Kategori teorisi ya da Ulam kuramı, matematiksel yapılar ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkilerle soyut olarak ilgilenen bir matematik kuramıdır. Yarı mizahi "soyut anlamsızlık" olarak da bilinir.

Tarihi
Bir kategori birbirileriyle ilişkili matematiksel nesneler sınıfının (örneğin grupların) özünü yakalamaya çalışır. Geleneksel olarak yapıldığı gibi tekil nesneler (gruplar) üzerine yoğunlaşmak yerine, bu nesneler arasındaki yapı muhafaza edici gönderimler (yani morfizmler) üzerine yoğunlaşır. Gruplar örneğinde bu gönderimler grup homomorfizmleridir. Bu şekilde farklı kategorileri funktorlar aracılığıyla ilişkilendirmek mümkündür. Funktorlar, bir kategorinin her nesnesini diğer kategorinin bir nesnesiyle ve bir kategorideki morfizmi diğerindeki bir morfizme ilişkilendiren fonksiyonların bir genelleştirmesidir. Sıkça topolojik uzayın temel grubu gibi "doğal yapılar" funktorlar şeklinde ifade edilebilir. Bunun ötesinde, bu tip yapılar "doğal bir bağıntıya" sahiptir ve bir funktoru diğerine ilişkilendirme yolu olan doğal transformasyon konseptine olanak tanır.

Kategoriler, funktorlar ve doğal transformasyonlar Samuel Eilenberg ve Saunders MacLane tarafından 1945 yılında ortaya atılmıştır. Başlangıçta bu nosyonlar, topolojide, özellikle cebirsel topolojide, geometrik ve sezgisel bir kavram olan homolojiden aksiyomatik bir yaklaşım olan homoloji teorisine geçişte önemli bir bölümdür.
Başkalarının yanı sıra Ulam tarafından (ya da kendisine atfen), benzer düşüncelerin 1930'ların sonunda Polonya okulunda ortaya çıktığı iddia edilmiştir.

Eilenberg/MacLane, kendi ifadelerine göre, bu kuramı geliştirirken doğal transformasyonları anlama çabasındaydılar. Bunu yapabilmek için funktorlar tanımlamak, funktorları tanımlamak için ise kategoriler tanımlamak gerekiyordu.

Günümüzde bu kuram, matematiğin tüm alanlarında uygulanmaktadır.

Kategoriler, nesneler, ve morfizmler

Kategoriler
Bir kategori C aşağıdaki üç matematiksel durumu oluşturur:
 Bir sınıf ob(C), böyle ögelere nesneler denir;
 Bir sınıf hom(C), böyle ögelere biçimler veya göndermeler veya oklar denir. Her biçim f bir kaynak nesne a ve hedef nesne b var.  ifadesi, sözlü olarak ifadesi "f a'dan b'ye bir biçimdir". ifadesi — alternatif ifade olarak , , veya  — a dan bye tüm biçimlerin hom-sınıf ifadesidir.
 Bir ikili işlem ∘, biçimlerin kompozisyonu denir, böylece  a, b ve c herhangi üç nesne için, elimizde  var. nin kompozisyonu ve    veya gf olarak yazılır, aksiyom ile yönetilir:
 Birleşimlilik: Eğer ,  ve  ise , ve
 Özdeşlik: x nesnesi için, burada  bir morfizm  var. x için özdeş morfizm  denir, böylece her   morfizm için, elimizde  var.
aksiyomlardan,buna  burada her nesne için tam bir özdeş morfizm sağlanabilir. Bazı yazarlar sadece kendi özdeş morfizmalarını  tanımlayarak verilen tanımından sapabilir.

Morfizmler

morfizmler boyunca ilişkiler ( gibi) değişmeli diyagramlar, ile "noktalar" (köşeler) gösterimsel nesneler ve "oklar" gösterimsel biçimler sık sık kullanılarak gösterilmiştir.

Morfizmler için aşağıdaki özelliklerin herhangisi olabilir. Bir morfizm  bir:
 monomorfizm (veya monik) eğer  vurgusu   tüm   morfizmler için.
 epimorfizm (veya epik) eğer  vurgusu  tüm   morfizmler için.
 bimorfizm eğer f hem epik ve hem de moniktir.
 izomorfizm eğer burada bir morfizm  var böylece .
 endomorfizm eğer . ise end(a)  anın endomorfizminin sınıfını ifade eder.
 otomorfizm eğer f hem bir endomorfizm ve hem de bir izomorfizmdir. aut(a) anın otomorfizmlerinin sınıfını ifade eder.
 çekilme eğer  fnin bir sağ tersi var, yani eğer burada  bir morfizm  ile  varsa.
 kesit eğer f in bir sol tersi var, yani eğer burada  bir morfizm  ile  varsa .

Her çekilme  bir epimorfizmdir ve her kesit bir monomorfizmdir.Dahası, aşağıdaki üç durumun eşdeğeridir:
 f bir monomorfizm ve bir çekilmedir;
 f bir epimorfizm ve bir kesittir;
 f bir izomorfizmdir.

Kaynakça
 William Lawvere and Steve Schanuel: Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
 Saunders Mac Lane: Categories for the Working Mathematician, 2nd edition. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5, Springer 1998
 Francis Borceux: Handbook of Categorical Algebra, volumes 50-52 of Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Dış bağlantılar
 Alexandre Stefanov'un serbest çevrimiçi matematik kaynakları listesinin Kategori Teorisi bölümü.

Kaynakça

Kategori teorisi


The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is  ("z", plus the curl also found in its voiceless counterpart ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z\. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiced palatal fricative.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative:

Occurrence

See also
 Index of phonetics articles

Notes

References

External links

Alveolo-palatal consonants
Fricative consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Co-articulated consonants
Voiced oral consonants
Central consonants

Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative


A Assembleia Evangélica de Igrejas Presbiterianas na América (AEIPA) - em inglês Evangelical Assembly of Presbyterian Churches in America - é uma denominação presbiteriana, formada em 2004 nos Estados Unidos, por igrejas de origem coreana e chinesa.

História

Em 2004, um grupo de igrejas de origem coreana e chinesa organizou a Assembleia Evangélica de Igrejas Presbiterianas na América (AEIPA). Desde então, Tom Cowley foi eleito como seu moderador.

Embora a denominação tenha crescido para cerca de 7 presbitérios e 73 igrejas,, seu moderador afirmou em 2012 que a maioria das igrejas da AEIPA é formada por apenas dois ou três membros.

Doutrina

A denominação subscreve a Confissão de Fé de Westminster, Catecismo Maior de Westminster e Breve Catecismo de Westminster.

Relações Intereclesiásticas

A denominação já participou da Associação Nacional de Evangélicos dos EUA e da Aliança Evangélica Mundial.

Seminário

A denominação administra a Universidade Oliveira, que existe para formação de seus pastores.

Controvérsias

O seminário da denominação, a Universidade Oliveira, foi fundado em 2000, pelo Rev. David Jang. Este pastor foi acusado em 2012 de promover o ensino de que ele era a encarnação de Jesus em sua segunda vinda. Todavia, essa acusação foi negada pelo próprio Rev. David Jang e pelo Rev. Anthony Chiu, secretário da AEIPA.

Em 2018, o Rev. Por Douglas Douma, da Igreja Presbiteriana Bíblica acusou a AEIPA de ser uma "denominação fantasma", devido ao fato de o endereço de nenhuma de suas igrejas ser conhecido ou o nome de qualquer de seus pastores além do moderador.

Denominações presbiterianas nos Estados Unidos


Kristianiagade er en gade på Østerbro i København, der går fra krydset med Dag Hammarskjölds Allé, Stockholmsgade og Oslo Plads til krydset med Strandboulevarden og Fridtjof Nansens Plads. På den østlige side af gaden ligger der en række etageejendomme, heriblandt Domus Medica der nu huser Lægeforeningen. På den vestlige side ligger der hovedsageligt villaer fra slutningen af 1800-tallet, hvoraf flere nu fungerer som ambassader.

Historie

Omtrent hvor krydset mellem Kristianiagade og Bergensgade ligger i dag, lå tidligere Grønlands Lynette, der anlagdes på et tidspunkt før 1728 som en del af Københavns Fortifikation. Det var et lukket udenværk med en foranliggende tør grav, der lå udfor Østerports ravelin. Efter opgivelsen af fortifikationen overgik en stor del af det øvrige fæstningsområde til Københavns Kommune i 1870, men ikke Grønlands Lynette der i stedet blev en del af Kastellets Glacis, der blev benyttet som øvelsesplads af Ingeniørtropperne. Lynetten blev sløjfet i 1896, da området blev bebygget.

De fleste gader i området fik navne efter norske byer og landskaber. Kristianiagade er således opkaldt efter Kristiania, det daværende navn for Oslo. Andre gader i området med norske stednavne omfatter Bergensgade (efter Bergen), Stavangergade (efter Stavanger), Trondhjemsgade og Trondhjems Plads (efter Trondheim), Hardangergade (efter Hardanger) og Mandalsgade (efter Mandal). Navnene er inspireret af Stockholmsgade, der blev navngivet i 1879, og som har dannet grundlag for en tilsvarende gruppe af gader med svenske navne. Den tilstødende Oslo Plads med det nuværende navn på den norske hovedstad blev navngivet i 1962.

I februar-marts 2022 var der demonstrationer ved den russiske ambassade i anledning af Ruslands invasion af Ukraine. I den forbindelse foreslog Venstre at omdøbe Kristianiagade til Ukrainegade som et signal til russerne. Den russiske ambassade pegede dog på, at navnet Kristianiagade symboliserer de historiske forbindelser og gode forhold mellem Danmark og Norge. Københavns Kommunes Vejnavnenævnet pegede på, at kommunen normalt kun ændrede vejnavne, når det var tvingende nødvendigt, da det ellers var til gene for beboerne. I stedet indstillede de at reservere Ukraine til senere brug, for eksempel til når et nyt sted i Nordhavnen skulle have navn. Det blev vedtaget af Teknik- og Miljøudvalget 13. juni 2022, hvilket så også medførte, at Kristianiagade beholdt sit navn.

Bygninger og beboere

Den ældste bygning i området er det tidligere Blindeinstituttet, der blev opført i historicistisk stil efter tegninger af Ferdinand Meldahl i 1858. Bygningen ligger på den vestlige side af den nuværende gade men et stykke under gadeplan, da den ligger, hvor graven foran Grønlands Lynette førhen var. Bygningen huser nu en børneinstitution.

De fleste andre bygninger på den vestlige side af gaden er villaer fra 1890'erne og 1900'erne. Villaen i nr. 1 er fra 1896 og blev tegnet af Andreas Clemmensen. Otto Mønsteds villa i nr. 5 blev tegnet af Vilhelm Dahlerup i 1897. Den huser nu den russiske ambassade. Magasin du Nords medgrundlægger grosserer Theodor Wessels villa i nr. 7 på det modsatte hjørne af Bergensgade blev opført i 1898 efter tegninger af Johan Schrøder. Den egyptiske ambassade holder til i villaen i nr. 19, og den spanske ambassade i villaen i nr. 21. Sidstnævnte er fra 1908 og blev tegnet af Peter Christensen Monberg og Emanuel Monberg for hofjægermester Sehested-Juul.

Domus Medica, tidligere kendt som Det Plessenske Palæ, i nr. 12 er et tidligere palæ, der blev opført af den pensionerede diplomat, baron Joseph von Plessen efter tegninger af Gotfred Tvede. Bygningen fra 1906 var formentlig det sidste adelspalæ til at blive opført i København, og med 98 værelser er det også et af de største. Det fik sit nuværende navn, da det blev overtaget af Lægeforeningen i 1948, efter at deres tidligere hovedkvarter i Amaliegade var blevet ødelagt under krigen.

G.A. Hagemanns Kollegium i nr. 10 er et kollegium, der blev opført af Gustav Adolph Hagemann i 1908. Bygningen, der blev tegnet af Albert Jensen, tilbyder boliger til 61 studerende, hvoraf mindst to tredjedele skal være fra Danmarks Tekniske Universitet.

Bygningen med spiret på hjørnet af Stavangergade (Stavangergade 6) blev opført i 1907 efter tegninger af Philip Smidth. Han har også tegnet flere andre bygninger i området.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Gader på Østerbro
Gader i Indre By (København)

Kristianiagade


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Galanta enthält die zehn nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Galanta im Okres Galanta.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Galanta


Şırnak, (Kürtçe: Şirnex) Türkiye'nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan bir ildir. Güneyinde Irak, batısında Mardin, kuzeyinde Siirt, doğusunda ise Hakkâri vardır.

Şırnak ili nüfusu 557.605'dir. Bu nüfusun %75,1'i şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2020 sonu). İlin yüzölçümü 7.078 km²'dir. İlde km²'ye 76 kişi düşmektedir. 2021 TÜİK verilerine göre 7 ilçe, 19 belediye, bu belediyelerde 91 mahalle, ayrıca 196 köy bulunmaktadır.

Nuh Peygambere ait olduğu öne sürülen bir türbe, Şırnak'ın Cizre ilçesinde bulunur. Tufandan sonra Nuh'un ilk yerleştiği şehir olduğu rivayet edilir. İl, Irak ve Suriye'ye komşudur. Şırnak, 16 Mayıs 1990 tarih ve 3647 sayılı kanunla Siirt ilinden ayrılarak Türkiye'nin 73. ili olmuştur. Aynı kanunla Siirt'in Eruh ilçesine bağlı Güçlükonak bucağı bu ilin ilçesi olmuş, ayrıca Mardin'in İdil, Cizre ve Silopi ilçeleriyle Hakkari'nin Uludere ve Beytüşşebap ilçeleri buraya bağlanmıştır.

Ağustos 2015 tarihinden itibaren Şırnak il merkezi ve Cizre, İdil ve Silopi ilçelerinde çatışmalar yaşanmıştır. Bu çatışmalar 3 Haziran 2016'da son bulmuştur.

Toponimi
İsminin Şehr-i Nuh'tan geldiği söylenir. Şırnak'ın Kürtçe'de karşılığı Şirnex'dir.

İlçeler

Şırnak ilinin yedi ilçesi vardır,
 Şırnak (il merkezi)
 Beytüşşebap
 Cizre
 Güçlükonak
 İdil
 Silopi
 Uludere

Yönetim

İllerde protokolde ilk sırada yer alan Vali, merkezi yönetimi temsil eder ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından atanır. Büyükşehir dışındaki illerde yerel yönetim, şehirler düzeyindedir. Belediye Başkanı, belediye sınırları içinde kalan seçmenin oy çokluğu ile seçilir. Ayni seçmen İlçe Belediye Meclisi için de oy kullanarak ilçelerin belediye meclislerini oluşturur. İldeki bütün seçmenler ayrıca il genel meclisi için de oy kullanarak, İl Genel Meclisinin oluşumunu sağlarlar.

İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üyelikleri için yapılan seçimlerde, onda birlik baraj uygulamalı nispi temsil sistemi, belediye başkanlığı seçiminde ise çoğunluk sistemi uygulanır İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üye sayıları ilçe nüfusuna göre, kontenjandan kalan sayıların partilere dağılımı ise D'Hondt Sistemine göre belirlenir (Kanun:2972-Madde:23)

İl Genel Meclisi, İl Özel İdaresinin karar organıdır, başkanını üyeleri arasından gizli oyla seçer. Ayrıca, İl Genel Meclisi kendi içinden gizli oyla bir yıl görev yapacak 5 kişilik İl Encümenini seçer.

Merkezi yönetim, Vali ve İl Müdürlerinden oluşur. İl Özel İdaresi (İl Genel Meclisi ve İl Encümeni) seçilmişlerden oluşur, ancak Vali başkanlığında görev yapar. Yerel yönetim ise belediye başkanları ve belediye meclislerinden oluşur.

Şırnak Valisi, 1973-Elazığ doğumlu Cevdet ATAY'dır. Ağustos 2023 sayılı kararla Düzce Valisi iken atanmıştır.

Şırnak Belediye Başkanı, 1963-Şırnak doğumlu Mehmet Yarka(AK Parti), 31 Mart 2019 seçimlerinde %61,72 oy oranıyla seçilmiştir.

Cizre ve İdil'in HDP'li belediye başkanları seçildikten sonra İçişleri Bakanlığı tarafından görevden alınmış, yerine ilçe kaymakamları kayyum atanmıştır.

2019 Türkiye yerel seçimleri sonuçlarına göre Şırnak İl Genel Meclisi üye sayısı, 9 AK Parti,18 HDP olmak üzere 27'dir.Şırnak Belediye Meclisi ise 17 AK Parti ve  8 HDP olmak üzere 25 üyeden oluşur.

2018 Genel seçimleri sonucu, Şırnak'ı temsilen TBMM'de AK Parti'den 1 milletvekili (Rizgin Birlik) ve HDP'den 3 milletvekili (Hasan Özgüneş, Nuran İmir, Hüseyin Kaçmaz) seçilmiştir.

Nüfus

Güncel Nüfus Değerleri (TÜİK 6 Şubat 2023 verileri )

Şırnak ili nüfusu: 557.605'dur. Bu nüfusun % 75,45'i şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2022 sonu). İlin yüzölçümü 7.078  km2'dir. İlde  km2'ye 79 kişi düşmektedir. (Bu sayı Cizre'de  360'dır.) İlde yıllık nüfus artışı % 2,02 olmuştur. Nüfus artış oranı en yüksek ve en düşük ilçeler: Cizre (% 2,90)- idil (%-0,79)

06 Şubat 2023 TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 7 İlçe, 19 belediye, bu belediyelerde 91 mahalle ve ayrıca 196 köy vardır.

Konum

Spor

2018-2019 Sezonu sonunda, Şırnak'ın futbol 3. Ligdeki temsilcisi Cizre Spor, grubunda 14.olmuştur. Voleybol erkek liglerinde Cizre Belediyesi 1. lige, Silopi Gençlik Merkezi de 2. Lige yükselmiştir. Ayrıca BAL'da ve kadın futbol liglerinde birer takımı vardır. Voleybol 2. Liglerinde 2 takımı kalmıştır. Hentbol erkeklerde Gençlik ve Spor İl Müdürlüğü Spor, 1. Ligde, Genç Yıldızlar SK da 2. Ligdedir. Ayrıca, Şırnak'ın 8 voleybol, 1 hentbol takımı daha bölgesel liglerde yer almıştır.

Futbol Türkiye Kupası 'nda Cizre Spor, 2.turda elenmiştir. Erkekler Türkiye Kupası (hentbol)'nda Şırnak GHSİM SK. çeyrek finalde elenmiştir.

Önemli spor tesisleri: Şırnak Şehir Stadyumu (3.050),  Cizre İlçe Spor Salonu (2.000).

Ayrıca bakınız
 Şırnak ilindeki yerleşim yerleri listesi
 Şırnak Üniversitesi
 Şırnak ili genel seçim sonuçları
 Kızıl Medrese

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Şırnak Valiliği
 Şırnak İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü

Şırnak (il)


Dans le chapitre 4 du livre biblique de la Genèse, Caïn et Abel sont les deux fils aînés d'Adam et Ève. Caïn, le premier-né, était fermier, et son cadet Abel était berger. Les deux frères ont accompli des sacrifices à leur Dieu, cependant ce dernier a préféré le sacrifice d'Abel plutôt que celui de Caïn. Jaloux, Caïn a assassiné Abel. Dieu l'a alors puni en le condamnant à une vie d'errance. Caïn s'est exilé dans la Terre de Nod (en ), où il a fondé une ville et engendré une lignée de descendants, commençant par son fils Hénoch.

Origines

Le plus ancien exemplaire connu du récit biblique provient des manuscrits de la mer Morte et est daté du premier siècle avant notre ère. Caïn et Abel apparaissent également dans un certain nombre d'autres textes, et ce passage fait l'objet de diverses interprétations. Abel, la première victime d'un meurtre dans la Bible, est considéré dans certaines interprétations comme le premier martyr ; tandis que Caïn, le premier meurtrier, est parfois vu comme un ancêtre du mal. Certains théologiens suggèrent que la péricope pourrait avoir été inspirée d'un récit sumérien représentant le conflit entre les bergers nomades et les agriculteurs sédentaires. Les chercheurs modernes considèrent généralement que les histoires d'Adam et Ève et de Caïn et Abel évoquent le développement de la civilisation au Néolithique ; ne contant pas les débuts de l'homme, mais le moment où la population a initié  l'agriculture et s'est sédentarisée, remplaçant les habitudes du chasseur-cueilleur.

Annexes

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Personnage de la Genèse
Meurtrier dans la Bible
Mort assassiné dans la Bible
Bible

Caïn et Abel (Genèse)


Wildboyz is an American television series. It is a spin-off and follow-up to Jackass. Wildboyz debuted in 2003 on MTV, and moved to MTV2 in its third season. The show starred Steve-O and Chris Pontius, who would perform stunts and acts with animals, often putting themselves in situations for which they are not trained.

Format

Wildboyz follows the antics of Chris Pontius and Steve-O as they travel around the globe. Over the course of 4 seasons, Pontius and Steve-O traveled to 19 different locations. At each location, the pair would interact with the wild and learn the culture of the natives. Some of their antics include dressing up and running with the animals they encounter, subjecting themselves to the defense mechanisms of the animals, and eating the food of the local people.

The dangerous nature of the stunts go beyond that of either Jackass or another similar spin-off, Viva La Bam. In the course of the show, Steve-O purposely subjected himself to the relatively mild sting of the emperor scorpion on more than one occasion, and Pontius was nearly attacked by a jaguar and was bitten by a black bear. One of their most dangerous stunts showed the boys attracting a great white shark while disguised as seals, then jumping into the open water just 10m away. Another stunt included dangling meat attached to a hammock to attract lions. In yet another dangerous stunt, the pair dressed up as fake zebras to try to lure lions. The supposed sport of "hyena football" also made its debut, which in its earliest form was nothing more than a game of keep-away with a pack of spotted hyenas, using smoked ham as a ball. The "sport", according to its founders, "deserves Olympic status".

Some of the scenes were intentionally mislabeled for dramatization as many of the animals used were from a company called Hollywood Animals.

Despite the crude humor, the show has educational value, as it features accurate narrations of various animals and indigenous cultures. What separates Steve-O and Chris Pontius from their animal show-host colleagues is their complete fearlessness in spite of their lack of training. This recklessness is also seen in their willingness to interact with the various cultures that they come in contact with. Steve-O and Chris were open to any new experience, which gave them a chance to experience rituals and partake in events that a typical visitor or tourist may not be privy to.

Several members of the Jackass cast and crew contributed assistance to the show. The director of Jackass, Jeff Tremaine, served as director and executive producer of Wildboyz. Cameramen Dimitry Elyashkevich and Rick Kosick also continued to work alongside Tremaine on Wildboyz. Manny Puig, a wild animal expert who appeared on Jackass several times, occasionally joined the Wildboyz on their adventures. Fellow Jackass cast members Johnny Knoxville, Wee Man and Loomis Fall also made guest appearances on the show throughout all four seasons.

End
The show ended in 2006, after four seasons. Steve-O later wrote in his memoir that "Wildboyz probably could've kept going after Season 4. It just didn't seem like there was a point. Over time it had essentially evolved back into Jackass. During our final trip to Russia there were no stunts that wouldn't have fit in just as easily on Jackass. Johnny Knoxville came along on that trip too, which contributed even more to that vibe." Though no proper series finale was created, the concept of Wildboyz was somewhat revisited during Jackass Number Two, which was filmed after Wildboyz had ended. Director Jeff Tremaine says, "We shot some of the most amazing stuff [for Wildboyz] we've ever made. And so one of the ideas with Number Two was to recreate some of the best things we ever shot for Wildboyz. Unfortunately, it didn't always work out."
"The Fish Hook" sketch in Jackass Number Two featured Wildboyz stars Pontius, Steve-O and frequent collaborator Manny Puig, fishing for sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. The sketch involved Pontius fishing with Steve-O as his bait, and in order to attach himself to Pontius' fishing line, Steve-O put a fish hook through his cheek. The sketch ended after Steve-O kicked a mako shark in the head. During the commentary for Jackass Number Two, cameraman Dimitry Elyashkevich jokingly called the sketch "Wildboyz: The Movie!".
The "How to Milk a Horse" sketch was in fact filmed for Wildboyz, according to Jeff Tremaine in the director's commentary for the DVD release, but due to its explicit content (Steve-O, Pontius, and Knoxville obtained a sperm sample from a studded horse, which Pontius proceeded to drink), Tremaine said that it would never have aired on MTV.

Additional footage captured during the filming of Jackass Number Two also followed a Wildboyz-style format. These sketches can be seen in Jackass 2.5:
A balloon is placed between Steve-O's butt and is popped by the bite of an eastern diamondback rattlesnake.
Chris Pontius is bitten on the nose by a snapping turtle in a scene identical to one filmed for Wildboyz.
Wee Man runs through the streets of India with dozens of other short men all dressed in blue with orange wigs, chasing Preston Lacy, and vice versa.
Steve-O drinks beer off the fingernails of Shridhar Chillal, an Indian man alleged to have the longest fingernails in the world. Steve-O throws up repeatedly, upsetting the many Indian actresses on set.
One sketch was designed to display all Indian stereotypes in one scene. After much searching for a talent to perform this skit, Ehren McGhehey agrees reluctantly. He lies on a bed of nails wearing a turban with a cobra in a basket on his chest. He is surrounded by Indian snake charmers, a painted elephant, and Wildboyz stars Pontius and Steve-O.
In a sketch dubbed by director Jeff Tremaine to be "the ultimate failed bit," Jackass stars Chris Pontius, Steve-O, and Dave England visit the Aghori tribe of India. The tribe disturbs the actors and the sketch fails.
A sketch where Johnny Knoxville gets a prostate exam in Russia was originally shot for Wildboyz, but it was never shown on TV and instead was put in Jackass 2.5.
Sketches similar to Wildboyz in Jackass 3D include:
 Dave England and Steve-O playing tetherball with a beehive.
 Chris Pontius' chin being dressed up as a barbarian while he's "battling" scorpions.

Other sketches in Jackass 3.5 similar to Wildboyz include:
 Steve-O getting bitten on the buttocks by an alligator snapping turtle. Steve-O claimed numerous times throughout Wildboyz his dislike for alligator snapping turtles. Once the turtle bit, it refused to let go as Steve-O screamed and writhed in pain.
 During the filming of Jackass 3D, Jeff Tremaine discussed a scene he shot for Wildboyz, in which Steve-O and Chris Pontius wore a two-person llama costume, and an actual llama with an erection attempted to mate with the costume. Tremaine claimed that seeing Steve-O, the bottom half, being "raped" by the llama was "the funniest thing he had ever filmed." The Jackass crew made an unsuccessful attempt to replicate this with a donkey and a costume of one with clearly defined orifices. Steve-O and Johnny Knoxville wore the costume. Even after coating the orifices with female donkey urine, the donkey failed to become aroused. The same donkey suit makes a cameo appearance during the end credits of the 2012 Girl & Chocolate skateboard movie Pretty Sweet.
Sketches in Jackass Forever similar to Wildboyz include:
 At the end of the opening sequence of Jackass Forever, Chris Pontius gets bit on his penis by a snapping turtle.
 Steve-O putting a queen bee around his penis. A lot of other bees then latch onto and sting his penis.
 New cast member Sean "Poopies" McInerney attempting to kiss a Texas rat snake.
 Ehren McGhehey getting his nipple bit by a tarantula.
 New cast member Rachel Wolfson getting a botox injection by a scorpion.
 A vulture eating pieces of meat off of Wee Man's body as he is tied to the ground, while Chris Pontius and Steve-O are worshiping the vulture. This skit is similar to the "sarcophilus satanicus" skit from Wildboyz.
 Chris Pontius drinking pig semen and Dave England unsuspectingly getting it poured over him.
Sketches in Jackass 4.5 similar to Wildboyz include:
 Ehren McGhehey and Wee Man standing in a see-through tub with an electric eel. Wee Man then puts a key in Ehren's ass and touches the electric eel.
 Wee Man unsuspectingly getting horse semen poured over him.
 Steve-O putting fish in his ass and having a raptor attack and eat it.
 Steve-O getting his eyebrows waxed off by tying the thread to an eagle that flies away.
 New cast member Poopies unsuspectingly getting pig semen poured over him.

Cast and crew

Starring
 Chris Pontius
 Steve-O

Recurring
 Manny Puig

Guest stars
 Johnny Knoxville
 Wee-Man
 David Hasselhoff
 Method Man
 Juvenile
 Three 6 Mafia
 Loomis Fall
 Mat Hoffman
 Tony Hawk
 Macaque
 "Black mamba"

Home media

Season releases

All 4 seasons became available for streaming on Paramount+ on June 1, 2022.

References

External links

MTV original programming
MTV2 original programming
2000s American black comedy television series
2000s American mockumentary television series
2003 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
American television spin-offs
Jackass (TV series)
English-language television shows
Television series by Dickhouse Productions

Wildboyz


Uwe Schott (* 1966 in Düsseldorf) ist ein deutscher Filmproduzent.

Leben und Wirken
Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre arbeitet Uwe Schott als Produzent fürs Kino und Fernsehen. Zu seinen Arbeiten gehören deutsche als auch internationale Fernseh- und Kinofilme, wie z. B. Im Sog des Bösen, Hart aber herzlich: Operation Jennifer, Mission: Possible – Diese Kids sind nicht zu fassen! oder Lulu und Jimi.
Mit seiner gemeinsam mit Gabriela Sperl gegründeten Firma Sperl + Schott Film realisierte Uwe Schott zwischen 2007 und 2010 Kinofilme wie Die zweite Frau von Hans Steinbichler und Fernsehspiele wie Nikolai Müllerschöns Aber jetzt erst recht.

Nachdem er in Zusammenarbeit mit der Filmproduktionsfirma X-Filme Creative Pool Oskar Roehlers Kinofilm Lulu und Jimi produziert hatte, trat Uwe Schott im Herbst 2009 in die Geschäftsführung von X Filme ein. Anfang 2010 übernahm er dort den Vorsitz der Geschäftsführung.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1994: Affären
 1995: Im Sog des Bösen
 1996: Hart to Hart: Till Death Do Us Hart (Hart aber herzlich: Operation Jennifer, Fernsehfilm)
 1999: Ukulele Blues
 1998–2004: Die Verbrechen des Professor Capellari (Fernsehserie, siebzehn Folgen)
 1999: Morgen gehört der Himmel dir (Fernsehfilm)
 2001: Venus and Mars
 2002: Liebe und Verrat (Fernsehfilm)
 2004: Mission: Possible – Diese Kids sind nicht zu fassen! (Catch That Kid)
 2004: Cowgirl
 2008: Küss mich, wenn es Liebe ist (Fernsehfilm)
 2008: Die zweite Frau
 2009: Lulu und Jimi
 2009: Die Freundin der Tochter (Fernsehfilm)
 2010: In aller Stille (Fernsehfilm)
 2010: Aber jetzt erst recht (Fernsehfilm)
 2011: Salto Vitale (Fernsehfilm)
 2011: Einer wie Bruno
 2011: 4 Tage im Mai
 2013: Quellen des Lebens
 2015: Tod den Hippies!! Es lebe der Punk
 2016: Ein Hologramm für den König (A Hologram for the King)
 2016: Frantz
 2016: Brimstone
 2017: Sommerfest
 seit 2017: Babylon Berlin (Fernsehserie)
 2020: Isi & Ossi
 2020: Die Känguru-Chroniken
 2020: Enfant Terrible
 2022: Die Känguru-Verschwörung
 2023: Schnee (Fernsehserie)

Auszeichnungen
 2001: Murnau-Kurzfilmpreis für Ukulele Blues

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmproduzent
Deutscher
Geboren 1966
Mann

Uwe Schott


Die Route nationale 660, kurz N 660 oder RN 660, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Bergerac und einer Straßenkreuzung mit der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 111 nördlich von Luzech verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 87 Kilometer.

Weblinks

 Route nationale française 660 auf WikiSara ()

660

Route nationale 660


فيلاريات  هي فوق عائلة من الديدان الأسطوانية ، الاٍصابة بالفيلاريات تؤدي اٍلى داء الفيلاريات.

 تضم عائلة كلابيات الذنب.

مراجع

طفيليات
ديدان أسطوانية

حجناوات

فيلاريات


Iron Fist (Daniel Thomas "Danny" Rand) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Gil Kane, Iron Fist first appeared in Marvel Premiere #15 (May 1974). The character is a practitioner of martial arts and the wielder of a mystical force known as the Iron Fist, which allows him to summon and focus his chi. This ability is obtained from the city of K'un-Lun, which appears on Earth every 10 years.

He starred in his own solo series in the 1970s, and shared the title Power Man and Iron Fist for several years with Luke Cage, partnering with Cage to form the superhero team Heroes for Hire. Rand frequently appeared with the Daughters of the Dragon duo Misty Knight and Colleen Wing – with Rand often seen in a relationship with the former, marking the first interracial romance in Marvel Comics history. The character has starred in numerous solo titles since, including The Immortal Iron Fist, which expanded on his origin story and the history of the Iron Fist.

Iron Fist has been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games. Finn Jones portrayed the character in the live-action Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) Netflix television series Iron Fist (2017–2018), The Defenders (2017), and the second season of Luke Cage.

Development

Iron Fist, along with the previously created Shang-Chi, Master of Kung Fu, came from Marvel Comics during an American pop culture trend in the early to mid-1970s of martial arts heroes. Writer/co-creator Roy Thomas wrote in a text piece in Marvel Premiere #15 that Iron Fist's origin and creation owe much to the Bill Everett character, John Aman, the Amazing-Man, created in 1939. Thomas later wrote that he and artist/co-creator Gil Kane had

The film mentioned by Thomas is King Boxer, aka Five Fingers of Death (1972), which presents the Iron Fist technique. Thomas further discussed the character's creation stating, "When Stan Lee gave me a verbal approval to star him in a series, I contacted Gil Kane and we worked out the costume and story.  I had Gil give him a dragon brand on his chest, inspired by the one branded into Bullseye, a great western character created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby.  At Gil's urging, we took some story elements from Bill Everett's 1939 hero Amazing-Man, which itself had borrowed heavily from James Hilton's novel Lost Horizon and the first movie made from it, which introduced "Shangri-La" to the world."

Publication history
Debuting in a story written by Thomas and pencilled by Kane in the umbrella title Marvel Premiere #15–25 (May 1974 – October 1975), he was then written successively by Len Wein, Doug Moench, Tony Isabella, and Chris Claremont, with art by successive pencillers Larry Hama, Arvell Jones, Pat Broderick, and, in some of his earliest professional work, John Byrne. As the Marvel Premiere issues had successfully established a considerable readership for the character, following this run, Iron Fist was immediately spun off into the solo series Iron Fist, which ran 15 issues (November 1975 – September 1977). The solo series was written by Claremont and pencilled by Byrne. A subplot involving the Steel Serpent left unresolved by the cancellation of the series was wrapped up in issues #63–64 of Marvel Team-Up, the latter of which featured Rand kiss Misty Knight, marking the first interracial kiss and first long-term interracial couple in Marvel Comics history, as well as the first couple with an age difference in which the woman was older than her man.

To rescue the character from cancellation, Marvel paired Iron Fist with another character who was no longer popular enough to sustain his own series, Luke Cage. The two characters were partnered in a three-part story in Cage's series Power Man #48–50. The title of the series changed to Power Man and Iron Fist with issue #50 (April 1978), although the indicia did not reflect this change until issue #67. Iron Fist co-starred in the series until the final issue (#125, September 1986). Writer Jim Owsley (subsequently known as Christopher Priest) later commented, "Fist's death was senseless and shocking and completely unforeseen. It took the readers' heads clean off. And, to this day, people are mad about it. Forgetting, it seems, that (a) you were supposed to be mad, that death is senseless and Fist's death was supposed to be senseless, or that (b) this is a comic book."

Iron Fist was revived half a decade later in Namor, the Sub-Mariner #21–25 (December 1991 – April 1992), a story which revealed that the character killed in Power Man and Iron Fist #125 was a doppelgänger. The story was both written and drawn by Byrne, who found the manner of Iron Fist's death objectionable and later commented, "In one of those amazing examples of Marvel serendipity, it turned out to be fairly easy not only to resurrect Danny, but to make it seem like that was the plan all along." Iron Fist then became a frequently starring character in the anthology series Marvel Comics Presents, featuring in three multi-part story arcs and four one-shot stories in 1992 and 1993. Two solo miniseries followed: Iron Fist (vol. 2) #1–2 (September–October 1996), by writer James Felder and penciller Robert Brown; and Iron Fist (vol. 3) #1–3 (July–September 1998), by writer Dan Jurgens and penciller Jackson Guice. Also around this time, he was among the ensemble of the group series Heroes for Hire which ran 19 issues (July 1997 – January 1999).

Following a four-issue miniseries by writer Jay Faerber and penciller Jamal Igle, Iron Fist: Wolverine (November 2000 – February 2001), co-starring the X-Men character Wolverine and cover-billed as Iron Fist/Wolverine: The Return of K'un-Lun, came another solo miniseries, Iron Fist vol. 4 #1–6 (May–October 2004), by writer Jim Mullaney and penciller Kevin Lau. Subsequently, a new Iron Fist series premiered called The Immortal Iron Fist. The series was written jointly by Ed Brubaker and Matt Fraction from issues #1–14 (January 2007 – June 2008) with artists Travel Foreman and David Aja. Fraction wrote issues #15 and 16 alone. From issue #17 (September 2008) to the series' cancellation at issue #27 (August 2009), the series was written by Duane Swierczynski and largely drawn by a returning Travel Foreman.

Iron Fist's appearances outside his own title include three Iron Fist stories in Marvel's black-and-white comics magazine The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu #10 (March 1975), an additional story co-starring the Sons of the Tiger in issue #18 (November 1975), and a six-part serial, "The Living Weapon", in #19–24 (December 1975 – May 1976). He made guest appearances in such titles as Marvel Two-in-One, Marvel Team-Up, the Submariner series Namor, Black Panther, and Daredevil. Iron Fist appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010–2013 New Avengers series, from issue #1 (August 2010) through its final issue, #34 (January 2013). In 2014, Iron Fist was given new life and set to star in a new 12-issue comic book series written and drawn by Kaare Andrews titled Iron Fist: The Living Weapon as part of the All-New Marvel NOW! event.

In January 2021, Iron Fist starred in the series Iron Fist: Heart of the Dragon, written by Larry Hama with art by David Wachter. In October 2021, Marvel announced that Danny Rand will retire as Iron Fist and pass the mantle to a successor. The five-issue limited series, written by Alyssa Wong and art by Michael YG, was released in February 2022, which revealed Lin Lie as the new Iron Fist and Rand appearing in a supporting role.

Fictional character biography

Background
Danny Rand was born in New York City. His father, Wendell Rand, as a young boy happened upon the mystical city of K'un-L'un. During his time in K'un-L'un, Wendell saved the life of the city's ruler, Lord Tuan, and was adopted as Tuan's son. However, Wendell eventually left K'un-L'un and became a wealthy entrepreneur in the United States. He married socialite Heather Duncan and had a child, Daniel. Wendell later organizes an expedition to again seek out K'un-L'un, taking his wife Heather, his business partner Harold Meachum and nine-year-old Danny. During the journey up the mountain, Danny slips off the path, his tie-rope taking his mother and father with him. Meachum, who also loves Heather, forces Wendell to plunge to his death but offers to rescue Heather and Danny. She rejects his help. Heather and Danny come across a makeshift bridge that appears out of nowhere and are attacked by a pack of wolves. Heather throws herself on the wolves to save Danny and is killed even as archers from K'un-L'un attempt to save her. The archers take the grieving Danny to see Yu-Ti, the hooded ruler of K'un-L'un. When Danny expresses his desire for vengeance, Yü-Ti apprentices him to Lei Kung the Thunderer, who teaches him martial arts. Danny proves to be the most gifted of Lei Kung's students. He toughens his fists by plunging them into buckets of sand, gravel, and rock. At 19, Danny is given the chance to attain the power of the Iron Fist by fighting and defeating the dragon Shou-Lao the Undying, who guards the molten heart that had been torn from its body. Guessing that the heart provides life energy to Shou-Lao through the dragon-shaped scar on its chest, Danny covers the scar with his own body and hangs on until Shou-Lao collapses and dies, in the process burning a dragon brand into his own chest. Having killed Shou-Lao, he enters its cave and plunges his fists into a brazier containing the creature's molten heart, emerging with the power of the Iron Fist. It is later revealed that Danny is part of a long lineage of Iron Fists. When K'un-L'un reappears on Earth after 10 years, Danny leaves to find his father's killer. Returning to New York, Danny Rand, dressed in the ceremonial garb of the Iron Fist, seeks out Harold Meachum, now head of Meachum Industries. After overcoming a number of attempts on his life, he confronts Meachum in his office, only to find the man legless—an amputation carried out when, after abandoning Danny and his mother, he was caught in heavy snow and his legs became frostbitten. Meachum accepts his fate and tells Iron Fist to kill him. Overcome with pity, Iron Fist walks away. At that moment Meachum is murdered by a mysterious ninja, and his daughter Joy blames Iron Fist for the death.

Eventually, Iron Fist clears his name and begins a career as a superhero, aided by his friends Colleen Wing and Misty Knight. Notable adversaries in his early career include Sabretooth, the mysterious Master Khan (whom the ninja that killed Meachum once served), and the Steel Serpent, the exiled son of Lei Kung who coveted the Iron Fist power.

Heroes for Hire
While working undercover, Misty Knight infiltrates the organization of crime lord John Bushmaster. When Bushmaster discovers Knight's treachery, he kidnaps Claire Temple and Noah Burstein, close associates of Luke Cage, better known as Power Man, and holds them hostage to force Cage to eliminate Knight. Iron Fist is on hand to stop him, however, and after a battle, the truth comes out. Rand helps Cage and the Daughters of the Dragon (Knight and Wing) battle Bushmaster, rescue Temple and Burstein, and obtain evidence that proves Cage's innocence of prior drug charges. Afterwards, Iron Fist and Power Man become partners, forming Heroes for Hire, Inc. Iron Fist, in his secret identity of Danny Rand, resumes control of his parents' fortune as half of Rand-Meachum, Inc., making him quite wealthy. This causes tension between Rand and Cage, who was raised poor. Power Man and Iron Fist's partnership ends when Rand is diagnosed with cancer and gets kidnapped as part of a plot masterminded by Master Khan. Just prior to a battle with the Black Dragon Chiantang (the brother of the mythical Dragon King), Danny is replaced by a doppelgänger created by the extra-dimensional H'ylthri. The double (who wears a red variant of the Iron Fist costume) is killed by Captain Hero a short time later. Cage, now the prime suspect in Rand's apparent death, becomes a fugitive.

Resurrection
While in stasis in K'un-L'un with the H'ylthri, Iron Fist manages to focus his chi, curing the cancer. He is later freed from stasis by Namor. Rand and Cage reform Heroes for Hire, Inc. with an expanded team, this time working for Namor's Oracle Corporation. Namor ultimately dissolves Oracle as well as Heroes for Hire, Inc. Iron Fist later loses his powers to Junzo Muto, the young leader of the Hand, and subsequently becomes the guardian of a pack of displaced dragons in Tokyo. His powers are eventually restored by Chiantang, who brainwashes Iron Fist and forces him to battle Black Panther. Black Panther is able to free Iron Fist from the creature's control, and the two work together to defeat the Black Dragon in Wakanda. In the Iron Fist miniseries, Miranda Rand-K'ai also returns from the dead. The H'ylthri revive her and promise to restore her to full life if she retrieves the extra-dimensional artifact known as the Zodiac Key. To this end, she takes the identity of Death Sting, bringing her into conflict with Iron Fist as well as with S.H.I.E.L.D. When the H'ylthri try to kill Iron Fist, Miranda turns the power of the Zodiac Key against them, seemingly killing herself in the process. However, exposure to chemicals from the H'ylthri pods prevented her death.

Posing as Daredevil
Rand disguises himself as Daredevil to convince the media and the public that Matt Murdock is not the masked vigilante. During the "Civil War" storyline, he opposes the Superhuman Registration Act, joining Captain America while still pretending to be Daredevil. Rand is apprehended by Pro-Registration forces. He is later freed from the Negative Zone Prison, joining Captain America's team to battle Iron Man's forces.

New Avengers
After the arrest of Captain America, Rand joins the New Avengers, an underground group provided with secure accommodation by Doctor Strange and which includes his former teammate Luke Cage. In the public eye, Rand is able to avoid arrest with legal loopholes. Rand leaves the New Avengers, due to a variety of problems, but lets them know, if they ever need him, to give him a call.  He later aids the New Avengers in locating and rescuing Cage from Norman Osborn after Cage suffered a heart attack and was summarily taken into custody as a fugitive.

The Immortal Iron Fist

Orson Randall, Danny Rand's immediate predecessor, seeks out Danny Rand in New York and gives him The Book of the Iron Fist, a sacred ledger supposedly containing all the kung fu secrets of previous Iron Fists, which Randall claims will be necessary if Rand is to compete successfully in the coming tournament of the Seven Champions. The Steel Serpent, whose powers have been greatly augmented by the Crane Mother, dispatches Randall. On the brink of death, Randall surrenders his chi to Rand, giving him sufficient power to battle the Serpent to a standstill. After the battle, Rand is summoned by his master, Lei Kung (who is also the father of Steel Serpent) to compete in a tournament that will decide the cycle according to which each of the Seven Cities of Heaven appears on Earth. However, the leaders of the Seven Cities had secretly erected gateways between Earth and each city without the knowledge of the populace. The corruption of the leaders of the Seven Cities of Heaven spurs Iron Fist, Lei Kung, Orson Randall's daughter, and John Aman to plan a revolution. Iron Fist discovers that Crane Mother and Xao, a high-ranking HYDRA operative, are planning to destroy K'un-Lun by using a portal. Upon learning of the plot, Steel Serpent helps Rand and the other Immortal Weapons defeat Xao.

Rand destroys the train intended to destroy K'un-L'un by extending his chi to find the train's electromagnetic field. Meanwhile, the revolution orchestrated by Lei Kung and Orson's daughter proves successful, with Nu-an, the Yu-Ti of K'un-Lun fleeing in terror. When Rand confronts Xao, Xao reveals that there is an eighth city of Heaven before killing himself. Rand suggests Lei Kung as the new Yu-Ti, with Orson's unnamed daughter as the new Thunderer.

After learning that the Randall fortune that started Rand International was formed from the oppression of the Cities of Heaven, Rand decides to transform the company into a non-profit organization, dedicated to helping the poor. He also sets up the Thunder Dojo in Harlem to help inner-city children, buys back the old Heroes for Hire building as the new Rand International Headquarters and his new home, while offering Luke Cage a position at the company. He also tries to reconnect with Misty Knight. Rand, on his 33rd birthday, learns every single one of the previous Iron Fists died at the age of 33, except Orson Randall, who vanished at that time. Soon afterward, Rand is attacked and defeated by Zhou Cheng, a servant of Ch'l-Lin, who claims to have killed the Iron Fists in order to enter K'un-Lun and devour the egg that births the next incarnation of Shou-Lao the Undying every generation, thus wiping out K'un-Lun's Iron Fist legacy. Luke, Misty, and Colleen arrive and save Rand. Rand has his shoulder dislocated during a second battle with Cheng, but manages to defeat Cheng even in his weakened state. Following the duel, the Immortal Weapons, Luke, Colleen, and Misty arrive, and reveal to Rand that they have discovered a map in Cheng's apartment that leads to the Eighth City of Heaven. Rand and the others realize that this is where Ch'l-Lin originated, and depart for the Eighth City.

In the Eighth City, he meets Quan Yaozu, the first Iron Fist, who became disillusioned with K'un-Lun and rose up to rule the Eighth City as Changming. Rand and Fat Cobra manage to defeat Quan. Rand's actions during their battles impress Quan, who decides that Rand may be living proof that K'un-Lun is not the corrupt city it once was. Rand and Davos agree to guide Quan to K'un-Lun and arrange a meeting between him and Lei-Kung to give Quan a forum for his grievances. However, when Rand returns to New York, he finds a HYDRA cell waiting for him at Rand International, seeking retribution for the death of Xao, and holding Misty hostage. In the ensuing battle, Rand International is destroyed, but Rand and Misty escape unharmed. Now left with only a fraction of his former net worth, Rand and Misty purchase a new condo in Harlem, and Rand decides to focus all of his attention and remaining resources at the Thunder Dojo. While moving into their new home, Rand asks Misty to marry him. Initially skeptical of the offer, Misty accepts and reveals that she is pregnant with Rand's child.

Avengers reform
In the aftermath of Siege, Rand joins the newly reformed New Avengers. After finding out that Misty's pregnancy was false, Misty and Danny decide to move out of their apartment and live separately, but continue their relationship. During the "Shadowland" storyline, Danny later has an encounter with someone who is going by the name of Power Man. He and Luke Cage discover that the Power Man is Victor Alvarez, a survivor of a building that Bullseye blew up. Iron Fist becomes the new Power Man's mentor and the two become a team. During the "Fear Itself" storyline, Iron Fist and the Immortal Weapons are summoned to Beijing to close the gates of the Eighth City that are on the verge of opening. However, Danny is placed under mind control which creates a mystical interference with the ability of the Immortal Weapons to close the gate. He is then forced to battle his allies. Thanks to War Machine knocking him out, the mission is completed successfully. However, Doctor Strange realizes that Iron Fist is now an Immortal Weapon of Agamotto. During the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Iron Fist and Lei Kung bring Hope Summers to K'un-Lun to train as an Iron Fist, in order to defeat the Phoenix-possessed X-Men.

Marvel NOW!
In Iron Fist: The Living Weapon, Iron Fist is approached by a young monk named Pei, who tells him to return to K'un-Lun. Upon returning, Iron Fist discovers the city in ruins and Lei Kung dead at the hands of the One, a chi-powered robot who believed itself to be Danny's father Wendell Rand. Iron Fist is defeated by the One, but is rescued by his childhood friend Sparrow and the One's creator Fooh, who nurse him back to health and warn him that the One and Davos were working together to turn New York into New K'un-Lun. During Iron Fist's and the One's second confrontation, the One opens an artificial portal between Earth and the Heavens in an attempt to retrieve Wendell's deceased wife Heather Rand from the afterlife, the but Xian fire god Zhu Rong emerges in Manhattan to punish the mortals for upsetting the universal order. By focusing his chi energy into his fist and launching himself into Zhu Rong, Iron Fist defeats the fire god. Meanwhile, Davos attempts to take the power of the Iron Fist from a reborn Shou-Lou, but is stopped by Pei, who gains the power of the Iron Fist to defeat Davos and revive Shou-Lou, naming his adolescent reborn form "Gork". As the youngest person to ever bear the mark of the Iron Fist, Pei is subsequently taken in by Danny as his ward. In the Marvel NOW! era, Iron Fist rejoins Luke Cage as the Heroes For Hire, having been employed by Boomerang to arrest his former colleagues in the Sinister Six.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
In the All-New, All-Different Marvel era, Danny and Luke are forced to return to crime fighting after former Heroes for Hire secretary Jennifer "White Jennie" Royce becomes embroiled in a gang war with Black Mariah against Tombstone. After that is dealt with, Power Man and Iron Fist once again take to the streets as the Heroes for Hire. During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Iron Fist became a member of the Defenders alongside Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Jessica Jones. They, alongside Cloak and Dagger, Doctor Strange, and Spider-Woman, fought the Army of Evil during Hydra's takeover of the United States where they were defeated by Nitro. Iron Fist and those with him were trapped in the Darkforce dome by Blackout when his powers were enhanced by Baron Helmut Zemo using the Darkhold. During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Iron Fist babysat Danielle Cage while Luke and Jessica were away helping Iron Man and Spider-Man look for Wolverine's body after it went missing from its private resting place. After the mission was over, Luke and Jessica thanked Iron Fist for babysitting Danielle.

Heart of the Dragon
The dragons of the Heavenly Cities are being targeted by armies of undead ninjas and several villains, including Taskmaster, Lady Bullseye and Midnight Sun for their hearts, resulting in the deaths of many dragons and Tiger's Beautiful Daughter, prompting Iron Fist to team up with Luke, Pei, Gork, Fooh and the remaining Immortal Weapons to save the other dragons.  At the urging of the Xian goddess of Mercy Quan Yin, Iron Fist and the others use Fooh's portal technology to manifest the Heavenly Cities on Earth so that other heroes, including Okoye and Sunspot, can join in the defense against the hordes of zombies and villains. When the zombies prove too much for them, Iron Fist and the group retreat to the Heart of Heaven, where they come across Okoye slaying the dragon of the Heart of Heaven, who takes advantage of their shock to slay the newly rescued dragon of the Kingdom of Spiders as well; Okoye explains that she was told to kill them by Quan Yin and the Heart of Heaven's dragon in order to secure the cosmic balance, thus gaining the power of both dragons. Yama Dragonsbane, Danny's former lover Brenda Swanson, subsequently appears in the Heart of Heaven and reveals herself to be behind the dragon slayings in order to use their hearts to empower her master, the Hierophant, who is also summoned to the Heart of Heaven. While Fooh distracts the Hierophant, Iron Fist and the others travel to the Eighth City to destroy the Hierophant's undead army but are attacked by the city's Ghost Dragon. When the Ghost Dragon proves impossible to harm, Pei and Gork reluctantly allow Okoye to kill Gork for his heart, knowing that he and the other dragons can be revived if she can defeat the Hierophant. With Pei's and Gork's powers, Okoye is able to slay the Ghost Dragon and claim his power. When the Hierophant arrives, Danny transfers the Iron Fist to Okoye, granting her the full power of the Heavenly Cities. Okoye uses her combined dragon chi to defeat the Hierophant and Dragonsbane while Iron Fist and the others finish off the remaining undead. The Hierophant's death releases the hearts of the dragons slain by him and Okoye back to their respective Cities, although the Iron Fist powers of Danny, Pei and Gork remain with Okoye. Okoye attempts to return the Iron Fist back to Danny, who refuses, declaring that Okoye is the new Iron Fist. Due to her obligations to Wakanda, Okoye refuses and instead transfers the Iron Fist to Gork's newly reborn egg, leaving the title and power vacant.  Despite being powerless, an undeterred Danny declares to Luke that he will "live [life] to the fullest".

Devil's Reign
During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Mayor Wilson Fisk outlaws superhero vigilantism in New York City.  Despite his retirement as Iron Fist, Danny is apprehended at his office by NYPD officers led by Thunderbolts member Crossbones.  Danny attempts to fight them off but is overpowered and incarcerated in the Myrmidon along with others targeted by the new law.  Danny, Moon Knight and Tony Stark are able to escape with the help of Sue Storm and Reed Richards.  After Fisk is defeated and Luke is elected mayor of New York City, Danny accompanies Luke on several of his first outings as mayor.

Meeting the New Iron Fist
While a powerless Danny fights several demons attacking a Chinese antique shop in Flushing for a mysterious green shard, he is helped by Lin Lie - formerly the superhero Sword Master - who is now garbed in the mantle of the Iron Fist and possesses the chi of Shou-Lao.  After they defeat the demons and recover the shard, Danny attempts to question Lie about his background and offers to help him, but Lie rebuffs him and flees through a portal in a nearby subway back to K'un-Lun.  Danny contacts Fat Cobra and the Bride of Nine Spiders with tracking down the new Iron Fist, eventually finding him in Gansu.  Danny travels with the two and Luke to China but he and Luke get separated from the two Immortal Weapons, who encounter Lie before him.  When an army the same demons from Flushing appear, Danny, Luke and the Immortal Weapons join forces with Lie and his friends to fight them.  When the Yu-Ti of K'un-Lun, Sparrow, and her best warriors are summoned by Danny for backup, the demons' leader and Lie's brother, Lin Feng, reveals that moment to be his true goal and steals Sparrow's portal to K'un-Lun to find the final tomb of his master Chiyou, leaving the K'un-Lun citizens trapped on Earth.  Danny offers housing to the displaced citizens and formally introduces himself to Lie.  Danny compliments Lie's acquired skills and offers to complete his training; Lie readily accepts.

Powers and abilities
Plunging his fists into the molten heart of the dragon Shou-Lao the Undying infused the dragon's superhuman energy into Rand. This, along with being trained by Lei Kung the Thunderer, gave Rand the power of the Iron Fist, allowing him to summon and focus his chi energy (also called natural energy or life force energy) to enhance his natural abilities to extraordinary levels. His strength, speed, stamina, durability, agility, reflexes and senses can all be greatly intensified, almost comparable to superhuman levels.

He is able to concentrate his own chi and the superhuman energy from Shou-Lao's heart into his hand, with it manifesting as a supernatural glow around his hand and fist. So concentrated, this "iron fist" can strike with superhuman hardness and impact, while his hand becomes impervious to pain and injury. Some of Rand's feats with the "iron fist" is knocking out Luke Cage, knocking out a drunken Hercules, taking down Black Panther (wearing his vibranium suit), and taking down the S.H.I.E L.D Helicarrier with a single punch. However, summoning the power required by this feat leaves Rand physically and mentally drained, unable to repeat the act for a time, as long as an entire day in certain instances, though after years of using the ability, it has become less draining. He can focus his chi inward to heal himself or outward to heal others of injury, as well as to give himself psychic senses and to telepathically fuse his consciousness with another person when looking directly into the pupil of his eye.

Rand is also a skilled acrobat, gymnast, and a master of all of K'un-Lun's martial arts, as well as various fighting styles from Earth, including Shaolin Kung Fu, Aikido, Fujian White Crane, Judo, Karate, Muay Thai, Ninjutsu, Wushu, and Wing Chun.

Other characters named Iron Fist
This section lists the other people who have been called Iron Fist:

Fan Fei
In 1,000,000 BC, a K'un-Lun native named Fan Fei was born to the Green Lotus House and had taken a fascination with the cavemen that lived outside K'un-Lun; going so far as to train a few of them in secret. After she was exposed, Fan Fei was chained up and forced to watch as her students were fed to Shou-Lou by Lei Kung. When she broke out, in the hopes that she will die fighting Shou-Lou, Fan Fei punched the dragon in his chest tattoo and gained his powers. Lei Kung had Fan Fei exiled from K'un-Lun, believing Shou-Lou was dead, and she traveled the world; fighting Deviants and the Gorgilla Clan of Man-Apes along the way. Fan Fei was approached by Mephisto, who wanted her to use her powers to conquer Earth, but she declined. In response, Mephisto granted his gifts to the Gorgilla Clan. After a fight with Fan Fei, Mephisto led the Gorgilla Clan's Ape King to the Power Infinity Gem, which he used to fight Fan Fei again. After recuperating, Fan Fei found herself at the entrance of K'un-Lun. Lei Kung states that her sentencing was wrong, as they learned Shou-Lou was immortal, and wanted to bring her home. However, she declined, stating that Earth was her home and her fights here are just the beginning. Fan Fei later banded together with Agamotto, Lady Phoenix, Odin, and Stone Age versions of Black Panther, Ghost Rider, and Star Brand to fought off a Celestial named the Fallen. They would go on to defeat it and seal it underground in what would later become South Africa.

Quan Yaozu
One of the first Iron Fists, Quan Yaozu was sent to the Eighth City to imprison the demonic creatures sent from there that had been plaguing K'un-Lun and the other Heavenly Cities, voluntarily staying behind to prevent them from escaping. When the Yu-Ti of K'un-Lun began using the Eight City to imprison citizens who threatened his rule, including innocents, Quan became disillusioned with K'un-Lun and eventually took control of the Eighth City, ruling it as "Changming". Centuries later, when Danny and the Immortal weapons arrive in the Eighth City at the behest of Lei Kung to free the wrongfully convicted prisoners, Quan has them captured and forces them to fight to the death in numerous matches.  When Danny finds out about Quan's history, he is able to prove his altruistic intentions, which convinces Quan that K'un-Lun is no longer the corrupt city as it once was and agrees to meet Lei Kung.

Li Park
In 730 A.D., a pacifist named Li Park became the new Iron Fist, who sought to resolve conflict by avoiding direct conflict. As a local village battled with a Chinese general intent on conquering K'un-Lun, which had been struck by a plague, Li utilized his newly discovered hypnotic fist technique to dissuade the soldiers. When his technique failed to save the villagers, Li put aside his pacifism and used more aggressive actions. Ultimately, Li was able to rescue the remaining villagers and led them to K'un-Lun, where they helped repopulate the city.

Gale
During the 11th Century, the outlaw Atlantean princess Gale wielded the powers of the Iron Fist. She was part of Thor's incarnation of the Avengers.

Bei-Ming Tian
Bei Ming-Tian was the Iron Fist circa 1227 AD. He protected his village from the invading Mongol Army and even slew Genghis Khan himself in battle.

Fongji Wu
Centuries ago, the Yu-Ti Nu-An had a recurring dream associating a red-haired girl with the Phoenix and a dragon. He later finds a matching red-haired girl named Fongji Wu in the streets of K'un-L'un and has her trained as the Iron Fist. Nu-An asks for Leonardo da Vinci to come to K'un-L'un in order to help protect the world against the Phoenix's arrival; meanwhile, Fongji is submitted to a hard training, eventually manifesting the Phoenix powers. Nu-An orders her to battle the dragon Shao-Lao as established by the ritual of the Iron Fist. Fongji is successful in her test and becomes the Iron Fist, shortly before Da Vinci sees the Phoenix coming towards Earth. Fongji is able to bond with the Phoenix and remain in control of herself, but she feels that Earth is still not ready for its evolution and departs.

Wu Ao-Shi
In 1545 A.D., a young protégé of Lei Kung named Wu Ao-Shi defeated Shou-Lou the Undying and claimed the power of the Iron Fist for herself. During her training, she fell in love and became betrothed to a fisherman, who became distraught at the violence destined for the Iron Fist and left her and K'un-Lun once the city merged with Earth; Wu followed shortly after to search for her love. During her travels Wu made a living as a mercenary and took on a job to liberate Pinghai Bay from the Wokou pirates, but was defeated and imprisoned. Wu was rescued by her beloved, and killed the pirates by infusing her chi into an arrow, turning it into an explosive projective. Wu and the fisherman spent their remaining years together in the liberated territory, with Wu later becoming known as the Pirate Queen of Pinghai Bay. Centuries later, Wu Ai-Shi's exploits were made into a movie called Pinghai Bay.

Bei Bang-Wen
Sometime in the mid-19th century, an Iron Fist known as Bei Bang-Wen developed an Iron Fist technique known as the Perfect Strategy Mind, which let him use the chi of Shou-Lou in more intellectual ways but also left him overconfident. In 1860, Bei assisted the Chinese against the British and French forces during the Second Opium War. Despite forming a scenario taking down tens of thousands of enemy soldiers at the Taku Forts, Bei and his Chinese allies were defeated at the Taku Forts and Bei was taken prisoner. After befriending fellow captive and mythical warrior Vivatma Visvajit, the two escaped from prison and journeyed to Vivatma's homeland of Burma, where they were ambushed by the energy-draining assassin Tiger Jani. Bei and Vivatma defeated Jani with their reawakened their Iron Fist and Brahman powers, respectively. A physically and mentally worn Bei returned home to K'un-Lun, relinquishing his powers so that the cycle of the Iron Fist could begin again and took a wife who bore him thirteen sons.

Kwai Jun-Fan
Bei Bang-Wen's successor to the Iron Fist, Kwai Jun-Fan ventured the Wild West of Texas circa 1878 AD, where he was killed by Zhou Cheng under the influence of Ch'i-Lin.

Orson Randall
Born and raised in K'un-Lun after his parents' airship crashed in the city in the late 19th century, Orson Randall became the Iron Fist after besting Shou-Lao when he was seventeen years old, becoming the first Westerner to do so. During World War I, Randall joined the Freedom's Five along with Union Jack, Phantom Eagle, Crimson Cavalier and Sir Steel. The bloodshed Randall witnessed in the war deeply traumatized him, causing him to turn to drugs to escape. In 1933, Randall was summoned back to K'un-Lun to participate in the Tournament of Heaven, but refused to participate, having been changed by his experiences in the war. When confronted by the Immortal Weapons, Randall killed the Crane Champion of K'un-Zi in self defense and fled, taking the Book of the Iron Fist with him.

While in hiding, Randall met young orphan Wendell Rand and adopted him as his ward, training him in martial arts while filling his head with stories of K'un-Lun and the Iron Fist, causing Wendell to seek the city out himself once he came of age. Sometime after the 1960s Randall was believed to have died, leaving behind a vast fortune to Wendell, making him incredibly wealthy. In truth, Randall was living in drug-soaked seclusion in Thailand for decades. While the next Tournament of Heaven neared, the Steel Serpent and his allies arrived to kill him, causing Randall to flee to New York to seek out his successor and Wendell's son Danny, giving him the Book of the Iron Fist and informing him of the upcoming Tournament and their histories. During another encounter with the Steel Serpent, Randall is mortally wounded and transfers his chi to Danny before dying.

Pei
A young monk of K'un-Lun, Pei fled from the city when Davos and the One staged a coup, taking the unhatched egg of the latest incarnation of Shou-Lao with her. Pei was able to find Danny in New York and told him to go back to save K'un-Lun. While under her care, the egg prematurely hatches into an adolescent dragon, whom Pei names "Gork". When Davos catches up to them and kills Gork, Pei inadvertently ends up with the power of the Iron Fist, becoming one of the youngest to do so, and uses its power to defeat Davos and revive Gork and all previous incarnations of Shou-Lou. Danny subsequently takes her under his wing as his ward and the two being training together to master their Iron Fist powers. During the Hierophant's attacks on the dragons of the Heavenly Cities, Pei reluctantly allows Okoye to sacrifice Gork and transfers her Iron Fist power to augment Okoye's acquired dragon chi to defeat the Hierophant and save the dragons.

Wah Sing-Rand
In an alternate timeline set in the 31st century, Wah Sing-Rand, a K'un-Lun native and Danny's possible descendant, defeats Shou-Lou, becoming one of the youngest Iron Fists in history. While traveling to the planet Yaochi to free it from the tyrannical President Xing, his shuttle is frozen in a temporal pocket, leaving him trapped for 24 years. In circa 3099 AD., he was able to defeat Xing and liberate Yaochi but at the cost of his own life.

Supporting characters

Other versions

MC2
Iron Fist appeared in the pages of Spider-Girl #24, in which he is retired after the death of Misty Knight (his wife in this universe). However, he temporarily steps back into costume to aid Spider-Girl against the might of Dragon Fist.

Marvel Zombies
Iron Fist is shown twice in battle during the Marvel Zombies miniseries. He can be seen in several splash panels, as well as being bitten by a zombie version of Luke Cage, punching a hole through a zombified Black Cat and once again being bitten, apparently avoiding infection through his healing abilities. A different Iron Fist appears in Marvel Zombies Return in an alternate universe where he is unaffected by the zombie outbreak until Wolverine from the Marvel Zombies universe kills him with his claws.

Ultimate Marvel
Daniel Rand has appeared in Ultimate Spider-Man. His first appearance in the Ultimate universe was in Ultimate Spider-Man #1/2. Later, he appeared in the Warriors story arc (issues #79–85) along with Shang-Chi, Moon Knight, and others. He reappears in the Ultimate Knights arc, as a member of a Daredevil-led team trying to take down the Kingpin. In Ultimate Spider-Man #107, however, he has apparently betrayed the group to the Kingpin. Daredevil has uncovered the deception and ends issue #109 demanding answers from Rand. In issue #110 Iron Fist reveals that he has a daughter and the Kingpin threatened her life, so he chose his daughter's life over Daredevil's, and the rest of the heroes that teamed up to take down the Kingpin. He did distract Kingpin while Daredevil grabbed Kingpin's wife. Rand is last seen with his daughter and his daughter's mother Colleen Wing.

House of M
In the House of M reality, Daniel Rand emerges from K'un-Lun, unaware of the mutant-dominated planet. He is attacked by mutant police, and eventually joins Luke Cage's Human Resistance Movement.

Earth-13584
In A.I.M.'s pocket dimension of Earth-13584, Iron Fist appears as a member of Spider-Man's gang.

Deadpool 2099
Iron Fist is one of the few heroes still alive in 2099, he is known as the "Defender of the Streets" and now leads a large group of martial artists to continue his vigilante activities. Deadpool requests his aid to help deal with Wade's daughter, Warda, and Rand agrees to help his oldest living friend.

Secret Wars (2015)
During the Secret Wars storyline, Iron Fist is Rand-K'ai, member of the Iron Fist school and the sheriff and protector of the wuxia-inspired K'un-L'un region of Battleworld. In this reality, he unwillingly serves the long-reigning Emperor Zheng Zu, the master of the ruthless Ten Rings school, the enemies of the more benevolent Iron Fist school. Rand-K'ai hunts after Shang-Chi, the exiled son of Zu, for the murder of his master Lord Tuan although he suspects the emperor to be involved. Representing the Iron Fist, Rand-K'ai enters the tournament to decide the new ruler of K'un-L'un and eventually confronts Shang-Chi along with Red Sai, master of the Red Hand and the emperor's assassin, in the penultimate round of the Thirteen Chambers. During the fight, Shang-Chi is poisoned by Red Sai, who confesses that Zu had sent her to assassinate Tuan but ultimately failed. To spare his lover and her students from the emperor's wrath, Shang-Chi killed Tuan; Zu implicated and exiled his son for the murder to cover his own involvement. After the truth is revealed, Rand-K'ai uses his Chi to burn the poison in Shang-Chi's body and lets him pass so that he could defeat his father. After Shang-Chi emerges victorious, Rand-K'ai pledges himself to the new emperor.

Reception
Iron Fist is ranked as the 195th-greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine. IGN also ranked Iron Fist as the 68th-greatest comic book hero of all time stating that in the Marvel Universe, mastery of martial arts is enough to qualify as a superpower, and none are more "super" at the art of fighting than Iron Fist, and as #46 on their list of the "Top 50 Avengers".

Controversy
The story of Iron Fist has been criticized for cultural appropriation, orientalism and reinforcing a white savior narrative, with Rob Bricken of io9 summarizing Danny Rand as a clichéd "white guy [who] discovers a foreign culture, learns its ways, and becomes better at it than the people born into it".  Upon the announcement of the television series, an online movement was started to change Iron Fist as an Asian-American character to subvert offensive tropes while providing some depth to the character. Supporters of the movement included comic writer Gail Simone, who acknowledged she was a fan of Iron Fist but agreed that the character should be changed to Asian-American. The role ultimately went to English actor Finn Jones, whose performance was panned by critics along with the show's depiction of Asian culture during its first season.

Roy Thomas, co-creator of Iron Fist, defended the character in response to criticism, arguing that Iron Fist was created for a less "PC" time.  While Thomas added that he would not be bothered if Iron Fist had been changed to Asian-American, he was not "ashamed" for making Rand white. Comic book creator Rob Liefeld also defended the character, denying that Rand's story was racist and argued that changing his race to Asian was "reverse whitewashing".  Other commentators have echoed similar sentiments; while acknowledging that Rand's origins were problematic, some felt that changing him to Asian would reinforce the stereotype of Asians being proficient in martial arts.

In an apparent response to the racial backlash against the character and the negative reception of the television series, Marvel announced in 2021 that Danny Rand will leave the mantle and a new younger Iron Fist of Asian descent will be introduced in a new comic series helmed by an Asian creative team. Alyssa Wong, writer of the new series, explained that it was "impossible to be unaware of the controversy", which she took into consideration when writing the series.  While noting that there had been Iron Fists of Asian descent before, Wong pointed out that all of them were supporting characters in Rand's story or long dead, arguing that the new Iron Fist was an important step forward for the title and the ongoing push for diversity.  Wong also acknowledged Rand's sizeable fanbase despite criticisms, reassuring that he would play an important role for the new Iron Fist and that the new series would not "erase" Rand's history and legacy but instead build upon it.  The new series, which revealed the Chinese superhero Sword Master as the new Iron Fist, has since received critical acclaim.

Collected editions
Bronze Age Collections

The Immortal Iron Fist

Power Man and Iron Fist

Iron Fist

Iron Fist: The Living Weapon

Miniseries

In other media

Television

Animation
 Iron Fist appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "A Brat Walks Among Us!", voiced by Mikey Kelley. This version is a member of the Heroes for Hire.
 Iron Fist appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Loren Lester. This version is a member of the Heroes for Hire and founding member of the New Avengers.
 Iron Fist appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Greg Cipes. This version is a teenager, best friend of Luke Cage, and a member of a S.H.I.E.L.D. team led by Spider-Man who voices his opinions through proverbs. Despite coming from an affluent background, Iron Fist chooses to live a simple life among his friends as part of his training. Having completed most of his training in K'un-L'un, he joined S.H.I.E.L.D. to gain a more worldly experience. Later in the series, he becomes a founding member of the New Warriors.
 Iron Fist appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload, voiced again by Greg Cipes.
 Iron Fist appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "The Immortal Weapon", voiced again by Greg Cipes.
 Iron Fist appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Go Shinomiya in the Japanese version and Liam O'Brien in the English version.
 Iron Fist appears in Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Go Shinomiya in the Japanese version and by Johnny Yong Bosch in the English version.

Live-action

Danny Rand / Iron Fist appears in Marvel's Netflix television series, portrayed by Finn Jones as an adult and Toby Nichols as an adolescent.
 First appearing in a self-titled series, this version befriended Ward and Joy Meachum over their fathers both running Rand Enterprises as children before Danny was presumed dead in a plane crash orchestrated by his friends' father Harold Meachum. Having survived the crash, Danny is rescued by monks from K'un-L'un and taken there to train under them. In the present, he returns as an adult to regain control of Rand Enterprises, during which he allies himself with Colleen Wing and battles the Hand.
 Rand also appears in The Defenders, in which he helps found the eponymous group, and the Luke Cage episode "The Main Ingredient".

Film
In May 2000, Marvel Studios brought Artisan Entertainment to co-finance an Iron Fist film, hiring Ray Park to star and John Turman to write the script in January 2001. In preparation, Park extensively read the comics that Iron Fist had appeared in. Kirk Wong signed to direct in July 2001, with filming set for late 2001/early 2002. Iron Fist nearly went into pre-production in March 2002, but Wong left the project in April 2002. By August 2002, pre-production had started. Filming was pushed back to late 2002, and then to late 2003. In March 2003, Marvel announced a 2004 release date. In April 2003, Steve Carr entered negotiations to direct. In November 2003, the release date was moved to 2006. In March 2007, Carr placed Iron Fist on hold due to scheduling conflicts. In 2009, Marvel announced they had begun hiring a group of writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser-known properties, such as Iron Fist. In August 2010, Marvel Studios hired Rich Wilkes to write the screenplay. Marvel has a future Iron Fist film project planned. In November 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that they "probably were never going to make feature films about" characters featured in Marvel's Netflix TV series, but that if the Netflix series became popular, "[it was] quite possible that they could become feature films".

Video games
 Iron Fist appears as an assist character in Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage.
 Iron Fist makes a cameo appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man: Lethal Foes.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Spider-Man: Friend or Foe, voiced by John Rubinow. This version is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Vicarious Visions version of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Peter Dobson. This version supports Captain America in opposing the Superhuman Registration Act.
 Iron Fist makes a cameo appearance in Ryu's ending in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, voiced by Loren Lester.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
 Iron Fist appears in LittleBigPlanet via the "Marvel Costume Kit 5" DLC.
 Iron Fist appears as an assist, later playable, character in Marvel Heroes, voiced initially by JP Karliak and again by Johnny Yong Bosch. This version is a member of the Heroes for Hire.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Andrew Kishino.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 2.0, voiced again by Greg Cipes.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0, voiced again by Greg Cipes.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced again by Greg Cipes.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Martin T. Sherman.
 Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Johnny Yong Bosch. This version is a member of the Defenders.

Miscellaneous
 Iron Fist appears in the Wolverine: Weapon X motion comic, voiced by Brian Drummond.
 Iron Fist appears in the War of the Realms: Marvel Ultimate Comics motion comic, voiced by Aidan Drummond.

References

External links

 Iron Fist at Marvel.com

Avengers (comics) characters
Characters created by Gil Kane
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics characters introduced in 1974
Fictional bodyguards
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional characters with healing abilities
Fictional dragonslayers
Fictional private investigators
Fictional vegan and vegetarian characters
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics orphans
Marvel Comics spies
Vigilante characters in comics

Iron Fist (character)


An Lepanthopsis densiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Oakes Ames. An Lepanthopsis densiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lepanthopsis

Lepanthopsis densiflora


Der St Agatha's Tower, aufgrund seiner Farbgebung auch Red Tower genannt, ist eine während der Zeit der Herrschaft des Johanniterordens von 1647 bis 1649 erbaute Festung in Malta. Der Turm steht auf der im Norden der Insel gelegenen Marfa Ridge in der Nähe von Mellieħa. Der Turm wurde zur Zeit der Herrschaft des Großmeisters Jean de Lascaris-Castellar erbaut und wird daher in der Literatur auch den Lascaris Towers zugerechnet. Konstruktiv entspricht er jedoch einer Reihe von sechs Befestigungsanlagen, die während der Herrschaft des Großmeisters Alof de Wignacourt von 1609 bis 1620 erbaut worden sind und als Wignacourt Towers bezeichnet werden. Er wurde in das Nationale Inventar der Kulturgüter der maltesischen Inseln aufgenommen.

Vorgeschichte
Der auf einem Höhenrücken gelegene Turm überwacht die Mellieħa Bay. In den Buchten im Norden der Insel gingen hier immer wieder Korsaren an Land, die Dörfer auf der Insel überfielen und die Bevölkerung in die Sklaverei verschleppten. Obwohl diese Überfälle an sich nicht für die im Bereich des Grand Harbour liegenden Einrichtungen des Ordens bedrohlich waren, konnten diese doch beträchtliche Schäden anrichten und die Versorgung der Insel empfindlich stören. Die Verschleppung der indigenen Bevölkerung der Insel in die Sklaverei würde langfristig die Insel unbewohnbar machen und damit die Stellung der Johanniter insgesamt gefährden. Bereits ab 1609 war mit dem Bau von Türmen begonnen worden, die mögliche Landungsplätze sichern sollten. Unter Lascaris wurden zwischen 1637 und 1640 weitere Türme errichtet. Der St Agatha's Tower schloss ab 1649 eine Lücke im Befestigungssystem der Insel.

Namensherkunft
Der Name St Agatha's Tower lässt sich auf eine kleine Kapelle und einen Altar zurückführen. Dieser befand sich in einer flache Nische in der hinteren Wand eines gewölbte Raumes im ersten Stockwerk rechts des zentralen Fensters. Diese Kapelle war der Heiligen Agatha gewidmet.

Bau und Konstruktion
Mit dem Bau wurde am 5. Dezember 1647 begonnen, seine Vollendung erfolgte am 20. November 1648. Im April 1649 wurde er zunächst mit vier Kanonen ausgestattet und stand somit zur Nutzung bereit. Letzteres Datum wird durch die Inschrift auf einer Plakette bezeugt. Dabei wird erneut Bezug auf die Heilige Agatha genommen.

Der Turm hat einen quadratischen Grundriss und besitzt ein Stockwerk. Der Turm hat vier Ecktürme, die das Hauptgebäude deutlich überragen. Durch Schießscharten in den Flanken der Ecktürme konnten die Kurtinen mit flankierendem Feuer bestrichen werden. Im ersten Stockwerk befinden sich zwei mit einem Tonnengewölbe überwölbte Räume. Die Mauern des Turms waren mehr als drei Meter stark. Im Sockelgeschoss wurde nur ein Lagerraum angelegt. Der Zugang erfolgte über eine steinerne Treppe und eine Zugbrücke in das erste Stockwerk. Sowohl der fensterlose Sockel als auch das flache Dach wurden über Treppen im Inneren des Turms erschlossen. Der Zugang zum Dach erfolgte über eine Wendeltreppe, der Zugang zum Lagerraum im Keller über eine Luke. Die Hauptbewaffnung war hinter der Brustwehr auf dem Dach aufgestellt.

Der Turm ist von einer strahlenförmigen, niedrigen Mauer umgeben. Obwohl diese Mauer im Grundriss dem einer Festung mit Bastionen gleicht, ist sie jedoch aufgrund ihrer Bauausführung eher als dekoratives Element zu betrachten. Diese Mauern wurden der Anlage während des 18. Jahrhunderts zugefügt. Ebenfalls dekorativen Charakter tragen die Zinnen der Ecktürme.

Für das Jahr 1722 wurde die Bewaffnung des Turmes mit insgesamt fünf Kanonen und eine Besatzung in Friedenszeiten von vier Soldaten angegeben. Im Ernstfall wurde die Besatzung auf dreißig Soldaten verstärkt. Der Turm sollte einer Belagerung von vierzig Tagen standhalten können.

Britische Kolonialherrschaft
Zu Beginn der britischen Kolonialherrschaft wurde der Turm zunächst weiter genutzt. Pläne von 1813 zum Ausbau kamen nicht zur Ausführung. 1828 wurde der Abbruch aller von den Ordensrittern angelegten Türme, Redoubts und Batterien vorgeschlagen und 1832 auch verfügt, jedoch blieb der St Agatha's Tower erhalten. Er wurde wie die anderen nicht mehr genutzten Türme an die lokalen Behörden übergeben. Während beider Weltkriege wurde der Turm jedoch wieder von britischen Truppen genutzt.

Nutzung nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Nach Abzug der britischen Truppen von den Inseln diente der Turm zunächst als Radarstation der Armed Forces of Malta.

Eine erste Restaurierung des Turmes fand zwischen 1999 und 2001 statt. Gegenwärtig gehört der Turm dem Dín l-Art Ħelwa und ist für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Untergebracht ist ein kleines Museum, das einen reichhaltigen Fahnenschmuck beinhaltet.

Literatur
 Quentin Hughes: Malta. A guide to the fortifications. Said International, Valletta 1993, ISBN 99909-43-07-9.
 Stephen C. Spiteri: The Knight's Fortifications: an Illustrated Guide of the Fortifications built by the Knights of St. John in Malta. Book distributors limited, Sliema 2001, ISBN 99909-72-06-0.
 Charles Stephenson: The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945 (= Osprey Fortress Series 16). Osprey Publishing Limited, Wellingborough 2004, ISBN 1-84176-693-3.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Agatha
Agatha
Agatha
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
Erbaut in den 1640er Jahren

St Agatha’s Tower


Uniunea Internațională pentru Telecomunicații (UIT), engleză: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), este cea mai importantă organizație de standardizare în domeniul telecomunicațiilor, aflată în prezent sub egida Organizației Națiunilor Unite.  UIT este cea mai veche organizație internațională interguvernamentală. Sediul actual se află la Geneva, Elveția.

Istoric
UIT a fost creată la 17 mai 1865 prin semnarea la Paris, a unei convenții internaționale privind telegrafia, Uniunea Internațională pentru Telegrafie (International Telegraph Union - ITU),  pentru a asigura interconectarea rețelelor naționale telegrafice.

Conferința Radiotelegrafică Internațională de la Berlin din anul 1906, a adoptat Convenția Internațională privind Radiotelegrafia, care avea o anexă privind reglementarea radiotelegrafiei, anexă devenită regulamentul radiocomunicațiilor.

UIT a format în anul 1924 Comitetul consultativ internațional pentru telefonie (CCIF),  în 1925 Comitetul consultativ internațional pentru telegrafie (CCIT) și în 1927 Comitetul consultativ internațional pentru radio (CCIR).

În 1934 organizația și-a modificat numele în Uniunea Internațională pentru Telecomunicații (UIT).

În 1947, prin acordul aprobat de Adunarea Generală a ONU, UIT a devenit o agenție specializată a ONU.

În 1956, CCIF și CCIT s-au unit, formând Comitetul consultativ pentru telefonie și telegrafie (CCITT).

Organizare
La ultima reorganizare din anul 1992, în cadrul UIT s-au format trei sectoare:

ITU-D (ITU – dezvoltare): care are ca obiectiv dezvoltarea comunicațiilor la nivel mondial, în special în țările în curs de dezvoltare.

ITU-R (ITU – radiocomunicații): problemele tehnice referitoare la radiocomunicații; gestionează spectrul de radiofrecvență precum și orbitele sateliților de radiocomunicații.

ITU-T (ITU telecomunicații): are ca obiectiv problemele tehnice referitoare la comunicațiile telefonice și telegrafice și stabilește standarde internaționale necesare interconectării rețelelor naționale de telecomunicații.

Pe lângă state membre și observatori, UIT admite și membri de sector și membri asociați, care pot fi operatori, laboratoare de cercetare, producători de echipamente și alte organizații similare.

UIT are în componență 191 de state membre și 567 membri de sector.

Secretarul General al UIT este din ianuarie 2015, Houlin Zhao din China. Secretarul General adjunct este Malcolm Johnson, Marea Britanie.

România este membră a Uniunii Internaționale a Telecomunicațiilor din anul 1866 și în prezent este membră a Consiliului pentru al patrulea mandat consecutiv, făcând parte din regiunea Central – Estică a Europei, regiune cu un total de 20 membri, reprezentată în Consiliu prin 5 membri, alături de Rusia, Bulgaria, Ucraina, și Cehia.

Activități principale
Elaborare de standarde: Standardele elaborate de UIT (cunoscute ca recomandări) acoperă toate aspectele telecomunicațiilor.
Efectuează alocarea benzilor spectrului de frecvențe radio, distribuirea frecvențelor radio și înregistrarea alocărilor de frecvențe radio, pentru servicii de spațiu, a oricărei poziții orbitale asociate pe orbita gestionară de satelit sau a oricărei caracteristici asociate cu sateliții de pe alte orbite, pentru a evita interferența dăunătoare dintre stațiile radio și diverse țări.

Obiective
Obiectivele UTI sunt:
să mențină și să extindă cooperarea internațională între statele membre în vederea ameliorării și utilizării raționale a telecomunicațiilor

să promoveze și să crească participarea diverselor entități și organizații la activitățile sale, și să faciliteze cooperarea între acestea și statele membre în vederea atingerii obiectivelor UTI

să promoveze și să acorde asistență tehnică țărilor în curs de dezvoltare în domeniul telecomunicațiilor, și să promoveze mobilizarea resurselor necesare pentru ameliorarea accesului la servicii de telecomunicații în aceste țări

să promoveze extinderea beneficiilor noilor tehnologii de telecomunicații în toată lumea

să armonizeze acțiunile statelor membre și să promoveze cooperarea fructuasă și constructivă între statele membre și membrii de sector în atingerea acestor scopuri

să promoveze la nivel internațional, adoptarea unei abordări globale a chestiunilor legate de telecomunicații în societatea și economia informațională globală.

Note

Vezi și
 Telecomunicații
 Autoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații

Legături externe

 Pagina web ITU
 Consiliul Uniunii Internaționale a Telecomunicațiilor a stabilit planurile operaționale ale organizației pentru următorii ani

ITU
Organizații fondate în 1865
Organizații de standardizare
Organizații ale Națiunilor Unite
Organizații internaționale
Organizații interguvernamentale
Organizații de telecomunicații
Organizații cu sediul la Geneva


The 1936 Quebec general election was held on August 17, 1936, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Adélard Godbout.

This marked the end of slightly more than 39 consecutive years in power for the Liberals, who had governed Quebec since the 1897 election.

This 1936 election had been called less than one year after the 1935 election after Liberal premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau resigned because of a scandal. He was replaced by Godbout as Liberal leader and premier.

This was Duplessis's first term in office. After losing the subsequent 1939 election, he later won four more general elections in a row, and became the dominant politician of his time. It was also the Union Nationales first election, having been formed from a merger between the Action libérale nationale and the Quebec Conservative Party.

Campaign

Results

|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party
! rowspan=2 | Party leader
! colspan=4 | MPPs
! colspan=4 | Votes
|-
! Candidates
!1935
!1936
!±
!#
! ±
!%
! ± (pp)
|-
||
|style="text-align:left;" |Union Nationale
|style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
|90
|42
|76
|34
|323,812
|61,138
|56.88
|8.47
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Liberals and allies|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Adélard Godbout
|88
|47
|14
|33
|224,374
|25,212
|39.41
|7.12
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|2
|–
|–
|–
|3,765
|3,150
|0.66
|0.55
|-
|rowspan="9" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates'
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|11
|1
|–
|1
|9,746
|11,841
|1.71
|2.31
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|1,928
|
|0.34
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|1,870
|1,833
|0.33
|0..33
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|1,469
|
|0.26
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|1,045
|
|0.18
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|2
|–
|–
|–
|767
|
|0.13
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|470
|
|0.08
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|79
|2,159
|0.01
|0.41
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| 205
! " colspan="3"| 90
! " colspan="2"| 569,325
! " colspan="2"| 100%
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
| 4,930
| 10,302
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
| 574,255
| 22,662
| 76.94
| 0.78
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors (contested ridings only)
| 746,414
| 22,154
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
| –
| 3
| colspan="4"|
|}

Synopsis of results

 = open seat
 = turnout is above provincial average
 = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 = winning candidate was ALN or Conservative incumbent
 = incumbent had switched allegiance
 = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 = previously incumbent in another riding
 = other incumbents renominated
 = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 = multiple candidates

Analysis

See also
 List of Quebec premiers
 Politics of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 List of Quebec political parties
 20th Legislative Assembly of Quebec

Further reading

References

Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election

1936 Quebec general election


Henrik od Bloisa (eng. Henry of Blois; Henrik od Winchestera) (o. 1098. – 8. kolovoza 1171.) bio je opat Glastonburyja te biskup Winchestera (1129. – 1171.). Njegovi roditelji su bili grof Stjepan Henrik od Bloisa i njegova supruga, kraljevna Adela Normanska (kći kralja Vilima I. Osvajača i Matilde Flandrijske). Henrikov je stariji brat bio Stjepan, kralj Engleske.

Henrik je bio obrazovan u Clunyju te ga je u Englesku doveo njegov ujak, kralj Henrik I. Dana 4. listopada 1129., Henriku je dana biskupija Winchester te je on postao biskup 17. studenog iste godine. Njegov brat Stjepan je okrunjen za kralja 1135., ali odnosi dvojice braće nisu uvijek bili dobri. Godine 1141., Henrik je počeo podupirati caricu Matildu, koja je bila Stjepanova neprijateljica, ali ju je kasnije smatrao arogantnom i pohlepnom. I prije i nakon što je postao biskup, Henrik je bio savjetnik svoga brata, kojeg je nadživio te je dao sagraditi opatije, sela te manje crkve, jer je osjećao strast za graditeljstvom. Dao je izgraditi šest dvoraca 1138. te je također iznimno volio knjige, naredivši proizvodnju Winchesterske Biblije. Umro je 8. kolovoza 1171.

Izvori i bilješke

Francusko plemstvo

Henrik Bloiski


An Eremocaulon aureofimbriatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Robert Soderstrom ngan Ximena Londoño. An Eremocaulon aureofimbriatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremocaulon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eremocaulon

Eremocaulon aureofimbriatum


An Dasyochloa pulchella in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ludwig von Willdenow och Per Axel Rydberg. An Dasyochloa pulchella in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dasyochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dasyochloa

Dasyochloa pulchella


Berlancourt se poate referi la:
Berlancourt, localitate în departamentul Aisne, Franța
Berlancourt, localitate în departamentul Oise, Franța

Berlancourt