vontade, assim na terra como no céu".

Além disso, Smith ensinou que o Reino de Deus, que ele chamou de evangelho restaurado de Jesus Cristo, teria domínio nos últimos dias sobre todos os outros reinos, conforme predito no Livro de Daniel. Smith declarou em maio de 1844: "Eu calculo ser um dos instrumentos de estabelecer o reino de Daniel pela palavra do Senhor, e pretendo estabelecer um fundamento que revolucione o mundo... Não será pela espada ou pela arma de fogo que este reino avançará: o poder da verdade é tal que todas as nações estarão sob a necessidade de obedecer ao Evangelho."

Em 1859, o Presidente da Igreja Brigham Young igualou os termos "teocracia republicana" e "teocracia democrática", e expressou sua compreensão deles quando ensinou: "O reino que o Todo-Poderoso estabelecerá nos últimos dias terá seus oficiais, e esses oficiais serão a paz. Todo homem que oficia em uma capacidade pública será cheio do Espírito de Deus, com a luz de Deus, com o poder de Deus, e entenderá o certo do errado, a verdade do erro, a luz das trevas, aquilo que conduz à vida e aquilo que tende à morte... Eles vão dizer... '[O] Senhor não, nem nós o controlaremos minimamente no exercício de seu arbítrio. Colocamos os princípios da vida diante de você. Faça o que quiser, e nós o protegeremos em seus direitos...'"

O sistema teodemocrático deveria basear-se nos princípios existentes na Constituição dos Estados Unidos, e considerava sagrados a vontade do povo e os direitos individuais. De fato, os Estados Unidos e a Constituição em particular foram reverenciados por Smith e seus seguidores. No entanto, em um sistema teodemocrático, Deus deveria ser o poder supremo e daria leis ao povo que eles seriam livres para aceitar ou rejeitar, presumivelmente com base em princípios republicanos. Algo análogo a um sistema federal dentro de uma teodemocracia, a soberania residiria em conjunto com o povo e com Deus. Algumas tensões naturais ainda existem nessa estrutura, como como os humanos podem resistir às leis de um Deus onisciente ou implementá-las em graus variados, ou como os cidadãos recebem garantias em relação às declarações de princípios de que representam a sabedoria de Deus em vez de interpretações humanas., e assim por diante - mas tensões de pelo menos essa gravidade existem em todos os outros sistemas de governo. Embora Cristo seja o "Rei dos reis" e "Senhor dos senhores", Ele residirá apenas intermitentemente na Terra e o governo ficará em grande parte nas mãos de homens mortais, para governar a si mesmos de acordo com Seus ensinamentos.

Young explicou que uma teodemocracia consistiria em "muitos oficiais e filiais... como existem agora nos Estados Unidos". Sabe-se que o Conselho dos Cinquenta, que Smith organizou em Nauvoo, Illinois em 1844, deveria ser o órgão municipal central dentro de tal sistema. O Conselho foi liderado por Smith e incluiu muitos membros da liderança central da igreja. No entanto, também incluiu vários não-membros proeminentes. Foi necessário um consenso total para que o Conselho aprovasse quaisquer medidas, e cada participante foi ordenado a expressar suas opiniões sobre todas as questões apresentadas ao órgão. O debate continuaria até que o consenso pudesse ser alcançado. No entanto, se o consenso não pudesse ser alcançado, Smith iria "buscar a vontade do Senhor" e quebraria o impasse por meio da revelação divina.

No dia da organização do conselho, John Taylor, Willard Richards, William W. Phelps e Parley P. Pratt foram nomeados um comitê para "elaborar uma constituição que deveria ser perfeita, e abraçar os princípios que faltavam à constituição dos Estados Unidos". Joseph Smith e outros membros do conselho criticaram a Constituição dos Estados Unidos por não proteger a liberdade com vigor suficiente. Depois que o comitê do conselho relatou seu rascunho da constituição, Smith instruiu o conselho a "deixar a constituição em paz". Ele então ditou uma revelação: "Em verdade assim diz o Senhor: Vós sois minha constituição, e eu sou vosso Deus, e vós sois meus porta-vozes. De agora em diante, faça como eu lhe ordeno. Diz o Senhor."

Embora a teodemocracia fosse vista como uma força unificadora que minimizaria as facções, ela não deveria ser vista como um repúdio aos princípios individualistas subjacentes ao liberalismo americano. De acordo com James T. McHugh, a teologia da igreja estava "confortável... com [a] visão antropocêntrica tanto da Reforma Protestante quanto do Iluminismo liberal..." O ideal político de Smith ainda mantinha as crenças sagradas da igreja na imutabilidade da agência moral individual. Isso exigia mais importantemente a liberdade religiosa e outras liberdades básicas para todas as pessoas.

Portanto, tal governo nunca foi feito para ser imposto aos relutantes, nem para ser monorreligioso. Em vez disso, Smith acreditava que a teodemocracia seria livremente escolhida por todos, fossem ou não santos dos últimos dias. Isso seria especialmente verdadeiro quando os governos seculares tivessem dissolvido e dado lugar à anarquia e violência universal nos dias anteriores ao Milênio. De fato, Smith e seus sucessores acreditavam que na sociedade religiosamente pluralista que continuaria mesmo após o retorno de Cristo, a teodemocracia exigia a representação de não membros por não membros.

A teodemocracia é um conceito separado da comunidade ideal dos santos dos últimos dias de Sião. Sião não era em si um sistema político, mas sim uma associação de justos. A teodemocracia, por sua vez, não era uma organização religiosa, mas um sistema governamental que poderia incluir pessoas de muitas denominações religiosas e ser institucionalmente separado de A Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias. Mesmo em um governo liderado por Deus, Smith parecia apoiar a separação de funções entre igreja e estado. No entanto, enquanto os governos civis e eclesiásticos deveriam manter suas esferas de poder individuais e divididas em um sistema teodemocrático, os líderes da Igreja teriam papéis seculares importantes e até dominantes dentro da superestrutura política.

História

Smith cunhou o termo teodemocracia pela primeira vez ao concorrer à presidência dos Estados Unidos em 1844. Também está claro que esse conceito estava por trás de sua organização do secreto Conselho dos Cinquenta naquele mesmo ano. Mas é incerto se Smith acreditava que poderia ou deveria formar um governo teodemocrático funcional antes do advento da Segunda Vinda e da destruição dos sistemas políticos mundanos.

Uma vez formado, o Conselho dos Cinquenta tinha pouco poder real e era mais um símbolo de preparação para o futuro reino de Deus do que um corpo político em funcionamento. A cidade de Nauvoo, onde Smith organizou o Conselho, foi governada de acordo com uma carta corporativa recebida do estado de Illinois em 1841. A Carta de Nauvoo concedeu uma ampla medida de governo doméstico, mas o município que criou era estritamente republicano na organização. Tal arranjo pode refletir a história mórmon de perseguição, com a forma do governo de Nauvoo se desenvolvendo como um mecanismo prático de autodefesa ao invés de uma preferência teológica absoluta.

Apesar disso, críticos posteriores rotularam a cidade de "teocracia", principalmente devido à posição de muitos líderes da igreja, incluindo Joseph Smith, como funcionários eleitos da cidade. Esta foi uma acusação séria, pois na América jacksoniana, qualquer coisa que cheirasse a governo teocrático era imediatamente suspeita e considerada uma ameaça antirrepublicana ao país. Suspeitas sobre o governo mórmon em Nauvoo, combinadas com mal-entendidos sobre o papel do Conselho dos Cinquenta, resultaram em rumores hiperbólicos sobre o "reino teocrático" de Joseph Smith. Isso, por sua vez, aumentou o furor contra os santos dos últimos dias em Illinois, que acabou levando ao assassinato de Smith em junho de 1844 e à expulsão dos mórmons do estado no início de 1846.

Mesmo antes de cunhar o nome "teodemocracia", os ensinamentos de Smith sobre um reino político de Deus causaram atritos com não-mórmons mesmo antes do período de Nauvoo. Já em 1831, Smith registrou uma oração reveladora que afirmava que "as chaves do reino de Deus foram confiadas ao homem na Terra... Portanto, saia o reino de Deus, para que venha o reino dos céus..."

Em outras palavras, Smith acreditava que era necessário que os mórmons pelo menos lançassem as bases para o Reino de Deus antes que a Segunda Vinda pudesse ocorrer. Ainda não está claro o que ele sentiu que essas fundações devem implicar. Infelizmente, a falta de definições precisas às vezes confundia a questão. Por exemplo, em outra revelação de 1831, o "Reino" parece ser sinônimo de "Igreja". No entanto, muitos líderes SUD fizeram um grande esforço para distinguir entre a "Igreja de Deus", que era uma organização espiritual que incluía programas sociais e econômicos, e o "Reino de Deus", que era totalmente político e ainda não havia sido totalmente organizado.

Em um sermão de 1874, Brigham Young ensinou que o que os mórmons comumente chamavam de "Reino de Deus" na verdade implicava duas estruturas. A primeira foi A Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias, restaurada pelo Profeta Joseph Smith. O segundo era o reino político descrito por Daniel, uma política teodemocrática que um dia seria totalmente organizada e, uma vez iniciada, "protegeria cada pessoa, cada seita e todas as pessoas na face de toda a terra, em seus direitos legais". Mas, independentemente da definição, Smith certamente não acreditava que os santos algum dia estabeleceriam esse reino pela força ou rebelião.

No entanto, o próprio conceito de poder político imposto por Deus através de qualquer agência humana foi rejeitado como detestável e altamente perigoso pela sociedade contemporânea. Quando Smith foi preso em conexão com a Guerra Mórmon de 1838, ele foi questionado pelo juiz presidente sobre se ele acreditava no reino que subjugaria todos os outros, conforme descrito no Livro de Daniel. O advogado de Smith, Alexander Doniphan, anunciou que se a crença em tais ensinamentos fosse uma traição, então a Bíblia deveria ser considerada uma publicação traiçoeira.

O desenvolvimento da teodemocracia continuou junto com o desenvolvimento da comunidade de Smith. Nauvoo era governada por uma combinação de líderes da igreja SUD e não-mórmons amigáveis que haviam sido eleitos para servir em cargos civis, o que poderia marcar a cidade como uma teodemocracia embrionária. Além disso, Smith previu que os mórmons se mudariam para o oeste muito antes de seu assassinato, e ele pode ter acreditado que poderia criar uma política teodemocrática em algum lugar fora dos Estados Unidos em antecipação ao retorno de Cristo à Terra. A "última incumbência" de Smith ao Conselho dos Cinquenta antes de sua morte foi "levar... o Reino de Deus para todo o mundo".

Após a morte de Smith, a bandeira da teodemocracia foi levada por seu sucessor Brigham Young a Utah em 1847. Embora a concepção inicial de Young do Estado de Deseret fosse, sem dúvida, baseada em princípios teodemocráticos, sua aplicação prática foi severamente prejudicada depois que Utah se tornou um território em 1850, e ainda mais desgastada quando Young foi substituído como governador territorial após a Guerra de Utah de 1857-1858. Mas mesmo em um estágio inicial, o governo de Utah nunca implementou totalmente a visão teodemocrática de Smith. Como em Nauvoo, os princípios teodemocráticos foram expressos principalmente através da eleição da liderança da Igreja para cargos territoriais por meio de processos republicanos. Como antes, o Conselho dos Cinquenta permaneceu essencialmente um "governo no exílio" com pouco poder real. Em 1855, um Apóstolo SUD explicou que um "núcleo" do reino político de Deus havia sido formado, embora isso de forma alguma desafiasse sua lealdade ao governo dos Estados Unidos.

A crença mórmon em uma Segunda Vinda iminente continuou ao longo do século XIX, e sua expectativa de autodestruição violenta de governos parecia ser confirmada por eventos como a Guerra Civil Americana. Orson Pratt ensinou: "apesar de ter sido sancionado pelo Senhor... chegará o dia em que o governo dos Estados Unidos e todos os outros serão desarraigados, e os reinos deste mundo serão unidos em um, e o reino do nosso Deus governará toda a terra... se a Bíblia for verdadeira, e nós sabemos que ela é verdadeira." Assim, enquanto os mórmons proclamaram sinceramente sua lealdade aos Estados Unidos durante esse período, eles também esperavam seu colapso inevitável junto com outros governos mundanos. Isso, por sua vez, exigiria que os santos dos últimos dias trouxessem ordem ao caos resultante e "salvassem a Constituição" pela implementação de uma verdadeira teodemocracia.

Na virada do século XX, as expectativas mórmons de um Apocalipse iminente haviam se dissipado em grande parte, e a admissão de Utah à União em 1896 exigiu a remoção dos últimos vestígios de teodemocracia do governo local. O Conselho dos Cinquenta não se reunia desde a década de 1880 e foi tecnicamente extinto quando seu último membro sobrevivente, Heber J. Grant, morreu em 1945. Assim, a teodemocracia dentro da igreja SUD lentamente diminuiu em importância. Embora os mórmons ainda acreditem que o Reino de Deus mantém a definição bifurcada defendida por Brigham Young, tanto a igreja quanto o governo milenar, suas implicações políticas raramente são mencionadas. Em vez disso, o reino predito pelo profeta Daniel é comumente identificado simplesmente com A Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias. A teodemocracia tornou-se um princípio que, quando discutido, é relegado a um futuro indefinido, quando os governos seculares já entraram em colapso total nos tempos turbulentos que precederam a Segunda Vinda. Até esse momento, as injunções dentro da igreja SUD para "edificar o Reino de Deus" referem-se a assuntos puramente espirituais, como o trabalho missionário, e o ideal político de Joseph Smith tem pouco peso na teoria ou objetivos políticos SUD contemporâneos.

Ver também
 Democracia cristã
 Reconstrucionismo cristão
 Pós-milenarismo

Bibliografia

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Democracia
Teocracias
A Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias

Teodemocracia


El Departamento de Transporte de Nuevo México (en inglés: New Mexico Department of Transportation, NMDOT) es la agencia estatal gubernamental encargada en la construcción y mantenimiento de toda la infraestructura ferroviaria, carreteras estatales; así como las federales, locales e interestatales, y transporte aéreo del estado de Nuevo México. La sede de la agencia se encuentra ubicada en el Edificio Joe M. Anaya en Santa Fe, y su actual director es Alvin Dominguez. El departamento cuenta con 6 distritos.

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Agencias estatales de Nuevo México
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An Bulbine alata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Baijnath. An Bulbine alata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbine, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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La autoroute A10, o L'Aquitaine, une París hasta Burdeos (vía el Cinturón Periférico de Burdeos) vía Orléans, Tours, Poitiers y Niort. El tramo entre Saintes y Burdeos también forma parte de la route des Estuaires.

La sección norte (París / Poitiers) forma parte de la red de autopistas de peaje de Cofiroute. La parte sur entre Poitiers y  Burdeos forma parte de la red de autopistas de peaje de Autoroutes du Sud de la France.

Hay varios tramos libres de peaje:
 21 km entre A6 y N104 (al sur de París);
 8 km entre las salidas 20 y 22 a la altura de Tours;
 19 km entre la N10 y el intercambiador entre N230 y A630, al norte de Burdeos.

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Pegasus, uma constelação
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Nota: leia também Pégaso, sobre o animal alado mitológico

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Dünyanın Uzak Ucu (orijinal adı: The Far Side of the World) 2003 yılında çekilmiş Peter Weir'in yönettiği Russell Crowe'un Jack Aubrey rolünde, Paul Bettany'nin de Stephen Maturin rolünde oynadığı bir filmdir.

Mayıs 1805 Napolyon savaşları esnası, Kaptan Jack Aubrey ve gemisi Sürpriz Fransız savaş gemisi Acheronu batırması,yakması veya esir alması konusunda emir alır, İngiliz savaş gemisi Acheron tarafından pusuya düşürülür, Sürprizin top ateşi Acherona etki etmez ve sürpriz ağır hasarlı olarak, kurtulur sürpriz ekibi küçük botlar kullanarak sistende faydalanarak acheronu atlatmayı başarır, o esnada kaptan Aubrey tayfasından Acheronun inşasını gördüğünü ve gemin sürprizden daha ağır ama daha hızlı olduğunu öğrenir.
Aubrey üstü düzey subayları ile yaptığı toplantıda Acheronu anlatır ve böyle bir geminin savaşın gidişatını Napolyon tarafına değiştirebileceğini belirtir. Tamir için limana dönme emri beklenirken, Aubrey bunun yerine tekrar Acheronu takip emri verir, fakat Acheron Sürpriz tekrar pusuya düşürür Kaptan Aubrey ve ekibi için bu sefer kurtuluş ilk seferki kadar kolay olmaz, ama kaptan Aubereyin zekası ve hilesi ile Acheronu bir kez daha atlatırlar.

Gemi doktoru Maturin, adaların doğal bitki örtüsü ve adalarda yaşayan hayvanlarla ilgilenmektedir.Kaptan Aubrey arkadaşına Galapagosa ulaştıklarında birkaç gün için durabileceklerini ve onun istediği incelemeleri yapabileceğini söyler. Ancak sürpriz Galapagosa ulaştığında Acheron tarafından Batırılmış bir balina avcısı gemisinden hayatta kalanlara ulaşır Dr. Maturin Kaptan Aubreyin sözlerinden tekrar Acheronun peşine düşeceklerini hisseder
Deniz Subayı Yüzbaşı Howard geminin etrafında uçan albatrosu vurmak isterken yanlışlıkla kaptan Maturini vurur, cerrrahı muayen eden arkadaşı Kaptana mermi ile birlikte gömleğin bir paçasınında vücuda girdiğini ve çıkarılması gerektiğini söyler, fakat operasyon düz ve sağlam bir zeminde yapılmalıdır. Acheron ile arayı kapatmış olmalarına rağmen kaptan Aubrey geri dönerek doktoru  Galapagosa götürür Doktor bir ayna yardımıyla kendini ameliyat ederek kurşunu ve içerideki gömlek parçasını çıkarır, Kaptan Aubrey korsanlıktan vazgeçerek Doktor Maturin ve ekibine eve dönmeden önce adayı keşfetmek ve numuneler toplamak için şans verir. Doktor adayı dolaşarak uçamayan bir karabatak türünü araştır ve bu sırada adanın diğer tarafında Acheronun demirlemiş olduğunu keşfeder.

Doktor topladığı değerli örnekleri bırakarak geri döner ve kaptanı uyarır, Şimdi sürpriz savaşa hazırdır fakat Acheronun Sağlam gövdesi nedeniyle Sürprizin olabildiğince yaklaşarak saldırması gerekmektedir. Dr. Maturinin Gözlemlerinden biri olan kamufle olan böcek Kaptan Aubreye ilhan verir kaptan bir plan yaparak Sürprizi bir balina avcı gemisi gibi gösterir bu kamuflaj sayesinde Acheron Sürprize yaklaşacak Kaptanda beklediği fırsatı yakalayarak Acherona yaklaşarak ona saldıracaktır. Sonunda Acheronu pusuya düşürürler. İlk top atışları ile birlikte Acheronun ana direğini yıkarak hareket etmesini engellerler daha sonra gemiye borda ederek şiddetli bir göğüs göğüse çarpışmayla gemiyi ele geçirirler. Kaptan Aubrey Acheronun kaptanını ararken revire yönelir ve Geminin doktorunu bulur geminin doktoru kaptanın kılıcını Aubreye vererek ölmeden önce kaptanın ona bıraktığını söyler.

Acheron ve Sürpriz tamir edilir; Yakalanarak ele geçirilen Acheronun rotası Valparaisodur Sürprizin ki ise Galapagos bu sırada doktor Maturin gemin doktorunun olmadığından bahseder, kaptan ise geminin bir doktoru olduğunu hatta onunla tanıştığı anlatır fakat Doktor Maturin Acheronun doktorunun altı ay kadar önce hummadan öldüğünü söyleyince Acheronun kaptanın doktor gibi davranarak onları aldattığı anlaşılır bunun üzerine Kaptan Aubrey
emirleri ve rotayı  Acheronun yolunun kesilmesini ve Valparaisoya kadar onlara eşlik edilmesi olarak değiştirir, böylece Dr. Maturnin Galapagosu tekrar keşfetmesini engeller Fakat bir teselli vererek Alaycı bir konuşmayla " Nasılsa kuş uçamıyor yani hep orada" der. Mürettebat savaş istasyonlarına geçerken Ufukta Acheron arkasında onu takip eden sürpriz görülür ve film biter

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Dünyanın Uzak Ucu


Robert Mapplethorpe (4 Kasım 1946 - 9 Mart 1989), Amerikalı fotoğraf sanatçısı. 1980'lerin sonu ve 1990'ların başında Amerikan sanat camiasında tanınmıştır. Dönemin tartışmalı fotoğrafçılarından biridir. Bu dönemlerde yaşanan politik ve ekonomik sorunlar, Vietnam savaşı ve AIDS'in dünya çapındaki etkisi, Amerikalı sanatçılarını ve işlerini derinden etkilemiştir, ki Mapplethorpe da bu etkileşimi yaşayan sanatçılardan biridir. Eserlerinde cinsiyetçilik, homofobi ve ırkçılık ile savaşmaya çalışmış, bu tür yaklaşımların yanlışlığını gözler önüne sermiştir. Günümüzde dahi tartışılan sanatçının işlediği konular ve duruşu, Amerikan halkı ve entelektüel kesimi üzerinde büyük etki yaratmıştır.

Biyografi
Mapplethorpe, Katolik bir ailenin bir İngiliz-İrlanda melezi oğlu olarak, New York'ta doğmuştur. Pek çok görsel yöntemle sanatını icra ettiği Brooklyn'deki Pratt Enstitüsü'nden Güzel Sanatlar Bakeloryası almıştır. Akabinde, Polaroid makine kullanarak ilk fotoğraflarını çekmeye başlamıştır. 70'lerin ortasında geniş formatlı bir kamera almış ve sanatçılardan, müzisyenlerden, porno film yıldızlarından ve sex clubların müşterilerinden oluşan geniş bir arkadaş topluluğunu fotoğraflamaya başlamıştır. 80'ler boyunca fotoğrafları estetik ve güzellik üstüne yoğunlaşmıştır. Eski Yunan figürlerindeki gibi heybetli erkek ve kadın nülerine, çiçek fotoğraflarına ve sanatçı portrelerine ağırlık vermiştir.

İşleri
Pek çok fotoğrafını kendi stüdyosunda çekmiştir. İşlerindeki genel konu ve nesneler, çiçekler -özellikle orkideler; Andy Warhol, Deborah Harry, Richard Gere, Peter Gabriel, Grace Jones ve  Patti Smith gibi ünlü insanların portreleri ve sadist ve mazoşist  eylemlerden klasik nülere çeşitlilik gösteren homoerotizmdir. Sanatçı, teşhirci içeriği ve NEA'dan (National Endowment for the Arts) aldığı destekle halkın büyük ilgisini çeken, sanatçının da anüsünde bir kırbaçla poz verdiği bir fotoğrafı içeren, Portfolio X adlı serisiyle ünlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Afrikalı-Amerikalı, siyahi erkekleri, toplum tarafından ırkçı ve arzu uyandırıcı gibi ithamlar yaratılacak şekilde fotoğraflamıştır.

Mapplethorpe'un işleri, pek çok bağımsız sanat galerisinde düzenli olarak gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, sağcı kesimler onun sanatının ve tarzının karşısında durmuş, böylece Mapplethrope NEA'nın geleceği hakkındaki tartışmanın her iki tarafında bulunan insanlar için günahkeçisi olarak görülmüştür. 1990'da, Cincinnati'deki sergisi (içinde yedi sado-mazoşistik fotoğraf bulunan) The Perfect Moment, Cincinnati Modern Sanatlar Merkezi müdürü Dennis Barrie hakkında müstehcenliğe teşvik etme suçundan açılan, başarısız bir dava ile sonuçlanmıştır.

Hakkında bu tartışmaların yaşanması tesadüfi değildir. Mapplethorpe, kesinliği su götürmez bir ustalıkla, bir fotoğraf sanatçısı olarak eşcinsel seksüalizmini güzellikle özdeşleştirmiş ve aktivist bir tutum sergilemiştir. Mapplethorpe'un işleri pek çok açıdan postmodern bir rol oynamış ve erkek çıplaklığının seksüellikle bağlantısı, cinsiyet ve seksüelliğin toplumdaki rolü ve/veya yapısı, formun ve içeriğin geleneksel ve modern sanattaki yeri, görselliğin iletişimdeki işlevi ve müzeler, vergiler ve görsellik bağlamında, sansür hakkında akıllarda pek çok soru yaratmıştır.

Ölümü ve sonrası
Mapplethorpe'un HIV virüsüne yakalandığı öğrenildiğinde, fotoğraflarının maddi değeri oldukça artmıştır. Aralık 1988'de fotoğraflarının her biri 500.000 dolarlık bir değere sahipti.

Mapplethorpe, 1989 yılının 9 Mart sabahı, Boston, Massachusetts hastanesinde, AIDS'in ilerlemesi sonucu 42 yaşında hayata gözlerini yumdu.

2003'te, Arena Editions, Mapplethorpe'un 1971 -1973 arasında çektiği kendi siyah beyaz polaroid fotoğraflarından oluşan Autoportrait'i yayınladı. Böylece bu erken dönem işleri ilk kez geniş kitleye sunulmuş oldu.

Dış bağlantılar
 Robert Mapplethorpe'un eserleri
 İngilizce vikipedi'den National Endowment for the Arts
 Robert Mapplethorpe Hevesli hayran toplumu Örnek...

1946 doğumlular
Nassau County, New York doğumlular
1989 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı sanatçıları
20. yüzyılda Hristiyanlar
Amerikalı fotoğrafçılar
Amerikalı LGBT sanatçılar
Amerikalı Roma Katolikleri
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
İrlanda asıllı Amerikalılar
Portre fotoğrafçıları
Erotik sanatçılar
Gey sanatçılar
Patti Smith
Nü fotoğrafçılık
BDSM
Sansür
AIDS'e bağlı hastalıklardan ölenler
Massachusetts'te enfeksiyon hastalıklarından ölenler
New York'ta defnedilenler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde AIDS'e bağlı hastalıklardan ölenler

Robert Mapplethorpe


Furuset Station (Furuset stasjon) er en metrostation på Furusetbanen på T-banen i Oslo. Stationen ligger ved Furuset senter mellem Lindeberg og Ellingsrudåsen. Fra 1978 til 1981 var den endestation for banen, der fik navnet Furusetbanen. I 1981 blev banen forlænget til Ellingsrudåsen.

Eksterne henvisninger

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1978

Furuset Station


La selección de fútbol de Castilla-La Mancha es una selección de fútbol que representa a la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha (España) bajo la organización de la Federación de Fútbol de Castilla-La Mancha, siendo integrada por jugadores de dicha comunidad. La Federación castellano-manchega no es miembro ni de la FIFA ni de la UEFA, ya que está dentro de la Selección de fútbol de España, por lo que la selección no está reconocida y no puede disputar partidos ni competiciones oficiales, pero dicha selección puede competir en la Copa de las Regiones de la UEFA, competición organizada por la UEFA

Partidos y resultados

Copa de las Regiones de la UEFA

Amistosos

Categorías inferiores

Selección sub-18

Selección sub-16

Otras categorías

Selección de fútbol amateur de Castilla-La Mancha

Selección femenina de fútbol de Castilla-La Mancha

Véase también
 Anexo:Historial de partidos de las Selecciones autonómicas de España de fútbol

Fuentes
 Federación de Fútbol de Castilla-La Mancha

Castilla-La Mancha
Fútbol en Castilla-La Mancha

Selección de fútbol de Castilla-La Mancha


Pelitli, Bayburt - Bayburt ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Pelitli, Üzümlü - Erzincan ili Üzümlü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Pelitli, Pasinler - Erzurum ili Pasinler ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Pelitli, Şiran - Gümüşhane ili Şiran ilçesine bağlı köy
 Pelitli, Gebze - Kocaeli ili Gebze ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Pelitli, Battalgazi - Malatya ili Battalgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Pelitli, Midyat - Mardin ili Midyat ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Pelitli, Altınordu - Ordu ili Altınordu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Pelitli, Devrek - Zonguldak ili Devrek ilçesine bağlı köy

Pelitli


Mory Dounoh, né le  à Labé en Guinée, est un juriste et homme politique guinéen.

Il est conseiller depuis le  au sein du Conseil national de la transition dirigé par Dansa Kourouma.

Biographie

Parcours professionnel
Mory Dounoh est depuis 2021 président du conseil d'administration du centre guinéen de promotion et de protection des droits de l'Homme (CPDH), en 2018  conseiller juridique de l'institution nationale indépendante des droits d l'Homme (INIDH) et de 2015 à 2018 conseiller technique à institution nationale indépendante des droits de l'Homme.

Conseil national de la transition
Le , Mory Dounoh est nommé par décret membre du Conseil national de la transition en tant que représentant des organisations de défense des droits de l'Homme.

Notes et références

Articles connexes

 Conseil national de la transition (Guinée, 2021)

Naissance à Labé
Naissance en août 1985
Étudiant de l'université Général Lansana Conté
Membre du Conseil national de transition guinéen de 2021

Mory Dounoh


Vyškovce nad Ipľom este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 673 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Vyškovce nad Ipľom este atestată documentar din 1256.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vyškovce nad Ipľom


Paropsia braunii je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae, roda Paropsia. Prihvaćeno je ime

Sinonim je Paropsia schliebeniana Sleumer.

Raste u istočnoj Tanzaniji (okrug Lindi, Ruaha-Mtua, Lindi Rural, Mtwara, Pwani, Mtwara Rural, Newala, Kisarawe, Rufiji), Mozambiku (Camo Delgado, Inhambane) i Južnoj Africi (Limpopo), a primjerci su pokupljeni od 40 metara nadmorske visine do 600 metara nadmorske visine.
Svrstana u IUCN-ov popis ugroženih vrsta i status ugroženosti je "blizu ugroženosti".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Paropsia na Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , SAD-ov odjel za poljodjelstvo, služba za poljodjelska istraživanja.

Paropsia

Paropsia braunii


Eusterio Buey Alario (Magaz de Pisuerga, 19 de octubre de 1889-Palencia, 21 de septiembre de 1965) fue un novelista y poeta español.

Biografía
Nació el 19 de octubre de 1889 en Magaz de Pisuerga. Sirvió en la administración local como escribiente de 1900 a 1908. Formó parte en la Diputación Provincial de 1909 a 1949. Fue secretario independiente de la Cámara Oficial de la Propiedad Urbana. Auxiliar en la Institución Tello Téllez de Meneses a partir de su fundación, en 1949. Fue vocal de la Agrupación de Estudios e Iniciativas. Murió en la ciudad de Palencia el 21 de septiembre de 1965.

Obra
Empezó a escribir versos desde los catorce años de edad. Colaboró en el Diario Palentino y el Semanario Arte. Su primer libro de poemas fue Cuesta arriba de tema campirano, editado en la imprenta provincial de la Excma. Diputación. Su segundo libro, de misma temática, sería Pámpanos y margaritas. En 1940 algunos de sus poemas aparecen en la antología Musa Redimida («Poesías de los presos de la Nueva España») publicada por Editorial Redención y con motivo de inaugurarse el Pabellón de las Once Provincias Castellano-Leonesas en la Exposición Ibero-americana de Sevilla edita un folleto titulado Por Castilla y por León. Publica la novela Égloga, unos cuentos suyos aparecen en la antología Los Noveles («La novela de un novel» y «El último vuelo del alcotán»). Incursionó en el teatro con La flor de la sierra y El alma de una raza. En las antiguas colecciones de Blanco y Negro, en su doble página poética, usó el seudónimo «Aurelio Bay». Su "Canto a la Enseña Española" apareció publicado en el quinta edición del "Tesoro de la Juventud" editado por Bruño.

La Institución Tello Téllez de Meneses recopiló su obra poética en el volumen póstumo Desde mi remanso (1969).

Referencias

Bibliografía

Poetas de España del siglo XX
Poetas de la provincia de Palencia
Novelistas de la provincia de Palencia
Novelistas de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en la provincia de Palencia
Fallecidos en Palencia

Eusterio Buey Alario


The River Rother, a waterway in the northern midlands of England, gives its name to the town of Rotherham and to the Rother Valley parliamentary constituency. It rises in Pilsley in Derbyshire and flows in a generally northwards direction through the centre of Chesterfield, where it feeds the Chesterfield Canal, and on through the Rother Valley Country Park and several districts of Sheffield before joining the River Don at Rotherham in Yorkshire. Historically, it powered mills, mainly corn or flour mills, but most had ceased to operate by the early 20th century, and few of the mill buildings survive.

From the 1880s, the water quality deteriorated rapidly, as a result of coal mining and its associated communities. The river became unable to sustain life, and by 1974, was the most polluted of the rivers within the River Don catchment. The pollutants came from coking plants, from inefficient sewage treatment plants, and from the manufacture of chemicals. Major investment in upgrading the sewage treatment works took place, and in the treatment of industrial effluent before it was discharged to the river. The closure of the main coking plants has also aided the recovery of the river, and enabled restocking with fish to begin in 1994. By 1996, there was evidence for self-sustaining fish populations, and that the river could support organised angling.

A short section of the river in Chesterfield was once navigable, and may become so again as part of a development project, while there are plans to use the course from Rother Valley Country Park to Rotherham for the Rother Link, which would connect the Chesterfield Canal to the River Don Navigation. The lower river is managed because of flood risk: three regulators can restrict its flow. Their operation normally causes flooding of washlands, rather than of centres of population, which might otherwise be inundated.

Etymology

The second element of the name 'Rother' is the Common Brittonic -duβr, meaning 'water' (Welsh dwfr). The first element could be rö-, an intensive Brittonic prefix meaning 'great', or rūδ, 'red, reddish-brown'.

Course
The source of the river is at Pilsley near Clay Cross in Derbyshire, from where it flows to the west for a short distance, before turning to the north. The valley is shared with the Derby to Rotherham Railway, which makes the first two of a total of 20 crossings before the river reaches the eastern edges of Danesmoor. It is joined by another stream before passing to the west of North Wingfield, after which the Red Lead Mill Brook joins from the west. Before reaching Chesterfield, Birdholme Brook joins it from the west at Birdholme, Calow Brook joins from the east at Hady, and the River Hipper joins it on the southern edge of the town.

Within Chesterfield, the river was navigable, as the Chesterfield Canal joined the river and used it to access basins on the western bank. The first basin was connected to the river near Wharf Lane footbridge, but the coming of the railway severed the link, and a new basin was constructed to the north of the Brimington Road bridge in 1890. The canal company were not authorised by their Act of Parliament to use the river, but did so despite that. This stretch of the river forms part of a £300 million redevelopment project called Chesterfield Waterside, which will provide housing and amenities in an area which is currently derelict land. The project involves the creation of a short length of new canal to create an island in the centre of the site. A new basin has been constructed near the site of the 1890 basin, although it has not yet been connected to the river. Outline planning permission for the whole site was granted on 15 March 2010.

Below Chesterfield
Between Chesterfield and Tapton, the river flows over a large weir while the canal is protected from flooding by a flood gate. The two waterways remain close as they flow northwards between New Whittington and Brimington, where the River Drone joins from the west. At Old Whittington both turn to the east, before turning north again at Staveley. Just before Renishaw, the river passes Slittingmill Farm, once the site of a slitting mill constructed by George Sitwell in the 1650s, used to split iron bars from his furnaces into thin strips for the production of nails, and the first to be constructed in the East Midlands. After the River Doe Lea joins the Rother from the east, the river is crossed by a grade II listed two-arched bridge built around 1840 by the North Midland Railway, which carries a minor road to the golf course.

It continues to the east of Eckington and the west of Killamarsh, to arrive at the Rother Valley Country Park, where the course is largely man-made, as the park is part of a flood-defence scheme. The river was diverted to run close to the railway to the west while 1.7 million tonnes of coal from the reserves under the park were removed by open cast mining between 1976 and 1981. The channel was then rebuilt once mining had ceased and the pit had been filled in. The visitor centre uses a part of Bedgreave Mill, which was originally constructed around 1100, and is one of the first mills known to have been built on the River Don and its tributaries.

To the north of the site, the river powered Beighton Mill, which produced flour. The tail race, known as Beighton Mill Tail Goit, forms a separate channel to the east of the main channel for around . Brookhouse Colliery, which was operational between 1929 and 1985, was located on the east bank of the tail goit, and the Pigeon Bridge Brook weaved it way through the site, passing under the railway tracks to join the tail goit. As the site developed, sections of it were culverted, and after the pit closed, the site became the Pit House West Opencast Site between 1989 and 1994. 300,000 tonnes of coal were obtained by reworking the spoil heaps from Brookhouse Colliery, and a further 1.2 million tonnes were obtained by opencast mining of the nine seams below the surface. Once extraction was completed, another year was spent landscaping the site. This included opening up the Pigeon Bridge Brook, constructing a series of ponds along its course to create a wetland habitat for wildlife, and re-routing the final section of the brook so that it joins the Rother further upstream, opposite the main lake of the Rother Valley Country Park. A significant proportion of the colliery site has been planted with trees, as part of the South Yorkshire Community Forest.

Beighton Mill Tail Goit is sufficiently large that it was designated as a main river by the Environment Agency. In 2015, they proposed that it should no longer be designated as such, although the main channel of the Rother would remain a main river. The move would transfer the responsibility for the tail goit from the Environment Agency to Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council, who would then include it in their flood risk management plans. Continuing northwards, the river passes through the Sheffield districts of Beighton and Woodhouse, followed by the Rotherham districts of Catcliffe and Treeton, flowing on to its confluence with the River Don at Ickles, Rotherham.

Some sections of the river were highly polluted, so much so that when the Rother Valley Country Park was being created around the section north of Killamarsh and east of Beighton, cleaner water was brought in from The Moss to feed the park's lakes. The recent closures of industry and the work of the Environment Agency has improved the quality of the river Rother. The watercourse now holds a good head of coarse fish, and angling clubs are springing up along its length.

The planned Rother Link canal will use part of the river to connect the Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation to the Chesterfield Canal.

Milling
Historically, the river has been used to power a number of mills, although little remains at most of the sites. The furthest upstream was Whitebank Mill, to the south-west of Spital. It was a corn mill in 1881, but the site was marked as Whitebank Yard by 1898. Spital Mills was a little further north, below the confluence with the Spital Brook and above the River Hipper. In the late 19th century, it was a tobacco mill, and was later known as Mason's Cigarette Works, but by 1918 cabinets were being manufactured there. The three-storey mill building has survived, and is now used by Spital Tile Company. To the east of Chesterfield railway station, there were two weirs and a second channel with sluices at both ends, but no sign of a mill building by 1881. Wheeldon Mill was located to the east of Whittington Moor, and was a flour mill in 1885. However, by 1898, the Great Central Railway's Chesterfield Loop line to Chesterfield Central railway station had been built through the site, and the main channel of the river had been moved to the west of the railway, to save the need for two bridges. Its name is retained in Wheeldonmill Lock on the Chesterfield Canal.

To the west of Staveley was Staveley Mill. It was a flour mill in 1885 and a corn mill in 1898. It was still in use in 1919, but by 1938, the river had been diverted along the course of the mill leat, and the main channel closed, to accommodate the ever-increasing railway sidings associated with Staveley Works. George Sitwell's slitting mill was located on the road from Eckington to Staveley, and was operational from around the 1620s. A weir fed water into the goit, a long channel which ran to the west of the main river to power the mill, while the main channel eventually ran to the east of the Midland Railway's North Midland Branch. The tail race from the mill continued northwards to the west of the railway, passing under the railway tracks serving Renishaw Park Collieries, rejoining the main river after it crossed back under the railway. Much of the tail goit, downstream of Slittingmill Farm, still holds water. Renishaw Mill was a flour mill, situated between the former Eckington railway station and the junction of the Smithy Brook with the Rother. A mill was recorded here in 1650, when there were two grist mills under a single roof. The weir and the head race had been removed by 1898.

Chapel Wheel was to the east of the river near Eckington, and was probably fed by Park Brook. However, a map of 1814 appears to show that the mill pond was filled with water taken from the Chesterfield Canal. Its name would suggest that it was used for grinding metal, but by 1898, the channel from the canal had been removed, as had the buildings below the dam. The outflow from Chapelwheel Dam flowed under the railway line to reach the right bank of the Rother. To the west of Netherthorpe, there was a corn mill in the 18th century. The Lord of the Manor for Killamarsh, Sacheverell Pole, sold it to William Cooper of Sheffield in 1795, and Cooper worked with an ironfounder called John Harrison to create an ironworks. They sold it to Joseph Butler in 1800, who built a forge and rolling mill on the site. Butler produced chains, spades and shovels. It was sold again in 1829 to Sir George Sitwell, who then leased it to Joseph Webster. At that time it included several crucible melting furnaces, a cementation furnace and tilt hammers which were water-powered. Webster improved the facilities, to enable him to produce high quality steel wire, used to make cables, hawsers and rigging for ships. In 1831 Webster obtained steam engines to power his rolling mills, and the forge was in operation until 1887. After that, wire continued to be made, and probably metal pipes were added to the output of the works. The original buildings have since been demolished, and modern buildings erected.

Bedgreave Mill was a corn mill and is now part of the visitor centre at Rother Valley Country Park. Two buildings survive, the first dating from the 16th or 17th century. A mill was recorded at Bedgreave, or Betgreave on early maps, in 1631, but the present building is enigmatic. It appears to date from the post-medieval period, but in concept is a medieval single-celled mill. The millstones were arranged on a platform at one end of the building, and the water wheel was below them. Very few mills with this arrangement survive. The second building dates from the mid to late 18th century. A new mill pond was mentioned in 1768, and this may have been the time at which the mill was constructed. It was a water-powered corn mill, but was converted to a steam-powered mill in 1886, after water from the mill leat was found to be leaking into nearby mines. The engine was housed in a single storey engine house. It remained in commercial operation producing animal fodder until 1947. It was restored in 1982 as part of the visitor centre, and retains much of its milling equipment, which can be seen by visitors to the park.

Beighton Mill was located to the north of Rother Valley Country Park. A second channel meanders northwards to the east of the main river, which is called Beighton Mill Tail Goit, although it is not obvious that water would have discharged into it after powering the mill. It was a corn mill in 1877 and 1898, by which time there was a large paper mill immediately to the north of it, served by its own railway siding. The paper mill was built in the 1880s, and was operational until 1926, but the corn mill building had been demolished by 1905. Woodhouse Mill Forge was a corn mill in the 17th and 18th centuries, but subsequently became a forge, producing spades until at least 1956. It was still identified on the 1975 map, but by that time the river had been diverted further to the west. Treeton Mill was a corn mill to the east of the river. A large weir fed water into a long mill pond, and the mill buildings were close to Mill Lane. Mill Goit carried the used water away, and rejoined the river on the southern edge of Catcliffe. The mill was disused in 1905, and only a row of mill cottages were identified in 1923. The main river channel had been moved eastwards and straightened by 1957, to accommodate railway sidings associated with Orgreave Colliery.

Canklow Corn Mill was fed by a long channel called Canklow Goit, diverging from the river close to where it is now crossed by the M1 motorway. The mill pond was also fed by the water from Ulley Brook and Whiston Brook. The mill was marked as disused in 1892, but not so in 1903. By 1923, the river channels had been altered, the mill building was gone, and parts of Canklow Goit had been filled in. The final mill on the river was Town Mill in Rotherham, located next to the Rotherham Old Brewery. It was a corn mill in 1893. It was a roller mill, originally water powered, but later powered by electricity. It was bought by Hovis in the 1950s but was destroyed by fire in 1963. It was rebuilt, continuing to operate until 2008, after which it was demolished.

Flood defences

The River Rother is managed by the Environment Agency to mitigate flooding in the Catcliffe and Rotherham areas, through a series of regulators and washlands. The regulators are used to hold back the flow of the river, and the washlands consist of low-lying land adjacent to the river which flood when the flows are held back. This allows flood flows on the River Don to pass through Rotherham before the water from the Rother does so. There are three regulators, at Canklow, Woodhouse Mill and Meadowgate.

Prior to 1958, flooding was a persistent problem near the lower reaches of the river, with Beighton, Catcliffe, Treeton and Woodhouse Mill particularly at risk. When the River Rother Improvement Scheme was first proposed in September 1958, analysis of flood flows revealed that peak flows on the Rother generally reached the River Don at Rotherham after the peak flow on that river had already passed. Enlarging the channel of the Rother would have resulted in the peak flows reaching the Don earlier, effectively moving the problem of flooding downstream to Rotherham. The scheme therefore recognised the need to create and manage washlands to hold back the excess flow under these conditions.

Regulators
The first regulator to be installed was at Woodhouse Mill. It is a vertical sluice gate, and is situated at the downstream end of the Woodhouse Mill washlands nature reserve. A railway embankment crosses the nature reserve, and flood arches allow the water to flood both sides of the tracks. There are no floodbanks between the river and the reserve, which results in it flooding soon after the gate is closed. The mechanism here was manufactured by Ransomes and Rapier in 1956, and the regulator was commissioned in 1959. The Canklow regulator, situated close to the A630 link road from junction 33 on the M1 motorway, is also a vertical sluice gate, which when closed causes progressive flooding of seven washland areas on both sides of the M1, capable of holding  of flood water. It was installed in 1969 as part of a major road-building project, which saw the M1 motorway and the A630 road built across the washlands.

The third regulator is at Meadowgate, within the boundaries of the Rother Valley Country Park. This provides an additional  of storage capacity. and its operation results in progressive flooding of the Meadowgate Lake, the Nethermoor Lake and the main lakes. Levels within the park were carefully designed to allow it to flood in this way, and there are a number of sluices and flap gates so that stored water can be released back to the river in a controlled fashion. The regulator is of a different design to the other two, as the gate is located on the bed of the river, and rotates upwards as required.

Floods
The Meadowgate regulator was operated in 2000, resulting in the Meadowgate and Nethermoor lake flooding, but water levels remained around  below the level at which the main lakes would flood.

The severe floods of 2007 were the result of some 80 million cubic metres of rainfall falling on South Yorkshire on 25 June 2007. The level of the River Rother at Rotherham reached the highest level ever recorded, at , and the regulators were staffed 24 hours a day in order to manage the water. However, there was a power failure at Canklow regulator, and the site had to be evacuated due to the threat posed by the possible breaching of the dam at Ulley Reservoir. The Meadowgate regulator was closed, and resulted in all four of the Rother Valley Country Park lakes flooding within the next 12 hours. Most of the car park and the watersports centre was also flooded, but water levels dropped over the next three days and little damage was caused. Assessment following those floods led the Environment Agency to conclude that the regulators were expensive to maintain, and that they should be removed once some of the flood banks had been remodelled to ensure that the washlands fill and empty at the correct levels in a flood cycle.

Water quality
Laman Blanchard, writing in 1836, described the Rother as "a beauteous stream", and noted that chub, roach and perch were caught by fishermen who fished from its banks. It was also one of the main sources of salmon for the River Don system. The river did not suffer from the worst effects of the industrial revolution until the 1880s, when the development of coal mining on several of its tributaries resulting in a rapid deterioration in water quality. The industry itself discharged minewater to the river, containing large volumes of solids, which were deposited on the river bed, smothering the vegetation. The villages which grew up around the mines often had little or no sewage treatment facilities, and hence sewage found its way into the river. The River Doe Lea, the River Drone and the Pools Brook became lifeless sewers, as did the Rother. Derbyshire County Council obtained a ruling from the Chesterfield County Court in 1905, which required local authorities to stop polluting the river, and gave them three years to construct sewage treatment works. However, the growth in population outstripped the efforts to resolve these issues, and the river continued to deteriorate. One or two of its tributaries were not polluted, and the River Hipper retained stocks of brown trout and grayling.

In 1974, the river was the most heavily polluted of the rivers in the River Don catchment. For most of its course, it was rated "Grade F" on the Environment Agency's scale of river quality. This scale ranges from "Grade A", which indicates that the water quality is very good and the river is unpolluted, to "Grade F", which indicates that the water quality is bad, and there is little or no life to be found in the water. The main sources of pollution were from coking plants, where coal was carbonised, from discharges from inefficient sewage treatment plants, and from the manufacture of chemicals.

Industrial pollution
The catchment area of the river is industrial and urban, and was the location for 48 sewage treatment works, the discharges from which fed into the river. Of these, eleven were deemed to be unsatisfactory in 1974, and a programme of rationalisation and improvement had reduced the number of works to 29 by 1996. Those closed included all of the unsatisfactory ones. Many of the remaining works are small, but the three major ones are located at Old Whittington, Staveley and Woodhouse Mill. Major upgrading of the Old Whittington sewage treatment works was carried out in the late 1980s and again in 1993, and has included the addition of a nitrification plant to remove ammonia from the effluent. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in water quality since 1993. Staveley works was built in 1993, and also includes a nitrification plant, while Woodhouse Mill works was commissioned in 1979, and replaced a number of poorly-performing smaller works to the south-east of Sheffield.

The river was also affected by discharges from the Staveley Chemicals and the Coalite sites. Staveley Chemicals were producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysing brine, and the water discharged from the site contained significant quantities of mercury and ammonia. Mercury, in particular, is highly toxic to fish even in small concentrations, and in 1987, the works was discharging around  per year into the river. The works, which was taken over by Rhône-Poulenc Chemicals, was fitted with a mercury recovery plant, and now virtually no mercury is discharged. The Coalite site was manufacturing chemicals from the liquors produced as a by-product of the adjacent coking plant, and was discharging chlorinated compounds into the river. These were treated as part of a scheme to improve the discharges from the coking plant.

Regeneration
Water quality was also affected by four coking plants, at Orgreave, Brookhouse, Avenue and the Coalite plant at Shuttlewood, near Bolsover. Discharges from them significantly increased the ammonia content and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the river. Orgreave was discharging effluent with 146 mg/L of ammonia in 1985, which needed to be around 70% lower to improve the river quality to Grade D, but the plant closed in 1991, and water quality has improved dramatically since then. Discharges from Avenue coking plant were diverted into a foul sewer in 1986, to enable them to be treated at Old Whittington treatment works. The plant closed in 1992, but problems continued with phenolic oils leaching from the original storage lagoons into the river for several years after closure. Discharges from the Coalite plant reached the river through its tributary, the River Doe Lea. Again, there were significant improvements to the treatment of effluent in 1984, 1989 and 1996. Brookhouse was the smallest of the four works, but closed in the early 1980s before remedial works were implemented. The coking plants were the worst polluters of the river, and their closure resulted in water quality being significantly improved.

A biological survey was carried out in 1993, near Rother Valley Country Park, and only seven types of invertebrates were found, all of which were highly tolerant to pollution. It was recognised that the straight engineered channel where the river had been re-instated after coal mining was not well suited to the support of life, and so a stone weir was constructed, to help with natural aeration of the water, and to increase the flow velocity so that the gravel below the weir was scoured clean. A bay was constructed above the weir, where fish could escape when the river was affected by flooding or pollution incidents. A trial release of fish, funded by contributions from Rhone Poulenc, Coalite Chemicals and Yorkshire Water, was made in April 1994. Half of the total of 2,500 chub and 2,500 roach were released near the new weir, and the other half at Hall Road in Staveley. It soon became clear from anglers that the fish were spreading along the river, and a further 40,000 fish were released that winter. Another survey in September 1995 revealed good growth rates in the fish, and barbel were thriving. Brown trout, thought to have come from the River Hipper or the Barlow Brook, were also found in the Rother, and since these are much less tolerant to organic pollution and low oxygen levels, were a clear indicator that conditions were improving. The following year, chub and dace were released at Old Whittington, and clear evidence that the fish were breeding in the river was found. The river had become a self-sustaining fishery again, and organised angling began for the first time in over 100 years.

Assessment
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.

The water quality of the Rother was as follows in 2019.

The section from source to Redleadmill Brook has been rated poor since 2009. The lower Rother, from the Doe Lea to the Don was rated fail for chemical status in 2013, but then improved.  Like many rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and mercury compounds, none of which had previously been included in the assessment.

Points of interest

References

Bibliography

 (This is available online at The Don Catchment Rivers Trust. Page numbers refer to the PDF file).

External links

Rivers of Derbyshire
Rivers of Rotherham
Rivers of Sheffield
1Rother

River Rother, South Yorkshire


The Ford Duratorq engine, commonly referred to as Duratorq, is the marketing name of a range of Ford diesel engines first introduced in 2000 for the Ford Mondeo range of cars. The larger capacity 5-cylinder units use the Power Stroke branding when installed in North American-market vehicles.

The first design, codenamed "Puma" during its development, replaced the older Endura-D unit which had been around since 1984. Commercial versions of the Puma unit replaced Ford's older "2.5Di" type unit used in the Transit, and many other manufacturers' vehicles - most notably the London Taxi and in the Land Rover Defender.

Other unrelated units in this range have been developed by Ford and PSA. The TDCi Duratorq engines are available in vehicles from Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, Volvo and Mazda.

A new EcoBlue diesel engine range, originally codenamed "Panther" and planned to be available in 2.0- and 1.5-litre variants, will progressively replace the Duratorq engines from 2016.

Engine reference

DLD

The inline-four engines are sold under the Duratorq TDCi name by Ford, and as the HDi by Citroën and Peugeot. These are part of the DLD family. Mazda also uses the DLD engine in the Mazda2 and the Mazda3, calling it the MZ-CD or CiTD. The Ford/PSA joint-venture for the production of the DLD was announced in September, 1998.

Officially, there are two families of engines in the range:
 The 1.4L is generally non-intercooled
 The 1.5L derived from the 1.6L
 The 1.6 L always intercooled

Ford later added their unrelated 1.8 L DLD-418 engine to the DLD family, though it is properly part of the Ford Endura engine family.

1.4 "Tiger"
The Duratorq DLD-414 (or DV4) is a  inline-four Turbo–Diesel. Output is  at 4500 rpm and  at 2000 rpm. This engine was developed in Trémery by Peugeot, as described in the joint-venture agreement with Ford. This engine is built in France, UK and India.

The DV4 is available in two versions:
 One, an 8-valve design, uses a BorgWarner KP35 turbocharger, but no intercooler. This is the same turbocharger as the Renault K9K Diesel. It is Euro III compliant, but received a diesel particulate filter in 2006 to make it Euro IV compliant.
 A second version uses a DOHC 16-valve design, with an intercooled variable-geometry turbocharger. This derivation will no longer be built from 2006, as it will not be able to comply with the Euro IV regulations. It also uses Delphi Automotive's DCR1400 common-rail injection system.

1.5
In 2012, Ford added the 1.5-litre, closely derived from the 1.6-litre engine. Bore was reduced from 75 to 73.5 mm while the stroke remained unchanged 88.3 mm.

1.6 "Tiger"
The DLD-416 (or DV6) is a   version also used by Ford, Mazda, Volvo, Mini, Peugeot and Citroën. This particular engine was designed by Peugeot engineers on behalf of PSA and Ford.

1.8 "Lynx"
The Duratorq DLD-418 is a  intercooled common rail diesel engine. It is completely unrelated to the 1.4/1.6 units, and is a development of Ford's 1.8 8v Endura-D engine that saw service through the 1980s and 1990s. However, Ford considers it part of the DLD family, as evidenced by the official "DLD" name.

The Endura-D was heavily revised and updated with a variable-vane turbocharger and a Delphi high-pressure common rail injection system and relaunched in 2001 as the 'DuraTorq TDCi', with the original engine being rebadged 'DuraTorq TDDi'.

This engine, possibly known within Ford as "Kent Diesel", is the last evolution of the 997 cc petrol engine introduced in the 105E Anglia in 1959.

ZSD ("Puma")

Codenamed Puma during development, these Ford 2.0 L, 2.2 L, and 2.4 L engines are called ZSD. They are produced at the company's Dagenham plant in east London.

Note: the 2.5 and 3.0L "W" engines in above table are NOT Puma engines. They are Mazda designed commercial Diesel engines with no commonality to Puma. The "W" engine family is used in the Asia Pacific Ranger and Everest models currently running out.

2.0

Released in 2000, to coincide with the launch of the Mk3 Ford Mondeo, the Duratorq  ZSD-420 was initially available as a  direct injection turbodiesel. Producing  and  it was a vast improvement over the 1.8 Endura-D powering the Mk2 Mondeo. It featured a 16-valve cylinder head with twin chain driven camshafts and utilised a variable-geometry turbocharger with overboost function.

In late 2001 the engine was fitted with Delphi common rail fuel injection and called the Duratorq TDCi (Turbo Diesel Commonrail injection), with the original unit being renamed the Duratorq TDDi (Turbo Diesel Direct injection). Although generally identical to the original engine, the addition of the common rail system meant power was increased to , with torque rising to . In 2002 the Duratorq TDDi was replaced by a detuned version of the Duratorq TDCi. Producing  and , this unit used a fixed geometry turbocharger in place of the variable geometry unit used in the TDDi and  TDCi.

With 2005 came another detuned version of the TDCi for the Mondeo. Producing  and , this engine was substantially cheaper than other versions and was mainly targeted at fleet buyers.

Applications:
Ford Transit 2.0 TDDi & TDCi 75, 85, 100 PS(TDDi) 125 (TDCi) (/) (/) (/) (/)
 2000–2002 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TD & TDDi,  and
 2001–2007 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi 130,  and
 2002–2007 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi 115,  and
 2005–2007 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi 90,  and
 2003–2009 Jaguar X-Type 2.0d,  and    DSWDD

2.2

In 2004, Ford introduced the Duratorq ZSD-422, a  turbodiesel for top-of-the-range versions of the Mondeo and Jaguar X-Type which produced . This is unrelated to the PSA DW12 2.2 unit used in Peugeot and Citroën applications.

Applications:
 Ford Transit
 2004–2007 Ford Mondeo 2.2 TDCi 155,  and
 2004–2009 Jaguar X-Type
 2011–2016 Land Rover Defender
 2011–2021 Ford Ranger T6 & Mazda BT-50 2.2 TDCi / MZ-CD 2.2  &
2012– 2016 Ford Transit Custom
 2015–2021 Ford Everest 2.2 TDCi
2007-2016 Peugeot Boxer/Citroën Relay

2.4
The  Duratorq ZSD-424 is a turbocharged and intercooled Diesel. Output is  to  and  to .

Applications:
 Ford Transit
 2002-2006 LDV Convoy
 2002 London Taxi TXII
 2007-2011 Land Rover Defender

2.5 (Mazda WLC)
Introduced for the Thailand-built 2007 Ford Ranger (J97U) is a 2.5 L diesel engine. This truck is a clone of the Mazda B-Series and thus the engine is a Mazda engine. It has a bore and a stroke of . The engine has no commonality to Ford's "Puma" engine or VM Motori. It is a development of the IDI Mazda 2.2L normally aspirated, later 2.5L NA and Turbo and later 2.9L NA, with Bosch common-rail direct injection and a variable geometry turbocharger. The WLC engine code is a Mazda engine code, not being changed for use in the Mazda B-Series clone Ford Ranger. It produces  @ 3500 rpm and  @ 1800 rpm.

3.0 (Mazda WEC)
A 3.0L Mazda W-engine similar to the 2.5 is also used in the 2007 Ranger as the top of the range. Displacement is increased with a wider bore of  and longer stroke of . It produces  @ 3200 rpm and  @ 1800 rpm.

The W-engine family remains a Mazda engine and has no commonality to "Puma"

3.2
The 3.2 is an inline, 5-cylinder engine used in the Ford Transit, the Ford Ranger (2012–2022), Ford Everest (2015–2022), Mazda BT-50, Troller T4 and the Vivarail D-Train. For the North American-spec Transit, the 3.2L Duratorq is modified to meet American and Canadian emissions standards and is branded as a Power Stroke engine. The 3.2 Power Stroke is rated at  and , and the DuratorqTDCi, available in Asia and Europe, has a power rating of  at 3,000 rpm and a torque rating at  between 1,750 and 2,500 rpm.

2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)

Continuing the Ford/PSA diesel engine joint-venture, these straight-four engines are sold under the Duratorq TDCi name by Ford, and as the HDi by Citroën and Peugeot. A development of the existing DW10/DW12 engine, the new engines have a traditional belt-driven system, moving away from the chain-driven camshafts of the previous generation (Puma) TDCi engines. Both engines utilise common rail diesel technology and are the result of the fourth phase of the cooperation between PSA and Ford (initiated in 1998).

Both engines utilise all-new, third-generation common rail injection systems. The 2.0 engines utilising a system from Siemens and the 2.2 a system from Bosch. In both systems the injection pressure has been increased to . This higher injection pressure, associated with new piezo-electric injectors in which each nozzle is equipped with seven apertures (instead of five previously), allows the number of injections to be multiplied (potentially up to six per cycle) and ensures meticulous uniformity of the diesel injection spray pattern. As a result of this optimised air/diesel mix, combustion is more complete and more uniform, and therefore reduces emissions at source.

2.0 (PSA DW10 Based)

Based on the PSA DW10 engine and with a capacity of , this engine was developed by Peugeot engineers in France on behalf of both PSA and Ford Motor Company. Production is currently taking place in France and Skövde in Sweden. The engine was released to Ford models in 2005 Ford Focus, and followed in the 2007 Mk IV Mondeo. It features a 16-valve cylinder head with twin belt driven camshafts (exhaust camshaft connected to cambelt with inlet camshaft indirectly linked via a timing chain) and utilises a variable geometry turbocharger with overboost function. An intercooler is always present, as opposed to some applications of its predecessor.

In the 2005 Focus, engine power output is ; and in the 2007 Mondeo it is offered with  or , mated to a manual or 6-speed Aisin TF81 automatic gearbox. In early 2010 this 2.0 unit was updated, as well as the existing  version, a new  with  of torque was added to the range.

Applications:
 2003–present Ford Focus C-Max 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2005–present Ford Focus 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2006–present Ford S-Max 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2006–present Ford S-Max 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2006–present Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2006–present Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2015–present Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2007–2014 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2007–2010 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2008–present Ford Kuga 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2008–2013 Ford Kuga 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2010–2014 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2014–2018 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2014–2018 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi,  and
 2015–2018 Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi,  and

Other Applications:
 2004–2007 Peugeot 307 2.0 HDi,  and
 2005–2010 Peugeot 407 2.0 HDi,  and
 2005–2011 Peugeot 607 2.0 HDi,  and
 2006–2014 Peugeot 807 2.0 HDi,  and
 2008–2013 Peugeot 308 2.0 HDi,  and
 2011–present Peugeot 508 2.0 HDi,  and
 2004–2010 Volvo C30/C70/S40/V50 2.0 D,  and  (called D4204T)
 2007–2010 Volvo S80/V70 2.0 D,  and  (called D4204T)

2.2 (PSA DW12 Based)

Based on the PSA DW12 engine and with a capacity of , this engine was released in April 2008 by Ford in the Mk IV Mondeo, soon following in the Ford S-Max and Ford Galaxy. It has been engineered by Ford in England, as described in the fourth phase of the joint-venture agreement with PSA. Production takes place in PSA's Tremery plant. It features a 16-valve cylinder head with twin belt driven camshafts and utilises a variable geometry turbocharger with overboost function, rather than the twin turbo approach of Peugeot and Citroën. The result is  with  of torque, although  is temporarily available thanks to the transient overboost function. Land Rover used this engine in the Freelander 2 and Range Rover Evoque.

In 2010 Ford and PSA revised the engine with a new turbocharger and a new power output of  with a torque of  and  at overboost conditions while the emissions are at Euro 5 level.

Applications:
 2008–2010 Ford Mondeo 2.2 TDCi,  and
 2008–2015 Ford S-Max 2.2 TDCi,  and
 2008–2015 Ford Galaxy 2.2 TDCi,  and
 2010–2015 Ford Mondeo 2.2 TDCi,  and  ( at overboost)
Other applications:
 2011–2015 Range Rover Evoque 2.2 eD4,  and
 2011–2015 Range Rover Evoque 2.2 SD4,  and
 2014–2015 Land Rover Discovery Sport 2.2 SD4,  and
 2011–2014 Land Rover Freelander 2 2.2 eD4,  and
 2006–2014 Land Rover Freelander 2 2.2 TD4,  and
 2006–2014 Land Rover Freelander 2 2.2 SD4,  and
 2011–2012 Jaguar XF  2.2 TDi4 , and
 2012–2015 Jaguar XF  2.2 TDi4 , and
 2006–2010 Citroën C5 2.2 HDi,  and
 2006–2010 Citroën C6 2.2 HDi,  and
 2006–2010 Citroën C8 2.2 HDi,  and
 2006–2012 Citroën C-Crosser 2.2 HDi,  and
 2006–2010 Fiat Ulysse 2.2 D Multijet,  and
 2007–2010 Peugeot 407 2.2 HDi,  and
 2007–2010 Peugeot 607 2.2 HDi,  and
 2007–2010 Peugeot 807 2.2 HDi,  and
 2007–2012 Peugeot 4007 2.2 HDi,  and
 2007-2012 Mitsubishi Outlander 2.2 HDi,  and

V6

AJD-V6/DT17

The  V6 is built by Ford and Jaguar Cars at their Dagenham facility, and was designed by Ford engineers at their Dunton and Whitley product development centres. It is called AJD-V6 by Jaguar and DT17 by PSA Peugeot Citroën.

Ford and PSA extended their Diesel engine joint-venture in October, 1999, to include this V6 engine.

Applications:
 2006–2009 Citroën C6 2.7 V6 HDi,  and
 2008–2009 Citroën C5 2.7 V6 HDi,  and
 2004–2008 Jaguar S-Type 2.7 DV6,  and
 2005–2010 Jaguar XJ TDVi 2.7,  and
 2008–2009 Jaguar XF 2.7D,  and
 2005–2010 Land Rover Discovery Tdv6,  and
 2006–2009 Land Rover Range Rover Sport Tdv6,  and
 2005–2012 Peugeot 407 Coupé 2.7 V6 HDi,  and
 2004–2010 Peugeot 407 Touring 2.7 V6 HDi,  and
 2005–2011 Peugeot 607 2.7 V6 HDi,  and
 2011–2016 Ford Territory 2.7 V6 TCDi,  and

V8

AJD-V8

The 3.6 L V8 is built at Ford's engine plant in Dagenham, Essex. It is a twin-turbocharged Diesel V8 producing  and . Production began in April 2006. It is closely related to the 2.7L V6 version (same bore & stroke) and was designed at Ford Otosan's R&D Center in Gebze, Turkey and Ford's Dagenham Diesel Centre product development site, with input from Land Rover powertrain team. A 4.4 litre variant that produces  and  is built at Ford's Chihuahua Engine plant in Mexico.

Applications (4.4 L variant):
 2010–2020 Land Rover Range Rover
 2013–2020 Land Rover Range Rover Sport

See also
 List of Ford engines
 British Rail Class 230

References

Duratorq
Diesel engines by model

Ford Duratorq engine


Vaccinul antihepatic B este un vaccin care previne hepatita B. Prima doză se recomandă în timp de 24 de ore de la naștere, urmat de două sau trei doze după aceea, inclusiv pentru cei cu imunosupresie cum ar fi HIV/SIDA și pentru cei născuți prematur. 95% dintre persoanele sănătoase imunizate sunt
protejate.

Pentru cei cu un risc ridicat se recomandă testarea sângelui pentru a se asigura că vaccinul a avut efect. Doze suplimentare pot fi necesare pentru persoanele cu imunosupresie, dar nu sunt necesare pentru majoritatea persoanelor. Pentru cei expuși la virusul hepatita B care nu sunt imunizați, pe lângă vaccin au nevoie și de hepatita B imunoglobulină. Vaccinul se administrează ca injecție intramusculară injecție intramusculară.

Efectele secundare severe se întâlnesc foarte rar. Se pot prezenta dureri la locul injecției. Vaccinul se poate administra în siguranță pe timpul sarcinii sau pe durata alăptării. Acest vaccin nu are nicio legătură cu sindromul Guillain-Barre. Vaccinul curent este produs folosind tehnicile de ADN recombinat. Sunt disponibile atât singure, cât și în combinație cu alte vaccinuri.

Primul vaccin antihepatic B a fost aprobat în Statele Unite ale Americii în 1981. În anul 1986 a apărut o versiune mai sigură pe piață. Acest vaccin se află pe Lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății, lista celor mai importante medicamente recomandate pentru un sistem de sănătate. În 2014, prețul cu ridicata era între 0,58 și 13,20 USD pe doză. În Statele Unite ale Americii vaccinul costă între 50 și 100 USD.

Referințe

Hepatic
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS

Vaccin antihepatic B


Raoulia ist eine Pflanzengattung innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Die etwa 14 Arten der Gattung Raoulia s. str. kommen nur in Neuseeland vor und gedeihen in der alpinen Höhenstufe. Einige Arten und Hybriden werden als Zierpflanzen verwendet. Wegen ihres an die in Neuseeland häufigen Schafe erinnernden Erscheinungsbildes wird insbesondere die Art Raoulia bryoides, aber beispielsweise auch Raoulia mammillaris und Raoulia rubra, dort auch vegetable sheep (direkt übersetzt "pflanzliches Schaf") genannt; dieser Name wird allerdings auch für Arten aus der Gattung Haastia verwendet.

Beschreibung

Vegetative Merkmale
Raoulia-Arten wachsen je nach Art mehr oder weniger dicht, rasen-, teppich- oder polsterartig als ausdauernde krautige Pflanzen bis Halbsträucher. Aus den kriechenden und wurzelnden Sprossachsen entstehen bei vielen Arten mehr oder weniger große Kissen, bei denen die Blattrosetten an der Oberfläche zu sehen sind. In mehr oder weniger dichten Rosetten stehen die meist relativ kleinen Laubblätter zusammen.

Generative Merkmale
Endständig, höchstens auf kurzen Blütenstandsschäften befinden sich einzeln körbchenförmige Blütenstände. Die scheibenförmigen Körbchen enthalten zwei unterschiedliche Blüten. Die trockenhäutigen bis häutigen Hüllblätter können meist weiße Spitzen besitzen. Der relativ kleine Blütenstandsboden besitzt eine wabenförmige Oberfläche und keine Spreublätter. Die äußeren Blüten sind weiblich und ihre fadenförmige Blütenkrone endet in zwei bis fünf Kronzipfeln. Die Scheibenblüten sind zwittrig und fertil oder manchmal steril, ihre Kronröhre endet in fünf Kronzipfeln. Die Staubbeutel sind an ihrer Basis pfeilförmig. Die zwei Griffeläste der Scheibenblüten sind gestutzt und papillös.

Die mehr oder weniger länglichen Achänen sind kahl bis flaumig bis borstig behaart oder papillös. Der Pappus besitzt 50 bis 150 Haare in mehreren Reihen (bei allen Arten der Untergattung Raoulia) oder 15 bis 25 in einer Reihe (bei allen Arten der Untergattung Psychrophyton).

Systematik
Die Gattung Raoulia wurde 1846 durch Joseph Dalton Hooker in Étienne Fiacre Louis Raoul: Choix des Plantes de la Nouvelle-Zélande. S. 20 aufgestellt. Der Gattungsname Raoulia ehrt den französischen Marinearzt und Botaniker Étienne Fiacre Louis Raoul (1815–1852). Typusart ist Raoulia australis

Die Gattung Raoulia gehört zur Tribus Gnaphalieae in der Unterfamilie Asteroideae innerhalb der Familie Asteraceae. Die Raoulia-Arten sind nahe verwandt mit der Gattung Gnaphalium und sie wurden einige Zeit auch als Sektion in diese Gattung eingegliedert: Gnaphalium sect. Raoulia , in Henri Ernest Baillon: Histoire des Plantes, 1882, S. 8.

Botanische Geschichte
Die Gattung Raoulia s. l. wurde in drei Untergattungen und mehrere Sektionen gegliedert:
 Untergattung Raoulia (Syn.: Eu-Raoulia ): Der Pappus besitzt in mehreren Reihen 50 bis 150 Haare, die dünn und nicht abgeflacht sind:
 Sektion Radiatae
 Sektion Eradiatae
 Untergattung Mistura: Die Pappus-Haare sind verschieden, einige sind denen der Untergattung Raoulia und die anderen denen Untergattung Psychrophyton ähnlich.
 Untergattung Psychrophyton: Der Pappus besitzt in einer Reihe 15 bis 25 Haare, die abgeflacht sowie keulenförmig sind:
 Sektion Acuminatae
 Sektion Trinerves
 Sektion Rotundatae
 Sektion Truncatae

Die Untergattung Psychrophyton gilt als Gattung Psychrophyton.

Arten und ihre Verbreitung
Es gab in der Gattung Raoulia s. l. bis zu 26 Arten, aber es gibt in Gattung Raoulia s. str. etwa 14 Arten. Hier mit Angabe der Chromosomenzahl und Verbreitung:
 Raoulia albosericea : 2n = 56. Sie kommt nur auf der Nordinsel Neuseelands vor.
 Raoulia apice-nigra : 2n = 28. Sie kommt nur auf der Südinsel Neuseelands vor.
 Raoulia australis : 2n = 56, 112. Sie kommt nur auf der Südinsel Neuseelands vor.
 Raoulia beauverdii : 2n = 56. Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland nur östlich von Canterbury bis Southland vor.
 Raoulia bryoides  (Syn.: Psychrophyton bryoides ): 2n = 28. Neuseeland.
 Raoulia buchananii : 2n = 28. Sie kommt nur auf der Südinsel Neuseelands vor.
 Raoulia cinerea : 2n = 28. Dieser Endemit kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland nur auf den Bergen am Oberlauf des Awatere River vor.
 Raoulia glabra : 2n = 28. Sie kommt nur auf der Südinsel Neuseelands vor.
 Raoulia haastii : 2n = 28. Sie kommt nur auf der Südinsel Neuseelands und den Stewart-Inseln vor.
 Raoulia hookeri : Sie kommt auf der Nordinsel von Neuseeland vor.
 Raoulia monroi : 2n = 28. Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland vor. Ihre Bestände nehmen ab.
 Raoulia parkii : 2n = 84. Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland vor.
 Raoulia petriensis : 2n = 28. Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland vor. Diese Art ist natürlich selten.
 Raoulia subsericea : Sie kommt in Neuseeland vor.
 Raoulia tenuicaulis : 2n = 28. Sie kommt in Neuseeland vor.

Es gibt auch die Gattungshybride Raoulia mammillaris  × Leucogenes grandiceps , wobei beide Arten nicht zu dieser Gattung gehören.

Einige Arten wurden in die Gattung Psychrophyton ausgegliedert, sie kommt nur auf der Südinsel Neuseelands vor:
 Raoulia bryoides  → Psychrophyton bryoides
 Raoulia eximia : 2n = 28 → Psychrophyton eximium : Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland hauptsächlich östlich vom Hauptkamm von Marlborough bis nördlich von Southland.
 Raoulia goyenii : 2n = 28 → Psychrophyton goyenii : Es ist ein Endemit der Stewart-Inseln.
 Raoulia grandiflora : 2n = 28 → Psychrophyton grandiflorum : Sie kommt auf der Nord- und Südinsel von Neuseeland vom Mt. Hikurangi südwärts vor.
 Raoulia hectorii  → Psychrophyton hectori
 Raoulia mammillaris : 2n = 28 → Psychrophyton mamillare : Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland vor.
 Raoulia rubra : 2n = 28 → Psychrophyton rubrum
 Raoulia subulata : 2n = 56 → Psychrophyton subulatum : Sie kommt auf der Südinsel von Neuseeland hauptsächlich östlich vom Hauptkamm von Nelson bis Southland.
 Raoulia youngii : 2n = 28 → Psychrophyton youngii

Zu Gnaphalium gehört:
 Raoulia chiliastra  → Gnaphalium chiliastrum : Sie kommt in den Bergen Neuguineas vor.

Vier Arten gehören zur Gattung Ewartia , beispielsweise:
 Raoulia catipes  (Syn.: Raoulia tasmanica ) → Ewartia catipes (DC.) Beauverd : Sie kommt nur in Tasmanien vor.

Weblinks

 Flora of New Zealand, Volume 1: Raoulia bei Flora of New Zealand Series – Electronic Format. (Abschnitte Beschreibung und Systematik)

Einzelnachweise

Weiterführende Literatur

 Josephine M. Ward: Systematics of New Zealand Inuleae (Compositae-Asteraceae)—2 A numerical phenetic study of Raoulia in relation to allied genera. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. Volume 31, Issue 1, 1993, S. 29–42. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1993.10419532

Gnaphalieae (Tribus)
Gnaphalieae

Raoulia


Ascaptesyle este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Legături externe

Ascaptesyle

Ascaptesyle


Çarşamba, haftanın salıdan sonra, perşembeden önce gelen günüdür. Uluslararası ISO 8601 standardına göre haftanın üçüncü günüdür.

Kelime, Farsça "dördüncü gün" anlamına gelen  çahâr şenbeden gelir. Türkçede geçen en eski kullanılışı Codex Cumanicus'taki çahar-şanbe [çaar sanbe] şeklidir.

Çarşamba gününe Eski Türkçede "törtünç" (dördüncü) denir.

Halk kültüründeÇarşamba' gününe Türklerde ve özellikle Azeri kültüründe değişik anlamlar yüklenmektedir. Genel olarak çarşamba günlerinde gece vakti dikkatli olunması ve doğaya (doğa ruhlarına) saygısızlık yapılmaması gerektiğine inanılır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yöresel İnanışlar  - "Çarşamba Gelenekleri" başlığı, Iğdır İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü
 Batıl İnanişlar  - "Kara Çarşamba" başlığı, Muş İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü

Haftanın günleri

Çarşamba


Peter-Jan Wagemans (født 7. september 1952 i Haag Holland) er en hollandsk komponist, organist og lærer.

Wagemans studerede komposition og orgel på Det Kongelige Musikkonservatorium i Haag. Han har skrevet 8 symfonier, orkesterværker, kammermusik etc. Han er lærer i musikteori og komposition på Musikkonservatoriet i Rotterdam. Wagemans er også stifter og leder af det Amsterdam baserede Symfoniorkester - Holland Symfonia.

Udvalgte værker

 "Symfoni" (1972) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 1 "Musik 1" (1974) - for blæseorkester og slagtøj
 Symfoni nr. 2 "Musik 2" (1977 rev. 1979) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 3 "Musik 3" "Europa efter regnen" (1984 Rev. 1985) - for solister, kor og stort orkester
 Symfoni nr. 4 (1987) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 5 "Requiem" (1992) - for strygeorkester og slagtøj
 Symfoni nr. 6 ""Panthalassa" (1994) - for blæseorkester
 Symfoni nr. 7 (1998-1999) - for orkester
 "Legende" (2004-2006) - opera

Kilde
 Om Peter-Jan Wagemans
 Homepage

Komponister fra Nederlandene
Organister
Lærere

Peter-Jan Wagemans


39712 Ehimedaigaku este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
39712 Ehimedaigaku este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Geisei de Tsutomu Seki. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 3,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 39001-40000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

39712 Ehimedaigaku


Josipa Mamić (Zagreb, 7. siječnja 1996.), hrvatska rukometašica članica Lokomotive iz Zagreba. Igra na mjestu desnog krila.

Karijera
Dolazi iz Dugog Sela gdje je i započela karijeru u ŽRK Dugo Selo '55, prije rukometa kratkotrajno je trenirala gimnastiku.  U Dugom Selu je igrala 17 godina, zatim je bila dvije sezone na posudbi u ŽRK Bjelovar. Nakon dvije godine posudbe treću godinu je postala službeno rukometašica Bjelovara. Nastupala je za Hrvatsku na Europskom prvenstvu 2020. u Danskoj gdje je osvojila brončanu medalju, a igrala je i na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2021. u Španjolskoj.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Životopisi, Zagreb
Rukometašice ŽRK Lokomotiva Zagreb

Josipa Mamić


Los Lagos Region ( ,  Region of the Lakes) is one of Chile's 16 regions, which are first order administrative divisions, and comprises four provinces: Chiloé, Llanquihue, Osorno and Palena. The region contains the country's second largest island, Chiloé, and the second largest lake, Llanquihue. Its capital is Puerto Montt; other important cities include Osorno, Castro, Ancud, and Puerto Varas. The mainland portion of Los Lagos Region south of Reloncaví Sound (Palena Province) is considered part of Patagonia.

Historically, the Huilliche have called this territory between Bueno River and Reloncaví Sound Futahuillimapu, meaning "great land of the south". The region hosts Monte Verde, one of the oldest archaeological sites of the Americas. The largest indigenous group of the region are the Huilliche who lived in the area before the arrival of the Spanish. The Spanish crown settled Chiloé Archipelago in 1567 while the rest of the region begun to be slowly colonized by non-indigenous people only in the late 18th century. In the 1850s Germans arrived to colonize the shores of Llanquihue Lake under a Chilean state-sponsored program.

Los Lagos Region economy is dominated by the service sector but based in fishing, salmon aquaculture, forestry and cattle farming. Tourism is economically important in The Andes where ski resorts, hot springs and recreational fishing are popular offers.

Geography
The region is bordered on the north by Los Ríos Region, on the south by Aisén Region, on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by Argentina (provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut). Wild environments can be seen along the coastal area, such as Caleta Zorra.

Demography
The region has an area of  and its population, according to the 2017 INE Census was 823,204, with a population density of 16.9 /km².

Principal Towns

This section is translated from the corresponding Spanish page

The Región de Los Lagos has seventeen towns according to the 2017 census, of which eleven have more than 10000 inhabitants each.

Climate

The region, in general, has a natural vegetation of Valdivian temperate rain forest. The coastal part, except for the south of the Chiloé Island, has a temperate climate with cold winter rain. To the south, the climate is characterized by constant rain and not having dry seasons.

Protected areas

Protected areas include 7 national parks, 2 private-owned parks and 2 natural monuments.
National Parks

Alerce Andino
Chiloé
Corcovado
Hornopirén
Pumalín
Puyehue
Vicente Pérez Rosales

Private parks
Tantauco Park
Las Vertientes – Reserva Natural Privada
Natural monuments
Islotes de Puñihuil
Lahuen Ñadi

Economy

The region is the center of aquaculture in chile.

Transportation
El Tepual Airport lies a few miles west of Puerto Montt and Cañal Bajo Carlos Hott Siebert Airport a few miles east of Osorno. Also east of Osorno, the Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass is a major mountain pass across the Andes to Argentina via Route 215.

See also

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue
Antillanca ski resort
Intermediate Depression

References

External links

http://www.frutillar.com
http://www.regiondeloslagos.cl
https://web.archive.org/web/20060625023200/http://www.regionx.cl/
Satellite view of Puerto Montt (Google maps)
Satellite view of the Chiloé archipielago (Google maps)
Satellite view of Lake Llanquihue (Google maps)
Satellite view of Osorno (Google maps)
Satellite view of Valdivia (Google maps)
Satellite view of Chaitén (Google maps)

Regions of Chile

Los Lagos Region


Ivan Pešić (rukometaš), hrvatski reprezentativni vratar
Ivan Pešić (hrvatski nogometaš), bivši hrvatski juniorski reprezentativac
Ivan Pešić (košarkaš), hrvatski košarkaš
Ivan Pešić (srpski nogometaš)

Ivan Pešić


අඹගස්පිටිය ගල්ලිඳවත්ත අම්බලම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි අම්බලමකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 මහර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය

මූලාශ්‍ර

අම්බලම්

අඹගස්පිටිය ගල්ලිඳවත්ත අම්බලම


is a Japanese science fiction and fantasy writer.

Life
Born in Aomori Prefecture, he started writing in 1982 for SF Izumu magazine. Afterwards he collaborated on a number of published works. In 1988 he published his first novel, Summer Road (Natsukaidô-Samârôdo), followed by various other fantasy books, often set in large cities or characterized by a surreal streak.

Hayami also worked on a number of novelizations of science fiction or horror manga and anime. In the latter field, his work on the tie-ins for the anime series Vampire Princess Miyu became so popular that the original characters and situations were in later entries of the series modified to account for his personal additions to the canon.

References

1961 births
Living people
Japanese writers
People from Aomori (city)

Yuji Hayami


Jonjo Shelvey  ()

Și-a început cariera la Charlton Athletic, devinind cel mai tânăr jucător care a jucat vreodată pentru echipă, la 16 ani și 59 de zile. În anul 2010 a fost cumpărat de Liverpool pentru 1,7 milioane de lire sterline, și a fost împrumutat la Blackpool. Cât a jucat pentru echipa de pe Anfield, Shelvey a câștigat Cupa Ligii și a pierdut finala Cupei Angliei în 2012. El a ajuns la Swansea City pentru 5 milioane de lire în 2013, iar peste doi ani și jumătate a fost transferat de Newcastle United pentru 12 milioane de lire sterline, fiind numit căpitanul echipei după numai o lună.

Shelvey a jucat pentru Anglia la naționalele de tineret under-16, under-17, under-19 și under-21 și a fost căpitanul echipei U-19. El a jucat primul meci pentru naționala de seniori în 2012.

Referințe

Legături externe

Jonjo Shelvey  pe site-ul Newcastle United F.C.
Jonjo Shelvey   pe site-ul thefa.com

Nașteri în 1992
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai Charlton Athletic FC
Fotbaliști internaționali englezi
Fotbaliști englezi
Fotbaliști ai FC Liverpool
Oameni în viață
Fotbaliști ai Newcastle United FC
Fotbaliști ai Premier League
Fotbaliști ai Swansea City AFC
Fotbaliști ai Nottingham Forest FC

Jonjo Shelvey


El Real est la capitale de la paroisse civile d'El Real de la municipalité d'Obispos dans l'État de Barinas au Venezuela.

Références

Localité dans l'État de Barinas

El Real (Venezuela)


Miromesnil () is a station on Line 9 and Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 8th arrondissement.

Location
The station is located near the intersection of Rue de Miromesnil and Rue La Boétie, the platforms being situated:

 on line 9, under Rue La Boétie between Rue de Miromesnil and the junction of Avenue Percier and Avenue Delcassé;
 on line 13, below the stopping point of line 9, along the north-south axis of the same Avenues.

History
The station opened on 27 May 1923 with the extension of line 9 from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin. The line 13 platforms opened on 27 June 1973 with the extension of the line from Saint-Lazare. It was the southern terminus of line 13 until its extension to Champs-Élysées – Clemenceau on 18 February 1975. The station is named after the street of Rue de Miromesnil, which is named after Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil (1723–1796), who was Keeper of the Seals, deputy to the Chancellor of France (Minister of Justice) from 1774 to 1787. He abolished the use of torture during the interrogation of the accused.

On April 27, 1973, the line 13 station was opened in turn following its extension from Saint-Lazare, which was the first of the three phases of the extension of the former line B of the Nord-Sud Company underground electric railway (known as North-South), in a southerly direction. Miromesnil was its southern terminus until 18 February 18 1975, when it was extended by a station at Champs-Élysées - Clemenceau before being merged the following year with the old line 14 of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (known as CMP), which had the Invalides metro station as its northern terminus.

The line 13 station is the first in a series of twelve on this line to be equipped with platform doors in order to reduce the risk of passengers falling on the tracks, which is amplified at peak times. The work took place in April 2010 for the preparation of the platforms, then in July of the same year, the installation itself.

In 2020, with the Covid-19 crisis, 2,618,473 passengers entered this station, which places it in the 74th position of metro stations for its use.

Passenger services

Access
The station has four metro entrances:
 entrance 1: Avenue Percier (odd-numbered side): a curved staircase, a rare feature on the network leading to the corner of Avenue Percier and Rue La Boétie;
 entrance 2: Avenue Delcassé (odd numbered side): a staircase also curved, located at the corner formed by Avenue Delcassé and Rue La Boétie, decorated with a mat with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle;
 entrance 3: Rue La Boétie (odd-numbered side): two back-to-back staircases on the south sidewalk west of the junction with Rue de Miromesnil, the closest to the latter having a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle;
 entrance 4: Rue La Boétie (even numbered side): a kiosk established within the building at no. 13, Rue de Miromesnil, which forms the corner with Rue La Boétie; in addition to this rare feature in Paris, it has two unique signals with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle.

Station layout

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. There are two per stopping point, separated by the metro tracks located in the centre. On line 13, the station has vertical upright walls and a horizontal ceiling. On line 9, the station has an ovoid-shaped vault, except at its western end where the walls are vertical and the ceiling is horizontal supported by pillars. This part corresponds to the extension fitted out during the reorganization in 1973, where two large rooms were created to allow a connection with the platforms of line 13.

Lighting is provided by two red canopies suspended on the two lines; small cream-colored ceramic tiles placed vertically cover the walls as well as the tunnel entrances. The vault of line 9 is painted white and the western ceiling treated in off-white, while that of line 13, in concrete, is covered with black fire-flocking. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is inscribed in capital letters on protruding plaques. The seats are Motte style in blue. The platforms of line 13 are equipped with platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 28, 32, 52, 80 and 93 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N01, N02 and N53 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby
 Elysee Palace the official residence of the President of France)
 Ministry of the Interior
 Musée Jacquemart-André

Gallery

References

Paris Métro stations in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1923
Articles containing video clips

Miromesnil station


Akaki Chkhenkeli () a fost un politician social-democrat, avocat și publicist georgian.

A fost un socialist menșevic, unul dintre liderii atât din Rusia, cât și din Georgia. În 1912 a fost ales deputat al Imperiului Rus din districtele Batumi-Karsi și Sokhumi-Okruk. A fost inclus în fracțiunea social-democrată a Dumei de Stat. A fost unul dintre primii menșevici georgieni care au înaintatea cererea de autonomie națională și culturală a Georgiei.

În 1914 a participat la reuniunea de la Bruxelles, convocată de Biroul Social-Democrat Internațional. În 1917 a fost reprezentant temporar al guvernului în Transcaucazia, în calitate de comandant al Comitetului Special al Transcaucaziei. Între 1917-1918 a fost membru al Consiliului Național Georgian și al Comitetului Executiv al acestuia, precum și membru al Consiliului fondator al Georgiei (1919-1921) din partea Partidului Social Democrat din Georgia. A fost ministru al afacerilor interne al Comisariatului Transcaucazian în perioada 1917-1918. În aprilie 1918 a fost șeful guvernului Republicii Democratice Federative a Transcaucaziei.

A fost numit ministru al afacerilor externe al Republicii Democrate Georgia între 1918-1921. Anul 1921 este și anul în care a fost nevoit să emigreze în Occident.

Bibliografie

 (Franceză) Akaki Tchenkéli.
 (Franceză) Ière République de Géorgie .
 (Franceză) Ière République de Géorgie en exil.

Nașteri în 1874
Decese în 1959
Decese pe 5 ianuarie
Politicieni georgieni

Akaki Chkhenkeli