A primeira temporada de Euphoria, série de televisão norte-americana de drama adolescente criada por Sam Levinson, estreou no dia 16 de junho de 2019 no canal HBO. A série é baseada na minissérie israelense de mesmo nome, de 2012, dos roteiristas Ron Leshem, Daphna Levin e Tmira Yardeni. Euphoria aborda as experiências pessoais de um grupo de adolescentes do ensino médio em relação a drogas, amizades, traumas, sexo, bullying, aceitação, inseguranças e sexualidade.

A série foi recebida com uma resposta positiva dos críticos, com muitos elogios indo para sua atuação, história, recursos visuais e abordagem de temas maduros. A estreia do programa também teve uma média de 577.000 espectadores em seu intervalo de tempo, um número que aumentou para um milhão após o replay linear na mesma noite e visualização preliminar na HBO Go/HBO Now. A hashtag #EuphoriaHBO foi a tendência de número um nos Estados Unidos e número três em todo o mundo no Twitter após a estreia.

Elenco e personagens

Elenco principal
Zendaya como Rue Bennett (8 episódios)
Maude Apatow como Lexi Howard (8 episódios)
Angus Cloud como Fezco (7 episódios)
Eric Dane como Cal Jacobs (7 episódios)
Alexa Demie como Maddy Perez (8 episódios)
Jacob Elordi como Nate Jacobs (8 episódios)
Barbie Ferreira como Kat Hernandez (8 episódios)
Nika King como Leslie Bennett (7 episódios)
Storm Reid como Gia Bennett (8 episódios)
Hunter Schafer como Jules Vaughn (8 episódios)
Algee Smith como Chris McKay (7 episódios)
Sydney Sweeney como Cassie Howard (8 episódios)

Elenco de apoio

Recorrentes

Convidados

Episódios

Produção

Em 2006, Sam Levinson começou a esboçar diferentes versões para uma possível série, com base em adolescência problemática. Lavinson sofria de ansiedade, depressão e dependência de drogas.  Ele foi convidado para uma reunião com a chefe de drama da HBO, Francesca Orsi, sobre uma adaptação da série de televisão israelense de 2012, Euphoria, criada por Ron Leshem, Daphna Levin e Tamira Yardeni. A série abordava temas polêmicos em drama adolescente

Em 1 de junho de 2017, foi anunciado que a HBO estava desenvolvendo a história.  Já em 30 de julho de 2018, foi anunciado que a HBO havia dado à produção uma ordem de série. Foi ainda anunciado que todos os episódios da série serão escritos por Levinson. Os produtores executivos deverão incluir Levinson, Leshem, Levin, Yardeni, Hadas Mozes Lichtenstein, Mirit Toovi, Yoram Mokadi, Gary Lennon, Zendaya, o rapper canadense Drake, Future the Prince, Ravi Nandan e Kevin Turen. Uma das produtoras envolvidas na produção é A24 Television. A fotografia primária ocorre no Sony Studios em Culver City, Califórnia. A Ulysses S. Grant High School, em Los Angeles, é usada para a fictícia East Highland High School. De acordo com a California Film Commission, a primeira temporada de Euphoria custou US$ 41.627.000 para ser produzida e recebeu US$ 8.378.000 em créditos fiscais de incentivo. A primeira temporada foi filmada em um total combinado de 104 dias; os custos de produção da segunda temporada totalizaram US$ 96.685.000 após um total de 176 dias de filmagem.

Recepção

Resposta da crítica especializada
No site de agregação de resenhas Rotten Tomatoes, a primeira temporada tem uma pontuação positiva de 82%, com uma classificação média de 7,31/10 com base em 93 análises críticas, resultando na designação de "Certified Fresh". O resumo do consenso crítico do site afirma: "Embora às vezes difícil de assistir, Euphoria equilibra sua honestidade brutal com um olhar empático - e visualmente lindo - para criar uma série desafiadora e iluminadora única, mantida unida por uma performance poderosamente discreta de Zendaya." O Metacritic, que usa uma média ponderada, atribuiu uma pontuação de 68 de 100, com base em 26 críticos, indicando "avaliações geralmente favoráveis". Ben Travers, do IndieWire, elogiou a autenticidade do programa e como a HBO "se fundamenta na realidade absoluta". Além disso, ele elogiou a performance e narração de Zendaya, e como ela consegue cumprir o papel principal. Tim Goodman, do The Hollywood Reporter, elogiou o desempenho de Zendaya e o tratamento do assunto. Pilot Vireut do Observer elogiou o show como sendo visualmente deslumbrante, bem como a performance do conjunto, mas criticou a escrita como "trêmula, cheia de linhas desajeitadas" e recomendou que o show "mantenha seu foco estreito". A série recebeu críticas do conservador Parents Television Council depois que foi relatado que um dos episódios continha "30 pênis [piscando] na tela" e o estupro estatutário de um personagem na tela. O Parent Television Council também criticou o programa por comercializar "conteúdo adulto gráfico" voltado para os adolescentes.

Polêmicas
Alguns comentaristas e organizações criticaram o conteúdo explícito do programa, incluindo automutilação, uso excessivo de drogas e material sexual. O grupo conservador de defesa da mídia Parents Television and Media Council chamou a série de "sombria, depravada, degenerada e niilista" e pediu à HBO e à AT&T que a terminassem. A Common Sense Media, que fornece informações relacionadas à adequação da mídia para crianças, também observou os fortes temas adultos e desaconselhou a audiência de adolescentes. Uma cena envolvendo mais de 30 fotos de pênis foi criticada por críticos e simpatizantes, com a Esquire chamando-a de "inutilmente gratuita". O The Guardian escreveu que escritores e produtores deveriam encontrar maneiras novas e diferentes de chocar o público. Em 2022, Minka Kelly disse que sentiu desconforto com a quantidade de cenas de nudez no programa. Samuel Getachew escreveu em um artigo da Culture para a Vogue que as representações do trauma do programa o estetizam de uma maneira que sua "geração é particularmente vulnerável".

Levinson reconheceu as controvérsias sobre o conteúdo do programa, dizendo que alguns pais ficarão "totalmente assustados". Augustine Frizzell, que dirigiu o episódio piloto do programa, disse que o conteúdo explícito deve ajudar a promover uma conversa entre pais e adolescentes. Levinson também disse que espera que o show "abra um diálogo" devido à "desconexão entre pais e adolescentes". Zendaya emitiu um aviso antes do show e da estreia da segunda temporada sobre seu "assunto profundamente emocional". A HBO expressou objeções a algumas cenas sexualmente gráficas, mas disse que não interferiria no "processo criativo" do programa. O programa inclui avisos de discrição do espectador e um site para saúde mental e outros recursos de grupos de apoio.

Músicas
A trilha sonora de músicas originais de Euphoria foi composta pelo cantor, compositor e produtor musical inglês Labrinth. O show também faz uso incomumente extenso de música popular, incluindo gêneros como hip-hop, trap, R&B, experimental, indie rock, standards e doo-wop, com alguns episódios apresentando mais de 20 canções. Por seu trabalho na primeira temporada de Euphoria, os supervisores musicais Jen Malone (que também supervisiona Atlanta) e Adam Leber ganharam o prêmio 2020 Guild Of Music Supervisors de Melhor Supervisão Musical em Drama de Televisão.

Euphoria Season 1 (An HBO Original Series Soundtrack)

A primeira temporada é acompanhada por uma seleção de músicas de diferentes artistas. O álbum de trilha sonora, Euphoria Season 1 (An HBO Original Series Soundtrack),  foi lançado em 14 de maio de 2021 pela Interscope Records e tem como singles as canções "All for Us" de Labrith e Zendaya, "Love Me Low" de Ai Bendr e "Lo Vas a Olvidar" de Billie Eilish com Rosalía.

Especiais

A HBO também encomendou dois episódios especiais após a primeira temporada vencedora do Emmy, o primeiro sendo "Trouble Don't Last Always", que estreou em 6 de dezembro de 2020. Este especial começa logo após o final da primeira temporada e lida com o rescaldo da personagem Rue deixando Jules na estação de trem e sua recaída. O segundo episódio especial, "Fuck Any Who's Not a Sea Blob", estreou em 24 de janeiro de 2021 e segue o lado da história de Jules. O segundo episódio foi co-escrito e produzido por Levinson e Hunter Schafer. A HBO anunciou que os episódios especiais iriam ao ar dois dias antes na plataforma HBO Max.

O primeiro dos dois episódios especiais recebeu elogios da crítica por sua escrita, performances e mudança de tom e conteúdo da primeira temporada. No Rotten Tomatoes, o primeiro episódio tem uma pontuação de 96%, com uma classificação média de 8,44/10 com base em 23 críticas. O consenso crítico do site diz: "Euphoria diminui o ritmo sem perder a batida em um episódio especial que combina uma Zendaya crua com um Colman Domingo constante para criar magia na tela pequena." No Metacritic, o episódio tem uma pontuação média ponderada de 84 de 100, com base em 10 comentários, indicando "aclamação universal".  O segundo dos dois episódios especiais também foi aclamado pela crítica, com elogios particulares ao desempenho de Schafer, bem como a abordagem de direção distinta do episódio, ressonância emocional e exploração da identidade trans. No Rotten Tomatoes, tem uma pontuação de 95%, com uma classificação média de 7,9/10 com base em 22 avaliações críticas. O consenso crítico do site diz: "Ao centrar-se na jornada de Jules, "F*ck Any Who is Not a Sea Blob" adiciona profundidade bem-vinda ao seu personagem e dá a Hunter Schafer muito espaço para brilhar." No Metacritic, o episódio tem uma pontuação média ponderada de 78 em 100, com base em 10 comentários, indicando "críticas geralmente favoráveis".

Elenco
Principais
Zendaya como Rue Bennett (2 episódios)
Hunter Schafer como Jules Vaughn (2 episódios)
Colman Domingo como Ali Muhammad ("Trouble Don't Last Always")
Jacob Elordi como Nate Jacobs ("Fuck Anyone Who's Not a Sea Blob")

Convidados
John Ales como David ("Fuck Anyone Who's Not a Sea Blob")
Marsha Gambles como Miss Marsha ("Fuck Anyone Who's Not a Sea Blob")
Pell James como Amy ("Fuck Anyone Who's Not a Sea Blob")
Jayden Marcos como Tyler ("Fuck Anyone Who's Not a Sea Blob")
 Lauren Weedman como Dra. Mardy Nichols ("Fuck Anyone Who's Not a Sea Blob")

Episódios

Prêmios e Indicações

Programas da HBO
Temporadas de séries de televisão
Euphoria (série de televisão)

Euphoria (1.ª temporada)


Marco Mario Gratidiano (f. 82 a. C.) fue un pretor y partidario de la facción de los populares liderada por su tío Cayo Mario durante las últimas guerras civiles de los años 80 a. C. en la República romana. Gratidiano es conocido fundamentalmente por haber sufrido una muerte particularmente violenta durante las proscripciones de Sila. Según los relatos más sensacionalistas, fue torturado y desmembrado por Catilina en la tumba de Quinto Lutacio Cátulo, en una forma que evocaba un sacrificio humano.

Como pretor, Gratidiano también es conocido por su reforma monetaria durante la crisis económica de los años 80 a. C.

Familia y carrera
Gratidiano fue el hijo de la hermana de Cayo Mario y Marco Gratidio de Arpino. Fue adoptado por Marco, el hermano de Mario. Una tía se casó con el Marco Tulio Cicerón que fue el abuelo del famoso Cicerón. Gratidiano habría mantenido una relación especialmente acre con uno de sus parientes: su hermana podría haber sido la primera esposa de Catilina, quien fue acusado por Cicerón de participar en su tortura y asesinato.

Gratidius, su padre biológico, era un amigo cercano de Marco Antonio el Orador, el cónsul de 99 a. C.. Fue asesinado ca. 102–100 a. C., mientras fungía de prefecto bajo el gobierno de Antonio en Cilicia. En 92 a. C., Antonio desplegó sus famosas capacidades oratorias para defender al hijo de su amigo cuando Gratidiano fue demandado por el cultivador de ostras y especulador de bienes raíces Cayo Sergio Orata en un caso civil que involucró la venta de una propiedad en el Lago Lucrino. Orata también contaba con un buen orador en la persona de Lucio Licinio Craso. Cicerón afirma que Orata estaba tratando de forzar a Gratidiano a comprar nuevamente la propiedad cuando el plan de negocios de Orata fracasó, probablemente, debido a complicaciones imprevistas relacionadas con el derecho de agua y de pesca. Poco antes de 91 a. C., una demanda, probablemente también civil, fue presentada contra Gratidiano, esta vez por Gaio Viselio Aculeo, defendida nuevamente por Craso; sin embargo, los detalles de la demanda no son conocidos.

Para 87 a. C., Gratidiano era un tribuno de la plebe. y, por tanto, estuvo entre los seis de los diez tribunos que dejaron la ciudad para tomar las armas cuando Cina fue expulsado. Ese mismo año, Gratidiano era un legatus, posiblemente, el comandante nombrado Mario. que fue enviado por Cina al norte con el objetivo de capturar Ariminum e interrumpir los refuerzos que podían ser enviados a Sila desde la Galia Cisalpina. Este Mario logró derrotar a Publio Servilio Vatia Isáurico y tomó el control de su ejército.

A fines de 87 a. C., Gratidiano había regresado a Roma con Cina y Mario. Allí encabezó el procesamiento de Quinto Lutacio Cátulo, una acción que probó con el tiempo ser fatal. Cátulo había sido el colega consular de Mario en 102 a. C. y había compartido su triunfo sobre los cimbros en la guerra, pero posteriormente había roto con él. Antes que enfrentar el veredicto inevitable de culpabilidad, Cátulo se suicidó. El cargo fue probablemente perduellio sometido al juicio del pueblo (iudicium populi), por el cual el castigo era muerte por flagelación.

Referencias

Bibliografía
The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press, 2da edición, 1994, vol. 9.
Damon, Cynthia (1993). "Com. Pet. 10." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 95: 281–288, Vista previa limitada
Dyck, A.R. (1996). A Commentary on Cicero, De officiis. University of Michigan Press, Vista previa limitada
Marshall, Bruce (1985). "Catilina and the Execution of M. Marius Gratidianus." Classical Quarterly 35: 124-133.
 Rawson, Elizabeth (1987). "Sallust on the Eighties?" Classical Quarterly 37: 163–180.

Senadores de la Antigua Roma del siglo I a. C.
Pretores
Tribunos de la plebe
Populares
Ejecutados de la Antigua Roma
Gens Maria

Marco Mario Gratidiano


Un igarapé (que en portugués significa corriente, y que proviene de igara, que significa embarcación excavada en el tronco de un árbol, y pé, que significa camino), en términos geográficos, se aplica a los pequeños ríos que corren entre islas, ya sean de primer o segundo orden, estrechos brazos  o canales existentes en gran número en la cuenca Amazónica. Se caracterizan por su poca profundidad y por discurrir casi en el interior del bosque.

La palabra en Brasil fue adoptada a partir del nheengatu, el idioma original de los tupí-guaraní.  La mayoría de los igarapés tiene las aguas oscuras, similares a las del río Negro, uno de los principales afluentes del río Amazonas, transportando pocos sedimentos.

Son navegables por pequeñas embarcaciones y canoas, y desempeñan un importante papel como medio de transporte y comunicación.

En Brasil, varios municipios utilizan este término en su nombre, como Igarapé-Açu e Igarapé-Mirim  (en Pará), Igarapé do Meio e Igarapé Grande (en Maranhão), e Igarapé (en Minas Gerais).

En otras áreas geográficas se aplican a algunas bifurcaciones de ríos semejantes voces análogas, como los bayous —usados en el Misisipi— y los khlong —usados en la llanura central de Tailandia, en canales formados por los ríos Chao Phraya, Ta Chin y Mae Klong—.

Enlaces externos

Accidentes fluviales y lacustres
Ríos de Brasil
Toponimia guaraní de Brasil

pt:Igarapé

Igarapé


Teofil Octavian Cepraga (cunoscut sub numele Teo Cepraga; n. 12 martie 1946, Brașov – d. 31 ianuarie 2022) a fost un jurnalist român.

Studii
A urmat cursurile gimnaziale și liceul la Sighișoara. După absolvirea liceului teoretic, în 1963, a fost admis la Academia de Studii Economice din București, Facultatea de Comerț.

În timpul studenției, în vacanțe activa ca ghid ONT. După absolvirea Academiei de Studii Economice, a urmat studii post-universitare de jurnalism în cadrul Academiei Ștefan Gheorghiu București, cursuri de operare PC (2001) și cursuri de producător TV (în cadrul TVR).

Activitate profesională
După absolvirea facultății, a fost reparizat ca economist la U.J.C.C. Brașov, unde a lucrat aproape un an. La scurt timp, în urma unui concurs, a fost angajat la ziarul "România Liberă", unde publica articole și reportaje.

În 1970, activitatea sa s-a extins la Radioteleviziunea Română, unde a devenit realizator și producător de emisiuni, reporter, redactor, redactor de rubrică, dar și prezentator la "Radio matinal" și emisiunea "De la 1 la 3".

A fost unul din jurnaliștii care a prezentat relătări zilnice în perioada de căutare a supraviețuitorilor în urma cutremurului din 1977.

În 1989, Cepraga era redactor principal la Televiziunea Română, în redacția de emisiuni informative. Între 1992-1996 a fost redactor șef adjunct, secretar general de redacție și realizator de emisiuni la Departamentul de emisiuni informative al TVR.

Din 1997, ca realizator, a produs emisiunile "Oferta specială", "Zona pașilor pierduți", "Românii de pretutindeni", "Misterele Indoneziei" (5 episoade), pentru TVRi. În 2000, a devenit realizator al emisiunii "Matinal", până în 2003, la TVR1, apoi a creeat emisiunea "Amfitrion Diplomatic", la TVR2. În 2005, a realizat ediții în cadrul proiectului "Ne vedem la TVR". În 2005-2006 a fost realizator rubrică la emisiunea de divertisment "Stele de 5 stele" și, din 2007, realizator rubrică la emisiunea divertisment "O dată în viață".

Premii și recunoaștere
A primit mai multe diplome din partea instituțiilor cu care a colaborat – Banca Națională a României, Asociația Filateliștilor din România, Crucea Roșie, C.O.R., Centrul pentru Drepturile Omului. De asemenea, a fost decorat de Ambasada Peru, de Președintele României Emil Constantinescu ("pentru corectitudinea și înaltul profesionalism cu care [a] realizat informarea opiniei publice") și de Societatea Academică "Titu Maiorescu", care i-a decernat Premiul "Virgil Tatomir" pentru publicistică.

În anul 2012 a fost distins cu Ordinul Ziariștilor clasa I (aur) "pentru excelență în emisiunile de actualități".

De asemenea, din partea Societații Române de Televiziune, la aniversarea a 45 ani de la înființarea instituției, a primit diplomă cu mențiunea "datorită dumnealui, micul nostru ecran a fost de multe ori mai mare".

Note

Nașteri în 1946
Nașteri pe 12 martie
Decese în 2022
Decese pe 31 ianuarie
Jurnaliști români
Brașoveni

Teofil Octavian Cepraga


80. domobranska streljačka bojna Split, (njemački: k.k. (Dalmatinische) Landwehr Schützen Bataillon "Spalato" Nr. 80), bila je postrojba u sastavu Carskog i kraljevskog domobranstva austro-ugarske vojske.

Bojna se sa 79. zadarskom bojnom i eskadronom dalmatinskih zemaljskih strijelaca istakla u osvajanju Bosne 1878. godine.

Godine 1893. sa 79. zadarskom i novoosnovanim bojnama iz južne Dalmacije, 81. dubrovačkom i 82. kotorskom, prelazi u sastav 23. domobranske pješačke pukovnije "Zadar" te postaje njena druga bojna.

Izvori
Austrougarska vojna povijest
Povijest Dalmacije

80. domobranska streljačka bojna Split


ශක රජුගේ මෞලිය මන්ගල්ය ක්‍රි.ව 78 දී පමණ සිදුව ඇති අතර මේ වකවානුව ශ්‍රක යුගයේ ආරම්භය ලෙස ඉන්දියන් ඉතිහාසය සාක්ෂි දරය්.
මෙම මන්ගල්ය සමරීම වස් හින්දු ජාතිකයන් සූර්යයාගේ මීන රාශියේ සිට මේශ රාශියට සන්ක්‍රමනය වීම් පදනම් කොට නව වසරක කාල මානය සම්මතයක් කොට ගෙන ඇත. සෘතු අනුවද අස්වනු නෙලීමෙන් අනතුරුව අ‍ටුකො‍ටු පිරුණු කාලයක් වන බැවින්ද ශ්‍රක රජු සමයේ ඉන්දියාව සෞභාග්යයෙන් පිරුණු යුගයක් වු බැවින්ද මෙම සමය උත්සව සමය ලෙස පවතීමට හේතු සාධක වු බව පෙනේ.

ඉන්දියාවෙන් ලද අභාෂය තුලින් ස්‍රි ලන්කාව තුලද සෘතු ක්‍රමයට මෙම සමය හොදින් ගැලපුනු බැවින්, සින්හල හින්දු අලුත් අවුරුද්ද මෙහි ස්ථාපිත වු බව පෙනේ. කෙසේ වුවද පෙරදිග ආසියනු රටවල විවිධ නම් වලින් මෙම වසර නම් කෙරේ. "සොන්ක්‍රාන්ත්" ලෙසින් තය්ලන්තයද, " උග්යෙන් මින්ලේ දොයො" ලෙසින් ටිබෙට් රටද මෙම නව වසර උත්සව ස්‍රියෙන් පවත්වය්.

එදිනෙදා කටයුතු වල නව පටන්ගැන්මක්, සුභදායි අපේක්ශා මත, නක්ශත්‍රානුකූලව පටන් ගැන්ම මෙහිදී කැපී පෙනේ.
සමාජ සම්මත තහන්චි වලට මද බුරුලක් ලබා දෙමින් තරුණ තරුණියන් එක්ව උත්සව කටයුතු වලට සහභගි වීම දාදු, පන්ච වැනි ක්‍රීඩා වල යෙදීම රබන් වාදනය, කණ්ඩායමක් ලෙස සාමූහිකව වසර පටන් ගැන්ම මෙහිදී දක්නට ලැබෙන සුවිශේෂ සන්කල්ප වේ...

සිහල හා දමිළ අලුත් අවුරුද්දේ, පෙර වදන,


Republika Hrvatska i Republika Latvija održavaju diplomatske odnose od 14. veljače 1992. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Stockholmu.

Veleposlanici
Hrvatska nema rezidentno veleposlanstvo u Latviji. Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Kraljevini Švedskoj pokriva Republiku Litvu i Republiku Latviju.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Latvija na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Latvija

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Latviji


Baron Roborough, of Maristow in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 24 January 1938 for Sir Henry Lopes, 4th Baronet. He had earlier represented Grantham, Lincolnshire, in Parliament as a Conservative. The Baronetcy, of Maristow House in the County of Devon, had been created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 1 November 1805 for Manasseh Masseh Lopes, a member of a wealthy family of Portuguese Jewish origin, with special remainder to his nephew Ralph Franco, son of his sister Maria. Manasseh Masseh Lopes converted to Christianity in 1802, and later represented Evesham, in Worcestershire, Barnstaple in Devon, and Westbury in Somerset, in Parliament. However, in 1819 he was twice convicted of bribing the voters in both Barnstaple and Grampound in order to be elected to Parliament, and was sentenced to imprisonment and heavy fines. He was also unseated by the House of Commons, but after his release from prison he nonetheless got elected for Westbury, a pocket borough which he controlled to a great extent.

Lopes was succeeded according to the special remainder by his nephew Ralph Franco, the second Baronet, who assumed the surname of Lopes in lieu of Franco. He was Conservative Member of Parliament for Westbury and South Devonshire. His son, the third Baronet, also sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Westbury and South Devonshire and served under Benjamin Disraeli as a Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1874 to 1880. In 1885 he was admitted to the Privy Council. He was the father of the fourth Baronet, who was raised to the peerage in 1938. The first Baron's son, the second Baron, was Lord Lieutenant of Devon from 1958 to 1978. As of 2015 the titles are held by the latter's grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 2015.

Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Ludlow, was a younger son of the second Baronet.

The family seat was Maristow House, in the parish of Tamerton Foliot, near Plymouth, Devon, (which they occupied 1798–1938) with the dower house being at nearby Roborough House, in Roborough, near Plymouth, Devon. Their seat today is Bickham House, adjoining the Maristow House estate to the north-east.  The Lopes family, descendants of Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes, 1st Baronet, lived in Roborough in the twentieth century, after moving from nearby Maristow House and before relocating to Gnaton, a smaller mansion on the coast near Noss Mayo. The very old village pub, which stands on the main street of Roborough is called the Lopes Arms.

Lopes Baronets, of Maristow (1805)
Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes, 1st Baronet (1755–1831)
Sir Ralph Lopes, 2nd Baronet (1788–1854)
Sir Massey Lopes, 3rd Baronet (1818–1908)
Sir Henry Yarde Buller Lopes, 4th Baronet (1859–1938) (created Baron Roborough in 1938)

Barons Roborough (1938)
Henry Yarde Buller Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough (1859–1938)
Massey Henry Edgcumbe Lopes, 2nd Baron Roborough (1903–1992)
Henry Massey Lopes, 3rd Baron Roborough (1940–2015)
Massey John Henry Lopes, 4th Baron Roborough  (b. 1969)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Henry Massey Peter Lopes (born 1997).

 Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough (1859–1938)
 Massey Lopes, 2nd Baron Roborough (1903–1992)
 Henry Lopes, 3rd Baron Roborough (1940–2015)
 Massey Lopes, 4th Baron Roborough (born 1969)
(1) Henry Lopes (b. 1997)
(2) Ralph Lopes (b. 1999)
(3) Andrew Lopes (b. 1971)
(4) Sascha Lopes (b. 1995)
(5) George Lopes (b. 1945)
(6) Henry Lopes (b. 1977) married Laura Lopes in 2006, daughter of Andrew Parker Bowles and Queen Camilla and also stepdaughter of King Charles III and stepsister of William, Prince of Wales and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.
(7) Gus Lopes (b. 2009)
(8) Louis Lopes (b. 2009)

Coat of arms

See also
Baron Ludlow

Notes

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1938
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Roborough


Oudom Khattigna (laoški: ອຸດົມ ຂັດຕິຍະ; 3. ožujka 1931. – 9. prosinca 1999.) je bio drugi potpredsjednik Laosa od 1998. do 1999. godine. Umro je za vrijeme njegovog mandata.

Izvori

Laoški političari
Političari nakon 1989.
Potpredsjednici

Oudom Khattigna


Søgård (dt. Seehof oder Seegaard) ist ein Dorf mit  Einwohnern am See Store Søgård Sø (dt. Großer Seehof See) in Nordschleswig (dänisch: Sønderjylland). Die Siedlung liegt fünf Kilometer östlich von Kliplev, fünf Kilometer westlich von Kværs, 15 Kilometer südlich von Aabenraa und 15 Kilometer nördlich von Padborg.
Das Dorf gehört zur Aabenraa Kommune in der Region Syddanmark und zur Gemeinde Kliplev (dän.: Kliplev Sogn). Die neue Autobahn 8 von Kliplev nach Sønderborg, Sønderborgmotorvejen hat einen Anschluss bei Søgård.

Herrenhaus Søgård
Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts wurde in Kliplev Sogn ein Herrensitz nördlich des Sees errichtet. Herzog Waldemar Atterdag verpfändete 1344 Lundtoft Herred an den ersten bekannten Lehnsmann auf Søgaard, Johann Lembek, einen Verwandten von Claus Limbek. Dessen Bruder Lüder Lembek baute das Haus zu einer Burg aus, geschützt gelegen auf einer Insel im See. Von den Verteidigungsanlagen sind einige wenige Spuren erhalten geblieben, nachdem ein Ingenieurskorps 1847 an dieser Stelle die Landstraße angelegt hatte. Die Burg selber bestand vermutlich aus einem Turm mit Holz- oder Steinpalisaden. Um 1480 wurde es durch ein Steingebäude ersetzt. Im 16. Jahrhundert existierte womöglich eine größere Wallanlage.

Ab 1398 war Søgård mit der Familie Ahlefeld verbunden. Ursprünglich Lehnsleute der Herzöge, schloss sich Benedikt II. König Waldemar an. Sein Sohn Benedikt III. folgte dieser Linie und stieg in den fünfköpfigen Reichsrat auf. In den folgenden Jahren wurde das Hauptgut mit weiteren Gütern verstärkt, schließlich war Søgaard der größte Besitz im Herzogtum Schleswig. Um 1490 teilten Jørgen († 1500 in Schlacht bei Hemmingstedt) und Benedict († 1513), zwei Söhnen von Claus von Ahlefeldt, das Gut unter sich auf. Sie zogen eine Mauer durch das Herrenhaus und ließen jeder eine Grabkapelle an die Kliplev Kirke anbauen, deren Kirchenpatronat sie sich teilten. Gutsherr Friedrich von Ahlefeldt wurde 1623 in Søgård geboren.

Während des Feldzugs des schwedischen Generals Lennart Torstensson konnten die Wälle 1643 gehalten werden, jedoch wurde das Herrenhaus zerstört und brannte nieder. Es wurde nicht wieder aufgebaut, die Ahlefelds nahmen ihren Sitz vorübergehend in Grøngrøft. Die Ruine lieferte Baumaterial für die Errichtung von Schloss Gravenstein. Carl von Ahlefeldt war der letzte Besitzer aus diesem Geschlecht. Nach seinem Tod 1722 mussten die hinterlassenen Schulden durch umfangreiche Verkäufe beglichen werden. Søgaard und Gravenstein wurden getrennt, auch die Höfe Fiskebæk, Kiding, Ballesgård, Skovbølgård, Bojskov, Ladegård, Grøngrøft, Stoltelund, Kelstrup, Årup und Ahretoft gingen für Søgaard verloren. Fortan war das Gut in wechselndem Besitz.

Der königliche Landrat Heltzen in Apenrade übernahm Søgaard 1854. In der Folge wurden alle rechtlichen Sonderstellungen des Gutsbezirks beseitigt, abgesehen vom Patronat über die Kirche in Kliplev. 1858/60 wurde das Gutshaus erweitert und erhielt sein heutiges Aussehen. 1863 wurde eine Brennerei errichtet, in der Bommerlunder-Schnaps gebrannt wurde, bis die Produktion nach einem Brand nach Flensburg verlagert werden musste.

In preußischer Zeit bemühten sich dänisch gesinnte Kreise, Landgüter nicht in deutsche Hände fallen zu lassen. 1898 wurde auch zu diesem Zweck der Bauernbund Oktoberforeningen gegründet. 1906 konnte Bankdirektor Axel Heide das Gut erwerben. Nach dem Finanzskandal um P.A. Alberti 1908 musste es Villars Lunn, Abgeordneter und Schwiegersohn des Bürgermeisters von Apenrade, vorübergehend kaufen, um es bald an den bisherigen Gutsverwalter Raben weiterzugeben.

Ausbildungszentrum Seegaardlager (Uddannelsescenter Søgårdlejren)

1934 erwarb das dänische Kriegsministerium das Anwesen. Ein neuer Ostflügel wurde errichtet, Kasernen kamen 1936/37 hinzu, ein Gymnastiksaal 1939. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde der Komplex von der neu gegründeten Dänischen Heimwehr (Hjemmeværnet) übernommen, er dient heute als Ausbildungszentrum für Fünen, Süd- und Süderjütland.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Jens Peter Trap: Danmark, Bd. 10.3, Kopenhagen 1967.

Ort in der Region Syddanmark
Geographie (Aabenraa Kommune)
Geographie (Nordschleswig)

Søgård


Pjesmarica (kanconijer) ili pjevnik (kantual) je zbirka pjesama, bilo u lirskom bilo u popularno- ili zabavnoglazbenom smislu. Sama riječ češće se upotrebljava u glazbenom svojstvu, označavajući skup notnih i tekstualnih zapisa (partitura) namijenjenih izvođenju sviranjem ili pjevanjem.

Najstarija poznata hrvatska pjesmarica jest tzv. Pariška pjesmarica (14. st.) pisana glagoljicom, ikavskom čakavicom i crkvenoslavenskim jezikom. Glasovit je i zbornik crkvenih napjeva Cithara octochorda. U hrvatskoj književnosti značajno mjesto zauzimaju Kanižlićevi »Jesenji plodovi« (Fructus auctumnales) i Miošićevi »Razgovori ugodni naroda slovinskoga«, prozvani u narodu »pučkim kanconijerom«.

Pjesmarica


Sakib Pozderac (Cazin, ? – Sarajevo, 19. prosinca 1992.), general-potpukovnik Teritorijalne obrane Bosne i Hercegovine. Brat je Hamdiji i Hakiji Pozdercu.

Životopis
Sakib Pozderac je rođen u Cazinu, u obitelji poznatih boraca-antifašista Pozderaca. Završio je najviše vojne škole i bio odlikovan najvišim vojnim i društvenim priznanjima. Nakon što su njegova braća, Hamdija i Hakija, izgubila politički utjecaj, Sakib Pozderac koji je bio general Teritorijalne obrane BiH (preteče Armije RBiH) od 1986. do 1988. godine biva uklonjen se s položaja.

Među prvim je 8. travnja 1992. s grupom umirovljenih generala potpisao izjavu kojom je osuđena agresija JNA i paravojnih formacija na Bosnu i Hercegovinu.

Preminuo je u Sarajevu, 19. prosinca 1992. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Umro general Sakib Pozderac iz - Hronologija rata u BiH 19.12.1992 arhiv

Životopisi, Cazin
Pozderci

Sakib Pozderac


Litteris alto es una encíclica del Papa Pío VIII publicada el 25 de marzo de 1830; es la tercera encíclica del pontífice, y está dirigida al pueblo alemán con el fin de hacer algunos alcances sobre el matrimonio que se lleva a efecto entre fieles católicos y no católicos, o también denominado matrimonio mixto, proclamando al matrimonio entre católicos y protestantes, como un acto que genera peligros espirituales y que viola la ley divina.

Cabe mencionar eso sí, que en algunas publicaciones no existe consenso respecto a si este documento sería una encíclica o una bula, tratándose en varias de ellas con el segundo apelativo, toda vez que se asocia muchas veces con la Bula de Pío VII llamada Vix nova a nobis (1809), y que trata materias similares.

Referencias

Encíclicas de Pío VIII
Iglesia católica en 1830

Litteris alto


عملية أوفرلورد  هو الاسم الكودي لغزو شمال غرب أوروبا في الحرب العالمية الثانية من قبل قوات الحلفاء.
بدأت العملية بغزو نورماندي في 6 يونيو 1944، في أكبر عملية إبرار في التاريخ، حيث عبر القناة الإنجليزية ما يقرب من مائةُ وستون ألف مقاتل في ذلك اليوم، وبنهاية أغسطس، كان عددهم قد وصل إلى 3 ملايين مقاتل.

قوات الحلفاء التي وصلت المعركة في نورماندي في «يوم العملية» أو «D-Day» كما يطلق عليها العسكريون والمقصود به يوم الهبوط نفسه جاءت من كندا والمملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. كما اشترك أيضا في القتال قوات حرة فرنسية وبولندية بعد مرحلة الهجوم، وكان هناك أيضا اتصالات من بلجيكا وتشيكوسلوفاكيا واليونان وهولندا والنرويج.

أما بقية قوات الحلفاء فاشتركت في القوات البحرية والجوية، وعندما تم تأمين رؤوس الشواطئ، تم القيام بحشد للقوات على الشواطئ لمدة ثلاثة أسابيع قبل البدأ بعملية كوبرا، والتي بدأت الخروج من حصار الألمان لرؤوس الشواطئ.

استمرت معركة نورماندي لأكثر من شهرين بحملات تهدف لتثبيت أقدام الحلفاء في فرنسا، وانتهت بمعركة جيب فاليز، وتحرير باريس في 25 أغسطس 1944، واكتمال انسحاب الألمان لما وراء السين في 30 أغسطس من العام نفسه.

التحضيرات ليوم الهجوم

تحضيرات الحلفاء
إن اتساع المساحات في الشرق يسمح بفقدان الأرض بدون أن تعاني ألمانيا من ضربة قاضية لفرصها في البقاء، بعكس الغرب! حيث إذا نجح العدو هناك، ستيرتب على نجاحه العديد من العوافب الوخيمة في وقت قصير.

في يونيو 1940، انتصر الفوهرر أدولف هتلر في ما أسماه «أشهر نصر في التاريخ»، سقوط فرنسا. أما البريطانيون، فنجوا من الهلاك عندما قاموا بسحب 300,000 مقاتل من دونكيرك. وصرح رئيس وزراء المملكة المتحدة ونستون تشرشل في أحد خطبه الشهيرة أنه يؤيد غزو فرنسا وتحريرها من ألمانيا النازية.

وتبعاً لذلك، قام شيرشل في إعلان مشترك مع كلا من السكرتير العام للحزب الشيوعي بالاتحاد السوفيتي ورئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية فرانكلين د. روزفلت، بالإعلان عن تفهمهم التام لضرورة إقامة جبهة ثانية في أوروبا في 1942. كما أعلم تشيرشل السوفييت بصورة غير رسمية في ملحوظة سلمت إلى مولوتوف أن هناك عجز الموارد اللازمة للقيام بغزو عام 1942.

انظر أيضا
 الثلاثية (حكومة فرنسا 1944 - 1947)
 الحكومة المؤقتة للجمهورية الفرنسية (1944 -1946)
 موقعة جبل فيرير
 عملية الحارس الشخصي

مصادر

فرنسا في 1944
التاريخ العسكري في 1944
أحداث أغسطس 1944
أحداث يوليو 1944
أحداث يونيو 1944
تاريخ كندا العسكري في الحرب العالمية الثانية
عمليات عسكرية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
عملية نبتون
غزوات الحرب العالمية الثانية
غزوات المملكة المتحدة
غزوات الولايات المتحدة
غزوات أستراليا
غزوات فرنسا
غزوات كندا
معارك كندا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك وعمليات الحرب العالمية الثانية تشمل فرنسا
معارك وعمليات الحرب العالمية الثانية في مسرح أوروبا الغربية
معارك وعمليات المملكة المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك وعمليات الولايات المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثانية
معارك وعمليات ألمانيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
نزاعات في 1944

عملية أوفرلورد


The Cat Empire are an Australian jazz/funk band, formed in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1999. For most of the band's duration, the core members were Felix Riebl (lead vocals, percussion), Harry James Angus (trumpet, vocals), Will Hull-Brown (drums), Jamshid "Jumps" Khadiwhala (turntables, percussion), Ollie McGill (keyboards, backing vocals) and Ryan Monro (bass, backing vocals). Monro retired from the band in March 2021, while Angus, Hull-Brown and Khadiwhala all left in April 2022. They are often supplemented by The Empire Horns, a brass duo composed of Ross Irwin (trumpet) and Kieran Conrau (trombone), among others. Their sound is a fusion of jazz, funk, ska, and rock with heavy Latin influences.

History

1999–2003: Beginnings
The Cat Empire's origins are traced back to Jazz Cat, a Melbourne-based band, led by Steve Sedergreen in 1999. Jazz Cat was a nine-piece group from different schools and backgrounds which debuted at the Manly Jazz Festival in Sydney. They gigged around Melbourne's jazz club scene, including at Dizzy's, where Sedergreen was a part-owner. Late that year, Jazz Cat spawned The Cat Empire, originally as a three-piece, with Ollie McGill on keyboards, Felix Riebl on percussion and vocals and Ryan Monro on double bass. The band's name was taken from the title of a drawing by Riebl's younger brother, Max, and its distinctive cat's eye icon, known as "Pablo", was created by Ian McGill, Ollie McGill's father. For a few months, both groups performed on alternate Thursdays at Dizzy's. They started playing a variety of gigs at other clubs, including Bennett's Lane. The band expanded in July 2001 by adding Harry James Angus on trumpet, Will Hull-Brown (ex-Jazz Cat) on drums and Jamshid "Jumps" Khadiwala as a DJ on turntables (later also on percussion).

In late 2001, the band appeared in the Spiegeltent at the Melbourne Festival. By year's end, they had released an independent single, "Feline", in October, and a live six-track extended play, Live @ Adelphia, in December. In early 2002, the group played gigs at the Adelaide Festival of Arts, and in March, they headlined the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and St Kilda Film Festival. The ensemble commenced its first overseas tour on the West Coast of the United States, playing at The Matrix in San Francisco and at the Napa Valley Wine Auction in June. The band received a Music for the Future grant to fund the recording of a live album, The Sun, at Melbourne's Adelphia Studios. At the Edinburgh Festival, they played sixteen successive shows in the Late 'n' Live slot between 3 A.M. and 5 A.M. They performed at the 2002 Melbourne Festival and a series of local gigs; Kate Ceberano appeared as a guest vocalist at their final show for the year.

2003–2005: Debut album
The Cat Empire recorded its debut studio album, The Cat Empire, in seven months during 2003 with producer Andy Baldwin in Melbourne. Between recording sessions they toured Australia, including appearing at the St Kilda Festival with Ceberano, and at the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival in April. The ensemble was nominated in two categories at the Australian Jazz Bell Awards. They successfully applied for an International Pathways grant from the Australia Council for the Arts. The band was featured on BBC Four performing at the 2003 WOMAD festival. The lead single, "Hello", was placed on high rotation on BBC Radio 1 in August. The group's growing live and critical reputation enabled them to approach record companies for a deal to issue the album in August. They signed with EMI and Virgin Records, and, in the UK, with an independent label.

2005–2006: Two Shoes
The Cat Empire released their second album, Two Shoes, on 19 April 2005. It was recorded in  Havana, Cuba, at Egrem Studios, late in 2004, with production by The Cat Empire, Riebl and Jerry Boys. It debuted at number 1 and until 2016 was their only album to reach the number-one position. The tracks were more Latin in flavour, with a higher proportion written by Angus than on the first album. AllMusic's Jeff Tamarkin wrote "Skipping merrily from alt-rock crunch to hip-hop beats, landing on reggae/ska, Latin jazz, and points in between, Two Shoes is clever and brainy, danceable and absorbing". The Australian version contains a hidden track, called "1001", which is coupled with the track, "The Night That Never End". The lead single, "Sly", was issued ahead of the album on 28 March and reached the top 30. The song appeared on EA Sports' FIFA 08 soundtrack. "The Car Song", written by Angus, was released as the second single in July, and peaked in the top 50.

In July, the band played two sets at the Cambridge Folk Festival. Later in the month, they performed a set on Sunday evening of Sheep Music. In October, Two Shoes Deluxe Edition DVD was released, which contained live footage of Lullaby and The Car Song, a documentary on the making of the album in Cuba, the original video clips created for the album, and behind-the-scenes footage. The ensemble also featured on a Triple J CD entitled Like a Version, featuring cover versions of songs performed by artists on Mel Bampton's show, Mel in the Morning. Their track was a version of "Hotel California" (originally by the Eagles), sung in French by Angus. By the end of 2005, The Cat Empire achieved double platinum certificate and Two Shoes achieved platinum status.

2006–2010: Cities to So Many Nights
In March 2006, The Cat Empire participated in the opening ceremony of the Melbourne Commonwealth Games, playing their own compositions for approximately an hour as the Games' athletes entered the stadium, introducing the group to an estimated worldwide audience of one billion. The band signed an American record deal with Velour Recordings, who released a modified version of the second Australian album, Two Shoes, which included some songs previously released on their debut.

On 1 April 2006, the group issued their third studio album, Cities (aka Cities: The Cat Empire Project) in Australia, which peaked at number 11. Described by the group as "between a tribute to our own city and an experiment in sounds that we've found abroad", a limited edition of 10,000 individually numbered copies were made available. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, they won the  Best World Music Album category, and received a nomination for  Engineer of the Year for Adam Rhodes' work on the album.

The band toured extensively over the year, visiting Asia, America and Europe and playing over 45 gigs in 12 countries.

The ensemble started 2007 with a busy touring schedule and US TV appearances, including the Late Show with David Letterman in February, followed by The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in March. Angus' side project, Jackson Jackson, released their first album, The Fire Is on the Bird, that month. In May, The Cat Empire performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In June, on the group's European tour, they appeared on the Avalon Stage at the Glastonbury Festival, where the mud was so deep that Riebl and Khadiwhala performed the "gumboot shuffle".

The Cat Empire released their fourth album, So Many Nights in Australia on 22 September 2007, it was produced by John Porter and reached number two. The lead single, "No Longer There", was issued two weeks earlier and peaked at number 12. "So Many Nights" was listed at number 50 on the Triple J Hottest 100 for 2007, while "No Longer There" finished at number 62.

In February 2008, the band concluded their Outdoor Australian Tour, with performances in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Newcastle, Canberra, Geelong, Townsville and Launceston. The group later played at an Australian Grand Prix event, sharing the stage with KISS. In March, the band headlined on the Sunday night at the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival in Byron Bay.

In January 2009, the ensemble opened the Sydney Festival 2009 at The Domain. In early February, they performed at Hisense Arena as part of the Australian Open for A Day on the Baseline. Also in February, the group issued  Live on Earth – a live album featuring 22 songs recorded around the world – and a DVD  Live at the Bowl of their Sidney Myer Music Bowl performance, with other shows and on-the-road videos. They issued a box set which was limited to 2000 copies. It contained the Live on Earth CD and DVD as well as a tour diary written by Monro, and band memorabilia. On 28 February, the band played two free shows at Bondi Beach and Circular Quay, welcoming donations, in an effort to raise funds to be put towards the Victorian Bushfire Appeal. In March, the band appeared live on  ABC Radio National's The Music Show.

In March, the group played at the annual Bassinthegrass festival in  Darwin to a crowd of 5000. They returned to the WOMADelaide festival for a second time. After touring Australia, the ensemble completed a tour of the UK with Balkan support act, Paprika Balkanicus. The tour started in July at O2 Academy Oxford. The band then performed a range of shows in Melbourne, Brisbane and the Northern Territory, before heading off to Canada for a short tour.

2010–2012: Cinema

The Cat Empire's fifth studio album, Cinema, was issued on 25 June 2010 in Australia, followed by releases in Canada, the US, and then Europe. It was produced by Steve Schram and reached number three. The track, "Beyond All", was featured on Triple J's New Music with Richard Kingsmill in April. However, the lead single, "Feeling's Gone", was released in May.

A promotional copy of Cinema had been leaked to eBay about three weeks before its due date and sold for $200; EMI provided a statement regarding the leak. In October 2011, the ensemble played their 800th show at the O2 Academy Bournemouth in front of a sell out crowd. In April 2011, they performed at the West Coast Blues & Roots Festival in Fremantle.

2012–2015: Steal the Light
In December 2012, the Cat Empire returned to Melbourne to commence the recording of a new album after touring extensively throughout 2012. The album, produced by Jan Skubiszewski, was scheduled for a May 2013 release, but the band embarked on a March 2013 "warm-up" tour, on which they played intimate shows in Melbourne and Sydney, as well as bigger stages at the Fremantle Arts Centre in Western Australia and WOMADelaide in South Australia.

"Brighter Than Gold", the first single from their sixth album, Steal the Light, was released on 22 February 2013 on the Two Shoes music label. A music video for the song was directed by Nicholas Verso for Asphodel Films. Brighter Than Gold received high rotation on Australian and European radio.

Steal The Light was released on 17 May 2013 and a worldwide "Steal the Light Tour" was announced shortly afterwards. The band performed nine US shows in July 2013, supported by Blackalicious and, for some of the American dates, were joined by fellow Australians Tinpan Orange. They played nine UK dates throughout October, then embarked on a European tour. Support was provided by fellow Australians FLAP!, and the tour eventually consisted of a total of 70 shows on four continents. The most notable of these performances was in Sydney, September 2013, where they performed in the Enmore Theatre. The show attracted more than 1500 people from Sydney, including Riebl's old schoolmate who designed the band's posters, Arthur Brammall.

In February 2014, the Romanian B'ESTFEST Summer Camp announced that the Cat Empire was the first band to confirm their position on the event's musical lineup. The festival was scheduled for 31 July and 1–2 August 2014, on the Mogoşoaia Palace estate, approximately 10 minutes from Bucharest.

On 16 January 2015, the Cat Empire performed at Triple J's 40th anniversary "Beat The Drum" celebration concert at the Domain in Sydney, along with other Australian musicians, including Hilltop Hoods, The Presets, You Am I, Daniel Johns, Vance Joy, The Preatures, Ball Park Music, Sarah Blasko and Gotye. During their set, the Cat Empire collaborated with special guests Remi and Owl Eyes. With the latter, they performed a cover of Kylie Minogue's "Confide in Me".

They were in Romania again the following year, at the Electric Castle festival in Transylvania, on 28 July 2015.

2015–2018: Rising with the Sun
In early 2016, The Cat Empire announced their second fully independent album, Rising with the Sun, produced by Jan Skubiszewski. The album was made available worldwide on 4 March. On the week of release, the band performed a series of secret 'pop up busking' events around Melbourne, with locations given to fans via clues shared on social media. The locations performed at were Federation Square, Circus Oz Spiegeltent and South Melbourne market.

The album debuted at #1 on the ARIA and AIR charts in Australia, staying in the AIR top 20 for an impressive 21 weeks to date to date since release. Internationally successful, the album achieved Top 10 debut in 7 countries, and Top 20 debuts in 16 countries: #1 Australia, #1 Romania, #4 Hungary, #7 Sweden, # 8 Canada, #9 Czech Republic, #10 Switzerland, #13 Malaysia, #13 New Zealand, #14 Netherlands, #17 Germany, #18 Denmark, #18 South Africa, #19 United Kingdom, #20 Portugal, #20 Spain.

Supported by lead singles Que Sera Ahora, Wolves (#79 in Triple J Hottest 100) and Bulls, the band has performed live on triple J, Terry Wogan Show on BBC2 and Breakfast TV Toronto, as well as achieving extensive media coverage in all of their major markets globally.

Rising With the Sun was supported by an extensive global tour, with close to 100 shows booked across Australia, Europe, America, and Asia for 2016. Major festivals the band were booked for in 2016 were Sula Festival (India) WOMADelaide (Australia) Bluesfest Byron Bay (Australia) Osheaga (Canada) Edmonton Folk Festival (Canada) Regina Folk Festival (Canada) Rock The Shores (Canada) Pleasure Garden (Australia) and Southbound Festival (Australia), among others.

2018–2020: Stolen Diamonds
In early 2018, The Cat Empire recorded their third fully independent album, Stolen Diamonds, at Red Moon Studios (Gisbourne, Victoria), also their third to be produced by Jan Skubiszewski. The album was drip fed to the band's global audience via their release strategy of releasing one new track on the 1st day of each month, where each song was also complemented with the release of a 360 VR video clip. The videos were filmed at The Mission To Seafarers Dome in Melbourne, Victoria, and regularly featured on YouTube's dedicated VR channel The album debuted at #1 AIR charts in Australia, and #4 on the ARIA charts – their 6th release to debut in the top 10 of this chart.

2018 saw The Cat Empire awarded two People's Choice Awards at the Australian National Live Music Awards: Best Live Act of the Year and Best Live Voice of the Year for Angus.

Melbourne magazine Beat rated the album 7 out of 10, stating: "The album barely takes a break from its upbeat tempo, and flows seamlessly between funk, reggae, and ska...". They went on to say that the album "...sees The Cat Empire take one step closer towards legend status."

Double J presented Stolen Diamonds as its feature album, and was also very positive in its review, saying: "The worst thing about Stolen Diamonds is that you're gonna need to clear some space around you if you're planning on listening to it. Because this is very much a record that inspires movement."

The band's St Kilda Festival set was recorded for Double J's Live at the Wireless segment, and they performed a live performance on  The Morning Show, as well as achieving extensive media coverage in all of their major markets globally.

With a history of putting fans in the spotlight, lead singers Riebl and Angus hand-delivered copies of the album to fans on release day, and also gave them opportunities to put their own spin on the music with a Karaoke competition for the track Oscar Wilde, and a Busking competition that included an entry from long time friends of the band, Pierce Brothers.

Stolen Diamonds was supported by an extensive global tour, with shows booked across Australia, Europe and America throughout both the single release and album release years 2018/2019. The band were the first band to sell out two consecutive shows at London's prestigious Roundhouse (UK), and hold the record for the band to have sold out the most shows at the O2 Academy Bristol (UK) with 10 shows. Major festivals the band were booked for in 2019 included opening night of The Commonwealth Games (Australia), Woodford Folk Festival (Australia), St Kilda Festival (Australia), Doctor Music (Spain), Larmer Tree Festival (UK), Bristol Sounds (UK), Bands in the Sands (UK), Blue Balls Festival  (Switzerland), BosPop (Netherlands), among others.

The band released a live single, "Oscar Wilde" featuring Grace Barbé (Live at the Odeon), on 20 December 2019.

2020–2022: Lockdown and classic line-up disbanding

In March 2020, the band embarked on a UK and Spain tour, of which the band played 4 shows before it was abruptly cancelled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. After returning to Australia, the band began to work on new material. During this time, they launched a social media initiative, #lockdowngetdown, encouraging listeners to make playlists using their favorite music and share them with others, in an effort to support artists who had lost their source of income due to the impact of the pandemic.

It was announced in March 2021 that founding member and bass player Ryan Monro was retiring from the band. He played his last show at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl on 6 March 2021.

In April 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that they had entered the recording studio to work on a new album, with Yuri Pavlinov of The Bamboos filling in on bass.

On 9 July 2021, the band released two new singles, Going to Live and Great Beauty. According to Felix, Going to Live was written as a response to being forced to cancel their tour of Spain in 2020 due to Covid-19, and was inspired by people in Spain singing on the rooftops during lockdown. A further two songs, Coming to Meet You and The Scream, were released on 6 August 2021.

On 16 September 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that core members Hull-Brown, Angus, Khadiwala and career-long Manager Correne Wilkie would be leaving the band following a run of shows in Australia. However, Riebl and McGill would continue the band in a new form.  On 1 October 2021, the band released the final two songs recorded by the original lineup, Sparrow and Into the Night.

The band started their farewell tour with two shows at the Sidney Meyer Music Bowl in December 2021, for which they were rejoined by former bassist Ryan Monro. They played their final show with the original lineup on 14 April 2022 at Bluesfest Byron Bay.

2022–present: New line-up and Where the Angels Fall
In August 2022, the band began to announce the first shows with a new lineup via their Facebook page, as well as teasing new music, with new band members being announced starting in September. New members announced include Grace Barbé on bass and vocals, Neda Rahmani on percussion, former touring member Daniel Farrugia on drums, and Lazaro Numa joining The Empire Horns on trumpet and percussion.

In May 2023, The Cat Empire announced the release of Where the Angels Fall, scheduled for release on 25 August 2023. The album will include original members Felix Riebl and Ollie McGill, and their new ensemble including Seychelles singer Grace Barbe, Cuban-born trumpeter Lazaro Numa, and Neda Rahmani.

Activism
In response to the proposed dumping of around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed onto the Great Barrier Reef, a legal fighting team was formed by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) in late 2013/early 2014. The legal team received further support in April 2014, following the release of the "Sounds for the Reef" musical fundraising project. Produced by Straightup, the digital album features the Cat Empire, in addition to artists such as John Butler, The Herd, Sietta, Missy Higgins, Fat Freddys Drop, The Bamboos (featuring Kylie Auldist) and Resin Dogs. Released on 7 April 2014, the album's 21 songs—including The Cat Empire's song "Steal The Light"—were sold on the Bandcamp website.

The band have been official ambassadors for Melbourne organization Asylum Seeker Resource Centre since 2011, actively participating in events and running fundraising initiatives to support the work of the centre, including their 2016 Telethon, band member run donation drives and raffling off rare memorabilia.

Band members

Current members
 Felix Riebl – lead vocals, percussion, Cuban tres (1999–present)
 Ollie McGill – piano, keyboards, tubular bells, backing vocals, melodica (1999–present)
 Grace Barbé – bass, backing and lead vocals (2022–present)
 Daniel Farrugia – drums (2022–present; touring 2018)
 Neda Rahmani – percussion (2022–present)

The Empire Horns
 Kieran Conrau – trombone, bass trombone, cornet, backing vocals (2002–present)
 Ross Irwin – trumpet, flugelhorn, backing vocals (2002–present)
 Lazaro Numa – trumpet, percussion (2022–present)

Former members
 Ryan Monro – bass, backing vocals (1999–2021)
Harry James Angus – trumpet, backing and lead vocals, recorder, guitar (2001–2022)
 Will Hull-Brown – drums (2001–2022)
 Jamshid "DJ Jumps" Khadiwhala – turntables, percussion (2001–2022)

Former touring musicians and substitutes
 Carlo Barbaro – tenor saxophone (2002–2007, Empire Horns)
 Ben Hendry – drums (2013; substitute for Will Hull-Brown)
 Hugh Harvey – drums (2019; substitute for Will Hull-Brown)
 Yuri Pavlinov – bass (2021–2022)
 Dave Symes – bass (2021)
 Darryn Farrugia – drums (2023; substitute for Daniel Farrugia)

Empire Horns substitutes
 Greg Spence – trumpet, backing vocals
 Nick Wilkins – trumpet, backing vocals
 Jordan Murray – trombone, backing vocals
 Phil Noy – tenor saxophone

Empirical Strings

 Kristy Conrau – cello
 Alyssa Conrau – violin

2008 string section
 Jonny Ng – violin
 Adam Cadell – violin
 Neil Thompson – viola
 Dale Rickert – cello
 Fran Haysey – triangle
 Paul Cashmere – tubular bells

The Empire Dancers
 Fai Khadiwhala
 Anthony (Bboy Lamaroc)
 Carlos (Bboy Pepito)
 DJ Rude Bouy
 Benny 'BJ' Riley
 John Hurle
 Lenard Trae (Enigma Boogie)
 Andre Widjaja (Jazzy Dre)
 Arthur Brammall

Timeline

Discography

The Cat Empire (2003)
Two Shoes (2005)
Cities: The Cat Empire Project (2006)
So Many Nights (2007)
Cinema (2010)
Steal the Light (2013)
Rising with the Sun (2016)
Stolen Diamonds (2019)
Where the Angels Fall (2023)

Awards and nominations

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.

!
|-
| 2014
| "Steal the Light" (Harry Angus, Felix Riebl)
| Song of the Year
|
|
|-

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. The Cat Empire has won one award.

!
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2004
| rowspan="3"| The Cat Empire
| ARIA Award for Best Group
|
| rowspan="6"|
|-
| ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist - Album
|
|-
| ARIA Award for Best Urban Album
|
|-
| "Days Like These"
| ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist - Single
|
|-
| Andy Baldwin and The Cat Empire for The Cat Empire The Cat Empire
| ARIA Award for Producer of the Year
|
|-
| Andy Baldwin for The Cat Empire The Cat Empire
| ARIA Award for Engineer of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005
| Two Shoes
| ARIA Award for Best Rock Album
|
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| Ben Quinn for The Cat Empire "The Car Song"
| ARIA Award for Best Video
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006
| Adam Rhodes for The Cat Empire Cities: The Cat Empire Project
| ARIA Award for Engineer of the Year
|
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| Cities: The Cat Empire Project
| ARIA Award for Best World Music Album
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2009
| Live at the Bowl
| ARIA Award for Best Music DVD
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2010
| Cinema
| ARIA Award for Best Adult Alternative Album
|
|
|-

National Live Music Awards
The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.

!
|-
| rowspan="2"| National Live Music Awards of 2018
| The Cat Empire
| Best Live Act of the Year - People's Choice
|
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| Harry James Angus (The Cat Empire)
| Best Live Voice of the Year - People's Choice
|
|-
| National Live Music Awards of 2019
| The Cat Empire
| Live Blues and Roots Act of the Year
|
|
|-

References

External links

ARIA Award winners
Australian indie rock groups
Australian ska groups
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from Melbourne
1999 establishments in Australia

The Cat Empire


Jeff Berry () a fost liderul organizației Ku Klux Klan din Newville, Indiana, condamnat la șapte ani de închisoare pe 4 decembrie 2001, după ce a sechestrat în urmă cu 2 ani o echipă de reporteri în propria locuință.

În cadrul unui interviu, Berry s-a descris ca fiind "liderul național al Klanului". Într-o lucrare redactată de fostul său asistent și fost membru al KKK, Brad Thompson, fracțiunea lui Berry era caracterizată drept o schemă piramidală. Berry a părăsit organizația la șase luni după producerea unui documentar despre rasism alături de fotograful danez Jacob Holdt. Acesta a început să fie asaltat de alți membri KKK, printre care și fiul său, care considerau că și-a trădat rasa. În urma atacurilor, Berry și-a pierdut vederea și a rămas invalid.

Moartea
Pe 7 iunie 2013, organizația Southern Poverty Law Center a declarat că Berry a încetat din viață pe 31 mai 2013, într-un spital din Comitatul Cook, Illinois. Acesta suferea de cancer pulmonar.

Cărți
 Thompson, Brad and Worth Weller. Under The Hood: Unmasking the Modern Ku Klux Klan ISBN: 978-0-9668231-0-3.

Note

Legături externe
 A prisoner of love, not hate

Decese în 2013
Gangsteri
Ku Klux Klan
Decese cauzate de cancer pulmonar
Membri Ku Klux Klan

Jeff Berry


Când se stinge lumina este un film românesc din 2006 regizat de Igor Cobileanski. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Mihai Ciolac, Sergiu Voloc, Ion Sandu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note
 2. Scenariul complet poate fi citit și descărcat gratuit de pe siteul LiterNet aici.

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2006 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2006
Filme regizate de Igor Cobileanski

Când se stinge lumina


ليدو فييري (Lido Vieri) ، (بيومبينو بمقاطعة ليفورنو، 16 يوليو 1939) حارس مرمى كرة قدم إيطالي سابق. يعتبر واحد من أفضل حراس المرمى في جيله. لعب لمنتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم وفاز معه ببطولة كأس أوروبا 1968 وكان الوصيف في كأس العالم 1970

على مستوى الأندية، بدأ فييري مسيرته الاحترافية مع نادي تورينو وسرعان ما تطور في المستوى فكسب سمعة باعتباره واحد من الحراس الشباب الواعدين في إيطاليا، فإنضم إلى انترميلان وفاز ببطولة الدوري الإيطالي موسم 1970–1971

انظر أيضا
 جيانلويجي بوفون
 لورينزو بوفون
 دينو زوف

روابط خارجية

مصادر

حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيومبينو
حراس مرمى إيطاليون
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من توسكانا
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بيستويسي
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدربو كرة قدم إيطاليون
فييري
مواليد في بيومبينو

ليدو فييري


Morro do Moco (del umbundu omoco, 'cuchillo') es el punto más alto en el país africano de Angola. Se encuentra ubicado en la provincia de Huambo en Angola occidental.

Origen del nombre
Cuenta la leyenda que un cazador que había llegado al morro, al volver con su presa dejó olvidado su cuchillo (omoco en umbundu) en el lugar. Al darse cuenta pidió ayuda a otros cazadores para regresar a recuperarlo, sin embargo los cazadores nunca volvieron del morro. El hecho habría quedado en la memoria colectiva y con la introducción del portugués habría tomado el nombre de morro do Moco.

Véase también
 Geografía de Angola
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Montañas de Angola
Puntos más altos de los países de África

Morro do Moco


An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country.

Diplomats

Role

Extraordinary postings

Lists of ambassadors

Non-diplomatic ambassadorships

තවද බලන්න
 Diplomatic rank
 Consulate general
 High Commissioner
 Nuncio

Diplomacy
Titles
Government occupations

තානාපති


Yeouido (en coreano: 여의도) escrito también
llamada Isla Yoi o Isla Yeoui, es una gran isla ubicada en el río Han en Seúl, Corea del Sur.

Es el principal centro de negocios de Seúl y el distrito de la banca de inversión. Sus 8,4 kilómetros cuadrados son el hogar de 30.988 personas. La isla está situada en el distrito de Yeongdeungpo-gu de Seúl, y en gran medida se corresponde con Yeouido-dong. La isla contiene el edificio de la Asamblea Nacional, donde el parlamento de Corea del Sur se reúne, la Asociación de Inversión Financiera de Corea, la Iglesia del Evangelio Pleno de Yoido, el Edificio 63, y la sede de LG, KBS, MBC, además de encontrarse allí la Bolsa de Valores de Corea.

Referencias

Véase también
 Yeongdeungpo-gu
 Geografía de Corea del Sur
 Geografía de Asia

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Corea del Sur

Yeouido


John J. Sheridan is the lead character in the fictional universe of the science-fiction television series Babylon 5, played by Bruce Boxleitner. For most of the series, he is the commander of the Babylon 5 station; during the series' final season he is the President of the Interstellar Alliance.

Personality
John Sheridan is portrayed as an incorruptible, dynamic, idealistic, and charismatic leader who can inspire fierce loyalty in his subordinates. However, Sheridan is shown at times to be reckless and stubborn, and like his second-in-command Susan Ivanova he possesses a fierce temper that can lead to occasional explosive outbursts of anger. Fortunately, he tends to calm quickly and he usually demonstrates a cheerful and upbeat personality. His second wife, Anna Sheridan, was (apparently) killed while exploring a distant planet, and when he takes command of Babylon 5 at the start of Season 2 her death still troubles him.

After Sheridan's "return from the dead" in the fourth season, he displays an increasing impatience with accomplishing his goals. This is caused, however, by the fact that during season four, he learns that he has only twenty more years to live. By the end of the series Sheridan has become a galactic president and legend, and overall there is little doubt that he has been a force for good throughout his time in the series.

Religious references
Throughout the show numerous references are made concerning Sheridan's analogous role in history to that of a messiah. A number of religious phrases are used to refer to Sheridan: messiah, messianic, and The second coming. In Season four episode 17, The Face of the Enemy, when Michael Garibaldi speaks with William Edgars about capturing Sheridan, Garibaldi says "I don't know, but I think the last guy got 30 pieces of silver for the same job," a reference to Judas' betrayal of Jesus.

When Sheridan falls and is caught by the Vorlon Kosh in season 2 episode The Fall of Night. Kosh, not wanting to reveal his true form, appears as a different religious figure depending on the onlookers' home world. Because Sheridan is human, he perceived him as being an angel.  says "To his heavenly messengers he will give orders about you, and with their hands, they will catch you." Which was the devil telling Jesus that if he were to fall, angels would catch him saving him from his death.

Sheridan was also resurrected twice by Lorien. The first time on Z'ha'dum in season four: Whatever Happened To Mr. Garibaldi, right after Sheridan asks Lorien "If I fall how will I know you'll catch me?", and the second was on Babylon 5 during a fight with Ulkesh in episode Falling Toward Apotheosis further solidifying his parallels with a mythical or historical messiah.

Character history

Early life and career
John Sheridan was born on Earth to an Earth Alliance diplomat. John Sheridan is a descendant of the famous American Civil War general Philip Sheridan. In the original broadcast of "And Now For a Word" Sheridan's middle name is given as David (his father's name, the name he eventually gives his son, and also the middle name of Jeffrey Sinclair). In later episodes, he is referred to as "John J. Sheridan". On the Babylon 5 season 2 DVD release of "And Now For a Word", Sheridan's name is corrected to "John J. Sheridan". As a young man he joined Earthforce, was married briefly to Elizabeth Lochley, and by 2245 had risen to the rank of lieutenant commander.

In the TV movie In the Beginning he was offered the first officer position aboard the Earthforce warship Prometheus. The Prometheus later was the ship that precipitated the Earth-Minbari War when it fired on a Minbari warcruiser during Earth's disastrous first contact with that race. During the war Sheridan served as first officer aboard the "Hyperion-Class" warship EAS Lexington. When the ship's captain was killed in an ambush by the Minbari flagship Black Star, Sheridan took command of the Lexington. With the Lexington crippled and unable to fight, Sheridan mined several nearby asteroids with nuclear weapons and lured the Black Star back towards his ship with a distress signal. He then detonated the nuclear mines, destroying the Black Star and giving Earth its only real victory in the war. The infuriated Minbari nicknamed Sheridan the "Starkiller." For his action Sheridan was awarded the Earthforce Silver Star and he became one of the few human heroes to survive the war.

Following the war, Sheridan was promoted to the rank of captain and given command of the EAS Agamemnon in the mid-2250s.  The Agamemnon was one of the new "Omega-Class" destroyers which were much larger and more powerful than the older "Hyperion-Class". Sheridan spent the next few years leading the Agamemnon in exploratory and diplomatic missions. He was one of the candidates to command Babylon 5, but was rejected by the Minbari in favor of Jeffrey Sinclair. However, Earth Alliance President Santiago had kept him as his first choice in the event something happened to Sinclair. Also perhaps around that time, he remarried, this time to Anna Sheridan, who had been a close friend of his sister Elizabeth Sheridan.

At some unknown point in his career, Sheridan played a major role in quelling the Mars Riots, something which proved to be a significant sore spot a number of years later between him and the Mars Rebellion when he offered them independence in exchange for their assistance in overthrowing President Clark's regime.

Season 2
When Commander Jeffrey Sinclair was reassigned as ambassador to Minbar in January 2259, Sheridan was chosen to command Babylon 5. Sheridan was initially not well received by the Minbari, and was still called "Starkiller" by many in the warrior caste. Soon after his arrival, in "Points of Departure," the Minbari ship Trigati, which had disappeared during the Battle of the Line, reappeared and tried to provoke him into firing upon it. However, Sheridan remained cool and defused the situation. Even with the strained relations with the Minbari, Delenn and Sheridan began to develop a close friendship. Sheridan also had some initial doubts about taking command of Babylon 5 because he feared being turned into a bureaucrat, but after helping to rescue the EAS Cortez, commanded by his friend Captain Maynard, after an accident in hyperspace, he realized he was in the right place.

Sheridan soon discovered that Earth Alliance President Clark was slowly turning the Earth Alliance into a dictatorship. Sheridan found that the Nightwatch, an SA-like organization, had recruited much of the station's security.

Soon into the season, it became known that the Shadows had returned and were beginning to move again, and even covertly aided the Centauri in defeating the Narn. When Sheridan attempted to aid a Narn vessel, the Centauri attacked Babylon 5, forcing him to destroy a Centauri warship. Given the choice of either apologizing to the Centauri or losing his command, Sheridan decided to apologize. A group of Centauri civilians attempted to assassinate Sheridan, but he was saved by Vorlon Ambassador Kosh, and the formality of the apology was dismissed in view of this event. After the fall of Narn, Minbari Ambassador Delenn revealed the existence of the Rangers to Sheridan, and offered him shared command of the Rangers on Babylon 5. Sheridan vowed that the Rangers would hold the line against the darkness, no matter what the cost.

Season 3
At the beginning of the third season, Sheridan was presented with the prototype Minbari White Star class spacecraft. On his first mission in command of White Star One, he helped Rangers stationed at a training camp under Centauri blockade escape before being captured by the Shadows. At the same time, he had to keep an Earth Alliance official snooping around the station unaware of that mission, and his knowledge of the Shadows' involvement.

In the episode "Voices of Authority," proof surfaced that Clark had arranged for President Santiago's assassination. When Sheridan found that Clark's administration was attempting to adapt Shadow technology from a vessel unearthed beneath the surface of Ganymede, in "Messages from Earth," he destroyed the vessel rather than allowing it to fall into their hands. This led to Clark declaring martial law throughout the Earth Alliance. After martial law was declared, Sheridan defeated the Nightwatch forces by luring them into a trap.

The EAS Alexander, under the command of General William Hague, was leading the efforts against Clark. Hague was killed in an attack on the Alexander, but the ship escaped and reached Babylon 5. The EAS Churchill joined the Alexander at Babylon 5. The Churchill brought information that an attack force was a few hours away, and that the force was coming to arrest Sheridan and his staff.

Mars had decided not to implement martial law. In response Clark ordered his forces to bomb civilian targets on Mars. In response, Proxima 3 and Orion 7 seceded from the Earth Alliance. In "Severed Dreams" Sheridan joined them and declared Babylon 5's own secession. Very soon after Sheridan's declaration, an attack force arrived consisting of two Omega-class destroyers and several escorts. Clark's attack force was soon defeated at Babylon 5. Unfortunately, the reinforcements for Clark's attack force then arrived. Sheridan realizing that his position was hopeless was prepared to accept defeat, but at that moment Delenn came to his rescue, leading several Minbari War Cruisers to the station, while herself commanding White Star One. When told by the EarthForce ships to leave or they would engage her fleet, Delenn answered:

Realizing the situation, the EarthForce reinforcements turned around and withdrew.

In the episode "War Without End" Sheridan learned that he had a role to play in the disappearance of Babylon 4. Sheridan, Delenn, Marcus Cole, Ambassador Sinclair, Lennier, and Ivanova went back in time to intercept Shadow allies who were on their way to destroy that station. In a mishap, Sheridan was flung seventeen years into the future. He found himself on a devastated Centauri Prime, about to be put to death by Emperor Mollari. During this time he also learned that he had married Delenn and had a son, David. Instead of an execution, Mollari let them go. While on the way to the ship, Sheridan was pulled back into time, and back to Babylon 4. They were then able to send Babylon 4 into the distant past where it was used to fight in the first Shadow war. Sinclair stayed on board, and transformed himself into the Minbari religious figure Valen.

In Minbari culture, there are three castes: Worker, Warrior and Religious. Sheridan married three women, and while only one was Minbari, each represented a different caste: Anna (Worker), Elizabeth (Warrior) and Delenn (Religious).

For the remainder of 2260, Sheridan's attention was directed mainly against the Shadows and the upcoming war. He began to build up an alliance of races for the larger fight. Sheridan then led a large multi-species attack force against the Shadows. While the force was able to drive them off, the allies lost far many more ships than they had hoped. For every Shadow vessel they killed, two of their ships had been destroyed.

The Shadows found that Sheridan's wife Anna was still alive, and that she was acting as the CPU for a Shadow vessel. The Shadows pulled her out as soon as they made the connection between her and Sheridan. Because of her time in the Shadow vessel, her original personality had died. A new personality had developed, which was totally loyal to the Shadows. They then sent Anna to Babylon 5 to bring Sheridan to them on Z'ha'dum.

Sheridan was once told by Kosh that if he went to Z'ha'dum he would die. During his vision of the future, that version of Delenn told him not to go to Z'ha'dum; also during the vision, Centauri Prime had been devastated. He began thinking that originally perhaps he had listened to Delenn and did not go to Z'ha'dum. He reasoned that if he did go to Z'ha'dum that the vision of the future he had seen would not occur. So he accompanied Anna on the White Star to Z'ha'dum. What he did not tell her or anyone else was that he had Garibaldi hide two very large fusion bombs on to the ship. A group of Shadow Vessels had surrounded Babylon 5.  At that time, Delenn was listening to a recording that he made. Sheridan explained his reasons for going to Z'ha'dum in the recording, and told her that he loved her.

While on Z'ha'dum, the Shadows attempted to lure Sheridan to their side. He refused to cooperate. He escaped from the Shadows momentarily and went to a balcony overlooking their capital city. Anna tried one more time to get Sheridan to cooperate with the Shadows. He refused, ordering the White Star to crash into the city; the resulting over 1 gigaton nuclear explosion destroyed the capital city. Meanwhile, Sheridan, about to be killed by the explosion, jumped off the balcony into a pit that was miles deep after hearing the voice of Ambassador Kosh instructing him to do so.

When the capital city was destroyed, the Shadow vessels left Babylon 5. Sheridan's colleagues realized that he was now dead.

Season 4
At the start of the fourth season, the Shadows were still recovering from the destruction of their capital city. The alliance made by Sheridan had started to fall apart. Many governments felt that if they did nothing the Shadows would leave them alone. During this time, Delenn began to organize a large Anla'Shok attack on Z'ha'dum.

Meanwhile, on Z'ha'dum, somehow Sheridan had survived the fall and was trapped between life and death. He met Lorien, who was the first and oldest sentient being in the galaxy. Lorien tried to talk him into letting go, that no matter how important the cause, that death could ultimately not be denied. Sheridan learned to let go of the world of the living, but he could not let go of Delenn. Lorien was able to help bring him back from the dead by giving him some of his own life force, extending Sheridan's life by approximately twenty Earth years.

In "The Summoning," some of the alien ambassadors had arranged a protest on the Zocalo against Delenn's attack. When some bystanders tried to attack Delenn, the situation began to degenerate into a large fight. All fighting ceased when Sheridan entered the Zocalo. When an Ambassador said that they all thought he was dead, Sheridan replied by saying, "I was. I'm better now." Sheridan convinced the Ambassadors to help build the largest fleet ever assembled. The hostile mob was forged into a cheering crowd ready to follow Sheridan.

Finally Sheridan confronted the Shadows and Vorlons. With Delenn, he led the alliance of Humans, Narns, Minbari, and the League of Non-Aligned Worlds, known as the Army of Light, against the Shadows. In "Into the Fire," at the Battle of Coriana VI, Lorien confronted the Shadows and Vorlons telling them they must depart with the last of the First Ones "beyond the rim" of the galaxy.

Sheridan has made use of nuclear devices on at least four separate occasions: against the Minbari flagship, the Black Star; at Z'ha'dum; at Coriana 6; and again during the events of Thirdspace. Bruce Boxleitner has consequently referred to his character as "John 'Nuke 'em' Sheridan".

When Earthforce ships destroyed five refugee ships carrying 2,000 civilians per ship, Sheridan began a campaign to topple Clark's administration. He first led a task force to Proxima III to break the blockade of the planet. Following the breaking of that blockade, Sheridan then headed towards Earth. Sheridan's old ship, the Agamemnon, showed up and joined his side. While touring the Agamemnon, Sheridan received a message from Michael Garibaldi that his father had been captured by Clark's forces, and asked him to come to Mars. Garibaldi, under the PsiCop Alfred Bester's influence, had set a trap for Sheridan. Immediately after arriving on Mars, Sheridan was captured by Clark's forces. In the episode "Intersections in Real Time," he was questioned and tortured by Earthforce interrogators. Sheridan was able to successfully resist them despite intensive drug and psychological pressure. After Bester released Garibaldi from his telepathic conditioning, Sheridan was rescued.

The White Star fleet encounters a battle group of Advanced Destroyers (sent to engage the regular break-away Earthforce Alliance Destroyers), enhanced with Shadow technology. Susan Ivanova was mortally wounded when her command ship, the White Star 2, collided with debris from one of the destroyed enemy vessels in "Between The Darkness And The Light".

In the episode "Endgame," Sheridan was able to use telepaths to disable most of the loyalist Earthforce Alliance ships, stationed at Mars, saving many thousands of lives on both sides. Sheridan then took the fleet to Earth. Seeing that their fortunes had changed, the resistance on Earth went to arrest Clark, but Clark committed suicide before he could be captured, but not before he had input codes to the Earth defense network satellites, causing them to turn their weapons against the planet. All warships from either side combined to destroy the satellites and finally end the threat to Earth.

Under political pressure from the remnants of the Earth Alliance government, Sheridan resigned his Earthforce commission. In the episode "Rising Star," Clark's successor, President Luchenko, offered amnesty for all who followed Sheridan, as well as allowing Sheridan to retain his military pension and leave with full honors. The next day, the President gave a press conference.

During that same press conference Delenn and G'Kar addressed the gathering. Delenn announced that the members of the League of Non-Aligned Worlds had voted to dissolve that body, and enter into a new Interstellar Alliance. To the shock of the Earth Alliance government, Sheridan was named the first President of the Interstellar Alliance. Sheridan and Delenn returned to Babylon 5. The couple were married at this time.

Season 5
After returning to Babylon 5, President Sheridan began the process of leading the new Interstellar Alliance. The first years of the Alliance would bring about numerous problems that would shake the Alliance to its core. Sheridan had to work to keep the Alliance together, despite forces that were working to tear it apart. President Sheridan brought Captain Elizabeth Lochley to the station to take command. Even though Sheridan described her as Ivanova's replacement, she was really a replacement for the both of them. Lt. Corwin took over some of Ivanova's other duties. Sheridan gave her a free hand to run the station's affairs, reserving only the political course of the Alliance to himself.

In the episode "No Compromises," Sheridan began preparing for his formal inauguration. At about the same time he had to deal with the first assassination attempt to be made against him. A telepath saved Sheridan from being shot. The inauguration ceremony was moved to the observation dome.

After his inauguration, Sheridan gave shelter to a group of refugee telepaths led by a man named Byron, and allowed them to form a colony on Babylon 5. He felt that with Psi-Corps preparing to eventually overthrow the government that it would be beneficial to have telepaths friendly to the Alliance. In addition to helping save Sheridan's life, Byron himself learned that the Drazi - who were members of the Alliance - were using raiders to harass the . This helped end the harassment of the  - who were being bombed to the point of extinction by the raiders. Afterwards, Sheridan took the opportunity to let Garibaldi form a covert intelligence unit with several of these telepaths.

PsiCop Bester came to the station with the intention of taking the telepaths back to Earth. His group managed to arrest all the telepaths, and were about to depart. But Captain Lochley and Dr. Franklin came up with a way to delay the removal of the telepaths. Dr. Franklin found that he had the right to quarantine newly arrived people for two months, and Lochley backed him up. This gave the telepaths a respite in order to figure out a long-term solution.

In "Secrets of the Soul", Byron decided to demand that the telepaths be given a home world. Byron had his telepaths spy on the various ambassadors, and learn secrets from them. In an Alliance meeting, Byron made his demand, and revealed that they had spied on the ambassadors. The PsiCops arrived soon afterwards to disband the telepath colony, and take the telepaths back to Earth. Despite attempts by Sheridan to seek a peaceful resolution to the crisis, the PsiCops insisted. Byron and a small group of telepaths committed suicide rather than allow Bester to take them back into Psi-Corps control.

Later years
Sheridan led the Alliance from Babylon 5 for the first year. When the Alliance headquarters in the Minbari city of Tuzanor were complete, Sheridan moved to Minbar. He led the Alliance from there for over a decade. Just before moving to Minbar, Sheridan and Delenn learned that Delenn was pregnant. Despite the fact that the baby's human heritage could lead to danger, Delenn was able to carry the baby to term. The couple named their son David.

In Babylon 5: A Call to Arms, five years after the founding of the Alliance, Sheridan would overlook the construction of the Victory-class ship, which was a Destroyer Class White Star. While he was overseeing the ship's development, Galen, a technomage contacted John and warning him that the Drahk were returning to exact revenge against the Alliance in a big show of force by wiping out Earth's population with a Shadow Planet Killer which was the last type of its weapon known to exist in the galaxy after their masters, The Shadows left beyond the rim.  John in the Victory-class ship, the Excalibur, with the Alliance fleet destroyed the planet killer, but much to John's horror, he and the rest of the Alliance fleet witnessed the Drahk Fleet drop a biological weapon into Earth's atmosphere. A weapon that within five years would wipe out all life on the surface. Sheridan commissioned the Excalibur to assemble a crew and go on a mission to save Earth.

In Babylon 5: The Lost Tales, while en route to Babylon 5 for a celebration of the Alliance's 10 year anniversary, Sheridan met Vintari, the son of the notorious Centauri emperor Cartagia. In a dream, the technomage Galen warned him that in thirty years Vintari would launch a terrible military campaign to destroy Earth, and only his death at Sheridan's hands could stop him for sure. Sheridan chose a different path, allowing Vintari to fly in a Starfury beside him as he had always dreamed, and inviting him to stay in the Alliance's headquarters, safe from assassination attempts which were becoming increasingly common in the Centauri royal court. In this way, he hoped to show Vintari the concept of kindness for its own sake, rather than the quid pro quo nature of assistance common on Centauri Prime. In 2279, Sheridan declined reelection to the Presidency. His wife Delenn became the second President of the Alliance, while Sheridan turned his efforts to leading the Anla'Shok.

In the final episode, "Sleeping in Light", set in the year 2281, Sheridan knew that the 20 years he had been given by Lorien were almost over. He had his friends - Ivanova, Garibaldi, Franklin, and Centauri Emperor Cotto - come to his home for a final reunion. Just before their meeting, Franklin found that Sheridan only had a short time left. The next morning, Sheridan left his home and his wife for the last time. He traveled alone to Babylon 5 to see the station one last time. He learned that the station was about to be shut down and demolished. Zack Allan, who had also been invited to the reunion but hadn't received the invitation, visited Sheridan. Sheridan learned that Allan had re-enlisted a few months prior and returned to Babylon 5, which resulted in the Ranger carrying his invitation being unable to find him on Earth. Sheridan realized that he was coming to the end. He then traveled alone to Coriana 6, where he was taken beyond the galactic rim by Lorien. His empty ship was later recovered, but his body was never found. Some Minbari believed that he would eventually return, but neither his friends nor his family ever saw him again.

Reception and literary analysis
John Sheridan as a literary character has been subject to several literary analysis, for example as a hero and as a leader.

References

External links
 Character profile on World of JMS

Babylon 5 characters
Fictional military strategists
Fictional military captains
Fictional politicians
Fictional heads of state
Television characters introduced in 1994

ru:Список персонажей телесериала «Вавилон-5»#Джон Шеридан

John Sheridan (Babylon 5)


Sebastian Thornberg Bergholt (født 18. maj 1993) er en dansk ishockeyspiller. Han spiller i øjeblikket for Rungsted Seier Capital.

Biografi
Sebastian er født og opvokset i København og spillede for Herlev IK som ungdomsspiller.

Udover at være Hockeyspiller er Sebastian Thornberg Bergholt også kendt for at være en habil "baiter" i Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.

Metal Ligaen

Rødovre Mighty Bulls

Sæsonen 2011-12

Sæsonen 2012-13

Sæsonen 2013-14

Sæsonen 2014-15

Sæsonen 2015-16

Sæsonen 2016-17

Frederikshavn White Hawks

Sæsonen 2017-18

Sæsonen 2018-19

Aalborg Pirates

Sæsonen 2019-20

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ishockeyspillere fra Danmark
Ishockeyspillere fra Aalborg Pirates
Ishockeyspillere fra Rødovre Mighty Bulls

Sebastian Bergholt


El nombre Lott se puede referir a:
Geografía
 Lott, localidad estadounidense en el condado de Falls (Texas).
Personas
 Felicity Lott, soprano británica.
 George Lott, tenista estadounidense.
 Henrique Lott, mariscal brasileño, ministro de Guerra (1954-1960).
 Pixie Lott, cantante británica.
 Trent Lott, político estadounidense, líder de los republicanos en el Senado (1996-2003).
Otros usos
 Ley 16/1987, de 30 de julio, de Ordenación de los Transportes Terrestres -LOTT

Lott


الحرب الأهلية الصينية (صينية تقليدية: 國共內戰؛ صينية بسيطة:国共内战؛ بينين: Guógòng Nèizhàn؛ وحرفيا الحرب الأهلية الاشتراكية القومية) أو (صينية تقليدية: 解放戰爭؛ مبسطة: 解放战争؛ بينين: Jiefang Zhanzheng؛ حرفياً حرب التحرير)، حرب أهلية قامت في الصين بين القوات الموالية لحزب كومينتانغ بقيادة حكومة جمهورية الصين، والقوات الموالية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني. بدأت الحرب في أغسطس 1927، مع الحملة الشمالية بقيادة الجنرال تشانغ كاي تشيك، وانتهت عندما توقفت عمليات القتال الرئيسية في عام 1950. ويمكن تقسيمها عموما إلى مرحلتين؛ أولها بين عامي 1927-1937، والثانية بين عامي 1946-1950 وتفصل بينهما الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية. كانت الحرب نقطة تحول كبرى في تاريخ الصين الحديث، بسيطرة للحزب الشيوعي الصيني على ما يقرب من كامل بر الصين الرئيسي، وإقامة جمهورية الصين الشعبية ليحل محل جمهورية الصين. كما تسبب بمواجهة سياسية وعسكرية دائم بين الجانبين على مضيق تايوان، إذ أن كلا من جمهورية الصين في تايوان وجمهورية الصين الشعبية في القارة تطالب رسميا بالاعتراف بها كحكومة شرعية على كل الصين.

مثلت الحرب الانقسام الأيديولوجي بين الحزب الشيوعي الصيني وحزب الكومينتانغ الوطني. واستمرت الحرب بشكل متقطع حتى أواخر العام 1937، عندما اتفق الطرفان معا لتشكيل الجبهة المتحدة الثانية لمواجهة التهديد الياباني وإنقاذ البلاد من الانهيار. استؤنفت الحرب الأهلية الشاملة في البلاد في عام 1946، بعد عام من انتهاء الحرب مع اليابان. وتوقفت العمليات العسكرية الكبرى بعد أربع سنوات، حيث سيطرت جمهورية الصين الشعبية المؤسسة على بر الصين الرئيسي (بما في ذلك هاينان) وجمهورية الصين التي اقتصرت على تايوان، بنغو، كيموي، ماتسو والعديد من الجزر النائية.

وحتى اليوم لم يتم التوقيع على أي معاهدة سلام أو هدنة، وهناك جدل حول ما إذا كانت الحرب الأهلية قد انتهت من الناحية القانونية. وقد أعيقت العلاقات عبر المضيق بسبب التهديدات العسكرية والضغوط السياسية والاقتصادية، بالأخص حول الوضع السياسي لدولة تايوان، إذ تلتزم الحكومتان رسميا بما يسمى «سياسة الصين الواحدة». ولا تزال الجمهورية الشعبية تطالب بتايوان جزءا من أراضيها، ولا تزال تهدد جمهورية الصين بالغزو العسكري إذا أعلنت استقلالها رسميا في حالة تغيير اسمها إلى «جمهورية تايوان» لتنال اعترافا دوليا. وبالمقابل تطالب جمهورية الصين بالبر الرئيسي، ويظل كلاهما ينازعان على الاعتراف الدبلوماسي. واليوم فإن الحرب تجري على الجبهات السياسية والاقتصادية في شكل علاقات عبر المضيق دون اشتباك عسكري فعلي؛ ومع ذلك، تربط بين الحكومتين المنفصلتين علاقات اقتصادية وثيقة.

الاسم
في بر الصين الرئيسي، تعرف آخر سنوات من الحرب (1947 – 1949) باسم «حرب التحرير»، واسمها الرسمي هو حرب تحرير الشعب الصيني، وتعرف أيضا باسم «الحرب الثورية الداخلية الثالثة». وتعرف الحرب في تايوان باسم «حرب التمرد المضاد ضد الشيوعيين» قبل عام 1991. تعرف الحرب بشكل عام بين الجانبين باسم «الحرب الأهلية بين الوطنيين والشيوعيين».

خلفية
بعد انهيار سلالة تشينغ بسبب ثورة شينهاي، مرت الصين بفترة وجيزة من الحرب الأهلية، قبل أن يتولى يوان شيكاي رئاسة جمهورية الصين المشكلة حديثًا، وعُرفت حكومته باسم حكومة بيانغ وعاصمتها بكين، كان الرئيس يوان شينكاي قد أُحبطت محاولته قصيرة الأمد لإعادة الحكم الملكي في الصين إذ عد نفسه إمبراطور هانغشون. توفي الرئيس يوان مع بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى، وشهدت السنون التي تلت وفاته صراعًا على السلطة بين مختلف الزمر في جيش المحيط الشمالي، وشكل الكومنتانغ (الحزب القومي) بقيادة سون يات سَن حكومة جديدة في غوانزو لمعارضة حكم بيانغ.

تراجعت العديد من الدول عن مساندة جهود سون، لذا لجأ إلى الاتحاد السوفييتي سنة 1921 الذي دعم سون والحزب الشيوعي الصيني الجديد، ونشب الصراع الصيني على السلطة بين الحزب الشيوعي الصيني والحزب القومي.

جاء في بيان مشترك بين سون وممثل الاتحاد السوفييتي في شانغهاي أن الاتحاد السوفييتي أرسل مساعدات لتوحيد الصين. كان البيان إعلانًا عن التعاون بين الحزب الشيوعي الصيني والحزب القومي (الكومنتانج) والكومنترن. وصل مندوب الحزب الأخير إلى الصين سنة 1923 للمشاركة في إعادة تنظيم ودعم الحزب القومي على غرار الحزب الشيوعي السوفييتي، ثم انضم الحزب الشيوعي الصيني إلى الحزب القومي لتشكيل ما يعرف بالجبهة الموحدة الأولى.

سنة 1923 أرسل سون مساعده شيانغ كاي شيك لدراسة العسكرية السياسية في العاصمة السوفييتية موسكو، وبحلول 1924 أصبح شيانغ رئيس أكاديمية وامبوا العسكرية، واكتسب أهمية وشهرة ليصبح بذلك وريث سون وقائد الحزب القومي.

زود الاتحاد السوفييتي الأكاديمية بالكثير من الموارد التعليمية والتنظيم والمعدات بل وحتى الذخائر، وساهم في التدريب على طرق التجنيد الجماعي، وبهذا أضحى سون قادرًا على تكوين جيش مخلص للحزب القومي، أمل به أن يهزم قادة الحرب العسكريين. وأصبح العديد من أعضاء الأكاديمية مدربين، من ضمنهم تشوان لاي الذي أصبح مدربًا عسكريًا.

كان بوسع أعضاء الحزب الشيوعي الانضمام إلى الحزب القومي على أساس فردي، إذ كان الحزب الشيوعي ما زال في بدايته، وتكون من 300 عضو سنة 1922 و1500 عضو سنة 1925، في حين تكون الحزب القومي من 50 ألف عضو سنة 1923.

بعد وفاة سون عام 1925 انقسم الحزب القومي إلى كتلتين يمينية ويسارية، وكان أعضاء الحزب القومي قلقين بشأن السوفييت لأنهم شعروا بتأييدهم للحزب الشيوعي الصيني. بدأ الحزب الشيوعي شن حركات مناهضة للحملة الشمالية التي قام بها الجيش القومي الثوري، وأصدروا قرارًا بحل الحزب القومي في اجتماع الحزبين.

قرر الحزب القومي عقد اجتماع في مارس 1927 بعد أن اتضحت توجهات السوفييت المناهضة لسلطة شيانغ، وأصبح الحزب القومي منقسمًا بوضوح.

وأصبح الاتحاد السوفييتي مؤثرًا بوضوح في الحزب الشيوعي الصيني، وأمده بالمال والرجال، ذلك الدعم الذي ما كان الحزب الشيوعي لينجح من دونه، حتى أن أحزابًا صينية أخرى قد فشلت في تلك الفترة لأنها لم تحظ بدعم السوفييت، رغم أن أحدها كان يمتلك 10 آلاف عضو.

البعثة الشمالية وانقسام الحزبين القومي والشيوعي
عندما توفي زعيم الحزب سون يات سون في مارس 1925 خلفه اليميني شيانج كاي شيك، الذي بدأ خطوات لتهميش موقف الشيوعيين. ومع ذلك، أيد ماو قرار شيانج بالإطاحة بحكومة بيانغ وحلفائهم الإمبرياليين الأجانب باستخدام الجيش الثوري الوطني الذي بدأ الحملة الشمالية عام 1926. في أعقاب الحملة، استولى الفلاحون على أراضي الأثرياء الذين قُتلوا. أغضبت هذه الأحداث شخصيات بارزة في حزب الكومينتانغ، إذ كانوا هم أنفسهم ملاك أراض، مؤكدين الانقسام الطبقي والأيديولوجي المتنامي داخل الحركة الثورية.

أدى التنافس بين حزب الكومينتانغ والحزب الشيوعي الصيني عام 1927 إلى انقسامات في صفوف الثورة. قرر الحزب الشيوعي الصيني مع الجناح الأيسر من حزب الكومينتانغ نقل مقر حكومة الكومينتانغ من قوانغتشو إلى ووهان، حيث كان النفوذ الشيوعي قويًا، ومع ذلك انتقل تشيانج ولي زونغرن الذي هزمت جيوشه أمير الحرب سون تشوانفانغ شرقًا نحو جيانغشي. رفض اليساريون طلب شيانج بالقضاء على النفوذ الشيوعي داخل حزب الكومينتانغ، وندد شيانج بخيانتهم لمبادئ سون يات سن بتلقي أوامر من الاتحاد السوفيتي. وفقًا لماو تسي تونغ، قل ولاء شيانغ للحزب الشيوعي الصيني في معسكر الكومينتانغ مع زيادة قوته.

الحرب اليابانية الصينية الثانية (1937-1945)
خلال الاحتلال الياباني لمنشوريا، رأى شيانغ كاي شيك أن الحزب الشيوعي الصيني يشكل التهديد الأعظم، ورفض التحالف معهم ضد اليابان، وفضل اتحاد الصين بالتخلص قادة الحزب الشيوعي الصيني وقواته مبدئيًا. اعتقد شيانغ أنه أضعف من أن يشن حملة لطرد اليابان، وأن الصين في حاجة إلى الوقت كي تبني جيشًا مساعدًا، لذا كان لا بد من الوحدة قبل الاستعداد لمقاومة اليابان، لتجنب الغضب والسخط المنتشرين بين عامة الشعب الصيني بخصوص سياسة التفاوض مع اليابان. أمر شيانغ الجنرالين تشانغ شليانغ ويانغ هو تشنغ بشن حملة لقمع الحزب الشيوعي، لكن قواتهم تكبدت خسائر فادحة في معاركهم ضد الجيش الأحمر.

سنة 1936 تآمر الجنرالان لخطف شيانغ وإجباره على عقد هدنة مع الحزب الشيوعي، وأوقف الحزبان القتال لتشكيل جبهة موحدة ثانية ضد اليابان. شنت اليابان هجومًا ضخمًا على الصين، واجتاحت قواتها خطوط دفاع الحزب القومي في شمال الصين وعلى سواحلها.

كان التحالف بين الحزبين القومي والشيوعي لا يعدو كونه اسميًا، وكان التعاون بينهما ضعيفًا. وعلى عكس الحزب القومي، تجنبت قوات الحزب الشيوعي الحرب التقليدية وانتهجت حرب العصابات ضد اليابانيين. وتنافس الحزبان للسيطرة على المناطق التي لم تخضع لسيطرة اليابانيين، وكانت الحكومة مستقلة اسميًا فقط لكنها في الواقع خاضعة لسيطرة قوى خارجية.

بنهاية عام 1940 وبداية 1941، اشتعلت المواجهات بين الحزبين، وأمر شيانغ الجيش الرابع الجديد للحزب الشيوعي بإخلاء مقاطعتي آنهوي وجيانغسو بسببب تحرشه بقوى الحزب القومي في المنطقة، وتحت الضغط الكبير أذعن قادة الجيش الرابع لقرار الانسحاب، وتربص الحزب القومي بقوات الجيش الجديد في أثناء الانسحاب، ما أسفر عن وفيات بالآلاف، وأدى إلى انهاء اتفاقية جبهة الوحدة الثانية التي تشكلت لمقاومة الغزو الياباني.

تدخلت الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد السوفييتي لمحاولة منع الحرب الأهلية، إذ أرسل الرئيس الأمريكي فرانكلين روزفلت مبعوثًا خاصًا للتشاور مع شيانغ كي شيك وقادة الحزب القومي للتعبير عن قلقه بخصوص العداء بين الحزبين، مشيرًا إلى أن المستفيد الوحيد من الحرب الداخلية هي اليابان. أما الاتحاد السوفييتي فقد اقتصر تدخله على الحزب الشيوعي الصيني، إذ أرسل إلى ماو سنة 1941 يحذره من أن الحرب الأهلية ستسهل الأمر على القوى اليابانية، أثمرت تلك الجهود سلامًا ظاهريًا مؤقتًا. لكن شيانغ ما لبث أن هاجم الحزب الشيوعي عام 1943 بذريعة جديدة، ورد الحزب الشيوعي بالهجوم على حكم شيانغ واصفين إياه بالنظام الفاشي، وبات واضحًا أن معركة دامية على وشك أن تنشب بينهما.

كان سير الأحداث عمومًا في صالح الحزب الشيوعي، إذ تفوقت طرق حرب العصابات في مقاومة اليابانيين. وكان على الحزب القومي أن يدافع عن البلاد ضد الحملات اليابانية الكبرى بوصفه الحزب الحاكم رسميًا، ما أدى إلى خسائر كبيرة في صفوف شيانغ وقواته. وشنت اليابان آخر حملاتها (عملية أشيغو) ضد الحزب القومي سنة 1944، ما أسفر عن خسائر هائلة في قوات شيانغ، في حين تلقى الحزب الشيوعي خسائر أقل بسبب طرق حرب العصابات، وبنهاية الحرب أصبح الجيش الأحمر يتكون من أكثر من 1.3 مليون جندي، فضلًا عن ميليشيات منفصلة تبلغ 2.6 مليون عضو، وعاش 100 مليون شخص في المناطق التي سيطر عليها الحزب الشيوعي.

مراجع

تايوان في القرن 20
تاريخ جمهورية الصين الشعبية
تاريخ جمهورية الصين العسكري
تبعات الحرب العالمية الثانية
ثورات الصين
جمهورية الصين (1912-49)
حروب أهلية بسبب الثورة
حروب أهلية بسبب الشيوعية
حروب استقلال
حروب بالوكالة
حروب جمهورية الصين
حروب جمهورية الصين الشعبية
فترة ما بين الحربين العالميتين
نزاعات في القرن 20

الحرب الأهلية الصينية


Eastview Acres est une localité désignée située dans la province d'Alberta, dans le sud.

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Notes et références

Localité désignée en Alberta

Eastview Acres (Alberta)