Colette Herzog est une soprano lyrique française, née le  à Strasbourg et décédée le  dans le . Pensionnaire de l'Opéra national de Paris, elle était également l'une des cantatrices capables d'interpréter la musique sérielle.

Biographie

Naissance
Colette-Marie-Joséphine Herzog naquit à Strasbourg le 25 octobre 1923.

Formation et sa première fonction
Colette Herzog aurait étudié, tout d'abord, la littérature.

Puis sa formation musicale fut tenue au conservatoire de Nancy où elle était une élève de Sidonie-Lucie Schaeffer, mère de Pierre Schaeffer.

Au début de sa carrière, elle n'était autre qu'une enseignante. À partir de 1945, Colette Herzog enseignait au conservatoire de Besançon auquel elle restait en fonction pendant plus de dix ans.

Musicienne très active
Pendant cette carrière d'enseignement, Colette Herzog n'était pas un simple professeur. Le magazine Guide du concert et du disque annonçait ses activités d'interprétation.

Elle effectua, les 16 et 17 novembre 1955, ses enregistrements en faveur des radios de Nancy et de Strasbourg, qui étaient programmés en quatre émissions. Ces dernières se composaient des œuvres de compositeurs français, Gabriel Fauré, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Francis Poulenc, Louis Beydts et un certain Laurent.

Son année 1956 s'illustrait de nombreuses interprétations. Le 4 mars, elle chanta des œuvres de Ravel et de Poulenc au théâtre de Mulhouse. C'étaient les mélodies grecques et les Fiançailles pour rire qu'elle interpréta. Puis le 30 mars, elle enregistra, à Paris, les deux airs pour la soprano de la Cantate du café de Jean Sébastien Bach, accompagnée du clavecin. À ce jour-là, fut aussi enregistré un programme de mélodies françaises. Il s'agissait du Poème d'un jour de Fauré et, de nouveau, des Cinq mélodies populaires grecques de Ravel. À Nancy, deux autres programmes de radio furent enregistrés : celui des Fiançailles pour rire de Poulenc et celui des chants en allemand de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, de Franz Schubert, de Robert Schumann et de Richard Strauss. Puis, elle effectua ses récitals à Belfort et à Besançon, les 9 et 11 mai. Son répertoire était donc très riche : Fauré, Debussy, Ravel et Poulenc en français mais aussi Bach, Mozart, Schubert, Schumann, Richard Strauss, Johannes Brahms et Hugo Wolf en allemand. Le magazine mentionnait encore son interprétation des Scènes de Faust de Schumann. Le concert fut tenu à Nancy le 16 décembre. Encore devait-elle se déplacer à Paris le 28 décembre pour l'enregistrement réservé à la radio Paris Inter, lequel était suivi de deux programmes de Nancy et de deux de Lyon, dont les enregistrements étaient prévus en janvier 1957.

Son ascension avec le soutien d'Antoine Goléa
Cependant, si elle devint une cantatrice réputée, c'était grâce à un concert, tenu le . Sous la direction de Félix Raugel, Herzog chanta la Missa brevis Sancti Johannis de Deo (Hob.XXII:7) de Joseph Haydn à l'église Sainte-Madeleine de Besançon. Et à cette occasion, elle rencontra le musicologue Antoine Goléa, qui s'impressionna si profondément de la qualité de cette chanteuse. Ce qui reste important est que ce musicologue ayant l'oreille absolue ait constaté que cette soprano était capable de chanter en haute précision de hauteur. En conséquence, il n'hésita pas à la conduire à la musique sérielle, dont il avait assez de connaissance.

Colette Herzog et Antoine Goléa se marièrent finalement en 1974.

Cantatrice professionnelle
À la suite de cet événement, elle quitta le conservatoire, dans l'optique de se consacrer à l'interprétation. D'abord, il s'agissait des enregistrements pour l'émission. Puis en 1958, elle chanta Le visage nuptial de Pierre Boulez à Strasbourg ainsi que Le livre des jardins suspendus d'Arnold Schönberg à Paris.

En 1959, elle rencontra Olivier Messiaen. La cantatrice, attendant une exécution des Chants de Terre et de Ciel à l'école normale de musique de Paris, avait demandé une répétition en présence du compositeur, ce qui était accepté de bon gré. Or, en raison du trépas inattendu de Claire Delbos, épouse de Messiaen, ce rendez-vous devint assez dramatique et émouvant. Le 25 avril au soir, Messiaen lui offrit deux heures de répétition très intense, sans lui dire qu'il venait de l'enterrer au cimetière, juste avant de venir. À vrai dire, ces pièces avaient été écrites pour son épouse et leur nouveau-né.

Colette Herzog eut l'honneur de créer plusieurs pièces. Ainsi, en 1961, elle effectua la première exécution de La Courte Paille, composée par Francis Poulenc (FP178), dans le cadre du festival de Royaumont.

En 1964, le théâtre national de l'Opéra-Comique organisa sa présentation de Zoroastre de Jean-Philippe Rameau († 1764), en faveur du  anniversaire de sa disparition. Colette Herzog participa au concours. Avant la représentation à Paris le 2 juin, cette pièce fut jouée à Bordeaux dans le cadre du festival Mai musical. Donc, c'était le début de Colette pour l'interprétation d'opéra. Plus tard, en 1979, elle sortira un disque consacré à ce compositeur. D'ailleurs, cette année 1964, elle était vraiment active. Invitée par le Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, elle participa à jouer l'opéra Die Zwingburg d'Ernst Křenek. Le 26 novembre au théâtre des Champs-Élysées, elle fut une des solistes pour la symphonie n° 8 de Mahler.

Dorénavant, son activité se caractérisait de l'opéra. Elle fut, entre 1964 et 1971, une pensionnaire de l'opéra national de Paris. En tant que membre de son équipe, elle interprétait mêmement auprès d'autres établissements, par exemple, opéra de Limoges pour la saison 1966 - 1967. En 1966, lorsqu'elle interpréta Zerlina de Don Giovanni à Paris, Henri Büsser, ancien directeur musical de cet opéra Garnier, écrivit : « Mlle Colette Herzog très consciencieuse dans le rôle de Zerline ».

Originaire de Strasbourg, Colette continua, convainquant sans difficulté les oreilles des germanophones, à enrichir son répertoire. Une lettre d'Antoine Goléa était le témoignage de son grand succès à Munich en 1967, avec l'exécution de quelques œuvres de Wolfgang Fortner.

Et elle restait toujours en collaboration avec ce musicologue et ses amis. Ainsi, le 30 avril 1971 à Paris, elle effectua la première audition de Songe à nouveau rêve d'André Jolivet dont le texte avait été écrit par Goléa. L'œuvre, composée pour soprano et orchestre et donc conçue pour Herzog, était un fruit de leur cercle étroit. Or, après elle, son exécution reste très rare, en raison d' « une extrême difficulté vocale ».

L'année 1974 fut remarquée par son interprétation en solo pour la symphonie n° 2 de Mahler Résurrection, avec une autre soliste, contralto Helen Watts. Il s'agissait de l'inauguration du festival international de musique duquel le thème était « Vienne et sa musique ». Le concert fut tenu à la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg le vendredi 7 juin, sous la direction d'Alain Lombard. Au festival de Pesmes, elle participa, avec le Quatuor Parrenin, à interpréter le  quatuor de Schönberg. Cette pièce se distingue de sa particularité : la partie de la voix de soprano soutient, en tant que cinquième instrument, les deux derniers mouvements pour le texte de Stefan George. Encore cette année coïncidait-elle une courte fonction de Sergiu Celibidache à Paris. Le 17 septembre au théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Herzog chanta les quatre Lieder avec orchestre (op. 8) de Schönberg, sous la baguette de ce maestro qui dirigeait l'orchestre national de l'ORTF. Puis, une collaboration avec Jean Fournet et l'orchestre de Paris fut tenue en janvier 1975 pour Der Wein d'Alban Berg en musique dodécaphonique ainsi qu'une pièce de Paul Hindemith.

Encore chanta-t-elle, en 1981, El tigre de oro d'Adrienne Clostre, en faveur de la Radio France. Cela était également sa première représentation.

Dernières années
Son âge avancé, elle reprit la fonction de l'enseignante. À Paris, elle enseigna le chant, tant au conservatoire national de région (CNR de Paris, créé en 1978) qu'au conservatoire municipal Francis Poulenc, où le pianiste polonais Alexandre Konicki était chargé de l'accompagner.

Avec son époux, elle gardait une excellente amitié avec Maurice Schumann, maintenant académicien. Mais ce dernier était celui qui comprenait de manière exacte leur vie artistique tout à fait commune :

Colette-Marie-Joséphine Herzog, autrement Colette Goldmann, épouse de Siegfried Goldmann (vrai nom d'Antoine Goléa), décéda dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris le 6 juillet 1986. Avec son mari qui était mort en 1980, elle fut inhumée dans la  division du cimetière parisien de Bagneux.

Carrière de l'opéra

Opéra national de Paris
 1964 : Lorenzo da Ponte et Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Giovanni, mise en scène de José Beckmann-rôle de Zerlina
 1966 : Lorenzo da Ponte et Mozart, Don Giovanni, mise en scène de José Beckmann, direction musicale de Bruno Maderna- rôle de Zerlina

Théâtre national de l'Opéra-comique
 1964 : Louis de Cahusac et Jean-Philippe Rameau, Zoroastre, mise en scène d'Henri Doublier, chorégraphie de Michel Rayme, direction musicale de Manuel Rosenthal- rôle de Céphie
 1969 : Maurice Maeterlinck et Claude Debussy, Pelléas et Mélisande, mise en scène de Jacques Jansen- rôle titre de Mélisande

Théâtre des Champs-Élysées
 1967 : Mira Mendelssohn et Serge Prokofiev, Guerre et Paix, version concert tenue le 16 mars, direction musicale de Georges Sébastian- rôle principal de Natacha Rostov

Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux
 1964 : Zoroastre ; voir ci-dessus
 1968 : Wolfgang Fortner, Noces de sang, livret d'Antoine Goléa, mise en scène de Roger Lalande

Opéra municipal de Marseille
 1968 : Antonio Bibalo (livret et musique) d'après Henry Miller (roman de 1948), Le Sourire au Pied de l'Echelle créé en 1965 ; première représentation en France, le 18 janvier, sous la direction de Serge Baudo- rôle principal de l'Écuyère

Opéra de Tours
 1970 : Ranieri de' Calzabigi et Christoph Willibald Gluck, Orphée et Eurydice, mise en scène de Tito Serebrinsky- rôle titre d'Eurydice

Théâtre du Capitole de Toulouse
 1970 : Georges Bernanos et Francis Poulenc, Dialogues des carmélites, sous la direction de Jésus Etcheverry- rôle principal de Blanche de la Force

Théâtre des Arts de Rouen
 1971 : Ulisse de Luigi Dallapiccola créé en 1968, mise en scène de Michel Vitold, direction musicale de Charles Bruck- rôle de Calypso

Théâtre communal de Bologne
 1972 : Lorenzo da Ponte et Mozart, Don Giovanni, sous Peter Maag- rôle de Donna Elvira

Hommage
En 1966, Ivo Malec écrivit sa Cantate pour elle pour soprano, harpe, bande magnétique et dispositif électroacoustique. Cette elle n'était autre que Colette Herzog, qui effectua sa première représentation le 25 mai. Cette création fut diffusée par la Radio France.

Juste avant son trépas, Jean-Pierre Guézec composa en 1971 les Trente mesures pour Colette Herzog pour soprano et piano. L'œuvre fut inaugurée toute de suite, le 11 février 1971, au Musée Grévin de Paris, avec l'interprétation par Colette Herzog elle-même.

Enregistrement utilisé pour la danse de Maurice Béjart
Un enregistrement de Colette Herzog, qui se composait de plusieurs mélodies de Claude Debussy, était utilisé pour une œuvre de Maurice Béjart Baudelaire. Elle fut créée pour l'inauguration de la nouvelle Maison de la culture de Grenoble, lors des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968, en présence d'André Malraux. Les pièces chantées par elle étaient un extrait des Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire, desquelles le disque avait été sorti en 1963.

Activité culturelle et scientifique
Collette Herzog fut l'un des quatre artistes invités, le 27 octobre 1962, en qualité du représentant de l'opéra national de Paris, lors d'un hommage solennel au  anniversaire de la naissance de l'écrivain belge Maurice Maeterlinck. L'événement fut tenu à la Sorbonne sous la présidence du ministre Maurice Couve de Murville.

De même, étant le représentant de l'opéra, elle était un membre du Groupe d'Acoustique Musicale, qui était un laboratoire de la faculté des sciences de Paris. Ainsi, lors de la discussion d'une réunion, sous le thème Architecture et musique spatiale avec Fritz Winckel et tenue le 20 novembre 1970, elle présenta ses avis :

Critique
Conduite par le musicologue Antoine Goléa, Colette Herzog chantait toujours des œuvres difficiles à interpréter. On comprend que ses auditeurs ne fussent pas nombreux. C'est la raison pour laquelle, après son décès, elle tomba dans l'oubli malgré l'appréciation des spécialistes, à la différence de ses contemporaines, telle Régine Crespin.

Un critique, Mihai de Brancovan, résumait les caractéristiques de son exécution, après le récital tenu le 28 janvier 1980 à Paris :

Discographie
Elle contribua surtout à interpréter des œuvres des compositeurs contemporaines, qui restaient méconnues.
 1961 : Maurice Ravel, L'Enfant et les Sortilèges, rôles de La Chauve-souris et d'une Pastourelle, sous la direction de Lorin Maazel, Deutsche Grammophon 6 18675
 1962 : Arnold Schönberg, Le livre des jardins suspendus - 15 poèmes de Stefan George (15 Gedichte aus Das Buch der hängenden de Stefan George) op.15, accompagnement du piano par Jeacqueline Bonneau [accouplement avec op. 16 en instruments], Critère CRD146
 1963 : [enregistrement direct tenu le 16 mars], Maurice Ravel, L'Enfant et les Sortilèges, rôles de La Chauve-souris, de La Bergère, de La Chouette et de L'Écureuil, sous la direction de Peter Maag et avec les Coro e Orchestra Sinfonica de Roma della RAI, DC posthume sorti en 2004 - Arts Archives 43039-2
 1963 : Francis Poulenc, Fiançailles pour rire et La Courte Paille, ainsi que, Claude Debussy, Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire, accompagnement du piano par Jacques Février, Deutsche Grammophon LPM 18 882
 1971 : Olivier Messiaen, Chants de Terre et de Ciel, ainsi que, Claude Debussy, Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire, accompagnement du piano par Jean Laforge, Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française Inedits (distribution Barclay) 995020
 1975 : Luigi Dallapiccola, Ulisse, rôles de Calypso et de Penelope, avec orchestre philharmonique de Radio France sous la direction d'Ernest Bour, enregistrement direct tenu le 6 mai 1975 à l'auditorium de Radio France, Naïve et Radio France V4960
 1978 : André Jolivet, Songe à nouveau rêvé, avec orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg sous la direction d'Alain Lombard, Erato STU71120
 1979 : Jean-Philippe Rameau, Orphée, Le Berger fidèle et Air du rossignol (extrait de Hippolyte et Aricie), avec I Solisti Veneti sous la direction de Claudio Scimone, Erato STU71214
En collaboration avec son futur époux Antoine Goléa (qui était donc narrateur des introductions) ainsi que Pierre Boulez, elle participa à fournier un disque particulier ayant pour but d'initier des œuvres en musique sérielle. Les pièces qui concernent l'interprétation de Colette Herzog sont :
 Arnold Schönberg, extrait des Gurre-Lieder ;
 Arnold Schönberg, Mädchenlied de Trois Lieder, op. 48, n° 3 ;
 Alban Berg, Die Nachtigall de Sieben frühe Lieder ;
 Anton Webern, Quatre Lieder, op. 12 ;
 Anton Webern, Cantate n° 2, op. 31 ;
 Colette Herzog exécuta aussi la mélodie populaire La légende de saint Nicolas, en rendant hommage à sa région natale et au conservatoire de Nancy ;
 1960 : Antoine Goléa, Introduction à la musique sérielle, Vega 30BVG805

Écouter en ligne
 Radio France (émission du 3 janvier 2021) : Le Visage nuptial de Pierre Boulez, le 8 juin 1959, au palais des fêtes de Strasbourg dans le cadre de son festival, avec la contralto Marie-Thérèse Cahn et l'orchestre radio symphonique de Strasbourg sous la direction de Charles Bruck (rubrique Écouter (59 MIN) de 39m5s à la fin)
 Institut national de l'audiovisuel (INA) : Symphonie n° 8 de Mahler, le 26 novembre 1964, au théâtre des Champs-Élysées, avec l'orchestre national de l'ORTF sous la direction de Jacques Jouineau

 Institut national de l'audiovisuel (INA 17/09/1974 TCE)  / Radio France (émission du 15 juillet 2013) : Les six Lieder pour orchestre d'Arnold Schönberg (op. 8 en extrait : n° 1, 3, 5 et 6), le 17 septembre 1974, au théâtre des Champs-Élysées, avec l'orchestre national de l'ORTF sous la direction de Sergiu Celibidache (qualité supérieure) ou  ;« très rare enregistrement de [Celibidache] » (Benjamin François) car ce grand chef d'orchestre n'appréciait jamais la musique enregistrée, sans autoriser aucune diffusion de ses enregistrements, dont l'interdiction fut gardée jusqu'à ce que sa famille décide, après son décès, d'éliminer les disques fournis illégalement.

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Antoine Goléa
 Musique sérielle

Liens externes

Chanteuse française d'opéra
Chanteuse d'opéra du XXe siècle
Soprano française
Naissance à Strasbourg
Naissance en octobre 1923
Décès en juillet 1986
Décès à 62 ans

Colette Herzog


أحمد ثومسون أو Ahmad Thomson محام في المحاكم العليا البريطانية، وكاتب, وأحد أعضاء حركة المرابطين، وأحد مؤسسي رابطة المحامين المسلمين. اسمه الأصلي Martin Thomson ولد في زيمبابوي، واعتنق الإسلام عام 1973. له عدة مؤلفات في الإسلام، ومن أبرز آراءه أن اجتماع الإسلام، والإرهاب في شخص واحد أمر غير ممكن.

مراجع

أشخاص اعتنقوا الإسلام
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
فلاسفة إنجليز
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 20
مسلمون إنجليز

أحمد ثومسون


An Philodendron cordatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth ngan Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Philodendron cordatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Philodendron

Philodendron cordatum


Overhalla er sveitarfélag í Þrændalögum í Noregi. Í sveitarfélaginu eru 3.817 íbúar (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er Ranemsletta. Til sveitarfélagsins teljast einnig þéttbýlinu Hunn og Skogmo.

Sveitarfélagið Overhalla á landamæri að sveitarfélögunum Namsos í vestri, Høylandet í norðri, Grong í austri og Snåsa og Steinkjer í suðri.

Sveitarfélög í Þrændalögum

Overhalla (sveitarfélag)


Alberico I () foi o segundo visconde conhecido do Viscondado de Narbona. Aparece depois de Leudovino. Foi atestado entre 885-886, quando uma sentença de excomunhão contra o bispo de Nimes foi notificada pelo papa Estêvão V ao arcebispo de Narbona Teodardo, ao conde Ricardo (na verdade, Bernardo Plantapilosa) e Alberico. O visconde subsequente sobre o qual há registro é . A Grande Enciclopédia Catalã assume que, na verdade, o sucessor de Leudovino foi Maiol, com Alberico governando na sequência. Nesta reconstituição, só houve um Alberico, mas em outras é assumido que existiu um homônimo.

Ver também

Bibliografia

Viscondes de Narbona

Alberico I de Narbona


Almegíjar, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneyinde en fazla nüfusu sahip bulunan Endülüs otonom bölgesine bağlı sekiz eyaletten biri olan Granada'ya bağlı 170 belediyeden biridir. Almegíjar belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 445 kişidir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Almegíjar konumu

Granada'nın belediyeleri

Almegíjar


Mellembølger, mellemfrekvens (forkortet MB eller MF fra engelsk medium frequency forkortet) og er radiobølger i området (fra men ikke med) 300 kHz – 3 MHz, der har følgende korresponderende bølgelængdeinterval i vakuum (fra men ikke med) 1 km - 100 m. Derfor kaldes mellembølger også hektometerbølger eller hectometerbølger.

Svaret på hvorfor disse radiobølger både kaldes ved deres bølgelængde i meter og frekvens i Hertz skyldes, at radiobølger i radiofoniens barndom før 1920'erne, kalder radiobølger ved deres bølgelængde i meter. Mellem ca. 1923 til 1960 anbefales det at angive radiobølgers frekvens i cycles-per-second (cps). Fra 1960 angives frekvens i Hertz.

Mellembølger omfatter mellembølgebåndet og noget af kortbølgebåndet.

Kilder/referencer

Radioteknik
Radiospektrum

Mellembølger


The Miracle of Flight, auch Miracle of Flight, ist ein britischer animierter Kurzfilm von Terry Gilliam aus dem Jahr 1974, der im Auftrag des US-amerikanischen Fernsehens entstand.

Handlung
Der Sprecher gibt an, dass der Mensch seit Anbeginn der Zeit fliegen können wollte. Neben der Beobachtung der Vögel animierte ihn dazu auch das Geräusch einer Boeing 707 am Himmel. Versuche, es den Vögeln gleichzutun, scheiterten. Weder Vogelkostüm noch Teeren und Federn führten zum Flugfähigkeit. Versuchsweise breitgeschlagene Arme, die Flügel imitieren sollten, ließen Menschen nur kurz in der Luft schweben. Ein König rief sogar zahlreiche Wissenschaftler zu sich, die ihm bei der Lösung des Flug-Rätsels helfen sollten. Er stieß sie nacheinander einen hohen Berg hinunter, doch keiner konnte fliegen.

Flüge mit Hilfe von an den Armen angebrachten Vögeln scheiterten an alten Damen, die den Vögeln Futter hinstreuten. Erst im 20. Jahrhundert kam mit der Entdeckung in einer Kleinstadt östlich von Miami der scheinbare Durchbruch: Das Flugticket wurde erfunden und in der Folge zahlreiche weitere Neuerungen, vom Flughafen bis zur Stewardess. Ein Mann checkt für einen Flug ein und begibt sich zum Hangar. Hier wird er, wie es einst der König tat, von einem hohen Berg gestoßen. Nach seinem Aufprall kommentiert der Sprecher, dass die Menschheit es immer noch nicht hinbekommen habe ("Nope. Still not got it.").

Produktion
The Miracle of Flight gehörte zu einer Reihe von Kurzfilmen, die Terry Gilliam ab 1971 für The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine auf ABC-TV konzipierte. Der Film wurde dabei in der für Gilliam typischen Cut-Out-Animation umgesetzt. Der Film lief unter anderem 1975 als britischer Beitrag auf dem Festival d'Animation Annecy und galt als zu der Zeit längste, auf Basis einer festen Handlung animierte Film Gilliams.

Kritik
Die zeitgenössische Kritik schrieb, dass die "pythoneske" Absurdität seines Humors mit seinem Animationsstil hervorragend zusammenwirke und der Film herrlich unangepasst sei. Andere Kritiker schrieben, dass Gilliam im Film einen frechen Blick auf die Versuche des Menschen, zu fliegen, werfe.

Weblinks

 The Miracle of Flight auf bcdb.com

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1974
Britischer Film
Kurzfilm
Stop-Motion-Film

The Miracle of Flight


Gliese 667 (142 G. Scorpii) je trostruki sustav zvijezda u zviježđu Škorpion. Nalazi se 23,2 svjetlosne godine od Zemlje. Njegove tri zvijezde su sve manje od Sunca.

Sustav je miče po nebu brže no uobičajeno, 1 lučnu sekundu u godini. Dvije najsjajnije zvijezde u sustavu su Gliese 667 A i B. Zajedno čine mali binarni par i udaljene su međusobno 12.6 astronomskih jedinica (astronomska jedinica je ekvivalentna udaljenosti Zemlje od Sunca, 149,6 milijuna kilometara). Obje su zvijezde K tipa, znači narančaste i hladnije od Sunca.

Treća zvijezda jest Gliese 667 C, crveni patuljak koji se nalazi 230 astronomskih jedinica od AB. Ovaj crveni patuljak poznat je po svom planetarnom sustavu (vidi Cb i Cc).

Gliese 667 AB

Gliese 667 AB jest prvi dio sustava Gliese 667. Riječ je o dvije zvijezde K-tipa, koje su međusobno udaljene 12,6 astronomskih jedinica (1,9 milijardi kilometara), a udaljenost im tijekom orbite iznosi od 5 do 16 astronomskih jedinica. Obje su manje od Sunca. Nemaju poznatih planeta.

Gliese 667 A
Gliese 667 A jest najveća zvijezda u sustavu, s 73% mase i 76% promjera Sunca. Zvijezda je K tipa, i to K3V. Unatoč ovomu, zrači samo 13% zračenja Sunca. Također je mnogo siromašnija nekim osnovnim elementima, kao vodik i helij. Njihova prisutnost u ovoj zvijezdi je samo 26% one u Suncu. Prividna magnituda jest 6.29, a apsolutna 7.07.

Gliese 667 B
Gliese 667 B jest druga po veličini zvijezda u sustavu, kao i manja komponenta od para AB. Također je K-tipa, ali tamnija i tipa K5V. Ima 69% mase i 70% radijusa Sunca. Zrači tek 5% zračenja Sunca. Prividna magnituda jest 7.24, a apsolutna 8.02.

Gliese 667 C
Gliese 667 C jest najmanja zvijezda u cijelome sustavu. Ima samo 31% mase i 42% promjera Sunca. Također, za razliku od AB, Gliese 667 C jest crveni patuljak i ima površinsku temperaturu od tek 3.700°C, oko polovicu Sunčeve temperature. Njena puna klasifikacija jest M1.5V. Ova komponenta jest udaljena od ostatka sustava (Gliesse 667 AB), a ta udaljenost iznosi 230 astronomskih jedinica (oko 40 milijardi kilometara). Prividna magnituda jest 10,25, a apsolutna 11,03. Zrači tek 1,4 % zračenja Sunca.

Planetarni sustav

Gliese 667 C je zadnjih godina najpoznatiji po svom planetarnom sustavu.

Gliese 667 Cb
Gliese 667 Cb je otkriven 2009. Nalazi se izvan nastanjive zone, a prevruć je za ikakav život. Također, noviji dokazi govore da je taj planet plinovit.

Gliese 667 Cc
Gliese 667 Cc jest otkriven 2011., a potvrđen 2012. Planet se nalazi u nastanjivoj zoni, a najsličniji je Zemlji iz kataloga Gliese, nakon planeta Gliese 581g, koji nije potvrđen. Gliese 667 Cc ima sličnost sa Zemljom od 85%.

Nepotvrđeni planeti

Godine 2013. objavljeno je otkriće još pet planeta, od toga nova dva potencijalno nastanjiva. U tom trenutku planeti su bili sljedeći (Cb, Cc, Cd, Ce, Cf, Cg, Ch). Ubrzo nakon otkrića svi novootkriveni planeti dovedeni su u pitanje. Studija iz 2014. izbacila ih je i od tada se smatra da Gliese 667 C ima dva planeta prethodno navedena, a da su ostali samo rezultat krivo identificirane zvjezdane buke. 2019. je taj zaključak ponovno doveden u pitanje, s time da zbog toga Gliese 667 Cd ostaje kao nepotvrđen.

Gliese 667 Ce
Gliese 667 Ce je egzoplanet koji kruži oko zvijezde Gliese 667 C, koja je član sustava Gliese 667. Planet je otkriven 2013. i potvrđen. Međutim, ponovna analiza podataka Feroza i Hobsona 2014. ukazuje da je otkrivanje ovog planeta zapravo rezultat neispravnog objašnjavanja zvjezdane buke u podacima radijalne brzine. Pronađen je signal ovog planeta, kao i signali planeta e i g, no oni variraju ovisno o signalima planeta b i c, što dovodi ozbiljne sumnje u postojanje planeta. Nešto je manje masivan od Gliesea 667 Cc. Nalazi se u nastanjivoj zoni, a sličnost sa Zemljom jest 60%. Njegova zvjezdana struja je oko trećine Zemljine, ali može imati tekuću vodu na svojoj površini ako je prisutno dovoljno stakleničkih plinova.

Gliese 667 Cf
Gliese 667 Cf je egzoplanet koji kruži oko zvijezde Gliese 667C, koja je dio sustava Gliese 667. Planet je otkriven 2013., te je potvrđen. Međutim, re-analiza podataka Feroza i Hobsona 2014. ukazuje da je otkrivanje ovog planeta zapravo rezultat neispravnog objašnjavanja, zvjezdane buke u podacima radijalne brzine. Pronađen je signal ovog planeta, kao i signali planeta e i g, no oni variraju ovisno o signalima planeta b i c, što dovodi ozbiljne sumnje u postojanje planeta. Nešto je manje masivan od Gliese 667 Cc. Analiza orbitalne stabilnosti pokazuje da masa ne može biti veća od dvostruko veće mase nego masa Zemlje. Nalazi se u sredini nastanjive zone. Sličnost sa Zemljom jest 76%. Iako Gliese 667 Cf prima manje od 60% vidljive svjetlosti zvijezde u usporedbi sa Zemljom, prima više infracrvenog zračenja od Zemlje. Na temelju izračuna temperature crnog tijela, ukupna količina apsorbirane svjetlosti zvijezda je veća.

Gliese 667 Cg
Gliese 667 Cg je nepotvrđeni egzoplanet koji kruži oko zvijezde Gliese 667 C, koja je član sustava Gliese 667. Gliese 667 Cg ima minimalnu masu od 4,41 masa Zemlje i ne može biti veća od 8,82 masa Zemlje. Vjerojatno je to ledeni planet, s mogućnošću podzemnog oceana. Njegovo postojanje tek treba potvrditi.

Re-analiza podataka Feroza i Hobsona 2014. ukazuje da je otkrivanje ovog planeta zapravo rezultat neispravnog objašnjavanja zvjezdane buke u podacima radijalne brzine.

Gliese 667 Ch
Gliese 667 Ch je nepotvrđen egzoplanet koja kruži oko zvijezde Gliese 667 C, koja je član sustava Gliese 667. Gliese 667 Ch ima minimalnu masu od 1,1 Zemljine mase i ne može biti više od dva puta masivniji nego Zemlja. Nalazi se izvan nastanjive zone Gliesea 667 C. Dokazi o postojanju Gliesea 667 Ch su slabi i njegovo postojanje tek treba potvrditi.

Poveznice
Gliese 667 Cb
Gliese 667 Cc
Gliese 667 Cd

Vidi još
Alpha Centauri, još jedan trostruki zvjezdani sustav

Zvijezde

Gliese 667


Kiss Me Again este un film de comedie și dragoste american din 1925 regizat de Ernst Lubitsch. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Marie Prevost, Monte Blue și John Roche.

Distribuție
 Marie Prevost ca LouLou Fleury
 Monte Blue ca Gaston Fleury
 John Roche ca Maurice
 Clara Bow ca Grizette
 Willard Louis ca Dr. DuBois

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1925
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme de comedie din anii 1920
Filme de comedie americane
Filme regizate de Ernst Lubitsch
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme de comedie
Filme de dragoste

Kiss Me Again (film din 1925)


Et øjeblik er en dansk børnefilm fra 1999 med instruktion og manuskript af Klaus Kjeldsen.

Handling
Et øjeblik varer 5 minutter, siger Nathalie. Filmen "Et øjeblik" varer også 5 minutter. En poetisk dokumentarfilm i børnehøjde om tiden, uret og øjeblikkene. "For min far er et øjeblik bare en halv time," konkluderer Jesper, da filmen slutter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1999

Børnefilm fra Danmark

Et øjeblik


Gospodarstvo Kosova je tranzicijsko gospodarstvo i uvelike ovisi o vanjskoj pomoći.

Gospodarska aktivnost Kosova slaba je s BDP-om po glavi stanovnika od 13,964 dolara (2022.), po čemu je na posljednjem mjestu u Europi (predzadnja je Ukrajina). Ujedinjeni narodi izradili su gospodarski plan i pružili ekonomsku pomoć, ali ne može se govoriti o velikom uspjehu. Europska unija pružila je prilično značajnu pomoć, ali potrebe su i dalje ogromne. S ciljem pridruživanja Europskoj uniji, Kosovo je već jedna od zemalja koje de facto koriste euro.

Tijekom 1990-ih, ukidanje autonomnih institucija Kosova tada kao pokrajine bilo je praćeno lošom gospodarskom politikom, međunarodnim sankcijama, slabim pristupom vanjskoj trgovini i financijama te etničkim sukobima. Ti su čimbenici ozbiljno oštetili ionako slabo gospodarstvo. Od proglašenja neovisnosti 2008. godine, gospodarstvo Kosova raslo je svake godine, s relativno malim učincima globalne financijske krize. Postoje mnoge slabosti za njegov potencijal u budućnosti, mnoge od njih vezane su za njegov međunarodno sporni status. No, tu su i potencijalne prednosti, uključujući vrlo nisku razinu državnog duga (s obzirom da većinu povijesnih dugova još uvijek plaća Srbija), buduće obveze i snagu njezina bankovnog sustava (unatoč preostalim preprekama da se to koristi za produktivne zajmove).

Ekonomski problemi s kojima se Kosovo susreće brojni su. Službena stopa nezaposlenosti je 25,9%, što pogoduje sivoj ekonomiji na štetu javnih financija. Gospodarstvo Kosova vrlo je ovisno o Srbiji, a nisu u dobrim političkim odnosima. Kosovo se suočava s degradacijom i nedostatkom infrastrukture što je rat na Kosovu samo pogoršao. Distribucija električne energije često je u prekidu zbog nedostatka dovoljne mreže i proizvodnje. Glavna elektrana u zemlji, smještena u Obiliću, opskrbljena lignitom izvađenim u blizini, djelomično ne radi unatoč pomoći dobivenoj od Europske unije. Nepouzdanost elektroenergetske mreže ima posljedice za cjelokupno gospodarstvo, a posebno industriju. Procjenjuje se, da su doznake kosovske dijaspore činile oko 14 posto BDP-a, što se malo promijenilo u prethodnom desetljeću.

Privatni sektor dosta se brzo razvija, a javni sektor zaostaje. Kosovo je 29. lipnja 2009. postalo 186. država članica MMF-a. To je prva globalna institucija koja je integrirala Kosovo od njegove neovisnosti.

Šume Kosova čine oko 41% cijele površine teritorija Kosova. Većina šuma nalazi se na jugozapadu Kosova. Procjene pokazuju da je ukupna količina šumskog drveta oko 40 milijuna m3, oko 90 m3 drva po hektaru. Trepča je veliko ležište olovo-cinčane rude na Kosovu, koja obuhvaća zapadne, jugozapadne i južne dijelove Kopaonika. Jedna je od najvećih takvih ležišta u Europi.

Izvori

Gospodarstvo Kosova


Blood Diamond, Türkçe gösterim ismiyle Kanlı Elmas 2006 tarihli, ABD yapımı bir macera/dram filmi. Başrollerde Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Connelly ve Djimon Hounsou'nun yer aldığı filmin yönetmeni, Edward Zwick'tir. Filmin ana konusu ve isminin kaynağı Afrika'daki savaş bölgelerinde çıkarılan ve savaş düzenini finanse etmekte kullanılan elmaslardır. Bu elmasalar sıklıkla "kanlı elmaslar" anlamına gelen blood diamonds terimiyle anılır.

Konusu
Film, 1999 yılında, on yıllık bir iç savaşın harap ettiği bir Batı Afrika ülkesi olan Sierra Leone'de geçiyor. Devrimci Birleşik Cephe gibi isyancı gruplar sıklıkla kırsal kesimde terör estirmekte, Mende yerlilerinin gözünü korkutmakta ve giderek artan başarılı savaş çabalarını finanse eden elmasları hasat etmek için birçok kişiyi köleleştirmektedir. Bu köle işçilerden biri de balıkçı Solomon Vandy'dir (Djimon Hounsou). Köyü Devrimci Birleşik Cephe'ye mensup isyancılar tarafından basılan kendi hâlinde balıkçı Solomon Vandy ailesini kurtarabilmeyi başarmıştır ama kendisi isyancılara esir düşmüştür. İsyancıların sahip olduğu bir elmas madeninde çalıştırılırken, normalde rastlananlardan çok daha büyük bir elmasla karşılaşır. Bir şekilde elması kendisine saklamak için hamle yaptığında, yakalanır fakat tam da o anda ordu, isyancı güçlere saldırı düzenler. Karmaşa içinde elması bir delik açıp sakladıktan sonra, ordu tarafından yakalanır. Madende yakalanan diğer kişilerle birlikte başkent Freetown'da götürüldüğü hapishanede isyancı güçlerin lideri açık bir şekilde onu tehdit eder. Bu konuşmalar sırasında yine tutuklu bulunan Rodezya  (Zimbabve) kökenli bir paralı asker, Danny Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio), elmasın varlığından haberdar olur ve Solomon'u hapisten çıkararak elmasın peşine düşmeyi planlar. İsyancıların bu sırada ayaklanıp Freetown'ı ele geçirmesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan karmaşa ortamında ikiliye Danny'nin barda tanıştığı ve savaşları finanse etmekte kullanılan elmaslar hakkında bir araştırma yapan Maddy (Jennifer Connelly) isimli Amerikalı kadın gazeteci yardımcı olur.

Film elmas endüstrisi ve bu sektördeki tekel iddialarının yanı sıra, Afrika'daki en büyük problemlerden sayılan çocuk askerler sorununa da işaret etmektedir. Nitekim filmin sonunda Afrika'da hâlen yaklaşık 200,000 çocuk askerin bulunduğuna dair bir not yer almaktadır. Bunların dışında filmde Batı'nın Afrika'daki sorunlara karşı tutumu eleştirilmiştir.

Üretim
Charles Leavitt, Şubat 2004'te Warner Bros. tarafından filmin ilk taslağını yeniden yazması için işe alındı ,ardından Okavango adını aldı. Yapımcılar Paula Weinstein ve Gillian Gorfil, Amerikalı bir kaçakçı ile yerel elmas madenciliği organizasyonu arasındaki çatışmaya yakalanmış bir Afrikalı çiftçinin hikayesine karar vermeden önce, hikaye yıllarca stüdyoda geliştirme aşamasında sıkışıp kalmıştı. Leavitt, senaryoyu yazmaya başlamadan önce elmas endüstrisini uzun uzadıya araştırdı ve "[kendini] araştırmaya verme konusunda her zaman titiz davrandığını" açıkladı. Filmi elmas endüstrisini, özellikle de De Beers'ı rahatsız edeceği varsayımıyla yazdı ve bu nedenle, De Beers ve diğer güçlü madencilik şirketleri tarafından potansiyel olarak dava edilebileceğinin farkında olarak, endüstriyi doğru bir şekilde tasvir ettiğinden emin oldu. Paula Weinstein, Leavitt'in Blood Diamond taslağından etkilendi, ancak onu yeniden yazmaları için yazarlar Ed Zwick ve Marshall Herskovitz'i tuttu. Senaryoyu tamamladığı zaman, Zwick hikâyeyle o kadar ilgilenmeye başladı ki filmi de yönetmeyi kabul etti.

Oyuncular

Övgüler

Müzik
Blood Diamond: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , Varèse Sarabande tarafından 19 Aralık 2006'da yayınlanan aynı adlı filmin soundtrack'idir . James Newton Howard tarafından bestelendi ve 2008 Klasik Brit Ödülleri'nde Yılın Film Müziği ödülünü kazandı .

Film Müzikleri

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Sitesi
 Resmi Türkçe Sitesi
 Kanlı Elmaslar

Politik filmler
2000'lerde macera filmleri
James Newton Howard'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri macera filmleri
Almanya dramatik filmleri
Konusu Liberya'da geçen filmler
Konusu Sierra Leone'de geçen filmler
Konusu Güney Afrika'da geçen filmler
Konusu Londra'da geçen filmler
Warner Bros. filmleri
Edward Zwick'in yönettiği filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dramatik gerilim filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri politik gerilim filmleri
2000'lerde aksiyon gerilim filmleri
Madencilik ile ilgili filmler
Gazetecilerle ilgili filmler
2006 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Kanlı Elmas


Băutorul de absint este o pictură în ulei pe pânză din perioada 1858-1859 realizată de pictorul francez Édouard Manet. Această pictură este considerată prima lucrare originală a artistului, la acea vreme având douăzeci și șase ani.

Este un portret în picioare care îl prezintă, în culori dominante de maroniu, gri și negru, pe Collardet, un vânzător de nimicuri care la acea vreme frecventa împrejurimile Luvrului.

Stilul clar realist și prozaic al pânzei reprezintă în mod simbolic o adevărată ruptură față de formarea primită de Manet de la fostul său maestru, Thomas Couture. Există, de asemenea, influența puternică a picturii spaniole, în special a lui Velasquez și a sa pictură Menip. Este posibil ca această lucrare să fie inspirată de tema din poemul lui Charles Baudelaire, Vinul vânzătorilor de nimicuri (1857). Găsim acest personaj într-un tablou ulterior realizat de Manet, un portret de grup numit Bătrânul muzician (1862).

Imaginea îndrăzneață a acestei lucrări l-a convins pe Baudelaire de talentul tânărului său prieten și a dus la ruptura acestuia din urmă cu Couture.

Manet a prezentat acest tablou juriului Salonului pentru prima dată, în 1859: numai Eugène Delacroix a votat în favoarea sa, astfel că tabloul a fost refuzat.

A fost prezentat în cele din urmă la Expoziția universală din 1867 (Paris): ultimul sfert al tabloului a fost ascuns privirii publice de către pictor. După 1867 și înainte de 1872, analiza picturii a demonstrat că paharul de absint, situat în stânga, este o adăugire a pictorului.

Pictura a fost vândută pentru prima dată în 1872 proprietarului unei galerii Paul Durand-Ruel. În 1906, a fost achiziționată de cântărețul de operă Jean-Baptiste Faure. În 1914, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek a achiziționat-o în cele din urmă pentru colecțiile sale.

Picturi din 1859
Picturi realizate de Édouard Manet

Băutorul de absint (pictură de Manet)


Freiherr Wilhelm Georg Karl Levin von Wintzingerode-Knorr (* 17. Januar 1830 auf Gut Adelsborn, Kirchohmfeld; † 27. Juni 1902 in Göttingen) war ein deutscher Politiker.

Familie

Levin von Wintzingerode-Knorr entstammte einer Seitenlinie der im Eichsfeld begüterten Adelsfamilie Wintzingerode. Sein Vater Freiherr Wilhelm von Wintzingerode-Knorr (1806–1876), preußischer Landrat und Herrenhausmitglied gehörte der Linie Adelsborn-Wehnde des Hauses Wintzigerode an. Er hatte durch seine (zweite) Ehe mit Clara von Knorr die Namens- und Wappenvereinigung mit dem in männlicher Linie ausgestorbenen Adelsgeschlecht Knorr herbeigeführt. Wilhelms erste Ehefrau und die Mutter Levins war eine entfernte Cousine, Antoinette von Wintzigerode-Adelsborn (1809–1835).

Levin von Wintzingerode-Knorr heiratete am 26. Juli 1859 Bertha von Hanstein-Besenhausen (1834–1903), die später Besenhausen erbte. Das Paar hatte folgende Kinder:
 Wilhelmine, * 3. Oktober 1860, ⚭ 1886 August Freiherr von Stein († 1907)
 Antoinette, * 2. November 1862
 Wilhelm, * 12. Juli 1864; † 11. November 1924, ⚭ 1890 Gertrud Hillmann (* 1868)

Leben
Nach dem Abitur an der Klosterschule Roßleben schrieb sich Levin von Wintzingeroda-Knorr ab dem Wintersemester 1849/50 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen für das Studium der Kameralistik und Jurisprudenz ein. Daneben studierte er eine Zeitlang auch an der Universität Bonn und belegte neben seinen eigentlichen Fächern auch historische Lehrveranstaltungen. 1851 bis 1853 leistete er seinen Militärdienst im 6. Ulanenregiment und schied im Range eines Secondeleutnants aus. Anschließend setzte er sein Studium in Berlin fort. 1850 wurde er Mitglied des Corps Saxonia Bonn und 1853 Mitglied des Corps Saxonia Göttingen.

1854 trat er als Auskultator in den preußischen Staatsdienst ein. Ein Jahr später wurde er, zunächst provisorisch, 1857 dann endgültig zum Landrat des Landkreises Mühlhausen ernannt, was er bis 1871 blieb. Dort wurde er Mitglied der Mühlhausener Freimaurerloge Hermann zur deutschen Treue. 1872 wurde er als Landarmendirektor der Provinz Sachsen berufen und wurde schließlich erster Landesrat und Stellvertreter des Landeshauptmanns der Provinz Sachsen (1876–1884).

1884 schied Wintzigerode aus dem Staatsdienst aus, um sich, neben der Verwaltung seiner Güter seinen historischen Studien zu widmen. Politisch blieb er weiterhin als Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses aktiv, dem er seit 1883 als Vertreter des Alten und Befestigten Grundbesitzes im Eichsfeld angehörte. Er war auch Mitglied im Provinziallandtag der Provinz Sachsen.

Werke

 Ein Criminal-Prozeß aus dem 16. Jahrhundert; erschienen in: Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Elfter Jahrgang (1878), S. 101–118.
 Die Kämpfe und Leiden der Evangelischen auf dem Eichsfeld während dreier Jahrhunderte. Halle 1892/93.
 Die Wüstungen des Eichsfeldes: Verzeichnis der Wüstungen, vorgeschichtlichen Wallburgen, Bergwerke, Gerichtsstätten und Warten innerhalb der landrätlichen Kreise Duderstadt, Heiligenstadt, Mühlhausen und Worbis. Göttingen (O. Hendel) 1903.

Literatur

 Eckhard Hansen, Florian Tennstedt (Hrsg.) u. a.: Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte der deutschen Sozialpolitik 1871 bis 1945. Band 1: Sozialpolitiker im Deutschen Kaiserreich 1871 bis 1918. Kassel University Press, Kassel 2010, ISBN 978-3-86219-038-6, S. 174 f. (Online, PDF; 2,2 MB).
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiheitlichen Häuser., 1938, S. 635

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Levin
Levin
Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses
Landrat (Regierungsbezirk Erfurt)
Mitglied des Provinziallandtages der Provinz Sachsen
Freimaurer (Deutschland)
Freimaurer (19. Jahrhundert)
Freimaurer (20. Jahrhundert)
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Geheimer Regierungsrat
Heimatforscher (Eichsfeld)
Deutscher
Geboren 1830
Gestorben 1902
Mann

Levin von Wintzingeroda-Knorr


An Hyparrhenia familiaris in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Hyparrhenia familiaris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hyparrhenia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hyparrhenia

Hyparrhenia familiaris


Zuboboljno drvo (lat. Zanthoxylum americanum; sin. Zanthoxylum fraxineum), aromatični grm ili manje drvo iz porodice rutovki. Rasprostranjeno je na području Sjeverne Amerike u Kanadi i SAD–u gdje je poznato pod imenom toothache tree ili zuboboljno drvo i u Meksiku (Nuevo Leon) .

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Zanthoxyloideae

Zuboboljno drvo


Până în prezent (2 august 2019), trei români au fost onorați cu înalta demnitate de cardinal al Bisericii Catolice:

Note

Bibliografie
 Dr. Silvestru Aug. Prunduș, Ierom. OSBM - Clemente Plaianu, Preot Prof., Cardinalul Alexandru Todea, Ordinul Sfîntul Vasile cel Mare, Provincia Sf. Apostoli Petru și Pavel, România, 1992.

Cardinali români
Cardinal

Lista cardinalilor români


Georg Theodor Hoffmann (* 2. März 1902 in Luzk, Wolhynien; † 21. August 1988 in Kiel) war ein deutscher evangelisch-lutherischer Theologe sowie Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Der aus Wolhynien gebürtige Hoffmann studierte nach Absolvierung der Ritter- und Domschule zu Reval Evangelische Theologie an den Universitäten Göttingen und Marburg. 1929 erfolgte in Göttingen seine Promotion zum Lic. theol. Hoffmann wurde 1926 als evangelischer Pfarrer in Duderstadt eingesetzt, wechselte im Anschluss nach Lewe-Liebenburg bei Goslar, bevor er 1932 zum Göttinger Studentenpfarrer bestellt wurde. 1934 übernahm er das Pastorenamt der St. Martini Kirchengemeinde in Dransfeld, 1942 übersiedelte er in den Funktionen des Superintendenten und ersten Dompredigers nach Verden an der Aller. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Hoffmann zuerst als nebenamtlicher, 1952 als hauptamtlicher Rektor am Pastoralkolleg der Hannoverschen Landeskirche in Loccum eingesetzt, 1956 schied er aus diesem Amt aus.

Hoffmann habilitierte sich 1932 als Privatdozent für Systematische Theologie an der Universität Göttingen (Das Abendmahl als Mahl der Kirche), an der er bis 1941 Vorlesungen hielt. 1956 folgte Hoffmann dem Ruf auf die ordentliche Professur für Praktische Theologie an die Universität Kiel, wo er auch das Amt des Universitätspredigers bekleidete. Im Studienjahr 1964/65 hatte er das Rektorat inne, 1970 wurde er emeritiert. Darüber hinaus wirkte er als Mitglied verschiedener Ausschüsse und Synoden im Bereich seiner Landeskirche, der EKD und der VELKD. Er legte den Fokus seiner Forschungen auf die Theologiegeschichte des älteren Luthertums, die Gottesdienstlehre und auf die Grenzgebiete zwischen Theologie und Kirchenrecht.

Der 1957 mit einem theologischen Ehrendoktorat der Universität Göttingen ausgezeichnete Hoffmann, der seit 1927 mit Margarete geborene Wagenmann verheiratet war, mit der er drei Kinder hatte, verstarb 1988 86-jährig in Kiel.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Das Problem der letzten Dinge in der neueren evangelischen Theologie. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1929.
Die Frage des Lehramts und der Lehrgewalt im Luthertum. In: Zeitschrift für systematische Theologie 17 (1940), S. 37–70.
 Der Kleine Katechismus als Abriß der Theologie Martin Luthers. In: Luther, 1959, 2, S. 49–63.
Die Predigt als Zwiegespräch. In: Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Karl Heinrich Rengstorf, Konventuale des Klosters Amelungsborn, zum 60. Geburtstage am 1. Oktober 1963, S. 55–70.
 Das Beichtgeheimnis. Rede anlässlich der feierlichen Eröffnung des Rektoratsjahres 1964/65 am 1. Juni 1964. Hirt, Kiel 1965.
 Wahlen und Ämterbesetzung in der Kirche. In: Festschrift für Erich Ruppel zum 65. Geburtstag am 25. Januar 1968. Lutherhaus Verlag, Hannover 1968, S. 164–196.

 Als Herausgeber
 Balthasar Mentzers Handbüchlein. Ein Abriß der christlichen Grundwahrheiten. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1938.
 mit Karl Heinrich Rengstorf: Stat crux dum volvitur orbis. Eine Festschrift für Landesbischof D. Hanns Lilje Abt zu Loccum zum sechzigsten Geburtstag am 20. August 1959. Lutherisches Verlagshaus, Berlin 1959.

Literatur
 Festschrift für Professor Dr. Georg Hoffmann, Konventual des Klosters Amelungsborn, zum 60. Geburtstage am 2. März 1962; von Abt und Konvent des Klosters Amelungsborn.  [S.l.] 1962.
 Hermann August Ludwig Degener, Walter Habel: Wer ist wer? Das deutsche Who's who. Band 18. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-7973-0267-3, S. 434.
 Werner Schuder (Hrsg.): Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender. Band 1, 13. Ausgabe. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1980, ISBN 3-11-007434-6, S. 1587.

Weblinks

 Eintrag im Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis

Lutherischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Lutherischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Praktischer Theologe
Evangelischer Studentenpfarrer
Hochschullehrer (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen)
Rektor (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)
Hochschullehrer (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)
Ehrendoktor der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Russlanddeutscher
Deutscher
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Georg Hoffmann (Theologe)


يابُرة أو يافورة أو يبورة  أو  تقع في جنوب البرتغال على خط عرض موازٍ للعاصمة لشبونة، وتبعد عنها نحو 140 كيلومترا. وهي من أقدم المدن الأوروبية تاريخا وما زالت أسوار العصر الروماني تحيط بها، كما أن بها كثيرا من الآثار للحقبة الرومانية والعصر الإسلامي وما بعده. وهي تقع على لائحة اليونيسكو مدينة تراث إنساني، كما أن مؤشر نوعية الحياة فيها يضعها في المركز الثاني في البرتغال، بينما تضعها بعض المصادر البرتغالية في المركز الأول. وهي مدينة داخلية بعيدة عن الساحل ويحيط بها من الشمال نهر تاجة ومن الجنوب منطقة الغرب (Algarve)، بينما تقع الحدود الإسبانية على مقربة 80 كيلومترا إلى الشرق منها. وهي عاصمة إقليم الينتيجو وأكبر مدينة فيه. ويعود تاريخ المدينة إلى أكثر من ألفي سنة ويعود الاسم إلى نوع من الأشجار ينتشر حول المدينة. دخلها الرومان في عام 57 قبل الميلاد وبنوا حولها سورا ما زال معظمه قائما حتى اليوم. واكتسبت شهرتها من موقعها الاستراتيجي في محور كثير من الطرق البرية عبر أوروبا. وهي زاخرة بكثير من الآثار الرومانية مثل المعابد والحمامات والآثار الأخرى.

تاريخ

الإسلامي
جاء ذكرها في نزهة المشتاق:

دخل المسلمون يابُرة في عام 715 ميلادية بقيادة طارق بن زياد، الذي أطلق عليها اسم «يابُرة»، واستمر حكم المسلمين  عبر حقبة مزدهرة حتى عام 1165 ميلادية، انتشرت خلالها المزارع حول المدينة وبنيت فيها قلعة منيعة ومسجد كبير. وما زالت آثار المسلمين  تشهد بإزدهار هذه الفترة من تاريخ يابُرة. وأشتهر كثير من الشعراء والأدباء من هذه الفترة ومنهم الشاعر عبد المجيد بن عبدون اليابري الذي توجد له دواوين شعر مسجلة وموثقة بجامعة المدينة. وانتقلت المدينة إلى الحكم البرتغالي تحت حكم الملك ألفونسو في عام 1166 وازدهرت خلال العصور الوسطى، وشهدت المدينة كثيرا من الأحداث الملكية من الأسر المتعاقبة على البرتغال وكانت المأوى الملكي في أوقات إتخاذ القرارات المهمة في تاريخ البرتغال. ولكنها في ما بعد تحولت إلى مركز لتجارة العبيد الأفريقيين في طريقهم إلى أمريكا، وكان كثير من أهل المدينة يملكون عبيدا من الزنوج والصينيين وهنود أميركا. وهي فترة لم تكن زاهية في تاريخ المدينة.

تأسيس
تأسست في المدينة جامعة عام 1559 وتخرج فيها كثير من العلماء والأدباء المشهورين في تاريخ البرتغال. وأعيد فتح الجامعة الحديثة في عام 1973. وتعبر المدينة عن الحضارات التي مرت عليها عبر شوارعها الضيقة وكثير من التماثيل والمعالم الباقية إلى درجة أن منظمة اليونيسكو أعتبرت يابُرة بمثابة المتحف المفتوح. من أشهر الشخصيات التي سكنت في يابُرة المغامر فاسكو دا غاما الذي امتلك قصرًا رائعًا في المدينة ما زال مفتوحًا لزيارة السياح المدينة. وعاش داغاما في المدينة بين عامي 1519 و1524. ويضم القصر بعض لوحات عصر النهضة الأصلية. وهناك كثير من القصور الأخرى التي تستحق الزيارة في المدينة بعضها يقع تحت اسم عصر الملك ألفونسو، ولكنها في الواقع تعود إلى الحقبة العربية في البرتغال. من هذه القصور قصر الكونت باستو وقصر الدوق كادافال. من الآثار الرومانية الباقية في المدينة ما يسمى معبد ديانا ويعود إلى القرن الأول الميلادي، وهو فريد من نوعه في البرتغال، ويقال إنه بني في عصر الإمبراطور أغسطس. وما زالت أعمدة المعبد المصنوعة من الرخام قائمة حتى الآن. وتتوسط المدينة نافورة يعود تاريخها إلى عام 1556، وبنيت أثناء عصر النهضة الذي جرت خلاله إكتشافات جغرافية حول العالم.

يابُرة الحديثة
الطريق الأسهل للوصول إلى يابُرة يأتي عبر العاصمة لشبونة، ولا يزيد على الساعتين قيادة على الطريق السريع الذي يمتد شرقًا من العاصمة إلى أعماق الريف البرتغالي الذي يقل التعداد فيه كلما أتجه شرقًا. وتحيط بالمدينة في إقليم ألينتيخا مزارع الكروم والزيتون وأشجار البلوط التي يستخرج منها الفلين، حيث إن المنطقة من أكبر منتجيه في العالم. حصلت المدينة على تصنيف التراث الإنساني من منظمة اليونيسكو في عام 1986، وما زال وسط المدينة محاطا بأسوار تاريخية تحفظ كل الآثار المتناثرة داخل الأسوار. والانطباع الذي يستشفه الزائر فور وصوله إلى يابُرة هو مدى الجمال الطبيعي وأسلوب الحياة ذات الوقع البطيء الذي يخيم على أرجاء المدينة، فلا أحد في عجلة من أمره هنا. وهي مدينة يشار إليها بوصفها متحفا طبيعيا، وتعيش أجواء التاريخ العريق على نحو يومي. ولكنها أيضا مدينة شابة حيث يمثل طلاب الجامعة فيها نحو 10 آلاف من بين تعدادها البالغ 50 ألفا. وبسبب هذا الحضور الشبابي الملحوظ في المدينة، تبلور فيها الإهتمام بالتصميم الحديث إلى جانب التاريخ العريق. وينعكس هذا في البوتيكات
والمطاعم الحديثة التي ترصع شوارع المدينة. كما تنتشر بالمدينة بعض المعارض الفنية التي تحتوي على كثير من الأعمال الفنية الحديثة.

هي مدينة يمكن أن يستمتع بها الزائر خلال عطلة نهاية الأسبوع، أو أن يقضي بها عدة أسابيع لاكتشاف كنوزها من بين الشوارع الضيقة التي تحيط بها أشجار الليمون ويسمع فيها أصوات الحمام، أو القصور الرائعة التي يكتشف الزائر أنها مفتوحة للعامة، ويستحق كل منها يوما كاملا لاكتشافه. ويمكن للزائر أن يغطي معظم معالم يابُرة بتجوله داخل الأسوار القديمة، فكل المعالم التي تهم الزائر تقع داخل مركز المدينة المحاط بالأسوار الرومانية، ولا تبعد هذه المعالم عن بعضها البعض بأكثر من نصف الساعة سيرا على الأقدام. ولذا من الأفضل ترك السيارات خارج إطار المدينة والتجول فيها بحرية. وخارج إطار أسوار المدينة يمكن زيارة المزارع المنتشرة حول يابُرة التي توفر فرص تناول الطعام في أجواء طبيعية والتجول في حقول الزيتون والكروم ضمن بحيرات وغابات ومزارع خضراء. وتشتهر يابُرة ومقاطعة ألينتيخو بأنواع الأطعمة الشهية التي تعتمد على الخبز والزيتون والخضر والفواكه الطازجة. وتعد المنطقة من مناطق البرتغال المفضلة لعطلات البرتغاليين أنفسهم.

وهي ليست من مناطق البرتغال الثرية وإنما يظهر التواضع في أنماط المعيشة أن المنطقة تغطي بالكاد إحتياجاتها من الزراعة والسياحة وتعتمد أكثر على السياح في تدبير مصادر الدخل طوال العام. وأحد مظاهر الإهتمام السياحي وجود 370 مطعمًا داخل إطار المدينة الصغيرة، أشهرها مطعم «فيالهو» الذي يقدم وجبات برتغالية تقليدية. كما تنتشر الفنادق السياحية المتواضعة، ومن بينها فندقان فقط من فئة 5 نجوم، أحدهما كلاسيكي في طابعه والآخر حديث تمامًا. الفندق الكلاسيكي أسمه «كونفنتو دو ايسبينيرو» وهو أحد فنادق مجموعة «ستاروود»، ويحتل مبنى يعود تاريخه إلى القرن الخامس عشر، وهو يقع بين الحقول الخضراء على مقربة عدة كيلومترات من يابُرة. أما الفندق الحديث فهو يقع في مركز المدينة وأسمه «اكيدوتو» وهو بتصميم حديث وموقع جيد وقريب من معالم المدينة.

السياح
من المشجع أن تعليقات الأغلبية الساحقة من السياح الذين زاروا يابُرة وقضوا فيها بضعة أيام، كانت إيجابية. فالهدوء يعم المكان رغم أن تصنيف يابُرة هو أنها مدينة وليست قرية، ومعاملة أهلها الطيبة للسياح والخدمات الجيدة من المنافذ السياحية والطقس المعتدل طوال فترات العام.. كانت من العوامل التي شجعت كثيرين ممن قضوا وقتاً طيباً في يابُرة على تأكيد عودتهم السنوية إليها. وهي سهلة في الوصول إليها من العاصمة لشبونة وتوفر ملاذاً هادئًا لمن يريد أن يقضي وقتاً هادئاً في مناخ تاريخي رائع.

توأمة
ليابُرة اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 شارتر
 آنغرا دو هروئيسمو

 سينيس
 سوزدال
 جزيرة موزامبيق
 تونسبرغ

معرض الصور

أعلام
 جيل فيسنتي
 برونو غاسبار
 إدغار مارتينز
 باولو توريس
 إيزابيل أفيس
 جواو مانويل أمير البرتغال
 إيزابيل أفيس
 فرنسيسكو دي ميلو
 مانويل مينديز
 أبو يعقوب يوسف بن عبد المؤمن

مراجع

يابرة
بلدات ومدن رومانية في البرتغال
بلديات محافظة إيفورا
مدن البرتغال
مواقع التراث العالمي في البرتغال

يابرة


The history of rail transport in Ireland began only a decade later than that of Great Britain. By its peak in 1920, Ireland had 3,500 route miles (5,630 km). The current status is less than half that amount, with a large unserviced area around the border area between Northern Ireland and The Republic of Ireland.

Railways on the island of Ireland are run by Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail) within Ireland and Northern Ireland Railways within Northern Ireland. The two companies jointly operate the island's only cross-border service, the Enterprise, between Dublin and Belfast. The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland based in Whitehead, County Antrim runs preserved steam trains on the main line, with the Irish Traction Group preserving diesel locomotives, and operating on the main line. The Downpatrick and County Down Railway is the only self-contained full-size heritage railway in the island of Ireland.

Transport before railways
Transport on a country-wide scale began in 1710 with the introduction by the General Post Office of mail coaches on the main routes between towns. Private operators added to the routes, and an established "turnpike" road system started in the 1730s. In 1715 the Irish Parliament took steps to encourage inland navigation, but it was not until 1779 that the first 19 km (12 mi) section of the Grand Canal was opened. The addition of the Royal Canal and river navigation (particularly on the River Shannon) meant that freight could be transported more easily. Charles Bianconi established his horse-car services in the south in 1815, the first of many such passenger-carrying operations. Despite these improvements huge areas of Ireland still relied on a basic road system; turnpikes were still slow and canals were expensive.

Ireland's first railway

Although a railway between Limerick and Waterford had been authorised as early as 1826 (the same year as Britain's first exclusively locomotive-drawn line, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway) it was not until 1834 that the first railway was built, the Dublin and Kingstown Railway (D&KR) between Westland Row in Dublin and Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire), a distance of 10 km (6 mi). Due to local opposition the first terminus, Kingstown Harbour, was adjacent to the West Pier. It took a further three years before the line reached the site of the present station.
The contractor was William Dargan, called "the founder of railways in Ireland", due to his participation in many of the main routes. The D&KR was notable in being the earliest dedicated commuter railway in the world. The planning undertaken was also noteworthy: a full survey of the existing road traffic was made, in addition to careful land surveys.

As well as the traffic survey showing existing volumes to be healthy, there was the potential from the ever-expanding port at Kingstown. On 9 October 1834 the locomotive Hibernia brought a train the full route from the Westland Row terminus (now Dublin Pearse) to Kingstown. The railway was built to .

The entire route forms part of the present day Dublin Area Rapid Transit electrified commuter rail system.

Railway gauges

The track gauge adopted by the mainline railways is 5 ft 3 in, or "Irish gauge".  This unusual gauge is otherwise found only in the Australian states of Victoria, southern New South Wales (as part of the Victorian rail network) and South Australia (where it was introduced by the Irish railway engineer F. W. Sheilds), and in Brazil.

The first three railways all had different gauges: the Dublin and Kingstown Railway, ; the Ulster Railway, ; and the Dublin and Drogheda Railway, .  Following complaints from the Ulster Railway, the Board of Trade investigated the matter, and in 1843 recommended the use of  and that compensation be paid to the Ulster Railway for the costs incurred in changing to the new gauge.

Main line railways
By the beginning of the 20th century, the main line railways were:

Belfast and County Down Railway

The Belfast and County Down Railway (B&CDR) linked Belfast south-eastwards into County Down. It was incorporated in 1846; the first section opened in 1848; absorbed into the Ulster Transport Authority in 1948 and all but the line to Bangor closed in 1950.

Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway

The Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway (CB&SCR) was one of the major Irish railways; incorporated 1845, the first section opened 1851. It operated from Cork, serving towns along the southern coastal strip to the west of the city. It had a route length of 150 km (93.75 mi), all single line. The Railway was largely concerned with tourist traffic, and there were many road car routes connecting with the line, including one from Bantry to Killarney called The Prince of Wales Route, which operated at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Clonakilty Extension Railway 14 km (8.75 mi), opened 1886, was worked by the CB&SCR

County Donegal Railways Joint Committee

The County Donegal Railways Joint Committee (CDRJC) operated in north-west Ireland during the 20th century. The parent line opened 1863, 178 km (111 mi) (narrow gauge). It was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1906 which authorised the joint purchase of the then Donegal Railway Company by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland and the Midland Railway Northern Counties Committee.

The Strabane and Letterkenny Railway 31 km (19.5 mi), opened 1909, was worked by the CDRJC

Dublin and South Eastern Railway

The Dublin and South Eastern Railway (D&SER) was originally incorporated, by Act of Parliament in 1846, as the Waterford, Wexford, Wicklow and Dublin Railway Company; incorporated 1846, the first section opened 1856. It was known more simply as the Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway Company between 1860 and 31 December 1906 when it became the DSE. Amongst the lines forming the DSE were:
The Dublin and Kingstown Railway authorised 1831, it opened in 1834 – the first public railway in Ireland. The Kingstown-Dalkey section was operated by atmospheric traction for a short while. The railway formed part of the Royal Mail route between London and Dublin via the packet station at Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire).
The City of Dublin Junction Railway 2 km (1.25 mi), opened 1 May 1891, the Dublin and Kingstown Railway 10 km (6 mi); opened 1834, and the New Ross and Waterford Extension Railway 22 km (13.5 mi); opened 1904 were all worked by the D&SER.

Great Northern Railway of Ireland

The route of the Great Northern Railway of Ireland (GNR(I)), which exists today from Dublin to Belfast and Drogheda to Navan, emerged, like so many others of the former major railway companies in Ireland, as the result of many amalgamations with smaller lines. The earliest dates of incorporation were for:
 the Ulster Railway, the second railway project to start in Ireland, incorporated May 1836, partially opened 1839; it was originally constructed to a gauge of , but was later altered, under protest, to the new . The companies forming the Dublin to Belfast line and those connecting to it were obliged to contribute part of this cost.
 the Dublin and Drogheda Railway (D&D), also incorporated 1839, opened in 1844.
 the Irish North Western Railway (INWR), incorporated in 1862 in a merger between the Dundalk and Enniskillen Railway and the Londonderry and Enniskillen Railway, operated from Dundalk and Portadown via Enniskillen and Omagh to Derry.
 the Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway (D&BJct), incorporated in 1845 and opened in stages between 1849 and 1853.

In 1875, the D&D and the D&BJct merged to form the Northern Railway of Ireland and thirteen months later the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)) was formed when the Ulster Railway and the INWR joined this concern. Other minor railways were subsequently taken over. At its height, in the thirty or so years prior to World War I, the GNR(I) covered a large area of Ireland between Dublin, Belfast, Derry and Bundoran. By the end of World War II the company was in dire straits. It struggled on until 1953 when it was nationalised by the two Governments, becoming the Great Northern Railway Board.

In 1957, the Government of Northern Ireland unilaterally ordered the GNRB to close most of their lines west of the River Bann within Northern Ireland. This left some useless stubs within the Republic, such as through Pettigo station; 13 km (8 mi) from the border to Bundoran and Monaghan to Glaslough. The Irish Government had no choice but to abandon these stubs. The one exception, which survived until 1965, was the line from Portadown to Derry via Dungannon and Omagh.

The GNRB was abolished on 1 October 1958, when it was split between the Ulster Transport Authority and Córas Iompair Éireann in Northern Ireland and the Republic, respectively. This gave rise to the interesting situation whereby part of the line between Strabane and Derry was in the Republic of Ireland and the stations and permanent way staff on this section were CIÉ employees, even though there was no physical link to the rest of the CIÉ rail network.

The Castleblayney, Keady and Armagh Railway 29 km (18.25 mi), opened in 1909 was worked by the GNR(I)

Great Southern & Western Railway

Still known today as the 'premier line', the Great Southern & Western Railway (GS&WR) was the largest railway system in Ireland. It began as a railway incorporated to connect Dublin with Cashel – incorporated 6 August 1844 – and which was afterwards extended to the city of Cork. Various other amalgamations took place until the end of the 19th century, among them lines to Limerick and Waterford.

In 1900, as a result of Acts of Parliament, several important lines became part of the GS&WR system, including the Waterford & Central Ireland Railway and the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway. The latter connected Sligo to Limerick. The Railway also connected with the Midland Great Western Railway main line at Athlone on its Dublin–Galway main line.

The Athenry and Tuam Extension Light Railway 27 km (17 mi), Baltimore Extension Light Railway 13 km (8 mi), Tralee and Fenit Railway 13 km (8 mi); opened 1887 and Waterford, New Ross and Wexford Junction Railway 5 km (3.25 mi) (leased from D&SER) were worked by the Great Southern & Western Railway.

Midland Great Western Railway

The Midland Great Western Railway main line connected Dublin to Galway and Clifden via (Athlone); there were a number of branch lines:
 Kingscourt via Navan,
 Nesbitt Junction (near Enfield) to Edenderry,
 Sligo, with further branches to Cavan Town and Ballaghaderreen,
 Westport with further branches to Achill,  Ballinrobe and Killala via Ballina in County Mayo,
 Attymon Junction to Loughrea.
The Railway was first incorporated in 1845.

Both the Ballinrobe and Claremorris Railway 19 km (12 mi), opened 1892 and the Loughrea and Attymon Light Railway 14 km (9 mi), opened 1890 were worked by the Midland Great Western.

Northern Counties Committee

The Northern Counties Committee (Midland Railway) was an amalgamation of the Midland Railway with the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway which was formed on 1 July 1903.

Additionally, the Carrickfergus Harbour Junction Light Railway 2 km (1 mi); was incorporated in 1882, opening in 1887 and was worked by the Northern Counties Committee.

Other railways

Independent railways
Ballycastle Railway 26 km (16.25 mi) ( gauge); incorporated 1878, opened 1880; four locomotives, 74 other vehicles
Bessbrook and Newry Tramway (electric) 3 miles (5 km) ( gauge); incorporated 1884; one locomotive, 24 other vehicles
Castlederg and Victoria Bridge Tramway 12 km (7.25 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1883, opened 1884; three locomotives, 34 other vehicles; closed 1933
Cavan and Leitrim Light Railway 78 km (48.5 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1883, opened 1888; nine locomotives, 167 other vehicles
Cavehill and Whitewell Tramway 6 km (3.75 mi)
Clogher Valley Railway 59 km (37 mi)( gauge); incorporated 1884, opened 1887; seven locomotives, 127 other vehicles; closed 1942
Clonakilty Extension Light Railway 14 km (8.75 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1881, opened 1886
Cork and Macroom Direct Railway 38 km (24.5 mi); incorporated 1861, opened 1866; four locomotives, 132 other vehicles
Cork and Muskerry Light Railway (C&MLR) 29 km (18 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1883, opened 1887; six locomotives, 87 other vehicles
 Donoughmore Extension Railway 14 km (9 mi) (worked by C&MLR) incorporated 1900
Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway 26 km (16 mi); (originally Irish gauge,  gauge; converted to  gauge in 1900); incorporated 1846, opened 1850; four locomotives, 57 other vehicles
Dublin and Blessington Steam Tramway 25 km (15.5 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1887, opened 1888; four locomotives, 46 other vehicles
Dublin and Lucan Electric Railway 1900–1925, 11 km (7 mi); ( gauge), 37 vehicles. Opened in 1880 as the Dublin and Lucan Steam Tramway ( gauge). Operated by the DUTC 1928–1940 as part of the Dublin tram system; ( gauge)
Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (London and North Western Railway) 42 km (26.5 mi); incorporated 1863; six locomotives, 230 other vehicles
Giant's Causeway, Portrush and Bush Valley Railway & Tramway 13 km (8 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1880; two locomotives, 23 other vehicles
Listowel and Ballybunion Railway 16 km (10 mi); (Monorail) (Lartigue system); incorporated 1886, opened 1888; three locomotives, 39 other vehicles
Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway (L&LSR) 133 km (83 mi); ( gauge); opened 1863/1904 extension; 18 locomotives, 311 other vehicles
Letterkenny Railway 26 km (16 mi); worked by L&LSR; opened 1883
Schull and Skibbereen Railway 22 km (14 mi); four locomotives, 61 other vehicles
Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway 78 km (49 mi);  gauge; incorporated 1875, opened 1882; 11 locomotives, 228 other vehicles; closed 1957
South Clare Railway 42 km (26 mi); three locomotives, 27 other vehicles
Timoleague and Courtmacsherry Railway (T&CR) 14 km (9 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1888, opened 1891; two locomotives, 119 other vehicles
Ballinascarthy Railway; worked by T&CR; ( gauge); incorporated 1888, opened 1890
Tralee and Dingle Light Railway 60 km (37.5 mi); ( gauge); incorporated 1884, opened 1891; eight locomotives, 108 other vehicles
Waterford and Tramore Railway 12 km (7.25 mi); incorporated 1851, opened 1853; four locomotives, 32 other vehicles; unique in being the only line to remain unconnected to the rest of the Irish railway. The line closed, under CIÉ, in 1960
West Clare Railway 43 km (27 mi); ( gauge); opened 1887; eight locomotives, 146 other vehicles

The information contained in this section obtained from Railway Year Book 1912 (Railway Publishing Company)

Monorail

The Listowel and Ballybunion Railway was opened in 1888. It was the world's first commercial monorail, named the Lartigue system after Charles Lartigue. It operated between Listowel and Ballybunion in County Kerry until 1924.

A modern-day re-creation of this system operates in Listowel.

The system in the early 20th century
The rail system, both North and South, survived independence unscathed. The Irish Civil War was to take a much heavier toll on the railways in the newly born Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann), as the Anti-Treaty IRA systematically targeted them and the Free State had to build a network of fortified blockhouses to protect the railways. One of the most spectacular attacks on the infrastructure was the bombing of the Mallow viaduct (see ).

In 1925, the railway companies within Saorstát Éireann were merged to form the Great Southern Railways. This company was amalgamated on 1 January 1945 with the Dublin United Transport Company to form Córas Iompair Éireann.

Partition however, would eventually exact a heavy toll on the cross–border routes (intrinsic to the County Donegal rail network).

World War II also proved costly for the rail system in the Republic. With the war effort, Britain could not spare coal for neutral Ireland. Thus, Irish steam engines often ran on poor quality Irish coal, wood, or not at all. Unsuccessful attempts were even made to burn peat. The deteriorating quality and frequency of service discouraged rail travellers, whose numbers were also diminishing due to steadily increasing emigration.

Dieselisation

Railways in the Republic were converted to diesel locomotive traction early, and swiftly, due to the run down nature of many of the steam engines, lack of coal, and a desire for modernisation. In 1951 CIÉ's first diesel railcars arrived, followed in 1953 by an order for 100 diesel locomotives.

Rationalisation

In the 1950s and 1960s, many lines were closed (a maximum of  in the Republic and  in Northern Ireland was reached in 1920, declining to  and  respectively in 1950 and  and  by 1957) but evidence is still visible in the landscape, as are more significant features like bridges and viaducts. The entire West Cork Railway network closed, as were most branch lines in the Republic. The main route network survived intact, with a relatively even distribution of cutbacks. The main routes from Dublin to Belfast, Sligo, Galway and the West of Ireland, Limerick, Cork and Kerry, Waterford and Wexford survived. The cross country route from Rosslare to Limerick and onwards to Sligo survived for a time, although services would later cease on almost all the routes. The North Kerry line from Limerick to Tralee survived until the 1970s. One notable closure was that of the Dublin and South Eastern Railway Harcourt Street railway line in Dublin, despite being regarded as an important commuter artery. On 30 June 2004, the majority of the route reopened as part of the new Luas tram system. South of the Sandyford depot, decisions taken by CIÉ and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, to sell the trackbed through Foxrock and allow houses to be built on it near Shankill respectively have made integrating this route into the Luas system difficult. After Sandyford the line detours over the Leopardstown roundabout so as to run west around the Leopardstown Racecourse before rejoining the original alignment just north of Carrickmines. The Harcourt Street line had run around the eastern edge of the racecourse, via Silverpark. Remnants of the old Foxrock Station are visible at the back of The Hedgerows in Foxrock. After this detour around Leopardstown Racecourse, the current line runs roughly along the original alignment with some minor detours, particularly prevalent at Laughanstown.

The Luas Green Line currently terminates at Bride's Glen, just north of the viaduct of the same name. It has been proposed to restore the viaduct should it carry the proposed Luas extension to Bray.

In a few years, the Ulster Transport Authority shut down a large network across Ulster, leaving only Belfast to Derry, Dublin and branches to Larne and Bangor. CIÉ, the transport company in the Republic, had no option but to close their end of cross-border routes. Today a large hole remains in the island's rail network, with a distance of 210 km (130 mi) from Derry to Mullingar untouched by railways, and no rail service to large towns such as Letterkenny and Monaghan.

1970s and 1980s
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a long period without substantial investment in the rail system, with the notable exception of the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART), in which the North-South commuter route in and out of Dublin was electrified, and new frequent services have run from July 1984 to the present day. It was intended to expand the service, with routes to the West of the city, but economic conditions militated against this. In fact, the size of the DART fleet remained unaltered until the year 2000.

Also, 1976 saw the introduction of a small fleet of 18 high-speed diesel-electric locomotives built by General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel at La Grange, Illinois. These  units, 071 Class, were capable of speeds of 145 km/h (90 mph) and immediately began operating express services such as the Cork-Dublin line.

A major disaster occurred on 1 August 1980, when 18 people were killed and 62 injured in a rail accident in Buttevant on the main Cork-Dublin line. A train carrying 230 passengers was derailed when it crashed into a siding at 110 km/h (70 mph). The passengers who were most severely injured or killed were seated in coaches with wooden frames. This structure was incapable of surviving a high speed crash and did not come near to the safety standards provided by modern (post 1950s) metal bodied coaches. This accident led to a major review of the national rail safety policy and resulted in the rapid elimination of the wooden-bodied coaches that had formed part of the train.

The decision to purchase a new fleet of modern InterCity carriages based on the British Rail Mark 3 design was quickly made. These coaches, an already well proven design, were built by BREL in Derby, England and, under licence, at CIÉ's own workshops at Inchicore in Dublin between 1980 and 1989. Other carriages to join the fleet in the 1980s were second-hand ex British Rail Mark 2s.

Cutbacks continued in this period: in 1975 the last rural branch line between Attymon Junction and Loughrea was closed, the line between Limerick and Claremorris and a number of local stations on main lines (such as Buttevant) lost their passenger services. Freight closures at the end of the 1980s included the closure of the line to Youghal in County Cork and the removal of the North Kerry line.

1990s rail revival
In the 1990s, the Republic experienced an economic boom (known colloquially as the Celtic Tiger). This allowed substantial investment to be made. 34 new locomotives (designated 201 Class) were purchased from General Motors, including two for Northern Ireland Railways (NIR). New De Dietrich carriages were also purchased for the cross-border 'Enterprise' service. Meanwhile, the route network was upgraded to continuous welded rail (CWR) and old mechanical signalling was replaced by electronic signalling.

In the mid-1990s, the Greater Dublin area continued to experience a population boom. Such commuter trains as existed were ageing slam-door stock on unreliable old locomotives (the better stock was for InterCity use). The DART was limited in terms of capacity and route. New diesel railcars were ordered, and added first to the Kildare suburban route. The route from Clonsilla to Maynooth was double-tracked and further diesel railcars ordered, and the reopening of stations such as Drumcondra. Again, the North-South Dublin route saw new railcars provide services to Dundalk and Arklow. A number of orders were made for new DART carriages, the first for over a decade.

2000s
The line was electrified and DART services extended in the South East to Greystones in 2000 and on to Malahide on the Northern line.

DART and Commuter stations were also upgraded, allowing access for people with disabilities with new lifts at footbridges and lengthened platforms to accommodate 8-car sets. Extra roads were provided out of Dublin, while the main terminals of Dublin Connolly and Dublin Heuston were upgraded (the latter completed in 2004, doubling its previous capacity). A new railcar servicing depot was built at Drogheda in 2004 (Inchicore continues to be used for locomotives and carriages).

Iarnród Éireann placed orders for 67 InterCity carriages in 2003 and for 150 "regional railcars" (diesel multiple unit) in 2004. These were used to meet the demand on the railways, and all older carriages were retired from revenue service by September 2009. At peak times, capacity was below requirements. It has been seen in recent years that Iarnród Éireann have phased out all locomotive hauled services, other than those using the 67 Mark 4 carriages on the Dublin-Cork Main Line and the Enterprise on the Dublin-Belfast Main Line, with 22000 Class railcars.

Northern Ireland too has experienced recent rail investment. Central Station has been redesigned, and the Bleach Green-Antrim line, a more direct route for trains to Derry, was reopened in 2001 (although this led to the suspension of the Lisburn–Antrim line and the closure of three rural stations). The line to Bangor was relaid. A new railcar fleet has entered service. The single-track line to Derry, north of Coleraine continues to be of a poor standard. A derailment in 2003, caused by cliff-side boulders falling onto the line, closed the route for some time. In the face of long journey times and a frequent (and generally faster) bus service, the route's future remains in some doubt.

In March 2007, as part of the Transport 21 initiative, Docklands railway station opened, the first new station in Dublin city centre since 1891's .

In July 2009, commuter trains began to run from Mallow to Cork, and on part of the reopened Cork to Youghal line to Midleton and to Cobh, a number of stations were opened, and there are plans for more stations on the lines.

All 100 Mark 3 carriages (dating back from 1980-1989) were phased out in September 2009 with capacity being taken up by 22000 Class railcars. Most of the Mark 3 fleet was scrapped between 2013 and 2014 but 11 were purchased by Belmond and converted for use as the Belmond Grand Hibernian in service since April 2016.

2010s
In September 2010 services began from Dunboyne to Dublin Docklands after the redevelopment of 7.5 km section of the old Navan railway line which had been closed in 1963 from Dunboyne to Clonsilla on the Maynooth line. There are proposals for further development of this line to Navan as part of Iarnród Éireann's plans by 2030.

More deliveries of Commuter and InterCity 22000 Class railcars took place from March 2007 until April 2012, when the final deliveries took place. The route west to Kildare was quadrupled between 2007 and 2010.

NI Railways underwent a major investment programme over the past few years, with track upgrades to the line between Belfast and Derry and 20 new trains which replaced the remaining Class 80 and Class 450 rolling stock. The new trains were a development of the existing Class 3000 units, the Class 4000, which entered service in 2011 and 2012.

Until 2013 Ireland was the only European Union state that had not implemented EU Directive 91/440 and related legislation, having derogated its obligation to split train operations and infrastructure businesses; a similar situation exists in Northern Ireland. A consultation on the restructuring of IÉ took place in 2012. The derogation ended on 14 March 2013, when Iarnród Éireann was split in two sectors: Railway Undertaking and Infrastructure Manager. Former Irish Transport Minister Leo Varadkar indicated that any open access private operators would not receive any subsidy to operate.

Future projects
In relation to fleet expansion, orders of DARTs were suspended indefinitely in October 2009, but Dublin suburban routes are almost at capacity.

Some call for the expansion of the rail network in the Republic. The route from Limerick to Waterford is due to have a realistic service for the first time in decades. Nevertheless, this is the only non-Dublin InterCity route in existence. A railway right of way exists from Limerick, up through the west, to Sligo. This has been titled the Western Railway Corridor (WRC) and some see it as a possible counterbalance to investment in Dublin. Phase 1 is complete with the line from Ennis to Athenry open since March 2010. Phases 2 and 3, from Athenry to Tuam, with an extension from Tuam to Claremorris to link up with the Westport/Ballina line to Dublin, are deferred indefinitely. Future proposals would see the line extended to Sligo, where it would also link with Ireland West Airport Knock.

See also

 History of Ireland
 History of rail transport
 History of rail transport in Great Britain
 Rail transport in Ireland
 Diesel Locomotives of Ireland
 Irish Railway Bibliography
 Northern Ireland Railways
 Irish railway accidents
 Armagh rail disaster
 Buttevant Rail Disaster

References

Further reading

External links
 Photo Survey of Navan's existing former GNR railway line
 Irish Railway News - reporting on all aspects of irish railways
 CIÉ website — background history on transport in Ireland
 Rail Users Ireland – Ireland's National Rail User organisation
 Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI) – includes short history, important dates, map
 Western Rail Pictures
 Meath on Track campaign
 Railway Clearing House Junction Maps, photographs, location of mining related railways, survey of Attymon Junction to Loughrea trackbed
 Eiretrains – Irish Railways Past & Present

Closed railways in Ireland
Closed railways in Northern Ireland
Ireland
Rail transport in Ireland
Rail transport in Northern Ireland
History of transport in Ireland

History of rail transport in Ireland


Fakılı, Sivas ilinin Şarkışla ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1907 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.
.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sivas il merkezine 103 km, Şarkışla ilçe merkezine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

İkiz (Ekiz) Oluk
Rivayete göre bir kadının kocası askerdedir, kimsesizlikten ve sahipsizlikten işe güce kendisi yetişemediği için bu kadın iki çocuğunu kışın odun toplamak için yakın bir tepeye gönderir. Ancak çocuklar farkına varmadan yavaş yavaş evden uzaklaşırlar. Bir süre sonra ıssız bir yere varırlar ve yalnız bir ağaç bulurlar. Çocuklar bu ağacı kesmeye kalkışırlar. Ama bilmezler ki bu kutlu bir ağaçtır (ağaçların sultanıdır). Böylesi ağaçlara balta vuranın asla iflah olmayacağını ise hiç bilmemektedirler... Baltayı vurduklarında sarsılan ağaçtan bir meyve düşer; onu alıp yerler. Her balta vuruşunda düşen meyveyi alırlar ve aç oldukarı için yemeye devam ederler. Zaman geçip akşam olur. Önceleri hafiften yağan kar tipiye dönüşür... Bunun üzerine iki kardeş ağacın kovuğuna sığınırlar. Anneleri ise bu sıralarda çocuklarının dönmediğini görünce onları aramaya başlamıştır. Yakın çevrede göremeyince, o da biraz ileriye gider ve çocukların izlerini görerek takip eder. Nihayet uzaktan onları görür ve donmak üzere olan çocuklarına ısınmaları için sımsıkı sarılır. O gece hepsi de işte orada donarak ölürler. Kadının kocası bir müddet sonra askerden dönünce acı gerçeği öğrenir, onları arar ama bulamaz. Sonunda kadın bir gece bir adamın rüyâsına girer ve ağacın yerini kendisine târif eder. Adam yanına köyden birkaç kişiyi de alarak gider ve ağacı bulur. Ağacın dibindeki toprağı kazmaya başlarlar, görürler ki taş kesilmiş kadının gözlerinden sanki ağlar gibi bir su akmaktadır. Oraya bir çeşme yaparlar. Bu pınar Şarkışla-Akçakışla yolu (eski yol) üzerinde Fakılı köyü arazisinde, Bozkurt köyüne varmadan 10 dakika mesafededir. Uzun yıllar yolun üst kısmında iki oluk halinde akmıştır. Sonra yolun alt tarafına indirilmiş ancak bu arada tek oluk halinde akıtılmıştır. Derler ki, bunun üzerine suyun tadı bozulmuş, hafiften bulanıklaşmıştır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Fakılı Köyü Grubu
 Ekiz Oluk Efsanesi, Emin Kuzucular (tam metin)

Şarkışla belde ve köyleri

Fakılı, Şarkışla


Olaylar

 1205 - Bulgar Çarı Kaloyan komutasındaki Bulgarlar ile Latin İmparatoru I. Baudouin komutasındaki Haçlılar arasında Hadrianapolis Muharebesi yaşandı. Savaş, Kumanlar ve Bizanslı Yunanların desteği ile başarılı bir pusu kuran Bulgarlar tarafından kazanıldı.
 1828 - Noah Webster, ilk İngilizce sözlük olan An American Dictionary of the English Language'''ı yayımladı.
 1865 - ABD Başkanı Abraham Lincoln'e, John Wilkes Booth tarafından suikast yapıldı. Lincoln ertesi sabah öldü.
 1894 - Thomas Edison, sinemanın bir öncüsü sayılabilecek "kinetoscope" adlı cihazının ilk gösterisini yaptı.
 1900 - Paris Uluslararası Fuarı açıldı. Fuarda, Osmanlı Pavyonu da yer aldı.
 1912 - Bir Alman şirketine 1910'da ısmarlanan Galata Köprüsü hizmete girdi. Köprüden geçiş 1930'a kadar paralı olarak sağlandı. 'Müruriye' denilen geçiş parasını, önlükler giyen tahsildarlar topluyordu.
 1912 - Dönemin en büyük yolcu gemisi RMS Titanic, gece yarısından önce 23:40 sularında bir buzdağı ile çarpıştı ve batmaya başladı.
 1927 - İsveç'in Göteborg şehrinde Volvo araç şirketi kuruldu.
 1928 - Eski Ticaret Bakanı Ali Cenani, Bakanlık bütçesinin kullanılmasında usulsüzlük yaptığı gerekçesiyle dokunulmazlığı kaldırılarak Yüce Divan'a verildi.
 1931 - İspanya'da Kral XIII. Alfonso, tahttan çekildi ve cumhuriyet ilan edildi.
 1944 - Hindistan'ın Bombay Limanında gerçekleşen büyük patlama, 300 kişinin ölümüne yol açtı.
 1947 - Güreşçi Yaşar Doğu Avrupa Şampiyonu oldu, Türkiye millî takımı da Avrupa üçüncülüğünü kazandı.
 1956 - Chicago, Illinois'de video ilk kez halka tanıtıldı.
 1963 - Türkiye Spor Yazarları ve Spor Kulübü Derneği kuruldu.
 1979 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): Beykoz'da 2 polis ve Şekerbank'ın eski müdürü öldürüldü. Öldürülen müdürün baş ucunda, "Beklenen gün geldi. Bir halk düşmanı daha yok oldu. Ya özgürlük ya ölüm, ihtilal yolu Çayanların yolu."'' yazılı bir kâğıt bulundu.
 1981 - Bülent Ersoy, Londra'da geçirdiği ameliyatla cinsiyet değiştirdi.
 1987 - Türkiye, Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu'na tam üyelik için resmen başvurdu. Türkiye'nin AET'ye tam üyelik başvurusu, Devlet Bakanı Ali Bozer tarafından Belçika Dışişleri Bakanı ve AET Dönem Başkanı Leo Tindemans'a verildi.
 1992 - Başbakan Turgut Özal'a silahlı saldırıda bulunan ve 20 yıl hapis cezasına çarptırılan Kartal Demirağ, şartlı tahliyeden yararlanarak serbest kaldı.
 1994 - ABD jetleri, Irak'ın kuzeyinde, üç Türk subayının da bulunduğu iki helikopteri düşürdü.
 1994 - Refah Partisi Genel Başkanı Necmettin Erbakan'ın grup konuşması hakkında; Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi, Ankara Cumhuriyet ve Yargıtay Başsavcılıkları üç ayrı soruşturma açtı.
 1999 - NATO savaş uçakları, Kosovalı Arnavut mültecilerin konvoyunu bombaladı; 75 kişi öldü.
 2000 - Rusya, nükleer savaş başlığı sayısının indirimini öngören START II anlaşmasını onayladı.
 2007 - Ankara'nın Tandoğan meydanında Cumhuriyet Mitingi gerçekleştirildi.
 2010 - Çin'in Çinghay eyaletinde, 7.1 büyüklüğünde deprem meydana geldi. En az 2698 kişi öldü, 12.000'den fazla kişi de yaralandı.
 2020 - ABD Başkanı Donald Trump, ABD'nin koronavirüs pandemisini ele alma ve Çin ile ilişkisine ilişkin bir soruşturma bekleyen Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün (WHO) finansmanını askıya aldığını duyurdu.

Doğumlar
 1126 - İbn Rüşt, Endülüslü Arap felsefeci ve hekim (ö. 1198)
 1527 - Abraham Ortelius, Flaman haritacı ve coğrafyacı (ö. 1598)
 1578 - III. Felipe, İspanya kralı (ö. 1621)
 1629 - Christiaan Huygens, Hollandalı gök bilimci, matematikçi ve fizikçi (ö. 1695)
 1857 - Beatrice, Britanya prensesi (ö. 1944)
 1866 - Anne Sullivan, İrlandalı-Amerikalı öğretmen (ö. 1936)
 1886 - Edward William Charles Noel, İngiliz istihbarat subayı (ö. 1974)
 1889 - Arnold Joseph Toynbee, İngiliz tarihçi (ö. 1975)
 1891 - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, Hint politikacı, filozof ve hukukçu (ö. 1956)
 1892 - Gordon Childe, Avustralyalı arkeolog (ö. 1957)
 1904 - John Gielgud, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 2000)
 1906 - Faysal bin Abdül Aziz, Suudi Arabistan Kralı (ö. 1975)
 1907 - François Duvalier, Haiti Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1971)
 1921 - Thomas C. Schelling, Amerikalı ekonomist ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2016)
 1925 - Rod Steiger, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2002)
 1926 - Arif Sami Toker, Türk bestekâr ve ses sanatçısı (ö. 1997)
 1927 - David Akers-Jones, İngiliz siyasetçi (ö. 2019)
 1930 - Marco Formentini, İtalyan siyasetçi (ö. 2021)
 1932 - Loretta Lynn, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1933 - Yuri Oganesyan, Ermeni kökenli Rus nükleer fizikçidir
 1934 - Fredric Jameson, ABD'li Marxist edebiyat kuramcısı, edebiyat eleştirmeni ve teorisyen
 1935 - Erich von Däniken, İsviçreli yazar
 1936 - Hilmi Yavuz, Türk yazar
 1938 - Mahmud Esad Coşan, Türk akademisyen, yazar ve din adamı (ö. 2001)
 1940 - Julie Christie, İngiliz aktris ve En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1942 - Valeri Brumel, Rus yüksek atlamacı (ö. 2003)
 1943 - Fuad Sinyora, Lübnanlı siyasetçi ve Lübnan'ın eski Geçici Cumhurbaşkanı
 1945 - Ritchie Blackmore, İngiliz gitarist, Deep Purple ve Rainbow gruplarının kurucu üyesi
 1945 - Besim Tibuk, Türk siyasetçi
 1947 - Dominique Baudis, Fransız siyasetçi (ö. 2014)
 1948 - Berry Berenson, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve manken (ö. 2001)
 1950 - Péter Graf Esterházy, Macar yazar ve edebiyatçı (ö. 2016)
 1951 - Gregory Winter, İngiliz biyokimyager
 1951 - Julian Lloyd Webber, Klasik İngiliz müzisyen ve çellist
 1952 - Ahmet Hoşsöyler, Türk yönetmen ve senarist
 1957 - Ülkü Duru, Türk oyuncu
 1957 - Lothaire Bluteau, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1958 - Peter Capaldi, İskoç oyuncu ve yönetmen
 1958 - Tarık Tarcan, Türk oyuncu ve manken
 1959 - Marie-Thérèse Fortin, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1960 - Osamu Sato, Japon dijital sanatçı, fotoğrafçı ve besteci
 1961 - Robert Carlyle, İskoç oyuncu
 1964 - Gina McKee, İngiliz oyuncu
 1965 - Ümit Ünal, Türk film yönetmeni ve senarist
 1967 - Julia Zemiro, Fransız-Avustralyalı sunucu
 1968 - Anthony Michael Hall, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1970 - Emre Altuğ, Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1972 - Dean Potter, Amerikalı serbest tırmanış sporcusudur (ö. 2015)
 1973 - Adrien Brody, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1973 - Roberto Ayala, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1974 - Da Brat, Amerikalı rapçi
 1975 - Lita, Amerikalı güreşçi
 1976 - Ali Lukunku, Kongolu millî futbolcu
 1976 - Serkan Çınar, Türk hakem
 1977 - Serkan Altuniğne, Türk karikatürist
 1977 - Sarah Michelle Gellar, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1979 - Kerem Tunçeri, Türk basketbolcu
 1981 - Willy William, Fransız müzisyen
 1981 - Jacques Houdek, Hırvat şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı
 1982 - Uğur Boral, Türk futbolcu
 1982 - Claudia Romani, İtalyan model
 1983 - James McFadden, İskoç eski millî futbolcu
 1985 - António Filipe de Carvalho, Portekizli futbolcu
 1987 - Erwin Hoffer, Avusturyalı millî futbolcu
 1991 - Ulises Dávila, Meksikalı futbolcu
 1995 - Melike Pekel, Türk kadın futbolcu
 1996 - Abigail Breslin, Amerikalı aktris
 1996 - Caner Koca, Türk futbolcu
 1997 - Ante Ćorić, Hırvat futbolcu
 1998 - Altay Bayındır, Türk milli futbolcu

Ölümler
 911 - Papa III. Sergius, 29 Ocak 904'ten 911'de ölümüne kadar Papa (860)
 1759 - George Frideric Handel, Alman besteci (d. 1685)
 1860 - Eduard Friedrich Eversmann, Alman biyolog ve kaşif (d. 1794)
 1897 - Émile Levassor, Fransız mühendis (d. 1843)
 1915 - Süleyman Askerî, Osmanlı asker (d. 1884)
 1917 - Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, Polonyalı göz doktoru ve filolog (yapay dil olan Esperanto'nun yaratıcısı) (d. 1859)
 1925 - John Singer Sargent, Amerikalı ressam (d. 1856)
 1930 - Vladimir Mayakovsky, Rus yazar (d. 1893)
 1935 - Amalie Emmy Noether, Alman matematikçi (d. 1882)
 1947 - Salvador Toscano, Meksikalı film yapımcısı, yönetmeni ve dağıtımcısı (d. 1872)
 1950 - Ramana Maharshi, Hindu mistik (d. 1879)
 1951 - Ernest Bevin, İngiliz devlet adamı (d. 1881)
 1961 - Émile Henriot, Fransız şair, romancı, denemeci ve edebiyat eleştirmeni (d. 1889)
 1963 - Arthur Jonath, Alman atlet (d. 1909)
 1964 - Rachel Carson, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1907)
 1975 - Fredric March, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1897)
 1980 - Gianni Rodari, İtalyan yazar ve gazeteci (d. 1920)
 1981 - Faik Kurdoğlu, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1892)
 1981 - Suavi Süalp, Türk mizahçı (d. 1926)
 1984 - Marianne Aminoff, İsveçli aktris (d. 1916)
 1986 - Simone de Beauvoir, Fransız feminist yazar (d. 1908)
 1995 - Burl Ives, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (d. 1909)
 1997 - Seniye Fenmen, Türk seramik sanatçısı
 1999 - Ellen Corby, Amerikalı 3 Emmy Ödülü kazanmış oyuncu (d. 1911)
 2002 - Abdurrahman Palay, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu, seslendirme sanatçısı, yönetmen ve senarist (d. 1923)
 2005 - Esen Ünür, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1942)
 2009 - Maurice Druon, Fransız romancı (d. 1918)
 2010 - Peter Steele, Amerikalı müzisyen, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1962)
 2011 - William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr., Amerikalı kimyager (d. 1919)
 2012 - Jonathan Frid, Kanadalı oyuncu (d. 1924)
 2012 - Piermario Morosini, İtalyan futbolcu (d. 1986)
 2013 - Colin Rex Davis, İngiliz orkestra şefi (d. 1927)
 2015 - Percy Sledge, Amerikalı R&B müzisyeni ve şarkıcısı (d. 1940)
 2016 - Liang Sili, Çinli uzay mühendisi (d. 1924)
 2017 - Henry Hillman, Amerikalı milyarder iş insanı, yatırımcı, sivil lider ve hayırsever (d. 1918)
 2017 - Bruce Langhorne, Amerikalı folk (halk) müzisyeni (d. 1938)
 2017 - Girish Chandra Saxena, Hint bürokrat (d. 1928)
 2018 - Isabella Biagini, İtalyan aktris ve şov yıldızı (d. 1943)
 2018 - Hal Greer, Amerikalı eski profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1936)
 2018 - Robert Holmes, eski Amerikan futbolcusu (d. 1945)
 2018 - Jean-Claude Malgoire, Fransız orkestra şefi (d. 1940)
 2018 - Jon Michelet, Norveçli gazeteci, yazar ve romancı (d. 1944)
 2019 - Bibi Andersson, İsveçli aktris (d. 1935)
 2019 - Giuseppe Ciarrapico, İtalyan iş insanı spor yöneticisi ve siyasetçi (d. 1934)
 2019 - David Brion Davis, Amerikalı eğitimci ve tarihçi (d. 1927)
 2019 - Mirjana Marković, Sırp siyasetçi ve first lady (d. 1942)
 2020 - Haydar Baş, Türk siyasetçi, iş insanı, ilahiyatçı, yazar ve eğitimci (d. 1947)
 2020 - Miguel Ángel D'Annibale, Arjantinli Katolik piskopos (d. 1959)
 2020 - Danny Delaney, Gal futbolu oyuncusu ve yönetici
 2020 - Margit Feldman, Macar-Amerikalı eğitimci, aktivist ve yorumcu (d. 1929)
 2020 - William H. Gerdts, Amerikalı sanat tarihçisi ve Sanat Tarihi profesörü (d. 1929)
 2020 - Michael Gilkes, Karayipli edebiyat eleştirmeni, oyun yazarı, şair, film yapımcısı ve üniversite öğretim görevlisi (d. 1933)
 2020 - Cyril Lawrence, İngiliz profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1920)
 2020 - Kerstin Meyer, İsveçli opera sanatçısı ve akademisyen (d. 1928)
 2020 - Aldo di Cillo Pagotto Brezilyalı Katolik başpiskopos (d. 1949)
 2020 - Namık Kemal Şentürk, Türk devlet adamı, bürokrat ve siyasetçi (d. 1922)
 2020 - Maria de Sousa, Portekizli immünolog, şair ve yazar (d. 1939)
 2020 - Ella King Russell Torrey, Amerikalı insan hakları aktivisti (d. 1925)
 2020 - Peter Whiteside, İngiliz modern pentatloncu (d. 1952)
 2021 - Yıldırım Akbulut, Türk avukat ve Türkiye'nin 20. Başbakanı (d. 1935)
 2021 - Trader Faulkner, Avustralyalı-İngiliz aktör (d. 1927)
 2021 - Bernard Madoff, dolandırıcı ve eski borsacı, yatırım danışmanı ve finansör olan mahkûm Amerikalı (d. 1938)
 2021 - Monique Pantel, Fransız film eleştirmeni ve gazeteci (d. 1932)
 2022 - Balkan Naci İslimyeli, Türk ressam ve öğretim üyesi (d. 1947)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Kutlu Doğum Haftası (14 - 20 Nisan)
 Şehitler Haftası
 Ağrı'nın Diyadin ilçesinden Rus ve Ermeni birliklerinin geri çekilişi (1918)
 Ağrı'nın Doğubayazıt ilçesinden Rus ve Ermeni birliklerinin geri çekilişi (1918)
 Ağrı'nın Hamur ilçesinden Rus ve Ermeni birliklerinin geri çekilişi (1918)
 Ağrı'nın Patnos ilçesinden Rus ve Ermeni birliklerinin geri çekilişi (1918)
 Ağrı'nın Taşlıçay ilçesinden Rus ve Ermeni birliklerinin geri çekilişi (1918)
 Ağrı'nın Tutak ilçesinden Rus ve Ermeni birliklerinin geri çekilişi (1918)
 Dünya Yunus Günü
 Tıbbi Mümessiller Günü

Kaynakça

0414
14

14 Nisan


El Toro es una montaña rusa de madera diseñada por Intamin AG que se encuentra en el parque de atracciones Six Flags Great Adventure. Fue inaugurada el día 11 de junio de 2006 como la montaña rusa de madera con el mayor grado de inclinación vertical del mundo, exactamente 76° (este récord lo tuvo hasta el año 2008, en el cual la T Express la superó por 1º). También es famosa por su altura (55 metros), su velocidad (113 km/h) y por ser la primera de madera en usar un cable de subida o cable lift en vez de la tradicional subida de cadena o chain lift. Es también digno de mención que, a causa de las elevadas fuerzas G negativas que los pasajeros soportan durante el trayecto y especialmente durante los "tiempos en aire" o air times, las barras de sujeción son muy justas y están muy acopladas a los pasajeros, cosa que causa bastantes problemas a las personas mayores, con sobrepeso o de elevada estatura.

El Toro es la atracción principal de una nueva área tematizada en México llamada "Plaza Del Carnaval".

Ficha

Es normal que las personas busquen experimentar emociones cada vez más intensas, esto explica la gran novedad que provoca la inauguración de una nueva montaña rusa de mayor altura, velocidad y grado de inclinación. Es en las nuevas generaciones que esto cala más profundo debido a que ya están sometidos desde temprana edad a experiencias con la velocidad, con la gravedad y con movimientos vertiginosos tanto reales como virtuales. así que las nuevas generaciones necesitan más dosis de adrenalina que las generaciones precedentes.

Enlaces externos

Montañas rusas de Estados Unidos
Montañas rusas de Six Flags
Edificios y estructuras de Nueva Jersey

El Toro (montaña rusa)


Calliactis est un genre d'anémones de mer de la famille des Hormathiidae.

Systématique
Le genre Calliactis a été créé en 1869 par le zoologiste américain Addison Emery Verrill (1839-1926).

Caractéristiques

Ces anémones vivent souvent en symbiose avec des pagures (notamment ceux du genre Dardanus), qui les cultivent sur la coquille qu'ils habitent et qu'elles protègent de certains prédateurs grâce à leurs aconties.

Liste des espèces
Liste des espèces selon  :
 Calliactis algoaensis Carlgren, 1938
 Calliactis androgyna Riemann-Zürneck, 1975
 Calliactis annulata Carlgren, 1922
 Calliactis argentacolorata Pei, 1996
 Calliactis armillatas Verrill, 1928
 Calliactis brevicornis (Studer, 1879)
 Calliactis conchiola Parry, 1952
 Calliactis japonica Carlgren, 1928
 Calliactis marmorata Studer, 1879
 Calliactis parasitica (Couch, 1842)
 Calliactis polypores Pei, 1996
 Calliactis polypus (Forsskål, 1775)
 Calliactis reticulata Stephenson, 1918
 Calliactis sinensis (Verrill, 1869)
 Calliactis tigris Gusmão, Rodríguez & Daly, 2019
 Calliactis tricolor (Le Sueur, 1817)
 Calliactis valdiviae Carlgren, 1938
 Calliactis variegata Verrill, 1869
 Calliactis xishaensis Pei, 1996

Références biologiques

Notes et références

Actiniaria
Genre de cnidaires (nom scientifique)

Calliactis