Flavio Chigi auch Flavio Chigi III. (* 31. Mai 1810 in Rom; † 15. Februar 1885 ebenda) war ein italienischer Kardinal.

Leben
Flavio Chigi war das neunte Kind von Amalia Carlotta Barberini und Agostino Chigi III. Er führte als drittes Mitglied der Familie Chigi, zu deren Vorfahren der Unternehmer Agostino Chigi gehörte, den Namen Flavio.

Zunächst war er von 1836 bis 1849 Offizier der Päpstlichen Nobelgarde. 1841 wurde er nach Lyon entsandt, um dem neuernannten Kardinal Louis-Jacques-Maurice de Bonald das rote Birett zu überbringen. Als 1849 die Römische Republik ausgerufen wurde, folgte er Papst Pius IX. in dessen Exil nach Gaeta. Im Jahr 1850 entschloss er sich, in den kirchlichen Dienst zu treten und Priester zu werden. Er zog sich in ein Jesuitenhaus in Tivoli zurück, wo er  Theologie studierte. 1852 wurde er noch einmal nach Frankreich entsandt, um einem neu kreierten Kardinal das Birett zu überbringen, dieses Mal war es François-Auguste-Ferdinand Donnet, der Erzbischof von Bordeaux.

Am 17. Dezember 1853 empfing Flavio Chigi die Priesterweihe. Am 19. Juni 1856 wurde er zum Titularerzbischof von Myra ernannt; die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 6. Juli 1856 Papst Pius IX. persönlich; Mitkonsekratoren waren Alessandro Macioti, Assessor des Heiligen Offiziums, und Giuseppe Palermo, päpstlicher Sakristan.

Flavio Chigi wurde am 24. April 1856 zum Apostolischen Nuntius in München ernannt, wo er vom 5. November 1856 bis 12. Oktober 1861 in der Ludwigstraße 29/1 residierte. In dieser Funktion assistierte er 1857 bei der Eheschließung von Antonietta Sayn-Wittgenstein (* 12. März 1839 auf Schloss Marino Kursk; † 1918), der Tochter von Ludwig Adolf Friedrich zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn, mit seinem Neffen Mario Chigi.

Am 1. Oktober 1861 wurde er von Pius IX. zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Paris und am 12. November 1861 zum Päpstlichen Thronassistenten ernannt. Am 22. Dezember 1873 nahm Pius IX. ihn als Kardinalpriester mit der Titelkirche Santa Maria del Popolo in das Kardinalskollegium auf.

Flavio Chigi nahm am Konklave 1878 teil, aus dem Leo XIII. als Papst hervorging. Vom 13. Mai 1881 bis zum 27. März 1882 war er Camerlengo des Kardinalskollegiums.

Er starb am 15. Februar 1885 in Rom und wurde dort auf dem Campo Verano beigesetzt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Kardinal (19. Jahrhundert)
Titularerzbischof
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Päpstlicher Thronassistent
Apostolischer Nuntius in Frankreich
Profess-Ehren- und Devotions-Großkreuz-Bailli des Malteserordens
Großprior von Rom (Malteserorden)
Flavio
Italiener
Geboren 1810
Gestorben 1885
Mann

Flavio Chigi (Kardinal, 1810)


An Alloschemone inopinata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Josef Bogner ngan Peter Charles Boyce. An Alloschemone inopinata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alloschemone, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Alloschemone

Alloschemone inopinata


Ilie Fântânesc (n. 1895 Valea Sângeorgiului, Călan – d. 1974, Geoagiu de Sus, județul Alba) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918 .

Biografie
A făcut școala primară și devine agricultor și tâmplar. În Primul Război Mondial a căzut prizonier rușilor. A luat parte la organizarea Gărzii Naționale din sat. A participat la campania din Ungaria din anul 1919 .

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al Cercului electoral Hațeg .

Recunoașteri
A fost decorat cu Crucea Comemorativă a războiului 1916-1918 .

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II).
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații
 Delegații aleși convocați la Adunarea Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918. Centenarul României. Accesat la 30 noiembrie 2018.

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1895
Decese în 1974
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Decorați cu Crucea Comemorativă a Războiului 1916-1918
Agricultori români
Oameni din Călan

Ilie Fântânesc


Amalie Bensinger (* 28. März 1809 in Bruchsal; † 16. November 1889 in Reichenau) war eine deutsche Malerin.

Leben und Wirken
Amalie Bensinger entstammte der in Mannheim alteingesessenen, ursprünglich jüdischen Kaufmannsfamilie Bensinger. Ihr Vater war katholischen Glaubens und als Obergerichtsadvokat tätig, die Mutter gehörte dem protestantischen Bekenntnis an, in dem sie auch die Tochter erzog. Amalie Bensinger wuchs in Mannheim auf. Ab 1835 studierte sie bei Professoren der Düsseldorfer Kunstakademie (Düsseldorfer Malerschule), wo sie privaten Unterricht bei Julius Hübner und seit 1839 bei Karl Ferdinand Sohn und Wilhelm von Schadow nahm. Nach weiteren Studien in Mannheim und Karlsruhe begab sie sich 1851 nach Italien, hielt sich in Florenz und ab 1852 in Albano Laziale, Olevano Romano und Rom auf. Sie lernte dort Joseph Victor von Scheffel kennen, befreundete sich mit ihm und inspirierte den Dichter zu der Szene seines Ekkehart, wo der Ekkehard die Herzogin Hadwig von Schwaben über die Klosterschwelle tragen muss. Dafür verewigte er Amalie Bensinger als Figur in seinem Werk Der Trompeter von Säckingen. Beide gehörten in Rom auch zum engsten Freundeskreis um Eduard von Engerth (1818–1897) und dessen italienischer Gattin.

Amalie Bensinger kam auch mit den hier ansässigen Nazarenern in Kontakt und begeisterte sich für deren religiös motivierte Malerei. Besonders Peter von Cornelius (1783–1867) und Friedrich Overbeck (1789–1869) übten einen künstlerischen Einfluss auf sie aus, wodurch sie sich verstärkt der Sakralmalerei zuwandte. Die Nazarener lebten anfangs als Künstlerbruderschaft in dem römischen Kloster Sant'Isidoro a Capo le Case und Amalie Bensinger träumte davon, eine ähnlich religiös motivierte Künstlergemeinschaft für Frauen zu gründen.

Ab 1857 hielt sich Bensinger in München auf, wo sie 1859 Mitglied des Kunstvereins wurde. 1860 konvertierte sie in der Kirche des Klosters Lichtenthal bei Baden-Baden vom evangelischen zum katholischen Glauben. Nach einem Selbstzeugnis hatte sie sich durch den Auftrag eines Hochaltarbildes mit der Darstellung der "Verklärung Christi" für die Pfarrkirche St. Peter und Paul in Lahr/Schwarzwald so eingehend mit biblischen Themen und religiösen Büchern beschäftigt, dass sie dadurch endgültig zum katholischen Bekenntnis gelangte.

Amalie Bensinger kam schließlich in Berührung mit den Kirchenmalern Peter Lenz (1832–1928: später Pater Desiderius Lenz) und Jakob Wüger (1829–1892; später Pater Gabriel Wüger), die gerade aus dem Nazarenerstil heraus ihren eigenen spezifischen Malstil entwickelten, der unter dem Namen Beuroner Kunst bekannt wurde. Mit beiden arbeitete sie 1864 die Statuten zu einem "Kunstkloster" aus, dessen Sitz zunächst in Rom geplant war, das jedoch infolge der Bekanntschaft von Amalie Bensinger mit Fürstin Katharina von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (geb. von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg) ab 1868 in Beuron entstand.

Die Malerin zog sich auf die Insel Reichenau zurück und verfolgte weiter die Idee einer klösterlichen Gemeinschaft für Künstlerinnen. Dafür erwarb sie dort das sogenannte Schlößle in Mittelzell, welches sie als weibliche Filiale der Abtei Beuron anzuschließen gedachte, wozu es aber nicht kam.

Amalie Bensinger starb auf der Insel Reichenau und wurde auf dem Friedhof zu Niederzell beigesetzt, wo man ihr ein Grabmal mit Pirminiusdarstellung, im Beuroner Kunststil errichtete.

Die frühen Arbeiten von Amalie Bensinger sind weitgehend Portrait- und Genremalereien im realistischen Stil der Düsseldorfer Malerschule. Spätestens ab ihrer Konversion widmete sie sich fast ausschließlich der Sakralmalerei und wird zu den Spätnazarenern gezählt.

Literatur
 Rudolf Wiegmann: Die Königliche Kunst-Akademie zu Düsseldorf. Ihre Geschichte, Einrichtung und Wirksamkeit und die Düsseldorfer Künstler. Buddeus Verlag, Düsseldorf 1856, S. 265 f. (Digitalisat).
 David August Rosenthal: Convertitenbilder aus dem neunzehnten Jahrhundert. 1. Band: Deutschland. 3. Theil. 2. Auflage. Schaffhausen 1872, S. 305–307 ().

 Johannes Werner: Die Malerin Amalie Bensinger. In: Ekkhart. 1981, S. 63–69.
 Johannes Werner: Die badische Malerin Amalie Bensinger, eine Frau und ihre Freunde. Verlag Regionalkultur, Heidelberg u. a. 2021, ISBN 978-3-95505-266-9.

Weblinks

 Leon Wilnitsky: Alte Kunst. (Webseite zu Amalie Bensinger mit Volltext des AKL-Artikels)

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Rom)
Maler (Düsseldorfer Malerschule)
Nazarener
Person (Reichenau, Landkreis Konstanz)
Deutscher
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1889
Frau

Amalie Bensinger


Une relation parasociale, ou interaction parasociale, est un type de relation sociale à sens unique dont une personne peut faire l'expérience vis-à-vis d'une personnalité publique ou d'un personnage de fiction. La personne concernée peut développer des sentiments d'amitié, bien qu'elle n'ait peu ou pas d'interaction directe avec l'objet de ses sentiments. Le terme « interaction parasociale » a été formulé par Donald Horton et Richard Wohl en 1956.

Les médias sociaux ont introduit de nouvelles opportunités de relations parasociales, car ils tendent à jouer sur des interactions fréquentes, intimes et parfois réciproques entre les personnalités et les utilisateurs.

Références

Psychologie sociale

Relation parasociale


Torsten Klaus Frings  fæddur 22. nóvember1976 er þýskur fyrrverandi knattspyrnumaður, sem spilaði m.a fyrir Borussia Dortmund, Bayern München og Werder Bremen á ferlinum.

Schweinsteiger spilaði í samtals 11 ár með Werder Bremen, hann lék þar  326 leiki fyrir félagið og skoraði í þeim alls 36 mörk. Hann hefur m.a. unnið 1 Bundesliga meistaratitil, fjóra DFB-Pokal titla.

Heimildir
https://www.kicker.de/frings-erhaelt-fussball-lehrer-lizenz-des-dfb-624131/artikel
https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/bundesliga-torsten-frings-wird-trainer-bei-darmstadt-98-1.3311604
https://www.kicker.de/torsten-frings/spieler/bundesliga/1996-97/werder-bremen

Frings, Torsten Klaus
Fólk fætt árið 1976

Torsten Frings


La Conferencia Internacional de Madrid de 1880 tuvo lugar en Madrid, España, entre junio y julio de 1880. Fue convocada por Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Presidente del Consejo de Ministros a petición del sultán de Marruecos Hassan I, y a ella asistieron todas las naciones que tenía intereses en Marruecos.

Antecedentes históricos
El sultanato de Marruecos bajo la dinastía alauí había comenzado un proceso de expansión a finales del  que culminó a mediados del  con la conquista de la totalidad del territorio que actualmente forma Marruecos. El reino adquirió preponderancia política y comercial en la zona del Estrecho. Marruecos fue el primer país en reconocer a Estados Unidos (1777).

Sin embargo desde principios del  las querellas de sucesión debilitaron al estado alauita y que se tradujo en una pérdida de poder exterior e interior con las sucesivas rebeliones de las cabilas (sobre todo de la zona limítrofe con Melilla y Ceuta). Estos problemas debilitaron la imagen de Marruecos que cayó bajo la influencia de las potencias extranjeras desde mediados del .

En cuanto a las potencias europeas pronto encontraron en Marruecos una zona de expansión. Francia se interesó por la zona desde la ocupación de Argelia intentando que Marruecos no interviniera en favor de los argelinos (1832). Sin embargo la situación no pudo mantenerse y se llegó incluso a la confrontación armada en 1844. Por su parte España necesitaba mantener el control del Estrecho, la acción debía centrarse tanto en mantener los territorios de Ceuta y Melilla como influir en la política marroquí. Así España no perdió la oportunidad de extender su control sobre la zona por medio de la acción armada como se vio en la Guerra de África. Por su parte Reino Unido no deseaba ver cualquier tipo de expansión europea en la zona que pusiera en riesgo Gibraltar, por lo que se interesó en mantener el poder marroquí sin perder privilegios en la zona.

Sistema de Protecciones
Era un sistema por el cual el sultanato permitía que varios de sus súbditos entraran al servicio de comerciantes extranjeros. Este servicio incluía la protección de las potencias extranjeras de estos servidores para facilitar el comercio. Los más importantes era los corredores o censales, encargados de comprar materias primas en el interior (sobre todo lana) y transportarla hasta los puntos comerciales en las ciudades costeras.

Este sistema fue degenerando con el paso del tiempo y ello dio lugar a que muchos nativos que huían de la justicia, de las deudas o que simplemente quería mejorar sus condiciones de vida entraran a formar parte de la protección europea con lo que se menoscababa la autoridad del sultán.

A esta situación se unía una serie de problemas que azotaron el reino en la década de los 70 (epidemia de cólera, carestía agrícola) que debilitó la cohesión social y propició las rebeliones de la Cabila norte. Las potencias europeas querían evitar a toda costa una desestabilización de Marruecos por lo que se convocó la Conferencia Internacional de Tánger (1877) para tratar la reducción de la protección y la sumisión a la jurisdicción marroquí de todo nativo protegido. El resultado fue revisado en 1879 y no supuso una solución al problema sino un aplazamiento poco satisfactorio para Marruecos.

Conferencia
La nueva petición del sultán Hasán I para reformar el sistema fue recogida por Antonio Cánovas del Castillo en ese momento presidente del Consejo de Ministros, que vio en esta petición una manera de potenciar la imagen de España en Marruecos y en política internacional.

A las sesiones, celebradas en Madrid asistieron los representantes de todas las naciones con intereses en Marruecos, participantes con el siguiente detalle:

  Reino de España, representada por el Presidente del Consejo de Ministros Sr. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
  Marruecos, representado por el ministro de asuntos extranjeros Sidi Mohamed Vargas.
  Francia, representada por el embajador Sr. Almirante Benjamin Faurès.
  Reino Unido, representada por el ministro plenipotenciario Honorable Lionel Sackville-West, 2nd Baron Sackville.
  Imperio Alemán, representada por el ministro plenipotenciario el Conde de Solms Sonnewalde.
  Imperio Austrohúngaro, representado por el ministro plenipotenciario el Conde Ludolf.
  Estados Unidos, representados por el ministro plenipotenciario el General Lucius Fairchild.
  Bélgica, representada por el ministro plenipotenciario Sr. Anspach.
  Reino de Italia, representado por el ministro plenipotenciario Sr. Giuseppe Greppi, Conde Greppi.
  Reino de los Países Bajos, representados por el ministro residente Sr. Heldeweir.
  Reino de Portugal, representada ministro plenipotenciario Sr. José Maria Caldeira do Casal Ribeiro, Conde de Casal Ribeiro.
  Unión entre Suecia y Noruega, representada por ministro residente Sr. Akerman.
  Reino de Dinamarca, representada por el ministro plenipotenciario del Reino Unido

En las primeras reuniones, que comenzaron en junio, pronto aparecieron dos grupos bien diferenciados. Por un lado España y Gran Bretaña que quería una regulación (sin perder privilegios) y por otro lado Francia, Austria-Hungría, Alemania e Italia que quería aumentar el número de protecciones ya que entendían que a mayor número de protecciones en asuntos comerciales aumentaban las influencias políticas sobre Marruecos.
Las reuniones llegaron a un punto muerto ante las diferencias de ambas posturas. España no quería enfrentarse abiertamente a las tesis francesas pero tampoco quería perder influencia en un territorio que consideraba básico en su política exterior. Gran Bretaña por su parte quería evitar cualquier expansión francesa en el Estrecho, pero también española aunque esta fuera un mal menor. Por su parte Alemania apoyaba a Francia dentro de la política de apaciguamiento que Bismarck había establecido para alejar a Francia del revanchismo (ver guerra franco-prusiana 1870).

Pese a todo la conferencia, ante la posibilidad de que la falta de acuerdo desastibilizara al reino alauí, acabó en julio de 1880 con una serie de acuerdos que permitieron a las potencias aumentar su influencia sobre Marruecos:

 El sistema de protección quedaba en 12 individuos para servicios a las potencias extranjeras, a representantes extranjeros o a cónsules.
 Los corredores o censales se mantenía en dos para cada comerciante establecido en Marruecos (se mantenía lo estipulado en el acuerdo franco-marroquí de 1863)
 Los extranjeros podía adquirir bienes y ganado previa autorización del sultán de Marruecos.
 Todas las potencias serán consideradas "naciones más favorecidas".
 Se prohibía la protección de personas que hubieran ejercido algún tipo de autoridad en Marruecos o tuvieran deudas.

Véase también
 Guerra de África
 Conferencia de Algeciras
 Crisis de Agadir
 Protectorado español de Marruecos

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Jerónimo Bécker: España y Marruecos: sus relaciones diplomáticas durante el , 1 vol 319 pp (1903) ISBN 84-96579-40-9.
 Alfonso de la Serna: Al sur de Tarifa. España-Marruecos: un malentendido histórico Madrid. Marcial Pons. 2001.
 Felipe Olivo y Canales: Estado actual de Marruecos conferencia dada en el Ateneo de Madrid, 17 de abril de 1888.
 Historia de España de Ramón Menéndez Pidal, dirigida por José María Jóver Zamora tomo XXXVI. 2000 ISBN 84-239-4800-5; 978-84-239-4800-0.

Historia de Madrid
Conferencias diplomáticas del siglo XIX
Historia contemporánea de Marruecos
España en 1880
Política en 1880
Marruecos en 1880
Conferencias diplomáticas en España


Daredevil har flere betydninger:
 Daredevil - karakter i Marvel Comics skabt af Stan Lee og Bill Everett.
 Daredevil (film) - amerikansk superheltefilm fra 2003.
 Daredevil (tv-serie) - amerikansk serie i Marvel Cinematic Universe, som er udgivet på Netflix.

Daredevil (flertydig)


Rafet Husović (Rožaje, 2. travnja 1964. – Podgorica, 9. ožujka 2021.), crnogorski političar bošnjačkog podrijetla, prvi predsjednik Bošnjačke stranke (BS).

Životopis
Rafet Husović je rođen 2. travnja 1964. godine u Rožajama. Osnovnu i srednju školu završio je u Rožajama. Diplomirao je na Prirodno – matematičkom fakultetu u Prištini i time stekao zvanje profesora matematike. Do uvođenja višestranačkog političkog sustava nije bio politički angažovan. Od uvođenja višestranačkog parlamentarizma bio je član partija bošnjačkog nacionalnog korpusa.

Bio je član Stranke demokratske akcije (SDA) – od njenog osnivanja do njenog- od Državne bezbijednosti razbijanja i usitnjavanja, u više manjih bošnjačkih stranaka. U vremenu od 1992. do 1997. godine, bio je član Glavnog odbora SDA. U vremenu od 1997. do 2002. godine, bio je član Glavnog odbora Internacionalne Demokratske Unije (IDU), a od 2002., do 2004. godine, bio je član Bošnjačkog nacionalnog vijeća Sandžaka. Od 2004., do 2006.godine, bio je član Bošnjačkog nacionalnog vijeća državne zajednice Srbije i Crne Gore.

Jedan je od osnivača, ujedno i član partije Bošnjačko–muslimanski savez (BMS) čiji je primarni, strateški cilj bio da objedini bošnjačke političke stranke u jednu respektabilnu političku partiju: Bošnjačka stranka (BS). Za predsjednika Bošnjačke stranke izabran je na osnivačkoj skupštini stranke 26. veljače 2006. godine, što je jednoglasno potvrđeno i na stranačkom kongresu. Godine 2009. izabran je za ministra bez lisnice u Vladi Crne Gore. Od 2012. do 2020. godine bio je potpredsjednik Vlade Crne Gore za regionalni razvoj.

Preminuo je u Podgorici, 9. ožujka 2021. godine. Sahranjen je u Rožajama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Crna Gora: U 57. godini preminuo Rafet Husović, predsjednik Bošnjačke stranke

Bošnjački političari
Bošnjaci u Crnoj Gori
Crnogorski političari od 1989.

Rafet Husović


Paralelogram vektora je geometrijski način zbrajanja vektora. Ako se dva vektora   i  predoče usmjerenim dužinama sa zajedničkim hvatištem, njihov se zbroj:

može predočiti kao dijagonala paralelograma kojemu su  i  dvije stranice. Prema vrsti vektorskih veličina postoje posebni nazivi: paralelogram sila, paralelogram brzina i drugo.

Obnovivši grčku statiku, prodrla je renesansna fizika u razdoblju od dva stoljeća do općeg određivanja zakona o ravnoteži. Od velikog značenja bilo je ispitivanje ravnoteže utega na kosim ravninama. Mogu se spojiti dva utega koncem i ispitivati kada na različitim kosinama međusobno drže ravnotežu. Nakon takvih ispitivanja, S. Stevin je došao do najvažnijeg pravila statike, paralelogram o sastavljanju sila. Po tom pravilu mogu se uvijek dvije sile koje djeluju na jedno fizikalno tijelo zamijeniti jednom silom. I obrnuto: svaka sila može se rastaviti na dvije sile. Sile se mogu geometrijski prikazati strelicama (vektorima) koje imaju smjer sila, a dužine jednake veličinama sila. Djeluju li u jednoj točki dvije sile istog smjera, tada se u tom njihovom smjeru zbrajaju djelovanja obiju sila. Djeluju li naprotiv na jedno tijelo dvije sile različitog smjera, rezultat je djelovanja tih dviju sila nova sila, koja ima smjer djelovanja između smjerova obiju sila. Prikažemo li dvije prve sile kao stranice paralelograma, ta je nova sila jednaka dijagonala paralelograma. To sastavljanje sila po pravilu paralelograma jedan je od najdubljih zakona fizike.

Pravilo paralelograma ne vrijedi samo za sile već i za niz fizikalnih veličina kao brzine, ubrzanje (akceleracije), električna i magnetska polja. Sve te fizikalne veličine imaju pored nekog iznosa i neki smjer, pa se mogu geometrijski prikazati vektorima ili strelicama. Zakon o sastavljanju sila bio je osnovni element za opće formuliranje zakona ravnoteže.

Grafičko predočivanje sile
Svaka sila ima svoje hvatište, veličinu (jakost ili intenzitet), pravac i smjer u kome djeluje. Tako na primjer sila teža, kojom Zemlja privlači sva fizikalna tijela, djeluje okomito prema središtu Zemlje. Točka u kojoj sila djeluje zove se hvatište sile, a njen pravac - pravac djelovanja. Smjer sile određujemo strelicom. Tako je na slici točka A hvatište sile. Grafičku silu predočujemo dužinom i smjerom u određenom mjerilu.

Sila je, dakle, određena:
 pravcem djelovanja,
 hvatištem,
 smjerom,
 veličinom (jakošću ili intenzitetom).

Ovakve veličine koje su određene svojom veličinom (jakošću ili intenzitetom) i smjerom zovu se vektori. To su na primjer sila, brzina, ubrzanje i tako dalje. Ostale veličine koje nemaju smjera, a potpuno su određene svojom veličinom (jakošću ili intenzitetom), zovu se skalari. To su na primjer temperatura, vrijeme i tako dalje.

Sastavljanje sila koje djeluju u istom pravcu
Vuku li da čovjeka jedna kolica, onda je ukupna sila kojom se kolica vuku jednaka zbroju sila oba čovjeka, to jest zbroj tih sila može zamijeniti obje sile. Znači, kad dvije sile djeluju na jedno fizikalno tijelo, onda se one mogu zamijeniti jednom silom koja ima isto djelovanje kao ove spomenute sile. Takva se sila zove rezultanta datih sila, a same sile njenim komponentama. Pronalaženje rezultante zadanih sila zove se sastavljanje sila.

Djeluju li dakle sile  i  ili više njih u istom pravcu i u istom smjeru, rezultanta  jednaka je njihovu zbroju, to jest:

Guraju li da čovjeka kolica u suprotnom smjeru, ali u istom pravcu, i to na primjer jedan silom F1 = 70 N, a drugi silom F2 = 50 N, kolica će se gibati u smjeru jačeg djelovanja. Rezultanta će biti jednaka razlici obiju sila, to jest:

i imat će smjer veće komponente .

Moramo li sastaviti više sila koje djeluju u istom pravcu, ali su suprotnoga smjera, zbrojit ćemo sve sile jednoga i sve sile drugoga smjera, od većeg zbroja odbiti manji i dobiti rezultantu.

Međutim, kad bi zbroj svih sila jednog predznaka bio jednak zbroju svih sila protivnog predznaka, onda bi se djelovanje svih sila poništavalo, i one bi si držale ravnotežu. To isto vrijedi kad na tijelo djeluju samo dvije sile u istom pravcu, protivnog smjera, a po veličini su jednake. Prema tome, da bi dvije sile bile u ravnoteži, moraju biti ispunjeni ovi uvjeti:
 da djeluju u istome pravcu,
 da su suprotnoga smjera,
 da su po veličini jednake.

Poučak o premještanju hvatišta sile
Uzmimo da na neko kruto tijelo djeluje sila  u točki A. U pravcu u kojem ta sila djeluje možemo zamisliti u točki B dvije sile  i  koje su međusobno jednake, a jednake i sili , ali suprotnoga smjera. Ovu pretpostavku možemo učiniti zato što se sile  i  poništavaju, odnosno što si drže ravnotežu. Također se tako poništavaju i sile  i , pa ostaje samo sila . To je isto kao da smo silu  premjestili iz hvatišta A u hvatište B. Odatle zaključujemo da hvatište sile možemo premjestiti u bilo koju točku u pravcu njena djelovanja.

Paralelogram sila i trokut sila
Svi primjeri do sada su bili kada su sile djelovale u istom pravcu. Drugačija je stvar ako sile čine neki kut. Na primjer, neku splav vuku ljudi na jednoj i drugoj obali rijeke. Pita se kolikom bi silom morao motor tjerati tu splav da nadomjesti vuču ljudi? Traži se, dakle, rezultanta dviju komponenata koje čine kut. Da odredimo rezultantu, nacrtat ćemo sile  i  po veličini i po smjeru u zadanom mjerilu i načiniti paralelogram sila. U tom paralelogramu povući ćemo dijagonalu iz zajedničkog hvatišta obiju sila. Ta dijagonala daje traženu rezultantu. Što je kut koji čine sile manji, to je rezultanta veća. Kad bi kut bio jednak nuli, onda bi rezultanta bila najveća.

Mjesto da crtamo paralelogram sila, možemo nacrtati samo polovinu paralelograma, to jest trokut sila, jer su suprotne stranice u paralelogramu jednake. Kod trokuta sila je bitno da jednu silu nanosimo na drugu po veličini i po smjeru (početak druge sile je na kraju prve sile i tako dalje), a zatim početak prve spojimo sa završetkom zadnje.

Sastavljanje dviju sila s različitim hvatištima
Djeluju li na neko tijelo dvije sile koje nemaju isto hvatište, njihovu ćemo rezultantu naći tako da hvatište tih sila prenesemo u presjecište njihovih pravaca djelovanja. Nakon toga treba konstruirati paralelogram sila i na uobičajen način naći njihovu rezultantu. Ovu metodu sastavljanja sila možemo upotrijebiti samo onda ako se pravci djelovanja sijeku na slici.

Poligon sila
Na jednu kuglu djeluju 4 sile , ,  i . Pita se u kojem će se pravcu i smjeru kugla gibati. Da nađemo rezultantu tih sila, uzet ćemo bilo koju točku O i od nje nacrtati paralelno, iste veličine i istoga smjera silu . Iz kraja sile  nanijet ćemo isto taku silu . Sile  i  dat će rezultantu  po trokutu sila. Na silu  nanesimo silu , pa će sila  i  dati rezultantu . Isto tako na silu  nanesimo silu , pa će sila  i sila  dati rezultantu . Vidimo da je posve nepotrebno bilo crtanje pomoćnih pomoćnih rezultanta  i . Dovoljno je sile , ,  i  nanijeti jednu na drugu po veličini i po smjeru i početak prve spojiti sa svršetkom posljednje. Dobiveni poligon naziva se poligon sila.

Rastavljanje sile na dvije komponente
Na okretnoj stupnoj dizalici visi teret . Da odredimo sile kojima su štapovi AC i BC opterećeni, rastavit ćemo silu  na komponente  i . Smjerovi komponenata su pravci štapova, pa možemo nacrtati paralelogram sila kojem je sila  dijagonala. Iz slike vidimo da komponenta  nastoji rastegnuti štap, pa je štap BC opterećen na vlak. Komponenta  nastoji štap AC stlačiti, stoga je on opterećen na tlak.

Postupak kod kojeg iz zadane sile pronalazimo komponente zove se rastavljanje sila.

Slike

Izvori

Klasična mehanika

Paralelogram vektora


حديث المقطوع هو حديث يرويه التابعون موقوفا عليهم؛ قولاً كان أو فعلاً سواء كان التابعي كبيراً (مثل سعيد بن المسيب) أو صغيراً (مثل يحيى بن سعيد)، وحكم الحديث المقطوع أنه لا يكون حجة إذا خلا من قرينة الرفع.

أمثلة
 مثال المقطوع القولي : قول الحسن البصري في الصلاة خلف المبتدع: «صل وعليه بدعته».
 مثال المقطوع الفعلي : قول إبراهيم بن محمد بن المنتشر: «كان مشروق يرخى الستر بينه وبين أهله، ويقبل على صلاته، ويخليهم ودنياهم».

والحديث المقطوع يختلف عن الحديث المنقطع. وقد يعبر بالمقطوع عن الحديث المنقطع الغير الموصول كما عند الشافعي، وابي القاسم الطبراني، وغيرهما.

أشهر المصنفات في الحديث المقطوع
 مصنف إبن أبي شيبة.
 تفاسير إبن جرير.
 تفاسير إبن أبي حاتم.
 تفاسير إبن المنذر.

المصادر
 كتاب (تيسير في مصطلح الحديث) للدكتور محمود الطحان، صفحة 167.

مصطلحات الحديث

حديث مقطوع


José Ortigoza (født 1. april 1987) er en paraguayansk fodboldspiller.

Paraguays fodboldlandshold

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Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Paraguay
Fodboldspillere fra Palmeiras
Fodboldspillere fra Cruzeiro Esporte Clube

José Ortigoza


Beate Liebich (geb. Lüdtke; * 21. Februar 1958 in Malchin) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Mittelstreckenläuferin, die sich auf die 1500-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hatte und für die DDR startete.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1980 in Moskau schied sie im Vorlauf aus. 1982 gewann sie Bronze bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Mailand und belegte bei den Crosslauf-Weltmeisterschaften in Rom den 37. Platz.

1982 wurde sie DDR-Hallenmeisterin und -Vizemeisterin im Freien. Außerdem wurde sie 1977 DDR-Vizemeisterin in der Halle über 800 m.

Beate Liebich startete für den SC Turbine Erfurt.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 400 m: 53,60 s, 10. August 1977, Potsdam
 800 m: 2:00,0 min, 1. Juli 1977, Dresden
 Halle: 1:59,76 min, 20. Februar 1982, Budapest
 1000 m: 2:31,6 min, 9. Juli 1980, Berlin
 1500 m: 3:59,9 min, 5. Juli 1980, Potsdam
 Halle: 4:06,70 min, 7. März 1982, Mailand
 1 Meile (Halle): 4:29,54 min, 10. März 1982, Mailand
 3000 m:  9:00,93 min, 29. Mai 1982, Jena

Weblinks

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1980
Mittelstreckenläufer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Olympiateilnehmer (DDR)
Frau
Geboren 1958

Beate Liebich


Schafhof ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Schillingsfürst im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Das Dorf bildet mittlerweile eine geschlossene Siedlung mit dem südöstlich gelegenen Schillingsfürst. Es liegt am Hang das Schlossberges. Im Nordosten grenzt das Griesfeld an. Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Schillingsfürst zur Staatsstraße 2247 (0,5 km südlich), nach Stilzendorf zur Kreisstraße AN 5 (1,5 km östlich) und nach Wohnbach (1,2 km nördlich).

Geschichte
Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Schafhof dem Steuerdistrikt und der Munizipalgemeinde Schillingsfürst zugeordnet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Kilian (Schillingsfürst) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach Kreuzerhöhung (Schillingsfürst) gepfarrt.

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Schillingsfürst
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf

Schafhof (Schillingsfürst)


Podsavezna nogometna liga Rijeka (također i kao Riječka podsavezna liga, Liga Riječkog nogometnog podsaveza) je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1959./60.  Sudjelovalo je ukupno 11 klubova, a prvak je bila "Opatija".

Ljestvica

 "Svjetlost" iz Rijeke odustala u proljetnom dijelu

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Zona Rijeka – Pula 1959./60.
 Podsavezna liga Pula 1959./60.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Godišnjak FSJ 1959-60, Beograd, 1960., ISSN: 0351-2894, str. 171.
 Obrad Maleš i dr.: Nogometni klub "Opatija", Opatija : 1911-1981., Opatija, 1981., UDK: 796.332::061.2](497.5 Opatija)"1911/1981"(082)
 Orfeo Tićac, Edo Doričić: 60 godina sporta u Kostreni : 1921-1981, Rijeka, 1986., UDK: 796(497.5 Kostrena) "1921/1981"
 Oskar Valenčić, Slavko Gržinić: Zlatni pir Nogometnog kluba "Klana" : [1931-1981], Rijeka, 1981., UDK: 796.332::061.2(497.13 Klana)"1931/1981"

1959-60 Rijeka
Rijeka
1959-60 Rijeka

Podsavezna nogometna liga Rijeka 1959./60.


Villa de los Ranchos es el nombre popular con que se denominaba a la actual ciudad de Villa del Rosario (Córdoba).

Con anterioridad a su fundación oficial en 1795 por el Gobernador Intendente de Córdoba del Tucumán Don Rafael Marqués de Sobremonte el paraje ubicado sobre las márgenes del río Segundo o Xanaes recibió diversos nombres. El más usual de ellos fue Villa de los Ranchos ya que quedó grabado en la historia argentina por diversos hechos que tuvieron lugar durante la guerra civil posterior a la independencia. El más célebre es el que se protagoniza en el acampamento denominado Paso de las Tropas ubicado al este de la localidad donde en febrero de 1819 el General Manuel Belgrano estableció el campamento de parte de su Ejército del Norte.

Belgrano había recibido órdenes de colaborar en el aplacamiento de las sediciones de los caudillos santafesinos Estanislao López y Francisco Ramírez. Durante la estadía en el paraje de Villa de los Ranchos Belgrano escribió diversas cartas a las autoridades provinciales solicitando ayuda para recomponer su ejército. En ellas se menciona indistintamente a la localidad sea como Villa del Rosario que como Villa de los Ranchos.

Localidades de Córdoba (Argentina)

Villa de los Ranchos


The Catskill Mountains, also known as the Catskills, are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains, located in southeastern New York.  As a cultural and geographic region, the Catskills are generally defined as those areas close to or within the borders of the Catskill Park, a  forest preserve protected from many forms of development under New York state law.

Geologically, the Catskills are a mature dissected plateau, a flat region subsequently uplifted and eroded into sharp relief by watercourses. The Catskills form the northeastern end of the Allegheny Plateau (also known as the Appalachian Plateau).

The Catskills were named by early Dutch settlers. They are well known in American society as the setting for films and works of art, including many 19th-century Hudson River School paintings, as well as for being a favored destination for vacationers from New York City in the mid-20th century. The region's many large resorts gave many young stand-up comedians an opportunity to hone their craft. Since the late 19th century, the Catskills have been a haven for artists, musicians and writers, especially in and around the towns of Woodstock and Phoenicia.

History

Etymology

Nicolaes Visscher I's 1656 map of New Netherland located the  at the mouth of Catskill Creek. The region to the south is identified as  (High Lands of the Esopus), a reference to a local band of northern Lenape Native Americans who inhabited the banks of the Hudson and hunted in the highlands along the Esopus Creek.

While the meaning of the name ("cat creek [kill]" in Dutch) and the namer (early Dutch explorers) are settled matters, how and why the area is named "Catskills" is a mystery. Mountain lions (catamounts) were known to have been in the area when the Dutch arrived in the 17th century and may have been a reason for the name.

The confusion over the origins of the name led over the years to variant spellings such as Kaatskill and Kaaterskill, both of which are also still used: the former in the regional magazine Kaatskill Life, the latter as the name of a mountain peak and a waterfall. The supposed Native American name for the range, Onteora ("land in the sky"), was actually created by a white man in the mid-19th century to drum up business for a resort. It, too, persists today as the name of a school district and as the name of a Boy Scout summer camp (Onteora Scout Reservation).

Geography
The Catskill Mountains are approximately  north-northwest of New York City and  southwest of Albany, starting west of the Hudson River. The Catskills occupy much of two counties (Greene and Ulster), and extend slightly into Delaware, Sullivan, and southwestern Schoharie counties.

At the range's eastern end, the mountains begin dramatically with the Catskill Escarpment rising up suddenly from the Hudson Valley. The western boundary is far less certain, as the mountains gradually decline in height and grade into the rest of the Allegheny Plateau, but maps from the 18th and 19th centuries consistently mark the border of the Catskill Mountains as the East Branch of the Delaware River, which is consistent with the actual topographic relief. The Pocono Mountains, to the immediate southwest in Pennsylvania, are also a part of the Allegheny Plateau.

The Catskills contain more than 30 peaks above  and parts of six important rivers. The Catskill Mountain 3500 Club is an organization whose members have climbed all the peaks in the Catskills over . The highest mountain, Slide Mountain in Ulster County, has an elevation of .

Climatically, the Catskills lie within the Allegheny Highlands forests ecoregion.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, the Catskill Mountains have two climate zones. The vast majority of the Catskills have a warm summer humid continental climate (Dfb) with some isolated locations in valleys with hot summer humid continental climate (Dfa). The plant hardiness zone on Slide Mountain at  is 5a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of . The plant hardiness zone in Margaretville at  is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of .

Geology

Although the Catskills are sometimes compared with the Adirondack Mountains farther north, the two mountain ranges are not geologically related, as the Adirondacks are a continuation of the Canadian Shield.  Similarly, the Shawangunk Ridge, which forms the southeastern edge of the Catskills, is part of the geologically distinct Ridge-and-Valley province and is a continuation of the same ridge known as Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey and Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania.

The Catskill Mountains are more of a dissected plateau than a series of mountain ranges. The sediments that make up the rocks in the Catskills were deposited when the ancient Acadian Mountains in the east were rising and subsequently eroding. The sediments traveled westward and formed a great delta into the sea that was in the area at that time. The escarpment of the Catskill Mountains is near the former (landward) edge of this delta, as the sediments deposited in the northeastern areas along the escarpment were deposited above sea level by moving rivers, and the Acadian Mountains were located roughly where the Taconic Mountains are located today (though significantly larger). Finer sediment was deposited further westward, and thus the rocks change from gravel conglomerates to sandstone and shale. Further west, these fresh water deposits intermingle with shallow marine sandstone and shale until the end, in deeper water limestone.

The uplift and erosion of the Acadian Mountains was occurring during the Devonian and early Mississippian period (395 to 325 million years ago). Over that time, thousands of feet of these sediments built up, slowly moving the Devonian seashore further west. A meteor impact occurred in the shallow sea approximately 375 mya, creating a  diameter crater. This crater eventually filled with sediments and became Panther Mountain through the process of uplift and erosion. By the middle of the Mississippian period, the uplift stopped, and the Acadian Mountains had been eroded so much that sediments no longer flowed across the Catskill Delta.

Over time, the sediments were buried by more sediments from other areas, until the original Devonian and Mississippian sediments were deeply buried and slowly became solid rock. Then the entire area experienced uplift, which caused the sedimentary rocks to begin to erode. Today, those upper sedimentary rocks have been completely removed, exposing the Devonian and Mississippian rocks. Today's Catskills are a result of the continued erosion of these rocks, both by streams and, in the recent past, by glaciers.

In successive ice ages, both valley and continental glaciers have widened the valleys and the notches of the Catskills and rounded the mountains. Grooves and scratches in exposed bedrock provide evidence of the great sheets of ice that once traversed the region. Even today the erosion of the mountains continues, with the region's rivers and streams deepening and widening the mountains' valleys and cloves.

Recreation

The Borscht Belt
In the mid–20th century, summer resorts in the Catskills, nicknamed the Borscht Belt, were a major vacation destination for Jewish New Yorkers. At its peak of popularity, about 500 resorts operated in the region. Later changes in vacationing patterns have led most of those travelers elsewhere, although there are still some bungalow communities and summer camps in the region catering to Orthodox populations.

Aquatic sports and recreation

Esopus Creek is a  tributary of the Hudson River, starting at Winnisook Lake on Slide Mountain. It flows across Ulster County to the Hudson River at Saugerties. The Esopus is noted for making an almost 270-degree turn around Panther Mountain, following a buried  impact crater rim. It is famous for tubing, a sport of rafting down a river in an inner tube.  Many tubers begin their trip at Phoenicia, New York, and head down the creek towards the Ashokan Reservoir at Olive, New York.

The Ashokan Reservoir is part of the New York City water supply system, with fishing allowed under permit, but swimming and most other recreational uses are forbidden.

River canoeing and kayaking are popular. There are 42 rapids ranging from class I to V+.

The Esopus Creek is famous for its fly fishing, although in recent years it has been plagued by invasive plants.

Cycling
Road and mountain biking are fairly popular in the range. Bicycle racing includes the Tour of the Catskills, a three-day road stage race held in Green and Ulster counties each summer, and the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup in Windham. Other cycling resources include the Catskill Scenic Trail, the Headwaters Trails in Stamford and the Roundtopia trail network (mapped by the Round Top Mountain Bike Association). Several ski centers provide downhill mountain bicycling in the warmer months.

Hiking and camping
Within the range is the Catskill Park, comprising over . Catskill Park is part of New York's Forest Preserve. Not all the land is publicly owned; about 60% remains in private hands, but new sections are added frequently. Most of the park and the preserve are within Ulster County, with a significant portion in Greene County, and parts in Sullivan and Delaware counties as well. Many of the trails in public areas are maintained and updated by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference and the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club. Devil's Path is one of the many trails open for hikers. Spots to camp in the Catskills include Bear Spring Mountain, Little Pond, Mongaup Pond, and North-South Lake.

Skiing

There are five main downhill ski and snowboard areas in the Catskills: Belleayre Mountain (run by the Olympic Regional Development Authority); Hunter Mountain (the first ski area to install snowmaking machines in New York); Windham Mountain; Holiday Mountain Ski and Fun in Monticello; and Plattekill Mountain in Roxbury.

Joppenbergh Mountain, in Rosendale Village hosted its first ski jumping competition in 1937.  Ski jumping was continued on the mountain until February 7, 1971, when the last competition was held.

The Mountain Trails Cross Country Ski Center in Tannersville has  of trails.

Structures

Fire towers

The Catskill Mountains fire towers were constructed to facilitate forest fire prevention and control. Twenty-three fire towers were built in the Catskill Mountains between 1908 and 1950. The fire towers fell out of use by the 1970s as fire spotting from airplanes had become more effective and efficient, so the fire towers were decommissioned; the Hunter Mountain Fire Tower was the last to be taken out of service in 1990. All but six of the towers were dismantled. The five remaining towers have been renovated and opened to the public as observation posts with panoramic views and a sixth tower was opened at the Catskill Visitor Center in 2022. The current towers are:

Balsam Lake Mountain Fire Observation Station near Hardenburgh, elevation
Hunter Mountain Fire Tower near Hunter, elevation
Mt. Utsayantha Fire Tower near Stamford, New York, elevation
Overlook Mountain Tower near Woodstock, elevation
Red Hill Fire Observation Station near Denning, elevation
Mount Tremper Fire Observation Station near Shandaken, elevation
Upper Esopus Fire Observation Station near Mount Tremper, elevation

Notable landmarks
The Catskill Mountain House, built in 1824, was a hotel near Palenville, New York, in the Catskill Mountains overlooking the Hudson River Valley. In its prime at the turn of the century, visitors included United States Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt.

Transportation
From 1872, the northern part of the Catskills were served by the Catskill Mountain Branch of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad which was absorbed into the New York Central railroad in 1932. Oneonta to Kingston passenger rail service continued until 1954. Part of the line still exists but now serves only freight.

The southern part of the Catskills was served by the New York, Ontario and Western Railway. Over the course of 1950, service on the NYO&W downscaled to summer only. In its last years it ran trains from Roscoe to Weehawken, New Jersey, via Liberty. It connected with the New York Central's West Shore Railroad at Cornwall. This service lasted until September 10, 1953.

The Delaware and Ulster Railroad is a heritage railroad, based in Arkville, New York, that still runs a scenic part of the track from Highmount to Hubbell Corners, New York, for tourist use. The Catskill Mountain Railroad is also a heritage railroad in the Catskills, operating from Kingston up to Highmount.

The Catskills are accessible by automobile from the east along Interstate 87/New York State Thruway, which runs north–south through the Hudson Valley.  To the south and southwest, the Catskills are accessible by a variety of highways, including New York State Route 55, U.S. Route 44, U.S. Route 209, and New York State Route 17.  Access to the western Catskills is provided by New York State Route 30; and the vaguely defined far-western edge of the region is variously considered to be New York State Route 10 or Interstate 88, though this boundary remains a matter of local preference.  New York State Routes 28 and 23A cut east–west through the heart of the Catskills, serving many of the most popular outdoor tourist destinations.  New York State Route 23 runs east–west across the Catskills' northern section.

The closest major airports to the Catskill region are Albany International Airport to the north and Stewart International Airport in Newburgh to the south.  Smaller airports in the region include:
 Columbia County Airport in Hudson
 Dutchess County Airport in Poughkeepsie
 Joseph Y. Resnick Airport in Ellenville
 Kingston–Ulster Airport
 Kobelt Airport in Wallkill
 Randall Airport in Middletown
 Sullivan County International Airport in Monticello
 Wurtsboro–Sullivan County Airport

In popular culture

The Hudson Valley Film Commission maintains a list of films set in the Hudson Valley/Catskills Region. Of them, more than three dozen films are set in the Catskills.
Author/illustrator Jonathan Schork, born and raised in Olivebridge in the southern Catskills, acknowledges the area as the inspiration for two of his children's books: 2016's The Love of Simon Fox, and 2018's More Tales from the Enchanted Wood (the latter the recipient of several prizes for children's literature).
The town of Bethel, New York, located in the Catskills, was home to the famous Woodstock music festival that took place August 15–18, 1969. The event, wherein 32 music acts performed in front of over 500,000 concert-goers, was captured in the documentary movie Woodstock (1970). The site is now home to the world-renowned Bethel Woods Center for the Arts.

The many hotels and vacation resorts located in the Catskills are notable in American cultural history for their role in the development of modern stand-up comedy. Comedians such as Rodney Dangerfield, Jackie Mason, Alan King, and Don Rickles all got their start performing in Catskill hotel venues colloquially referred to as the Borscht Belt.

See also
 Helderberg Escarpment
 Resorts World Catskills

References

Further reading

External links

Hiking Guide to Catskill High Peaks—Catskill 3500 Club
List of Catskills peaks organized by hiking difficulty
Website for the Catskill Mountain Club hiking
The Catskill Archive – History of the Catskill Mountains
The Catskill Mountain Foundation
The Catskill Center
The Catskill Watershed Corporation
Catskill Region Photo Gallery
Catskill Mountainkeeper—Protecting the Six Counties of the Catskills
Catskill Mountain Businesses listed on Hudson Valley Directory
Sullivan County Visitors Association

Allegheny Plateau
Landforms of Delaware County, New York
Landforms of Greene County, New York
Landforms of Schoharie County, New York
Landforms of Sullivan County, New York
Landforms of Ulster County, New York
Mountain ranges of New York (state)
Physiographic regions of the United States
Regions of New York (state)
Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains
Tourist attractions in New York (state)
Upstate New York

Catskill Mountains


Paul Archer Tyler, Baron Tyler,  (born 29 October 1941) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from February to October 1974 and from 1992 to 2005, and sat in the House of Lords as a life peer until October 2021.

Education
He was privately educated at the independent  Sherborne School and Exeter College, Oxford.

Elections
In 1964 Tyler was elected Britain's youngest County Councillor, and re-elected in 1967. He was vice-chairman of the Dartmoor National Park Committee and a member of the Devon & Cornwall Police Authority.

His first Parliamentary candidacy was for Totnes at the 1966 general election, when he came third.

At the 1970 general election, Tyler stood as the Liberal candidate in the Bodmin constituency, defending the seat held by the outgoing Liberal MP Peter Bessell. However, he lost to the Conservative candidate Robert Hicks.

At the February 1974 general election, Tyler defeated Hicks by a majority of only nine votes. At the October election that year, Tyler increased his vote, but not sufficiently to withstand the swing, and Hicks regained the seat with a majority of 665. Tyler stood again at the 1979 general election, but Hicks was re-elected with a large majority, in line with the national swing away from the Liberals and Labour to the Conservatives.

He contested the 1982 Beaconsfield by-election, increasing the Alliance vote and pushing the Labour candidate (Tony Blair) into third place.  Tyler did not contest the general elections in 1983 and 1987, but was David Steel's campaign organiser in 1983, and was subsequently elected Chairman of the Liberal Party 1983–6; he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1985 Birthday Honours. In addition to his role as Campaign Adviser to Steel, he was a member of the Alliance Planning Group 1986–87, and the Campaign Team led by John Pardoe in the 1987 general election.

He was the Liberal Democrat candidate for Cornwall and Plymouth in the 1989 European Parliament election. He reduced the Conservative majority to 8.7%, cut the Labour share of the vote and gained 68,559 votes – the highest ever Liberal or Liberal Democrat vote at the time and the best result in the whole UK.

After an 18-year absence, he returned to Parliament at the 1992 general election, when he was elected as Liberal Democrat Member for North Cornwall, defeating the Conservative incumbent Gerry Neale, who had defeated John Pardoe in 1979.  He was a member of the Liberal Democrats' shadow cabinet until he retired from the House of Commons at the May 2005 general election. Dan Rogerson was selected by the local Liberal Democrats to succeed him, and held the seat by a majority of 3,176.

Commons career
Tyler was appointed Liberal Democrat Spokesman on Rural Affairs, Agriculture and Transport following his election 1992. In 1994/95 he also piloted a review of Transport policy.  He gained the Country Life Parliamentarian of the Year Award for his persistent and effective challenging of Agriculture Ministers during the BSE Beef crisis.

After the 1997 election he was elected Chief Whip by the newly enlarged Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Party.  He served on the Modernisation Select Committee, and led Liberal Democrat efforts to make the Commons more effective. As the Foot and Mouth epidemic devastated livestock areas, Party Leader Charles Kennedy appointed Tyler to co-ordinate the response, and work with farming and other organisations, to seek more effective Government action.

After the 2001 election he was appointed to shadow Robin Cook, Leader of the House of Commons, with particular responsibility for the reform of Parliament. He led for the party on both the modernisation of the Commons and the reform of the Lords to create a democratic and representative Second Chamber.

Peerage
On 13 May 2005 it was announced that Tyler would be created a life peer, and on 15 June 2005 he was created Baron Tyler, of Linkinhorne, in the County of Cornwall. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Cornwall in February 2006. In March 2014, he was sworn of the Privy Council.

Role in the House of Lords
Tyler chaired the Liberal Democrats' "Better Governance" policy group 2006–07 and piloted its report, "For the people, by the people", through the Liberal Democrat Conference of September 2007. His Constitutional Renewal Bill was introduced in the House of Lords in 2009.

He was co-chair of the Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Party Committee on Political & Constitutional Reform 2005–21. He has worked with allies in all Parties, and in both Houses, to advance the cause of constitutional reform. He convened a cross-party group from within the Joint Committee on the Draft House of Lords Reform Bill to secure majority support for positive recommendations in favour of progress with reform. With colleagues from other parties, Tyler has contributed extensively to media coverage of this issue. He co-authored a pamphlet "Lords Reform – A Guide for MPs" with other pro-reform parliamentarians, before the Bill received a large majority at second reading in the House of Commons in July 2012.

He retired from the House of Lords in October 2021, having made a widely acclaimed "valedictory speech", fully assessing the constitutional challenges presented by the Johnson Government (UK Parliament>Hansard>Lords>21 October 2021>Lords Chamber>Integrity of Electoral Processes).

Campaigns
In 2006 Lord Tyler called on Planning Minister, Yvette Cooper to honour the pledges and position of her predecessor, Keith Hill, to keep the Cornish Saint Piran's Flag flying across the Cornwall  When he was MP for North Cornwall, Tyler led a successful campaign, backed by the local media, to gain reassurances from the Planning Minister that rules which prevent the St Piran's flag flying without permission could be ignored by local Councils.

In 2007 Lord Tyler confirmed his support for a Cornish Assembly when he was interviewed by the BBC regarding proposals for a Constitutional Convention.

Between 1992 and 2005, he was Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Organophosphates (OPs), and campaigned about their adverse effects on farmers (through sheep dip), pilots and cabin crew (through contaminated cabin air) and Gulf War veterans (through pesticides used to repel insects). He also led a campaign to uncover the truth behind the Lowermoor Water Poisoning incident, and the ensuing cover-up, which occurred shortly before the Conservative Party privatised the water industry.

In 2004, Tyler started a campaign to stop government departments and agencies making citizens access their services via high-rate "0870" phone numbers. He exposed the Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency for raking in over £1m a year in "revenue sharing" arrangements with telephone companies, where callers paid over the odds while waiting to book driving tests and sort out tax discs. The campaign culminated in the creation of "03" low-rate numbers, especially for public services.
For a comprehensive analysis of current challenges to Britain's constitutional conventions see Lord Tyler's article for the Financial Times dated 16 January 2021 at ft.com/3qoFr0k.

With his wife Nicky (whose original idea inspired the initiative) and colleague Lord Oates he worked with the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunisation (GAVI) to provide Covid vaccines to lower income countries. The resulting donations from UK residents to the GAVI/COVAX programme totalled more than £450,000 in the spring of 2021.

Work outside politics
Experience working the Royal Institute of British Architects (1966–73) and SHELTER (1975–76) has given Tyler a special interest in housing and planning policy.  He was managing director of the Cornwall Courier local newspaper group, 1976–81, a frequent contributor to a wide range of media, and presenter of BBC South West TV "Discovery" series in 1978.  He was a Senior Consultant responsible for political and public issue assignments at Good Relations 1982–92 (for, amongst others, the Countryside Commission, European Year of the Environment and Rural Development Commission).

Publications
In 2014, Lord Tyler published Who Decides?  Combining insightful analysis with a series of stories about his time representing Cornwall, the book draws on the work of former Government Chief Psychologist Edgar Anstey and on the illustrations by Norman Thelwell to his 1962 publication Committees:  How they work and how to work them.

References

External links

Paul Tyler official site
Lord Tyler profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Paul Tyler
They Work For You – Paul Tyler
The Public Whip – Paul Tyler
BBC News – Paul Tyler profile 10 February 2005

1941 births
Living people
People educated at Sherborne School
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Chairs of the Liberal Party (UK)
Liberal Party (UK) councillors
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Politicians from Cornwall
Deputy Lieutenants of Cornwall
Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Bodmin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for North Cornwall
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Paul Tyler


Tony Oladipo Allen (Lagos, Nigeria, 12 de agosto de 1940 - París, Francia, 30 de abril de 2020) fue un baterista  y compositor nigeriano que residió y trabajó en París.

Como baterista y director musical de la banda África 70 de Fela Anikulapo Kuti entre 1968 a 1979, se le considera como uno de los fundadores del género musical Afrobeat; en este contexto, Fela alguna vez señaló que: "sin Tony Allen, no existiría el Afrobeat". Adicionalmente, ha sido descrito por Brian Eno como "quizá el más grande baterista que haya vivido".

Escribió su autobiografía con el título tentativo: "Tony Allen: Master Drummer of Afrobeat" con el autor/músico Michael E. Veal, quien ya había escrito previamente una amplia biografía de Fela Kuti.

Inicios de su carrera
Como músico autodidacta, Allen comenzó a tocar batería a la edad de dieciocho años, mientras trabajaba como ingeniero para una estación de radio nigeriana; su estilo musical fue influenciado por la música que escuchaba su padre (Jùjú, un género de música tradicional ceremonial derivado del yoruba), además del jazz estadounidense, y el surgimiento del género musical highlife en Nigeria y Ghana.

Trabajó sistemáticamente para desarrollar un sonido único con sus percusiones, estudiando no sólo LPs y artículos de Max Roach y Art Blakey, sino que además al baterista ghanés Guy Warren (conocido actualmente como Kofi Ghanaba).

Fue contratado por el trompetista Victor Olaiya para tocar claves (bastones) en su banda de highlife denominada "the Cool Cats"; finalmente, pasa a ocupar el cargo de baterista cuando uno de los músicos fundadores deja la banda. Posteriormente, toca con Agu Norris & the Heatwaves, Nigerian Messengers y Melody Makers.

Fela y África '70
En 1964, Fela Ransome Kuti lo invitó a audicionar para conformar una nueva banda de jazz-highlife; Kuti y Allen ya habían tocado juntos en el circuito musical de Lagos. En este contexto, Fela lanzó varios cumplidos al sonido musical único de Allen: "¿Cómo es posible que seas la única persona en Nigeria que toque así - jazz y highlife?"; así, Allen pasó a ser el miembro fundador del grupo musical de highlife-jazz de Kuti denominado "Koola Lobitos".

En 1969, en un viaje educacional algo turbulento hacia Estados Unidos, Fela y su recién renombrada banda África '70 desarrollaron un nuevo sonido africano, mezclando los estilos heavy groove y el atractivo universal del soul con el jazz, highlife, y las plantillas de rítmica en cruz disponibles en las convenciones de la música yoruba. Allen desarrolló un nuevo estilo para complementar el nuevo groove africano de Fela, mezclando ambos géneros dispares. Recordando como Fela y él escribían en 1970, señalaba:

Grabó alrededor de treinta álbumes con Fela y África '70, pudiéndose indicar a estos, como los mejores trabajos de Fela. Sin embargo, a fines de la década del 70, la discordia crecía al interior de la banda, principalmente en relación con los pagos/derechos de la música que tocaban y la necesidad de reconocimiento, la que crecía en intensidad. Como director musical e inventor de los ritmos que apuntalaron al Afrobeat, Allen se sentía especialmente ofendido, sin embargo Fela se mantenía firme, señalando que eventualmente él llegaría a obtener los derechos sobre sus canciones. En este contexto, Fela prestó apoyo en tres grabaciones de Allen como solista: Jealousy (1975), Progress (1977) y No Accommodation For Lagos (1979), sin embargo, en 1979, Allen decide dejar África '70, llevándose consigo a varios miembros de la banda.

En consecuencia, Tony decide apartarse, una vez más en búsqueda de su propio sonido.

Desde el Afrobeat al Afrofunk
Después de abandonar África '70, Allen forma su propia banda, grabando No Discrimination en 1980; adicionalmente toca en Lagos hasta emigrar a Londres en 1984; posteriormente, se traslada a París, donde graba con King Sunny Ade, Ray Lema y Manu Dibango, y lanza N.E.P.A. en 1985.

Post Fela, Allen desarrolló un sonido de características híbridas, deconstruyendo y fusionando al afrobeat con la electrónica, dub, R&B, y Hip hop; Allen denomina a esta síntesis como afrofunk.

En el año 2006, volvió con un nuevo gran proyecto y que constituyó su décimo tercer registro; éste, es un trabajo grabado en vivo en Lagos, con una banda de Afrobeat denominada Lagos No Shaking (Lagos is OK), significando para Allen su regreso a las pistas del género del Afrobeat después de haber incursionado en híbridos de música electrónica vanguardista. Lagos No Shaking fue lanzado el 13 de junio de 2006.

Últimos trabajos
En 2002, apareció en el álbum recopilatorio de la Red Hot Organization (RHO) titulado Red Hot + Riot: The Music and Spirit of Fela Kuti, y que fue realizado en tributo a Fela Kuti; en particular, apareció junto a Res, Ray Lema, Baaba Maal, Positive Black Soul y Archie Shepp en el registro musical titulado "No Agreement".

En 2003, participó como percusionista en el álbum "Love Trap" de Susheela Raman, realizando diversas presentaciones en vivo junto ella.

En 2004, realizó una colaboración en el álbum de Sébastien Tellier titulado "Politics", incluyendo al popular tema "La Ritournelle".

En 2006, se unió a Damon Albarn, Paul Simonon, y Simon Tong como baterista para The Good, the Bad and the Queen, mientras que en 2007, participó en el mismo rol para dos registros del álbum "5:55" de Charlotte Gainsbourg: "5:55" y "Night-Time Intermission", en conjunto con el dúo francés Air y Jarvis Cocker de Pulp.

Realizó apariciones como percusionista en el vídeo musical del tema "Once Upon a Time" perteneciente a la banda francesa Air a fines del año 2007, mientras que participó también en los álbumes de Zap Mama llamados Supermoon (2007) y ReCreation (2009), anexando su voz en los temas "1000 Ways" y "African Diamond".

Su nuevo registro musical denominado "Secret Agent" fue lanzado en junio de 2009 por World Circuit.

Tony Allen ha influenciado a diversos artistas pertenecientes a variados géneros. En el sencillo Music Is My Radar (2000), Blur le realiza un homenaje, y en cuyo final, Damon Albarn repite la frase «Tony Allen me hizo bailar» .

Uno de sus últimos trabajos lo realizó con Damon Albarn y Flea en un proyecto titulado Rocketjuice and The Moon, y que considera el lanzamiento de un álbum para 2012.

Fallecimiento
Falleció a los setenta y nueve años el 30 de abril de 2020 en el Hospital George Pompidou de París a consecuencia de un aneurisma de aorta.

Discografía

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Entrevista a Tony Allen por Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' febrero de 2009
Sitio oficial de Kokolo
The Shrine Sitio extraoficial de Fela Kuti y la Música Afrobeat.
- Perfil de Tony Allen en AfricanMusiciansProfiles.com
- Discografía de  Fela Kuti/Africa 70
Wrasse Records - Biografía de Tony Allen
Tony Allen: National Geographic World Music
Toronto Treasures, registro descargable de una conferencia realizada por Tony Allen en el Red Bull Music Academy (RBMA).
Sesión académica con Tony Allen

Lagosenses
Músicos de Nigeria
Bateristas de Francia

Tony Allen (músico)


Andriïvka  (, , Andreïevka) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Donetsk, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.
La commune est administrée par la république populaire de Donetsk depuis le printemps 2014.

Géographie
Il existe huit localités de ce nom dans l'oblast de Donetsk, nom formé sous le patronage de saint André. Celle-ci s'étend le long de la rivière Gloukhaïa et entre celle-ci et la rivière Mious. La limite entre l'oblast de Donetsk et l'oblast de Louhansk est à l'est et au nord-est du village. La gare de chemin de fer de Motchalinski (réseau ferré de Donetsk) se trouve à 5 km du village.

Histoire
Le village est fondé au  sous le nom d'Andreïevka-Rebrikova, à l'époque de l'oblast militaire du Don ; c'est alors le chef-lieu administratif de la volost d'Andreïevka (qui comprenait trois slobodes et trois villages pour une population de  habitants en 1873). La slobode d'Andreïevka était à 20 verstes de la poste d'Essaoulovka.

Le village d'Andreïevka reçoit son statut de commune urbaine en 1938. Il comptait  habitants en 2019.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Donetsk

Andriïvka (raïon de Horlivka)


Deepak Obhrai  (July 5, 1950 – August 2, 2019) was a Tanzania-born Canadian politician, representing the riding of Calgary East (until 2015) and Forest Lawn (from 2015) for the Reform Party of Canada and then the Conservative Party of Canada from 1997 until his death in 2019. He previously served as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was the first and only Hindu to become an MP in Canada, and at the time of his death was the longest continuously serving Conservative MP. He ran in the 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, but was defeated in the first round of voting.

Early life and career
Obhrai was born on July 5, 1950, in Oldeani, Tanganyika, now Tanzania, to a Hindu family. His father died when Obhrai was six, so he was raised by his mother, who worked at a bank. Obhrai went to primary school in Moshi, a town near Mount Kilimanjaro, and went to high school in Arusha before transferring to the prestigious Daly College in Indore, India. He moved to the United Kingdom and trained as an air traffic controller. Disillusioned by discrimination he faced in Britain, he returned to Tanzania to work. In 1976, Obhrai was on duty at a nearby Tanzanian airport when the Entebbe raid took place in neighbouring Uganda.

Obhrai immigrated to Canada in 1977 with his wife Neena, whom he had married in 1971, and his daughter Priti. He originally wanted to immigrate to Montreal, but decided to avoid Quebec and go to Calgary instead because of the recent election of René Lévesque's secessionist Parti Québécois. Obhrai retrained as an accountant in Calgary and got a job with the municipal government. With his wife, he established a dry cleaning business that expanded to three stores.

In the 1990s Obhrai became more involved in Calgary community life, serving as the president of the India-Canada Association of Calgary, the Monterey Park Community Association, and the Hindu Society of Calgary. He also was the vice-president responsible for Alberta in the National Indo-Canadian Council.

Municipal and provincial politics
In 1993, Obhrai lost a race for an alderman position on Calgary City Council. He launched failed bids for the Progressive Conservative nomination for a provincial by-election in Calgary-McCall in 1995, and for Calgary-Montrose in 1996.

Federal politics
Obhrai's successful bid for the Reform Party of Canada nomination in the 1997 federal election was initially obstructed by the local riding association, prompting officials from the office of the party leader, Preston Manning, to intervene. He won the nomination and the riding, and was re-elected when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance in 2000. In 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, and 2015 he was elected as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. He was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003, creation of the merged Conservative Party. The Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged until a few weeks later.

As an opposition member he served as the Opposition critic for International Cooperation, Multiculturalism, International Trade and of CIDA.

In February 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed Obhrai as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In March 2008, he was given the additional responsibility of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of International Cooperation, a role he held until November 2008; he would hold the role again from November 2010 to January 2011.

During the 2011 Canadian federal election, Obhrai chose not to appear in an all-candidates debate in his riding, citing that his time was better spent talking with constituents. He also said that he "does not wish to debate a Liberal from Toronto," a reference to Calgary East Liberal candidate Josipa Petrunic, who despite her employment by the University of Toronto, was born and raised in Calgary, which was also where she conducted her research.

As a result of Gurbax Singh Malhi's defeat in the 2011 election, Obhrai became the longest serving member of parliament who was of South Asian and/or African ancestry. Obhrai penned a letter to the editor to the Calgary Herald and to his supporters saying that: "In my birth country, Tanzania, I would henceforth be referred to by the respectful title of Mzee. In South Asia, I would receive the title of Pradhaan. This means I have now reached the ranks of respected elders."

On September 19, 2013, Obhrai's role as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs was augmented when his role was expanded to include responsibility for international human rights. He was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada by Governor General of Canada David Johnston on the advice of Stephen Harper.

In September 2014, Obhrai received the Pride of India Award from the Indo-American Friends Group of Washington, D.C., and the Indo-American Business Chamber in a dinner ceremony held on Capitol Hill for his contributions towards strengthening Canada's political, social and cultural relations with India and for his role in increasing Indian diaspora participation in pluralistic political activity.

Obhrai was the longest-serving Conservative MP in Canada's 42nd Parliament. Obhrai served as the International Development Critic in the Shadow Cabinet of Rona Ambrose, before resigning from the Shadow Cabinet to seek the Conservative Party leadership.

Conservative leadership campaign
Obhrai ran in the 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election. The focus of his campaign was promoting Conservative outreach to immigrant communities and opposing proposals by fellow leadership candidate Kellie Leitch to screen immigrants for Canadian values. Having received 0.41% of the vote on the first ballot, Obhrai was eliminated after the first round.

Post-leadership run
Obhrai did not return to the Shadow Cabinet under new Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer.

In December 2017, it was reported that Obhrai was being challenged for the Conservative nomination in Calgary Forest Lawn for the 2019 election by former Calgary-East MLA Moe Amery.

Death
Obhrai died of liver cancer on August 2, 2019, in Calgary. He had been diagnosed with the disease just a few weeks earlier. He was the longest-serving Conservative member of Parliament. A memorial service was held in Calgary several weeks after Obhrai's death.  Stephen Harper and Andrew Scheer were among those who spoke at the service.

References

External links
 Deepak Obhrai's Member of Parliament Profile

 Deepak Obhrai's official website

1950 births
2019 deaths
Businesspeople from Calgary
Canadian Alliance MPs
Canadian Hindus
Canadian people of Indian descent
Canadian people of Punjabi descent
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Deaths from cancer in Alberta
Deaths from liver cancer
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Politicians from Calgary
Reform Party of Canada MPs
Tanzanian emigrants to Canada
21st-century Canadian politicians
The Daly College Alumni
Foreign-born Canadian politicians

Deepak Obhrai


An Cathestecum prostratum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl. An Cathestecum prostratum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cathestecum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cathestecum

Cathestecum prostratum


Tradicijska okućnica je gospodarsko-stambena cjelina u mjestu Medven Draga, općina Krašić.

Opis
Gospodarsko-stambena cjelina u Medvenovoj Dragi sastoji se od kuće i gospodarskih građevina. Građevine tvore zatvorenu cjelinu s unutarnjim četvrtastim dvorištem. Uz duže katno pročelje kuće proteže se drveni trijem s izrezbarenom ogradom i oslikom u žbuci. Nad ulazom u kuću upisana je bojom godina 1868. te ime vlasnika.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1588 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Zaštićene stambeno-gospodarske građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji

Tradicijska okućnica (Medven Draga)


An Muhlenbergia mutica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Muhlenbergia mutica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Muhlenbergia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Muhlenbergia

Muhlenbergia mutica


Cefuroxime axetil, යනු දෙවෙනි පරම්පරාවේ oral cephalosporin ප්‍රතිජීවක ඖෂධයකි.

එය මුඛ මාර්ගයෙන් ගන්නා cefuroxime හි acetoxyethyl ester prodrug එකකි.

1976 දී එයට පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය ලැබුණු අතර වෛද්‍යය භාවිතයට අනුමැතිය 1987 දී හිමිවිය.

වෛද්‍යය භාවිතය
පළමු පරම්පරාවේ cephalosporins වලට සාපේක්ෂව දෙවෙනි පරම්පරාවේ cephalosporins, Gram-negative bacilli වලට එරෙහිව වඩාත් එලදායී වේ.
එසේම Gram-negative bacteria මගින් නිපදවන β-lactamases මගින් ඇතිකරන hydrolysis කෙරෙහි cefuroxime ප්‍රතිරෝධී වේ.

වෛද්‍යය භාවිතයන් සමහරක්:

Upper respiratory tract infections.
Lower respiratory tract infections.
Urinary tract infections.
Skin and soft tissue infections.
Gonorrhoea.
Early Lyme disease.

Bacterial susceptibility
methicillin, oxacillin and penicillin-sensitive බැක්ටීරියා ප්‍රබේධ වලට එරෙහිව Cefuroxime axetil භාවිතා වේ. Cefuroxime axetil, enterococci වලට එරෙහිව ක්‍රියා නොකරයි.

Gram-positive aerobic microorganisms

Staphylococcus aureus (Methicillin-sensitive only)
Staphylococcus epidermis
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Penicillin-sensitive only)

Gram-negative aerobic microorganisms

Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae (variable acitivity)

ක්‍රියාකාරී ක්‍රමවේදය
Cefuroxime axetil යනු දෙවෙනි පරම්පරාවේ cephalosporin එකක් හෙයින් penicillin මෙන් එය β-lactam ring වියුහයක් දරයි. penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) හා බන්දනය මගින් බැක්ටීරියානු සෛල බිත්තිය සංස්ලේෂණ ක්‍රියාවලියේ අවසන් පියවර වළක්වන හෙයින් Cephalosporins බැක්ටීරියා නාශක ප්‍රතිජීවකයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි. β-lactam ring, PBPs හා බැඳුන පසු cross-linking between peptidoglycan units වැළකේ.

Pharmacokinetics
අවශෝෂණය: cefuroxime axetil පරිභෝජනයෙන් පසුව esterases of mucosal cells in the gastrointestinal tract මගින් ක්‍රියාකාරී සංඝටකය වන cefuroxime බවට පත්කරයි. ඉන්පසු Cefuroxime සිරුර පුරා සංසරණයට නිදහස් වේ. cefuroxime axetil ආහාර සමඟ ගැනීමෙන් නිරාහාරව සිටින රෝගීන්ට සාපේක්ෂව අවශෝෂණ හැකියාව 52% කින් ඉහල යන බව දැක්වේ.

ව්‍යාප්තිය: cefuroxime axetil භාවිතයෙන් පසුව, එය tonsil tissue, sinus tissue, bronchial tissue සහ middle ear effusion වලදී දැකිය හැක.

බැහැර කිරීම: cefuroxime නිපදවීමෙන් පසුව, වෙනස් කමකින් තොරව මුත්‍රා මගින් සිරුරෙන් ඉවත් වේ.

ඉතිහාසය
1987 දී Glaxo සමාගම (දැන් GlaxoSmithKline) විසින් මෙය හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී.
1987 දෙසැම්බර් 28 FDA අනුමැතිය ලබා ගන්නා ලදී.

ආශ්‍රිත
Cefuroxime

මූලාශ්‍ර

Cephalosporin antibiotics
Prodrugs
Acetate esters
Carbamates

Cefuroxime axetil


Werner Buttler (né en 1922, mort en 1984) est un acteur allemand.

Biographie
Werner Buttler était un acteur de figuration à la forte corpulence, jouant fréquemment les méchants. Entre 1952 et 1961, il apparaît dans 14 films. Il joue d'abord pour la DEFA, puis à partir de 1958 dans des productions ouest-allemandes.

Filmographie
 1952 :
 1953 :
 1955 :
 1958 : Avouez, docteur Corda
 1958 :
 1959 : Les Mutins du Yorik
 1959 : SOS - Train d'atterrissage bloqué
 1959 :  (TV)
 1960 : Le Diabolique Docteur Mabuse
 1961 : L'Étrange Comtesse
 1961 : Via Mala
 1961 :
 1961 : Stahlnetz: Saison (TV)
 1961 : Un, deux, trois

Références

Liens externes

Acteur allemand de cinéma
Naissance en 1922
Décès en 1984
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Lieu de décès inconnu

Werner Buttler (acteur)


හැඳින්වීම
නිෂ්පාදකයා,වෙළෙන්දා,පාරිභෝගිකයා,යන පාර්ශවයන් තූනකගේ සහභාගිත්වයෙන් වෙළඳපොළ ආර්ථික රටාව නිර්මාණය වි අැත.නිෂ්පාදකයා ඉදිරිපත් කරන භාණ්ඩ හා සේවාවන්  වෙළෙන්දා හරහා පාරි‍භෝගිකයා මිලදි ගැනීම සිදුවේ. විවෘත ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස බිහි වූ තරඟකාරී වෙළෙඳපොල තුල නිතැතින්ම භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා මිලදී ගැනිමේදී පාරිභෝගිකයා කෙරෙහි යම් අවධානමක් පවතී.භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා මිලදී ගිනිෙම්දි පාරිභෝගිකයා කෙරෙහි පවතින අවධානම අවම කිරීම හා අසාධාරණ වෙළෙඳ පිළිවෙත්වලින් පාරිභෝගිකයා ආරක්ෂා කිරීම අරමුණු කරගෙන හඳුන්වා දී ඇති නෛතික තත්වය පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ නීතින් ලෙස දැක්විය හැකිය.විවෘත ආර්ථිකය පදනම් කරගත් තරඟකාරී වෙළඳ රටාවක් තුළ පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණය සම්බන්ධ නීති තත්වය ඉතා වැදගත් වේ.

පාරිභෝගිකයා යනු

තමා‍ගේ,සිය පවුලේ හෝ සමුහයකගේ අවශ්‍යතාවයන් සඳහා භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා මිලදී ගන්නෙකු හා පරිභෝජනය කරන්නෙකු මෙන්ම ඍජුව  හෝ           වක්‍රව  බලපාන්නා වු විවිධ සමාජ මුහුණුවර පිළිබඳ සැලකිල්ළක් දක්වන අයෙකු වේ.

පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ නීතින්ගේ ඉතිහාසය

පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් දීර්ඝ ඉතිහාසයක් පවති.මුල්කාලීන	වාණිජ්‍යය භාවිතයන්ගේ අන්තර්ගත වු මුලික සංකල්පය වුයේ "ගැණුම්කරැවා ප්‍රවේසම් විය යුතුය"( caveatempter) යන්නයි.මෙම සංකල්පයෙහි රැකවරණය රිසි සේ ලබාගත් වෙළෙන්ඳා තම ලාභය උපරිම කර ගැනිමට කටයුතු කිරීම හමු‍වේ නිරතුරු පාරිභෝගික අ‍යිතිවාසිනම් අවධානමට ලක්විය. වෙළෙඳ පොළ තුළ බලයෙන් අඩු අහිංසක
පාර්ශවය වන පාරිභෝගිකයාගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සුරක්ෂිත උදෙසා නෛතිකමය මැදිහත් වීමක් ලබා දීමේ  අවශ‍්‍යතාව පැන නැගීම,පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ නීති හා ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් බිහිවිමේ මුලාරම්භයයි.

			විශේෂයෙන්ම පාරිභෝගිකයන් සමග වෙළෙන්ඳන් වාණිජ්‍යය ගණුදෙණු ඇති කර ගැනීමේදී ඔවුන් තම ගිවිසුම් වලට තමන්ට වාසි සැලසෙන පරිදි වගන්ති,කොන්දේසි ඇතුලත් කිරිම සිදු කරයි.මෙවැනි ප්‍රතිපාදන මගින් පාරි‍භෝගිකයන්ට සිදුවන හානි හා අතිවාසිකම් උල්ලංගනය වීම් වැලැක්විම උදෙසා පියවර ගැනීම මෙම පනත් හරහා සිදු විය. පාරිභෝගිකයා හා වෙළෙන්ඳා යන අසමාන පාර්ශවයන් අතර ඇතිවන ගිවිසුමේදි ඇතිවන අසමතුලිතතාවයන් සමනය කිරීමට නීතිය මැදිහත් වේ.

			අන්තර්ජාතික වශයෙන්ද නුතනයේ මෙම පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් වලට ඉහළ වැදගත්කමක් ලබා දී ඇත.වර්තමානයේ වඩාත් දියුණු තත්වයකට පත්ව ඇති පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රතිපත්තින් බෝහෝ දුරට පෝෂණය වුයේ අන්තර්ජාතික වශයෙන් විවිධ බුද්ධිමතුන් දක්වන ලද අදහස් මගිනි.

John F Kenady

"අප සියල්ලෝම පාරිභෝගික කොට්ඨාශ‍යට අයත් වන්නෙමු.සෑම පොදු හා පෞද්ගලික ආර්ථික  තීරණ වලදී බලපෑම් එල්ල වු හා බලපෑම් එල්ල වන විශාලතම කණ්ඩායම පාරිභෝගිකයන් වුවද  නිරතුරුවම එම අර්ථික තිරණ ගැනීම් වලදී අදහස් නියෝජනය කිරීමට අවස්ථාව අඩුවෙන්ම ලැබී
ඇති එකම වැදගත් ගිවිසුම් පාර්ශවය වන්නේද පාරිභෝගිකයන්ය."

පාරිභෝගික අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ජෝන් එෆ්. කෙනඩි අදහස් දක්වමින් මුලික අයිතිවාසිකම් 4 ක් ඔහු විසින් හඳුන්වා දි ඇත.

ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබඳ අයිතිය
තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීමේ අයිතිය
වරණීය අයිතිය
අවධනය යොමු කරවා ගැනීමේ අයිතිය

Mahathma Ghandi

"පාරිභෝගිකයා යනු අපගේ දේපලට පැමිණෙන ඉතා වැදගත් ආගන්තුකයාය.ඔහු අප මත නොව අප ඔහු මත යැපෙයි. පාරිභෝගිකයා අපගේ කාර්යන්ගේ බාධාව නොව ඔහු අපගේ කාර්යන්ගේ අරමුණයි.අප සේවය කිරීම මගින් ඔහුට උදව් කරනවා නොව සේවය කිරීම සඳහා අවස්ථාවක් ලබා
දීම මගින් ඔහු අපට උදව් කරයි".

අන්තර්ජාතිකව පිළිගන්නා මුලික පාරිභෝගික අයිතිවාසිකම්

1.මුලික අවශ‍්‍යතා සපුරා ගැනීමේ අයිතිය

2.ආරක්ෂාව සලසාගැනීමට ඇති අයිතිය

3.තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනිමට ඇති අයිතිය

4.තෝරා ගැනීමට ඇති අයිතිය

5.සවන් යොමු කරවා ගැනිමට ඇති අයිතිය

6.මූලික අවශ්‍යතා සපුරාගැනිමට ඇති අයිතිය

7.අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගැනිමට ඇති අයිතිය

8. සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න පරිසරයක ජීවත්වීමට ඇති අයිතිය

අන්තර්ජාතික වශයෙන් පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගෙන ඇති පියවර  අතරින්,1985.04.09 දින එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය හඳුන්වා දුන් පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ උපාය මාර්ග,අන්තර්ජාතික පාරිභෝගික සමිති සංවිධානය ගෙන ඇති ක්‍රියා මාර්ග  වැදගත්ය.

පාරිභෝගික යුතුකම්

දැඩි අවබෝධ
සමාජශිලී බව
 ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය
පරිසරය පිළිබඳ අවබෝධය
සහෝදරන්වය(සහයෝගිතාවය)

පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ ශ්‍රි ලංකා නීති තත්වය

අතීත රජවරුන්ගේ සමයේ සිට පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණය සම්බන්ධයෙන් මුලික අදහසක් ලංකාව තුළ පැවත ඇත.උදය රජතුමා විසින් පනවන ලද බදුලු' ටැම් ලිපියෙහි' පාරිභෝගිකයා ආරක්ෂා කිරිම පිළිබඳ ව්‍යවස්ථා පෙළක් පැවතීම මීට උදාහරණයි.මෑත කාලීන ඉතිහාසය දෙස බැලීමේදී මේ සඳහා පැනවු මුල්ම නීතිය වුයේ මහජන පීඩා ආඥා  පනතයි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණ නීතින්ගේ විකාශනය

1863 මහජන පීඩා ආඥා පනත

1896 භාණ්ඩ විකිණිමේ ආඥා පනත

1950 මිල පාලන පනත

1979 අංක 01 දරණ පාරිභෝගිකයන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමේ පනත

1980අංක 27 දරණ විලවුන් උපකරණ හා ඖෂධ පනත

1984 අංක 06 දරණ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රමිති ආයතන පනත

1995 අංක 35 දරණ මිනුම් ඒකක ප්‍රමිති හා සේවා පනත

1988 අංක 68 දරණ පොහොර විධීමත් කිරීමේ පනත

2003 අංක 09 දරණ පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරී පනත

මෙම විකාශනය අනුව පාරිභෝගික අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමෙහි ලා නුතනයේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන නවතම නීති තත්වය වන්නේ 2003 අංක 09 දරණ පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරී පනතයි.

2003 අංක 09 දරණ පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරී පනත

පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරී පනත මගින් පාරිභෝගික අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්ෂා කිරිම, පාරිභෝගික පැමිණිලි විභාග කිරිම, අසාධාරණ වෙළෙඳ පිළිවෙත් වැළැක්වීම, ආදි අරමුණු ඉෂ්ට කර ගැනීම සඳහා පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරියක් පිහිටුවා ඇත. මෙම අධිකාරි පනත මගින් වෙළෙන්ඳන් විසින් කරනු ලබන අක්‍රමිකතාවයන් හඳුන්වා දී ඇති අතර ඒවා වැළැක්වීමට අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රතිපාදනයන්ද දක්වා ඇත.

පනත මගින් හඳුන්වා දී ඇති  නීති විරෝධි වෙළඳ භාවිතයන්

සටහන් කළ මිලට ඉහළින් භාණ්ඩ විකිණිම

කුවිතාන්සි නිකුත් නොකිරිම

ප්‍රතිඥා හෝ වගකීම් කඩ කිරිම

කපටි හෝ වංචනික පැවැත්ම

අනිවාර්ය ප්‍රමිති කඩ කිරිම

නොමග යැවීම

අසාධාරණ තරඟය

වෙළෙඳ ඒකාධිකාරය

ගිවිසුම් කඩ කිරීම

අපිරිසිදු හෝටල්,බේකරි,ආපනශෘලා පවත්වාගෙන යාම

රසකාරක යෙදිම හා අක්‍රමවත් නිෂ්පාදන පිළි‍වෙත්

ආහාරපාන වල කල් ඉකුත්වන දිනය,ලේබල් නොදැක්වීම

2003 අංක 29 දරණ පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරී පනත පැනවීම මගින් 1979 අංක 01 දරණ පාරිභෝගිකයන් ආරක්ෂෘ  කිරිමේ පනත ද 1987 අංක 01 දරණ සාධරණ වෙළඳ සභා පනත ද අහෝසි කරන ලදි.පාරිභෝගිකයන් ආරක්ෂා කිරිමේ  අධිකාරි පනතෙහි

07 වන වගන්තිය

පාරිභෝගිකයන්ගේ ජීවිත හා දේපල වලටහානි සිදුවන භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා සැපයීමට එරෙහිව කටයුතු කිරීම

පාරිභෝගික අයිතිවාසිකම් වලට නිසි සැලකිල්ල දැක්වීම

හැකි සෑමවිටම පාරිභෝගිකයන්ට තරගකාරී ලෙස භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා වලට ප්‍රමාණවත් ප්‍රවේශයක් ලබා දීමට සහතික විම

පාරිභෝගික සුරාකෑම් වලට එරෙහිව සහන ලබා දීම

වාණිජ්‍යමය ගණුදෙණු වලදී පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණය යන තත්වය කාර්යක්ෂම‍ව පවත්වාගෙන යාම උදෙසා පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ සභාවක් පනත මගින් ස්ථාපනය කර ඇත.

ඒ අනුව ඉහතින් දක්වන පද පරිදි පාරි‍භෝගිකයන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා නීතිය මගින් පියවර රාශියක් ගෙන ඇත.මෙම නීති ප්‍රතිපාදන මගින් අසාධාරණ වෙළෙඳ පිළිවෙත් මගින් පාරිභෝගිකයන්ට සිදුවන හානි හා අයිතිවාසිකම් උල්ළංගනය වීම වැළැක්වීම උදෙසා අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රතිපාදනයන් හඳුන්වා දී අැත. පාරිභෝගික අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම උදෙසා නීතියේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය පමණක් ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන අතර ඒ සඳහා පාරිභෝගිකයා තුළ පවතින දැනුවත් භාවය හා භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා මිලදී ගැනීමේදී නිසි අවධානයක් යොමු කිරීම ද වැදගත්ය.

ආශ්‍රිත මූලාශ්‍ර

 2003 අංක 09 දරණ පාරිභෝගික කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරී පනත
 Consumer Affairs New Zealand
 USDA Economic Research Service
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අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
 government official legal web site
 consumer affiars authority act

පාරිභෝගික ආරක්ෂණය


Biserica romano-catolică din Bordoșiu, cu hramul Sfântul Ignațiu de Loyola, este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Bordoșiu, comuna Fântânele. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 116812.01.

Localitatea
Bordoșiu (în ) este un sat în comuna Fântânele din județul Mureș, Transilvania, România. Prima mențiune documentară este din anul 1566.

Biserica
Biserica medievală a fost construită în secolul al XV-lea. Se păstrează unul dintre clopotele vechi cu inscripția:  O REX GLORIE VENI CUM PACE. Sat catolic pur în perioada medievală; în contextul reformei protestante locuitorii trec la religia unitariană. În anul 1781 biserica veche a fost înapoiată catolicilor, cu ajutorul baronului Henter. Biserica a fost reconstruită în anul 1857, primind forma actuală. Din biserica veche se păstrează nivelele inferioare ale turnului și, probabil, o parte din zidurile sanctuarului poligonal. În interiorul bisericii se păstrează o cristelniță din piatră din 1470.

Note

Vezi și
 Bordoșiu, Mureș

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Biserici din județul Mureș
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Ignațiu de Loyola

Biserica romano-catolică din Bordoșiu


Leeds, Leeds, Leeds, auch bekannt als Marching On Together, ist ein Lied, das das Leeds United Football Team, die Mannschaft der Saison 1971/72 des Fußballvereins Leeds United AFC, aufnahm. Der von Les Reed und Barry Mason geschriebene sowie von Reed arrangierte und produzierte Song wurde 1972 als B-Seite der Single Leeds United auf Reeds Label Chapter 1 Records veröffentlicht. Die Single erreichte 1972 Platz zehn in der britischen Hitparade. Leeds, Leeds, Leeds wurde unter dem Namen Marching On Together, einer Textzeile des Refrains, zur Stadionhymne und konnte sich 1992 und 2010 ebenfalls eigenständig in den Charts platzieren.

Geschichte

Vorgeschichte
Von 1961 bis 1974 war Don Revie Manager und Trainer des Leeds United A.F.C.; diese Jahre waren die erfolgreichsten für den Fußballverein aus der Industriestadt im Norden Englands. 1968 gewann der Verein seine ersten großen Titel, den Ligapokal und den Messestädte-Pokal, 1969 wurde das Team erstmals englischer Meister. In der Spielzeit 1971/72 lag Leeds am Saisonende hinter Derby County zum fünften Male in der Ära Revie auf Platz zwei. Im Halbfinale des FA Cup 1971/72 besiegte United am 15. April 1972 das Team von Birmingham City mit 3:0 und erreichte zum dritten Mal das Endspiel um den Pokal. Zeitgleich wurde die Single Leeds United veröffentlicht, die nach dem Pokalsieg bis in die Top Ten der britischen Charts stieg.

Aufnahme
Leeds, Leeds, Leeds wurde wie die A-Seite Leeds United in den Strawberry Studios in Stockport aufgenommen, deren Miteigner Eric Stewart und Graham Gouldman von 10cc waren; die Band spielte auf beiden Aufnahmen des Fußballteams. Wie bei Leeds United spielte Les Reed auf der Aufnahme Klavier. Wer die Supporters, die United-Fans also, waren, die laut Interpretenangabe auf dem Label der Originalsingle mitsangen, ist nicht überliefert.

Stadionhymne
Leeds, Leeds, Leeds wurde unter der gängigeren Bezeichnung Marching On Together zu einer Stadionhymne der Leeds-United-Fans. In Elland Road wird der Song seit Jahren als letztes Lied vor dem Anpfiff gespielt, den zweiten Teil des Refrains ("Marching on together …") intonieren die Fans auch während der Spiele.

Wiederveröffentlichungen

Zur Meisterschaft 1992 wurde Leeds, Leeds, Leeds als Single neu veröffentlicht, in einer speziellen Neuabmischung von Shaun Imrei auf der 12-Zoll-Version und nunmehr als A-Seite. Sie erreichte Platz 54 in den britischen Top 75.

Nach dem Wiederaufstieg von Leeds United in die Football League Championship wurde der Song 2010 in einer digital remasterten Version mit zusätzlich eingemischter Stadionatmosphäre als Download auf den gängigen Plattformen veröffentlicht. Nur eine Woche war er erhältlich und erreichte auch dank einer Facebook-Kampagne in dieser Woche Platz zehn in den offiziellen britischen Charts und Platz eins in den BBC Radio One Indie Charts. Der Verein unterstützte die Aktion, unter anderem dadurch, dass Richard Naylor nach dem Heimspiel vor Veröffentlichung mit 38.000 Fans nach dem Match das Lied sang.

Die Enkelin von Ronnie Hilton, Georgette Hilton, kündigte im Februar 2012 an, eine Version von Marching On Together zu veröffentlichen. Ihr Großvater war United-Fan gewesen und hatte mehrere andere Songs über Leeds United, darunter Glory Glory Leeds United, veröffentlicht.

Weblinks
 The Songs of Leeds United

Anmerkungen und Nachweise

Popsong
Lied 1972
Leeds United

Leeds, Leeds, Leeds


العَذْرَاءُ أو الخَادِرَةُ أو النغفة  عند فراشات حرشفيتات الأجنحة وتُسمَّى هذه المرحلة خدارة، هي الحشرة في طور يعقب اليرقة و هذا الطور يخص الحشرات ذات التطور الكامل و هو المدرج الثالث في مدراج نشوء الحشرة، ويتقدم طور اليافعة أو الحشرة البالغة. وتكون الحشرة في طور العذراء في همود غالباً، وإن كان بعضها يتحرك، وبعضها يظل ساكناً. فعذراء البعوض متحركة وعذراء الذبابة غير متحركة وعذراء الفراشة ضعيفة الحركة.

الشرنقة
الشَّرْنَقَةُ أو الفَيْلَجَةُ هي غلاف منسوج من الحرير، تنسجه يرقات العديد من العث حولها لتصبح خادرةً.

انظر أيضاً

 يرقة
 اليافعة

المصادر

 مجلة اللغة العربية.

فيزيولوجيا الحشرة

عذراء


An Elymus longiaristatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Elymus longiaristatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymus

Elymus longiaristatus


Bobby er en kortfilm fra 2009 instrueret af Julie Bille efter manuskript af Andreas Garfield.

Handling
24-årige Bobby forsøger forgæves at redde en jævnaldrende, ung mands liv. Den døende fortæller at han blev bortadopteret som barn og aldrig har set sin biologiske mor. Bobby opsøger mandens mor, Gudrun, og udgiver sig for at være hendes søn. Hun afviser først Bobby, men erkender sit ansvar og inviterer Bobby ind som en del af sin familie. Bobby er for første gang i sit liv på vej til at finde en plads i livet, men det er med en død mands identitet. Det er kun et spørgsmål om tid, før han bliver afsløret. Først da det er for sent, forstår Bobby, at han må være sig selv. Ingen anden kan gøre det ud for hans liv. Der er kun ham til at være Bobby.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

Bobby (kortfilm)


الخطر الفظيع للمطالعة  هي مقالة نقد قصيرة كتبها فولتير سنة 1765 ينتقد فيها قرارات منع انتشار آلة الطباعة، الحديثة آنذاك، وللابتعاد عن حظر السلطة والقمع فقد وجه كل سخريته للدولة العثمانية والنظام الحاكم فيها لكنه في الحقيقة كان لا يقصد سوى التهكم على السلطة الفرنسية وسياستها بشكل غير مباشر.

حول النص
مفتي الدولة العثمانية يوسف شيريبي يعلن في فتواه اعتراضه الكلي على دخول آلة الطباعة التي جلبتها الدولة فرانكروم الواقعة بين إسبانيا وإيطاليا ويعتبرها خطرا كبيرا على الإمبراطورية العظيمة، لأن سهولة النشر والطباعة سوف تساهم في تقليل الأمية والجهل وستكون وسيلة للفلاسفة لنشر قيمهم الحميدة، وسيصبح الناس أكثر وعيا وقد تتطور قدراتهم العلمية بما لا يخدم مصلحة الإمبراطورية العظيمة وذلك يتضح في قوله:«فعلى ماذا نراهن إن تم القضاء على الأوبئة؟»

النص جاء ليبين الحجج التي أدت لقرار منع الطباعة وهي مرتبة بأرقام وكل حجة توضح أخطار الآلة على مستقبل البلاد وهذه بعض الحجج:
 هذه السهولة في نشر الأفكار ستساهم أكيدا في تقليل الجهل الذي يعتبر حاميا للولايات المحصنة جيدا.
 بلا شك سوف يقرأ الناس كتب الغربيين حول الوقاية من الأمراض والأوبئة، وسنصبح نحن أشقياء ومساكين بالاعتماد والرهان على الطاعون.

النص برمته يتكلم فقط عن الدولة العثمانية ولا يذكر الغرب إلا بالحديث عن فلاسفته وأدبائه بدورهم المميز تجاه الإنسانية.

سبب اختيار الدولة العثمانية

لم يكن ذلك تهجما، لكن تصادفت فترة حياة فولتير مع دخول آلة الطباعة لتركيا وقد وجدها كفرصة جيدة لانتقاد فرنسا التي تعرقل انتشار الآلة الطابعة، من يقرأ بدون تمعن لن يلحظ أن هناك تهجم على فرنسا لكن في واقع الأمر فهناك تهكم كبير على فرنسا والدليل هو استعمال مصطلحات وتعابير محددة استطاع فولتير أن يمرر رسالته للقارئ الذكي بها. مثلا فقد أشار بطريقة غير مباشرة إلى الموسوعة التي يعمل على كتابتها ديدرو والمفكرين الآخرين: «تنوير الناس».

أهداف المقالة
فولتير أراد التأكيد على الأهمية الكبيرة للآلة الطابعة وما ستحققه من تقدم اجتماعي وكذلك شجع المطالعة التي هي السبيل للخروج من الجهل ومن قيود التبعية الفكرية. في نفس الوقت عبر بانتقاده للجهاز المسير للدولة العثمانية عن عدم رضاه على النظام السياسي الديني الذي تمارسه الكنيسة في أوروبا. كما أراد فولتير بهذه السطور القصيرة أن يسلي أصداقه المفكرين المتجمعين في الصالونات الباريسية.

انظر أيضا
 القراءة الذكية

وصلات خارجية
 قراءة مقالة فولتير باللغة الفرنسية.

أدب فرنسي
أعمال في 1765
أعمال فولتير
روايات فلسفية
كتب القرن 18

الخطر الفظيع للمطالعة


Congresul Uniunii (în ), în trecut Congresul General al Statelor Unite Mexicane (), este legislativul bicameral al Mexicului, format din două camere:  și .

Congresul se întrunește la Ciudad de México și constă din 628 de membri: 500 de deputați și 128 de senatori.

Legislaturi bicamerale
Parlamente după țară
Mexic
Legislaturi naționale

Congresul Mexican


Christian Nielsen Aarsleb (født, fødselsår ubekendt, i landsbyen Aarslev i Aarhus Stift, død 1723) var en dansk historiker.

Aarsleb blev dimitteret 1681 fra Københavns Skole og senere cand.theol. ved  Universitetet. Imidlertid ofrede han i den første tid historien sin interesse og har udgivet flere arbejder på latin om nordiske folk uden for Norden (cimbrer, goter), ligesom han foretog en bearbejdelse af Resens ufuldførte danske atlas, hvilken dog aldrig så lyset. Et lignende uheld ramte hans Historia Frederici II fra 1707, som censorerne fandt på grund af "en Del Expressioner ikke kunde tolereres". Kongen, til hvem sagen blev appelleret, gav censorerne medhold — den unge enevælde var mistænksom. Nedslået over disse uheld opgav Aarsleb forfattervirksomheden. I 1692 blev han kaldet til præst til Sorterup på Sjælland.

Kilder

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Historikere fra Danmark
Præster fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Jylland

Christian Aarsleb