Gridiron football (), also known as North American football, or in North America as simply football, is a family of football team sports primarily played in the United States and Canada. American football, which uses 11 players, is the form played in the United States and the best known form of gridiron football worldwide, while Canadian football, which uses 12 players, predominates in Canada. Other derivative varieties include arena football, flag football and amateur games such as touch and street football. Football is played at professional, collegiate, high school, semi-professional, and amateur levels.

These sports originated in the 19th century out of older games related to modern rugby football, more specifically rugby union football. Early on, American and Canadian football developed alongside (but independently from) each other; the root of the game known as "football" today originates with an 1874 game between Harvard and McGill Universities, following which the American school adopted the Canadian school's more rugby-like rules.

Over time, Canadian teams adopted features of the American variant of the game and vice versa. Both varieties are distinguished from other football sports by their use of hard plastic helmets and shoulder pads, the forward pass, the system of downs, a number of unique rules and positions, measurement in customary units of yards (even in Canada, which largely metricated in the 1970s), and a distinctive brown leather ball in the shape of a prolate spheroid with pointed ends.

The international governing body for the sport is the International Federation of American Football (IFAF); although the organization plays all of its international competitions under American rules, it uses a definition of the game that is broad enough that it includes Canadian football under its umbrella, and Football Canada (the governing body for Canadian football) is an IFAF member.

Etymology

The sport is typically known as simply "football" in the countries where it originated, regardless of the specific variety. Various sources use the term "North American football" when discussing the American and Canadian games together, but this term is quite rare.

The two sports are also sometimes known as "gridiron football." The name originated with the sport's once-characteristic playing field: the original American football and Canadian football fields were marked by a series of parallel lines along both the width and length of the field, which produced a checkerboard pattern resembling a cross-hatched cooking gridiron. The ball would be snapped in the grid in which it was downed on the previous play. By 1920, the grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of yard lines and hash marks used today. This is still called a gridiron, so the pattern changed, but the name did not.

The International Federation of American Football (IFAF), uses "American football" inclusive of Canadian football and other varieties.

History
The sport developed from informal games played in North America during the 19th century. Early games had a variety of local rules and were generally similar to modern rugby union and soccer. The earliest recorded instance of gridiron football occurred at University of Toronto's University College in November 1861.

Later in the 1860s, teams from universities were playing each other, leading to more standardized rules and the creation of college football. While several American schools adopted rules based on the soccer rules of the English Football Association, Harvard University held to its traditional "carrying game". Meanwhile, McGill University in Montreal used rules based on rugby union. In 1874, Harvard and McGill organized two games using each other's rules. Harvard took a liking to McGill's rugby-style rules and adopted them. In turn, they were used when Harvard and Yale University played their first intercollegiate sports game in 1875, and after which the rugby-style Canadian game was adopted by Yale players and spectators from Yale and Princeton University. This version of the game was subsequently played with several other U.S. colleges over the next several years.

American football teams and organizations subsequently adopted new rules which distinguished the game from rugby. Many of these early innovations were the work of Walter Camp, including the sport's line of scrimmage and the system of downs. Another consequential change was the adoption of the forward pass in 1906, which allowed the quarterback to throw the ball forward over the line of scrimmage to a receiver. Canadian football remained akin to rugby for decades, though a progressive faction of players, chiefly based in the western provinces, demanded changes to the game based on the innovations in American football. Over the years, the sport adopted more Americanized rules, though it retained some of its historical features, including a  field, 12-player teams, and three downs instead of four.  Around the same time Camp devised the rules for American football, the Canadian game would develop in the same way (but separately) from the American game; the Burnside rules were instrumental in establishing many of the rules for the modern game.

Versions
 American football is the most common and widely known of these sports. It was originally more closely related to rugby, until various rule changes created by Walter Camp were implemented in 1880, such as the system of downs, and the two sports diverged irreversibly after the forward pass was introduced to the American game in 1906. It is played with eleven players to a side, four downs and a  field. The major professional league, the National Football League (NFL), has its own rule book. College football programs generally play under the code defined in the NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations. High schools generally follow the rules and interpretations published by the National Federation of High School Associations (NFHS), although some states follow the NCAA code for high school play. Youth games (below high school age) generally follow NFHS code with modifications. Adult semi-pro, alternative and minor professional, amateur, touch, flag, etc. may follow any one of these codes or use their own rules. While the vast majority of the game is the same among these three codes, subtle variations in rules can lead to large differences in play.  Many of the differences are in penalty enforcement and the definitions of fouls.

 Canadian football is played almost exclusively in Canada. Like its American cousin, it was originally more closely related to rugby, until the Burnside rules were adopted in 1903 (as such, despite their similarities, the modern American and Canadian forms of football were developed separately from each other); the forward pass was adopted in Canada in 1929. The game is played on a  field, has three downs, and twelve players to a side. The Canadian game also features a one-point "single" (formally called a "rouge") for a ball kicked into or through the end zone and not returned by the receiving team. Like the American game, the Canadian Football League and U Sports both have their own rulebooks, although there are generally fewer differences than between their American counterparts.
 Nine-man football, eight-man football and six-man football are varieties of gridiron football played with fewer players. They are played with the same number of downs (often with a  requirement for a new set of downs, as opposed to 10 in other codes), fewer offensive linemen, and an  field. These games are generally based on the high school rulebooks, which have an addendum devoted to the play of these codes, and are generally played by teams from high schools with very small student bodies, usually in rural areas of the United States. Similar small-roster versions of Canadian football are played in rural Canada.
 Indoor football is played with special rules to accommodate smaller indoor facilities, usually sharing arenas with basketball or ice hockey teams. It is played on a  field with, usually, eight players to a side. Prototype games were played in 1902 and 1932, both of which used the shortened field but followed the outdoor standard 11 to a side. However, indoor football did not gain popularity until James F. Foster's proprietary version, arena football, debuted in 1986, and set most of the standards for indoor leagues today. As almost all indoor leagues are for-profit professional leagues, each league has its own proprietary code.
 Flag football is a variant of American football where, instead of tackling players to the ground, the defensive team must remove a flag or flag belt from the ball carrier ("deflagging") to end a down, and contact is limited between players. The specific rules of flag football vary widely by the league, though all share in common their replication of the rules of traditional American football with tackling replaced by flag-pulling. The international governing body for the sport is the International Federation of American Football (IFAF).
 Sprint football (or lightweight football) is a variant of American football with nearly identical rules but with added restrictions on the maximum weight and percent body fat of players on the field, emphasizing speed and agility over raw size at all positions. It is played at a small number of colleges and universities, mostly in the northeastern United States.
 Touch football, wheelchair football, and backyard football are informal varieties of the game, played primarily at an amateur and recreational level. No specific rulebooks are universally recognized for these variants, where house rules usually apply.
 Women's American football is the organized play of the sport by women. Most organized leagues play by rules identical to male-dominated leagues. The former Lingerie Football League earned notoriety for its indoor, seven-on-seven variety of women's football with minimal protective equipment and uniforms resembling women's underwear; the Lingerie Football League was later reorganized and renamed Extreme Football League. Informal and amateur varieties of female-only games such as Powderpuff, also exist. Given the popularity of gridiron football in North America yet the rarity of female-only teams at the high school level and above, female players have also played on men's teams on rare occasions.

Professional leagues

The best NFL players are among the highest paid athletes in the world.

Collegiate leagues

Comparison of codes

Play of the game

This is a minimal description of the game in general, with elements common to all or almost all variants of the game. For more specific rules, see each code's individual articles.

Prior to the start of a game, a coin toss determines which team will decide if they want to kick off the ball to their opponent, or receive the ball from their opponent. Each team lines up on opposite halves of the field, with a minimum ten yards of space between them for the kickoff. The team receiving the ball can make a fair catch (which stops the play immediately), catch the ball and run it back until the ball carrier is tackled, or, if the ball is kicked out of bounds, let the ball go dead on its own (the last case usually happens when the ball is kicked all the way into or through the opponent's end zone, resulting in a touchback and the ball being brought several yards out of the end zone to begin play). A kicking team can, under special circumstances, attempt to recover its own kick, but the rules of the game make it very difficult to do so reliably, and so this tactic is usually only used as a surprise or desperation maneuver.

At this point, play from scrimmage begins.  The team in possession of the ball is on offense and the opponent is on defense. The offense is given a set amount of time (up to forty seconds, depending on the governing body), during which the teams can set up a play in a huddle and freely substitute players to set into a formation, in which the offense must remain perfectly still for at least one second (the formation requirement does not apply to Canadian football). At least half of the players (seven in standard American and Canadian football, four in standard indoor ball) on the offense must line up on the line of scrimmage in this formation, including the snapper, who handles the ball before play commences; the rest can (and almost always do) line up behind the line. Neither the offense nor the defense can cross the line of scrimmage before the play commences. Once the formation is set, the snapper snaps the ball to one of the players behind him. (A snapper must snap the ball within 20 to 25 seconds of the official setting the ball back into position after the previous play, and a play clock is kept to enforce the measure.) Once the ball is snapped, the play has commenced, and the offense's goal is to continue advancing the ball toward their opponent's end zone. This can be done either by running with the ball or by a rule unique to football known as the forward pass. In a forward pass, a player from behind the line of scrimmage throws the ball to an eligible receiver (another back or one player on each end of the line), who must catch the ball before it touches the ground. The play stops when a player with the ball touches any part of his body other than hand or foot to the ground, runs out of the boundaries of the field, is obstructed from making further forward progress, or a forward pass hits the ground without being caught (in the last case, the ball returns to the spot it was snapped). To stop play, players on defense are allowed to tackle the ball carrier at any time the ball is in play, provided they do not grab the face mask of the helmet or make helmet-to-helmet contact when doing so. At any time, the player with the ball can attempt a backward, or lateral, pass to any other player in order to keep the ball in play; this is generally rare. Any player on defense can, at any time, attempt to intercept a forward pass in flight, at which point the team gains possession; they can also gain possession by recovering a fumble or stripping the ball away from the ball carrier (a "forced fumble"). A typical play can last between five and twenty seconds.

If any illegal action happens during the play, then the results of the previous play are erased and a penalty is assessed, forcing the offending team to surrender between five and fifteen yards of field to the opponent. Whether this yardage is measured from the original spot of the ball before the play, the spot of the illegal action, or the end of the play depends on the individual foul. The most common penalties include false start (when an offensive player jumps to begin the play before the ball is snapped, a five-yard penalty), holding (the grabbing of a player other than the ball carrier to obstruct their progress; a ten-yard penalty against offensive players and a five-yard penalty against defensive ones), and pass interference (when either a receiver or the defending player pushes or blocks the other to prevent them from catching the pass). A team on offense cannot score points as the direct result of a penalty; a defensive foul committed in the team's own end zone, if the penalty is assessed from the spot of the foul, places the ball at the one-yard line. In contrast, a defensive team can score points as a direct result of a penalty; if the offense commits a foul under the same scenario, the defensive team receives two points and a free kick. In all other circumstances (except for the open-ended and extremely rare unfair act clause), a penalty cannot exceed more than half the distance to the end zone. If the penalty would be less advantageous than the result of the actual play, then the team not committing the penalty can decline it.

In order to keep play moving, the offense must make a certain amount of progress (10 yards in most leagues) within a certain number of plays (3 in Canada, 4 in the United States), called downs. If the offense does indeed make this progress, a first down is achieved, and the team gets 3 or 4 more plays to achieve another 10 yards. If not, the offense loses possession to their opponent at the spot where the ball is. More commonly, however, the team on offense will, if they have a minimal chance of gaining a first down and have only one play left to do it (fourth down in the U.S., third down in Canada), attempt a scrimmage kick. There are two types of scrimmage kick: a punt is when the ball is released from the punter's hand and kicked downfield as close to the opponent's end zone as possible without entering it; the kicking team loses possession of the ball after the kick and the receiving team can attempt to advance the ball or call a fair catch. The other scrimmage kick is a field goal attempt. This must be attempted by place kick or (more rarely) drop kick, and if the kicked ball passes through the goal set at the edge of the opponent's end zone, the team scores three points. (Four-point field goals have been offered in a few variations of the game under special rules, but the NFL, college and high school football only offer three-point field goals.) In Canada, any kick that goes into the end zone and is not returned, whether it be a punt or a missed field goal, is awarded one single point.

If the team in possession of the ball, at any time, advances (either by carrying or catching) the ball into the opponent's end zone, it is a touchdown, and the team scores six points and a free play known as a try. In a try, a team attempts to score one or two points (rules vary by each league, but under standard rules, a field goal on a try is worth one point while another touchdown is worth two). At the college and professional levels, the defense can also score on a try, but only on the same scale (thus a botched try the defense returns for a touchdown scores only two points and not six). Kickoffs occur after every touchdown and field goal.

If a team is in its own end zone and commits a foul, is tackled with the ball, or bats, fumbles, kicks or throws the ball backward out of the field of play through the same end zone, the defense scores a safety, worth two points.

After a try, safety or field goal, the team that had possession of the ball goes back to the middle of the field and kicks the ball off to their opponent, and play continues as it did in the beginning of the game.

Play continues until halftime. (Each team switches their side of the field with the other halfway through each half, at the end of a quarter.) After the halftime break, a new kickoff occurs. Whichever team has more points at the end of the game is declared the winner; in the event of a tie, each league has its own rules for overtime to break the tie. Because of the nature of the game, pure sudden-death overtimes have been abolished at all levels of the game as of 2012.

At all adult levels of the game, a game is 60 timed minutes in length, split into four 15-minute quarters. (High school football uses 12-minute quarters, and the general rule is that the younger the players, the shorter the quarters typically are.) Because of the halftime, quarter breaks, time-outs, the minute warnings (two minutes before the end of a half in the NFL, three minutes in Canadian football), and frequent stoppages of the game clock (the clock stops, for example, after every incomplete pass and any time a ball goes out of bounds), the actual time it takes for a football game to be completed is typically over three hours in the NFL and slightly under three hours in the CFL.

Injuries
According to 2017 study on brains of deceased gridiron football players, 99% of tested brains of NFL players, 88% of CFL players, 64% of semi-professional players, 91% of college football players, and 21% of high school football players had various stages of CTE.

Other common injuries include injuries of legs, arms and lower back.

See also
 American football in the United States
 Comparison of American and Canadian football
 Concussions in American football
 Football (word)
 Glossary of American football
 Glossary of Canadian football
 Health issues in American football

Citations

Bibliography
 "Gridiron football". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
 "Gridiron comes to Australia". From 7:30 Report. Retrieved on 2007-10-09 from 7.30 Report - 4/8/1999: Gridiron comes to Australia.

Football codes
Sport in Australia
Sport in North America
Turf sports

Gridiron football


L'édition 2022 du tournoi de tennis d'Angers se déroule du 5 au  sur dur en intérieur. Elle appartient à la catégorie WTA 125.

Alycia Parks remporte le tournoi en simple. En finale, elle bat Anna-Lena Friedsam, décrochant à cette occasion son deuxième titre dans cette catégorie.

L'épreuve de double voit quant à elle s'imposer Alycia Parks et Zhang Shuai.

Faits marquants

Forfaits
  Erika Andreeva, remplacée par  Katarina Zavatska
  Elina Avanesyan, remplacée par  Rebecca Peterson
  Jodie Burrage, remplacée par  Anna-Lena Friedsam
  Vitalia Diatchenko, remplacée par  Joanne Züger
  Léolia Jeanjean, remplacée par  Pemra Özgen
  Linda Nosková, remplacée par  Jaqueline Cristian
  Nuria Párrizas Díaz, remplacée par  Ana Konjuh
  Rebecca Peterson, remplacée par  Hina Inoue

Contexte
Après l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie fin février, les instances dirigeantes internationales du tennis autorisent les joueuses de Russie et de Biélorussie à participer aux tournois, mais pas sous le drapeau de leur pays, jusqu'à nouvel ordre.

Lauréates
L'Américaine Alycia Parks remporte le deuxième titre de sa carrière en catégorie WTA 125 (le deuxième d'affilée après le tournoi d'Andorre la semaine précédente) en dominant en finale l'Allemande Anna-Lena Friedsam.

Elle remporte également le double avec sa partenaire chinoise Zhang Shuai face à la paire tchèque Miriam Kolodziejová / Markéta Vondroušová.

Primes et points

Source:

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tournoi de tennis d'Angers
 Saison 2022 de la WTA

Liens externes
  Site officiel

Navigation

WTA 2022
Angers
Tennis en France en 2022
Sport en France en 2022
Tennis en décembre 2022

Tournoi de tennis d'Angers (WTA 2022)


Gomukhasana (; IAST: Gomukhāsana) ou posture de la tête de vache est une posture (āsana) assise du hatha yoga, parfois utilisé pour la méditation.

Origine
Cet āsana est mentionné dans le Haṭhayogapradīpikā de Svātmārāma, la Haṭha Ratnāvalī de Srinivasa et la Gheraṇḍa saṃhitā datant respectivement du  et du  pour les deux autres textes.

Description

La posture est dite assise où les jambes se croisent. Le talon droit se place le long du côté gauche et réciproquement (les pieds évoquent les cornes d'une vache). Cette posture est décrite dans le Haṭhayogapradīpikā et la Gheraṇḍa saṃhitā.

Effets
Les bienfaits de cet āsana sont au moins :

 par compression de la jambe, gomukhāsana stimule la circulation sanguine dans la celle-ci;
 il contrecarre l'affaissement des épaules dû à l'augmentation du poids à l'avant du corps en invitant à l'expansion de la poitrine;
 il soulage la douleur et l'enflure de la jambe qui sont les plaintes courantes pendant la grossesse.

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste de postures de Hatha Yoga

Posture de yoga
Terme sanskrit

Gomukhasana


eWorld was an online service operated by Apple Inc. between June 1994 and March 1996. The services included email (eMail Center), news, software installs and a bulletin board system (Community Center). Users of eWorld were often referred to as "ePeople."

Based on a similar service from America Online, eWorld was expensive compared to other services and not well marketed, and failed to attract a high number of subscribers. The service was only available on Apple's Macintosh and Apple IIGS and had limited support on the Newton MessagePad handheld devices, though a PC version had been planned.

History

In the early 1990s online services were becoming widely popular, just as Apple was looking into replacing their aging online service known as AppleLink. AppleLink had originally been developed at the urging of Jon Ebbs, Apple's head of support, who convinced the management that they could lower support costs using an online service. AppleLink had initially been available only to dealers when it launched in 1985, but was later opened to developers and became the de facto internal e-mail service within Apple.

The "back end" of AppleLink was hosted by GE Information Services who charged Apple about $300,000 a year, as well as charging the end users up to $15 for daytime access to the system. Apple had tried to negotiate a better rate on several occasions, but GE knew that switching would cost Apple even more, and refused to lower the costs.

Nevertheless, Apple began to implement changes. Before the advent of eWorld, Apple had started a consumer-oriented online support service known as AppleLink Personal Edition. Related to the older system in name only, this service was run by Quantum Computer Services, who earlier had established the Q-Link online service for the Commodore 64 personal computer. Quantum's Steve Case moved to California for three months to convince Apple to let Quantum run their new consumer service. In 1987, Apple allowed Quantum to run the service and granted them use of the Apple logo. Apple received a 10% royalty for all the system's users while Quantum generated revenue by running the service.

The ideologies of the companies soon clashed. Quantum wanted to bundle the AppleLink software with new Macs and distribute it through direct marketing. At the time Apple did not believe in giving away non-system software for free. That, coupled with Apple's strict design guidelines, caused Quantum to eventually terminate their contract. Steve Case had, however, negotiated a rather beneficial contract, granting Quantum rights to the use of the Apple logo and preventing Apple from marketing its own online service.

In 1991, Quantum was renamed America Online and the service was opened up to PC and Macintosh users. Apple wanted out of their contract with GE, which was costing them far more money than it was saving, and wanted to provide their own Mac-only competition to AOL's service. They canceled their GE contract and formed an Online Services Group. The group licensed the original AppleLink Personal Edition software from AOL and developed it into what would be known as eWorld. The group also struck a deal with AOL to help develop the service and spent 1993 working on the new software and various services to be offered. According to an AOL press release on January 5, 1994, eWorld was "created using technology licensed from America Online. The two companies have been collaborating to build the platform for Apple's online services since December 1992, when America Online granted Apple a non-exclusive license to use the company's interactive services platform."

On January 5, 1994, Apple announced eWorld at the 1994 Macworld Conference & Expo, where they invited attendees to become beta testers for the service. On June 20 of that year, the service went into full operation. The eWorld service was a combination of the vast technical and support archives of the previous AppleLink services and a more traditional community service like AOL and CompuServe. The eWorld service was only accessible from Macs and in parts, Newton OS-operated devices. A Windows version was promised to appear in 1995; it never left the early beta stage.

Features

The primary portal of the service was the eWorld software. The software was based around a "town hall" metaphor where each of the service's branches was an individual "building". Over 400 media and technology companies created information products on the service. Several Mac software and hardware companies opened up virtual forums on the service to provide customer support and general product information to subscribers. The main eWorld portal also encompassed a wide variety of news and information services.

In addition to information access, two heavily used areas of eWorld were the eMail Center and Community Center. The Community Center offered chat rooms and an online BBS where thousands of ePeople (eWorld users) congregated to chat about various subjects. The eMail Center was a virtual post office. The service also housed support and Apple technical documents.

The eWorld Web Browser, introduced in eWorld 1.1 as part of its 'Internet On-Ramp' features, let users browse web pages on Internet websites. The browser had features for FTP uploading, web images and settings to configure a default homepage address. Though separate from the main eWorld application, the browser worked only through an eWorld connection, not through any other network or online service.

eWorld's unique user experience was developed by Cleo Huggins, manager of human interface group in the development team. Cleo also coined the name eWorld. The signature illustrations were created by Mark Drury. The development team was led by Scott Converse, and the product management team by Richard Gingras. The eWorld project at Apple was led by Peter Friedman.

Demise
The service cost $8.95 per month, which included two free night-time or weekend hours. Subsequent hours were $4.95 with weekday hours (6 am–6 pm) costing $7.95. Apple kept the price high originally to keep the demand moderated but never dropped the price when the demand did not materialize. After the first year of service eWorld had 90,000 subscribers. In 1995, limited Internet service was made available, and as of September 1995 the service had 115,000 subscribers, compared to 3.5 million subscribers of AOL (including one million outside the United States).

Apple's marketing and promotion efforts were at best indifferent. The service was only available on the Macintosh, along with e-mail and system update support on the Newton handheld. Apple was in a challenging financial position at the time and CEO Michael Spindler told the Online Services Group that significant marketing for the service could not be provided so eWorld shipped on new Macs with only an icon on the desktop and a brochure in the box. There was also little if anything in the way of media marketing for the service. The promised Windows version of eWorld was not launched following a decision by Apple's senior management to position eWorld as a unique service for Macintosh owners.

Apple's management decided that the product was doomed to fail in a market where AOL had such a commanding lead. The company was also cutting costs. In June 1995, the company had over $1 billion in backorders and posted a $68 million loss in the fourth quarter of 1995. In January 1996, Spindler was asked to resign as CEO, replaced by former CEO of National Semiconductor Gil Amelio. Several products and projects were scrapped in an effort to put the company back into the black.

On March 31, 1996, at 12:01 am Pacific Time, the service was officially shut down. Remaining eWorld subscribers were offered incentives to switch to AOL, which had already been hosting Macintosh-oriented content within the Mac Forums of its Computing Channel. The eWorld/AppleLink technical support archives moved to Apple's website. When the Online Services Group was disbanded, many of its members left Apple. Peter Friedman eventually formed chat community website TalkCity with Chris Christensen and Jenna Woodul. Scott Converse became a senior executive at Paramount Pictures Digital Entertainment Division. James Isaacs joined Danger Inc. (acquired by Microsoft in 2008). Richard Gingras and Jonathan Rosenberg joined the newly formed broadband access venture @Home Network.

As of February 2022, 25 years after its discontinuation, attempting to access the eWorld.com website will still automatically redirect to the apple.com homepage.

See also
Microsoft Bob
Skeuomorph

References

AOL
Apple Inc. services
Internet service providers of the United States
Internet properties established in 1994
Internet properties disestablished in 1996

EWorld


Cet article recense les pratiques inscrites au patrimoine culturel immatériel au Danemark.

Statistiques
Le Danemark ratifie la convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel le . La première pratique protégée est inscrite en 2021.

En 2021, le Danemark compte 2 éléments inscrits au patrimoine culturel immatériel, sur la liste représentative.

Listes

Liste représentative
Les éléments suivants sont inscrits sur la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité :

Patrimoine immatériel nécessitant une sauvegarde urgente
Le Danemark ne compte aucun élément listé sur la liste du patrimoine immatériel nécessitant une sauvegarde urgente.

Registre des meilleures pratiques de sauvegarde
Le Danemark ne compte aucune pratique listée au registre des meilleures pratiques de sauvegarde.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité en Europe
 Culture du Danemark

Danemark
Patrimoine culturel immateriel

Liste du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité au Danemark


Attilâ İlhan, tam adıyla Attilâ Hamdi İlhan, (15 Haziran 1925, İzmir - 10 Ekim 2005, İstanbul), Türk şair, romancı, düşünür, deneme yazarı, gazeteci, senarist ve eleştirmen. Entelektüel çalışmalarıyla Türk edebiyat ve düşünce dünyasına önemli katkıları olmuştur.

İlk yılları ve eğitimi
15 Haziran 1925'te İzmir, Menemen'de doğdu. İlk ve orta eğitiminin büyük bir bölümünü İzmir ve babasının işi dolayısıyla gittikleri farklı bölgelerde tamamladı. İzmir Atatürk Lisesi'nin birinci sınıfındayken mektuplaştığı bir kıza yazdığı Nazım Hikmet şiirleriyle yakalanmasıyla 1941 Şubat'ında, 16 yaşındayken tutuklandı ve okuldan uzaklaştırıldı. Üç hafta gözaltında kaldı. İki ay hapiste yattı. Türkiye'nin hiçbir yerinde okuyamayacağına dair bir belge verilince, eğitim hayatına ara vermek zorunda kaldı. Danıştay kararıyla, 1944 yılında okuma hakkını tekrar kazandı ve İstanbul Işık Lisesi'ne yazıldı. Lise son sınıftayken amcasının kendisinden habersiz katıldığı CHP Şiir Armağanında Cebbaroğlu Mehemmed şiiriyle ikincilik ödülünü pek çok ünlü şairi geride bırakarak aldı. 1946'da mezun oldu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ne kaydoldu. Üniversite hayatının başarılı geçen yıllarında Yığın ve Gün gibi dergilerde ilk şiirleri yayımlanmaya başladı. 1948'de ilk şiir kitabı Duvarı kendi imkânlarıyla yayımladı. Kısa süren ilk Paris deneyiminin ardından yurda döndü. Gerçek gazetesinde yayınlamaya başladığı yazılarla siyasal tartışmaların içine girdi. Bu nedenle eğitimini ihmal eden Attilâ İlhan, İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi'ndeki öğrenimini yarıda bırakmak zorunda kaldı.

 Paris yılları
1949 yılında üniversite ikinci sınıftayken ilk kez Paris'e gitti. Buradayken Nâzım Hikmet'i kurtarmak için düzenlenen uluslararası dayanışma hareketine, İleri Jön Türkler Birliği faaliyetlerine katıldı. Fransız toplumu ve orada bulunduğu çevreye ilişkin gözlemleri daha sonraki eserlerinde yer alan birçok karakter ve olaya temel oluşturmuştur. Türkiye'ye geri dönüşünde başı sık sık polisle derde girdi. Sansaryan Han'daki sorgulamalar ölüm, tehlike, gerilim temalarının işlendiği eserlerinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Şair bu gerilim havasını ilk şiirlerinde olmasa da özellikle Bela Çiçeği gibi kitaplarında eski günlerini yâd ettiği ya da eleştirdiği şiirlerini yayımladı. Birkaç kez gözaltına alındı.

Attilâ İlhan, "Kaptan" lakabının kendisine Paris yıllarında bir dönem sakal bırakması üzerine arkadaşları tarafından yakıştırıldığını belirtmiştir. Lakabın yayılmasında beş bölümden oluşan Kaptan şiiri etkili olmuştur.

 İstanbul-İzmir-Paris üçgeni
1951 yılında Gerçek gazetesinde bir yazısından dolayı soruşturmaya uğrayınca Paris'e tekrar gitti. Fransa'daki bu dönem, Attilâ İlhan'ın Fransızcayı ve Marksizmi öğrendiği yıllardır. 1950'li yılları İstanbul-İzmir-Paris üçgeni içerisinde geçiren Attilâ İlhan, bu dönemde ismini yavaş yavaş Türkiye çapında duyurmaya başladı. Yurda döndükten sonra, Hukuk Fakültesi'ne devam etti. Ancak son sınıfta gazeteciliğe başlamasıyla beraber öğrenimini yarıda bıraktı. Sinemayla olan ilişkisi, yine bu dönemde, 1953'te Vatan gazetesinde sinema eleştirileri yazmasıyla başlamıştır.

 Sanatta Çok Yönlülük
1957'de gittiği Erzincan'da askerliğini yaptıktan sonra İstanbul'a dönüş yapan Attilâ İlhan, sinema çalışmalarına ağırlık verdi. On beşe yakın senaryoya Ali Kaptanoğlu adıyla imza attı. Sinemada aradığını bulamayınca, 1960'ta Paris'e geri döndü. Sosyalizmin geldiği aşamaları ve televizyonculuğu incelediği bu dönem, babasının ölmesiyle birlikte yazarın İzmir dönemini başlattı. Sekiz yıl İzmir'de kaldığı dönemde, Demokrat İzmir gazetesinin başyazarlığını ve genel yayın yönetmenliğini yürüttü. Aynı yıllarda, şiir kitabı olarak Yasak Sevişmek ve Aynanın İçindekiler dizisinden Bıçağın Ucu yayımlandı. 1968'de Biket İlhan ile evlendi, 15 yıl evli kaldı.

 İstanbul'a dönüş
1973'te Bilgi Yayınevi'nin danışmanlığını üstlenerek Ankara'ya taşındı. Sırtlan Payı ve Yaraya Tuz Basmak'''ı Ankara'da yazdı. 1981'e kadar Ankara'da kalan yazar Fena Halde Leman adlı romanını tamamladıktan sonra İstanbul'a yerleşti. İstanbul'da gazetecilik serüveni Milliyet (2 Mart 1982 - 15 Kasım 1987) ve Gelişim Yayınları ile devam etti. Bir süre Güneş gazetesinde yazan Attilâ İlhan, 1993-1996 yılları arasında Meydan gazetesinde yazmaya devam etti. 1996 yılından 2005 yılına kadar köşe yazılarını Cumhuriyet gazetesinde sürdürdü. 1970'lerde Türkiye'de televizyon yayınlarının başlaması ve geniş kitlelere ulaşmasıyla beraber Attilâ İlhan da senaryo yazmaya geri döndü.

Sekiz Sütuna Manşet, Kartallar Yüksek Uçar ve Yarın Artık Bugündür halk tarafından beğeniyle izlenilen diziler oldu.

İlk romanı Sokaktaki Adam yayımlandığında 10 roman yazmıştı. Bunlar hiç gün ışığına çıkmadı. Attilâ İlhan bunun sebebini bir söyleşide şöyle açıklıyor: "... birçok roman yazdım daha önceden. Ama neden yayınlamadım? Çok akıllıca bir sebebi vardı. Çünkü biliyorum ki yazarlar ilk romanlarında kendilerini anlatırlar. O da romancılık değildir. Günlük tutmaktır." (Düşün, Haziran 1996).

Roman serüvenine başladığında döneminin diğer yazarları daha çok yerel ve kırsal olayları, kişileri işlerken Attilâ İlhan şehir insanını Türkiye'nin yakın dönem tarihini siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal yanlarıyla ele alan bir yapı içerisinde işliyordu. Sadece İstanbul ve İzmir gibi Türkiye'nin büyük şehirlerini, işlediği dönemin yaşam tarzını, ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlarını kahramanlarının gözüyle yansıtmakla yetinmiyor; aynı zamanda, batı kültürünün Türkiye'ye ne şekilde yansıdığını, olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini, çizdiği karakterlerle ve Avrupa'daki şehirlerle örtüşen bir yapı içerisinde inceleniyordu.

 Hazırlık ve arayış dönemi
Romanda "hazırlık ve arayış dönemi" diye nitelendirilebilecek dönemde, yayımladığı Sokaktaki Adam ve Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez'de yazarın Paris'te yaşadığı yıllara ait deneyimlerinin ve gözlemlerinin karakterlere yansıdığı görülür. Yazıldığı yıllarda Türkiye'deki Batılılaşma uğruna toplumdan kopan kişilerin bocalamaları Sokaktaki Adam'da ele alınırken, Zenciler Birbirine Benzemezde Avrupa'da komünist ve antikomünist mültecilerle karşılaşan, hayal kırıklığına uğramış bir devrimci anlatılır. Her bölümün farklı bir karakterin ağzından aktarıldığı Sokaktaki Adam, Attilâ İlhan'ın edebiyatımıza getirdiği yeni bir söylem olarak alınabilir. Daha sonraki romanlarında da görüleceği gibi, diyalektik bir yaklaşımla işlenen olaylarda kahramanlar güçlü ve zayıf yanlarıyla okura ulaşır; birbirlerini suçlamaz ve okuyucuda önyargı oluşturmazlar. Attilâ İlhan, Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez için şunları söylemiştir: "Kitap 'soğuk savaş'ın en belalı döneminde yazıldı, yayınlandı. Çok ikircikli bir sorunu tartışıyordum. Romanın kahramanı, İstanbul'daki ve Paris'teki 'solcu' çevrelerle düşüp kalkıyor, bunlarla ilişkilerini ve tartışmalarını anlatıyordu, her şeyi olduğu gibi yazmak, romanın yayımlanmasından vazgeçmekle eşitti. Bu bakımdan, içeriğine hafif flu bir hava verdim."

Romanın dilinin farklılığını ise yazıldığı dönem içerisinde yoğun Fransızca çalışmasına bağlayan yazar, bazı cümleleri Fransızca düşünüp Türkçe yazmıştır.

 Olgunluk dönemi
Yazarın "olgunluk dönemi" diye tanımlanabilecek edebiyat süreci Kurtlar Sofrası ile başlar. Sokaktaki Adam'da ne istediğini değil, ne istemediğini bilen biri anlatılırken; Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez'de Mehmed-Ali istedikleri ile istemedikleri arasında mütereddit bir karakteri yansıtmaktadır. Oysa Kurtlar Sofrasında Mahmud ne istediğini çok iyi bilen bir karakteri çizer. Bu üç romanıyla Attilâ İlhan Türk aydınına farklı açılardan bakar, fikirlerini diyalektik-materyalist bir sentez içinde derleyerek Türkiye için bir sentez önerir – ki sonradan yazdığı yedi kitaplık Aynanın İçindekiler serisi de bu zemine oturmaktadır. Bıçağın Ucu, Sırtlan Payı, Yaraya Tuz Basmak, Dersaadet'te Sabah Ezanları, O Karanlıkta Biz, Allah'ın Süngüleri: Reis Paşa ve Gazi Paşa bu seriyi oluşturan romanlardır. Her romanda yer alan karakterler, Türkiye'nin tarihinde köşe başlarını oluşturmuş dönemlere ayna tutan aydınlardır. Tarihi olaylar, politik ve sosyal dengelerle ele alınır. Birbirleriyle bağlantısı olan karakterlerden her biri bir romanda ön plana çıkar ve olaylar onun gözlemleriyle aktarılır. Bu serinin bütünü irdelendiğinde yine, yazarın Türk aydınına yakın tarihimize bir bakma şansı tanıdığını ve kendi toplumcu-gerçekçi bakış açısıyla önergeler sunduğu görülür.

 Ölümü
Attilâ İlhan ilk kalp krizini 1985 yılında geçirdi. Bu tarihten sonra kardiyolojik sorunları devam eden İlhan'ın 2004'ten itibaren sağlık durumu daha da bozuldu. 10 Ekim 2005'te İstanbul'daki evinde geçirdiği ikinci kalp krizi sonucu hayata veda ettiğinde 80 yaşındaydı. Tiyatro ve sinema sanatçıları Çolpan İlhan'ın ağabeyi ve Kerem Alışık'ın dayısıdır.

2003 Sertel Demokrasi Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür. 1946 CHP Şiir Yarışması İkinciliği,
1974 Türk Dil Kurumu Şiir Ödülü Tutuklunun Günlüğü ile,
1974 Yunus Nadi Roman Armağanı Sırtlan Payı ile, vefatından sonra 2007 yılında kurulan Attilâ İlhan Bilim Sanat Kültür Vakfı çalışmalarına devam etmektedir.

 Eserleri
 Film Senaryoları

 1959: Yalnızlar Rıhtımı 1960: Ateşten Damla 1960: Şoför Nebahat 1960: Devlerin Öfkesi 1962: Rıfat Diye Biri 1962: Ver Elini İstanbul TV Dizi-Film Senaryoları

 1979: Paranın Kiri 1982: Sekiz Sütuna Manşet 1984: Kartallar Yüksek Uçar 1986: Yarın Artık Bugündür 1991: Yıldızlar Gece Büyür 1992: Teleflaş 2000: Baykuşların Saltanatı Şiir Kitapları

 1948: Duvar (Attila İlhan kitabı) 1954: Sisler Bulvarı 1955: Yağmur Kaçağı 1960: Ben Sana Mecburum 1962: Bela Çiçeği 1968: Yasak Sevişmek 1973: Tutuklunun Günlüğü 1977: Böyle Bir Sevmek 1982: Elde Var Hüzün 1987: Korkunun Krallığı 1993: Ayrılık Sevdaya Dahil 2002: Kimi Sevsem Sensin Şiir albümleri
 1999: Ben Sana Mecburum (Folk Müzik Center)
 2001: Ne Kadınlar Sevdim (Folk Müzik Center)
 2006: An Gelir (Selçuklu Müzik)

 Romanları
 1953: Sokaktaki Adam 1957: Zenciler Birbirine Benzemez 1963: Kurtlar Sofrası 1980: Fena Halde Leman 1984: Haco Hanım Vay 2007: O Sarışın KurtAynanın İçindekiler Serisi

 1973: Bıçağın Ucu 1974: Sırtlan Payı 1978: Yaraya Tuz Basmak 1981: Dersaadet'te Sabah Ezanları 1988: O Karanlıkta Biz 2002: Allahın Süngüleri: Reis Paşa 2005: Gazi Paşa Öykü
 1999: Yengecin Kıskacı Gezi
 1957: Abbas Yolcu Anılar ve Acılar Serisi
 1970: Hangi Sol 1972: Hangi Batı 1976: Hangi Seks 1980: Hangi Sağ 1981: Hangi Atatürk 1991: Hangi Edebiyat 1995: Hangi Laiklik 1997: Hangi Küreselleşme Attilâ İlhan'ın Defteri Serisi
 1975: Faşizmin Ayak Sesleri 1980: Gerçekçilik Savaşı 1981: Batı'nın Deli Gömleği 1983: "İkinci Yeni" Savaşı 1985: Sağım Solum Sobe 1985: Yanlış Kadınlar Yanlış Erkekler 1986: Ulusal Kültür Savaşı 1991: Sosyalizm Asıl Şimdi 1991: Aydınlar Savaşı 1992: Kadınlar Savaşı Cumhuriyet söyleşileri
 1988: Bir Sap Kırmızı Karanfil 1999: Ufkun Arkasını Görebilmek 2000: Sultan Galiyef - Avrasya'da Dolaşan Hayalet 2002: Dönek Bereketi 2004: Yıldız, Hilâl ve kalpak Çevirileri
 1967: Kanton'da İsyan (Andre Malraux) 1968: Umut (Andre Malraux) 1969: Basel'in Çanları (Louis Aragon) Hakkında çıkan kitaplar
 Attilâ İlhan'la Siyaset Güncesi - Erol Manisalı - Derin Yayınları 1996: Yalnız Şovalye Attilâ İlhan - Zeynep Ankara - Bilgi Yayınevi 1997: Büyük Yolların Haydutu: Fotoğraflarla Attilâ İlhan'ın Yaşam Öyküsü - Öner Cirvaoğlu - Sel Yayıncılık 1998: Şubat Yolcusu: Attilâ İlhan'ın Şiiri - Yakup Çelik - Akçağ Yayınları 2001: Attilâ İlhan'a Edebiyat Dünyasından Mektuplar - Belgin Sarmaşık - Otopsi Yayınları 2001: Attilâ İlhan'la 1000 Saat - Erol Manisalı - Bilgi Yayınevi 2001: Mavi Adam, Attilâ İlhan'la söyleşiler - Zeynep Aliye - Bilgi Yayınevi 2002: Attilâ İlhan'da Kültür Sorunsalı - Gönülden Esemenli Söker - Bilgi Yayınevi 2002: Düşünceler: Attilâ İlhan'la Neler Tartıştık - Erol Manisalı - Gündoğan Yayınları 2002: Nâm-ı Diğer Kaptan, Attilâ İlhan'ı Dinledim - Selim İleri - İş Bankası yayınları 2004: Attila İlhan: Açtırma Kutuyu (46-83), Attila İlhan: Söyletme Kötüyü (83-87) - Belgin Sarmaşık - Bilgi Yayınevi 2004: Bütün Kaleler Zaptedilmedi: Attilâ İlhan'la Birkaç Saat - Hulki Cevizoğlu - Ceviz Kabuğu Yayınları 2005: Attilâ İlhan'la Akıp Giden Düşünceler - Erol Manisalı - Derin Yayınları 2005: Toplumbilimsel Roman Çözümlemesi: Louis Aragon ve Attilâ İlhan - Yavuz Kızılçam - Ürün Yayınları 2006: Attilâ İlhan Armağanı: "Kaptan'a Saygı ile" - Yakup Çelik - Kültür Bakanlığı 2006: Attilâ İlhan'la Hayatın İçinden - Erol Manisalı - Truva Yayınları 2006: Şehir Filmleri: Attilâ İlhan - Nur Akalın - +1 Kitap 2009: Batı'nın Maskesi Düşüyor: Attila İlhan'la Sohbet - Muharrem Bayraktar - AsyaŞafak Yayınları 2011: An Gelir: Attilâ İlhan - Yakup Çelik - Küçükçekmece Belediyesi 2011: Attilâ İlhan'ın Şiirlerinde Beyoğlu - Nuran Özlük - Başlık Yayın Grubu 2012: Attilâ İlhan'ın Siyasal Düşüncesi: Türkiye'de Ulusalcılığın Kökenleri - Hakan Reyhan - Phoenix Yayınları''

Ödüller
 1946: CHP Şiir Armağanı, ikincilik - Cebbaroğlu Mehemmed
 1974: Türk Dil Kurumu Şiir Ödülü - Tutuklunun Günlüğü
 1974: Yunus Nadi Roman Armağanı - Sırtlan Payı
 1991: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı
 2003: Sertel Demokrasi Ödülü.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 BBC Türkçe ile 1991 yılında yapılan röportaj

1925 doğumlular
Menemen doğumlular
2005 yılında ölenler
Attilâ İlhan
20. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk roman yazarları
Selçuklu Müzik sanatçıları
Türk sosyalistler
Yunus Nadi Ödülü sahipleri
Avrasyacılık
İstanbul'da kalp krizinden ölenler
Aşiyan Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk Dil Kurumu Şiir Ödülü sahipleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
Atatürkçüler
Türk deneme yazarları
Cumhuriyet (gazete) kişileri

Attilâ İlhan


සිංහල භාෂා දිනය, සෑම වසරකම මාරුතු මස දෙවන (2) දින සමරණු ලබන දිනයකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත
 අන්තර්ජාතික මවු භාෂා දිනය
 කුමාරතුංග මුනිදාස

සිංහල

සිංහල භාෂා දිනය


(1899-1990) est un ingénieur pionnier en électronique japonais, considéré comme l'un des .

Il est l'inventeur du premier poste de réception télévision au monde. En 1925, il s'inspire des travaux de John Logie Baird, et du disque de Nipkow, mais utilise en plus un tube cathodique pour restituer le signal de réception. La première démonstration a lieu le 25 décembre 1926, à la l'école industrielle Hamamatsu, où il enseignait. Elle précède de presque une année celle de Philo Farnsworth, tenue à San Francisco le 7 septembre 1927, laquelle n'utilisait pas le disque de Nipkow.

Il travaille ensuite pour NHK puis JVC, dont il devient vice-président. Ses études portèrent sur la télévision en couleurs et les enregistreurs à vidéocassette.

Récompenses
 1980 : Personne de mérite culturel
 1981 : Ordre de la Culture.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Histoire des techniques de télévision
Naissance en janvier 1899
Naissance à Hamamatsu
Décès en juillet 1990
Décès à Yokosuka
Ingénieur japonais du XXe siècle
Décès à 91 ans

Kenjiro Takayanagi


العوالق النباتية  هو كائن ذاتي التغذية ضمن مجتمع البلانكتون. والاسم مكون من الكلمتين الإغريقيتين فَيتون وتعني "النبات"، وكلمة πλαγκτος («بلانكتوس») وتعني «المتجول» أو «المنجرف». معظم العوالق النباتية صغيرة جدًا في الحجم، بحيث لا يمكن رؤيتها منفردًا بعين مجردة. وبالرغم من ذلك، عند تجمعها بكميات كبيرة بدرجة كافية، يمكن أن تظهر على شكل لون أخضر طافٍ على المياه وذلك لوجود مادة اليخضور بداخل خلاياها (بالرغم من أن اللون الفعلي قد يختلف باختلاف فصيلة العوالق النباتية، بسبب اختلاف مستويات الكلوروفيل أو وجود أصباغ مساعدة مثل الفيكوبيليبروتين، أو الكزانتوفيل، إلخ).

أنواع
العوالق النباتية متنوعة للغاية وهذا تنوع يحتوي على مجموعة من البكتيريا الزرقاء والدياتومات والطحالب خضراء وغيرها ممن تقوم بعملية التمثيل الضوئي.

انظر ايضاً
 علم العوالق

المراجع

تغير المناخ
علم البيئة المائي
علم العوالق
علوم المحيطات البيولوجية
ميكروبات

عوالق نباتية


Isabel ist ein kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite nordöstlich des Kraters Diophantus.

Die namentliche Bezeichnung geht auf eine ursprünglich inoffizielle Bezeichnung auf Blatt 39B2/S1 der Topophotomap-Kartenserie der NASA zurück, die von der IAU 1976 übernommen wurde.

Weblinks

 Isabel auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Isabel (Mondkrater)


Toby Stephens (Londres, 21 de abril de 1969) es un actor británico, famoso por haber interpretado a Gustav Graves en Die Another Day, y al Capitán James Flint en la serie televisiva Black Sails, así como por sus numerosas participaciones en teatro, radio, cine y televisión.

Biografía
Es hijo del actor Robert Stephens y de la actriz Maggie Smith. Su hermano mayor es el actor Chris Larkin; tiene un medio hermano mayor, Michael Stephens, y una media hermana. Sus padres se divorciaron cuando Toby tenía cuatro años.

Asistió a la prestigiosa escuela London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

El 15 de septiembre del 2011, se casó con la actriz Anna-Louise Plowman. La pareja le dio la bienvenida a su primer hijo< Eli Alistair Stephens< en mayo del 2007. Más tarde, en el 2009, le dieron la bienvenida a su hija, Tallulah Stephens, y poco después tuvieron a su segunda hija, Kura Stephens, en el 2010.

Carrera
En el 2000 interpretó a Frank Corvin de joven en la película Space Cowboys, Frank de adulto fue interpretado por el actor Clint Eastwood. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco de la película The Great Gatsby donde dio vida a Jay Gatsby.

En el 2002 se unió al elenco de la película Die Another Day donde interpretó al villano principal Gustav Graves, el enemigo del agente James Bond (Pierce Brosnan).

En el 2003 apareció en la aclamada miniserie Cambridge Spies donde interpretó a Kim Philby un miembro de alto rango de la inteligencia británica, en la miniserie también aparecieron los actores Tom Hollander, Stuart Laing, Rupert Penry-Jones y Samuel West. La miniserie es narrada desde el punto de vista de Philby, haciendo recuento de sus vidas y aventuras desde sus días en Cambridge en los años 30, y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, hasta la deserción de Burgess y Maclean in 1951. Ese mismo año apareció en la serie Perfect Strangers donde interpretó a Charles, junto a Michael Gambon, Lindsay Duncan y Matthew Macfadyen.

En el 2005 se unió al elenco de la película The Queen's Sister donde dio vida a Tony Armstrong Jones, el Lord de Snowdon.

En el 2009 apareció de forma recurrente en la tercera y última temporada de la serie Robin Hood donde interpretó al malvado Príncipe John de Inglaterra, el hermano del buen Ricardo I de Inglaterra.

En el 2010 se unió al elenco de la serie Vexed donde interpretó al Detective Inspector Jack Armstrong junto a Miranda Raison.

En el 2011 apareció como invitado en la serie Law & Order: UK donde interpretó al doctor Martin Middlebrook, quien atendió a un hombre acusado de asesinar a un hombre, Martin es llamado a testificar acerca de su ex-paciente, sin embargo poco después los fiscales descubren que Martin engañó al joven acusado, diciéndole que estaba enfermo y recetándole medicamentos que no le hacían nada y al final el doctor termina siendo arrestado y encarcelado.

A fines del 2012, Toby Stephens volvió a interpretar al villano Gustav Graves para el videojuego conmemorativo de los 50 años de James Bond: 007 Legends.

En el 2014 se unió al elenco principal de la serie Black Sails donde interpreta al famoso capitán J. Flint, el pirata más peligroso durante la época dorada de la piratería.

El 21 de julio de 2016 se anunció que Toby se había unido al elenco de la película Hunter Killer donde dará vida al teniente Beaman, encargado de dirigir al equipo "Black Ops". En la película compartirá créditos con el actor Gerard Butler.

A finales de septiembre del mismo año se anunció que se había unido al reparto de la serie de Netflix, Lost In Space, la cual es una nueva adaptación de la serie de 1965 Perdidos en el espacio. En ella interpreta al marine y padre de familia John Robinson

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Videojuegos

Radio

Teatro

Narrador y lector

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Toby Stephens
 Toby Stephens on TV.com
 BBC Drama Faces :: Toby Stephens
 MailOnline News > Toby Stephens
 Welcome - Toby Stephens
 Toby Stephens - Zimbio

Actores de Londres
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Nacidos en Londres

Toby Stephens


Derbi Dinamo – Rijeka utakmica je između zagrebačkog Dinama i kvarneske Rijeke.

Statistika

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometni derbiji
GNK Dinamo Zagreb
HNK Rijeka

Derbi Dinamo – Rijeka


Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza, cunoscut sub numele de Rafinha, () este un fotbalist brazilian care joacă pe postul de fundaș dreapta pentru Flamengo. Numele lui tradus în engleză înseamnă "Micul Rafa". El este cunoscut drept un pasator cu o tehnică bună și șut puternic.

Titluri

Club
 Bayern München
 Bundesliga: 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16
 DFB-Pokal: 2012-13, 2013-14, 2015-16
 DFL-Supercupa: 2012
 UEFA Champions League: 2012-13
 UEFA Super Cup: 2013
 FIFA Club World Cup: 2013

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1985
Fotbaliști internaționali brazilieni
Fotbaliști brazilieni
Fotbaliști ai FC Bayern München
Fotbaliști ai Genoa CFC
Oameni în viață
Medaliați la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz brazilieni
Fotbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2008

Rafinha


En tierra de sangre y miel (originalmente y en inglés: In the Land of Blood and Honey) es una película dramática estadounidense de 2011, bajo guion y dirección de la actriz Angelina Jolie, estrenada en Estados Unidos el 23 de diciembre de 2011 y en Europa en febrero de 2012.

El film, que constituye el debut de Angelina Jolie como directora, está ambientado en la Guerra de Bosnia, y narra la influencia de los trágicos sucesos acaecidos durante el conflicto en el país sobre la historia de amor de una pareja formada por una mujer bosnia musulmana y un hombre serbio. Su rodaje estuvo rodeado de polémica al abordar un tema tan delicado como las violaciones masivas en Bosnia, por lo que parte de la grabación que debía ser llevada a cabo en Sarajevo debió realizarse en Budapest.

Argumento
La película está ambientada en la ciudad de Sarajevo y sus alrededores, antes y durante la guerra de Bosnia. Danijel (Goran Kostić), un soldado que combate para los serbios de Bosnia, se reencuentra con Ajla (Zana Marjanović), una mujer bosnia con quien tuvo una relación antes de la guerra, y que ahora está prisionera en el campo que él supervisa. Su relación, antes prometedora, se convierte en ambigua cuando sus motivaciones van cambiado durante el conflicto.

Rodaje

Jolie tuvo la idea de escribir el guion de una historia de amor en tiempo de guerra después de viajar a Bosnia y Herzegovina como embajadora de buena voluntad de la ONU. Después de terminar el guion, buscó financiación y un equipo de producción para el proyecto que denominó "Untitled Bosnian Love Story" ("Historia de amor sin título en Bosnia").

En julio de 2010, con la película ya en preproducción, los productores contactaron con el magnate serbio de los medios audiovisuales Željko Mitrović para contratar sus estudios de sonido en Šimanovci. Sin embargo, Mitrović se negó rotundamente a la participación de sus estudios en el film, manifestando en un comunicado de prensa: "he tenido un gran afecto y admiración por Angelina Jolie como persona y como artista, pero por desgracia está llena de prejuicios contra los serbios. No deseo formar parte de algo que por enésima vez presenta a los serbios como los eternos chicos malos".

La película fue filmada en Budapest y Esztergom durante octubre y noviembre de 2010. El elenco estaba formado íntegramente por actores procedentes de diversas partes de la antigua Yugoslavia, muchos de los cuales eran supervivientes de la guerra. El film fue rodado también en dos versiones, una en inglés y otra en serbocroata.

Durante el rodaje, corrió el falso rumor de que la historia era sobre una mujer bosnia que se enamoraba de su violador serbio, lo que provocó protestas de la Asociación de Mujeres Bosnias Víctimas de la Guerra, y la revocación del permiso de rodaje. Jolie negó los rumores y presentó el guion al Ministerio de Cultura de Bosnia, que restableció inmediatamente el permiso para el rodaje de escenas en el país.

Reparto
 Goran Kostić - Danijel
 Zana Marjanović - Ajla
 Rade Šerbedžija - Nebojša Vukojević
 Vanessa Glodjo - Lejla
 Nikola Đuričko - Darko
 Branko Đurić - Aleksandar
 Feđa Štukan - Petar
 Alma Terzic - Hana
 Jelena Jovanova - Esma
 Ermin Bravo - Mehmet

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la película.
 Ficha en IMDb.
 Ficha y tráiler en elmulticine.com.

Películas dramáticas de Estados Unidos
Películas sobre las guerras yugoslavas
Películas rodadas en Hungría
Primer largometraje de un director
Películas de 2011
Películas de drama romántico de los años 2010
Películas bélicas de los años 2010
Películas de Estados Unidos
Películas de drama romántico de Estados Unidos
Películas bélicas de Estados Unidos
Películas en serbocroata
Películas en inglés
Películas ambientadas en los años 1990
Películas de FilmDistrict

En tierra de sangre y miel


Zollner Elektronik AG, este un furnizor-EMS cu sediul în Zandt. Grupul de întreprinderi are sucursale în Germania, Ungaria, România, China, Tunisia, Statele Unite și Elveția.  Societatea pe acțiuni este sută la sută deținută de către familia Zollner, și este una dintre primele 15 companii EMS la nivel mondial.

Domeniul de activitate
Prestatorul serviciului EMS dezvoltă și produce componente, module, dispozitive și sisteme complexe pentru clienții din electronica industrială, feroviare, auto, medicale, aerospațială, metrologie, electronică pentru birou și tehnologia datelor, alte bunuri de larg consum și telecomunicații. Pe lângă dezvoltare și producție, Zollner oferă servicii în domeniile ingineriei / NPI, Supply Chain Management, Gestionarea materialelor (Material Management), After Sales Service și servicii de reparare. În electronică, compania oferă o gamă largă de posibilități în domeniul ansamblurilor electronice, ansambluri de cabluri, componente inductive, certificări IPC. Portofoliul său de servicii cuprinzătoare în mecanică include foi de metal de lucru, tehnologia materialelor plastice, proiectare și echipamente pentru construcții, strunjire CNC și tehnologie de frezare, tehnologie de suprafață, galvanizare, construcția de matrițe și de unelte.

Tehnica de analiză  oferă tehnologii și procese pentru rezolvarea problemelor și prevenirea defectelor. Până în prezent, la Zollner Elektronik AG au fost instruiți și admiși peste 1.500 de ucenici. În locațiile din Germania, cu peste cei 5.000 de angajați, Zollner este cel mai mare angajator din regiunea Cham.

Produse
În calitate de furnizori EMS, Zollner Elektronik AG nu deține produse proprii, cu o singură excepție: "Tradinno" (un joc de cuvinte alcătuit din noțiunile "tradiție" și "inovație"), care a fost premiat de Guinness World Records ca fiind cel mai mare robot patruped umblător din lume. Acest sistem mecatronic, este prezent în fiecare an la cea mai veche piesă de teatru tradițională din Germania, "Dragonul din Furth".

Strucura organizației
Compania a fost înființată în anul 1965 de către Manfred Zollner, Președintele Comisiei de Supraveghere, fondat ca o firmă cu un singur angajat. Din conducerea companiei Zollner Elektronik AG fac parte Johann Weber (Președintele Consiliului de Administrație), Ludwig Zollner (Membru al Consiliului de Administrație), Manfred Zollner jun. (Membru al Consiliului de Administrație), Christian Zollner (Membru al Consiliului de Administrație) și Thomas Schreiner (Membru al Consiliului de Administrație).

Membrii Comisiei de Supraveghere sunt Manfred Zollner sen. (Președinte), Ludwig Wanninger (vicepreședinte) și Manfred Huber (reprezentant al salariaților).

Locații
În Germania Zollner Elektronik AG are opt unități de producție: în Bavaria de Est în Zandt, Lam, Untergschwandt, Neukirchen beim Heiligen Blut, Altenmarkt (I, II și III) și Furth im Wald. Filiale în Vác și Szügy (Ungaria), Satu Mare I. și II. (România), Taicang (China), Béja (Tunisia), Milpitas (California), Hombrechtikon (Elveția), Cartago (Costa Rica) și Kowloon Bay (Hong Kong).

Legături externe
 Site web oficial Zollner Elektronik AG

Companii de electronice
Companii din Germania

Zollner Elektronik


İsyan, aynı ortamda bulunan bir grup kişinin (genellikle askeri personel veya gemi mürettebatı, sivil olsa bile) kanunen itaat etmesi gereken emirlere karşı gelmesi nedeniyle işlenen suç. Geçmişte birçok ülke, ayaklanmayı idam cezası gibi sert cezalarla cezalandırmıştır.

Askerlerin komutanlarına karşı gelmesi, askerî  isyan türüne bir örnektir. MÖ 327'de Hindistan'a girmek isteyen İskender, savaşlardan yorulmuş ve bıkmış askerlerinin karşı gelmesi üzerine Hindistan'a girememiştir. Bu isyan sonucunda İskender, Hindistan'a girmekten vazgeçmiştir.

1520'de Ferdinand Macellan, Dünya çevresini turlamak amacı ile çıktığı seyahatte, Amerika açıklarında gemi mürettebatının isyanı ile karşılaştı. İsyancılardan birini idam etti, diğerini de kıyıda bıraktı.

Sosyal sorunların sebep olduğu isyanlara en güzel örneklerden birisi, MÖ 73'te İtalya'da Spartaküs önderliğindeki köle ayaklanmasıdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Devrimler ve ayaklanmalar listesi
 İsyan kontrolü

Suçlar

İsyan (askerî)


Mallo de Luna es una localidad del municipio de Los Barrios de Luna, en la provincia de León, Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León, (España).

Situación

Se encuentra próxima a la Autopista AP-66 y al Embalse de Barrios de Luna.

Limita al SO con Irede de Luna, al NO con Abelgas de Luna y Sena de Luna, al N con La Vega de Robledo, al E con Aralla de Luna y al S con Los Barrios de Luna.
Sus fiestas son el 29 de julio , día de santa Marta , patrona de la parroquia, en la que se celebra una comida comunal; y el 8 de septiembre en honor de la Virgen del Cuartero, patrona de la localidad, y que son sus fiestas principales.

Evolución demográfica

Localidades de Los Barrios de Luna
Localidades de Luna

Mallo de Luna


Færilús (melophagus ovinus) er sníkjudýr sem leggst á sauðfé. Hún var algeng á Íslandi fram á 20. öld, þegar tókst að útrýma henni með því að baða sauðfé.

"Lúsin" er í raun vængjalaus fluga, brún að lit, loðin, 4-6 mm löng og með smátt höfuð. Hún hefur bitkjálka sem hún notar til að sjúga blóð úr kindum. Fæturnir sex eru sterkir og með klær á endum. "Lúsin" lifir í ullinni, mest við háls, herðar og á kvið hýsilsins. Hvert dýr lifir í 4-6 mánuði og verpir 10-20 eggjum, einu í einu. Móðirin fóðrar hverja lirfu með eins konar mjólkurkirtli. Púpustig er 19-23 dagar að sumri en 20-36 dagar að vetri. Útbreiðslusvæði er mestöll Evrópa, þar á meðal Ísland og Færeyjar, auk Norðvestur-Afríku, Mongólíu, Norður-Indlands og fleiri svæða.

Fullorðin dýr eru drepin með böðun upp úr vatni og ýmsum efnum. Meðal lyfja eru ivermectin og pyrethrin. Meðferðina þarf að endurtaka á 3-4 vikna fresti vegna þess að púpan er ónæm fyrir eitrinu. Það hjálpar líka að rýja kindina fyrst, þar eð sníkillinn lifir í ullinni.

Heimildir
 Erlingur Ólafsson 2017, Lúsflugnaætt
  á ensku Wikipediu

Tvívængjur

Færilús


{{Ficha de conflicto militar
|imagen = De Gouden Leeuw tijdens de Slag bij Kijkduin (Battle of Texel) 1673 Willem van de Velde.jpg
|descripción_imagen = La Batalla de Texel, 11-21 de agosto de 1673, por Willem van de Velde el Joven, pintado en 1683, retrata una batalla de la Tercera Guerra anglo-neerlandesa
|parte_de = las guerras anglo-neerlandesas
|fecha = 1672-1674
|lugar = Mar del Norte, Nueva Ámsterdam, isla Santa Elena, Compañía Neerlandesa de las Indias Occidentales, Guayana Neerlandesa, Guayana Británica.
|resultado = Victoria neerlandesaTratado de Westminster (1674)
|combatientes1 =  Provincias Unidas Reino de Dinamarca y Noruega
|comandante1= Michiel de Ruyter   Adriaen Banckert   Willem Joseph van Ghent
|combatientes2 =  Francia
|comandante2=  El duque de York (más tarde Jacobo II)   Edward Montagu, Conde de Sandwich   Luis XIV Jean II d'Estrées
|soldados1 = 120 navíos de guerra
|soldados2 = 150 navíos de guerra
|bajas1    = Unos 2000 muertos2 naves perdidas 2 naves capturadas
|bajas2    = Unos 2000 muertos1 nave perdida 12 naves capturadas
|campaña= Guerras Anglo-Neerlandesas
}}

La tercera guerra anglo-neerlandesa (, ) fue un conflicto armado entre Inglaterra y las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos que duró de 1672 a 1674 y formó parte de la guerra franco-neerlandesa. La Armada Real de Inglaterra se unió a Francia en su ataque a la República, pero no tuvo éxito en sus intentos por bloquear la costa neerlandesa debido a cuatro victorias estratégicas por parte del almirante Michiel de Ruyter. Asimismo, fracasó un intento en convertir a las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos en un protectorado inglés. El Parlamento, temeroso de que la alianza con Francia fuera parte de un complot para convertir a Inglaterra al catolicismo, forzó al rey a abandonar la costosa e infructuosa guerra.

Preparativos
Si bien Inglaterra, la República Neerlandesa y Suecia habían firmado una Triple Alianza contra Francia en 1668 para evitar que este país ocupara los Países Bajos Españoles, Carlos II de Inglaterra firmó el Tratado secreto de Dover con Francia en 1670, que implicaba que Inglaterra se uniría a Luis XIV de Francia en una campaña punitiva contra las Provincias Unidas. De hecho, Carlos, al sentirse personalmente humillado por los eventos de la Segunda Guerra anglo-neerlandesa, en especial por el ataque de Medway, solo se había comprometido en la Triple Alianza para crear una ruptura entre los neerlandeses y los franceses, dos antiguos aliados. Mientras trataba de apaciguar públicamente las tensiones entre Francia y la República, al hacer que el embajador a William Temple profesara amistad con el Gran Pensionario Johan de Witt, conspiraba subrepticiamente para convencer a Luis de que emprendiera una campaña contra los neerlandeses. Después de una victoria francesa, recibió la promesa de que sería recompensado tomando puestos estratégicos costeros como posesiones de la Corona. Walcheren, Cadzand y Sluys fueron mencionadas explícitamente, pero Carlos también anhelaba Brill, Texel, Terschelling y Delfzijl, para controlar las vías marítimas hacia los principales puertos neerlandeses, incluyendo Róterdam y Ámsterdam, el último de los cuales era la ciudad más rica de Europa.

Carlos había esperado que un ataque a la República comenzaría en 1671, pero debió ser retrasado por un año debido a que los franceses necesitaban primero establecer relaciones diplomáticas seguras con dos principados alemanes claves: el principado de Münster y el arzobispado de Colonia. Normalmente, los Países Bajos Españoles actuarían como una barrera entre la República y Francia; para conquistar las muy fortificadas regiones de Flandes y el sur de la República sería muy lento y costoso para una campaña relámpago y decisiva. Por tanto, se había decidido permitir al ejército francés avanzar a través del principado de Lieja, una dependencia de Colonia, que se intersecaba con los Países Bajos Españoles, y luego atacar por sorpresa a la República desde el este en un área poco protegida. Finalmente, Münster y Colonia incluso decidieron unirse a la invasión con sus ejércitos.

Carlos intentó usar el retraso para sembrar disensión entre la facción orangista de la República que quería restaurar la Casa de Orange (representada en esa época por el sobrino de Carlos, Guillermo III de Orange) al cargo de estatúder y la facción de los Estados republicanos encabezada por De Witt. Cuando Guillermo avisió a Carlos en noviembre de 1670 para apremiar a la Casa de Estuardo para que pagara una parte de la gran deuda que debía a la Casa de Orange, Carlos intentó incluir a su sobrino en la conspiración y le prometió nombrarlo Príncipe Soberano de Holanda, un Estado títere, a cambio de colaboración las fuerzas invasores. No obstante, Carlos empezó este intento de reclutar al joven príncipe recomendándole que se convirtiera al catolicismo, pues creía que el catolicismo se adecuaba mejor a los gobernantes absolutistas. La reacción horrorizada de Guillermo a esta propuesta convenció a Carlos que era mejor no revelarle la existencia del Tratado de Dover.

Un problema adicional para Carlos fue el hecho que necesitaba que el Parlamento aprobara fondos suficientes para armar una flota fuerte. Puesto que Inglaterra no se involucraría con su ejército más bien débil, fuera de una brigada inglesa en el ejército francés bajo el mando del Duque de Monmouth, su único esfuerzo sería realizado por la Royal Navy: para derrotar a su contraparte neerlandesa y bloquear la costa neerlandesa. Carlos estaba recibiendo considerables subsidios de Luis, unos ₤225.000 anuales, pero prefirió gastarlos en lujos de su propia corte. Además, al tratarse de un tratado secreto, estos subsidios no podían ser dirigidos a la flota de manera alguna; sin embargo, mientras que en 1664, el país había estado, en palabras de Samuel Pepys, «loco por la guerra», en 1671, la mayor parte de ingleses había comenzado a perder las esperanzas de ser en algún momento capaces de «vencer a los neerlandeses». Para conseguir dinero a corto plazo, Carlos repudió las deudas de la Corona (Échiquier) el 2 de enero de 1672, con lo cual obtuvo ₤1.300.000.

El incidente Merlin

El Parlamento se mostraba muy poco entusiasta con respecto a la nueva guerra. Por ello, el rey intentó incitar la opinión pública en Inglaterra contra los neerlandeses por medio de un incidente serio. Lord Arlington dejó que el yate real Merlin con la esposa de Temple, Dorothy Osborne, a bordo navegara el 24 de agosto de 1671 frente a la flota neerlandesa y anclada en Brielle para mantenimiento. En su debido momento, las naves neerlandesas bajaron sus banderas en saludo, como era obligatorio según el tratado vigente, pero se negaron a lanzar disparos en saludo, debido a que tenían dudas respecto a si el Merlin contaba como una nave real. Carlos entonces ordenó al intrigante George Downing, el nuevo embajador en La Haya, demandar que los almirantes responsables fueran severamente castigados, lo que fue rechazado por los Estados Generales de los Países Bajos. A inicios de 1672, Downing, quien ya había logrado hacerse profundamente odiado por la población neerlandesa cuando fue embajador en la guerra previa, debió huir a La Haya por temor de perder la vida. Temple —quien era, irónicamente más bien agradable a los neerlandeses— destacó a Carlos que ahora tanto él como su esposa habían tenido el honor de haberse convertido en instrumentos de ruina para los neerlandeses.

Aunque De Witt tendió a creer las repetidas declaraciones diplomáticas francesas e inglesas de que no tenían invasión alguna en mente, muchos políticos y militares neerlandeses interpretaron las actividades diplomáticas francesas en los principados alemanes, la preparación de la Armada inglesa y la creación de grandes ejércitos como señales seguras de una inminente guerra. El 25 de febrero de 1672, Guillermo III, a pesar de su juventud, fue nombrado capitán general del ejército neerlandés confederado. La disensión faccional y la incertidumbre sobre la estrategia francesa evitó la creación de un fuerte ejército de campo; la mayor parte de las 83.000 tropas (70.700 de infantería y 12.710 de caballería en junio de 1672) fue asignada a las fortalezas. Considerando que las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos estaba mal preparada para una campaña terrestre, la situación en el mar era mucho más favorable, incluso aunque los Estados Generales decidieron limitar el presupuesto naval a 4.776.248 florines (menos que el presupuesto original proyectado de 7.893.992 florines) para no provocar a los ingleses. En 1667, la Armada neerlandesa, tras haber destruido el núcleo de la Armada inglesa en Chatham, había sido la más fuerte en el mundo; sin embargo, para 1672, esta situación había cambiado nuevamente, ya que los ingleses habían reemplazado las naves perdidas, mientras que solo se habían construido pocas naves neerlandesas y uno de los cinco Almirantazgos neerlandeses, el de Frisia, fue incapaz de contribuir con naves porque la provincia había sido atacada por Münster, los neerlandeses impidieron con éxito un bloqueo de su costa y cualquier desembarco de tropas enemigas, a pesar de que estaban superadas en número por un tercio por la flota combinada anglo-francesa. La razón para este éxito se debió a los estándares de entrenamiento muy mejorados. En las batallas centrales de 1666, la Armada neerlandesa todavía debía acostumbrarse a sus nuevas naves mucho más pesadas, por lo que se produjeron algunos errores tácticos; asimismo, el conflicto personal entre Michiel de Ruyter y Cornelis Tromp había dañado la unidad de la flota. De Ruyter empleó el verano de 1671 ejecutaron muchas maniobras de entrenamiento en la línea de batalla, perfeccionando técnicas e instalando un nuevo sentido de coherencia y disciplina. Como resultado, en 1672, la República estaba en la cúspide de su poder naval; sin embargo, en la Armada inglesa, crecía la envidia del almirante Edward Spragge hacia el comandante supremo Ruperto del Rin. Asimismo, Spragge rompió la formación en dos batallas para buscar a su enemigo personal Tromp, a quien había jurado matar por haber insultado a su esposa. La cooperación entre las armadas inglesas y francesas fue pobre y estuvo plagada de malentendidos y suspicacias.

 Véase también
 Nueva Ámsterdam
 Provincia de Nueva York
 Primera guerra anglo-neerlandesa
 Segunda guerra anglo-neerlandesa
 Cuarta guerra anglo-neerlandesa

Referencias

Bibliografía
Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649 —1815. Penguin Group.
Troost, W. (2001) Stadhouder-koning Willem III: Een politieke biografie, Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum
Zwitzer, H.L. (1990). "The British and Netherlands armies in relation to the Anglo-Dutch alliance, 1688-1795". En: G.J.A. Raven & N.A.M. Rodger (eds.) Navies and Armies — the Anglo-Dutch Relationship in War and Peace 1688-1988''. Edimburgo: John Donald Publishers Ltd.

Guerras de Inglaterra del siglo XVII
Guerras de las Provincias Unidas
Guerras del siglo XVII
Países Bajos en el siglo XVII
Conflictos en 1672
Conflictos en 1673
Conflictos en 1674

Tercera guerra anglo-neerlandesa