The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP) is a social-democratic political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It currently forms the official opposition, but has been a dominant force in Saskatchewan politics since the 1940s. The party is the successor to the Saskatchewan section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), and is affiliated with the federal New Democratic Party.

History

Precursors

The origins of the party began as early as 1902. In that year, a group of farmers created the Territorial Grain Growers' Association. The objective of this group was to lobby for farmer's rights with the grain trade and the railways. The name was changed to the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association (SGGA) when Saskatchewan became a province in 1905.

In 1921, a left-wing splinter group left the SGGA to form the Farmer's Union. However, the two groups reconciled in 1926 and reformed as the United Farmers of Canada (Saskatchewan Section) (UFC). The first leader of the UFC was George Williams.

The Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, a farmers' movement, elected six MLAs in the 1921 provincial election as well as in the 1925 election and five in 1929 but were never able to field candidates in more than half a dozen of the province's 63 ridings. After the 1929 provincial election returned a Liberal minority government, the Progressives joined with the Conservatives to defeat the Liberals and form a coalition government dominated by the Tories. The Progressives disappeared over the course of the next four years and were largely absorbed by the Tories.

The rightward drift of the Progressives prompted the UFC-SS to decide, in 1930, to run its own candidates in the following election. In 1931, the UFC participated in the March on Regina to protest against government indifference to the farmer's plight during the depression. During that event the UFC met with the Independent Labour Party, led by M. J. Coldwell, to discuss their options. From that meeting they agreed to form the Farmer-Labour Group (FLG) with Coldwell as the leader. The new party acquired its first member in the Saskatchewan legislature when Jacob Benson, elected as a Progressive in 1929, joined to become a Farmer-Labour MLA.

The FLG participated in the 1934 provincial election and won five seats and became the official opposition to the Liberals. Coldwell failed to win a seat but remained as leader.

Founding of the CCF
Following the election, the Farmer-Labour Group officially became the Saskatchewan section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), although it had been known unofficially as the CCF's Saskatchewan wing before that.

In 1935, Coldwell ran for federal office in the 1935 federal election and was elected. Williams took over as party leader. Williams' radicalism caused moderates in the party to believe that the CCF could not form government with him as leader while his unwavering support for the war alienated pacifists, one of whom, Professor Carlyle King, unsuccessfully challenged Williams for the party presidency (but not the leadership) in 1940 gaining one third of the vote. Tommy Douglas, a charismatic federal CCF MP, was persuaded to challenge Williams for the leadership and succeeded in defeating him for the party presidency in 1941 and for the party leadership in 1942.

CCF in provincial government
In the 1944 election, the Saskatchewan CCF, led by Tommy Douglas, swept to power. They took 47 out of 52 seats to form the first socialist government in Canada or the United States. In the process, they handed the Liberals the second-worst defeat that a sitting government has ever suffered in Saskatchewan. Since that election, the CCF/NDP has won 12 out of 19 elections and held power for 47 of 73 years (as of 2017).

Arguably, the party's greatest accomplishment was the introduction of North America's first comprehensive system of public medical insurance or Medicare. The fight to introduce Medicare in the province was intense, due to the opposition of the province's doctors who were backed by the American Medical Association. The AMA feared that public health care would spread to other parts of the continent if introduced in one part. In July 1962 the doctors staged the 23-day Saskatchewan doctors' strike. But despite a concerted attempt to defeat the controversial Medical Care Insurance Act, the strike eventually collapsed and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan agreed to the alterations and terms of the "Saskatoon Agreement". The program was introduced and became so popular it was soon adopted across Canada.

After doing much of the preliminary work on Medicare, Douglas resigned as party leader and Premier of Saskatchewan in 1961 to become the founding leader of the New Democratic Party (NDP). The NDP had been formed by a coalition of the CCF and the Canadian Labour Congress. In the same year, the party adopted the awkwardly naming of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, Saskatchewan Section of the New Democratic Party or NDP-CCF for short. At the convention in November 1967, the current name was adopted after some heated discussions.

The turmoil of the Medicare fight took its toll, however, and the NDP-CCF government of Douglas' successor Woodrow S. Lloyd was defeated by Ross Thatcher's Saskatchewan Liberal Party in the 1964 election.

Saskatchewan New Democratic Party

The NDP rebuilt itself and went through a painful confrontation between a left-wing movement dubbed "The Waffle" (a name possibly derived from Toronto leftist economist James Laxer's quip that if he was perceived to be "waffling" on a policy question, then he'd "rather waffle to the left than waffle to the right") and the more centrist-oriented party establishment. The party returned to power in the 1971 election, under Allan Blakeney, embarking on a programme of nationalizing the province's natural resources. This saw the creation of parastatal or Crown corporations that drilled for oil (Saskatchewan Oil & Gas Corporation or SaskOil), mined potash (the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan) and sought hard-rock minerals (the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corp.). Blakeney's government was heavily defeated in the 1982 election by the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan, led by Grant Devine. The NDP was cut down to only nine seats, the worst defeat a sitting CCF/NDP government had suffered in Saskatchewan.

Despite the size of the defeat, Blakeney continued to lead the NDP in opposition. In the 1986 election, the NDP not only regained much of what it had lost four years earlier, but actually won the popular vote. However, much of the NDP's margin was wasted on large margins in Regina and Saskatoon; while the party won eight seats each in the province's two largest cities, it only won nine seats in the rest of the province. This left the NDP eight seats short of making Blakeney premier again. In a sense, this marked a turning point for a party that had begun as a voice for rural discontent.

Blakeney resigned in early 1987 and was succeeded by Roy Romanow, who led the party back to power in 1991. The Romanow government was more fiscally conservative than previous CCF/NDP governments, and instituted a program of hospital closures, program cuts, and privatizations to eliminate the budget deficit and reduce debt inherited from previous governments. Romanow later quipped that he was a supporter of Tony Blair's Third Way concept before it even existed, and there were many who doubted the party's continued commitment to social democracy. The NDP's Third Way alienated some of its left-wing members, who left the party and merged with the Green Party supporters to form the New Green Alliance.

Recent history
In the 1999 provincial election, Romanow's NDP received slightly less popular support as a share of the vote than the conservative opposition Saskatchewan Party led by Elwin Hermanson, a former Reform Party of Canada MP. Romanow and his government formed a coalition government with the three elected Liberal MLAs; one, Jack Hillson, subsequently left cabinet to sit as an independent Liberal in opposition. Jim Melenchuk and Ron Osika remained in the coalition and ran under the NDP banner in the 2003 provincial election, where both were defeated.

Romanow retired in 2001 and was succeeded by Lorne Calvert, who led the party into the 2003 general election. In an upset, the NDP not only retained power, but was able to form a government on its own with a majority in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan of two seats (30–28). However, in what proved to be a harbinger of things to come, all of the NDP's federal MPs from Saskatchewan lost their seats in the 2004 federal election. They had been steadily losing support at the federal level since 1993, when much of their rural support bled to the Reform Party. The federal NDP did not win any federal seats in the province again until 2015, when the 2012 federal electoral redistribution allowed them to pick up three seats.

The party's tenure in office ended with the 2007 general election, when the Saskatchewan Party under leader Brad Wall won 38 of the 58 seats. Reduced to official opposition leader, Calvert said he had no immediate plans to step down as NDP leader, but would likely not lead the party into the next election.

In 2008, Calvert announced his intention to leave the leadership of the Saskatchewan NDP and a leadership race commenced with declared candidates including Moose Jaw MLA Deb Higgins, former Deputy Premier and farmer, Dwain Lingenfelter, doctor and community activist Ryan Meili and former party President and Regina lawyer, Yens Pedersen. Lingenfelter was elected party leader June 6, 2009.

The 2011 election proved a heavy blow for the party. The Saskatchewan Party consolidated its grip on power, winning the third-largest majority government in the province's history. Lingenfelter lost his own seat, thus becoming the first CCF/NDP leader in 60 years to have not served as premier. The NDP was reduced to nine seats, its worst showing in 30 years. With deputy leader Higgins having lost her seat as well, John Nilson was named interim leader. A permanent leader was chosen on March 9, 2013; with Nilson bowing out of the race; second-term MLA Cam Broten was elected the party's new leader.

After the 2016 election, the Saskatchewan NDP only captured one additional seat from the previous election, giving them ten seats opposed to the nine the party won in 2011. The disappointing election results as well as Cam Broten's loss in Saskatoon Westview resulted in his resignation as leader on April 11, 2016. On April 15, 2016, Trent Wotherspoon was chosen by the NDP caucus to be the leader of the Official Opposition for the 28th Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly, and was later elected as the party's interim leader on April 23, 2016.  On June 20, 2017, Wotherspoon stepped down as interim leader to enter the leadership election, and was succeeded by Nicole Sarauer who held both roles (Opposition leader and interim party leader) until March 3, 2018, when Ryan Meili, MLA for Saskatoon Meewasin and runner-up in the 2009 and 2013 leadership elections, was elected leader over Wotherspoon with 55% of the vote. Meili, a Saskatoon family doctor, had been elected MLA in a by-election one year and one day before being elected leader.

At the 2020 provincial election, the Saskatchewan Party was re-elected to its fourth consecutive majority government. The NDP won three additional seats in Saskatoon and Regina and once again formed the Official Opposition. Ryan Meili was re-elected in his district of Saskatoon Meewasin, becoming the first leader to retain his seat since former Premier Lorne Calvert in 2007.

In February 2022, Ryan Meili resigned as party leader. A leadership election was held on June 26 in Regina pitting Carla Beck against Kaitlyn Harvey. Beck was elected as the first female leader of the party at this convention. The party is said to face a challenging general election as membership decreased markedly from the previous leadership convention. The 2018 Saskatchewan New Democratic Party leadership election revealed that there were 13,414 party members, with 10,837 members voting. The most recent convention revealed that there were 7,294 party members, with 4,741 members voting. Party membership decreased by over 6,000, with less total votes cast in 2022 than were cast in 2018 for the second place candidate.

Party leaders
† denotes acting or interim leader

Bold denotes position as Premier

CCF

NDP

Election results

(Results shown are for Farmer-Labour Group in 1934, CCF from 1938 to 1960, CCF-NDP in 1964, NDP since 1967.)

Current Saskatchewan New Democrat MLAs

Wings

Saskatchewan Young New Democrats (SYND)
The Saskatchewan Young New Democrats (SYND) is the official youth wing of the Saskatchewan NDP. All party members from the ages of 13 to 25 are automatically recognized as a member of the Saskatchewan Young New Democrats. The elected executive and general members meet on a regular basis and work to establish social change. They also have an annual convention during which they elect the executive members and discuss policies relating to their concerns.

See also
 List of articles about Saskatchewan CCF/NDP members
 Saskatchewan CCF/NDP leadership elections
 List of political parties in Saskatchewan
 Politics of Saskatchewan

Notes

References

External links

Saskatchewan NDP caucus site

Saskatchewan New Democratic Party
Political parties established in 1932
Social democratic parties in Canada
Organizations based in Regina, Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan New Democratic Party


The Blackstone River is a river in the United States in the state of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It flows approximately 48 mi (80 km) and drains a watershed of approximately 540 sq. mi (1,400 km2). Its long history of industrial use has left a legacy of pollution, and it was characterized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1990 as "the most polluted river in the country concerning toxic sediments."

History
The river is named after William Blackstone (original spelling William Blaxton), who arrived in Weymouth, Massachusetts, in 1623 and became the first European settler of present-day Boston in 1625. He relocated to Rhode Island in 1635 and built his home on the river, in what would become Cumberland. Along with the Providence River, the Blackstone served as the northeastern border of Dutch claims for New Netherland from Adriaen Block's charting of Narragansett Bay in 1614 through the Hartford Treaty of 1650.

The original Native American name for the river was the "Kittacuck", which meant "the great tidal river". The "Kittacuck", or the "Blackstone", was plentiful with salmon and lamprey in pre-colonial and colonial times.

In 1790, Samuel Slater opened the first successful water-powered cotton mill in America: Slater Mill, at Pawtucket Falls. This mill was powered by the waters of the Blackstone River. Many other mills appeared along the Blackstone River over time, making it a significant American industrial location. The industrialization also led to the river being identified by the end of the 20th century as the primary source of Narragansett Bay pollution.

In August 1955, severe flooding on the Blackstone caused extensive damage to Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Whereas the river is usually 70 feet (21 m) wide, it swelled to over 1 mile (1.6 km) wide. The flooding of the Blackstone was the result of a succession of dam breaks, which were caused by rainfall from Hurricane Connie, and Hurricane Diane a week later, which together deposited over  of rain in parts of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The Blackstone river reached a stage of  in Woonsocket, which remains the flood of record; flood stage is .

The river, together with the Woonasquatucket River to the south, was designated an American Heritage River in 1998.

Course
The river is formed in South-central Worcester, Massachusetts, by the confluence of the Middle River and Mill Brook. From there, it follows a rough southeast course past Worcester city and Northbridge. It then flows through Millbury, Sutton, Grafton, Northbridge, Uxbridge, Millville, and Blackstone. It continues into Rhode Island, flowing past Woonsocket, Cumberland, Lincoln, Central Falls, and Pawtucket, where it then reaches Pawtucket Falls. After that, the river becomes tidal and flows into the Seekonk River just north of Providence. Other tributaries join the Blackstone along the way, such as the West River and Mumford River, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, and the Branch River, in North Smithfield, Rhode Island.

Pollution and remediation efforts

The Blackstone River has a long association with industry and pollution. A 1900 Massachusetts Department of Public Health report said of the river: "The Department finds that the condition of the Blackstone River is offensive throughout its course, from Worcester to the state line at Blackstone. The condition of the stream is likely to grow worse until effective measures are completed for removing from the river much of the pollution which it now receives." In 1965, the Water Resources Planning Act created the Water Resources Council Commission and seven river basin commissions. The inaugural celebration of Earth Day in 1970 further increased public support for remediation projects. While environmental activists in the Blackstone River Valley were already organizing cleanup efforts locally, in 1971, a formalized plea for action was made to the then Governor of Rhode Island, Democrat Frank Licht. In December 1971, political support was pledged at the state level. The Blackstone River Watershed Association, just two years old at the time, was designated to lead the effort. By April 1972, support among the public for cleaning the river was increasingly widespread. Additionally, the 1972 federal Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed by Congress, offering more protections for the water quality of the Blackstone. However, the effects of industrial wastewater discharge into the river were long-lasting; in 1990, the United States Environmental Protection Agency called the Blackstone "the most polluted river in the country concerning toxic sediments."

Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river, including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries. Much of this early pollution lies trapped in sediments behind historic dams on the river and continues to affect the ecosystem today. More recent pollution can be traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD), the wastewater treatment plant for Worcester, Massachusetts, and surrounding communities, which discharges into the Blackstone. A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said, "... [the] UBWPAD, North Attleboro, and Attleboro WWTFs play a significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system [into which the Blackstone discharges], and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible." In September 2010, the Conservation Law Foundation, citing this report, filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency is not "sufficient to meet state water quality standards".

River cleanup is still underway, and today the Blackstone is considered a Class C river (suitable only for "secondary contact" activities like boating) for much of its length.

Processing problems at the Woonsocket sewage treatment plant prompted no-contact advisories for the Rhode Island portion of the river in 2022.

Crossings

Below is a list of all crossings over the Blackstone River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.
 Worcester
 Millbury Street
 Massachusetts State Route 122A/146 (Twice)
 Millbury
 Southwest Cutoff (U.S. 20)
 Access Road
 Interstate 90
 Main Street
 Massachusetts State Route 146
 MA 146 Ramp to Main Street
 Waters Street
 Elm Street
 South Main Street
 Providence Street (MA 122A)
 Riverlin Street
 Sutton
 Blackstone Street
 Depot Street
 Grafton
 Pleasant Street
 Main Street (MA 122A)
 Depot Street
 Northbridge
 Sutton Street
 Providence Road (MA 122)
 Elston Avenue
 Church Street Extension
 Uxbridge
 East Hartford Avenue
 Mendon Street (MA 16)
 Millville Road (MA 122)
 Millville
 Central Street
 Cam's Street
 Blackstone
 Bridge Street
 St. Paul Street
 Woonsocket
 Singleton Street
 River Street
 Fairmount Street
 Sayles Street
 South Main Street (RI 104)
 Bernon Street
 Court Street (RI 122)
 Hamlet Avenue (RI 122/126)
 Rhode Island State Route 99
 Cumberland
 Manville Hill Road
 School Street
 Interstate 295
 George Washington Highway (RI 116)
 Blackstone River Bikeway
 Martin Street
 Lonsdale Avenue (RI 122)
 John Street (RI 123)
 Central Falls
 Broad Street (RI 114)
 Roosevelt Avenue
 Cross Street
 Pawtucket
 Exchange Street (RI 15/114 Southbound)

Tributaries
In addition to many unnamed tributaries, the following brooks and rivers feed the Blackstone:
 Worcester Aqueduct
 Dorothy Brook
 Cronin Brook
 Quinsigamond River
 Mumford River
 West River
 Still Corner Brook
 Emerson Brook
 Bacon Brook
 Aldrich Brook
 Ironstone Brook
 Branch River
 Fox Brook
 Cherry Brook
 Mill River
 Peters River
 Crookfall Brook
 West Sneech Brook
 Monastery Brook
 Abbott Run

See also
 Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park
 Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park
 Blackstone Valley
 List of rivers in Massachusetts
 List of rivers in Rhode Island
 Seekonk River
 Ten Mile River (Seekonk River)
 Woonasquatucket River
 William Blaxton

Citations

General references
 Maps from the United States Geological Survey

External links

 Providence Journal video of the Blackstone River
 Various Views Along the Blackstone River
 YouTube video of various still photos from the 1955 flood

American Heritage Rivers
Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park
Narragansett Bay
Rivers of Providence County, Rhode Island
Rivers of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Tributaries of Providence River

Blackstone River


Gabriel III d'Alexandrie ( ), est patriarche copte d'Alexandrie de  1268 à 1271

Contexte
Neveux de l'Évêque de Tamid, il est élu une première fois au Caire par une faction opposée aux laïcs qui à
« Misr » avaient élevé au partiarcat  Jean. Afin d'éviter un schisme on eut recouirs à la tradition du tirage au sort, qui fut favorable à Gabriel. Cependant Jean qui bénéficiait du soutien du sultan fut intronisé en 1262. En 1268 Jean est déposé en faveur de Gabriel. Gabriel perd définitivement son siège lorsque Jean est réinstallé le  sur ordre du sultan.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Patriarche d'Alexandrie

Gabriel III d'Alexandrie


An Diandrolyra in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Diandrolyra in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Diandrolyra

Diandrolyra


Un Noël en Californie : Les Lumières de la ville (A California Christmas: City Lights) est une comédie romantique américaine réalisée par Shaun Paul Piccinino à partir d'un scénario de Lauren Swickard. Les acteurs principaux du film sont Josh Swickard et Lauren Swickard. Le film est sorti sur Netflix le .

Il s'agit de la suite du film Un Noël en Californie, sorti en 2020.

Résumé

Fiche technique

 Titre originale :
 Titre français: Un Noël en Californie : Les Lumières de la ville
 Réalisation : Shaun Paul Piccinino
 Scénario : Lauren Swickard
 Décors : Nathan Pacyna
 Costumes : Elizabeth Jett
 Photographie :
 Montage : Brett Hedlund
 Musique :
 Production : Daniel Aspromonte, Ali Afshar, Josh Swickard et Lauren Swickard
 Coproduction : Stuart Davis et John Ducey
 Sociétés de production : ESX Entertainment
 Société de distribution : Netflix
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Durée : 106 minutes
 Dates de sortie : Monde :  (Netflix)

Distribution
 Lauren Swickard  : Callie Bernet
 Josh Swickard  : Joseph Van Aston
 Ali Afshar  : Leo
 David Del Rio  : Manny
 Natalia Mann  : Hannah Bernet
 Raquel Dominguez  : Brandy
 Laura James : Victoria
 Noah James : Owen
  : Liz
 Gunnar Anderson : Connor
 Amanda Detmer : Wendy Bernet
 Derrica Barbee : Derrica
 Bethany Walls : Ainsley
 Julie Lancaster  : Amy Van Aston

 Version française
 Société de doublage : Imagine
 Direction artistique : Mathieu Richer

Production

Ali Afshar est le PDG de la société ESX Productions.

Le tournage a eu lieu à Petaluma, en Californie du 25 juin au 4 août 2021. Entre le premier et le deuxième film, Josh et Lauren Swickard ont accueilli leur petite fille, Savannah. Lorsque le deuxième film a commencé à tourner, cela ne faisait que deux mois que Lauren avait accouché.

Références

Liens externes
  sur Netflix

Film américain sorti en 2021
Comédie romantique américaine
Film de Noël
Film en anglais
Film distribué par Netflix
Film tourné en Californie
Film tourné à Petaluma (Californie)
Film se déroulant à San Francisco
Suite de film américain
Film réalisé par Shaun Paul Piccinino


Obični pakujac (pakujac lepezasti, lat. Aquilegia vulgaris), vrsta trajnice iz porodice žabnjakovki. Jedna od nekoliko vrsta pakujaca koja raste i po Hrvatskoj, a raširena je po gotovo cijeloj Europi, osim Skandinavije, a uvezena je i po drugim dijelovima svijeta.Kod nas raste   ponajviše u Gorskom kotaru te na Velebitu.

Obični pakujac naraste do jedan metar u visinu. Cvjetovi mu mogu biti crveni, ružičasti, bijeli i grimizniBiljka je nekada korištena u narodnoj medicini,no zbog otrovnosti iste danas se više ne koristi.Od cvjetova se može prirediti čaj, a smatra ih se i jestvima.

Postoji i veći broj uzgojnih odlika ,kao vrtna biljka uzgaja se još od 14. stoljeća.

Podvrste
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. ballii (Litard. & Maire) Dobignard & D. Jordan
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. cossoniana (Maire & Sennen) Dobignard
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. dichroa (Freyn) L E. Diaz
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. hispanica (Willk.) Heywood
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. nevadensis (Boiss. & Reuter) L E. Diaz
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. paui (Font Quer) O. Bolòs & Vigo
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. subalpina (Boreau) B.Bock
 Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Dodatna literatura
Forenbacher,S. Velebit i njegov biljni svijet,Zagreb 2001.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Thalictroideae
Samoniklo jestivo bilje

Obični pakujac


Helix is a database management system for the Apple Macintosh platform, created in 1983. Helix uses a graphical "programming language" to add logic to its applications, allowing non-programmers to construct sophisticated applications. Helix was the first multiuser database on any PC platform, the first object-based, visual programming tool and the first relational database on a PC platform.

History

Originally created by Odesta Corporation of Northbrook, IL in 1983 on the original Macintosh, Helix debuted to rave reviews when it was first released in late 1984.

At that time the Mac only supported 440kB floppy disks as storage. Users initially ran Helix from a floppy disk with Helix installed on the "system disk," which was where the operating system lived before the age of hard disk storage began. This configuration left little room for applications or data. It was assumed that users would add a second floppy for any sort of real-world use, with the OS and Helix on one floppy, and data on another. In spite of these initial limitations, Helix was already a very powerful and fully relational database that migrated easily as machines became faster and more powerful and storage options evolved to the cavernous tools taken for granted today.

In May 1986, Odesta released Double Helix. The main new feature set allowed for the construction of custom menus and menu bars, resulting in "stand-alone" applications. In comparison, the original Helix produced applications that were clearly running within Helix, much as a Microsoft Word document is clearly running "inside Word". Released as a part of a larger suite of software, the Helix suite also included a stand-alone runtime version known as RunTime Helix which would allow users to run Double Helix applications without the full version installed, as well as MultiUser Helix which operated in a client–server fashion.

Upgrades to the Helix product line were continuous during the 1980s, but the company spent a tremendous amount of time and money working on a version known as Remote Helix which ran the basic Helix development system on top of VAX based databases. The idea was to offer a Mac-like experience on "big iron" systems, a common theme in the early 1990s. The company  also released a number of related tools, GeoQuery and Data Desk, for analyzing databases. However it wasn't long before the average Mac could outperform a minicomputer, the popularity of the VAX faded, and the product was never a major success.

In 1992 Odesta split up, with the original Helix applications being spun off. Double Helix re-emerged as Helix Express at Helix Technologies, marketed as a performance leader as opposed to "easy to use". The parent company became entangled in an unrelated but costly legal battle, and Helix languished. In 1998, Helix Technologies was purchased by The Chip Merchant, a San Diego-based memory vendor, who released a major upgrade in 2000, adding TCP/IP capabilities to Helix Client/Server and improving the performance of the entire product line significantly. However, falling memory prices and a slumping economy combined to drive The Chip Merchant into bankruptcy in 2002, sending Helix into legal limbo. It was purchased in 2004 by two of the people who were running its day-to-day operations, Gil Numeroff and Matt Strange, with financial backing from an unnamed businessman and long-time Helix user, forming a new company: QSA ToolWorks.

QSA brought Helix co-creator Larry Atkin back into the Helix fold and later brought back Steve Keyser, the original architect of MultiUser Helix. Dubbed the Helix Recovery Team, this new management and programming team began the task of rewriting the Classic Helix products to run natively under Mac OS X. The OS X Helix Server, along with three native diagnostic and maintenance tools, shipped in December 2005.

One month later, Apple announced the first products based on their switch from PowerPC to Intel processors, causing QSA to have to "switch gears" and begin the process of converting their code to Universal Binary format. This forced a conversion from the CodeWarrior IDE to Xcode, after which they produced Intel-native releases of their three "end user" products. Early versions (known as "Preview Releases") were feature incomplete and unstable, but frequent updates (five in 2008 alone) addressed these issues. Nine more updates in 2009 and 2010 focused on completing the feature set, eradicating remaining bugs and improving performance.

At the same time, QSA started work on bringing the Helix IDE (known as "Helix RADE") to OS X. Originally announced in December 2009 the project went by the code name of Europa, as an oblique reference to the movie 2010.  In June 2011, QSA began shipping ″Preliminary Releases″ — versions with some, but not all of the features ported to OS X. The porting of features continued through to completion in June 2013.

Description

A Helix project is known as a Collection, a "document" created by Helix RADE (which stands for "Rapid Application Development Environment"). It is represented in the system by a sort of "pseudo-desktop" similar to the Macintosh Finder. A collection may contain thousands of individual databases (also known as relations or tables). Helix applications only open one Collection at a time. However, licenses can be purchased to allow access to numerous collections simultaneously, limited primarily by available memory.

Opening a collection results in a project window with two main parts driven entirely by a unique set of GUI objects. On the left are a number of icon wells, representing new objects that could be created, and a scrollable window on the right (known as the Collection Window) displays the objects that the user has created. Icons are dragged from the wells on the left into the window to create new objects in the collection. These objects include relations (tables) to hold data, sequences (macros) to automate tasks, and users to create custom menus for the end-user. This is one of Helix's most unusual and powerful features.

In the Relation, database tables (groups of related data) are created. Relations contain fields to define datatypes, an abacus to define the relationships among data and create information the fields alone cannot present, indexes to organize data and improve performance, queries to find data, "templates" to structure information visually and for entering, modifying, deleting and printing from "Views" that combine templates, queries and indexes to give the user access to and control over information.

The abacus uses a completely graphical system for creating calculations. You describe the desired calculation by dragging icons representing operations and fields into the abacus' editor window, and then arrange them in a dataflow diagram. For example, to say "first name followed by space followed by last name", you drag in a "followed by" icon, then drag the "first name" field into its first part and set a space character as its second part; then you drag in a second "followed by" icon, feed the output arrow from the first one into the second's first part, and drag the "last name" field into its second part.

Helix RADE runs in two modes, Design mode and User mode. In User Mode the Helix collection opens in one of the defined user menu bars, allowing the user to use the database as they would any other application. Design mode allows the developer (or advanced user) to alter the design of the database, adding fields, creating new reports, etc.

Although intended to simplify programming, iconic programming languages often "miss the point": programming is difficult not because you have to type, but because the complexity very quickly reaches a level where the project can no longer be understood. In theory a graphical language can help reduce this complexity considerably (see intentional programming for examples). In some cases, they do, but in many cases they make the problem worse. Helix is a very forgiving tool, allowing numerous routes to the same result. In the hands of an unskilled user, as with any tool, complex calculations can quickly become unwieldy, requiring that the programmer have a large monitor (or two) to work efficiently. However, skillful users find its visual approach both timesaving and liberating with few serious limitations.

Although quite adept at handling small to mid-size databases, a common problem for Helix is that for much of its lifetime, it has run only in the co-operative multitasking environment of the Classic Mac OS, making it rather unstable for large databases. Although the programming language itself has the scalability required to create complex databases, the inability to run reliably in a 24/7 environment relegates Helix to workgroups of 100 users or less. However, these limitations are rapidly becoming history. QSA released an OS X version of its Helix Server in December 2005 and is rolling out the rest of its product line in OS X versions in 2006 and 2007.

For someone familiar with Helix, the savings in development time can be significant. One expert who is also a leading Microsoft Access trainer/developer estimates that depending upon the size of the project, a Helix project can be finished in 30-70% of the time as the same Access project. The savings come particularly from the absence of a programming "language," thus the elimination of all syntax errors. Since Helix, itself, prevents a developer from making syntactical or programming errors, the remaining sources of problems come from errors in business logic. All languages face this problem, but Helix once again softens the difficulty in tracking down the problems due to its object-based and graphical nature. Because all of the objects are linked (through icons, not through coding), the system "knows" what objects are used by other objects and in what way and simplifies tracking down business logic errors and also provides a simple method of determining everything that is about to be affected by a proposed change to any object.

Limitations of Helix Visual Programming

In Helix, one must compose all code graphically - thus, an if...then...else construct is built using flowchart-type widgets such as decision diamonds, and loops are implemented using connectors.

While Helix's visual programming is possibly easier for novices to learn (because it uses a flowcharting paradigm that is intuitively understood by non-technical individuals), it can become tedious when the amount of code to be written becomes significant, especially for an individual who can write code much more easily and conveniently than if forced to drag icons from a palette.

To this end, when Helix RADE was updated to run natively on Intel Macs, an "abacus expression language" was added to provide this capability for those who needed it.

References

External links
QSA ToolWorks, LLC

Proprietary database management systems

Helix (database)


Adilson José Moreira é um jurista brasileiro, professor e pesquisador da Universidade de Berkeley, nos Estados Unidos. Considerado um dos maiores juristas do Brasil, formou-se doutor em direito pela Universidade Harvard, onde estudou direito antidiscriminatório. É autor de livros como Racismo recreativo; Tratado de direito antidiscriminatório; e Direito Antidiscriminatório e Relações Raciais: práticas excludentes, perspectivas críticas, medidas inclusivas.

Juristas do Brasil
Professores da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley

Adilson Moreira


Portakal (Citrus sinensis), Citrus cinsi bir ağaç olan Citrus sinensisi ve onun meyvesini tanımlar.

Tarihçe
İpek yolunun Anadolu'dan geçtiği dönemlerde narenciye Hindistan civarından gelen ticari bir üründü. Ümit Burnu'nun keşfedilmesiyle ticaret yolları değişmiş, Asya kıtasının Avrupalı devletler tarafından sömürgeleştirilmesiyle portakal üretiminin tamamı Portekiz civarına yayılmıştır. Türk topraklarına ilk kez Portekiz'den geldiği için Portekiz meyvesi anlamında Portakal (Portugal) meyvesi denmiş, zaman içinde de sadeleşerek  portakala dönüşmüştür.
Portakal'ın pomelo ile mandalina'nın doğal melezi olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Citrus sinensis'''in meyvesine,
"acı/ekşi portakal" olarak da anılan </u>Citrus aurantium'''un meyvesinden ayırabilmek için, "tatlı portakal" da denir.

Yetiştirildiği yerler
Türkiye'de Akdeniz ve Doğu Karadeniz (Rize çevresi) ayrıca Kıyı Ege'nin güneyi, Akdeniz çevresinde ve sıcaklık ortalaması 23 ila -3 °C arasında olan yerlerde yetişen ağaçlardır.
En kaliteli Washington cinsi portakal Antalya ili Finike ilçesinde yetiştirilmektedir. Finike Çavdır köyü portakalı, en iyi portakal ödülü almıştır.

Ekolojik özellikleri
Ο °C'ye kadar soğuğa dayanabilir. İyi drenajlı ve pH değeri 4,5-8 olan toprakları sever.

Kullanıldığı yerler
Kabuklarından portakal esansı, bu esanstan ise parfüm elde edilir. Gıda sanayisinde de bolca kullanır. Ayrıca ilaç sanayisinde de kullanılmaktadır.

Besin değerleri
Portakalın içerisinde B ve C vitaminleri bulunmaktadır.

%: Günlük önerilen miktar

Kaynakça

Garnitürler

Portakal


Arsago Seprio ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) in der Provinz Varese in der Region Lombardei.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 15,5 Kilometer südwestlich von Varese und bedeckt eine Fläche von 10,35 km². Zu Arsago Seprio gehören die Weiler Sempione und Via D'Annunzio. Arsago Seprio ist Teil des Naturparks Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino. Die Nachbargemeinden sind: Besnate, Casorate Sempione, Gallarate, Mornago, Somma Lombardo und Vergiate.

Geschichte
Arsago, eine Ortschaft der Pieve Somma, die in den Statuten der Straßen und Gewässer des Contado di Milano erwähnt wird, gehörte zu den Gemeinden, die zur Instandhaltung der Rho-Straße beitrugen (1346). In den Registern des Estimo (Grundbuch) des Herzogtums Mailand von 1558 und den nachfolgenden Aktualisierungen im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert wurde Arsago in dieselbe Pieve aufgenommen. Nach den Antworten auf die 45 Fragen, die 1751 vom zweiten Volkszählungsrat gestellt wurden, war die Gemeinde feudalisiert, und die Lehnsherren waren der Graf von Castelbarco Visconti, der Markgraf Ermes Visconti, der Markgraf Modroni, der Graf Gian Battista Visconti und der Markgraf Gerolamo Cusani, an den keine Zahlungen geleistet wurden.

Kein Richter, weder ein königlicher noch ein feudaler, residierte im Dorf, aber die Gemeinde unterstand dem Podestà von Somma und dem königlichen Richter, dem Vikar von Seprio, der in Gallarate residierte, vor dessen Büro oder Strafbank der Konsul den gewöhnlichen Eid ablegte und dem Aktuar 2 Lire und 5 Soldi zahlte; während an die beiden Richter, den königlichen und den feudalen, keine Gebühren gezahlt wurden. Allerdings wurden 7 Lire an den Podestà oder seinen Leutnant für seine Unterstützung bei der Verteilung und 6 Lire an den Aktuar für die Entgegennahme von Beschwerden gezahlt.

Die Gemeinde hatte keinen allgemeinen Rat. Zur Festlegung der Lastenverteilung oder bei außergewöhnlichen Ereignissen wurde jedoch ein Rat auf dem öffentlichen Platz abgehalten, der durch den Klang der Glocke eingeleitet wurde, unter Beteiligung des Volkes, des Richters und der drei Konsuln und eines Superintendenten. Sowohl die Konsuln als auch der Superintendent wurden von den Grundherren gewählt und erneuert, leiteten die Verwaltung der Gemeinde und des öffentlichen Eigentums und überwachten die öffentlichen Verteilungen. Der Stadtschreiber wohnte in Gallarate und erhielt 100 Lire pro Jahr. Er war für die öffentlichen Unterlagen zuständig.

Bevölkerung

 1809 Fusion mit Casorate und Mezzana
 1811 Fusion mit Somma Lombardo

Verkehr
Durch das Gemeindegebiet, das etwas nördlich des Flughafens Mailand-Malpensa liegt, führt die Autostrada A8Dir von Mailand Richtung Lago Maggiore. Ebenfalls durch das Gemeindegebiet führt die Strada Statale 33 del Sempione von Mailand Richtung Schweiz.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Pfarrkirche San Vittore (IX Jahrhundert)
 Romanische Taufkapelle (Mitte 12. Jahrhundert)
 Römischer Ara steht auf dem Rasen
 Romanische Kirche Santi Cosma e Damiano
 Romanische Kirche Santa Maria in Monticello, bewahrt die Überreste romanischer Fresken und eine Milchmadonna-Ikone aus dem 16. Jahrhundert.
 Paleonthologisches Museum
 Prähistorische Funde von Golasecca

Literatur
 Anna Ferrari-Bravo, Paola Colombini: Guida d'Italia. Lombardia (esclusa Milano). Milano 1987, S. 180.
 Lombardia – Touring club italiano, Touring Editore (1999), ISBN 88-365-1325-5, Arsago Seprio Online auf italienisch.

Weblinks

 Arsago Seprio (italienisch) auf lombardiabeniculturali.it, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2015.
 Arsago Seprio (italienisch) auf lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture (Bild)
 Arsago Seprio (italienisch) auf tuttitalia.it/lombardia/
 Arsago Seprio (italienisch) auf comuni-italiani.it
 Arsago Seprio (italienisch) auf lombardia.indettaglio.it/ita/comuni/va
 Renzo Dionigi: Taufkapelle auf www.flickr.com
 Renzo Dionigi: Oratorium Santi Cosma und Damiano auf www.flickr.com

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Lombardei

Arsago Seprio


Ariile protejate din Republica Moldova sunt categorisite în mai multe tipuri, unul din care este monumente naturale. Acestea, la rândul lor, se împart în geologice sau paleontologice, hidrologice și botanice.

Lista dată conține cele 31 de monumentele naturii de tip hidrologic, conform Legii nr. 1538 din 25.02.1998 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat.

Amplasare

Cele 31 de monumente hidrologice sunt dislocate pe întreg teritoriul țării, în 19 unități administrativ-teritoriale ale Republicii Moldova. Majoritatea — 29 din ele — sunt izvoare, dintre care două sunt cu apă minerală, iar altele două sunt izvoare-havuz. Celelalte două obiective protejate sunt un ecosistem acvatic și un rezervor de apă. Unele arii protejate includ mai multe obiecte, până la șapte în cazul izvoarelor din Horodiște, Rezina.

Au o suprafață totală de 99,8 ha. Majoritatea sunt cu suprafață mică (aproximativ 0,5-2 ha). Ariile cu mai multe obiecte protejate au suprafețe mai mari (5-10 ha), iar ecosistemul acvatic "La Moară" se întinde pe o suprafață de 42 ha — aproape jumătate din suprafața totală.

Clasificare

Particularități fizice
Conform clasificării izvoarelor după situația geologică, majoritatea monumentelor hidrologice sunt descendente de strat, de terasă, de vale, de luncă sau din roci compacte. După temperatura apei, toate izvoarele au apă rece. După gradul de mineralizare, majoritatea sunt oligominerale (până la 500 mg/l săruri); doar două izvoare — unul din Onițcani și al doilea din Hîrjauca — furnizează apă minerală, aceasta având și proprietăți curative.

Debitul apei variază de la câțiva litri pe minut până la câteva sute de tone pe oră. Cel mai mare debit este înregistrat la izvorul Jeloboc de lângă Orhei (260 m3/oră). Se remarcă și izvoarele din Codreni, Horodiște, Plop, Cucuruzeni, Sămășcani, Vălcineț, Copceac.

Proprietăți chimice
Calitatea apelor subterane depinde de structura geologică a straturilor traversate și de factorii hidrodinamici. Aflându-se sub pământ, apa are parametri relativ constanți, dar aceștia se schimbă odată ajunsă apa la suprafață, din cauza poluării solului și a apei. Astfel, apa din depunerile atmosferice și cea provenită din irigare transportă spre acviferul subteran substanțe precum săruri solubile, pesticide, îngrășăminte etc. și îl afectează în măsura în care o permit caracteristicile mediului poros din zona de pătrundere spre pânza de apă. De aceea, componența chimică a apei din monumentele hidrologice variază în funcție de poluare și particularitățile geologice ale zonei.

După conținutul sărurilor dizolvate, al ionilor de clor, al sulfaților și nitraților, cât și după nivelul pH, apa din monumentele hidrologice de obicei corespunde normativului de apă potabilă. Unele surse de apă, precum izvoarele din Ordășei, au o concentrație ridicată de ioni de NO3-, altele au apă dură sau un grad ridicat de mineralizare.

Statut de protecție

Lista monumentelor naturii de tip hidrologic a fost oficializată prin publicarea Legii nr. 1538-XIII din 25 februarie 1998 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat în art. 442 din Monitorul Oficial nr. 66-68, la 16 iulie 1998. Până în 2019, legea a avut 20 de modificări, majoritatea de terminologie, care nu au afectat lista monumentelor hidrologice. Conform acestei legi, monumentele hidrologice includ lacuri și alte bazine acvatice, izvoare, râuri, albii vechi și alte obiecte unice sau reprezentative din punct de vedere hidrologic.

Importanța deosebită a acestor obiecte protejate, valoarea lor științifică și necesitatea măsurilor de protecție sunt subliniate în mai multe lucrări enciclopedice de mediu. Doar câteva au fost recent restaurate și amenajate (precum cele din Plop, Fîntînița, Jeloboc, Cotova), restul aflându-se într-o stare nesatisfăcătoare. Majoritatea monumentelor hidrologice sunt lipsite de panouri informative. Este recomandată întreprinderea unei serii de măsuri pentru ameliorarea situației ecologice a acestor arii protejate: amenajarea teritoriului adiacent zonei protejate, inclusiv prin sădirea de copaci, lichidarea gunoiștilor, interzicerea pășunatului etc.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

  Harta monumentelor naturii de tip hidrologic la Wikidata

Monumente naturale hidrologice
naturale hidrologice Moldova

Lista monumentelor naturii de tip hidrologic din Republica Moldova


In heraldry, a fess or fesse (from Middle English , Old French , and Latin , "band") is a charge on a coat of arms (or flag) that takes the form of a band running horizontally across the centre of the shield.  Writers disagree in how much of the shield's surface is to be covered by a fess or other ordinary, ranging from one-fifth to one-third.  The Oxford Guide to Heraldry states that earlier writers including Leigh, Holme, and Guillim favour one-third, while later writers such as Edmondson favour one-fifth "on the grounds that a bend, pale, or chevron occupying one-third of the field makes the coat look clumsy and disagreeable."  A fess is likely to be shown narrower if it is uncharged, that is, if it does not have other charges placed on it, and/or if it is to be shown with charges above and below it; and shown wider if charged. The fess or bar, termed  in French heraldry, should not be confused with fasces.

Gallery

Diminutives
In English heraldry, two or more such charges appearing together on a shield are termed bars, though there are no definitive rules setting the width of the fess, the bar, nor their comparative width.  A shield of (often six or eight) horizontal stripes of alternating colour is called barry.  Narrower versions of the bar are called barrulets ("little bars"), and when a shield of horizontal stripes alternating colour is composed of ten or more stripes, it is called barruly or burely instead of barry.  A cotise, defined as half the width of a barrulet, may be borne alongside a fess, and often two of these appear, one on either side of the fess.  This is often termed "a fess cotised" (also cottised, coticed or cotticed).  Another diminutive of the fess called a closet is said to be between a bar and barrulet, but this is seldom found.

Other uses

A shield party per fess (or simply per fess) is divided in half horizontally (in the manner of a fess).  A charge placed horizontally may be termed fesswise or fessways, and two or more charges arranged in a horizontal row are blazoned in fess or in bar.

Notable and unusual forms
A mural fess, that is a fess embattled and masoned of the field, can be seen in the arms of Suzanne Elizabeth Altvater.

The arms of Rennie Fritchie, Baroness Fritchie provide an example of three Barrulets fracted and there conjoined to a Chevronel.

A flag which has a central horizontal stripe that is half the height of the flag is sometimes said to have a Spanish fess. The name is based on the most well-known example of this style of flag, the flag of Spain.

See also
 Bar (heraldry)

Notes

Further reading

 Boutell, Charles (1890). Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry. London: Frederick Warne.
 Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. New York: Dodge Pub. Co. .
 Neubecker, Ottfried (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill. .
 Volborth, Carl-Alexander von (1981). Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles. Poole, England: Blandford Press. .
 Woodcock, Thomas and John Martin Robinson (1988). The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford: University Press. .
 Woodward, John and George Burnett (1892). Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign. Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnson. .

Heraldic ordinaries

Fess


Ulf Peter Jörgen Jönsson (født 29. september 1972 i Ängelholm, Sverige) er en svensk tidligere ishockeyspiller, og dobbelt olympisk guldvinder med Sveriges landshold.

Jönsson spillede på klubplan størstedelen af sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han repræsenterede henholdsvis Rögle BK i sin fødeby samt Färjestad BK. Han tilbragte også en enkelt sæson i den nordamerikanske NHL-liga, hvor han spillede for henholdsvis New York Islanders og Anaheim Ducks.

Med det svenske landshold vandt Jönsson guld ved både OL 1994 i Lillehammer og OL 2006 i Torino, ligesom det blev til guld ved både VM 1998 i Schweiz og VM 2006 i Letland.

Jönsson er bror til en anden svensk ishockeyprofil, Kenny Jönsson.

OL-medaljer
 1994:  Guld
 2006:  Guld

VM-medaljer
 1998:  Guld
 2006:  Guld
 1997:  Sølv
 2003:  Sølv
 2004:  Sølv
 1994:  Bronze
 1999:  Bronze
 2001:  Bronze
 2002:  Bronze

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ishockeyspillere fra Sverige
NHL-spillere
Deltagere for Sverige ved vinter-OL 1994
Deltagere for Sverige ved vinter-OL 1998
Deltagere for Sverige ved vinter-OL 2002
Deltagere for Sverige ved vinter-OL 2006
Olympiske mestre fra Sverige
Personer fra Ängelholm

Jörgen Jönsson


Adrian Ježina (Berwyn, 3. listopada 1972.) bivši je hrvatski vaterpolist.

Igrao je za vaterpolske klubove Jadran iz Splita (1980. – 1992.), Zadar, (1990. – 1991.), ponovo za Jadran (1991. – 1999.) i KPK (1999. – 2000.).

S Jadranom iz Splita osvojio je Euroligu 1991./92. i 1992./93. Godine 1991. osvojio je prvenstvo SFRJ. Ostali klupski uspjesi su mu: Mediteranski kup (1991. i 1995.).

U 2002. počeo je raditi za B-Net. Od 2017. je CEO slovenske tvrtke Telemach.

Izvori

Hrvatski vaterpolisti
Vaterpolisti VK Jadran Split
Životopisi, Split

Adrian Ježina


Cuba ha participado ininterrumpidamente en los Juegos Panamericanos desde su primera realización en 1951. El país fue sede de los juegos en 1991, en La Habana. Durante la Guerra Fría, mantuvo una intensa rivalidad con Estados Unidos, representando al bloque comunista.

En los Juegos Panamericanos de 1951 logró el tercer puesto en cuanto a la cantidad de medallas. A partir de los juegos de 1971 Cuba ha venido posicionándose en el segundo lugar, con la excepción de la X edición de los juegos de 1991 en La Habana, donde ocupó la primera posición. El país está representado en los juegos por el Comité Olímpico Cubano.

Medallero

Medallas

Medallas por deporte
La siguiente tabla muestra las medallas obtenidas por deporte, ordenadas por preseas de oro, plata y bronce.

Véase también
 Medallero histórico de los Juegos Panamericanos
 Cuba en los Juegos Olímpicos

Referencias

Cuba en los Juegos Panamericanos


Det store Derbyløb er en dansk stumfilm fra 1913, der er instrueret af Poul Gregaard.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Victor Neumann - Ågerkarl
 Julie Rosenberg - Ågerkarlens kone
 Gerda Tarnow - Danserinde, datter af ågerkarlen
 Peter Malberg - Officer
 Hilmar Clausen - Officer
 Aud Egede-Nissen
 Marie Schmidt

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1913

Det store Derbyløb


Tierra prometida es el segundo álbum en directo del cantautor chileno Ángel Parra como solista, lanzado originalmente en Canadá en 1975 y grabado en Toronto en diciembre de 1974.

Casi la totalidad de las canciones son compuestas por el propio Ángel, salvo una corta versión que interpreta de la canción popular «Coplas americanas».

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Álbumes de Chile de 1975
Álbumes en vivo de Ángel Parra

Tierra prometida (álbum)


An Octarrhena calceiformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pieter van Royen. An Octarrhena calceiformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octarrhena, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octarrhena

Octarrhena calceiformis


Chuen Chom () est un amphoe de la province de Maha Sarakham.

Histoire

Géographie

Démographie

Points d'intérêt

Références

Liens externes

Chuen Chom

Amphoe Chuen Chom


كوفي كنغستون  ولد في 14 أغسطس 1981 .

بدايته
وقال انه لأول مرة رسميا في المصارعة عام 2006، عندما واجه ايفان Siks في 4 حزيران انه تنافس في المقام الأول في منطقة نيو انغلاند، بما في ذلك يحترف في التحالف الوطني المصارعة—نيو انغلاند، اتحاد المصارعة للألفية، نيو إنجلاند بطولة المصارعة، وتحالف شرق المصارعة، والمصارعة ألبوم وفي سبتمبر 2006، وقع عقدا مع ووي التنموية وأسندت إلى أعماق الجنوب المصارعة (DSW)، ومقرها جورجيا التنموية الاتحاد لأول مرة وهو في الشركة الجديدة، كما Nahaje كوفي كينغستون، في خسارة مباراة مظلمة لمونتل Vontavious بورتر في 21 سبتمبر. بالنسبة لبقية عام 2006 وبداية عام 2007، وبدا أنه في DSW، وكذلك في ولاية كنتاكي على تعزيز شقيقة المصارعة وادي أوهايو، حيث كان كان في فريق علامة يطلق عليها اسم «رابطة اتصال» مع هاري سميث. وفي عام 2005، تحت اسم عصابة «كينجسون Nahaje كوفي»، أنه تعرض لأول مرة إلى قائمة ووي الرئيسي، عندما عملت الظلام مباريات يوم 5 مارس و 26 حلقات من قبل الخام ضد هاس تشارلي وتريفور مردوخ، على التوالي. وعندما عاد إلى الاتحادات التنموية، وقال انه تقصير اسمه الأصلي لخاتم «كوفي كينغستون»، واستمرت في استخدام كل من أسماء خاتم طوال فترة وجوده هناك. هو أيضا عمل الأحداث الحية، وهزم شيلتون بنجامين يوم 5 مايو، وفال فينيس يوم 6 مايو.

عندما ومقرها ولاية فلوريدا إقليم التنموية، فلوريدا بطولة المصارعة، وافتتح في يونيو، نقلت كينغستون هناك، والتي تظهر في المعرض لأول مرة يوم 26 يونيو انظم مع بيريز ضد اريك ووكر وكيث ستيفنس Rycklon في جهد خاسرة. وعملت هناك لمدة كينغستون معظم ما تبقى من السنة

عداوة مع راندي أورتن (2009-2010)
كينغستون في المباراة ضد جاك التبختر وميز و.
خلال حقوق التفاخر ووي، جادل كينغستون وزميله الخام كودي رودز حول كينغستون أخذ الخسارة في مباراته. نتيجة لذلك، عندما ركض كينغستون رودز وتيد ديبياسي يتدخلون بالنيابة عن راندي أورتن مباراة له خلال بطولة ووي، خارجا مع كرسي ورودس وديبياسي طارد للخروج من الساحة. سوف تخسر في النهاية أورتن في المباراة. في طبعة 26 أكتوبر من الخام، كينغستون بدأ عداوة مع أورتن، كما يعتقد كينغستون اورتون كلفه بطولة ووي. بعد كينغستون هزم كريس أريحا، وجاء من وراء اورتون وهاجم كينغستون، وتنتهي مع أورتن رمي كينغستون على الجانب المنحدر المدخل. في وقت لاحق من تلك الليلة، ودمرت كينغستون سيارة أورتن.

وفي الطبعة 16 نوفمبر من الخام، كينغستون حفظ الضيف المضيف «صاخب» رودي بايبر من اعتداء من قبل أورتن، وأجرى في وقت لاحق إسقاط بوم من السكك الحديدية في الحشد على أورتن، وإرسال أورتن من خلال الجدول. [41] كينغستون ذهب ليقود فريقه سلسلة الناجي إلى الفوز على فريق أورتن، حيث انه كان الناجي الوحيد، آخر القضاء على اورتون. وفي الطبعة 30 نوفمبر من الخام، وكان من المقرر كينغستون لوجه أورتن في واحد على مباراة واحدة فقط للاعتداء من الخلف من قبل وديبياسي رودس. على الرغم من الاعتداء، وتمنى كينغستون لا يزال يواصل، وهزم أورتن بسرعة وفي الأسبوع التالي، فاز كينغستون اورتون في مباراة العودة حيث الضيف المضيف مارك كوبان، الذي كان له ضغينة ضد أورتن لقاء بينهما منذ سلسلة الناجي في عام 2003 عندما قدم أداء أورتن ركو عليه، كينغستون العد السريع.

ثم أعلن انه مع فوز واحد لكل منهما، وهما سيواجه مرة أخرى في TLC : جداول، سلالم وكراسي هزم أورتن كينغستون في هذا الحدث في الحلقة 28 ديسمبر من الخام، أورتن تدخلت في مباراة كينجستون. لبطولة الولايات المتحدة، مما أدى إلى استمرار الخصومة بينهما. في طبعة 4 كانون الثاني من الخام، ومرة أخرى هزم أورتن كينغستون. وفي الأسبوع التالي في 11 يناير، كينغستون سينافس اورتون وجون سينا في الثلاثي المباراة مع الفائز تهديد يواجه شيمس لبطولة WWE في الدمدمة الملكي. أورتن فاز في نهاية المطاف في المباراة التي تعلق كينغستون. في طبعة 1 فبراير من الخام، كينغستون فاز في مباراة التأهل بفوزه على عرض كبير عبر تنحية للتقدم إلى مباراة بطولة WWE دائرة القضاء في حال القضاء دائرة الافتتاحية. كينغستون، ومع ذلك، فشل في الفوز بعد القضاء عليه من خلال شيمس. على طبعة 22 مارس من الخام، فاز فلاديمير كوزلوف كينغستون في التأهل من أجل المال في البنك سلم المباراة في السادس والعشرين ريستليمانيا. في هذا الحدث ومع ذلك، كان كينغستون ناجحة كما كان فاز في مباراة الذهاب التي كتبها جاك التبختر.

سماكدوون وبطل القارات (2010-2011)

كينغستون

العودة إلى الراو، (2011 إلى الوقت الحاضر)

كينغستون في المال الخام في الضفة سلم المباراة.
في 26 نيسان 2011، تمت صياغته كينغستون إلى العلامة التجارية الخام كجزء من مشروع إضافي 2011. وفي 1 مايو، فاز كينغستون شيمس في مباراة طاولات في القواعد المتطرفة لكسب ولايته الثانية بطولة الولايات المتحدة، في عملية إعادة اللقب إلى الخام. في طبعة 13 يونيو من الخام، ومنحت ستون كولد ستيف أوستن دولف زيغلر مباراة البطولة ضد كينغستون. المهينة في الكابيتول ووي، خسر اللقب لكينغستون زيغلر تستخدم كينغستون له مباراة العودة في السلطة شرط للطبعة الشعبية في 2 خارج شلالات المباراة 3، والتي كان فاز بها تنحية زيغلر والإبقاء على الولايات المتحدة البطولة. شارك في المال الخام في الضفة مباراة سلم في المال عام 2011 في الضفة الدفع لكل عرض. ولم يوفق. حصل في الليلة التالية، وقال انه كان في هذه البطولة لايجاد ووي بطل جديد، وصولا إلى الدور الثاني بعد فوزه على البرتو ديل ريو كنه تعرض للضرب من قبل وميزوالولايات المتحدة بطلة، regin الثانية.
يوم 26 أبريل، وذلك كجزء من مشروع ووي 2010، تمت صياغته لهذه العلامة التجارية كينغستون سماكدوون. في مباراة أول مباراة له مع العلامة التجارية، وهزم كريس أريحا. وفي الحلقة التالية من سماكدوون، كان دخل كينغستون في البطولة أربعة لاعبين لبطولة القارات شاغرا بعد ماكنتاير درو قد تم تجريده من اللقب في وقت سابق في المعرض. ذهب إلى هزيمة دولف زيغلر في المباراة الأولى من البطولة. كريستيان هزم كودي رودس في المباراة الثانية. ونتيجة لذلك، واجه كينغستون وهزم المسيحية في نهائيات البطولة للفوز على ما يبدو له بطولة القارات الثانية على حلقة من سماكدوون 14 مايو. ومع ذلك، بعد لحظات، وجاء ماكنتاير خارجا مع الرسالة التي وقعها فينس ماكماهون، قائلا ان ثيودور لونغ كان غير مسؤول وإيذاء سلطته. وذكرت الرسالة أيضا أن أعيد ماكنتاير إلى قائمة نشطة وكينغستون الذي تم تجريده من بطولة انتركونتيننتال، والذي عاد إلى ماكنتاير (52).
وأعلن في وقت لاحق على أن WWE.com كينغستون سيواجه ماكنتاير على اللقب في أكثر من الحد المسموح به. في هذا الحدث، فاز كينغستون ماكنتاير للفوز رسميا بطولة القارات له الثاني. وفي 1 حزيران، أعلن مايكل لمعلمه كينغستون McGillicutty على الموسم الثاني من NXT ووي. في الحلقة 18 يونيو من سماكدوون، كان وأعلن أنه في الطريق 4 فادح، كوفي ستدافع عن بطولة القارات ضد ماكنتاير درو. في هذا الحدث، فاز كينغستون ماكنتاير للاحتفاظ باللقب. يوم 18 يوليو في المال في البنك، كما لم تنجح كينغستون كين أمسك حقيبة للفوز سماكدوون المال في البنك سلم المباراة. وسماكدوون التالية، فقدت كينغستون لزيغلر دولف في مباراة غير عنوان.
في الحلقة 30 من يوليو تموز سماكدوون، كينغستون تواجه زيغلر في مباراة لكنه خسر عن طريق تنحية، مما أدى إلى زيغلر كسب مباراة اللقب. وفي الحلقة 6 آب من سماكدوون، فاز زيغلر كينغستون للفوز في بطولة القارات. حصلت كينغستون إعادة مباراة له على اللقب في Summerslam 15 أغسطس، والتي انتهت في أي مسابقة بعد أن تدخلت نيكزس. في الحلقة 20 آب من سماكدوون، واجه كينغستون زيغلر مرة أخرى لبطولة انتركونتيننتال بفوزه زيغلر بالإبطال، ولكن القاعدة، زيغلر الاحتفاظ له بطولة القارات.

وفي الأسبوع التالي، واجهت كينغستون زيغلر مرة أخرى لبطولة القارات مع قبل المباراة الشرط أنه إذا كان ينبغي تنحيته زيغلر عنوان سيغير اليدين. تدخلت فيكي غيريرو خلال المباراة وحصل على زيغلر عدها من ذلك العنوان لم يتغير. في ليلة الابطال، زيغلر مرة أخرى واجهت كينغستون مع بطولة القارات على خط مع النص على أنه إذا ما تم احتساب دولف إما الخروج أو استبعاد أن كوفي سيفوز باللقب. انتهت دولف زيغلر حتى الفوز في المباراة pinfall والاحتفاظ باللقب مرة أخرى. في طبعة من سماكدوون 15 أكتوبر، فاز كينغستون درو ماكنتاير لكسب مكان في الفريق المنافس في سماكدوون حقوق التفاخر. في عرض الدفع لكل، ظهرت سماكدوون فريق كعلامة متفوقة مع الحافة ويتم ري ميستيريو الناجين النهائي. انه لا يزال هزم ضد البرتو ديل ريو.

في طبعة من سماكدوون 3 ديسمبر، فاز جاك كينغستون التبختر ليصبح المنافس رقم واحد لبطولة القارات لكنها فشلت في استعادة اللقب عندما هاجم كوفي التبختر خلال المباراة. في TLC : جداول، سلالم وكراسي، وتنجح في كينغستون يدعي لقب انتركونتيننتال ضد التبختر وزيغلر في مباراة وسلم كما هو والتبختر unhooked الحزام لكنه انخفض إلى حصيرة وزيغلر أمسك به والاحتفاظ باللقب.
في طبعة 2011 في 7 يناير، من سماكدوون، فاز كينغستون زيغلر دولف ليصبح بطل القارات للمرة الثالثة. مباشرة بعد المباراة، القائم بأعمال المدير العام فيكي غيريرو أمر استدعاء زيغلر له مباراة العودة على الفور شرط. بعد ضرب المتاعب في الجنة، فاز كينغستون زيغلر مرة أخرى للاحتفاظ بلقبه فاز حديثا.

بعد استخدام المتاعب في الجنة على البرتو ديل ريو في الفوز في المباراة ضد فريق بطاقة كين والبرتو ديل ريو مع ري ميستيريو على جنبه على 28 يناير الحلقة على WWE سماكدوون! كوفي ثم بدأ عداء مع البرتو ديل ريو بعد العديد من الهجمات. منعت حتى البرتو ديل ريو كوفي كينغستون في الفترة من qualifting لدائرة القضاء. في الحلقة 11 فبراير من سماكدوون!، واجه كوفي كينغستون البرتو ديل ريو في مباراة الفردي ولكن في النهاية فاز البرتو ديل ريو كوفي كينغستون بعد tapout مع قواطع ذراع الصليب. في 19 فبراير، البرتو ديل ريو تدخلت أيضا في المباراة ضد كوفي كينغستون وميز الذي ميز وون. واجهوا بعضهم البعض في نهاية المطاف من جديد في نوبة غير العنوان في دائرة القضاء والتي فاز بها ديل ريو.
يوم 22 مارس في tapings للطبعة 25 مارس من سماكدوون، كينغستون خسر بطولة القارات لويد باريت. وفي الطبعة 1 أبريل من سماكدوون، كينغستون إعادة مباراة له ضد فاز واد باريت بالإبطال. بعد أن أصيب فلاديمير كوزلوف على يد وCorre، وقد اختير خلفا كينغستون كوزلوف في مباراة فريق بطاقة رجل eight تنطوي كوفي، كين، عرض كبير وسانتينو ماريلا مقابل Corre في ريسلمانيا 27، الفريق الذي فاز في كينغستون

البطولات والانجازات في الwwe
 بطل دبليو دبليو أي للقارات 4 مرات.
 بطل دبليو دبليو أي الولايات المتحدة 3 مرات.
 بطل الفرق الثنائية مرتين مرة مع ايفان بورن وأخرى مع آر تروث.
 بطل العالم للفرق 5 مرات 4 منهم مع النيو داي وواحدة مع سي أي ام بانك
 بطل دبليو دبليو أي للوزن الثقيل

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من منطقة أشانتي
أمريكيون من أصل غاني
خريجو كلية بوسطن
رياضيون من كوماسي
غانيون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مصارعون محترفون أفارقة أمريكيون
مصارعون محترفون أمريكيون
مصارعون محترفون غانيون
مصارعون محترفون في القرن 21
مصارعون محترفون مغتربون
مصارعون محترفون من فلوريدا
مصارعون محترفون من ماساتشوستس
مصارعون ومصارعات
مواليد 1981
مواليد في كوماسي

كوفي كينغستون


Lubang may refer to:

 Lubang Island, an island in the Philippines
 Lubang, Occidental Mindoro, a municipality on Lubang Island
 Lubang Buaya, a suburb of Jakarta, Indonesia

Lubang


The Lobster este un film experimental din 2015 regizat de grecul Giorgos Lanthimos (debut regizoral ca regizor de filme în limba engleză). Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Colin Farrell,  Rachel Weisz și Léa Seydoux. Având acțiunea într-un viitor apropiat distopic, filmul spune povestea unui oraș în care oamenii singuratici au 45 de zile pentru a-și găsi cu adevărat perechea într-un hotel de lux în caz contrar fiind transformați în animale la alegere.  Este o  coproducție internațională, filmul fiind realizat de companii din Irlanda, Regatul Unit, Grecia, Franța și Olanda.

Prezentare

Într-un distopic viitor apropiat, persoanele singure sunt închise într-un hotel unde trebuie să-și găsească un partener timp de 45 de zile, în caz contrar acestea vor fi transformate în animale, la alegerea lor. Zilele de cazare în hotel pot fi mărite prin împușcarea cu tranchilizante a celor singuratici aflați în pădure. David (Farrell) este un bărbat care fuge din hotel și se alătură unui grup rebel de singuratici din pădure, unde flirtul și relațiile sexuale sunt interzise. Aici David va găsi dragostea adevărată (Weisz), ambii fiind miopi.  Filmul se numește The Lobster deoarece David a ales homarul ca animalul preferat în care să fie transformat dacă nu reușește să găsească un partener în timpul cazării la hotel. Conducătoarea singuraticilor (Seydoux) își dă seama că între cei doi există o relație romantică și o duce pe femeie în oraș unde i se face o operație care o orbește. Cei doi fug la oraș și David se hotărăște să-și scoată ochii cu un cuțit în toaleta unui restaurant. Filmul se termină cu femeia mioapă (acum oarbă) așteptându-l pe David...

Distribuție

 Colin Farrell - David
 Rachel Weisz - Femeie mioapă
 Jessica Barden - Femeie cu sângerări nazale
 Olivia Colman - Manager  hotel
 Ashley Jensen - Femeie cu biscuiți
 Ariane Labed - Servitoare
 Angeliki Papoulia - Femeie fără inimă
 John C. Reilly - Bărbat sâsâit
 Léa Seydoux - Conducătoare a singuraticilor
 Michael Smiley -  Înotător singuratic
 Ben Whishaw - Bărbat care șchioapătă
 Roger Ashton-Griffiths - Medic
 Ewen MacIntosh - Paznic hotel

Producție
Producția filmului a costat 4 milioane de euro, filmările începând la 24 martie 2014 și finalizându-se la la 9 mai.. Filmările au avut loc Dublin și la Contea di Kerry.

Primire
Filmul a beneficiat de recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor de film. Site-ul Metacritic l-a evaluat la 83 de puncte din 100 pe bazat a 10 opinii.

Premii

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme britanice din 2015
 Listă de filme SF din anii 2010
 Listă de filme distopice

Filme din 2015
Filme irlandezeFilme britaniceFilme olandezeFilme franțuzeștiFilme grecești
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Yorgos Lanthimos
Filme distopice
Filme SF thriller
Filme SF britanice
Filme SF din anii 2010
Filme cu acțiunea în hotel
Filme cu acțiunea în viitor
Filme satirice
Filme romantice de comedie
Filme de dragoste
Filme thriller din anii 2010
Filme realizate în Irlanda
Filme thriller de comedie
Filme avant-garde și experimentale

Homarul


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 3. siječnja  Harold Barclay, kanadski antropolog († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 21. travnja  Vladimir Jurko Glaser, hrvatski teorijski fizičar († )

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Znanost u 1924.


Gustav Struve, conocido como Gustav von Struve hasta abandonar el título, (Múnich, 11 de octubre de 1805-Viena, 21 de agosto de 1870) fue un político, abogado, escritor, periodista, y revolucionario alemán. Se interesó mucho por la frenología y publicó tres libros sobre el asunto. Fue revolucionario en Baden durante la Revolución alemana de 1848-1849 y pasó una década en los Estados Unidos donde fue un miembro activo en  la política y la cultura del país.

Biografía

Era hijo del diplomático ruso Johann Christoph Gustav von Struve (primo del astrónomo [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
]]) y estudió derecho en las universidades de Heidelberg y Gotinga. Fue durante un tiempo funcionario del cuerpo diplomático del Gran Ducado de Oldemburgo y más tarde secretario consular en Fráncfort del Meno antes de establecerse en Mannheim donde ejerció de periodista y abogado.

En 1845, casó con Amalie Siegrist-Düsar (1824-1862). La pareja compartía ideas vanguardistas (Amalie era feminista) y se convirtió al "catolicismo alemán", una sección cismática progresista de la iglesia católica creada en 1844.

Fue redactor jefe del Mannheimer Journal (1845-46), una publicación que sufrió la cesura gubernamental, y más tarde del Deutscher Zuchauer (1847-48). Struve se posicionó a favor del movimiento liberal hasta convertirse en la pluma de la sección de la izquierda más radical de este movimiento. Agotador radical, Struve defendía un proyecto democrático donde se mezclaba una sensibilidad socialista y un culto al pueblo que le llevó a abandonar su condición de noble desde 1847.

En Mannheim, conoció al abogado liberal Friedrich Hecker con el que se alió para la causa radical democrática desde 1846, cuando los dos hombres fundaron un "Comité para la mejora de oportunidades de la clase obrera".Inspirado del programaOffenbourg (12 de septiembre de 1847), contribuyó con el movimiento revolucionario alemán y los liberales moderados siguieron sus propuestas en el Parlamento de Fráncfort sobre la abolición de la censura, pero se monstraron reservados con otras propuestas como el sufragio universal o la "compensación de la diferencia entre Capital y Trabajo" y sin ser parlamentario fue una figura clave durante la Revolución francesa de 1848.

Más tarde se exilió primero a Suiza, Die des deutschen Volkes Grundrechte con el dramaturgo y periodista revolucionario Karl Heinzen y donde intentó otra tentativa de reforma gubernamental en Alemania en Lörrach donde fue capturado; y más tarde en los Estados Unidos donde interactuó con miembros del partido republicano como John Frémont o Abraham Lincoln y llegó a participar en la Guerra de Secesión en el bando de la Unión. Llegó a ser capitán del octavo regimiento de voluntarios del coronel Ludwig Blenker y se retiró negándose a servir las órdenes de un aristócrata, el príncipe prusiano Félix de Salm-Salm en 1862, ese mismo año falleció su esposa, regresó a Alemania y puso fin a su carrera de escritor.

En 1865 Abraham Lincoln lo nombró cónsul de Sonneberg pero a causa de sus escritos radicales, el estado de Turingia impidió que ejerciera este trabajo. Struve, que se volvió vegetariano en 1832, por influencia del filósofo suizo Jean-Jacques Rousseau, en sus últimos años, fue una figura clave del movi vegetarianismo, temática presente en muchas obras con su autoría.

Obras
Politische Briefe (Mannheim, 1846)
Das öffentliche Recht des deutschen Bundes (2 vols., 1846)
Grundzüge der Staatswissenschaft (4 vols., Frankfurt, 1847–48)
Geschichte der drei Volkserhebungen in Baden (Bern, 1849)
Weltgeschichte (6 vols., Nueva York, 1866–69)
Das Revolutionszeitalter (Nueva York, 1859–60)
Diesseits und jenseits des Oceans (Coburgo, 1864-'5)
Kurzgefasster Wegweiser für Auswanderer (Bambergo, 1867)
Pflanzenkost die Grundlage einer neuen Weltanschauung (Stuttgart, 1869)
Das Seelenleben, oder die Naturgeschichte des Menschen (Berlín, 1869)
Eines Fürsten Jugendliebe (Viena, 1870)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  Biografía e itinerario de Struve en avril 1848
Gustav Von Struve

Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XIX
Activistas de Alemania
Periodistas de Alemania
Políticos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Abogados de Alemania
Escritores de Alemania del siglo XIX
Germano-estadounidenses
Historiadores de Estados Unidos
Abolicionistas de Estados Unidos
Periodistas de Estados Unidos
Políticos de Estados Unidos
Abogados de Estados Unidos
Escritores de Estados Unidos
Escritores en alemán
Vegetarianos
Prisioneros de guerra
Alumnado de la Universidad de Heidelberg
Nacidos en Múnich
Frenólogos
Fallecidos en Viena

Gustav Struve


Le dème de Kallikrátia, en  / Dímos Kallikrátias, est un ancien dème du district régional de Chalcidique, en Macédoine-Centrale, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Néa Propontída.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Macédoine-Centrale
Ancien dème en Grèce

Kallikrátia (dème)


Dordeduh je rumunjski folk/black metal-sastav. Godine 2009. osnovali su ga Sol Faur i Hupogrammos, dva bivša člana skupine Negură Bunget.

Povijest
Gitarist Sol Faur i multiinstrumentalist Hupogrammos napustili su sastav Negură Bunget u svibnju 2009. zbog nesuglasica s bubnjarom Negruom i mjesec dana kasnije osnovali su glazbeni projekt Dordeduh, čije ime u prijevodu s rumunjskog jezika znači "čežnja za duhom". Krajem te godine grupa je potpisala ugovor s diskografskom kućom Prophecy Productions (izdavačem koji je, između ostalog, objavljivao i albume izvođača kao što su Alcest, Arcturus i Falkenbach, ali i Negură Bunget).

U rujnu 2010. sastav je objavio prvi singl – "Valea omului"; objavljen je na gramofonskoj ploči u ograničenoj nakladi i u digitalnoj inačici.

Godine 2012. objavljen je album u počast norveškoj viking/black metal grupi Enslaved pod imenom Önd – A Tribute na kojem je Dordeduh obradio pjesmu "Ruun" s istoimenog albuma te skupine. Krajem rujna iste godine objavljen je i debitantski studijski album sastava, Dar de duh.

Članovi sastava
Sadašnja postava
Flavius Misarăș – bas-gitara, prateći vokali
Sol Faur – gitara, klavijature, dulcimer, ksilofon
Hupogrammos – vokali, gitara, klavijature, dulcimer, mandola, klepalo, bucium, udaraljke
Putrid – bubnjevi
Bivši članovi
Ovidiu Mihăiță – bubnjevi, udaraljke
Sergio Ponti – bubnjevi

Diskografija
Studijski albumi
Dar de duh (2012.)
Har (2021.)

Izvori

Rumunjska glazba
Sastavi folk metala
Sastavi black metala
Sastavi heavy metala

Dordeduh


João Miguel Marques da Costa (Lisboa, 4 de novembro de 1972) é um professor catedrático e político português do Partido Socialista. Atualmente desempenha as funções de Ministro da Educação no XXIII Governo Constitucional da República Portuguesa desde março de 2022.

Biografia
Doutorado em linguística em 1998, na Universidade de Leiden, nos Países Baixos, desempenhou as funções de secretário de Estado da Educação no XXI e XXII Governo da República Portuguesa, os dois primeiros executivos liderados pelo primeiro-ministro António Costa.

É professor catedrático de linguística na Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e foi diretor da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa até novembro de 2015.

Trabalhou em investigação nas áreas da Linguística Formal, Aquisição e Desenvolvimento de Linguagem e Linguística Educacional, chegou também a estudar no Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts como investigador.

Assumiu o cargo de secretário de Estado, tendo depois passado a secretário de Estado Adjunto no XXII Governo Constitucional, atualmente assume as funções de Ministro da Educação no governo português.

Ministros da Educação de Portugal
Alunos da Universidade de Leiden

João Marques Costa


Les Qualifications du tournoi masculin de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux asiatiques de 2022 sera le tournoi de qualification pour le tournoi masculin aux Jeux asiatiques de 2022. Il se tiendra du 6 au 15 mai 2022 à Bangkok, en Thaïlande et les six meilleures équipes se qualifieront pour les Jeux asiatiques de 2022.

Équipes

Phase préliminaire

Poule A

Source: FIH

En cas d'égalité de points de plusieurs équipes à l'issue des matchs de poule, les critères suivants sont appliqués dans l'ordre indiqué pour établir leur classement:
 Points de chaque équipe,
 Matchs gagnés,
 Différence de buts,
 Buts pour,
 Plus grand nombre de points obtenus dans les matchs de poule disputés entre les équipes concernées,
 Buts marqués en plein jeu.

Repos:

Repos:

Repos:

Repos:

Repos:

Poule B

Source: FIH

En cas d'égalité de points de plusieurs équipes à l'issue des matchs de poule, les critères suivants sont appliqués dans l'ordre indiqué pour établir leur classement:
 Points de chaque équipe,
 Matchs gagnés,
 Différence de buts,
 Buts pour,
 Plus grand nombre de points obtenus dans les matchs de poule disputés entre les équipes concernées,
 Buts marqués en plein jeu.

Phase de classement

De la cinquième à la huitième place

Septième et huitième place

Cinquième et sixième place

Phase finale

Demi-finales

Troisième et quatrième place

Finale

Classement final

Références

Hockey sur gazon aux Jeux asiatiques
Hockey sur gazon en 2022


Parlament Somalije (som. Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya), poznat i pod nazivima Nacionalni parlament i Federalni parlament, središnje je tijelo zakonodavne vlasti u Somaliji. Prema obliku je dvodomni parlament i čine ga:

 Gornji Dom, sastavljen od 54 člana koje biraju građani na razini saveznih jedinica i
 Dom naroda, donji dom koji čini 275 predstavnika izabanih na četiri godine izravno od stane građana.

Parlament bira predsjednika republike i predsjednike i dopredsjednike parlamenta.

Izvori

Parlamenti
Politika Somalije

Parlament Somalije


Kuvichinski  es un jútor del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en los arrozales bañados por los distributarios del delta del Kubán, en la orilla derecha del embalse Varnavinskoye en su distributario el Sujói Aushedz, frente a Varnavinskoye, 22 km al norte de Krymsk y 66 km al oeste de Krasnodar. Tenía 339 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Troitskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Кувичинский.

Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net.
 en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar

Kuvichinski


Pashtunwali or Pakhtunwali () or Pathanwali, also known as Afghaniyat, is the traditional lifestyle and is best described as a code of honor of the Pashtun people, by which they live. Many scholars widely have interpreted it as being "the way of the Pashtuns" or "the code of life". Pashtunwali is widely practised by Pashtuns in the Pashtun-dominated regions. Pashtunwali dates back to ancient pre-Islamic times.

Overview

The native Pashtun tribes, often described as fiercely independent people, have inhabited the Pashtunistan region (eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan) since at least the 1st millennium BC. During that period, much of their mountainous territory has remained outside government rule or control. Pashtun resistance to outside rule and the terrain they reside in is sometimes speculated to be why Indigenous Pashtuns still follow the "code of life".

Pashtunwali rules are accepted in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and also in some Pashtun communities around the world. Some non-Pashtun Afghans and others have also adopted its ideology or practices for their own benefit. Conversely, many urbanized Pashtuns tend to ignore the rules of Pashtunwali. Passed on from generation to generation, Pashtunwali guides both individual and communal conduct. Practiced by the majority of Pashtuns, it helps to promote Pashtunization.

Pashtuns embrace an ancient traditional, spiritual, and communal identity tied to a set of moral codes and rules of behaviour, as well as to a record of history spanning some seventeen hundred years.

Pashtunwali promotes self-respect, independence, justice, hospitality, love, forgiveness, revenge and tolerance toward all (especially to strangers or guests). It is considered to be the personal responsibility of every Pashtun to discover and rediscover Pashtunwali's essence and meaning.

The Pashtun tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress. ... Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. ... Nothing is ever forgotten and very few debts are left unpaid.
Winston Churchill (My Early Life, Chapter 11: "The Mahmund Valley")

Pashtun institutions
Pashtuns are organised into tribal or extended family groups often led by a "Khan" (a wealthy and influential leader from the group).
Disputes within clans are settled by a jirga (traditionally a tribal assembly involving all adult males).
In times of foreign invasion, Pashtuns have been known to unite under a Pashtun religious leaders such as Saidullah Baba in the Siege of Malakand and even under Pashtána female leaders such as Malalai of Maiwand in the Battle of Maiwand.

Main principles

Although not exclusive, the following thirteen principles form the major components of Pashtunwali.

The three primary principles:

Hospitality  () – Showing hospitality and profound respect to all visitors, regardless of race, religion, national affiliation or economic status and doing so without any hope of remuneration or favour. Pashtuns will go to great lengths to show their hospitality.
Asylum () – Derived from the verb meaning to go in, this refers to the protection given to a person against his enemies. People are protected at all costs; even those running from the law must be given refuge until the situation can be clarified. Nənawā́te can also be used when the vanquished party in a dispute is prepared to go into the house of the victors and ask for their forgiveness: this is a peculiar form of "chivalrous" surrender, in which an enemy seeks "sanctuary" at the house of their foe. A notable example, is that of Mullah Mohammed Omar, who refused to handover Osama bin Laden, to the US, claiming that in doing so they would violate the Pashtun tradition of asylum, according to Pakistani journalist Rahimullah Yusufzai, he said:I don't want to go down in history as someone who betrayed his guest. I am willing to give my life, my regime. Since we have given him refuge, I cannot throw him out now.
Justice and revenge () – To seek justice or take revenge against the wrongdoer. No time limit restricts the period in which revenge can be taken. Justice in Pashtun lore needs elaborating: even a mere taunt () counts as an insult. Monetary compensation can be an alternative to badal, for example in murder cases.

The other main principles:
Bravery (). A Pashtun must defend his land, property, and family from incursions. Death can follow if anyone offends this principle.
Loyalty (). A Pashtun owes loyalty to family, friends and tribe members.
Kindness (). Pashtuns should act in the welfare of others.
Arbitration (). Disputes are resolved through the Jirga.
Faith () contains a wider notion of trust or faith in Allah. The notion of trusting in one Creator generally comports to Islamic monotheism or tawhid.
Respect () and pride (). A Pashtun's pride, has great importance in society and must be preserved. Pashtuns must respect themselves and others in order to be able to do so, especially those they do not know. Respect begins at home, among family members and relatives. Someone who lacks these qualities is not considered worthy of being a Pashtun. As per the poetry Khushal Khattak "The loss of life and wealth should not matter, what matters is pat.
Female honour (). A Pashtun must defend the honour of women at all costs and must protect them from vocal and every harm.
Honour (). A Pashtun must defend the weak around him.
Courage, manhood, or chivalry (). A Pashtun must demonstrate courage. A turban is considered a symbol of a Pashtun's chivalry.
Country (). A Pashtun is obliged to protect the land of the Pashtuns. Defense of the nation means the protection of Pashtun custom.

See also
Blood feud
Bushido
Chivalry
Islamic military jurisprudence
Izzat (honour)
Kanun
Khushal Khattak
Pashtun nationalism
Pashtunistan

References

Notes

Citations

External links
Pashtunwali by Wahid Momand
Special report on Pashtunwali by U.S. Army Major, John H. Cathell
Harvard Law School - Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women's Legislative Authority
The Economist - The Pushtuns' tribal code
Pashto Language & Identity Formation in Pakistan

Codes of conduct
Pashtun culture
Pakistani culture
Afghan culture
Customary legal systems
Right-wing politics in Afghanistan
Pashto words and phrases
Pashtun society

Pashtunwali


Corinth Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Corinth Township (Iowa)
 Corinth Township (Kansas)

Corinth Township


Transistör veya geçirgeç girişine uygulanan sinyali yükselterek gerilim ve akım kazancı sağlayan, gerektiğinde anahtarlama elemanı olarak kullanılan yarı iletken bir elektronik devre elemanıdır.
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) çift birleşim yüzeyli transistördür. İki N maddesi, bir P maddesi (NPN) ya da iki P maddesi, bir N maddesi (PNP) birleşiminden oluşur. Transistör üç kutuplu bir devre elemanıdır. Devre sembolü üzerinde orta kutup Base (B), okun olduğu kutup Emitter (E), diğer kutup Collector(C) olarak adlandırılır. Base akımının şiddetine göre kollektör ve emiter akımları ayarlanır. Bu ayar oranı kazanç faktörüne göre değişir. Transistörler elektronik cihazların temel yapı taşlarındandır. Günlük hayatta kullanılan elektronik cihazlarda birkaç taneden birkaç milyara varan sayıda transistör bulunabilir.

Tarihçe
20. Yüzyılın en önemli buluşlarından  biri olarak kabul edilen ve elektronik devrelerin can damarı olan transistörler, 1947 yılında yapıldı. Dünyanın en büyük telefon şirketi olan Bell kuruluşlarının araştırma laboratuvarlarında, William Shockley başkanlığında John Bardeen ve Walter Brattain´den oluşan ekip, teknolojide yepyeni bir çığır açan bu buluşlarından dolayı, 1956 yılında Nobel Ödülü´nü paylaştı.

Bardeen ve Brattain, radyo ve telefon sinyallerinin alınmasında, güçlendirilmesinde ve yansıtılmasında kullanılan termiyonik kapaklara karşı bir seçenek bulmak için uğraşıyorlardı. Çabuk kırılabilen ve pahalıya mal olan bu lambaların ısınması için belirli bir sürenin geçmesi gerekiyordu. Ayrıca bir hayli de elektrik tüketiyordu.

Ekip ilk transistörü, ince bir germanyum tabakasından yaptı. 1947 Noel´inden iki gün önce, bu transistör bir radyo devresine takıldı ve Brattain, defterine şu satırları yazdı: "Bu devre gerçekten işe yarıyor. Çünkü ses düzeyinde hissedilir bir yükselme sağlandı."
Transistör, tıpkı lamba gibi, ses sinyalini güçlendiriyordu. Ama hem boyut olarak çok daha küçüktü hem de daha az enerjiye ihtiyaç duyuyordu.

Önceleri küçücük bir aygıtın o koca lambaların yerini alabileceğine pek az kimse inandı. Ama Shockley ve ekibi, dört yıl içinde büyük gelişmeler sağladılar. 1952 yılında transistör orijinal boyutunun onda birine indirildi ve çok daha güçlendi. 1957´de yılda 30 milyon  transistör üretilebilecek aşamaya gelindi. Bu alanda gelişmeler yine de sürdürüldü. Bilim adamları, germanyum tabakası yerine, çok daha büyük sıcaklıklara dayanabilen silisyum kullanmaya başladılar. Akımı saniyenin 100 milyonda biri kadar kısa bir zamanda iletebilen transistörler imal edildi. Bunların sayesinde cep tipi hesap makineleri, dijital saatler yapıldı. Radyo ve televizyon alıcılarındaki lambaların  yerini de transistörler aldı. Eğer bu küçük aygıtlar olmasaydı, uydu haberleşmeleri, uzay araçları ve aya insan göndermek de mümkün olmayacaktı.

Elektron lambaları ilk defa 1906'da Londra Üniversite Kolejinde uygulama sahasına konulmuştur. 1925'te Lilien Field ve 1938'de Hilsch ve Pohl tarafından, lambaların yerine geçecek bir katı amplifikatör elemanı bulma konusunda başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan bazı denemeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmaların amacı, lambalarda olduğu gibi katılarda da elektrostatik alan etkisi ile elektron akışını sağlamaktı. Daha sonraları bu çalışmalar bugünkü transistörlerin temelini teşkil etmiştir.

1931-1940 yılları katı maddeler elektroniği hakkında daha ziyade teorik çalışmalar devri olmuştur. Bu sahada isimleri en çok duyulanlar; L. Brillouin, A. H. Wilson, J. C. Slater, F. Seitz ve W. Schottky'dir.

1948 yılında, Walter H. Brattain ve John Bardeen kristal redresör yapmak için Bell laboratuvarlarında çalışıyorlar. Esas olarak yapılan; çeşitli kristallere temas eden bir 'catwhisker' in tek yönde iletken, diğer yönde büyük bir direnç göstermesi ile ilgili bir çalışmadır. Deneyler sırasında Germanyum kristalinin ters akıma daha çok direnç gösterdiği ve daha iyi bir doğrultma işlemi yaptığı gözlemlendi ve böylece germanyum redresörler ortaya çıktı.

Brattain ve Bardeen germanyum redresör ile yaptıkları deneylerde, germanyum kristali üzerindeki serbest elektron yoğunluğunun, redresörün her iki yöndeki karakteristiğine olan tesirini incelediler ve bu sırada, catwhisker'e yakın bir başka kontak daha yaparak deneylerini sürdürdüler. Bu sırada ikinci whisker de akım şiddetlenmesinin farkına vardılar ve elektronik tarihinin bir dönüm noktasına tekabül eden transistör böylece keşfedilmiş oldu.

Adını 'Transfer – Resistor' yani taşıyıcı direnç kelimesinden alan transistörün geliştirilmesine daha sonra William Shockley de katıldı ve bu üçlü 1956 yılı nobel fizik ödülüne layık görüldüler.

İlk yapılan transistörler 'Nokta Kontaklı' transistörlerdi. Nokta kontaklı transistörler, iki whisker'li bir kristal diyottan ibarettir. Kristale 'Base', whiskerlerden birine 'Emitter' diğerine de 'Collector' adı verilir. Bu transistörlerde N tipi Germanyum kristali base olarak kullanılmıştır. Whiskerler fosforlu bronzdan yapılır, daha doğrusu yapılırdı, bu transistörler artık müzelerde veya eski amatörlerin nostaljik malzeme kutularında bulunurlar. Her iki whisker birbirine çok yakındır ve uçları kıvrık bir yay gibidir, bu kıvrık yay gibi olması nedeni ile kristale birkaç gramlık bir basınç uygular ve bu sayede sabit dururlar. Yani, yalnız temas vardır. Bu transistörlerin Ge kristalleri 0.5 mm kalınlığında ve 1 - 1.5 mm eninde parçalardır. Whisker arası mesafe ise milimetrenin yüzde 3'ü yüzde 5'i kadardır. Bu ilk transistörler PNP tipinde idi, yani kristal N tipi Whiskerler P tipi idi. Daha sonraları 'Yüzey Temaslı' transistörler yapıldı. Bu transistörler PNP veya NPN olacak şekilde üç kristal parçası birbirine yapıştırılarak imal edildiler. Yüzey temaslı transistörlerin yapılması ile silisyum transistörler piyasaya çıktı, daha sonraları transistörler kocaman bir aile oluşturdular ve sayıları oldukça arttı.

Yapısı
Transistör iki eklemli üç bölgeli bir devre elemanı olup iki ana çeşittir.

 NPN
 PNP

İki kutuplu (bipolar) jonksiyon transistör
 Transistörün kolay anlaşılması bakımından tanımı; Transistörün bir sandviçe benzetilmesidir, yarı iletken sandviçi.
 İkinci bir tanımıda şöyle yapılmaktadır; Transistör, iki elektrodu arasındaki direnci, üçüncü elektroda uygulanan gerilim ile değişen bir devre elemanıdır.
 Transistörün en çok kullanılan tanımı ise şöyledir; Transistör yan yana birleştirilmiş iki PN diyotundan oluşan bir devre elemanıdır. Birleşme sırasına göre NPN veya PNP tipi transistör oluşur.
emitter; base, collector arasında akım sağlar ve devrede yükselteç görevi üstlenir.
132

Transistör çeşitleri
 Yüzey birleşmeli (Jonksiyon) transistör
 Nokta temaslı transistör
 Unijonksiyon transistör
 Alan etkili transistör

 Foto transistör
 Tetrot (dört uçlu) transistör
 Koaksiyal transistör

Transistörün kullanım alanları
Transistör yapısal bakımdan, yükselteç olarak çalışma özelliğine sahip bir devre elemanıdır. Daha yaygın kullanım amacı ise devrede anahtarlama yapmaktır. Elektroniğin her alanında kullanılmaktadır. Dolayısı ile teknolojinin en değerli elektronik devre elemanlarından biridir.

Vakum lambaları ile karşılaştırma

Üstünlükler
 Transistörler çok küçüktür ve çok az enerji harcarlar.
 Transistörler çok daha uzun çalışma ömrüne sahiptirler.
 Transistörler her an çalışmaya hazır durumdadırlar. (lambaların flaman gerilimi sorunu)
 Çalışma voltajları çok daha azdır. Pille bile çalışırlar.
 Lambalar gibi cam değildir, kırılmaz.
 Transistörlerin üretimi daha ucuz ve kolaydır.

Zayıflıklar
Elektromanyetik palse karşı vakum tüplerinden daha duyarlıdırlar.

Çeşitli transistörler
Transistörler esas olarak bipolar transistörler ve unipolar transistörler olarak iki kısma ayrılırlar. Bipolar transistörler de PNP ve NPN olarak iki tiptir.

PNP tipinde base negatif emitter ve collector pozitif kristal yapısındadır. Bu transistörler emitter montajında; emitter pozitif, collector negatif olarak polarize edilirler. Base emittere göre daha negatif olduğunda transistör iletimdedir.

NPN tipinde ise base pozitif, emitter ve collector negatif kristal yapısındadır. Emitter topraklı olarak kullanıldığında, emitter negatif, collector pozitif olarak polarize edilirler. İletimde olması için base, emittere göre daha pozitif olmalıdır. Buradaki gerilim farkı 0.7 (si) - 0.3 (ge) volt veya daha fazla olmalıdır.

Piyasada pek çok tip bipolar transistör mevcuttur. Bunların kullanılmaları sırasında mutlaka bacak bağlantılarını içeren bir katalog kullanılmalıdır; çünkü aynı kılıf yapısı içeren iki transistörün bacak bağlantıları ayrı olabilir.

Bipolar transistörler genelde 2 ile başlayan 2N… 2SA…. 2SB….. 2SC… veya AC… BD… BUX…. BUW… MJ…. ile başlayan isimler alırlar.

Son zamanlarda transistörlerin çeşidi ve sayısı arttığı için bir katalog(datasheet) kullanmak zorunlu hale gelmiştir.

2N3055 2SA1122 2SB791 2SC1395 AC128 BD135 BUX80 BUW44 MJ3001 gibi….

A ile başlayan transistörler Germanyum, B ile başlayan transistörler Silisyumdur. Keza, diyotlar için de bu geçerlidir, ikinci harfin anlamları şöyledir:

A : Diyot
C : Alçak frekans transistörü
D : Güç transistörü dür.
F : Yüksek frekans transistörü
Y : Güç Diyodu
Z : Zener Diyot

AC128, BC108, AF139, BF439, AD165, BD135, AA139, BY101 gibi.

Bazı transistörler kılıf içinde bir de diyot ihtiva ederler.

Bir P tipi transistör push-pull olarak kullanıldığında, karakteristikleri benzer olan bir N tipi transistörle beraber kullanılır, buna 'Complementary' tamamlayıcı transistör adı verilir. MJ 2955 ile 2N3055 gibi.

Piyasada bulunan transistörler plastik veya metal kılıf içindedirler.

En çok kullanılan kılıf şekilleri To-3 To-5 To- 12 To- 72 To- 92 To- 220'dir.

Transistörlerde akım kazançları
Transistörün yükseltme işlemi doğrudan doğruya çıkış akımı değişmelerinin giriş akımı değişmelerine oranı olan; akım kazancına bağlıdır. Bu işlemde çıkış devresi gerilimi sabittir. Akım kazancı, transistörün bağlantı şekline göre farklı isimler alır.

Bağlantı şekillerine göre akım kazancı;

 Emiteri ortak bağlantıda Beta-β
 Beyzi ortak bağlantıda Alfa-α
 Kollektörü ortak bağlantıda Gama-γ

ismini alır. Transistörün NPN veya PNP oluşu ile değişmez.

Akım kazancı=Çıkış devresi akımı değişmeleri/Giriş devresi akımı değişmeleri

(Çıkış devresi gerilimi: Sabit)

Tablo: Transistör bağlantı Şekillerine göre akım kazançları

Kaynakça

Transistör


Rasmus Bille Bähncke (også stavet Rasmus Bille Bahncke, født 16. april 1973) er en dansk sangskriver og musikproducer og keyboardspiller. Han er en af grundlæggerne af produktionsteam'et Supaflyas og en del af det New York-baserede studie 'This Is Care Of'.

Som sangskriver og producer har han arbejdet med bl.a. Backstreet Boys, CeCe Winans, Sting, Blue, Miley Cyrus, Aura Dione, Fagget Fairys og Hessismore.

Referencer

Musikproducere fra Danmark

Rasmus Bille Bähncke


فانتوماس  هو شخصية أدبية خيالية من اختراع بيار سوفاستر (1874–1914) ومارسيل ألان (1885–1969)، وبعدها اشتهر حين قام المخرج الفرنسي لويس فوياد المختص في الأفلام الخيالية بإدخال الشخصية للسينما سنة 1913.

فانتوماس هو أحد أشهر الشخصيات في تاريخ أدب الجريمة الفرنسي، وظهر أول مرة في عام 1911 ليظهر في ما مجموعه 32 مجلدا بقلم الكاتبين، ثم 11 مجلد لاحق كتبها ألان وحدها بعد وفاة سوفيستر. كما كانت الشخصية أيضا أساسا لمختلف الاقتباسات في السينما والتلفزيون والقصص المصورة. وهو يمثل نقلة في تاريخ أدب الجريمة، وذلك بانتقال الأدب من أشرار الرواية القوطية من القرن التاسع عشر إلى السفاحين في العصر الحديث.

توقعت الكتب والأفلام التي خرجت في تتابع سريع أساليب الإنتاج الحالية في هوليوود، في ناحيتين: أولا، يوزع المؤلفون الكتابة فيما بينهم؛ حيث كانا يضعان حبكة عامة بينهما ثم ينطلقان ويكتبان الفصول بديلة بشكل مستقل عن بعضها البعض، ويلتقيان لربط نصفي القصة معا في الفصل الأخير. يسمح هذا النهج للمؤلفين لإنتاج رواية شهريا بالتقريب. ثانيا، فإن حقوق الفيلم على الكتب يتم التقاطها على الفور. ضمن هذا النظام أن تنتج استوديوهات الأفلام تتمات بشكل موثوق.

مراجع

روايات جريمة فرنسية
روايات عن الجريمة
روايات فرنسية في 1911
سلاسل روايات جريمة
سلسلات كتب
شخصيات خيالية
شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 1911
شخصيات ذكور في الأدب
شخصيات ذكور في الأفلام
شخصيات سلسلات أفلام
شخصيات في خيال رخيص
شخصيات في روايات فرنسية في القرن 20
فرنسيون خياليون
قتلة متسلسلون خياليون
لصوص محترفون خياليون

فانتوماس


Sizzo de Noris ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Cristoforo Sizzo de Noris (1706–1776), italienischer Geistlicher, Fürstbischof von Trient
 Gustav Heinrich Maria Graf Sizzo de Noris (1873–1943), italienisch-österreichisch-ungarischer Diplomat

Sizzo de Noris


ابن آوى السوري  أو الواوي وفق التسمية المحليَّة في الديار الشامية، هو إحدى نُويعات ابن آوى الذهبي.

الصفات الخارجية
لابن آوى السوري شعرٌ مُصفر ورمادي ممزوج بالسواد، وذيل قصير طرفه أسود. يتراوح طول البالغ منها بين ستين وتسعين سنتيمتراً، ويصل طول ذيله إلى ثلاثين سنتيمترٍ، وارتفاعه إلى قُرابة 40 سنتيمتراً، وتتراوح زنته بين خمسة واثنا عشر كيلوجراماً. والذكور أكبر حجماًً من الإناث. تُعد النُويعة السوريَّة مُتوسطة الحجم إذا ما قورنت بالنُويعة المصرية (Canis aureus lupaster) الأكبر حجماً، والنُويعة العربية (Canis aureus hadramauticus) الأصغر حجماً.

التغذية
ابن آوى السوري من القوارت (آكل لِكُل شيءٍ سواء كان من مصدرٍ حيواني أو نباتي)، فهو يفترس الحيوانات الأُخرى مثل الحشرات والحلازين والسحالي والأفاعي والضفادع والطيور والأسماك والقوارض والأرانب وصغار الغزلان وجيف الثدييات الأكبر حجماً، كما يسطو على مزارع الدواجن في القرى والمناطق الريفية؛ كما يتغذى ابن آوى على الثمار مثل التمر. وهو يبحث عن غذائه ليلاً، ولكنه ينشط أيضاً خلال ساعات النهار، وخاصة في ساعات الصباح، وقبل غروب الشمس.

المراجع

انظر أيضًا
 كتاب الغزال: النشرة الفلسطينية لعلم الأحياء. رحلة علمية في ربوع فلسطين والبلاد العربية وأوروبا بين الأعوام 1983-2004. تأليف: نعمان علي بسام خلف اليافاوي. الطبعة الأولى، ربيع الآخر 1425 هجرية، يوليو (تموز) 2004 ميلادية. بون - باد جودسبرج، ألمانيا. 452 صفحة. (باللغات العربية والإنجيليزية والألمانية). ISBN 3-00-014121-9
 الثدييات العربية. رحلة علمية حيوانية في ربوع فلسطين والبلاد العربية وأوروبا بين الأعوام 1980-2006. تأليف: نعمان علي بسام خلف اليافاوي. الطبعة الأولى، جُمادى الثانية 1427 هجرية، يوليو (تموز) 2006 ميلادية. ريلشينغن - هنفايلر، ألمانيا، والشارقة، الإمارات العربية. 484 صفحة. (باللغات العربية والإنجيليزية والألمانية). ISBN 3-00-017294-7
 اللواحم العربية (الضواري العربية). رحلة علمية حيوانية في ربوع فلسطين والبلاد العربية وأوروبا بين الأعوام 2005-2008. تأليف: د. نعمان علي بسام خلف اليافاوي. الطبعة الأولى، رمضان 1429 هجرية، سبتمبر (أيلول) 2008 ميلادية. الشارقة، الإمارات العربية وريلشينغن - هنفايلر، ألمانيا. 396 صفحة. (باللغات العربية والإنجيليزية والألمانية).

ثدييات فلسطين
ثدييات لبنان
ثدييات سوريا
ثدييات الأردن

ابن آوى السوري