Stanford University School of Engineering is one of the schools of Stanford University. The current dean is Jennifer Widom, the former senior associate dean of faculty affairs and computer science chair. She is the school's 10th dean.

Organization and academics
The school of engineering was established in 1925, when Stanford organized the previously independent academic departments into a school. The original departments in the school were:

 Civil engineering, one of the original university departments (1891), later to become civil and environmental engineering
 Electrical engineering, taught as a subject prior to being established as a department in 1894
 Mechanical engineering, one of the original university departments (1891)
 Mining and metallurgy, established in 1918 and eventually disbanded in 1945

Departments added afterwards
 Aeronautics and astronautics, started as aeronautical engineering in 1958
 Chemical engineering in 1961 (split from chemistry)
 Computer science, established in 1965 in the school of humanities and sciences, but moved to the school of engineering in 1985
 Materials science and engineering in 1961 (originally known as materials science)
 Management science and engineering in the 1950s (originally industrial engineering)
 Bioengineering in 2002

Current departments at the school
 Aeronautics and astronautics
 Bioengineering and chemical engineering (also in the School of Medicine)
 Chemical engineering
 Civil and environmental engineering
 Computer science
 Stanford Department of Electrical Engineering
 Materials science and engineering
 Management science and engineering
 Mechanical engineering

In addition, the Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering is an interdisciplinary program.

List of deans
 Theodore J. Hoover (1925–1936)
 Samuel B. Morris (1936–1944)
 Frederick E. Terman (1944–1958)
 Joseph M. Pettit (1958–1972)
 William M. Kays (1972–1984)
 James F. Gibbons  (1984–1996)
 John L. Hennessy  (1996–1999)
 James D. Plummer (1999–2014)
 Persis Drell (2014–2016)
 Thomas Kenny (interim dean) (2016–2017)
 Jennifer Widom (2017–current)

Department of Electrical Engineering
The Stanford Department of Electrical Engineering, also known as EE; Double E, is a department at Stanford University. Established in 1894, it is one of nine engineering departments that comprise the school of engineering, and in 1971, had the largest graduate enrollment of any department at Stanford University. The department is currently located in the David Packard Building on Jane Stanford Way in Stanford, California.

History

Early developments (1800s-1940s)
Stanford University opened in 1891, and within the year, courses addressing topics such as electrical currents and magnetism were being taught by professors such as A.P. Carman. Professor Frederic A.C. Perrine was the first faculty to teach the subject of electrical engineering at Stanford, in 1893. In 1983, when F.A.C. Perrine was appointed Stanford's first professor of electrical engineering, the program focused on central generating plants for electricity. Frederic A.C. Perrine, in 1893, made an acknowledgement of gifts to Stanford's Electrical Engineering Department in The Stanford Daily, among them 30 horse power double reduction street-railroad motor, field magnets, and various machines from the General Electric Company and wires from American Electrical Works and New England Butt Company.

Prior to 1894, electrical engineering had been taught as part of the Physics and Mechanical Engineering curriculum. That year, the EE Department was established in the Engineering Labs. In 1894, the first undergraduate degree in electrical engineering was awarded to Lucien Howard Gilmore of Capron, Illinois.

In January 1894, the electrical engineering department proposed building an electrical railroad from the university to Palo Alto. Perrine gave the project to students, with the land having been purchased by private owners prior for a railroad that had fallen through. The design proposed no overhead wires, with the plant to be owned by Stanford University, and the engineering and management to be entirely constructed by the different engineering departments at Stanford. A telegraph office was set up in the Electrical Engineering building in 1897 to act as an operator for the Western Union Company.

In 1898, it was reported that Perrine was taking a two-year leave of absence from teaching, but would continue to reside in Palo Alto and would still have charge of the electrical engineering department. With the advancement of electricity, industry and employment opportunities proved plentiful for those with knowledge in the subject. In 1899, Standard Electrical Company completed one of the world's longest transmission lines. Professor FAC Perrine was the engineer, and the following year, he left academia for industry. When Perrine left in 1898, the department was administered instead by civil or mechanical engineering professors instead until 1905. That year, Harris J. Ryan was named both professor and chair of electrical engineering. Under Ryan, the department began teaching high voltage transmission of electric power.

A branch association formed at Stanford University of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) in 1904, with membership limited to upper classmen in the Stanford Electrical Engineering Department. In 1919, Leonard F. Fuller earned a PhD degree at Stanford's electrical engineering department. Primary faculty of the EE department as of 1923 included Ryan as professor, J.C. Clark as associate professor, H.H. Henline as assistant professor, and two instructors. Henline started the communications laboratory in 1924.

In 1925, Stanford established the school of engineering, with all undergraduate degrees in engineering given out by the school instead of the departments with the new change. F.E. Terman joined EE as an instructor, introducing radio courses, and also in 1925, the department opened The Ryan High Voltage Laboratory, financed in large part by Los Angeles and the private power industry.

Leonard Fuller returned to Stanford to serve as an acting professor of electrical engineering from 1946 until he retired in 1954.

Government contracts (1940s–1960s)
According to historian Piero Scaruffi, in 1946, Frederick E. Terman became dean of Stanford's engineering school, using his connections with the military and the Office of Naval Research to both start and fund the Electronics Research Lab (ERL). The Korean War in 1950 brought in a new infusion of funds from the Office of Naval Research, and Terman used the money to open the Applied Electronics Library, then opening the adjacent Stanford Industrial Park nearby for private business. Terman served as head of the electrical engineering department and dean of the school of engineering until he retired in 1965.

In 1947, E. Ginzton in the EE department helped design and build the first Linear Accelerator. Also that year, a Joint Services Electronics Contract was signed, with the department stating on its website that the contract started "large scale Federal support of Department Research."

The department's Microwave Laboratory in 1949 was moved into a new building with Edward Ginzton as director, and was later turned into the Ginzton Laboratory. The department opened its Electronics Research Library (ERL) in 1951, with HP and Gilfillan "significantly" supporting construction until 1956, according to the department. An IBM 650 computer was maintained in ERL, which was the only air-conditioned room in the building. In 1955, the department held its first courses in digital and analog computing. In 1955, Stanford merged the Electronics Research Laboratory and the Applied Electronics Laboratory into the Systems Engineering Laboratory, to focus on electronic warfare under Terman. According to Stanford, the Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) was constructed in 1958 to "support military classified research in electronic countermeasures."

Gibbons Plan and AEL occupations (1960s - 1970s)
John G. Linvill was appointed EE chair in 1964 and subsequently built the semiconductor program at Stanford.

In May 1966, after comments by Stanford administration about contracts, there was picketing by students at Stanford University protesting the Electrical Engineering Department's contract with the Central Intelligence Agency. Heffner kept the nature what he called "purely an engineering research project" secret, stating "we accept grants from donors with whom we do not particularly care to be allied, but we will not refuse a gift if its objectives are worthwhile."

In January 1969, chairman of the Electrical Engineering Department John Linvill stated that the department would allow the enrollment of "minority group" students to study for advanced degrees in electrical engineering. In the Gibbons Plan, the students were only allowed partial credits, with their studies financed by their external employers.

On April 3, 1969, 700 students voted to occupy the AEL. This formed the April Third Movement, a coalition of Stanford campus organizations, occupied the Applied Electronics Laboratory for nine days, in protest for Stanford doing classified work for the government. 1400 Stanford community members signed a statement of participation. At the time, the lab was linked with classified military electronics research and electronic warfare being used against the Vietnamese people. The students of the April Third Movement occupied the hallways of the Applied Electronics Lab building, shutting down research for the occupation. Students slept on the roof of the lab, with large nightly meetings. The group also used the publishing materials in the basement to product documents linking Stanford trustees to defense contractors. The sit-in ultimately led to the school severing ties with the former Stanford Research Institute and moving its military research off campus.

In later 1969, the Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL), was a part of the Stanford Electronic Laboratory, which was the "research affiliate of the electrical engineering department, especially in doctoral research." That year, AEL director William Rambo admitted after criticism and a sit-in protest that the laboratory was working with the Department of Defense in matters related to the Vietnam War.

In 1969, Stanford EE classes were broadcast to Silicon Valley by the Stanford Instructional Television Network for the first time.

In 1971, the electrical engineering department had the largest graduate enrollment of any department at Stanford University.

Recent chairs and research (1980s - 2020s)
In 1981, R.L.White was appointed EE chair, with a number of successions over the next two decades.

In 1997, James Plummer became the department chair, as the John M. Fluke Professor of Electrical Engineering. He became dean of the overall engineering department in 1999. Mark Horowitz was appointed chair of EE in 2009.

Jelena Vučković was the "Fortinet Founders" chair of the department as of 2023, leading the department's Nanoscale and Quantum Photonics (NQP) lab. The department is currently based out of the David Packard Building on Jane Stanford Way in Stanford, California. Research is also done out of other locations at Stanford University.

Degrees
The Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering offers Bachelor of Science degrees with a major in electrical engineering, full-time Master of Science degrees, and doctoral of philosophy (EE PhD) degrees.

Degree programs offer some flexible options, such as coterminal BS and MS degrees completed in 5 years. The department has two joint degree programs. The joint EE MS/MBA degree is managed in conjunction with the Stanford Graduate School of Business. The JD/EE MS degree is managed in conjunction with the Stanford Law School. The department also offers online graduate certificates, and non-degree options (NDO) with four online certificate programs for graduate-level courses.

Research areas
Electrical Engineering is a broad subject. Stanford's EE Department presents their research in 3 core areas, and 2 interdisciplinary areas.

 Information Systems & Science
 Hardware/Software Systems
 Physical Technology & Science
 (Interdisciplinary) Energy
 (Interdisciplinary) Biomedical

Published work
In late 2021 a team in the department was working on ultra-thin solar cell technology, publishing in Nature Communications in December 2021, with co-authors including Nassiri Nazif and Alwin Daus. In December 2022, Yecun Wu of the department was a co-author of Observation of an intermediate state during lithium intercalation of twisted bilayer MoS2 published in Nature.

Notable faculty and alumni

References

Stanford University
Engineering
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States


Udabe es una localidad española de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra perteneciente al municipio de Basaburúa Mayor y al concejo de Udabe-Beramendi.

Está situado en la Merindad de Pamplona, en la comarca de Ultzamaldea,  y a 38,5 km de la capital de la comunidad, Pamplona. Su población en  fue de  habitantes (INE).

Geografía física

Situación
La localidad de Udabe está situada en la parte suroeste del municipio de Basaburúa Mayor a una altitud de 518  Su término limita al norte con Beramendi; al este con Echalecu en el municipio de Imoz), al sur con Latasa y al oeste con Urriza.

Demografía

Evolución de la población

Véase también
 Basaburúa Mayor
 Udave-Beramendi

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Datos del Concejo de Udabe - Gobierno de Navarra - Información y datos de entidades locales de Navarra.

Localidades de Basaburúa Mayor

Udave


صورة أغنية من تأليف صلاح جاهين وتلحين كمال الطويل غناها عبد الحليم حافظ عام 1966.

الأغنية
 بدءاً من عام 1961 كان عبد الحليم يقدم في شهر يوليو من كل عام أغنية وطنية على الأقل بمناسبة عيد الثورة، إضافة على الأغاني الوطنية التي غناها في مناسبات مختلفة. وكانت معظم هذه الأغاني ترحب بالثورة، وتؤيد مبادئها مثل الاشتراكية.
 لكن بعد فترة من تطبيق المبادئ الاشتراكية يبدو أن نوعاً من عدم الرضا بدأ يسود فئة كبيرة من الشعب المصري، خصوصاً وأن كثيراً من المسئولين استفادوا من تضخم الجهاز الإداري والبيروقراطية لمصالحهم الخاصة، ولذلك صار لزاماً أن يتم إقناع بخدمة الوطن، لا بخدمة النظام الاشتراكي.
 خلت هذه الأغنية من أي ذكر للاشتراكية رغم أنها ذكرت فئات عديدة من المجتمع كالموظفين، والمهندسين، ومحفظي القرآن، وغيرهم.
 الغريب أن كمال الطويل لحن هذه الأغنية في مزاج سيء كما ذكر في لقاء مع مجلة روز اليوسف، وأكد ذلك في لقاء مع مجلة فن، حيث منع من السفر لغرض إتمام هذه الأغنية، ومع ذلك ما نتج كان لحناً من أهم ألحانه شهد تنوعاً كبيراً في الإيقاعات، وكان اللحن إجمالاً لحن جميل، خصوصاً في البيت الذي يقول:

غنى عبد الحليم هذه الأغنية في حفل عيد الثورة في يوليو 1966، وغنى معها أغنيتين عاطفيتين هما على حسب وداد، وأنا كل ما أقول التوبة.
 كانت هذه الأغنية هي آخر أغنية وطنية يغنيها عبد الحليم في أعياد الثورة، حيث أن هزيمة الجيوش العربية في حرب 1967 قد منع إقامة حفلات مماثلة.
 ربما كان من الممكن أن تعيش هذه الأغنية لفترة طويلة لو لم يذكر فيها اسم الرئيس جمال عبد الناصر، حيث فقدت أهميتها بعد وفاته عام 1970، وأدى ذلك إلى حجب هذه الأغنية ، كما أدى ذكر اسم الملك فاروق في أغنية الفن التي غناها محمد عبد الوهاب قبل حوالي عقدين من الزمن إلى حجب تلك الأغنية.
 في العيد الخمسين لثورة يوليو عام 2002 أذاعت القناة الفضائية المصرية هذه الأغنية بعد حذف المقطع الذي ذكر فيه اسم الرئيس عبد الناصر.

مصادر
 مجدي العمروسي، "كراسة الحب والوطنية:السجل الكامل لكل ما غناه العندليب الأسمر عبد الحليم حافظ"، صوت الفن.

أغاني 1966
أغاني عبد الحليم حافظ

صورة (أغنية)


As finais do Campeonato Baiano de 2021 foram realizadas em 16 e 23 de maio e disputadas entre Atlético de Alagoinhas e Bahia de Feira. Esta foi a primeira vez que a decisão do estadual contou com dois clubes do interior.

A primeira partida foi disputada no Antônio de Figueiredo Carneiro, em Alagoinhas e terminou empatada por 2–2. Na finalíssima, o Atlético de Alagoinhas triunfou sobre o rival e conquistou o título inédito. Com esses resultados, o Atlético de Alagoinhas garantiu o direito de participar da Copa do Nordeste de 2022, da Série D de 2022 e da Copa do Brasil de 2022

Antecedentes
O Campeonato Baiano de 2021 foi decidido entre Atlético de Alagoinhas e Bahia de Feira, que protagonizaram uma decisão inédita, a primeira do estadual a ser disputada por dois clubes do interior. Antes da edição de 2021, ambos os clubes já haviam chegado à decisão em duas oportunidades. Nas ocasiões, o Bahia de Feira ficou com um título e um vice, enquanto o Atlético de Alagoinhas perdeu as duas finais finais disputadas.

Caminho até à final
O Atlético de Alagoinhas estreou na competição no dia 21 de fevereiro, quando venceu o Fluminense de Feira pelo placar mínimo. Na primeira fase, a equipe de Alagoinhas obteve treze pontos e precisou de uma combinação de resultados para se qualificar na quarta posição. Nas semifinais, o clube superou a Juazeirense nas penalidades.

O Bahia de Feira, por sua vez, debutou com um empate sem gols contra o Jacuipense. No entanto, o clube se recuperou e encerrou a fase inicial na vice-liderança. Nas semifinais, o clube do interior reverteu a desvantagem do primeiro jogo da semifinal ao vencer o Bahia pelo placar de 3–0.

Primeira partida

O primeiro embate da final do Campeonato Baiano de 2021 ficou marcado por um feito inédito: nunca duas agremiações do interior protagonizaram uma final do torneio. O jogo foi realizado às 16h00min de domingo, 6 de maio de 2021, no estádio Carneirão em Alagoinhas. O árbitro da partida foi Emerson Ricardo de Almeida Andrade, que teve Elicarlos Franco de Oliveira e Paulo de Tarso Bregalda Gussen como auxiliares, além de Moisés Ferrera Simão como quarto árbitro. O Bahia de Feira adiantou sua marcação e criou dificuldades para o adversário, mas não gerou chances de gols. Com o passar do tempo, o Atlético de Alagoinhas conseguiu aumentar sua produção de jogo; contudo, o clube também não obteve êxito ofensivo.

Logo no primeiro minuto, o Atlético de Alagoinhas marcou um gol, que foi anulado por impedimento. Por outro lado, o Bahia de Feira respondeu e teve três boas oportunidades. No entanto, o clube somente conseguiu o primeiro gol aos 31 minutos, quando Jarbas arrematou de longa distância. Dois minutos depois, Ronan empatou em cobrança de pênalti. Com constantes interrupções, o embate teve 12 minutos de acréscimos. Aos 56 minutos, Adriano Ferreira recolocou o Bahia de Feira na frente do placar; contudo, no minuto seguinte, Ronan voltou a empatar a partida.

Segunda partida

A segunda partida aconteceu em 23 de maio, na Arena Cajueiro, Feira de Santana. O árbitro da partida foi Marielson Alves Silva, que teve Alessandro Álvaro Rocha de Matos e Jucimar dos Santos Dias como auxiliares. O Bahia de Feira começou o jogo com mais ímpeto ofensivo e teve três chances de gols desperdiçadas por Bruninho e Thiaguinho, mas acabou sendo recompensado aos 18 minutos, com um gol contra de Iran. Atrás do placar, o Atlético de Alagoinhas reagiu e terminou o primeiro tempo vencendo. Iran e Ronan marcaram os tentos dos visitantes.

No segundo tempo, o Atlético de Alagoinhas perdeu o volante Gilmar, expulso após consulta do árbitro de vídeo. De todo modo, o clube visitante ampliou a diferença mesmo com um jogador a menos. Aos 24 minutos, Dionísio completou o contra-ataque. Com o resultado negativo, o Bahia de Feira passou a atacar o adversário e conseguiu diminuir o placar com Pelé e quase empatou aos 51 minutos, em uma cabeçada de Diones.

Repercussão

Com esses resultados, o Atlético de Alagoinhas ganhou o seu primeiro título da primeira divisão estadual e ainda colocou a cidade de Alagoinhas em um restrito rol de cidades do interior baiano a conquistar o troféu, ao lado de Feira de Santana e Ilhéus. O feito repercutiu em portais nacionais, como Agência Brasil e ge  e também garantiu ao clube o direito de participar da Copa do Nordeste de 2022, da Série D de 2022 e da Copa do Brasil de 2022.

Após a conquista, o técnico Sérgio Araújo enalteceu o elenco do clube por ser manter focado na possibilidade de título:

"A gente que assume um compromisso desse sempre pensa na possibilidade de título. Vale ressaltar o empenho do elenco, o grupo estava focado nessa conquista. A gente tem um time de muita qualidade, que conseguiu se superar naquele momento mais difícil. É uma conquista histórica para Alagoinhas e espero que o pessoal de lá aproveite muito esse título"— Sérgio Araújo.

Campeonato Baiano de Futebol
Futebol de 2021 na Bahia
Bahia

Final do Campeonato Baiano de Futebol de 2021


Amaldus Clarín Nielsen (23 de mayo de 1838 - 10 de diciembre de 1932) fue un pintor noruego.

Vida privada
Nació en Halse, su padre fue un capitán y comerciante, Niels Clemetsen Nielsen (1795-1845), y su esposa Andrea Marie Møller (1802-1866). Se crio en Mandal en el condado de Vest-Agder, Noruega. Vivió la mayor parte de su infancia y adolescencia sin un padre. Recibió algunas clases de un profesor de dibujo de viaje y viajó a Copenhague para estudiar en 1854.

En octubre de 1868 en Christiania se casó con Johanne Nicoline Augusta Vangensteen, nacida en 1845 como hija de un magistrado Ove Bodvar Hussein Vangensteen (1806-1859). La pareja tuvo once hijos. Tanto su esposa y sus tres hijos murieron en marzo de 1886 a partir de una epidemia de difteria. Después de un período de duelo, se casó con Laura Tandberg (1857-1928) en febrero de 1888 en Risør. Nielsen murió en diciembre de 1932, a los 94 años, de neumonía.

Carrera
Después de un año de estudios de pintura en Copenhague, se matriculó en la Academia de Bellas Artes en 1855. Él no pudo avanzar en el sistema de la academia, pero con el apoyo financiero de su hermano y propietario de un negocio cuyo dueño era Diderik Cappelen (1856-1935), estudió con Hans Gude en la academia de Düsseldorf desde 1857 a 1859. Pasó de 1859 a 1863 viajó por el sur de Noruega, y pasó desde 1863 hasta 1864 en Düsseldorf. Luego viajó a su casa debido a una enfermedad, se trasladó a Christiania, donde selló un acuerdo para hacer pinturas que en Oslo Kunstforening vendió en las subastas y aseguró un ingreso estable. Pasó entre 1867 y 1868 en Karlsruhe antes de asentarse finalmente en Majorstuen en 1869.

Pintó en el estilo naturalista, y fue denominado "el primer naturalista noruego". Entre sus obras importantes se incluyen Hvalørhei (1874), Skovbillede (1896), Morgen ved Ny-Hellesund (1885, uno de los varios de Ny-Hellesund), Ensomt sted (1901), Fra Bankefjorden (1910) y Kveld På Jæren (1925). La mayoría de sus cuadros retratan el sur de Noruega, pero también Østfold.

Ha participado casi todos los años en el Høstutstillingen entre 1883 y 1911, y organizó exposiciones notables en Christiania Kunstforening (1895, 1906, 1924, 1931), en la Exposición Universal de Londres de 1862, la Exposición Universal de París de 1889 y en Munich en 1913. Once de sus obras son propiedad del Museo Nacional de Arte, Arquitectura y Diseño. Él también está representado en Mandal Kunstforening y Bymuseum Mandal, pero es quizás mejor conocido por la colección que posee alrededor de 300 obras que fue donado a la municipalidad de Oslo por los herederos de Nielsen en 1933. Desde 1994, esta colección está en exhibición permanente en el Museo Stenersen.

Nielsen también fue nombrado caballero de primera clase de la Orden de San Olaf en 1890. La plaza Amaldus Nielsen, incluye un busto de Nielsen, que fue nombrado después de él.

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pintores de Noruega del siglo XIX
Pintores de Noruega del siglo XX
Fallecidos por neumonía en Noruega
Caballeros de primera clase de la Orden de San Olaf
Fallecidos en Oslo

Amaldus Nielsen


Mihovilovići, arheološko nalazište u sjevernom dijelu Klisa znanom kao Klis-Grlo, a južno od zaseoka Mihovilovićâ, zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Vrijeme nastanka: 1. do 16. stoljeće. Arheološko nalazište Mihovilovići nalazi se u sjevernom dijelu Klisa znanom kao Klis-Grlo, a južno od zaseoka Mihovilovići. Radi se o višeslojnom arheološkom nalazištu smještenom na dobro branjenoj kamenoj uzvisini. U vrijeme kasnog brončanog i ranog željeznog doba na platou uzvisine se formira naselje gradinskog tipa o čemu nam svjedoče brojni površinski nalazi keramike. Antičkih ostataka, osim malobrojnih nalaza keramike, zasada nema. U srednjem vijeku, vjerojatno još u 14. ili 15. stoljeću, a sigurno u prvoj polovici 16. stoljeća, na jugoistočnom dijelu platoa gradi se manja utvrda. Na prikazima Klisa i okolice (najraniji je Martina kolunića-Rote iz 1560. godine) ova se tvrđava naziva S. Mihovil. Do danas su od tvrđave ostali očuvani samo ostatci glavne kule na istočnoj strani bedema koji sa svih strana zatvaraju kvadratni prostor površine oko 20 x 20 m.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6290 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Klis

Mihovilovići (arheološko nalazište)


Hrvatski otoci:
 Pohlib (Planik), u Pohlipskom kanalu, između otoka Mauna i Planika
 Pohlib (Rab), hrid na jugu Barbatskog kanala, između Raba i Dolina

Pohlib


Pentaspadon, biljni rod iz porodice vonjača čijih je 5 vrsta rasporostrasnjeno po Jugoistočnoj Aziji, Maleziji i Solomonskim otocima, u vlažnim tropskim biomima.
pristupljeno 4. rujna 2022

Tipična vrsta je do 30 m. visoko drvo Pentaspadon motleyi rašireno po Malajskom poluotoku, Sumatri, Borneu, Molucima, Novoj Gvineji, Solomonskim otocima, Bougainvilleu.

Vrste
 Pentaspadon annamense (Evrard & Tardieu) P.H.Hô; Vijetznam, Tajland
 Pentaspadon curtisii (King) Corner; Malajski poluotok (Malezija, Tajland)
 Pentaspadon motleyi Hook.fil.
 Pentaspadon poilanei (Evrard & Tardieu) P.H.Hô; Vijetnam, Laos
 Pentaspadon velutinus Hook.fil.;

Sinonimi
 Microstemon Engl.

Izvori

Rujevke

Pentaspadon


Dubračina je rijeka u Hrvatskoj.

Teče Vinodolskom udolinom. Duga je 12 km. Izvire kod sela Malog Dola, na 190 m nadmorske visine. U Jadransko more ulijeva se u blizini Crikvenice. Nizvodno od Triblja teče širokom dolinom (do 1,8km), izdubljenom u mekanim laporima. Ljeti mjestimično presuši. U rijeku se ulijeva odvodni kanal HE Nikola Tesla. Dubračina je površinski nastavak ponornice Ličanke (Fužinarka).

Izvori

Rijeke u Hrvatskoj

Dubračina


Hjalmar Johann Mäe (Tuhala, 24. listopada 1901. – Graz, 10. travnja 1978.), estonski je političar i publicist, najpoznatiji kao kolaboracionist s nacistima tijekom njemačke okupacije Estonije u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Od 1941. do 1944. godine, Mäe je bio na čelu Estonske samouprave, marionetske civilne vlade koja se nalazila pod kontrolom okupacijskih vlasti. Iako nikada nije procesuiran za svoju ulogu u Holokaustu u Estoniji, Estonska međunarodna komisija za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnostiimenovala ga suodgovornim za nacističke zločine.

Hjalmar Mäe rođen je 1901. godine. Nakon završene srednje škole u Tallinnu, studirao je filozofiju, prirodne znanosti i pravo u Berlinu, Beču, Innsbrucku i Grazu; na koncu je diplomirao fiziku i pravo. Krajem 1920-ih uključuje se u politiku kao član Vapsa te biva izabran u Riigikogu u nekoliko navrata. Bio je izraziti antikomunist te je 1940. godine, nakon sovjetske okupacije Estonije pobjegao u Treći Reich, gdje je dobio njemačko državljanstvo. U svibnju 1941. godine otputovao je u Helsinki, gdje je osnovao tzv. "Odbor za oslobođenje Estonije" (est.: Eesti Vabastamise Komitee), ali se već u lipnju vratio u Berlin.

Kada je Treći Reich napao Sovjetski Savez, Mäe je poslao pismo Hitlerovom šefu diplomacije Joachimu von Ribbentropu u kojem je predložio ponovnu uspostavu diplomatskih odnosa između Njemačke i Estonije te je molio da se estonski ratni zarobljenici koje je držala Crvena armija oslobode. Premda su njemački okupatori inicijalno ponudili tadašnjem premijeru Jüriju Uluotsu vodstvo lokalne marionetske vlade, Uluots je odbio imenovanje, pa je Franz von Roques imenovao Hjalmara Mäea čelnikom novoformirane Estonske samouprave. Estonska samouprava bila je kolaboracionistička vlada podređena okupacijskoj civilnoj upravi koju je predvodio Karl-Siegmund Litzmann, a iako je bila pod izravnom kontrolom okupacijskih vlasti Estonska međunarodna komisija za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnosti zaključila je kako je ipak imala dovoljno autonomije da ju se može smatrati suodgovornom za Holokaust u Estoniji, ali i ostale nacističke zločine iz tog razdoblja. Hjalmar Mäe je u Estoniji imao ulogu koju su kolaboracionisti Oskars Dankers i Petras Kubiliūnas imali u Latviji i Litvi.

Iako je nakon rata uhapšen i zatvoren sve do 1947. godine, Hjalmar Mäe nikada nije procesuiran za svoju ulogu u zločinima u Estoniji za vrijeme nacističke okupacije, ali je bio jedan od svjedoka na Nürnberškom procesu. Nakon oslobađanja preselio se u Austriju, gdje je radio kao publicist. Između ostalih, izdao je i antikomunistički pamflet naslova Drei Reden gegen den Kommunismus. Kasnije se zaposlio kao državni službenik u Štajerskoj, gdje je radio do umirovljenja. Tijekom 1990-h godina, Estonska međunarodna komisija za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnosti imenovala ga je jednim od glavnih odgovornih za nacističke ratne zločine na području Estonije od 1941. do 1944. godine.

Preminuo je 1978. godine u Grazu.

Izvori

Literatura
 Karl Heinz Gräfe: Vom Donnerkreuz zum Hakenkreuz. Die baltischen Staaten zwischen Diktatur und Okkupation. Edition Organon, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-931034-11-5, Kurzbiographie S. 437.

Vanjske poveznice
 Literatur von und über Hjalmar Mäe im Katalog WorldCat
 Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity  (eng.)

Estonski političari
Političari u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Hjalmar Mäe


Kill Bill: Volume 2 is a 2004 American neo-Western martial arts film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It is the sequel to Kill Bill: Volume 1, and stars Uma Thurman as the Bride, who continues her campaign of revenge against the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad (Lucy Liu, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, and Vivica A. Fox) and their leader Bill (David Carradine), who tried to kill her and her unborn child.

Volume 2 is the second of two Kill Bill films produced simultaneously; the first, Volume 1, was released six months earlier. They were originally set for a single release, but the film, with a runtime of over four hours, was divided in two. Tarantino conceived Kill Bill as an homage to grindhouse cinema including martial arts films, samurai cinema, blaxploitation, and spaghetti westerns. Like its predecessor, Volume 2 received positive reviews. It grossed $152.2 million worldwide on a production budget of $30 million.

Plot
The pregnant Bride and her groom rehearse their wedding. Bill − the Bride's former lover, the father of her child, and the leader of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad − arrives unexpectedly and orders the Deadly Vipers to kill everyone at the wedding rehearsal. Bill shoots the Bride in the head, but she survives and swears revenge.

Four years later, the Bride, having already assassinated Deadly Vipers O-Ren Ishii and Vernita Green, goes to the trailer of Bill's brother and Deadly Viper Budd, planning to ambush him. Having been warned by Bill beforehand, he incapacitates her with a non-lethal shotgun blast of rock salt and sedates her. He calls Elle Driver, another former Deadly Viper, and arranges to sell her the Bride's unique sword for $1 million. He seals the Bride inside a coffin and buries her alive.

Years earlier, Bill tells the young Bride of the legendary martial arts master Pai Mei and his Five Point Palm Exploding Heart Technique, a death blow that Pai refuses to teach his students; properly used, the attack is reputed to leave an opponent able to take only five steps before dying. Bill takes the Bride to Pai's temple for training. Pai ridicules and torments her during training, but she eventually gains his respect. In the present, the Bride uses Pai's techniques to escape from the coffin and claw her way to the surface.

Elle arrives at Budd's trailer and kills him with a black mamba hidden within the money for the sword. She calls Bill and tells him that the Bride has killed Budd and that she has killed the Bride, using the Bride's real name: Beatrix Kiddo. As Elle exits the trailer, Beatrix ambushes her and they fight. Elle, who was also taught by Pai, taunts Beatrix by revealing that she killed Pai by poisoning his favorite meal in retribution for him plucking out her eye after she called him "a miserable old fool". Enraged, Beatrix plucks out Elle's remaining eye and leaves her screaming in the trailer with the black mamba.

In Acuña, Mexico, Beatrix meets a retired pimp, Esteban Vihaio, who helps her find Bill. She tracks him to his home, and discovers that their daughter B.B. is still alive, now four years old. Beatrix spends the evening with them. After she puts B.B. to bed, Bill shoots Beatrix with a dart containing truth serum and interrogates her. She explains that she left the Deadly Vipers when she discovered she was pregnant to give B.B. a better life. Bill explains that he assumed she was dead; he ordered her assassination when he discovered she was alive and engaged to a "jerk" he assumed was the father of her child. The two begin to fight, but Beatrix traps Bill's sword in her scabbard and strikes him with the Five Point Palm Exploding Heart Technique. Surprised that Pai taught her the attack, Bill reconciles with her, then falls dead as he walks away. Beatrix leaves with B.B. to start a new life.

Cast
 Uma Thurman as the Bride / Beatrix Kiddo (Black Mamba): A former member of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad who is described as "the deadliest woman in the world". She is targeted by her former allies in the wedding chapel massacre, and falls into a coma. When she awakens four years later, she embarks on a deadly trail of revenge against the perpetrators of the massacre.
 David Carradine as Bill (Snake Charmer): The former leader of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad. He is also the former lover of Beatrix and the father of her daughter. He is the final target of Beatrix's revenge.
 Michael Madsen as Budd (Sidewinder): A former member of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad and brother of Bill. He later becomes a bouncer living in a trailer. He is the third of Beatrix's revenge targets.
 Daryl Hannah as Elle Driver (California Mountain Snake): A former member of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad. She is the fourth of Beatrix's revenge targets. Driver is based on Madeleine (Christina Lindberg) in They Call Her One Eye.
 Gordon Liu as : An immensely powerful and extremely old martial arts master. Beatrix, Bill, and Elle all train under him. Liu had appeared in Volume 1 as Johnny Mo, leader of the Yakuza gang The Crazy 88's.
 Michael Parks as : A retired pimp. He was the first of Bill's "father figures". Beatrix comes to him asking for Bill's whereabouts. Like Gordon Liu, Parks appeared in the first film as a different character, Texas Ranger Earl McGraw.
 Stephanie L. Moore, Shana Stein, and Caitlin Keats as Joleen, Erica, and Janeen: Beatrix's best friends who are present at the wedding rehearsal.
 Bo Svenson as Reverend Harmony: The minister who was to officiate at Beatrix and Tommy's wedding.
 Jeannie Epper as Mrs. Harmony: Reverend Harmony's wife.
 Chris Nelson as Tommy Plympton: Beatrix's fiancé who is killed in the wedding chapel massacre.
 Samuel L. Jackson as : The organist who was to perform at Beatrix and Tommy's wedding.
 Larry Bishop as Larry Gomez: The abusive manager of the strip club at which Budd works.
 Sid Haig as Jay: An employee at the strip club where Budd works.
 Laura Cayouette as Rocket: A stripper who works at the strip club where Budd works.
 Clark Middleton as Ernie: A friend of Budd's who helps him bury Beatrix alive.
 Perla Haney-Jardine as : The daughter of Beatrix and Bill. She is raised by her father while her mother is comatose.
 Lawrence Bender as Hotel Worker (Uncredited cameo)
 Helen Kim as : An assassin sent to kill Beatrix. Her attack comes moments after Beatrix learns that she is pregnant.
 Lucy Liu as O-Ren Ishii (Cottonmouth): A former member of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad. She later becomes "Queen of the Tokyo Underworld". She is the first of Beatrix's revenge targets.
 Vivica A. Fox as Vernita Green (Copperhead): A former member of the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad. She later becomes a homemaker living under the false name Jeannie Bell. She is the second of Beatrix's revenge targets.
 Julie Dreyfus as Sofie Fatale: O-Ren's lawyer, best friend, and second lieutenant. She is also a former protégé of Bill's, and was present at the wedding chapel massacre.
 Sonny Chiba as Hattori Hanzo: Revered as the greatest swordsmith of all time. Although long retired, he agrees to craft a sword for Beatrix.

Production

Kill Bill Volume 1 and Volume 2 were planned and produced as a single film. After editing began, producer Harvey Weinstein, who was known for pressuring filmmakers to shorten their films, suggested that Tarantino split the film in two. The decision was announced in July 2003.

Tarantino said he saved most of the Bride's character development for the second film: "As far as the first half is concerned, I didn't want to make her sympathetic. I wanted to make her scary."  He said he "loves" the Bride and that he "killed himself to put her in a good place" for the ending.

Music

As with Tarantino's previous films, Kill Bill features an eclectic soundtrack comprising many musical genres. On the two soundtracks, music ranges from country music to selections from the Spaghetti Western film scores of Ennio Morricone. Bernard Herrmann's theme from the film Twisted Nerve is whistled by the menacing Elle Driver in the hospital scene. A brief, 15-second excerpt from the opening of the Ironside theme music by Quincy Jones is used as the Bride's revenge motif, which flares up with a red-tinged flashback whenever she is in the company of her next target. Instrumental tracks from Japanese guitarist Tomoyasu Hotei figure prominently, and after the success of Kill Bill they were frequently used in American TV commercials and at sporting events. The end credits are driven by the rock and roll version of "Malagueña Salerosa", a traditional Mexican song, performed by "Chingon", Robert Rodriguez's band.

Release

Theatrical release

Kill Bill: Volume 2 was released in theaters on , 2004. It was originally scheduled to be released on , 2004, but was rescheduled. Variety posited that the delay was to coincide its theatrical release with Volume 1s release on DVD. In the United States and Canada, Volume 2 was released in  and grossed  on its opening weekend, ranking first at the box office and beating fellow opener The Punisher. Volume 2s opening weekend gross was higher than Volume 1s, and the equivalent success confirmed the studio's financial decision to split the film into two theatrical releases.

Volume 2 attracted more female theatergoers than Volume 1, with 60% of the audience being male and 56% of the audience being men between the ages of 18 and 29 years old. Volume 2s opening weekend was the largest to date for Miramax Films aside from releases under its arm Dimension Films. The opening weekend was also the largest to date in the month of April for a film restricted in the United States to theatergoers 17 years old and up, besting Lifes 1999 record. Volume 2s opening weekend was strengthened by the reception of Volume 1 in the previous year among audiences and critics, abundant publicity related to the splitting into two volumes, and the DVD release of Volume 1 in the week before Volume 2s theatrical release.

Outside of the United States and Canada, Volume 2 was released in 20 territories over the weekend of , 2004. It grossed an estimated  and ranked first at the international box office, ending an eight-week streak held by The Passion of the Christ. Volume 2 grossed a total of  in the United States and Canada and  in other territories for a worldwide total of .

Home media

In the United States, Volume 2 was released on DVD and VHS on August 10, 2004.

In a December 2005 interview, Tarantino addressed the lack of a special edition DVD for Kill Bill by stating "I've been holding off because I've been working on it for so long that I just wanted a year off from Kill Bill and then I'll do the big supplementary DVD package."

The United States does not have a DVD boxed set of Kill Bill, though box sets of the two separate volumes are available in other countries, such as France, Japan and the United Kingdom. Upon the DVD release of Volume 2 in the US, however, Best Buy did offer an exclusive box set slipcase to house the two individual releases together.

Both Volume 1 and Volume 2, were released in High Definition on Blu-ray on September 9, 2008 in the United States.

The Whole Bloody Affair
At the 2008 Provincetown International Film Festival, Tarantino announced that the original cut of Kill Bill, incorporating both films and an extended animation sequence, would be released in May 2009 as Kill Bill: The Whole Bloody Affair. Screenings began on March 27, 2011 at the New Beverly Cinema.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Kill Bill: Volume 2 holds an approval rating of 84% based on 244 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Kill Bill: Volume 2 adds extra plot and dialogue to the action-heavy exploits of its predecessor, while still managing to deliver a suitably hard-hitting sequel." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 83 out of 100 based on 41 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, a grade up from the "B+" earned by the previous film.

Roger Ebert gave the film 4 stars out of 4, writing: "Put the two parts together, and Tarantino has made a masterful saga that celebrates the martial arts genre while kidding it, loving it, and transcending it. ... This is all one film, and now that we see it whole, it's greater than its two parts." In 2009, he named Kill Bill one of the 20 best films of the decade.

Accolades
Uma Thurman received a Golden Globe Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama nomination in 2005 for her role. David Carradine also received a Best Supporting Actor nomination in the same year. Kill Bill: Volume 2 was placed in Empire Magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Films of All Time" at number 423 and the Bride was also ranked number 66 in Empire magazine's "100 Greatest Movie Characters".

Cancelled sequels

In April 2004, Tarantino told Entertainment Weekly that he was planning a sequel:

At the 2006 San Diego Comic-Con International, Tarantino stated that, after the completion of Grindhouse, he wanted to make two anime Kill Bill films: an origin story about Bill and his mentors, and another origin starring the Bride. Details emerged around 2007 about two possible sequels, Kill Bill: Volume 3 and Volume 4. According to the article, "the third film involves the revenge of two killers whose arms and eye were hacked by Uma Thurman in the first stories." The article adds that the "fourth installment of the popular kung fu action films concerns a cycle of reprisals and daughters who avenge their mother's deaths". In 2020, Vivica A. Fox, who portrayed Vernita Green in the first film, suggested original actress Ambrosia Kelley would reprise her role as the grown up Nikki in the film, expressing interest in Zendaya being cast in the role if Kelley would be unable to return.

At the 2009 Morelia International Film Festival, Tarantino stated that he intended to make a third Kill Bill film. The same month, he stated that Kill Bill 3 would be his ninth film, and would be released in 2014. He said he wanted 10 years to pass after the Bride's last conflict, to give her and her daughter a period of peace.

In December 2012, Tarantino said there would "probably not" be a third film." However, in July 2019, Tarantino said that he and Thurman had talked again about a possible sequel, and added "If any of my movies were going to spring from my other movies, it would be a third Kill Bill." In December 2019, Tarantino said he had spoken to Thurman about an "interesting" idea for a new film: "It would be at least three years from now. It is definitely in the cards". In June 2021 Tarantino stated that the potential film would take place 20 years following the original volumes, and was excited about the possibility of Thurman and her daughter Maya Hawke playing the Bride and B.B. respectively. He also noted the possibility of Elle Driver, Sofie Fatale, and Gogo's twin sister Shiaki also appearing in the film. Later that month, Tarantino said that none of the potential sequels or prequels had come to fruition, due to his reluctance to take on more Kill Bill films following the fatigue he endured in the making of the first two volumes. In July 2023, Tarantino stated that a sequel would not be made.

See also
 Zoë Bell
 Lady Snowblood
 Kill Buljo
 Quentin Tarantino filmography

References

External links

Kill Bill
2004 action thriller films
2000s feminist films
2004 films
2004 martial arts films
A Band Apart films
American action thriller films
American films about revenge
American martial arts films
American nonlinear narrative films
American sequel films
Films about secret societies
Films directed by Quentin Tarantino
Films produced by Lawrence Bender
Films scored by Robert Rodriguez
Films set in China
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Mexico
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Beijing
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Mexico
Films with screenplays by Quentin Tarantino
Girls with guns films
Kung fu films
Miramax films
Samurai films
Miramax franchises
Films scored by RZA
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s Japanese films

Kill Bill: Volume 2


පරමානන්ද නැණසල පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ අඟුලුගහ න‍ගරයේය.එය 2005දී අතිගරු ජනාධිපති මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතාගේ සුරතින් ජනතා අයිතියට පත් කරන ලදි.නැණසලෙහි අරමුණ වන්නේ පහසු මිලකට ග්‍රාමීය ජනතාවට තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය ලබා දීමය.
අන්ත‍ර්ගත පාඨමාලා

Diploma in computer science

certificate in computer Hardware

Diploma in web designing

Diploma in Information communication technology

පරමානන්ද නැණසල


Saint Kitts ve Nevis ya da resmî adı ile Saint Kitts ve Nevis Federasyonu (/seɪnt ˌkɪts ænd ˈniːvɪs/; ayrıca Saint Christopher ve Nevis Federasyonu olarak da bilinir), Karayipler'dek yer alan Küçük Antiller'in kuzey bölümünde, Rüzgâraltı Adaları olarak isimlendirilen kısımda bulunan ve iki adadan oluşan federal bir ülke. Yüzölçümü ve nüfus bakımından Amerika kıtasının küçük bağımsız devletlerinden biri olan ada ülkesi, Karayipler'in Federasyon ile yönetilen tek ülkesidir. Ülkenin başkenti, ülkenin en büyük adası olan Saint Kitts üzerindeki Basseterre'dir.

Etimoloji
Ülkenin St. Kitts adasının ilk bilinen adı bölgede yerleşik olan Karayipler yerli halkı Kalinago halkı tarafından kullanılan Liamuiga (Türkçe: Verimli toprak) ismiydi. Adayı keşfeden ilk Avrupalı olan Kristof Kolomb, adayı hristiyan dininde aziz olarak kabul edilen ve yolcuların koruyucusu olarak kabul edilen Hristoforos'a ithafen San Cristóbal olarak adlandırmıştır. Bu isim ile 17. yüzyıla kadar anılan ada, söz konusu dönemde adaya yerleşen ilk sömürgeci İngilizler tarafından St. Christof Adası olarak isimlendirilmiştir. O dönem adayı kısaltılmış adıyla Kitt olarak isimlendiren yerleşimciler, adaya zaman içerisinde gayrı resmî olarak St. Kitts Adası demeye başlamış, bu isim de belirli bir süre sonra St. Kitts olarak kısaltılmıştır.

Ülkenin diğer adası olan Nevis adasının ilk bilinen adı yine yerli halk Kalinago tarafından Oualie (Türkçe: Güzel suların ülkesi) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Kolomb, keşfinin ardından adaya Tourslu Martin'e ithafen St.Martin olarak adlandırmıştır. Adanın günümüzde kullanılan ismi ise İspanyolca Nuestra Señora de las Nieves (Türkçe: Karlar leydisi) kelimesinden gelmektedir ve adanın zirve noktasında sıcak iklime ters olarak sürekli görülen harelerin oluşturduğu görselin bir sonucu olarak verilmiştir.

Ülkeye bağlı olan Booby Adası da adını bölgede görülen Sümsük kuşugiller familyasına üye Sula kuşunun İngilizce karşılığı olan booby</u>'den almıştır.

Ülke anayasasında Saint Kitts ve Nevis isminin yanı sıra Saint Christopher ve Nevis ismi de yer almaktadır. İlki genel olarak kullanılırken ikinci isim daha çok diplomatik alanda kullanılmaktadır. Ada ismi halk arasında (ve hükûmet internet sitesinde) SKN kısaltması ile de kullanılmaktadır.

Coğrafya ve iklim
Batı yarımkürenin hem yüz ölçümü hem de nüfus olarak en küçük ülkesi olan, Karayipler'in doğu kesiminde yer alan ada ülkesi, Küçük Antiller'in alt bölümü olan Rüzgâraltı Adaları'na dâhil edilmektedir. Ada, kuzeybatısında Sint Eustatius, Anguilla, Virjin Adaları ve Porto Riko ile çevriliyken, güneydoğusunda Antigua ve Barbuda, Montserrat ve Guadeloupe ile çevrilidir.

Ülke, The Narrows boğazı ile 2 mil (3 km) uzaklıkta ayrılmış iki ana adadan, Saint Kitts ve Nevis'ten oluşmaktadır. Ülkenin küçük adası Nevis, Saint Kitts'in güneydoğusunda yer almaktadır. İki adanın ortasındaki boğazda Booby Adası yer almaktadır. Booby Adası, St. Kitts'in 1,7 km, Nevis'in ise 2,4 km uzağında bulunmaktadır. Her iki ada da volkanik kökenlidir ve tropik yağmur ormanlarında büyük merkezi zirvelere sahiptir. Nüfusun çoğunluğu daha düz kıyı bölgelerinde yaşamaktadır. St. Kitts, merkezinde, ülkenin en yüksek zirvesi olan Liamuiga Dağı'nın 1,156 metre (3,793 ft) bulunduğu birkaç dağ sırası (Kuzey Batı Menzili, Orta Menzil ve Güney Batı Menzili) içerir.  Doğu kıyısı boyunca Kanada Tepeleri ve Conaree Tepeleri bulunur. Arazi güney doğuda önemli ölçüde daralarak, en büyük su kütlesi olan Büyük Tuz Göleti'ni içeren daha düz bir yarımada oluşturur.  Her iki adanın dağlarından, yerel nüfusa tatlı su sağlayan çok sayıda nehir vardır. İki ana adadan daha küçük olan ve kabaca yuvarlak şekilli olan Nevis, 985 metre (3.232 ft) Nevis Zirvesi'nin hâkimiyetindedir.

Kitts, Köppen iklim sınıflandırmasına göre tropik bir savana iklimine (Köppen Aw) ve Nevis tropik bir muson iklimine (Köppen Am) sahiptir.

Nüfus
Ülkede 2022 tahminî nüfus sayım verilerine göre 54.488 kişi yaşamaktadır. Ülkede son olarak 2011 yılında yapılan resmî nüfus sayımında 46.204 nüfus tespit edilmiştir.

Saint Kitts ve Nevis orta yaş bir nüfusa sahip olup, 2022 tahmini verilerine göre %33,33'ü 0-24 yaş aralığındadır. Ülkenin %10'u 65 yaş ve üzerindedir.

0-14 yaş: %19.87 (erkek 5,357/kadın 5,336)
15-24 yaş: %13.46 (erkek 3,504/kadın 3,741)
25-54 yaş: %43.64 (erkek 12,010/kadın 11,477)
55-64 yaş: %13.03 (erkek 3,527/kadın 3,485)
65 yaş ve üzeri: %10 (erkek 2,540/kadın 2,844)

Şehirde yaşayanların oranı 2023 verilerine göre %31,1 olan ülkede, nüfusun yıllık artış oranı 2022 tahmini verilerine göre %0,61 düzeyindedir.

Etnik gruplar
Ülke nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğu Afrika kökenlidir. Adada yaşayan nüfusun %92,5'inin kökleri Afrika kıtasına dayanmaktadır. Nüfusun %3'ü melez olup, %2,1'i Avrupa kökenlidir. Geri kalan %1,5'i Doğu Hint kökenli, %0,6 diğer ve %0,3 ise tanımsızdır.

Din
Ülkede hâkim olan din Hristiyan dinidir. Buna göre nüfusun %81,5 hristiyan inancına göre yaşamını sürdürmektedir. Bu oran içerisinde protestan mezhebine mensup Hristiyanların oranı %75,9, katolik mezhebine mensup olanların oranı ise %5,9'dur. Hinduizm ülke içerisinde en yaygın ikinci din konumunda olup, Hinduizm inancına göre yaşamlarını sürdürenlerin oranı %1,8 düzeyindedir. Diğer inanç oranları Yehova'nın Şahitleri %1,4, Rastafari %1,3, diğer %5, hiçbir inanç bildirmeyen %8,8'dir.

Dil
Ülkenin resmî dili İngilizce'dir. Adada kreolce lehçeler de gözlemlenebilmektedir.

İdarî yapılanma
Saint Kitts ve Nevis idarî olarak 14 bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Parish (Türkçe karşılığı ilçe) olarak adlandırılan idarî yönetim bölgelerinin dokuzu Saint Kitts adasında, beşi de Nevis adasındadır. Bu bölgeler şu şekildedir:

Kaynak: Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Ministry of Sustainable Development, Department of Statistics - Nüfus verileri 14 Mayıs 2001 resmî sayım sonuçlarını içermektedir.

Ekonomi
Ülkenin ekonomisi turizme, tarıma ve hafif imalat sanayiye dayanmaktadır. Ülkede turizm 1978'den beri gelişmektedir. 2009 yılında 587.479 turist ülkeye gelmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yönetim
 Maliye Bakanlığı
 Saint Kitts ve Nevis resmî devlet sitesi

Genel bilgiler

 Saint Kitts ve Nevis için OCB Libraries GovPubs
 Yatırım Programıyla Saint Kitts ve Nevis Vatandaşlığı

Haritalar

 Saint Kitts ve Nevis'in Google Haritalar'daki uydu görüntüleri
 Saint Kitts, Nevis ve ilgili başkentlerin haritaları

Turizm

Nevis Turizm İdaresi - Resmî Site
Saint Kitts Müzik Festivali - Yıllık Müzik Festivalinin resmî sitesi
Saint Kitts Turizm İdaresi - Resmî Sitesi

Diğer
 Batı Hint Adaları Üniversitesi
 İnsani Gelişme Endeksi 2006
 Saint Kitts Anglikan Kiliseleri
  StKittsNevis.com
 Saint Kitts Banknot

Haber
 Sknvibes.com - Çevrimiçi Haber Sitesi
 Cmvlive.com
 Newz Chronicles Express

Karayip ülkeleri
Parlamenter monarşiler
İngilizce konuşan ülkeler
Eski Britanya kolonileri
Ada ülkeleri
Liberal demokrasiler
1983'te kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu üyesi ülkeler
Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi ülkeler

Saint Kitts ve Nevis


La place Marché-aux-légumes (appelée localement place du Vieux et parfois désignée par l'abréviation PDV) est un espace public au cœur du quartier le plus ancien de la ville de Namur en Belgique. Elle fut créée en 1781. La place n'est plus 'marché' mais reste un haut lieu de convivialité namuroise.

Histoire
L'ancienne église Saint-Loup, dans un état de délabrement avancé fut démolie à la fin du . La paroisse fut transférée à l'église Saint-Ignace des Jésuites (rue du Collège) qui devint la (nouvelle) église Saint-Loup à partir de 1777.  L'emplacement de l'ancienne église Saint-Loup et de son cimetière fut vendu à la ville et aménagé en 1781 comme 'marché aux légumes', plus tard appelé 'place marché aux légumes'.

En 1992 l'abattage des six tilleuls malades qui ornaient la place permit quelques fouilles archéologiques qui mirent au jour l'ossuaire où avaient été rassemblés les os de l'ancien cimetière Saint-Loup mais également des vestiges gallo-romains démontrant une occupation humaine des lieux très ancienne.

Description
La place forme un petit quadrilatère sur lequel aboutissent quatre rues étroites dont le tracé remonte au Moyen-âge. Les maisons qui l'entourent datent des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles et sont pour la plupart des restaurants et bars avec terrasses sur la place même. Parmi elles le 'Ratin-Tôt' qui est, semble-t-il, le bar-taverne le plus ancien de la ville de Namur (1616) : "li pus vî cabrèt d'Nameur". Le côté oriental de la place est entièrement occupé par l'église Saint Jean-Baptiste, datant du  et plusieurs fois restaurée.

Au centre de la place, arborée depuis 1992 de quatre nouveaux tilleuls, se trouve une ancienne pompe publique monumentale datant de la fin du .  Un pilier de style néo-classique à chapiteau toscan est surmonté d'une corbeille de fruits et légumes. Elle est œuvre de l'architecte François-Joseph Denis. Même si la pompe a encore son bras, celui-ci est immobilisé depuis longtemps...

Même si elle a perdu sa fonction première de marché la 'place Marché aux légumes' reste un lieu de grande convivialité namuroise.

Bibliographie
Richard Dessart: Namur vous est contée, Namur, 2009, tome 2, pp.67-80:

Notes

Marché
Namur

Place Marché-aux-Légumes (Namur)


An Trichoglottis lowderiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Choltco. An Trichoglottis lowderiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichoglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichoglottis

Trichoglottis lowderiana


In mathematics, a strong topology is a topology which is stronger than some other "default" topology. This term is used to describe different topologies depending on context, and it may refer to:

 the final topology on the disjoint union
 the topology arising from a norm
 the strong operator topology
 the strong topology (polar topology), which subsumes all topologies above.

A topology τ is stronger than a topology σ (is a finer topology) if τ contains all the open sets of σ.

In algebraic geometry, it usually means the topology of an algebraic variety as complex manifold or subspace of complex projective space, as opposed to the Zariski topology (which is rarely even a Hausdorff space).

See also
 Weak topology

Topology

Strong topology


A cross whose arms end in arrowheads is called a "cross barby" or "cross barbée" in the traditional terminology of heraldry.  In Christian use, the ends of this cross resemble the barbs of fish hooks, or fish spears.  This alludes to the Ichthys symbol of Christ, and is suggestive of the "fishers of men" theme in the Gospel.

In modern use, the symbol has become associated with extremist organisations after the Arrow Cross (Nyilaskereszt) symbol was used in Hungary in the 1930s and 1940s as the symbol of a far-right Hungarist fascist political party, the Arrow Cross Party, led by Ferenc Szálasi, and of this party's thuggish paramilitary organization.  The symbol consists of two green double-ended arrows in a cross configuration on a white circular background. The arrow cross symbol remains outlawed in Hungary.

A similar symbol, the Crosstar, is used by the Nationalist Movement, a white supremacist group based in the United States.

Arrow cross previously used by the Falange Venezolana (Venezuelan Phalanx), a far-right group based in Venezuela.

See also
 Greek cross
Arrow (symbol)
The Six Arrows
Three Arrows
Symbol of Chaos

References

Christian crosses
Fascism in Hungary
Fascist symbols

Arrow Cross


Die Leaderregion Südliches Waldviertel-Nibelungengau ist eine von 86 Leaderregionen in Österreich und trägt dazu bei, das LEADER-Programm zu unterstützen. In dieser Leaderregion arbeiten 33 Gemeinden zusammen und erarbeiten und setzen gemeinsame Impulsprojekte zur Entwicklung der Region um. Die beteiligten Gemeinden kooperieren dazu in drei strategischen Aktionsfeldern.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 2001 entschlossen sich 13 Gemeinden des südlichen Waldviertels, sich zum Zweck der regionalen Entwicklung zusammenzuschließen. Grund  war eine stark rückläufige Einwohnerentwicklung und eine drastische Änderung des Lebens im ländlichen Raum, da zunehmend weniger Menschen in der Landwirtschaft arbeiteten. Weiters erfolgte eine immer stärker werdende Abwanderung in die benachbarten  Ballungsräume. Die ersten Ziele waren die Bündelung der Kräfte und eine gemeinsame Finanzierung von Pilotprojekten. Nach den ersten Aktivitäten wurden die Gemeinden auf diverse Regionalförderprogramme aufmerksam, dementsprechend folgten die ersten Aktionen. Dazu zählten unter anderem das Projekt Stahlkraft Moor, das sich auf ein natürliches Moorvorkommen zurückführen lässt, sowie die Projekte  Anrufsammeltaxi und Betreutes Wohnen im südlichen Waldviertel. Durch die regionale Entwicklungsarbeit wurde der Vorstand der Region auf das LEADER-Programm aufmerksam. Nach der Bewerbung und Genehmigung als Leaderregion konnte im Jahr 2002 die Projektanzahl wesentlich erhöht werden, da ein professionelles Management eingerichtet wurde.

Eine wesentliche Bedeutung hat die regionale Entwicklungsstrategie (LES). In dieser werden die Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten und Potentiale der Region herausgearbeitet. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass es für die Region mit den vorhandenen Budgetressourcen nur drei Bereiche (Strategische Säulen) gibt, in denen eine Entwicklung größtmögliche Synergieeffekte (Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen, Aufbau von Kooperationen und Nutzung regionaler Ressourcen) ermöglicht. Derzeit befindet sich die Region in der zweiten Strukturfondsperiode 2007–13, die strategischen Planungen für die nächste Periode 2014–20 laufen bereits.

LEADER-Programm
Leader ist französisch und bedeutet so viel wie Entwicklung der ländlichen Regionen. Das Spezielle am LEADER-Programm ist, dass sämtliche Entscheidungen im Rahmen der Ausarbeitung und Umsetzung im sogenannten Regionsparlament (oder Lokale Arbeitsgruppe LAG) getroffen werden. In diesem sind Gemeinden, Unternehmer, Interessensvertreter sowie Land- und Forstwirte vertreten. Das LAG stimmt über jedes geplante Projekt ab und prüft, ob dieses der ländlichen Entwicklungsstrategie entspricht. Nach dem Beschluss wird das Projekt unmittelbar an die zuständige Landesstelle weitergeleitet, von welcher nach positiver Prüfung der eingereichten Unterlagen die Fördervereinbarung ausgestellt wird. Einen positiven Beschluss vorausgesetzt kann das jeweilige Projekt mittels LEADER-Programm kofinanziert werden.

Strategische Säulen
In mehr als 100 Workshops in der Region wurden die Wünsche und Bedürfnisse der Bevölkerung herausgearbeitet sowie Ressourcen und Potentiale erhoben. Durch die ländliche Entwicklungsstrategie wurden die Ergebnisse aus den Workshops und die wissenschaftlichen Analysen in Aktionsfeldern zusammengefasst. Dadurch konnten drei strategische Säulen definiert werden, durch die eine positive Wirkung in der Region erwartet wird.

Landwirtschaft, Tourismus und Kultur

Das Waldviertel als Tourismusdestination zählt zu den bekanntesten Österreichs (Platz 6, Jahr 2012). Da in der Region authentischer Tourismus betrieben wird, spielt die Landschaft eine tragende Rolle. Diese ist von der Landwirtschaft geprägt. Die regionale Landwirtschaft liefert auch ihre Produkte zu den touristischen Betrieben. Verbunden mit kulturellen Angeboten entsteht in der Region ein ausgewogenes Angebot.

Bildung
Bildungsangebote in nächster Nähe sind ein wesentlicher Anreiz für Menschen nicht abzuwandern. Durch das Schaffen von Kooperationen im Bildungsbereich können die Ausreisebewegungen aus der Region im Bildungsbereich reduziert werden.

Wirtschaft / Energie / Holz
Die Themen Energie und Holz sind zukunftsweisend und schaffen ebenso Arbeitsplätze in der Region. Als übergreifende Themen wurden U40 (Jugend) und Gender-Mainstreaming definiert. Diese erstrecken sich aufgrund einer besseren Nachhaltigkeit der regionalen Arbeit (Leaderprojekte) über alle drei Aktionsfelder.

Mitgliedsgemeinden

Weblinks

 Offizieller Webauftritt
 Netzwerk Land
 Landwirtschaft in Niederösterreich: LEADER 2007-2013
 Leader auf den Seiten des österreichischen Lebensministeriums

Einzelnachweise

Regionalpolitik der Europäischen Union
Waldviertel

LEADER-Region in Österreich


Axel Thue henviser til:
 Axel Thue (matematiker) (1863-1922) – norsk matematiker
 Axel Thue (skuespiller) (1904-1985) – norsk skuespiller

Axel Thue


"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" er en amerikansk julesang skrevet af Johnny Marks og oprindeligt indspillet af Brenda Lee i 1958. Ved sangens 50 års-jubilæum i 2008 havde originalindspilningen solgt over 25 millioner eksemplarer og var den fjerdemest downloadede af alle julesange. Sangen er indspillet i en række andre versioner gennem årene.

Brenda Lees version
Skønt hendes stemme lyder ganske moden på indspilningen var Brenda Lee blot 13 år på indspilningstidspunktet. Trods titlens antydning af, at sangen er en rock'n'roll-sang, passer den i lige så høj grad ind i countrygenren, som Lee bevægede sig mere i retning af, efterhånden som hendes karriere udviklede sig. Musikerne, der spillede under optagelsen, var guitaristerne Grady Martin og Hank Garland, trommeslageren Buddy Harman, bassisten Bob Moore, pianisten Floyd Cramer og saksofonisten Boots Randolph. Sangen går i A-dur.

Skønt Decca udsendte pladen i både 1958 og 1959, solgte den ikke specielt godt, før Brenda Lee i 1960 var blevet en stor stjerne. Dette år nåede pladen en 14. plads på den amerikanske Billboard Hot 100 under julesalget, og den fortsatte med at sælge godt til jul de følgende år med bedste hitlisteplacering i USA i 1965, hvor den nåede tredjepladsen. I Storbritannien blev den udsendt første gang i 1963 og nåede da sjettepladsen. Så sent som i 2017 nåede sangen sin næstbedste britiske placering som download med en 15. plads.

Andre versioner
Sangen er indspillet af mange andre kunstnere. En populær britisk version kom til verden i 1987 med sangerinden Kim Wilde og komikeren Mel Smith, krediteret som Mel & Kim i en parodi på den på den tid populære søsterduo Mel & Kim. Indspilningen blev lavet til fordel for velgørenhedsorganisationen Comic Relief og nåede tredjepladsen på den britiske hitliste samme år. En tilhørende video viser Wilde og Smith, der holder julefest, hvor bl.a. Smiths faste makker Griff Rhys Jones og bandet Curiosity Killed the Cat er gæster.

Følgende har ligeledes lavet indspilninger af sangen:
 Bill Haley & His Comets (1968, ikke udgivet dette år)
 Lynn Anderson (1970) på albummet The Christmas Album
 Amy Grant (1992) på albummet Home for Christmas
 Hanson (1997) på albummet Snowed In
 Cyndi Lauper (1998) på albummet Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life
 Green Day (2000 på deres hjemmeside)
 Mek Pek (2000) på albummet Mek and the X-Mas Peks
 LeAnn Rimes (2004) på albummet What a Wonderful World
 Hannah Montana (2007) på albummet Disney Channel Holiday
 Lotta Engberg (2009) på albummet Jul hos mig (svensk titel: "Julen är här")
 Chicago (2011) på albummet Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three
 She & Him (2011) på albummet A Very She & Him Christmas

Referencer

Sange fra 1958
Julesange

Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree


Bissau D'Isabel es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
En Guinea Bissau hay unos veintiún grupos étnicos con tradiciones y dialectos totalmente diferentes. A través de Isabel, la protagonista de la película, y su vida privada, descubrimos Bissau, una ciudad en permanente efervescencia donde crece el deseo de futuro.

Referencias

Bissau D'Isabel


Colloredo-Man(n)sfeld () este o ramură a unei familii nobiliare de origine italiană ai cărei membri au venit la Austria în secolul al XVI-lea. Acolo ei au fost ridicați la rangul de baroni în 1588, conți în 1727 și prinți (în primogenitură) în 1763. Familia a primit Castelul Opočno din Regatul Boemiei în 1634 și a dobândit numeroase alte moșii în Boemia și Austria. În 1945 moșiile lor au fost expropriate, iar membrii familiei au fost expulzați din Republica Cehoslovacă, dar au revenit după 1990 și li s-au retrocedat unele din fostele lor moșii.

Istoric

Familia Colloredo este originară din Colloredo di Monte Albano, Italia, unde a deținut numeroase moșii. Potrivit tradiției familiei, ea descinde din seniorul șvab din Waldsee. Se pare că Liebhart (Liobardo) de Waldsee a venit în Italia ca însoțitor al regelui Conrad al II-lea și pe la 1031 a fost răsplătit de patriarhul Poppo de Aquileia cu castelul Mels din apropiere de Udine, în Friuli. Descendenții lui au construit începând din 1309 castelul Colloredo ca reședință a familiei. Linia Waldsee este astăzi, cu toate acestea, disputată.

Membrii familiei au fost ridicați la rangul nobiliar de Freiherr de către împăratul habsburgic Rudolf al II-lea în 1588 și a devenit Reichsgraf în 1724. În 1634 celor doi frați Colloredo li s-au acordat castelul Opočno din Boemia de către Ferdinand al II-lea, împăratul Sfântului Imperiu Roman. Rudolf Joseph von Colloredo (1706-1788), vicecancelar al împărătesei Maria Tereza, a fost numit prinț al Sfântului Imperiu Roman în 1763.

Linia Colloredo-Mansfeld a apărut atunci când fiul său, Franz de Paula Gundakar von Colloredo, s-a căsătorit cu prințesa Maria Isabella de Mansfeld în 1771 și a devenit apt să moștenească moșia familiei din Boemia cu Castelul Dobříš până la stingerea liniei masculine a dinastiei în 1780, în timp ce posesiunile familiei Mansfeld au trecut în stăpânirea Ducatului de Magdeburg. Uniunea caselor de Colloredo și Mansfeld a fost oficial aprobată prin decretul împăratului Iosif al II-lea în 1789; decretul a folosit ortografia Colloredo-Mannsfeld, în timp ce ortografia Colloredo-Mansfeld a fost mai frecventă.

În 1803 prințul Franz Gundakar a achiziționat o parte a comitatului Rieneck de la Casa de Nostiz deoarece această posesiune imperială îi asigura un loc în Dieta Imperială, dar nu s-a mutat niciodată acolo. În 1806 acest teritoriu a fost mediatizat de către arhiepiscopul de Regenburg, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, ca parte a Principatului Aschaffenburg. În 1815 Rieneck a fost anexat Regatului Bavariei. Prințul a cumpărat în 1804 o parte a comitatului Limpurg cunoscut sub numele de Senioria de Limpurg-Gröningen; acest lucru a fost mediatizat de Regatul Württemberg în 1806.

În perioada celei de-a Doua Republici Cehoslovace aproximativ jumătate din posesiunile familiei de 60.000 de hectare de păduri și terenuri agricole au fost expropriate în timpul reformei funciare. Sub ocupație germană (Protectoratul Boemiei și Moraviei), atunci când membrii familiei Colloredo care deveniseră cetățeni cehoslovaci au refuzat să devină germani, restul moșiilor lor au fost confiscate de naziști și unii dintre nepoții prințului Iosif al II-lea (care a trăit în Paris) au fost arestați pentru a presta muncă silnică, iar alții au emigrat. După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, membrii familiei s-au întors, dar numai pentru a face față iarăși arestării și torturării și, ulterior, expulzării din Cehoslovacia, unde au fost din nou expropriați de această dată în calitate de "germani" prin decretele Beneš. Ei au emigrat în Canada și SUA. Singura lor posesiune rămasă a fost moșia forestieră Gstatt din Austria pe care o achiziționaseră în anul 1929, în timp ce o ramură mai tânără stăpânea încă moșia Sierndorf din Austria (achiziționată în anul 1756).

O parte din posesiunile familiei Colloredo, printre care castelele Dobříš și Zbiroh și pământurile din jurul lor, au fost restituite de Republica Cehă lui Jerome Colloredo-Mansfeld (care a vândut-o pe cea din urmă și a lăsat-o pe prima nepotului său, Jerome). Castelul Opočno a fost returnat fiicei prințului Joseph al III-lea, Kristina Colloredo-Mansfeld. O decizie a Înaltei Curți a obligat-o, cu toate acestea, să cedeze statului castelul, permițându-i să păstreze terenurile agricole. Un proces pentru colecția de artă de la castelul Opočno este încă în curs. Contesa Kristina locuiește la Opočno și la Gstatt, Austria. Familia deține acum aproximativ 20.000 ha din moșiile lor inițial de 60.000 de hectare.

Prinții de Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1789–prezent)

 Franz Gundackar, Conte 1788-1789, 1 Prinț 1789-1807 (1731-1789)
 Rudolf, al 2-lea Prinț 1807-1843 (1772-1843)
 Prințul Hieronymus (1775-1822)
 Franz, al 3-lea Prinț 1843-1852 (1802-1852)
 Prințul Ferdinand (1777-1848)
 Joseph, al 4-lea Prinț 1852-1895 (1813-1895)
 Hieronymus, Prinț ereditar de Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1842-1881)
 Joseph, al 5-lea Prinț 1895-1957 (1866-1957)
 Prințul Hieronymus (1870-1942)
 Joseph, al 6-lea Prinț 1957-1990 (1910-1990)
 Hieronymus, al 7-lea Prinț 1990-1998 (1912-1998)
 Prințul Friedrich (1917-1991)
 Hieronymus, al 8-lea Prinț 1998-prezent (n. 1949)
 Paul-Josef, Prinț ereditar de Colloredo-Mannsfeld (n. 1981)
 Prințul Hieronymus (n. 2011)
 Prințul Felix (n. 2013)
 Prințul Lelio (n. 1985)

Membri notabili ai familiei
 Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo (1732–1812) a fost prinț-episcop de Gurk din 1761 și ultimul prinț-arhiepiscop de Salzburg din 1771 până în 1803, când Principatul arhiepiscopal a fost desființat
 Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld (1775–1822), comandant militar austriac în timpul Războaielor Napoleoniene
 Ferdinand von Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1777–1848), diplomat, politician, latifundiar și antreprenor austriac
 Filippo di Colloredo-Mels (1778–1864), conducător al Ordinului Militar Suverna de Malta, era originar din ramura italiană a familiei
 Franz de Paula Gundaccar al II-lea von Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1802–1852), Feldmarschall-Leutnant austriac

Referințe

Legături externe
  (în germană și cehă)

Familii nobiliare din Germania

Colloredo-Mansfeld


Johan Zápolya ( eller Szapolyai János) (1487–22 juli 1540) var konge af Ungarn fra 1526 til 1540.

Johan Zápolya var en transsylvansk adelsmand, som efter osmannernes sejr og kong Ludvig 2.'s død i Slaget ved Mohács i 1526 blev valgt til konge af Ungarn med sultan Süleyman 1.'s godkendelse.

Biografi
Johan Zápolya var søn af palatin Stefan (István) Zápolya og prinsesse Hedvig af Teschen. Han fremstod tidligt som en af lederne for den nationale opposition mod hoffet og fik i 1505 gennemført en rigsdagsbeslutning om, at der efter den regerende konges død ikke skulle vælges en udlænding til tronen. Ved hoffet var Zápolya ilde anset, og hans gentagne frierier til prinsesse Anna blev afvist. Hans udnævnelse til statholder i Transsylvanien var nærmest en forvisning. Da han der med stor strenghed undertrykte et bondeoprør, øgedes hans popularitet yderligere hos adelen, men hans stridigheder med hoffet fortsatte, og den indre splittelse gjorde osmannernes fremrykken nemmere. Beskyldningerne mod Johan Zápolya, at han med vilje skulle være kommet for sent til Slaget ved Mohács, lader dog til at være ubegrundede.

Efter osmannernes sejr og Ludvig 2.'s død i Slaget ved Mohács i 1526 blev han valgt til konge af Ungarn med sultan Süleyman 1.'s godkendelse. Som konge stod han i opposition til den habsburgske kejser Ferdinand 1., der modtog den nordlige del af Ungarn. I 1527 blev Zápolya fordrevet af Ferdinand, for dog allerede i 1529 at blive genindsat af sultanen, som symbolsk kronede ham med Stefanskronen, inden han tog den med sig. I en overenskomst i Nagyvarad i 1538 blev Ferdinand udnævnt til Zápolyas efterfølger. Men da Zápolya døde i 1540 blev han alligevel i stedet efterfulgt af sin søn med Isabella Jagiello, Johan.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Johan 1 Zapolya
Johan
Konger af Kroatien

Johan Zápolya


المصادر الحرة هي مصادر تطرح للاستخدام دون أي مقابل مادي ولفترة زمنية غير محدودة مع السماح بقراءة هذا النص وتوزيعه والتعديل عليه وهذا ما يزيد من شريحة المبدعين خاصة في عالم البرمجة والكمبيوتر والتكنولوجيا.من حيث  البرامج, حتى نطلق على أحدها برنامجاً مجاني، يجب أن يكون أي شخص قادراً على الوصول للكود المصدري للبرنامج إضافة إلى كون رخصة البرنامج لا تمنع التعديل على الكود وإعادة توزيعه مرة أخرى.
بمعنى آخر، إمكانية رؤية شفرة البرنامج الأصلية وإمكانية إضافة أي تعديل عليها ومن ثم توزيع البرنامج مجدداً بدون خرق لأي قانون يمكننا أيضا اعتبار المصادر المفتوحة مصادر مجانية وذلك لقلة تكلفتها وبعضها يكون بالفعل مجاني.

أهميـتــها

تعتبر المصدر المجانية من الأمور الجيدة التي تفيد مجموعة من المستخدمين حيث أنها تساعدهم من ناحية الحصول على معلومات ,كتب، برامج مجانية وبدون تكلفة مالية. وهي الآن أحد أهم عوامل تطوير البرمجيات، وقد لاحظنا ذلك في الفترة الأخيرة من ظهور برمجيات عالية المستوى في مختلف التخصصات والأصناف من وسائط متعددة وسائط متعددة ونظم تشغيل نظام تشغيل ومتصفحات إنترنت ومضادات الفيروسات والملفات المشبوهة وبرامج الحماية وحتى الألعاب.

الميزات الأساسية لأي ترخيص

بما أن البرمجيات مفتوحة المصدرتكزن تقريباً مصادر مجانية فإن  البرمجيات التي  يكون كودها المصدري متاحاً بشكل مجاني وعمومي، عبر اتفاقية ترخيص تبين ما يسمح للشخص فعله بالكودومنها
 حرية إعادة توزيع البرنامج
 توفر النص المصدري للبرنامج، وحرية توزيع النص المصدري.
 حرية إنتاج برمجيات مشتقة أو معدلة من البرنامج الأصلي، وحرية توزيعها تحت نفس الترخيص للبرمجيات الأصلي.
 من الممكن أن يمنع الترخيص توزيع النص المصدري للنسخ المعدلة على شرط السماح بتوزيع ملفات التي تحتوي على التعديلات بجانب النص الأصلي.
 عدم وجود أي تمييز في الترخيص لأي مجموعة أو أشخاص.
 عدم وجود أي تحديد لمجالات استخدام البرنامج.
 الحقوق الموجودة في الترخيص يجب أن تعطى لكل من يتم توزيع البرنامج إليه.

هناك العديد من الإيجابيات التي يتمتع بها منهج المصدر المجاني منها

التكلفة المنخفضة

في حاله البرامج المفتوحة. بما أن العاملين في تطوير البرامج المفتوحة هم في معظم الأحيان متطوعين مما يجعل معظم البرامج المفتوحة تكون بالمجان ولا يتطلب دفع أي مبلغ للحصول على ترخيص للاستخدام أو للدعم الفني.في رأي ستيفن ويبر ثمة عدة عوامل تصلح معاً لتفسير تطوع المبرمجين.أولاً، أن الكثير من المبرمجين الذين يشاركون في تطوير برامج المصدر المفتوح هم مبرمجون محترفون يستغلون أوقات فراغهم في إبداع البرامج التي يرغبون حقاً في تطويرها، وثانياً، أن بعضاً من مبرمجي المصدر المفتوح هم طلبة أو أشخاص لم يلتحقوا بعد بسوق العمل، ومن ثم فإنهم يشاركون في تطوير برامج المصدر المفتوح لاكتساب المهارات اللازمة - مجانا ً- للحصول على وظيفة جيدة في إحدى شركات التكنولوجيا.خاصة أن نجاح أي من برامج المصدر المفتوح يحقق لهم شهرة تجعلهم محط أنظار الشركات الكبرى كما حدث مع "بن جرودجر" الذي أشرف على تطوير متصفح الإنترنت المجاني "فيرفكس" ذائع النجاح (قام بتحميله من على الإنترنت حوالي 10 ملايين شخص في 4 أشهر). فقد حصل ذلك الشاب، وعمره 24 عاماً، على وظيفة مرموقة أخيراً لدى شركة "جوجل"؛ محرك البحث الشهير على الإنترنت."

سهولة التطوير

تعتبر من أهم مميزات منهجية المصدر المجاني كون المستخدمين يستطيعون المشاركة في عملية التطوير وذلك بالإبلاغ عن أي خلل أو مشكلة تظهر أثناء استخدام البرنامج والتي يقوم المتطوعون بإصلاحها فوراً.هناك أيضاً من يعتقد بأن البرامج المفتوحة ليست ذات جودة عالية ولكن وجود العديد من التطبيقات ذات الجودة العالية جداً ينفي هذا الاعتقاد. على سبيل المثال: نظام التشغيل الشهير لينكس جنو/لينكس وخادم الويب أباتشي خادوم إتش تي تي بي أباتشي وأيضاً لغة البرمجة بي إتش بي  بي إتش بي

بناء مجتمعات افتراضية

أثبتت الدراسات كون وجود معتقدات قوية لدى الناس في البرامج المجانية من شأنه التأثير على اتخاذ القرارات في مجتمع ما، وأن المجتمعات تعمل بجهد من أجل جعل الانضمام للمجتمع أمر جيد وحسن. ومن الواضح هنا بأن المجتمعات مهمة جداً وأساسية، فتجد فريق كبير من المبرمجين يطورون البرنامج بمساعدة أعداد كبيرة جداً من المستخدمين والذين يقومون بدورهم بتزويد المبرمجين بالتعليقات والتبليغ عن الأخطاء، وهذه هي نقطة الجمال في مجتمعات المصادر المجانية.

أمثـــــلة

 نظام التشغيل لينيكس

نبذه سريعة:

في نهاية عام 1990 قام طالب في جامعة هلسينكي في فنلندا بالإعلان عن مشروع يعمل عليه. الطالب هو لينوس تورفالدس، والمشروع كان نظام تشغيل بسيط. وقد اختار لينوس تورفالدس أن يضع مشروعه تحت ترخيص البرامج الحرة, مما أتاح لمن يريد إمكانية الاطلاع على النص المصدري لهذا النظام، والعمل على تعديله وتطويره، نتيجة لذلك، شارك الآلاف من المبرمجين المتطوعين حول العالم في المشروع.

 المتصفح فايرفكس

نبذه سريعة:

هو متصفح ويب، يتم تطويره من قبل مؤسسة موزيلا.
تهدف مؤسسة موزيلا بفيرفكس إلى تطوير متصفح سريع، صغير، قابل للتوسيع والتطوير، منفصل عن طقم موزيلا.

هناك أمثله أخرى كثيرة عن بعض البرامج المجانية التي بإمكان أي مستخدم استخدامها أو تحميلها منها:

 microsoft office
 MSN messenger
 photoshop

المــــراجع

تقنية المعلومات

مصادر المجانية


Renée Robitaille, née en 1984, est une conteuse et auteure québécoise.

Biographie
Née en 1984, Renée Robitaille a grandi en Abitibi-Témiscamingue. Elle a fait des études en administration, et elle détient une maitrise en communications portant sur le conte oral au Québec.

Elle s'intéresse d'abord au conte en assistant à un spectacle de Michel Faubert, puis aux Dimanches du conte organisés par Jean-Marc Massie. Elle a eu Michel Faubert, Louis Champagne, Didier Kowarsky et Robert Favreau comme mentors. Inspirée par le conte traditionnel, avec une approche théâtrale, elle a développé un intérêt pour les récits de vie et une « approche résolument contemporaine du conte, avec des histoires sur les mineurs en Abitibi ou les gens du Moyen Nord québécois, qu'ils soient nomades de chantiers ou autochtones souvent déracinés de leurs terres d'origine ».

Elle est active depuis 1999 en tant que conteuse.

Contes coquins pour oreilles folichonnes premier spectacle présenté au Rendez-vous des Grandes Gueules de Trois-Pistoles est aussi son premier conte pour adulte publié chez Planète rebelle en 2000, est composé d' « histoires grivoises racontées dans des mots fleuris ». Depuis elle a publié une vingtaine de contes chez Planète rebelle et les Éditions Bayard. Elle a également fait paraitre un roman, Bélugas Béloufilles, Montréal, chez Les Heures bleues en 2019, ainsi qu'un essai, Carnet d'une jeune conteuse : un regard sur les recruteurs d'imaginaire, chez Planète rebelle en 2003.

En 2001, Robitaille représente le Québec aux Jeux de la Francophonie.

Elle 2004 elle monte le spectacle Le temps des semailles mis en scène par Michel Faubert et en 2005 elle crée des contes pour une exposition d'Hydro-Québec en Abitibi sur les histoires de La Grande-Rivière. Entre 2007 et 2010, elle a présenté Hommes de pioche, un spectacle de contes sur les mineurs abitibiens mis en scène par Louis Champagne et soutenu à l'écriture par l'auteur Yvan Bienvenu, et Gros Biscuit. Gros Biscuit, mettant en scène des contes de Robert Munsch.

Le Chant des Os est un spectacle sur les communautés du Nord québécois, créé par Robitaille en 2012, présenté au Québec et en France, et publié sous forme de livre-cd chez Planète rebelle. En 2020, elle présente Nues, un spectacle qui aborde le thème de la sexualité féminine à travers les témoignages de trois femmes « une femme de 88 ans, un autre d'une femme de 68 ans et enfin celui d'une trentenaire », pour lequel elle a questionné une trentaine de femmes. Elle a donné des représentations au Québec, en Europe en Asie et en Afrique

Elle participe également au programme Artiste à l'école, et donne des spectacles-ateliers sur les contes traditionnels.

Robitaille a trois enfants avec le musicien et concepteur sonore Étienne Loranger.

Œuvres

Contes
 Contes coquins pour oreilles folichonnes, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2000, 50 p.
 Gourmandises et diableries, illustrés par Éloïse Brodeur, Montréal, Planète rebelle, collection Conter fleurette, 2003
 La Désilet s'est fait engrosser par un lièvre - Le temps des semailles, Montréal, Planète rebelle, Collection Paroles, 2005,
 Hommes de pioche, Montréal : Planète rebelle, Collection Paroles, 2008,
 Un chat sous les draps, poèmes de Jennifer Couëlle ; illustrés par Stéphanie Béliveau ; dits par Renée Robitaille, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2007
 Ballons au ciel, poèmes de Jennifer Couëlle ; illustrés par Stéphanie Béliveau ; dits par Renée Robitaille, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2008
 C'est bleu c'est vert, poèmes de Jennifer Couëlle ; illustrés par Stéphanie Béliveau ; dits par Renée Robitaille, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2009
 Quand je tousse, j'ai des poils qui poussent, illustrations par Marie-Pierre Normand ; musiques par Jérôme Minière], Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2010
 Les mésaventures d'Arthur : le camion de pépites, illustrations, Caroline Hamel, Montréal, Éditions Bayard, 2010, 24 p.
 La soupe aux muscles, illustrations de Caroline Hamel, Montréal, Bayard Canada livres, 2011,
 Le chant des os , Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2012,
 Fatoumata, illustrations par Éloïse Brodeur, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2013
 La journée des pets et des rots, avec Éloïse Brodeur, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2014
 Douze oiseaux, illustrations de Philippe Béha, Montréal, Les Éditions de la Bagnole, 2015
 La légende du Carcajou, illustré par Slavka Kolesar, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2017
 Le poil de Baribal, illustré par Olesya Shchukina, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2020
 Adèle et la douceur, avec Sara Gagnon-Dumont, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2021

Romans
 Bélugas Béloufilles, Montréal, Les Heures bleues, 2019, 77p.

Essais
 Carnet d'une jeune conteuse : un regard sur les recruteurs d'imaginaire, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2003, 87 p.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Planète rebelle
 Éditions Bayard

Liens externes

 Site personnel

Conteur québécois
Naissance en 1984
Femme de lettres québécoise
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Renée Robitaille


الحب في زمن الكوليرا  فيلم مأخوذ عن رواية الأديب الكولومبي غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز التي تحمل الاسم نفسه، عُرض في 2007، أخرجه مايك نويل، وأنتجه سكوت ستايندروف، وقام ببطولته خافيير باردم، جيوفانا ميزوغيورنو، وبنجامين برات. تمتد الفترة الزمنية للفيلم منذ 1880 وحتى 1930، وتدور أحداثه في مدينة كاريبية على نهر ماغدالينا في كولومبيا إبان زمن الكوليرا.

أمضى المنتج ستايندروف ثلاث سنواتٍ في محاولة إقناع غارسيا ماركيز بالسماح له بتحويل روايته إلى فيلم، ومصراً على أنه لن يستسلم أبداً حتى ينال حقوق تحويل الرواية إلى فيلم. وبذا يكون الحب في زمن الكوليرا أول رواية لغارسيا ماركيز من إنتاج أحد ستوديوهات هوليوود، ومن إخراج مخرجٍ غير لاتيني أو إيطالي، وباللغة الإنكليزية. كما أنه أول فيلم ناطق بالإنكليزية تظهر فيه الممثلة البرازيلية المرشحة لجائزة الأوسكار فرناندا مونتينيغرو.

الطاقم
 خافيير باردم في دور فلورنتينو أريثا
 جيوفانا ميزوغيورنو في دور فرمينا داثا
 بنجامين برات في دور الدكتور خوفينال أوربينو
 جون ليغويزامو في دور لورينزو داثا
 فرناندا مونتينيغرو في دور ترانسيتو أريثا
 كاتالينا ساندينو مورينو في دور هيلدابراندا سانشيز
 أليسيا بوراتشيرو في دور إسكولاستيكا
 لورا هيرنغ في دور سارة نوريغا
 هيكتور إليزوندرو في دور دون ليو
 أنا كلوديا تالنكون في دور أوليميا زولاتا

الاستقبال

غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز
وفقاً للمجلة الكولومبية ريفيستا سيمانا، عرض منتج الفيلم سكوت ستايندروف في المكسيك نسخة نهائية كاملة من الفيلم على غارسيا ماركيز قبل عرضه العام، وعند نهاية الفيلم قال ماركيز: «برافو!» مع ابتسامة على وجهه.

المراجعات النقدية
حصل الفيلم على مراجعات سيئة من النقاد أو مختلطة. منذ 17 نوفمبر 2007 أعطى النقاد الفيلم 27% على عداد المراجعات في موقع الطماطم الفاسدة. وفشل في الحصول على معدل عادي على موقع ميتاكريتيك.
مجلة تايم أعطته تقدير D ووصفته بأنه: «منافس جدي على لقب أسوأ فيلم صُنع من رواية على الإطلاق».

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي
 IONCINEMA.com تقابل مايك نويل

 الموقع الرسمي على MySpace
 مقالة في هيرالد تريبيون
 مقالة في بوسطن غلوب
 الملفات الصوتية للحب في زمن الكوليرا

هوامش

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2007
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تاريخية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 1880
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 1890
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 1900
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 1910
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 1920
أفلام تقع أحداثها في كولومبيا
أفلام دراما أمريكية
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام دراما رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام دراما رومانسية إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام درامية 2007
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي رونالد هارود
أفلام مايك نويل
أفلام مبنية على روايات رومانسية
أفلام مبنية على روايات كولومبية
أفلام نيو لاين سينما

الحب في زمن الكوليرا (فيلم)


Indore (en hindi; इन्दौर जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Madhya Pradesh. Código ISO: IN.MP.IN.

Comprende una superficie de 3 898 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Indore. Dentro del distrito se encuentran las localidades de Harsola y Hatod.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 3 272 335 habitantes, de los cuales 1 571 852 eran mujeres y 1 700 483 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Indore

Distrito de Indore


භාරතයේ උපන් විවිධ ශිල්පයන් අතර ආයුර්වේද ශාස්ත්‍රයද ඉහලින්ම වැජඹේ. එම සියළුම ශිල්ප සහ විද්‍යාවන්හීම මුල් අයිතිය සහ ගරුත්වය  තමන්ගේ හින්දු  ධර්මයට  අනුව ලොක පාලක ත්‍රීමූර්තිය (බ්‍රහ්ම, විශ්ණු, ඊශ්වර) වෙත ලබාදීමේ දැඩි අවශ්‍යතාවයක් සහ නැඹුරුවක් පුරාතණයේ විසු බ්‍රහ්මණ පඬිවරුන් තුල විද්‍යමාන විය.  ආයුර්වේද මූල ග්‍රන්ථයන් සකු(සංස්කෘත) භාෂාවෙන් ලියවීමට පටන් ගත්තේ ක්‍රි. පූ හතර වන සියවසේදී පමණය. ඊට පෙර යුග වලදී ආයුර්වේදය ලියැවුනේ වෛදික භාෂාවෙනි. ආයුර්වේද දර්ශනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් රචනා වී ඇති ග්‍රන්ථයන් අතුරෙන්  වර්ථමානයේ ඉතිරිව ඇති විශිෂ්ටතම ග්‍රන්ථ ත්‍රිත්වය හැදින්වීමට  "වෘද්ධත්‍රය" යන නාමය භාවිතා වේ. චරක සංහිතා, සුශ්‍රැත සංහිතා, සහ අශ්ඨාංග හෘදය සංහිතා යන ග්‍රන්ථ ත්‍රිත්වය වෘද්ධත්‍රයට අයත් වන ග්‍රන්ථයෝ වන්නෝය. ඒ අතරින්ද චරක සංහිතාව අග්‍රය. ප්‍රධානය. චරක සංහිතාව ආයුර්වේදීය මෞලික ග්‍රන්ථය වශයෙන් මෙන්ම ආයුර්යව්දයේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම  කාය චිකිත්සා ග්‍රන්ථය වශයෙන්  ආයුර්වේදඥයන් අතර පමණක් නොව අනෙකුත් ප්‍රාඥයන් අතරද  පිළිගැනීමට පත්ව ඇත. වඩාත් පැරණිවුත් එලෙසම වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ආයුර්වේදය සංග්‍රහ කොට ඇති බැවිනුත් චරකයට අග්‍රස්ථානය නිතැතින්ම හිමි වේ. එම කරුණ තහවුරු වන්නේ චරක ග්‍රන්ථාවසානයේ දැක්වෙන පාඨයක් මගිනි. එය බොහෝ දුරට චරක ආචාර්යවරයාගේම කියමනක් නොවිය හැකි අතර චරක සංහිතාව බිහිවීමට පාදක වු අග්නිවේශ මහසෘෂි වරයාගේ කියමනක් වියහැකි බව පිළිගැනීමයි. මක්නිසාද චරක සංහිතාව බිහිවන්නේ අග්නිවේශ සෘෂිවරයා රචිත අග්නිවේශ තන්ත්‍රය තුලින් වීම  නිසාවෙනි. එම පාඨය නම් " චරකයේ දැක්වෙන දෑ වෙනත් ග්‍රන්ථයන්හී තිබිය හැකිය, එහෙත් චරකයේ නොදැක්වෙන දෙයක් වෙනත් ග්‍රන්ථයක නැත." යන්නයි. අග්නිවේශ අග්නිවේශ පුණර්වසු ආත්‍රේය සෘෂීවරයාගේ දෙටු ගෝලයා විය. හිමවත සෘෂි සම්මේලනයේදි පැමිණී එකඟතාවයට අනූව ශක්‍ර දේවේන්ද්‍රයා වෙත ගිය භාරද්වාජ මහ සෘෂිවරයා ශක්‍රයා වෙතින් උගත් ආයුර්වේද ශාස්ත්‍රය සමඟ නැවත මනුලොවට පැමි‍ණිමෙන් පසු එය අ‍නෙකුත් මහා සෘෂී වරුන් වෙතද උගන්වන ලදි. පුණර්වසු ආත්‍රේය ඒ අතර සිටි අයෙකි. පළමුව තමන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන ශිෂ්‍යයන් හය දෙනෙකු වෙත පුණර්වසු ආත්‍රේය පවිත්‍ර ආයුර්වේද ඥානය ලබාදෙන ලදි. අග්නිවේශ, භේල, ජතුකර්‍ණ, පරාශර, හාරිත, ක්ෂාරපාණි යන එම ශිෂ්‍යයන් අතුරෙන් අග්නිවේශ තෙමේ තික්ෂණ බුද්ධියෙන් යුක්ත වුයෙ, ප්‍රථම කොටම ආයුර්වේද ශාස්ත්‍රය අළලා පරිපූර්ණ ග්‍රන්ථයක්ද රචනා කලේය. එය අග්නිවේශ තන්ත්‍රය නම් විය. චරක සංහිතාව බිහිවීම චරක සංහිතාව බිහිවීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඇත්තේ යම් ව්‍යාකූල තත්වයකි. මක් නිසාද මෙම ග්‍රන්ථය රචනා කල කතුවරයා  ලෙස චරක ආචාර්යවරයාගේ නාමය සදහන් කලත්  ග්‍රන්ථයේ අඩංගු තොරතුරු වල නියම හිමිකරුවන් පිළිබදව විවිධ මත පැවතීමයි. පෙර ලිපියක සදහන් කර ඇති  පරිදිම ආයුර්වේදය ප්‍රධාන පරම්පරා දෙකක් ඔස්සේ ගමන් ඇරඹු බව අප දනිමු. ආදිදේව ධන්වන්තරී මහාර්ෂි වරයාගෙන් පැවත එන්නේ යැයි පැවසෙන ශල්‍ය චිකිත්සාව ප්‍රම්ඛ කර ගත් ධන්වන්තරී සම්ප්‍රදාය ඉන් එකකි. අනෙක් සම්ප්‍රදාය වන්නේ කාය චිකිත්සාව මූලික කර ගත් ආත්‍රේය සම්ප්‍රදායයි. ආත්‍රේය පරම්පරාවේ කාය චිකිත්සා ක්‍රමය ආත්‍රේයානුශාසනය අනූවම අග්නිවේශ මහාසෘෂිහු විසින් ග්‍රන්ථාරුඪ කිරිමේන් අග්නිවේශ තන්ත්‍රය ඇතිවු බව ඉතිහාසයේ සදහන් වේ. "ඉත්‍යග්නිවේශකෘතේ තන්ත්‍රේ චරක ප්‍රතිසංස්කෘතේ………….." යනුවෙන්  චරක සංහිතාවේ සෑම  අධ්‍යායයක් අවසානයේදීම සටහන් වන ශ්ලෝක පාඨයක් ඇත. ඉන් අදහස් වන්නේ අග්නිවේශ(අගිවෙසුන්) කරණ ලද්දාවු චරක විසින්  ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය කරණ ලද්දාවු අධ්‍යායය යන්නයි.එයින් පැහැදිලි වන්නේ චරක සංහිතාවේ ඇති සෑම වචනයක්ම චරක ආචාර්යවරයාගේ නොවන බවයි. මුල් යුගයේ රචනා වු ආයුර්වේදීය ශාස්ත්‍රීය ග්‍රන්ථයන් සෑම එකක්ම පාහේ කිනම් හෝ ප්‍රමාණයකට විනාශවි ගොස් තිබුණි. ඒ අතරිනුත් අග්නිවේශ තන්ත්‍රය ඉතා දැඩි ලෙස විනාශ වි ගොස් ඇත. ජරාහත අග්නිවේශ තන්‍ත්‍රය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීමෙන් විය හැකි අනූපමේය ලෝකාර්ථය ගැන මෙනෙහි කල චරක පඬිතුමා ග්‍රන්ථයේ මුල පටන් චිකිත්සිත ස්ථානය අර්ධ සීමාව දක්වා ම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කීරිමට මහත් වෙහෙසක් දැරීය. චිකිත්සා ස්ථානයේ අධ්‍යාය තිහකි. මින් අධ්‍යාය දහතුනක් වන තුරු චරක ආචාර්යවරයා  ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කල බව සදහන් වේ. ඉතා උනන්දුවෙන් සහ ඕනෑකමකින් මෙම කාර්යය මේ තරම් දුරට ගෙන ගියද අග්නිවේශ තන්ත්‍රය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ප්‍රතිසංසිකරණය නොකිරීමට හේතු වු කාරණය පැහැදිලි නැත.  මෙම ප්‍රත්සංස්කරණය කරණ ලද කොටසට පමණක් අග්නිවේශ තන්ත්‍රය යැයි කීමට අසමත් වු අතර මෙම ග්‍රන්ථය චරක සංහිතා නමින් හදුන්වා දෙන්නට තරම් ශක්තිමත් වු බව සිතිය හැකිය. කෙසේ වෙතත් චරක  මුනිවරයා අතින් සංස්කරණය නොවු චිකිත්සිත ස්ථානයේ තුදුස් වැනි අධ්‍යයයේ සිට ඉදිරියට වු ඉතුරු සියළු කොටස් තෙවන ශතවර්ශය තුළ කාශ්මීරයේ පංචනද නගරයේ උපන් දෘඩබල පඩිතුමා සංස්කරණය කල බැවු ආයුර්වේදයේ සදහන් වේ. චරක සංහිතාවට කල ටීකා ග්‍රන්ථ ගැන විස්තර ඇත. චරක සංහිතාවේ සුචි පත්‍රය මෙහිදී  චරකයේ අඩංගු කොටස්  වෙන් වෙන්ව සහ පැහැදිළි රටාවක් අනුව ඇතුල් කර ඇති බව සංහිතාවේ සුචි පත්‍රය කියෑවීමෙන්  අවබෝධ කර ගත හැත. වඩාත් දියුණු ක්‍රමවේදයක් අනුගමණය කරමින් ස්ථාන වශයෙන් පළමුව ග්‍රන්ථය කොටස් අටක‍ට බෙදා ඇත. 1.      සූත්‍රස්ථාන 2.      නිදානස්ථාන 3.      විමානස්ථාන 4.      ශාරීරස්ථාන 5.      ඉන්ද්‍රයස්ථාන 6.      චිකිත්සිතස්ථාන 7.      කල්පස්ථාන 8.      සිද්ධිස්ථාන ඉහත ආකාරයට ප්‍රධාන ලෙස බෙදා දක්වා ඇති චරකය ඉන්පසුව තවත් පියවරක් ඉදිරියට යමින් අධ්‍යායය ලෙස සෑම ස්ථානයක්ම නැවත බෙදීමකට ලක්කර ඇත. මේ අනූව සෑම ප්‍රධාන මාතෘකාවක්ම නැවත මාතෘකා සහ උප මාතෘකා ලෙස බෙදා දක්වා ඇත. මෙම ලිපියට අදාල දෙවන ලිපියකදී වෙන වෙනම ස්ථාන , අධ්‍යායය සහ මාතෘකා සහ උප මාතෘකා සම්බන්ධ කරමින් චරකයේ ඇති න්‍යායාත්මක කරුණු විස්තර කරණු ලැබේ

චරක සංගිතාව


Csávoly é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Bács-Kiskun. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 1.731 habitantes.

Localidades de Bács-Kiskun

Csávoly


දුන්නක් ආධාරයෙන් ඊතල විදීමට හැකි අපරිම දුරට දඬුබස්නාමානය යයි කියනු ලැබේ.

දුර පිළිබඳ මිනුම්

දඬුබස්නාමානය


දිවයිනේ සිටින ප්‍රවීන රසායන විද්‍යා දේශකයෙක් වන ප්‍රසන්න බද්දෙවිතාන මහතා මේ වනවිට දිවයිනේ ජනප්‍රියම රසායන විද්‍යා පෞද්ගලික පන්ති පවත්වන ගුරුවරයෙකු බවටද පත්ව ඇත.
ඔහු මේ වනවිට කළුතර , ගම්පහ , නුගේගොඩ හා ගාල්ල යන නගරවල පෞද්ගලික පන්ති මෙහෙයවනු ලබයි.

ප්‍රසන්න බද්දෙවිතාන


În jungla verde de sub apă este un film românesc din 1984 regizat de Ion Bostan.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1984 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1984

În jungla verde de sub apă


පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවෙහි සහ ඊජිප්තියානු ආධිපතිත්වය යටතේ පැවැති පළාත්වල ඊජිප්තියානු දේවාල තැනුනේ දෙවිවරුන්ට නිල වන්දනාව සිදුකිරීමට  පාරාවෝවරුන් සිහිකිරීමටය.   ඔවුන් සඳහා කැපකෙරුනු දේවාල සැලකුණේ දෙවිවරුන් හෝ රජවරුන් සඳහා නිවෙස් ලෙසටය. ඊජිප්තියානු ආගමෙහි කේන්ද්‍රීය කාර්යයන් ලෙස සැලකුණු විවිධ පූජාවිධි මාලාවක්, ඊජිප්තියානුවන් විසින් මෙම දේවාල තුල සිදුකෙරුණු අතර, මේවා අතර දෙවිවරුන් වෙත සිදුකෙරුණු  පූජාවන්, ඔවුන් හා පැවැති මිථ්‍යාවාදී අන්තර්-සම්බන්ධතා උත්සව මාර්ගයෙන් අළුත් කර ගැනුම, සහ ව්‍යාකූලත්වය ජනිත කරවන බලයන් පලවා හැරීම වැනි දෙය විය. මාආට් නම්වූ විශ්වය තුල දිව්‍යමය ක්‍රමතාවය පවත්වාගෙන යෑමට දෙවිවරුන්ට උපකාරී වීම සඳහා ඔවුන් වෙත මෙම පූජාවිධි පැවැත්වීම ආවශ්‍යයික බවට අදහස් කෙරිණි. දෙවිවරුන්ට නිවහන් සැපයීමට සහ ඔවුන්ට සාත්තු කිරීමට පාරාවෝවරු බැඳී සිටි අතර, එබැවින්ම මෙම දේවාල තැනීම සහ නඩත්තු කිරීම සඳහා ඔවුහූ අතිමහත් සම්පත් සම්භාරයක් වෙන් කලහ. පූජාවිධි සිදුකිරීමට ඔවුන් වෙත පැවැරී තිබුණු රාජකාරි බොහෝමයක්, අවශ්‍යතාවය සපුරාලීමට හැකි වන පරිදී, පාරාවෝවරුන් විසින් පූජකවරුන් සමූහයකට පවරන ලද නමුත්, ජනගහණයෙහි බොහෝ කොටසක් සඳහා මෙම උත්සවයන් හා සෘජු ලෙසින් සහභාගීවීමට අවසර නොලැබුනු අතර  සහ දේවාලයන්හී මහත් ශුද්ධවූ කොටස් වලට ඇතුළුවීම ඔවුන්ට තහනම් කර තිබුණි. කෙසේවෙතත්, දේවාලයක් යනු  සෑම සමාජ පංතියකම ඊජිප්තිවරුන් සඳහා වැදගත් ආගමික ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, යාච්ඤාකිරීමට, පූජාවන් පැවැත්වීමට, සහ  එහි නිවැසි දෙවියන්ගෙන් දිවැස්මය උපදේශනය ලැබුමට ඔවුහූ එහි ගියහ.

දේවාලයෙහි වඩාත් වැදගත් කොටස වූයේ අභය ස්ථානය වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එහි වන්දන රූපයක් එනම් දේවාලයෙහි දෙවිවරයාගේ පිළිමයක් තැන්පත් කෙරිණි. ඉතිහාසයෙහි විවිධ  කාලසීමාවන් පසුවත්ම, අභය ස්ථානයට පිටතින් වූ කාමරවල ප්‍රමාණය ක්‍රමයෙන් විස්තාරිත වූයේ, පසුකාලීන  පූර්ව-රාජවංශික යුගයෙහි (පසුකාලීන ක්‍රිපූ   සතරවන සහස්‍රයෙහිදී) කුඩා සිද්ධස්ථානයන්ගෙන් ඇරඹී නව රාජධානියට ( ක්‍රිපූ   1550–1070 පමණ) සහ ඉන්පසුව අතිවිශාල පාෂාණමය ප්‍රාසාද බවට පරිණාමය වීමට දේවාල ලක්වූ බැවිණි.  ඊජිප්තියානු ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙහි විශාලතම සහ වඩාත් චිරස්ථායී නිදසුන් අතරට මෙම ප්‍රාසාද ගැනෙන අතර, ඒවායේ කොටස්  ආගමික සංකේතත්වයෙහි සංකීර්ණ රටාවන් පරිදී සකස් කොට සහ අලංකෘත කොට තිබුණි.

ඊජිප්තියානු දේවාල


Folkemedicin omfatter medicinske aspekter af folkelig viden der har udviklet sig over generationer indenfor forskellige folkeslag før den moderne lægevidenskabsære begyndte. Verdenssundhedsorganisationen (WHO) definerer folkemedicin som "den totale sum af viden, evner og praksisser baseret på teorier, tro og erfaringer der er medfødte i forskellige kulturer, hvad enten der er forklarlige eller ej, der bruges i vedligeholdelsen af sundhed, såvel som i forebyggelse, diagnosticering, forbedring af behandling af fysisk eller mental sygdom".

Det er en fælles betegnelse for sygdomsteorier og terapier, baseret på et folkeligt, ikke-videnskabeligt grundlag, hvor ikke kun helbredende urter er det grundlæggende, men også en på overnaturlige magter som sygdomsårsag.

Referencer

Alternativ behandling
Folkeminde

Folkemedicin


أستروس (Άστρος) هي مدينة في أركاديا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان. بلغ عدد سكانها في 2011 حوالي 2,285 نسمة.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لأستروس:

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في أركاديا
السياحة في اليونان
مدن اليونان

أستروس (أركاديا)


خماسي قد تشير إلى:

 خماسي أضلاع، مضلع ذو خمسة أضلاع.

 خماسي منتظم

 البطل خماسي، مسلسل أنمي.

 خماسي (موسيقى)، مصطلح يطلق في أغلب الأحوال علي أي عمل موسيقي يقوم خمسة أشخاص.

في الكيمياء

 خماسي أكسيد زرنيخ.
 خماسي كلوريد زرنيخ.

انظر أيضاً

 الخميس (توضيح)
 رباعي (توضيح).

ألقاب النسب
صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن
أسماء وألقاب جزائرية

خماسي (توضيح)


Sarah De Nutte est une pongiste professionnelle luxembourgeoise née le 21 novembre 1992 à Dudelange (Luxembourg).

En simple dames, elle est classée  mondiale  en  et intègre son meilleur classement en  ( mondiale).

En double dames, elle est classée  mondiale  en  aux côtés de Ni Xia Lian.

Biographie
Sarah De Nutte naît le  21 novembre 1992 à Dudelange (Luxembourg). Elle participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020 . En 2021, elle remporte la médaille de bronze aux Championnats du monde de tennis de table double dames aux côtés de Ni Xia Lian. Depuis 1995, elle est la première et la seule femme d'origine européenne à remporter une médaille aux championnats du monde de tennis de table en double. Elle joue actuellement pour le club TT Saint-Quentin en ligue Pro A.

Style de jeu
Elle est droitière et joue avec le style shakehand.

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité liée à Dudelange
Naissance en novembre 1992
Pongiste luxembourgeoise
Pongiste (femme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Sarah De Nutte


Kurt Beißner (* 21. Juni 1915 in Clausthal; † 26. November 1989) war ein deutscher Berghauptmann des Oberbergamts Clausthal.

Leben
Beißner stammte aus einer Bergmannsfamilie und wurde im Dorotheer Zechenhaus in Clausthal geboren. Nach dem Abitur studierte er an der Bergakademie in Clausthal, wo er Mitglied des Corps Montania war. Am Zweiten Weltkrieg nahm er als Leutnant der Reserve teil, unterbrochen durch Studienurlaub, bei dem er das Diplom-Examen ablegte. Im April 1945 geriet er in US-amerikanische Kriegsgefangenschaft. Die weitere Ausbildung als Referendar absolvierte er in Goslar und Hannover. Als Bergrat wurde er 1953 Leiter des Bergamts Dillenburg und Direktor der Bergschule Dillenburg. Zeitweilig wurde er zu Sonderaufgaben in Hinterindien und der Türkei eingesetzt, um im Rahmen der Entwicklungshilfe die Voraussetzungen für den Aufbau eines Bergschulwesens zu prüfen. Nach Auflösung des Bergamts in Dillenburg kam Beißner 1965/66 vorübergehend ins hessische Wirtschaftsministerium. 1966 wurde er Berghauptmann und Leiter des Oberbergamts Clausthal. In seine Zuständigkeit fiel damit der gesamte Bergbau im Norden der Bundesrepublik einschließlich der Bereiche Erdöl- und Erdgasförderung, unterirdische Tiefspeicherung und Offshore-Bergbau. Im August 1978 trat er in den Ruhestand.

Auszeichnungen
 1978: Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Werke
 Grubensicherheit und Gesundheitsschutz im amerikanischen Bergbau. Bericht einer Studiengruppe deutscher Fachleute aus den Bergbehörden der Bergbau-Berufsgenossenschaft sowie den Arbeitgeber- und Arbeitnehmerorganisationen (München 1956)
 100 Jahre Bergschule Dillenburg. Ihr Werden und Wirken (Dillenburg 1958)
 1775 - 1975. 200 Jahre Technische Universität Clausthal (Hattingen 1975)

Literatur
 Nachruf in: Semesterbericht des Corps Montania Clausthal, Wintersemester 1989/90, S. 1–7

Einzelnachweise

Bergrat
Berghauptmann (Clausthal)
Bergbauingenieur
Corpsstudent (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 1989
Mann

Kurt Beißner