تخليق العناصر  بدأ في الشمس بتحول الهيدروجين الذي يكون 77 % من مادتها إلى هيليوم من خلال الاندماج النووي، كما تحتوي الشمس على الهيليوم من الأصل بنسبة 23 % من كتلتها. هذه المرحلة من عمر الشمس تمر بها جميع النجوم أيضا، فالشمس ما هي إلا أحد النجوم متوسطة الحجم. فإذا ما تحول الهيدروجين وكتلته الذرية 1 إلى الهيليوم وكتلته الذرية 4 تعمل الجاذبية على ضغط قلب النجم إلى حيز أصغر ويصاحب ذلك ارتفاع في درجة الحرارة وعندها يبدأ اندماج الهيليوم.

ويتميز اندماج الهيليوم بما يسمى تفاعل ألفا الثلاثي  أو بالإنجليزية Triple-alpha process وهي عدة تفاعلات تندمج فيها ثلاثة من أنوية الهيليوم وهي جسيمات ألفا ويكوّنوا الكربون الذي تبلغ كتلته 12 (وحدة كتل نووية).

مراحل التخليق

تبدأ النجوم بتكوين الهيليوم بواسطة التفاعل بروتون-بروتون التسلسلي، وتفاعلات أخرى مثل دورة الكربون والنيتروجين والأكسجين في قلبها. وهناك تفاعلات اندماجية أخرى تتم في قلب النجم، مثل التحام البروتون والهيليوم، أو هيليوم وهيليوم He ونتيجتهما كتل ذرية من 5 إلى 8، فتلك العناصر غير مستقرة وتتحلل في الحال إلى عناصر أخف. وعندما يبدأ النجم استهلاك كل ما فيه من هيدروجين، تبدأ منطقته المركزية في التقلص بفعل الجاذبية وترتفع بذلك درجة حرارته إلى 100 مليون درجة كلفن. وعندها يبدأ اندماج الهيليوم بمعدل يقاوم به معدل تحلل البيريليوم-8 إلى أنوية هيليوم ثانيا. وهذا ما يفسر وجود قليل من البيريليوم Be في قلب النجم تستطيع الاندماج مع 1 هيليوم أخرى لتكوين الكربون ذو الكتلة الذرية 12، والكربون-12 عنصر مستقر.

ولننطر إلى التفاعلين النوويين الخاصين بالثلاثية-ألفا:

وكما نري لتفاعل الأول هو تفاعل ماص للحرارة فهو يحتاج امتصاص طاقة قدرها 78و91 كيلو إلكترون فولت لكي يسير، والتفاعل الثاني ينتج طاقة كبيرة قدرها 367و7 مليون إلكترون فولت، فيكون الناتج الإجمالي للتفاعلين 7.275 مليون إلكترون فولت MeV.

ونظرا لأن تفاعل ثلاثة من جسيمات ألفا في آن واحد، يحتاج ذلك التفاعل إلى زمن طويل جدا لكي يُنتج الكربون-12. ولهذا نجد عدم تخليق للكربون خلال الانفجار العظيم، حيث أن درجة الحرارة انخفضت خلال بضع دقائق بعد الانفجار العظيم إلى درجة لا تكفي لتكون الكربون.

فإذا كان احتمال التفاعل الثلاثي لجسيمات ألفا ضعيف جدا، نجد أن التفاعل 8Be + 84He له نفس الطاقة التي يحتويها الكربون 12C. كما يتسم التفاعل بين البيريليوم والهيليوم بالنشاط حيث له خاصية التفاعل الرنان resonance هذا ما يعمل على زيادة إنتاج الكربون-12 منهما. وقد تنبأ العالم الفيزيائي فريد هويل بضرورة هذا التفاعل الرنان بين البريليوم والهيليوم من أجل تفسير وجود الكربون في النجوم من قبل أن تحققه التجارب المعملية. وقد أعطت تنبؤات هويل بضرورة وجود التفاعل الرنان (ويمكن وصف التفاعل الرنان بأنه شراهة زائدة للنواة الثقيلة لابتلاع نواة أو جسيم أصغر منها) وتم اكتشاف هذا التفاعل لاحقا وكان ذلك تأييدا كبيرا لنظرية تخليق العناصر في النجوم، والتي تنادي بأن جميع العناصر الكيميائية قد تكونت من الهيدروجين، وأن الهيدروجين هو العنصر الأصلي في الكون.

ومن نتائج ذلك أن بعض أنوية الكربون-12 التحمت كل منها بنواة هيليوم-4 لتكوين الأكسجين والمعروف أن العدد الذري (ِAtomic Number) للأكسجين هو 8 . ومن العجيب أنه هنا أيضا يلعب تفاعل رنان آخر دوره في تخليق الأكسجين، كما ينتج عن ذلك الالتحام قدرا من الطاقة النووية.

تخليق الحديد
تتباري قوى الجاذبية التي تعمل على كبس المنطقة المركزية للنجم وتؤدي إلى ارتفاع الحرارة مع التفاعلات النووية الجارية في هذا الحيز المركزي الذي يزيد ضيقا، ويؤدي ارتفاع الحرارة في قلب النجم إلى بدء تفاعلات جديدة لتخليق عناصر أثقل مما سبقها، عندما تصل درجة الحرارة بين 800 - 2000 مليون درجة يبدأ تحول الكربون والهيليوم إلى أكسجين-16 ويكون مصحوبا بإنتاج الطاقة :

ويؤدي ذلك إلى تكون كميات هائلة من الكربون ووزنه الذري 12 والأكسجين ووزنه الذري 16. وعند تلك الحرارة العالية تتكون العناصر المجاورة للأكسجين في الجدول الدوري مثل الفسفور والكبريت والسيليكون، ويكاد الهليوم أن يُستهلك بأكمله عند تلك المرحلة.

يؤدي الارتفاع المستمر في درجة الحرارة والاندماج الثلاثي للهيليوم عند 100 مليون درجة إلى انتفاخ بطيء للطبقات السطحية من النجم ويتزايد هذا الانتفاخ بزيادة الحرارة الصادرة من قلب النجم ويتحول النجم إلى عملاق أحمر . بالنسبة لشمسنا فلا يزال بها قدر كبير من الهيدروجين ودرجة حرارة قلبها 14 ملون كلفن، وتفاعلاتها النووية لا تزال في مرحلة تحويل الهيدروجين إلى هيليوم. ولكن من المتوقع مستقبلا بعد نحو 5 مليارات السنين وقرب انتهاء اندماج الهيدروجين، وبدء اندماج الهيليوم أن يتمدد الغلاف الشمسي ويتسع حتى يصل إلى مدارات الكواكب عطارد والزهرة ثم الأرض. ويبقى قلب الشمس
كقزم أبيض.

وبحسب كتلة النجم، فالنجم ذو كتلة صغيرة نسبيا مثل الشمس تكون قوى الجاذبية فيه ضعيفة نسبيا ولا تستطيع رفع درجة الحرارة بحيث يبدأ الاندماج النووي التالي لاندماج الهيليوم. وتنتهي تلك النجوم أقزامًا بيضاء.

أما النجوم الأكبر 10 إلى 100 مرة من الشمس فيستمر الاندماج النووي فيها وكذلك يستمر تخليق العناصر ، حتى تصل درجة حرارة قلب النجم 3500 مليون درجة كلفن يتتابع خلالها تخليق عناصر أكثر كتلة حتى الوصول إلى تكوّن الحديد (كتلته الذرية 56). ولكن الحديد والعناصر المجاورة له مثل الكوبلت والنيكل عناصر مستقرة. أي أن تخليقها لا يكون مصحوبا بارتفاع ذو شأن في درجة الحرارة. وعندما تضعف التفاعلات المنتجة للحديد تتغلب قوى الجاذبية وينهار النجم على نفسه في وقت قصير مؤديا إلى انفجار في صورة مستعر أعظم.

تخليق العناصر الثقيلة
عندما تصل درجة حرارة قلب النجم إلى 100 - 200 مليون درجة كلفن يتكون الكربون والأكسجين والنيون بوساطة التفاعلات النووية. وتحت تأثير الجاذبية المستمر والتي تعمل على زيادة الضغط على منطقة قلب النجم وارتفاع درجة الحرارة المصاحب لها إلى 800 مليون درجة تبدأ تفاعلات الكربون ينتج عنها النيون والصوديوم والمغنسيوم. وعند تلك الدرجة ينتهي عمر النجم ذو كتلة مساوية لكتلة الأرض وينتهي كقزم أبيض، حيث لا تكفي جاذبيته لاستمرار التفاعل النووي.

أما النجوم الكبيرة فتتميز بقوى جاذبية كافية لضغط المنطقة المركزية في النجم ويصاحبها ارتفاع في درجة الحرارة مما يعمل على استمرار التفاعل النووي داخله. وعندما تصل درجة الحرارة إلى 2000 مليون درجة تتخلق عناصر السيليكون والفسفور والكبريت. ومن ضمن التفاعلات الجارية في قلب النجم تفاعلات يدخل فيها الكربون والأكسجين وينتج عنها نيوترونات بغزارة. وحيث أن النيوترون متعادل الشحنة فهو لا يتنافر مع أنوية الذرات ذات الشحنة الموجبة. وباستطاعة النيوترون دخول النواة وتمتصه النواة، ويرتفع بذلك وزنها بمقدار 1 وحدة كتل ذرية. بواسطة تلك التفاعلات التي تتميز بامتصاص الأنوية للنيوترونات neutron capture تتكون مجموعة من العناصر الجديدة وبوساطة تحلل بيتا الذي يتبعها .وبتلك الطريقة تتكون في النجوم الكبيرة العناصر ذات كتلة ذرية بين 60 و 210. ومن ضمن تلك العناصر المخلقة بواسطة الامتصاص النيوتروني الزئبق والباريوم والفضة والذهب والتي لا يمكن تفسير وجودها إلا من خلال ذلك التفاعل.

وتوجد عملية أخرى مشابهة لزيادة الكتلة الذرية من خلال الامتصاص النيوتروني، وتصاحب تلك العملية التي تتم سريعا انتهاء عمر النجم الكبير عندما ينفجر في صورة مستعر أعظم. ينتج عن ذلك الانفجار درجات حرارة تصل إلى 200 مليار درجة كلفن، تصطدم الأنوية مع بعضها وينتج عنها المزيد من النيوترونات، وهذه مرحلة تسمي الامتصاص النيوتروني السريع  وينتج عنها عناصر أكثر ثقيلة. ففي هالة المتسعر الأعظم الغنية بالنيوترونات تمتص الأنوية الذرية نيوترونا تلو الآخر من قبل أن تتحلل بإصدار أشعة بيتا ، وتتكون بذلك العناصر الغنية بالنيوترونات. وهذا هو الفرق بين الامتصاص النيوترون البطيء والامتصاص النيوتروني السريع. فخلال الامتصاص البطيء يكون للأنوية متسعا من الزمن لإصدار إلكترونا والتحلل من قبل امتصاصها لنيوترون جديد. وبواسطة الامتصاص النيوتروني السريع تنتج العناصر الثقيلة الغير مستقرة مثل البولونيوم و اليورانيوم.

وجود اليورانيوم في الأرض

ينتج اليورانيوم والعناصر الثقيلة القريبة منه عندما ينفجر نجم بالغ الكتلة في صورة مستعر أعظم . ففي نجم تبلغ كتلته كتلة الشمس لا تكفي درجة حرارة قلبه لتخليق عناصر أثقل من الحديد. أما المستعر الأعظم فهذا الانفجار يحدث لنجوم تبلغ كتلتها 10 إلى 100 كتلة شمسية . كما أن النجم كبير الكتلة كهذه يستهلك وقوده النووي بسرعة أكبر عن معدل استهلاك الشمس لوقودها، فبينما يبلغ عمر الشمس حتى الآن 5و4 مليار سنة وباقي في عمرها نحو 5 مليارات سنة أخرى حتى تنتهي في صورة عملاق أحمر ، يستهلك نجم كبير الكتلة وقوده خلال ربما مليار سنة وينفجر في صورة مستعر أعظم ، مثال على ذلك نجم النسر الواقع الذي يبلغ عمره نحو 500 مليون سنة وباقي من عمره نحو 500 مليون سنة، ينفجر بعدها كمستعر أعظم . و يتفق العلماء على أن المجموعة الشمسية قد تكونت من أشلاء انفجار نجم سابق ضخم (مستعر أعظم ) وبذلك نجد في الأرض والشمس بعض الآثار من العناصر الثقيلة كاليورانيوم و الرصاص و الذهب و الفضة.

اقرأ أيضا
 اندماج نووي
 اندماج الديوتيريوم
 نيون ، قسم تخليق العناصر
 كربون-12
 تفاعل نووي
 تخليق نووي
 معدنية (فلك)
 نجم
 انفجار عظيم
 خط زمني للانفجار العظيم
 انفجار أشعة غاما 080319ب
 انفجار أشعة غاما 971214
 انفجار أشعة غاما 080916C
 انفجار أشعة غاما 060218
 مستعر أعظم II
 مستعر أعظم نوع Ia
 مستعر أعظم

مراجع

اندماج نووي
تخليق نووي
فيزياء نجمية

تخليق العناصر


The ocelot gecko (Paroedura picta) is a crepuscular ground-dwelling gecko found in leaf litter in Madagascar forests and is also a popular pet. It is sometimes known as the Madagascar ground gecko, Malagasy fat-tailed gecko, fat-headed gecko, panther gecko or pictus gecko

Characteristics
P. picta naturally occurs as a brown lizard with black markings. Some individuals may also have a white dorsal stripe. In captivity, there are several color phases available including hypo, orange, anerythristic, and amelanistic (yellow).

They usually reach a size of , with some well-cared-for males reaching . Overall, they are smaller than the average gecko. These creatures feature slender, elongated bodies and narrow, pointed heads, and come in a range of colors. The colors usually involve shades of brown, grey, and cream, with markings or spots that resemble ocelot spots. They also have large, rounded eyes with vertical pupils and sticky toe pads that allow them to climb and adhere to surfaces.

The ocelot gecko is not a true climbing gecko, but does have the capability to climb a few surfaces. In captivity, it has been known to scale the sides of glass terrariums if startled.

They are exclusively insectivorous.

They are nocturnal creatures. They spend their days hiding in crevices or under rocks. They are best observed during their preferred hunting time, between dusk and dawn.

In captivity

These geckos do well in captivity but do not like being handled and may bite if scared. They can live in captivity for between six and ten years.

References

Paroedura
Reptiles of Madagascar
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Reptiles described in 1854
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters

Ocelot gecko


209083 Rioja este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
209083 Rioja este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Heppenheim de Felix Hormuth. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,69 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 6,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 209001-210000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

209083 Rioja


Trifosfatul de sodiu (STP), numit, de asemenea, tripolifosfat de sodiu (STPP) sau tripolifosfat (TPP), este un compus anorganic cu formula Na5P3O10. Este sarea de sodiu a penta-anionului polifosfat, care este baza conjugată a acidului trifosforic.

Referințe

Aditivi alimentari
Fosfați
Compuși ai sodiului

Tripolifosfat de sodiu


Alvin i vjeverice (eng. Alvin and the Chipmunks) obiteljski je film iz 2007. o životu i povratku benda Alvin and the Chipmunks (u animiranom filmu istog naziva). Režirao ga je Tim Hill a producirala Bagdasarian Productions, Regency Enterprises, i 20th Century Fox.

Radnja
"Alvin and the Chipmunks", globalni fenomen za razne naraštaje obožavatelja, postaje igrani/kompjutorski generirani filmski događaj s modernim komičarkskim senzibilitetom. Skladatelj Dave Seville pretvara raspjevane sjevernoameričke vjeverice Alvina, Simona i Theodorea u pop senzacije – dok pomahnitali trio razara Daveov dom, uništava mu karijeru i okreće njegov nekad uredan život, naglavce.

Glavne uloge
 Jason Lee - David Seville
 David Cross - Ian Hawke
 Cameron Richardson - Claire Wilson
 Jane Lynch - Gail
 Justin Long - Alvin
 Matthew Gray Gubler - Simon
 Jesse McCartney - Theodore

Unutarnje poveznice
 Bagdasarian Productions
 Regency Enterprises
 20th Century Fox

Vanjske poveznice

Američki filmovi 2000-ih

Alvin i vjeverice


Sir Raymond Douglas Davies, zapovjednik reda Britanskog Carstva (Fortis Green, London, 21. lipnja 1944.), engleski glazbenik. Bio je glavni vokal, ritam gitarist i glavni tekstopisac sastava The Kinks, koje je vodio skupa s mlađim bratom Daveom. Također je glumio, režirao i producirao emisije za kazalište i televiziju. Od 1990. često ga oslovljavaju "kumom britpop". Nakon raspada The Kinksa 1996., nastavio je samostalnu karijeru.

Rodio se na adresi 6 Denmark Terrace, Fortis Green, Muswell Hill, Sjeverni London, Engleska. Sedmo je od osmero djece Freda i Annie Davies. Ray je imao šest starijih sestara i mlađeg brata Davea. Otac Fred je velškog podrijetla.

Diskografija
Za diskografiju s The Kinksima vidi Diskografija sastava The Kinks
Samostalni albumi
Return to Waterloo (1985.)
The Storyteller (1998.) (UK br. 105)
Other People's Lives (2006.) (UK br. 36, SAD br. 122)
Working Man's Café (2007.) (UK br. 179, SAD br. 140)
Americana (2017) (UK br. 15, SAD br. 79)

Albumi u suradnji:
The Kinks Choral Collection (2009.) (UK br. 28) (sa zborom Festivala Crouch Enda)
See My Friends (2010.)  (UK br. 12) (s raznim umjetnicima)

Kompilacijski albumi
Collected (2009.)
Waterloo Sunset — The Very Best of The Kinks and Ray Davies (2012.) (UK br. 14)

Daviesovi singlovi koji su završili na ljestvicama
Slijedi popis Daviesovih skladbi koje su bile hitovi na ljestvicama a koje su izvodili ostali izvođači, a ne Davies niti The Kinks.

Priznanja
 Nositelj naslova "sir"
 Dvorana slavnih rock and rolla
 Dvorana slavnih tekstopisaca
 Dobitnik Nagrade Ivor Novello

Izvori

Literatura
 Kitts, Thomas. Ray Davies, Not Like Everybody Else, 302 pp., Routledge Pub., 2008.  (paper)
 Polito, Robert. Bits of Me Scattered Everywhere: Ray Davies and the Kinks, pp. 119–144 in Eric Weisbard, ed., This is Pop, Harvard University Press, 2004.  (cloth),  (paper)
 Rogan, Johnny. Ray Davies : a complicated life, Vintage, 2015.

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice Raya Daviesa
Stranice The Kinksa

Britanski pjevači
Britanski tekstopisci
Rock

Ray Davies


حدائق الملكة رانيا سميت باسم الملكة رانيا وتقع في مدينة عمّان في حي منطقة الموقر حي النقيرة في القويسمة. تحتوي الحديقة على مكتبة و ملعب أطفال
عبدون، كما ويوجد فيها مطاعم ومقهى وملعب كرة قدم وملعب كرة سلة.

مراجع

حدائق مدينة عمان

حدائق الملكة رانيا


Ulvsborg Historisk Værksted er som navnet antyder et historisk værksted og arkæologisk frilandsmuseum, der ligger lidt syd for Asnæs i Odsherred nordvest for Holbæk. Ulvsborg formidler den tidlige middelalder i Danmark fra 1050-1250, i overgangen fra vikingetiden til middelalderen. Det består af en befæstet stormandsgård med hovedbygning, fæstningstårn og flere mindre værkstedsbygninger. Her formidles dagligdags aktiviteter som håndværk og madlavning. Et naturområde med skov, sø og eng er ligeledes en del af museet. Museet har en støtteforening ved navn Ulvsborgens Venner, der er med til levendegørelse af historie i perioder i løbet af sommeren.

I løbet af året afholdes forskellige arrangementer som eksempelvis dage med bueskydning og et marked til påske. Der er også blevet af musikfestivaler, hvor bl.a. folkemusikgruppen Gny har optrådt.

I 2014 frygtede museet at måtte lukke, da Odsherred Kommune havde sagt nej til at støtte med 1,4 mio. DKK til nye projekter.

I 2017 blev Bob Rødsten ansat som direktør for Ulvsborg Historisk Værksted. I foråret 2021 blev Mette Bohart ansat som administrerende direktør.

Galleri

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Museer i Region Sjælland
Frilandsmuseer i Danmark
Historiske museer i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Odsherred Kommune

Ulvsborg Historisk Værksted


Kostolná pri Dunaji este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Senec din regiunea Bratislava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 681 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Kostolná pri Dunaji este atestată documentar din 1332.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Kostolná pri Dunaji


Por que o mundo existe?: um mistério existencial (em inglês, Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story) é uma obra de não ficção do jornalista Jim Holt.

A questão central do livro é talvez a mais importante e profunda questão filosófica: "por que existe alguma coisa ao invés de nada?". Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz foi o primeiro a formulá-la explicitamente, em 1714. Para Martin Heidegger, essa é a pergunta fundamental da metafísica. Ao contrário dos livros dos filósofos, a obra de Jim Holt discute a questão em linguagem mais acessível.

O autor afirma que essa pergunta o acompanhou por toda a vida, desde a juventude, quando tomou conhecimento do livro de Heidegger, O Que é a Metafísica? Desde então, a busca pela resposta fez parte da sua vida. Como parte da busca, estão inclusas entrevistas, geralmente com acadêmicos. Algumas das pessoas entrevistadas, e que são mencionadas no livro, são John Updike, David Deutsch, Adolf Grünbaum, John Leslie, Derek Parfit, Roger Penrose, Richard Swinburne, Steven Weinberg e Andrei Linde. Ainda na busca por uma resposta, o autor passa pelas mais variadas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas a filosofia da matemática, teologia, física, ontologia, epistemologia e outras.

O livro esteve na lista dos mais vendidos do LA Times durante o último trimestre de 2012 e o primeiro trimestre de 2013. O livro também foi finalista do National Book Critics Award de 2012 para não-ficção.

Livros sobre metafísica

Por Que o Mundo Existe?


The 1904 Quebec general election was held on November 25, 1904,  to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada.  The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Simon-Napoléon Parent, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Edmund James Flynn.

It was Parent's final election.  Due to internal dissension within his party, he resigned in 1905, and was succeeded as Liberal leader and premier by Lomer Gouin.

Results

See also
 List of Quebec premiers
 Politics of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 List of Quebec political parties
 11th Legislative Assembly of Quebec

Further reading

Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election

1904 Quebec general election


Nellie Yu Roung Ling, également orthographié Nelly, née en 1889 à Tientsin et morte le  à Pékin, est une danseuse considérée comme « la première danseuse moderne de Chine ». Bien qu'elle ne soit pas membre de la famille impériale mandchoue, Roung Ling a reçu le titre de  alors qu'elle était dame de compagnie de l'impératrice douairière Cixi.

Elle est également connue sous le nom de Yu Roon(g) Ling, notamment dans les œuvres de sa sœur Lizzie Yu Der Ling. Elle est appelée Madame Dan Pao Tchao (ou la Générale Dan Pao Tchao) après son mariage avec le général Dan Pao Tchao ; et Princesse Shou Shan, un titre est apparu sur la couverture de sa novella historique de 1934 sur la  (Hsiang Fei), que Sir Reginald Johnston a affirmé qu'elle n'avait jamais utilisé.

Jeunesse

La fille cadette de Yu Keng, diplomate de la dynastie Qing, et Louisa Pierson, fille d'un officier de marine américain. Comme ses frères et sœur ,  et Lizzie Yu Der Ling, Roung Ling a reçu une éducation occidentale dans une école missionnaire américaine —alors une démarche presque inouïe parmi les hauts fonctionnaires mandchous— et parle couramment l'anglais. Le diplomate britannique  les a décrits comme . Elle connaissait également bien la poésie, en particulier les œuvres d'Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

En 1895, le père de Roung Ling est nommé ministre au Japon, il y emmène ensuite sa famille. C'est au Japon qu'elle a découvert sa vocation pour la danse, où elle a donné une représentation impromptue d'une danse japonaise  (grue-tortue) qu'elle avait apprise d'un domestique, devant les dignitaires japonais réunis.

En 1899, Roung Ling part pour la France avec son père pour prendre son nouveau poste de ministre de la Troisième République française. À Paris, elle est nommée responsable des sœurs de l'ancien couvent du Sacré-Cœur situé au 77 rue de Varenne.

La famille Yu a rapidement adopté la mode parisienne, une couverture médiatique à l'époque rapportait que tous les enfants du ministre Yu Keng , et appelait Roung Ling . The New York Times a écrit :

Les sœurs Yu menaient une vie cosmopolite à Paris, elles socialisaient, fréquentaient le théâtre et jouaient des pièces dans les fêtes de leurs parents. L'hebdomadaire Armée et Marine rapporte que les quatre enfants du ministre Yu Keng ont  la comédie anglaise en trois actes, , lors d'une soirée organisée par leur père.

En mars 1901, les Yus ont organisé un bal costumé à l'ambassade de Chine pour célébrer le Nouvel An chinois, au cours duquel Roung Ling était costumée en prince charmant, ses frères et sœur Hsingling, Shuinling et Der Ling, étaient habillés respectivement en Napoléon, Pluton et poupée dans le conte de fées. Le Chicago Sunday Tribune a rapporté que . Le couple Yu a donné à leurs filles une liberté sans précédent pour profiter de la danse de salon de style européen avec un contact corporel étroit avec des hommes étrangers. Leur mode de vie a provoqué l'indignation des autres fonctionnaires mandchous, la famille a été dénoncée au trône. Mais l'impératrice douairière aimait ce qu'ils faisaient et attendait leur retour avec impatience.

Après avoir assisté au couronnement d'Édouard VII et d'Alexandra, le  et son entourage ont été accueillis par la famille Yu à leur retour de Londres.  et le prince Zaizhen étaient tous deux très impressionnés par les sœurs Yu. Liang a rapporté à la cour que les deux filles . Les sœurs Yu aimaient aussi le prince Zaizhen, , comme se souvenait Der Ling, il était . Elle a ajouté que même si elle et le prince étaient enclins à se quereller, Zaizhen a fait la cour à sa sœur plus douce et plus jolie. Liang Cheng s'est également retrouvé attiré par Roung Ling, les deux avaient été fiancés au moins dès janvier 1903, mais pour une raison inconnue, ils ne se sont jamais mariés.

Pendant son séjour à Paris, en plus d'étudier le théâtre avec Sarah Bernhardt, Roung Ling a également eu l'opportunité d'étudier la danse moderne avec Isadora Duncan. Pour cette dernière, elle a improvisé quelques pas de danse lors de leur première rencontre, Duncan a été profondément impressionnée par son talent et a décidé de lui enseigner gratuitement; elle devient ainsi l'une des premières chinoises à apprendre la chorégraphie occidentale. En 1902, elle a joué le rôle d'une fille papillon inspirée de Loïe Fuller dans Rose et Papillon, et a également dansé dans la Danse grecque, dans lesquelles elle a été bien accueillie par le public. La même année, les Yus traversent l'Espagne, l'Allemagne, l'Italie et la Russie avant de revenir en Chine en janvier 1903.

Dame de compagnie

Peu après son retour en Chine, en 1903, Roung Ling a été installée comme l'une des dames de compagnie de l'impératrice douairière Cixi, avec sa sœur Der Ling. Pendant son séjour à la cour, elle a étudié la danse traditionnelle chinoise et l'a intégrée à des éléments occidentaux à sa manière pour créer un style unique. Elle a développé à partir de cette combinaison une série de styles de danse d'esthétique orientale avec des techniques occidentales connues sous le nom de « danse du bodhisattva », « danse du ruyi », « danse de l'épée », « danse de l'éventail » et « danse de la fée du lotus ». Elle a également introduit la danse occidentale à la cour impériale, elle a interprété la Danse grecque au palais d'Été en 1904, et une  à la veille de la fête des bateaux-dragons.

Elle a eu une relation amoureuse avec l'empereur Guangxu, mais probablement en secret à cause des informateurs de l'impératrice douairière. L'écrivain français Marc Chadourne l'appelait la « Sainte-Hélène » de l'empereur ; des années plus tard, elle raconta à Chadourne avec mélancolie, que l'empereur lui avait proposé d'être sa concubine.

Roung Ling a temporairement déménagé à Shanghai en 1905 en raison de la maladie de son père. En 1908, elle quitte la cour après la mort de l'impératrice douairière. , elle se souvient près de vingt ans plus tard, en 1926,

Vie postérieure

Peu de temps après la chute de l'Empire Qing, en 1912, Roung Ling avait épousé Dan Pao Tchao (1887–1958), élève de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, et conseiller au cabinet du président républicain avec le rang de général. Ce fut un mariage heureux, cependant, elle entretenait probablement une relation secrète avec Saint-John Perse, qui fut secrétaire de l'ambassade de France à Pékin de 1916 à 1921. Quelques années plus tard, elle confia à Hélène Hoppenot que Perse ne l'a jamais aimée, mais qu'elle lui est utile pour obtenir des informations de la haute société de la république.

À l'époque républicaine (1912–1949), elle est nommée maîtresse de cérémonie du président Li Yuan-hung et le couple jouit d'une position de premier plan dans la haute société pékinoise. Au cours des années 1920, elle organise des représentations caritatives et participe à de nombreux autres événements caritatifs. En 1921, elle a prononcé un discours en anglais sur sa vie à la cour impériale mandchoue à l', au profit du fonds caritatif de l'« école pour enfants pauvres ».

L'écrivaine américaine  a rencontré Roung Ling lors d'une audience publique avec le président Li Yuan-hung. , Thompson a écrit dans son livre ,

En plus des activités caritatives, Roung Ling est impliquée dans des projets d'enseignement de l'anglais et des programmes de stylisme. Elle a également fondé la première société de recherche sur la conception de vêtements féminins en Chine. Son opinion sur l'évolution de la mode féminine en Chine contredit un article de Vogue de 1933 —«  »— qui soutient la conviction que l'influence occidentale était la source du changement en Chine, déclarant que . Elle a évoqué l'opposition du «  » aux femmes chinoises vêtues qui semblaient trop occidentales ou flamboyantes pour affirmer que la mode occidentale n'avait pas encore été pleinement acceptée à ce moment-là. Elle a également agi en tant qu'hôtesse pour une exposition de textiles et de robes excavés intitulée L'Invitation de Marco Polo. L'écrivain britannique Harold Acton reconnaît le rôle culturel central de Roung Ling dans la nouvelle république dans son livre .

Elle a exprimé son désir de devenir actrice de cinéma au milieu des années 1920, mais son rêve ne s'est pas réalisé.

En 1926, le diplomate américain  a tourné une séquence de trois minutes de Roung Ling interprétant une danse de l'épée devant le Temple du Ciel.

En 1930, elle publie en anglais une novella historique sur la  de l'empereur Qianlong intitulée . Une deuxième édition est sortie en 1934. En 1936, elle écrit une préface pour la traduction chinoise de l' de Der Ling, à l'invitation de son traducteur . En 1937, elle interprète une danse américaine à la foire caritative de Peiping.

Après la prise de contrôle de la Chine par les communistes en 1949, Roung Ling et son mari ont réussi par diverses stratégies à négocier leur survie pendant les premières années du régime de Mao. Après une interview en avril 1957, le photojournaliste Zhang Zudao a donné une description de sa première impression de Roung Ling qui a jeté un peu de lumière sur sa vie postérieure :

Ses mémoires  (,  « Des souvenirs fragmentaires des palais des Qing », ou plus idiomatiquement, « Mémoires de ma vie à la cour impériale mandchoue ») sont parus en 1957, racontant sa vie à la cour impériale. Bien qu'il soit un best-seller au moment de sa publication, l'ouvrage a ensuite été sévèrement critiqué pour sa « propagande des Quatre Vieilleries ».

Au plus fort du mouvement d'épuration sociopolitique de la révolution culturelle (1966–1976), étiquetée comme un symbole du « féodalité, de la bourgeoisie et du révisionnisme » en raison de ses premières années en France et à la cour impériale, et du statut social qu'elle occupait pendant l'époque républicaine, elle a été traînée hors de sa résidence et, symboliquement, ses deux jambes ont été cassées par un groupe de gardes rouges. Elle a dû vivre dans un bungalow délabré à cause de l'occupation forcée de sa résidence par le . Selon les enfants de ses amis de toujours, malgré une paire de jambes cassées et les conditions de vie, son calme et son sens de l'humour sont restés intacts. Chaque fois qu'ils lui rendaient visite, elle parlait de ces histoires drôles de sa jeunesse, et la jeune génération éclatait de rire. Elle est décédée d'une infection pulmonaire au Premier Hôpital de l'Université de Pékin, en 1973.

Le couple Dan n'avait pas d'enfants, mais a laissé une fille adoptive, Lydia Dan (1915–2002 ; la future Lydia na Ranong), dont le père biologique est Wang Tseng Sze (1890–1944), premier secrétaire de la légation chinoise à Paris dans les années 1920. Lydia a épousé Chok na Ranong et est devenue une confidente de la famille royale de Bangkok. Elle avait étudié la science politique au Radcliffe College depuis 1941, puis à l'université Harvard de 1942 à 1944.

Ouvrages
 Hsiang Fei: A Love Story of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung, Peiping, The Yu Lien Press, 1930 (deuxième édition 1934; préface de Hardy Jowett)
 Qinggong suoji (, traduction idiomatique : « Mémoires de ma vie à la cour impériale mandchoue »), Pékin, Beijing Publishing House, 1957

Dans la culture populaire
 La vie des sœurs Yu à la cour impériale a été dramatisée dans la série télévisée de 2006, , dans laquelle Roung Ling est interprétée par Sun Yifei.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Eileen Chang – une écrivaine sino-américaine de l'époque républicaine
 Anna May Wong – première actrice sino-américaine de Hollywood

Liens externes

Naissance en 1889
Naissance à Tianjin
Décès en janvier 1973
Décès à Pékin
Danseuse chinoise du XXe siècle
Chorégraphe chinois
Danseuse de danse classique
Dame de compagnie du XXe siècle
Socialite
Styliste chinois
Princesse chinoise
Femme de lettres chinoise
Personnalité liée à la charité
Personnalité de la dynastie Qing
Victime de la révolution culturelle

Nellie Yu Roung Ling


إاسموس (Ίασμος) هي قرية في رودوبي في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2756 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
بلديات إقليم مقدونيا الشرقية وتراقيا

ياسموس


USA's fanebærere ved OL indeholder samtlige idrætsudøvere som har båret USA's flag under åbningsceremonierne til sommer- og/eller vinter-OL.

Fanebærere

Referencer

Fanebærere ved OL
Olympiske fanebærere efter land

USA's fanebærere ved OL


Osvaldo Moles (fæddur í Santos 14. mars 1913, dáinn i í São Paulo 14. maí 1967) var brasilískur blaðamaður.

Moles fæddist í Santos árið 1913, forfeður hans voru ítalskir innflytjendur.

Hann kynntist módernismanum og hóf blaðamannaferil sinn á "Diário Nacional". Árið 1937 tók hann þátt í stofnun "Rádio Tupi" í São Paulo og árið 1941 kynntist hann samba-söngvaranum Adoniran Barbosa. Saman sömdu þeir marga lagatexta, til dæmis "Tiro ao Álvaro" og "Joga a chave".

Moles lést árið 1967 sökum sjálfsmorðs en fjölmiðlar þögguðu þá staðreynd.;

Verðlaun

 1950 - Troféu Roquette Pinto - Programador / Roquette Pinto - Redator Humorístico
 1952 - Prêmio Saci de Cinema - Melhor Argumento / Roquette Pinto - Programador Popular
 1953 - Prêmio Governador do Estado - por Roteiro de "Simão, o caolho"
 1955 - Troféu Roquette Pinto - Programador Geral / Os melhores paulistas de 55 - Manchete RJ, Categoria Rádio.
 1956 - Troféu Roquette Pinto - Programador Geral
 1957 - Prog. Alegria dos Bairros de J. Rosemberg - 04/08/1957 - Produtor Rádio Record / PRF3-TV Os Melhores da Semana, homenagem dos revendedores Walita
 1958 - "Tupiniquim" - Produtor / Dr. Paulo Machado de Carvalho - Associação Paulista de Propaganda - Melhor programa.
 1959 Revista RM Prêmio Octávio Gabus Mendes – Produtor (Rádio) / Grau de Comendador da Honorífica Ordem Acadêmica de São Francisco / "Tupiniquim" - Prod. Rádio / Troféu Roquette Pinto - Prog. Hum. Rádio / Diploma de Burro Faculdade São Francisco
 1960 - Troféu Roquette Pinto - Especial
 1964 - Jubileu de Prata (Associação dos profissionais de imprensa de São Paulo á 25° afmæli sínu)

Heimildaskrá

 B. D. Micheletti: Piquenique classe C y Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda : Osvaldo Moles como successor de António de Alcântara Machado. In: Edición a cargo de Fidel López Criado; CILEC. (Org.). Literatura, Cine y prensa: El canon y su circunstanica. 1ed.Santiago de Compostela: Andavira, 2014, v. 1, S. 641–650.
 B. D. Micheletti: Osvaldo Moles - o legado do radialista. Tese de Mestrado (Comunicação) - PPGCOM-UNIP, São Paulo, 2015.
 O. Moles: Piquenique classe C: Crônicas e flagrantes de São Paulo. São Paulo: Boa Leitura, 1962.
 F. Moura, A. Nigri: Adoniran Barbosa: Se o senhor não tá lembrado. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2002.
 A. Mugnaini, jr.: Adoniran - Dá Licença de Contar …, A Girafa, 2002.
 C. Campos, jr.: Adoniran: uma biografia. 2. ed. São Paulo: Globo, 2009.
 J. de A. Luso jr., J. V. de Cast: Laudo Natel: biografia do governador. São Paulo, 1971.
 A. Hohlfeldt: Rádio e imprensa: como as duas mídias se encontraram e se fortaleceram em Moçambique. In: Conferência Internacional Império Português . Lisboa: Instituto de Ciéncias Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, 2013.

Tilvísanir

Brasilískir blaðamenn
Brasilískir útvarpsmenn
Dauðsföll af völdum sjálfsmorða

Osvaldo Moles


Sirištara (srčanik, lincura, košutnik, lat. Gentiana), veliki biljni rod iz porodice sirištarki koji je ime dobio po ilirskom kralju Genciju, za kojega Dioskorid kaže da je prvi pronašao vrstuj križni srčanik (G. cruciata).

Postoji preko 400 vrsta. U Hrvatskoj raste oko 10 vrsta među kojima Kohov srčanik (G. acaulis), šumska sirištara (G. asclepiadea), Kluzijeva sirištara (G. clusii), križna sirištara (G. cruciata), dinarska sirištara (G. dinarica) i druge.

Tršćanski srčanik ili tršćanska sirištara (G. tergestina), posebna je vrsta ili podvrsta proljetnog srčanika.

Vrste

 Gentiana acaulis L., Kohov srčanik
 Gentiana affinis Griseb.
 Gentiana alba Muhl. ex J.McNab
 Gentiana albicalyx Burkill
 Gentiana albomarginata C.Marquand
 Gentiana algida Pall.
 Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.Ho
 Gentiana alpina Vill.
 Gentiana alsinoides Franch.
 Gentiana altigena Harry Sm.
 Gentiana altorum Harry Sm. ex C.Marquand
 Gentiana amplicrater Burkill
 Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.
 Gentiana angustifolia Vill.
 Gentiana anisostemon C.Marquand
 Gentiana aperta Maxim.
 Gentiana apiata N.E.Br.
 Gentiana aquatica L.
 Gentiana arenicola Kerr
 Gentiana arethusae Burkill
 Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don
 Gentiana arisanensis Hayata
 Gentiana aristata Maxim.
 Gentiana asclepiadea L., šumski srčanik
 Gentiana asterocalyx Diels
 Gentiana atlantica Litard. & Maire
 Gentiana atuntsiensis W.W.Sm.
 Gentiana austromontana J.S.Pringle & Sharp
 Gentiana autumnalis L.
 Gentiana baeuerlenii L.G.Adams
 Gentiana bambuseti T.Y.Hsieh, T.C.Hsu, S.M.Ku & C.I Peng
 Gentiana bavarica L.
 Gentiana beamanii J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana bella Franch.
 Gentiana bicuspidata (G.Don) Briq.
 Gentiana × billingtonii Farw.
 Gentiana boissieri Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss.
 Gentiana bokorensis Hul
 Gentiana borneensis Hook.f.
 Gentiana boryi Boiss.
 Gentiana brachyphylla Vill.
 Gentiana brentae Prosser & Bertolli
 Gentiana bryoides Burkill
 Gentiana burseri Lapeyr.
 Gentiana cachemirica Decne.
 Gentiana caelestis (C.Marquand) Harry Sm.
 Gentiana caeruleogrisea T.N.Ho
 Gentiana caliculata Lex.
 Gentiana calycosa Griseb.
 Gentiana capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
 Gentiana carinata (D.Don ex G.Don) Griseb.
 Gentiana carinicostata Wernham
 Gentiana catesbaei Walter
 Gentiana cephalantha Franch.
 Gentiana cephalodes Edgew.
 Gentiana × charpentieri E.Thomas ex Hegetschw.
 Gentiana chinensis Kusn.
 Gentiana choanantha C.Marquand
 Gentiana chungtienensis C.Marquand
 Gentiana clarkei Kusn.
 Gentiana clausa Raf.
 Gentiana clusii Perr. & Songeon,  Kluzijeva sirištara
 Gentiana confertifolia C.Marquand
 Gentiana coronata Royle
 Gentiana crassa Kurz
 Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkill
 Gentiana crassula Harry Sm.
 Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.
 Gentiana cristata Harry Sm.
 Gentiana cruciata L., križna sirištara
 Gentiana cruttwellii Harry Sm.
 Gentiana cuneibarba Harry Sm.
 Gentiana × curtisii J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana dahurica Fisch.
 Gentiana davidii Franch.
 Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
 Gentiana decora Pollard
 Gentiana decumbens L.f.
 Gentiana delavayi Franch.
 Gentiana deltoidea Harry Sm.
 Gentiana dendrologi C.Marquand
 Gentiana densiflora T.N.Ho
 Gentiana depressa D.Don
 Gentiana × digenea Jakow.
 Gentiana dinarica Beck, dinarski encijan
 Gentiana divaricata T.N.Ho
 Gentiana diversifolia Merr.
 Gentiana douglasiana Bong.
 Gentiana dschungarica Regel
 Gentiana duclouxii Franch.
 Gentiana durangensis Villarreal
 Gentiana ecaudata C.Marquand
 Gentiana elmeriana Halda
 Gentiana elwesii C.B.Clarke
 Gentiana emodi C.Marquand ex Sealy
 Gentiana ettingshausenii F.Muell.
 Gentiana exigua Harry Sm.
 Gentiana faucipilosa Harry Sm.
 Gentiana fieldiana J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana filistyla Balf.f. & Forrest
 Gentiana flavomaculata Hayata
 Gentiana flexicaulis Harry Sm.
 Gentiana formosa Harry Sm.
 Gentiana forrestii C.Marquand
 Gentiana franchetiana Kusn.
 Gentiana fremontii Torr.
 Gentiana frigida Haenke
 Gentiana froelichii Jan ex Rchb.
 Gentiana futtereri Diels & Gilg
 Gentiana × gaudiniana E.Thomas ex W.D.J.Koch
 Gentiana gelida M.Bieb.
 Gentiana georgei Diels
 Gentiana gilvostriata C.Marquand
 Gentiana glauca Pall.
 Gentiana grandiflora Laxm.
 Gentiana × grandilacustris J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana grata Harry Sm.
 Gentiana grumii Kusn.
 Gentiana gyirongensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana × haengstii Hausm.
 Gentiana handeliana Harry Sm.
 Gentiana haraldi-smithii Halda
 Gentiana harrowiana Diels
 Gentiana haynaldii Kanitz
 Gentiana heleonastes Harry Sm.
 Gentiana helophila Balf.f. & Forrest
 Gentiana hesseliana Hosseus
 Gentiana hexaphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.
 Gentiana himalayensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana hirsuta Ma & E.W.Ma ex T.N.Ho
 Gentiana hohoxiliensis S.K.Wu & R.F.Huang
 Gentiana hooperi J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana hsinganica J.H.Yu
 Gentiana hugelii Griseb.
 Gentiana huxleyi Kusn.
 Gentiana × hybrida Schleich. ex DC.
 Gentiana intricata C.Marquand
 Gentiana jamesii Hemsl.
 Gentiana jarmilae Halda
 Gentiana jingdongensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana jouyana Hul
 Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang
 Gentiana kauffmanniana Regel & Schmalh.
 Gentiana khammouanensis Hul
 Gentiana kurroo Royle
 Gentiana kurumbae Anilkumar & Udayan
 Gentiana lacerulata Harry Sm.
 Gentiana laevigata M.Martens & Galeotti
 Gentiana langbianensis A.Chev. ex S.Hul
 Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl.
 Gentiana latidens (House) J.S.Pringle & Weakley
 Gentiana lawrencei Burkill
 Gentiana laxiflora T.N.Ho
 Gentiana leroyana Hul
 Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim.
 Gentiana lhassica Burkill
 Gentiana liangshanensis Z.Y.Zhu
 Gentiana licentii Harry Sm.
 Gentiana ligustica R.Vilm. & Chopinet
 Gentiana linearis Froel.
 Gentiana lineolata Franch.
 Gentiana linoides Franch.
 Gentiana loerzingii Ridl.
 Gentiana longicollis G.L.Nesom
 Gentiana loureiroi (G.Don) Griseb.
 Gentiana lowryi Hul
 Gentiana lutea L., žuti srčanik
 Gentiana lycopodioides Stapf
 Gentiana macgregoryi Hemsl.
 Gentiana macrophylla Pall.
 Gentiana maeulchanensis Franch.
 Gentiana mairei H.Lév.
 Gentiana makinoi Kusn.
 Gentiana manshurica Kitag.
 Gentiana × marcailhouana Rouy
 Gentiana × marceli-jouseaui Halda
 Gentiana × media Arv.-Touv.
 Gentiana meiantha (C.B.Clarke) Harry Sm.
 Gentiana melandriifolia Franch.
 Gentiana membranulifera T.N.Ho
 Gentiana micans C.B.Clarke
 Gentiana micantiformis Burkill
 Gentiana micrantha Aitch. ex Hemsl.
 Gentiana microdonta Franch.
 Gentiana microphyta Franch.
 Gentiana mirandae Paray
 Gentiana moniliformis C.Marquand
 Gentiana muscicola C.Marquand
 Gentiana myrioclada Franch.
 Gentiana namlaensis C.Marquand
 Gentiana nanobella C.Marquand
 Gentiana nerterifolia P.Royen
 Gentiana newberryi A.Gray
 Gentiana nipponica Maxim.
 Gentiana nivalis L., sniježna sirištara
 Gentiana nubigena Edgew.
 Gentiana nudicaulis Kurz
 Gentiana nyalamensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana obconica T.N.Ho
 Gentiana occidentalis Jakow.
 Gentiana officinalis Harry Sm.
 Gentiana olgae Regel & Schmalh.
 Gentiana oligophylla Harry Sm.
 Gentiana olivieri Griseb.
 Gentiana oreocharis Halda & Jurášek
 Gentiana oreodoxa Harry Sm.
 Gentiana ornata (D.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.
 Gentiana ovatiloba Kusn.
 Gentiana pachyphylla Merr.
 Gentiana × pallidocyanea J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana pannonica Scop.
 Gentiana panthaica Prain & Burkill
 Gentiana papillosa Franch.
 Gentiana paradoxa Albov
 Gentiana parryae C.Marquand
 Gentiana parryi Engelm.
 Gentiana parvula Harry Sm.
 Gentiana pedata Harry Sm.
 Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Wall.
 Gentiana perpusilla Brandegee
 Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B.Clarke
 Gentiana piasezkii Maxim.
 Gentiana picta Franch.
 Gentiana platypetala Griseb.
 Gentiana plurisetosa C.T.Mason
 Gentiana pneumonanthe L., plućni srčanik
 Gentiana praeclara C.Marquand
 Gentiana praticola Franch.
 Gentiana prattii Kusn.
 Gentiana producta T.N.Ho
 Gentiana prolata Balf.f.
 Gentiana prostrata Haenke
 Gentiana pseudosquarrosa Harry Sm.
 Gentiana puberulenta J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana pubigera C.Marquand
 Gentiana pulvinarum W.W.Sm.
 Gentiana pumila Jacq.
 Gentiana pumilio Standl. & Steyerm.
 Gentiana punctata L., točkasti srčanik
 Gentiana purpurea L.
 Gentiana pyrenaica L.
 Gentiana qiujiangensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana quadrifaria Blume
 Gentiana querceticola Halda & Jurášek
 Gentiana radiata C.Marquand
 Gentiana recurvata C.B.Clarke
 Gentiana riparia Kar. & Kir.
 Gentiana robusta King ex Hook.f.
 Gentiana rostanii Reut. ex Verlot
 Gentiana rubicunda Franch.
 Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein.
 Gentiana sagarmathae Miyam. & H.Ohba
 Gentiana saginifolia Wernham
 Gentiana saginoides Burkill
 Gentiana saltuum C.Marquand
 Gentiana saponaria L.
 Gentiana sasidharanii Konickal Mambetta Prabhukumar et al.
 Gentiana satsunanensis T.Yamaz.
 Gentiana scabra Bunge
 Gentiana scabrida Hayata
 Gentiana sceptrum Griseb.
 Gentiana sedifolia Kunth
 Gentiana septemfida Pall.
 Gentiana setigera A.Gray
 Gentiana shaanxiensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana sierrae Briq.
 Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke
 Gentiana sikokiana Maxim.
 Gentiana simulatrix C.Marquand
 Gentiana sino-ornata Balf.f.
 Gentiana siphonantha Maxim. ex Kusn.
 Gentiana sirensis J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana spathacea Kunth
 Gentiana spathulifolia Kusn.
 Gentiana spathulisepala T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
 Gentiana springateana D.Maity
 Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.
 Gentiana stellata Turrill
 Gentiana stellulata Harry Sm.
 Gentiana stipitata Edgew.
 Gentiana stragulata Balf.f. & Forrest
 Gentiana straminea Maxim.
 Gentiana suborbisepala C.Marquand
 Gentiana subpolytrichoides Grubov
 Gentiana subuliformis S.W.Liu
 Gentiana sumatrana Ridl.
 Gentiana susamyrensis Pachom.
 Gentiana sutchuenensis Franch.
 Gentiana szechenyii Kanitz
 Gentiana taiwanica T.N.Ho
 Gentiana takushii T.Yamaz.
 Gentiana taliensis Balf.f. & Forrest
 Gentiana tatsienensis Franch.
 Gentiana terglouensis Hacq.
 Gentiana ternifolia Franch.
 Gentiana tetraphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.
 Gentiana tetrasepala Biswas
 Gentiana tetrasticha C.Marquand
 Gentiana thunbergii (G.Don) Griseb.
 Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook.f.
 Gentiana timida Kerr
 Gentiana tongolensis Franch.
 Gentiana tonkinensis Hul
 Gentiana tornezyana Litard. & Maire
 Gentiana trichotoma Kusn.
 Gentiana tricolor Diels & Gilg
 Gentiana triflora Pall.
 Gentiana tubiflora (G.Don) Griseb.
 Gentiana ulmeri Merr.
 Gentiana uniflora Georgi
 Gentiana urnula Harry Sm.
 Gentiana utriculosa L., naduti srčanik
 Gentiana vandellioides Hemsl.
 Gentiana vandewateri Wernham
 Gentiana veitchiorum Hemsl.
 Gentiana venusta (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.
 Gentiana verna L., proljetni srčanik
 Gentiana vernayi C.Marquand
 Gentiana viatrix Harry Sm. ex C.Marquand
 Gentiana villosa L.
 Gentiana waltonii Burkill
 Gentiana walujewii Regel & Schmalh.
 Gentiana wangchukii E.Aitken & D.G.Long
 Gentiana wardii W.W.Sm.
 Gentiana wasenensis C.Marquand
 Gentiana wilsonii C.Marquand
 Gentiana winchuanensis T.N.Ho
 Gentiana wingecarribiensis L.G.Adams
 Gentiana woodii J.S.Pringle
 Gentiana xanthonannos Harry Sm.
 Gentiana yakushimensis Makino
 Gentiana yokusai Burkill
 Gentiana yunnanensis Franch.
 Gentiana zekuensis T.N.Ho & S.W.Liu
 Gentiana zhenxiongensis L.H.Wu & Z.T.Wang
 Gentiana zollingeri Fawc.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Sirištarke

Sirištara


Alina Radu () este o jurnalistă din Republica Moldova, directoare a publicației Ziarul de Gardă.

A studiat la Facultatea de Jurnalism și Științe ale Comunicării, Universitatea de Stat din Moldova.

Prima experiență în jurnalism o are în 1989 la emisiunea de știri "Mesager" de la TVM. Din 1994 lucrează la Catalan TV, din 1998 este reporter la GP FLUX, iar începând cu 2002 colaborează la IDIS "Viitorul". În 2004 devine directoare la "Ziarul de Gardă". În afară de jurnalismul scris, colaborează la turnarea unor documentare, precum În așteptare, Doctor SIDA acuză, Duși de vânt, Ilie.

Alina Radu este premiată cu Grand Prix la Festivalul TV din Kosice, Slovacia (1997) și premiul II la Festivalul TV din Timișoara, România. Ea a primit titlul de jurnalistul anului în Moldova în anul 2005, conform revistei de celebrități VIP Magazin. Tot în 2005, a fost nominalizată la Premiul Nobel pentru Pace; în acel an, încă două femei din Republica Moldova au fost nominalizate la Premiul Nobel. În 2009 a fost desemnată una din cei "Zece jurnaliști ai anului" de către Centrul pentru Jurnalism Independent. În 2013, IDIS "Viitorul" a conferit Alinei Radu "Premiul Libertății", "pentru curaj, viziune și integritate în efortul de a aduce adevărul în casele oamenilor".

Are doi copii.

Note

Nașteri în 1967
Nașteri pe 24 august
Jurnaliști moldoveni
Femei din Republica Moldova
Oameni în viață

Alina Radu


Schimbul (The Swap) este un film original Disney Channel care a avut premira originala pe 7 octombrie 2016, iar în România pe 18 februarie 2017 la canalul Disney Channel România. Personajele principale ale filmului sunt Peyton List ca Ellie O'Brien și Jacob Bertrand ca Jack Malloy.

Plot
Frustrați de cât de grea este viața lor, Ellie O'Brien și Jack Malloy au scris în telefoanele lor că vor să facă schimb de vieți și acest lucru chiar s-a întâmplat, Ellie avea corpul lui Jack, iar Jack avea corpul lui Ellie. Ei au fost nevoiți să facă schimb de vieți și fiecare trăia viața celuilalt. Această experiență i-a învățat să își aprecieze propria viață așa cum este ea.

Personaje

Filme americane
Filme din 2016
Filme în limba engleză

Schimbul (film din 2016)


Les Besermyans, ou Biserman, Besermans ou Besermens (en , en , et en ) sont un peuple d'origine finnoise  présent en en Russie.

Le recensement de l'Empire russe de 1897 a répertorié  Besermyans. En 1926, il y avait  Besermyans en Russie et en 2002, il n'en a été recensé seulement 3122.

Les Besermyans vivent dans les districts de Ioukamenskoïe, Glazov, Balezino et Yar au nord-ouest de l'Oudmourtie. Il existe dix villages d'ethnie Besermyans en Russie ainsi que 41 villages avec une population notable.

Histoire
Selon une théorie, les Besermyans sont d'origine turque, ils pourraient être des descendants des bulgares de la Volga. Au , lors de son voyage en Mongolie, l'envoyé papal Plano Cerpini a affirmé que les Besermys étaient des sujets des Mongols. Les chroniques russes faisaient parfois mention du mot Besermyan, mais il n'est pas certain que le terme ait le même sens pour désigner le groupe car il s'agissait d'une dérivation courante du terme « musulman ». Il est probable que le terme ait eu un usage plus large avant de devenir un ethnonyme.

Culture
La langue des Besermyans est un dialecte de la langue oudmourte avec des influences tatares.

Certaines traditions besermyennes diffèrent des coutumes oudmourtes en raison de l'influence islamique qu'on eu les besermyans durant les périodes du Khanat bulgare de la Volga et Khanat de Kazan.

Selon la chercheuse Shirin Akiner, la plupart des Besermyans pratiquent l'islam sunnite.

Notes et références

Groupe ethnique en Russie
Oudmourtie

Besermyan


Kærlighed gør blind er en spillefilm instrueret af Axel Breidahl efter manuskript af Axel Breidahl.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Spillefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1913
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Liebe macht blind


Roberto Bocareli Silva, mais conhecido como Bé (Campina Grande, 26 de outubro de 1942) é um ex-futebolista brasileiro, que atuava como atacante.

Carreira
Bé é filho de uma brasileira com um italiano de Gênova, ex-lutador de luta livre, de quem herdou o sobrenome Bocareli.

Bé despontou no Treze Futebol Clube em 1960 e rapidamente, em menos de um ano, foi negociado ao Sport Clube do Recife, ainda no decorrer do ano de 1960, ficando por pouco tempo na Ilha do Retiro.

Após passar pelo Sport Recife chegou ao Santos em 1962. Esteve em Lisboa quando o Santos goleou o Benfica por 5 a 2 , sagrando-se Campeão Mundial Interclubes no ano de 1962.

Na equipe santista teve poucas chances, tendo sido reserva de Pagão e Coutinho no período em que atuou no clube. Jogou 31 partidas e marcou 6 gols.

Chegou ao Sporting em agosto de 1962, com apenas 19 anos de idade. Nas três temporadas pelo clube, fez 11 jogos oficiais e marcou 8 gols.

Em 2017 ele passou a viver no asilo da Sociedade São Vicente de Paulo.

Referências

Naturais de Campina Grande
Nascidos em 1942
Futebolistas do Santos Futebol Clube
Futebolistas do Sporting Clube de Portugal
Futebolistas do Sport Club do Recife
Futebolistas do Treze Futebol Clube

Roberto Bocaleri


Futbolny klub Sjakhtsjor Salihorsk (,  ), FK Sjakhtsjor Salihorsk; normalt bare kendt som Sjakhtsjor) er en hviderussisk fodboldklub fra Salihorsk.

Klubben spiller i landets bedste liga, og har hjemmebane på Budajnik stadion. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1961.

Titler
 Hviderussisk Mesterskab (4): 2005, 2020, 2021 og 2022.
 Hviderussisk Pokalturnering (2): 2004 og 2014.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Nuværende trup
Pr. 28. juni 2022.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Hviderusland
Etableret i 1961

FK Sjakhtsjor Salihorsk


නයිජ්‍ල් ජෝන් මිල්ස් (උපත 1974) යනු,  එංගලන්තයෙහි  කොන්සර්වේටිව් පක්ෂයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයෙකි. 2010 මහා මැතිවරණයෙහිදී, වැඩි ඡන්ද 536 කින් ඔහු ආසනය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසුව, ඇම්බර් වැලි සඳහා, ඔහු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයා (පාම) විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

ජීවත්වන්නෝ
කොන්සර්වේටිව් පක්ෂය (එරා) පාමවරුන්
ඉංග්‍රීසි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ සඳහා එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරු
එරා පාමවරුන් 2010–15
එරා පාමවරුන් 2015–20
 නිව්කාස්ල් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙහි උපාධිධරයෝ
 ලොෆ්බර ව්‍යාකරණ පාසැලෙහි අධ්‍යාපනය ලද්දෝ
1974 උපත්

නයිජ්‍ල් මිල්ස් (දේශපාලනඥයා)


Issachar () was, according to the Book of Genesis, the fifth of the six sons of Jacob and Leah (Jacob's ninth son), and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Issachar. However, some Biblical scholars view this as an eponymous metaphor providing an aetiology of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation.

Name
Two different etymologies for the name of Issachar have been proposed based on the text of the Torah, which some textual scholars attribute to different sources—one to the Yahwist and the other to the Elohist. The first derives it from ish sakar, meaning man of hire, in reference to Leah's hire of Jacob's sexual favours for the price of some mandrakes. The second derives it from yesh sakar, meaning there is a reward, in reference to Leah's opinion that the birth of Issachar was a divine reward for giving her handmaid Zilpah to Jacob as a concubine. Scholars suspect the former explanation to be the more likely name for a tribe, though some scholars have proposed a third etymology—that it derives from ish Sokar, meaning man of Sokar, in reference to the tribe's perhaps originally worshipping Sokar, an Egyptian deity.

Historical theories
In the Biblical account, Leah's status as the first wife of Jacob is regarded by biblical scholars as indicating that the authors saw the tribe of Issachar as being one of the original Israelite groups; however, this may have been the result of a scribal error, as the names of Issachar and Naphtali appear to have changed places elsewhere in the text, and the birth narrative of Issachar and Naphtali is regarded by textual scholars as having been spliced together from its sources in a manner which has highly corrupted the narrative. A number of scholars think that the tribe of Issachar actually originated as the Shekelesh group of Sea Peoples - the name Shekelesh can be decomposed as men of the Shekel in Hebrew, a meaning synonymous with man of hire (ish sakar); scholars believe that the memory of such non-Israelite origin would have led to the Torah's authors having given Issachar a handmaiden as a matriarch.

Rabbinical interpretations
In classical rabbinical literature, it is stated that Issachar was born on the fourth of Av, and lived 122 years. According to the midrashic Book of Jasher, Issachar married Aridah, the younger daughter of Jobab, a son of Joktan; the Torah states that Issachar had four sons, who were born in Canaan and migrated with him to Egypt, with their descendants remaining there until the Exodus. The midrashic Book of Jasher portrays Issachar as somewhat pragmatic, due to his strong effort in being more learned, less involved with other matters which led him to such actions like taking a feeble part in military campaigns involving his brothers, and generally residing in strongly fortified cities and, depending on his brother Zebulun's financial support in return for a share in the spiritual reward he gains.

The Talmud argues that Issachar's description in the Blessing of Jacob - Issachar is a strong ass lying down between two burdens: and he saw that settled life was good, and the land was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute - is a reference to the religious scholarship of the tribe of Issachar, though scholars feel that it may more simply be a literal interpretation of Issachar's name.

In Islam
Some Muslim genealogists link Shuayb to Abraham through both Sarah and Keturah by making Shuayb's genealogy to be Shuayb b. Isaachar b. Midian b. Abraham.

Tomb
A Samaritan tradition recorded in the late 19th century considered Neby Hazkil near Rameh to be the burial place of Issachar.

See also
Tribe of Issachar
Sea Peoples
Book of Chronicles

References

External links

Judaism 101:A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts: Yissachar
Issachar at Chabad.org

Founders of biblical tribes
Children of Jacob

Issachar


Norman Panama (* 21. April 1914 in Chicago, Illinois; † 13. Januar 2003 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Drehbuchautor, Filmproduzent, Filmregisseur und Schriftsteller.

Leben und Wirken
Panama hatte den Kommilitonen Melvin Frank während seines Studiums an der Universität von Chicago kennengelernt und mit ihm sein erstes Theaterstück (Keep Off the Grass, 1940 am Broadway aufgeführt) verfasst. 1938 gingen beide Freunde nach Los Angeles, schrieben Manuskripte für zahlreiche Radio-Comedyshows und knüpften 1941 mit der Story zum Bob-Hope-Lustspiel "Geliebte Spionin" (My Favorite Blonde) ihren ersten Kontakt zum Film. Im Jahr darauf begannen beide Männer mit ihrer Arbeit als Drehbuchautoren.

1950 erhielten Panama und Frank erstmals Gelegenheit, auch Regie zu führen. Sie begannen damit, eigene Drehbücher zu verfilmen, am erfolgreichsten bei turbulenten Stoffen mit Starkomiker Danny Kaye (Die Lachbombe, Weiße Weihnachten, Der Hofnarr). Daneben war vor allem Bob Hope der bevorzugte Star des Duos (Ich heirate meine Frau, So eine Affäre und unter alleiniger Regie von Norman Panama: Der Weg nach Hongkong). Gelegentliche Abstecher in das dramatische Fach (Die Falle von Tula) waren weit weniger erfolgreich.
Norman Panamas / Melvin Franks bekanntestes Theaterstück war Li'l Abner, das beide Männer im Herbst 1956 erfolgreich am Broadway aufführten und das Panama auch für das Fernsehen inszenierte.

Nach 1961 gingen beide Filmemacher getrennte Wege. Während Frank amüsante, boulevardhafte Komödien mit pointenreichen Dialogen umsetzte, blieb Norman Panama beim Kino weitgehend inaktiv. Stattdessen führte er Fernsehregie: Barnaby and Me, The Stewardesses, Mrs. Katz and Katz, How Come You Never See Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Together?, Coffee, Tea or Me?. Norman Panama schrieb außerdem den Roman The Glass Bed und die Stücke A Talent for Murder und The Bats of Portobello.

Panama wurde insgesamt dreimal für den Oscar nominiert: 1947 für Der Weg nach Utopia, 1955 für Die Lachbombe und 1961 für So eine Affäre.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1946: Mit Pinsel und Degen (Monsieur Beaucaire)
 1948: Der Superspion (A Southern Yankee) (Story)
 1948: Ein Pferd namens October (The Return of October)
 1950: Das Raubtier ist los (The Reformer and the Redhead)
 1951: Strictly Dishonorable
 1951: Der Cowboy, den es zweimal gab (Callaway Went Thataway)
 1952: Die letzte Entscheidung (Above and Beyond)
 1954: Die Lachbombe (Knock on Wood)
 1955: Der Hofnarr (The Court Jester)
 1956: Ich heirate meine Frau (That Certain Feeling)
 1959: Die Falle von Tula (The Trap)
 1962: Der Weg nach Hongkong (Road to Hongkong)
 1966: Finger weg von meiner Frau (Not with My Wife, You Don't)
 1969: The Maltese Bippy
 1969: Missgeschick und Eheglück (How to Commit Marriage)
 1976: Ich will, ich will… vielleicht? (I Will, I Will… for Now)

Literatur
 International Motion Picture Almanac 1965. New York 1964, S. 221

Weblinks

Drehbuchautor
Filmproduzent
Filmregisseur
Autor
Bühnenautor
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1914
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Norman Panama


كينيث كارلسن  هو لاعب كرة مضرب من الدنمارك.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 معلومات إضافية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مونت كارلو
دنماركيون مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون من كوبنهاغن
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من الدنمارك
لاعبو كرة مضرب دانمركيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1992
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
مواليد 1973
مواليد في كوبنهاغن

كينيث كارلسن


<onlyinclude>

ISO 3166-1 යනු ප්‍රමිතිකරණය සඳහා වූ අන්තර්ජාතික සංවිධානය (ISO) විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ISO 3166 ප්‍රමිතියෙහි කොටසක් වන අතර, මෙමගින් රටවල් වල නම්, පරාධීන දේශභූමි, සහ භූගෝලීය බැඳියාවල විශේෂ ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා සංකේත නියම කරනු ලබයි.

වත්මන් සංකේත

නිල වශයෙන් පවරන ලද සංකේත මූලිකාංග
The following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding list of the countries which are assigned official codes. It is listed in alphabetical order by the English short country name used by the ISO 3166/MA.

Click on the button in the header to sort each column. For more information on each country and the assignment of its code elements, click on its alpha-2 code.

	AD	ඇන්ඩෝරාව
	AE	එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය
	AF	ඇප්ගනිස්ථානය
	AG	ඇන්ටියා හා බාබඩෝස්
	AI	ඇංග්වෙලාව
	AL	ඇල්බේනියාව
	AM	ආර්මේනියාව
	AN	නෙදර්ලන්තය
	AO	ඇංගෝලාව
	AQ	ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව
	AR	ආර්ජන්ටිනාව
	AS	සැමෝවා
	AT	ඔස්ට්‍රියාව
	AU	ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව
	AW	අරූබා
	AZ	අසර්බයිජානය
	BA	බොස්නියාව
	BB	බාබර්ඩෝස්
	BD	බංග්ලාදේශය
	BE	බෙල්ජියම
	BF	බුර්කිනෝ පාසෝ
	BG	බල්ගේරියාව
	BH	බහරේනය
	BI	බුරුන්ඩි
	BJ	බෙනින්
	BM	බර්ම්‍යුඩාව
	BN	බෲනෙයි
	BO	බොලිවියාව
	BR	බ්‍රසිල්
	BS	බහමාස්
	BT	භූතානය
	BV	බොවෙට් දූපත
	BW	බොට්ස්වානා
	BY	බෙලරුස්
	BZ	බෙලීස්
	CA	කැනඩාව
	CC	කොකොස් දූපත්
	CF	මධ්‍යයම අප්‍රිකානු දූපත්
	CG	කොංගෝව
	CI	අයිවරි කෝස්ට්
	CK	කුක් දූපත්
	CL	චිලී
	CM	කැමරූන්
	CN	චීනය
	CO	කොලොම්බියාව
	CR	කොස්ටරිකා
	CU	කියුබාව
	CV	කේප් වෙඩ්රේ
	CX	ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින
	CY	සයිප්‍රසය
	CZ	ක්සේෂියාව
	DE	ජර්මනිය
	DJ	ඩිජිබර්ටි
	DK	ඩෙන්මාර්කය
	DM	ෙඩාමිනිකාව
	DO	ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය
	DZ	ඇල්ජීරියාව
	EC	ඉක්වදෝරය
	EE	එස්තෝනියාව
	EG	ඊජිප්තුව
	EH	බටහිර සහරාව
	ER	එත්‍රියාව
	ES	ස්පාඤ්ඤය
	ET	ඉතියොපියාව
	FI	ෆින්ලන්තය
	FJ	ෆීජී
	FK	ෆල්කන් දිවයින්
	FM	මික්‍රනිසියාව
	FO	ෆාරෝ දිවයින
	FR	ප්‍රංශය
	GA	ගැබන්
	GB	බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය
	GD	ග්‍රෙනේඩාව
	GE	ජෝර්ජියාව
	GF	ගයනා‍ව
	GG	ගර්න්සි
	GH	ඝානාව
	GI	ගිබ්‍රල්ටර්
	GL	ග්‍රීන්ලන්තය
	GM	ගැම්බියාව
	GN	ගයනාට
	GP	ග්වාද්ලූප්
	GQ	සමක ගයනාව
	GR	ග්‍රීසිය
	GS	දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා හා සැන්ඩිවිච් දිවයින්
	GT	ග්වාතමාලාව
	GU	ගුවාම්
	GW	ගිනි බිසව්
	GY	ගුයානා
	HK	හොංකොං
	HM	හර්ඩ් හා මැක්ඩොනල්ඩ් දූපත්
	HN	හොන්ඩූරස්
	HR	ක්‍රොයේෂියාව
	HT	හයිටි
	HU	හංගේරියාව
	CH	ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය
	ID	ඉන්දුනීසියාව
	IE	අයර්ලන්තය
	IL	ඊශ්‍රයලය
	IM	ඉස්ලා ඔෆ් මෑන්
	IN	ඉන්දියාව
	IO	බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉන්දීය සාගර කලාපය
	IQ	ඉරාකය
	IR	ඉරානය
	IS	අයිස්ලන්තය
	IT	ඉතාලිය
	JE	ජර්සි
	JM	ජැමෙයිකාව
	JO	ජෝර්දානය
	JP	ජපානය
	KE	කෙන්යාව
	KG	කිරිකිස්ථානය
	KH	කාම්බෝජය
	KI	කිරිබති
	KM	කොමරෝස්
	KN	ශාන්ත කිට්ස් හා නෙවිස්
	KO	කොසෝවෝ
	KP	උතුරු කොරියාව
	KR	දකුණු කොරියාව
	KW	කුවේට්
	KY	කේමන් දූපත්
	KZ	කසකස්ථානය
	LA	ලාඕසය
	LB	ලෙබනනය
	LC	ශාන්ත ලුසියා
	LI	ලිස්ටන්ස්ටයින්
	LK	ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
	LR	ලයිබීරියාව
	LS	ලෙසතෝව
	LT	ලිතුවේනියාව
	LU	ලක්සම්බර්ග්
	LV	ලැටිවියාව
	LY	ලිබියාව
	MA	මොරොක්කෝ‍ව
	MC	මොනාකෝ
	MD	මොල්ඩෝව
	ME	මොං‍ෙටන්ග්‍රෝව
	MG	මැඩගස්කරය
	MH	මාෂල් දූපත්
	MK	මැසිඩෝනියාව
	ML	මාලි
	MM	මියන්මාරය (බුරුමය)
	MN	මොංගෝලියා‍ව
	MO	ම‍ාසෝ
	MP	උතුරු මරියානා දූපත්
	MQ	මාර්ටිනීක්
	MR	මො‍හිටනී
	MS	මොංසරාට්
	MT	මෝල්ටෝ
	MU	මොහිට්සියොස්
	MV	මාලදිවයින
	MW	මලාවි
	MX	මෙක්සිකෝව
	MY	මැලේසියාව
	MZ	මොසැම්බික්
	NA	නැමීබියාව
	NC	නව කැලඩෝනියාව
	NE	නයිජර්
	NF	නෝ‍ෙෆාක් දිවයින
	NG	නයිජීරියාව
	NI	නිකරගුවා
	NL	නෙදර්ලන්තය
	NO	නොර්වේ
	NP	නේපාලය
	NR	නවුරු
	NU	නියුවේ
	NZ	නව සීලන්තය
	OM	ඕමානය
	PA	පැනමා
	PE	පේරු
	PF	ප්‍රංශ පැලනීසියාව
	PG	පැපුවා නිව් ගීනියාව
	PH	පිලිපීනය
	PK	පකිස්ථානය
	PL	පෝලන්තය
	PM	ශාන්ත පියරේ හා මිකැලොන්
	PN	පිට්කේන් දූපත්
	PR	පුවෙට්‍රෝ රිකෝ
	PT	පෘතුගාලය
	PW	පලවු
	PY	පැරගුවේ
	QA	කටාර්
	RE	රූනියාව
	RO	රොමේනියාව
	RS	සර්බියාව
	RU	රුසියාව
	RW	රුවන්ඩාව
	SA	සවුදි අරාබිය
	SB	සොලමන් දූපත්
	SC	සේෂල්ස්
	SD	සුඩානය
	SE	ස්වීඩනය
	SG	සිංගප්පූරු‍ව
	SH	ශාන්ත හෙලෙන‍ා
	SI	ස්ලොවේනියාව
	SJ	ස්වල්බර්ඩ්
	SK	ස්ලොවේකියාව
	SL	සියරා ලියොන්
	SM	සැන් මැරීනෝ
	SN	සෙනගාලය
	SO	සෝමාලියාව
	SR	සුරිනේමියවෙ
	ST	ස‍ාවො ටෝම්
	SV	සැල්වදෝරය
	SY	සියරා
	SZ	ස්වාසිලන්තය
	TB	ටිබෙට්
	TC	තූර්කි හා කොකේසියානු දූපත්
	TD	චැඩ්
	TF	දකුණු ප්‍රංශ යටත්විජිත
	TG	ටොගො
	TH	තායිලන්තය
	TJ	තජිකිස්ථානය
	TK	ටොකිලවු
	TL	නැගෙනහිර ටිමෝරය
	TM	තක්මෙනිස්ථානය
	TN	ටියුනීසියාව
	TO	ටොංගා
	TR	තූර්කිය
	TT	ට්‍රිනිඩෑඩ් හා ටොබෑගෝ
	TV	ටුවාලු
	TW	තායිවානය
	TZ	ටැංසානියාව
	UA	යුක්රේනය
	UG	උගන්ඩාව
	UM	ඇ.එ.ජ දූලත්
	US	ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය
	UY	උරුගුවේ
	UZ	උස්බෙකිස්ථානය
	VA	වතිකානුව
	VC	ශාන්ත වින්සන්ට් හා ග්‍රෙනේඩීන්
	VE	වෙනුසුවේලාව
	VG	බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය වර්ජින් දිවයින්
	VI	ඇමරිකානු වර්ජින් දිවයින්
	VN	වියට්නාමය
	VU	වනාටු
	WF	ෆටූනා
	WS	බටහිර සැමෝවා
	YE	යේමනය
	YT	මයෝටි
	ZA	දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව
	ZM	සැම්බියාව
	ZR	සය‍රේ
	ZW	සිම්බාබ්වේ

sv:ISO 3166#ISO 3166-1-koder

ISO 3166-1


Greenwood ist ein Ort des Sebastian County im Westen des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Arkansas.

Geographie
Greenwood liegt auf 35°12'56" nördlicher Breite und 94°15'12" westlicher Länge. Der Bundesstaat Oklahoma beginnt in einer Entfernung von fünf Kilometern in westlicher Richtung. Das Zentrum von Fort Smith ist 20 Kilometer in nordwestlicher Richtung entfernt. Direkt im Norden des Ortes befindet sich Fort Chaffee, eine Militärbasis der US-Army. Am westlichen Rand des Ortes verläuft der U.S. Highway 71.

Geschichte
Greenwood wurde 1851 gegründet und nach dem Richter Alfred Burton Greenwood benannt, als der Ort für einen Verwaltungssitz ausgewählt wurde. Zunächst wurde ein Gerichtsgebäude in Blockhausbauweise errichtet, das im Jahre 1865 durch ein Gebäude in Holzrahmenbau ersetzt wurde und der Mittelpunkt des Ortes wurde. Später wurde es durch ein  Feuer vernichtet und im Jahre 1916 südlich des ursprünglichen Standortes neu aufgebaut. Das Wachstum von Greenwood war zunächst vergleichsweise langsam, aber durch den Ausbruch des Bürgerkriegs erhielt der Ort eine gewisse Bedeutung als Warenumschlagsplatz. Danach hat Greenwood viele wirtschaftliche Veränderungen und Rückschläge überstanden. Die wohl größte Bewährungsprobe kam, als ein verheerender Tornado im April 1968 durch die Gemeinde fegte, der 13 Menschen das Leben kostete und viele Geschäfte und Wohnungen zerstörte. Mit Entschlossenheit wurde der Ort jedoch wieder aufgebaut und ist heute auch wegen der Nähe zu Fort Smith weiter im Wachsen begriffen.

Eine fast zwei Meter hohe Bronzestatue (Miner 's Memorial) eines Bergmannes, ein authentisches Kohle-Fahrzeug und zwei Mauern aus Granit mit den Namen von Tausenden von Bergleuten des Sebastian County wurden im Oktober 2000 zu Ehren der vielen Bergarbeiter aus der Region enthüllt.

Demografische Daten
Im Jahre 2009 wurde eine Einwohnerzahl von 8756 Personen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 30,8 Jahren ermittelt. Die Einwohnerzahl entspricht einer Steigerung um 23,1 Prozent gegenüber dem Jahr 2000. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 wurden 8952 Einwohner gezählt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizieller Internetauftritt der Stadt Greenwood (englisch)
 History of Greenwood
 www.city-data.com - Greenwood, Arkansas
 Coal Miners Memorial Park

Gemeindegründung 1851

Greenwood (Arkansas)


Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain. It is commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and central pain. It is moderately effective: about 30–40% of those given gabapentin for diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia have a meaningful benefit.

Sleepiness and dizziness are the most common side effects. Serious side effects include an increased risk of suicide, respiratory depression, and allergic reactions. Lower doses are recommended in those with kidney disease. Gabapentin acts by decreasing activity of a subset of calcium channels.

Gabapentin was first approved for use in 1993. It has been available as a generic medication in the United States since 2004. In 2020, it was the tenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 49million prescriptions. During the 1990s, Parke-Davis, a subsidiary of Pfizer, used a number of illegal techniques to encourage physicians in the United States to prescribe gabapentin for unapproved uses. They have paid out millions of dollars to settle lawsuits regarding these activities.

Medical uses
Gabapentin is recommended for use in focal seizures and neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is widely prescribed off-label in the US and UK, for example, for the treatment of non-neuropathic pain, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder. There is concern regarding gabapentin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions and its proven side effects.

Seizures
Gabapentin is approved for the treatment of focal seizures; however, it is not effective for generalized epilepsy.

Neuropathic pain
Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic neuropathic pain by various medical authorities. This is a general recommendation applicable to all neuropathic pain syndromes except for trigeminal neuralgia, where it may be used as a second- or third-line agent.

In regard to the specific diagnoses, a systematic review has found evidence for gabapentin to provide pain relief for some patients with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Gabapentin is approved for the former indication in the US. In addition to these two neuropathies, European Federation of Neurological Societies guideline notes gabapentin effectiveness for central pain. A combination of gabapentin with an opioid or nortriptyline may work better than either drug alone.

Gabapentin shows substantial benefit (at least 50% pain relief or a patient global impression of change (PGIC) "very much improved") for neuropathic pain (postherpetic neuralgia or peripheral diabetic neuropathy) in 30–40% of subjects treated as compared to those treated with placebo.

Evidence finds little or no benefit and significant risk in those with chronic low back pain or sciatica. Gabapentin is not effective in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy and neuropathic pain due to cancer.

Anxiety
There is a small amount of research on the use of gabapentin for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Gabapentin is effective for the long-term treatment of social anxiety disorder and in reducing preoperative anxiety.

In a controlled trial of breast cancer survivors with anxiety, and in a trial for social phobia, gabapentin significantly reduced anxiety levels.

For panic disorder, gabapentin has produced mixed results.

Sleep
Gabapentin is effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and restless legs syndrome that are the result of an underlying illness, but comes with some risk of discontinuation and withdrawal symptoms after prolonged use at higher doses.

Gabapentin enhances slow-wave sleep in patients with primary insomnia. It also improves sleep quality by elevating sleep efficiency and decreasing spontaneous arousal.

Drug dependence
Gabapentin is moderately effective in reducing the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal and associated craving. The evidence in favor of gabapentin is weak in the treatment of alcoholism: it does not contribute to the achievement of abstinence, and the data on the relapse of heavy drinking and percent of days abstinent do not robustly favor gabapentin; it only decreases the percent days of heavy drinking.

Gabapentin is ineffective in cocaine dependence and methamphetamine use, and it does not increase the rate of smoking cessation. While some studies indicate that gabapentin does not significantly reduce the symptoms of opiate withdrawal, there is increasing evidence that gabapentinoids are effective in controlling some of the symptoms during opiate detoxification. A clinical study in Iran, where heroin dependence is a significant social and public health problem, showed gabapentin produced positive results during an inpatient therapy program, particularly by reducing opioid-induced hyperalgesia and drug craving. There is insufficient evidence for its use in cannabis dependence.

Other
Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment of the acquired pendular nystagmus, torsional nystagmus, and infantile nystagmus; however, it does not work in periodic alternating nystagmus.

Gabapentin decreases the frequency of hot flashes in both menopausal women and patients with breast cancer. However, antidepressants have similar efficacy, and treatment with estrogen more effectively prevents hot flashes.

Gabapentin reduces spasticity in multiple sclerosis and is prescribed as one of the first-line options. It is an established treatment of restless legs syndrome. Gabapentin alleviates itching in kidney failure (uremic pruritus) and itching of other causes. It may be an option in essential or orthostatic tremor. Although the efficacy of gabapentin for insomnia has not been established, it does alleviate sleep disorder in patients with medical illness.

Gabapentin does not appear to provide benefit for bipolar disorder, complex regional pain syndrome, post-surgical pain, or tinnitus, or prevent episodic migraine in adults.

Contraindications
Gabapentin should be used carefully and at lower doses in people with kidney problems due to possible accumulation and toxicity. It is unclear if it is safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Side effects
Dizziness and somnolence are the most frequent side effects. Fatigue, ataxia, peripheral edema (swelling of extremities), and nystagmus are also common. Gabapentin is associated with a weight gain of 2.2 kg after 1.5 months of use. Case studies indicate that it may cause anorgasmia and erectile dysfunction, as well as myoclonus that disappear after discontinuing gabapentin or replacing it with other medication. DRESS, anaphylaxis, respiratory depression, and increased suicide behavior are rare but serious side effects.

Urinary incontinence associated with gabapentin was rarely reported in the literature. Noteworthy, this side effect was already verified by rechallenge.

Suicide
The gabapentin label contains a warning of an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. According to an insurance claims database study, gabapentin use is associated with about 40% increased risk of suicide, suicide attempt and violent death as compared with a reference anticonvulsant drug topiramate. The risk is increased for both bipolar disorder and epilepsy patients. Another study has shown an approximately doubled rate of suicide attempts and self-harm in patients with bipolar disorder who are taking gabapentin versus those taking lithium.
A large Swedish study suggests that gabapentinoids are associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, head/body injuries, and road traffic incidents and offences.

Respiratory depression
Serious breathing suppression, potentially fatal, may occur when gabapentin is taken together with opioids, benzodiazepines, or other depressants, or by people with underlying lung problems such as COPD. Gabapentin and opioids are commonly prescribed or abused together, and research indicates that the breathing suppression they cause is additive. For example, gabapentin use before joint replacement or laparoscopic surgery increased the risk of respiratory depression by 30–60%.

Withdrawal and dependence
Withdrawal symptoms typically occur 1–2 days after abruptly stopping gabapentin (almost unambiguously due to extended use and during a very short-term rebound) phenomenon, similar to, albeit less intense than virtually all benzodiazepines. Agitation, confusion and disorientation are the most frequently reported, followed by gastrointestinal complaints and sweating, and more rare tremor, tachycardia, hypertension and insomnia. In some cases, users experience withdrawal seizures after chronic or semi-chronic use in the absence of periodic cycles or breaks during repeating and consecutive use. All these symptoms subside when gabapentin is re-instated or tapered off gradually at an appropriate rate.

On its own, gabapentin appears to not have a substantial addictive power. In human and animal experiments, it shows limited to no rewarding effects. The vast majority of people abusing gabapentin are current or former abusers of opioids or sedatives. In these persons, gabapentin can boost the opioid "high" as well as decrease commonly experienced opioid-withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety.

Overdose
Through excessive ingestion, accidental or otherwise, persons may experience overdose symptoms including drowsiness, sedation, blurred vision, slurred speech, somnolence, uncontrollable jerking motions, and anxiety. A very high amount taken is associated with breathing suppression, coma, and possibly death, particularly if combined with alcohol or opioids.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Gabapentin is a ligand of the α2δ calcium channel subunit. α2δ is an auxiliary protein connected to the main α1 subunit (the channel-forming protein) of high voltage activated voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-type, N-type, P/Q type, and R-type). Gabapentin is not a direct channel blocker: it exerts its actions by disrupting the regulatory function of α2δ and its interactions with other proteins. Gabapentin prevents delivery of the calcium channels to the cell membrane, reduces the activation of the channels by the α2δ subunit, decreases signaling leading to neurotransmitters release, and disrupts interactions of α2δ with NMDA receptors, neurexins, and thrombospondins. Out of the four known isoforms of α2δ protein, gabapentin binds with similar high affinity to two: α2δ-1 and α2δ-2. Most of the pharmacological properties of gabapentin are explained by its binding to just one isoform – α2δ-1.

The endogenous α-amino acids L-leucine and L-isoleucine, which resemble gabapentin in chemical structure, bind α2δ with similar affinity to gabapentin and are present in human cerebrospinal fluid at micromolar concentrations. They may be the endogenous ligands of the α2δ subunit, and they competitively antagonize the effects of gabapentin. Accordingly, while gabapentin has nanomolar affinity for the α2δ subunit, its potency in vivo is in the low micromolar range, and competition for binding by endogenous L-amino acids is likely to be responsible for this discrepancy.

Gabapentin is a potent activator of voltage-gated potassium channels KCNQ3 and KCNQ5, even at low nanomolar concentrations. However, this activation is unlikely to be the dominant mechanism of gabapentin's therapeutic effects.

Despite the fact that gabapentin is a structural GABA analogue, and in spite of its name, it does not bind to the GABA receptors, does not convert into  or another GABA receptor agonist in vivo, and does not modulate GABA transport or metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics
Gabapentin is absorbed from the intestines by an active transport process mediated via an amino acid transporter, presumably, LAT2. As a result, the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin is dose-dependent, with diminished bioavailability and delayed peak levels at higher doses.

The oral bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 80% at 100 mg administered three times daily once every 8 hours, but decreases to 60% at 300 mg, 47% at 400 mg, 34% at 800 mg, 33% at 1,200 mg, and 27% at 1,600 mg, all with the same dosing schedule. Drugs that increase the transit time of gabapentin in the small intestine can increase its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral morphine, the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg dose of gabapentin increased by 50%.

Gabapentin at a low dose of 100 mg has a Tmax (time to peak levels) of approximately 1.7 hours, while the Tmax increases to 3 to 4 hours at higher doses. Food does not significantly affect the Tmax of gabapentin and increases the Cmax and area-under-curve levels of gabapentin by approximately 10%.

Gabapentin can cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the central nervous system. Gabapentin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is approximately 9–14% of its blood plasma concentration. Due to its low lipophilicity, gabapentin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier. The LAT1 is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier and transports gabapentin across into the brain. As with intestinal absorption mediated by an amino acid transporter, the transport of gabapentin across the blood–brain barrier by LAT1 is saturable. Gabapentin does not bind to other drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) or OCTN2 (SLC22A5). It is not significantly bound to plasma proteins (<1%).

Gabapentin undergoes little or no metabolism.

Gabapentin is eliminated renally in the urine. It has a relatively short elimination half-life, with the reported average value of 5 to 7 hours. This value changes with increasing doses, from 5.4 hours for a 200 mg single dose, to 8.3 hours for a 1,400 mg dose. Because of its short elimination half-life, gabapentin must be administered 3 to 4 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. Gabapentin XR (brand name Gralise) is taken once a day.

Chemistry

Gabapentin is a 3,3-disubstituted derivative of GABA. Therefore, it is a GABA analogue, as well as a γ-amino acid. Specifically, it is a derivative of GABA with a pentyl disubstitution at 3 position, hence, the name - gabapentin, in such a way as to form a six-membered ring. After formation of the ring, the amine and carboxylic groups are not in the same relative positions as they are in the GABA; they are more conformationally constrained.

Synthesis

A process for chemical synthesis and isolation of gabapentin with high yield and purity starts with conversion of 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic anhydride to 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid monoamide and is followed by a 'Hofmann' rearrangement in an aqueous solution of sodium hypobromite prepared in situ.

History
Gabapentin was designed by researchers at Parke-Davis to be an analogue of the neurotransmitter GABA that could more easily cross the blood–brain barrier and was first described in 1975 by Satzinger and Hartenstein. Under the brand name Neurontin, it was first approved in May 1993, for the treatment of epilepsy in the United Kingdom. Approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration followed in December 1993, for use as an adjuvant (effective when added to other antiseizure drugs) medication to control partial seizures in adults; that indication was extended to children in 2000. Subsequently, gabapentin was approved in the United States for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia in 2002. A generic version of gabapentin first became available in the United States in 2004. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration, under the brand name Gralise, was approved in the United States for the treatment postherpetic neuralgia in January 2011.

Society and culture

Legal status

United Kingdom
Effective April 2019, the United Kingdom reclassified the drug as a class C controlled substance.

United States
Effective 1 July 2017, Kentucky classified gabapentin as a schedule V controlled substance statewide. Effective 9 January 2019, Michigan also classified gabapentin as a schedule V controlled substance. Gabapentin is scheduled V drug in other states such as West Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Virginia.  Gabapentin is not scheduled or considered a controlled substance (as per the Controlled Substances Act) at the federal level.

Off-label promotion
Although some small, non-controlled studies in the 1990s—mostly sponsored by gabapentin's manufacturer—suggested that treatment for bipolar disorder with gabapentin may be promising, the preponderance of evidence suggests that it is not effective.

Franklin v. Parke-Davis case

Subsequent to the corporate acquisition of the original patent holder, the pharmaceutical company Pfizer admitted that there had been violations of FDA guidelines regarding the promotion of unproven off-label uses for gabapentin in the Franklin v. Parke-Davis case (see below).

While off-label prescriptions are common for a number of drugs, marketing of off-label uses of a drug is not. In 2004, Warner-Lambert (which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) agreed to plead guilty for activities of its Parke-Davis subsidiary, and to pay $430 million in fines to settle civil and criminal charges regarding the marketing of Neurontin for off-label purposes. The 2004 settlement was one of the largest in U.S. history, and the first off-label promotion case brought successfully under the False Claims Act.

Reuters reported on 25 March 2010, that "Pfizer Inc violated federal racketeering law by improperly promoting the epilepsy drug Neurontin ... Under federal RICO law the penalty is automatically tripled, so the finding will cost Pfizer $141 million." The case stems from a claim from Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc. that "it was misled into believing Neurontin was effective for off-label treatment of migraines, bipolar disorder and other conditions. Pfizer argued that Kaiser physicians still recommend the drug for those uses", and that "the insurer's website also still lists Neurontin as a drug for neuropathic pain." The Wall Street Journal noted that Pfizer spokesman Christopher Loder said, "We are disappointed with the verdict and will pursue post-trial motions and an appeal." He later added that "the verdict and the judge's rulings are not consistent with the facts and the law."

Gabasync

Gabasync, a treatment consisting of a combination of gabapentin and two other medications (flumazenil and hydroxyzine) as well as therapy, is an ineffective treatment promoted for methamphetamine addiction, though it had also been claimed to be effective for dependence on alcohol or cocaine. It was marketed as PROMETA. While the individual drugs had been approved by the FDA, their off-label use for addiction treatment has not. Gabasync was marketed by Hythiam, Inc. which is owned by Terren Peizer, a former junk bond salesman who has since been indicted for securities fraud relative to another company. Hythiam charges up to $15,000 per patient to license its use (of which half goes to the prescribing physician, and half to Hythiam).

In November 2011, the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (financed by Hythiam and carried out at UCLA) were published in the peer-reviewed journal Addiction. It concluded that Gabasync is ineffective: "The PROMETA protocol, consisting of flumazenil, gabapentin and hydroxyzine, appears to be no more effective than placebo in reducing methamphetamine use, retaining patients in treatment or reducing methamphetamine craving."

Barrons, in a November 2005 article entitled "Curb Your Cravings For This Stock", wrote "If the venture works out for patients and the investing public, it'll be a rare success for Peizer, who's promoted a series of disappointing small-cap medical or technology stocks ... since his days at Drexel". Journalist Scott Pelley said to Peizer in 2007: "Depending and who you talk to, you're either a revolutionary or a snake oil salesman." 60 Minutes, NBC News, and The Dallas Morning News criticized Peizer after the company bypassed clinical studies and government approval when bringing to market Prometa; the addiction drug proved to be completely ineffective. Journalist Adam Feuerstein opined: "most of what Peizer says is dubious-sounding hype".

Brand names
Gabapentin was originally marketed under the brand name Neurontin. Since it became generic, it has been marketed worldwide using over 300 different brand names. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration was introduced in 2011, for postherpetic neuralgia under the brand name Gralise.

Related drugs
Parke-Davis developed a drug called pregabalin, which is related in structure to gabapentin, as a successor to gabapentin. Another similar drug atagabalin has been unsuccessfully tried by Pfizer as a treatment for insomnia. A prodrug form (gabapentin enacarbil) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Recreational use
Gabapentin when taken in excess, can induce euphoria, a sense of calm, a marijuana-like high, improved sociability, and reduced alcohol or cocaine cravings. Also known on the streets as "Gabbies", gabapentin is increasingly abused and misused for these euphoric effects. About 1 percent of the responders to an Internet poll and 22 percent of those attending addiction facilities had a history of abuse of gabapentin. Gabapentin misuse, toxicity, and use in suicide attempts among adults in the US increased from 2013 to 2017.

After Kentucky's implementation of stricter legislation regarding opioid prescriptions in 2012, there was an increase in gabapentin-only and multi-drug use in 2012–2015. The majority of these cases were from overdose in suspected suicide attempts. These rates were also accompanied by increases in abuse and recreational use.

Withdrawal symptoms, often resembling those of benzodiazepine withdrawal, play a role in the physical dependence some users experience. Its misuse predominantly coincides with the usage of other CNS depressant drugs, namely opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

Veterinary use
In cats, gabapentin can be used as an analgesic in multi-modal pain management, anxiety medication to reduce stress in cats for travel or vet visits, and anticonvulsant. Veterinarians may prescribe gabapentin as an anticonvulsant and pain reliever in dogs. It is also used to treat chronic pain-associated nerve inflammation in horses and dogs. Side effects include tiredness and loss of coordination but they generally go away within 24 hours.

References

External links

Analgesics
Anticonvulsants
Anxiolytics
Calcium channel blockers
GABA analogues
Gamma-Amino acids
Pfizer brands
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Gabapentin


ساتورو إيواتا  (ولد في: 6 ديسمبر 1959 - توفّي في: 11 يوليو 2015) كان الرئيس الرابع والمدير التنفيذي لشركة نينتندو خلف الرئيس السابق للشركة هيروشي ياموتشي في عام 2002. كان ساتورو إياواتا مسؤولاً عن وضع إستراتيجية لشركة نينتندو أثناء طرحها جهاز ألعاب الفيديو جيم كيوب في العام 2001 مما أدى إلى زيادة مبيعات نينتندو بنسبة 41% في نهاية السنة المالية 2002.

المرض والوفاة

في سنة 2014 أعلنت نينتندو أن إواتا لن يكون حاضرا في معرض الترفيه الإلكتروني 2014 لأسباب طبية. تم الكشف في وقت لاحق أنه خضع لعملية جراحية لورم في القناة الصفراوية. في 12 يوليو 2015 أعلنت نينتندو عن وفاة ساتورو إيواتا في عمر الـ 55 عاما.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من سابورو
أصحاب أعمال يابانيون في ألعاب الفيديو
أصحاب أعمال يابانيون في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال يابانيون في القرن 21
أعلام نينتندو
خريجو معهد طوكيو للتكنولوجيا
رؤساء تنفيذيون يابانيون
مبرمجو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
مخرجو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
مصممو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
منتجو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
مواليد 1959
مواليد في سابورو
وفيات 2015
وفيات السرطان في اليابان
وفيات بسبب سرطانة الأقنية الصفراوية
وفيات في كيوتو

ساتورو إواتا


الالْتِهَاب الشُعَبِي المُعْدِي أو الْتِهابُ القَصَباتِ العَدْوائِيُّ الطَّيرِيّ  هو مرض فيروسي يصيب الدواجن في مختلف أطوارها العمرية.

أعراض المرض
تدوم فترة حضانة الفيروس من 18 إلى 36 ساعة ويظهر الفيروس في الأعراض التالية
 صعوبة التنفس
 الغرغرة
 خروج مواد مخاطية من المنخرين
 نقص في الاٍنتاج
 قشرة البيضة تكون رقيقة
 نسبة النفوق 25%

تشريح
يظهر تشريح الحيوانات المصابة العديد من الأعراض أهمها:
 وجود مواد سائلة ومخاطية ومتجبنة في القصبة الهوائية (اٍلتهاب)
 تلف قناة البيض

تشخيص المرض
 يبقى تشخيص الفيروس معتمدا في الأساس على الأعمال المخبرية كالاليزا واٍختبار التعادل.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الأمراض التي تصيب الدوجن من موقع البيطرة السورية

أمراض الدواجن
أمراض فيروسية
أمراض فيروسية حيوانية
علم الفيروسات الحيوانية
فيروسات عشية
الأمراض المرتبطة بفيروس كورونا

التهاب شعبي معدي


Powers Allen Boothe (June 1, 1948 – May 14, 2017) was an American actor known for his commanding character actor roles on film and television. He received a Primetime Emmy Award and nominations for two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

He won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his portrayal of Jim Jones in Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones (1980). He also played saloon owner Cy Tolliver on Deadwood from 2004 to 2006, President Noah Daniels on 24 in 2007, and Lamar Wyatt in Nashville from 2012 to 2014. He also appeared in the western limited series Hatfields & McCoys (2012).

He is also known for his performances as "Curly Bill" Brocius in the western Tombstone (1993) and Alexander Haig in historical drama Nixon (1995). Other notable film roles include Cruising (1980), Red Dawn (1984), Blue Sky (1994), Sudden Death (1995), Sin City (2005), and Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014).

He portrayed Gideon Malick in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's The Avengers (2012), and in the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. from 2015 to 2016. He was also the voice of Gorilla Grodd in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited.

Early life
Boothe, the youngest of three boys, was born June 1, 1948, at home on a cotton farm in Snyder, Texas, to Merrill Vestal Boothe, a rancher, and his wife Emily (née Reeves) Boothe. His father named him after his best friend, who had been killed in World War II.

Boothe attended Snyder High School, where he played football and appeared in school plays. He was the first in his family to go beyond high school, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Southwest Texas State University in San Marcos, and earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in Drama from Southern Methodist University in University Park, Texas.

Career
After graduating from Southwest Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, Boothe joined the repertory company of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, with roles in Henry IV, Part 2 (portraying Henry IV of England), Troilus and Cressida, and others. His New York City stage debut was in the 1974 Lincoln Center production of Richard III. Five years later, his Broadway theater debut came in a starring role in the one-act play Lone Star, written by James McLure.

Boothe first came to national attention in 1980, playing Jim Jones in the CBS TV film Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones. Boothe's portrayal of the crazed cult leader received critical acclaim. In Time story on the production, Boothe was praised: "There is one extraordinary performance. A young actor named Powers Boothe captures all the charisma and evil of 'Dad', Jim Jones." Boothe won the Emmy Award for his role, beating out veterans Henry Fonda and Jason Robards. As the Screen Actors Guild were on strike in the fall of 1980, he was the only actor to cross picket lines to attend the ceremonies and accept his award, saying at the time, "This may be either the bravest moment of my career or the dumbest."

Boothe portrayed Philip Marlowe in a TV series based on Raymond Chandler's short stories for HBO in the 1980s. He appeared in such films as Southern Comfort, A Breed Apart, Red Dawn, The Emerald Forest, Rapid Fire and Extreme Prejudice, as well as the HBO films Into the Homeland and By Dawn's Early Light. Additionally, he appeared in the 1990 CBS-TV film Family of Spies, in which he played traitor Navy Officer John Walker. Boothe portrayed Curly Bill Brocius in the hit 1993 Western Tombstone, the disloyal senior Army officer in Blue Sky (opposite Jessica Lange's Oscar-winning performance), and the sinister lead terrorist in Sudden Death. He was also part of the large ensemble casts for Oliver Stone's Nixon (as Chief of Staff Alexander Haig) and U Turn (as the town sheriff).

In 2001, he starred as Flavius Aëtius, the Roman general in charge of stopping the Hun invasion in the made-for-TV miniseries Attila. Boothe played a featured role as brothel-owner Cy Tolliver on the HBO series Deadwood, and the corrupt senator Ethan Roark in the motion picture Sin City (2005), as well as its sequel, Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014). He is the voice of one of the characters in the 2005 video game Area 51 and of Gorilla Grodd, the hyper-intelligent telepathic supervillain in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited. He voiced the villain, Kane, in the 2008 video game Turok.

He was a special guest star on 24, where he played Vice President Noah Daniels. He returned in the prequel to the seventh season, 24: Redemption. Just after taking the role as acting President, Boothe is seen exiting Air Force Two with F-15s in the background. Boothe played a downed F-15 pilot in Red Dawn. In March 2008, he narrated a television campaign ad for Senator John McCain's presidential campaign.

In 2012, Boothe appeared in Joss Whedon's The Avengers as Gideon Malick, a shadowy governmental superior to S.H.I.E.L.D. From 2015 to 16, he reprised the role in the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Boothe appeared in the 2012 miniseries Hatfields & McCoys as Judge Valentine "Wall" Hatfield. Boothe was also cast as Lamar Wyatt in the ABC musical drama series Nashville. Boothe also lent his voice to Hitman: Absolution, a 2012 video game developed by IO Interactive, voicing the character of Benjamin Travis.

Personal life
Boothe married his college sweetheart Pam Cole in 1969 and they remained married until his death. They had two children, Parisse and Preston.

Death
Boothe died in Los Angeles, on the morning of May 14, 2017, shortly before his 69th birthday, from the effects of pancreatic cancer.

He was buried in Deadwood Cemetery in rural Deadwood, located in Panola County east of Carthage in east Texas.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Biography from HBO
 Powers Boothe(Aveleyman)

1948 births
2017 deaths
American art collectors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American people of English descent
Burials in Texas
California Republicans
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male actors from Texas
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Snyder, Texas
Snyder High School (Texas) alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
Texas State University alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

Powers Boothe


Guðmundr gríss Ámundason (1144 – m. 22 de febrero de 1210) fue un caudillo medieval de Þingvellir, Árnessýsla en Islandia.

Biografía
Ostentó el cargo de Allsherjargoði en el Althing (asamblea de hombres libres) islandés desde 1160 a 1197, un cargo reservado para los descendientes de uno de los primeros vikingos colonos en la isla, Ingólfur Arnarson. Guðmundur era un ferviente cristiano, respetado y popular en la Mancomunidad Islandesa. En los últimos años al final de su vida donó todas sus posesiones y se convirtió en monje.

Descendencia
Su esposa Sólveig (n. 1148) era hija de Jón Loftsson, un caudillo islandés del clan Oddaverjar; tuvieron cinco hijos:

 Þóra eldri Guðmundsdóttir (n. 1169), sería esposa de Jón Sigmundsson (n. 1212) y madre de Ormur Jónsson.
 Þóra yngri Guðmundsdóttir (1170 - 1220), sería esposa de Þorvaldur Gissurarson.
 Magnús góði Guðmundarson
 Þorlákur Guðmundsson (1174 - 1281), que sería padre del obispo Árni Þorláksson.
 Ámundi munkur Guðmundsson (n. 1176)

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Björn Þorsteinsson: Íslensk miðaldasaga, 2. útg., Sögufélagið, Rvk. 1980.
 Byock, Jesse L.: Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power, University of California Press, USA 1990.
 Gunnar Karlsson: "Frá þjóðveldi til konungsríkis", Saga Íslands II, ed. Sigurður Líndal, Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag, Sögufélagið, Reykjavík 1975.
 "Goðar og bændur", s. 5-57, Saga X, Sögufélagið, Reykjavík 1972.
 Vísindavefurinn: Hvað var Sturlungaöld?

Enlaces externos
 Islendingabók

Saga Sturlunga

Guðmundr gríss Ámundason


Sanal seks, cinselliğin fiziki cinsel temas yolu ile değil de, fiziki olmayacak şekilde beyinde yaratılması veya kafada yaşanılmasıdır. Örnek olarak rüyasında sevişen erkeğin ereksiyon olması ve orgazm sonucu spermlerinin boşalması gösterilebilir.

İnternet ortamında yaşanılan cinsel yazışmalar da kişi üzerinde aynı etkileri gösterebilir. Kişi bundan haz duyabilir. Sanal (İnternet) ortamında olan bu türüne siber seks denir.

Telefon seksi ve sanal gerçeklik seksi de bir tür sanal sekstir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Cyberwatch: Online Dating and Cybersex
 Violet Blue: bluetooth vibrator, activated by text/SMS.
 10 Tips for Online Dating Safety
 Cyborgasms: Cybersex Amongst Multiple-selves and Cyborgs in the Narrow-bandwidth Space of American Online Chat Rooms - 1996 dissertation *cinsel
 Second Life - An online game with a lot of posibilities for animated virtual sex
 Virtual sex through an internet-connected device ("Cumwell" devices)
 SexRobot - A guide to virtual sex and the path to sex robots
 Urbanpsycho - Real cybersex sessions

Psikoloji
Cinsellik ve bilgi işlem
Cinsel kimlik ve yönelimleri

Sanal seks