محافظة حمص أكبر محافظات سوريا وتقسم البلد إلى شطرين. تقع في وسط سوريا وتمتد من حدود العراق إلى لبنان. أكبر مدنها مدينة حمص العريقة وهي أهم المدن وسط سوريا. يمر فيها نهر العاصي الذي يعدّ مورداً طبيعياً هاماً لمدن وقرى وبلدات هذه المحافظة المتنوعة التضاريس حيث فيها السهول والجبال والوديان والبادية.

تضم المحافظة الكثير من المدن والمناطق والبلدات، ومنها مدينة تدمر الأثرية الشهيرة التي تبعد عن مركز المحافظة حوالي 160 كم.

التاريخ

حمص باللهجة الحمصية (حُمص)، مدينة عريقة تاريخياً حيث ذكرت في العديد من المصادر التاريخية فأول من ذكر اسمها القديم الذي عرفت به (إيميسا) كان المؤرخ الروماني بليني الزعيم في كتابه التاريخ الطبيعي.

ويتحدث الخوري عيسى أسعد في كتابه تاريخ حمص أنَّ منشأ هذه المدينة يعود إلى نحو سنة 2300 قبل الميلاد، وأن اسمها آنذاك كان (حماة صوبا)، وقد ذكر في وثائق إيبلا أنها كانت مستعمرة رومانية هامة.

تعاقب على هذه المدينة الأموريون - الحيثيون - الفينيقيون - الآراميون - اليونانون - الرومانيون - العرب - الأتراك - العرب.

المناطق

تنقسم المحافظة إلى 7 مناطق:
 حمص
 تلكلخ
 الرستن
 القصير
 تدمر
 المخرّم
 تلدو

وتنقسم بدورها إلى المزيد من الدوائر الفرعية (نواحي).

الجغرافيا

محافظة حمص جغرافياً هي في موقع القلب من سورية وتتوسطها من الشمال والجنوب بعرض 250 كم ومن الغرب والشرق بطول قدره 360 كم وتطل على محافظات حماة والرقة ودير الزور شمالاً وعلى محافظة ريف دمشق جنوباً وعلى محافظة طرطوس غرباً كما تشترك بالحدود مع كل من لبنان والعراق والأردن.
وتبلغ مساحة المحافظة 42226 كم², وهي أكبر المحافظات السورية مساحةً إذ تشكل 22% من مساحة سوريا.
كما يبلغ عدد سكان المحافظة 2,087,000 نسمة، منهم 40% من سكان مدينة حمص و60% من سكان بقية مدن المحافظة.

أهم مجالس مدن وبلدات وقرى المحافظة

 مجلس مدينة حمص
 مجلس مدينة السخنة (عاصمة البادية السورية)
 مجلس مدينة الرستن
 مجلس مدينة تدمر
 مجلس مدينة تلكلخ
 مجلس مدينة تلبيسة
 مجلس مدينة القريتين
 مجلس بلدة كفر لاها
 مجلس مدينة القصير
 مجلس مدينة المخرم الفوقاني
 مجلس قرية المخرم التحتاني
 مجلس مدينة تلدو
 مجلس بلدة فاحل
 مجلس قرية القبو
 مجلس بلدة مريمين
 مجلس بلدة الحصن
 مجلس بلدة تل ذهب
 مجلس بلدة حسياء
 مجلس بلدة خربة التين
 مجلس بلدة شين
 مجلس بلدة الرقامة
 مجلس بلدة صدد
 مجلس بلدة عين النسر
 مجلس بلدة الفرقلس
 مجلس بلدة المشرفة
 مجلس بلدة الناصرة
 مجلس بلدة الحواش
 مجلس بلدة مرمريتا
 مجلس بلدة المزينة
 مجلس بلدة مهين
 مجلس بلدة خربة الحمام
 مجلس بلدة الدار الكبيرة
 مجلس بلدة الريان
 مجلس بلدة زيدل
 مجلس بلدة السنكري
 مجلس بلدة فيروزة
 مجلس بلدة الربوة
 مجلس بلدة رباح
 مجلس قرية جب عباس
 مجلس قرية وجه الحجر
 مجلس قرية نوى حمص
 مجلس بلدة كفرنان

الاقتصاد

شهدت المحافظة تطور اقتصادي كبير بوقت قصير.

من أحد النواحي التي تطورت بها حمص هي الناحية الاقتصادية. شركة مصفاة حمص هي شركة نفط سورية لتكرير النفط تتبع القطاع العام، وهي تُدِير مصفاة حمص إحدى مصفاتي تكرير النفط الوحيدتين في سوريا، وهي تعمل بطاقة 110,000 برميل يومياً، لتكون الأقلّ من بين المصفاتين حيث تفوقها مصفاة بانياس بإنتاج 130,000 ألف برميل في اليوم.

بدأت سورية بعد الاستقلال بتطوير البناء الاقتصادي والاجتماعي فتم إنشاء مصفاة حمص عام 1959 كأول مصفاة لتكرير النفط في سورية بطاقة تكرير مليون طن في السنة خام خفيف، وذلك بهدف تأمين حاجة السوق المحلية من المشتقات النفطية وتصدير الفائض للخارج. شهدت مصفاة حمص خلال الأربعين سنة الماضية عدة توسعات، فمع استخراج واستثمار النفط وطنياً وتزايد الطلب تم إجراء التوسعة الأولى للمصفاة عام 1969، فارتفعت طاقتها التكريرية إلى مليوني طن في السنة من النفط الخام السوري الخفيف والثقيل، وفي ظل الحركة التصحيحية ومع الاستقرار الاجتماعي والاقتصادي في سوريا، تتالت عليها عدة توسعات فارتفعت طاقتها التكريرية إلى 5.7 مليون طن في السنة من الخام الخفيف والثقيل.
تم إنشاء المصفاة في مدينة حمص كونها تشغل موقعا استراتيجيا وسط سورية وتعتبر مركز اقتصادي وسياحي ومدينة تعتبر عاصمة وسط سوريا، وترتفع عن سطح البحر 478 م ويمر فيها نهر العاصي الذي يزودها بالمياه اللازمة لها. تقع المصفاة غرب مدينة حمص على بعد 7 كم من مركز المدينة على الطريق الدولي، وتشغل المصفاة حالياً مساحة 4 كم² تقريباً، ويعمل فيها 4,500 شخص بين مهندس وفني ومختص وعامل، وتخضع كافّة منتجاتها للمواصفات القياسية السورية.

الآثار

التاريخ مر من هنا منذ أقدم العصور في المدينة حمص وفي كافة أرجاء المحافظة تنتشر الكثير من الآثار وعدد من أهم المناطق الأثرية والتاريخية والأديرة والقلاع مثل قلعة الحصن الأثرية التي تعد من أجمل القلاع الصليبية في العالم، وتتوسط عاصمة المحافظة قلعة أسامة (قلعة حمص) وبها عدد كبير من الأوابد التاريخية والمباني والكنائس والجوامع والمساجد مثل كنيسة أم الزنار وجامع خالد بن الوليد ودير مارجرجس البطريركي ومملكة قطنا وقادش وقصر الزهراوي والحمامات المعدنية في منطقة أبورباح وغيرهم وأوابد وآثار كثيرة جداً.

هذا بالإضافة لمدينة تدمر الأثرية عاصمة مملكة تدمر الشهيرة بأوابدها وآثارها.
وتعتبر حمص من أهم المدن السياحية في سوريا بتنوعها الجغرافي الكبير بالإضافة إلى ذلك يوجد حمامات الماء الساخن في طريق تدمر وتدعى حمامات أبو رباح ونبع عين التنور وعين الفوار وهي مياه صافية من سلسلة جبال لبنان الشرقية الممتدة إلى سوريا.

المساحة والسكان
تبلغ مساحة محافظة حمص 42226 كم² وعدد السكان 2087000 نسمة.
هي أكبر المحافظات السورية من حيث المساحة، في المرتبة الثالثة من حيث عدد السكان بعد محافظتي دمشق وحلب وتمتد أراضي المحافظة في جميع الاتجاهات وتحدها محافظات حماة شمالاً وطرطوس ولبنان غرباً وريف دمشق جنوباً ودير الزور والرقة شرقاً والعراق والأردن من الجنوب الشرقي. تضم المحافظة عدد كبير من الجبال والغابات على ضفاف نهر العاصي والسهول الخصبة.
يسكن المحافظة خليط من الطوائف الإسلامية والمسيحية تتجانس وتختلط بشكل كثيف، أهم ما يميز المحافظة من ناحية سكانها أنهم ذوو روح نكتة ومرح شديد

السياحة في حمص

حمص بموقعها الفريد حيث تتوسط أهم المناطق في سوريا من البحر المتوسط والساحل السوري والجبال والغابات والبادية في الشرق ونهر العاصي وانتشار الآثار الكثيرة والمناطق التاريخية والقلاع والحصون وجمال الطبيعة الخلابة في مناطق حمص والمصايف الرائعة والينابيع والشلالات وازدهارها الكبير وموقعها كممر لمدن كثير في شمال وغرب سوريا وتميز وغنى أسواقها وخاصة في وسط مدينة حمص جعل منها مناطق اصطياف رائعة في بلداتها ومصايفها حيث تنتشر الفنادق والمطاعم والمنتزهات الفريدة في كافة مناطق المحافظة ويقام في مدن ومناطق محافظة حمص الكثير من المهرجانات نذكر منها:-
 مهرجان حمص الثقافي الفني ويقيمه مجلس مدينة حمص
 مهرجان السياحة والتسوق ويقيمه مجلس مدينة حمص
 مهرجان تدمر السياحي وتقيمه محافظة حمص
 مهرجان طريق الحرير في تدمر والذي يقام بالإشترك مع مدينتي دمشق وحلب
 مهرجان القلعة والوادي للثقافة والفنون في منطقة قلعة الحصن ووادي النصارى (كرنفال مرمريتا وكرنفال مشتى عازار وكرنفال رباح)
 مهرجان حمص الأدبي والثقافي للشعر
 مهرجانات مختلفة في مدن المحافظة
كما تمتاز قرى حمص وخاصة الغربية منها بمناخها الجميل وهوائها العذب حيث تكتظ صيفا بالمصطافين والمغتربين العائدين لزيارة الوطن والاستجمام فيه، من المواقع السياحية مدينة تدمر وقلعة الحصن ومنطقة الكفارين.

قلعة الحصن

قلعة الحصن هي قلعة تقع ضمن سلاسل جبال الساحل السوري ضمن محافظة حمص وتبعد عن مدينة حمص 60 كم.
 نظرًا للأهمية التاريخية والعمرانية للحصن فقد اعتبرتها منظمة اليونسكو قلعة تاريخية هامة لاحتوائها على تراثٍ إنساني عظيم، وفي عام 2006 مـ سجلت القلعة على لائحة التراث العالمي.
شيد الحصن المرداسيون عام 1031 من قبل  شبل الدولة نصر بن مرداس فأقام فيها حصناً صغيراً كان هدفه حماية طريق القوافل التجارية القادمة من سواحل بلاد الشام إلى داخل بلاد الشام. وأسكنوها الأكراد لحماية الطريق، ولذلك حملت اسم حصن الأكراد وأطلق عليها أيضاً حصن السفح أو الصفح والكرك ومن هذا الاسم اشتقت التسمية الصليبية للقلعة.

السياسة

عند اندلاع الانتفاضة السورية في عام 2011، خرج المئات من سكان مدينة حمص احتجاجاً على السلطات السورية بقيادة حزب البعث، وكانت المحافظة الثانية التي شملتها المظاهرات بعد درعا. وقد أدت حركة الاحتجاجات إلى زيادة الرقابة الأمنية في المحافظة، وسجّل سقوط قتلى فيها يومياً مع انتشار الجيش السوري والأمن بشكل دائم في شوارع المحافظة، رغم ذلك استمرت المظاهرات بالخروج لفترة طويلة.

تزعم الدولة أن انتشار الأمن والجيش في الشوارع هو لوجود عصابات مسلحة متشددة تريد استهداف الجيش والمواطنين، لكن معارضو النظام يرفضون هذه الادعاءات، ويقولون أن جنوداً قد انشقوا عن الجيش السوري بسبب اعتدائه على المظاهرات السلمية، وتم فيما بعد جمع هؤلاء المنشقين في ما يسمى بالجيش السوري الحر، الذي بدأ باشتباكات مسلحة ضد قوات الجيش السوري، أطلق المعارضون عليها تسمية «ثورة». رغم دعوة جهات معارضة إلى إعلان «سلمية الاحتجاجات» والابتعاد عن العسكرة.

التعليم

جامعة البعث

تعد جامعة البعث واحدة من الجامعات الحديثة وقد تأسست عام 1979.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

 موقع الاستعلام الإلكتروني للخدمات الحكومية
 موقع مجلس مدينة حمص
 موقع محافظة حمص

محافظة حمص
محافظات سوريا

محافظة حمص


Pioneer Day is an official holiday celebrated on July 24 in the American state of Utah, with some celebrations taking place in regions of surrounding states originally settled by Mormon pioneers. It commemorates the entry of Brigham Young and the first group of Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, where the Latter-day Saints settled after being forced from Nauvoo, Illinois, and other locations in the eastern United States. Parades, fireworks, rodeos, and other festivities help commemorate the event. Similar to July 4, many local and all state-run government offices and many businesses are closed on Pioneer Day.

In addition to being an official holiday in Utah, Pioneer Day is considered a special occasion by many members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On Pioneer Day, some Latter-day Saints walk portions of the Mormon Trail or reenact entering the Salt Lake Valley by handcart. Latter-day Saints throughout the United States and around the world may celebrate July 24 in remembrance of the LDS Church's pioneer era, with songs, dances, potlucks, and pioneer related activities.

While the holiday has strong links to the LDS Church, it is officially a celebration for everyone, regardless of faith and nationality, who immigrated to the Salt Lake Valley during the pioneer era, which is generally considered to have ended with the 1869 arrival of the transcontinental railroad. Notable non-LDS American pioneers from this period include Episcopal Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle, who was responsible for Utah's first non-Mormon schools (Rowland Hall-St. Mark's) and first public hospital (St. Mark's) in the late 19th century. The Intertribal Powwow at Liberty Park in Salt Lake City honors the cultural heritage and contributions of the area's Native Americans, helping Utahns to gain a deeper understanding of the region's history.

History

The earliest precursor to Pioneer Day celebrations in Utah occurred on July 24, 1849, when the Nauvoo Brass Band led a commemoration of the second anniversary of the Latter-day Saints entering the Salt Lake Valley.

The celebration of Pioneer Day in 1857 was interrupted with news of the approach of Johnston's Army, heralding the beginning of the Utah War. Immediately following the occupation of the Utah Territory by federal troops, Pioneer Day was sparsely celebrated. Pioneer Day continually expanded into the surrounding areas as the Mormon Corridor spread throughout the Intermountain West. In 1880, Latter-day Saints commemorated the Golden Jubilee of the church's formal organization in 1830; tens of thousands of people in hundreds of communities participated in enthusiastic celebrations.

In the years that followed, federal enforcement efforts of anti-polygamy laws (including the 1882 Edmunds Act) resulted in greatly subdued celebrations. The 1886 commemoration was particularly notable for its mourning theme, with the Salt Lake Tabernacle decorated in black instead of the usually colorful bunting, and the eulogizing of Latter-day Saints who were in hiding or imprisoned for polygamy offenses. By 1897, the celebration included not only the 50th anniversary of the initial arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, but also the end of the polygamy issue, the completion of the Salt Lake Temple, and statehood for Utah.

The centennial in 1947 and the sesquicentennial in 1997 were especially large celebrations in Utah. One writer indicated that the 1947 celebrations seemed to incorporate the entire year, with July 24 only being an apex to the events.

The holiday generates a great deal of road traffic; Utah Department of Public Safety statistics states Pioneer Day has the second highest holiday traffic fatality rate in Utah, with the earlier July 4 Independence Day having the highest rate.

The holiday has received criticism for its lack of inclusiveness for non-Mormons. As a result, a small, growing contingent has started celebrating Pie and Beer Day instead of the traditional Pioneer Day. Pie and Beer day is a play on words: "pie and beer" sounds like "pioneer." Pie and Beer Day was created as a counter culture alternative.

See also

 Days of '47 Parade, part of Salt Lake City's celebration of Pioneer Day
 Mormon folklore: Pioneer Day
 This Is the Place Heritage Park
 This is the Place Monument
 Utah…This Is The Place

Notes

External links

Festivals in Utah
July observances
Mormon migration to Utah
State holidays in the United States
1849 establishments in the State of Deseret
Mormonism and politics

Pioneer Day


سبعل هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال. ويسكنها المسيحيين الموارنة.

أعلامها
 أنطوان السبعلاني، (1936) شاعر ومعلم وناشط نقابي.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء زغرتا
مدن لبنان

سبعل


Eritrihijum (lat. Eritrichium), rod trajnica iz porodice Boraginaceae. Postoji sedamdesetak vrsta po Euroaziji i Sjevernoj Americi

Vrste

 Eritrichium acicularum Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium aktonense Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium aldanense Ovczinnikova
 Eritrichium alpinum Ovczinnikova
 Eritrichium arctisibiricum (V.V.Petrovsky) A.P.Khokhr.
 Eritrichium arenosum D.F.Murray
 Eritrichium aretioides (Cham.) DC.
 Eritrichium argenteum W.Wight
 Eritrichium axilliflorum Li Bing Zhang & Yi F.Duan
 Eritrichium baicalense Popov ex Ovczinnikova
 Eritrichium boreale D.F.Murray
 Eritrichium borealisinense Kitag.
 Eritrichium caespitosum Ovcz.
 Eritrichium canum (Benth.) Kitam.
 Eritrichium caucasicum (Albov) Grossh.
 Eritrichium chamissonis A.DC.
 Eritrichium confertiflorum W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium deltodentum Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium deqinense W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium dubium O.Fedtsch.
 Eritrichium echinocaryum (I.M.Johnst.) Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium fetisowii Regel
 Eritrichium fruticulosum Klotzsch
 Eritrichium gracillimum Rech.f.
 Eritrichium grandiflorum D.F.Murray
 Eritrichium hemisphaericum W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium howardii (A.Gray) Rydb.
 Eritrichium humillimum W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium huzhuense X.F.Lu & G.R.Zheng
 Eritrichium incanum (Turcz.) A.DC.
 Eritrichium jacuticum Popov
 Eritrichium jenisseense Turcz. ex A.DC.
 Eritrichium kamelinii Ovczinnikova
 Eritrichium kangdingense W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium karavaevii Ovcz.
 Eritrichium latifolium Kar. & Kir.
 Eritrichium laxum I.M.Johnst.
 Eritrichium lianyongshanii Li Bing Zhang & Yi F.Duan
 Eritrichium longifolium Decne.
 Eritrichium longipes Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium mandshuricum Popov
 Eritrichium medicarpum Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium mertonii Riedl
 Eritrichium minimum (Brand) H.Hara
 Eritrichium nanum (L.) Gaudin
 Eritrichium nipponicum Makino
 Eritrichium ochotense Jurtzev & A.P.Khokhr.
 Eritrichium oligocanthum Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium pamiricum B.Fedtsch. ex O.Fedtsch.
 Eritrichium pauciflorum DC.
 Eritrichium pectinatociliatum Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium pectinatum (Pall.) DC.
 Eritrichium pendulifructum Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium petiolare W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium pseudolatifolium Popov
 Eritrichium pseudostrictum Popov
 Eritrichium pulviniforme Popov
 Eritrichium putoranicum Ovczinnikova
 Eritrichium qofengense Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium relictum Kudab.
 Eritrichium sajanense (Malyschev) Sipliv.
 Eritrichium sericeum (Lehm.) A.DC.
 Eritrichium serxuense W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium sichotense Popov
 Eritrichium sinomicrocarpum W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium spathulatum (Benth.) C.B.Clarke
 Eritrichium splendens Kearney ex W.Wight
 Eritrichium subjacquemontii Popov
 Eritrichium tangkulaense W.T.Wang
 Eritrichium thomsonii (C.B.Clarke) I.M.Johnst.
 Eritrichium thymifolium (A.DC.) Y.S.Lian & J.Q.Wang
 Eritrichium tianschanicum Iljin ex Ovczinnikova
 Eritrichium tschuktschorum Jurtzev & V.V.Petrovsky
 Eritrichium turkestanicum Franch.
 Eritrichium tuvinense Popov
 Eritrichium uralense Serg.
 Eritrichium villosum (Ledeb.) Bunge
 Eritrichium wangwencaii Li Bing Zhang & Yi F.Duan

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cynoglossoideae

Eritrihijum


An Juncus gubanovii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni V.S. Novikov. An Juncus gubanovii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus gubanovii


Schur International Holding er en dansk emballagevirksomhed med hovedsæde i Horsens. Firmaet blev grundlagt i 1846 af Johan Wilhelm Schur.

I sine 15 selskaber, heraf flere i udlandet, beskæftigede virksomheden 814 medarbejdere i 2016 .

Koncerndirektør er Hans Schur.

Firmaet er et aktieselskab, 100% familieejet.

Seneste regnskaber
(i mio. kr.)

Henvisninger

Danske virksomheder etableret i 1846
Virksomheder i Horsens
Emballage
Fremstillingsvirksomheder i Danmark

Schur International Holding


Buddha Bar, Paris, Fransa'da bulunan, lüks ve saygın bir restoran-bardır. Buda temalı bir buluşma yeri olan mekanda Asya mutfağına özgü yemekler sunulur. Yemek salonunda büyük bir Buda heykeli bulunur. Ayrıca Beyrut (Lübnan) ve Dubai'de (Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri) Buddha Bar şubeleri açılmıştır.

Buddha Bar markası altında albümler hazırlanmıştır. Bir kısmı 1996 yılında restoranı açan David Visan tarafından oluşturulmuş albümlerde genel olarak lounge ve chill-out türü şarkılar bulunur. Restoranda çalınan müziklerin derlemeleri olan Buddha Bar albümleri dünya çapında ün kazanmıştır ve en başarılı derleme albümlerden kabul edilir. DJ Claude Challe, DJ Ravingibi DJ'ler tarafından seçilen eserleri içeren seri içerisinde Türkiye'den, Ajda Pekkan, Metin Arolat, Kirpi (Bülent Altınbaş), Hasan Cihat Örter, Osman İşmen, Mercan Dede ve Burhan Öçal gibi isimler yer almıştır.

Albümler

Volume 1
1999 Mixed DJ Claude Challe

Volume 2
2000 Mixed DJ Claude Challe

Volume 3
2001 Mixed DJ Ravin

Volume 4
2002 Mixed DJ David Visan

Volume 5
2003 Mixed DJ David Visan

Volume 6
2004 Mixed DJ Ravin

Volume 7
2005 mixed DJ Ravin ve David Visan

Volume 8
2006 üretici George V Records, mixed Sam Popat

Volume 9
Nisan 16, 2007 üretici George V Records, mixed DJ Ravin

Volume 10
2008 üretici George V Records, mixed DJ Ravin

Volume 11
2009 üretici George V Records, mixed DJ Ravin

Volume 12
2010 üretici George V Records, Wagram, mixed DJ Ravin

Buddha Bar Amnesty International
2001 Mixed by DJ Jean-Pierre Danel

Buddha Bar Nature, Arno Elias
 Pandora
 El Corazon
 Guide me
 The Dance Of The Flames
 Walking Man
 Deep Believe
 Osmyo
 Alanis sunrise
 La Forêt Inconnue
 Star Of Hirma
 Epic And Dream
 New Day

Buddha Bar Ten Years
Kasım 2006

Dış bağlantılar
 George V Restaurants, Buddha Bar
 Claude Challe
 David Visan

Kaynakça

 Albüm Listesi, en.Wikipedia, 08 Ekim 2010 tarihli madde.

Bar
Ambient müzik
Paris restoranları
Restoran bayilikleri

Buddha Bar


El bandidismo revolucionario o bandolerismo revolucionario es una forma de bandolerismo teorizado como práctica y necesidad revolucionaria. A este tipo de actividades con frecuencia se las suele referenciar con epítetos o denominaciones más o menos floridos, como por ejemplo expropiación proletaria, impuesto revolucionario, peaje social, contribución obrera, confiscación revolucionaria, subsidios forzados, etc. Estas prácticas han sido aplicadas y/o argumentadas como válidas por diferentes movimientos revolucionarios en el curso de la historia.

Lista de bandoleros políticos más destacados
 Jules Bonnot (Francia, años 1900).
 Iósif Stalin (Rusia, años 1920).
 Anarquismo expropiador (España, Argentina).
 Jacques Lesage de La Haye (Francia, años 1950 y 1960).
 Lucio Urtubia (Francia, años 1960).
 Organizzazione Consiliare di Torino (Italia, 1969-1971).
 Grupo "Comontismo" (Italia, 1971-1972).
 Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL, España, 1971-1973).
 Grupos de Acción Revolucionaria Internacionalista (GARI, España, 1973-1974).
 Grupo Marge (Francia, 1974-1979).
 Cangaceiros (Brasil).
 Acción Directa (Francia, 1979-1987).
 Os Cangaceiros (Francia, 1985-1992).
 Frente de Liberación de Quebec (FLQ, Canadá, 1963-1970).

Artículos conexos

 Bandolerismo
 Bandidismo organizado
 Expropiación individual
 Ilegalismo
 Autoreducción
 Robo
 Piratería
 Anarquismo
 Movimiento autónomo
 Impuesto revolucionario

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Criminalidad
Ilegalismo

Bandidismo revolucionario


Etzelbach ist ein geographischer Name:

Orte:
 Etzelbach (Arnshöfen), Weiler der Ortsgemeinde Arnshöfen im Westerwaldkreis, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Etzelbach (Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, Thüringen
 Etzelbach (Gemeinde Diersbach), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Diersbach im Bezirk Schärding, Oberösterreich

Gewässer:
 Etzelbach (Eyach), rechter Zufluss der Eyach (zum Neckar) in Balingen, Zollernalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Etzelbach (Högenbach), rechter Zufluss des Högenbachs bei Hartmannshof, Gemeinde Pommelsbrunn, Landkreis Nürnberger Land, Bayern
 Etzelbach (Michelsbach), rechter Zufluss des Michelsbachs (zur Ahr) bei Leudersdorf, Ortsgemeinde Üxheim, Landkreis Vulkaneifel, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Etzelbach (Oligbach), rechter Zufluss des Oligbachs (zur Nied) bei Fürweiler, Gemeinde Rehlingen-Siersburg, Landkreis Saarlouis, Saarland
 Etzelbach (Prims), rechter Zufluss der Prims in Nalbach, Landkreis Saarlouis, Saarland
 Etzelbach (Saale), linker Zufluss der Saale bei Etzelbach, Gemeinde Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel, Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, Thüringen
 Etzelbach (Schmittenbach), linker Zufluss des Schmittenbachs (zum Reinerbachs) bei Remigen, Bezirk Brugg, Kanton Aargau
 Etzelbach (Schönbach), rechter Zufluss des Schönbachs (zum Üßbach oder Ueßbach) vor Schönbach, Landkreis Vulkaneifel, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Utweiler Etzelbach, rechter Zufluss des Utweiler Bommersbachs (zur Bickenalb) bei Utweiler, Gemeinde Gersheim, Saarpfalz-Kreis, Saarland

Siehe auch:
 Etzelsbach
 Etzenbach

Etzelbach


Obitelj dobre vještice (eng. The Good Witch's Family) britansko-kanadski je obiteljski film iz serijala priča o Dobroj vještici. Prvi put je prikazan 29. listopada 2011.

Radnja
Cassandra "Cassie" Nightingale živi u malom gradiću Middletonu sa svojim suprugom Jakeom Russelom, policijskim zapovjednikom, posinkom Brandonom i kćerkom Lori, Jakeovom djecom iz prvog braka. Istovremeno, njezina sestrična Abigail biva izbačena iz stana zbog neplaćanja stanarine. Cassandra nikad nije znala za nju, ali otkrije istinu kad joj Lori napravi obiteljsko stablo za godišnjicu braka. Stoga odluči pozvati Abigail kod njih na nekoliko dana da je bolje upozna.

U policijskoj postaji, Jake razgovara s gradonačelnikom Tomom Tinsdaleom, koji podupire gradnju mosta smatrajući da će donijeti mnogo dobra gradu, ljudima i njemu osobno, jer želi da ga narod pamti kad ode u mirovinu. Njegova supruga Martha se ne slaže s njime te se neprestano svađaju. Na sastanku prosvjednika ljudi predlažu Cassie za gradonačelnicu, a Martha joj odluči pomoći. Kad Cassie kasnije tog popodneva spomene Jakeu da će se kandidirati, on joj prešuti da on podupire gradnju mosta te da su se Tom i Martha posvađali.

Kod kuće, dok Cassie planira Lorinu zabavu za šesnaesti rođendan, Abigail dolazi u posjetu. Jakeov zamjenik Derek upozna Abigail i kaže joj da on podupire gradnju mosta. Abigail govori Jakeu da je ona osobno protiv gradnje mosta i da se nada da će Cassie biti izabrana za gradonačelnicu. Sljedećeg dana, Cassie doznaje da će se Derek također kandidirati te da Jake podupire gradnju mosta. U međuvremenu, Abigail daje Lori ljubavni napitak kako bi se svidjela Brandonovom prijatelju Wesu, no Brandonu se ne sviđa što njegova sestra odvlači pažnju njegovog najboljeg prijatelja. Abigail uživa u kaosu kojeg je učinila, ali Cassie prozre njezin plan. Jake biva smijenjen s mjesta policijskog zapovjednika zbog krađe Derekovog govora koji je bio zaključan u ladici čiji su ključ imali samo Derek i on. Abigail baca crnomagijske kletve na obitelj uz pomoć vudu lutki.

Lori se iskrade po mraku da se nađe s Wesom u parku. Međutim, Cassie je u blizini, pa njih dvoje bježe. Lori padne preko trupca, a Wes se ne vrati po nju. Brandon se razbjesni i prekida prijateljstvo s Wesom. Usred tog kaosa u kuću dolazi Martha koja kaže da je napustila Toma zbog političkih nesuglasica. Jake i Cassie razgovaraju za doručkom i prave se da je sve u redu, ali zapravo su zabrinuti zbog Jakeovog gubitka posla.

Abigail je bijesna jer je obitelj još sretna pa odlazi, ali krade Cassandrin kovčeg s blagom. Derek pronalazi Abigail u nedavno iznajmljenom apartmanu, a Cassie je konfrontira. Bijesna Abigail je optužuje jer nisu pomogli njezinim roditeljima koji su umrli. Cassie joj otkrije da oni nisu ni znali za njih. Abigail se pokaje te se dvije vještice i rođakinje pomire.

Kad se dozna da graditelji mosta planiraju izgraditi trgovački centar te uništiti prirodu i male dućane, Cassie održi nadahnut govor koji potakne Dereka da istupi iz utrke. Cassie je jednoglasno izabrana, a Jake je vraćen na mjesto policijskog zapovjednika. Cassie otkriva Jakeu da je trudna i film završava.

Uloge
Catherine Bell kao Cassandra "Cassie" Nightingale
Chris Potter kao Jake Russel
Sarah Power kao Abigail Persing
Catherine Disher kao Martha Tinsdale
Matthew Knight kao Brandon Russel
Hannah Endicott-Douglas kao Lori Russel
Paul Miller kao Tom Dinsdale
Noah Cappe kao Derek Sanders
Rhys Ward kao Wes Maneri
Američki filmovi 2010-ih

Obitelj dobre vještice


Alexandre Pereira (1. srpnja 1994.) je zelenortski rukometaš. Nastupa za klub Boa-Hora i zelenortsku reprezentaciju.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija Zelenortske Republike završila na posljednjem, 32. mjestu. Za reprezentaciju je 2 pogotka i to 15. siječnja 2021. protiv Mađarske, kada je njegova momčad izgubila rezultatom 27:34.

Izvori

Zelenortski rukometaši

Alexandre Pereira


فاليري بويينوف (بالبلغارية:Валери Божинов) (مواليد 15 فبراير 1986 في لياسكوفيتس - بلغاريا) لاعب كرة قدم بلغاري يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى بارما الإيطالي منذ عام 2009 في مركز المهاجم، كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الجناح الأيمن. شارك مع منتخب بلاده لكرة القدم في 11 مباراة دولية سجل فيها هدفين اثنين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في كرواتيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في صربيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في مالطا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلغاريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلغاريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من غورنا اورياهوفيتسا
رياضيون بلغاريون مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون بلغاريون مغتربون في الصين
رياضيون بلغاريون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون بلغاريون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون بلغاريون مغتربون في صربيا
رياضيون بلغاريون مغتربون في كرواتيا
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البلغاري لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الصربي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الصيني لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز
لاعبو بارتيزان بلغراد
لاعبو بارما
لاعبو بسكارا 1936
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري السوبر السويسري
لاعبو سبتمفري صوفيا
لاعبو سبورتينغ لشبونة
لاعبو فيتشينزا
لاعبو فيورنتينا
لاعبو كرة قدم بلغاريون
لاعبو كرة قدم بلغاريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في صربيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في كرواتيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في مالطا
لاعبو ليتشي
لاعبو ليفسكي صوفيا
لاعبو مانشستر سيتي
لاعبو منتخب بلغاريا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي تيرنانا
لاعبو نادي دوبرودزا دوبريتش
لاعبو نادي رييكا
لاعبو نادي لوزان
لاعبو هيلاس فيرونا
لاعبو يوفنتوس
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1986

فاليري بويينوف


Svastika (Sanskritçe: स्वस्तिक) veya gamalı haç, tarih öncesi dönemlerden kalma bir semboldür. 1920'li yıllar itibarıyla Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi'nin kimlik olarak svastika sembolünü yoğun olarak kullanımı sebebiyle batı dünyasında bu sembol nasyonal sosyalizm ve aşırı sağ ideolojilerle sıklıkla ilişkilendirilebilmektedir.

Svastika, 卐 ("sağa bakan" veya "saat yönünde") veya 卍 ("sola bakan", "saat yönünün tersinde" veya "sauvastika") sembollerine denebilir. Svastika sembolü, Avrasya kültürlerinde antik bir dinî ikonadır. Hinduizm, Budizm ve Jainizm de dahil olmak üzere, Hint dillerinde kutsallık ve ruhsallık sembolü olarak kullanılır. Batı dünyasında da sağa bakan versiyonu, 1930'larda Nazi sembolizmi ve Arî ırkının bir simgesi hâline gelene kadar uğurluluk ve iyi şans sembolü olarak görülüyordu.

Nepal, Hindistan, Moğolistan, Çin ve Japonya gibi Hindu, Budist veya Jain ülkelerde svastika hâlâ bir iyi şans ve hayır sembolü olarak kullanılmakta. Ayrıca Hindu nikah törenlerinde de sıkça kullanılır.

Köken bilimi
Gamalı haç ismi Yunanca gama (Γ) harfine ve haç şekline (+) atfen verilmiştir. Svastika kelimesi Sanskritçe'deki su (iyi) ve asti (olmak) kelimelerinin birleşiminden oluşmuştur. "İyi olmak, mutlu ve sağlıklı olmak" anlamlarına gelir.

Geometri

Svastika, şekli ile hayali bir kare formun içine oturmaktadır. Ancak türüne göre daire gibi her türlü geometrik forma dönüşebilmektedir. Sağa dönük svastikalar genellikle "saat yönünde" ya da "saat yönünün tersi" diye tanımlanabilir.
Svastikalar düzensiz bir 20 kenarlı çokgen olarak kabul edilebilir. Genel olarak 5x5'lik 17 karelik bir kompozisyondan oluşturmaktadır. Gamalı haç motifi üzerinden yola çıktığımızda her kenar 10,6 2 ve 2 oranları ile bölünür.

Svastika sembolü, biçimindeki dinamik ve esnek yapısı ile temel yapısından yararlanarak ayrıca temel yapısını çok fazla deforme etmeden çok çeşitli yeni ve özgün formlar elde etmeye müsait bir yapıya sahiptir. Görülen farklı stilizasyonları ile svastikanın kollarının adedinin artırılması, eksiltilmesi, biçiminin, yerinin ve yönünün değiştirilmesi gibi birçok müdahale ile yeni ve özgün biçimler elde edildiği görülmektedir.

Tarihçe

Evrensel olduğu düşünülen bu sembol doğal olarak birçok medeniyet ve kültürde kullanılmıştır. Örneğin Hong Kong Sanat Müzesinde bulunan ve Majiyao kültürüne, yani MÖ 2200-2000 yıllarına tarihlenen neolitik döneme ait geometrik desenli toprak kap, üzerinde gamalı haç desenleri taşıyor. Hindistan'da çok farklı din ve kültürler gamalı haç işaretini yaygın biçimde kullanmışlardır.
Svastika Hinduizm, Budizm ve Jainizm'e göre kutsaldır. Pek çok antik uygarlıkta görülür. Örneğin Orta ve Güney Amerika medeniyetlerinde, özellikle Mayalar, Navarrolarda görülür. Mezopotamya'da bulunan pek çok sikkede svastika görülür. Erken dönem Hristiyanlıkta ve Bizans İmparatorluğu'nda da svastika kullanıldığı görülür. Gamalı haç ismi Bizans döneminde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Svastikanın dört kolu, dört kozmik gücü (ateş, su, hava, toprak) simgelemektedir. Ayrıca bazı kaynaklarda, eski dönemlerde bu sembol sayesinde dört kozmik gücün etki altına alınıp büyü yapıldığı belirtilir.

Hinduizm

Svastika ile ilgili olarak yapılan bu araştırmada özellikle Hindistan'daki oluşum karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hindistan'da kutsal bir sembol olarak kullanılmasının, sembolün korunması ve yaygınlaşmasında belki de önemli bir rol oynamıştır denilebir. Buna göre, Hinduizmde, iki sembol (sağa bakan-sola bakan), yaratıcı tanrı Brahma'nın iki formunu temsil ediyor; sağa dönük şekilde, evrenin evrimini temsil ediyor. Sola dönük şekilde ise evrenin içe dönüşünü temsil ediyor. Ayrıca tüm dört yöne işaret ettiğinden (kuzey, güney, doğu, batı) kararlılığı ve sabitliği de temsil ediyor. Onun güneş sembolü olarak kullanılması ilk kez tanrı Surya'nın temsilinde görülür. Svastika tüm Hindular tarafından aşırı derecede kutsal ve uğurlu olarak düşünülür ve düzenli olarak Hint kültürüne ait eşyaları dekore etmek amacıyla kullanılır.

Tüm Hindu yantralarında ve dizaynlarda kullanılır. Hindistan'ın alt kıtası boyunca, mabedlerin kenarlarında, dini motiflerde, hediye eşyaları ve mektup başlarında görülür. Hindu tanrısı Ganeş genellikle svastikalar yatağının içinde çıkan bir nilüfer çiçeğinin içinde gösterilir. Ayrıca Svastika, Hindu düğünlerinde, festivallerinde, ev koridorlarında, elbise ve mücevheratta, motorlu taşıtlarda ve hatta kek, pasta, makarna gibi yiyeceklerin süslemesinde kullanılır.

Svastika, Hindu dininin en uğurlu simgesidir, eski güneş işaretinin dört dik açı kolunu simgeler. Hindu gamalı haçının dört kolu, şunları temsil eder: 1. Boşluğun dört talimatı, 2. Dört Vedas, Hindu dininin esasını oluşturan eski Kutsal Kitaplar, 3. Doğumdan ölüme yaşamdan dört aşama; ev sahibi yaşamı, öğrenci yaşamı, ölüm ve yaşamdan vazgeçim, 4. Yılın 4 mevsimi. Hindularda iyi şansın bir simgesi olarak kullanılan svastika Hindistan'ın Baroda dağının kuzeyindeki üst tapınağında yolda satış için hazırlanan Hindu dua kumaşları üzerinde de kullanılmaktadır.

Bengal Hinduları arasında svastika biraz daha farklı olarak kullanılır.Bu sembol Bengal Hindularında biraz daha düz olarak görülür. Calcutta'da bulunan önemli bir derginin adı da svastika dır. Aum sembolu de aynı zamanda kutsaldır. Aum yaratılış şeklinin temel temsilcisi olarak görülürken svastika sadece geometik bir şekil olarak görülür. Svastika Lord Vişnu'nun 108 sembolünden bir tanesidir ve onsuz hayat olamayacağı güneşin ışınlarını temsil eder.

Kolları saat yönünde dönük olan şekliyle, başarı ve uğurun yanı sıra hayatın kaynağı olan güneş ışığını simgeler. Kolları ters yöne dönük şekli ise geceyi ve uğursuzluğu ifade eder.

Budizm

Doğu'daki kültürlerde, svastika Buda'nın bir sembolüdür. Çin'de ise sonsuzluğu ve evren düşüncelerini ifade etmektedir. Svastika, Çince wan ve Sanskritçe de ise srivatsa olarak bilinir. Svastika Buda'nın Sembolüdür.
Svastikalar genellikle Asya'daki küçük ya da büyük tüm Buda heykellerinin üzerinde bulunur. Hong Kong'un Lantau adasında bronzdan büyük Buda heykeli 1993 yılında tamamlandı ve yüksekliği 35 metrenin üzerindedir. Gamalı haç sembolü aynı zamanda Buda Okulunun Falun Gong uygulamasında 1992'de ortaya çıkmıştır.

Hristiyanlık

Hristiyanlıkta svastika haçın çengelli versiyonu olarak düşünülür. İnsanın ölüme karşı zaferini sembolize eder. Bazı Romanesk ve Gotik çağlarda inşa edilen Hristiyan kiliselerinde önceki Roma süsleri etkisiyle bu forma rastlanır.
Svastikalar çoğunlukla 12. yüzyıldan kalma Ukrayna Kiev'de bulunan St. Sophia kilisesinin mozaiğinde sergilenir. Ayrıca bunlar St. Ambrosse Bazilikasında bir mezarda süsleme motifi olarak kullanılmıştır.

İslam

Svastika sembolü, İslam sanatlarında da görülmektedir. Özellikle Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde halı ile kilim motiflerinde, süsleme resimlerinde ve hat sanatında kullanılmıştır. İslam sanatında süsleme resimlerinde desen ve motif olarak kullanılmıştır. İran'daki Cuma Camii ile ve Lübnan'daki Tiripoli de Taynal camilerinin her ikisinde de svastika motifleri vardır.

Kazakistan'ın Türkistan kentinde bulunan Ahmet Yesevi (1093-1156) Türbesi, ana kapının sağ tarafında değişik tasvir edilmiş bir svastika, ana kapının sol tarafında ise yaygın olarak bilinen haliyle bir svastika bulunmaktadır.

Ön Türkler ve Türkiye
Svastika, pek çok dünya medeniyetinde olduğu gibi Ön Türkler tarafından da kullanılmıştır. Türk kültüründeki ismi oz damgasıdır. Bu damga Ön Türklerde ozlaşarak Tanrı'ya erişmeyi temsil etmektedir. Oz damgası, öbür dünyaya geçerek orada şekil değiştirerek (metamorfoz) yeniden oluşum şeklindeki düşünceyi kapsar.

Mevlevi ve Bektaşilerde, insanların grup halinde eksenleri etrafında dönerek "göğe" yükselme inancı yaygındır.

Saz şairleri de sazları ile canları ozlaştırır. Tanrı'ya eriştirirler. Bu nedenle saz şairlerine ozan denilmektedir. Ozlaşma kavramının, ateş kültünden geldiği düşünülmektedir. Bu kavram, güneş kültüne ait kutsama töreninde de görülmektedir.

Bir güneş sembolü olan Oz Damgası/Svastika'nın sözcük anlamı kendi kendine var olandır. Ön Türklerde kullanılan "OZ" diye okunan damganın nerede, ne zaman ortaya çıktığı kesin bilinmese de çoğunlukla "svastika" olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Svastika, kelimesi Hintçe olup, "Si" (iyi) ve "As" (olmak) kelimelerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu şekliyle kelime "mutluluk" ve "hayal" anlamlarına gelir.

Dört yöne salınmış kollarıyla Dış Oğuz tarafından dünyanın dört bir yanına yayıldığını belirtir ve tüm evreni simgeler.

Bu sembole ait bulgular İndus Vadisi Medeniyeti'ne kadar uzanmaktadır. Özellikle Harappa'da yapılan kazılarda ve medeniyete ait mühürlerdeki kabartmalarda oldukça sık rastlanmıştır. Uğur şans getirmesi için kullanılan bir semboldür. Panini'nin ünlü gramer çalışması Ashtadhyayi'nin 8. bölümünde de Svastika'nın adı geçmektedir. Son yıllara kadar kökeninin Arilere dayandığı düşünülmekteydi, fakat son yıllarda yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar, kökeninin Ön Türk kültürüne dayandığını ve onlar vasıtası ile dünyanın değişik yörelerine yayıldığı yönünde önemli bilgi ve belgeler ortaya koyulmuştur.

Türkiye'de, başta Milas ve Efes olmak üzere Ege Bölgesinde, svastika kullanımıyla ilgili birçok tarihsel iz bulunur. Amasya Hatuniye camii'nde svastika mevcuttur. Milas'ta Kurşunlu Camii olarak bilinen Firuz Bey Camii'nin giriş kapısı üzerinde bir svastika işareti bulunur, ayrıca Milas Müzesi'nin bahçesinde bulunan bir taşın üzerinde 4 adet svastikadan oluşan bir dikdörtgen rölyef vardır.

Diyarbakır'ın dış dünyaya açılan 4 tane kapısı mevcuttur. Bunlar kuzeyde Dağ Kapı (Harput Kapı), batıda Urfa Kapı (Halep Kapı), güneyde Mardin Kapı ve doğuda Yeni Kapı (Dicle Kapı veya Sur Kapı) dır. Surlarda birçok medeniyetin imzası niteliğindeki ve içlerinde Süryanice de yazılı olan kitabeler ve motiflerin yanında  görülen gamalı haç şekilleri bulunmaktadır.

Çağdaş hat sanatçısı Emin Barın'ın, hem Arap hem de Latin harfli yazılardan oluşturduğu bazı hat çalışmalarında, svastika formunu çağrıştıran hat sanatı çalışmaları yaptığı görülmektedir.

Anadolu'da tarih öncesi çağlara ait bulunan ve dünyanın da bu dönemlere ait bilgilere ulaşması açısından göz bebeği olmuş, Konya'da bulunan Çatalhöyük'te yapılan kazılardan elde edilen MÖ 7500 yıllarında Cilalı Taş ve Bakır Devrine ait taş tabletlerde ve ev gereçlerinin bir kısmında svastika sembolü kullanılmıştır.

Çatalhöyük'le ilgili olarak kapsamlı araştırmalara imza atmış olan James Mellaart'a göre, "Bütün gamalı haçlar, dışarıya doğru yayılan olan merkezi bir hareketle gösterilir. Kendi statik merkezi, evren ve tanrısal gücün merkezini temsil eder. Svastika, bilinen bir simge olarak Avrasya'nın bütün parçalarında kullanılmıştır".

Amasya Hatuniye Camii çeşmesi başında da 5 adet (belirgin olarak 3 adet) svastika sembolü bulunmaktadır.

Nasyonal sosyalizmde kullanımı

Svastika, I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra kurulan Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi ve hükûmeti tarafından amblem olarak kullanılmıştır. Nasyonal sosyalistlerin (Naziler) kullanmış olduğu svastikanın adı Almancada Hakenkreuzdur. Daha sonra Nazi Almanyası'nın bayrağında da kullanılmıştır. Svastikanın bu anlamda kullanımı 1945'te Nazi Almanyası'nın yenilmesi ile birlikte sona ermiştir ve bazı ülkelerde svastika kullanımı suçtur. Günümüzde bazı neo-Nazi gruplar svastika kullanmaya devam etmektedirler.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Haç sembolleri
Dini semboller
Görsel motifler
Dönel simetri

Svastika


Le Temps des secrets est un film français écrit et réalisé par Christophe Barratier, sorti en 2022.

Il s'agit de l'adaptation du roman du même titre, troisième tome des Souvenirs d'enfance de Marcel Pagnol paru en 1960.

Le film est présenté, en avant-première, en hors compétition, au Festival du film de comédie de l'Alpe d'Huez, le .

Synopsis
En juillet 1905, Marcel Pagnol a 10 ans. Venant d'achever ses études primaires, il intégrera à la rentrée le lycée Thiers, situé au centre-ville de Marseille. Mais avant cela, il retourne avec sa famille à la "Bastide neuve", nichée dans les hauteurs de l'arrière-pays marseillais, pour profiter des longues vacances estivales.

L'occasion pour lui de retrouver les collines et la garrigue, mais également son ami Lili des Bellons, prêt à partager de nouvelles aventures en plein cœur de cette Provence si chère à son auteur. Cependant,  sa rencontre avec Isabelle, une fille de la ville en vacances au château des Bellons va impressionner et perturber Marcel qui tombe sous le charme de la fillette mystérieuse et manipulatrice.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Le Temps des secrets
 Réalisation : Christophe Barratier
 Scénario : Christophe Barratier et Laurent Turner (collaboration), d'après Le Temps des secrets de Marcel Pagnol
 Musique : Philippe Rombi
 Décors : Émile Ghigo
 Costumes : Mahemiti Deregnaucourt
 Photographie : Jérôme Alméras
 Son : Thomas Gastinel, Edouard Morin
 Montage : Chrystel Alépée
 Production : Hélène Cases et Ardavan Safaee
 Coproduction : Marie de Cenival
 Sociétés de production : Lionceau Films et Pathé ; France 3 Cinéma (coproduction)
 Sociétés de distribution : Pathé Distribution (France) ; Métropole Films Distribution (Québec), Pathé Films AG (Suisse romande)
 Budget : 9,27 millions d'euros
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur
 Genre : comédie biographique
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (Festival Alpe d'Huez) ;  (sortie locale) ;  (sortie nationale)
 Belgique, Suisse romande :
 Québec :
 Classification :
 France : tous publics
 Belgique : tous publics ()
 Québec : en attente de classement

Distribution

Production

Tournage
Le tournage a lieu, d' à , dans les départements des Bouches-du-Rhône et du Vaucluse en plus précisément dans le village de Grambois, lieu de tournage des autres films de la trilogie. La maison qui sert de « Bastide Neuve » est également celle des films d'Yves Robert.

Musique
La musique du film est composée par Philippe Rombi, dont la bande originale du film sort le  chez Music Box Records. C'est la quatrième collaboration entre le compositeur et le réalisateur.

 Liste de pistes

Sortie

Accueil critique
La critique est plutôt mitigée, et dans certains cas déçue. 20 Minutes salue la prestation de Mélanie Doutey qui "émeut dans le rôle de sa maman, féministe de la première heure. Cette chronique gorgée de soleil lui offre un très beau rôle de femme libre et aimante". Pour Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, le film est trop figé dans le passé (...) Guillaume de Tonquédec et François-Xavier Demaison forcent trop leur accent, [mais] Mélanie Doutey et les jeunes acteurs réussissent à transmettre l'émotion et la mélancolie nécessaires pour s'impliquer dans le film". La Voix du Nord parle d'un "film ensoleillé au parfum de nostalgie". Les Echos parle d'une "adaptation sans surprise (...). Ce cinéma, sans prétention mais formolisé, n'a d'autres vocations que de nous faire rêver d'été devant la télé". Pour Ouest-France, "malgré un beau casting, Le temps des secrets ploie sous un classicisme qui finit par l'étouffer".

En France, le site Allociné recense une moyenne des critiques presse de 2,6/5 pour 20 critiques. En Suisse, le Cinéman donne une moyenne critique de 3,5/5. Au Québec, le site Cinoche donne une moyenne de 2,5/5 pour un ensemble de 3 médias.

Box-office
Lors de son premier jour d'exploitation en France, le film familial réalise , dont  en avant-première, pour . Il se place ainsi en seconde position derrière La Brigade () et devant le blockbuster américain Ambulance (). Cette tendance est confirmée au bout de sa première semaine d'exploitation en réalisant  ; le film est en seconde position derrière The Batman et devant Ambulance (). Pour sa  semaine au box-office français, le film chute à la  place derrière La Brigade () et devant Goliath (), en engrangeant  entrées. Lors de la  semaine d'exploitation en France, le film réalise plus de moitié moins d'entrées () et finit en dernière position du top 10 du box-office derrière La Brigade ().

Distinction

Sélection
 Festival international du film de comédie de l'Alpe d'Huez 2022 : Longs métrages - hors-compétition.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Famille Pagnol
 Le Château de ma mère
 La Gloire de mon père
 Souvenirs d'enfance
 Le Temps des secrets

Bibliographie
 .

Document
 Dossier de presse Le Temps des secrets

Liens externes

Film réalisé par Christophe Barratier
Film français sorti en 2022
Comédie dramatique française
Film sur l'enfance
Film sur la famille
Film se déroulant en Provence
Film biographique sur un écrivain
Film tiré d'une œuvre de Marcel Pagnol
Film de Pathé
Film se déroulant dans les années 1900
Film se déroulant à Marseille
Film tourné à Marseille
Film tourné dans les Bouches-du-Rhône
Film tourné en Vaucluse

Le Temps des secrets (film)


Mjesečinac (botrihijum; lat. Botrychium), biljni rod iz porodice Ophioglossaceae smješten u potporodicu Botrychioideae.

Postoje 34 priznate vrste i jedan hibrid rasprostranjenih holarktikom

U Hrvatskoj rastu pravi mjesečinac (Botrychium lunaria) i perolisni mjesečinac (Botrychium matricariifolium)

Vrste

 Botrychium acuminatum Wagner
 Botrychium alaskense W. H. Wagner & J. R. Grant
 Botrychium ascendens Wagner
 Botrychium boreale (Fr.) Milde
 Botrychium campestre Wagner & Farrar
 Botrychium crenulatum Wagner
 Botrychium dusenii (Christ) Alston
 Botrychium echo Wagner
 Botrychium furculatum S. J. Popovich & Farrar
 Botrychium gallicomontanum Farrar & Johnson-Groh
 Botrychium hesperium (Maxon & Clausen) Wagner & Lellinger
 Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr.
 Botrychium lineare W. H. Wagner
 Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
 Botrychium matricariifolium (Döll) A. Braun ex Koch
 Botrychium michiganense W. H. Wagner ex A. V. Gilman, Farrar & Zika
 Botrychium minganense Vict.
 Botrychium montanum Wagner
 Botrychium mormo Wagner
 Botrychium neolunaria Stensvold & Farrar
 Botrychium nordicum Stensvold & Farrar
 Botrychium pallidum Wagner
 Botrychium paradoxum Wagner
 Botrychium pedunculosum Wagner
 Botrychium pinnatum H. St. John
 Botrychium pseudopinnatum Wagner
 Botrychium pumicola Coville
 Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc.
 Botrychium socorrense W. H. Wagner
 Botrychium spathulatum Wagner
 Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton
 Botrychium tolucaense W. H. Wagner & Mickel
 Botrychium tunux Stensvold & Farrar
 Botrychium yaaxudakeit Stensvold & Farrar
 Botrychium × watertonense W. H. Wagner

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Jednolistovke

Mjesečinac


Eymen Muhammed Abdülaziz (; d. 20 Kasım 1978, Mısır), Mısırlı eski millî futbolcudur. Futbolcu kariyerinin büyük bir kısımına Türkiye'de birçok Süper Lig ve 1. Lig ekibinde forma giyerek geçirmiştir. Son olarak 2010-11 sezonunun ara transfer döneminde Çaykur Rizespor'la olan sözleşmesi feshedildi ve bunun üzerine ülkesinin futbol ekiplerinden Misr Lel Makasa'ya transfer oldu. Ayrıca Eymen Abdülaziz'in Türk vatandaşlığı bulunmaktadır.

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
Kocaelispor'da başlayan Türkiye kariyerine Malatyaspor ve Gençlerbirliği'nde devam eden oyuncu; 2007 yılındaki ara transferde Trabzonspor'a transfer oldu. 2008-09 Sezonu öncesinde Trabzonspor'dan ayrılmıştır. Orta sahada görev yapan oyuncu dönem dönem ülkesinin millî takım formasınıda giymiştir. 2008-09 Sezonu için Zamalek takımıyla anlaşmıştır.

Gençlerbirliği'nde 2005 ile 2006 yılları arasında toplam 62 resmi maçta 5.257 dakika forma giydi. 2 gol attı. 17 sarı, 2 kırmızı kart gördü. Gençlerbirliği'nde oynadığı ilk maç; 2004-2005 sezonu Süper Lig 18. haftada Sakaryaspor ile 2-2 berabere kaldıkları maçtır. 2010-11 sezonu için Konyaspor'la anlaşmış olmasına karşın basında kendisi ve Ziya Doğan'la ilgili çıkan ve Konyaspor'a zarar verdiğini düşündüğü haberlerin ardından ısrarlara rağmen aldığı peşinatı geri vererek sezon başlamadan Konyaspor'dan ayrılmıştır. Ardından 2010-11 sezonunda Çaykur Rizespor'la 1 yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır fakat 2010-11 sezonunun devre arasında Çaykur Rizespor'dan gönderilmiştir.

Türkiye'de oynadığı süreçte en çok 12 Ağustos 2007 tarihinde Trabzonspor'la Sivasspor arasında oynanan Süper Lig karşılaşmasında Sivasspor'un İsrailli futbolcusu Pini Balili'ye Arapça küfür ettikten sonra bilinçli şekilde uyguladığı sert faulle gündeme gelmişti. Bu faulden sonra iki takım oyuncuları karşılaşma esnasında uzun süren bir tartışma yaşamıştı. Bu olay birçok batılı medya ajansından yayınlanmıştı.

2010-11 sezonun ara transfer döneminde Mısır'in futbol ekiplerinden Misr Lel Makasa'ya transfer oldu.

Millî takım kariyeri
26 kez Mısır millî takımı formasını giyen Eymen Abdülaziz, bu karşılaşmalarda 3 gol kaydetmiştir. Mısır millî takımıyla 2000 Afrika Uluslar Kupası'na da katılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 weltfussball.de İnternet Sitesi - Ayman Abdelaziz Profili
 goal.com İnternet Sitesi - Ayman Abdelaziz Profili
 gencler.org İnternet Sitesi - Gençlerbirliği'nde oynadığı maçlar

1978 doğumlular
Mısırlı futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Çaykur Rizespor yabancı futbolcuları
Diyarbakırspor yabancı futbolcuları
Trabzonspor futbolcuları
Konyaspor yabancı futbolcuları
Gençlerbirliği SK yabancı futbolcuları
Malatyaspor yabancı futbolcuları
Kocaelispor yabancı futbolcuları
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Mısır millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Türkiye vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Yaşayan insanlar
2000 Afrika Uluslar Kupası futbolcuları
Mısır doğumlular
Mısırlı gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye'deki Mısırlı gurbetçiler
Resim aranan futbolcular
Orta saha futbolcuları
Suudi Arabistan'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Hajer FC futbolcuları
Dûrî el-Muhtarifin es-Suudî futbolcuları
Zamalek SC futbolcuları

Eymen Abdülaziz


Aphelandra prismatica é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Aphelandra e da família Acanthaceae.

Taxonomia

Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Ruellia prismatica  Vell.
 Aphelandra hydromestus  (Nees) Hemley
 Aphelandra lurida  Rizzini
 Aphelandra prismatica stenophylla  Rizzini
 Hydromestus maculatus  Scheidw.
 Lagochilium hydromestus  Nees
 Ruellia quadrangularis  Vell.
 Strobilorhachis glabra  Klotzsch
 Strobilorhachis prismatica  (Vell.) Nees

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola, arbustiva e subarbustiva.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Ligações externas
 Aphelandra prismatica no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Aphelandra
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Aphelandra prismatica


Cornelia Maria Funke (FOON-ka; ; ) este o autoare germană de ficțiune pentru copii. Este cunoscută pentru cartea Povești despre devoratori de cărți, fantome din pod și alte personaje de basm (2004, tradusă în română în 2007) și pentru trilogia Inima de Cerneală (2004-2008, tradusă în română în 2014). Literatura sa se încadrează, în principal, în genurile fantezie și aventură. În prezent, ea locuiește în Beverly Hills, California.

Funke a vândut peste 20 de milioane de exemplare din cărțile sale în întreaga lume.

Viața personală
Funke s-a căsătorit cu Rolf Frahm în 1981. Fiica lor, Anna, s-a născut în 1989, iar fiul lor, Ben, în 1994. Au locuit în Hamburg timp de 24 de ani, până când s-au mutat la Beverly Hills, în mai 2005. În martie 2006 Rolf Frahm a murit de cancer.

Bibliografie
 Cornelia Funke, Povesti - Editura RAO, Bucuresti, 2007, ISBN 978-973-54-0021-7
 Cornelia Funke, Inima de cerneala - Editura ART, Bucuresti 2014, ISBN 978-606-8044-83-5

Referințe

Nașteri în 1958
Scriitori germani din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori germani din secolul al XXI-lea
Germani expatriați în Statele Unite
Scriitoare germane
Oameni în viață

Cornelia Funke


بلدية غوثون (بالإسبانية: Gozón) هي بلدية تقع في منطقة أستورياس شمال غرب إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية غوثون 10.833 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

أعلام
 مينور الفاريز

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية غوثون

بلديات أشتورية

غوثون


L'Amicale Bucaille est un club français de basket-ball basé à Boulogne-sur-Mer.

Histoire

Basket-ball féminin
La section féminine de l'Amicale Bucaille est fondée lors de la saison 1945-1946. Elle évolue dans les championnats UFOLEP jusqu'en 1951 avant de rejoindre les compétitions fédérales de la Fédération française de basket-ball. Les basketteuses sont promues en Championnat de France Excellence en 1955 ; la saison 1955-1956 se termine sur une deuxième place de poule.

La saison 1956-1957 de l'Amicale Bucaille se conclut sur une finale de Coupe de France perdue contre l'AS Montferrand et un titre en Championnat de France Excellence remporté en finale contre le Nice UC ; l'équipe menée par l'internationale Alice Seillier accède pour la première fois en Championnat de France de Nationale (première division) lors de la saison 1957-1958.

Basket-ball masculin
Jacques de Rette est l'entraîneur de l'Amicale Bucaille de 1948 à 1955, qu'il emmène jusqu'en Nationale II.

L'équipe masculine dispute le Championnat de France de basket-ball 1958-1959 en tant que promu. Le club termine dernier de sa poule, une place synonyme de relégation en Excellence.

Notes et références

Club de basket-ball dans les Hauts-de-France
Sport à Boulogne-sur-Mer

Amicale Bucaille


An Pennisetum squamulatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius. An Pennisetum squamulatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pennisetum

Pennisetum squamulatum


Noureddine Morceli (, Nūr ud-Dīn Mursilī; born February 28, 1970) is a retired Algerian middle-distance runner. He was the winner of the 1500 metres at the 1996 Summer Olympics and won three straight gold medals at that distance at the World Championships in Athletics. He set world records in the 1500 m, mile run and the 3000 metres.

In international competition, he was twice the gold medallist in the mile at the Goodwill Games (1994 and 1998), the Arab champion in the 1500 m in 1988, the Millrose Games champion in the mile in 1992 and 1993, the 1500 m winner at the 1994 IAAF World Cup, and the overall champion in the 1994 IAAF Grand Prix series. He was Algerian national champion in the 1500 m in 1989.

Biography
At age seven Morceli was inspired by his brother Abderrahmane, a world-class runner who finished fourth in the 1,500 metres in the 1977 World Cup; later his brother would become Morceli's coach. In the early 1980s, Morceli came to idolize Saïd Aouita, a Moroccan who won the gold medal in the 5,000 metres in the 1984 Olympic Games. By age 17 Morceli had taken second place in the 1,500 metres in the world junior championships. A year later, he enrolled at Riverside Community College in California, which had been recommended for its coaching and track facilities. He spent two years there, at the end of which he had run the world's fastest 1,500 metres for 1990. At age 20 he was ranked first in the world in the 1,500 metres. In 1992 he added the outdoor world record for the 1,500 metres, in 1993 for the mile, and in 1994 for the 3,000 metres. By the end of 1994, the Algerian track star's accomplishments had reached even greater proportions. In August, after breaking the outdoor world record for 3,000 metres (7 min 25.11 sec), he could claim five middle-distance world records, which also included (outdoor) the 1,500 metres (3 min 28.86 sec) and the mile (3 min 44.39 sec) and (indoor) the 1,000 metres (2 min 15.26 sec) and the 1,500 metres (3 min 34.16 sec).

Morceli was named Athlete of the Year by Track & Field News in 1993 and 1994 and by the International Athletic Foundation in 1994. In that two-year period, he lost only once, at 800 metres. As he set his sights on more records, most notably the 800-metre, 2,000-metre, and 5,000-metre events, his driving force was a deeply rooted dedication to bring glory to his country. As Morceli looked forward to the 1995 season, sportswriters unabashedly proclaimed him the greatest runner in the world or even the greatest of all time. Perhaps his spirit was best exemplified by his winning performance in the 1994 Grand Prix. Racked with flu, weakened and hacking, he not only ran but left the field behind at the finish. Morceli was soon tested by a new challenger, Moroccan Hicham El Guerrouj. Morceli bested El Guerrouj in the 1,500 metres at the 1995 outdoor world championships; however, the 1,500-metre race at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta the following year was considered one of the most dramatic contests in athletics history. Morceli and El Guerrouj led the field with 400 metres to go when the young Moroccan tripped on his rival's heel and fell to the ground, allowing Morceli to capture the gold medal in that event. At the Grand Prix final in Milan later that year, however, Morceli lost the 1,500-metre event for the first time in years—to El Guerrouj. Morceli competed in subsequent events, including the 2000 Games in Sydney, before his eventual retirement.

Career

Early career

Born in Ténès, Morceli rose to athletic prominence after winning the silver medal in the 1500 m at the World Junior Championships in 1988. Morceli attended Riverside Community College in Riverside, California, and throughout his career, in winter, he would return there to enjoy the mild climate and train.

Morceli was coached by his brother Abderrahmane who ran for Algeria in the Moscow Olympics of 1980 and in Los Angeles in 1984.

1990–1992
In 1990, he moved up to senior class and set the season's best mark of 3:37.87 in 1500 m. He continued this dominance into 1991, when he broke the world indoor record for 1500 m at Seville on February 28, setting a new mark of 3:34.16. Only nine days later, on the same track, he won the 1500 m title at the World Indoor Championships. Throughout the outdoor season 1991 Morceli remained undefeated over 1500 m. At several Grand Prix meetings he ran times around 3:31 min. At the World Championships in Tokyo, Morceli was already a clear favourite for the 1500 m and he won easily. He set a new World Championships record (3:32.84) and finished with a remarkable two-second-lead between him and the silver medallist Wilfred Kirochi (Kenya).

In the beginning of 1992, Morceli ran a new 1000 m indoor world record of 2:15.26. There seemed to be no greater certainty for a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Barcelona later that year than Morceli. But prior to the Olympic Games Morceli lost unexpectedly to Gennaro di Napoli in Rome and David Kibet in Oslo. There were signs that he was not in the same shape as the year before. However, in the Olympic semi-final he looked strong. The Olympic final was run at a woefully slow pace, with the field passing through the 800 m mark in a slower time than in the women's final. That was not the sort of pace to which Morceli had become accustomed, or that he was comfortable with, and when the frantic sprint for home began, he found himself unable to respond, eventually finishing a disappointing seventh. Only three days after the final Morceli set a world season's best in Monaco and a week later he broke his personal best to win in Zurich in 3:30.76. In September 1992 Morceli set a new 1500 m world record of 3:28.86 in Rieti.

1993–1995

In 1993 Morceli narrowly missed his own world record when he won the Mediterranean Games in Narbonne in 3:29.20 min. By that time Morceli had set himself a new aim: to break Steve Cram's eight-year-old record over the Mile (3:46.32). Throughout the season he was virtually without any serious competitors. In Monaco he narrowly missed the 3000 m world record. There was even talk that he might skip the World Championships in order to concentrate fully on the world-record hunt. However, in the end he decided to take part. At the World Championships in Stuttgart, the final of 1500 m started at a relatively slow pace, but Morceli was always in complete control, sprinting away in the last lap to win easily and retain his world title. In the following weeks he failed twice to set a new world record over the Mile in Berlin and Brussels. But just two days after the race in Brussels he astonished everyone by crushing the old record with a time of 3:44.39, the first mile ran at 16 mph.

In 1994, he set the new 3000 m world record, clocking 7:25.11. He also experimented successfully with the 5000 m. In Zurich he outsprinted the rest of the field to take the victory and also won the 5000 m race in Rieti. The only defeat of the season came when Morceli opted for an unusual 800 m appearance in Cologne. Morceli broke the 2000 m world record in the following season, setting a new mark of 4:47.88. Nine days later Morceli set the last world record of his magnificent career, when he lowered his own 1500 m record to 3:27.37 in Nice. Only a few days after this he almost broke the record again when he triumphed in 3:27.52 in Monaco. Later on that year he defended easily the 1500 m World Champion title in Gothenburg. Shortly after, Morceli tried to improve on his Mile record in Zurich but did not succeed.

1996–2000
At the start of the 1996 season, Morceli set a world season's best of 3:29.50. However, a new and serious opponent suddenly appeared on the scene, when Hicham El Guerrouj won in Hengelo in a time of 3:29.51. At the 1996 Summer Olympics, Morceli was under enormous pressure. The final was run at an average pace when his main rival, Hicham El Guerrouj, fell down on the final lap. Morceli accelerated and crossed the line first ahead of the defending Olympic champion, Fermín Cacho. At the end of 1996 Morceli suffered his first 1500 m defeat in four years at the hands of El Guerrouj in Milan. In the 1997 World Championships at Athens, Morceli was fourth in 1500 m and in 1999, at Seville, he qualified for his fifth straight 1500 m final at a World Championships, where he dropped out at the bell while well out of medal contention. Morceli's last appearance at a major international championships was at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney.

Since retirement

Currently, Morceli serves as an ambassador of the sport by assisting with the International Olympic Commission, the African Games, as well as assisting the development of young track and field athletes in Algeria.

In January 2020, he was appointed Secretary of State for Elite Sport (reporting to Minister of Youth and Sports) in the new government chosen by Algerian president Abdelmadjid Tebboune after the presidential election of December 2019. Morceli was replaced by Judo champion Salima Souakri in June 2020 following a government change. Morceli has no political affiliation to any party in Algeria and was chosen as an independent member in the first Djerad gouvernment.

Major International Competitions

References

External links

Noureddine Morceli Home Page (an unofficial fan page)

1970 births
Living people
People from Ténès
Algerian male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Algeria
Olympic gold medalists for Algeria
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Algeria
World Athletics Championships medalists
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Junior college men's track and field athletes in the United States
Algerian expatriates in the United States
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1993 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Algeria
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
IAAF World Athlete of the Year
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
21st-century Algerian people
20th-century Algerian people

Noureddine Morceli


The geology of Great Britain is renowned for its diversity. As a result of its eventful geological history, Great Britain shows a rich variety of landscapes across the constituent countries of England, Wales and Scotland. Rocks of almost all geological ages are represented at outcrop, from the Archaean onwards.

Overview

Seismographic research shows that the crust of the Earth below Great Britain is from 27 to 35 km (17 to 22 miles) thick. The oldest surface rocks are found in northwest Scotland and are more than half as old as the planet. These rocks are thought to underlie much of Great Britain (although boreholes have only penetrated the first few kilometres), but next appear extensively at the surface in Brittany and the Channel Islands. The youngest rocks are found in southeast England.

Bedrock and past volcanism
The bedrock geology consists of a complex mix of generally older metamorphic rocks overlain by varying sequences of sedimentary rocks into both of which igneous rocks have been intruded at different times. The complexity of Great Britain's geology is due ultimately to its being subject to a variety of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, while successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), often associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences.

Great Britain does not have any active volcanoes now, but has had an active volcanic past. The last active volcanoes stopped erupting about 60 million years ago and the islands are no longer located upon any tectonic boundary or active volcanic region, nor are there other geological phenomena in the island group able to give rise to active volcanism. However, on a geological timescale, a considerable degree of active and large-scale volcanism occurred in Great Britain, and many famous landmarks are formed of the eroded igneous rocks formed during these orogenies (mountain-building periods). The British Geological Survey lists Snowdonia and the Lake District as having extremely large volcanic eruptions around 450 Ma (million years ago), Edinburgh Castle lying upon the remains of a volcano dating back 350 Ma, and some islands of western Scotland as being remnants of volcanoes from around 60 Ma.

Superficial deposits
Overlain on this bedrock geology ("solid geology" in the terminology of maps) is a varied distribution of unconsolidated material of more recent origin. It includes material deposited by glaciers (boulder clay and other forms of glacial drift such as sand and gravel). "Drift" geology is often more important than "solid" geology when considering building works, drainage, siting water boreholes, sand and gravel resources and soil fertility. Although "drift" strictly refers to glacial and fluvio-glacial deposits, the term on geological maps has traditionally included other materials including alluvium, river terraces, etc. Recent maps use the terms "bedrock" and "superficial" in place of "solid" and "drift".

Geological history
This description of the geological history of Great Britain is based on that of P. Toghill.

Precambrian

Archaean eon
The Lewisian gneiss, the oldest rocks in Great Britain, date from at least 2.7 billion years ago in the Archaean eon, the Earth itself being about 4.6 billion years old. They are found in the far north west of Scotland and in the Hebrides, with a few small outcrops elsewhere. Formed from rock originally deposited at the surface of the planet, the rocks were later buried deep in the Earth's crust and metamorphosed into crystalline gneiss.

Proterozoic eon
South of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North West Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were originally 25 km thick, deposited over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Ocean. The process started about 1,000 Ma, with a notable 7 km thick layer of Torridon Sandstone being deposited about 800 Ma, as well as the debris deposited by an ice sheet 670 Ma.

Palaeomagnetic evidence indicates that 520 Ma, what is now Great Britain was split between two continents, separated by  of ocean. The north of Scotland was located at about 20° south of the equator on the continent of Laurentia near the Tropic of Capricorn, while the rest of the country was at about 60° south on the continent of Gondwana near the Antarctic Circle.

In Gondwana, England and Wales were near a subduction zone. Both countries were largely submerged under a shallow sea studded with volcanic islands. The remains of these islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in many places. Around 600 Ma, the Cadomian Orogeny (mountain building period) caused the English and Welsh landscape to be transformed into a mountainous region, along with much of north west Europe.

Palaeozoic era

Cambrian period
In the early Cambrian period, the volcanoes and mountains of England and Wales were eroded as the land became flooded by a rise in sea level, and new layers of sediment were laid down. Much of central England formed a stable block of crust, which has remained largely undeformed ever since. Sandstones were deposited in the north of Scotland. The first animals with hard shells evolved at this time, consequently, fossils become much more common in rocks formed during this and later periods.

Ordovician period
Five hundred million years ago, in the Ordovician period, southern Great Britain, the east coast of North America and south-east Newfoundland broke away from Gondwana to form the continent of Avalonia, which by 440 Ma had drifted (by the mechanisms of plate tectonics) to about 30° south.

During this period, north Wales was subject to volcanic activity. The remains of these volcanoes are still visible, one example of which is Rhobell Fawr dating from 510 Ma. Large quantities of volcanic lava and ash known as the Borrowdale Volcanics covered the Lake District and this can still be seen in the form of mountains such as Helvellyn and Scafell Pike.

The Ordovician also saw the formation of the Skiddaw slate deposits around 500 Ma.

Silurian period
Deposition continued into the early part of the Silurian period, with mudstones and sandstones being laid down, notably in Wales.

Avalonia had now joined with the continent of Baltica, and the combined landmass collided with Laurentia at about 20° south between 425 and 400 Ma, joining the southern and northern halves of Great Britain together. The resulting Caledonian Orogeny produced an Alpine-style mountain range in much of north and west Great Britain. The continental collision was probably at an oblique angle rather than a head-on collision, and this probably led to movement along strike-slip faults trending north-east to south-west across Scotland, the Great Glen Fault being the best example (some of these fault zones may have been old lines of weakness from earlier earth movements).

Volcanic ashes and lavas deposited during the Silurian are still found in the Mendip Hills and in Pembrokeshire.

Devonian period

The collision between continents continued during the Devonian period, with continuing uplift, and more volcanic deposits such as those now forming Ben Nevis. Sea levels varied considerably, with the coastline advancing and retreating from north to south across England. The uplifted region was gradually eroded down, resulting in the deposition of numerous sedimentary rock layers in lowlands and seas. The rocks of marine origin in the county of Devon gave the period its name, though deposits of this age are found in many other places, such as the Brecon Beacons, the Midland Valley of Scotland, and the Orkney Islands. Most of these are of terrestrial origin and are informally known as the Old Red Sandstone.

The Caledonian mountains had largely been eroded away by the end of the period during which the country would have experienced an arid desert climate as it was located close to the equator at between 10° and 15° south.

Carboniferous period
Around 360 Ma, at the start of the Carboniferous period, Great Britain was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of the Rheic Ocean, during which time the Carboniferous Limestone was deposited, as found in the Mendip Hills, north and south Wales, in the Peak District of Derbyshire, north Lancashire, the northern Pennines and southeast Scotland. Caves developed more recently in the limestone of some of these areas by the action of carbonic acid and other organic acids in rainwater and groundwater.

These were followed by dark marine shales, siltstones, and coarse sandstones of the Millstone Grit. Later, river deltas formed and the sediments deposited were colonised by swamps and rain forest. It was in this environment that the cyclic Coal Measures were formed, the source of the majority of Great Britain's extensive coal reserves that powered the Industrial Revolution. Coal can be found in many areas of Great Britain, as far north as the Midland Valley of Scotland, as far south as Kent, although coal mining has largely been concentrated in the Scottish Midlands, English Midlands, northern England and Wales.

Throughout the period, southwest England in particular was affected by the collision of continental plates. The mountain building period known as the Variscan orogeny, which occurred around 280 Ma, caused major deformation in south west England. Towards the end of this period granite was formed beneath the overlying rocks of Devon and Cornwall, now exposed at Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor, giving rise to mineralised deposits of copper and tin. The general region of Variscan folding was south of an east–west line roughly from south Pembrokeshire to Kent. The main tectonic pressure was from the south or south-east, and there developed dextral strike-slip faulting. The Devon-Cornwall massif may originally have been some distance further east, then to be moved westwards. Lesser Variscan folding took place as far north as Derbyshire and Berwick-upon-Tweed.

By the end of the Carboniferous period, the various continents of the Earth had fused to form the super-continent of Pangaea. Great Britain was located in the interior of Pangea, where it was again subject to a hot arid desert climate with frequent flash floods leaving deposits that formed beds of red sedimentary rock, somewhat similar to the later, Triassic New Red Sandstone.

Permian period
The Permian was characterised for 30 million years by arid desert conditions and the erosion of the land that had uplifted in the Variscan Orogeny, southwest England and adjacent areas of the present-day English Channel. Later, much of Great Britain was submerged in shallow waters as the polar ice sheets melted and the Tethys Ocean and Zechstein Sea formed, depositing shale, limestone, gravel, and marl, before finally receding to leave a flat desert with salt pans.

Mesozoic era

Triassic period
As Pangaea drifted during the Triassic, Great Britain moved away from the equator until it was between 20° and 30° north. Red beds, including sandstones and red mudstones form the main sediments of the New Red Sandstone. The remnants of the Variscan uplands in France to the south were eroded down, resulting in layers of the New Red Sandstone being deposited across central England, and in faulted basins in Cheshire and the Irish Sea. A basin developed in the Hampshire region around this time. Rifting occurred within and around Great Britain, prior to the breakup of the super-continent in the Jurassic period.

Rock fragments found near Bristol appear to indicate that, in 214 Ma, Great Britain was showered with a fine layer of debris from an asteroid impact at the Manicouagan Impact Crater in Canada, although this is still being debated.

Jurassic period
As the Jurassic period began, Pangaea began to break up, sea levels rose and Great Britain drifted on the Eurasian Plate to between 30° and 40° north. With much of Great Britain under water again, sedimentary rocks were deposited and can now be found outcropping across much of England from the Cleveland Hills of Yorkshire to the Jurassic Coast in Dorset. They also underlie younger strata to the east. In Southern England, the Jurassic rocks are subdivided upwards as the Lias, Inferior Oolite, Great Oolite, Ancholme (interfingering with Corallian) and Portland groups. These rock units include sandstones, greensands, oolitic limestone of the Cotswold Hills, corallian limestone of the Vale of White Horse and the Isle of Portland.

Cretaceous period
Sedimentation would retreat from most of England beginning in the Cretaceous, with the deposition of the lagoonal Purbeck and primarily freshwater Wealden groups being largely confined to the Wessex and Weald basins, with marine units, including the Speeton Clay, occurring in eastern England. The Aptian saw a marine transgression that flooded most areas of southern England, into shallow seas, with the successive deposition of the Lower Greensand and Gault and Upper Greensand occurring in the Aptian-Albian. At the beginning of the Late Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago, deposition changed to that of chalk, with the deposition of the Chalk Group continuing until the end of the Cretaceous. Chalk was deposited over much of Great Britain, now notably exposed at the White Cliffs of Dover and the Seven Sisters, and also forming Salisbury Plain. The high sea levels left only small areas of land exposed, which accounts for the general lack of land-origin sand, mud or clay sediments found from around this time.

Cenozoic era

Palaeogene period
In the early Palaeogene period, between 63 and 52 Ma, the last volcanic rocks in Great Britain were formed. The major eruptions at this time produced the Antrim Plateau, the basaltic columns of the Giant's Causeway and the lavas and igneous intrusions of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.

An early phase of the Alpine Orogeny, about 50 Ma, was responsible for the shaping of the London Basin syncline, the Weald-Artois Anticline to the south, the North Downs, South Downs and Chiltern Hills.

During the period, the North Sea formed and Great Britain was uplifted. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness left from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before. The uplifted areas were then eroded, and further sediments, such as the London Clay, were deposited over southern England, while the English Channel was characterised by mud flats and river-deposited sands. Much of the midlands and north of England may have been covered by Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits at the start of the Palaeogene, but these were lost through erosion. By 35 Ma, the landscape was colonised by trees such as beech, oak, redwood and palm, along with grasses.

Neogene period

Miocene and Pliocene epochs
In the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene, further uplift and erosion occurred, particularly in Wales, the Pennines, and the Scottish Highlands. The only significant Miocene deposit in Great Britain is the Brassington Formation in the Peak District. Evidence from the Brassington Formation suggests that, in the middle and late Miocene (12 to 7 million years ago) a diverse warm-temperate forest grew in the UK. The oldest Neogene sediments have been reported from Wales and include fossil pollen that shows a subtropical mixed forest once grew on Anglesey. The climate of the UK cooled and became drier throughout the Neogene

Quaternary period

Pleistocene epoch

The major changes during the Pleistocene were brought about by several recent ice ages. The most severe was the Anglian Glaciation, with ice up to 1,000 m (3300 ft) thick that reached as far south as London and Bristol. This took place between about 478,000 to 424,000 years ago, and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto its present course.

There is extensive evidence in the form of stone tools that southern England was colonised by human populations during the warm Hoxnian Stage that followed the Anglian Glaciation. It is possible that the English Channel repeatedly opened and closed during this period, causing Great Britain to become an island from time to time. The oldest human fossils found to date in the British Isles, which include the skull of Swanscombe Man from 400,000 years ago, and the earlier Clactonian Man, also date from this period.

The Wolstonian Glaciation, between about 352,000 to 130,000 years ago, which is thought to have peaked around 150,000 years ago, was named after the village of Wolston southeast of Coventry which is thought to mark the southern limit of the ice.

The Wolstonian Stage was followed by the Ipswichian Stage, during which hippopotamus are known to have lived as far north as Leeds.

During the most recent Devensian glaciation, which is thought to have started around 115,000 years ago, peaked around 20,000 years ago and ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the Usk valley and Wye valley were eroded by glaciers, with the icesheet itself reaching south to Wolverhampton and Cardiff. The oldest human remains in Great Britain, the Red Lady of Paviland (29,000 years old), date from this time. It is thought that the country was eventually abandoned as the ice sheet reached its peak, being recolonised as it retreated. By 5,000 years ago, it is thought that Great Britain was warmer than it is at present.

Among the features left behind by the ice are the fjords of the west coast of Scotland, the U-shaped valleys of the Lake District and erratics (blocks of rock) that have been transported from the Oslo region of Norway and deposited on the coast of Yorkshire.

Holocene epoch
The last twelve thousand years are known as the Holocene Epoch. Amongst the most significant geological features created during this period are the peat deposits of Scotland, and of coastal and upland areas of England and Wales. Many of the lowland deposits, such as the Somerset Levels, The Fens and Romney Marsh have recently been artificially drained.

Since humans began clearing the forest during the New Stone Age, most of the land has now been deforested, speeding the natural processes of erosion. Large quantities of stone, gravel and clay are extracted each year, and by 2000 11% of England was covered by roads or buildings.

At the present time, Scotland is continuing to rise as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern England is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm ( inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compaction of the recent clay deposits.

In addition, rises in sea level thought to be due to global warming appear likely to make low-lying areas of land increasingly susceptible to flooding, while in some areas the coastline continues to erode at a geologically rapid rate.

Great Britain continues to be subject to several very minor earthquakes each month, and more occasional light to moderate ones. During the 20th century, 25 earthquakes with a moment magnitude of 4.5 to 6.1 were felt, many of them originating within the Isles themselves.

Geological features
Cheddar Gorge – the largest gorge in Great Britain
Jurassic Coast – a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Great Glen Fault
Highland Boundary Fault
Southern Uplands Fault
Midland Valley of Scotland
Fingal's Cave – columnar Tertiary basaltic formation (similar to the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland)
Salisbury Plain
Tees–Exe line
Whin Sill
Siccar Point in Berwickshire provided early proof of the immense age of the Earth.
Moine Thrust - the first thrust belt to be recognised by geologists.
London Basin
Hampshire Basin
North Downs
Weald
South Downs
London-Brabant Massif
Cornubian batholith – Early Permian intrusion in the South West of England, forming moors where exposed at the surface, such as Dartmoor
Lizard Complex – a piece of obducted oceanic crust, (i.e. an Ophiolite).
Iapetus Suture – line of closure of the Iapetus suture.

Geological resources
Great Britain's complex geology has provided it with a wide range of geological resources including abundant supplies of coal, the initial extraction of which powered the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, the exploitation of North Sea oil and gas provided further energy supplies for the nation. Geothermal energy and onshore oil have also been exploited to a lesser extent.

A wide variety of stone has been worked for building and general construction needs (e.g. sand and gravel) while other minerals have been mined or quarried for the chemical industry (e.g. salt), the production of metals (e.g. copper and tin) or other uses (e.g. china clay).

Events
 Storegga Slides, caused a tsunami c. 6100 BC
 Garth tsunami 5,500 years ago
 Bristol Channel floods, 1607 were caused by either a tsunami or a storm surge.
 1580 Dover Straits earthquake
 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused a tsunami that hit Cornwall
 1884 Colchester earthquake
 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake

Institutions

Government agencies
British Geological Survey

Learned societies
Geological Society of London
Edinburgh Geological Society
Royal Geological Society of Cornwall

Pioneers of British geology
Mary Anning 1799–1847
Thomas George Bonney 1833–1923
William Buckland 1784–1856
William Conybeare 1787–1857
James Hutton 1726–1797 the "Father of modern geology"
Charles Lapworth 1842–1920
Sir Charles Lyell 1797–1875
Gideon Mantell 1790–1852
Sir Roderick Murchison 1792–1871
John Phillips 1800–1874
Adam Sedgwick 1785–1873
William Smith 1769–1839 the "Father of English geology"

Awards
Wollaston Medal

See also
Coastline of the United Kingdom
Geology of England
Geology of Scotland
Geology of Wales
Geologic timescale
List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom
List of shear zones of Great Britain
Rock formations in the United Kingdom
Tsunamis in the United Kingdom
List of earthquakes in the British Isles
Gravity Anomalies of Britain and Ireland
List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom

References

Further reading

External links

British Geological Survey Publications Catalogue
The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units
BGS Geology of Britain Viewer
UK Earthquakes
UK Peak District Geology
UK Geology/Fossil locations
Geology map of Europe

British Isles

Geology of Great Britain


Marco Tardelli (født 24. september 1954 i Careggine, Italien) er en italiensk tidligere fodboldspiller (midtbane/forsvarer) og -træner, der blev verdensmester med Italiens landshold ved VM 1982.

Karriere
Tardelli spillede størstedelen af sin karriere i hjemlandet, og tilbragte hele 10 år hos Juventus i Torino. Han vandt en lang række titler med klubben, heriblandt fem italienske mesterskaber og to Coppa Italia-titler. Han var også med til at vinde samtlige de tre store europæiske klubturneringer, Mesterholdenes Europa Cup, UEFA Cuppen og Europa Cuppen for Pokalvindere. Han stoppede sin karriere i 1988 efter en sæson hos schweiziske FC St. Gallen.

For det italienske landshold nåde Tardelli at spille 81 kampe, hvori han scorede seks mål. Han blev verdensmester med holdet ved VM 1982 i Spanien, og spillede samtlige italienernes syv kampe i turneringen, herunder finalen mod Vesttyskland, hvor han scorede det ene mål i den italienske sejr på 3-1. Han deltog også ved både VM 1978 i Argentina, VM 1986 i Mexico samt EM 1980 på hjemmebane.

Titler
Serie A
 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982 og 1984 med Juventus

Coppa Italia
 1979 og 1983 med Juventus

Mesterholdenes Europa Cup
 1985 med Juventus

Europa Cuppen for Pokalvindere
 1984 med Juventus

UEFA Cup
 1977 med Juventus

UEFA Super Cup
 1984 med Juventus

VM
 1982 med Italien

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Fodboldtrænere fra Italien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1978
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 1980
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1982
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1986

Marco Tardelli