Baschtanka (ukrainisch und russisch ) ist eine Stadt im Osten der Oblast Mykolajiw in der Ukraine mit etwa 12.500 Einwohnern (2015).

Die Stadt liegt östlich des Inhul um einen künstlichen Stausee ("Sonnen-Stausee") etwa 32 Kilometer nördlich der Oblasthauptstadt Mykolajiw. Die Bahnstrecke Snamjanka–Mykolajiw verläuft östlich des Ortes, die Stadt ist Verwaltungssitz des Rajon Baschtanka.

Der Ort wurde 1806 gegründet und trug bis 1928 den Namen Poltawka (Полтавка). Zu Beginn des Russischen Bürgerkriegs wurde hier die Republik Baschtanka ausgerufen.
1952 wurde das Inhulez-Bewässerungssystem in Betrieb genommen, dadurch entstand inmitten des Ortes ein Netz von Stauseen.

Verwaltungsgliederung
Am 12. September 2016 wurde die Stadt zum Zentrum der neugegründeten Stadtgemeinde Baschtanka (/Baschtanska miska hromada), zu dieser zählten auch noch die 24 in der untenstehenden Tabelle aufgelistetenen Dörfer sowie die Ansiedlung Andrijiwka, bis dahin bildete sie zusammen mit den Dörfern Schewtschenko, Selenyj Jar, Trudowe mit der Ansiedlung Andrijiwka die gleichnamige Stadtratsgemeinde Baschtanka (Баштанська міська рада/Baschtanska miska rada) im Zentrum des Rajons Baschtanka.

Folgende Orte sind neben dem Hauptort Baschtanka Teil der Gemeinde:

Bevölkerung

Quelle:

Weblinks
 Eintrag zum Ort in der Enzyklopädie der Geschichte der Städte und Dörfer der Ukrainischen SSR (ukrainisch)
 Webseite über die Stadt

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Mykolajiw
Gegründet 1806
Rajon Baschtanka

Baschtanka


26984 Fernand-Roland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26984 Fernand-Roland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Village-Neuf de Christophe Demeautis și Daniel Matter. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,17 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 12,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

26984 Fernand-Roland


Codzx Technologies  යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ සේවා සපයන ආයතනයකි

අයිතිකරු - ලක්ෂාන් තිලකරත්න

ආරම්භය - 2021

Codzx Technologies


Poison Ivy is a 1992 American erotic thriller film directed by Katt Shea. It stars Drew Barrymore, Sara Gilbert, Tom Skerritt and Cheryl Ladd. The original music score is composed by David Michael Frank. The film was shot in Los Angeles.

It was nominated for the 1992 Grand Jury prize of Best Film at the Sundance Festival. Sara Gilbert was nominated for Best Supporting Female at the 1993 Independent Spirit Awards. Although it did not fare very well at the box office, grossing $1,829,804 with its limited theatrical release to 20 movie theaters, the film received favorable word-of-mouth, and became a success on cable and video in the mid-1990s. It is the first installment in a Poison Ivy film series that includes three direct-to-video sequels.

Plot
Sylvie Cooper is a young girl at a private school for the wealthy. At a local hangout, she first meets Ivy, a street-smart but poor girl, and witnesses Ivy mercy-killing a heavily wounded dog.

In their second meeting, when Sylvie's father Darryl comes to pick her up, Ivy asks for a ride, and Darryl reluctantly agrees. Ivy makes an excuse to sit in the front with Darryl. She puts her feet on the dashboard and deliberately allows her mini-skirt to fall back onto her hip, revealing her legs, which Darryl notices.

A few weeks later, Sylvie invites Ivy to her house. She tells Ivy that Darryl is her adoptive father and that her biological father is African-American. She also says that she once tried to kill herself. They meet Sylvie's sickly mother, Georgie, whom Ivy later wins over by talking about her scholarship and helping her unblock her oxygen tank.

Soon after, as both of Sylvie's parents enjoy Ivy's company, they practically allow Ivy to move in. Ivy and Sylvie share clothes and sleep in the same bed. As they have similar figures, Georgie lends Ivy some of her clothes.

In an attempt to improve his failing career, Darryl decides to throw a party at his house, and enlists Sylvie to help him. However, Sylvie is needed at work on the night of the party, which is orchestrated by Ivy so that she will be the one to assist Darryl. After the party, she dances with Darryl in the kitchen and they hug. Georgie walks in on them and storms upstairs. Ivy apologizes to Georgie and claims that Darryl was under stress and she was only comforting him. Georgie believes Ivy, accepts a glass of champagne drugged with sleeping pills, and falls asleep. Ivy sits on the bed next to Georgie and begins to massage Darryl's crotch with her foot. It is implied that he performs oral sex on Ivy and she climaxes.

Over the next few days, Ivy continues changing her appearance and wears Georgie's clothing more often. Sylvie becomes increasingly irritated with Ivy for her growing presence in her family, and her anger reaches a breaking point when even her dog chooses Ivy over her, which in fact is because Ivy has some dog treats in her pockets. Sylvie skips school and tries to spend some time alone. Darryl picks Ivy up and drives them into the forest, where they drink and have sex.

The next morning, Georgie plays a cassette tape that Sylvie made for her and walks out onto her balcony. Ivy walks up behind Georgie, talks to her and without warning, pushes her off the balcony to her death. Because Georgie is known to have a mental illness, and has threatened to commit suicide previously, Ivy is not suspected. A few weeks later, Sylvie talks Ivy into going for a ride in her mother's sports car. When Sylvie becomes suspicious of her involvement in Georgie's death, Ivy crashes the car, then moves the unconscious Sylvie into the driver's seat.

In the hospital, Sylvie hallucinates that her mother is sitting in front of her. This inspires her to get back to her house in an attempt to save her father from Ivy. When she gets to her house, there is a raging storm. She runs inside to get out of the rain, experiencing hallucinations all along the way. When she gets inside, she sees Darryl and Ivy having sex, and flees the room.

As Darryl runs outside to look for Sylvie, Ivy runs out after him, accidentally revealing that she was behind the wheel; due to scarring on her chest. She lies, claiming that it was to protect him. He drives off to find Sylvie and Ivy goes up to Georgie's old room, plays the tape Sylvie made for Georgie, wears Georgie's robe and walks out to the balcony. Sylvie sees Ivy and, because of her head injury, believes that it is her mother and makes her way to the balcony. Sylvie tells Georgie that she loves her and Georgie says she loves Sylvie too. When they kiss, Ivy begins to use her tongue, which breaks Sylvie out of her hallucination. Ivy says Georgie wanted to die and now the three of them can be a family. Sylvie rejects her delusion and pushes Ivy over the balcony, but Ivy holds onto Sylvie's necklace in an attempt to take Sylvie with her. Her attempt backfires, as the chain breaks, and a screaming Ivy falls to her death alone. Darryl returns to see Ivy's corpse on the ground with Sylvie above.

The film ends with Sylvie narrating that she still loves and misses "her", following the parallel between Ivy and Georgie.

Cast

Production
Producers Melissa Goddard and Peter Morgan brought the original idea to New Line. The studio then hired Katt Shea who had made a number of movies for Roger Corman; according to head of production Sara Risher, the studio wanted "a teenage Fatal Attraction".

The film developed greatly from this premise. There were three different drafts of the script and four different endings. According to Shea, the original ending had Ivy getting away with her crimes and hitch-hiking along a road. However, New Line insisted that Ivy be punished and made her shoot a new ending where Ivy died. New Line then wanted Shea to revive the character for sequels which the director refused to do; Shea now says she regrets the decision.

Shea says that she never regarded Ivy as villainous, but rather as a tragic character who just wants to be loved. She credits this for the film's popularity.

Reception

Critical response
The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival where, according to The New York Times, viewers were "either enraptured or insulted". At the Seattle International Festival of Women Directors it was perceived to be politically incorrect. Shea stated:
I always told New Line it was going to be different from what they thought. I'm out to prove it's possible to make a film that's really artistic, that's an honest expression that comes from me and that can still be commercial. I told them I can only make movies for myself. I just know that if I really love it there's going to be a market for it.

On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 39% rating based on 33 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "An unpleasant thriller that lacks the self-awareness to dilute its sordid undertones, Poison Ivy is liable to give audiences a rash." On Metacritic it has a score of 51 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Variety wrote: "Suicide, hints of lesbianism, murder, staged accidents and every other applicable melodramatic contrivance is dragged in. Unfortunate thesps take it all very seriously, while technical aspects are emptily polished."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2.5 out of 4 and wrote "Here the casting is so wrong that nothing quite works."

The character Ivy was ranked at number six on the list of the top 26 "bad girls" of all time by Entertainment Weekly.

Sequels

Poison Ivy spawned three sequels: Poison Ivy II: Lily in 1996, Poison Ivy: The New Seduction in 1997 and Poison Ivy: The Secret Society in 2008.

References

External links

1992 films
1992 drama films
1992 independent films
1992 thriller films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1990s erotic drama films
1990s erotic thriller films
1990s teen drama films
American erotic drama films
American erotic thriller films
American independent films
American neo-noir films
American teen drama films
Films about adultery in the United States
Films directed by Katt Shea
Films scored by David Michael Frank
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Juvenile sexuality in films
Teen thriller films

Poison Ivy (1992 film)


An Encyclia guzinskii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ruben Primitivo Sauleda ngan R.M.Adams. An Encyclia guzinskii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bahamas. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia guzinskii


L'oblast de Tauride (en ) est un oblast de l'Empire russe créé en 1784 à partir du territoire du Khanat de Crimée et disparu en 1796. Sa capitale était la ville de Simferopol.

Historique
L'oblast a été créé par décret de Catherine II le  sur le territoire de l'ancien khanat de Crimée, avec son centre administratif à Qarasuvbazar, mais la même année, la capitale est déplacée à Simferopol. Par le même décret, l'oblast est divisé en sept ouïezds :
 ouïezd du Dniepr - le centre est la ville d'Aliochki ;
 ouïezd d'Eupatoria ;
 ouïezd de Levkopol ;
 ouïezd de Melitopol ;
 ouïezd de Perekop ;
 ouïezd de Simferopol et
 ouïezd de Phanagoria.
L'administration locale tatare est conservée avec des caïmacan issus des Tatars de Crimée.

Le , Vassili Vassilievitch Kakhovski est nommé premier gouverneur de la région, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1788.

En 1787, l'ouïezd de Levkopol devient l'ouïezd de Théodosie. Carl Ludwig Hablitz est nommé vice-gouverneur de l'oblast du  à 1796. Le poste de deuxième et dernier gouverneur de la région en 1789-1796 a été occupé par Semion Semionovitch Jegouline. Par le décret de Paul  du , l'oblast de Tauride est supprimée et son territoire, divisé en deux ouïezds  est annexé au gouvernement de Nouvelle-Russie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Gouvernement de Tauride

Tauride

Oblast de Tauride


Juan Flores ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Juan Flores (Soziologe) (1943–2014), US-amerikanischer Soziologe und Kulturwissenschaftler

 Juan Carlos Flores (1962–2016), kubanischer Dichter
 Juan José Flores (1800–1864), ecuadorianischer Politiker, Staatspräsident von 1830 bis 1845
 Juan Manuel Flores Arenas (* 1993), mexikanischer Fußballspieler

Juan Flores


Maglov je hrvatsko i srpsko prezime.

Povijest

Maglovi iz Šibenika i Danilo Birnja

Kod Maglova u Šibeniku i okolici, Maglovi se u najstarijim zapisima, u župnik knjigama župe Šibenski Varoš, ponekad javljaju kao Maglovići, a od početka 19. stoljeća isključivo kao Maglovi.

U matici krštenih župe Šibenski Varoš od 1668. do 1685., nastaloj nakon i u vremenu veliki migracija, prvi put se navode mnoga prezimena, među njima i Maglović 1675. godine.

U najstarijoj varoškoj matici vjenčanih od 1668. – 1685. godine, prezime Maglov se prvi put spominje 1671. godine.

U varoškoj matici umrlih od 1668. do 1685. navode se prvi put ukopi osoba s prezimenima koja se kasnije javljaju na ovim prostorima, među njima i Antula Maglović 1675. godine.

U Varošu se 1687. navode starješine obitelji i broj članova njihovi obitelji, među ostalim navode se i: Ivan Maglov (4) i Marko Maglov (5).

Godine 1732. varoški župnik Ante Šimić izvršio je popis stanovnika Varoša. U tome popisu se navode 193. obitelji, s imenom i prezimenom starješine obitelji i brojem članova u svakoj obitelji. Između ostalih u popisu se navode: Luka Maglov (5), Martin Maglov (10) i Ivan Maglov (7).

Po anagrafu župe Šibenski Varoš iz 1822. u današnjem Danilo Birnju živjelo je 28 obitelji, od toga 1 s prezimenom Maglov, a glava obitelji bio je Mate Maglov (1781. – 1859.) p. Ivana, koji se u dopisu Carsko-kraljevskog inspektora za isplatu daće desetine 1833. navodi kao glavar Danilo Birnja, dok ga drugi dokument iz 1841. još uvijek navodi kao glavara. U popisu 1822. se, uz Matu, kao članovi obitelji spominju i njegova braća Grgo (26 g.) te Josip (31 g.). Od troje braće Maglov potječu svi današnji biranjski Maglovi.

U periodu 1863. – 1864. službu glavara Danilo Birnja je obavljao Ivan Maglov.

Kao pristav Danilo Birnja 1915. se navodi Vice Maglov.

Maglovi danas
Maglovi u Hrvatskoj većinom su Srbi, najvećim dijelom iz Knina, ali ima i dosta Hrvata iz Šibenika i okolice, posebice iz Danilo Birnja, gdje postoji zaselak Maglovi.

U 20. stoljeću stoljeću relativno najviše hrvatskih stanovnika s ovim prezimenom rođeno je u gradovima Kninu i Šibeniku. U Štrbama u Bosanskoj Krajini svaki četvrti stanovnik prezivao se Maglov.

U Hrvatskoj danas živi oko 150 Maglova u 70 domaćinstava.

Poznate osobe
 Željko Maglov, pukovnik u HV-u

Izvori

Hrvatska prezimena
Srpska prezimena

Maglov


Kızılcaören, Hamamözü - Amasya ili Hamamözü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Kızılcahamam - Ankara ili Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kızılcaören, Kıbrıscık - Bolu ili Kıbrıscık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Çanakkale - Çanakkale ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Beylikova - Eskişehir ili Beylikova ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kızılcaören, Tepebaşı - Eskişehir ili Tepebaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kızılcaören, Taşköprü - Kastamonu ili Taşköprü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kızılcaören, Divriği - Sivas ili Divriği ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Hafik - Sivas ili Hafik ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Banaz - Uşak ili Banaz ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kızılcaören, Reşadiye - Tokat ili Reşadiye ilçesine bağlı Beldesi

Kızılcaören


දුස්ස්‍රාවිතාව යනු සරලම බසින් නම් ද්‍රව පෘෂ්ඨ අතර පවතින ඝර්ෂණ බලය ලෙස අර්ථ දැක්විය හැක. මෙයට මුලිකම හේතුව වන්නේ ද්‍රව අංශු අතර පවතින ආකර්ෂණ බලයි.  අනාකුල ලෙස ගලා යන ද්‍රව ප්‍රවාහයක දී මෙය සිදුවන බව මුලික උපකල්පනයි.

භෞතික විද්‍යාව

දුස්ස්‍රාවිතාවය


Jaqueline Bernadette "Jacqui" McQueen, (apellido de soltera McQueen, previamente Malota & Ashworth) es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica Hollyoaks interpretada por el actriz Claire Cooper desde el 26 de septiembre de 2006, hasta el 26 de abril de 2013.

Biografía
En noviembre del 2012 Jacqui vio morir a su esposo Rhys, luego de que quedara aplastado bajo una pared luego de que la van que manjeba Maddie Morrison chocara en el lugar donde se celebraban las bodas de Ste & Doug y de Tony & Cindy.

Notas
 Entre sus historias más importantes se encuentran: haber sido secuestrada por su medio hermano, Niall Rafferty y por haber sido violada por Gilly Roach.
 Jacqui apareció en los spin-offs "Hollyoaks Later" en el 2009 y "Hollyoaks: King of Hearts)" en el 2010.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Hollyoaks Official Website :: Character :: Jacqui McQueen
 BBC América > Hollyoaks > Jacqui McQueen
 The Holy Soup || Hollyoaks || Character || Jacqui McQueen

McQueen Jacqui

Jacqui McQueen


Guckehürle sind kleine Ausgucktürmchen, überwiegend mit einem Satteldach, die auf dem First auf zwei Dachsparrenpaaren montiert sind und über eine steile Treppe vom obersten Dachboden aus erreicht werden.

Die Guckehürle sind eine architektonische Spezialität Ulms, die auf alten Stadtansichten in großen Zahlen zu finden sind. Der früheste Nachweis eines Guckehürles in Ulm ist eine um das Jahr 1430 entstandene Glasmalerei im Ulmer Münster. Vor der weitgehenden Zerstörung der Ulmer Altstadt bei der Bombardierung Ulms am 17. Dezember 1944 sind 43 Guckehürle nachgewiesen. Bei den Wiederaufbauarbeiten wurden selbst bei Erhaltung der Häuser zahlreiche Guckehürle entfernt oder nicht wieder aufgebaut, da auf ihre Erhaltung zu wenig geachtet worden ist.

Herbert Wiegandt führt die Herkunft des Begriffs "Guckehürle" auf eine Kombination von "gucken" und dem aus dem Bairischen entlehnten Begriff "Hur" zurück, der einen Rauchfang bezeichnet. Der Begriff ist außerhalb von Ulm auch für Augsburg, Kaufbeuren, Memmingen und Ravensburg belegt. Einige Guckehürle existieren in Nördlingen, aber dort werden sie nicht mit diesem Begriff bezeichnet. Im ehemaligen reichsstädtischen Gebiet der Stadt Ulm finden sich weitere Guckehürle in Langenau (heutiges Heimatmuseum) und auf einem Schulgebäude im Neu-Ulmer Stadtteil Pfuhl.

Wie der Name es nahelegt, dienten die Guckehürle als Ausguck insbesondere für den Fall, dass es irgendwo brannte oder feindliche Truppen vor der Stadt standen. Der Germanist Hermann Fischer bezeichnet es im Schwäbischen Handwörterbuch als "eine Art Dachreiter auf dem First alter Privathäuser, in schornsteinartiger Form, zur weiten Aussicht dienend, daher innen mit Sitzen versehen (Ulm). – Oberteil eines Gebäudes, wo man weite Aussicht hat, Dachfenster, oder Dachtürmchen ALLG."

In der Ulmer Altstadt befindet sich in der Büchsengasse 20 in einem dreigeschossigen Haus aus dem 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert ein Restaurant namens "Guckehürle"; auch dieses Haus erhielt im Rahmen seiner Restaurierung und Sanierung wieder sein ursprüngliches Guckehürle auf dem Dach, das 1962 entfernt worden ist.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Dachfenster
!
Alemannisch

Guckehürle


Glenea lineatopunctata é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Stephan von Breuning em 1950.  É conhecida a sua existência no Bornéo.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

lineatopunctata
Coleópteros descritos em 1950

Glenea lineatopunctata


الوزاني هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء مرجعيون في محافظة النبطية.

المراجع

حوض نهر الأردن
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أودية الأردن
العلاقات الإسرائيلية اللبنانية
قرى جبل عامل
قضاء حاصبيا
مدن لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء حاصبيا

الوزاني


Chancellorsville is a historic site and unincorporated community in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, United States, about ten miles west of Fredericksburg. The name of the locale derives from the mid-19th century inn operated by the family of George Chancellor at the intersection of the Orange Turnpike and Orange Plank Road.  The Battle of Chancellorsville occurred there during the American Civil War in May 1863, and the Battle of the Wilderness was fought nearby in May 1864. During the 1863 battle, Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson was wounded by friendly fire, dying eight days later on May 10, 1863, from pneumonia.

Portions of both the Chancellorsville and Wilderness battlefields are protected within Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, although both battlefields have come under threat from development in recent years.  The site of the Chancellorsville Inn, where Union Gen. Joseph Hooker had his headquarters during the 1863 battle, is preserved in the national military park, as is the site of Jackson's wounding.  The site of Jackson's death is located at Guinea Station in Caroline County, south of Fredericksburg, and is also preserved as part of the park.

References

Unincorporated communities in Spotsylvania County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Stonewall Jackson

Chancellorsville, Virginia


පොතුවිල් යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාත තුල අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා තිබෙන නගරයකි. එය ජනප්‍රිය සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් වූ ආරුගම් බේ සිට කිලෝ මීටර 4 ක් පමණ උතුරු දෙසින් පිහිටයි. පොතුවිල් 2004 සුනාමිය හේතුවෙන් විනාශයට ලක්වූ නගරයකි.

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ

මුහුදු මහා විහාරය - විශාල වෙරළ පෙදෙසක් අසල පිහිටි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක වටිනාකමක් සහිත ථේරවාද පන්සලක් වේ. බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ හිටි පිළිමයක් හා බෝධිසත්ව වරුන් හෝ අතීත පාලකයන් යැයි සැලකෙන පිළිම දෙකක් සහිත කැටයම් වලින් යුත් ශෛලමය පිළිම ගෙයක් හා ගල් කනු ආදිය මෙහි දැකගත හැකි වේ.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

පොතුවිල්


سجلات نارنيا أو كرونيكلز أوف نارنيا ، هي سلسلة فانتازيا خيالية من سبع روايات من تأليف الكاتب البريطاني سي. إس. لويس، ورسوم بولين بينز، نشرت أولا بين عامي 1950-1956، أنتج من هذه السلسلة برامج إذاعية وتلفزيونية ومسرحية وأفلام بالإضافة إلى ألعاب كومبيوتر.

تدور أحداث السلسلة في عالم نارينا، وهو عالم خيالي من السحر والوحوش الأسطورية والحيوانات الناطقة. تروي السلسة مغامرات عدة الأطفال يلعبون أدوارًا مركزية في التاريخ المتطور لعالم نارنيان. باستثناء رواية (الحصان وصبيه) فإن جميع الأبطال هم أطفال من العالم الحقيقي نُقلوا بطريقة سحرية إلى نارنيا حيث يتم استدعاؤهم أحيانًا من قبل الأسد أصلان لحماية نارنيا من الشر. تروي السلسة تاريخ نارنيا بأكمله منذ نشأتها في رواية (ابن أخت الساحر) إلى تدميرها في نهاية المطاف في رواية (المعركة الأخيرة).

تعتبر سجلات نارنيا من الأعمال الكلاسيكية لأدب الأطفال وهي أكثر أعمال لويس مبيعًا إذ بيع منها أكثر من 100 مليون نسخة بـ 47 لغة.

تصور وخلفية القصة
على الرغم أن سي. اس. لويس قد تصور عالم نارنيا في 1939 إلا انه لم ينته من كتابة الرواية الأولى، الأسد والساحرة وخزانة الملابس، حتى 1949. أما ابن اخت الساحر قد نشر كالجزء القبل الأخير على الرغم انه آخر جزء قد كتبه الكاتب حيث انه انتهى من كتابتها في 1954. لم يكتب لويس الكتب بترتيب نشرهم ولم ينشروا بحسب ترتيبهم الزمني الحالي الذي قٌدموا به. قدمت راسمة الصور الأصلية، بولين بينز، رسومات بالحبر وتنشر هذه الصور في الكتب حتى الآن. نال لويس جائزة كارنجي لكتابه المعركة الأخيرة، آخر كتاب في السلسلة.

قد أشار كاتب الأطفال الزميل روجر لانكلين جرين إلى هذه السلسلة تحت عنوان سجلات نارنيا (The Chronicles of Narnia)

أهم شخصيات السلسلة:
 لوسي بيفينسي : هي الطفلة التي اكتشفت عالم نارنيا من خلال خزانة الملابس.
 أدموند بيفينسي : هو شقيق لوسي وبيتر، وترتيبه الثالث في اخوته.
 بيتر بيفينسي : هو الأخ الكبير للوسي، وكان معها في نارنيا بعد اكتشاف لوسي لها.
 سوزان بيفينسي : هي شقيقة لوسي وادموند وبيتر، وترتيبها الثاني في اخوتها.
 أسلان : هو الأسد حاكم نارنيا، وملكها.
 الساحرة البيضاء : هي الساحرة الشريرة التي اغتصبت الحكم من اسلان، ولكنه هزمها في النهاية.
 الأمير كاسبيان : هو أمير نارنيا وياتي في الجزء الثاني من الفلم.

تاريخية النشر
لا تزال الكتب السبعة لسجلات نارنيا تُنشر منذ سنة 1956، وقد بلغت مبيعاتها أكثر من 100 مليون نسخة بـ 47 لغة مختلفة، مع صدور طبعات على طريقة بريل.

أصدر الناشر جيفري بلس أول خمسة كتب في المملكة المتحدة. صدرت الطبعة الأولى من كتاب الأسد والساحرة وخزانة الملابس في لندن في 16 أكتوبر 1950. وعلى الرغم من أن ثلاثة كتب آخرى: الأمير قزوين، ورحلة جوابة الفجر، والحصان وصبيه؛ كانت قد اكتملت بالفعل، فإنها لم تُصدر على الفور في ذلك الوقت؛ بل نُشرت (بجانب كتاب الكرسي الفضي) بالتتابع، كل على حدة، وذلك في السنوات اللاحقة (1951 -1954). نُشر الكتابان الأخيران (ابن أخت الساحر، والمعركة الأخيرة) في المملكة المتحدة، في بادئ الأمر، على يد دار نشر ذا بودلي هيد في عامي 1955 و1956.

في الولايات المتحدة، كانت حقوق النشر في البداية مملوكة لشركة ماكميلان للنشر، ولاحقًا لشركة هاربر كولنز. أصدر الاثنان نسخًا ذات غلاف سميك وأخرى ذات غلاف عادي من السلسلة أثناء فترة خدمتهما كناشرين، وفي الوقت نفسه أنتجت مؤسسة إستلاستيك نسخًا ذات غلاف عادي للبيع من خلال الطلب المباشر عبر البريد، ونوادي الكتب، ومعارض الكتب. نشرت هاربر كولنز أيضًا عدة طبعات مجمَّعة في مجلد واحد تحتوي على النص الكامل للسلسلة. وعلى النحو المُبين أدناه (أنظر فقرة ترتيب القراءة)، رقّم الناشر الأمريكي الأول، ماكميلان، الكتب حسب تسلسل النشر، في حين اختار هاربر كولنز، بناء على اقتراح من ابن زوجة المؤلف لويس، استخدام التسلسل الزمني الداخلي للسلسلة عندما فازوا بحقوق نشرها في عام 1994. حوَّلت مؤسسة إستلاستيك ترقيم طبعاتها الورقية في عام 1994 لتعكس ترقيم هاربر كولنز.

الكتب
تُعرض الكتب السبعة التي تشكل سلسلة سجلات نارنيا هنا بترتيب تاريخ النشر الأصلي:

الأسد والساحرة وخزانة الملابس (1950)

يحكي كتاب الأسد والساحرة وخزانة الملابس، الذي اكتمل تأليفه بنهاية مارس 1949، ونشره الناشر جيفري بلس في المملكة المتحدة في 16 أكتوبر 1950، قصة أربعة أطفال عاديين: بيتر بيفينسي وسوزان بيفينسي وإدموند بيفينسي ولوسي بيفينسي؛ نزحوا من لندن إلى الريف الإنجليزي عقب اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية. اكتشف الأطفال خزانة ملابس في منزل الأستاذ ديغورى كيرك تؤدي إلى أرض نارنيا السحرية. يساعد أطفال بيفينسي الأسد أسلان، وهو أسد ناطق، في إنقاذ نارنيا من الساحرة البيضاء الشريرة، التي تسيطر على أرض نارنيا لقرن من الشتاء الأبدي الذي لا يوجد فيه عيد للميلاد. يصير الأولاد لاحقًا ملوكًا وملكات في هذه الأرض الجديدة ويؤسسون العصر الذهبي لنارنيا، تاركين وراءهم إرثًا يُعاد اكتشافه في الكتب اللاحقة.

الأمير قزوين: العودة إلى نارنيا (1951)

أنهى لويس تأليفه للكتاب بعد ليلة عيد ميلاد 1949 ونُشر في 15 أكتوبر 1951، يحكي كتاب الأمير قزوين: العودة إلى نارنيا قصة رحلة أطفال بيفينسي الثانية إلى نارنيا. يرتد الأطفال بقوة نفخة بوق سوزان، التي نفخها الأمير قزوين لاستدعاء المساعدة عند الحاجة. نارنيا، على حد معرفتهم، لم يعد لها وجود، بسبب مرور 1300 عام، وقصرهم في حالة خراب، وانطوى جميع النارنيين على أنفسهم حتى أن سحر أسلان هو وحده القادر على إيقاظهم. فر الأمير قزوين إلى الغابة هربًا من عمه ميراز الذي استولى على العرش. انطلق الأطفال مرة أخرى لإنقاذ نارنيا.

رحلة جوابة الفجر (1952)

كُتبت بين يناير وفبراير 1950 ونشرت في 15 سبتمبر .1952 شهد كتاب رحلة جوابة الفجر عودة إدموند ولوسي بيفينسي، مع قريبهم المتزمت، يوستاس سكراب، إلى نارنيا بعد ثلاث سنوات من آخر رحيل لهما. بمجرد وصولهم إلى هناك، ينضمون إلى رحلة قزوين على متن سفينة جوابة الفجر للعثور على الأمراء السبعة الذين نُفوا عندما استولى ميراز على العرش. هذه الرحلة المحفوفة بالمخاطر تجعلهم يواجهون العديد من العجائب والمخاطر في أثناء إبحارهم نحو بلاد أسلان الموجودة عند حافة العالم.

مراجع

أدب الشخصيات التجسيمية
أدب مسيحي
السحر في الخيال المكتوب
روايات مغامرات بريطانية
سلسلات روايات فانتازية
سلسلة كتب اخترعت في 1950
كتب فانتازية حسب السلسلة

سجلات نارنيا


Ladies Tour of Norway 2016 var den tredje udgave af Ladies Tour of Norway, der er et etapecykelløb i Norge for kvinder. Det blev klassificeret af UCI som et kategori 2.1 løb. Løbet blev vundet af Lucinda Brand fra .

Hold

Yderligere regionale eller amatørhold:
  Bryne CK
  Crescent DARE Mix
  CK Victoria
  Region Øst
  Region Sør
  Swabo Ladies

Etaper

Oversigt

1. etape
12. august 2016 – Halden til Fredrikstad, 71,1 km

2. etape
13. august 2016 – Mysen til Sarpsborg, 96 km

3. etape
14. august 2016 – Stromstad til Halden, 101,8 km

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
Cykelløb i 2016

Ladies Tour of Norway 2016


Raffaella Reggi (Frienza, Italia, 27 de noviembre de 1965) es una extenista italiana, que llegó a ser Top 15 en el ranking de la WTA. Ha ganado 5 torneos en individuales y 4 en dobles.

Finales de Grand Slam

Dobles mixtos: 1 (1 título)

Finales en el WTA Tour

Singles: 11 (5–6)

Dobles: 14 (4–10)

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Tenistas femeninas de Italia
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles 1984
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 1988
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona 1992
Nacidos en Faenza

Raffaella Reggi


An Cyperus microbolbos in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Cyperus microbolbos in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus microbolbos


A Ghost Corps, Inc. é uma produtora americana fundada em março de 2015 para supervisionar a franquia Os Caça-Fantasmas.  É uma subsidiária da Columbia Pictures, uma divisão da Sony Pictures Entertainment.

História
O estúdio foi fundado em março de 2015 pela Sony Pictures Entertainment e a Columbia Pictures para criar um universo compartilhado de Os Caça-Fantasmas e expandir a marca para filmes, séries de televisão e mercadorias. O estúdio é liderado por Dan Aykroyd e Joe Medjuck.

Projetos lançados
O primeiro projeto da empresa foi um reboot em live-action com um elenco feminino. Caça-Fantasmas, dirigido por Paul Feig, foi lançado nos Estados Unidos em 15 de julho de 2016.

Seu segundo projeto, uma sequência dos filmes originais de Ghostbusters, intitulado Ghostbusters: Mais Além foi lançado nos Estados Unidos em 19 de novembro de 2021. O filme se passa na linha do tempo original definida pelos dois primeiros filmes. Jason Reitman, filho do diretor do Os Caça-Fantasmas original, Ivan Reitman, dirigiu a sequência. Um teaser trailer foi lançado em 14 de janeiro de 2019.

Futuros projetos
Em dezembro de 2021, Dan Aykroyd expressou interesse em que os três atores sobreviventes da equipe original dos Caça-Fantasmas reprisassem seus papéis em até três sequências adicionais. Sobre a possibilidade de sequências, David A. Gross, da Franchise Entertainment Research, sentiu que Afterlife teve um desempenho bom o suficiente nas bilheterias para a Sony buscar filmes adicionais.

Em abril de 2022, foi anunciado que uma sequência de Ghostbusters: Mais Além estava em desenvolvimento inicial.

Em dezembro de 2014, o hack da Sony Pictures revelou que um filme spin-off de comédia de ação, centrado em outra equipe de Caça-Fantasmas, estava em desenvolvimento. Channing Tatum, Reid Carolin e os irmãos Russo lançaram o filme para o estúdio e foi confirmado para complementar e estar em desenvolvimento simultaneamente com Ghostbusters: Answer the Call, de Paul Feig, e pretendia ser a primeira parte de uma série de filmes inspirados na trilogia O Cavaleiro das Trevas de Christopher Nolan. Tatum estava sendo cortejado para estrelar o filme, com Chris Pratt visto como seu potencial co-estrela. Em março de 2015, o filme foi oficialmente confirmado para estar em desenvolvimento ativo, sendo centrado em torno de outra equipe de Ghostbusters. Tatum iria estrelar o filme, com Pratt sendo cortejado pelo estúdio para se juntar ao elenco. Escrito por Drew Pearce, o filme era visto como uma expansão do multiverso dos Caça-Fantasmas.  Ivan Reitman descreveu seu desenvolvimento como estando de acordo com os planos e a bíblia de produção que eles criaram trinta anos antes durante o filme original; afirmando que o objetivo do projeto era: "construir os Caça-Fantasmas no universo que sempre prometeu que poderia se tornar". Joe e Anthony Russo estavam em negociações iniciais para dirigir o filme. Ivan Reitman, os irmãos Russo, Channing Tatum, Reid Carolin e Peter Kiernan seriam os produtores. Em junho de 2015, no entanto, Tatum confirmou que o projeto havia sido adiado em favor de outros projetos.

Em fevereiro de 2022, Phil Lord e Christopher Miller anunciaram que haviam sido anexados ao projeto durante seus estágios de desenvolvimento e afirmaram que ainda há potencial no estúdio de que o filme tenha sinal verde no futuro.

Em outubro de 2015, Ivan Reitman anunciou que estava produzindo um filme de animação para a Sony Pictures Animation, com Fletcher Moules ligado ao projeto como animador e diretor.  O filme contaria uma história da perspectiva de fantasmas. O filme deve começar a ser produzido após a conclusão e lançamento de Ghostbusters: Afterlife.

Em junho de 2016, foi anunciado que uma nova série animada intitulada Ghostbusters: Ecto Force estava em desenvolvimento, com um lançamento inicial direcionado para o início de 2018. A série seria ambientada no ano de 2050 e seguiria uma nova equipe de Caça-Fantasmas que capturam fantasmas de todo o mundo. Em agosto de 2017, Reitman revelou que a série havia sido adiada para priorizar o desenvolvimento do filme spin-off de animação dos Caça-Fantasmas.

Em maio de 2019, Aykroyd anunciou que escreveu um roteiro de um prelúdio com o título de produção de Ghostbusters High e que havia dois projetos de acompanhamento de Ghostbusters: Mais Além em desenvolvimento. O prelúdio explorará Nova Jérsia durante 1969, quando os personagens principais se conheceram na adolescência. O projeto está sendo considerado alternativamente para uma série de televisão, com Jason Reitman envolvido em seu desenvolvimento. Aykroyd diz que vê o projeto como um "final" para a franquia.

Filmografia

Empresas fundadas em 2015
Empresas de produção cinematográfica dos Estados Unidos
Empresas produtoras de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Ghostbusters

Ghost Corps


Rudme Friskole opstod i Rudme i 1858 og er således Danmarks 5. ældste friskole. Børnehaven er kommet til i 2005 og vuggestuen i 2016. Den har i dag ca. 60 børn fra vuggestue til 9. klasse fra ca. 40 familier. Friskolen har et grundtvig-koldsk værdigrundlag og er karakteriseret ved megen musik, teater og kreativitet.

Historie

Rudme Friskole åbnede mikkelsdag. den 29. september 1858 og er dermed en af landets ældste eksisterende friskoler. Skolen var indrettet i havestuen på gården Havelund, der ejedes af Ane Kirstine og Hans Jørgensen. Ægteparret var blevet grebet af den vækkelse, der udgik fra den grundtvigske menighed i Ryslinge, og de ønskede nu at skabe en skole efter de tanker, som de havde mødt hos N.F.S. Grundtvig og Christen Kold. Der var indskrevet tolv børn på skolen, og dens første lærer hed Morten Eskesen.

Hurtigt blev skolen også et mødested for voksne, der samledes til møder, sangaftener, gymnastik og foredrag.

Herefter havde skolen til huse to andre steder på Rudmevej, nemlig i henholdsvis nr. 78 og 84, inden den første bygning på skolens nuværende grund blev indviet i 1877.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Noter

Friskoler i Danmark
Etableret i 1858
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Faaborg-Midtfyn Kommune

Rudme Friskole


(Japan > Shizuoka Prefecture > Fuji District)

 was a district located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. The district covered the entire area of the city of Fujinomiya and parts of the city of Fuji.

Until the day before the dissolution, the district had only one town.
town of Shibakawa(芝川町; -chō)

Timeline
April 1, 1889 - Establishment of local municipalities: Ōmiya Town (大宮町), Yoshiwara Town (吉原町) and 20 villages were formed within Fuji District. (2 towns, 20 villages)
August 1, 1929 - Kajima Village (加島村) was elevated to town status and renamed to become Fuji Town (富士町). (3 towns, 19 villages)
January 1, 1933 - Takaoka Village (鷹岡村) was elevated to town status to become Takaoka Town (鷹岡町). (4 towns, 18 villages)
April 1, 1940 - Shimada Village (島田村) was merged into Yoshiwara Town.(4 towns, 17 villages)
April 3, 1941 - Denbō Village (伝法村) was merged into Yoshiwara Town.(4 towns, 16 villages)
June 1, 1942 - Ōmiya Town and Tomioka Village (富丘村) were merged to create Fujinomiya City(富士宮市). (3 towns, 15 villages)
June 14, 1942 - Imaizumi Village (今泉村) was merged into Yoshiwara Town.(3 towns, 14 villages)
April 1, 1948 - Yoshiwara Town becomes Yoshiwara City(吉原市).(2 towns, 14 villages)
March 31, 1954 -  Fuji Town absorbed Tagoura Village (田子浦村) and Iwamatsu Village (岩松村) to create Fuji City(富士市). (1 town, 12 villages)
February 11, 1955 - Motoyoshiwara Village (元吉原村), Sudo Village (須津村), Yoshinaga Village (吉永村), and Harada Village (原田村) were merged into Yoshiwara City. (1 town, 8 villages).
April 1, 1955(1 town, 6 villages)
 Ōbuchi Village(大淵村) was merged into Yoshiwara City.
 Fujine Village (富士根村) was merged into Fujinomiya City.
September 30, 1956 -  Shibatomi Village (芝富村) was merged with Utsubusa Village (内房村) and Ihara District, to create the village of Tomihara (富原村).(1 town, 6 villages)
March 31, 1957 -  Yuno Village (柚野村) and Tomihara Village were merged to create the town of Shibakawa (芝川町).(2 towns, 4 villages)
April 1, 1958 - Kitayama Village (北山村), Kamiide Village (上井出村), Shiraito Village (白糸村), and Ueno Village (上野村) were merged into Fujinomiya City. (2 towns)
November 1, 1966 - Takaoka Town was merged with the cities of Fuji and Yoshiwara to create the new city of Fuji. (1 town)
March 23, 2010 - The town of Shibakawa was merged into the expanded city of Fujinomiya. Fuji District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Related Article
List of dissolved districts of Japan

List of provinces of Japan > Tōkaidō > Suruga Province > Fuji District

 was a district located in Suruga Province.

Suruga Province
Fuji

Fuji District, Shizuoka


Ammonius Saccas (; ; MS 175-242), İskenderiye'den, genellikle Neoplatonizmin öncüsü ve/veya kurucularından biri olarak kabul edilen, Helenistik Platoncu, kendi kendini yetiştirmiş bir filozoftu. Esas olarak 232'den 242'ye kadar eğitim verdiği, Plotinus'un öğretmeni olarak bilinir. Kendi felsefi görüşleri hakkında çok az şey bilinmesine rağmen, Neoplatonizm'i geliştirmesinde Plotinus üzerinde şüphesiz en büyük etkiye sahipti. Daha sonra Hıristiyan yazarlar Ammonius'un bir Hristiyan olduğunu belirttiler, ancak şimdi genel olarak İncil metinlerini yazan farklı bir İskenderiyeli Ammonius olduğu varsayılmaktadır.

Yaşamı
Ammonius'un cognomeni "Sakkas"ın kökenleri ve anlamı tartışmalıdır. Birçok bilim insanı, bunun onun gençliğinde bir hamal olduğunu gösterdiği şeklinde yorumladı; bu, antik çağda Bizans piskoposu Theodoret tarafından desteklenen bir görüştü. Diğerleri bunun "sakkophoros" (hamal) için "Sakkas"ın yanlış okunmasından kaynaklı olduğunu iddia ettiler. Bazıları ise bu künyeyi Hindistan'ın eski bir yönetici klanı olan "Śākyas" ile ilişkilendirerek Ammonius Saccas'ın Hint kökenli olduğunu iddia etmiştir. Bu görüşe daha sonra hem itiraz edilmiş hem de daha yeni araştırmalar tarafından desteklenmiştir. Ammonius'un Hint kökenli olduğu görüşünü destekleyen bazı bilim insanları, bu soyun, onun önde gelen öğrencisi Plotinus'un Hindistan tutkusu ile tutarlı olduğunu ve birçok bilim insanının Hint etkisine atfettiği Vedanta ile neoplatonizm arasındaki felsefi benzerlikleri açıklamaya yardımcı olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Öte yandan, onun Hint kökenli olduğuna itiraz eden bilim insanları, Ammonius'un İskenderiye'nin Brucheion semtinden olduğuna ve çoğunlukla Yunanların yaşadığı şehrin kraliyet mahallesi olduğuna dikkat çekmekte, ve Ammonius için bir Yunan kökenini destekleyen bir dizi bilim insanı ve tarihçi ile "Ammonius" adının birçok Yunan için ortak olduğunu belirtmektedir.

Ammonius'un yaşamının çoğu ayrıntısı Porphyry'nin yazılarından kalan parçalardan gelir. Ammonius Saccas'ın en ünlü öğrencisi, Ammonius'un yanında on bir yıl okuyan Plotinus idi. Porphyry'ye göre, 232'de, 28 yaşında, Plotinus felsefe okumak için İskenderiye'ye gitti:

Porphyry'ye göre, Ammonius'un ebeveynleri Hıristiyandı, ancak Yunan felsefesi öğrendikten sonra, Ammonius ebeveynlerinin dinini paganizm için reddetti. Bu dönüşüme, Ammonius'un yaşamı boyunca bir Hristiyan olarak kaldığını belirten Hristiyan yazarlar Jerome ve Eusebius tarafından itiraz edilmektedir:

Bununla birlikte, Longinus bize Ammonius'un hiçbir şey yazmadığını  ve eğer Ammonius, Plotinus üzerinde ana etkiyse, o zaman Ammonius'un bir Hristiyan olmasının muhtemel olmadığını söylemektedir. Ammonius ile ilgili kafa karışıklığının çoğunu açıklamanın bir yolu, Ammonius adında iki kişinin olduğunu varsaymaktır: Plotinus'a eğitim veren Ammonius Saccas ve İncil metinleri yazan bir Hıristiyan Ammonius. Başka bir açıklama, yalnızca bir Ammonius olduğu, ancak öğretmeninin Neo-Platonist görüşlerini Hristiyanlığın temel doğası hakkındaki kendi inançları için gerekli bulan Origen'in, Ammonius'un Hristiyanlık üzerindeki Paganizm seçimini bastırmayı seçmesi olabilir. Hepsi de tanınan Hıristiyan Kilisesinin Babaları, Origen'in öğrencisi Eusebius ve Jerome'un, Ammonius Saccas'ın Hristiyan köklerini reddetmediği konusundaki ısrarı, Hristiyanlar için Kehanet iddiasından daha kolay olurdu. Ammonius'un Hristiyanlık yerine Paganizmi seçmiş olduğu bir Pagan idi.

Bu karışıklığa ilave olarak, Ammonius'un Origen adında iki öğrencisi olduğu anlaşılıyor: Hıristiyan Origen ve Pagan Origen. Ammonius Saccas'ın her iki Origen'e de eğitim vermiş olması oldukça olasıdır. Ve çağdaş olarak kabul edilen iki Origen olduğu için, sonraki Hristiyanlar için Ammonius adında biri Hristiyan ve biri Pagan olan iki kişinin olduğunu kabul etmek kolaydır. Ammonius'un diğer öğrencileri arasında Herennius ve Cassius Longinus vardı.

Felsefesi
Hierokles, 5. yüzyılda yazan, Ammonius'un temel doktrininin Platon ve Aristoteles'in birbirleriyle tam bir uyum içinde olduklarını belirtir:

Nemesius'a göre, bir piskopos ve Neoplatoncu , Ammonius ruh'un önemsiz olduğuna karar verdi.

Ammonius'un neoplatonizmin gelişimindeki rolü hakkında çok az şey biliniyor. Porphyry, Ammonius'un Plotinus'un felsefe hakkında yeni yollarla düşünmesine yardımcı olmada aracı olduğunu öne sürüyor gibi görünmektedir:

Ammonius'un öğrencilerinden ikisi - Pagan Origen ve Longinus - Orta Platonculuğa Neoplatonizmden daha yakın olan felsefi konumlara sahip görünüyorlar; (bkz. Enneadlar), ama Plotinus, ustasınınkinden önemli bir şekilde ayrıldığını düşünmemiş görünüyor.

Porphyry gibi (The Life of Plotinus, 3, 24-29), Nemesius da Ammonius Saccas'tan Plotinus'un öğretmeni veya ustası olarak bahseder (Nemesius, İnsanın Doğası, 2.103).

Notlar

Kaynakça
 Armstrong, A., (1967), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy,  Cambridge University Press, pp. 196–200.
 Karamanolis, G., (2006), Plato and Aristotle in Agreement?: Platonists on Aristotle from Antiochus to Porphyry,  Oxford University Press, pp. 191–215.
 Reale, G., (1990), A History of Ancient Philosophy IV: The Schools of the Imperial Age,  SUNY Press, pp. 297–303.

Dış bağlantılar

175 doğumlular
242 yılında ölenler
2. yüzyılda Mısırlılar
2. yüzyılda Yunanlar
2. yüzyıl filozofları
2. yüzyıl Romalıları
2. yüzyıl yazarları
3. yüzyılda Yunanlar
3. yüzyıl filozofları
3. yüzyıl Romalıları
3. yüzyıl yazarları
Antik Yunan filozoflar
Hristiyanlık eleştirmenleri
Epistemologlar
Eskiden Hristiyan olanlar
Felsefi topluluk kurucuları
Felsefe tarihi
Düşünce tarihi
Metafizikçiler
Mistikler
Neoplatonizm
Yeni Platoncu filozoflar
Ontologlar
Eğitim filozofları
Din filozofları
Felsefe yazarları
Platoncu filozoflar
Roma dönemi filozofları

Ammonius Sakkas


Laila Schou Nilsen (født 18. marts 1919 i Vestre Aker, død 30. juli 1998 i Oslo) var en norsk skøjteløber, alpin skiløber, tennisspiller, håndboldspiller mv. Hun vandt i alt 101 norske mesterskaber inden for de forskellige sportsgrene, hun var aktiv i.

Hurtigløb på skøjter
Laila Schou Nilsen vandt som blot 15-årig et uofficielt verdensmesterskab på Frogner Stadion i Stockholm i 1935, hvilket hun fulgte op med officielle VM-titler i 1937 i Davos og i 1938 i Oslo. Under VM i Davos 30.-31. januar 1937 vandt hun som syttenårig alle fire distancer og satte fire verdensrekorder (500 m, 1000 m, 3000 m og 5000 m). Rekorden på 500 m (46,4) holdt helt til den blev slået af Tamara Rylova på Medeo-banen i Alma-Ata i 1955. Nilsen besad også verdensrekorden på 1500 m frem til 1950.

Laila Schou Nilsen blev norgesmester i hurtigskøjteløb i 1935, 1937, 1939 og 1940.

Alpint skiløb
Eftersom hurtigløb på skøjter ikke var en OL-disciplin for kvinder i 1936, valgte Nilsen at satse på alpint skiløb for at komme til vinter-OL i Garmisch-Partenkirchen i Tyskland. Her vandt hun bronze i kombinationsløbet efter at have vundet styrtløbs-delen af konkurrencen. Hun vandt senere ti norske mesterskaber i alpint skiløb fordelt over kombination (tre), slalom (tre) og styrtløb (fire).

Tennis
Nilsen vandt mellem 1937 og 1961 85 norske mesterskaber i tennis. Ud over 12 udendørs single-mesterskaber vandt hun en række mesterskaber i damedouble, mixed double og for hold.

Håndbold
Nilsen var som håndboldspiller med til at vinde fire norske mesterskaber for Grefsen IL og hun nåede 12 landskampe for Norge.

Motorsport
Fra 1961 til 1964 deltog Nilsen fire gange i Rally Monte Carlo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Norge
Alpine skiløbere fra Norge
Tennisspillere fra Norge
Skøjteløbere fra Norge
Medaljevindere ved vinter-OL 1936
Deltagere for Norge ved vinter-OL 1936
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Norge

Laila Schou Nilsen


Općinska nogometna liga Daruvar je bila liga sedmog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1978./79.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Ribar" iz Končanice.

Sustav natjecanja
12 klubova je igralo dvokružnu ligu (22 kola).

Ljestvica

 ljestvica bez nekoliko rezultata
 "Mladost" Velika Klisa – odustali uoči proljetnog dijela
 Daruvarski Brestovac – također iskazan kao Brestovac Daruvarski
 Mala Maslenjača – tada samostalno naselje, od 2001. dio naselja Maslenjača

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, Jednota : organ Svazu čechu a Slovaku v SR Horvatsku
  library.foi.hr, "Jednota", br. 14/1979, god. 34, izdano 7. travnja 1979., str. 17 (12. kolo, odustajanje "Mladost" Velika Klisa), preuzeto 10. prosinca 2022.
  library.foi.hr, "Jednota", br. 24/1979, god. 34, izdano 16. lipnja 1979., str. 17 (22 kolo, objavljena nepotpuna ljestvica), preuzeto 10. prosinca 2022.

1978-79
Daruvar

Općinska nogometna liga Daruvar 1978./79.


Campeonato Carioca de Futebol - Série B1 de 2022 foi a 42ª edição da Terceira Divisão do futebol no Rio de Janeiro. A disputa, organizada pela Federação de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FERJ), ocorreu no período compreendido entre 11 de setembro e 24 de novembro. Desde 2021, a Terceira Divisão do Campeonato Carioca era chamada de Série B1.

Regulamento
A competição conta com 12 clubes.

Diferentemente da edição anterior, o campeonato não contou com 2 grupos de 6 equipes cada, que jogaram em 2 turnos.

Na primeira fase — também chamada de Taça Maracanã — , os clubes jogarão em turno único entre si, classificando-se para as semifinais os 4 primeiros colocados. O primeiro colocado, se necessário aplicados os critérios de desempate, será declarado o campeão da Taça Maracanã.

As semifinais serão formadas por meio de cruzamento olímpico, ou seja, o primeiro colocado enfrenta o quarto colocado e o segundo colocado enfrenta o terceiro. As semifinais serão disputadas em jogos de ida e volta, com a equipe de cada chave que tiver a melhor campanha na primeira fase terá a vantagem do empate e do mando de campo do primeiro ou do segundo jogo das semifinais. Os vencedores de cada semifinal avançarão à final e estarão classificados para a Série A2 de 2023.

A final será disputada em jogos de ida e volta, sem vantagem de empate para nenhum dos lados. Em caso de empate em pontos e saldo de gols, haverá disputa de pênaltis. O vencedor será declarado campeão do torneio.

Os 3 clubes piores colocados na Taça Maracanã serão rebaixados para a Série B2 de 2023.

Promovidos e Rebaixados

Participantes

Taça Maracanã

 Classificados para as semifinais do Campeonato
 Rebaixados para a Série B2

 Atualizado em 26 de outubro. Fonte:

Premiação

Fase Final
Em itálico, as equipes que possuem o mando de campo no primeiro jogo do confronto e em negrito as equipes classificadas.

Premiação

Ver também
Campeonato Carioca de Futebol de 2022
Campeonato Carioca de Futebol de 2022 - Série A2
Campeonato Carioca de Futebol de 2022 - Série B2
Campeonato Carioca de Futebol de 2022 - Série C

Campeonato Carioca de Futebol de 2022
Campeonato Carioca de Futebol - Terceira Divisão

Campeonato Carioca de Futebol de 2022 - Série B1


كايوتي اجلي  هو فيلم دراما كوميدي رومانسي. تم إنتاجه في الولايات المتحدة وصدر في سنة 2000. من بطولة بايبر بيرابو وآدم غارسيا وماريا بيلو وتايرا بانكس وجون غودمان.

القصة
هي فتاة تحب تأليف الأغاني وتحب الغناء ولكن الرهبة تمنعها، فتطر أن تعمل كقيوطة لتحصل على المال الذي يساعدها بناء طموحها فتتعرف على فتى
من أستراليا ويساعدها على التخلص من الرهبة والخوف التي تسيطر عليها أثناء صعودها للمسرح.

الممثلين
 إيميلي بلنت
 آدم غارسيا
 ماريا بيلو
 إيزابيلا ميكو
 تايرا بانكس
 بريدجيت مويناهان
 ميلاني لينسكي
 جون غودمان

روابط إضافية

  Comparison of the theatrical release and the Unrated Edition, with screenshots

مراجع

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أولى للمخرج لعام 2000
أفلام إخراجية أولى
أفلام إنتاج 2000
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في صالات الموسيقى
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام تقع أحداثها في نيو جيرسي
أفلام توتشستون بيكشرز
أفلام دراما رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام دراما كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام دراما كوميدية إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام درامية في 2000
أفلام رومانسية كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام رومانسية كوميدية درامية في 2000
أفلام عن سقاة حانة
أفلام عن مؤلفين
أفلام كوميديا رومانسية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميديا موسيقية درامية
أفلام كوميديا موسيقية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميدية رومانسية في عقد 2000
أفلام مصورة في كاليفورنيا
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام مصورة في نيو جيرسي
أفلام من إنتاج جيري بروكهايمر
أفلام موسيقية رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام موسيقية رومانسية في عقد 2000
أفلام موسيقية كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000

كايوتي أجلي (فيلم)


الحاجز المائي  هو سلسلة من التلال التي تحدث بشكل طبيعي أو حشو أو جدار مشيد بشكل مصطنع ينظم مستويات المياه. عادة ما يكون أرضيًا وغالبًا ما يكون موازيًا لمجرى النهر في سهله الفيضي أو على طول السواحل المنخفضة.

أصل الكلمة

يستخدم المتحدثون باللغة الإنجليزية الأمريكية (لا سيما في الغرب الأوسط والجنوب العميق) كلمة levee، من الكلمة الفرنسية levée (من الكلمة المؤنثة الماضية من الفعل الفرنسي رافعة ، "لرفع"). نشأت في نيو أورلينز بعد سنوات قليلة من تأسيس المدينة في عام 1718 وتم تبنيها لاحقًا من قبل المتحدثين باللغة الإنجليزية. الاسم مشتق من سمة حواف السد التي يتم رفعها أعلى من كل من القناة والسهول الفيضية المحيطة بها.

من المرجح أن الكلمة الحديثة dike أو dyke مشتقة من الكلمة الهولندية dijk ، مع بناء السدود في فريزيا (الآن جزء من هولندا وألمانيا) تم إثبات ذلك جيدًا في وقت مبكر من القرن الحادي عشر. تم تشكيل Westfriese Omringdijk البالغ طوله 126 كيلومترًا (78 ميلًا)، والذي اكتمل بحلول عام 1250، من خلال ربط السدود القديمة الحالية. المؤرخ الروماني تاسيتوس يذكر أن المتمرد باتافي اخترق السدود لإغراق أرضهم وحماية تراجعهم (70 م). تشير كلمة dijk في الأصل إلى كل من الخندق والبنك. إنه يوازي بشكل وثيق الفعل الإنجليزي بالحفر.

في اللغة الأنجلوسكسونية، كانت كلمة dic موجودة بالفعل وتم نطقها على أنها ديك في شمال إنجلترا وكخندق في الجنوب. على غرار اللغة الهولندية ، تكمن الأصول الإنجليزية للكلمة في حفر خندق وتشكيل التربة المنعزلة إلى بنك بجانبها. تعني هذه الممارسة أنه يمكن إعطاء الاسم إما للتنقيب أو للبنك. وبالتالي فإن Offa's Dyke عبارة عن هيكل مدمج و Car Dyke عبارة عن خندق - على الرغم من أنها قامت في السابق برفع البنوك أيضًا. في إنجلترا ميدلاندز وإيست أنجليا ، وفي الولايات المتحدة ، السد هو الخندق الموجود في جنوب إنجلترا ، أو علامة حدود الملكية أو قناة الصرف. حيث يحمل مجرى مائي ، يمكن أن يطلق عليه السد الجاري كما في Rippingale Running Dike ، والذي يقود المياه من مصرف المياه ، Car Dyke ، إلى South Forty Foot Drain في Lincolnshire (TF1427). The Weir Dike هو سد نقع في بورن نورث فين ، بالقرب من توينتي وبجانب نهر جلين ، لينكولنشاير. في نورفولك وسوفولك برودز ، قد يكون السد خندق تصريف أو قناة اصطناعية ضيقة قبالة نهر أو واسعة للوصول أو الإرساء، يتم تسمية بعض السدود الأطول ، على سبيل المثال شمعة دايك.

في أجزاء من بريطانيا، ولا سيما اسكتلندا وشمال إنجلترا ، قد يكون السد جدارًا ميدانيًا مصنوعًا بشكل عام من الحجر الجاف.

مراجع

السيطرة على الفيضانات
تضاريس نهرية
منطقة الضفة

حاجز مائي


NGC 7422 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7422
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7422 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7422 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7400 - 7449

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NGC 7422


Tamar Schlick () é uma matemática estadunidense, professora de química, matemática e ciência da computação na Universidade de Nova Iorque (NYU). Sua pesquisa envolve o desenvolvimento e aplicação de ferramentas para modelagem e simulação de biomoléculas.

Formação e carreira
Schlick fez seus estudos de graduação na Wayne State University, graduando-se em 1982 com bacharelado em matemática. Continuou seus estudos de pós-graduação no Instituto Courant de Ciências Matemáticas da NYU, completando um Ph.D. em matemática aplicada em 1987, orientada por Charles Peskin.

Após estudos de pós-doutorado na NYU e no Instituto Weizmann de Ciência, retornou como membro do corpo docente da NYU em 1989.

Reconhecimento
É fellow da Associação Americana para o Avanço da Ciência (2004), American Physical Society (2005), Biophysical Society (2012) e Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (2012).

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Membros da American Physical Society
Membros da SIAM
Membros da Associação Americana para o Avanço da Ciência
Professores da Universidade de Nova York
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XX
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XXI
Matemáticas dos Estados Unidos
Matemáticas do século XX
Matemáticas do século XXI
Químicas dos Estados Unidos
Químicos dos Estados Unidos do século XXI
Cientistas da computação dos Estados Unidos
Mulheres cientistas da computação dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Wayne State University
Pessoas vivas

Tamar Schlick


Britanya Virjin Adaları, Karayipler'de Küçük Antiller'in bir parçası olan ve Britanya Denizaşırı Toprakları olarak Birleşik Krallık'a bağlı olan adalar topluluğudur. Virjin Adaları'nda, ABD Virjin Adaları ve İspanyol Virjin Adalarının dışında kalan adalar topluluğudur. Başkenti Road Town olan Britanya Virjin Adaları, toplamda Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada ve Jost Van Dyke gibi yerleşimin olduğu dört büyük ve irili ufaklı yaklaşık elli adacıktan meydana gelmektedir. Bu dört büyük ada dışında yaklaşık on beş adada da küçük yerleşimler görülebilmektedir. Britanya Virjin Adaları'na bağlı en büyük ada başkent Road Town'ın da bulunduğu Tortola adasıdır.

Tarihçe
Virjin Adaları ilk kayıtlara göre M.Ö. 100 yıllarında, Aravak toplumunun üzerinde yaşadığı toprak parçalarıydı. 15. yüzyıla gelindiğinde Karayip Denizi'ne adına veren Karib halkı adaya gelerek yerleşim yerleri kurmaya başladı.

Adanın varlığını fark eden ilk Avrupalı 1493 yılında ikinci Amerika Seferine çıkan Kristof Kolomb oldu. Kolomb görmüş olduğu bu adalara Azize Ursula'ya ithafen Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Vírgenes (Türkçe: Azize Ursula'nın 11 bin bakiresi) adını verdi.

İspanyol İmparatorluğu önceleri bu adanın varlığını pek önemsemediysede, Karayipli korsanların uğrak yeri haline gelen bu adayı kontrol altına almak bölge için hayati önem teşkil etmekteydi. Bu sebeple, 16 yy.'da Virjin Adaları İspanyol İmparatorluğu topraklarına katıldı. İspanyollar dışında İngilizler, Fransızlar, Hollandalılar ve Danimarkalılar da adalar topluluğunun diğer adalarını kontrolleri altına alarak yerleşim yerleri kurmaya başladılar.

Britanya Virjin Adaları önceleri stratejik amaçlı kullanıldıysa da, bölgede yetişen şeker kamışı nedeniyle önemini ekonomik alanda geliştirdi. O dönemde Birleşik Krallık'ın en önemli dış ticaret ürünü haline gelen şeker kamışı tarlalarında Afrika'dan bölgeye getirilen köleler çalıştırıldı.

1917 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 25 milyon dolar karşılığında Danimarka'dan satın aldığı Saint John, Saint Croix ve Saint Thomas adaları sonradan ABD Virjin Adaları olarak anılmaya başlandı.

Ekonomi

Britanya Virjin Adaları'nın ekonomisi genel olarak turizme dayanmaktadır. Ekvatoral bölgede olması nedeniyle ülke yıl boyu turist çekmektedir. Bunun yanında küçük çaplı tropikal meyve ihracatları da ülkenin ekonomisine katkı sağlayan etkenlerdendir. Düşük gelir vergisi ve görece yüksek mevduat getirisi ile uluslararası birçok şirketin mevduatlarını bu ülkenin offshore şirketlerine aktarmaktadır. Böylece şirketler kendi ülkelerindeki yüksek gelir vergisinden kaçınmış, ülke de büyük para girdilerinin sahibi oluyor.

Coğrafya

Britanya Virjin Adaları, kuzeyinde Atlantik, güneyinde Karayip Denizi ile çevrili yaklaşık elli adadan oluşmaktadır. Adalardan en büyüğü 20 km'ye 5 km kıyı şeridi ölçülerine sahip olan Tortola adasıdır.

Yönetim
Britanya Virjin Adaları, Birleşik Krallık tarafından atanan Genel Vali tarafından yönetilir. Britanya hükûmetinin almış olduğu karar sonucu krala tavsiye etmiş olduğu vali adayı saray tarafından onaylandıktan sonra göreve başlar.

Nüfus Yapısı
2003 yılında alınan verilere göre ülke nüfusu 21,700 civarındadır. Britanya Virjin Adaları'nda nüfusun %83'lık kısmını kölelik sona erdikten sonra bu topraklarda kalan siyahiler, %7'sini Birleşik Krallık vatandaşları ve diğer Avrupalılar ve son olarak %10'luk kısmını ise bölge yerlileri oluşturmaktadır.

Ülke nüfusunun %86'lık bölümü Protestan kalan kısmı ise diğer dinlere mensup kişilerdir.

Hakkında

 Tam Adı: Birleşik Krallık Virgin Adaları
 Yüzölçümü: 153 km²
 Başkenti: Road Town
 Para Birimi: Amerikan doları
 Dili: İngilizce
 Nüfusu: 21.272 kişi (2002 tahmini)
 Ortalama Ömür: 75,85 yıl (2002 tahmini)
 Okur Yazarlık Oranı: %97,8 (1991 tahmini)
 Kişi Başına Düşen Millî Gelir: $16.000 (2001 tahmini)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 British Virgin Islands from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Britanya Virjin Adaları


USS Robison (DDG-12), named for Rear Admiral Samuel Shelburne Robison, was a Charles F. Adams-class guided missile armed destroyer in the service of the United States Navy.

Construction and career
Robison was laid down by Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan on 28 April 1959, launched on 27 April 1960 by Mrs. John H. Sides, wife of the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, and commissioned on 9 December 1961 at the Boston Naval Shipyard.

1960s
Robison served as plane guard for carriers on Yankee Station in the Tonkin Gulf, participated in Sea Dragon operations, patrolled on search and rescue duties and carried out Naval Gunfire Support missions during the Vietnam War.

Robison steamed for the west coast 29 January 1962 via the Panama Canal. On 1 March she received a message diverting her to Clipperton Island, to rescue 10 stranded seamen from the tuna boat Monarch, which had capsized 20 days earlier.

Arriving at San Diego on 7 March, Robison underwent shakedown and then post-shakedown availability 14 June in San Francisco. Fleet Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, who had twice served on Admiral Robison's staff, visited the ship on 25 June.

Following completion of availability 31 July, Robison proceeded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard for ammunition, took on ASROC and Tartar missiles at Seal Beach, and then commenced 3 months of local training operations out of San Diego. She got underway with Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 11 on 13 November for her first WestPac tour of duty. Upon completion of this deployment, Robison arrived San Diego 21 June 1963 for coastal operations.

She departed San Diego 18 November in company with  for escort duties. Calling at Pearl Harbor 23 November, she departed 2 days later in company with . Upon detachment from Midway, she touched at Guam, and then escorted  eastward. Following fueling stops at Midway Island and Pearl Harbor, she arrived San Diego 19 December.

In January 1964 Robison entered Long Beach Naval Shipyard for regular overhaul. After missile qualifications and refresher training, she steamed 14 August for her second WestPac deployment. Following her successful participation in modern naval warfare training exercises and calls at various Far Eastern ports, she departed Yokosuka 24 January 1965 and arrived San Diego 6 February.

Local spring operations were followed by a midshipman training cruise from 10 June to 5 August. The latter month also brought a call at Portland, Oreg., and a visit, on the 24th, by the Chief of Naval Operations, Adm. David L. McDonald. In the fall she sharpened her ASW, AAW, and shore bombardment techniques during coastal operations. Early in the new year 1966, the destroyer prepared for her third tour of duty in support of 7th Fleet operations in WestPac.

That deployment ended with her return to San Diego 18 July 1966. Overhaul in San Francisco took her through the fall and into the winter months, culminating in her return to homeport on 3 February 1967. Refresher and type training filled the next 5 months, and 25 July saw Robison once again en route to the Orient.

After calling at Pearl Harbor 31 July and Yokosuka, Japan, 5 August, she commenced Tonkin Gulf operations under the command of Thomas William McNamara on 25 August in the screen for . In naval gunfire support and "Sea Dragon" operations during the period from 26 August 1967 to 9 January 1968, Robison was credited with the destruction of 78 waterborne logistics craft. Her remarkable degree of combat readiness during this period earned for her the Meritorious Unit Commendation.

Upkeep, availability, training, and operating off the west coast maintained Robison'''s state of readiness through the next 11 months. She steamed from San Diego for her fifth WestPac deployment on 30 December 1968 in company with carrier . The usual call at Pearl Harbor was followed by arrival at Subic Bay, 20 January 1969. After voyage repairs Robison joined Task Group 77.3 in Tonkin Gulf. The destroyer, flagship of her division, served in the screen of both Kitty Hawk and . She also provided naval gunfire support to troops ashore in the I Corps Zone.Robison returned to San Diego on 6 July 1969, remaining there until 2 October, when she arrived at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard, Hunters Point, for overhaul. Work was completed 4½ months later, and Robison returned to her homeport of San Diego 27 February 1970, ready for refresher training and yet another WestPac deployment.

1970–1980
With the advent of 1970, Robison began a cycle of deployments which endured for three years. She spent the spring of each year on the west coast of the United States and then, in late spring or early summer, she deployed to WestPac. This cycle continued until 1973. During that year she remained on the west coast, engaged in normal operations out of San Diego, where she was berthed as of January 1974.

After fighting in Vietnam in the '60s, she participated in the rescue of two groups of Vietnamese refugees in 1980. The first group was spotted while doing maneuvers with the Thai Navy in the South China Sea. When the Robison arrived that evening only 262 people survived of the 300+ that disembarked from Vietnam to escape the horrors of their homeland.http://www.downtheroad.org/Asia/Photo/2Cambodia_Pictures/a10killing_field.htm  Many died during their ordeal in the sea or ended their lives after giving up hope before the Robison arrived. These refugees were "housed" under tarps on the gun deck of the Robison, cared for and nursed back to health by members of the crew until permission was granted to take them to Thailand to be processed and, eventually, taken to the United States. Within weeks of rescuing the first group, a second group was spotted with a very small contingent of people; 21 to be precise. The seas were stormy so the people were taken below decks and cared for as the ship transited to the Philippines where they would be processed for emigration to the United States. The members of her crew received the Humanitarian Service Medal.

Decommissioning
The guided missile destroyer decommissioned on 1 October 1991, was struck from the navy list on 20 November 1992 and sold to Consolidated Metals, Inc., for scrapping.Robison was decommissioned on 1 October 1991, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 November 1992 and sold for scrap on 20 June 1994. The plan was that it would be converted to a power barge with her sister ship, the . That plan for Robison was apparently changed after the power barge failure of the Hoel.

The hull of the Robison eventually was sunk off the coast of South Carolina as part of the Marine Resources Division of the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources artificial fishing reef project. The hull of Robison is now located at .

AwardsRobison'' earned seven battle stars for service off the Vietnamese coast.

References

External links
MaritimeQuest USS Robison DDG-12 pages
USS Robison DDG-12 Association

Cold War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
1960 ships
Charles F. Adams-class destroyers

USS Robison


Martin Farquhar Tupper  (17 July 1810 – 29 November 1889) was an English poet and novelist. He was one of the most widely-read English-language authors of his day with the poetry collection Proverbial Philosophy, which was a bestseller in the United Kingdom and North America for several decades.

Tupper found great success in Victorian Britain at a relatively early age, with a second series of the poetry collection Proverbial Philosophy in 1842. The work's fame later spread to the US and Canada, and it continued to be popular for several decades. The author capitalised on this success with scores of editions in various formats and tours in his homeland and in North America, and as one of Queen Victoria's favourite poets he was once a serious contender for the position of Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. However, Proverbial Philosophy eventually fell out of fashion, and its previous eminence made the poetry and its author popular targets for satire and parody.

Despite his prodigious output and ongoing efforts at self-promotion, Tupper's other work did not achieve anywhere close to the bestseller status of Proverbial Philosophy, and even towards the end of the poet's own lifetime he had become obscure. Nevertheless, the style of Proverbial Philosophy (which Tupper referred to as "rhythmics" rather than poetry) had an influence on admirer Walt Whitman, who was also experimenting with free verse. Considered by later generations to be artefacts of their time, Tupper's works have largely been forgotten, and  had been out of print for over a century.

Early life

Martin Farquhar Tupper was born on 17 July 1810 at 20 Devonshire Place, London. He was the eldest child of Dr. Martin Tupper, an esteemed doctor from an old Guernsey family, and his wife Ellin Devis Marris, the daughter of landscape painter Robert Marris (1749–1827) and granddaughter of Arthur Devis.

Martin F. Tupper received his early education at Eagle House School and Charterhouse, going on to attend Christ Church, Oxford where he received a BA in 1832. At university he was the classmate of many distinguished men, including future politicians James Broun-Ramsay, James Bruce, Henry Pelham-Clinton, Charles Canning, George Cornewall Lewis and William Ewart Gladstone, as well as literary figures Francis Hastings Doyle, Henry Liddell and Robert Scott. He maintained a close friendship with Gladstone until the final years of his life.

From a young age Tupper suffered from a severe stammer, which precluded him from going into the church or politics. Having taken the further degree of MA, Tupper became a student at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1835, but did not ever practise as a barrister.

On 26 November of the same year Tupper married his first cousin Isabella Devis, daughter of Arthur William Devis, in St Pancras Church, having proposed to her before leaving for university seven years previously. He acquired a house on Park Village East, near Regent's Park, and the couple was financially supported by his father. While living here, Tupper attended St James' Chapel on Hampstead Road (now demolished), where he became acquainted with its minister Henry Stebbing. An author and former editor of the literary magazine the Athenaeum, Stebbing's encouragement of Tupper's writings eventually led to the publication of Proverbial Philosophy.

Career

Early works
While at Oxford, Tupper's literary career commenced; his first important publication was a collection of 75 short poems entitled Sacra Poesis (1832). In the same year he wrote a long poem partially in blank verse, "A Voice from the Cloister", but this was only published, anonymously, in 1835.

In the summer of 1838 Tupper penned a continuation of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Christabel, naming it Geraldine and publishing it alongside various other pieces in the latter half of that year in the collection Geraldine, a sequel to Coleridge's Christabel: with other poems. The poem Geraldine itself met with some critical reprobation, although in his contemporary notes Tupper attributes this largely to it being a continuation of an early version of Coleridge's poem: "When Coleridge first published Christabel ... it was positively hooted by the critics ... Coleridge left behind him a very much improved and enlarged version of the poem, which I did not see till years after I had written the sequel to it: my Geraldine was composed for an addition to Christabel, as originally issued." The other poems in the collection were more warmly received.

Proverbial Philosophy

Tupper's most successful work had its genesis in 1828, shortly before his Oxford matriculation. At this time he was engaged to Isabella, and he decided to write his "notions on the holy estate of matrimony" for her, "in the manner of Solomon's proverbs". Isabella showed them to Hugh M'Neile, who suggested seeking publication, but Tupper chose not to do so at the time.

In 1837, on the encouragement of Henry Stebbing, Tupper began to revise these writings and expand them into a book, working on them at home and in his workplace, Lincoln's Inn, over the subsequent 10 weeks. The work takes the form of free verse meditations on morality ("OfHumility", "OfPride"), religion ("OfPrayer", "TheTrain of Religion"), and other aspects of the human condition ("OfLove", "OfJoy"). Tupper did not refer to the pieces as poetry, preferring his own description of "rhythmics".

Stebbing referred Tupper to the publisher Joseph Rickerby, who agreed to publish the work on a profit-sharing basis, and this first official version appeared on 24 January 1838 entitled Proverbial Philosophy: A Book of Thoughts and Arguments, originally treated, by Martin Farquhar Tupper, Esq., M.A. at a price of 7s. It met with moderate success in Britain; a second edition was commissioned, to which Tupper added more material, and sold for 6s. A third edition emerged, but this failed to sell well; the unsold copies were sent to America, where it was received poorly. "Americans scarcely knew what to make of it at all; one of the few stateside reviewers to read Proverbial Philosophy, the powerful editor N.P. Willis, was so perplexed by the form of the book that he guessed it to have been written ... in the seventeenth century."

Despite the lack of interest in the third edition, in 1841 Tupper was spurred to write a second series of Proverbial Philosophy at the suggestion of John Hughes, who he had met in a chance encounter in Windsor two years previously. This series was to be serialised in the new publication Ainsworth's Magazine, William Harrison Ainsworth being a friend of Hughes. Tupper and his family temporarily moved to Brighton where he produced some initial pieces for the magazine, as well as some essays. However, being "too quick and too impatient to wait for piecemeal publication month by month", Tupper collated his new "rhythmics" and had the second series of Proverbial Philosophy published as a whole, on 5 October 1842 by John Hatchard.

The second series was sold alongside the fifth edition of the first series, and proved to be immediately popular. The two were soon combined into one collection, still entitled Proverbial Philosophy, and this iteration became an enormous success over the subsequent decades:

In the 1850s the work was translated into several languages, including German, Swedish, Danish, Armenian, and a French version by George Métivier. By 1866 it had sold over 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom, through forty editions.

Tupper did go on to write a third and fourth series in 1867 and 1869 respectively, published by Edward Moxon in his Moxon's Popular Poets series (which had previously included luminaries such as Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats and Milton). However, by this time Tupper had fallen out of fashion, and these latter series did not sell well. Moxon had already been in bad financial straits, and Tupper's new works did not change his fortunes; the publisher was shortly taken over.

Over the course of the author's lifetime it is estimated that between one quarter and half a million copies were sold in England, and over 1.5 million in the United States, across 50 editions. Due to the lack of international copyright laws, the US market was dominated by pirated copies; consequently, Tupper made almost no money from the work's enormous American sales. However, he did manage to capitalise on his fame in North America by undertaking two tours of the US and Canada, in 1851 and 1876-1877.

Candidate for Poet Laureate
Upon the death of William Wordsworth in 1850, Tupper began to suggest his willingness to fill the now-vacant position of Poet Laureate to influential friends and acquaintances such as William Gladstone and James Garbett, who further gathered support. He continued to write poems for public events in order to demonstrate his capability, marking occasions such as the deaths of Robert Peel and the Duke of Cambridge, as well as the Great Exhibition, for which he published Hymn to the Exhibition in over sixty languages (set to music by Samuel Sebastian Wesley). It appears that his candidacy had popular support, from both sides of the Atlantic. However, the eventual selection was Alfred, Lord Tennyson, partly due to Prince Albert's admiration of the poem In Memoriam A.H.H.

First tour of America

Despite making almost no money from his written works in North America, Tupper recognised the potential of his enormous popularity on the other side of the Atlantic. Having overcome his stammer at the age of 35, he embarked on a "wildly successful" reading tour of the Eastern USA and Canada, setting off from Liverpool on 2 March 1851 and landing in New York City two weeks later. His arrival was announced in American newspapers, and while based in the city he met a variety of literary figures including William Cullen Bryant, Nathaniel Parker Willis, James Gordon Bennett Sr., James Fenimore Cooper, and Washington Irving. He was generally warmly received by the people he met, although his tendency to quote his own poetry was "deemed unseemly at the time" and criticised in the press, as was his perceived "patronising attitude and sentimentalism" towards Americans.

An indication of Tupper's popularity in the US is given by his dealings with one of his publishers in Philadelphia:

The highlight of the American tour was a dinner at the White House on 8 May with President Millard Fillmore and members of his cabinet, Fillmore himself being an admirer of the poet. In his autobiography Tupper quotes his contemporaneous notes:

After stops in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, Tupper returned to New York, where he was noticed in a concert crowd by its promoter P. T. Barnum and brought backstage to meet Jenny Lind. The Swedish Nightingale was an admirer - "she sat holding Tupper's hand and crying with emotion while the management of the theatre frantically tried to get her on stage for a bow." He set off on his return trip to Liverpool on 24 May 1851, seen off by a group of admirers and "regretful paragraphs" in the New York newspapers.

Middle years

By 1851 Tupper had fathered eight children, and had moved his large family into the spacious Albury House in Albury, Surrey approximately ten years previously. However, his financial position became precarious by the mid-1850s. His wife Isabella had fallen ill, and he wrote to Gladstone (then Chancellor of the Exchequer) to request an office or public pension, to no avail. His eldest son, Martin Charles Selwyn (born 1841), was made the youngest Captain in the British Army by purchase in 1864, but it fell upon his father to settle his many drinking and gambling debts, and fund a spell in an asylum in St John's Wood, until he was relocated to Rio de Janeiro in 1868. These financial strains were compounded by a series of poor investments. Tupper managed to stay afloat by continuing to publish poetry, and bringing out new editions of Proverbial Philosophy, including an illustrated version, but he was compelled to let out Albury House from 1867 to generate additional income.

Tupper was already a favourite poet of Queen Victoria, and in June 1857, having written sonnets for each of the engaged couple Victoria, Princess Royal and Prince Frederick, was granted the honour of being "summoned to Buckingham Palace, to be received by the Queen herself and Prince Albert, and to present special copies of 'Proverbial Philosophy' with his own hands to the young betrothed." The circumstances of this audience were highly unusual, as Tupper was instructed to meet the Royal Family on a Sunday after church – "the Royal Family had never entertained a private individual in this way since George III had summoned Dr Johnson." Tupper's work was already well known to the family, having been appreciated by the children's governess and their drawing master Edward Henry Corbould (who also happened to be Tupper's friend), and he had written pieces for the children to perform for their parents previously.

Tupper continued to write poetry for periodicals and publications of his own work, but none of these came close to the popularity of Proverbial Philosophy. By the mid-1860s he and his work were being persistently satirised by a new generation of Victorians, the victims of changing tastes (see ).

British and second American tours
Deciding to focus on readings of his works instead of continuing to pen new material to be satirised or ignored, Tupper began touring south-west England in April 1873. These events were somewhat popular, although apart from the "fair-sized audiences, largely composed of ladies" there were also "many who only came to satisfy themselves that such a fabulous being as Martin Tupper really existed". The most popular of his works were "Love" and "Marriage" from Proverbial Philosophy, as well as the poems "Never Give Up" and "All's for the Best". Later in the year he also toured Scotland, to a warmer reception.

After his Scottish success, Tupper decided to undertake a second American tour; delayed by illness, he arrived in October 1876 and stayed in New York as the guest of Thomas De Witt Talmage, an admirer of Proverbial Philosophy. Much like in Britain, this tour was filled with public readings of his works; while his American popularity had also declined, it was not to the extent that it had in his home country, and he delivered a reading of "Immortality" to his largest-ever audience, between five and six thousand – the congregation of Talmage's church. However, Tupper often failed to attract large crowds on the merit of his readings alone; he performed to several thousand at one event in Philadelphia, but only a few hundred at various events in New York State and Canada. After the huge success of his first American tour, this one "proved a pale shadow". Nevertheless, it was profitable, and his stature was such that he was invited to the inaguruation and White House reception of President Hayes.

Later life and death

By the time of his return from his second American tour on 16 April 1877, Tupper had fallen into obscurity in his home country. His attempts to publish a complete collection of his works failed; each of the 26 publishers he approached had declined. Continually short of money, in 1880 was obliged to mortgage his longtime home of Albury House to the Duke of Northumberland. He and his family moved to a small rental property in Upper Norwood.

Tupper made a final attempt at a new printing of Proverbial Philosophy in 1881, a large illustrated quarto, but this failed to sell. He continued to write articles and plays, managing to publish Dramatic Pieces in 1882, and he also delivered occasional lectures and readings. Around this time he and Gladstone, friends since childhood, fell out over Gladstone's views on the circumstances that led to the Oaths Act 1888, and his refusal to continue to support the author financially.

In late 1885 Tupper started to write an autobiography, which was published in May 1886 under the title My Life as an Author. His wife Isabella had died during its composition, in December 1885, from apoplexy, and he included a tribute to her in the work. It received fairly warm reviews, but never ran to a second edition, despite the author working on improvements and corrections after publication.

Tupper's last published work was the booklet "Jubilate!", which contained new poems for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria as well as the work he had written in honour of her coronation fifty years earlier.

In November 1886 Tupper suffered an illness of several days which robbed him of the ability to read and write. He remained in a fragile state for his remaining three years, being cared for by his children, never learning that during that period Albury House had been foreclosed by the Duke of Northumberland. Eventually he died, on 29 November 1889, and was buried in Albury churchyard in the same grave as his wife and son Martin Charles Selwyn, with an epitaph reading "He being dead yet speaketh".

Personal beliefs

Religion
Tupper was a passionate lifelong Protestant:

The contrast between his beliefs and those of his close friend William Gladstone, who was raised Evangelical but sympathised with the Oxford Movement later in life, became a frequent source of friction between the two. Tupper at one point challenged him with the question "are you a hearty friend of the Protestant Reformation?", and the difference of views was a contributing factor to their eventual falling out.

Tupper's religion played a large role in his works, both in terms of the genesis and reception of Proverbial Philosophy ("There was room for a work of moral principle, and of Evangelical temper, that would have a wide appeal"), as well as later in life, when he wrote "extreme Protestant ballads" for the Church of England paper The Rock. Additionally, he was an early supporter of the Student Volunteer Movement, which was founded to encourage missionary work abroad.

Colonialism
During a time of increasing concern about the state of the British Empire's military forces, Tupper was a key voice in creating the Volunteer Force, a movement which bolstered the army and helped lead to its professionalisation; he himself became the secretary of the "Blackheath Rifles" in 1859. He wrote jingoistic poems in support of the allied troops in the Crimean War and, controversially, urging severe punishment of those responsible for the Indian Rebellion of 1857. His ballads in the Globe captured a popular mood of outrage at the delay in relief for General Gordon at the Siege of Khartoum, and earned the appreciation of Gordon's family.

Race and abolitionism
Tupper had an interest in the legacy of the Anglo-Saxons; he arranged an event to mark the thousandth anniversary of the birth of Alfred the Great in the king's birthplace of Wantage, and was an erstwhile contributor to the short-lived magazine Anglo-Saxon (1849-1851), which was "devoted to the cause of friendship between the English-speaking peoples". However, this interest has overtones of racial superiority, as evinced by his 1850 ballad "The Anglo-Saxon Race": "Break forth and spread over every place / The world is a world for the Anglo Saxon race!". Critic Kwame Anthony Appiah argues that Tupper's views on race were informed and limited by their time, quoting this poem as an example of the predominant colonialist understanding of "race" in the nineteenth century. Appia calls Tupper a "racialist": "He believed, as did most educated Victorians by the mid-century, that we could divide human beings into a small number of groups, called "races," in such a way that all members of these races shared certain fundamental ... characteristics with each other that they did not share with members of any other race."

Tupper was a proponent of abolitionism. While studying at Oxford he refused to eat sugar "by way of somehow discouraging the slave trade", and in 1848 he wrote a national anthem for Liberia and advocated for the republic in communications with Lord Palmerston and President Fillmore. He received presidents Roberts and Benson in his home as they came to thank him for his support. In addition he created a specific prize in order to encourage African literature, "biennially to be competed for by emancipated slaves".

Regarding the American Civil War, however, he was not entirely supportive of the anti-slavery Union. While he wrote to President Lincoln in May 1861 with the sentiment "May this Revolution bear the good fruit of total abolition of slavery all over the American continent ...!" and to Gladstone that "The South are responsible for this civil war", his later works demonstrate a sympathy for the Southern cause. During his second American tour, Tupper published a sympathetic "Ode to the South", beginning

Tupper's autobiography, written towards the very end of his life, recounts visiting a formerly slave-owning friend during the same tour:

Legacy
Tupper had no doubts as to his place in the pantheon of English literature. As Murphy (1937) notes, the closing lines of his autobiography are a confident indication of this, quoting from the epilogue of Ovid's Metamorphoses:

Proverbial Philosophy in later years
Having enjoyed huge success for almost two decades, by the end of the 1850s Proverbial Philosophy started to fall out of favour in Britain as tastes and social attitudes changed. The first sign of this was an article by the influential National Review in its 1858 article "Charlatan Poetry: Martin Farquhar Tupper". Acknowledging that the poet's popularity was "one of the most unquestionable facts of the day ... We are quite aware that it would be utterly beyond our strength to displace him from his stronghold in public favour", the article proceeds with a lengthy criticism of his poetry: "[we] belong to that small but respectable minority who regard Mr. Tupper's versicular philosophy as superficial and conceited twaddle".

Although it remained popular for many years, the ultimate challenge to the work's further longevity was that Proverbial Philosophy presents a style and viewpoint that are inextricably linked and of interest only to those who lived during the early-to-mid Victorian period. In his biography of Tupper, Hudson (1949) contends that "the success of 'Proverbial Philosophy' ... sprang primarily from the moral and religious movement of early Victorian days which gradually lost its impetus as the reign proceeded. It was the belief that art must be linked with morality that furthered the astonishing advance of Tupper's book". Dingley (2004) agrees: "He presented as vatic wisdom the established convictions of his readership, which responded by venerating him as a sage. But as those convictions themselves began to crumble in the 1860s, under the pressure of scientific advance and social change, so Tupper's status declined and he came to seem an embarrassing survival from a superseded past, a victim of the progress he had so earnestly celebrated." Collins (2002) adds that the work was a victim of its own success: "The children who had once received gift book editions of Tupper for their birthdays were heartily sick of the man." As a piece of art that spoke only to people of its own time, the work has never experienced a revival of interest: "It put the weight of tradition and common sense behind social values and interpretations which were in reality peculiar to Victorianism."

Given that Proverbial Philosophy was published by the author when he was a young man, who went on to live a long life and write prolifically, he was an easy target for satire from new generations and changing tastes – "Tupper's visage was everywhere ... His very generosity and omnipresence worked against him. By the 1870s, each week began to bring fresh pummelings by clever young men in humor magazines like Punch, Figaro and The Comic." Hudson (1949) quotes examples dating from 1864:

Once the satire was played out, Tupper's work was forgotten. , none of his works have been in print since the final edition of Proverbial Philosophy in 1881, although digital transcriptions and facsimiles can now be found.

Influence on Walt Whitman
Renowned American poet Walt Whitman was an enthusiastic supporter of Tupper while acting as editor for the Brooklyn Eagle (1846–1848) – for example, in his 1847 review of Probabilities: An Aid to Faith he commends the work's "lofty ... august scope of intention! ... The author ... is one of the rare men of the time. He turns up thoughts as with a plough ... we should like well to go into this book ... but justice to it would require many pages." Contemporary readers noted similarities between Proverbial Philosophy and Whitman's writings (not always intending this to be a flattering comparison), and it seems likely that the work influenced the style of Whitman's Leaves of Grass, although the two had many ideological differences. Coulombe (1996) suggests that Whitman also

In later years, however, Whitman distanced himself from Tupper; Tupper had by then become highly unfashionable, and Whitman was seeking to create a separate style of art for the New World: "His disagreement with Tupper, who considered the States as a literary adjunct to England, underscores his desire to create a distinctly American poetry." The influence from Britain continued, however, as Snodgrass (2008) notes that Whitman's style in later works such as Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking "was less influenced by homiletic writers such as Martin Tupper in favor of the more musical efforts of such poets as Tennyson."

In other literature
W. S. Gilbert alludes to Tupper in Bab Ballads. In the poem Ferdinando and Elvira, or, The Gentle Pieman ( 1866), Gilbert describes how two lovers are trying to find out who has been putting mottoes into "paper crackers" (a sort of 19th Century fortune cookie). Gilbert builds up to the following lines, eventually coming up with a spoof of Tupper's own style from Proverbial Philosophy:

Such was Tupper's fame that the 1933 Oxford English Dictionary contains an entry Tupperian: "Of, belonging to, or in the style of Martin F. Tupper's Proverbial Philosophy", or "An admirer of Tupper. So Tupperish a., Tupperism, Tupperize v.". The entry attests references dating from 1858.

Awards and recognition
On 10 April 1845 Tupper was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on merit of being "the author of 'Proverbial Philosophy' and several other works", and "eminent as a literary Man, and for his Archaeological attainments". A key contribution to archaeology was his excavation of Farley Heath on Farley Green, Surrey, done piecemeal at periods between 1839 and 1847, and as an organised project in 1848, which uncovered a Romano-Celtic temple as well as a number of "coins, brooches and other metal objects". Tupper's interpretation of what he found, however, was of questionable accuracy.

He received the 1844 Gold Medal for Science and Literature from the King of Prussia as a mark of the King's admiration for Proverbial Philosophy.

Selected works

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

 Albury History Society contains some details about Tupper's connection to Albury, Surrey

1810 births
1889 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Writers from London
English male poets
19th-century English poets
19th-century English male writers
Victorian poets
People educated at Eagle House School
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford

Martin Farquhar Tupper


Tiber nehri, (İtalyanca Tevere, Latince Tiberis) İtalya'da bir nehir. İtalya'nın üçüncü büyük nehridir ve Toskana'daki Apenin Dağları'ndan doğar, 406 km'lik (252 mil) bir akıştan sonra Tiren Denizi'ne dökülür. Su toplama havzası 17.375 km2'dir. Nehir, meşhur ana su yolu olarak sonunda, doğu ağzında kurulmuş olan Roma şehrine ulaşır.

Nitelikleri
Nehir orta İtalya'daki Fumaiolo Dağı'ndan doğar ve genellikle güney yönünde akarak Perugia ve Roma'yı geçtikten sonra Ostia'da denize dökülür. Popüler olarak suyunun sarımsı rengine atfen flavus ("sarışın") olarak çağrılır, Tiber yoğun biçimde tortuyla doludur. Tortuların birikmesinden dolayı kıyı çizgisi her iki ağızda da Roma çağından bu güne kadar yaklaşık 3 km ilerleyerek antik liman Ostia Antica'yı 6 km içeride bırakmıştır. Her halukârda, delta, güçlü kuzey akıntısının kıyıya yakın olması, kıyının hızlı şelvlenmesi ve yavaş tektonik çöküntü nedeniyle oranlanabilir değildir.

Nehrin ana kolları, Chiascio, Nestore, Paglia, Nera ve Aniene'dir. Roma ve Floransa arasında mavna geçişini sağlayabilmek için, Tiber ve Arno Nehri, Chiana Kanalı'yla birbirine bağlanmıştır. Tiber Ostia'da çamurla dolmuş Fiumara ve Fiumicino adında iki kanala bölünmüştür ve ortada bir zamanlar Sacred adası ya da Venüs adası denen ada oluşmuştur. Nehrin derinliği 2-6 metre arasında değişir.

İsim ve efsaneler
Tiber adının, Latin öncesi döneme ait "Tibur" sözcüğünün bir türevi olma ihtimali vardır (modern Tivoli). Etrüskçe ya da Keltçe kökenli olduğu yönündeki savlardan hareketle bu sözcüğün Keltçede "su" anlamına gelen "dubr" kelimesinden türediğini iddia eden görüşler mevcuttur.<ref name="everett">"Tiber". Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names'. John Everett-Heath. Oxford Universitesi  2005 baskısı.</ref>

Efsanevî kral Tiberinus Silvius ya da Thebris'in, Alba Longa listesindeki 9. kral, sonradan onun onuruna adı değiştirilecek olan, Albula Nehri'nde boğulduğu söylenir. Mit belki de eski bir hikâye ile açıklanabilir, belki de Hint-Avrupalılar öncesi nehrin adı tortuyla "beyaz" ("alba")'dı. Efsanelere göre Jüpiter onu bir tanrı ve nehrin koruyucu ruhu yaptı (aynı zamanda Volturnus "yuvarlanan su"). Bu, nehrin standart Roma tasviri olan, güçlü bir şekilde geriye yaslanan ve suyun akıntısı saç ve sakalından akan Nehir Tanrısı'nı açıklar.

 Tarih
Roma Şehri MÖ 753'te Tiber kıyısında, denizden 25 km içerdeki Ostia'da kurulmuştur. Roma'nın merkezinde, Trastevere ve antik merkez arasındaki Tiber Adası daha sonra köprüyle bağlanan önemli bir yerleşim yeriydi. Efsaneye göre Roma'yı, bir sepet içerisinde suya bırakılmış haldeyken dişi bir kurdun kurtardığı ikiz kardeşler olan Romulus ve Remus kurmuştur.

Nehir, batıdaki Etrüsk toprakları ile doğudaki Sabinler ve güneydeki Latinler arasındaki sınırları belirlerdi. Romagna'da doğan Benito Mussolini, Toskana ve Emilia-Romagna arasında sınır olarak belirledi, böylece Tiber baharında Romagna'da uzanacaktı. Mussolini, nehrin doğduğu yere bir antik roma sütunu diktirdi ve üzerine Latince "QUI NASCE IL TEVERE SACRO AI DESTINI DI ROMA" yani "Tiber burada doğdu, Roma'nın kaderini kutsadı" yazdırdı.

Tiber, gemiler nehirden yukarı 100 km girebildiğinden dolayı Roma ticareti için kritik öneme sahipti; Val Teverina'nın MÖ 5. yüzyıldan daha önceleri bile gemiyle hububat taşımak için kullanıldığına dair deliller vardır. Daha sonraları Roma'ya gemiyle taş, kereste ve gıda maddesi taşındı.

3. yüzyıldaki Pön Savaşları'nda, Ostia'nın limanı önemli bir deniz üssü oldu. Sonraları bu liman, Akdeniz çevresindeki kolonilerden Roma'ya yapılan buğday, zeytin yağı ve şarap ithalatı nedeniyle İmparatorluğun en önemli limanı olacaktı. Roma'da nehir boyunca, Campus Martius civarındaki nehir kıyısına iskeleler inşa edildi. Romalılar nehri kanalizasyonla bağladılar (Cloaca Maxima) ve suyu şehrin merkezine getirebilmek için yer altında tüneller ve kanallar ağı oluşturdular.

Nehrin oldukça yoğun tortusu yüzünden Ostia'nın bakımını yapmak çok zordu. İmparatorlar Claudius ve Trajan'ın teşviki ile Fiumicino şehrinde, 1. yüzyılda yeni bir liman ve Roma'yı Fiumicino'ya bağlayan yeni bir yol via Portuensis, inşa edildi. Her iki liman da zamanla çamurla dolarak kullanılamaz hale geldi.

Birkaç papa, 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda Tiber'i seyahat için ıslah etmeye teşebbüs ettiler ve bu konuda geniş taramalar 19. yüzyıla kadar devam etti. Ticaret bir süre için arttı ancak 20. yüzyılla birlikte çamurla dolma sona erdi ve sadece Roma'nın kendi içinde seyahat edilebilir hale geldi.

Tiber bir zamanlar taşmaları ile ünlüydü — Campus Martius bir Taşma Düzlüğü'ydü ve nehir düzenli olarak birkaç metre derinliğinde taşardı. Nehir şu anda 1876'da başlanmış olan yüksek taş setlerle ıslah edilmiştir.

 Tiber'de yüzmek
Nehrin Roma ile özdeşleşmesi nedeniyle , Tiber'de yüzmek (swimming the Tiber) Protestan'lar tarafından Roma Katolikliği'ne geçenler için kullanılan bir terim olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Tersi durumlar için ise Thames'de yüzmek (swimming the Thames'') terimi kullanılmıştır.

Notlar

İtalya'daki su yolları
Perugia ilindeki nehirler
Rieti ilindeki nehirler
Roma ilindeki nehirler
Terni ilindeki nehirler
Viterbo ilindeki nehirler
Arezzo ilindeki nehirler
Forli-Cesena ilindeki nehirler
İtalya'daki nehirler
Antik Roma topoğrafyası

Tiber