This list includes those birds of South Asia in the non-passerine families other than the Megapodes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and near passerines.

For an introduction to the birds of the region, see List of birds of the South Asia.

For the rest of the species lists, see:
 part 1 – Megapodes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and near passerines
 part 3 – passerines from pittas to cisticolas
 part 4 – passerines from Old World warblers to buntings

Pterocliformes
 Family: Pteroclidae
 Tibetan sandgrouse, Syrrhaptes tibetanus – r
 Pallas's sandgrouse, Syrrhaptes paradoxus – V
 Pin-tailed sandgrouse, Pterocles alchata – W
 Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles exustus – r
 Spotted sandgrouse, Pterocles senegallus – W
 Black-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles orientalis – r w
 Crowned sandgrouse, Pterocles coronatus
 Painted sandgrouse, Pterocles indicus – r
 Lichtenstein's sandgrouse, Pterocles lichtensteinii – r

Charadriiformes
 Family: Scolopacidae
 Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola – r W
 Solitary snipe, Gallinago solitaria – r
 Wood snipe, Gallinago nemoricola – V r
 Pintail snipe, Gallinago stenura – W
 Swinhoe's snipe, Gallinago megala – W
 Great snipe, Gallinago media – V
 Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago – r W
 Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus – W
 Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa – W
 Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica – W
 Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus – W
 Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata – W
 Far Eastern curlew, Numenius madagascariensis
 Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus – W
 Common redshank, Tringa totanus – s W
 Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis – W
 Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia – W
 Nordmann's greenshank, Tringa guttifer – E V
 Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus – W
 Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola – W
 Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus – W
 Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos – s W
 Grey-tailed tattler, Heteroscelus brevipes
 Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres – W
 Long billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus
 Asian dowitcher, Limnodromus semipalmatus – N W
 Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris – W
 Red knot, Calidris canutus – W
 Sanderling, Calidris alba – W
 Spoon-billed sandpiper, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus – V w
 Little stint, Calidris minuta – W
 Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis – W
 Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii – W
 Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta – W
 Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata – V
 Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos – V
 Dunlin, Calidris alpina – W
 Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea – W
 Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis – V
 Broad-billed sandpiper, Limicola falcinellus – W
 Ruff, Philomachus pugnax – W
 Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus – W
 Grey phalarope, Phalaropus fulicaria – V
 Family: Rostratulidae
 Greater painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis – r
 Family: Jacanidae
 Pheasant-tailed jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus – R
 Bronze-winged jacana, Metopidius indicus – R
 Family: Burhinidae
 Stone curlew, Burhinus oedicnemus – R
 Great thick-knee, Esacus recurvirostris – r
 Beach thick-knee, Esacus neglectus – N r
 Family Haematopodidae
 Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus – W
 Family Recurvirostridae
 Ibisbill, Ibidorhyncha struthersii – r
 Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus – R W
 Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta – r W
 Family Charadriidae
 Eurasian golden plover, Pluvialis apricaria – V
 Pacific golden plover, Pluvialis fulva – W
 Grey plover, Pluvialis squatarola – W
 Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula – W
 Long-billed plover, Charadrius placidus – W
 Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius – R W
 Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus – R W
 Lesser sand plover, Charadrius mongolus – s W
 Greater sand plover, Charadrius leschenaultii – W
 Caspian plover, Charadrius asiaticus – V
 Oriental plover, Charadrius veredus – V
 Black-fronted dotterel, Elseyornis melanops – V
 Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus – W
 Yellow-wattled lapwing, Vanellus malarbaricus – r
 River lapwing, Vanellus duvaucelii – R
 Grey-headed lapwing, Vanellus cinereus – W
 Red-wattled lapwing, Vanellus indicus – R
 Sociable lapwing, w Vanellus gregarius – V
 White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus – W
 Family Dromadidae
 Crab-plover, Dromas ardeola – W
 Family: Glareolidae
 Jerdon's courser, Rhinoptilus bitorquatus – Cr
 Cream-colored courser, Cursorius cursor – r w
 Indian courser, Cursorius coromandelicus – r
 Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola – r w
 Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum – R
 Small pratincole, Glareola lactea – R
 Family Stercorariidae
 Brown skua, Catharacta antarctica – s p
 South polar skua, Catharacta maccormicki – V
 Pomarine skua, Stercorarius pomarinus – W
 Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus – W
 Family Rynchopidae
 Indian skimmer, Rynchops albicollis – V r
 Family: Laridae
 White-eyed gull, Larus leucophthalmus – V
 Sooty gull, Larus hemprichii – V
 Common gull, Larus canus – V
 Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans – W
 Armenian gull, Larus armenicus
 Heuglin's gull, Larus heuglini – W
 Great black-headed gull, Larus ichthyaetus – W
 Brown-headed gull, Larus brunnicephalus – s W
 Black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus – W
 Slender-billed gull, Larus genei – W
 Little gull, Larus minutus – V
 Family Sternidae
 Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica – r W
 Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia – W
 River tern, Sterna aurantia – R
 Lesser crested tern, Sterna bengalensis – r
 Great crested tern, Sterna bergii – r
 Sandwich tern, Sterna sandvicensis – W
 Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii – r
 Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana – r
 Common tern, Sterna hirundo – s W
 Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea – V
 White-cheeked tern, Sterna repressa – p
 Black-bellied tern, Sterna acuticauda – N r
 Little tern, Sternula albifrons – r
 Saunders's tern, Sternula saundersi – r
 Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus – s
 Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscata – s
 Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybridus – R W
 White-winged black tern, Chlidonias leucopterus – W
 Black tern, Chlidonias niger – V
 Brown noddy, Anous stolidus – V
 Black noddy, Anous minutus – V
 Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris
 White tern, Gygis alba – r

Falconiformes
 Family Pandionidae
 Osprey, Pandion haliaetus – r W
 Family: Accipitridae
 Jerdon's baza, Aviceda jerdoni – r
 Black baza, Aviceda leuphotes – r
 Oriental honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhyncus – R W
 Black-shouldered kite, Elanus caeruleus – R
 Red kite, Milvus milvus – V
 Black kite, Milvus migrans – R W
 Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus – R
 White-bellied sea eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster – R
 Pallas's fish eagle, Haliaeetus leucoryphus – V r
 White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla – N W
 Lesser fish eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis – r N
 Grey-headed fish eagle, Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus – N r
 Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatus – r
 Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus – R
 White-rumped vulture, Gyps bengalensis – C r
 Long-billed vulture, Gyps indicus – C r
 Slender-billed vulture, Gyps tenuirostris – r ?
 Himalayan griffon vulture, Gyps himalayensis – r
 Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus – r
 Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus – N r w
 Red-headed vulture, Sarcogyps calvus – N r
 Short-toed eagle, Circaetus gallicus – r
 Crested serpent eagle, Spilornis cheela – R
 Nicobar serpent eagle, Spilornis minimus – N r
 Andaman serpent eagle, Spilornis elgini – N r
 Marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus – W
 Hen harrier, Circus cyaneus – W
 Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus – N W
 Pied harrier, Circus melanoleucos – r w
 Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus – W
 Crested goshawk, Accipiter trivirgatus – r
 Shikra, Accipiter badius – R
 Nicobar sparrowhawk, Accipiter butleri – N r
 Chinese sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis – W
 Japanese sparrowhawk, Accipiter gularis – W
 Besra, Accipiter virgatus – r
 Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus – r w
 Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis – r w
 White-eyed buzzard, Butastur teesa – R
 Grey-faced buzzard, Butastur indicus – V
 Common buzzard, Buteo buteo – r w
 Long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus – r W
 Upland buzzard, Buteo hemilasius – W
 Rough-legged buzzard, Buteo lagopus – V
 Black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis – r
 Lesser spotted eagle, Aquila pomarina – r
 Greater spotted eagle, W Aquila clanga – V
 Tawny eagle, Aquila rapax – R
 Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis – W
 Eastern imperial eagle, w Aquila heliaca – V
 Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos – r
 Bonelli's eagle, Hieraaetus fasciatus – r
 Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus – W
 Rufous-bellied eagle, Hieraaetus kienerii – r
 Changeable hawk eagle, Spizaetus cirrhatus – R
 Mountain hawk eagle, Spizaetus nipalensis – r
 Family: Falconidae
 Collared falconet, Microhierax caerulescens – r
 Pied falconet, Microhierax melanoleucus – r
 Lesser kestrel, p Falco naumanni – V
 Common kestrel, Falco tinnunculus – R W
 Red-necked falcon, Falco chicquera – r
 Amur falcon, Falco amurensis – p
 Sooty falcon, Falco concolor
 Merlin, Falco columbarius – W
 Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo – rp
 Oriental hobby, Falco severus – r
 Laggar falcon, Falco jugger – r
 Saker falcon, Falco cherrug – W
 Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus – r w

Podicipediformes
 Family: Podicipedidae
 Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis – R
 Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena – W
 Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus – r w
 Slavonian grebe, Podiceps auritus – W
 Black-necked grebe, Podiceps nigricollis – r w

Pelecaniformes
 Family: Phaethontidae
 Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus – W
 Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda – r
 White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus – r
 Family: Sulidae
 Masked booby, Sula dactylatra – r
 Red-footed booby, Sula sula – r
 Brown booby, Sula leucogaster – r
 Family: Anhingidae
 Oriental darter, Anhinga melanogaster – R N
 Family: Phalacrocoracidae
 Pygmy cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmeus
 Little cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger – R
 Indian cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis – R
 Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo – R W
 Family: Pelecanidae
 Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus – r W
 Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus – D W
 Spot-billed pelican, Pelecanus philippensis – V R
 Family: Fregatidae
 Great frigatebird, Fregata minor – P
 Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel – r
 Christmas Island frigatebird, Fregata andrewsi – V

Ciconiiformes
 Family: Ardeidae
 Little egret, Egretta garzetta – R
 Western reef egret, Egretta gularis – R
 Pacific reef egret, Egretta sacra – r
 Grey heron, Ardea cinerea – R W
 Goliath heron, Ardea goliath – r?
 White-bellied heron, Ardea insignis – E r
 Great-billed heron, Ardea sumatrana – V
 Purple heron, Ardea purpurea – R
 Eastern great egret, Ardea modesta – R W
 Intermediate egret, Mesophoyx intermedia – R
 Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis – R
 Indian pond heron, Ardeola grayii – R
 Chinese pond heron, Ardeola bacchus – r
 Striated heron, Butorides striatus – r
 Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax – R
 Malayan night heron, Gorsachius melanolophus – r
 Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus – r
 Yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis – r
 Cinnamon bittern, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus – r
 Black bittern, Dupetor flavicollis – r
 Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris – W
 Family: Phoenicopteridae
 Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber – r W
 Lesser flamingo, Phoenicopterus minor – N r
 Family: Threskiornithidae
 Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus – R W
 Black-headed ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus – N R
 Black ibis, Pseudibis papillosa – R
 Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia – R W
 Family: Ciconiidae
 Painted stork, Mycteria leucocephala – N R
 Asian openbill, Anastomus oscitans – R
 Black stork, Ciconia nigra – W
 Woolly-necked stork, Ciconia episcopus – R
 White stork, Ciconia ciconia – W
 Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana – V
 Black-necked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus – N r
 Lesser adjutant, Leptoptilos javanicus – V r
 Greater adjutant, Leptoptilos dubius – E r

Gaviiformes
 Family: Gaviidae
 Red-throated diver, Gavia stellata – V
 Black-throated diver, Gavia arctica – V

Procellariiformes
 Family: Procellariidae
 Cape petrel, Daption capense – V
 Barau's petrel, Pterodroma baraui – V
 Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii – V
 Jouanin's petrel, Bulweria fallax – V
 Streaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas – V
 Wedge-tailed shearwater, Puffinus pacificus – s
 Flesh-footed shearwater, Puffinus carneipes – s
 Sooty shearwater, Puffinus griseus – V
 Short-tailed shearwater, Puffinus tenuirostris – V
 Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri – r
 Persian shearwater, Puffinus persicus – N P
 Family Hydrobatidae
 Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus – P
 White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina – V
 Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica – V
 White-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta grallaria – V
 Swinhoe's storm-petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis – p

References
Collinson, Martin (June 2006). "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists". British Birds. 99: 306-323.

South Asia

List of birds of South Asia: part 2


Batıcılık veya Garpçılık, 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda ortaya çıkmış bir siyasi görüşün adıdır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Batı karşısında geri kalmış olduğunu vurgulayarak, devletin devamlılığı için her tür alanda Batı medeniyetinin örnek alınmasını ve Avrupa devletleri ile yakın ve iyi ilişkiler kurulmasını zorunlu kılar. Batıcılık özellikle Osmanlıcılık ile birçok alanda benzerlik taşır ve bu yüzden onunla birlikte aynı görüşün iki farklı görünümü olarak da adlandırılır. Gerçekten de Batıcı olarak adlandırılan birçok kişi, aynı zamanda Osmanlıcılığı da savunuyorlardı. Buna rağmen Batıcılığın İslamcılık ve Türkçülük üzerinde de önemli etkileri olmuştur. Atatürk İnkılâpları halen bazı kişilerce Batıcılığın Cumhuriyet dönemindeki devamı olarak görülmektedir. Önemli temsilcileri Abdullah Cevdet, Celal Nuri, Tevfik Fikret ve Beşir Fuat'tır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Osmanlıcılık
 Türkçülük
 İslamcılık
 Atatürkçülük
 Milliyetçilik

İdeolojik akımlar

Batıcılık


Hans Eippert (* 2. Dezember 1945 in Dahn; † 2. Juli 2016) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler und Fußballtrainer.

Der Mittelfeldspieler wechselte 1965 vom FC Dahn zum FK Pirmasens. Drei Jahre später schloss sich Eippert Südwest Ludwigshafen an. Zur Saison 1969/70 wechselte Hans Eippert zum SSV Reutlingen 05, für den er in der Regionalliga Süd bis 1972 in 85 Spielen 18 Tore erzielte. Danach spielte Eippert für ein Jahr für den FC 08 Homburg, für den er in der Regionalligaspielzeit 1972/73 in der Südweststaffel 20 Einsätze absolvierte und 6 Tore erzielte. Nachdem der SSV während Eipperts einjähriger Abwesenheit abgestiegen war, kehrte Eippert zur Saison 1973/74 zu den Reutlingern zurück und trat mit dem SSV in der 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee an. Nach dem Gewinn der Württembergischen Amateurmeisterschaft nahm Eippert mit seinen Reutlingern an der Endrunde um die Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft 1974 teil. Im Wiederholungsspiel des Endspiels gegen den VfB 06/08 Remscheid verwandelte Hans Eippert den entscheidenden Elfmeter zum 2:1-Endstand, durch den der SSV Reutlingen erstmals Deutscher Amateurmeister wurde. In der anschließenden Saison qualifizierte sich Eippert mit dem SSV Reutlingen als Meister der 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee für die Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga. Dort sicherte er sich durch 5 Siege in 6 Gruppenspielen mit seinen Reutlingern den Aufstieg in den Profifußball. In der Saison 1975/76 war Eippert in allen 38 Saisonspielen des SSV Reutlingen in der 2. Bundesliga Süd im Einsatz und erzielte dabei 13 Treffer. Nach dem Abstieg am Ende dieser Saison wurde Eippert mit dem SSV in der Amateurligasaison 1976/77 erneut Schwarzwald-Bodensee-Meister. Als er mit dem SSV Reutlingen in der anschließenden Aufstiegsrunde gescheitert war, wechselte Hans Eippert 1977 zum TSV Eningen, bei dem er Spielertrainer wurde. Im September 1982 wurde Eippert Trainer des SSV Reutlingen in der Oberliga Baden-Württemberg. Am Ende der Saison 1982/83, in der Eippert in 3 Spielen als Spieler aktiv war, stieg seine Mannschaft in die Verbandsliga Württemberg ab. Nachdem er im Verlauf der folgenden Saison sein Traineramt an Rudi Murmann abgab war Eippert für den SSV Reutlingen als Platzwart tätig.

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (FC 08 Homburg)
Fußballspieler (Südwest Ludwigshafen)
Fußballspieler (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Fußballspieler (FK Pirmasens)
Fußballtrainer (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Person (Dahn)
Sport (Landkreis Südwestpfalz)
Deutscher
Geboren 1945
Gestorben 2016
Mann

Hans Eippert


A  is a single person who lives with their parents beyond their late 20s or early 30s to enjoy a more carefree and comfortable life. In Japanese culture, the term is especially used when negatively describing young unmarried women.

Etymology
The expression parasaito shinguru was first used by Professor Masahiro Yamada of Tokyo Gakugei University in his bestselling book , published in October 1999. The catchy phrase quickly found its way into the media and is now a well-known expression in Japan.

Professor Yamada subsequently coined the related term parasite couple to refer to married children living with the parents of one partner. However, this situation occurs less frequently and the term parasite couples is less well known. This is a traditional Japanese living arrangement, though its prevalence has decreased in recent years.

Dynamics
This situation allows the children to live in considerable comfort, and while many save money, others spend all their income on luxury items, traveling, and other non-essential expenses. Many children wish to live with their parents until they marry.

The parents, for their part, often enjoy living with their children. Many parents want to protect their children and offer them the best possible start in life. Parents also enjoy the company and the social interaction and try to maintain the relationship. The additional expenses for the parents due to the additional household member are usually small, as the fixed costs such as rent must be paid regardless, and the additional cost for food and other consumables is sometimes negligible. Many parents also see this as an investment in their future, as the children will be more obliged to take care of their parents in their old age (in Japan, it is traditional that children care for their elderly and disabled parents).

Japanese women
A growing number of young women are remaining unmarried in Japan today, a development often viewed as a rebellion against the traditional confines of women's restrictive roles as wives and mothers. The percent of Japanese women still single in their twenties was 30.6% in 1985 and 54% in 2004.

Young women's lifestyles instead center on friends, work, and spending disposable income; unmarried Japanese adults typically live with their parents, thus saving on household expenses and increasing the amount of money available to spend on their own entertainment. Sociologist Masahiro Yamada gave these young adults the label "parasitic singles." Some young women reacted by creating business cards with their names and the title "Parasite Single" on them. Japanese media has given heavy coverage to the decline in Japan's birthrate, but the trend continues.

Causes
There is a sense of community to sharing a home with other people in general. Life in modern societies has become more physically isolated. Japan is at the extreme of this spectrum, with much of life revolving around workplace interactions. The multi-generation home living arrangement is only considered unusual relative to the standards of the late 20th century and early 21st century. Many view this as a result of consumer-economics stigma which favors economic competition above personal enrichment, enjoyment and appreciation of life. The aspect of young people not working  mirrors other things that are often considered economic parasitism in some ways.  People who make a distinction between this and the types of things often labeled as economic parasitism point out that in Japan and the United States, the older generations currently dominate the mid and high level work positions. Supporters of this view argue that the phenomenon as the inevitable result of a rebellion in reaction to a rapidly changing world in which the powerful forces of society simultaneously condemn young people for lacking ambition, while seeking to limit their freedom them without much prospect for fulfilling, balanced lives, nor even physical security in the intermediate future.

A "parasite single" who lived alone would also have to do cleaning and cooking for themselves. Also, establishing a household has a large up-front cost for durable items, e.g. a refrigerator, furniture, washing machine, and other items. The security deposit, traditional monetary gift for the landlord ("key money"), and the housing agent fee can also easily reach six months' rent; this is non-refundable and must be paid in advance. In summary, becoming independent involves large expenses, work, and a significant drop in living standard. Furthermore, as the vast majority of the Japanese population is concentrated in cities, all the employment and entertainment options desired are within reach from the parental home.

The economic advantages are enjoyed by all types of parasite singles, although there are different subgroups. Career oriented young salarymen, career women, and office ladies could afford to live on their own, but prefer the financial benefits, and perhaps the company and security, of living at home.

Often, they can only find part-time and low-paid jobs, turning into underemployed, so-called freeters, who cannot afford to live independently, regardless of whether they would like to or not. Finally, some do not want to face the competition of the outside world at all, and so, do not seek work, and, in extreme situations, try to not even leave their parents' house. These people are referred to as hikikomori (people who withdraw from society, literally to "withdraw into seclusion").

Genda Yuji, associate Professor of the Institute of Social Science (University of Tokyo), widened the perspective from the rise of so-called "parasite singles" through proposing a socioeconomic-driven view, strongly connected to the collapse of bubble economy, and the inability of the country's employment system to react after the crisis:

Social impact

One possible side-effect of the parasite single phenomenon is the increase of the average age of the first marriage (though this is also attributable to other factors, such as career prospects and education). While in 1970, Japanese women married on average at age 24 and men at age 27, by 2002, this had increased to 27.4 years for women and 29 years for men. This has also resulted in women having children later in life, and fewer children overall due to the decline in fertility after age 30. Subsequently, while in 1983 there were on average 1.8 children born to every woman over her lifetime, this has decreased to 1.22 children per woman in 2008.

Similar arrangements outside Japan
These lifestyles are not confined to Japanese society; similar arrangements can also be found in other cultures. In Italy, parasite singles were offensively called bamboccioni ("grown-up big spoiled babies") in 2007 by former minister Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, voluntarily ignoring the situation of a considerable part of the 20- to 30-year-old population. In post-communist Central Europe, the phenomenon is more accepted, possibly due to socio-economic reasons and soaring housing prices. In English-speaking nations, the term "basement dweller" has connotations that imply a person lives with their parents because they do not have enough money to move out, and if they had enough money would be living on their own.

A different concept of parasite single is found in Brazil, where some individuals are said to have a Paitrocínio (a wordplay between the words pai/father and patrocínio/sponsorship). This word is used not for the ones living in their parents' homes, but for the ones who did leave home, but still rely solely, or majorly, on their parents' financial support. The reasons for leaving home before achieving financial independence vary, but mostly it is due to college or to start a career with small or uncertain initial incomes, such as in arts and sports.

See also
Japanese social phenomena:
 The Anatomy of Dependence, Japanese book
 Family policy in Japan
 herbivore men
 hikikomori
 Japanese family
 Marriage in Japan
 Working women in Japan

General:
 Boomerang Generation
 incel
 NEET
 singleton (lifestyle)
 sub-replacement fertility

References

External links
In the UK: Adult kids 'fail to leave home'
Unable or Unwilling to Leave the Nest? – Discussion paper by Mariko Tran in the electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies
Parasites in Prêt-à-Porter

Society of Japan
Japanese family structure
Economy of Japan
Demographics
Demographics of Japan
Poverty in Japan
1999 neologisms
Pejorative terms for people

Parasite single


Safranbolu evleri, Karabük iline bağlı Safranbolu ilçesinde, 18. ve 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı kent dokusunun günümüze kadar korunduğu bölgenin genel adıdır. UNESCO tarafından 17.12.1994'te Dünya Kültür Mirası listesine alınmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde, Safranbolu evlerinin harcının yumurta akından yapıldığı ve çok uzun süre depreme dayandığı rivayet edilir. Bu evlerin bir depreme dayanma özelliği de toprağın dibine yapılmamasıdır. Safranbolu evleri beyaz renklidir ve bu evler birbirinin önlerini kapatmazlar.

Dış bağlantılar

 UNESCO'nun "Dünya Mirası" listesinde Safranbolu

Karabük ilindeki yapılar
Türkiye'deki Dünya Mirasları
Ev
Türkiye'deki evler
18. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
19. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
18. yüzyılda tamamlanan konutlar
19. yüzyılda tamamlanan konutlar
Bung.nswn

Safranbolu evleri


Swiss Space Systemes (S3) tvrtka je koja planira provoditi orbitalna lansiranja minijaturnih satelita i suborbitalnie svemirske putničke letove. Sjedište tvrtke se nalazi u gradu Payerne u zapadnoj Švicarskoj.

Od ožujka 2013. godine, tvrtka planira naplatiti 10 milijuna švicarskih franaka (10,5 milijuna US $) za lansiranje, koristeći bespilotne suborbitalne letjelice koje bi mogle nositi satelite težine do 250 kilograma.

Od ožujka 2013. godine projektni partneri su Europska svemirska agencija, Dassault Aviation i Karman institut.

Planira se izgradnja svemirske luke, a Udbina odgovara uvjetima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica

Swiss Space Systemes (S3)


التفكير المرئي  هي ظاهرة التفكير بمعالجة الصور مستخدمًا جزء الدماغ المسؤول عن التفكير الخلاق والعاطفة لتنظيم المعلومات في طريقة بديهية ومتزامنة.

من التسميات المرادفة للتفكير المرئي:

 التفكير بالصور
 التفكير المرئي أو الحيزي
 التعلم بواسطة الدماغ الأيمن .
 التفكير المرئي شكل من أشكال التفكير غير المنطوق والتي تشمل التفكير الحسي ، والموسيقي، والرياضي والتفكير المرئي بحسب (johan 1994) هو مجموعة من الكفايات المرتبطة بحاسة البصر والتي تمكن الشخص من فهم وتفسير الرموز والاشكال البصرية التي يتعرض لها في البيئة التي يعيش فيها. وللتفكير المرئي اشارات كثيرة وردت عل لسان اقدم المفكرين والعلماء والفلاسفة فقد اعتقد أرسطو ان الافكار نفسها تتكون من خيالات وصور لها القدرة على بعث العواطف التي تكشف المعرفة الدفينة في الإنسان وتعلم فيثاغورس البحث عن حلول المسائل الرياضية في صور الخيال واكتشف كيلوكي عالم الفيزياء الألماني البنية الجزئية للبنزين من خلال تخيله لافعى تبتلع ذيلها والرياضي الفرنسي بونكير حل المسائل الرياضية في لحظات صور أحلام يقظة ممتعة كما ان ليوناردو دافنشي تخيل الآلة البخارية وطائرة الهيلكوبيتر قبل قرون من اختراعها.

انظر أيضًا
 قاموس مصور

المراجع

 موقع المرئي الحيزي
 موقع هولندي عن التفكير المرئي

تفكير مرئي
الفضاء في حياة
كفاءة
مكان (فيزياء)

تفكير مرئي


William Hayward Pickering, američki astronom
William Henry Pickering, američki astronom

William Pickering


Pași sub ploaie este un film românesc din 1981 regizat de George Bușecan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Vladimir Găitan, Rodica Mandache, Ștefan Sileanu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1981 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1981

Pași sub ploaie


Muzeul Memorial Ady Endre este un muzeu din satul Ady Endre, Comuna Căuaș, satul natal al lui Ady Endre, numit odinioară Mecențiu (Eriu-Mețenț, colocvial Mețenț).

Așezământul cultural se compune dintr-o căsuță modestă acoperită cu stuf - locul unde s-a născut poetul, construită la începutul sec. al XIX-lea, precum și o clădire mai mare, construită de familie în anul 1908, în față aflându-se o mare curte, cu multă vegetație peste care stăpânește bustul din bronz al poetului. În căsuța mică, moștenită de mama poetului - Pásztor Mária, tavanul este realizat din scânduri și bârne, iar pereții sunt încărcați de mobilier țărănesc și scoarțe. Ulterior, tatăl poetului, Ady Lőrinc, a adăugat clădirii o încăpere. În zona centrală, este expusă ceramică populară, creând atmosfera din vremea poetului.

Muzeul principal este organizat în corpul de clădire mai nou. Sunt expuse numeroase fotografii și documente. Camera în care a lucrat Ady Endre este plină de mobilier, cărți, picturi, fotografii, iar în mijlocul camerei se găsește un vas cu pământ adus de la mormântul său de la Budapesta.

Casa în care s-a născut poetul maghiar Ady Endre este clasată ca monument istoric, cu . În anul 1953 casa originală a fost incendiată, ea fiind restaurată în forma originală, pe care o putem vedea azi, 4 ani mai târziu, la inițiativa pictorului Aurel Popp, prieten de o viață al poetului, acesta realizând mai multe schițe pentru basorelieful din piatră amplasat pe fațada clădirii, alături de care o placă comemorativă dă indicații minimale.

Note

Muzee din județul Satu Mare
Case memoriale din România

Muzeul „Ady Endre” din comuna Căuaș


The Janghang Line is a railway line serving South Chungcheong Province in South Korea. The line connects Cheonan (on the Gyeongbu Line) to the railway junction city of Iksan. The Janghang Line is served by frequent Saemaeul-ho and Mugunghwa-ho passenger train services between Seoul and Iksan. There is also a link from Asan station to the KTX network at Cheonan-Asan station.

History

The original Janghang Line was opened along its full length running between Cheonan and Janghang by the Chosen Gyeongnam Railway on June 1, 1922.

Upgrade

The entire Janghang Line is being electrified, double-tracked, and upgraded for higher speeds with a straighter alignment. Work started in 1997 from Cheonan. By the end of 2008, the new alignment was in service from Cheonan via Asan and Hongseong to Sinseong, from Jupo to Nampo, and from Ganchi to Janghang, and electrification was put in service on the first  between Cheonan and Sinchang, after Asan, on December 15, 2008. The  section near Janghang, opened in December 2007, also linked up the Janghang Line with the previously isolated Iksan-Gunsan line via a new bridge over the Geum River, with alignment built for two tracks but initially only one track was laid. In 2010, the remaining sections were slated to be completed by 2018, but complete double-tracking and electrification was no longer planned on the short term due to expected low demand. The realigned  Nampo-Ganchi section, including the relocated Ungcheon station, was opened on January 5, 2021. As of April 2023, the double-tracking of the Sinchang-Hongseong section was 85% completed and expected to be opened in the second half of 2024. Also as of April 2023, the double-tracking of the Hongseong-Daeya section, including the  Sinseong-Jupo realignment that was scheduled to begin construction in 2023, was in advanced planning, with a 2027 completion targeted.

The Janghang Line will link up with the Seohae Line at Hongseong station. The Seohae Line will connect Hongseong to Hwaseong in Gyeonggi-do when it opens in the second half of 2024. It will be connected to southern extension of the Sosa–Wonsi Line and Sinansan Line. Seohae Line will serve  speed, which will dramatically reduce travel time between Seoul and Hongseong.

Services

Seoul Metropolitan Subway

Seoul Subway's Line 1 services run on the line between Cheonan–Sinchang stations.

stations

See also
Korail
Transportation in South Korea

References

Railway lines in South Korea
Railway lines opened in 1922
Transport in South Chungcheong Province
Transport in North Jeolla Province
Korail lines
25 kV AC railway electrification

Janghang Line


O beija-flor-cristalino (Saucerottia beryllina) é um beija-flor de tamanho médio. é 8-10 cm de comprimento e pesa 4-5 g.

Os adultos são predominantemente verde-oliva metálico com uma barriga cinza enferrujada. A cauda e as asas primárias são de cor ruiva e ligeiramente bifurcadas. A asa inferior também é ruiva. O bico do macho é reto e muito fino. É vermelho muito escuro na coloração, quase preto. A fêmea é menos colorida que o macho.

O habitat de reprodução está em florestas e matagais do oeste do México até o centro de Honduras na América Central. Ele se desvia regularmente para o sudeste do Arizona nos Estados Unidos, onde ocasionalmente se reproduz – (as ilhas do céu Madrean). A fêmea constrói um ninho em um local protegido em um arbusto ou árvore. As fêmeas põem dois ovos brancos. Este beija-flor é essencialmente não migratório.

Esses pássaros se alimentam de néctar de flores e árvores floridas usando uma longa língua extensível ou pegam insetos na asa.

Esta espécie foi anteriormente colocada no gênero Amazilia. Um estudo filogenético molecular publicado em 2014 descobriu que o gênero Amazilia era polifilético. Na classificação revisada para criar gêneros monofiléticos, o beija-flor berilino foi movido para o gênero ressuscitado Saucerottia.

Ligações externas
 Berylline hummingbird photo; Article state.tx.us
 Berylline hummingbird photo; Article Oiseaux

Aves descritas em 1830
Aves de Honduras
Aves da Guatemala
Aves de El Salvador
Aves da América Central
Aves do México
Espécies pouco preocupantes

Beija-flor-cristalino


Tunç Arezzo Kimerası Etrüsk sanatının en bilinen örneklerinden bir tanesidir. 1553 yılında Toskana'da bulunan antik bir Etrüsk ve Roma şehri olan Arezzo'da bulunmuş ve hemen Medici Toskana Grandüklüğü'nden Cosimo I koleksiyonlarına eklemek için sahip çıkmıştır. Cosimo I bu eseri Palazzo Vecchio'da halka açık olarak gösterime sunmuştur ve koleksiyondan küçük tunç parçalarını Palazzo Pitti'ye koymuştur. Benvenuto Cellini otobiyografisinde, "Dük onları bazı kuyumculuk aletleri ile kendi temizlemekten büyük zevk alırdı" şeklinde belirtmiştir. Kimera hâlâ Floransa'da bir arkeolojik müzede korunmaktadır. Yaklaşık olarak 80 santimetre (32") yüksekliğindedir.

Yunan mitolojisinde Kimera kendi anavatanı Likya'yı Bellerophon tarafından öldürülene kadar tahrip etmiştir. Tunç Arezzo'da ilk bulunduğunda kayıp kuyruğu nedeniyle aslan olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kayıp olan kuyruk aslında, bir yılan şeklindedir. Çok geçmeden kimera efsanesinin bir örneği olduğu anlaşılmıştır ve Giorgio Vasari'ye göre Floransa'ya getirilen küçük tunç parçalarının ve kırılmış parçalarının içinde kuyruğun eksik kısımları birleştirilmiştir. Şu andaki tunç kuyruk 18. yüzyıl onarımına aittir.

Kimera antik zamanlarda güvenlik için dikkatli bir şekilde gömülmüş bir tunç gömüsünden çıkartılmıştır. San Laurentino şehir duvarlarının çevresindeki hendekler kazılırken kazara bulunmuştur. Tunçtan yapılmış bir örneği şu anda çıkartıldığı yerde bulunmaktadır.

Sağ ön bacağında şu ana kadar çeşitli şekillerde okunmuş bir yazıt bulunmaktadır. Yakın zamanda TINSCVIL olarak fikir birliğine varılmıştır, isminden yola çıkarak heykelin en önemli Etrüsk gün tanrısı Tin veya Tinia'ya adanmış bir adak olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

 Ugo Bardi, 1997. "Arezzo Kimerası"

Sanatta hayvanlar
Etrüskler
MÖ 5. yüzyıl heykelleri

Arezzo Kimerası


is a 2001 platform game developed by Dimps for the Game Boy Advance (GBA). It was the first Sonic the Hedgehog  game released on a Nintendo console with Sonic Adventure 2: Battle on the GameCube, and was produced in commemoration of the series' tenth anniversary. The story follows Sonic, Tails, Knuckles, and Amy as they journey to stop Doctor Eggman from taking over the world. Controlling a character, players are tasked with completing each level, defeating Eggman and his robot army, and collecting the seven Chaos Emeralds.

Development began after Sega shifted its focus to third-party software development, due to the poor performance of the Dreamcast console. Sega recruited Dimps to lead development, making the game the first in the franchise developed by the studio. While Sonic Advance follows a similar style of gameplay to the Sega Genesis Sonic games, certain concepts and designs were reused from newer games such as Sonic Adventure (1998). The game has been ported to Nokia's N-Gage and Android devices, and is available on the Wii U via the Virtual Console in Japan.

Sonic Advance received positive reviews for its graphics, character animations, and faithfulness to the original Genesis games, but was criticized for its short length and special stages. It was a major commercial success, selling 1.21 million copies in the United States and is among the GBA's bestselling games. The game was followed by two sequels also on the Game Boy Advance; Sonic Advance 2 (2002) and Sonic Advance 3 (2004).

Gameplay

Sonic Advance is a side-scrolling platform game reminiscent of the original Sonic the Hedgehog games released for the Sega Genesis. Players journey through an island to defeat Doctor Eggman, who is attempting to capture its animal population to turn them into evil robots. Players select one of four characters, each with their own unique set of moves. Sonic the Hedgehog is fastest and can perform an "insta-shield" that protects him for a moment; Tails can fly or swim for a short time; Knuckles the Echidna can glide through the air, swim above water for a few seconds and climb walls; and Amy Rose can destroy enemies using a hammer. Except for Amy, each character can defeat enemy robots by jumping and curling into a ball, or by performing a spin dash on the ground to gain speed. By entering a cheat code, players can control Sonic while Tails runs alongside him, similar to Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (1992).

The game takes place over six levels called zones. Each zone is split into two acts, where the player must guide their selected character past enemies and obstacles such as spikes and bottomless pits to reach the end in under ten minutes. Scattered around acts are springboards, boost pads, and golden rings, which serve as a form of health; players survive hits as long as they have at least one ring, but their rings will scatter and disappear after a short period. Players collect canisters that contain power-ups such as speed shoes, elemental shields, and invincibility. The first act ends when players pass a signpost, and the second culminates in a boss fight with Eggman; after hitting him eight times, Eggman will flee and drop a capsule of captured animals. Each character starts the game with a number of lives, which are lost when they are hit with no rings in their possession, crushed, drown, fall in a bottomless pit, or exceed an act's 10-minute limit. The game ends when the player runs out of lives, although they can retry the current act from the beginning if they have any continues.

Special springs can be found near the top of certain acts. By jumping on them, the player can reach a special stage, where they are sent down a tube to collect rings. If they collect enough rings, the player receives a Chaos Emerald. Collecting all seven Emeralds unlocks an extra boss fight. The game also features a minigame, Tiny Chao Garden, where players can raise Chao. Players can transfer their Chao between the Tiny Chao Garden and the Chao Garden from the GameCube versions of Sonic Adventure and Sonic Adventure 2. The game also features a competitive multiplayer mode, where up to four owners of the game can race to the end of a level or search for Chao.

Development and release

In January 2001, Sega, facing financial troubles with the underperformance of its Dreamcast console, shifted from first to third-party software publishing, with Sony Computer Entertainment's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo's Game Boy Advance (GBA) being primary focuses. A team of developers was formed to begin development on Sonic the Hedgehog Advance (later renamed Sonic Advance), a Sonic game for the GBA to commemorate the series' 10th anniversary. Dimps, a studio formed by several former Neo Geo Pocket Color developers and funded by Sega, Sony, and Bandai, developed the game with assistance from Sonic Team. Sonic Team conceived the game, but was understaffed on employees familiar with the GBA hardware and so recruited Dimps. Several Dimps members worked on the critically acclaimed Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (1999) for the Neo Geo Pocket Color.

The developers decided to return to a gameplay style similar to the original Genesis Sonic games, which Naka felt was refreshing. Despite this, they also incorporated concepts from Sonic Adventure (1998), such as the ability to grind on rails and the modernized character designs by Yuji Uekawa. As the Sonic games released for the Dreamcast allowed players to download minigames onto the Visual Memory Unit (VMU), the development team decided to expand upon this by using a similar concept with the GameCube's GBA link cable, making Sonic Advance one of the first games to use the cable. It also features graphical techniques such as rotation effects and Mode 7.

Sega announced Sonic Advance and two other GBA games on January 30, 2001. A video containing footage of the game's first level was featured at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2001, and demo versions were showcased at Nintendo Space World and the Tokyo Game Show later that year. Sega released Sonic Advance in Japan on December 20, 2001, while THQ released it in North America on February 4, 2002. The game was released in Europe on March 8, 2002, where Infogrames handled marketing and distribution. A port for Nokia's N-Gage, SonicN, was released worldwide on October 7, 2003. In 2005, it was compiled with ChuChu Rocket!, Sonic Pinball Party, and Sonic Battle in separate bundle packs for the GBA. The game was released on Android on November 25, 2011, and on the Wii U's Virtual Console on February 18, 2015. Both of these rereleases are exclusive to Japan.

Reception

Sonic Advance received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregation website Metacritic. The game sold 1.21 million copies in the United States, making it one of the bestselling games for the GBA. It earned $36 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 12th highest-selling game launched for the GBA, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in the United States.

The game's presentation was well received. Electronic Gaming Monthly called Sonic Advance the best-looking 2D Sonic game. GameSpot praised its detailed scenery and animation, describing them as solid and faithful to the original Genesis games. Nintendo World Report described its use of graphical techniques as elegant, praising its anime-inspired character animations, and compared them positively to the critically acclaimed Super Nintendo Entertainment System game Super Mario World (1990). The game's music and audio was also praised; GameSpot called it comfortable and catchy. Reviewers also praised the gameplay, with many comparing it favorably to the original games. IGN wrote the game's new ideas, such as the ability to grind on rails, were clever and determined that Sonic felt better on the GBA, rather than the Genesis. AllGame said the game relied too much on nostalgia, but felt it was still a "winning formula" and called the game enjoyable. The game's use of the GameCube link cable was praised; IGN noted the replay value and variety it offered, and GameSpot called it interesting, and felt it made good use of the GBA's connectivity to the GameCube.

Certain elements received more mixed responses. GameSpot felt that Sonic Advance lacked polish, and criticized the difficult special stages. IGNs only criticism was the presence of problems from earlier games, such as "an inviting stretch of roadway that begs to have your character blaze across it at top speed, only to have a spike strip jab you in the feet somewhere in the middle". Nintendo World Report thought the game was too short and criticized the exclusion of the Super Sonic replay mode from earlier games. Reviews for the N-Gage version were mixed; GameSpot criticized its choppy frame rate and encouraged readers to buy the superior GBA version instead. IGN agreed and felt the N-Gage's vertical screen and omission of the multiplayer modes had a negative impact on the ported version. Overall, reviewers felt Sonic Advance was a solid addition to the Sonic franchise. Nintendo World Report felt the game was not perfect, but was still a game that "deserves a spot in your GBA case". IGN agreed, and stated the game successfully recaptured the spirit of classic Sonic gameplay while feeling unique and taking advantage of the GBA's capabilities.

Legacy
In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine named Sonic Advance among the best games for Nintendo consoles. Later that year, they ranked the game 75th on a list of greatest Nintendo games, calling it "the finest Sonic game since the Mega Drive golden years and remains a 2D classic. GamesRadar called it the 13th best Sonic game in 2017. The same year, USgamer named it the sixth best, stating that while it did not feel like the classic Genesis games, its graphics were "gorgeous", which helped make the game a standout for the franchise.

Sonic Advance was the first Sonic game released for a Nintendo console. GamesRadar considered this significant, as Nintendo and Sega were fierce rivals throughout the 1990s; Sonic Advance helped end this rivalry by "reducing Sonic's die-hard brand loyalty to a distant memory from the halcyon-toned 1990s". The two companies worked closely in the following years, collaborating for the first time in 2003 with F-Zero GX. In 2007, both Sonic and Nintendo's mascot Mario featured in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games. Nintendo Power wrote that Sonic—created as opposition to Nintendo—seemed at home on Nintendo consoles; GamesRadar said Sega and Nintendo were now "like old friends".

Sonic Advance was also the first Sonic game developed by Dimps. Sega continued to contract the company in following years to create many games in the series. The first of these were two sequels to Sonic Advance—Sonic Advance 2 (2002) and Sonic Advance 3 (2004). Dimps also developed the Nintendo DS games Sonic Rush (2005) and Sonic Rush Adventure (2007), the handheld versions of Sonic Colors (2010), Sonic Generations (2011), and Sonic Lost World (2013), and co-developed Sonic the Hedgehog 4 (2010) and the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions of Sonic Unleashed (2008) with Sonic Team. Several journalists have noted that Dimps' handheld games have received consistently better reviews than Sonic Team's home console games. GamesRadar wrote this was because Dimps "managed to keep the spirit" of the original games alive in theirs.

Notes

References

External links

2001 video games
Android (operating system) games
Dimps games
Game Boy Advance games
Windows games
N-Gage games
Side-scrolling video games
Side-scrolling platform games
Sonic Team games
Advance
Sega video games
THQ games
Infogrames games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Video games produced by Yuji Naka
J2ME games
Games with GameCube-GBA connectivity
Video games scored by Tatsuyuki Maeda
Video games scored by Yutaka Minobe
Video games developed in Japan

Sonic Advance


Wieden (; Türkçeleştirilmiş: Vidın), Viyana'nın 4. Merkez İlçesi'dir.

Wieden ismi ilk 1137 yıllarında Viyana'nın ön şehri olması dolayısıyla telaffuz edilmeye başlanmıştır ve buradan da anlaşılacağı üzere en eski ön şehridir.

Wieden'in tarihi 18. yüzyıl aristokrat ailelerin bu yöreye kendileri için köşkler ve konaklar yaptırmalarıyla parlamıştır,bugün bile bunların izini Hungelbrunn ve Schaumburgergrund adlı semtlerde görmek mümkün.

İlk 1850 yılında çok geniş bir şekilde Margareten ve Favoriten'ide içine alacak şekilde Viyana'ya 4. Merkez İlçe olarak bağlanmıştır ama zamanla diğer ilçelerdeki farklılıklardan dolayı bu ilçeden ayrılmışlardır.

Wieden'in diğer bir özelliği ise 1700'lerde vergiden muaf bazı güçlü kişiler tarafından kurulmuş ve zamanında bu kişilere gelir getiren binalar yapılmıştır ve bu binaların özelliği ise şehir içinde bulunması ve olanaklarından yararlanabilmesi ama yönetim konusunda istediği adliyeye veya yönetim birimine bağlı olabilmesiydi.

Politika
Vidın burjuva bir semt, onun için Avusturya Halk Partisi'nin (ve Yeşiller'in) kalesidir.

Belediye Başkanı
Susanne Reichard (ÖVP)

Vidın Meclisinde milletvekilliği dağılımı
 ÖVP 12
 SPÖ 12
 Yeşiller 12
 FPÖ 2
 Biz Vidın'ı seçiyoruz 1
 bağımsız 1

Görülecek yerler
 Karl Kilisesi - Barok tarzına en iyi örnek.
 Paulaner Kilisesi - Paulalı Aziz Franz adına 1683'te yapılmış erken barok tarzda bir kilise.
 Naschmarkt - Her şeyin tadına bakılabilecek, Türkiye'deki pek çok şeyin de bulunabileceği bir pazar yeri.
 Secession - Jugendstil tarzda yapılmış sanat evi.

Nüfus

Vidın'daki diller
 Almanca %76,0
 Sırpça %5,4
 Türkçe %2,2

Vidın'daki dinler
 Roma Katolik %48,1
 mezhepsiz %26,3
 Protestan %6,7
 Ortodoksluk %6,0

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Wieden (Almanca)

Wieden


A Voie Sacrée ("Caminho Sagrado") é uma estrada que liga Bar-le-Duc a Verdun (Meuse), França. Recebeu esse nome devido ao papel vital que desempenhou durante a Batalha de Verdun na Primeira Guerra Mundial.

Use durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial

Depois de março de 1916, ao longo dos 72 km (45 milhas) da "Voie Sacrée", veículos de transporte estavam em movimento dia e noite transportando tropas, armamentos e suprimentos para o campo de batalha de Verdun. Durante a crise inicial de 21 de fevereiro a 22 de março, 600 caminhões por dia já haviam entregue 48 000 toneladas de munição, 6 400 toneladas de outros materiais e 263 000 homens ao campo de batalha. A partir de 21 de fevereiro, todo o tráfego puxado a cavalo e os movimentos de tropas a pé foram ordenados para fora da estrada, deixando-a aberta apenas para o tráfego de caminhões e automóveis. Depois de março de 1916, um caminhão passou a cada 14 segundos, submetendo a estrada a um desgaste considerável. Pedreiras tiveram que ser abertas nas proximidades para abastecer a estrada com pedra britada. Ao longo de dez meses, 16 batalhões trabalharam para manter a estrada em boa forma e ordem. A estrada era reconhecida desde 1915 como a única estrada veicular confiável que permanecia para abastecer Verdun com segurança. Todas as linhas ferroviárias de bitola padrão que podiam chegar a Verdun já haviam sido interrompidas pelas forças alemãs no final de 1914. Para compensar essa situação precária, a estrada foi alargada para 23 pés durante 1915, para que pudesse acomodar o fluxo contínuo de subida e descida de dois linhas de tráfego de caminhões. Essa melhoria preventiva das estradas em 1915, além do sucesso na organização do sistema de transporte na estrada (uma missão supervisionada pelo coronel Maurice de Barescut, chefe do Estado-Maior do Segundo Exército francês), foi o que salvou Verdun em 1916.

Uma unidade especial responsável pelo controle de tráfego e manutenção dos veículos contava com 300 oficiais e 8 500 homens. O material circulante era composto por 3 500 caminhões Berliet e Renault, além de 800 ambulâncias, sendo as últimas muitas vezes Ford Modelo T. Trinta caminhões de reparos permaneciam na estrada o tempo todo com equipes de reparo posicionadas ao lado deles. Qualquer veículo com deficiência foi imediatamente deslocado para a beira da estrada para não interromper o fluxo de tráfego. As oficinas de automóveis em Bar-le-Duc e Troyes trabalhavam incessantemente, assim como as prensas hidráulicas que renovavam os pneus de borracha maciça do caminhão.

Le Chemin de Fer Meusien, uma ferrovia de via estreita de bitola única, correu paralela à beira da estrada e foi capaz de movimentar 1 800 toneladas de suprimentos por dia. Isso incluiu a maior parte da comida para o exército em Verdun - cerca de 16 600 oficiais, 420 000 homens e 136 000 cavalos - e trouxe de volta muitos feridos do front. A partir de março de 1916, um desvio ferroviário de bitola padrão foi colocado em construção acelerada: a linha Sommeilles-Nettancourt a Dugny. Durante o verão de 1916, ele reconectaria Verdun à rede regional de bitola padrão.

Referências
Primeira Guerra Mundial

Voie Sacrée


Ezequiel (en hebreo:יְחֶזְקֵאל, latinizado:Yechezk'El, lit:yahve es mi fortaleza, en referencia al Dios supremo de la religión hebrea) es un nombre teofórico de pila de varón.

De la Biblia donde se toma su significado, por lo tanto tiene una connotación religiosa y tradicionalista. En la literatura hebrea, Ezequiel es un profeta y el principal autor de su libro homónimo.

En la Biblia
Ezequiel es el nombre de varios personajes bíblicos del Antiguo Testamento:
 Ezequiel descendiente de Aarón. Su familia vino a formar la clase vigésima de sacerdote. (1 Crónicas 24:16).
 Ezequiel hijo de Buzi; sacerdote y uno de los cuatro grandes profetas. Fue llevado al exilio con el rey Joaquín de Judá el año 597 a C., once años antes de la destrucción de Jerusalén, y se dedicó  a la labor entre los cautivos durante veintidós años. (Ezequiel 24:15-18).

Variantes en otros idiomas

Santoral
La celebración del santo de Ezequiel se corresponde con el día el 10 de abril, celebrando el martirio del profeta Ezequiel. Actualmente la Iglesia ha añadido en el canon de los santos a san Ezequiel Moreno y Díaz, obispo, celebrándolo el  día 19 de agosto.

Nombres masculinos
Nombres hebreos
Nombres bíblicos
Personajes del Antiguo Testamento

Ezequiel (nombre)


Arna Station (Arna gamle stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Vossebanen, der ligger i bydelen Arna i Bergen i Norge. Den betjenes af veterantog fra Gamle Vossebanen, der kører mellem Garnes og Midttun.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads, da banen blev taget i brug 11. juli 1883. Oprindeligt hed den Arne, men den skiftede navn til Arna 1. juni 1923. Den blev opgraderet til station 1. juli 1910. 1. august 1964 omlagdes strækningen mellem Tunestveit og Bergen, hvor stationen ligger. I den forbindelse anlagdes en ny Arna Station på den nye strækning, nogle hundrede meter sydvest for den gamle. Den gamle station stod derefter ubenyttet hen i en årrække, men fra 1993 begyndte der at køre veterantog under navnet Gamle Vossebanen mellem Garnes og Midttun. Pr. 2018 har den status som togfølgestation med sidespor.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1883 efter tegninger af Balthazar Lange. Den er opført i schweizerstil som en enkelt rektangulær bygning i halvanden etage med sadeltag. Den var oprindeligt indrettet med ventesal, kontor og tjenestebolig for stationsmesteren samt kammer for telegrafist. Desuden er det et pakhus som tilbygning til stationsbygningen. Stationen er tilknyttet Gamle Vossebanen og er fredet sammen med banen.

Litteratur

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Vossebanen
Stationer på veteranbaner i Norge
Jernbanestationer i Bergen
Etableret i 1883

Arna Station (1883)


Fernanda Melchor (nascida em 1982, Veracruz, México ) é uma escritora mexicana. Ela é mais conhecida por seu romance Hurricane Season pelo qual ganhou o Prêmio Anna Seghers de 2019 e um lugar na lista final do Booker Internacional de 2020 Prêmio .

Vida e carreira
Melchor formou-se em Jornalismo pela Universidad Veracruzana onde foi Coordenadora de Comunicação do campus Veracruz-Del Río.

Melchor publicou ficção e não-ficção em várias revistas, inclusive The Paris Review, La Palabra y el Hombre, Letras Libres, Excélsior, Replicante, Milenio semanalmente, Le Monde diplomatique, Vice Latinoamérica, GQ Latinoamérica e Vanity Fair Latinoamerica. Iniciou a carreira de escritora em 2013 com a publicação de Aquí no es Miami (2013), coletânea de jornalismo literário, e Falsa Liebre (2013), seu primeiro romance.

Temporada de huracanes - um romance baseado no assassinato de uma mulher tida como bruxa em uma pequena cidade no estado natal de Melchor, Veracruz - foi apresentado como um dos melhores romances do México em 2017 O livro foi traduzido para o alemão por Angelica Ammar e para o inglês por Sophie Hughes . Ganhou o Prêmio Internacional de Literatura de 2020 da Haus der Kulturen na Alemanha, e foi selecionado para o Prêmio Internacional Booker de 2020.

Em 2018, Melchor ganhou o Prêmio PEN México de Excelência Literária e Jornalística

Em 2019, Melchor recebeu o Prêmio Internacional de Literatura e o Anna Seghers-Preis junto com o escritor alemão Joshua Gross.

Bibliografia

 Aqui no es Miami (2013)
 Falsa liebre (2013)
 Temporada de huracanes (2017) em Portugal: Temporada de Furacões (Elsinore, 2023) no Brasil: Temporada de Furacões (Mundaréu, 2020)
 Páradais (2021) no Brasil: Páradais (Mundaréu, 2021)

Filmografia
 Somos (2021) como roteirista. Série da Netflix.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1982
Romancistas do México
Naturais de Veracruz (cidade)
Roteiristas do México

Fernanda Melchor


Henri Armand Slezynger ( 1936) é um empresário belga naturalizado brasileiro. Fundador da Unigel, uma das maiores petroquímica do país. De acordo com a revista Forbes, é uma das pessoas mais ricas do Brasil, com um patrimônio estimado em 2022  R$ 17,2 bilhão.

Histórico
Henri Armand Slezynger nasceu em 26 de abril de 1936, na Antuérpia, cidade localizada a cerca de 40 minutos da capital da Bélgica, Bruxelas. Aos 3 anos de idade, Slezynger veio ao Brasil e foi naturalizado cidadão brasileiro. No Rio de Janeiro, ingressou nos estudos primários e secundários. Mais velho frequentou a Massachusetts Institute of Tecnology (MIT), nos Estados Unidos, onde iniciou seus estudos em engenharia química. Aos 30 anos fundou a Unigel, companhia que, em abril deste ano, completou 56 anos como uma das maiores petroquímicas do Brasil. São Paulo, Bahia, Sergipe, e México são alguns dos locais onde a empresa está presente.

Honrarias
 Em 15 de julho de 2019, foi condecorado com a Medalha do Mérito Empresarial Conde dos Arcos.
 Em novembro de 2021, recebeu o título de Cidadão Sergipano.
 Em 25 de agosto de 2022, foi condecorado com a Medalha da Ordem do Mérito Industrial.

Bilionários do Brasil
Belgas expatriados no Brasil
Naturais de Antuérpia

Henri Armand Slezynger


Slavonska nogometna zona je bila jedna od 4 zone Hrvatske lige, koja je zajedno s ligama iz ostalih republika predstavljala 3. rang u nogometnom prvenstvu SFRJ. Od sezone 1971./72. bila je podjeljena u dvije skupine: Podravsku i Posavsku. Prvaci ovih grupa bi odigrali meč za prvaka Slavonije. Zbog reorganizacije nogometnih natjecanja, na državnom nivou, pobjednici obje skupine su postali članovi novoformirane Republičke lige, dok su iz lige klubovi bili relegirani u prvenstva općinskih nogometnih podsaveza.

Utakmice za prvaka Slavonije
Prvaka Slavonije je odlučivao dvomeč prvaka Podravske i Posavske skupine Slavonske nogometne zone:

 NK Metalac Osijek - BSK Slavonski Brod 1:1
 BSK Slavonski Brod - NK Metalac Osijek 1:3

Prvak Slavonije je postao NK Metalac Osijek.

Zbog reorganizacije natjecanja na državnom nivou i uspostavljanja republičkih liga, kao trećeg stupnja natjecanja, prvaci obje skupine Slavonske nogometne zone su postali članovi jedinstvene Hrvatske republičke lige.

Povezani članci
 Druga savezna liga Jugoslavije u nogometu 1972./73.
 Slavonska nogometna zona Posavska skupina 1972./73.
 Riječko-pulska nogometna zona 1972./73.
 Zagrebačka nogometna zona 1972./73.
 Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Južna skupina 1972./73.
 Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Sjeverna skupina 1972./73.

Izvori
 Dragutin Kerže: "Olimpija, simbol Donjega grada 1923. – 2003.", Nogometni klub Olimpija, Osijek, 2003.,

1972-73
1972-73
Slavonija

Slavonska nogometna zona Podravska skupina 1972./73.


Ahilya Moshos (? - 13 Aralık 1966), Rum asıllı Türk siyasetçi.

TBMM 9. Dönem'de (1950-1954) Demokrat Parti İstanbul milletvekili olarak Meclise giren 4 gayrimüslim milletvekilinden biri olan Rum asıllı Türk siyasetçidir.

13 Aralık 1966 tarihinde ölmüştür.

TBMM 9. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
1966 yılında ölenler
Türkiye Rumları
Türkiye'de azınlık milletvekilleri
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Demokrat Parti (1946) mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri

Ahilya Moshos


Lovebirds er en film instrueret af Louise Detlefsen.

Handling
De er snart midt i tyverne, og voksenlivets alvor begynder at gå op for dem. Et urovækkende perspektiv, når man ikke har fundet den røde tråd i tilværelsen og bare nyder at tage dagene som de kommer. Snakke, feste, sove og forfra igen. "Vi behøver aldrig blive voksne, " siger Sus til veninden Marline, mens de ser solen stå op over Dronning Louises Bro. Alligevel begynder tankerne at melde sig - hvor skal jeg hen i mit liv? Findes der en derude, som kan passe på mit hjerte? Og hvem er jeg, hvis jeg pludselig forelsker mig i en pige? Med udsyn over Københavns tage og en evigt glødende cigaret mellem fingrene, lukkes vi ind bag facaden hos tre veninder. I en række intime nedslag skildrer "Lovebirds" den skrøbelige og samtidig berusende frihed, der fylder netop de år, hvor livet ligger åbent...

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2014

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Lovebirds


Jeffrey Allen Ament (born March 10, 1963) is an American musician best known as the bassist of rock band Pearl Jam, which he co-founded alongside Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder. Ament wrote or co-wrote many of Pearl Jam's hits, including "Jeremy", "Oceans", "Dissident", "Nothingman" and "Nothing as It Seems".

Prior to his work with Pearl Jam, Ament was part of the 1980s Seattle-based grunge rock bands Green River and Mother Love Bone. He is known particularly for playing with the fretless bass, upright bass, and twelve-string bass guitars. Ament is also a member of the bands Temple of the Dog, Three Fish, RNDM, Tres Mts., and P.E.S.T.

In 2008, Ament released his first solo album, Tone. His second solo release, While My Heart Beats, followed in 2012, and his third in 2018: Heaven/Hell. Ament was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam on April 7, 2017. He was also recognized as one of the top hard rock/metal bassists of all time by Loudwire in 2016, being placed at #52 on the list.

Biography

Early life
The first of 12 children, Ament was born in Havre, Montana to George and Penny Ament and grew up in the town of Big Sandy, Montana, a town with a population of less than 700 people. Ament's father George was mayor of Big Sandy for fifteen years, as well as a barber and a school bus driver. Ament described his family growing up as "pretty poor" and "hard-core Catholic."

He began playing the bass guitar as a teenager, often playing along with Ramones, The Clash, and The Police records. Ament participated in basketball, football, and track at Big Sandy High School, from which he graduated in 1981. He then went on to college at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana, where he studied art and played basketball. Ament quit college in the middle of his second year after the university told him they were no longer going to continue its graphic design program. Ament then relocated to Seattle, Washington in 1983 with his band Deranged Diction. While in Seattle, Ament got a job working at a coffee shop in Belltown.

Green River

Ament became acquainted with fellow Seattle musicians Mark Arm and Steve Turner, and he was asked to join their new band Green River in 1984. The band also included drummer Alex Vincent, with guitarist Stone Gossard eventually being added to the line-up. By the time the band finished the recording of its debut EP, Come on Down, Turner decided to leave the group, citing his distaste with Ament and Gossard's heavy metal leanings. He was replaced by Ament's former Deranged Diction bandmate, Bruce Fairweather.

The band released the EP Come on Down in 1985 and followed it up with Dry As a Bone in 1987, the first non-compilation release on Sub Pop records. The band's only full-length studio album, Rehab Doll, was released in 1988. In-fighting lead to the group's break-up during the recording of Rehab Doll. A stylistic division had developed between Ament and Gossard on one side, and Arm on the other. Ament and Gossard wanted to pursue a major-label deal, while Arm wanted to remain independent, viewing the duo as being too careerist. Regarding the accusation, Ament later said that during his time with the band he had to work at a restaurant in order to pay his rent, while the other members were supported by their parents. He said, "Did I want to play music and have my rent paid for? Hell yeah." The band achieved a considerable local reputation in Seattle and had a significant influence on the genre later known as grunge, with Green River being described as "arguably the first grunge band."

Mother Love Bone

Following Green River's dissolution, Ament established Mother Love Bone in 1988 along with former Green River members Gossard and Fairweather, former Malfunkshun frontman Andrew Wood, and former Ten Minute Warning and Skin Yard drummer Greg Gilmore. The band quickly worked on recording and performing locally and by late 1988 had become one of Seattle's more promising bands. In early 1989 the band signed to PolyGram subsidiary Mercury Records. In March of that year the group issued its debut EP, Shine.

In late 1989 the group returned to the studio to record its debut studio album, Apple. It was planned for a March 1990 release. Only days before the release of Apple, however, frontman Wood, who had a long history with drug problems, overdosed on heroin. After spending a few days in the hospital in a coma, Wood died, effectively bringing Mother Love Bone to an end. Apple was released later that year.

Temple of the Dog

Following Wood's death, Ament and Gossard almost parted company. Ament briefly spent time in the band War Babies, but he eventually got back together with Gossard and a childhood friend of Gossard's named Mike McCready. The trio were attempting to form their own band when they were invited to be part of the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Andrew Wood. Cornell had been Wood's roommate. Ament described the collaboration as "a really good thing at the time" for him and Gossard that put them into a "band situation where we could play and make music." The band's lineup was completed by the addition of Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron.

The band started rehearsing songs that Cornell had written on tour prior to Wood's death, as well as re-working some existing material from demos written by Gossard and Ament. This project eventually featured vocalist Eddie Vedder, who had arrived in Seattle to audition to be the singer for Ament and Gossard's next band, which later became Pearl Jam. Vedder sang a duet with Cornell on the song "Hunger Strike" and provided background vocals on several other songs. The band decided that it had enough material for an entire album and, in April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released through A&M Records.

Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam was formed in 1990 by Ament, Gossard, and McCready, who then recruited Vedder and drummer Dave Krusen. The band originally took the name Mookie Blaylock, but was forced to change it when the band signed to Epic Records in 1991. After the recording sessions for Ten were completed, Krusen left Pearl Jam in May 1991. Krusen was replaced by Matt Chamberlain, who had previously played with Edie Brickell & New Bohemians. After playing only a handful of shows, one of which was filmed for the "Alive" video, Chamberlain left to join the Saturday Night Live band. As his replacement, Chamberlain suggested Dave Abbruzzese, who joined the group and played the rest of Pearl Jam's live shows supporting the Ten album.

Ten broke the band into the mainstream, and became one of the best selling alternative albums of the 1990s. The band found itself amidst the sudden popularity and attention given to the Seattle music scene and the genre known as grunge. The single "Jeremy" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993. Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video. Ten was ranked number 207 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Jeremy" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s.

Following an intense touring schedule, the band went into the studio to record what would become its second studio album, Vs., released in 1993. Upon its release, Vs. set at the time the record for most copies of an album sold in a week, and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200. Vs. was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995. From Vs., the song "Daughter" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song "Go" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance.

Feeling the pressures of success, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos. "Ten years from now," Ament said, "I don't want people to remember our songs as videos." In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States. Ament took an active role during Pearl Jam's dispute with Ticketmaster in 1994 over prices and surcharges. Along with Gossard, Ament testified before a congressional subcommittee, arguing that Ticketmaster's practices were anti-competitive.

Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status. The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996. Vitalogy was ranked number 492 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The lead single "Spin the Black Circle" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance. Although Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released. The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott. He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998. In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U.S. Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring. Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis, but he soon became a permanent replacement for Irons. "Do the Evolution" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance. In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers. It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999. "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single.

In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs. The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time. "Grievance" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance. The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002. Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film, Big Fish, "Man of the Hour", was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004. The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006. The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009 its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013 and its eleventh studio album Gigaton in 2020.

Aside from his musical contributions for the band, Ament has made significant contributions to the band's album artwork. His photography can be found throughout the majority of the band's releases. He has won two Grammy Awards for Best Recording Package for his work on the album Lightning Bolt and on Chris Cornell's self-titled compilation.

Other musical projects

Three Fish

Ament had a side project band named Three Fish, which he formed in 1994 with Robbi Robb of Tribe After Tribe and Richard Stuverud of the Fastbacks. Three Fish released two albums, Three Fish (1996) and The Quiet Table (1999).

Mirror Ball

Ament performed with other members of Pearl Jam on Neil Young's 1995 album, Mirror Ball, and subsequently took part in an eleven-date tour in Europe as part of Young's backing band. This tour proved very successful with Young's manager Elliot Roberts calling it "One of the greatest tours we ever had in our whole lives."

Tone

On September 16, 2008, Ament released his first solo album, Tone, through Monkeywrench Records. The album features ten songs written over a span of 12 years. The album's songs feature a raw, experimental sound. 3,000 copies of Tone were pressed and were distributed through independent record stores across the United States as well as through Pearl Jam's official website. The album, like their others is also available via Pearl Jam's official website.

Tres Mts.
On January 24, 2011 Ament announced on Pearl Jam's official website his side project with dUg Pinnick of King's X and Richard Stuverud of the Fastbacks.  The band's official Facebook page announced a March 2011 release of their album, Three Mountains, through Monkeywrench Records.

RNDM

In 2012, Ament started another band with singer-songwriter Joseph Arthur and drummer Richard Stuverud.

Other work
Ament had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Stone Gossard and Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam. He appeared as himself, playing bass in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick. Most of Matt Dillon's wardrobe in the movie actually belonged to Ament. During the making of the film Ament produced a list of song titles for the fictional band. Chris Cornell took it as a challenge to write songs for the film using those titles, and "Spoonman" was one of them. The title of "Spoonman" is credited to Ament in the liner notes for Soundgarden's 1994 album, Superunknown.

With his brother Barry, Ament founded Ames Bros., an art production company that produces tour posters and album artwork for many bands, including Pearl Jam. The brothers won a Grammy Award in 2020 for "Best Recording Package" as a result of their work as art directors on the Chris Cornell posthumous compilation album titled Chris Cornell.

In 2022 Ament scored, together with Josh Klinghoffer, the FX on Hulu television series Under the Banner of Heaven, adaptation of Jon Krakauer's best-selling book.

Musical style and influences
Ament has cited the Who, the Beatles, Ramones, the Clash, Led Zeppelin, Neil Young, David Bowie, Peter Gabriel and Public Image Ltd among his influences.  In an interview, Ament stated:
I have to be able to feel the bass. I've worked hard with our producers to make sure that when you play our records on your stereo, you can feel the bass. You might not necessarily be able to hear it all the time, but if you turn it up you can feel the movement in the low end—that it's moving the song. And when it's not there, it should be creating a dynamic.

Ament makes a major songwriting contribution to Pearl Jam. He wrote the music for one of the band's biggest hits, "Jeremy", as well as "Nothingman" (from Vitalogy). His contributions to Pearl Jam's songs have not been limited to music with Ament having written the lyrics for the Yield songs "Pilate" and "Low Light", the Binaural songs "Gods' Dice" and "Nothing as It Seems", "Help Help" (from Riot Act), "Other Side" (from the "Save You" single), and "Sweet Lew" (from Lost Dogs). As well as bass contributions, Ament has often provided backing vocals and has played guitar on two of the Pearl Jam songs he had written musically: "Smile" (from No Code) and "Bee Girl" (from Lost Dogs). He performs lead vocal duties on "Sweet Lew" and also on the Ramones cover "I Just Want To Have Something To Do". He plays guitar and keyboard on Dance of the Clairvoyants (from Gigaton).

In 2011, Ament endorsed luthier Mike Lull, and a signature model was produced, which is available in four different colors.

Personal life
A self-professed NBA fanatic, Ament is a lifelong supporter of the former Seattle SuperSonics NBA basketball team, and for 10 consecutive years he held season tickets to the team at Key Arena. The bassist is also an avid basketball player and his passion prompted him to suggest NBA player Mookie Blaylock as the name of the band that is now Pearl Jam.

Ament is also an avid reader and has cited Mikhail Bulgakov and Cormac McCarthy as his favorite authors.

Ament currently lives in Seattle, Washington and Missoula, Montana. Aside from music, Ament's interests include skateboarding, basketball, graphic design, snowboarding, and wakeboarding. Ament assisted in financing the construction of Missoula's Mobash Skatepark. He and his wife Pandora Andre-Beatty climbed Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro in support of Save the Children.

Ament is a supporter of organic farming and United States Senator Jon Tester. Tester grew up near Big Sandy and Ament knew of Tester before either were famous. Ament campaigned for Tester in 2006 and 2018.

In April 2009, Ament was attacked at knifepoint by a gang of muggers. According to Rolling Stone, Ament had just pulled up outside the Southern Tracks recording studio in Atlanta, Georgia, when his rented jeep was attacked by several men, who smashed the vehicle's windows and demanded money. The magazine also reported that Ament was knocked to the ground while trying to escape the robbers. He sustained a head injury and was treated at the scene. His Blackberry and passport, as well as a sum of cash, were stolen. The incident would lead one fan, Joe Hartgrove, with the idea of a charity in Ament's name, called Jeff Ament's Army, to be formed by Joe, Roger McDaniel and Joanna Traver, and with the approval of Ament, started in 2011; their work includes the promoting of skate parks in the state of Montana. As of November 2021, Ament has helped build 25 skate parks in the state of Montana, including many on Native American reservations.

On February 16, 2016, he married longtime partner Pandora Andre-Beatty.

Discography

Green River discography

Mother Love Bone discography

Temple of the Dog discography

Pearl Jam discography

Three Fish discography

Solo discography

Deranged Diction discography

Tres Mts. discography

RNDM discography

Contributions and collaborations

References

External links

1963 births
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American male guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Green River (band) members
Grunge musicians
Guitarists from Montana
Living people
Mother Love Bone members
Pearl Jam members
People from Havre, Montana
RNDM members
Temple of the Dog members
University of Montana alumni

Jeff Ament


Le traité de Varsovie, signé le 24 février 1768 sous la pression des pays voisins de la république des Deux Nations, rétablit la liberté de culte public et les droits civiques des dissidents (c'est-à-dire de ceux qui ne suivaient pas la religion majoritaire de l'État, autrement dit les non-catholiques).

L'article 1 du traité a été inclus dans les lois cardinales de 1768. Il stipulait notamment que :
§ 1. La foi catholique romaine est religion d'État.
§ 2. Le seul roi de Pologne ne peut être que catholique romain. Il peut être une reine. Un dissident ne saurait être couronné.
§ 3. La transition de l'église romaine à une autre religion, est déclarée comme une infraction pénale dans toute l'étendue du royaume .

Le traité a été signé par le primat Gabriel Podoski et les évêques Antoni Ostrowski, Andrzej Młodziejowski et Stefan Giedroyć. Il a contribué à renforcer les brimades à l'encontre des protestants polonais.

Par ce traité, la Russie se porte garante de l'inviolabilité des frontières de la République.

Références

Histoire de la Pologne
Religion
Varsovie
Varsovie

Traité de Varsovie (1768)


The King's Indian Defence (or KID) is a common chess opening. It is defined by the following  moves:
1. d4 Nf6
2. c4 g6

Black intends to follow up with 3...Bg7 and 4...d6 (the Grünfeld Defence arises when Black plays 3...d5 instead and is considered a separate opening). White's major third move options are 3.Nc3, 3.Nf3 or 3.g3, with both the King's Indian and Grünfeld playable against these moves. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings classifies the King's Indian Defence under the codes E60 through E99.

The King's Indian is a hypermodern opening, where Black deliberately allows White control of the  with pawns, with the view to subsequently challenge it. In the most critical lines of the King's Indian, White erects an imposing pawn centre with Nc3 followed by e4. Black stakes out their own claim to the centre with the Benoni-style ...c5, or ...e5. If White resolves the central pawn tension with d5, then Black follows with either ...b5 and queenside play, or ...f5 and an eventual kingside attack. Meanwhile, White attempts to expand on the opposite wing. The resulting unbalanced positions offer scope for both sides to play for a win.

History
The earliest known use of the term "Indian Defence" was in 1884. The modern names "King's Indian Defence", "King's Indian Attack", etc. arose in the mid-twentieth century and are attributed to Hans Kmoch. Until the mid-1930s, the King's Indian Defence was generally regarded as highly suspect, but the analysis and play of three strong Soviet players in particular—Alexander Konstantinopolsky, Isaac Boleslavsky, and David Bronstein—helped to make the defence much more respected and popular. It is a dynamic opening, exceptionally complex, and a favourite of former world champions Garry Kasparov, Bobby Fischer, and Mikhail Tal, with prominent grandmasters Viktor Korchnoi, Miguel Najdorf, Efim Geller, John Nunn, Svetozar Gligorić, Wolfgang Uhlmann, and Ilya Smirin having also contributed much to the theory and practice of this opening.

In the early 2000s the opening's popularity suffered after Vladimir Kramnik scored results against it, so much so that Kasparov gave up the opening after losses to Kramnik. However, Kramnik himself won a game on the black side of the KID in 2012,  and current top players including but not limited to Hikaru Nakamura, Teimour Radjabov, and Ding Liren play the opening.

Variations
The main variations of the King's Indian are:

3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6

Classical Variation: 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5

The Classical Variation is 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5.
 The Main Line or Mar del Plata Variation continues 7.0-0 Nc6 8.d5 Ne7. Now White has a wide variety of moves, including 9.b4, 9.Ne1, and 9.Nd2, among others. Typically, White will try to attack on the  by preparing the pawn break c4–c5, while Black will attack on the  by transferring their knight from f6 to d7 (usually better placed than at e8, as it helps slow White's queenside play with c4–c5), and starting a kingside pawn storm with f7–f5–f4 and g6–g5. 9.b4, the Bayonet Attack, introduced by Korchnoi in the 1970s, used to put top players off playing this line, but it has recently been revived by Radjabov.
 7.0-0 Nbd7 is the Old Main Line, and is , though less common nowadays than 7...Nc6.
 7.0-0 exd4 8.Nxd4 is also possible, although White's extra space usually is of greater value than Black's counterplay against White's centre. Made popular in the mid-1990s by the Russian Grandmaster Igor Glek, new ideas were found for White yet some of the best lines for White were later refuted. White still has an advantage in most lines.
 7.0-0 Na6 has seen some popularity recently. The purpose of this awkward-looking move is to transfer the knight to c5 after White's eventual d5, while guarding c7 if Black should play ...Qe8. Play commonly continues 8.Be3 Ng4 9.Bg5 Qe8 but White has also tried:
 8.dxe5 dxe5 9.Qxd8 Rxd8 with even chances;
 8.d5 Nc5 9.Qc2 a5 may transpose into the Petrosian Variation (see below);
 8.Bg5 h6 9.Bh4 Qe8 10.Bxf6 Bxf6 11.c5!, which is not totally reliable for Black.
 7.d5 is the Petrosian Variation, so named for the 1963–69 world champion Tigran Petrosian, who often essayed the line in the 1960s, with Vladimir Kramnik playing this variation extensively in the 1990s. The plans for both sides are roughly the same as in the main variation. After 7...a5 White plays 8.Bg5 to pin the knight, making it harder for Black to achieve the ...f7–f5 break. In the early days of the system, Black would drive the bishop back with ...h6 and ...g5, though players subsequently switched to ideas involving ...Na6, ...Qe8 and ...Bd7, making White's c4–c5 break more difficult, only then playing for kingside activity. Joe Gallagher has recommended the flexible 7...Na6 which has similar ideas to 7...a5.
 7.Be3 is often known as the Gligoric System, after the World Championship Candidate Svetozar Gligorić, who has contributed much to King's Indian theory and practice with both colours. More recently, other strong players such as Korchnoi, Anatoly Karpov, and Kasparov have played this line. The main idea behind this move is to avoid the theoretical lines that arise after 7.0-0 Nc6. This move allows White to maintain, for the moment, the tension in the centre. If Black plays mechanically with 7...Nc6, 8.d5 Ne7 9.Nd2! is a favourable setup, so Black most often responds by crossing their opponent's plans with 7...Ng4 8.Bg5 f6 9.Bh4 Nc6, but other moves are also seen, such as:
 7...Na6 8.0-0 transposing into the modern.
 7...h6 is a favourite of John Nunn. The main line runs 8.0-0 Ng4 9.Bc1 Nc6 10.d5 Ne7 11.Ne1 f5 12.Bxg4 fxg4. In this subvariation, Black's kingside play is of a different type than normal KID lines, as it lacks the standard pawn breaks, so they will now play g6–g5 and Ng6–f4, often investing material in a piece attack in the f-file against the white king, while White plays for the usual queenside breakthrough with c4–c5.
 7...exd4 immediately surrenders the centre, with a view to playing a quick c7–c6 and d6–d5. For example, 8.Nxd4 Re8 9.f3 c6 10.Qd2 (10.Bf2!?) 10...d5 11.exd5 cxd5 12.0-0 Nc6 13.c5 and 13...Rxe3!? (which was first seen in game 11 of the 1990 World Chess Championship between Kasparov and Karpov).
 In the Exchange Variation (7.dxe5 dxe5 8.Qxd8 Rxd8), White exchanges queens and is content to play for a small, safe advantage in the relatively quiet positions which will ensue in this queenless middlegame. The line is often played by White players hoping for an early draw, but there is still a lot of play left in the position. White tries to exploit d6 with moves such as b4, c5, Nf3–d2–c4–d6, etc., while Black will play to control the hole on d4. In practice, it is easier to exploit d4, and chances are balanced. If Black is able to play ...Nd4, they will often have at least an equal position, even when this involves the sacrifice of a pawn to eliminate White's dark-squared bishop.

Sidelines
A minor but still significant sideline occurs for White on move 6, with 6.Bg5, the Zinnowitz Variation, instead of 6.Be2 e5. The line was played several times by German Grandmaster Burkhard Malich in the 1960s and 1970s. It is currently unfashionable at master level; Black gets a good game with either 6...h6 or 6...Nbd7. This line is distinct from the much more popular Averbakh Variation, described below, since in the Zinnowitz, White has played 5.Nf3 instead of 5.Be2, as in the Averbakh, and then follows with 6.Bg5.

Another, more significant and quite popular sideline occurs for Black on move 6, with 6...Bg4, in place of the mainline 6...e5. One idea for Black here is to relieve their somewhat cramped position by exchanging their light-squared bishop, which is often relegated to a passive role in the King's Indian. White's most popular response is 7.Be3, similar to the Gligoric System (see above); White seems to retain a small edge in every variation. Top players who have used this line for Black include two former World Champions: GMs Mikhail Tal and Boris Spassky.

After 6...c5 7.O-O cxd4 8.Nxd4 Nc6, the game transposes into the Accelerated Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defence.

Sämisch Variation: 5.f3

The Sämisch Variation is 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f3. It is named after Friedrich Sämisch, who developed the system in the 1920s. This often leads to very sharp play with the players castling on opposite wings and attacking each other's kings, as in the Bagirov–Gufeld game given below, though it may also give rise to heavyweight positional struggles. Black has a variety of pawn breaks, such as ...e5, ...c5 and ...b5 (prepared by ...c6 and/or ...a6). This can transpose to the Modern Benoni after 5...0-0 6.Bg5 c5 7.d5 e6. World champions Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov have all played this variation. This line defends the e4-pawn to create a secure centre and enables White to begin an attack kingside with Be3, Qd2, Bh6, g2–g4 and h2–h4. It allows placement of a bishop on e3 without allowing ...Ng4; however, its drawback is that it deprives the knight on g1 of its most natural square, thus impeding development of the kingside. Black can strike for the centre as previously mentioned or delay with 6...Nc6, 7...a6 and 8...Rb8 so that Black can play ...b7–b5 to open lines on the queenside.

The Classical Defence to the Sämisch is 5...0-0 6.Be3 e5, when White has a choice between closing the centre with 7.d5, or maintaining the tension with 7.Nge2. Kasparov was a major proponent of this defence.

The Sämisch Gambit arises after 5...0-0 6.Be3 c5. This is a pawn sacrifice, and was once considered dubious. As Black's play has been worked out, this evaluation has changed, and the gambit now enjoys a good reputation. A practical drawback, however, is that a well-prepared but unambitious White player can often enter lines leading to a forced draw. The line where White accepts the gambit runs 5...0-0 6.Be3 c5 7.dxc5 dxc5 8.Qxd8 (8.e5 Nfd7 9.f4 f6 10.exf6 is also possible here, though less often seen) Rxd8 9.Bxc5 Nc6. Black's activity is believed to give sufficient compensation. White's most frequent play is to decline the gambit, and instead play 7.Nge2, and head for Benoni type positions after a d4–d5 advance. However, after 7...cxd4 (preventing the d4-d5 advance) 8.Nxd4 Nc6, the game transposes into the Accelerated Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defence.

5...0-0 6.Be3 Nc6 7.Nge2 a6 8.Qd2 Rb8 leads to the Panno Variation of the Sämisch. Black prepares to respond appropriately depending on White's choice of plan. If White plays 0-0-0 and goes for a kingside attack, then 7...a6 prepares ...b7–b5 with a counterattack against White's castled position. If instead White plays more cautiously, then Black challenges White's centre with ...e5.

Averbakh Variation: 5.Be2 0-0 6.Bg5

The Averbakh Variation is 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Be2 0-0 6.Bg5 (named for Yuri Averbakh), which prevents the immediate 6...e5 (6...e5 7. dxe5 dxe5 8. Qxd8 Rxd8 9. Nd5 Nxd5 (If black doesn't play Nxd5, black loses the f6 knight)10. Bxd8 Nb6 11.  Bxc7 White is up an exchange and a pawn, the endgame should be winning for white.)

Black often repels the bishop with ...h6 giving them the option of a later g5, though in practice this is a weakening move. White has various ways to develop, such as Qd2, Nf3, f4 or even h4. However, Black obtains good play against all of these development schemes.

The old main line in this begins with 6...c5 (which keeps the long diagonal open).

However, 6...Nbd7 and 6...Na6 (Judit Polgár's move) are also seen.

It is possible that the Averbakh System (of the Modern Defense) can transition to the Averbakh Variation of the King's Indian Defence.

Four Pawns Attack: 5.f4

The Four Pawns Attack continues with 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f4 0-0 6.Nf3. This is the most aggressive method for White, and was often seen in the 1920s. With their fifth move, White erects a massive centre at the price of falling behind in development. If Black can open the position, White may well find themselves overextended. From this 6...c5 is the main line.
 6...c5 7.d5 e6 8.Be2 exd5 9.cxd5
 9...Bg4 has been a solid line for Black.
 9...Re8 can be justified with solid play.
 9...b5 is known to lead to sharp, dangerous play.
 6...Na6 is known as the Modern Variation. This is a move anticipating playing ...Nc5 with counterplay. If white makes neutral moves such as 7.Bd3, this has had success. On the other hand, 7.e5 is the most aggressive plan.

Fianchetto Variation: 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3

The Fianchetto Variation 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0, is named for White's development of light-squared bishop to g2, and is one of the most popular lines at the grandmaster level, Korchnoi once its most notable practitioner. This method of development is on completely different lines than other King's Indian variations. Here, Black's normal plan of attack can hardly succeed, as White's kingside is more solidly defended than in most KID variations. The most common responses are:
 6...Nbd7 with 8...exd4. Black intends to claim the centre with ...e7–e5. 7.Nc3 e5 8.e4 exd4 9.Nxd4 Re8 10.h3 a6. Preparation has been made for 11...Rb8, with ...c7–c5 and ...b7–b5, and sometimes with ...Ne5 first. This is known as the Gallagher Variation of the Fianchetto Variation.
 8...c6 and 8...a6 are alternatives.
 6...Nc6 7.Nc3 a6 8.d5 Na5. This variation goes against ancient dogma which states that knights are not well placed on the rim; however, extra pressure is brought to bear against the Achilles Heel of the fianchetto lines—the weakness at c4. Hundreds of master games have continued with 9.Nd2 c5 10.Qc2 Rb8 11.b3 b5 12.Bb2 bxc4 13.bxc4 Bh6 14.f4 (14.e3 Bf5 is a trap that numbers Mark Taimanov among its victims; White must now lose material, as he has no good interposition) 14...e5!

Sidelines
Finally, White has other setups, such as Nf3 and h3 and Nge2 (with or without Bd3), but these are currently not as popular at the grandmaster level. 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nge2 followed by 6.Ng3 is called the Hungarian Attack.

Famous games
One of the earliest examples:

One of the most famous King's Indian games was a  by the late Ukrainian-American grandmaster Eduard Gufeld, who called it his "Mona Lisa":

ECO codes
The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings () classification of variations of the King's Indian are:
E60 King's Indian Defence
E61 King's Indian Defence, 3.Nc3
E62 King's Indian, Fianchetto Variation
E63 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Panno Variation
E64 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Yugoslav system
E65 King's Indian, Yugoslav, 7.0-0
E66 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Yugoslav Panno
E67 King's Indian, Fianchetto with ...Nbd7
E68 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Classical Variation, 8.e4
E69 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Classical Main line
E70 King's Indian, 4.e4
E71 King's Indian, Makogonov system (5.h3)
E72 King's Indian with e4 and g3
E73 King's Indian, 5.Be2
E74 King's Indian, Averbakh, 6...c5
E75 King's Indian, Averbakh, Main line
E76 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack
E77 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack, 6.Be2
E78 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack, with Be2 and Nf3
E79 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack, Main line
E80 King's Indian, Sämisch Variation
E81 King's Indian, Sämisch, 5...0-0
E82 King's Indian, Sämisch, 6...b6
E83 King's Indian, Sämisch, 6...Nc6
E84 King's Indian, Sämisch, Panno Main line
E85 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox Variation
E86 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, 7.Nge2 c6
E87 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, 7.d5
E88 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, 7.d5 c6
E89 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox Main line
E90 King's Indian, 5.Nf3
E91 King's Indian, Kazakh variation, 6.Be2
E92 King's Indian, Classical Variation
E93 King's Indian, Petrosian system, Main line
E94 King's Indian, Orthodox Variation
E95 King's Indian, Orthodox, 7...Nbd7, 8.Re1
E96 King's Indian, Orthodox, 7...Nbd7, Main line
E97 King's Indian, Orthodox, Aronin–Taimanov Variation (Yugoslav Attack / Mar del Plata Variation)
E98 King's Indian, Orthodox, Aronin–Taimanov, 9.Ne1
E99 King's Indian, Orthodox, Aronin–Taimanov, Main

References

Further reading

External links

 Chess Siberia: King's Indian Defence. Saemisch System
 Vladimir Bagirov–Eduard Gufeld, USSR championship 1973 "The Mona Lisa" at chessgames.com

Chess openings

King's Indian Defence


කොම්පඤ්ඤ වීදිය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ නගරයට අයත් නාගරික කොටසකි. එය කොළඹ කොටුව සිට දකුණු දෙසින් පිහිටා තිබේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ

කොම්පඤ්ඤ වීදිය


Podsavezna nogometna liga Mostar, također i kao "Mostarska podsavezna liga" je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1962./63.  Sudjelovalo je 5 klubova, a prvak je bio "GOŠK" iz Gabele.

Ljestvica

 "GOŠK" Gabela – prvak radi bolje gol-razlike
 klubovi iz Hrvatske: "Jadran" Ploče i "Neretvanac" Opuzen

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Hercegovačka zona 1962./63.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 "Godišnjak FSJ 1962-63", Beograd, 1963., ISSN: 0351-2894, str. 251
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", 1962. godina
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", 1963. godina

1962-63 Mostar
Mostar
1962-63 Mostar

Podsavezna nogometna liga Mostar 1962./63.


Kıbrıs sediri (Cedrus libani var. brevifolia), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından doğal olarak Kıbrıs'ta yetişen bir sedir varyetesi.

15 m'ye kadar boylanır. İğne yapraklar mavimsi yeşil renklidir, dallara horizantal çıkar. Kozalakları silindir şeklinde ve 7–8 cm uzunluktadır. Yaşlanınca tacı dağılır ve şemsiye şeklini alır.

Dış bağlantılar

libani
Avrupa'daki tehlikedeki biyota
1908'de tanımlanan bitkiler

Kıbrıs sediri