Valenzuela (, Tagalog: ), officially the City of Valenzuela (), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 714,978 people.

It is the 6th most populous city in the National Capital Region, and the 11th most populous in the country. It is located about  north of Manila, the nation's capital. Valenzuela is categorized under Republic Act Nos. 7160 and 8526 as a highly urbanized, first-class city based on income classification and number of population. A landlocked chartered city located on the island of Luzon, it is bordered by the province of Bulacan, and cities of Caloocan, Malabon and Quezon City. Valenzuela shares border and access to Tenejeros-Tullahan River with Malabon. It has a total land area of , where its residents are composed of about 72% Tagalog people followed by 5% Bicolanos with a small percentage of foreign nationals.

Valenzuela was named after Pío Valenzuela, a physician and a member of the Katipunan, a secret society founded against the colonial government of Spain. The city, as a town, originally had the name Polo, initially formed in 1621 after separation from Meycauayan, Bulacan. The Battle of Malinta of the Philippine–American War was fought in Polo in 1899. In 1960, President Carlos P. Garcia ordered the split of Polo's southern barangays to form another town named as Valenzuela. The split was revoked by President Diosdado Macapagal in 1963 after political disagreements and the new merged town was named Valenzuela. The modern-day Valenzuela with its borders was chartered in 1998.

Toponymy
In Spanish, Valenzuela is a diminutive form of Valencia which means "little Valencia". The name Valenzuela is also the surname of Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino, a Tagalog physician and was one of the leaders of Katipunan. He was regarded as a member of the Katipunan triumvirate which started the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial authorities in 1896. He also served as the provisional chairman for the Katipunan.

Before 1960, Valenzuela was formerly known as Polo, where Pío Valenzuela was born. The name Polo was derived from the Tagalog term pulô, which means "island" or "islet", although the area was not an island itself. The town of Polo was entirely surrounded by the rivers, thus, creating an impression of itself being an island.

History

Spanish colonial era
During the Spanish era, present-day Valenzuela, Obando and Novaliches (now in Quezon City) were parts of Bulacan. Areas now covered by Valenzuela included four haciendas (Malinta, Tala, Piedad, and Maysilo), small political settlements and a Spanish garrison. These areas were known as Polo. The region was bounded by the Tullahan River on the south and streams of branching Río Grande de Pampanga on some areas.

thumb|200px|left| Pueblo de Polo 1623-2023

When Manila became an archdiocese in 1595, regular friars who had already established permanent churches in Meycauayan decided that the sitio of Polo be separated from the town and have its own church to cater its increasing spiritual needs. Through successive efforts of Franciscan friar Juan Taranco and Don Juan Monsód, sitio Polo and Catanghalan (now part of Obando) was successfully separated from Meycauayan on November 7, 1621, at the feast day of the town's new patron, St. Didacus of Alcalá, known locally as San Diego de Alcalá. The first cabeza de barangay of Polo was Monsód, while Taranco run the parish on a small tavern, which would become the present-day San Diego de Alcalá church. The separation was then confirmed by Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza in a proclamation letter on November 12, 1623. Later, the date of November 12 is adopted as the foundation day of the city.

The construction of a parochial church dedicated to St. Didacus of Alcalá started in 1627, under the supervision of José Valencia and Juan Tibay. The first church structure was completed in 1632. But its bell was looted during the Chinese uprising of 1635. At that time, Chinese merchants resided specifically in Barrio Pariancillo, which was located at the back of the church. In 1852, the church was repaired and remodeled under the direction of Fr. Vicente. The church was later re-dedicated to another patron, to the Nuestra señora de la Inmaculada Concepción. A convent was also built followed by a common house (casa tribunal) that had a rectangular prison cell and a school house made of stone. On June 3, 1865, a strong earthquake destroyed the belfry of the San Diego de Alcalá Church, followed by an epidemic that killed thousands of people.

A new pueblo was carved out of the northwestern area of Polo on May 14, 1753, by the orders of the Governor-General Francisco Jose de Obando y Solis, Marquis of Brindisi. The new town was named Obando in honor of the governor general, and was incorporated to Bulacan.

In 1762-1764 British occupation of Manila and surrounding suburbs the colonial government led by Simón de Anda y Salazar fled to Bacolor, Pampanga through Polo. The British followed Anda, and at one point stayed in sitio Mabolo while waiting for orders from the British civil Governor Dawsonne Drake. They explored the nearby communities of Malanday, Wakas, Dalandanan, Pasolo, Rincon and Malinta. The terrified local population fled and sought refuge in the forests of Viente Reales, where many of them died of malaria. The British then proceed to Malolos, Bulacan where they were ambushed by the stationed Spanish soldiers. After the chase, the local population of Polo returned to their homes on May 12, 1763, after days of reconstruction. The day May 12 was commemorated as the feast of St. Roch, locally known as San Roque, as another patron saint and as a memorial to those who died in the Seven Years' War.

In 1854, General Manuel Pavía y Lacy, Marquis de Novaliches, was named Governor-General of the Philippine Islands. He arrived in Manila with the task of establishing a penal colony where prisoners would be granted lands they would develop in exchange for their release. The colony was given the name Hacienda Tala since the once heavily forested area became identical to one where a star ("tala") had fallen after clearing. This hacienda grew into a larger community that eventually merged with the haciendas of Malinta and Piedad in forming the independent town of Novaliches on January 26, 1856. A new road from Polo to Novaliches opened and traversed the barrios of Mabolo, Pasolo, Rincon, Malinta, Masisan, Paso de Blas, Canumay and Bagbaguin.

In 1869, Filipino physician and patriot Pío Valenzuela was born in Polo. He would be later known as one of the key leaders of the Katipunan, which he joined in 1892 at the age of 23. His admission to the society led to the more recruits from Polo, including Ulpiano Fernández, Gregorio Flamenco, Crispiniano Agustines, and Faustino Duque. When Valenzuela was the chief editor, Fernández held a special role in the Katipunan as a printer of the Ang Kalayaan, the organization's official newspaper.

The now-defunct Manila-Dagupan Railway opened in 1892 and traversed the barrios of Marulas, Caruhatan, Malinta, Dalandanan and Malanday, with the station being in Dalandanan.

A constituted branch of the Katipunan was established in Polo on February 1, 1896. The town joined other revolutionaries when the Philippine Revolution broke out on August 1896, while Valenzuela availed the amnesty offered by Spanish authorities few weeks later. One of the notable battles in Polo occurred in sitios Bitik and Pasong Balite in Pugad Baboy, where the locals won under the command of General Tiburcio de León y Gregorio. During the revolution, the Spanish massacred many residents, most of them in Malinta. Suspected revolutionaries were hanged and tortured to death. Many were forced to admit guilt or shout innocent names; others were shot without trial.

American invasion era

The Americans imposed a military government when they acquire the Philippine islands from Spain as part of the peace treaty of the Spanish–American War. They appointed Pío Valenzuela as the first municipal president of (presidente municipal) on September 6, 1899, to suppress aggressive leadership in the area. He resigned in February 1901 to become the head of the military division and an election was held. Later that year, the government proclaimed Rufino Valenzuela, a relative of Pío as the second president and first elected municipal president of the town.

When the Philippine–American War broke out in early 1899, the Americans were directed to capture Emilio Aguinaldo who was escaping to Malolos, Bulacan. Polo was one of the towns where Aguinaldo retreated, thus it received heavy casualties on the first stages of the war. On February 22, 1899, General Antonio Luna camped at Polo after an unsuccessful engagement with the American forces in Caloocan. A bloody battle on March 26, 1899, happened near the barrio chapel of Malinta. The Filipino forces had to retreat with arrival of American reinforcements after being were initially successful in defending Malinta and killing Colonel Harry Egbert.

On October 8, 1903, the adjacent town of Obando merged with Polo by virtue of Act No. 932. It was later separated from Polo effective August 10, 1907, by virtue of Act No. 1588 dated January 25, 1907.

In 1910, a stone arch was built at its municipal boundary with Malabon, Rizal along Calle Real (modern-day Marcelo H. Del Pilar Street). In 1928, Manila North Road (Highway 3) opened and became the new gateway. The once-agricultural town slowly shifted to industrial. Businesses soon put up factories, the most famous of which is the Japanese venture Balintawak Beer Brewery that opened in 1938.

Japanese occupation era
The entrance of the Japanese in Polo during the Second World War was met with almost no resistance. However, there were too many murders committed. The place became a center of Makapili and spies who troubled the peaceful civilians. It was found that the Balintawak Beer Brewery became front for manufacturing ammunition for the Japanese forces. The sudden appearance of the Japanese added terror to the place. The old church of San Diego de Alcalá became a torture house during WWII.

The reign of terror climaxed on December 10, 1944. It was a day of mourning for the people of Polo and Obando when the Japanese massacred more than a hundred males in both towns. About 1:00 am on this day up to the setting of the sun cries could be heard from the municipal building when males were tortured to death. Mayor Feliciano Ponciano met the same fate when he died on a cruel death together with other municipal officials.

When liberation came, the town was partly burned by the approaching the military forces of combined Filipino and American regiments who used flamethrowers. They bombed and shelled big houses in the town not exempting even the more than 300 years old church of San Diego.

The historical old bridge connecting northern and southern areas of the town was destroyed by the Japanese, thus separating Polo in two parts. The northern part was at once liberated by joint Filipino and American troops while the southern part, which includes the municipal center poblacion was still under the Japanese banner. The Japanese abandoned the town on February 11, 1945, when the combined troops were able to cross the river and took the town.

Philippine independence
In 1947, the Balintawak Beer Brewery was acquired by San Miguel Beer. The Spanish church was never rebuilt and only the belfry and the entrance arch remained. A new church was built perpendicular to the ruins of the old one.

On July 21, 1960, President Carlos P. Garcia signed Executive Order No. 401 which divided Polo into two: Polo and Valenzuela. Polo comprised the northern barangays of Wawang Pulo, Poblacion, Palasan, Arkong Bato, Pariancillo Villa, Balangkas, Mabolo, Coloong, Malanday, Bisig, Tagalag, Rincon, Pasolo, Punturin, Bignay, Viente Reales, and Dalandanan. Valenzuela, on the other hand, comprised the southern barangays of Karuhatan, Marulas, Malinta, Ugong, Mapulang Lupa, Canumay, Maysan, Parada, Paso de Blas, Bagbaguin and Torres Bugallón (now Gen. T. de Leon). A provisional town hall was built across today's SM City Valenzuela, until a permanent town hall was built near the intersection of MacArthur Highway and the old Polo-Novaliches Road.

The division soon proved to be detrimental to economic growth in each town, so Bulacan Second district Representative to the Fifth Congress Rogaciano Mercado and Senator Francisco Soc Rodrigo filed a bill which sought the reunification of the two towns. On September 11, 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal signed Executive Order No. 46 which reunified Valenzuela and Polo, adapting Valenzuela as the name of the resulting town.

In 1967, mayor Ignacio Santiago Sr. purchased lots in Karuhatan in which the new municipal hall would be built. Misinterpretation of property surveys and tax appropriation issues sparked the debate on which barangay should the municipal hall be belonged to: Karuhatan, Malinta, or Maysan. To resolve the issue, Santiago ordered the creation of a new barangay which was called Poblacion II, a reference to the old Poblacion barangay.

Incorporation of Metro Manila
On November 7, 1975, jurisdiction over Valenzuela was moved from the province of Bulacan to Metro Manila. Metro Manila was then headed by First Lady Imelda Marcos as its governor. Due to this, Valenzuela is the only area in the modern National Capital Region that was neither part of Spanish colonial-era Manila, Rizal province, nor the war-time City of Greater Manila.

In 1968, the North Diversion Road (now North Luzon Expressway) was opened. Rail transport to the city ceased in 1988 with the closure of the Philippine National Railway's North Line.

Cityhood

The passage of the Local Government Code in 1991 provided local governments autonomy which has allowed them develop into self-reliant communities. On February 14, 1998, President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 8526, which converted the municipality of Valenzuela into a highly urbanized chartered city. The law also ordered the division of the newly created city into two legislative districts. When the law was ratified on December 30, 1998, Valenzuela became the 12th city to be admitted in Metro Manila and the 83rd in the Philippines.

Contemporary
In 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed July 11 every year as Valenzuela Day, which was an official holiday in the city that commemorates the birth date of Pío Valenzuela. However, in 2008, the date of the city's charter day was transferred to February 14. Today, Valenzuela City celebrates Valenzuela Day and Valenzuela Foundation Day on February 14 and November. 12 respectively

On December 9, 2002, the National Capital Region Police Office announced that they have discovered the largest illegal drugs factory in the country within a Chinese-owned warehouse in Lawang Bato after a fire broke out in the building, achieving the largest methamphetamine drug bust at the time with over  worth of drugs seized.

On May 13, 2015, a fire broke out in Kentex Manufacturing factory in barangay Ugong, killing 74 people in the incident. In 2016, the Ombudsman ordered the dismissal of mayor Rex Gatchalian and other city officials due to grave misconduct and negligence of duty during the incident. This is dubbed as the third worst fire incident in the country.

Geography

Valenzuela is located at  and is about  north of country's capital, Manila. Manila Bay, the country's top port for trade and industry is located about  west of the city. Valenzuela is bordered in the north by the town of Obando and the city of Meycauayan in Bulacan, the city of Navotas in the west, Malabon in the south, and Quezon City and northern portion of Caloocan in the east.

The highest elevation point is  above sea level. Having a surface gradient of 0.55% and a gentle slope, hilly landscape is located in the industrial section of the city in Canumay. The average elevation point is  above sea level.

Apart from the political borders set by the law, Valenzuela and Malabon is also separated by the  Tenejeros-Tullahan River or simply Tullahan River. The river obtained its name from tulya or clam due to the abundance of such shellfish in the area. Tullahan is a part of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system of central Luzon. It is now considered biologically dead and one of the dirtiest river system in the world. Tullahan riverbanks used to be lined with mangrove trees and rich with freshwater fish and crabs. Children used to play in the river before it was polluted by developing industries near it.

In an effort to save the river, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority and the local governments of Valenzuela and Malabon signed partnerships with private and non-government organizations to dredge the area.

Increased climate variability, that is associated with global warming, has brought with it periods of heavy rainfall and high tides which in turn results in stagnant water which can stay in the area for up to 4 weeks due to insufficient drainage and improper solid waste disposal. People are often stranded inside their homes and are exposed to water-borne diseases such as dengue and leptospirosis. Better early warning systems are needed to manage the risk associated with increased rainfall.

Administrative division

Valenzuela is composed of 33 barangays, the smallest administrative unit in the city. A barangay is equivalent to an American village and a British ward. The barangay is headed by the barangay captain or punong barangay and his 7-manned local council or mga kagawad duly elected by the residents. Youth sector of the barangay is represented by the youth council called the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) headed by the SK chairperson and his 7-manned assembly, also known as mga SK kagawad. There are 33 punong barangays and 231 kagawads in Valenzuela; SK officials are also of the same number. The barangays also serve as census areas of the city.

In the national level, Valenzuela is divided into two congressional districts: the first legislative district which contains 24 barangays in the northern half of the city, while the second legislative district contains the remaining 9 barangays of the southern portion of the city. Unlike barangays, legislative districts has no political leader, but are represented by congressional representatives in the House of Representatives of the Philippines.

Climate

Due to its location in Metro Manila, rainfall and climate in Valenzuela is almost similar to the country's capital Manila. The location of Valenzuela in the western side of the Philippines made Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) to classify its weather scheme as Type I. Wind coming from the Pacific Ocean is generally blocked by the Sierra Madre mountain range, several kilometers east of the city.

Its proximity to the equator tends to make its temperature to rise and fall into very small range: from as low as  to as high as , although humidity makes these warm to hot temperatures feel much hotter. The Köppen climate system classifies Valenzuela climate as a borderline tropical monsoon (Am) and tropical savanna (Aw) due to its location and precipitation characteristics. This means that the city has two pronounced seasons: dry and wet seasons.

Humidity levels are usually high in the morning especially during June–November which makes it feel warmer. Lowest humidity levels are recorded in the evening during wet season. Discomfort from heat and humidity is extreme during May and June, otherwise it is higher compared to other places in the country. Average sunlight is maximum at 254.25 hours during April and minimum at 113 hours during July, August and September.

Ecology
The vegetation in Valenzuela was originally covered with grasslands suitable for agriculture. Because of rapid development of industries and economy, land use converts grass covers into cemented roads. However, the government put into efforts of preserving vegetation such as constructing community vegetable gardens and techno-demo farms all over the city. In 2003, these gardens numbered up to two functioning farms.

Flora and fauna in Valenzuela includes the common plants and animals found in Luzon, such as domesticated mammals. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau declared a two-hectare mangrove/swampy area in Villa Encarnacion, barangay Malanday as an ecotourism site. Every year, about 100 species of migratory birds such as black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and other native birds such as moorhen (Gallinula sp.), swamphen (Porphyrio sp.) and Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) flock the area. Wooden view decks are built to facilitate spectators, enthusiasts and visitors while having bird watching and counting activities. As of 2020, the said ecotourism site is no longer the Villa Encarnacion today, as area has been changed and houses were built on the side of the main road, as well as other residential developments.

In 2007, ordinary fishing ponds in Tagalag and Coloong were transformed into fishing spots which attracts anglers every year for a prize catch. Fish tournaments are held every year to increase tourism and livelihood in the area.

In 2008, the Supreme Court of the Philippines mandated Regional Trial Court branch 171 as an environmental court handling all environment cases in Valenzuela.

Thomas Hodge-Smith noted in 1939 that Valenzuela is rich of black tektites occurring in spheroidal and cylindrical shapes and are free of bubbles.

Government

Local government

Like other cities in the Philippines, Valenzuela is governed by a mayor and a vice mayor who are elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head who leads the city's departments in the execution of city ordinances and delivery of public services. The vice mayor heads a legislative council that is composed of 14 members: six councilors from each of the city's two districts, and two ex officio offices held by the Association of Barangay Chairmen President as the barangay sector representative and the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation President as youth sector representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of ordinances and resolutions.

The city is geographically part of, but not politically related to, the third district of Metro Manila.

Elected officials

The incumbent mayor and vice mayor of the city are Weslie T. Gatchalian and Lorena C. Natividad-Borja, respectively.

Court system and police
The Supreme Court of the Philippines recognizes five regional trial courts and two metropolitan trial courts within Valenzuela that have an over-all jurisdiction in the populace of the city.

The Valenzuela City Police Station (VCPS) is one of the four city police stations in the Northern Police District under the jurisdiction of the Nation Capital Region Police office. Today, there are more than 500 police officers working for the VCPS, which puts the police-residents ratio in the city at 1:16,000.

In 2007, the Valenzuela City Peace and Order Council, of which the VCPS is a member, was hailed 2nd placer for the Best Peace and Order Council award that was conferred by the Department of the Interior and Local Government, the NCRPO, and the Manila Peace and Order Council. In 2012, the VCPS was cited by the NCRPO for having the best Women and Children Protection Desk in the metro.

Demographics

The demonym of Valenzuela is Valenzuelano for males and Valenzuelana for females; it is sometimes spelled as Valenzuelaño.

Based on the 2020 census, Valenzuela City has a total population of 714,978, the 7th most populous in the NCR and 13th in the Philippines. This is an increase of 7.8 percent from 575,356 people in 2010, at an annual growth rate of a 1.45%.

The five most populous barangays are: Gen. T. de Leon (89,441), Marulas (53,978), Malinta (48,397), Ugong (41,821) and Karuhatan (40,996).

Valenzuela City household population in 2010, on the other hand, is at 574,840. Almost half, 50.2 per cent, are males. Females comprise 49.8 per cent of the population, with a total number of 286, 548. The city has a sex ratio of 101 males for every 100 females, the second highest ratio in the region, after Navotas, which has a sex ratio of 102 males per 100 females. Seven out of ten Valenzuela City residents, 66.7 per cent, belong to the working-age group, or those aged 15 to 64. The remaining 33.3 are aged 0 to below 15 and 65 and above, which are classified as the dependent age group.

City population is expected to reach the 700,000-mark by mid-2022.

Culture

"Himig Valenzuela"

"Himig Valenzuela", or "Valenzuela Hymn", is the official song of the city. It is sung during flag ceremonies of private and public schools as well as government institutions along with the Philippine national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang". The hymn was composed by Edwin Ortega which has the primary objective to promote unity, progress and patriotism among the city's citizens.

City ordinance number 18 mandated all citizens of Valenzuela to sing the hymn in all meetings and public occasions.

Before its adoption in 2008, Valenzuela has its official hymn during its time as municipality, from being part of Bulacan to Metro Manila, called "Bayang Valenzuela", composed by Igmidio M. Reyes and its lyrics by Dr. Eusebio S. Vibar. It is now abandoned its use as official hymn of this city. There is a video by Valenzuela City Cultural and Tourism Development Office, which is found on Facebook.

Feasts and holidays
In 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Republic Act No. 9428 which sets February 14 every year as a special non-working holiday to commemorate cityhood of Valenzuela in 1998. On the same hand, November 12 each year is declared by the city government as the city's foundation day, looking back the establishment of then-Polo in 1623. There are misunderstandings before regarding the date of the actual foundation of the town, however, this date was decided by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines to be the town's creation, since Spanish colonizers adopted a town's patron saint feast day as its date of creation.

Each barangay in Valenzuela have their own feast. Most of them launch celebrations during May and April to honor patron saints and bounty harvest. Every April 26, a santacruzan is performed along with Santa Cruz Festival in Barangay Isla. A santacruzan is a novena procession commemorating St. Helena's mythical finding of the cross. St. Helena was the mother of Constantine the Great. According to legends, 300 years after the death of Christ, at the age of 75, she went to Calvary to conduct a search for the Cross. After some archeological diggings at the site of the Crucifixion, she unearthed three crosses. She tested each one by making a sick servant lie on all three. The cross where the servant recovered was identified as Christ's. St. Helena's feast day falls on August 8 but the anniversary of the finding of the Cross is on May 3, in the Philippines, this celebration took the form of the Mexican Santa Cruz de Mayo.
thumb|100px|right| Hiyas ng Bulakan Sayaw-Pasasalamat, 12 Mayo 1763 - San Roque ng Pulo historical marker
Mano Po, San Roque Festival is celebrated every May 12 in Mabolo. In Valenzuela, San Roque is also known as the patron saint of the unmarried. There are countless tales of single girls who danced and prayed in the procession and who claim to have found their husband during the fiesta. The festival is almost similar to Obando Fertility Rites where hopeful romantics dance to San Roque requesting to find their true love. Street dancing and procession along the city's major thoroughfares in commemoration of the feast of San Roque, highlighting the customs and traditional celebration of the festival. This also commemorates townsfolk victory after the British departed the country following the end of Seven Years' War with Spain.

The Feast of San Diego de Alcala is commemorated every November 12 in Poblacion. This is a celebration of the feast of the oldest church in Valenzuela which includes annual boat racing, street dancing and different fabulous activities of the festival. As part of the San Diego de Alcala Feast Day, a unique food festival in the country is celebrated which features the famous putong Polo, the small but classy kakanin which was originally created in the town of Polo. This rice cake was a recipient of Manuel Quezon Presidential Award in 1931 which was cited having its exotic taste and amazingly long shelf-life. The celebration, known as Putong Polo Festival includes a parade featuring artistic creations from the rice cake which showcases creativity among the residents.

Economy

Owing to the cross-migration of people across the country and its location as the northernmost point of Metro Manila, Valenzuela has developed into a multicultural metropolis. A former agricultural rural area, Valenzuela has grown into a major economic and industrial center of the Philippines when a large number of industries relocated to the central parts of the city.

Tourism
There are several attractions in Valenzuela City that residents and visitors of the city can enjoy.

The Valenzuela City People's Park or simply People's Park, is an urban park located in a 1.3-hectare lot beside the city hall in barangay Karuhatan. There is an electronically controlled dancing fountain at the park entrance, an aero circle for zumba and other group exercises, garden, children's playground, zoological spaces where animals are displayed to the public, and a 400-seater amphitheater that can host a wide range of activities.

Another facility in the city that boasts of a nature-centered open space and is free to the public is the Valenzuela City Family Park also in Karuhatan. There is a playground, interactive fountain, aviary, fitness machines, amphitheater, and a food park in the park. The park is also pet-friendly, bike-friendly, and accessible to persons with disability.

One of the many initiatives of the city government to create greener spaces, Polo Mini Park was inaugurated on January 21, 2020, six months after the announcement of the rehabilitation of the historical old town square of Polo. The park is adorned with hundred-years old luscious trees, fountain, memorial marker commemorating war veterans and statues of Pío Valenzuela and José Rizal. The park signifies not only a place for relaxation but also marks the historical identity of the City.

In English, Arkong Bato means "arch of stone" which was constructed and built by the Americans in 1910 to serve as borders between the provinces of Bulacan (where Valenzuela or Polo, as it was known before, belonged to) and Rizal. (where Malabon used to be part of) The arch is located along M.H. del Pilar Street, which was once the main gateway to North Luzon before the construction of MacArthur Highway and North Luzon Expressway. After Malabon seceded from Rizal and Valenzuela from Bulacan to become part of Metropolitan Manila in 1975, the arch now marked as the boundary between the two towns and their respective barangays, Barangay Santulan in Malabon and Barangay Arkong Bato in Valenzuela.

The Harry C. Egbert Memorial is located in Sitio Tangke Street in Malinta that serves as monument and memorial to Brigadier general Harry Clay Egbert, commanding officer of the 22nd Infantry Regiment of the United States who was mortally wounded here in 1899 during the Philippine–American War. Additionally, Egbert also served the US Army during American Civil War and Spanish–American War.

The Museo Valenzuela () was the house where Dr. Pío Valenzuela, in whose memory the old town of Polo was renamed, was born and saw the best years of his life. This same house was burned recently. Valenzuela's historical and cultural landmark, Museo Valenzuela features collections of artifacts depicting the city's past and continuing development.

The Libingan ng mga Hapon () was built in a 500-square meter lot of the Bureau of Telecommunications compound. The cemetery served thousands of fallen Japanese soldiers during the Philippines Campaign of 1944–45.

The National Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima () is the center of the Fatima apostolate in the country was declared a tourist site in 1982 by the Department of Tourism and a pilgrimage shrine in 2009 by the Diocese of Malolos. It is near the Our Lady of Fatima University. The shrine houses the wooden statue of Our Lady of Fatima, one of the fifty images blessed by Pope Paul VI in 1967 as part of golden celebration of the Marian apparition to three children in Fátima, Portugal. The images were later distributed to churches worldwide, where one of them is intended for the Philippines, however, unclaimed ending up in New Jersey. In 1984, Cardinal Jaime Sin, Archbishop of Manila, finally claimed the statue and was then transferred under the custody Bahay Maria Foundation, a Philippine-based Marian organization. During People Power Revolution in 1986, it was one of the iconic figures held by revolutionaries to oust the dictator Ferdinand Marcos. On October 17, 1999, the statue was then transferred to the shrine. The feast of Our Lady of Fatima is celebrated every March 7 and May 13.

Dr. Pío Valenzuela, who became part of the triumvirate of revolutionary society Katipunan and founder of the organ Ang Kalayaan, lived and died in 1956 at the old Residence of Pío Valenzuela along Velilla Street in Barangay Pariancillo Villa, where a marker by the Valenzuela city government was placed in his honor. The present house was built after the war on the site of the old house which once served as venue for secret meetings and gatherings of the Katipunan. The old house was burned during World War II.

The San Diego de Alcala Church and its belfry was built in 1632 by the people of Polo.  Residents were taken to forced labor to complete the church after the town gained its independence through Father Juan Taranco and Don Juan Monsod. The belfry and entrance arch, which are over four centuries old, are the only parts of the edifice that remain to this day.  The main structure was destroyed by bombs during the Japanese occupation. Residents of barangays Polo and Poblacion celebrate the feast day of San Diego de Alcala on November 12 every year, together with the putong polo festival.

Located at Malanday, the Hearts of Jesus and Mary Parish Church, was erected on October 17, 1994, to replace the Santo Cristo Chapel, and solemnly declared on June 24, 2001. The Church belongs to the Vicariate of St. Didacus of Alcala – Valenzuela City, Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos.

The Valenzuela Astrodome is a large multi-purpose, domed sports stadium located in barangay Dalandanan that hosts several sports events, concerts, promotional events, seminars, job fairs, etc.

Dubbed as Valenzuela City's "best kept secret", the Tagalag Fishing Village lies beside a  boardwalk in Barangay Tagalag. Various activities are being offered in one of the newest attractions in the city such as recreational fishing, line fishing tutorials, bird watching, boating, photowalk, and sunset watching.

Services

Education

The city collaborates with other institutions, government or private, to bring quality education among its citizens under the "WIN ang Edukasyon Program" (roughly means Education WIN sic Program, WIN is the nickname of the current mayor Sherwin Gatchalian). In 2010, the government, in partnership with the local school board, funded the purchase and construction of computer laboratories in 10 secondary schools all having a net worth of Php 17.7M (or about US$410,000 as of April 2011). This also includes the distribution of Php 1.46M (or about US$34,000 as of April 2011) computers in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela and Valenzuela City Polytechnic College, as part of Department of Education's ICT4E Strategic Plan. In this project, information and communication technology education is extended and expanded among all students. In 2009, the City Engineering Office repaired sidewalks and drainage to assist students especially during the wet season; they also repaired and constructed new buildings and classrooms to some schools in the city. Under the same program, elementary school students received free mathematics and English workbooks published by the government especially designed for Valenzuelanos. The steady increase of 3.4% enrollment rate each year forces the government to construct new buildings and classrooms to meet the target 1:45 teacher-to-student ratio, contrary to the current count of 1:50 ratio alternating in three shifts. WIN ang Edukasyon Program was done in partnership with the Synergeia Foundation, a non-government organization that aims to improve education in local governments in the Philippines.

At the same time, WIN ang Edukasyon Program also spearheads the yearly training of some mathematics and English language teachers assigned to Grades 1 and 2 pupils.  The seminar focuses on how to enhance reading skills, language proficiency and mathematics of the students they are teaching through re-acquaintance with various drills and activities. This was done with the efforts of lecturers from Ateneo de Manila University and Bulacan State University using the approach developed by the UP Diliman's College of Education.

The government owns Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela and Valenzuela City Polytechnic College that serve as the city's state university and technical school for residents and non-residents respectively. The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela (PLV) or University of the City of Valenzuela, was established in 2002 and is located within the perimeters of the old city hall in barangay Poblacion. In 2009, the city council passed Resolution No. 194 series of 2008 which authorized the government to purchase lots costing PhP 33M (or about US$750,000 as of April 2011) in nearby Children of Mary Immaculate College as part of the university's expansion. Mayor Sherwin Gatchalian assisted the development, which has an over-all cost of PhP 75M  (or about US$1.7M as of April 2011) loaned from Development Bank of the Philippines.  The newly purchased lots are used to construct an annex building which will house the departments of business administration and accountancy. The Board of Regents expected an increase of enrollment from 800 to 3,000 students in the next few years.

Valenzuela City Polytechnic College (VCPC) was allotted with additional Php 18M (or about US$420,000 as of April 2011) budget in 2009 from the city fund which will be used for expansion and upgrade of the college.

There are also privately owned academic institutions including the Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU). OLFU was previously granted by Commission on Higher Education an autonomy, which includes independence from monitoring and evaluation services by the Commission though still entitled by subsidies and other financial grants from the national government whenever possible. The autonomous status of the university was approved on March 11, 2009, and expired last March 30, 2014.

Healthcare

There are numerous hospitals in Valenzuela like the city-run Valenzuela City Emergency Hospital and the Valenzuela Medical Center. There are also privately owned hospitals like Calalang General Hospital, Sanctissimo Rosario General Hospital and Fatima University Medical Center, a tertiary private hospital under the administration of Our Lady of Fatima University. The soon-to-rise Valenzuela City West Emergency Hospital and Dialysis Center is located in barangay Dalandanan, adjacent to Valenzuela City Astrodome and Dalandanan National High School. It will render adequate healthcare services to underprivileged residents at a minimal fee.

The city implements VC Cares Program which is designed for individuals who are unable to provide healthcare and basic necessities for themselves or meet special emergency situations of need. While health care service and financial assistance are generally the forms of assistance given, these may be supplemented by other forms of assistance, as well as problem-solving and referral services.  Appropriate referrals may be made to other agencies or institutions where complementary services may be obtained.

According to the 2002 Commission on Audit, the city reported accomplishment per health center ranging from as low as 42.26% to as high as 206% and vaccine utilization of 33% to 90% compared to normal 46% to 377% per basic requirements.

There are swampy areas on Valenzuela and there is a stagnant water in Tullahan River on the south, which make citizens vulnerable to mosquito-linked diseases such as dengue and malaria. Though malaria is not a common case in Valenzuela–the city ranks consistently among top five dengue-infected regions in the Philippines with around 560% chance of recurrence every year. In the second quarter of 2008, however, only 500% increase was reported compared to the same period in 2007.

In September 2009, the Department of Health distributed free Olyset anti-dengue nets treated permethrin insecticide to Gen. T. de Leon High School. Over 150 rolls of the nets were given and installed to the windows of the said school, as part of DOH's "Dalaw sa Barangay: Aksyon Kontra Dengue" (Visit Barangay: Action against Dengue) campaign.

Shopping centers and utilities

On October 28, 2005, SM Supercenter Valenzuela (now SM City Valenzuela) was inaugurated. Other shopping sites such as Puregold Valenzuela, the newly renovated South Supermarket and the newly opened Puregold Paso de Blas is also located in the city. All these stores compete against each other since most have the same product offerings as diversified groceries except for SM City Valenzuela which has upgraded with the opening of The SM Store. People from the city with more major shopping needs normally head south to cities such as Quezon City and Manila, since they have bigger malls and commercial centers with more diverse trade goods.

Water supply for the city is supplied by the Metropolitan Water Works and Sewerage System (MWSS)' west concessionaire Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI). As of 2006, the city has at least 68% water service coverage as determined by the Regulatory Office of the MWSS. Each customer receives at least 7 psi water pressure, which means supply can reach for up to two floors for residential use. Maynilad is owned and currently operated by DMCI Holdings, Inc.–Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (DMCI-MPIC).

On June 2, 2010, the Sitero Francisco Memorial National High School in barangay Ugong unveiled its first solar generators, the first time for a school in the Philippines. The six 1-kilowatt photovoltaic solar arrays installed to light nine-classrooms are bought from Wanxiang America Corporation through the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) and are part of the solar energy initiative of the city. The arrays were shipped from Illinois, installation were paid by the city government. First district representative Rex Gatchalian and former second district councilor Shalani Soledad headed the switching ceremony, that made it the first-ever solar-powered school in the country. The solar panels can generate 1 kW to 5 kW of electricity per hour depending on the intensity of sunlight. Unused solar energy is stored in eight deep-cycle batteries which can be used after sunset. The panels also continue to absorb light from the night sky.

Waste management
According to the 2002 Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Report of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Valenzuela has the highest number of identified recycling companies in the region. It was also said that recycling centers related to plastic materials are relatively higher than other recyclable objects like metals, paper, glass among others. Accordingly, the city government allocates an amount of about 785.70 Philippine pesos (approx. US$18 as of April 2011) for every transportation and collection costs of a ton of waste material. In 2003, the city generated about 307.70 tons of waste every day. In 2001, it was reported by ADB that the city has as high as 25% solid waste management cost recovery rate through service charges on households and other enterprises for operational activities associated with waste collection, treatment and disposal. That same year, the city's proposal to implement a community-based solid waste management project in barangay Mapulang Lupa, was approved by the national government, which involves social mobilization, training of personnel, implementation of segregated collection and establishment of materials recovery facility and windows composting operation among others. The city government was granted a maximum of US$25,000 from Asian Development Bank for the operation of the project.

In 1988, the city opened its first waste disposal facility, the Lingunan Controlled Dumpsite. Every year, the facility collects and processed only about 60% of the entire city's waste with landfilling and recycling services. The dumpsite uses rice hull ash as daily cover and odor control material for the waste collected in the area. Lingunan Controlled Dumpsite also conducted some limited waste segregation and resource recovery operations prior to burial of residual waste. In 2006, the controlled dumpsite was closed per MMDA order in 2003 and was subsequently converted into a sanitary landfill as directed by RA 9003.

In statistics, 60% of the wastes collected in the city are collected, hauled and dumped in controlled dumpsites while 5% are retrieved and recycled and 35% are thrown everywhere in the city. Half of all these wastes are non-biodegradable wastes which include plastics, Styrofoams and rubbers alike, while the remaining are biodegradable wastes which is 70% food and kitchen wastes, 20% plant wastes and 10% animal wastes. In 2002, there are about 30 small and big junkshops that collect recyclable materials and 20 schools that require their students to bring recyclable stuff as school project.

The city spearheaded Metro Manila's implementation of full-pledged waste management program in 1999 when it became the first area in the region to allocate 2.8-hectare land in barangay Marulas, to serve an ecology center and location for the city's waste management program's operation center. Biodegradable wastes in this area are converted to fertilizers. In 2004, the city government funded the repair of 29 garbage trucks and purchase of another 20 trucks that may increase the capacity of Waste Management Office to do full rounds of garbage every week.

Justice management
In a joint study conducted by the Supreme Court of the Philippines and the United Nations Development Programme in July 2003 assessing inmate and institutional management among selected municipal and city jails in the National Capital Region, it was found that Valenzuela City Jail has a congestion rate of 170%. According to the study, the excess number of inmates in Metro Manila jails resulted into outbreak of various ailments such as psychiatric disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis and skin diseases. The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology recommends the implementation of release programs under applicable laws.

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) of Valenzuela is located along Valenzuela Hall of Justice in barangay Karuhatan.  It was formerly located at the old city hall in barangay Maysan which was transferred by mayor Sherwin Gatchalian in 2010 along with other trial courts, the police headquarters and prosecutor's office of the city. That same year, the BJMP launched the Alternative Learning System program, in partnership with the local government and Department of Education (DepEd), as part of the rehabilitation programs to city jail inmates. Successful passers of the program received certification of DepEd as proof of completion of secondary education.

Transportation

Expressways such as the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and NLEX Harbor Link project traverse through Valenzuela. Valenzuela is accessible to and from NLEX via Paso de Blas Interchange, formerly known as Malinta Exit (due to the road's direct access to barangay Malinta), at Km. 28. It also has exits towards barangays Lingunan and Lawang Bato. Meanwhile, the Harbor Link project, where Segments 8.1 and 9 are components of Circumferential Road 5, provides access to Valenzuela through its interchanges at MacArthur Highway (Karuhatan), Harbor Link Interchange with NLEX, and Mindanao Avenue in barangay Ugong, as well as exits towards barangays Parada and Gen. T. de Leon.

Valenzuela is also connected to Bulacan through MacArthur Highway which ends at Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan.

One of the well-known bridges in Valenzuela is the Tullahan Bridge in barangay Marulas that connects the city to barangay Potrero in Malabon. Tullahan bridge is part of MacArthur Highway that was built during the Spanish era as a way of transporting vehicles over Tullahan River. In the span of years, it was renovated repeatedly, most recent was in 2008, though defects on the bridge began to appear barely six months after it opened for public use.

The city is webbed by hundreds of roads where 99.622% of them has a surface type of concrete while the remaining 0.378% were made of dirt. The Department of Public Works and Highways recognizes nine national bridges in Valenzuela, listed below. Other bridges are just minors that connect small cliffs and former landfill areas, like Malinta Bridge in barangay Malinta. City roads has an average road density of 1.155 kilometer of road per 100 square-kilometer of land area. Each road has an average road section of 155 sections and spans .

The Valenzuela Gateway Complex Terminal in Paso de Blas is designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority as Manila's northern provincial bus terminal. Bus companies also founded terminals in barangay Malanday, northernmost locality of Valenzuela along the border with Bulacan, though there are terminals situated in barangays Dalandanan and Karuhatan as well. This includes Laguna Star Bus, PAMANA Transport Service, Inc., CEM Trans Services and Philippine Corinthian Liner, Inc. among others. These buses are lined with Metro Manila destinations only, usually in Alabang or Baclaran with routes along EDSA. Bus traffic is also dense at barangays Paso de Blas and Bagbaguin due to its proximity to Paso de Blas Interchange and bus terminals in Novaliches, Quezon City. Other modes of transportation includes jeepneys (with routes usually from Malanday to Recto, Santa Cruz, Divisoria, Pier 15 South Harbor & T. M. Kalaw in Manila and Grace Park & Monumento in Caloocan and Malinta to Malolos City, Baliwag and Santa Maria along MacArthur Highway) for general mass transportation, tricycles (or trikes) for small-scale transportation and taxicabs for upper middle classes.

There are no airports and ports in Valenzuela.

External relations

Valenzuela is twinned with the following towns and cities:

Friendship links
Valenzuela has friendship links (with no formal constitution) with the following towns and cities. Agreements usually forged towards industrial, cultural or academic exchanges and understanding.
  Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
  Kauai, Hawaii, United States

Notable people

 Atty. Santiago San Andres de Guzman, Municipal Mayor from 1988 to 1992
 Virgilio "Billy" Abarrientos, member of the Crispa Redmanizers
 Eugenio Angeles (1868-1977), former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1967 to 1968
 Bobbit Carlos (born 1957), former mayor (1995-2004) and representative (2004-2007)
 Danilo Concepcion, former youth sector representative to the Interim Batasang Pambansa (1978-1984), former Vice President for Legal Affairs of University of the Philippines, Dean of UP College of Law since 2011, and concurrently President of the University of the Philippines since 2017
 Glaiza de Castro (born 1988), Filipina actress and singer
 Ford Valencia (born 1995), Pinoy Boyband Superstar winner, member of Boyband PH
 Gerard "Gerry" Esplana (born 1966), former athlete (1993-2003), former member of Presto Tivolis, Santa Lucia Realtors and Shell Turbo Chargers, and former city councilor (2004-2013)
 Franzen Fajardo (born 1982), actor, TV host, and former reality show contestant
 Florentino V. Floro Jr. (born 1953), former judge
 Rex Gatchalian (born 1979), former mayor (2013-2022), representative (2007-2013, 2022-2023) and Secretary of Social Welfare and Development since 2023
 Win Gatchalian (born 1974), former mayor (2004-2013), representative (2001-2004, 2013-2016) and Senator of the Philippines since 2016
 Roberto "Bobby" Jose, member of the 1989 Petron Blaze Boosters Grand Slam team and was the PBA All Star during his rookie year
 Charee Pineda (born 1990), actress and city councilor since 2013
 Ignacio Santiago Sr., former mayor (1956-1959 and 1964-1967) of Valenzuela, then governor of Bulacan from 1968 to 1986
 Pablo Santiago Sr. (died 1998), film director and producer
 Randy Santiago (born 1960), actor, television host, singer, songwriter, producer, director and entrepreneur
 Raymart Santiago (born 1973), action star and comedian
 Guillermo S. Santos (1915-1991), former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1977 to 1980
 José Serapio, former mayor (1912-1917) and former governor of Bulacan (1900-1901)
 Shalani Soledad (Shalani Soledad-Romulo) (born 1980), former city councilor (2004-2013) and TV personality
 Pío Valenzuela (1869-1956), physician, patriot, writer and member of the Katipunan society, namesake of Valenzuela

See also

 Geography of Manila
 Greater Manila Area
 Imperial Manila
 List of parks in Manila
 List of populated places in Metro Manila
 List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines
 Mega Manila
 Public transport in Manila
 Transportation in Metro Manila

References

Books

External links

 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]

Populated places established in 1623
1623 establishments in the Philippines
Cities in Metro Manila
Highly urbanized cities in the Philippines

Valenzuela, Metro Manila


The Emergency Banking Act (EBA) (the official title of which was the Emergency Banking Relief Act), Public Law 73-1, 48 Stat. 1 (March 9, 1933), was an act passed by the United States Congress in March 1933 in an attempt to stabilize the banking system.

Bank holiday

Beginning on February 14, 1933, Michigan, an industrial state that had been hit particularly hard by the Great Depression in the United States, declared a four-day bank holiday. Fears of other bank closures spread from state to state as people rushed to withdraw their deposits while they still could do so. Within weeks, all other states held their own bank holidays in an attempt to stem the bank runs, with Delaware becoming the 48th and last state to close its banks on March 4.

Following his inauguration on March 4, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system and to stabilize America's banking system. On March 6, he declared a four-day national banking holiday that kept all banks shut until Congress could act. During this time, the federal government would inspect all banks, re-open those that were sufficiently solvent, re-organize those that could be saved, and close those that were beyond repair.

Passage of the Emergency Banking Act

A draft law, prepared by the Treasury staff during Herbert Hoover's administration, was passed on March 9, 1933. The new law allowed the twelve Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency on good assets so that banks that reopened would be able to meet every legitimate call.
The Emergency Banking Act, an amendment to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, was introduced on March 9, 1933, to a joint session of Congress, and was passed the same evening amid an atmosphere of chaos and uncertainty as over 100 new Democratic members of Congress swept into power determined to take radical steps to address banking failures and other economic malaise.

The EBA was one of President Roosevelt's first projects in the first 100 days of his presidency. The sense of urgency was such that the act was passed with only a single copy available on the floor of the House of Representatives and legislators voted on it after the bill was read aloud to them by Chairman of the House Banking Committee Henry Steagall. Copies were made available to senators as the bill was being proposed in the Senate, after it had passed in the House.

According to William L. Silber: "The Emergency Banking Act of 1933, passed by Congress on March 9, 1933, three days after FDR declared a nationwide bank holiday, combined with the Federal Reserve's commitment to supply unlimited amounts of currency to reopened banks, created 100 percent deposit insurance".

On March 12, the evening before banks began to reopen, FDR gave his first fireside chat, a national radio address explaining the alterations made by the federal government on the banking industry. Due to confidence in FDR and the proposed alterations, Americans returned $1 billion to bank vaults in the following week.

Public reaction
Much to everyone's relief, when the institutions reopened for business on March 13, 1933, depositors stood in line to return their stashed cash to neighborhood banks. Within two weeks, Americans had redeposited more than half of the currency that they had squirreled away before the bank suspension.

The stock market registered its approval as well. On March 15, 1933, the first day of stock trading after the extended closure of Wall Street, the Dow Jones Industrial Average gaining 8.26 points to close at 62.10; a gain of 15.34%. , the gain still stands as the largest one-day percentage price increase ever. In hindsight, the nationwide Bank Holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March 1933 are seen to have ended the bank runs that plagued the Great Depression.

Possession of monetary gold becomes a crime
One month later, on April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 criminalizing the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association or corporation and Congress passed a similar resolution in June 1933.

1933 Banking Act
This act was a temporary response to a major problem. The 1933 Banking Act passed later that year presented elements of longer-term response, including the formation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

See also

 Causes of the Great Depression
 Executive Order 6102
 Gold Clause Cases
 Great Contraction

References

Further reading
 Dighe, Ranjit S. "Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933." Essays in Economic & Business History 29 (2011). 42–57. online
 Edwards, Sebastian. "Gold, the Brains Trust, and Roosevelt." History of Political Economy 49.1 (2017): 1–30. online
 Kennedy, Susan Estabrook. The Banking Crisis of 1933 (U Press of Kentucky, 1973).
 Silber,  William L. "Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?" Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, (July 2009), pp 19–30 online
 Taylor, Jason E., and Todd C. Neumann. "Recovery spring, faltering fall: March to November 1933." Explorations in Economic History 61#1 (2016): 54–67.
 Wicker, Elmus. The Banking Panics of the Great Depression (Cambridge UP, 1996).
 Wigmore, Barrie.  "Was the Bank Holiday of 1933 Caused by a Run on the Dollar?" Journal of Economic History 47#3 (1987): 739–755.

External links

Full Text of the Emergency Banking Act
Documents on the Banking Emergency of 1933 available on FRASER

1933 in American law
United States federal banking legislation
73rd United States Congress
1933 in economics

ko:뉴딜 정책#은행과 금융 개혁

Emergency Banking Act of 1933


Gewiss Stadium er et fodboldstadion i den italienske by Bergamo i regionen Lombardiet. Det har en kapacitet på godt 24.000 tilskuere, og benyttes af fodboldklubberne Atalanta BC og UC AlbinoLeffe.

Stadionet blev bygget i årene 1927-1928, og det blev officielt indviet 1. november 1928. Atleti Azzurri d'Italia betragtes i dag som meget umoderne, blandt andet fordi der ingen overdækkede tilskuerpladser findes.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Atleti Azzurri d'Italia på stadiodi.it

Atleti Azzurri d'Italia
U.C. AlbinoLeffe
Bergamo
Etableret i 1928
Atalanta B.C.

Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia


In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more abstract level, BDDs can be considered as a compressed representation of sets or relations. Unlike other compressed representations, operations are performed directly on the compressed representation, i.e. without decompression.

Similar data structures include negation normal form (NNF), Zhegalkin polynomials, and propositional directed acyclic graphs (PDAG).

Definition
A Boolean function can be represented as a rooted, directed, acyclic graph, which consists of several (decision) nodes and two terminal nodes. The two terminal nodes are labeled 0 (FALSE) and 1 (TRUE). Each (decision) node  is labeled by a Boolean variable  and has two child nodes called low child and high child. The edge from node  to a low (or high) child represents an assignment of the value FALSE (or TRUE, respectively) to variable . Such a BDD is called 'ordered' if different variables appear in the same order on all paths from the root. A BDD is said to be 'reduced' if the following two rules have been applied to its graph:
 Merge any isomorphic subgraphs.
 Eliminate any node whose two children are isomorphic.

In popular usage, the term BDD almost always refers to Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (ROBDD in the literature, used when the ordering and reduction aspects need to be emphasized). The advantage of an ROBDD is that it is canonical (unique) for a particular function and variable order. This property makes it useful in functional equivalence checking and other operations like functional technology mapping.

A path from the root node to the 1-terminal represents a (possibly partial) variable assignment for which the represented Boolean function is true. As the path descends to a low (or high) child from a node, then that node's variable is assigned to 0 (respectively 1).

Example
The left figure below shows a binary decision tree (the reduction rules are not applied), and a truth table, each representing the function . In the tree on the left, the value of the function can be determined for a given variable assignment by following a path down the graph to a terminal. In the figures below, dotted lines represent edges to a low child, while solid lines represent edges to a high child. Therefore, to find , begin at x1, traverse down the dotted line to x2 (since x1 has an assignment to 0), then down two solid lines (since x2 and x3 each have an assignment to one). This leads to the terminal 1, which is the value of .

The binary decision tree of the left figure can be transformed into a binary decision diagram by maximally reducing it according to the two reduction rules. The resulting BDD is shown in the right figure.

Another notation for writing this Boolean function is .

Complemented edges

An ROBDD can be represented even more compactly, using complemented edges. Complemented edges are formed by annotating low edges as complemented or not. If an edge is complemented, then it refers to the negation of the Boolean function that corresponds to the node that the edge points to (the Boolean function represented by the BDD with root that node). High edges are not complemented, in order to ensure that the resulting BDD representation is a canonical form. In this representation, BDDs have a single leaf node, for reasons explained below.

Two advantages of using complemented edges when representing BDDs are:
 computing the negation of a BDD takes constant time
 space usage (i.e., required memory) is reduced

A reference to a BDD in this representation is a (possibly complemented) "edge" that points to the root of the BDD. This is in contrast to a reference to a BDD in the representation without use of complemented edges, which is the root node of the BDD. The reason why a reference in this representation needs to be an edge is that for each Boolean function, the function and its negation are represented by an edge to the root of a BDD, and a complemented edge to the root of the same BDD. This is why negation takes constant time. It also explains why a single leaf node suffices: FALSE is represented by a complemented edge that points to the leaf node, and TRUE is represented by an ordinary edge (i.e., not complemented) that points to the leaf node.

For example, assume that a Boolean function is represented with a BDD represented using complemented edges. To find the value of the Boolean function for a given assignment of (Boolean) values to the variables, we start at the reference edge, which points to the BDD's root, and follow the path that is defined by the given variable values (following a low edge if the variable that labels a node equals FALSE, and following the high edge if the variable that labels a node equals TRUE), until we reach the leaf node. While following this path, we count how many complemented edges we have traversed. If when we reach the leaf node we have crossed an odd number of complemented edges, then the value of the Boolean function for the given variable assignment is FALSE, otherwise (if we have crossed an even number of complemented edges), then the value of the Boolean function for the given variable assignment is TRUE.

An example diagram of a BDD in this representation is shown on the right, and represents the same Boolean expression as shown in diagrams above, i.e., . Low edges are dashed, high edges solid, and complemented edges are signified by a "-1" label. The node whose label starts with an @ symbol represents the reference to the BDD, i.e., the reference edge is the edge that starts from this node.

History
The basic idea from which the data structure was created is the Shannon expansion. A switching function is split into two sub-functions (cofactors) by assigning one variable (cf. if-then-else normal form). If such a sub-function is considered as a sub-tree, it can be represented by a binary decision tree. Binary decision diagrams (BDDs) were introduced by C. Y. Lee, and further studied and made known by Sheldon B. Akers and Raymond T. Boute. Independently of these authors, a BDD under the name "canonical bracket form" was realized Yu. V. Mamrukov in a CAD for analysis of speed-independent circuits. The full potential for efficient algorithms based on the data structure was investigated by Randal Bryant at Carnegie Mellon University: his key extensions were to use a fixed variable ordering (for canonical representation) and shared sub-graphs (for compression). Applying these two concepts results in an efficient data structure and algorithms for the representation of sets and relations. By extending the sharing to several BDDs, i.e. one sub-graph is used by several BDDs, the data structure Shared Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagram is defined. The notion of a BDD is now generally used to refer to that particular data structure.

In his video lecture Fun With Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), Donald Knuth calls BDDs "one of the only really fundamental data structures that came out in the last twenty-five years" and mentions that Bryant's 1986 paper was for some time one of the most-cited papers in computer science.

Adnan Darwiche and his collaborators have shown that BDDs are one of several normal forms for Boolean functions, each induced by a different combination of requirements. Another important normal form identified by Darwiche is decomposable negation normal form or DNNF.

Applications
BDDs are extensively used in CAD software to synthesize circuits (logic synthesis) and in formal verification. There are several lesser known applications of BDD, including fault tree analysis, Bayesian reasoning, product configuration, and private information retrieval.

Every arbitrary BDD (even if it is not reduced or ordered) can be directly implemented in hardware by replacing each node with a 2 to 1 multiplexer; each multiplexer can be directly implemented by a 4-LUT in a FPGA. It is not so simple to convert from an arbitrary network of logic gates to a BDD (unlike the and-inverter graph).

BDDs have been applied in efficient Datalog interpreters.

Variable ordering
The size of the BDD is determined both by the function being represented and by the chosen ordering of the variables. There exist Boolean functions  for which depending upon the ordering of the variables we would end up getting a graph whose number of nodes would be linear (in n) at best and exponential at worst (e.g., a ripple carry adder). Consider the Boolean function  Using the variable ordering , the BDD needs  nodes to represent the function.  Using the ordering , the BDD consists of  nodes.

It is of crucial importance to care about variable ordering when applying this data structure in practice. The problem of finding the best variable ordering is NP-hard. For any constant c > 1 it is even NP-hard to compute a variable ordering resulting in an OBDD with a size that is at most c times larger than an optimal one. However, there exist efficient heuristics to tackle the problem.

There are functions for which the graph size is always exponential—independent of variable ordering. This holds e.g. for the multiplication function. In fact, the function computing the middle bit of the product of two -bit numbers does not have an OBDD smaller than  vertices. (If the multiplication function had polynomial-size OBDDs, it would show that integer factorization is in P/poly, which is not known to be true.)

Researchers have suggested refinements on the BDD data structure giving way to a number of related graphs, such as BMD (binary moment diagrams), ZDD (zero-suppressed decision diagrams), FBDD (free binary decision diagrams), FDD (functional decision diagrams), PDD (parity decision diagrams), and MTBDDs (multiple terminal BDDs).

Logical operations on BDDs
Many logical operations on BDDs can be implemented by polynomial-time graph manipulation algorithms:
 conjunction
 disjunction
 negation

However, repeating these operations several times, for example forming the conjunction or disjunction of a set of BDDs, may in the worst case result in an exponentially big BDD. This is because any of the preceding operations for two BDDs may result in a BDD with a size proportional to the product of the BDDs' sizes, and consequently for several BDDs the size may be exponential in the number of operations. Variable ordering needs to be considered afresh; what may be a good ordering for (some of) the set of BDDs may not be a good ordering for the result of the operation. Also, since constructing the BDD of a Boolean function solves the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem and the co-NP-complete tautology problem, constructing the BDD can take exponential time in the size of the Boolean formula even when the resulting BDD is small.

Computing existential abstraction over multiple variables of reduced BDDs is NP-complete.

Model-counting, counting the number of satisfying assignments of a Boolean formula, can be done in polynomial time for BDDs. For general propositional formulas the problem is ♯P-complete and the best known algorithms require an exponential time in the worst case.

See also
 Boolean satisfiability problem, the canonical NP-complete computational problem
 L/poly, a complexity class that strictly contains the set of problems with polynomially sized BDDs
 Model checking
 Radix tree
 Barrington's theorem
 Hardware acceleration
 Karnaugh map, a method of simplifying Boolean algebra expressions
 Zero-suppressed decision diagram
 Algebraic decision diagram

References

Further reading

 Draft of Fascicle 1b  available for download.
 Complete textbook available for download.

External links

 Fun With Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), lecture by Donald Knuth
 List of BDD software libraries for several programming languages.

Diagrams
Graph data structures
Model checking
Boolean algebra

Binary decision diagram


إم آي إم-23 هوك  منظومة دفاع صاروخي متوسطة المدى من نوع أرض - جو من إنتاج شركة ريثيون الأمريكية، تستعمل المنظومة من قبل الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بشكل أساسي كما صدر منها إلى دول أخرى في الشرق الأوسط.

تم تصميم منظومة الدفاع هوك عام 1952 ودخلت الخدمة في الجيش الأمريكي عام 1960 ويبلغ مدى صواريخها 25 كم بارتفاع أقصى 13,700 متر وتستطيع مهاجمة الطائرات التي تحلق على ارتفاع منخفض وحتى 30م من سطح الأرض ويستخدم صاروخ هوك موجات الرادار المرتدة من الهدف ليصل إليه، وخرجت المنظومة من القوات المسلحة الأمريكية عام 2002 إلا أنها لا زالت تستخدم من بعض الدول.

انظر أيضًا
 إم 42 داستر
 كي إم- سام
 صواريخ سام النرويجية المتقدمة

مراجع

أسلحة الولايات المتحدة
إلكترونيات عسكرية للولايات المتحدة
دفاع صاروخي
رادار
صواريخ جو-أرض موجهة
عتاد عسكري استحدث في عقد 1960
منتجات ريثيون

إم آي إم-23 هوك


Kamptz ist der Name eines alten, ursprünglich mecklenburgischen Adelsgeschlechts. Die Familie, deren Zweige zum Teil bis heute bestehen, gehört zum Uradel in der Grafschaft Schwerin und gelangte später auch in Pommern, Sachsen, Schlesien und der Neumark zu Besitz und Ansehen. Stammesverwandtschaft besteht zu einer Linie, die im 19. Jahrhundert eine preußische Adelslegitimation erhielt.

Geschichte

Herkunft

Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wird das Geschlecht mit dominus Tessemarus de Campitz am 17. September 1286 zu Rostock. In der Urkunde bestätigt Heinrich, Fürst von Werle, für sich und im Namen der Fürsten von Rostock dem Kloster Neuenkamp die bereits von seinem Onkel, dem Fürsten Borwin von Rostock, verliehene Befreiung vom Durchgangszoll in Marlow. Tessemarus wird darin als Zeuge genannt. Die ununterbrochene Stammreihe der Familie beginnt mit Heinrich von Kamptz, Rat und Vasall des Fürsten Bernhard von Werle, der von 1353 bis 1359 in Urkunden erscheint.

Das gleichnamige Stammhaus der Familie lag in der ehemaligen Grafschaft Schwerin. Die Ortschaft war aber schon beim ersten Auftreten der Familie Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts nicht mehr in deren Besitz. Vor allem in früher Zeit wechselt die Schreibweise des Namens häufig von Kamptz, Kampz, Kampzen, Kamzen, Camzen, Campz und Campzow.

Ausbreitung und Linien
Bereits Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts teilte sich das Geschlecht in zwei Hauptlinien, von denen die ältere Linie noch in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts ausstarb. Die jüngere Hauptlinie teilte sich Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts ebenfalls in zwei Linien mit den Häusern zu Dratow und Deven (heute Ortsteil von Groß Plasten).

Ein Zweig kam Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts in den Odenwald. Hans Joachim von Kamptz heiratete 1643 Anna Maria Bibiana von Rodenstein, die Erbtochter und letzte Namensträgerin dieser alten Familie. Hans Joachim wurde nach der Heirat Mitglied der Reichsritterschaft im Ritterkanton Odenwald des Fränkischen Ritterkreises. Sein Enkel Johann Raab von Haxthausen (1665–1713) war kurpfälzischer General-Feldzeugmeister und kaiserlicher Feldmarschallleutnant.

Hans von Kamptz, ein Urenkel des Stammvaters Heinrich von Kamptz, erscheint 1444 und 1474 urkundlich als Herr auf Dratow und Langwitz (heute Ortsteil von Schwinkendorf). Dessen Enkel Jürgen von Kamptz starb 1574 als Herr auf Dratow und Karnitz (heute Ortsteil von Neukalen). Er war zweimal verheiratet, in erster Ehe mit einer Tochter der Adelsfamilie von Wotzenitz aus dem Haus Karnitz und in zweiter Ehe mit Anna von Buggenhagen. Sein Enkel Eggerd von Kamptz, Sohn des Hans von Kamptz (* 1541) und seiner Frau Elisabeth von Horn, war der Stammvater der beiden Linien des Geschlechts. Eggert starb 1607 als Herr auf Deven und Klein-Plasten (heute Ortsteil von Groß Plasten) und hinterließ aus seiner Ehe mit Marie Erdmuthe von Blixen die beiden Söhne Philipp Ernst und Christoph Altwig.

Erste Linie
Philipp Ernst von Kamptz (1604–1671), Herr auf Klein Plasten, heiratete Margarethe von Wakenitz und begründete die erste Linie. Christoph Albrecht von Kamptz (1712–1765), ihr Nachkomme in der dritten Generation, wurde Ritterschaftsdeputierter und war Herr auf Groß und Klein Dratow, Groß und Klein Plasten, Rockow, Eichhof und Schwasdorf in Mecklenburg. Er heiratete 1739 Sophie Charlotte von Schuckmann (1719–1778). Ihre Söhne Christoph Albrecht, Joachim Friedrich und Gustav Ernst teilten die erste Linie in drei weitere Äste.

Erster Ast
Der Stifter des ersten Astes Christoph Albrecht von Kamptz (1741–1816), Herr auf Groß und Klein Dratow, Sophienhof, Alt und Neu Sapshagen (heute Ortsteile von Klocksin), wurde herzoglich mecklenburg-strelitzer Oberkammerherr, Minister und Kammerpräsident. Aus seiner 1767 geschlossenen Ehe mit Louise Friederike Amalie von Dorne (1751–1800) kamen die Söhne Karl Christoph Albert und Bernhard Joachim Ulrich. Die zwei Söhne waren die Begründer der beiden Zweige des ersten Astes.

Karl Christoph Albert von Kamptz (1769–1849), der Sohn des Gründers des ersten Zweiges, starb 1849 als königlich preußischer Geheimer Staats- und Justizminister und Ritter des Schwarzen Adlerordens. Er hinterließ aus seiner 1802 geschlossenen Ehe mit Hedwig Susanne Luzie von Bülow (1783–1847) zwei Söhne und eine Tochter. Albert Ludwig von Kamptz (1810–1884), der jüngste Sohn des Paares, starb 1884 als königlich preußischer Wirklicher Geheimer Oberregierungsrat und Regierungspräsident zu Erfurt, Dechant des Domstifts Naumburg, Ehrenritter des Johanniterordens und Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses.

Bernhard Joachim Ulrich von Kamptz (* 1781), der Gründer des zweiten Zweiges, starb 1855 als großherzoglich mecklenburg-strelitzer Kammerherr, Oberlanddrost und Ehrenritter des Johanniterordens. Dessen Sohn Karl Ludwig Georg von Kamptz (1808–1870) wurde königlich preußischer Geheimer Legationsrat und Bevollmächtigter Minister zu Hamburg. Er heiratet 1842 in zweiter Ehe Helene Freiin von Schleinitz. Ihre gemeinsame Tochter Louise Bernhardine Karoline von Kamptz (* 1841) war die Frau von Carl Wilhelm von Zehender (1819–1916), Obermedizinalrat und Professor an der Universität Rostock.

Zweiter Ast
Der Stifter des zweiten Astes der ersten Linie Joachim Friedrich von Kamptz (* 1742), Herr auf Stadthof im Landkreis Friedeberg in der Neumark und später zu Rahnisdorf und Buckau im Landkreis Schweinitz, starb 1809 als herzoglich mecklenburg-schweriner Hauptmann außer Dienst. Die drei Söhne aus seiner 1772 geschlossenen Ehe mit Henriette Tugendreich Christiane Freiin von Rechenberg aus dem Haus Schönberg (1749–1807) Karl Heinrich Albert, Hans Wolf und Friedrich August teilten den zweiten Ast in drei Zweige.

Karl Heinrich Albert von Kamptz (* 1773), der Gründer des ersten Zweiges, starb 1825 als königlich preußischer Steuerrat, Oberzollinspektor zu Naumburg an der Saale und Major außer Dienst. Er heiratete 1804 Louise Karoline Albertine von Kamptz und konnte den Zweig mit drei Söhnen fortsetzen. Sein Sohn Friedrich Adolf von Kamptz (* 1806) starb 1888 als königlich preußischer Stadt- und Landgerichtsrat zu Görlitz und dessen jüngerer Bruder Kurt Karl von Kamptz (* 1814) starb 1877 als königlich preußischer Oberregierungsrat und Vortragender Rat im Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Domänen und Forsten sowie Mitglied des Oberverwaltungsgerichts.

Hans Wolf von Kamptz (1763–1831), der Gründer des zweiten Zweiges, wurde preußischer Major im 8. Leib-Infanterie-Regiment. Er hinterließ aus seiner 1817 geschlossenen Ehe mit Antoinette von Oertzen (1799–1863) einen Sohn und eine Tochter.

Gustav Ernst von Kamptz (1763–1823), der Gründer des dritten Zweiges, war Herr auf Klein Plasten (bis 1785), Rockow und Eickhof (bis 1789). Er starb 1823 als herzoglich mecklenburg-strelitzer Kammerherr, Landdrost und Oberhauptmann zu Mirow. Aus seiner 1787 geschlossenen Ehe mit Sophie Elenore Elisabeth von Holstein (1768–1839), einer Hofdame der Prinzessin Christiane von Mecklenburg-Strelitz, kam der Sohn Georg Eduard Magnus von Kamptz (1791–1854). Georg Eduard Magnus, Herr auf Zöbelwitz, Kuschwitz, Baesau (bis 1848) und Schlatzmann im Landkreis Freistadt in Schlesien und großherzoglich mecklenburg-strelitzer Major, heiratete 1812 Hedwig von Zülow und konnte den Zweig mit sechs Söhnen und vier Töchtern fortsetzen. Vier Söhne dienten als Offiziere in der Preußischen Armee. Der jüngste Sohn Wilhelm Mathias Adolf von Kamptz (* 1831) starb 1893 als preußischer Oberst außer Dienst und war zuletzt Kommandeur des Landwehrbezirks Sondershausen. Sein älterer Bruder Ludwig Karl Adolf von Kamptz (1820–1890) wurde k.u.k. Major und diente zuletzt im 6. Dragonerregiment.

Zweite Linie
Christoph Altwig von Kamptz († 1688), Herr auf Deven und Plasten, heiratete um 1645 Agathe Margarethe von Platen aus dem Haus Granskewitz und begründete die zweite Linie. Eggart Christoph von Kamptz (1667–1738), der Sohn des Paares, Herr auf Devern, hinterließ aus der 1704 geschlossenen Ehe mit Margarethe Dorothea von Bohlen (1671–1730) einen männlichen Spross Joachim Ernst von Kamptz (1717–1780). Dessen Sohn August Ernst von Kamptz (* 1757) starb 1817 als preußischer Generalmajor und Kommandant der Festung Cosel.

Wilhelm Adolf Ernst von Kamptz (1807–1889), August Ernst einziger Sohn aus seiner zweiten 1798 geschlossenen Ehe mit Karoline Juliane de l'Homme de Courbière (1775–1843), starb als preußischer Generalmajor außer Dienst. Zuletzt diente er als Oberst und Kommandeur des 8. Festungsartillerie-Regiments. Seine erste Frau Luitgarde Hulda Ferdínande Henriette de l'Homme de Courbière (* 1820), die er 1838 ehelichte, verstarb bereits 1844. Johanne Ernestine von Velten (* 1825), seine zweite Ehefrau, heiratete er 1846. Das Paar hatte vier Söhne und drei Töchter. Von den Töchtern wurde Luitgarde Margarethe Karoline von Kamptz (* 1844) Vorsteherin des Diakonissenhauses in Frankfurt am Main. Sohn Oltwig Wilhelm Adolf von Kamptz (1857–1921) war Generalmajor und Kommandeur der Kaiserlichen Schutztruppe für Kamerun.

Besitzungen
Die Familie saß in Mecklenburg bereits ab 1404 zu Groß und Klein Dratow, in Gutow ab 1406, zu Lanckwitz und Rambow ab 1444 sowie zu Groß und Kleinplasten ab 1450. Während des 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts kamen noch Dratow und Sophienhof hinzu.

Das Stammhaus in Pommern war Pentin (heute Ortsteil von Gützkow) nahe bei Greifswald, ein Gut, das dem Geschlecht noch 1640 zustand. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts war die Familie in Preußen auch zu Schlatzmann im Landkreis Glogau und Nieder Hapersdorf im Landkreis Goldberg besitzlich.

Familienverband
Am 1. November 1900 wurde ein Familienverband gegründet.

Briefadelige Linie
August (* 1811), der natürliche Sohn des preußischen Majors August von Kamptz (1783–1847), als preußischer Oberstleutnant a. D., und der Wilhelmine Melan aus Friedeberg in der Neumark, erhielt am 8. Juli 1822 zu Berlin, unter Beilegung des väterlichen Namens und Wappens, eine preußische Adelslegitimation.

Wappen

Familienwappen
Das Wappen zeigt in Silber eine rote Lilie. Auf dem Helm mit rot-silbernen Helmdecken drei (rot-silber-rot) Straußenfedern.

Nach 1616 scheint in der Helmzier ("zum Gedächtnis des Missgeschicks von 1550") die Farbe der weißen bzw. silbernen Feder in schwarz geändert worden zu sein:

Wappensage
Einer Überlieferung nach soll ein Herzog Johann von Mecklenburg zum Studium der Theologie nach Paris gegangen sein. Dort lernte er den Grafen von Marseille und den Prinzen von Zypern sowie einen Grafen von Henneberg kennen. Die jungen Leute schlossen einen engen Freundschaftsbund. Um diesen fester zu knüpfen, versprach Johann den beiden ersten seine zwei Schwestern zu Gemahlinnen und er selbst verlobte sich mit der Schwester des Hennebergers. Bereits nach einem Jahr wurde der Graf von Marseille von seinem Bruder ermordet und dessen Frau gefangen genommen. Ein Ritter ihres Gemahls mit dem Namen de Champs befreite sie aus dem Kerker und führte sie zurück nach Mecklenburg. Ihr Bruder Johann gab sie aus Dankbarkeit dem Franzosen zur Gemahlin, der seinen Namen de Champs in Kamptz änderte und die Lilie zur Erinnerung an seine Heimat in sein Wappenschild setzte.

Bekannte Familienmitglieder
 Adolf Friedrich von Kamptz († nach 1838), deutscher Generalmajor
 August Ernst von Kamptz (1757–1817), preußischer Generalmajor
 Carl von Kamptz (1808–1870), preußischer Diplomat und Verwaltungsjurist
 Edith Meyer von Kamptz (1884–1969), deutsche Malerin und Bildhauerin
 Friedrich von Kamptz (1843–1912), preußischer Generalleutnant
 Fritz von Kamptz (1866–1938), deutscher Porträtist und impressionistischer Landschaftsmaler
 Gerhard von Kamptz (1902–1998), deutscher Kapitän zur See
 Gustav Ernst von Kamptz (1763–1823), deutscher Verwaltungsjurist, Botaniker und Entomologe
 Jürgen von Kamptz (1891–1954), deutscher SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei
 Karl Albert von Kamptz (1769–1849), deutscher Jurist und preußischer Staats- und Justizminister
 Ludwig von Kamptz (1810–1884), preußischer Beamter und Abgeordneter
 Oltwig von Kamptz (1857–1921), deutscher Offizier und Kommandeur der Kaiserlichen Schutztruppe in Kamerun
 Wilhelm von Kamptz (1807–1889), preußischer Generalmajor

Literatur
 Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch: Neues preussisches Adelslexicon. Band 3, Gebrüder Reichenbach, Leipzig 1837, S. 68–69. (Digitalisat)
 Ernst Heinrich Kneschke: Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon. Band 5, S. 17–18, Friedrich Voigt's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1864 (Digitalisat)
 Carl Gustav Immanuel von Kamptz: Die Familie von Kamptz. Selbstverlag, Als Manuskript gedruckt, Bärensprungsche Hofdruckerei, Schwerin 1871. (Digitalisat, )
 Deutsche Adelsgenossenschaft (Hrsg.): Jahrbuch des Deutschen Adels. Zweiter Band, W.T. Bruer, Berlin 1898, S. 206–221. Digitalisat
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen Häuser. Erster Jahrgang, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1900. S. 482ff.
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Adelslexikon. Band VI, Band 91 der Gesamtreihe GHdA, S. 113, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg an der Lahn 1987.

Weblinks

 Wappen derer von Kamptz (als Die Campzen) in Johann Siebmachers Wappenbuch in 5 Bänden (1703)

Einzelnachweise

Deutsches Adelsgeschlecht
Mecklenburgisches Adelsgeschlecht
Ersterwähnung 1286

Kamptz (Adelsgeschlecht)


غراند تيرراسي  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 30 نوفمبر، 1978.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لغراند تيرراسي في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان غراند تيرراسي 11,626 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 4,221 أسرة وعدد العائلات 3,052 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 4,458 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 73.76% من البيض و4.62% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.72% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و5.62% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.31% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و9.75% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.23% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و25.41% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 4,221 أسرة كانت نسبة 39.3% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 54.1% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 13.5% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 4.8% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 27.7% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 21.7% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 5.6% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.70، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.15.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 35.3 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 26.1% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.9% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 31.1% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 22.6% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 9.5% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 90.2 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 88.2 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 53,649 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 61,068 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 41,417 دولارًا مقابل 30,491 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 21,787 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 4.5% من العائلات ونسبة 7.4% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 10.6% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 4.5% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان غراند تيرراسي 12,040 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 4,403 أسرة وعدد العائلات 3,067 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 4,649 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 65.71% من البيض و5.59% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و6.46% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.27% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و15.76% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.21% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و39.10% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 4,403 أسرة كانت نسبة 35.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 50.3% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 13.6% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5.8% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 30.3% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 23.3% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 9% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.71، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.20.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 36.1 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 23.1% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 10.3% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 27.6% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 26.5% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 12.5% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 48.2% ذكور و51.8% إناث.

أعلام
 براد سورنسن

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

غراند تيرراسي (كاليفورنيا)


Ligue Démocratique-Mouvement pour le Parti du Travail Senegal'de sosyalist bir siyasi partidir. Parti, 1975 yılında kurulmuştur.

Partinin Genel Sekreter Abdoulaye Bathily tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Mouvement de Jeunesse Démocratique, partinin gençlik koludur.

Parti 2001 parlamento seçimine katıldı

1975'te kurulan siyasi partiler
Senegal'deki siyasi partiler

Demokratik Birliği - Emek Partisi Hareketi


Vurderingsstyrelsen er en dansk styrelse, der er en del af Skatteforvaltningen under Skatteministeriet. Vurderingsstyrelsens kerneopgave er at sikre retvisende, ensartede og gennemskuelige ejendomsvurderinger, der udgør grundlaget for den løbende ejendomsbeskatning.

Vurderingsstyrelsens motto er angiveligt "Vi sikrer tillid til vurderingen og tryghed om beskatning af ejendomme".

Direktøren for Vurderingsstyrelsen er Poul Taankvist.

Vurderingsportalen - Information om den offentlige ejendomsvurdering.

Referencer

Skatteforvaltningens styrelser

Vurderingsstyrelsen


46280 Hollar este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
46280 Hollar este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec și Peter Kušnirák. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,70 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 12,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 46001-47000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Eunomia

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

46280 Hollar


Louise Lundsgaard Winter Kristiansen (født 24. september 1987) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber for Brøndby IF og for Danmarks kvindefodboldlandshold. Hun var en del af truppen til Algarve Cup 2016.

Hun fik debut på det danske A-landshold i oktober 2006, mod  ved en turnering i Busan, Sydkorea.

Hun har tidligere optrådt for Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold og IK Skovbakken.

Meritter

Klub
Brøndby IF
Elitedivisionen
 : 2018-19
 : 2016-17
 : 2014-15
 : 2017-18
 : 2015-16
Sydbank Kvindepokalen
 : 2018
 : 2017
 : 2015
 : 2019
 : 2016

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Brøndby IF (kvinder)

Louise Kristiansen


Selvmodificerende kode er en teknik, hvor et kørende computerprogram ændrer de instruktioner, der ligger i lageret. Programmet ændrer altså sig selv.

Anvendelse af tenikken kræver i praksis, at der køres på en von Neumann-maskine, hvor såvel data som programmets instruktioner befinder sig i maskinens lager.

Selvmodificerende kode har været benyttet til at implementere funktionalitet på en maskine, som den ikke var født med. Således kan man modificere en instruktion, der læser fra eller skriver til en bestemt adresse, således at der i stedet tilgås en anden adresse. Derved kan man få en funktionalitet som et indeksregister, hvis sådan et ikke findes i maskinens arkitektur. Man kan også på den måde implementere betingede hop eller hoppe til forskellige adresser styret af programmet.

Selvmodificerende kode kan i nogle tilfælde eksekvere hurtigere end kode, der skal foretage flere tests og betingede hop. Metoden ses af og til anvendt under initialiseringen af et program, således at det kan være mere kompakt og mere effektivt ved slet ikke at teste på forhold, der ikke er brug for aktuelt.

Selvmodificerende kode kan benyttes til at sløre et programs virkemåde, hvad enten det er for at undgå reverse engineering eller som en form for kopisikring.

Selvmodificerende kode kan af og til benyttes af en debugger til at lægge breakpoints ind i programmet, steder hvor debuggeren kan overtage kontrollen.

Teknikken kan også benyttes i ond hensigt for at ændre et kørende system. Her kan en metode som buffer overløb anvendes.

Programmer baseret på selvmodificerende kode er sjældne i dag. Det skyldes både, at de forskellige computere i dag ikke savner væsentlige instruktioner, dels at sådanne programmer er meget svære at læse og fejlsøge. Det betragtes derfor (almindeligvis) som en uskik. Nogle computere implementerer en streng adskillelse mellem de dele af lageret, der kan skrives til og de dele, der kan eksekveres kode fra.

Nogle højniveausprog har faciliteter til at anvende selvmodificerende kode.

På en cpu med en instruktionscache eller en instruktionspipeline kan selvmodificerende kode være svær at få til at fungere. Et krav om at opdatere instruktionscachen kan endda medføre, at programmet kommer til at køre langsommere. Programmøren kan få brug for et nøje kendskab til den aktuelle cpus egenskaber, og programmet skal så kunne tilpasse sig flere modeller.

Selvmodificerende kode giver også problemer, hvis flere programmer skal eksekvere de samme instruktioner fra samme sted i lageret (for at spare på forbruget af maskinens lager).

Se også
 Computervirus
 Wheeler jump

Programmering
Datalogi

Selvmodificerende kode


Barbosa es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 21º16'00" sur y a una longitud 49º56'57" oeste, estando a una altitud de 386 metros. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 6.072 habitantes.

Posee un área de 205,131 km².

Demografía

Datos del Censo - 2000

Población Total: 5.837
 Urbana: 4.875
 Rural: 962
 Hombres: 2.939
 Mujeres: 2.898
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 28,46

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 22,45

Expectativa de vida (años): 68,04

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,57

Tasa de Alfabetización: 88,00%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,746
 IDH-M Salario: 0,660
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,717
 IDH-M Educación: 0,861
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Río Tietê

Carreteras
 SP-425

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Barbosa en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Barbosa (São Paulo)


Mezraa, Tunceli ilinin Pülümür ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 54 km, Pülümür ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Pülümür belde ve köyleri

Mezraa, Pülümür