Terörizm, terör ya da yıldırıcılık, siyasal, dinsel ve/veya ekonomik hedeflere ulaşmak amacıyla sivillere, belirlenen hedef gruplara veya resmî, yerel ve genel yönetimlere yönelik baskı, yıldırma ve her türlü şiddet içeren yolun kullanımını ifade eden terim. Hükûmetlere veya kuruluşlara göre değişmekle birlikte, terör uygulayan organize çeşitli gruplara terör örgütü; terör uygulayan şahıslara ise terörist ya da yıldırıcı denilmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu ifade oldukça tartışmalı bir kavram olup üzerinde akademik ya da uluslararası fikir birliği yoktur. Gücünü ve yetkilerini bu yönde kullanan devletler de devlet terörizmi kapsamında, savaş suçları ya da insan hakları ihlalleri nedeniyle bu kavramla yargılanabilmektedir. Buna benzer olarak; devlet organlarını direkt olarak kullanmayıp, iktidarlardaki grubun veya partinin desteklediği örgütlere verilen desteği tanımlayan devlet destekli terörizm sonucu da benzer yargılamalar olabilmektedir. Birçok akademisyen çeşitli hükûmetlerin eylemlerinin de "terörizm" olarak damgalanabileceğini belirtmiştir. Bir ülkede veya bölgede gücü elinden bulunduran iktidarlar veya hükûmetler gerçekleşen bir direniş hareketini "terörizm" ile etiketleyebilir.

Terörizm teriminin yasal farklılıklarındaki geçerliliğine rağmen, şimdiki zamana kadarki tanımı belirsizliğini hâlen korumaktadır. Bu tanımlamadaki sorun, terörizm tanımının pek çok kişi, kuruluş veya ülke tarafından özgürlük savaşçıları olarak tanımlanan grupların eylemleri ile nasıl sınırlandırılacağıdır.

Etimoloji
Türkçeye, Fransızcadaki terreur sözcüğünden geçen "terör" sözcüğünün kökeni, Latincedeki terror sözcüğüne dayanmaktadır. Latince terror sözcüğü, terreo fiilinden türemiştir. Terreo fiilinin anlamı "korkutuyorum"dur. Buradan türeyen terror ise "büyük korku, dehşet, dehşet veya korku objesi" gibi anlamlara gelir.

Fransızca Petit Robert sözlüğünde "bir toplumda bir grubun halkın direnişini kırmak için yarattığı ortak korku" olarak tanımlanır. Oxford İngilizce Sözlük'te "genellikle siyasal nedenlerle, halkın gözünü korkutmak ve halkı yıldırmak için dehşet öğesini kullanmak" olarak tanımlanır. Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü'nde, 'yıldırma, cana kıyma ve malı yakıp yıkma, korkutma, tedhiş" olarak tanımlanır.

Literatürde terör sözcüğü bazen şiddet veya siyasal şiddet kavramlarıyla eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Terör kelimesi hakkında dünyanın birçok ülkesi ve bu ülkelerde yaşayan birçok uzman araştırma yapmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalara bakıldığında terör kelimesine yeni anlamalar yüklenildiği ve yüklenilen bu anlamlarla birlikte herkes tarafından kabul gören bir tanım olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak yapılan tanımlamalarda şiddetin terör eylemlerinde mihenk taşı olduğu ve dikkat edilmesi gereken bir husus olduğu söylenilebilir.

Türkiye'de yıllarca teröre karşılık olarak anarşi sözcüğü kullanılmış, son yıllarda bu sözcük terk edilerek "terör" sözcüğü kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. "Anarşi" sözcüğü Yunanca kökenlidir. Yunanca sözcük "başsız, yöneticisiz" anlamına gelir. Anarşi sözcüğü Oxford İngilizce Sözlük'te "yetke yoksunluğundan veya yetkenin ve diğer yönetim mekanizmalarının tanınmamasından doğan düzensizlik durumu" olarak tanımlanmıştır. Günümüzde ise yürürlükte olan Terörle Mücadele Kanunu'nda "anayasada belirtilen nitelikleri ve siyasî, hukukî, sosyal, laik, ekonomik düzeni değiştirmeye yönelik her türlü suç teşkil eden eylemler" olarak tarif edilmiştir.

Arapça kökenli tedhiş sözcüğü de zaman zaman terör anlamında kullanılır. "Tedhiş" sözcüğü, "korku salma, yıldırma" anlamlarına gelir.

Terörizm, "Disasters: Terrorism" adlı kitabında, "What is Terrorism?" başlığı altında Ann Weil tarafından da şu şekilde tanımlanmıştır: "Terörizm; rastgele seçilmiş ya da sembolik değeri olan kurbanların, şiddetin aracı olarak seçildikleri bir savaş yöntemidir. Bu araçsal kurbanların kurbanlaştırılmaları, mensup oldukları grup ya da sınıf içerisindeki yerlerine bağlıdır. Böylece, söz konusu grup ya da sınıfa mensup olan diğer bireyler de, kronik bir terör korkusunun içine itilmiş olurlar".

Tarihçe

Terör sözcüğünün tanımına ilk defa Fransız Devrimi yeni bir boyut kazandırır. Fransız Devrimi'nin ilk yıllarında Fransa'da yürütme yetkisine sahip Ulusal Konvansiyon, ülkenin dış güçler tarafından işgal edilmesine duydukları endişeden dolayı ve içteki sivil huzursuzluğun devrime zarar verebileceğini düşündükleri için olağanüstü önlemler alma gereği görürler. Bu amaçla kamu güvenliğinden sorumlu komiteyi (Comité de salut public) neredeyse diktatörlüğe varan yetkilerle donatırlar. 5 Eylül 1793 günü Ulusal Konvansiyon bir bildiri  ile devrim karşıtlarına karşı Terörü (la Terreur)  açıklar: "Komplo kuran tüm kişileri dehşete düşürmenin zamanı geldi. Kanun adamları, Terörü başlatın."  Kamu güvenliğinden sorumlu komitenin başındaki Maximilien Robespierre Terörün ateşli bir savunucusu olacaktır ve görevlendirilmesinden bir yıl sonra, 28 Temmuz 1794 günü despotluk suçundan idam edilene kadar binlerce kişinin infazına öncülük edecektir. Terör, yargısız karar verilen idamlara kadar giden uygulama şekli ve halk üzerinde bıraktığı korku ile tarihe devlet eliyle gerçekleştirilmiş bir terör örneği olarak geçer. Buna devrimci terör de denir.

Kızıl Terör, Ekim Devrimi ile birlikte iktidara gelen Bolşeviklere karşı saldırılar, suikastler ve Beyaz Terör'ün başlamasıyla beraber Çeka tarafından başlatılan toplu tutuklama, yargısız infaz gibi eylemlerin tümüne verilen gelen bir adlandırmadır. 5. Tüm-Rusya Sovyetleri Kongresi devam ederken Sol SR ayaklanması çıkması ve ardından Bolşeviklere karşı çok sayıda suikast düzenlenmesi üzerine, kongre kızıl terör kullanılması fikrini resmen kabul etmiştir. Lev Troçki'nin 1920 tarihli Terörizmin Savunması adlı kitabında burjuva sınıfı için "Bu sınıfı koparmak ve parçalamak zorundayız. Kızıl Terör, bir sınıfa karşı kullanılan, yıkıma mahkum olmasına rağmen, yok olmak istemeyen bir silahtır." ifadeleri yer alır.

Uluslararası terörizm

Terörün sınır aşan bir hal alması halinde uluslararası terörizm ile karşı karşıya kalınır. Ancak son dönemde 'uluslararası terörizm' kavramı daha çok birden fazla ülkeyi hedef alan veya birden fazla ülkede aynı anda birbirine yakın eylemlerde bulunan terörizmi anlatmak için kullanılmaktadır.

Terörün finansal kaynakları
Terörizm ihtiyaç duyduğu maddi kaynaklara daha çok yasa dışı faaliyetleri ve dış yardımlar ile ulaşır. Bu gelir kaynakları şu şekilde özetlenebilir:

 Vergi
Dış yardımlar
  Uyuşturucu ticareti
 İnsan kaçakçılığı
 Büyük çaplı soygunlar
 Haraçlar
 Zorunlu bağışlar
 Bağışlar
 Diğer her türlü kaçakçılık
 Diğer gönüllü katkılar

Terör örgütü listeleri

Bazı ülke ve kurumlar, terör örgütü olarak tanımladığı kuruluşların listesini yayınlar. Bu listeler bazı ülkelerde yıllık yenilenirken, bu süre daha uzun veya kısa olabilir.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşik Krallık savunma bakanlıkları tarafından yayınlanmış olan terör listeleri mevcuttur. Bununla birlikte BM Güvenlik Konseyi, belli zaman aralıklarıyla belirli kişi ve örgütlerin bir listesini hazırlamaktadır ve liste tasarısının ülke meclislerine gelmesiyle bu liste kabul edilir. Belli aralıklarla bu listelerdeki isimler değiştirilebilir veya güncellenebilir.

Medya ve terörizm
Terörizm ile ilişkilendirilen gruplar kendi amaçlarını veya hedeflerini medya organlarını kullanarak yaymaya gayret eder.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

İdeolojik akımlar
Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler
Suçlar
İstismar
Korku (duygu)
Organize suçlar
Savaş çeşitleri

Terörizm


Lumír Ondřej Hanuš (en hébreu : לומיר הנוש) est un chimiste analytique tchèque et une autorité reconnue dans le domaine des recherches sur le cannabis. En 1992, William Anthony Devane et lui ont isolé et décrit pour la première fois la structure de l'anandamide, un neurotransmetteur cannabinoïde endogène.

Biographie
Lumír Hanuš est né en 1947 à Olomouc, dans ce qui était alors la Tchécoslovaquie. Il est un parent éloigné du chimiste tchèque Josef Hanuš (1872–1955).

Carrière académique
En 1966, Hanuš a commencé ses études à la Faculté des sciences de l'université Palacký d'Olomouc. En 1970, le professeur Zdeněk Krejčí du Département d'hygiène et d'épidémiologie de la Faculté de médecine — où les effets antibactériens du cannabis ont été décrits en 1955 — avait besoin d'un assistant : Hanuš a commencé à travailler comme assistant de Krejčí dans la recherche sur le cannabis et le haschisch en décembre de la même année. Là, Hanuš a également rencontré les professeurs Jan Kabelík et František Šantavý, qui, avec Krejčí, ont jeté les bases de la recherche sur le cannabis et ses effets curatifs. Hanuš a cultivé du cannabis à des fins de recherche sur deux champs de l'Institut de recherche sur la culture et l'élevage de légumes à Olomouc à partir de 1971. Les extraits ont également été utilisés à l'hôpital universitaire d'Olomouc comme remède contre l'ulcère aphteux, l'herpès simplex, le zona et les escarres.

Hanuš a obtenu à Olomouc une maîtrise en sciences en 1972 et un doctorat en sciences en 1974. Il y a poursuivi ses activités universitaires et de recherche jusqu'en 1990. Hanuš a également participé à des recherches à l'Académie tchécoslovaque des sciences et a poursuivi des recherches post-universitaires à l'Université Jan Evangelista Purkyně de Brno (aujourd'hui Université Masaryk). Dans les années 1978-1979, il a travaillé comme chercheur associé à l'Université du Mississippi, se concentrant non seulement sur le cannabis mais aussi sur les feuilles de coca. Il est devenu professeur associé en chimie organique à Olomouc en 1994 et a obtenu un doctorat ès sciences en chimie pharmaceutique à l'Université Charles en 1995.

Hanuš a pendant de nombreuses années correspondu avec le chercheur israélien sur le cannabis Raphael Mechoulam. À la suite de la révolution de velours, Hanuš a été invité à poursuivre ses recherches à l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem, en Israël. Là, Hanuš et le pharmacologue moléculaire américain William Anthony Devane ont décrit pour la première fois en 1992 la structure de l'anandamide, un neurotransmetteur cannabinoïde endogène.

Hanuš poursuit ses recherches à Jérusalem sur les cannabinoïdes, les endocannabinoïdes et leurs dérivés.

Opinions sur le cannabis
Hanuš considère le cannabis comme « l'un des médicaments connus les plus sûrs ».

Selon Hanuš, l'alcool et le tabac devraient être « sur liste noire » plutôt que le cannabis, car il existe une possibilité de dépendance physique et psychologique aux deux premiers, alors qu'il n'y a aucune possibilité de dépendance physique et seulement une possibilité limitée de dépendance psychologique à la marijuana. De plus, les personnes sous l'influence de la marijuana ne sont pas dangereuses pour autrui. Il n'est pas favorable au fait de fumer de la marijuana en raison des dangers de l'inhalation de fumée. Hanuš est contre l'utilisation incontrôlée de la marijuana, mais il soutient pleinement son utilisation à des fins médicales.

En avril 2010 et septembre 2011, Hanuš a participé à un séminaire du Parlement tchèque visant à introduire des traitements aux cannabinoïdes.

Hommages et récompenses
 14 septembre 2005 : Médaille Hanuš (Société tchèque de chimie, Prague) pour avoir fait avancer un travail honorable dans les domaines de la chimie ;
 6 novembre 2006 : Médaille commémorative (recteur de l'Université Palacký d'Olomouc) à l'occasion du  anniversaire de la renaissance et de la réouverture de l'université d'Olomouc, à l'occasion de la  conférence annuelle en l'honneur de Jean-Louis Fischer ;
 12 avril 2007 : Docteur honoris causa (Université Masaryk de Brno) ;
 2009 et 2010 : nommé pour le prix national du gouvernement tchèque « Esprit tchèque » (Česká hlava) ;
 2010 : nommé pour le prix Jack Herer 2010 pour une sensibilisation exceptionnelle au chanvre dans le domaine de la médecine ;
 26 avril 2010 : « Scientifique immigrant exceptionnel » (1990-2010) pour sa contribution à l'État d'Israël, Ministère de l'intégration des immigrants, Israël ;
 4 mai 2011 : Docteur honoris causa (Université Palacký d'Olomouc) ;
 2011 : Membre scientifique honoraire de la Société tchèque de neuropsychopharmacologie ;
 2011 : nommé pour le Prix d'addictologie (Université Charles, Prague) de la meilleure réalisation de l'année 2011 ;
 22 novembre 2012 : Prix d'addictologie (Université Charles, Prague) pour une contribution significative dans le domaine de l'addictologie au cours de l'année écoulée ;
 13 juin 2013 : Prix de la ville d'Olomouc pour l'année 2012 ;
 29 mars 2014 : Reconnaissance (association ONEJ), Ljubljana, Slovénie ;
 2014 : nommé pour le poste de président de l' (Société internationale de recherche sur les cannabinoïdes) ;
 22 mars 2016 : lauréat du Lifetime Award 2015 (ONG Americans for Safe Access), Washington, DC, États-Unis ;
 10 septembre 2016 : Médaille commémorative de l'Université Palacky d'Olomouc pour la représentation extraordinaire de l'Université Palacky en République tchèque et à l'étranger (« Pamětní medaile Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci za mimořádnou reprezentaci Univerzity Palackého v České republice a v zahraničí ») ;
 13 janvier 2018 : Reconnaissance, Punta del Este, Uruguay ;
 27 septembre 2018 : Lifetime Achievement Award, salon CanEx Jamaica, Montego Bay, Jamaïque.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Anandamide
 Cannabis médical

Lien externe

 , Faculté de médecine de l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem, Israël.

Biochimiste tchèque
Cannabis médical
Étudiant de l'université Palacký
Étudiant de l'université Masaryk
Professeur à l'université hébraïque de Jérusalem
Docteur honoris causa de l'université Palacký
Docteur honoris causa de l'université Masaryk
Naissance en novembre 1947
Naissance à Olomouc
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Lumír Ondřej Hanuš


Bob Jungels (født 22. september 1992 i Rollingen / Mersch, Luxembourg) er en Luxembourgisk landevejscykelrytter, der kører for .

Karriere
Han deltog i Tour de France for første gang i 2015, som en del af UCI World Tour holdet , hvor han sluttede på en samlet 27. plads og en 5. plads i ungdomskonkurrencen.

Jungels underskrev kontrakt for  for 2016 og 2017 sæsonerne. Han deltog i Giro d'Italia 2016, hvor han endte på en samlet sjetteplads og vandt ungdomsklassifikationen.
Han har flere gange vundet det luxembourgske mesterskab i både linjeløb og enkeltstart.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Luxembourg
Personer fra Luxembourg (by)

Bob Jungels


Die Buena Vista Township ist eine von 22 Townships im Clayton County im Nordosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Iowa.

Geografie
Die Buena Vista Township liegt im Nordosten von Iowa am  Mississippi, der die rund die Grenze zu Wisconsin bildet. Die Stadt Dubuque an der Schnittstelle der Bundesstaaten Iowa, Wisconsin und Illinois befindet sich rund 40 km südöstlich.

Die Buena Vista Township liegt auf  und erstreckt sich über 51,48 km², die sich auf 46,18 km² Land- und 5,3 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Die Buena Vista Township grenzt innerhalb des Clayton County nur im Westen an die Millville Township, während sie im Süden, Südosten und Osten an das Dubuque County grenzt. Im Norden und Nordosten bildet der Mississippi die Grenze zum Grant County in Wisconsin.

Verkehr
Durch die Buena Vista Township verläuft der Iowa-Abschnitt der Great River Road. Daneben existieren noch eine Reihe vom Fluss wegführende untergeordnete County Roads und weiter untergeordneter Straßen, die zum Teil unbefestigt sind.

Am Mississippiufer verläuft eine Bahnlinie der Canadian Pacific Railway.

Der Elkader Municipal Airport liegt rund 60 km nordwestlich, der Dubuque Regional Airport befindet sich im benachbarten Dubuque County rund 60 km südöstlich.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 289 Einwohner.

Der größte Teil der Bevölkerung der Boardman Township konzentriert sich auf North Buena Vista, die einzige selbstständige Gemeinde  (mit dem Status "City").

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com Buena Vista Township
 Histopolis - Buena Vista Township

Ort am Mississippi

Buena Vista Township (Clayton County, Iowa)


Eduard Wilhelm Güntz (* 1. April 1800 in Wurzen; † 3. März 1880 in Thonberg) war ein deutscher Arzt und Psychiater.

Leben
Eduard Wilhelm Güntz war der Sohn eines Kurfürstlich-Sächsischen Hauptgeleitsmanns. Er studierte Medizin an der Chirurgisch-Medicinischen Akademie Dresden und der Universität Leipzig. Nach Abschluss des Studiums begann er seine Tätigkeit als Assistent an der Leipziger Entbindungsschule. 1827 erhielt er ein Stipendium für eine Studienreise, die ihn auch nach Italien führte. Er besuchte Anstalten und Krankenhäuser, wobei ihn besonders das Institut des Barons Pietro Pisano in Palermo beeindruckte, das den Geisteskranken neben medizinischer Hilfe auch eine humanistische Unterbringung gewährte.

Nach Leipzig zurückgekehrt, arbeitete er zunächst als Assistenzarzt und eröffnete 1829 in der Grimmaischen Gasse (heute Grimmaische Straße) eine Privatpraxis. 1831 wurde er Bezirks- und Gerichtsarzt der Stadt Leipzig und war in diesem Amt auch als Gutachter und Berater von Geisteskranken tätig. Er erkannte, dass für Geisteskranke aus den oberen Schichten der Gesellschaft keine Unterbringungsmöglichkeiten existierten, da ihnen das Georgenhospital nicht zugemutet werden konnte.

Durch seine Initiative wurde 1836 auf dem Möckernschen Gut der Leipziger Ökonomischen Sozietät eine kleine private Heil- und Pflegeanstalt für Irre eingerichtet. 1839 wurde in Thonberg, das damals noch weit vor den Toren der Stadt lag, die Irren-Heil- und Pflege-Anstalt Thonberg eröffnet, die Güntz aus privaten Mitteln, aber mit Vorschüssen durch verschiedene Stadtverordnete errichtet hatte und die er mit einem Park umgab. Im Sächsischen Psychiatriemuseum in Leipzig heißt es dazu:
Die Irren-, Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Thonberg in Leipzig stellt im 19. Jahrhundert eine exklusive Alternative zu den öffentlichen Anstalten dar. Zahlungskräftige Patienten werden in der von Eduard Güntz gegründeten Privatanstalt in einer gediegenen Atmosphäre nach dem Prinzip der "Behütung, Herstellung und Pflege der Anvertrauten auf die sanfteste Weise" behandelt.

1850 gab Güntz seine städtischen Ämter und die Privatpraxis auf und widmete sich ganz der Arbeit in der Anstalt. Diese vergrößerte er 1856 um das benachbarte Anwesen Mariabrunn, das 1841 von Dr. Salomon als Wasserheilanstalt gegründet worden war. In den ersten 25 Jahren des Bestehens der Güntzschen Einrichtung wurden insgesamt 600 Patienten behandelt bei durchschnittlich 24 Neuaufnahmen jährlich.

1863 übergab Güntz die Leitung der Anstalt an seinen Schwiegersohn Theobald Güntz (1830–1902). Er selbst zog sich 1866 auf seine Villa "Güntzburg" an der Elbe bei Meißen zurück, wo er im Krieg 1870/71 Kranke und Verwundete pflegte. Theobald Güntz leitete die Anstalt bis 1888. Dann ging sie in den Besitz des Johannishospitals über. 1920 wurde sie aufgelöst. Bis dahin wurden in ihr etwa 2500 Patienten betreut.

Eduard Wilhelm Güntz war Mitglied der Leopoldina und der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig. 1872 wurde er zum Königlich-Sächsischen Geheimen Medizinalrat ernannt.

Eduard Wilhelm Güntz war verheiratet mit Amalia Auguste Müller, mit der er die Anstalt aufbaute und die bis zu ihrem Tode 1852 die Hauswirtschaft der Einrichtung leitete. Auch seine zweite Gattin, die wohl den späteren Schwiegersohn mit in die Ehe brachte, war eine Stütze der Anstalt.

1891 wurde eine an der Thonbergschen Anstalt vorbeiführende Straße Güntzstraße benannt.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Die Irren-Heil- und Pflege-Anstalt Thonberg im ersten Vierteljahrhundert ihrer Wirksamkeit, Philipp Reclam jun., Leipzig 1861 (google.de,  bsb-muenchen.de).
 Der Leichnam des Menschen in seinen physischen Verwandlungen nach Beobachtungen und Versuchen,   Leipzig 1827: Johann Ambrosius Barth
 Das ableitende Vermögen der Seelenverrichtungen, ein Schutzmittel gegen Seelenstörungen, Leipzig 1859: Philipp Reclam jun.
 Don Pietro Baron Pisani, Gründer, Director und Administrator des K. Irrenhauses in Palermo, Reclam 1878

Literatur
 Horst Riedel: Stadtlexikon Leipzig von A bis Z. PRO LEIPZIG, Leipzig 2005, ISBN 3-936508-03-8, S. 206/7
 Eduard Wilhelm Güntz: Die Irren-Heil- und Pflege-Anstalt Thonberg im ersten Vierteljahrhundert ihrer Wirksamkeit, Leipzig 1861: Philipp Reclam jun.
 Max Güntz: Eduard Wilhelm Güntz, der Begründer des Thonbergs, Thalacker & Schöffer, 1906

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Psychiater
Mediziner (19. Jahrhundert)
Geheimer Medizinalrat
Mitglied der Leopoldina (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Person (Leipzig)
Geboren 1800
Gestorben 1880
Mann

Eduard Wilhelm Güntz


Die Schweizer Badmintonmeisterschaft 2011 fand vom 3. bis zum 6. Februar 2011 in Zürich statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=7B2C8D23-C4BC-4CCF-A4D3-F44A99F14878

2011
Badminton 2011
Badmintonwettbewerb in Zürich

Schweizer Badmintonmeisterschaft 2011


Michael Lamont Bivins (born August 10, 1968) is an American singer, rapper, manager, actor, and producer, and a founding member of New Edition and Bell Biv DeVoe.

Biography
Bivins was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He and his wife, Teasha, have four daughters: Savannah, Shilah, Starlah, and Sanaah Bivins.

Career
Michael Bivins is one of the founding members of New Edition. When the group broke up he formed Bell Biv DeVoe with Ricky Bell and Ronnie DeVoe. The group is credited with being one of the pioneers of the new jack swing sound. Their debut album, Poison, peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 chart in 1990.

Music Manager
He also discovers, manages, and produces for other acts, most notably Sudden Impact, Another Bad Creation, MC Brains, Boyz II Men, and 702, all of whom were signed to his Motown distributed label Biv 10 Records. He serves as the music entrepreneur and A&R man of both of his own acts. Bivins also produced The New Edition Story, a biographical miniseries that ran on BET in 2017.

Acting
Bivins' credits include CSR 103.9 in the hit video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. Most recently, he appeared in the basketball film Crossover as the character, Heart Attack. Bivins also managed Artist Development on the reality competition show Making the Band 4 and is CEO and founder of Sporty Rich Enterprises record label.

Discography

New Edition

 Candy Girl (1983)
 New Edition (1984)
 All for Love (1985)
 Under the Blue Moon (1986)
 Heart Break (1988)
 Home Again (1996)
 One Love (2004)

Bell Biv DeVoe

 Poison (1990)
 Hootie Mack (1993)
 BBD (2001)
 Three Stripes (2017)

Singles
 (2009) Fresh (Featuring Clipse & Lil' Kim)

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Musicians from Boston
Interscope Records artists
Geffen Records artists
MCA Records artists
African-American musicians
Hip hop record producers
American music industry executives
New Edition members
Bell Biv DeVoe members
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Michael Bivins


هل تقصد:

 الرحاب (أدم) : مستوطنة في سلطنة عمان
 الرحاب (الجوف) : مستوطنة في اليمن
 الرحاب (الحد) : مستوطنة في اليمن
 الرحاب (يافع) : قرية في عزلة لبعوس، مديرية يافع، محافظة لحج اليمنية
 الرحاب أحد أحياء جدة.
 الرحاب أحد مناطق القاهرة الجديدة.
 الرحاب أحد مناطق دولة الكويت.
 الرحاب قرية سعودية تقع في محافظة وادي الفرع  بمنطقة المدينة المنورة.
 إقليم الرحاب اسم تاريخي يشمل مناطق أذربيجان ودربند وأرمينيا

الرحاب (توضيح)


الصليب هو شكل هندسي يتكون من قطعتين مستقيمتين متقاطعتين بشكل متعامد على بعضهما البعض بحيث تقسم أحدها على الأقل الآخرى إلى نصفين متساويين. يعدّ الصليب من أقدم الرموز في الحضارة الإنسانية، ويستخدم في العديد من الديانات مثل المسيحية.

في المسيحيَّة

الصليب المسيحي هو أبرز وأكثر رموز الديانة المسيحية شهرًة. والذي يشير لعمل يسوع الفدائي وفقًا للعقائد المسيحية؛ الأشكال الأساسية للصليب هو الصليب اللاتيني (✝)، والصليب اليوناني (✚)، مع العديد من الأشكال المتنوعة المستخدمة في شعارات النبالة وفي مختلف التقاليد الثقافية المسيحية.

تضفي المسيحية هالة من القدسية على عدد من الرموز كالصليب استنادًا إلى ما ورد في الرسالة الأولى إلى كورنثس 18/1 و الرسالة الأولى إلى كورنثس 22/1 إضافة إلى الرسالة إلى غلاطية 1/3، وقد وردت كلمة صليب في العهد الجديد 27 مرة في حين ورد فعل الصلب 46 مرة؛ تعتبر اللبرومة أيضًا من الرموز المسيحية المقدسة وكان الإمبراطور قسطنطين أول من قام بادخالها تحت شعار "بهذه العلامة تنتصر"، هناك أيضًا السمكة المسيحية التي استخدمتها الأجيال الأولى للدلالة بشكل سري على اسم يسوع خوفًا من الاضطهادات، يعد رمز الألف والياء من الرموز المسيحية المقدسة في الإشارة إلى يسوع استنادًا إلى ما ورد في رؤيا يوحنا 8/2.

طريقة الصلب
يمكننا أن نتعرف عليها عن طريق الاكتشافات الأثرية فقد كشف فريق من الأثريين صيف 1968 عن أربعة قبور يهودية في «رأس المصارف» بالقرب من القدس، وكان أحدها يحتوي على صندوق به هيكل عظمي لشاب توفي مصلوبا ويرجع تاريخه إلى ما بين 7، 66 ميلادي. كما تدل عليه الأواني الفخارية من عصر الهيرودسيين التي وجدت في القبر ومنقوش على الصندوق اسم «يوحانان». وقد أُجريت أبحاث دقيقة عن أسباب وطبيعة موته، مما قد يلقي بعض الضوء على كيفية صلب يسوع المسيح.

كان ذراعا الرجل مسمرتين إلى خشبة الصليب. والأرجح أن ثقل الجسم كان يرتكز عند العجز على قطعة من الخشب بارزة مثبتة إلى قائم الصليب. وكانت الساقين منحنيتين عند الركبتين إلى الخلف، والكاحلان مثبتين بمسمار واحد إلى قائم الصليب. وقد ثبت من شظية وجدت من بقايا الصليب، أنه كان مصنوعاً من خشب الزيتون. وكانت الساقين مكسورتين بضربة عنيفة مثلما حدث مع اللصين الذين صلبا مع يسوع (يو 19: 32).

ويبدو أن طريقة الصلب كانت تختلف من منطقة إلى أخرى في الإمبراطورية الرومانية الواسعة. ويبدو أن العملية كانت من القسوة والفظاعة حتى استنكف كُتَّاب ذلك العصر من إعطاء وصف تفصيلي لها، فكانت تعتبر من أقصى وأبشع وسائل العقاب. ولكن الرب وضع نفسه وأطاع حتى الموت، موت الصليب (في 2: 8).

دول تستخدم شعار الصليب في أعلامها

يصف مصطلح علم صليب الشمال الأعلام والرايات التي تحمل تصميم ما يسمى الصليب الشمالي أو الإسكندنافي، حيث يمثل العلم رمز الصليب في حقل مستطيل. أقدم هذه الأعلام كان علم الدنمارك.

وقد اعتمدت كل من بلدان دول الشمال هذه الأعلام في العصر الحديث، وكثيرًا ما يدعى أيضًا علم الصليب الإسكندنافي لإستخدام الدول الإسكندنافية الصليب الشمالي في أعلامها الوطنية. يرمز الصليب إلى الصليب المسيحي، ويستمد العلم تصميمه من تصاميم تعود للقرن الثالث عشر أثناء الحروب الصليبية.

مراجع

أشكال هندسية
رموز الصليب
رموز دينية

صليب


En mors historie er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2002, der er instrueret af Cathrine Marchen Asmussen.

Handling
Hun er en af de tørklædeklædte kvinder på Nørrebro i København. En ældre kvinde med tildækket hår og lang, brun frakke. En del af gadebilledet - men udadtil anonym og tavs. Hun taler ikke dansk og blander sig ikke i anliggender, der ikke direkte vedrører familien. Men selvfølgelig har hun et navn og en historie. Hun hedder Gülendam Sahin og kom til Danmark fra en lille tyrkisk landsby for tredive år siden. Dengang forestillede hendes mand sig, at de siden skulle vende tilbage til Tyrkiet. Nu er manden død, børnene er voksne og har uddannelse, job og egne familier. Tilbage i lejligheden sidder Gülendam Sahin og spekulerer over, hvad der skete med familietraditionerne og drømmene i mødet med den danske kultur.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

En mors historie


Stephan Brandt Lilliecrona (født i 1971 i Odense) er en dansk reportagefotograf, der arbejder på TV 2. Han startede sin karriere i 1993, hvor han blev uddannet fra Nova Vision i Odense. Siden har han arbejdet for TV 2 Nyhederne, hvor han har været med til at dække store begivenheder som Irak-krigen i 2003, hvor han var med til at lave historier fra Baghdad.

Sammen med journalist Lasse Ravnø blev han i 2012 nomineret til en Cavlingpris for historien om narkotika i Sandholmlejren. Tre år senere i 2015 blev han nomineret til prisen som årets pressefotograf i tv-kategorien for sit arbejde med historien om hjemmeplejen. I 2017 er hans arbejde med nyhedsindslagene i serien "Ældremilliarden der blev væk" nomineret ved årets TV-pris i kategorien 'bedste nyhedshistorie'.

Fotografer fra Danmark
Ansatte ved TV 2
Personer fra Odense

Stephan Brandt


Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognised languages.

The earliest works of Indian literature were orally transmitted. Sanskrit literature begins with the oral literature of the Rig Veda, a collection of literature dating to the period 1500–1200 BCE. The Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata were subsequently codified and appeared towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Classical Sanskrit literature developed rapidly during the first few centuries of the first millennium BCE, as did  the Pāli Canon and Tamil Sangam literature.
In the medieval period, literature in Kannada and Telugu appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries respectively. Later, literature in Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese, Odia,  and Maithili appeared. Thereafter literature in various dialects of Hindi, Persian and Urdu began to appear as well. In 1913, Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore became India's first Nobel laureate in literature. In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship and the Jnanpith Award. Eight Jnanpith Awards each have been awarded in Hindi and Kannada, followed by five in Bengali and Malayalam, four in Odia, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu and Urdu, two each in Assamese, Konkani and Tamil, and one each in Sanskrit and Kashmiri۔

In archaic Indian languages

Vedic literature

Examples of early works written in Vedic Sanskrit include, the core Vedas and Upanishads. Other examples include the Sulba Sutras, which are some of the earliest texts on geometry.

Epic Sanskrit literature

Ved Vyasa's Mahabharata and Valmiki's Ramayana, written in Epic Sanskrit, are regarded as the greatest Sanskrit epics.

Classical Sanskrit literature

The famous poet and playwright Kālidāsa wrote one epic: Raghuvamsha (Dynasty of Raghu); it was written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit. Other examples of works written in Classical Sanskrit include the Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi, which standardised the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit. The Laws of Manu (मनुस्मृति) is a famous text in Hinduism. Kālidāsa is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit literature; his Recognition of Shakuntala (अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्) and Meghaduuta are Kalidasa's most famous play and poem respectively. Other famous plays include Mricchakatika by Shudraka, Svapna Vasavadattam by Bhasa, and Ratnavali by Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include Gita Govinda by Jayadeva. Some other famous works are Chanakya's Arthashastra and Vatsyayana's Kamasutra.

Prakrit literature
The most notable Prakrit languages were the Jain Prakrit (Ardhamagadhi), Pali, Gāndhārī, Maharashtri and Shauraseni.

One of the earliest extant Prakrit works is Hāla's anthology of poems in Maharashtri, the Gāhā Sattasaī, dating to the 3rd to 5th century CE. Kālidāsa and Harsha also used Maharashtri in some of their plays and poetry. In Jainism, many Svetambara works were written in Maharashtri.

Many of Aśvaghoṣa's plays were written in Shauraseni as were a sizable number of Jain works and Rajasekhara's Karpuramanjari. Canto 13 of the Bhaṭṭikāvya is written in what is called "like the vernacular" (bhāṣāsama), that is, it can be read in two languages simultaneously: Prakrit and Sanskrit.

The surviving Gāndhāran Buddhist texts are written in the Gāndhārī language, a northwestern prakrit spoken in Gandhāra.

Pali literature

The Theravada Buddhist Tipitaka (Triple Basket) in the Pali language is mostly of Indian origin. Later Pali literature however was mostly produced outside of the mainland Indian subcontinent, particularly in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.

The canonical Pali literature includes Buddhist discourses (suttas), Abhidharma works, poetry, works on monastic discipline (vinaya), and the Jataka tales. There are also later post-canonical works written in India, such as the Milindapanha, a dialogue between a Buddhist monk and an Indo-Greek King.

Tamil Sangam literature

The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Sanga ilakkiyam) is the ancient Tamil literature of the period in the history of south India (known as the Thamizhagam or the Tamilagam) spanning from  to 300 CE (Akananuru (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), Kurunthogai (11), Natrinai (14, 75) are dated before 300 BCE). This collection contains 2381 poems in Tamil composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.

Most of the available Sangam literature is from the Third Sangam, this period is known as the Sangam period, which refers to the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature. The Only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in paripaatal. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions.

Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement. Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like Thiruvalluvar, who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like virtue, wealth and love, or the Tamil poet Mamulanar, who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.

In common Indian languages

Assamese literature

The Buddhist Charyapadas are often cited as the earliest example of Assamese literature. The Charyapadas are Vajrayana Buddhist songs composed in the 8th to 12th centuries. These writings bear similarities to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological traits of these songs, some of which are extant, bear very strong resemblance to Assamese.

After the Charyapadas, the period may again be split into (a) Pre-Vaishnavite and (b) Vaishnavite sub-periods. The earliest known Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati, who wrote a small poem "Prahlada Charita". In the time of the King Indranarayana (1350–1365) of Kamatapur the two poets Harihara Vipra and Kaviratna Saraswati composed Asvamedha Parva and Jayadratha Vadha respectively. Another poet named Rudra Kandali translated Drona Parva into Assamese. But the most well-known poet of the Pre-Vaishnavite sub period is Madhav Kandali, who rendered Valmiki's Ramayana into Assamese verse (Kotha Ramayana, 11th century) under the patronage of Mahamanikya, a Kachari king of Jayantapura.

Assamese writers of Vaishnavite periods had been Srimanta Sankardev, Madhabdev, Damodardev, Haridevand Bhattadev. Among these, Srimanta Sankardev has been widely acknowledged as the top Assamese littérateur of all-time, and generally acknowledged as the one who introduced drama, poetry, classical dance form called Satriya, classical music form called Borgeet, art and painting, stage enactment of drama called Bhaona and Satra tradition of monastic lifestyle. His main disciples Madhabdev and Damodardev followed in his footsteps, and enriched Assamese literary world with their own contributions. Damodardev's disciple Bhattadev is acknowledged as the first Indian prose writer, who introduced the unique prose writing style in Assamese.

Of the post-Vaishnavite age of Assamese literature, notable modern Assamese writers are Lakshminath Bezbaruah, Padmanath Gohain Baruah, Hemchandra Goswami, Hem Chandra Barua, Atul Chandra Hazarika, Nalini Bala Devi, Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, Amulya Barua, Navakanta Barua, Syed Abdul Malik, Bhabananda Deka, Jogesh Das, Homen Borgohain, Bhabendra Nath Saikia, Lakshmi Nandan Bora, Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi, Mahim Bora, Hiren Gohain, Arun Sharma, Hiren Bhattacharyya, Mamoni Raisom Goswami, Nalini Prava Deka, Nilamani Phukan, Arupa Kalita Patangia, Dhrubajyoti Bora, Arnab Jan Deka, Rita Chowdhury, Anuradha Sharma Pujari, Manikuntala Bhattacharya, Sananta Tanty, Nabakanta Barua, Samir Tanty, and several others.

A comprehensive introductory book Assamese Language-Literature & Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa originally authored by leading Assamese littérateur of Awahon-Ramdhenu Era and pioneer Assam economist Bhabananda Deka together with his three deputies, Parikshit Hazarika, Upendra Nath Goswami and Prabhat Chandra Sarma, was published in 1968. This book was officially released in New Delhi on 24 Nov 1968 by then President of India Zakir Husain in commemoration of the birth centenary celebration of doyen of Assamese literature Lakshminath Bezbaroa. After almost half a century, this historic book has been recovered and re-edited by Assamese award-winning short-story writer & novelist Arnab Jan Deka, which was published by Assam Foundation-India in 2014. This second enlarged edition was officially released on 4 December 2014 on the occasion of 150th birth anniversary of Lakshminath Bezbaroa and 8th Death Anniversary of Bhabananda Deka by Great Britain-based bilingual magazine Luit to Thames (Luitor Pora Thamsoloi) editor Karuna Sagar Das.

Bengali literature

The first evidence of Bengali literature is known as Charyapada or Charyageeti, which were Buddhist hymns from the 8th century. Charyapada is in the oldest known written form of Bengali. The famous Bengali linguist Hara Prasad Shastri discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1907.
The most internationally famous Bengali writer is Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his work "Gitanjali". He wrote the national anthem of India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize.
Rabindranath has written an enormous number of poems, songs, essays, novels, plays and short stories. His songs remain popular and are still widely sung in Bengal.

Kazi Nazrul Islam, who is one generation younger than Tagore, is also equally popular, valuable, and influential in socio-cultural context of the Bengal, though virtually unknown in foreign countries. And among later generation poets, Jibanananda Das is considered the most important figure.
Other famous Indian Bengali writers were Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Jasimuddin, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay etc.

Sukanta Bhattacharya (15 August 1926 – 13 May 1947) was a Bengali poet and playwright. Along with Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam, he was one of the key figures of modern Bengali poetry, despite the fact that most of his works had been in publication posthumously. During his life, his poems were not widely circulated, but after his death his reputation grew to the extent that he became one of the most popular Bengali poet of the 20th century.

Bengali is the second most commonly spoken language in India (after Hindi).
As a result of the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th and 20th centuries, many of India's most famous, and
relatively recent, literature, poetry, and songs are in Bengali.

In the history of Bengali literature there has been only one pathbreaking literary movement by a group of poets and artists who called themselves Hungryalists.

Bhojpuri literature

Chhattisgarhi literature
Literature in Chhattisgarh reflects the regional consciousness and the evolution of an identity distinct from others in Central India. The social problems of the lower castes/untouchables were highlighted in the writings of Khub Chand Baghel through his plays Jarnail Singh and Unch Neech.

English literature

In the 20th century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional Indian languages but also in English, a language inherited from the British. As a result of British colonisation, India has developed its own unique dialect of English known as Indian English. Indian English typically follows British spelling and pronunciation as opposed to American, and books published in India reflect this phenomenon. Indian English literature, however, tends to utilise more internationally recognisable vocabulary then does colloquial Indian English, in the same way that American English literature does so as compared to American slang.

India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore, who wrote some of his work originally in English, and did some of his own English translations from Bengali. India's best selling English-language novelists of all-time are the contemporary writers like Chetan Bhagat, Manjiri Prabhu and Ashok Banker. More recent major writers in English who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are R. K. Narayan, Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Raja Rao, Amitav Ghosh, Rohinton Mistry, Vikram Chandra, Mukul Kesavan, Raj Kamal Jha, Vikas Swarup, Khushwant Singh, Shashi Tharoor, Nayantara Sehgal, Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, Ashok Banker, Shashi Deshpande, Arnab Jan Deka, Jhumpa Lahiri, Kamala Markandaya, Gita Mehta, Manil Suri, Manjiri Prabhu, Ruskin Bond, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and Bharati Mukherjee.

In category of Indian writing in English is poetry. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into English. Other early notable poets in English include Derozio, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Toru Dutt, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Sri Aurobindo, Sarojini Naidu, and her brother Harindranath Chattopadhyay.

In the 1950s, the Writers Workshop collective in Calcutta was founded by the poet and essayist P. Lal to advocate and publish Indian writing in English. The press was the first to publish Pritish Nandy, Sasthi Brata, and others; it continues to this day to provide a forum for English writing in India. In modern times, Indian poetry in English was typified by two very different poets. Dom Moraes, winner of the Hawthornden Prize at the age of 19 for his first book of poems A Beginning went on to occupy a pre-eminent position among Indian poets writing in English. Nissim Ezekiel, who came from India's tiny Bene Israel Jewish community, created a voice and place for Indian poets writing in English and championed their work.

Their contemporaries in English poetry in India were Jayanta Mahapatra, Gieve Patel, A. K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Eunice De Souza, Kersi Katrak, P. Lal and Kamala Das among several others.

Younger generations of poets writing in English include G. S. Sharat Chandra, Hoshang Merchant, Makarand Paranjape, Anuradha Bhattacharyya, Arundhathi Subramaniam, Jeet Thayil, Ranjit Hoskote, Sudeep Sen, Abhay K, Jerry Pinto, K Srilata, Gopi Kottoor, Tapan Kumar Pradhan, Arnab Jan Deka, Anju Makhija, Robin Ngangom, Rukmini Bhaya Nair, Smita Agarwal and Vihang A. Naik among others.

A generation of exiles also sprang from the Indian diaspora. Among these are names like Agha Shahid Ali, Sujata Bhatt, Richard Crasta, Yuyutsu Sharma, Shampa Sinha, Tabish Khair and Vikram Seth.

In recent years, English-language writers of Indian origin are being published in the West at an increasing rate.

Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai and Arvind Adiga have won the prestigious Booker Prize, with Salman Rushdie going on to win the Booker of Bookers.

Hindi literature

Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij. The most famous figures from this period are Kabir and Tulsidas. In modern times, the Dehlavi dialect of the Hindi Belt became more prominent than Sanskrit.

Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered to be the first work of prose in Hindi. Munshi Premchand was the most famous Hindi novelist. The chhayavadi poets include Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Prem Bajpai, Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, and Mahadevi Varma. Other renowned poets include Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Maithili Sharan Gupt, Agyeya, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, and Dharmveer Bharti.

Gujarati literature

Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD. Since then literature has flourished continuously. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Hemchandracharya, Narsinh Mehta, Mirabai, Akho, Premanand Bhatt, Shamal Bhatt, Dayaram, Dalpatram, Narmad, Govardhanram Tripathi, Gandhi, K. M. Munshi, Umashankar Joshi, Suresh Joshi, Pannalal Patel and Rajendra Keshavlal Shah.

Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature.
Umashankar Joshi, Pannalal Patel, Rajendra Keshavlal Shah and Raghuveer Chaudhary have won the Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award in India.

Kannada literature

The oldest existing record of Kannada prose is the Halmidi inscription of 450 CE, and poetry in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 CE. The folk form of literature began earlier than any other literature in Kannada. Gajashtaka (800 CE) by King Shivamara II, Chudamani (650 CE) by Thumbalacharya are examples of early literature now considered extinct. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 CE) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 CE. An early extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 CE provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.
Pampa who popularised Champu style which is unique to Kannada wrote the epic "Vikramarjuna Vijaya". He also wrote "Adipurana". Other famous poets like Ponna wrote "shantinatapurana", "Bhuvanaikaramabhyudaya", "Jinaksharamale", and "gatapratyagata". Ranna wrote "Shantipurana" and "Ghadayudha". The Jain poet Nagavarma II wrote "Kavyavalokana", "Karnatabhashabhushana" and "Vardhamanapurana" . Janna was the author of "Yashodhara Charitha". Rudhrabhatta and Durgashima wrote "Jagannatha Vijaya" and "Panchatantra" respectively. The works of the medieval period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature. It is the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy comments on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karnata Bharata Katamanjari, has arguably been the most famous and most influential Kannada writer of the 15th century. The Bhakti movement gave rise to Dasa Sahitya around the 15th century which significantly contributed to the evolution of Carnatic music in its present form. This period witnessed great Haridasas like Purandara Dasa who has been aptly called the Pioneer of Carnatic music, Kanaka Dasa, Vyasathirtha and Vijaya Dasa. Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Works of Kannada literature have received Eight Jnanpith awards, which is the highest number awarded for the literature in any Indian language. It has also received forty-seven Sahitya Academy awards.

Kashmiri literature

Kodava literature
When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications. ... The language had no significant written literature until the twentieth century. Appachcha Kavi, a playwright, and Nadikerianda Chinnappa, a folk compiler, are the two important poets and writers of the Kodava language.

Konkani literature
Konkani is a language with a complex and much-contested history. It is one of the few Indian languages to be written in five scripts—Roman, Nagari, Kannada, Persian-Arabic and Malayalam-and also has an extensive oral literature. The first modern Konkani novel, 'Kristanv ghorabo', was written by Eduardo Jose Bruno De Souza, while 'Mhaji ba khãya geli?' by Shenoy Goembab is the first modern short story in Konkani literature. Other prominent Konkani writers include Ravindra Kelekar, Bakibab Borkar, Chandrakant Keni, Damodar Mauzo, Arvind Mhambro, C. F. D'Costa, Pundalik Naik, Hema Naik, Bonaventure D'Pietro, Dilip Borkar, Mahabaleshwar Sail, V. J. P. Saldana, Meena kakodkar, Jess Fernandes, K. M. Sukhthankar, Nayana Adarkar.

Malayalam literature

Even up to 500 years since the start of the Malayalam calendar which commenced in 825 AD, Malayalam literature remained in preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs. Ramacharitham written by Cheeramakavi is a collection of poems written at the end of preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution, and is the oldest Malayalam book available. Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan (17th century) is considered as the Father of the Malayalam language, because of his influence on the acceptance of the Malayalam alphabet and his extremely popular poetic works like Adhyathmaramayanam. Several noted works were written during the 19th century, but it was in the 20th century the Malayalam literary movement came to prominence. Malayalam literature flourished under various genres and today it is a fully developed part of Indian literature.

Maithili literature

Maithili literature is the entire collection of poetry, novels, short stories, documents and other writings in the Maithili language. The most famous literary figure in Maithili is the poet Vidyapati (1350–1450), who wrote his poems in the language of the people, i.e., Maithili, at a time when state's official language was Sanskrit and Sanskrit was being used as a literary language. The use of Maithili, instead of Sanskrit, in literature became more common after Vidyapati.
Jyotirishwar mentions Lorika. Vachaspati II in his Tattvachintamani and Vidyapati in his Danavakyavali have profusely used typical Maithili words of daily use.

The Maithili script, Mithilakshara or Tirhuta as it is popularly known, is of a great antiquity. The Lalitavistara mentions the Vaidehi script. Early in the latter half of the 7th century A.D., a marked change occurred in the northeastern alphabet, and the inscriptions of Adityasena exhibit this change for the first time. The eastern variety develops and becomes the Maithili script, which comes into use in Assam, Bengal, and Nepal. The earliest recorded epigraphic evidence of the script is found in the Mandar Hill Stone inscriptions of Adityasena in the 7th century A.D., now fixed in the Baidyanath temple of Deoghar.

The language of the Buddhist dohas is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili—Kamrupi language.

Meitei literature

Meitei literature is literature written in the Meitei language (Manipuri, Meiteilon), including literature composed in Meitei by writers from Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The history of Meitei literature can be traced back to thousands of years with the flourish of Meitei civilization. Despite massive devastation and the burning of Meitei scriptures, such as the Puya Meithaba, Meitei literature survived. The resilience that Meiteis would demonstrate in the event of devastation proves their ability to survive throughout history. Most of the early literary works found in Meitei literature were in poetry and prose or a combination of both. One of the most famous Meitei writers of the twentieth century is M. K. Binodini Devi.

Marathi literature

Marathi literature began with saint-poets like Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Ramdas, and Eknath. Modern Marathi literature was marked by a theme of social reform. Well-known figures from this phase include Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Lokhitwadi, and others. Prominent modern literary figures include Jnanpith Award winners Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, Vishnu Vaman Shirvadakar (Kavi Kusumagraj) and Govind Vinayak Karandikar. Though the earliest known Marathi inscription found at the foot of the statue at Shravanabelgola in Karnataka is dated c. 983 CE, the Marathi literature actually started with the religious writings by the saint-poets belonging to Mahanubhava and Warkari sects. Mahanubhava saints used prose as their main medium, while Warkari saints preferred poetry as the medium. The early saint-poets were Mukundaraj who wrote Vivekasindhu, Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) (who wrote Amrutanubhav and Bhawarthadeepika, which is popularly known as Dnyaneshwari, a 9000-couplets long commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Namdev. They were followed by the Warkari saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599). Mukteswar translated the great epic Mahabharata into Marathi. Social reformers like saint-poet Tukaram transformed Marathi into an enriched literary language. Ramdas's (1608–1681) Dasbodh and Manache Shlok are well-known products of this tradition.

In the 18th century, some well-known works like Yatharthadeepika (by Vaman Pandit), Naladamayanti Swayamvara (by Raghunath Pandit), Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay (by Shridhar Pandit) and Mahabharata (by Moropant) were produced. However, the most versatile and voluminous writer among the poets was Moropanta (1729–1794) whose Mahabharata was the first epic poem in Marathi. The historical section of the old Marathi literature was unique as it contained both prose and poetry. The prose section contained the Bakhars that were written after the foundation of the Maratha kingdom by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The poetry section contained the Povadas and the Katavas composed by the Shahirs. The period from 1794 to 1818 is regarded as the closing period of the Old Marathi literature and the beginning of the Modern Marathi literature.

Modern period (after 1800)
The period of the late 19th century in Maharashtra is the period of colonial modernity. Like the corresponding periods in the other Indian languages, this was the period dominated by the English educated intellectuals. It was the age of prose and reason. It was the period of reformist didacticism and a great intellectual ferment.

The first English book was translated in Marathi in 1817. The first Marathi newspaper started in 1835. Many books on social reforms were written by Baba Padamji (Yamuna Paryatana, 1857), Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Lokhitwadi, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Hari Narayan Apte (1864–1919) etc. Lokmanya Tilak's newspaper Kesari, set up in 1880, provided a platform for sharing literary views. V.D. Savarkar's '1857 Che Swatantryasamar' (The Indian War of Independence 1857) served as a Bible for Revolutionaries throughout India. Marathi at this time was efficiently aided by Marathi Drama. Here, there also was a different genre called 'Sangit Natya' or musicals. The first play was V.A. Bhave's Sita Swayamvar in 1843. Later Kirioskar (1843–85) and G.B. Deval (1854-19l6) brought a romantic aroma and social content. But Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar (1872~1948) with his banned play Kichaka-Vadh (1910) set the trend of political playwriting. Later on this "stage" was ably served by stalwarts like Ram Ganesh Gadkari and Prahlad Keshav Atre. The drama flourished in the 1960s and 70s with few of the best Indian actors available to take on a variety of protagonists. Mohan Agashe, Sriram Lagoo, Kashinath Ghanekar, Prabhakar Panshikar playing many immortal characters penned by greats like Vasant Kanetkar, Kusumagraj, vijay Tendulkar to name a few. This drama movement was ably supported by Marathi films which did not enjoy a continuous success. Starting with V.Shantaram and before him the pioneer DadaSaheb Phalke, Marathi cinema went on to influence contemporary Hindi cinema. Director Raja Paranjape, Music director Sudhir Phadke, lyricist G.D. Madgulkar and actor Raja Gosavi came together to give quite a few hits in later period. Marathi language as spoken by people here was throughout influenced by drama and cinema along with contemporary literature. Modern Marathi poetry began with Mahatma Jyotiba Phule's compositions. The later poets like Keshavsuta, Balakavi, Govindagraj, and the poets of Ravi Kiran Mandal like Madhav Julian wrote poetry which was influenced by the Romantic and Victorian English poetry. It was largely sentimental and lyrical. Prahlad Keshav Atre, the renowned satirist and a politician wrote a parody of this sort of poetry in his collection Jhenduchi Phule. Sane Guruji (1899–1950) contributed to the children's literature in Marathi. His major works are Shyamchi Aai (Shyam's Mother), Astik (Believer), Gode Shevat (The Sweet Ending) etc. He translated and simplified many Western classics and published them in a book of stories titled Gode Goshti (Sweet Stories).

Mizo literature

Mizo literature is the literature written in Mizo ṭtawng, the principal language of the Mizo peoples, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the Lushai language, with significant influence from Pawi language, Paite language and Hmar language, especially at the literary level. All Mizo languages such as Pawi language, Paite language etc. remained unwritten until the beginning of the 20th century. However, there was unwritten secular literature in the form of folktales, war chants etc. passed down from one generation to another. And there was rich religious literature in the form of sacerdotal chants. These are the chants used by the two types of priests, namely Bawlpu and Sadâwt. This article is about the written literature.

Nagpuri literature

Nagpuri literature refers to literature in the Nagpuri language, the language of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The earliest literature started in the nagpuri language when the Nagvanshi king and king of Ramgarh Raj started writing poetry in the 17th century. Since then, various literature has been written. Although in the present century, Nagpuri was never considered worthy of literary development, a small but dedicated writers have engaged in writing short stories, plays and poetry.

Nepali literature

Odia literature

Odia language literary history started with the charyapadas written in the 8th century AD. Odia has a rich literary heritage, the medieval period dating back to the 13th century. Sarala Das who lived in the 14th century is known as the Vyasa of Odisha. He translated the Mahabharata into Odia. In fact the language was initially standardised through a process of translation of classical Sanskrit texts like the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Srimad Bhagavatam. Jagannatha Das translated the Srimad Bhagavatam into Odia and his translation standardised the written form of the language. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially that of devotional poetry. Some other eminent ancient Odia Poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja and Kavisurya Baladev Rath.

Odia language is replete in classicism. Various forms of poetry like champu, chhanda, bhajan, janan, poi, chautisha etc. were written during the medieval ages.

In the 19th century, Swabhab Kavi Gangadhar Meher (1862-1924), Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918), Gouri Shankar Ray, Gopal Chandra Praharaj, Pandit Nilmani Vidyaratna, Kabibar Radhanath Ray were few of the prominent figures in prose and poetry writings of Odia literature. In the 20th century Godabarish Mohapatra, Kalindi Charana Panigrahi, Kanhu Charan Mohanty (1906–1994), Godabarish Mishra, Gopinath Mohanty (1914–1991), Sachidananda Routray (1916–2004), Sitakant Mahapatra (born 17 September 1937), Surendra Mohanty, Manoj Das, Kishori Charan Das, Ramakanta Rath (born 13 December 1934), Binapani Mohanty, Jagadish Mohanty, Sarojini Sahoo, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Padmaj Pal, Ramchandra Behera, Pratibha Satpathy, Nandini Sahu, Debaraj Samantray are few names who created Odia literature. Recently the Government of India accorded classical status to Odia in 2014.
There was a time when Bengali tried to overpower Odia Language. Along with West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh tookaway many parts of Odisha letting Odisha into nothingness and despair. Mostly the Bengalis claimed that Odia is the derived form of Bengali and so the language cannot independently exist.The famous Bengali Pandits like Kantilal Bhattacharya and Rajendra Mitra claimed that "Odia ekta swotontro bhasa hobena", i.e., Odia cannot withstand as an independent language. But they were unaware of the fact that Odia language is older than Bengali and even one of the oldest languages in the World. It is one of the classical languages. Owing to the immense contributions and sacrifices of pioneers like Fakirmohan Senapati, Gopabandhu Das, Madhusudan Das, Nilakantha Das, Gourishankar Ray, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati and many more, Odisha and Odia language got back its special identity and has stood tall among the best in the country.
The current state Odisha and the language Odia have evolved through many contributions and sacrifices.

Punjabi literature

The history of Punjabi literature starts with advent of Aryans in Punjab.
Punjab provided them the perfect environment in which to compose the ancient texts. The Rig-Veda is first example in which references are made to the rivers, flora and fauna of Punjab. The Punjabi literary tradition is generally conceived to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266).[2]. Farid's mostly spiritual and devotional verse were compiled after his death in the Adi Granth.

The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. Nanak himself composed Punjabi verse incorporating vocabulary from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and other Indic languages as characteristic of the Gurbani tradition. Sufi poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), and Bulleh Shah (1680–1757). In contrast to Persian poets who had preferred the ghazal for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the Kafi.[3].

Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly the Punjabi Qissa, a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic, Persian and Qur'anic sources. The Qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qisse. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiba by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassi Punnun by Hashim Shah (1735?-1843?), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).

The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during colonial rule. The setting up of a Christian mission at Ludhiana in 1835 (where a printing press was installed for using Gurmukhi fonts, and which also issued the first Punjabi grammar in 1838), the publication of a Punjabi dictionary by Reverend J. Newton in 1854 and the ripple-down effect of the strengthening and modernizing the education system under the patronage of the Singh Sabha Movement in the 1860s, were some of the developments that made it possible for 'modernism' to emerge in Punjabi literary culture. It needs to be pointed out here that 'modernism' is being used here as an umbrella term to cover a whole range of developments in the Punjabi literary culture, starting with the break from tradition or the past to a commitment to progressive ideology, from the experimental nature of the avant-garde to the newness of the forward-looking.

Rajasthani literature

Sindhi literature

Tamil literature

Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than 2500 years (Sangam period: 5th century BC-3rd century CE.) Tolkaappiyam (3rd century BC) has been credited as the oldest work in Tamil available today. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early Sangam poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. Tirukkural is a fine example of such work on human behaviour and political morals. A wave of religious revival helped generate a great volume of literary output by Saivite and Vaishnavite authors. Jain and Buddhist authors during the medieval period and Muslim and European authors later also contributed to the growth of Tamil literature.

A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilise the power of poetry in influencing the masses. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of Tamil Cinema has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge.

Telugu literature

Telugu, the Indian language with the third largest number of speakers (after Hindi & Bengali), is rich in literary traditions.
Literature has existed from 300 BC in the form of inscriptions. The earliest written literature dates back to the 7th century. The epic literary tradition started with Nannayya who is acclaimed as Telugu's Aadikavi meaning the first poet. He belongs to the 10th or 11th century.

Vemana was a prince, also called Pedakomati or Vemaa Reddy, who lived in the 14th century and wrote poems in the language of the common man. He questioned the prevailing values and conventions and religious practices in his poems. His philosophy made him a unique poet of the masses.

Viswanadha Satyanarayana (Veyipadagalu) (1895–1976), a doyen of conventional yet creative literature, was the first to receive the Jnanpith Award for Telugu followed by C. Narayana Reddy and Ravuri Bharadwaja.

Srirangam Srinivasarao or Sri Sri (1910–1983) was a popular 20th century poet and lyricist. Srisri took the "Telugu literary band wagon that travelled in roads of kings and queens into that of muddy roads of common man".

Literary movements

Old Era
Telugu literature has been enriched by many literary movements, like the Veera Shaiva movement which gave birth to dwipada kavitvam (couplets). The Bhakti movement gave rise to compilations by Annamayya, Kshetrayya and Tyagaraja and kancharla Gopanna (Ramadasu). The renaissance movement heralded by Vemana stands for the old Telugu literary movements.

New Era
The Romantic Movement (led by Krishnasashtri, Rayaprolu, Vedula), Progressive Writers Movement, Digambara Kavitvam (Nagnamuni, Cherabanda Raju, Jwalamukhi), Nikhileswar, Bhairavayya and Mahaswapna Revolutionary Writers' Movement, Streevada Kavitvam and Dalita Kavitvam all flourished in Telugu literature. Telugu literature has been the standard bearer of Indian literature in these respects.

Fiction and prose literature:

Kandukuri Veeresalingam is said to be the father of Modern Telugu fiction. Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao laid the foundation for the realistic modern Telugu novel and short story, and Rachakonda and Kalipatnam carried the flag in to excellency.

[Annamaya]], Gurajada Appa Rao, Kandukuri, Devulapalli, Jashuva, Unnava Laxminarayana (Malapalli), Bucchi Babu, Tripuraneni Gopichand, Maa Gokhale, Papineni Sivasankar and many more had a profound impact on Telugu literature.

Tripuri literature

Tripuri(Kokborok/Tiprakok) is the native language of Tripuri people in present Tripura state in North East of India. During 20th centuries many of Royal family and its officials contributes to develop the Kokborok Language in many ways.

A significant hint for the antiquity of the Kokborok language can be found in the lines in the "Rajmala", the chronicle which mentions that "Rajmala" was first written in Kokborok(Tripuri).

Tulu literature

The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil.[46] Nevertheless, Tulu is one of only five literary Dravidian languages, the other four being Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The earliest available Tulu literature that survives to this date is the Tulu translation of the great Sanskrit epic of Mahabharata called Mahabharato (ಮಹಾಭಾರತೊ). It was written by Arunabja (1657 AD), a poet who lived in Kodavur near Udupi[47] around late 14th to early 15th century AD.[48] Other important literary works in Tulu are:

Devi Mahatmyam's (ಶ್ರೀ ದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ) 1200 AD - Tulu translation
Sri Bhagavata (ಶ್ರೀ ಭಾಗವತೊ) 1626 AD - written by Vishnu Tunga
Kaveri (1391 AD)
This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit.[49][50] Even today the official script of the eight Tulu monasteries (Ashta Mathas of Udupi) founded by Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu.[51][52] The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed.[52]

Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the Sahitya Academy award for best poetry.[53] Madipu, Mogaveera, Saphala and Samparka are popular Tulu periodicals published from Mangalore. The Tulu Sahitya Academy, established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, as also the Kerala Tulu Academy established by the Indian State Government of Kerala in Manjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors of Tulu literature are Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, M. K. Seetharam Kulal, Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa Rai, Venkataraja Puninchattaya, Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali.

Urdu literature

Among other traditions, Urdu poetry is a fine example of linguistic and cultural synthesis. Arab and Persian vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and extremely beloved class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and Tassawuf (Sufism). Urdu soon became the court language of the Mughals and in its higher forms was once called the "Kohinoor" of Indian languages. It is surely the most refined, enriched, sophisticated and ripended language and literature, producing poets like, Mir, Ghalib, Iqbal, Zauq and Faiz. The poetry of Mohammed Iqbal invoked a spirit of freedom among the Muslims of India, thus contributing a pivotal role in the making of Pakistan.

In Urdu literature fiction has also flourished well. Umrao Jaan Ada of Mirza Hadi Ruswa is the first significant Urdu novel. Premchand is treated as father of modern Urdu fiction with his novel Godan and short stories like Kafan. The art of short story was further taken ahead by Manto, Bedi, Krishn Chander and a host of highly acclaimed writers. Urdu novel reached further heights in the 1960s with novels of Qurratulain Haider and Abdullah Hussain. Towards the end of the 20th century Urdu novel entered into a new phase with trend setter novel MAKAAN of Paigham Afaqui. Urdu ghazal has also recently changed its colour with more and more penetration in and synchronization with modern and contemporary issues of life.

In foreign languages

Indian Persian literature

During the early Muslim period, Persian became the official language of the northern part of Indian subcontinent, used by most of the educated and the government. The language had, from its earliest days in the 11th century AD, been imported to the subcontinent by various culturally Persianised Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. Several Indians became major Persian poets later on, the most notable being Amir Khusro and, in more modern times, Muhammad Iqbal. Much of the older Sanskrit literature was also translated into Persian. For a time, it remained the court language of the Mughals, soon to be replaced by Urdu. Persian still held its status, despite the spread of Urdu, well into the early years of the British rule in India. Most British officials had to learn Persian on coming to India and concluded their conversations in Persian. In 1837, however, the British, in an effort to expand their influence, made a government ruling to discontinue the use of Persian and commence the use of English instead. Thus started the decline of Persian as most of the subcontinent's official governmental language, a position to be taken up by the new language of the British Raj, English. Many modern Indian languages still show signs of relatively heavy Persian influence, most notably Urdu and Hindi.

Literature from North East India

English literature from North East India refers to the body of work by English-language writers from North-East India.They included many sub-categories, such as Naga literature, Assamese literature, Meitei or Manipuri literature, among others. Ancient India has many intensive examples, like that of the incredible verses translated from the Ramayana, named Saptakanda Ramayana. Choral songs known as Oja-Pali, and theater performances, known as Panchali, were also an extensive part of Assamese literature.

Awards
 Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
 Jnanpith Award
 Sahitya Akademi Award
 Vyas Samman
 Saraswati Samman

See also

Indian epic poetry
Indian Literature (journal)
Indian poetry
List of ancient Indian writers
Literature from North East India
Stephanian School of Literature

Footnotes

External links

Indian Literature on Indohistory
Indian Literature, Fiction and Poetry Magazine
South Asian Canonical Texts
Bhas - Longest Poem on Indian Constitution set World Record

Indian literature


Virüs sınıflandırması, virüslerin taksonomik bir sistem içinde adlandırılma ve gruplandırılmalarını içerir. Hücresel canlıların görece oturmuş sınıflandırma sistemlerinde olduğu gibi, virüs sınıflandırması da süregiden tartışma ve önerilerin konusudur. Bu, büyük ölçüde, virüslerin henüz kesin bir şekilde "canlı" ya da "canlı olmayan" varlıklar olarak tanımlanamamış olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla da virüsler, bitkiler ve hayvanlar gibi hücresel canlıları konu edinen biyolojik sınıflandırma sistemleri içine çeşitli nedenlerle sorunsuz bir şekilde yerleştirilememektedir.

Virüs sınıflandırması, virüslerin yapı (morfoloji), nükleik asit tipi, çoğalma tarzı, konak canlı ve neden oldukları hastalık gibi fenotipik özelliklerini temel alır. Bunun için günümüzde Baltimor sınıflandırması ve UVTK sınıflandırması olarak iki ana sistem birlikte kullanılmaktadır.

Sınıflandırma yöntemleri

Baltimore sınıflandırması

Baltimore sınıflandırması, virüsleri nükleik asit türü (DNA ya da RNA), nükleik asiti ipliği sayısı (tek iplikli ya da çift iplikli) ve çoğalma yöntemine göre Roma rakamları ile numaralanmış yedi gruptan birinin içine yerleştirir. Neden oldukları hastalıklar ve morfolojik özelliklerine göre de sınıflandırılmaları mümkünse de farklı virüslerin aynı hastalığa yol açabiliyor olması ve yapılarının çok benzer olabilmesi nedeniyle bu yöntemler tatminkar değildir. Ayrıca, çok küçük boyutları nedeniyle virüslerin yapılarının mikroskop altında belirlenmesi de oldukça zordur. Bu noktada, genomlarına göre sınıflandırmak, benzer davranış gösteren virüslerin belli kategorilerde toplanmasını sağlar. Böylece, ileri araştırmalar için belli bir yol da çizilebilmektedir. Nobel Ödülü biyolog David Baltimore tarafından geliştirilmiştir.

Baltimore sınıflandırmasının sunduğu ve Roma rakamlarıyla numaralandırılmış olan yedi grup aşağıda verilmiştir:

UVTK sınıflandırması
Uluslararası Virüs Taksonom Komitesi (UVTK), 1990'ların başında, virüslerin adlandırılması ve sınıflanması için çeşitli kurallar geliştirerek uygulamaya koymuştur ve günümüzde de virüs türlerinin adlandırılması ve bu sistem içinde yerleştirilmesini gözetmektedir. UVTK sınıflandırması, takson yapısına sahip olması gibi özellikleriyle biyolojik sınıflandırma yöntemleri ile çeşitli benzerlikler taşısa da bazı farklarla onlardan ayrılır:
 UVTK sınıflandırması takım seviyesinden başlar ve tür seviyesine kadar iner. Geçerli seviyeler, ilgili takson son ekleri parantez içinde belirtilmiş halde, şöyledir:
• Takım (-virales)
• Familya (-viridae)
• Alt familya (-virinae)
• Cins (-virus)
• Tür (-virus)
 Uluslararası Bitkibilimsel Adlandırma Kuralları'ndakine benzer şekilde, cins ve tür adlarından başka takım ve familya adları da italik yazılır.
 Önemli bir fark, tür adlarının genellikle [Hastalık]virus biçiminde belirlenmesidir.
Yaklaşık 80 familya ve 4.000 türün bilindiği bu sistemde takımların tanımlanması henüz çok yenidir ve yavaş işlemektedir: bugüne dek yalnızca üç takım belirlenmiştir (Caudovirales, Nidovirales, Mononegavirales) ve çoğu familya herhangi bir takım altına yerleştirilmemiş durumdadır. Benzer şekilde, 24 kadar cinsin de familyaları henüz belli değildir.

Sınıflandırma

Grup I: çift iplikli DNA virüsleri
 Takım Caudovirales
 Familya Myoviridae
 Familya Podoviridae
 Familya Siphoviridae
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Familya Ascoviridae
 Familya Adenoviridae
 Familya Asfiviridae
 Familya Baculoviridae
 Familya Corticoviridae
 Familya Fuselloviridae
 Familya Guttaviridae
 Familya Herpesviridae
 Familya Iridoviridae
 Familya Lipothrixviridae
 Familya Nimaviridae
 Familya Papillomaviridae
 Familya Phycodnaviridae
 Familya Plasmaviridae
 Familya Polyomaviridae - Simian virüs 40
 Familya Poxviridae - e.g. Cowpox virus, Variola virus (smallpox)
 Familya Rudiviridae
 Familya Tectiviridae
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Mimivirüs; Tipik türü: Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus

Grup II: tek iplikli DNA virüsleri
 Unassigned bakteriyofajlar
 Familya Inoviridae
 Familya Microviridae
 Hastalık yapan virüsler:
 Familya Geminiviridae
 Familya Circoviridae
 Familya Nanoviridae
 Familya Parvoviridae - Parvovirüs B19 adenovirüs
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Anellovirus; Tipik türü: Torque teno virus

Grup III: çift iplikli RNA virüsleri
 Familya Birnaviridae
 Familya Chrysoviridae
 Familya Cystoviridae
 Familya Hypoviridae
 Familya Partitiviridae
 Familya Reoviridae - Rotavirüs
 Familya Totiviridae
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Endornavirüs; Tipik türü: Vicia faba endornavirus

Grup IV: pozitif polariteli tek iplikli RNA virüsleri
 TakımNidovirales
 Familya Arteriviridae
 Familya Coronaviridae
 Familya Roniviridae
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Familya Astroviridae
 Familya Barnaviridae
 Familya Bromoviridae
 Familya Caliciviridae
 Familya Closteroviridae
 Familya Comoviridae
 Familya Dicistroviridae
 Familya Flaviviridae - Hepatit C virüsü
 Familya Flexiviridae
 Familya Hepeviridae - Hepatit E virüsü
 Familya Leviviridae
 Familya Luteoviridae
 Familya Marnaviridae
 Familya Narnaviridae
 Familya Nodaviridae
 Familya Picornaviridae - Hepatit A virüsü
 Familya Potyviridae
 Familya Sequiviridae
 Familya Tetraviridae
 Familya Togaviridae - Kızamıkçık virüsü
 Familya Tombusviridae
 Familya Tymoviridae
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Cins Benyvirus; Tipik türü: Pancar nekrotik sarı damar virüsü
 Cins Cheravirus; Tipik türü: Kiraz yaprak virüsü
 Cins Furovirus; Tipik türü: Soil-borne buğday mozaik virüsü
 Cins Hordeivirus; Tipik türü: Arpa çizgili mozaik virüsü
 Cins Idaeovirus; Tipik türü: Ahududu cüce virüsü
 Cins Machlomovirus; Tipik türü: Mısır klorotik benekli virüsü
 Cins Ourmiavirus; Tipik türü: Kavun virüsü
 Cins Pecluvirus; Tipik türü: Yerfıstığı clump virüsü
 Cins Pomovirus; Tipik türü: Patates mop-top virüsü
 Cins Sadwavirus; Tipik türü; Satsuma cüce virüsü
 Cins Sobemovirus; Tipik türü: Fasulye mozaik virüsü
 Cins Tobamovirus; Tipik türü: Tütün mozaik virüsü
 Cins Tobravirus; Tipik türü: Tütün rattle virüsü
 Cins Umbravirus; Tipik türü: Havuç benekli virüsü

Grup V: negatif polariteli tek iplikli RNA virüsleri
 Takım Mononegavirales (Segmentli olmayan negatif virüsler)
 Familya Bornaviridae
 Familya Filoviridae - Ebola virüsü, Marburg virüsü
 FamilyaParamyxoviridae - Kızamık virüsü, Kabakulak virüsü
 Familya Rhabdoviridae - Kuduz virüsü
 Segmentli negatif virüsler:
 Familya Arenaviridae
 Familya Bunyaviridae - Hantavirüs
 Familya Orthomyxoviridae - Influenza virüsü
 Hastalık yapanlar:
 Cins Deltavirus; Tipik türü: Hepatit delta virüsü
 Cins Ophiovirus; Tipik türü: Citrus psorosis virüsü
 Cins Tenuivirus; Tipik türü: Prinç çizgili virüsü
 Cins Varicosavirus; Tipik türü: Lettuce big-vein associated virus

Grup VI: ters transkripsiyon yapan RNA virüsleri
 Familya Metaviridae
 Familya Retroviridae

Grup VII: ters transkripsiyon yapan DNA virüsleri
 Familya Hepadnaviridae - Hepatit B virüsü
 Familya Caulimoviridae - Karnabahar mozaik virüsü

Viral ajanlar
Sözü edilen ajanlar oldukça küçük virüslerdir.

Viroidler
 Familya Pospiviroidae
 Cins Pospiviroid; Tipik türü: Patates yumru viroidi
 Cins Hostuviroid; Tipik türü: Hop stunt viroid
 Cins Cocadviroid; Tipik türü: Coconut cadang-cadang viroid
 Cins Apscaviroid; Tipik türü: Elma scar skin viroid
 Cins Coleviroid; Tipik türü: Coleus blumei viroid 1
 Familya Avsunviroidae
 Cins Avsunviroid; Tipik türü: Avokado sunblotch viroidi
 Cins Pelamoviroid; Tipik türü: Şeftali mozaik viroidi

Biyolojik sınıflandırma

Virüs sınıflandırması


Hrušta (Mostar, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u gradu Mostaru, BiH
 Hrušta (Nevesinje, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Nevesinje, BiH

Hrušta


Die Untereinheit Hämoglobin zeta ist ein Protein, für welches das beim Menschen vorhandene HBZ-Gen codiert.

Das zeta-Globin ist ein dem alpha-Globin ähnliches Hämoglobin. Das zeta-Globin-Polypeptid wird im Dottersack eines frühen Embryos synthetisiert, während das alpha-Globin im Leben eines Fötus sowie eines Erwachsenen durchgehend produziert wird. Das zeta-Globin-Gen ist ein Mitglied des menschlichen alpha-globin-Gen-Clusters, das fünf funktionale Gene und zwei Pseudogene beinhaltet. Die Reihenfolge der Gene lautet: 5' – zeta – pseudozeta – my – pseudoalpha-1 – alpha-2 – alpha-1 – theta1 – 3'.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Sauerstofftransporter
Blutbestandteil
Codiert auf Chromosom 16 (Mensch)

HBZ (Protein)


اتحاد اللغة الهولندية  هو مؤسسة دولية لمناقشة القضايا المتصلة باللغة الهولندية. تأسست في يوم 9 سبتمبر عام 1980 من قبل هولندا وبلجيكا (في ما يتعلق بالجماعة الفلمندية). سورينام أصبحت تابعة للاتحاد منذ عام 2005.

اللغة الهولندية المشتركة

اللغة الهولندية الفصحى

الدول الأعضاء

هولندا عضو مؤسس (1980)
بلجيكا عضو مؤسس (1980)
سورينام عضو منضم (2005)

انظر أيضاً

 قائمة الأكاديميات اللغوية
 قواعد الإملاء الهولندية

المراجع

الوصلات الخارجية

 الرسمي
 Treaty Textنص المعاهدة

تأسيسات سنة 1980 في بلجيكا
علاقات هولندا- بلجيكا
لغة هولندية
منظمات أسست في 1980
منظمات ثقافية دولية
منظمات حكومية دولية أسست عبر معاهدة
منظمات لغوية
منظمات مقرها في لاهاي

اتحاد اللغة الهولندية


William James "Billy" Gibson (* 22. April 1927 in Merritt, British Columbia; † 29. August 2006 in Lethbridge, Alberta) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1952 gewann er als Mitglied der kanadischen Nationalmannschaft die Goldmedaille.

Karriere
William Gibson begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den Lethbridge Native Sons, für die er ein Jahr lang in der Alberta-Junior-Hockey-League-South aktiv war. Von 1947 bis 1951 spielte der Stürmer für die Lethbridge Maple Leafs in der Western Canada Senior Hockey League. Mit den Lethbridge Maple Leafs repräsentierte er 1951 Kanada bei der Weltmeisterschaft. Anschließend wurde er von den Edmonton Mercurys verpflichtet, mit denen er 1952 sein Land bei den Olympischen Winterspielen vertrat. Ein Jahr nach dem Turnier kehrte er zur Saison 1953/54 zu den Lethbridge Native Sons zurück, die in der Zwischenzeit in der Alberta-Montana Intermediate Hockey League antraten. In der Saison 1958/59 war er kurzfristig Spielertrainer bei den Lethbridge Maple Leafs. Nach dem Ende seiner Eishockeykarriere war er in Lethbridge als Autoverkäufer tätig.

International
Für Kanada nahm Gibson an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1952 in Oslo teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewann. In acht Spielen erzielte er 22 Scorerpunkte, davon 15 Tore. Zuvor hatte er bereits bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1951 mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewonnen.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1951 Goldmedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft
 1952 Goldmedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1952
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Weltmeister (Eishockey)
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2006
Mann
Kanadier

William Gibson (Eishockeyspieler)


Joaquín Pallarés Allustante (Zaragoza, 5 de marzo de 1853-Zaragoza, 17 de mayo de 1935) fue un pintor español.

Biografía

Se formó inicialmente en las Escuelas de Bellas Artes de Zaragoza y Madrid, a continuación en París y, por los años de 1881, en Roma. A su regreso fue nombrado, en 1886, profesor de «Dibujo del Antiguo» de la Escuela de Bellas Artes de Zaragoza y conservador del Museo de Antigüedades, cargos a los que renunció en 1897 para trasladarse a París, al parecer contratado por el marchante Goupil, para quien debió realizar una abundante producción pictórica que le proporcionará saneados ingresos. Hacia 1906 vuelve a España instalándose en un principio en Barcelona y posteriormente, ya en su vejez, residirá en Zaragoza.

La pintura de Pallarés abarca casi todos los géneros; desde el retrato y composiciones murales de carácter religioso o decorativo —como en el gran lienzo adherido a la bóveda de crucero de la iglesia de Santa Engracia, o en uno de los plafones del Teatro Principal de Zaragoza—, hasta el paisaje y, mayormente, escenas de género de ambientación dieciochesca, en cuadros de pequeño formato, siguiendo la moda del tableautin, en pleno éxito en Europa durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX. Precisamente con estos temas y técnica quedan definidos el arte y estilo de Pallarés que prodigará hasta los últimos años de su vida con éxito económico y evidente demostración de virtuosismo. Las claves que explican su permanente dedicación a este tipo de pintura se encuentran en su inicial aprendizaje en Madrid al lado de Vicente Palmaroli, conocedor y cultivador del estilo de Fortuny, en la posterior vinculación al marchante Goupil, principal promotor de las obras de Fortuny, y en el mismo ambiente artístico que oportunamente vivió Pallarés durante sus estancias en París y Roma.

Puede afirmarse que ha sido entre los pintores aragoneses el más cualificado representante del «fortunyismo» como estilo pictórico, cuya calidad principal reside en el luminoso colorido que aplica Pallarés con diminutas y delicadas pinceladas.

Enlaces externos

 Enciclopedia Aragonesa
 Castán Palomar, F.: Aragoneses contemporáneos (1900-1934); Zaragoza, 1934.
 «D. Joaquín Pallarés»; rev. Aragón turístico y monumental, Zaragoza, 1972, n.º 300 bis.
 Museo Nacional del Prado Museo Nacional del Prado
 Blog con sus pinturas

Nacidos en Zaragoza
Fallecidos en Zaragoza
Zaragozanos del siglo XX
Dibujantes de España
Pintores de Zaragoza
Pintores de España del siglo XIX
Pintores de España del siglo XX

Joaquín Pallarés


O criză febrilă, cunoscută și sub numele de temperatură critică sau convulsie febrilă reprezintă ocriză epileptică asociată cu o temperatură a corpului ridicată, dar fără să implice vreo problemă de sănătate. În general, acestea apar la copii cu vârste cuprinse între 6 luni și 5 ani. Majoritatea crizelor durează mai puțin de cinci minute, iar copilul își revine la normal complet în decurs de șaizeci de minute de la eveniment.

Cauze și diagnostic
Crizele febrile pot constitui un caracter comun membrilor familiei. Diagnosticarea implică verificarea unei eventuale infecții la nivelul creierului, asigurându-se că nu există probleme metabolice și că nu au existat crize anterioare fără febră. Există două tipuri de convulsii febrile: convulsii febrile simple și complexe. Convulsiile febrile simple apar la copii sănătoși care au cel mult o criză clonico-tonică cu o durată de mai puțin de 15 minute într-o perioadă de 24 de ore. În general, analizele de sânge, imagistica corticală sau electroencefalograma (EEG) nu sunt necesare pentru stabilirea diagnosticului. Se recomandă examinarea pentru stabilirea sursei febrei. Pentru copiii sănătoși nu este obligatorie efectuarea unei  puncții lombare.

Prevenire, gestionare, prognoză și epidemiologie
Nici medicația anticonvulsivantă, nici medicația antitermică nu sunt recomandate pentru a preveni eventualele convulsii febrile simple. În puținele cazuri ce durează mai mult de cinci minute, poate fi utilizată benzodiazepina sub forma lorazepamului sau amidazolamului. În general, rezultatele sunt excelente, obținându-se rezultate academice similare la alții copii și nu se aduce nici o modificare la rata de deces pentru acei copii care prezintă convulsii febrile simple. Există dovezi provizorii referitoare la existența unui risc ușor crescut de epilepsie la 2% din cazuri. Convulsiile febrile afectează între 2 și 10% dintre copiii până în 5 ani. Acestea sunt mai comune în cazul băieților decât al fetelor. După o singură convulsie febrilă există o probabilitate de 15-70% de a urma o a doua.

Referințe

Pediatrie
Boli ale sistemului nervos

Criză febrilă


Wynnewood may mean:

 Wynnewood (Dallas, Texas)
 Wynnewood, Oklahoma
 Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
 Wynnewood (Tennessee), the largest existent log structure in Tennessee

Wynnewood


An Schizochilus bulbinella in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Harry Bolus. An Schizochilus bulbinella in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schizochilus

Schizochilus bulbinella


An Kniphofia schimperi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Kniphofia schimperi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kniphofia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kniphofia

Kniphofia schimperi


Saad Abdul-Amir Luaibi (en ) est un footballeur international irakien, né le  à Bagdad.

Il évolue au poste de milieu défensif au sein du club d'Al-Zawra'a SC.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Saad commence son parcours junior avec les équipes d'Al-Shu'ala et d'Al-Kadhimiya à Bagdad. En 2008, Saad signe son premier contrat professionnel avec Al-Karkh SC à l'âge de 16 ans. Il y évolue pendant trois saisons en deuxième division irakienne où ses prouesses défensives et sa précision en matière de passes lui valent d'être transféré au club irakien d'Erbil SC.

En 2010, Saad rejoint Erbil où il y évoluera pendant cinq ans, remportant le championnat une fois et terminant deux fois vice-champion de la Coupe de l'AFC. Ses performances lui confèrent sa première convocation en équipe nationale.

À l'été 2015, Saad signe un contrat d'un an avec le club saoudien d'Al-Qadisiya. Il fait son entrée en jeu le 22 août 2015, en étant titulaire lors de la victoire 1-0 contre Al Faisaly. Saad inscrit son premier but le 28 novembre 2015 lors du match nul 1-1 contre Hajer. Il termine la saison avec 5 buts, un record pour lui en une seule saison. Les supporters saoudiens ont longtemps considéré Saad comme étant l'un des meilleurs milieux défensifs du championnat. Ses efforts pour assurer le maintien de son club en première division lui valent une prolongation de contrat.

Lors du mercato d'hiver 2017, il rejoint Al-Ahli SC, l'un des plus grands clubs d'Arabie saoudite. Le transfert est finalisé le 15 janvier 2017 pour une somme d'un million d'euros. Il fait sa première apparition le 20 janvier 2017 en Coupe du Roi contre Al-Shoalah. Le 27 janvier 2017, il dispute son premier match de championnat sous les couleurs d'Al-Ahli contre Al-Shabab. Le 13 février 2017, Saad inscrit avec Al-Ahli lors du huitième de finale de la coupe contre son ancien club, Al-Qadisiya.

Le 9 août 2017, Saad Abdul-Emir signe un contrat d'une saison pour Al-Shabab dans le cadre d'un transfert libre. Il fait son entrée en jeu contre son ancien club, le Al-Qadisiya, le 19 août 2017.

En 2018, après trois années passées dans la ligue saoudienne, Saad décide de retourner en Irak par le biais d'Al-Shorta SC. Il y évolue jusqu'en 2021 avant de signer chez le rival Al-Zawra'a SC.

Carrière en sélection
En 2010, Saad est sélectionné par l'allemand Wolfgang Sidka pour faire partie de son effectif et est l'un des trois seuls joueurs de l'équipe préliminaire initiale à être retenu pour la sélection irakienne finale participant au championnat de la WAFF 2010. Le 21 septembre 2010, il fait ses débuts contre l'Oman lors d'un match amical, remporté 3-2 par l'Irak. Le 8 octobre 2013, il marque son premier but avec l'équipe nationale irakienne lors d'un match nul 1-1 contre le Liban.

Les retraites de Qusay Munir et de Nashat Akram ainsi que la blessure de Muthana Khalid propulsent Saad sur le devant de la scène lors de la Coupe d'Asie des nations de football 2015 en Australie. Il y forme un solide duo au milieu de terrain avec Yaser Kasim, de Swindon Town, et contribue à amener l'Irak en demi-finale.

En 2016, Abdul-Amir est sélectionné par l'entraîneur Abdul-Ghani Shahad pour faire partie des 3 joueurs de plus de 23 ans de l'équipe irakienne aux Jeux olympiques d'été à Rio. Il est capitaine lors des trois matchs et inscrit le seul but irakien lors du dernier match de groupe contre l'Afrique du Sud. Malgré un 0-0 contre le Brésil de Neymar et de Gabriel Jesus, l'Irak est éliminé de la compétition en terminant troisième du groupe avec trois nuls.

Palmarès

En club

En sélection

Championnat d'Asie de l'Ouest :
 Finaliste : 2012.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international irakien
Naissance en janvier 1992
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Joueur de l'Al-Qadisiya Al-Khubar
Joueur de l'Al-Ahli Djeddah
Joueur de l'Al Shabab Riyad

Saad Abdul-Amir


Vitaliy Oleksandrovich Kim (en  ; né le ) est un homme d'affaires et homme politique ukrainien, gouverneur de l'oblast de Mykolaïv depuis 2020.

Biographie
Vitaliy Kim est né le 13 mars 1981 à Mykolaïv. Son père, Oleksandr, est un entraîneur de basket-ball d'ascendance Koryo-Saram et a été joueur dans l'équipe de jeunes de l'Union soviétique.

Kim est diplômé du Lycée  de Mykolaiv et de l'université nationale de constructions navale Amiral Makarov avec un diplôme en économie d'entreprise.

En 1998, il commence à s'engager dans une activité entrepreneuriale. Il était l'associé directeur du complexe de divertissement d'Ushuaja.

En 2003, il travaille pour la société Ukrpromresurs, qui était engagée dans l'audit du secteur public. De 2005 à 2011, il dirige un certain nombre d'entreprises à Mykolaïv et s'engage dans des investissements internationaux. De 2015 à 2016, il dirige le département analytique du ministère de la politique agraire de l'Ukraine . Il est également fondateur d'un groupe de sociétés de développement, engagé dans la construction de complexes résidentiels "Orange", "Concert" et "Uyutny".

Activité politique
En 2019, il était volontaire de la branche Mykolaïv du parti Serviteur du peuple aux élections présidentielles et législatives. Lors des élections locales de 2020, il a été candidat aux députés du conseil municipal de Mykoklaiv sous le parti "Serviteur du peuple" tout en restant non partisan. Kim était également à la tête du siège électoral du parti et a fait campagne pour les conseils municipaux et régionaux.

Le , le président ukrainien Volodymyr Zelensky nomme Kim gouverneur de l'oblast de Mykolaïv.

Vie privée

Famille
Il est marié à Yuliya Vitalivna Kim et élève trois enfants. Leurs deux filles sont Yevheniya et Oleksandra, et leur fils est Ruslan.

Il parle anglais, ainsi qu'un peu de français et de coréen en raison de son ascendance Koryo-Saram.

Références

Naissance en mars 1981
Personnalité ukrainienne du monde des affaires du XXIe siècle
Personnalité politique ukrainienne du XXIe siècle

Vitaliy Kim


NGC 165 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 10 decembrie 1798 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în anul 1882 de către Wilhelm Tempel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 164
 NGC 166

Legături externe
 NGC 165 pe WikiSky
 NGC 165 pe spider.seds.org

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1798
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 165