Sumoas (llamada oficialmente Santo Estevo de Sumoas) es una parroquia española del municipio de Jove, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Otras denominaciones

La parroquia también es conocida por los nombres de San Esteban de Sumoas y San Estevo de Sumoas.

Etimología

El origen del nombre probablemente sea el compuesto "Su Moas", indicando su ubicación "debajo de las "moas", montes o peñas con forma de "muela".

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por trece entidades de población, constando doce de ellas en el nomenclátor del Instituto Nacional de Estadística español:
 Albaran (Albarán)
 Cabandela (A Cabandela)
 Cabo (O Cabo)
 Cainzos (Os Caínzos)
 Fontaiña (Fontaíña)
 Fontes (As Fontes)
 Janarde (Xanarde)
 Lagar (O Lagar)
 Laguela (A Lagoela) (A Lagüela)
 Lodeiro
 Poceiras (As Poceiras)
 Sumoas
 Torre (A Torre)

Demografía

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Jove

Sumoas


A Reuleaux triangle  is a curved triangle with constant width, the simplest and best known curve of constant width other than the circle. It is formed from the intersection of three circular disks, each having its center on the boundary of the other two. Constant width means that the separation of every two parallel supporting lines is the same, independent of their orientation. Because its width is constant, the Reuleaux triangle is one answer to the question "Other than a circle, what shape can a manhole cover be made so that it cannot fall down through the hole?"

They are named after Franz Reuleaux, a 19th-century German engineer who pioneered the study of machines for translating one type of motion into another, and who used Reuleaux triangles in his designs. However, these shapes were known before his time, for instance by the designers of Gothic church windows, by Leonardo da Vinci, who used it for a map projection, and by Leonhard Euler in his study of constant-width shapes. Other applications of the Reuleaux triangle include giving the shape to guitar picks, fire hydrant nuts, pencils, and drill bits for drilling filleted square holes, as well as in graphic design in the shapes of some signs and corporate logos.

Among constant-width shapes with a given width, the Reuleaux triangle has the minimum area and the sharpest (smallest) possible angle (120°) at its corners. By several numerical measures it is the farthest from being centrally symmetric. It provides the largest constant-width shape avoiding the points of an integer lattice, and is closely related to the shape of the quadrilateral maximizing the ratio of perimeter to diameter. It can perform a complete rotation within a square while at all times touching all four sides of the square, and has the smallest possible area of shapes with this property. However, although it covers most of the square in this rotation process, it fails to cover a small fraction of the square's area, near its corners. Because of this property of rotating within a square, the Reuleaux triangle is also sometimes known as the Reuleaux rotor.

The Reuleaux triangle is the first of a sequence of Reuleaux polygons whose boundaries are curves of constant width formed from regular polygons with an odd number of sides. Some of these curves have been used as the shapes of coins. The Reuleaux triangle can also be generalized into three dimensions in multiple ways: the Reuleaux tetrahedron (the intersection of four balls whose centers lie on a regular tetrahedron) does not have constant width, but can be modified by rounding its edges to form the Meissner tetrahedron, which does. Alternatively, the surface of revolution of the Reuleaux triangle also has constant width.

Construction

The Reuleaux triangle may be constructed either directly from three circles, or by rounding the sides of an equilateral triangle.

The three-circle construction may be performed with a compass alone, not even needing a straightedge. By the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem
the same is true more generally of any compass-and-straightedge construction, but the construction for the Reuleaux triangle is particularly simple.
The first step is to mark two arbitrary points of the plane (which will eventually become vertices of the triangle), and use the compass to draw a circle centered at one of the marked points, through the other marked point. Next, one draws a second circle, of the same radius, centered at the other marked point and passing through the first marked point.
Finally, one draws a third circle, again of the same radius, with its center at one of the two crossing points of the two previous circles, passing through both marked points. The central region in the resulting arrangement of three circles will be a Reuleaux triangle.

Alternatively, a Reuleaux triangle may be constructed from an equilateral triangle T by drawing three arcs of circles, each centered at one vertex of T and connecting the other two vertices.
Or, equivalently, it may be constructed as the intersection of three disks centered at the vertices of T, with radius equal to the side length of T.

Mathematical properties

The most basic property of the Reuleaux triangle is that it has constant width, meaning that for every pair of parallel supporting lines (two lines of the same slope that both touch the shape without crossing through it) the two lines have the same Euclidean distance from each other, regardless of the orientation of these lines. In any pair of parallel supporting lines, one of the two lines will necessarily touch the triangle at one of its vertices. The other supporting line may touch the triangle at any point on the opposite arc, and their distance (the width of the Reuleaux triangle) equals the radius of this arc.

The first mathematician to discover the existence of curves of constant width, and to observe that the Reuleaux triangle has constant width, may have been Leonhard Euler. In a paper that he presented in 1771 and published in 1781 entitled De curvis triangularibus, Euler studied curvilinear triangles as well as the curves of constant width, which he called orbiforms.

Extremal measures
By many different measures, the Reuleaux triangle is one of the most extreme curves of constant width.

By the Blaschke–Lebesgue theorem, the Reuleaux triangle has the smallest possible area of any curve of given constant width. This area is

where s is the constant width. One method for deriving this area formula is to partition the Reuleaux triangle into an inner equilateral triangle and three curvilinear regions between this inner triangle and the arcs forming the Reuleaux triangle, and then add the areas of these four sets. At the other extreme, the curve of constant width that has the maximum possible area is a circular disk, which has area .

The angles made by each pair of arcs at the corners of a Reuleaux triangle are all equal to 120°. This is the sharpest possible angle at any vertex of any curve of constant width. Additionally, among the curves of constant width, the Reuleaux triangle is the one with both the largest and the smallest inscribed equilateral triangles. The largest equilateral triangle inscribed in a Reuleaux triangle is the one connecting its three corners, and the smallest one is the one connecting the three midpoints of its sides. The subset of the Reuleaux triangle consisting of points belonging to three or more diameters is the interior of the larger of these two triangles; it has a larger area than the set of three-diameter points of any other curve of constant width.

Although the Reuleaux triangle has sixfold dihedral symmetry, the same as an equilateral triangle, it does not have central symmetry.
The Reuleaux triangle is the least symmetric curve of constant width according to two different measures of central asymmetry, the Kovner–Besicovitch measure (ratio of area to the largest centrally symmetric shape enclosed by the curve) and the Estermann measure (ratio of area to the smallest centrally symmetric shape enclosing the curve). For the Reuleaux triangle, the two centrally symmetric shapes that determine the measures of asymmetry are both hexagonal, although the inner one has curved sides. The Reuleaux triangle has diameters that split its area more unevenly than any other curve of constant width. That is, the maximum ratio of areas on either side of a diameter, another measure of asymmetry, is bigger for the Reuleaux triangle than for other curves of constant width.

Among all shapes of constant width that avoid all points of an integer lattice, the one with the largest width is a Reuleaux triangle. It has one of its axes of symmetry parallel to the coordinate axes on a half-integer line. Its width, approximately 1.54, is the root of a degree-6 polynomial with integer coefficients.

Just as it is possible for a circle to be surrounded by six congruent circles that touch it, it is also possible to arrange seven congruent Reuleaux triangles so that they all make contact with a central Reuleaux triangle of the same size. This is the maximum number possible for any curve of constant width.

Among all quadrilaterals, the shape that has the greatest ratio of its perimeter to its diameter is an equidiagonal kite that can be inscribed into a Reuleaux triangle.

Other measures
By Barbier's theorem all curves of the same constant width including the Reuleaux triangle have equal perimeters. In particular this perimeter equals the perimeter of the circle with the same width, which is .

The radii of the largest inscribed circle of a Reuleaux triangle with width s, and of the circumscribed circle of the same triangle, are

respectively; the sum of these radii equals the width of the Reuleaux triangle. More generally, for every curve of constant width, the largest inscribed circle and the smallest circumscribed circle are concentric, and their radii sum to the constant width of the curve.

The optimal packing density of the Reuleaux triangle in the plane remains unproven, but is conjectured to be

which is the density of one possible double lattice packing for these shapes. The best proven upper bound on the packing density is approximately 0.947. It has also been conjectured, but not proven, that the Reuleaux triangles have the highest packing density of any curve of constant width.

Rotation within a square

Any curve of constant width can form a rotor within a square, a shape that can perform a complete rotation while staying within the square and at all times touching all four sides of the square. However, the Reuleaux triangle is the rotor with the minimum possible area. As it rotates, its axis does not stay fixed at a single point, but instead follows a curve formed by the pieces of four ellipses. Because of its 120° angles, the rotating Reuleaux triangle cannot reach some points near the sharper angles at the square's vertices, but rather covers a shape with slightly rounded corners, also formed by elliptical arcs.

At any point during this rotation, two of the corners of the Reuleaux triangle touch two adjacent sides of the square, while the third corner of the triangle traces out a curve near the opposite vertex of the square. The shape traced out by the rotating Reuleaux triangle covers approximately 98.8% of the area of the square.

As a counterexample
Reuleaux's original motivation for studying the Reuleaux triangle was as a counterexample, showing that three single-point contacts may not be enough to fix a planar object into a single position. The existence of Reuleaux triangles and other curves of constant width shows that diameter measurements alone cannot verify that an object has a circular cross-section.

In connection with the inscribed square problem,  observed that the Reuleaux triangle provides an example of a constant-width shape in which no regular polygon with more than four sides can be inscribed, except the regular hexagon, and he described a small modification to this shape that preserves its constant width but also prevents regular hexagons from being inscribed in it. He generalized this result to three dimensions using a cylinder with the same shape as its cross section.

Applications

Reaching into corners
Several types of machinery take the shape of the Reuleaux triangle, based on its property of being able to rotate within a square.

The Watts Brothers Tool Works square drill bit has the shape of a Reuleaux triangle, modified with concavities to form cutting surfaces. When mounted in a special chuck which allows for the bit not having a fixed centre of rotation, it can drill a hole that is nearly square. Although patented by Henry Watts in 1914, similar drills invented by others were used earlier. Other Reuleaux polygons are used to drill pentagonal, hexagonal, and octagonal holes.

Panasonic's RULO robotic vacuum cleaner has its shape based on the Reuleaux triangle in order to ease cleaning up dust in the corners of rooms.

Rolling cylinders

Another class of applications of the Reuleaux triangle involves cylindrical objects with a Reuleaux triangle cross section.  Several pencils are manufactured in this shape, rather than the more traditional round or hexagonal barrels.  They are usually promoted as being more comfortable or encouraging proper grip, as well as being less likely to roll off tables (since the center of gravity moves up and down more than a rolling hexagon).

A Reuleaux triangle (along with all other curves of constant width) can roll but makes a poor wheel because it does not roll about a fixed center of rotation. An object on top of rollers that have Reuleaux triangle cross-sections would roll smoothly and flatly, but an axle attached to Reuleaux triangle wheels would bounce up and down three times per revolution. This concept was used in a science fiction short story by Poul Anderson titled "The Three-Cornered Wheel". A bicycle with floating axles and a frame supported by the rim of its Reuleaux triangle shaped wheel was built and demonstrated in 2009 by Chinese inventor Guan Baihua, who was inspired by pencils with the same shape.

Mechanism design

Another class of applications of the Reuleaux triangle involves using it as a part of a mechanical linkage that can convert rotation around a fixed axis
into reciprocating motion. These mechanisms were studied by Franz Reuleaux. With the assistance of the Gustav Voigt company, Reuleaux built approximately 800 models of mechanisms, several of which involved the Reuleaux triangle. Reuleaux used these models in his pioneering scientific investigations of their motion. Although most of the Reuleaux–Voigt models have been lost, 219 of them have been collected at Cornell University, including nine based on the Reuleaux triangle. However, the use of Reuleaux triangles in mechanism design predates the work of Reuleaux; for instance, some steam engines from as early as 1830 had a cam in the shape of a Reuleaux triangle.

One application of this principle arises in a film projector. In this application, it is necessary to advance the film in a jerky, stepwise motion, in which each frame of film stops for a fraction of a second in front of the projector lens, and then much more quickly the film is moved to the next frame. This can be done using a mechanism in which the rotation of a Reuleaux triangle within a square is used to create a motion pattern for an actuator that pulls the film quickly to each new frame and then pauses the film's motion while the frame is projected.

The rotor of the Wankel engine is shaped as a curvilinear triangle that is often cited as an example of a Reuleaux triangle. However, its curved sides are somewhat flatter than those of a Reuleaux triangle and so it does not have constant width.

Architecture

In Gothic architecture, beginning in the late 13th century or early 14th century, the Reuleaux triangle became one of several curvilinear forms frequently used for windows, window tracery, and other architectural decorations. For instance, in English Gothic architecture, this shape was associated with the decorated period, both in its geometric style of 1250–1290 and continuing into its curvilinear style of 1290–1350. It also appears in some of the windows of the Milan Cathedral. In this context, the shape is sometimes called a spherical triangle, which should not be confused with spherical triangle meaning a triangle on the surface of a sphere. In its use in Gothic church architecture, the three-cornered shape of the Reuleaux triangle may be seen both as a symbol of the Trinity, and as "an act of opposition to the form of the circle".

The Reuleaux triangle has also been used in other styles of architecture. For instance, Leonardo da Vinci sketched this shape as the plan for a fortification. Modern buildings that have been claimed to use a Reuleaux triangle shaped floorplan include the MIT Kresge Auditorium, the Kölntriangle, the Donauturm, the Torre de Collserola, and the Mercedes-Benz Museum. However in many cases these are merely rounded triangles, with different geometry than the Reuleaux triangle.

Mapmaking

Another early application of the Reuleaux triangle, da Vinci's world map from circa 1514, was a world map in which the spherical surface of the earth was divided into eight octants, each flattened into the shape of a Reuleaux triangle.

Similar maps also based on the Reuleaux triangle were published by Oronce Finé in 1551 and by John Dee in 1580.

Other objects

Many guitar picks employ the Reuleaux triangle, as its shape combines a sharp point to provide strong articulation, with a wide tip to produce a warm timbre. Because all three points of the shape are usable, it is easier to orient and wears less quickly compared to a pick with a single tip.

The Reuleaux triangle has been used as the shape for the cross section of a fire hydrant valve nut. The constant width of this shape makes it difficult to open the fire hydrant using standard parallel-jawed wrenches; instead, a wrench with a special shape is needed. This property allows the fire hydrants to be opened only by firefighters (who have the special wrench) and not by other people trying to use the hydrant as a source of water for other activities.

Following a suggestion of , the antennae of the Submillimeter Array, a radio-wave astronomical observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, are arranged on four nested Reuleaux triangles. Placing the antennae on a curve of constant width causes the observatory to have the same spatial resolution in all directions, and provides a circular observation beam. As the most asymmetric curve of constant width, the Reuleaux triangle leads to the most uniform coverage of the plane for the Fourier transform of the signal from the array. The antennae may be moved from one Reuleaux triangle to another for different observations, according to the desired angular resolution of each observation. The precise placement of the antennae on these Reuleaux triangles was optimized using a neural network. In some places the constructed observatory departs from the preferred Reuleaux triangle shape because that shape was not possible within the given site.

Signs and logos
The shield shapes used for many signs and corporate logos feature rounded triangles. However, only some of these are Reuleaux triangles.

The corporate logo of Petrofina (Fina), a Belgian oil company with major operations in Europe, North America and Africa, used a Reuleaux triangle with the Fina name from 1950 until Petrofina's merger with Total S.A. (today TotalEnergies) in 2000.
Another corporate logo framed in the Reuleaux triangle, the south-pointing compass of Bavaria Brewery, was part of a makeover by design company Total Identity that won the SAN 2010 Advertiser of the Year award. The Reuleaux triangle is also used in the logo of Colorado School of Mines.

In the United States, the National Trails System and United States Bicycle Route System both mark routes with Reuleaux triangles on signage.

In nature

According to Plateau's laws, the circular arcs in two-dimensional soap bubble clusters meet at 120° angles, the same angle found at the corners of a Reuleaux triangle. Based on this fact, it is possible to construct clusters in which some of the bubbles take the form of a Reuleaux triangle.

The shape was first isolated in crystal form in 2014 as Reuleaux triangle disks. Basic bismuth nitrate disks with the Reuleaux triangle shape were formed from the hydrolysis and precipitation of bismuth nitrate in an ethanol–water system in the presence of 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine.

Generalizations
Triangular curves of constant width with smooth rather than sharp corners may be obtained as the locus of points at a fixed distance from the Reuleaux triangle. Other generalizations of the Reuleaux triangle include surfaces in three dimensions, curves of constant width with more than three sides, and the Yanmouti sets which provide extreme examples of an inequality between width, diameter, and inradius.

Three-dimensional version

The intersection of four balls of radius s centered at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron with side length s is called the Reuleaux tetrahedron, but its surface is not a surface of constant width.  It can, however, be made into a surface of constant width, called Meissner's tetrahedron, by replacing three of its edge arcs by curved surfaces,  the surfaces of rotation of a circular arc. Alternatively, the surface of revolution of a Reuleaux triangle through one of its symmetry axes forms a surface of constant width, with minimum volume among all known surfaces of revolution of given constant width.

Reuleaux polygons

The Reuleaux triangle can be generalized to regular or irregular polygons with an odd number of sides, yielding a Reuleaux polygon, a curve of constant width formed from circular arcs of constant radius. The constant width of these shapes allows their use as coins that can be used in coin-operated machines. Although coins of this type in general circulation usually have more than three sides, a Reuleaux triangle has been used for a commemorative coin from Bermuda.

Similar methods can be used to enclose an arbitrary simple polygon within a curve of constant width, whose width equals the diameter of the given polygon. The resulting shape consists of circular arcs (at most as many as sides of the polygon), can be constructed algorithmically in linear time, and can be drawn with compass and straightedge. Although the Reuleaux polygons all have an odd number of circular-arc sides, it is possible to construct constant-width shapes with an even number of circular-arc sides of varying radii.

Yanmouti sets
The Yanmouti sets are defined as the convex hulls of an equilateral triangle together with three circular arcs, centered at the triangle vertices and spanning the same angle as the triangle, with equal radii that are at most equal to the side length of the triangle. Thus, when the radius is small enough, these sets degenerate to the equilateral triangle itself, but when the radius is as large as possible they equal the corresponding Reuleaux triangle. Every shape with width w, diameter d, and inradius r (the radius of the largest possible circle contained in the shape) obeys the inequality

and this inequality becomes an equality for the Yanmouti sets, showing that it cannot be improved.

Related figures

In the classical presentation of a three-set Venn diagram as three overlapping circles, the central region (representing elements belonging to all three sets) takes the shape of a Reuleaux triangle. The same three circles form one of the standard drawings of the Borromean rings, three mutually linked rings that cannot, however, be realized as geometric circles. Parts of these same circles are used to form the triquetra, a figure of three overlapping semicircles (each two of which form a vesica piscis symbol) that again has a Reuleaux triangle at its center; just as the three circles of the Venn diagram may be interlaced to form the Borromean rings, the three circular arcs of the triquetra may be interlaced to form a trefoil knot.

Relatives of the Reuleaux triangle arise in the problem of finding the minimum perimeter shape that encloses a fixed amount of area and includes three specified points in the plane. For a wide range of choices of the area parameter, the optimal solution to this problem will be a curved triangle whose three sides are circular arcs with equal radii. In particular, when the three points are equidistant from each other and the area is that of the Reuleaux triangle, the Reuleaux triangle is the optimal enclosure.

Circular triangles are triangles with circular-arc edges, including the Reuleaux triangle as well as other shapes.
The deltoid curve is another type of curvilinear triangle, but one in which the curves replacing each side of an equilateral triangle are concave rather than convex. It is not composed of circular arcs, but may be formed by rolling one circle within another of three times the radius. Other planar shapes with three curved sides include the arbelos, which is formed from three semicircles with collinear endpoints, and the Bézier triangle.

The Reuleaux triangle may also be interpreted as the stereographic projection of one triangular face of a spherical tetrahedron, the Schwarz triangle of parameters  with spherical angles of measure  and sides of spherical length

References

External links

Piecewise-circular curves
Types of triangles
Constant width

Reuleaux triangle


Nois (llamada oficialmente San Xiao de Nois) es una parroquia y un lugar español del municipio de Foz, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Otras denominaciones

La parroquia también es conocida por el nombre de San Xulián de Nois.

Etimología

Este topónimo está ya documentado como "Noys" en 1096. Su etimología derivaría de la forma paleoeuropea *noigw-ins, de la raíz indoeuropea *neigw- 'lavar', la misma que para los topónimos "Noya".

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por seis entidades de población, constando tres de ellas en el nomenclátor del Instituto Nacional de Estadística español:
 Barrosa (A Barrosa)
 Brea
 Cabanas
 Carpacide
 Fondo (Fondo de Nois)(Nois)*
 Trasmonte (Trasmonte das Chousas)

Demografía

Parroquia

Lugar

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Foz
Localidades de Foz
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

Nois


Eau de Gaga er annað ilmvatnið frá bandarísku söngkonunni Lady Gaga. Tilkynnt var um ilmvatnið á heimasíðu Haus Laboratories. Ilmvatnið inniheldur hvíta fjólu, límónu og leður, og var markaðssett svo að það höfðaði til kvenna og karla. Ilmvatnið kom út 1. september 2014. Þetta er annað ilmvatn söngkonunnar, en hún gaf út ilmvatnið Fame árið 2012.

Þróun
Í ágúst 2014 tilkynnti Gaga í gegnum samfélagsmiðla að annað ilmvatn hennar með Haus Laboratories í samstarfi við Coty, Inc. væri nefnt Eau de Gaga. Hún deildi einnig fyrstu kynningarmyndinni úr myndatöku af henni ásamt mörgum körlum sem táknar hvernig ilmvatnið er markaðssett til kvenna og karla. Auglýsingaherferðinni var leikstýrt og hún ljósmynduð af Steven Klein, sem vann með henni í að kynna fyrsta ilmvatnið hennar, Fame. Ilmvatnið kom fyrst út þann 1. september í Frakklandi, Póllandi, Þýskalandi, Bretlandi, Spáni og öðrum Evrópulöndum. Í nóvember kom það út í Asíu, Eyjaálfu, Rússlandi, Danmörku og einnig í sumum Evrópulöndum. Þann 15. janúar 2015 varð það svo gert fáanlegt í Bandaríkjunum og Kanada.

Pakkningar og útgáfur
Flaska Eau de Gaga er svört og á að líkja eftir bæði karllægri og kvenlegri fagurfræði og kemur í rétthyrndum rauðum kassa. Framan á kassanum stendur "Eau de Gaga: Paris New York 001". Talan 001 vísar til þess að þessi ilmur sé sá fyrsti í röðinni, en fleiri ilmir hafa ekki komið út.

Auk ilmvatnsins var einnig selt húðkrem og sturtusápa. Það kemur í grönnum flöskum og eru í kössum með sömu hönnun og ilmvatnið. Ilmvatnið var fáanlegt í 15ml, 30ml, 50ml og 75ml. Bæði húðkremið og sturtusápan voru fáanleg í 75ml og 200ml.

Kynning
Í ágúst 2014 birti Gaga fyrstu kynningarmyndina fyrir ilminn. Á henni sést Gaga í löngum slopp þar sem hún liggur ofan á mörgum körlum. Þetta táknaði það að ilmurinn hentaði bæði körlum og konum. Gaga birti opinbert plakat ilmvatnsins síðar á samfélagsmiðlum sínum. Á heimasíðu Haus Laboratories hófst niðurtalning þar sem var hægt að sjá nánari upplýsingar um ilmvatnið. Þegar niðurtalningunni lauk voru fleiri kynningarmyndir birtar á vefsíðunni, hráefni ilmsins, upplýsingar um verð og fleiri upplýsingar. Lady Gaga sagði að þetta ilmvatn væri einungis númer 001 og að það yrði heilt safn af Eau de Gaga ilmvötnum.

Þann 19. september 2014 var gefið út auglýsingamyndband sem sýndi Gaga með sítt ljóst hár í stuttum slopp ofan á hrúgu af karlkyns fyrirsætum sem voru berir að ofan á meðan lagið hennar og Tony Bennetts "I Can't Give You Anything but Love" var notað sem undirspil. Lagið kemur frá djassplötunni sem hún gaf út með Tony Bennett, Cheek to Cheek. Myndbandið var í svarthvítu, var einnar mínútu langt og var tekið upp og leikstýrt af Steven Klein. Samkvæmt Washington Jewish Week var Eau de Gaga tíunda mest selda ilmvatn ársins 2014 og áætlað var að um 23.000 eintök hafi selst.

Ytri tenglar
 Opinber vefsíða

Heimild

Tilvísanir

Lady Gaga
Ilmvötn
Snyrtivörur

Eau de Gaga


مصطفى كمال طلبة (8 ديسمبر 1922 - 28 مارس 2016) هو عالِم وخبير بيئي مصري. تقلد عِدة مناصب منها المجلس الأعلى للعلوم في مصر سنة 1961، ووزيرًا للشباب سنة 1971، ورئيسًا لأكاديمية البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيا عام 1972. ولد في مدينة زفتى في محافظة الغربية في مصر عام 1922، حصل على درجة الدكتوراه عام 1949، وترأس المنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية، وترأس الكثير من المناصب للجمعيات البيئية.

الدراسة
 حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في علوم النبات بتقدير امتياز مع مرتبة الشرف الأولى من جامعة القاهرة عام 1943.
 حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في علم أمراض النبات من الكلية الملكية في جامعة لندن عام 1949.
 عمل أستاذا في جامعة القاهرة والمركز القومي للبحوث بين عامي 1949 إلى العام 1968.
 منذ العام 1993 وحتى وفاته كان يعمل أستاذا غير متفرغ بكلية العلوم جامعة القاهرة.

المناصب
تولى مناصب عامة كثيرة منها:
 عين أمينا عاما للمجلس الأعلى للعلوم في مصر عام 1961 وفي العام 1965
 وكيلا لوزراة التعليم العالي للشؤون الثقافية .
 أصبح وزيرا للشباب عام 1971.
 في العام 1972 أصبح رئيسا لأكاديمية البحث العلمي والتكنولوجيا.
 أشرف على كثير من الرسائل العلمية ونشرت له مئات المقالات والأبحاث العلمية.
 عضو في كثير من المحافل العلمية العربية والدولية.

الانجازات الدولية والعربية
في عام 1973 ساهم في إنشاء برنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة، واختير نائبا للمدير التنفيذي للبرنامج حتى العام 1975 ثم أصبح مديرا تنفيذيا للبرنامج بدرجة نائب للأمين العام للأمم المتحدة حتى العام 1992.

منذ العام 1993 وحتى وفاته سنة 2016 ترأس مجلس إدارة المركز الدولي للبيئة، كما ترأس المنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية، وشارك في المؤتمر السنوي الأول للمنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية.

مراجع

 الجزيرة نت، برنامج بلاحدود بتاريخ 22 أكتوبر 2008

وصلات خارجية

 المنتدى العربي للبيئة والتنمية على غوغل

أشخاص من محافظة الغربية
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الروسية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة القاهرة
برنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
خريجو جامعة إمبريال كوليدج
علماء أحياء دقيقة
علماء أحياء مجهريون مصريون
علماء أحياء مصريون
مسؤولون مصريون في الأمم المتحدة
مغتربون مصريون في المملكة المتحدة
مواليد 1341 هـ
مواليد 1922
موظفو الأمم المتحدة
موظفو خدمة مدنية مصريون
وزراء شباب مصريون
وفيات 1437 هـ
وفيات 2016

مصطفى كمال طلبة


Camille Pitollet (* 24. Oktober 1874 in Véronnes, Département Côte-d'Or; † 25. Juni 1964 in Pau) war ein französischer Romanist, Hispanist und Germanist.

Leben und Werk

Pitollet bestand 1902 die soeben geschaffene Agrégation d'espagnol. Von 1905 bis 1908 war er auf den Spuren seiner Forschungsthemen in Hamburg und hatte dort ein Angebot für hispanistische Hochschullehre, ging aber zurück nach Frankreich und wurde Gymnasiallehrer für Deutsch in Saint-Brieuc. Dort war er Kollege von Georges Palante. Er habilitierte sich 1908 in Toulouse – in Paris war er an Charles Andler gescheitert – mit den beiden Thèses Contributions à l'étude de l'hispanisme de G.-E. Lessing (Paris 1909) und La Querelle caldéronienne de Johan Nikolas Böhl von Faber et José Joaquín de Mora, reconstituée d'après les documents originaux (Paris 1909). Später war er Gymnasiallehrer und Geisteswissenschaftler in Nîmes. Pitollets wenig übersichtliche Darstellungsweise und der ausgeprägt polemische Charakter waren seiner Karriere (trotz großer Kompetenz) im Wege.

Weitere Werke

Verfasser

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Ses romans et le roman de sa vie, Paris 1921 (spanisch Valencia 1921)
"Le Père Hase". Histoire de la venue en France de l'Allemand qui refusa Anatole France au baccalauréat, Brüssel 1922
Francia, in: Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana, Barcelona 1923, S. 888–1004
(mit Pierre Batiffol) The Oldest text of the Gospels, New York 1924
Hispania, o sea Introducción al conocimiento práctico de España, su lengua, su historia, su literatura y su vida toda, Paris 1930
Gloses (Le véritable Blasco Ibañez, le véritable Gómez-Carrillo, par leur premier biographe), Lille/Paris 1930 (viel Autobiographisches)
Toujours la panacée du latin. Considérations rétrospectives sur l'enseignement du latin et celui des langues vivantes, in: Les langues modernes, März 1933
Jean-Joseph Saroïhandy, Le Puy 1933 (Simple histoire 4)
Précis de grammaire espagnole, Paris 1933

Hrsg. und Übersetzer

(Hrsg.) Blasco Ibáñez paisajista. 28 descripciones sacadas, por orden cronológico de las principales obras del maestro valenciano, Paris 1924
(Hrsg.) Lope de Vega, Comedia famosa de Amar sin saber a quién, Paris 1926, 1951
(Hrsg.) Parnaso español del siglo XIX, Paris 1927
(Hrsg.) Antologia de poesías liricas españolas de la edad media, Paris 1927
(Hrsg.) Cervantes, El Cautivo en Argel, Paris 1927, 1949
(Hrsg.) La Vida de Lazarillo de Tormes, Paris 1928, 1954
(Hrsg.) Guillén de Castro, Las Mocedades del Cid, Paris 1928, 1946, 1954
(Hrsg.) Leandro Fernández de Moratín,  El si de las niñas, Paris 1928, 1948, 1953, 1959
(Übers.) Cervantes, Le captif, Paris 1929
(Hrsg.) Fernán Caballero, La Familia de Alvareda, Paris 1932
(Hrsg.) Cervantes, El Ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha. Extraits, 2 Bde., Paris 1937, 1954, 1958

Literatur

Camille Pitollet, Ma collaboration à la "Phalange", Brüssel 1927
Camille Pitollet, Le Calvaire d'un hispaniste, Paris 1936 (Simple histoire 5)
Epistolario de Camille Pitollet y Menéndez Pelayo, hrsg. von Camille Pitollet und Enrique Sanchez Reyes, in: Boletin de la Biblioteca Menéndez Pelayo 1949, S. 229–345
Martin Franzbach, Lessings Huarte-Übersetzung (1752). Die Rezeption und Wirkungsgeschichte des Examen de ingenios para las ciencias (1575) in Deutschland, Hamburg 1965 (kritisch zu Pitollet 1909)

Weblinks

http://w3.espagnol.univ-tlse2.fr/agreg/

Romanist
Franzose
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1964
Mann

Camille Pitollet


Masyaf este un oraș din Siria, din guvernoratul Hama.

Legături externe

Orașe din Siria

Masyaf


ටිරොලින් ගමේ කතාව

" Chirorin Mura Monogatari " යනු 1992 අප්‍රේල් 6 සිට 1993 මාර්තු 19 දක්වා NHK අධ්‍යාපනික රූපවාහිනියේ විකාශය වූ රූපවාහිනී සජීවිකරණ කෘතියකි. සම්පූර්ණ කථාංග 170 යි.

දළ විශ්ලේෂණය [ සංස්කරණය ]
එය පසුගිය කාලයේ NHK General TV හි විකාශය වූ " Chirorin Village and Kuruminoki " රූකඩ සංදර්ශනයේ සහ Fuji TV ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ " Hey! Tyrorin Village Day " රූකඩ සංදර්ශනයේ රූපවාහිනී සජීවිකරණ අනුවර්තනයකි .

16mm චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදනය, වර්ණය , ස්ටීරියෝ විකාශනය . මෙම කාර්යයෙන් පසු අධ්‍යාපනික රූපවාහිනියේ විකාශය වූ සජීවිකරණය ස්ටීරියෝ විකාශනයක් බවට පත් විය.

Itochu Corporation විසින් නිකුත් කරන ලද මෙම කාර්යයේ වීඩියෝ මෘදුකාංගය (ප්‍රකාශිත - NHK මෘදුකාංග / විකුණුම් - Bandai Visual ) මුළු පිටපත් 50,000 කට වඩා අලෙවි වී ඇති අතර, Sun Arrow විසින් නිකුත් කරන ලද පිරවූ සතුන් වසර භාගයක් තුළ යෙන් මිලියන 40 කට වඩා අලෙවි වී ඇත. අදාළ නිෂ්පාදන අලෙවිය වේගවත් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, අනෙක් අතට, මොරිනාගා සහ සමාගම විසින් නිකුත් කරන ලද රසකැවිලි අලෙවිය සාර්ථක වූයේ නැත  .

සාරාංශය [ සංස්කරණය ]
Tyrorin ගම්මානයේ ජීවත් වන Onion Tonpei සහ Peanut Piko ඉතා හොඳ මිතුරන් වන අතර සෑම විටම එකට සෙල්ලම් කරති. දවසක් ගමේ ඉන්න හිතුවක්කාරම ගංකෝගේ මුනුබුරා ගමට එන බව දැනගත්තු මුරණ්ඩු දරුවෙක් මොනවගේ එකක් එයිද කියලා ඔවුන් කලබල වුණා. ඒ වෙලාවේ පර්වතයකින් වැටෙන්න ඉන්න සම වයසේ දරුවෙකුට දෙන්නා උදව් කරනවා. හුරුබුහුටි, නිර්භීත සහ අවංක ගැහැණු ළමයා ගැන්කෝගේ මුණුබුරා වූ අතර, ඔවුන් සිතූ දේට වඩා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වෙනස් විය

ටිරොලින් ගමේ කතාව


Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18. hertug af Norfolk, 5. baron Howard af Glossop DL (født 2. december 1953) er det nuværende overhoved for den engelske Howard-slægt. Mellem 1975 og 2002 var han kendt som Jarlen af Arundel.

Hertug af Norfolk
Edward Fitzalan-Howard arvede titlen som hertug af Norfolk fra sin far i 2002. Titlen hertug af Norfolk er den fornemeste hertug-titel i hele det forenede kongerige (se det Forenede Kongerigers Adelskalendere)  (eng. The Premier Duke). Samtidigt fik han det ene af de to arvelige pladser i Overhuset, og han blev Earl Marshal.

Jarl af Arundel
Edward William Fitzalan-Howard er den 36. Jarl af Arundel. Jarlen af Arundel er et jarlsdømme og den ældste bevarede titel i den Engelske adelskalender. Titlen jarl af Arundel er den fornemeste Jarl-titel i de Forenede Kongerigers Adelskalendere (eng. The Premier Earl). Arundel lægger navn til Hertugerne af Norfolks residens nemlig Arundel Castle.

Baron Howard af Glossop
Edward Fitzalan-Howard er den 5. baron Howard af Glossop.

Earl Marshal
Fra 2002 besidder Edward Fitzalan-Howard det arvelige embede som Earl Marshal. Han skal bl.a. arrangere kongekroninger, indsættelser af fyrster (prinser) af Wales og statsbegravelser. Desuden er han leder af College of Arms, der regulerer den engelske, walisiske og nordirske adels heraldik.

Eksterne henvisninger

Slægten Howard
Earls Marshal

Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18. hertug af Norfolk


O Lilium Jet é um protótipo alemão de um eVTOL (Aeronave de Decolagem e Aterrissagem Vertical Elétrica) para transporte urbano e interurbano, desenvolvido pela empresa Lilium GmbH. Uma versão de sete lugares está planejada.

Ver também
 Táxi aéreo

Desenvolvimento relacionado
 Airbus A³ Vahana
 Boeing Passenger Air Vehicle

Aeronaves

Lilium Jet


Biserica Sfântul Nicolae a fostului schit De sub Piatră este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Pietreni, comuna Costești. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 169280.02.

ref. 1763-1784, 1831 Ridicată de ieromonahul Ștefan al mănăstirii Bistrița, ajutat de Epifanie și Nicodim.Este construită din piatră și cărămidă.Planul de formă dreptunghiulară are absida altarului trilobată, element arhitectural aparte. Pictura a fost realizată de Efrem Zugravul în 1779.

Ctitor: Egumenul Ștefan al Bistriței. Schitul a fost construită întrr 1700-1701. El a fost părăsit de aproape 100 de ani și s-a ruinat, rămânând numai zidul împrejmuitor și fundațiile unora dintre cele câteva chilii (cu unele porțiuni din elevații ce mai păstrează mici fragmente din tencuielile interioare). Probabil după secularizarea averilor mănăstirești, schitul s-a desființat, biserica devenind biserică de mir a satului.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Vâlcea
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România
Biserici din județul Vâlcea
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Nicolae
Schituri în România


Teodor Popoviciu (n. secolul al XIX-lea, Vârciorog, comitatul Bihor, Regatul Ungariei – d. secolul al XX-lea) a fost delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Teodor Popoviciu s-a născut în Vârciorog, Bihor și a fost proprietar.

Activitate politică

A luat parte la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia de la 1 Decembrie 1918 unde a votat Marea Unire ca delegat al cercului electoral Aleșd.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în secolul al XIX-lea
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Agricultori români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Oameni din județul interbelic Bihor
Români din Austro-Ungaria

Teodor Popoviciu


SoundCloud je internetska stranica za online distribuciju glazbe.

Izvorno je pokrenuta u Stockholmu, ali je osnovana u Berlinu u kolovozu 2007. Njeni osnivači su: Alex Ljung i glazbenik Eric Wahlforss. Prvotna ideja bila je dopustiti glazbenicima, da međusobno dijele glazbu.

Kasnije je projekt prerastao u alat koji omogućuje, da bilo tko objavi bilo koje zvučne snimke i pomaže glazbenicima da distribuiraju svoj rad. Samo nekoliko mjeseci nakon lansiranja, SoundCloud se počeo natjecati s dominantnim MySpaceom kao platformom na kojoj bi glazbenici mogli bolje komunicirati sa svojim omiljenim izvođačima i upoznati ih.

U intervjuu za "Wired.com" 2009., suosnivač Alex Ljung rekao je: "Obojica (osnivači) dolazimo iz okruženja povezanoga s glazbom i bilo nam je stvarno naporno raditi s ljudima iz područja glazbe – mislim na jednostavne stvari, slanje pjesama ljudima nasamo, dobivanje povratnih informacija, komuniciranje o toj glazbi. Na isti način na koji se Flickr koristi za naše fotografije, Vimeo za video, mi nismo imali ništa slično za našu glazbu."

Postoji više od 76 milijuna aktivnih mjesečnih korisnika, s više od 175 milijuna globalnih korisnika koje SoundCloud doseže (studeni 2021.) Što se tiče izvođača, postoji više od 30 milijuna autora iz 190 zemalja, s više od 265 milijuna pjesama prenesenih na platformu do ožujka 2021. godine. SoundCloud nudi besplatno ili plaćeno članstvo na platformi, dostupno za mobilne, desktop i Xbox uređaje.

Značajke
Moguće je pohraniti vlastite zvučne snimke na SoundClound, bilo da se radi o glazbi ili nekom drugom zvuku. Spremljene su datoteke tada dostupne svima i bilo gdje u svijetu putem interneta. Druga je mogućnost korištenje zvukova SoundClouda u internetskim prezentacijama (ugrade se izravno u HTML kod) ili aplikacijama pomoću SoundCloud API-ja. Ovo sučelje koristi nekoliko tražilica glazbe kao što je SoundYouNeed.

Osnovne funkcije SoundClouda su: prikazuje broj reproduciranja pjesme, broj korisnika koji su je dodali u svoje favorite i broj preuzimanja. Pjesma se može preuzeti, uglavnom u MP3 formatu.

Prilikom reprodukcije zvuka, prikazuje se grafički prikaz izlaznih audio valova, što olakšava preskakanje na dio koji korisnik želi slušati. Također mogu se dodati komentari izravno na određeni dio pjesme i oni će se pojaviti u tom dijelu pjesme. Tražilica glazbe sadrži ekstenziju s kojom je moguće suziti izbor, npr. samo za remikse, cover verzije ili akustične verzije.

Izvori

Glazbene web stranice

SoundCloud


Cea de-a 19-a ediție a Festivalului Internațional de Film Transilvania s-a desfășurat în perioada 31 iulie - 9 august 2020 la Cluj-Napoca.

Juriul Competiției Oficiale formează din producătoarea de film Ada Solomon, regizoarea Adina Pintilie, scriitorul Philip O'Ceallaigh, dramaturgul Csaba Székely și actorul clujean Hatházi András.

Actrița Maria Ploae este distinsă cu premiul de excelență TIFF.

Trofeul Transilvania este acordat filmului Babyteeth de Shannon Murphy, premiul regizoral este acordat lui Tim Mielants pentru Patrick și Zheng Lu Xinyuan pentru The Cloud in Her Room, iar premiul pentru cea mai bună interpretare este acordat lui Evgeniya Gromova pentru rolul din Fidelity

Juriu competitie
 Ada Solomon, producătoarea
 Adina Pintilie, regizoarea
 András Hatházi, actor
 Csaba Székely, scriitor de teatru
 Philip Ó Ceallaigh, scriitor

Filmele din competiția oficială

Premii
 Trofeul Transilvania – Babyteeth, regia Shannon Murphy
 Premiul pentru Cea mai bună regie (ex-æquo) - Tim Mielants  pentru Patrick și Zheng Lu Xinyuan pentru The Cloud in Her Room
 Premiul Special al Juriului - Sister, regia Svetla Tsotsorkova
 Premiul pentru Cea mai bună interpretare – Evgeniya Gromova pentru rolul din Fidelity
 Premiul de excelență - actrița Maria Ploae

Note

TIFF
2020

TIFF 2020


Euan Robson (* 1954 in Nordengland) ist ein schottischer Politiker und Mitglied der Liberal Democrats.

Leben
Morgan besuchte das Trinity College in Glenalmond und wechselte dann an die Newcastle University, die er mit einem Bachelorabschluss in Geschichte verließ. Anschließend erwarb Robson einen Masterabschluss in Politikwissenschaften von der Universität von Strathclyde. Danach war er als Lehrer an einer Schule in Morpeth tätig und nahm dann eine Stelle beim Gas Consumers' Northern Council, einer Verbraucherschutzorganisation für Gaskunden, an.

Politischer Werdegang
Bei den ersten Schottischen Parlamentswahlen im Jahre 1999 bewarb sich Robson um das Direktmandat des Wahlkreises Roxburgh and Berwickshire. Er erhielt den größten Stimmenanteil und zog damit in das neugeschaffene Schottische Parlament ein. Nach dem Rücktritt seines Parteikollegen Tavish Scott wurde Robson im März 2003 zum stellvertretenden Staatssekretär für parlamentarische Angelegenheiten ernannt und hatte diese Position bis zum Ende der Legislaturperiode inne. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2003 konnte er seinen Stimmenanteil leicht vergrößern und verteidigte damit sein Mandat. Im neugebildeten Kabinett nahm er die Position des stellvertretenden Staatssekretärs für Bildung und Jugendliche ein. Der Konservative John Lamont konnte sich schließlich bei den Parlamentswahlen 2007 gegen Robson durchsetzen, wodurch dieser sein Mandat verlor und aus dem Parlament ausschied. Im Zuge der Wahlkreisreform 2011 wurde der Wahlkreis Roxburgh and Berwickshire aufgelöst und weitgehend durch den neugeschaffenen Wahlkreis Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire ersetzt. Für diesen kandidierte Robson bei den Parlamentswahlen 2011, erhielt jedoch nur den drittgrößten Stimmenanteil.

Weblinks
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish Liberal Democrats
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1954
Brite
Mann
Politiker (Scottish Borders)

Euan Robson


نهر الأولي ينبع من جبل الباروك وجبل نيحا وفيه التقاء نبع باتر مع نبع جزين (نهر جرش) في مرج بسري. ويسمى أحيانا نهر بسري. وتعتبر بحيرة بسري على نهر الأولي -والتي تقع في واد سحيق يفصل بين جبل لبنان وجنوبه- ثاني أكبر بحيرة في لبنان بعد بحيرة القرعون وهي تغذي بالمياه بركة أنان ثم معملين لتوليد طاقة الكهربائية.
ويعرف مجرى أحد روافد نهر الأولي ب نهر الشامي قرب بلدة جون.
يصب نهر الأولي شمال مدينة صيدا قرب معبد أشمون الأثري في البحر الأبيض المتوسط مشكلاً الحد الشمالي لسهل صيدا. يبلغ طوله 45 كم ومساحة حوضه 300 كم مربع.

يمر نهر الأوّلي بمرج بسري حيث أرادت الحكومة اللبنانيّة إنشاء مشروع سد يسمّى سد بسري. يتم تمويل جزء من هذا السد من قبل البنك الدولي، والذي بدوره ألغى تمويله في أيلول/سبتمبر 2020 بسبب عدم استيفاء شروط القرض من ناحية الحماية البيئيّة، ومن الناحية الإداريّة من قبل الحكومة اللبنانيّة.

منتزه العائلات

تتبدّل الأيام وتبقى الذكريات، التي طبعت في ذاكرة مدينة صيدا، وإن أضيف عليها لمسات جمالية، تجعل من سحر المكان يزداد استقطاباً للرواد من مختلف المناطق اللبنانية. نهر الأولي لا يزال المكان الأكثر شعبية ورغبة من قبل أبناء مدينة صيدا والعديد من أبناء المناطق، الذين يجدون فيه المتنفس لقضاء أجمل الأوقات دون الاضطرار إلى دفع تكلفة مرتفعة. 16 مقهى يتنافسون لتلبية رغبات الزبائن على قطعة للأرض يقدمها آل الحريري لأصحاب المقاهي بالمجان،

كي تبقى المتنفس لأبناء المدينة وفي الوقت نفسه بهدف الحفاظ على الآداب العامة. أما الجديد فهي المقاهي العائمة فوق المياه التي ابتكر فكرتها البعض كي تلامس رغبات الزبائن بالجلوس فوق المياه مباشرة وعلى علو يحقق جمالية مزدوجة، فيما بقية المقاهي تسعى بدورها إلى التكامل ما بين الخدمات والأسعار المدروسة.

الاستفادة من مياه النهر
يُحد نهر الأولي مدينة صيدا من الشمال ويبلغ طوله حتى مصبه 45 كلم، أما مساحة حوضه فهي 300 كلم٢ مما يسمح له بتلقي كمية هائلة من الأمطار تبلغ 343

مليون م٣ وتجري فيه المياه بلا انقطاع. وقد بدأ مشروع جرّ مياه الأولي إلى بيروت سنة 2010 لتأمين كميات إضافية من مياه الشفه لمناطق بيروت الكبرى (250 ألف م٣ يومياً لحوالي مليوني نسمة). تبدأ المرحلة الثانية بعد الانتهاء من إنشاء سد بسري ووضعه في الخدمة. ويعمل على النفق إلى الوردانية وخطوط الجر وشبكات التوزيع ومحطة معالجة المياه وإنشاء 24 خزاناً في أنحاء مختلفة. قيل أن سد بسري هو مشروع إغراق لإرث ثقافي وطبيعي ثمين في وادي بسري، وحتى بساتين بقسطا ستنقرض، وحفر آبار ببعض مناطق بيروت يكلف أقل بكثير من السد وتوابعه. ويجب إقرار مشروع لجر المياه إلى صيدا والحفاظ على حصة صيدا وجوارها من مياه نهر الأولي وخاصةً بعد أن عانت من انقطاع دائم للمياه.

مصب النهر
يصب نهر الأولي شمال مدينة صيدا قرب معبد أشمون الأثري في البحر الأبيض المتوسط مشكلاً الحد الشمالي لسهل صيدا.

حيث تم إنشاء منتزه صيدا البلدي بجوار المصب مما يسمح بوجود متنفس لأهالي المنطقة بمناظر جميلة.

مراجع

أولي

نهر الأولي


An Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtococcum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cyrtococcum

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum


Morchella steppicola, (Maria Iacovlevna Zerova, 1941) din familia Morchellaceae și genul Morchella este o ciupercă de tip Ascomycota,  fiind comestibilă și delicată. Buretele este denumit în popor zbârciog de stepă . El este un saprofit, crescând în grupuri mici sau solitar. El se găsește în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord în mod predominant în zonele de stepă pe teren deschis, în cele cu plantații vinicole neglijate de ceva timp, prin tufișuri precum locuri ierboase, pe rumeguș, pe sol nisipos sau argilos, unde tinde să se dezvolte direct din el. De asemenea se ivește în găuri săpate de porci sau cârtițe precum în păduri de conifere sau la marginea acestora, arătând astfel de asemenea caracteristici de simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). Timpul apariției este din martie până la sfârșitul lui mai.

Taxonomie
Morchella steppicola a fost identificată ca specie proprie și descrisă de micologa ucraineană Maria Iacovlevna Zerova, născută Dudnik, (1902-1994) în anul 1941, în volumul 2 al Journal Botanique de l'Académie de sciences de la RSS d'Ukraine.

Ciuperca a fost găsită, documentat în anul 1930, pentru prima oară de Dmitri Constantinovici Zerov, soțul acestei botaniste, în Ucraina. De atunci, buretele s-a răspândit peste țările române până în Ungaria și Serbia. În occident ciuperca nu este cunoscută. Din cauza morfologiei macroscopice precum filogeniei moleculare ale ei s-a dovedit independența speciei.

Descriere

 Corpul fructifer: are o înălțime de 3-6 cm și un diametru de 2,5-5,5 cm, este neregulat-sferic până oval, cu suprafața zbârcită și perforată, având numeroase cute întortocheate care îl fac să semene cu un creier, fiind labirintice, cu șanțuri înguste care au o lungime de 0,8-1,5 cm, și o lățime de 1,2-3,3 cm, himenul continuând nemărginit în aceste gropi. Marginea este aderentă la picior. Alveolele sunt neregulate și unghiulare. Interiorul ei este gol în totalitate. Culoarea tinde între gălbui și gri-maroniu. Cu cât înaintează în vârstă, cu atât culoarea devine mai ruginie.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 3-6,5 cm și o grosime de 1,5-2,5 cm, este bont și solid, brăzdat în diferite feluri cu mulți negi mai ales în partea superioară spre pălărie. El tinde să fie mai mult decât îndesat, arătând în interior de până la patru cavități izolate reciproc. Acest fapt nu e specific zbârciogilor adevărați (cărora picior are un singur gol), ci este asemănător speciilor de Gyromitra, unde pot exista mai multe camere. Pălăria și piciorul comunică prin interior.
 Carnea: este gri-gălbuie, groasă, cărnoasă și sfărâmicioasă, fără miros specific dar cu gust slab și plăcut.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori elipsoidali, de culoare galben-brună și au o mărime de 17-20.7 (23) x 9.5-14 (16) microni.
 Reacții chimice: nu sunt cunoscute.

Ciuperca este destul de rară. S-au găsit deja adesea oară exemplare cu o mărime până la 35 cm.

Confuzii
Datorită locului ei specific de dezvoltare se poate confunda cam greu cu alte specii. Totuși, chiar pentru începători, s-ar putea întâmpla cu Morchella deliciosa, Morchella elatoides Jacquet, Morchella esculenta, Morchella pragensis, Morchella punctipes, Morchella rotunda, Morchella spongiola, Morchella spongiola, Verpa bohemica sau cu otrăvitoarea Gyromitra esculenta (zbârciogul gras), respectiv Gyromitra gigas sau Gyromitra korfii, ambele limitat comestibilele, dar ușor de confundate cu zbârciogul gras.

Ciuperci asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare

Mai întâi trebuie menționat, că zbârciogul de stepă nu poate fi ingerat crud pentru că conține puțină hidrazină care se dizolvă în timpul fierberii. De asemenea, consumat în porții mari, poate crea reacții neplăcute la persoane sensibile, pentru că buretele este cam greu de digerat. Dealtfel, buretele poate fi preparat sau uscat ca zbârciogul galben.

Note

Bibiliografie
 Bruno Cetto: "I funghi dal vero", vol. 5, Editura Arte Grafiche Saturnia, Trento 1986, nr. 2085, ISBN 88-85013-37-6
 J. Häffner: "Die Gatung Morchella, Auswertung unterschiedlicher Artkonzeptionen în : "RheinlandPfälzisches Pilzjournal", Mainz 1994
 G. Piacioni: "The Macdonald eccyclopedia of mushroomsand toadstools", Editura Macdonald and Co, Londra 1985
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze - Partea a.: "Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten", Editura G. Fischer, Jena 1950

Legături externe

 Zbârciogul de stepă, film

Morchella
Ciuperci comestibile
1941 în știință

Morchella steppicola


القنطريون العنبري  أو تُرُنْشَاه أو تَرْنُشَان واسمه العلمي ، ويُسمى أيضاً وردة الذرة، نوع نباتي ينتمي إلى جنس القنطريون من الفصيلة النجمية. اسمه الشائع ندى العنبر أو ترنشاه وهو نبات عشبي الجزء المستخدم منه جميع أجزاء النبات وتوجد في أزهارها الزرقاء مواد مطهرة وقابضة.

هذه النبتة تزرع في حقول الذرة. وأيضا سميت بالضمرة بالمنجل لان لديها جذوع قاسية جدا، وتزدهر النبتة في اواخر الربيع حتى يحصدوا الذرة.

استعمالاته
يستعمل لتحسين الشهية وطارد للغازات يستعمل منقوع الأزهار في علاج العيون المصابة بالرمد.

هذه النبتة يمكن ان نستعملها لمعالجة ومقاومة سم العقرب.

وصفات
لطرد الغازات يؤخذ ملء ملعقة صغيرة من مسحوق النبات وتوضع على ملء كوب ماء مغلي ويترك لمدة 15 دقيقة ثم يصفى ويشرب مرة بعد الغداء وأخرى بعد وجبة العشاء، ويحضر المنقوع من 100 غرام من الأزهار وليتر من ماء المطر أو الماء المقطر لمدة 24 ساعة ثم تملأ زجاجة بيضاء بالمنقوع وتترك لمدة 3 أسابيع في الشمس ويصفى بعدها وتغسل به العين مرة واحدة في المساء.

معرض صور

المصادر

 Shiono M, Matsugaki N, Takeda K (2005). "Structure of the blue cornflower pigment". Nature 436: 791. doi:10.1038/436791a.Action plan for Centaurea cyanus
 Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), p. 126
 د.سامي محمود، الطريقة المثالية للتغذية واستخدام الأعشاب في الوقاية والعلاج، المركز العربي للنشر والتوزيع، الإسكندرية، مصر.
 كتاب التداوي بالأعشاب / أمين رويحة، بيروت : دار القلم، ص 249 .

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
أعشاب حقيقية
رموز ألمانيا الوطنية
رموز إستونيا الوطنية
زهور زرقاء
طب بديل
عنبري
نباتات الحدائق في أمريكا الشمالية
نباتات الحدائق في أوروبا
نباتات المملكة المتحدة
نباتات إستونيا
نباتات طبية
نباتات مالطا
نباتات ميشيغان
نباتات وصفت في 1753

قنطريون عنبري