Katrín Júlíusdóttir (født 23. november 1974 i Reykjavik) er en islandsk politiker.

Katrín Júlíusdóttir tilhører det socialdemokratiske partiet Alliancen og var 2003-16 medlem af Altinget. Fra maj 2009 til januar 2012 var hun Islands erhvervsminister og fra 2012 til 2013 var hun finansminister.

Katrín har blandt andet studeret antropologi ved Islands Universitet. Hun er gift med forfatteren Bjarni Bjarnason.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Katrín Júlíusdóttir på Altingets hjemmeside.

Noter

Personer fra Reykjavik
Altingsmedlemmer
Ministre fra Island
Socialdemokrater fra Island

Katrín Júlíusdóttir


Fengtai steht für:

 den Stadtbezirk Fengtai (丰台区) der chinesischen Hauptstadt Peking, siehe Fengtai
 den Kreis Fengtai (凤台县) der bezirksfreien Stadt Huainan in der chinesischen Provinz Anhui, siehe Fengtai (Huainan)
 die Großgemeinde Fengtai (丰台镇) im Stadtbezirk Ninghe in der chinesischen Stadt Tianjin, siehe Fengtai (Ninghe)
 die Gemeinde Fengtai (丰台乡) im Kreis Jingchuan in der chinesischen Provinz Gansu, siehe Fengtai (Jingchuan)
 das Straßenviertel Fengtai (丰台街道) im gleichnamigen Stadtbezirk der chinesischen Hauptstadt Peking, siehe Fengtai (Fengtai)
 das Straßenviertel Fengtai (凤台街道) der Stadt Pingdu in der chinesischen Provinz Shandong, siehe Fengtai (Pingdu)

Fengtai (Begriffsklärung)


Harmonija Disonance je vokalni ansambl koji je započeo s djelovanjem 2016. godine kao projekt na Muzičkoj akademiji Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Članice ansambla su: Magdalena Cvitan, Jana Radić Franić, Hana Zdunić, Marta Cvitan, Mira Crnčić, Francesca Paleka, te Katarina Mandić.

Ansambl učestvuje na Dori 2023. s pjesmom "Nevera (Lei, lei)".

Izvori

Hrvatski pjevački zborovi

Harmonija Disonance


Drew Gitlin (1958-), joueur de tennis américain.
 Mimi Polk Gitlin, productrice américaine.
 Todd Gitlin (1943-2022), sociologue et écrivain américain.

Homonymie de patronyme

Gitlin


The Academy of Ancient Music (AAM) is a British period-instrument orchestra based in Cambridge, England. Founded by harpsichordist Christopher Hogwood in 1973, it was named after an 18th-century organisation of the same name (originally the Academy of Vocal Music). The musicians play on either original instruments from the period when the music was composed or modern copies of such instruments. They generally play Baroque, Classical, and sometimes Romantic music, though they have also played some new compositions for baroque orchestra in recent years.

The AAM's current Music Director is Laurence Cummings, who took over the post from Richard Egarr at the beginning of the 2021-2022 season.

Original organisation

The original Academy of Vocal Music was founded in London, England in 1725/26 (the Gregorian date of the inaugural meeting was 1 February 1726). Records of the purpose of the academy no longer exist, but according to John Hawkins in 1770, it was intended to "promote the study and practice of vocal and instrumental harmony". From the beginning, Agostino Steffani was elected honorary president for life.

In 1731 it was renamed the Academy of Ancient Music, and continued to grow in membership, including the composers William Croft, Michael Christian Festing, Maurice Greene, Bernard Gates, Giovanni Bononcini, Senesino, Nicola Haym, Francesco Geminiani, Pier Francesco Tosi, John Ernest Galliard, Charles Dieupart, Jean-Baptiste Loeillet and Giuseppe Riva. George Frideric Handel was never a member, although the society studied and performed his music as well as their own, and that of other composers of the day. Directors of the organisation included Johann Christoph Pepusch (from 1735 onwards), Benjamin Cooke and Samuel Arnold (from 1789 onwards).

H. D. Johnstone called the Academy of Ancient Music "the most famous and influential institution of its kind in eighteenth-century London".

Modern revival

In 1973, the Academy of Ancient Music was revived by the British conductor and harpsichordist, Christopher Hogwood, for the purpose of playing 18th- and early 19th-century music on period instruments. For choral works, it is joined by the Academy of Ancient Music Chorus or by other external choruses.

The AAM was the first orchestra to record all of Mozart's symphonies on period instruments.  The AAM has since recorded the complete Beethoven piano concertos, with fortepianist Steven Lubin, and symphonies of Beethoven, and has recorded numerous Haydn symphonies. It continues to record its cycle of Mozart piano concertos, with fortepianist Robert Levin, with the final releases due in 2024.  The AAM has also recorded Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, Handel's Orlando and Rinaldo, Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, Haydn's L'anima del filosofo and over 200 other recordings for a range of different labels.

The commissioning of new works under Paul Goodwin represented a new development for the AAM. The first commission and recording, John Tavener's Eternity's Sunrise, met with enthusiastic critical acclaim and led to a second new Tavener work and recording, Total Eclipse. David Bedford's Like a Strand of Scarlet followed in 2001 and, in 2003, the AAM premiered John Woolrich's Arcangelo, written to mark the 350th anniversary of the birth of Arcangelo Corelli. The next commission in 2006 celebrated the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth with a work from the Scottish-American composer Thea Musgrave, Journey into Light, which was written as a companion piece to Mozart's Exsultate, jubilate. Recently, this trend has been revived with commissioning the harpsichordist, conductor, and scholar Mahan Esfahani to write a new orchestration of Bach's The Art of Fugue, which was premiered at the BBC Proms in July 2012.

Both Tavener recordings are on Harmonia Mundi (France), for whom the AAM has made a large number of CDs: Mozart's Zaïde and Christmas music by Schütz and his contemporaries (conducted by Paul Goodwin); violin concertos by J.S. Bach and Vivaldi; and concerti grossi by Handel and Geminiani (directed by Andrew Manze); and Bach's harpsichord concertos (played by Richard Egarr). Choral recordings include works by Bach, Handel, Purcell and Vivaldi, with King's College Choir under Stephen Cleobury, and several recordings with Edward Higginbottom and New College Choir, including Pergolesi's Marian Vespers and Handel's coronation anthems, a collection of music from 17th and 18th-century English coronations. With Richard Egarr, the orchestra has released Handel's instrumental music Opp. 1–7, as well as Bach's four orchestral suites and his St John Passion. In 2013, the Academy launched an in-house label for its future recordings.

The AAM is Orchestra-in-Residence at the University of Cambridge.  In January 2020, the Teatro San Cassiano announced that the AAM is to become its first associate ensemble.

Leadership
In 1996, the AAM appointed Paul Goodwin as associate conductor and Andrew Manze as associate director under Hogwood.  In 2003, Manze resigned as associate director, to be replaced in 2005 by Richard Egarr.  On 1 September 2006, Egarr succeeded Hogwood as music director of the AAM and Hogwood received the title of emeritus director.

Egarr concluded his tenure as AAM music director at the close of the 2020–2021 season.  In November 2020, the AAM announced the appointment of Laurence Cummings as its next music director, effective with the 2021–2022 season.

Past chief executives of the AAM have included Alexander Van Ingen.  In June 2020, the AAM announced the appointment of John McMunn as its next chief executive, effective 1 September 2020.

Music directors
 Christopher Hogwood (1973–2006)
 Richard Egarr (2006–2021)
 Laurence Cummings (2021–present)

References

External links

1726 establishments in England
Early music orchestras
London orchestras
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from Cambridge
Music in London
Organisations associated with the University of Cambridge

Academy of Ancient Music


إذاعة راديو جبل لبنان هي إذاعة لبنانية تبث باللغة الأجنبية من بيروت. تشتهر باسم (RML Radio du Mont Liban). تأسست عام 1979 م. تبث الأغاني والموسيقى الأجنبية.

موجاتها
تبث الإذاعة على الموجات التالية:

 لمنطقة بيروت وكل لبنان على الموجة 99.1
 راديو اغاني للموجة 98.9

المراجع

إذاعات لبنان

راديو جبل لبنان


William Stanley Jevons (1. september 1835 - 13 ágúst 1882) var enskur hagfræðingur og rökfræðingur. Jevons var einn af þrem mönnum sem að samtímis fóru fram með svokallaða jaðarbyltingu. Hver fræðimaður þróaði kenninguna um jaðar hagkvæmni til að skilja og útskýra hegðun neytenda. Kenningin hélt því fram að gagnsemi hverjar viðbótareiningar vöru sé minna og minna fyrir neytandann. Framlag Jevons til jarðar byltingarinnar í hagfræði seint á 19. öld staðfesti orðspor hans sem leiðandi stjórnmálahagfræðingur og rökfræðingur þess tíma.

Ævi og störf
Jevons fæddist í liverpool, Lancashire, Englandi. Foreldrar hans voru Thomas Jevons, járnkaupa maður og Mary Anna Jevons. Hann stundaði nám við University College School í London þar sem að hann lærði efnafræði og grasafræði á árunum 1851-1853. Árið 1854 neyddist Jevons að hætta í námi sínu vegna gjaldþrots föður síns. Hann fór að starfa sem efnafræðingur í Sydney, Ástralíu, þar sem hann dvaldi í 5 ár. Meðan að dvöl hans stóð yfir fékk hann brennandi áhuga á hagfræði og hóf aftur nám þegar hann snéri heim til Bretlands árið 1859. Á svipuðum tíma byrjar hann að skrifa sína fyrstu bók sem hann síðan gefur út árið 1862, General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy og hefur henni verið lýst sem upphafs stærðfræðilegra aðfeðra í hagfræðinni.

Jevons vakti athygli fyrir rit sitt The Coal Question (1865) þar sem hann vakti athygli á því að kolanámur Englands myndu ganga til þurrðar vegna vaxandi eftirspurnar eftir orku. Þar sem kol væru takmörkuð auðlind, sem gæti gengið til þurrðar væri óskynsamlegt að reiða sig á hagvöxt sem krefðist æ vaxandi kolanotkunar. Ritið er talið eitt af mikilvægustu fyrstu framlögunum til auðlindahagfræði.

Mikilvægasta rit Jevons er Principles of science og The theory of political economy (1871) þar sem hann setti kenningar sínar fram með heilstæðum hætti. Ritið er meðal þeirra sem talið er marka upphaf jaðarbyltingarinnar í hagfræði.

Jevons giftist Harriet Ann Taylor árið 1867, hún var dóttir John Edward Taylor sem var stofnandi dagblaðsins Manchester Guardian sem var síðan breytt í The Guardian. Jevons glímdi við heilsubrest og þá sérstaklega svefnleysi. Þau áttu þrjú börn og fluttu til London árið 1876 þar sem hann starfaði hjá University College. Hann druknaði árið 1882, einungis 46 ára gamall nálægt Hastings, Suður Englandi.

Notagildi
William Stanley Jevons var einn af þremur hagfræðingum sem taldir eru upphafsmenn jaðarbyltingarinnar. Hinir tveir eru Léon Walras og Carl Menger. Þeir settu allir hugmyndir sínar fram á sama tíma án vitneskju af rannsóknum eða kenningum hvors annars. Þeir bjuggu allir í ólíkum löndum, Jevons bjó í Liverpool á Englandi, Walras í Lausanne í Sviss og Menger í Vínarborg í Austurríki. Jevons var  fyrstur þeirra þriggja til að beita tækjum og hugtökum jaðargreiningar í grein sem hann birti 1863, General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy.

Kenning þeirra Jevons, Walras og Menger er að verð vöru sé byggt á notagildi hennar, og að notagildi hverrar vöru minnki eftir því sem meira er notað af henni, þ.e. jaðarnyt vöru falli. Tökum dæmi um brauð, ef maður er svangur hefur fyrsta brauðsneiðinn með mikill nyt fyrir mann, en með hverri sneið þá minnkar notagildið og á endanum er maður orðinn saddur, þá verða nytjarnar á annarri sneið engar eða neikvæðar. William Stanley Jevons hélt áfram með kenninguna um jaðarnytjar og fann út að hámörkun nytja er ekki til staðar nema öll neysla sé hlutfallslega jöfn. Höldum áfram með dæmið um brauð en bætum súkkulaði við, segjum að í byrjun við eigum hver brauðsneið gefi 10 nytjar og hvert súkkulaði gefi 12 nytjar en bæði kosta þau 500kr, segjum svo að hvert auka súkkulaði og brauð gefi okkur 0 nytjar þar sem við værum kominn með ógeð af hvoru eftir eitt stykki, ef við ættum 1000kr þá væri best að kaupa eina brauðsneið og eitt súkkulaði til að hámarka nytjar okkar. Jaðarnytjar ákvörðuðu því hvað neytendur væru tilbúnir til að greiða fyrir vöru.

Þversög Jevons
William Stanley Jevons er einnig þekktur fyrir Þversögn Jevons (e Jevons Paradox). Kenninguna setti hann fram í The Coal Question (1865), þar sem hann fjallaði um afleiðingar þess að hagvöxtur á tímum iðnbyltingarinnar reiddi sig á takmarkaða auðlind, kol.

Spurningin hans var hvort breskt efnahagslíf gæti reitt sig á áframhaldandi framleiðsluaukningu og haldið stöðu sinni sem helsta iðnríki veraldar. Hann benti á að hægt væri að framleiða orku með öðrum hætti, vatnsvirkjunum, sólarorku og timbri úr skógum Bretlands. Takmörk væru hins vegar fyrir því hversu mikla orku hægt væri að framleiða úr timbri, þar sem það væri auðlind sem endurnýjaði sig hægt. Kol væru hins vegar takmörkuð auðlind, og því væri óhugsandi að reiða sig á þau til ókominnar framtíðar. Talið var að framleiðslan gæti ekki aukist jafn hratt og hún hafði gert. Ef framleiðslan héldi áfram að aukast með sama hraða og hún hefði gert síðustu 80 ár þá myndu kolabirgðir englands ganga til þurrðar á næstu 100 árum.

Jevons benti á að bætt nýting á orku, þ.e. tækniframfarir, lækka orkuverð, sem leiðir aftur til aukinnar eftirspurn og neyslu, og þar með eftirspurnar eftir orku. Tækniframfarir myndu því auka eftirspurn eftir (kolum) orku, þvert á það sem margir höfðu talið og því myndi framboð þeirra þverra fyrr en síðar.

Þversagnarkenningin felst í því að aukin skilvirkni í notkun framleiðsluþátta leiði ekki til minni heildarnotkunar á þeim framleiðsluþætti, þar sem eftirspurnin eykst hraðar. Það væri því ekki hægt að gefa sér að tækniframfarir myndu leiða til minni eftirspurnar eftir takmörkuðum framleiðsluþáttum. Þversögnin Jevons hefur fengið mikla athygli í auðlindahagfræði og í rannsóknum á sjálfbærum hagvexti.

Þversagnakenning Jevons gildir þegar svokallaður Rebound Effect er hærri en 100%, en hann er samansafn þeirra ýmsu óbeinu áhrifa sem aukin skilvirkni hefur á eftirspurn. Ef þessi áhrif eru meiri en það sem sparaðist með aukinni nýtingu heldur þversögnin. Af þessu hafa ýmsir fræðimenn dregið þá ályktun að aukin skilvirkni vinni því gegn sjálfbærni þar sem auðlindanotkun eykst, frekar en að minnka.

Tilvísanir

Breskir hagfræðingar
Breskir rökfræðingar

William Stanley Jevons


Vincė ist ein litauischer weiblicher Vorname, abgekürzt von  Vincentė (abgeleitet von Vincent). Die männliche Form ist Vincas.

Personen
Vincė Vaidevutė Margevičienė (* 1949),  Biologin und Politikerin, Mitglied des Seimas, stellvertretende Bürgermeisterin von Kaunas.

Weiblicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Vincė


Fábio de Jesus (født 16. oktober 1976) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Fábio de Jesus


Cadaveria kan henvise til:
 Cadaveria (sangerinde) – kunstnernavn for Raffaella Rivarolo, italiensk sangerinde født i 1972
 Cadaveria (band) – band grundlagt af sangerinden i 2001

Cadaveria


Der Poloni-Preis (Original: Polonipriset) war ein nationaler schwedischer Literaturpreis für Kriminalliteratur, der kurzzeitig zwischen 1998 und 2001 von dem Kriminalmagazin Jury verliehen wurde. Preisträger durften ausschließlich Kriminalautorinnen sein. Namensgeberin der Auszeichnung war die erste schwedische Kriminalschriftstellerin Helena Poloni (Pseudonym von Ingegerd Stadener (1903–1968)).

Jury wollte die bis in die 1990er Jahre zu beobachtende geringe Zahl schwedischer Nachwuchsautorinnen mit dieser Auszeichnung stärker ermutigen, sich dem Krimi-Genre zu widmen. Dabei erwies sich wenig lukrativ, dass die schwedischen Verlagshäuser unterschiedliche Verträge für männliche und weibliche Autoren vorhielten, die schlechteren Verträge für die Krimiautorinnen. Dies führte 1999 zur Gründung des Piratförlaget, der mit seinen Autoren eine gerechtere 50 %-Beteiligung am Gewinn vereinbarte.

Weibliche Autoren waren zudem bei den Literaturauszeichnungen der Svenska Deckarakademin (Schwedische Kriminalakademie) kaum feststellbar. Als Beispiel galt die Vergabe des seit 1971 existierenden Schwedischen Krimipreises in der Kategorie Bester schwedischer Erstlingsroman (Bästa svenska Debut): Erst 1998 ging er mit Liza Marklund an eine Krimiautorin. Nach der Jahrtausendwende erhöhte sich die Zahl der weiblichen Preisträger und wurde vergleichbar mit den Preisträgerinnen von Literaturpreisen der Kriminalliteratur in anderen europäischen Ländern.

Preisträgerinnen
 1998 Liza Marklund für Sprängaren (dt. Olympisches Feuer. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-455-04775-0)
 1999 Aino Trosell für Ytspänning (dt. Die Taucherin. Kiepenheuer, Leipzig 2001, ISBN 3-378-00635-8)
 2000 Åsa Nilsonne für Kyskhetsbältet (dt. Rivalinnen. Goldmann, München 2002, ISBN 3-442-45148-5)
 2001 Eva-Marie Liffner für Camera (dt. Camera. Reclam, Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-379-00798-6)

Siehe auch
 Liste von Krimi-Autoren

Weblinks
 Kurzbiografie von Aino Trosell auf der offiziellen Hp des Lindelöws Bokförlag (schwedisch, abgerufen am 13. Februar 2012)
 Porträt von Åsa Nilsonne auf Schwedenkrimi.de

Anmerkungen/ Nachweise

Krimipreis
Romanpreis
Literaturpreis (Schweden)
Poloni, Helena
Erstverleihung 1998
Frauenförderpreis
Frauen und Literatur

Poloni-Preis


Shiu Narayan Kanhai, né vers 1932 et mort en  à Suva, est un syndicaliste et homme politique fidjien.

Biographie
Cofondateur d'une école en 1957 avec notamment James Madhavan, il est enseignant de carrière et devient secrétaire général du Syndicat des Enseignants des Fiji (Fiji Teachers Union). Il se présente sans succès comme candidat indépendant aux élections législatives fidjiennes de 1966, mais remporte la circonscription ethnique indo-fidjienne de Nasinu–Vunidawa aux élections législatives de mars 1977 comme candidat du Parti de la fédération nationale (PFN), entrant ainsi à la Chambre des représentants. Le PFN remporte le scrutin mais ne parvient pas à s'entendre sur la formation d'un gouvernement, ce qui provoque des élections anticipées et la scission du parti en deux factions. Shiu Narayan Kanhai conserve son siège de député, et est l'un des trois seuls élus de la faction soutenant Sidiq Koya.

Le parti se réconcilie sous la direction de Jai Ram Reddy, chef de l'opposition parlementaire durant la législature 1977-1982 et qui, pour préparer le parti au mieux aux élections de 1982, met en place un cabinet fantôme où S.N. Kanhai est chargé des questions d'Éducation. Ce dernier meurt toutefois quatre mois avant les élections, d'une crise cardiaque, à l'âge de 49 ans.

Références

Syndicaliste fidjien
Personnalité politique fidjienne
Naissance en 1932
Décès en mars 1982

Shiu Narayan Kanhai


Le lycée autrichien Saint-Georges ( ; ) est une école secondaire privée austro-turque située à Karaköy, Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turquie. C'est l'un des nombreux établissements secondaires qui ont été fondés par des missions européennes ou américaines en Turquie au cours du XIXe siècle, mais qui ont ensuite été sécularisés après la fondation de la République turque moderne en 1923. C'est l'un des 8 établissements d'  , avec celles de Guatemala, Prague, Budapest (et l'école européenne austro-hongroise de Budapest), Shkodra, Santiago de Querétaro et Triesen.

Histoire
L'école a été fondée en 1882 par des lazaristes autrichiens et était initialement destinée aux enfants catholiques germanophones vivant dans l'Empire ottoman. Après la défaite des Ottomans (et des Autrichiens) lors de la Première Guerre mondiale, les forces d'occupation de la Triple-Entente à Istanbul ont ordonné la fermeture de l'école et l'ensemble de son personnel a été renvoyé en Autriche. L'école a été rouverte peu après la fondation de la République de Turquie (1923). Après l'annexion de l'Autriche par l'Allemagne nazie en 1938, l'école est devenue une "école allemande" et a été fermée une nouvelle fois en 1944, en raison du gel des relations entre la Turquie et l'Allemagne. Elle a été rouverte en 1947. En 1995, les écoles de filles et de garçons ont été fusionnées.

Scolarité

En tant qu'école étrangère, l'école ne peut accueillir, conformément aux dispositions légales, que des élèves ayant déjà terminé leur 8e année scolaire.

Les élèves suivent une classe préparatoire d'un an (différente pour le Realgymnasium et la Handelsakademie) ainsi qu'un cycle supérieur de quatre ans au  ou à la . Après la 10e année scolaire, les élèves du Realgymnasium choisissent une filière scientifique ou une filière de langues modernes

Les élèves peuvent obtenir, en plus du diplôme turc, un certificat équivalent à un diplôme de fin d'études secondaires (Matura) délivré en Autriche. Les diplômés peuvent donc accéder aux universités de Turquie, d'Autriche et d'autres pays par le biais de l'examen d'entrée à l'université turque ou de la Matura.

Conformément à la loi générale autrichienne sur les études supérieures, les titulaires d'un diplôme de fin d'études secondaires de notre école sont assimilés aux Autrichiens et autorisés à étudier dans n'importe quelle université autrichienne

Enseignants
Au début de l'année scolaire, il y avait 36 enseignants autrichiens et étrangers, et 22 turcs

Anciens élèves

 Pétros Márkaris
 İlber Ortaylı
 Tezer Özlü

 Mesut Yılmaz

Références

Liens externes

École en Turquie
Établissement scolaire autrichien à l'étranger
Relations entre l'Autriche et la Turquie

Lycée autrichien Saint-Georges


Festina is a Spanish watch conglomerate. In 1985, businessman Miguel Rodríguez acquired Festina, a brand founded in Switzerland in 1902, thus forming the Festina-Lotus Group.

History

Festina was created in 1902 by the Stüdi family in the city of La Chaux-de-Fonds, in Switzerland. In 1935 the founding-family transmitted the brand to businessman, Willy Burkhard von Wilhelm.

During World War II, the company was based in Barcelona, Spain. In 1975, Georges Uhlmann, an entrepreneur who had a significant presence in the Spanish and Italian markets, acquired the firm. In 1984, the Spanish businessman Miguel Rodríguez, from La Linea de la Concepción (Cadiz), acquired the Festina brand and all its rights.

The Festina brand derived from the Latin "Festina lente" which means: "Make haste, slowly", a phrase that according to Roman historian, Suetonius, is attributed to Augustus Caesar, known for his prudence: "Walk slowly if you want to arrive at a well-done job sooner".

Within the Festina Group the brands Jaguar, Candino and Perrelet are Swiss-made. In 2002, Festina acquired the Swiss watch brand Candino.
In 2004, Festina acquired the luxury watch brand, Perrelet, founded in 1777 by the prestigious watchmaker Abraham-Louis Perrelet.

Marketing
In 1992, Festina became the official Timekeeper of the Tour de France until 2016, staying for decades closely linked to the world of cycling as a sponsor / timekeeper of the most important events of the cycling agenda (Tour of Spain, Tour of Britain, etc.).

In 2016, actor Gerard Butler became an ambassador of the brand and image of its campaigns worldwide thus moving its brand positioning towards the lifestyle category.

Festina Group

With more than 30 years of history, Festina Group is today an international company specialized in the production and commercialization of commercial price range watches and precision parts.

The Group currently owns seven different brands of watches. Calypso, Lotus, Festina, Jaguar, Candino and two luxury brands Perrelet and L.Leroy. Festina also owns two jewelry brands, Lotus Style and Lotus Silver, to satisfy the demands of a wide range of public.

The Group's headquarters is located in Madrid, while the main production centers, owned by the Group, are located in Switzerland and Spain.
Today the Group, which has seven subsidiaries (France, Germany, Italy, Benelux, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Poland and Chile) is present in more than 90 countries on five continents with more than 5 million watches sold per year.

 Festina
 Candino
 Jaguar
 Perrelet
 L.Leroy
 Joseph Chevalier
 Soprod - manufacturer of Swiss-made mechanical and quartz watch movements
 Manufacture Horlogere de la Vallée de Joux (MHVJ)
 Calypso
 Lotus
 Kronaby

References

External links

 Official US website

Manufacturing companies established in 1902
Watch brands
Spanish brands
Watch manufacturing companies of Spain
Manufacturing companies based in Barcelona

Festina


يقع مطار لارنكا الدولي  يقع في لارنكا، قبرص ويبعد بضع كيلومترات من العاصمة القبرصية نيقوسيا. هو يعتبر المطار الرئيسي في قبرص وأكبر المطارين الموجودين في قبرص، حيث يخدم ما يقارب 5 ملايين مسافر سنوياً بحسب إحصاءات عام 2005.

شركات الطيران والوجهات

الركاب

تقدم شركات الطيران التالية رحلات إلى مطار لارنكا الدولي:

الشحن

الإحصائيات

انظر أيضا
 عملية مطار لارنكا الدولي.

مراجع

لارنكا الدولي
مطارات أسست في سنة 1974
مطارات قبرص
لارنكا
تأسيسات سنة 1974 في قبرص

مطار لارنكا الدولي


Crkva sv. Petra nalazi se u ulici sv. Petra od Klobučca, u  Kaštel Novome, Grad Kaštela.

Opis
Župna crkva sv. Petra u Kaštel Novom je trobrodna bazilika sa stilskim obilježjima historicizma. Jedna je od najvećih dalmatinskih crkava građenih tijekom 19. st. u povijesnim slogovima. Gradnja je započeta 1871. godine prema projektu arhitekta Josipa Slade, a dovršena je početkom 20. st. Zapadno pročelje ima šiljati zabat ukrašen romaničkim i gotičkim dekorativnim elementima. Današnja crkva sv. Petra kao strukturalne elemente zadržala je i ostatke prvotne jednobrodne crkve izgrađene u 17. st., a značajno pregrađene u prvoj polovici 18. st. Zvonik klasicističkih obilježja građen je odvojeno od korpusa crkve. Gradnja zvonika je završena 1860. godine te se projekt gradnje pripisuje Vicku Andriću.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4304 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Petar
Petar, Kaštel Novi

Crkva sv. Petra u Kaštel Novome


Delta Pictures a fost fondată în 2004 în Biella Astăzi Delta Pictures colectează titlurile Sony Pictures Home Entertainment pe DVD.

Studiouri de film din Italia
Cinematografia italiană
Fondări în 2004

Delta Pictures


Yamozha (Yamoria, Yamozhah, Yabatheya, Yamohdeyi, Yamba Deja, Zhambadezha, Yampa Deja, Yabatheya, Old Man, Wanderer), Yamozha je dobronamjerni kulturni heroj plemena Dene (Chipewyan, Dogrib, South Slavey; ponekad ga folkloristi nazivaju "transformatorom".) Općenito je prikazan kao herojski ubojica čudovišta i prijatelj čovječanstva, iako postoje neke priče o njemu koje su duhovite prirode. Često koristi svoju pamet radije nego svoju snagu da porazi svoje neprijatelje, nakon čega ih ili ubija ili pretvara u nešto bezopasno. Njegovo ime doslovno znači "putnik" ili "lutalica".

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (heroji kulture)
Indijanska mitologija (transformeri)
Chipewyan
Dogrib
Slavey

Yamozha


U.S. Route 59 (US 59) is a north–south United States highway (though it was signed east–west in parts of Texas).  A latecomer to the U.S. numbered route system, US 59 is now a border-to-border route, part of the NAFTA Corridor Highway System.  It parallels U.S. Route 75 for nearly its entire route, never much more than  away, until it veers southwest in Houston, Texas. Its number is out of place since US 59 is either concurrent with or entirely west of U.S. Route 71. The highway's northern terminus is  north of Lancaster, Minnesota, at the Lancaster–Tolstoi Border Crossing on the Canada–US border, where it continues as Manitoba Highway 59. Its southern terminus is at the Mexico–US border in Laredo, Texas, where it continues as Mexican Federal Highway 85D.

Route description

Texas

U.S. Highway 59 (US 59) in the U.S. state of Texas is named the Lloyd Bentsen Highway, after Lloyd Bentsen, former U.S. Senator from Texas. In northern Houston, US 59, co-signed with Interstate 69 (I-69), is the Eastex Freeway (from downtown Houston to the Liberty County/Montgomery County line). To the south, which is also co-signed with I-69, it is the Southwest Freeway (from Rosenberg to downtown Houston), which is one of the busiest sections of freeway in the United States with a vehicle count, as of 2006, over 330,000 vehicles per day just outside the Loop.

US 59 (overlapped by US 71) actually straddles the border between Texas and Arkansas north of I-30 near Texarkana, with the east side of the highway on the Arkansas side and the west side of the highway on the Texas side. In the past, both highways remained on the border past I-30 as State Line Avenue to downtown Texarkana; today, only US 71 does so. Nearly 90% of this route is designated to become part of I-69 in the future. Currently,  speed limits are allowed on US 59 in Duval County and portions of northern Polk County.

From the southwestern suburbs of Houston to downtown Houston, U.S. 59 is commonly referred to as the "Southwest Freeway", sometimes derisively as the "Southwest's Best Freeway." Supporting 371,000 vehicles per day, it is one of the busiest freeways in the United States. U.S. 59 is known as the "Eastex Freeway" in the north/northeast part of the Houston region. At the Mexico–US border, it ends at the World Trade International Bridge in Laredo, Texas. In Laredo, U.S. 59 is co-signed with both Interstate 69W (I-69W) and Loop 20, and has an intersection with Interstate 35 which ends at the Juarez-Lincoln International Bridge. After crossing the bridge into Mexico, Interstate 35 continues as Mexican Federal Highway 85 in Nuevo Laredo, which then runs through Mexico and Central America and ends in Panama at the Panama Canal.

Arkansas
In Arkansas, US 59 is concurrent with U.S. Route 71 from Interstate 30 at Texarkana to Acorn, and with U.S. Route 270 from Acorn to the Oklahoma state line. The Third Loop was to be extended on Interstate 49 from its original northern end to US-71 at the Texas state line opened on May 15, 2013, and was extended to State Line Road, where it intersects US-59 and US-71 in Texas.

Oklahoma

US 59 and U.S. Route 412 are co-signed for  in Delaware County, Oklahoma.

US 59 is co-signed with U.S. Route 270 from the Arkansas state line to Heavener and U.S. Route 271 from Poteau to west of Spiro. It is also co-signed with U.S. Route 64 in Sallisaw.

Kansas

U.S. 59 enters the state just south of Chetopa and runs nearly directly north across the state. It runs concurrently with U.S. 169 starting about  south of Garnett and diverges north again immediately south of Garnett. The intersection immediately south of Garnett used to be a "braided" intersection with stop and yield signs. It was identified as a high-crash location in 2001, and was rebuilt as a roundabout that opened in April 2006. The Kansas Department of Transportation is rebuilding or planning to rebuild several other rural intersections as roundabouts for increased safety. Until 2012, US 59 passed through Ottawa, Kansas, and had to be shut down or detoured every time the Marias Des Cygnes floodwall gates were closed across the highway. The highway now bypasses around Ottawa, running concurrently with Interstate 35 for 5 mi and using that highway's bridges over the Marias Des Cygnes. US 59 passes through Lawrence. The street name of US 59 in Lawrence is Iowa Street, then 6th Street as it joins U.S. 40 and jogs east to cross the Kansas River near downtown. North of the U.S. 40 and 59 Bridges, it splits with U.S. 40 as it joins U.S. 24 briefly and jogs back west before resuming a northerly course. It continues north to Nortonville, then northeast to Atchison, where it crosses the Missouri River over the Amelia Earhart Bridge.

U.S. 59 has been rebuilt and rerouted just to the east between Lawrence and Ottawa as a divided highway, as the former road was one of the most dangerous stretches of highway in the state. The project began in mid-2007, and was completed and opened to the public on October 17, 2012.

Missouri
In Missouri, US 59 roughly follows the Missouri River in the northwest corner of the state, from its entrance at Winthrop.  In Saint Joseph, the highway is paired with Interstate 229 through downtown.  US 59 departs from I-229 as Saint Joseph Avenue, joining with U.S. Route 71 at Interstate 29.  The two highways then separate in Savannah.  US 59 then follows Interstate 29 very closely until turning northward at Craig.  It exits the state  north of Tarkio.   This section of US 59 is immortalized in the Brewer and Shipley song "Tarkio Road".

Iowa

In Iowa, US 59 is a main north–south artery in the western part of the state.  It enters Iowa south of Shenandoah and joins Interstate 80 at Avoca.  It passes through the county seats of Harlan, Denison, Cherokee, and Primghar.  Except for small stretches of expressway near Avoca, Denison, and Holstein, the entire length of US 59 in Iowa is an undivided two-lane road.  US 59 exits the state near Hawkeye Point, the highest point in the state of Iowa.

Minnesota
US 59 enters Minnesota south of Worthington, just  east of Bigelow.  It passes through rural western Minnesota for its entire length in the state.  Some cities along the way include Slayton, Marshall, Clarkfield, Montevideo, and Morris.  US 59 overlaps Interstate 94/U.S. Highway 52 in the Fergus Falls area.  North of Fergus Falls, US 59 passes through Pelican Rapids, Detroit Lakes, and Thief River Falls before ending at the Lancaster–Tolstoi border crossing on the Canada–US border.  US-59 runs for about  through Minnesota.

The Minnesota section of US 59 is legally defined as all or part of Routes 265, 16, 17, 88, 66, 144, 3, 30, and 174 in Minnesota Statutes §§ 161.115(19), (75), and (196) and 161.114(2).

History

In 1934, a coalition of government officials from Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota agreed to sign the current US 59 as Highway 73 in an attempt to extend US 73 north from Atchison, Kansas. However, AASHO approved the route as US 59, instead.

The part in Missouri was defined in 1922 as Route 52 from Kansas to St. Joseph, Route 1 from St. Joseph to Tarkio, and Route 61 from Tarkio to Iowa. Route 61 became Route 9 in 1926, and Route 52 became part of Route 4 in 1927, and this portion became Route 18 in 1932, before being removed in favor of US 59 in the 1930s.

Historic termini
Before the 1950s, US 59 headed northwest to US 75 at Noyes, crossed the Red River of the North at St. Vincent, and terminated at US 81 in Pembina, North Dakota. A new highway and border crossing were built north of Lancaster on the present alignment in 1950. The former segment of US 59 between Lancaster and US 75 became CR 6, and the extremely short segment between US 75 and US 81 became MN 171 and ND 59. ND 59 still exists in Pembina from the state line to I-29.

From 1934 to 1935, the US 59 designation referred to a -long route across southeastern Minnesota, from Lake City, Minnesota, to the Iowa state line just short of Chester, Iowa. That entire route is now part of US 63, and nowhere close to the present US 59, established in 1935.

In 1933, much of the present US 59 and the entirety of US 96 in Texas were originally proposed to be part of US 71.  Under this plan, discussed at a meeting of the United States Good Roads Association in Beaumont, US 71 was to be diverted out of Louisiana altogether and instead rerouted from the Texarkana area southward through East Texas.

Future
A large portion of US 59 is proposed to become part of the future extension of I-69, I-69W and I-369 through Texas, allowing the current alignment and right-of-way to be upgraded without the need for government environmental studies or extensive eminent domain proceedings.

Major intersections
Texas
 World Trade International Bridge at the Mexico–US border
  in Laredo. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  in Laredo
  in George West
  east of George West
  in Beeville
  in Goliad
  southwest of Victoria. I-69/US 59 will travel concurrently to Houston. US 59/US 77 travels concurrently to south-southwest of Victoria.
  in Victoria
  in Houston
  in Houston
  in Houston
  in Houston. I-69/US 59 will travel concurrently to Tenaha.
  in Livingston
  in Corrigan
  in Lufkin. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  in Redfield
  in Timpson. The highways travel concurrently to Tenaha.
  in Tenaha. I-369/US 59 will travel concurrently to Texarkana.
  in Carthage. The highways travel concurrently to north of Carthage.
  in Marshall
  in Marshall
  in Texarkana. I-369/US 59 travels concurrently to I-30.
  in Texarkana
  in Texarkana
  in Texarkana. I-30/US 59 travels concurrently to the Arkansas state line.
Arkansas
  in Texarkana. US 59/US 71 travels concurrently to Acorn.
Texas
  north of Texarkana
Arkansas
  in Lockesburg. The highways travel concurrently to De Queen.
  in Saline Township. The highways travel concurrently to De Queen.
  in Wickes
  in Acorn. US 59/US 270 travels concurrently to Heavener, Oklahoma.
Oklahoma
  west-northwest of Page
  in Poteau. The highways travel concurrently to west of Spiro.
  in Sallisaw
  in Sallisaw. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  in Westville
  in West Siloam Springs. The highways travel concurrently to Kansas.
  east-northeast of Afton. US 59/US 60 travels concurrently for approximately . US 59/US 69 travels concurrently to north of Dotyville.
  east-northeast of Afton
Kansas
  in Chetopa. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  in Oswego. The highways travel concurrently to the Mount Pleasant–Fairview township line.
  in Parsons
  in Moran
  in Welda Township. The highways travel concurrently to Washington Township.
  in Ottawa. The highways travel concurrently to Ottawa Township.
  in Willow Springs Township
  in Lawrence. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  in Lawrence
  in Lawrence. US 24/US 59 travels concurrently to Williamstown.
  in Shannon Township. The highways travel concurrently to Atchison.
Missouri
  in St. Joseph. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  in St. Joseph
  in Jefferson Township
  in Nodaway Township
  in Jackson Township. The highways travel concurrently to Nodaway Township.
  in Hickory Township
  in Hickory Township
  in Union Township
  in Tarkio Township. The highways travel concurrently to Tarkio.
Iowa
  in Indian Creek Township
  in Belknap Township. The highways travel concurrently to Oakland.
  in Avoca
  in Denison. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
  on the Logan–Griggs township line. The highways travel concurrently to Holstein.
  on the Franklin–Lincoln township line. The highways travel concurrently to Sanborn.
Minnesota
  in Worthington
  in Custer Township
  in Camp Release Township. The highways travel concurrently to Montevideo.
  in Moyer Township
  on the Buse–Dane Prairie township line. The highways travel concurrently to Fergus Falls Township.
  in Detroit Lakes
  in Knute Township
  at the Canada–US border on the Richardville–St. Joseph township line

See also

 U.S. Route 159
 U.S. Route 259

References

External links

Endpoints of US 59

059
United States Numbered Highway System
U.S. Highways in Arkansas
U.S. Highways in Minnesota
U.S. Highways in Missouri
U.S. Highways in North Dakota

U.S. Route 59


Forlaget Sidste Århundrede (oprettet 2015) er et dansk nicheforlag, som beskæftiger sig med at oversætte litteratur fra, primært, tysk og fransk. Sidste Århundrede fremmer overset litteratur, med en forkærlighed for det grænsesøgende, monomane, excentriske og groteske, dog uden at bøgerne tilhører horror-genren (med undtagelse af 'Åndeverdens dårekiste').

Forlaget blev oprettet i 2015, af Steffen Skaarup, Mads Peder Lau Pedersen og Lasse Skjold Bertelsen.

Bibliografi
 Unica Zürn: Mørkt forår, 2015
 Hermann Ungar: De lemlæstede, 2016
 Marcel Schwob: Monelles bog, 2017
 Stig Sæterbakken: Der, hvor jeg tænker, er der altid mørkt, 2017
 E.M. Cioran: Bitterhedens syllogismer, 2017
 Gabrielle Wittkop: Nekrofilen, 2018
 Gabrielle Wittkop: Eksemplariske bortgange, 2018
 Gregor von Rezzori: En antisemits erindringer, 2018
 Hermann Ungar: Klassen, 2019
 Adolfo Bioy Casares: Morels opfindelse, 2019
 Denton Welch: Ungdoms sødme, 2019
 Tor Ulven: Afløsning, 2020
Gregor von Rezzori: Blomster i sneen, 2020
Jacques Chessex: Vampyren fra Ropraz, 2021
Eduard von Keyserling: Bølger, 2021
Unica Zürn: Jerikos trompeter, 2021
Eduard von Keyserling: Lumre dage, 2022
Tor Ulven: Sten og spejl, 2022
Juan José Saer: Stedsønnen, 2022
Ingeborg Bachmann: Franzas bog, 2022

Sidste Århundrede samarbejder med forlaget Escho, med fokus på nordisk litteratur.
 Louis Levy: Menneskeløget Kzradock, den vårfriske Methusalem, 2017
 Astrid Ehrencron-Kidde: Det sukker så tungt udi skoven: af Martin Willéns underlige hændelser, 2018
 B.S. Ingemann: Åndeverdenens dårekiste, 2018
 Jakob Hansen: Rædselsrealisten, 2018
 Div.: Menneskekød: Grotesker 1910-1920, 2019
 Astrid Ehrencron-Kidde: Der hvor skyggerne faldt, 2020
Sigurd Mathiesen: Unge sjæle, 2021
Div.: Vildsindet: Grotesker 1900-1910, 2022

Referencer

Forlag fra Danmark
Danske virksomheder etableret i 2015

Forlaget Sidste Århundrede


Henry Martyn Leland (February 16, 1843 – March 26, 1932) was an American machinist, inventor, engineer, and automotive entrepreneur. He founded the two premier American luxury automotive marques, Cadillac and Lincoln.

Early years
Henry M. Leland was born to Leander and Zilpha, the youngest of 8, in Vermont in 1843. Sources differ on the town of his birth (Danville versus Barton); he grew up in Barton. He learned engineering and precision machining in the Brown & Sharpe plant at Providence, Rhode Island. He subsequently worked in the firearms industry, including at Colt. These experiences in toolmaking, metrology, and manufacturing steeped him in the 19th-century zeitgeist of interchangeability.

He applied this expertise to the nascent motor industry as early as 1870 as a principal in the machine shop Leland & Faulconer, and later was a supplier of engines to Ransom E. Olds's Olds Motor Vehicle Company, later to be known as Oldsmobile. He also invented the electric barber clippers, and for a short time produced a unique toy train, the Leland-Detroit Monorail.

Cadillac

Leland created the Cadillac automobile, later bought out by General Motors. In 1902, William Murphy and his partners at the Henry Ford Company hired Leland to appraise the company's factory and tooling prior to liquidation. Leland completed the appraisal, but he advised Murphy and his partners that they were making a mistake to liquidate, and suggested they instead reorganize, building a new car powered by a single-cylinder engine Leland had originally developed for Oldsmobile. The directors lost no time in renaming the company Cadillac. At Cadillac, Leland applied many modern manufacturing principles to the fledgling automotive industry, including the use of interchangeable parts. Alfred P. Sloan, longtime president and chair of General Motors, considered Leland to be "one of those mainly responsible for bringing the technique of interchangeable parts into automobile manufacturing."

The Cadillac won the Dewar Trophy for 1908, which was actually presented in 1909.

Leland sold Cadillac to General Motors on July 29, 1909, for $4.5 million, but remained as an executive until 1917. With Charles Kettering, he developed a self-starter for the Cadillac, which won its second Dewar Trophy in 1913 as a result. He prodded Kettering to design a workable electric starter after Byron Carter, a Cadillac engineer, was hit in the head by a starting crank when the engine backfired which later resulted in death.

He left General Motors in a dispute with company founder William C. Durant over producing materiel during World War I. Cadillac had been asked to build Liberty aircraft engines but Durant was a pacifist.

Lincoln

Leland formed the Lincoln Motor Company in 1917 with a $10,000,000 wartime contract to build the V12 Liberty aircraft engine. After the war, the company was reorganized, and the Lincoln Motor Company Plant was retooled to manufacture luxury automobiles. The V8 engine used in the first Lincoln automobiles is said to be influenced by the Liberty engine's design.

In 1922, Lincoln became insolvent and was bought out by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company. Ford's bid of $8 million was the only bid at a receivers sale.  Ford had first offered $5 million, but the judge would not accept it for a well-equipped company whose assets were conservatively estimated at $16 million. Ford deliberately low-balled his offer as revenge against Leland's role in the creation of Cadillac.

After the sale, Leland and his son Wilfred continued to run the company, believing they would still have full control to run the company as they saw fit.  Ford assigned a number of their people to Lincoln, they said to learn. However, it soon became clear they were there to streamline their production and stop the loss of money that had bankrupted Lincoln.  Relations between the Henry Ford and Leland workers continued to deteriorate.

On June 10, 1922, Ford executive Ernest Liebold arrived at Lincoln to ask for the resignation of Wilfred Leland.  When it became clear that Liebold had the full authority of Henry Ford, Henry Leland resigned as well.  That afternoon both men were shown out of the factory they had created.

The Lincoln continues to be part of the luxury line of Ford to the present. Leland had no connection to the Lincoln Motor Car Works, a marque sold by Sears-Roebuck from 1905 to 1915.

Politics
Progressivism in Detroit was energized by upper-middle-class men and women who felt a civic duty to uplift society by freeing it from the tyranny of corrupt politicians who worked hand in hand with unscrupulous saloonkeepers. Leland was an important leader, with his base in the Detroit Citizens League. Supported by Detroit's business, professional, and Protestant religious communities, the League campaigned for a new city charter in 1918, an anti-saloon ordinance, and the open shop whereby a worker could get a job even if he did not belong to a labor union.

Personal life
Leland was the son of Leander Leland and Zilpha Tifft. He married Ellen Rhoda Hull (April 24, 1846 – January 15, 1914), the daughter of Elias Hull. They had three children: Martha Gertrude (1868–1912), Wilfred Chester (November 7, 1869 – 1958), and Miriam Edith (1872–1894). They were all born in Millbury, Massachusetts.

Henry M. Leland died in Detroit on March 26, 1932. He is buried there in Woodmere Cemetery.

Footnotes

Bibliography

 .

External links

 Short biography page by a relative
 Detroit News retrospective
 Olds history with a bit on Leland
 Historical article
 Vermont historical marker

American automotive engineers
American automotive pioneers
Cadillac
Lincoln Motor Company
Ford people
General Motors former executives
People from Barton, Vermont
American founders of automobile manufacturers
1843 births
1932 deaths
Inventors from Vermont

Henry M. Leland


أنتونوف أن-72 (لقب تعريف الناتو :Coaler، كولير) هي طائرة نقل جوي صنعت بواسطة شركة أنتونوف أبان الإتحاد السوفيتي لكي تحل محل الطائرة أنتونوف أن-26 ولكن الطائرة حققت نجاحاً باهراً تجارياً. الطائرة تتمتع بتقنية الإقلاع والهبوط القصير «ستول».

طرازات
 إيه إن - 72 (An-72): طراز أولي قبل التصنيع الفعلي.
 إيه إن - 72 إيه (An-72A): طراز الإنتاج الأساسي. زيد فيه طول جسم الطائرة ،و المسافة بين الجناحين.
 إيه إن - 72 إيه تي (An-72AT): طراز خاص للشحن جهز للتكيف مع الحجم القياسي للحاويات.
 إيه إن - 72 إس (An-72S): في هذا الطراز حولت الطائرة إلي طائرة خاصة. يحتوي الطزار علي 3 كبائن مفصوله عن بعضها البعض. الكبينة الخلفية تحتوي علي 24 كرسي بأذرع.
 إيه إن - 72 بيه (An-72P): دورية بحرية.
 إيه إن - 74 (An-74): طراز مصمماً خصيصاً لتحمل ظروف القطب الشمالي الجوية القاسية. يمكن تركيب زحافات بهذا الطراز كما زيد فيه حمولة الوقود. يمكن التعرف على هذا الطراز مبجرد النظر عن طريق ملاحظة البثور علي جانبي الطائرة بسبب خزانات الوقود وتوسيعة جوف الطائرة.
 إيه إن - 74 إم بيه (An-74MP): طراز للدوريات البحرية. يستطيع هذا الطراز حمل 44 جندي ،و 22 مظلي ،و 16 سرير مع طاقمهم الطبي أو شحنة زنة 10 طن.
 إيه إن - 74 تي (An-74T).
 إيه إن - 74 دي (An-74D).
 إيه إن - 74 - 100.
 إيه إن - 74 - 200.
 إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 100 (An-74TK-100).
 إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 200 (An-74TK-200).
 إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 200 سي (An-74TK-200C).
 إيه إن - 74 تي - 200 (An-74T-200): طائرة نقل عسكري.
 إيه إن - 74 تي - 200 إيه (An-74T-200A): طائرة نقل عسكري.
 إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 300 (An-74TK-300).
 إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 300 دي (An-74TK-300D).

المستخدمون

مدنيون
في أغسطس 2006 كان إجمالي عدد الطائرات أنتونوف أن-72 و 74 التي في الخدمة المدنية 51 طائرة. من المستخدمين البارزين خطوط طيران جازبرومافيا الروسية بإثنا عشر طائرة، وخطوط طيران بدر السودانية بثلاثة طائرات. هناك عشرون مستخدم مدني آخر مستخدمين أعداد أقل من الطائرات.

 خطوط طيران أنتونوف - (طائرة واحدة).

 طيران أرمينيا - (3 طائرات).

 إينيمكس - (5 طائرات).

 خطوط طيران جازبرومافيا - (12 طائرة).

 الخطوط الجوية الروسية.

 خطوط طيران بدر - (3 طائرات).
مصرالخطوط الجوية المصرية مصرللطيران 37 طاءرة

عسكريون

 القوات الجوية المصرية - (3 + 6 تحت الطلب).

 القوات الجوية الجورجية

 القوات الجوية الإيرانية - 12 طائرة طراز (An-74TK-200).

 القوات الجوية المولدافية - 2.

 القوات الجوية الروسية

 القوات الجوية الأوكرانية - 26.

المواصفات
تلك هي مواصفات الطراز أن-72 بيه (An-72P).

الصفات العامة
 الطاقم: 3.
 القدرة الاستيعابية: 32-58 راكب.
 الطول: 26.58 متر.
 المسافة بين الجناحين: 25.83 متر.
 الارتفاع : 8.24 متر.
 مساحة الأجنحة: 98.62 متر².
 الوزن فارغة: 7,500 كجم.
 الوزن محملة: 19,050 كجم.
 أقصى وزن محملة: 33,000 كجم.
 المحرك: محركان تربوفان من نوع (Lotarev D-36) يعطي الواحد قوة دفع 63.7 كيلو نيوتن.

الأداء
 السرعة القصوى: 705 كيلومتر/ساعة.
 سرعة العبور: 600 كيلومتر/ساعة علي ارتفاع 10,000 متر.
 المدى: 4,800 كيلومتر.
 أقصى ارتفاع: 11,800 متر.

التسليح
 رشاشات: رشاش 23 مم.
 صواريخ: صاروخ واحد تحت كل جناح نوع (UB-32M).
 قنابل: 4 قنابل زنة 100 كجم تحمل داخل الطائرة.

مصادر

انظر أيضًا
 أنتونوف أن-71.
 أنتونوف أن-148

وصلات خارجية
 التعديلات في الطراز إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 200(An-74TK-200).
 التعديلات في الطراز إيه إن - 74 تي كاه - 300.(An-74TK-300).
 التعديلات في الطراز إيه إن - 74 تي كاه (An-74TK).
 التعديلات في الطراز إيه إن - 74 تي (An-74T).

طائرات أنتونوف
طائرات أواكس
طائرات ذات ذيل على شكل (T)
طائرات شحن سوفيتية 1970–1979
طائرات نفاثة ثنائية المحركات
طائرات نقل
طائرات نقل عسكرية سوفيتية 1970–1979

أنتونوف أن-72


Gölge Fanzin, İstanbul'da fotokopi yoluyla çoğaltılan fanatik magazindir. Eylül 2003 tarihinden beri turuncu renkli, A5 (148.5x210mm) boyutunda, 20-189 sayfa olarak ortalama 3 ayda bir yayımlanmaktadır.

7. sayısından itibaren, mizanpajı değişmiş ve sanal ortamdan yayınlanmaya başlamıştır. Dolayısıyla bir e-dergiye dönüşmüştür.

Gölge Fanzin, içeriği tamamen fotoğrafa yönelik, dünyada ve Türkiye'deki ilk fanzin özelliğini taşımaktadır.

Bu içerik; Fotoğrafla ilgili deneme, röportaj, çeviri, sergi ve albüm eleştirisi, çeşitli alıntı ve karikatürlerden oluşmaktadır.

Ücretsizdir.

Gölge Fanzin, Türk Fotoğrafına ürettikleri fotoğrafik proje ve fikirlerle katkıda bulunmak isteyen herkese açık olan liberal esaslı herkese açık bir e-dergidir.

Sloganı: "Işığın Olduğu Her Yerde Gölge de Vardır."

Dış bağlantılar

Gölge Fanzin
 Ara Güler İftiharla Sunar: Gölge Fanzin 10
Açık Radyo/FotoMüze
Gölgelerin Gücü Adına mı? Hadi Canım Sen de.../Orta Format  - İngilizce Versiyon - By the Power of Greyskull? You Don't Say!

Gölge Fanzin TV Röportajları

 D-Plus/Fotoğrafhane
Göz Kararı/Medyascope

Fanzinler

Gölge Fanzin


El XII Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato se celebró en Bolonia (Italia) en el año 1967 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Italiana de Tiro Deportivo. Paralelamente se celebró el I Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Blanco Móvil.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 1967

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato de 1967


Þináta (fræðiheiti: Phacidium balsamicola) er sveppategund sem leggst á þintegundir. Hann veldur nokkrum skaða í jólatrjáarækt.

Tilvísanir

Sníkjusveppir
Asksveppir
Sveppir á Íslandi

Þináta


مشيخة العلوي أو علوي، كانت مشيخة تقع في منطقة عدن بجنوب غرب اليمن. وكانت عاصمتها القشعة. وقد ألغت المشيخة في عام 1967 عندما أعلن عن استقلال جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية.

نبذة
مشيخة العلوي هي واحده من أصل «التسعة الكانتونات» التي وقعت اتفاقات حماية مع بريطانيا العظمى في أواخر القرن 19 وأصبحت جزءاً من محمية عدن البريطانية. انضمت في وقت لاحق إلى اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي الذي خلفه اتحاد الجنوب العربي.

القشعة كانت عاصمة للمشيخة العلوية في جنوب اليمن. وهي مدينة صغيرة في محافظة لحج الآن. وآخر شيوخها كان صالح بن صايل العلوي وبعده الغيت المشيخة في عام 1967 عند تأسيس جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية التي هي الآن جزء من الجمهورية اليمنية.

يحد مشيخة العلوي من الجهة الجنوبية سلطنة الحواشب والضنبري، ومن الجهة الشمالية بلاد الأميري، ومن الجهة الشرقية ردفان، ومن الجهة الغربية سلطنة الحواشب أيضاً.

مشيخة العلوي ألغيت بعد قيام الثورة في الجنوب، ولكن استمر شيوخها بالتناوب في المشيخة، حيث تولّى الشيخ فضل بن صالح المشيخة، وبعد موته تولى اخوه الشيخ توفيق بن صالح بن صائل، ولا زال إلى اللآن شيخا على قرية القشعة وما جاورها.

القشعة قرية كبيرة، وهي قرية زراعية وسيانحية، يوجد فيها بعض الحيوانات كالنمور والضباع والثعالب والارانب والضب والورر (الورل)،ومن الطيور الهدهد والحداة والسافع (الصقر) الحمام البري والجرع. والقشعة ذات عمق ناريخي، كما انها تمتد على سفح جبل سبأ التاريخي.

الحكام
كان حكام مشيخة آل علوي يلقبون شيخ مشايخ آل العلوي.

شيوخ

 1800 - 1839 شايف العلوي
 1839 - 18.. هلال بن شايف العلوي
 18.. - مارس 1875 شايف بن شايف العلوي
 1875 - 1892 سعيد بن صالح العلوي
 1892 - أبريل 1898 شايف بن سعيد العلوي
 1898 الحسين بن صالح العلوي
 1898 - يوليو 1920 علي بن ناصر العلوي
 1920 - 1925 عبد النبي بن علي العلوي
 1925 - 1940 محسن بن علي العلوي
 1940 - 28 أغسطس 1967 صالح بن صايل العلوي

انظر أيضا
 محمية عدن

مراجع

مصادر أخرى
 كتاب «هذا الجنوب أرضنا الطيبة» لعبد الرحمن جرجرة

وصلات خارجية
 Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate

اليمن في القرن 18
أنظمة ملكية سابقة
اتحاد الجنوب العربي
اتحاد إمارات الجنوب العربي 1959-1963
اليمن في القرن 19
اليمن في القرن 20
انحلالات سنة 1967 في آسيا
تأسيسات القرن 19 في اليمن
تأسيسات سنة 1743 في آسيا
دول سابقة في الشرق الأوسط
دول في محمية عدن
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1967
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1743
دول يمنية بعد الإسلام

مشيخة العلوي


Carl Christian Rafn (January 16, 1795 – October 20, 1864) was a Danish historian, translator and antiquarian.   His scholarship to a large extent focused on translation of Old Norse literature and related Northern European ancient history. He was also noted for his early advocacy of the recognition of  Norse colonization of North America.

Biography
Carl Christian Rafn was born in Brahesborg on the island of Fyn in Funen County, Denmark. After attending the Odense Cathedral School  (Odense Katedralskole), he entered the University of Copenhagen where he earned his law degree and graduated (1816). After having been employed as a lieutenant with the Funen light dragoons in Odense, in 1820, he became a teacher  in Latin and grammar at the Army Cadet Academy (Landkadetakademiet) in Copenhagen.

Rafn was particularly interested in discovering the location of Vinland as mentioned in Norse sagas. Together with  Icelandic scholar Finnur Magnússon and Danish linguist Rasmus Rask, he founded the Royal Norse Ancient Writings Society (Det Kongelige nordiske Oldskriftselskab). He was also a member of the Arnamagnæan Institute (Den Arnamagnæanske Kommission) which managed the Arnamagnæan Foundation
(Det Arnamagnæanske Legat), custodians for the collection of manuscripts from 17th-century Icelandic scholar Árni Magnússon.

Rafn published much of his work in 1837 in the Antiquitates Americanæ. It is considered the first scholarly exposition of pre-Columbian Norse exploration. At the time of Rafn's research, the Norse sagas concerning Vinland were considered by most scholars to be mere legends. The ideas advanced by Rafn found new support since the 1960s with the discovery of the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in northern Newfoundland, Canada.

In 1836, he was admitted as a member of the Royal Danish Society for History  (Det kongelige danske Selskab for Fædrelandets Historie).  In 1836 he was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.  He was a member of numerous other foreign associations and societies and received the philosophical and legal doctorate from abroad.

Rafn became a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1828 and  was awarded the Grand Cross of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogsmand) in 1842.
He died in 1864 at the age of 69 and was buried at  Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.

Selected works

Committee
 1821–1826 – Nordiske Kæmpehistorier (3 vols.)
 1824 – Jomsvikingesaga
 1825–1837 – Fornmanna sögur (12 vols.)
 1826 – Krákumál
 1826 – 1827 – Kong Olaf Tryggvesøns Saga (3 vols.)
 1829–1830 – Fornaldarsögur Norðrlanda (3 vols.)
 1829–1830 – Nordiske Fortidssagaer (3 vols.)
 1832 – Færeyínga saga
 1837 – Antiqvitates Americana
 1838–1854 – Grønlands historiske Mindesmærker  (3 vols.)
 1850–1858 – Antiquités Russes d'après les monuments historique des anciens et des Islandais Scandinaves (2 vols.)
 1852 – Saga Játvarðar konúngs Hin Helga (with Jón Sigurðsson)
 1856 –  Antiquités de l'Orient

Journals
 1832–1836 – Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed  (3 vols.)
 1836–1863 – Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed  (og Historie) (23 vols.)
 1836–1860 – Mémoires de la société des antiquaires du Nord
 1843–1863 – Antikvarisk Tidsskrift  (7 vols.)

See also
Viking revival
Norse colonization of the Americas

References

Other sources
Jespersen, Knud J.V.  (1990) Carl Christian Rafn og det Fyenske Militair-Bibliothek (Odenses bibliotekshistorie, Odense Universitetsforlag)

Related reading
Borring, Laurits Stephan  (1864) Notices on the life and writings of Carl Christian Rafn: Permanent secretary of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Counsellor of Conference
Gröndal, Benedikt (1869) Breve fra og til Carl Christian Rafn med en Biographi
Widding, Ole  (1964) Carl Christian Rafn – Biographie of Old Nordic-Icelandic Studies

External links
Facsimile of a map from the works of Carl Christian Rafn
 The Norse Discovery of America (London: Norrœna Society. 1906. Rasmus B. Anderson, editor in chief)

1795 births
1864 deaths
People from Assens Municipality
University of Copenhagen alumni
 Danish antiquarians
Danish classical scholars
19th-century Danish educators
19th-century Danish historians
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog
Burials at Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)

Carl Christian Rafn


شارل العشي ، عالم فضاء لبناني-أمريكي. يشغل منصب مدير مختبر الدفع النفاث المسؤول عن تطوير تقنيات الاندفاع في الفضاء الخارجي للمركبات الفضائية في وكالة الفضاء الأميركية "ناسا"، ونائب رئيس معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية، وهو بروفيسور الهندسة الكهربائية وعلوم الفلك فيها.

نبذة
ولد شارل العشي في 18 نيسان 1947 في مدينة الرياق البقاعية في لبنان. وتلقى علومه في معهد الرسل في جونيه، ومنحه الرئيس شارل حلو عام 1964 منحة لإكمال دراساته العليا في فرنسا، فحاز على شهادة في الفيزياء من جامعة غرونوبل ودبلوم في الهندسة من البولتكنيك عام 1968. ثم انتقل إلى الولايات المتحدة فحاز على الماجستير ثم الدكتوراه في العلوم الكهربائية من معهد كاليفورنيا التكنولوجي عام 1971.

أعماله
شغل عدة مناصب في "ناسا"، فكان المسؤول العام في عدة برامج أبحاث وتطوير مشاريع فضائية والمسؤول عن رحلات عدة للمكوك الفضائي (1981 ـ 1984 ـ 1994)، ومعاونا مسؤولا في برنامج المركبة «ماجلان» وهو قائد فريق تجارب مشروع «تيتان» ومعاون المسؤول عن مشروع «روزيتا» الفضائي. وله دراسات فاق عددها 230 تتعلق بالفضاء واستكشافات الأرض ومراقبتها من الفضاء الخارجي، والمايكروويف، ونظرية الكهرباء الممغنطة. ولعب دورا مميزا وبارزا خلال سنواته الثلاثين في مختبر الدفع النفاث في تطوير الرادار الفضائي، ما سمح بإطلاق مركبات ماسحة متطورة وتلقى عدة أوسمة دولية عن إنجازاته. وكان خلال التسعينات المسؤول عن تعريف وتطوير مركبات الفضاء الخارجي ومهمات محددة لاستكشاف النظام الشمسي، والمراقبة الفضائية والفيزياء النجمية. وفي أواخر التسعينات شارك في العديد من اللجان التي طورت خطط عمل (الناسا) لاستكشاف الأنظمة الشمسية المجاورة (1995) والمريخ (1998). وعيِّن في يناير (كانون الثاني) 2001 مديرا لمختبر الدفع النفاث ونائب رئيس «كالتك».

الاتحادات المهنيّة
تمّ انتخاب شارل العشّي عضواً في الأكاديميّة الوطنيّة للهندسة (NAE) في سنة 1989 وكان عندها في سن الثانية والأربعين، وأصبح عام 1993 عضواً في اللجنة العقديّة الرابعة في نفس الأكاديميّة واستمرّ في هذا المنصب حتّى عام 1995 حين ترأّس لجنة أعضاء الأكاديميّة. خدم شارل العشّي في العديد من لجان الأكاديمية الوطنيّة للهندسة. تمّ انتخابه في عام 2007 كمستشارٍ للأكاديميّة لفترةٍ مدّتها ثلاث سنوات. وهو أيضاً عضوٌ في المجلس التنفيذي لنفس الأكاديميّة. العشّي أيضاً زميل في أكاديميّة كاليفورنيا للعلوم.

العشّي زميلٌ في معهد مهندسي الكهرباء والإلكترونيات (IEEE) والمعهد الأمريكي للملاحة الجويّة والفضائيّة (AIAA) وأكاديميّة كاليفورنيا للعلوم، وهو عضوٌ في الأكاديمية الدولية للملاحة الفضائية.

أنشطة خارجيّة
يشغل العشي منصب رئيس مجلس حركة سانت إكزوبيري للابتكار في تولاوز، فرنسا، وهو عضو في المجلس الاستشاريّ لوكالة الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة للفضاء، وعضو لجنة المختبرات الوطنيّة للطّاقة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكيّة، وعضو في اللجنة الزائرة لقسم الملاحة الجوّيّة والفضائيّة في معهد ماستشوستس للتكنولوجيا، وهو الرئيس السابق والعضو الحالي في مجلس زوّار جامعة كاليفورنيا في ولاية لوس أنجيلوس الأمريكيّة، وهو أيضاً عضوٌ سابق في مجلس أمناء مستشفى هنتنغون في باسادينا بولاية كاليفورنيا، وهو الرئيس السابق وعضو مجلس أمناء الجامعة اللبنانيّة الأمريكيّة في نيويورك وبيروت، وهو عضو المجلس الاستشاريّ الدوليّ لجامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن في المملكة العربيّة السعوديّة ((KFUPM، وعضو سابق في المجلس الاستشاري الدوليّ لجامعة الملك عبد الله للعلوم والتقنيّة في المملكة العربيّة السعوديّة (KAUST) وعضو في المجلس الاستشاري الدوليّ لجامعة عُمان. كان العشّي أيضاً عضواً في اللجنة الاستشاريّة لكلّيّة الهندسة بجامعة أريزونا وفي المجلس الاستشاري للاستشعار عن بعد في جامعة بوسطن.

ألقى العشّي محاضرات وخطب رئيسيّة في العديد من المؤتمرات العالميّة والجامعات داخل وخارج الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة، بما في ذلك فعّاليات في أستراليا والنمسا والبرازيل والصين والدنمارك ومصر وإنكلترا وفرنسا وألمانيا واليونان وهولّندا واليابان والهند وإيرلندا وإيطاليا وكينيا وموناكو والمغرب وسنغافورة وسويسرا. كان أيضاً أحد المتحدّثين في يوم الخرّيجين في معهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا وفي فعّاليّة «محاضرات واتسون» في نفس المعهد.

الجوائز والتقديرات
حاز شارل العشّي على العديد من الجوائز، بما في ذلك الميداليّة الذهبيّة لمدينة غرونوبل الفرنسية في عام 2018 ، وجائزة تشيمبرز لإنجازات العمر في عام 2016، وعلى جائزة منظّمة روتاري للإنجازات الفضائيّة 2016، وعلى الجائزة التذكارية لآلان دي. إيميل لعام 2016، وحاز في عام 2012 على شهادة دكتوراه فخريّة من الجامعة الأمريكيّة في بيروت، وعلى جائزة الخوذة الكريستالية من الكونغرس في عام 2012، وعلى جائزة افتتاح لجنة باسادينا للفنون والعلوم في نفس العام، وحصل في عام 2013 على دكتوراه فخريّة أخرى من الجامعة الأمريكيّة في بيروت، وعلى جائزة آرثر إم بيتش من الأكاديميّة الوطنيّة للهندسة في عام 2011، وعلى وسام جوقة الشرف بمرتبة فارس من فرنسا في نفس العام،  وعلى جائزة جيه إي هيل J.E. Hillلإنجازات العمر في مجال الفضاء من منظّمة الفضاء في عام 2011،  وعلى جائزة كارل ساغان من المعهد الأمريكي للملاحة الجوية والفضائية AIAA في نفس العام، وعلى الدكتوراه الفخريّة بالعلوم من كلية أوكسيدنتال بولاية كاليفورنيا في عام 2011، وحاز على جائزة مجتمع البحث العلمي وويليام بروكتر للإنجازات العلميّة في عام 2008، وعلى جائزة أجنحة ثيودور فون كارمان الدوليّة في عام 2007، وحصل على الجائزة الألماسيّة للجمعيّة الملكيّة في لندن عام 2006، وحصل على وسام الأرز من لبنان في نفس العام، وحصل عليه مرّة أخرى في عام 2012، وحاز على جائزة فيليب حبيب في الخدمة العامّة الممتازة في عام 2006، وعلى جائزة رحلات الفضاء من الجمعيّة الأمريكيّة للملاحة الفضائيّة في عام 2005.

اختارته ولاية لوس أنجليوس الأمريكيّة في عام 1988 «كأحد نجوم جنوب كاليفورنيا الصاعدة التي ستحدث فرقاً»

وفي عام 1989 تمّ تغيير اسم الكويكب (Asteroid 1982 SU) إلى (العشّي 4116) تقديراً لإسهاماته في استكشاف الكواكب. وفي عام 2019 تمّت تسمية مركز مراقبة البعثة JPL المتوجّهة إلى المرّيخ نسبةً له.

وصلات خارجية

 بالعربي - نص مقابلة مع شارل العشي
 Alex Markels, Guiding the Path to Mars
 موعد في المهجر مع شارل العشي - قناة الجزيرة

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للهندسة في الولايات المتحدة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
أمريكيون متجنسون
حاصلون على وسام الأرز
حاصلون على وسام ناسا للخدمة الاستثنائية
خريجو جامعة جوزيف فورييه
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (لوس أنجلوس)
خريجو معهد غرينوبل للتقنية
خريجو معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
زملاء معهد مهندسي الكهرباء والإلكترونيات
شخصيات وكالة ناسا
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 21
علماء كواكب
علماء لبنانيون
علماء من كاليفورنيا
فارس وسام جوقة الشرف
فلكيو القرن 20
فلكيو القرن 21
فلكيون أمريكيون
فلكيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
فلكيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مختبر الدفع النفاث
مسيحيون لبنانيون
مهاجرون لبنانيون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مهندسون كهربائيون أمريكيون
مهندسون لبنانيون
موارنة أمريكيون
مواليد 1947
مواليد في لبنان

شارل العشي


William Godwin (3 Mart 1756 - 7 Nisan 1836) İngiliz gazeteci, politik filozof ve yazardır. Faydacılığın ilk taraftarlarından ve felsefi anarşizmin ilk modern destekçilerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Godwin en çok bir yıl arayla yazdığı iki kitabıyla ünlüdür: Politik kuramlara bir saldırı olan Politik Adalet Üzerine Bir İnceleme ve aristokratik ayrıcalıklara karşı çıkan Oldukları Gibi Şeyler ya da Caleb Williams'ın Maceraları. Bu iki kitabının başarısı üzerine Godwin 1790'lerde Londra'daki radikal çevrelerde önemli biri hâline geldi. Daha sonraki yıllarda Godwin İngiliz radikalizmine karşı ortaya çıkan muhafazakâr tepkilerin hedefi hâline geldi. Bu tepkiler kısmen öncü feminist yazar Mary Wollstonecraft ile olan evliliğinden (1979) ve onun ölümünden sonra yazdığı dürüst biyografisinden kaynaklanıyordu. Çocukları Mary Goldman (sonraları Mary Shelley) Frankenstein'ı yazdı ve şair Percy Bysshe Shelley ile evlendi. Godwin hayatı boyunca çeşitli türde romanlar; tarih ve demografi üzerine kitaplar yazdı. Mary Jane Clairmont ile yaptığı ikinci evliliğinden itibaren Shakespeare'den Hikâyeler ile birlikte yayımladığı çocuklar için İncil'e ve klasik tarihe giriş kitapları yazdı. Godwin'in İngiliz edebiyatına ve edebiyat kültürüne de önemli etkileri oldu.

Yaşamı

William Godwin Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, Büyük Britanya Krallığı'nda dünyaya geldi. Sıkı Kalvinist olan babası ayrıca yerleşmiş kurallara baş kaldıran bir protestan rahibiydi. Kalvinci yetiştirme tarzıyla büyüyen Oğul Godwin de vaiz olmaya hazırlanıyordu.

1778'den başlayarak Ware, Stowmarket ve Beaconsfield bölgelerinde 1782'ye kadar rahip olarak görev yaptı. Bu sırada Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Gabriel Bonnet de Mably gibi Fransız filozofları ile tanıştı.1787'de tam anlamıyla ateist felsefeyi benimsedi ve hayatının son yirmi yılında siyasi gazetecilik yaptı. Fransız Devriminden esinlenerek "Siyasi Adalet Üzerine Bir İnceleme" ( An Inquiry Concercing Political Justice-1793 )
adlı eserini yazdı. Bu yapıtında geliştirdiği düşüncelere Anarşizm adını vermese de, Anarşizmin siyasal ve ekonomik kavramlarını ilk kez formüle eden Godwin olmuştur.

Godwin bu eserinde; "yasaların atalarımıza ait bilgeliğin ürünleri olmadığını ancak; tutkularının, korkaklıklarının ve kıskançlıklarının ve hırslarının ürünleri olduğunu" söyledi. Diğer pek çok önerisinin yanı sıra Devletin de ortadan kaldırılmasını dile getirdi. Mülkiyet hakkındaki görüşleriyle birlikte bütün bu fikirlerin vardığı nokta Komünizm'di. Ancak Godwin'in bu düşüncelerini sürdürme cesareti yoktu. 1796'da Political Justice'nin ikinci baskısında mülkiyet hakkındaki bölümü tamamen yeniden yazmış ve komünist görüşlerini yumuşatmıştır.

1794'te "Caleb Williams" adlı romanı yazdı. Her iki eser de ona büyük bir ün kazandırdı. Ancak Fransız Devrimine karşı gösterilen reaksiyonların artması nedeniyle, birçok roman, tarihi yazılar, oyunlar, makaleler ve çocuk kitapları yazmasına rağmen eski şöhretine kavuşamadı ve 1836 yılında öldü.

1756 doğumlular
1836 yılında ölenler
İngiliz yazarlar
İngiliz ateistler
İngiliz anarşistler
Anarşist teorisyenler
İngiliz gazeteciler
Ateist yazarlar

William Godwin


The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for securities and commodity market in India under the administrative domain of Ministry of Finance within the Government of India. It was established on 12 April 1988 as an executive body and was given statutory powers on 30 January 1992 through the SEBI Act, 1992.

History
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in 1988 as a non-statutory body for regulating the securities market. It became an autonomous body on 30 January 1992 and was accorded statutory powers with the passing of the SEBI Act 1992 by the Parliament of India. SEBI has its headquarters at the business district of Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai and has Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Regional Offices in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Ahmedabad respectively. It has opened local offices at Jaipur and Bangalore and has also opened offices at Guwahati, Bhubaneshwar, Patna, Kochi and Chandigarh in Financial Year 2013–2014.

Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority before SEBI came into existence; it derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.

The SEBI is managed by its members, which consists of the following:

 The chairman is nominated by the Union Government of India.
 Two members, i.e., Officers from the Union Finance Ministry.
 One member from the Reserve Bank of India.
 The remaining five members are nominated by the Union Government of India, out of them at least three shall be whole-time members.
it's very advanced technology he have.

After the amendment of 1999, collective investment schemes were brought under SEBI except nidhis, chit funds and cooperatives.

Organisation structure

Madhabi Puri Buch took charge of chairman on 1 March 2022, replacing Ajay Tyagi, whose term ended on 28 February 2022. Madhabi Puri Buch is the first woman chairperson of SEBI.

Current Board members
The board comprises:

List of Chairpersons
List of Chairmen:

National Apex Bodies

National Institute of Securities Markets of India

Functions and responsibilities
The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as "...to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected there with or incidental there to".

SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market:
 issuers of securities
 investors
 market intermediaries

SEBI has three powers rolled into one body: quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeal process to create accountability. There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a three-member tribunal and is currently headed by Justice Tarun Agarwala, former Chief Justice of the Meghalaya High Court. A second appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court. SEBI has taken a very proactive role in streamlining disclosure requirements to international standards.

Powers
For the discharge of its functions efficiently, SEBI has been vested with the following powers:
 to approve by−laws of Securities exchanges.
 to require the Securities exchange to amend their by−laws.
 inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognised Securities exchanges.
 inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries.
 compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges.
 registration of Brokers and sub-brokers.

♦ SEBI committees

 Technical Advisory Committee
 Committee for review of structure of infrastructure institutions
 Advisory Committee for the SEBI Investor Protection and Education Fund
 Takeover Regulations Advisory Committee
 Primary Market Advisory Committee (PMAC)
 Secondary Market Advisory Committee (SMAC)
 Mutual Fund Advisory Committee
 Corporate Bonds & Securitisation Advisory Committee

♦ There are two types of brokers:
Discount brokers
Merchant brokers

Eliminate malpractices in security market

Major achievements

SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systematic reforms aggressively and successively. SEBI is credited for quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless by introducing T+5 rolling cycle from July 2001 and T+3 in April 2002 and further to T+2 in April 2003. The rolling cycle of T+2 means, Settlement is done in 2 days after Trade date. SEBI has been active in setting up the regulations as required under law. SEBI did away with physical certificates that were prone to postal delays, theft and forgery, apart from making the settlement process slow and cumbersome by passing Depositories Act, 1996.

SEBI has also been instrumental in taking quick and effective steps in light of the global meltdown and the Satyam fiasco. In October 2011, it increased the extent and quantity of disclosures to be made by Indian corporate promoters. In light of the global meltdown, it liberalised the takeover code to facilitate investments by removing regulatory structures. In one such move, SEBI has increased the application limit for retail investors to ₹ 200,000, from ₹ 100,000 at present.

On the occasion of World Investor Week 2022, SEBI Executive Director Shri G. P. Garg launched a book on Financial Literacy. This book is a joint effort between Metropolitan Stock Exchange of India Limited and CASI New York.

Controversies

Supreme Court of India heard a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed by India Rejuvenation Initiative that had challenged the procedure for key appointments adopted by Govt of India. The petition alleged that, "The constitution of the search-cum-selection committee for recommending the name of chairman and every whole-time members of SEBI for appointment has been altered, which directly impacted its balance and could compromise the role of the SEBI as a watchdog." On 21 November 2011, the court allowed petitioners to withdraw the petition and file a fresh petition pointing out constitutional issues regarding appointments of regulators and their independence. The Chief Justice of India refused the finance ministry's request to dismiss the PIL and said that the court was well aware of what was going on in SEBI. Hearing a similar petition filed by Bengaluru-based advocate Anil Kumar Agarwal, a two judge Supreme Court bench of Justice Surinder Singh Nijjar and Justice HL Gokhale issued a notice to the Govt of India, SEBI chief UK Sinha and Omita Paul, Secretary to the President of India.

Further, it came into light that Dr. K. M. Abraham(the then whole time member of SEBI Board) had written to the Prime Minister about malaise in SEBI. He said, "The regulatory institution is under duress and under severe attack from powerful corporate interests operating concertedly to undermine SEBI". He specifically said that Finance Minister's office, and especially his advisor Omita Paul, were trying to influence many cases before SEBI, including those relating to Sahara Group, Reliance, Bank of Rajasthan and MCX.

SEBI and Regional Securities Exchanges
SEBI in its circular dated May 30, 2012 gave exit – guidelines for Securities exchanges. This was mainly due to illiquid nature of trade on many of 20+ regional Securities exchanges. It had asked many of these exchanges to either meet the required criteria or take a graceful exit. SEBI's new norms for Securities exchanges mandates that it should have minimum net-worth of  1 billion and an annual trading of  10 billion. The Indian Securities market regulator SEBI had given the recognized Securities exchanges two years to comply or exit the business.

Process of de-recognition and exit
Following is an excerpts from the circular:

 Exchanges may seek exit through voluntary surrender of recognition.
 Securities where the annual trading turnover on its own platform is less than  10 billion can apply to SEBI for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit, at any time before the expiry of two years from the date of issuance of this Circular.
 If the Securities exchange is not able to achieve the prescribed turnover of  10 billion on continuous basis or does not apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit before the expiry of two years from the date of this Circular, SEBI shall proceed with compulsory de-recognition and exit of such Securities exchanges, in terms of the conditions as may be specified by SEBI.
 Securities Exchanges which are already de-recognised as on date, shall make an application for exit within two months from the date of this circular. Upon failure to do so, the de-recognised exchange shall be subject to compulsory exit process.

SEBI departments
SEBI regulates Indian financial market through its 20 departments.

See also
 Forward Markets Commission
 Securities commission
 Financial regulation
 List of financial regulatory authorities by country
 Securities exchange
 Regulation D (SEC)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
 Institute of Company Secretaries of India
 List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations

References

External links

 Securities and Exchange Board of India
 SEBI Latest Circulars
 SEBI Annual Reports

Executive branch of the government of India
Regulatory agencies of India
Organisations based in Mumbai
India
Government agencies established in 1992
Government agencies of India
Economic history of India (1947–present)
Financial services companies based in Mumbai
1988 establishments in Maharashtra

Securities and Exchange Board of India


تفويض أو انتداب (بالانجليزية: Mandate) في النظم الديموقراطية التمثيلية هو عبارة عن السلطة أو الصلاحيات الممنوحة من قبل ناخبي دائرة إنتخابية لشخص أو لحزب للعمل كممثل لهم في السلطة التشريعية، وتتجسد تلك السلطة في ما يعرف بالمقعد البرلماني أو بالعضوية في البرلمان۔ ويقال في هذا الشأن، لا سيما عندما يفوز المرشح أو الحزب أو الحكومة بهامش فوز كبير، بأن نتيجة الانتخابات منحتها تفويضًا ضمنيًا لوضع سياسات معينة موضع التنفيذ.عندما تسعى الحكومة أو الأحزاب أو المرشحين مجدداً إلى إعادة انتخابهم، فإنهم يعملون على تقديم مقترحات ووعود جديدة في برامجهم الانتخابية من أجل كسب ود الناخبين وبالتالي الحصول على تفويض جديد. وعادة ما تستخدم الحكومات والمسؤولون المنتخبون مصطلح «التفويض» لإضفاء الشرعية على السياسات والإجراءات التي يتخذونها في مناصبهم.

والتفويض المقصود به هنا في السياق الانتخابي (Mandate) يختلف عن التفويض في السياق الإداري والسياسي الآخر (بالإنجليزية: Delegation) والذي يتم بموجبه إسناد السلطة أو المسؤولية لشخص آخر (عادة من المدير إلى المرؤوس) لتنفيذ أنشطة معينة. (طالع تفويض)

في بعض اللغات والأنظمة الانتخابية، يعني «التفويض» الفوز بمقعد برلماني في الانتخابات بدلاً من الفوز بالانتخابات نفسها. يجدر بالذكر أن هناك نوعان من التفويض، هما التفويض الإلزامي والتفويض الحر. ففي حالة ارتباط هذا التفويض برغبات الناخبين، فإنه يعتبر تفويضًا إلزاميًا، مالم فيطلق عليه تفويض حر.

رانظر أيضا
 انتخابات

مراجع

انتخابات
ديمقراطية
سياسة (حكمة إدارة الأمور)
فلسفة سياسية

انتداب (سياسة)


Ta-Ha Suresi (), Kur'an'ın 20. suresidir. Sure 135 ayetten oluşur.

Sure, ismini 1. ayette yer alan harflerden almıştır. Tâ-Hâ suresi 'Biz sana bu Kur'an'ı güçlük çekmen için indirmedik' sözleriyle başlar. Surenin geri kalanında ise Musa, Harun ve Yahudilerin Mısır'dan çıkış öyküsü ile ahiret hayatı için yapılan nasihat ve ikazlara yer verilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Arş

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
DİB Taha Suresi meali

Sureler

Tâhâ Suresi


Valour Football Club er en canadisk professionel fodboldklub der til dagligt spiller i . Valour FC var en af klubberne der var med til at grundlægge den Canadiske Premier League i 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldklubber i Canada
Etableret i 2017

Valour FC


The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) is an automated light metro system that serves the London Docklands area of east and south-east London. First opened on 31 August 1987, the DLR was a key component in the regeneration of large areas of disused industrial land into valuable commercial and residential districts.

The system been extended multiple times, and now reaches north to Stratford, south to Lewisham, west to  and  in the City of London financial district, and east to Beckton, London City Airport and Woolwich Arsenal.

Stations are in the City of London and the boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Greenwich and Lewisham with the majority of the network north of the River Thames. Of the 45 stations, four are underground: Woolwich Arsenal, Island Gardens, Bank and Cutty Sark (for Maritime Greenwich).

Stations and routes
Listed for each station is the branch or branches it is on, the local authority, the London Travelcard zone in which it is located, interchanges with other modes of transport, the opening date and any resiting.

Four stations have direct interchanges with London Underground lines: Bank (Central, Circle, District, Northern and Waterloo & City), Canning Town (Jubilee), West Ham (Hammersmith & City, Jubilee and District lines) and Stratford (Central and Jubilee). There are indirect interchanges at Canary Wharf and Heron Quays (for Jubilee line from Canary Wharf), Bow Church (for District and Hammersmith & City lines from Bow Road) and Tower Gateway (for Circle and District lines from Tower Hill). There are interchanges with London Overground at Stratford (direct) and Shadwell (indirect). There are interchanges with National Rail at Greenwich, Lewisham, Limehouse, Woolwich Arsenal, Stratford, West Ham and Stratford International.

List

Planned stations
There are currently two planned projects that will add stations to the DLR network - a new station at Thames Wharf and an extension to Thamesmead.

Safeguarded stations
As part of the development of the Docklands Light Railway, several sites were safeguarded for future station construction, some of which have been implemented.

Previously safeguarded

Two stations were safeguarded as part of the initial construction of the railway in the 1980s.

 Pudding Mill Lane, located alongside the Great Eastern Main Line between Stratford and Bow Church. The station opened in 1996.
 Langdon Park, located between All Saints and Devons Road. Planned as "Carmen Street", the station opened in 2007.

No longer proposed

 Thames Wharf, located south of Canning Town, was safeguarded during the construction of the Beckton extension. Given construction of flying junctions for access to the Stratford International and Woolwich Arsenal branches of the DLR, construction of this station is no longer possible. A new safeguarded site for a Thames Wharf station was constructed as part of the London City Airport extension.
 Connaught, located on a straight section of viaduct between Prince Regent and Royal Albert stations, was safeguarded during the construction of the Beckton extension in the 1990s. The site was close to the long closed Connaught Road station. Although a straight section of viaduct remains, the station is not currently proposed, despite recent development in the local area such as ExCeL London and London Regatta Centre.

Currently proposed

 Thames Wharf was safeguarded as part of the London City Airport extension, with a straight section of viaduct. The site is currently being used for Silvertown Tunnel construction. Following completion of the tunnel in 2025, 5,000 new homes and a DLR station will be built.

Notes

See also
 List of London railway stations
 List of London Underground stations
 List of former and unopened London Underground stations
 :Category:Railway stations in London by borough

Footnotes

References

External links
 Docklands Light Railway – Transport for London

Stations
Docklands Light Railway

Lists of metro stations

List of Docklands Light Railway stations


Erdem Türetken, (5 Nisan 1979, Merzifon), Türk basketbolcudur. Kısa forvet pozisyonunda görev almaktadır.

Kariyeri
Erdem Türetken, basketbola Anadolu Üniversitesi'nin yıldız takımında başladı. Daha sonra Marmara Koleji ile Türkiye 2. Basketbol Ligi'nde mücadele etti.

Ardından Darüşşafaka'da 3 yıl başarı ile görev yaptı. 2005 yılında İzmir'de gerçekleştirilen Universiade 2005 İzmir'de Türkiye millî basketbol takımında önemli görev aldı.

2005-06 sezonu başında Beşiktaş Cola Turka'ya transfer oldu. 2007 yılında Galatasaray Café Crown ile sözleşme imzaladı. 2009 yılını Kepez Belediyespor'da geçirdi. 2010-11 sezonu için Aliağa Petkim ile anlaştı. 2011-12 sezonunda Konya ekibi Torku Selçuk Üniversitesi'nde forma giydi. Bir sezon sonra Medical Park Trabzonspor'a transfer oldu. Trabzonsor ile 2012-13 sezonunda TB2L'yi şampiyon olarak noktaladılar. 2013-14 sezonu başında TB3L takımlarından Sakarya Büyükşehir Belediyespor'a transfer oldu.

Dış bağlantılar
 tbl.org.tr profili
 TBLStat.net Oyuncu Profili

1979 doğumlular
Türk erkek basketbolcular
Galatasaray SK basketbolcuları
Beşiktaş JK basketbolcuları
Kepez Belediyesporlu basketbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
Merzifon doğumlular
Kısa forvet basketbolcular

Erdem Türetken


An Pabstiella rupicola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni L.Kollmann. An Pabstiella rupicola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pabstiella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pabstiella

Pabstiella rupicola


Arbutus menziesii or Pacific madrone (commonly madrone or madrona in the United States and arbutus in Canada), is a species of broadleaf evergreen tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the western coastal areas of North America, from British Columbia to California.
It is nicknamed the "Refrigerator Tree" due to the fact that its bark contains water, and it stays cool in the summer.

Its waxy evergreen foliage, contorted growth habit, and distinctive flaky bark make it a striking sight in the coastal cliffs and hills where it is abundant.

Description
Arbutus menziesii is an evergreen tree about  in height, but in the right conditions up to . The trunk is usually about  thick. The thin bark is a rich orange-red, and when mature naturally peels away in thin sheets, leaving a greenish, silvery appearance that has a smooth satin sheen. Older trunks are gray-brown near the base. The leaves are thick with a waxy texture, elliptical,  long and  broad, arranged spirally; they are glossy dark green above and a lighter, more grayish green beneath, with an entire margin. The leaves are evergreen, lasting a few years before detaching. Some second-year leaves turn orange to red and detach in the autumn. In the north of its range, wet winters often promote a brown to black leaf discoloration due to fungal infections; the stain lasts until the leaves naturally detach at the end of their lifespan. In spring, the tree bears sprays of small white to pink bell-like flowers, and in autumn, red berries. The berries dry up and have hooked barbs that latch onto larger animals for migration.

Individual specimens can live for over 300 years.

Common names
In Canada, it is simply referred to as arbutus. It is known in the United States as the madrona, madrone, madroño, madroña, or bearberry. The name strawberry tree (A. unedo) may also be found in relation to A. menziesii (though it has no relation to the strawberry fruit).  According to the Sunset Western Garden Book, in the United States, the name "madrone" is more common south of the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and Northern California and the name "madrona" is more common north of the Siskiyous. The Concow tribe calls the tree dis-tā'-tsi (Konkow language) or kou-wät′-chu. Its species name was given it in honor of the Scottish naturalist Archibald Menzies, who noted it during George Vancouver's voyage of exploration.

Distribution and habitat
Madrones are native to the western coast of North America, from British Columbia (chiefly Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands) to California. They are mainly found in Puget Sound, the Oregon Coast Range, and California Coast Ranges, but are also scattered on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges. They are rare south of Santa Barbara County, with isolated stands south to Palomar Mountain in California. One author lists their southern range as extending as far as Baja California in Mexico, but others point out that there are no recorded specimens collected that far south, and the trees are absent from modern surveys of native trees there. However, other Arbutus species are endemic to the area.

It fares well in dry and rocky sites, is tolerant of salt water, but fairly intolerant of shade.

Ecology

The tree can be found growing along with Douglas-fir. The thin bark is susceptible to fire, but new saplings readily sprout after such disturbances. Mature trees survive fire, and can regenerate more rapidly after fire than Douglas-firs. Pacific madrone also produce very large numbers of seeds, which sprout following fire. The tree also sprouts from cut stems.

Many mammal and bird species feed off the berries, including juncos, American robins, cedar waxwings, band-tailed pigeons, varied thrushes, quail, mule deer, raccoons, ring-tailed cats, and bears. As the fruit are produced in great quantity and may persist on the tree into winter, their value as a food source is great. Mule deer will also eat the young shoots when the trees are regenerating after fire. The flowers also produce nectar which can be made into honey. Mature leaves are almost always ignored by browsing animals, but young leafy sprouts are eaten by ungulates and the dusky-footed woodrat. It is considered a high-importance winter forage species for many ungulates.

It is important as a nest site for many birds, and in mixed woodland it seems to be chosen for nestbuilding disproportionately to its numbers. This may be due to the susceptibility of the tree to heart rot, which makes it desirable for cavity-nesting birds. Pacific Madrona also provides cover for big game and small mammals, and perching sites for a variety of bird species. They are important habitat for woodpecker and sapsucker species.

Pathogens
Arbutus menziesii has low disease resistance and hosts many pathogens such as heart rot, butt rot, and stem cankers. It is afflicted by a fungal leaf blister disease caused by Exobasidium vaccinii which causes mostly aesthetic damage. The species is also lethally affected by fungi of the genus Phytophthora, including the sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) which damages branches and foliage, and a canker disease caused by Phytophthora cactorum which leads to root and butt rot.  Other pathogens include Arbutus canker (Nattrassia mangiferae), which causes shoot blight; Fusicoccum aesculi which causes dieback and creates a burned appearance; and  Neofusicoccum arbuti, madrone canker, which cause dead or dying branches, crown dieback, cankers, and sometimes death.
Thinning stands, soil loss and compaction, and a host of other impacts increase susceptibility to disease, especially on less dense stands.

Conservation
Although drought tolerant and relatively fast growing, Arbutus menziesii is currently declining throughout most of its range. One likely cause is fire control; under natural conditions, the madrona depends on intermittent naturally occurring fires to reduce the conifer overstory.

Increasing development pressures in its native habitat have also contributed to a decline in the number of mature specimens. This tree is extremely sensitive to alteration of the grade or drainage near the root crown.  Until about 1970, this phenomenon was not widely recognized on the west coast; thereafter, many local governments have addressed this issue by stringent restrictions on grading and drainage alterations when Arbutus menziesii trees are present.

Invasive species such as Scotch broom and gorse are a threat to the Pacific madrona as they can invade natural areas and outcompete young saplings for space, light, nutrients, and water.

Largest specimen burned
During the Soberanes Fire in the summer of 2016, the largest known specimen of madrone was burned and possibly killed. The tree,  tall and more than  in circumference, was listed on the American Forests National Big Tree list, a register of the biggest trees by species in the United States. The tree was located within the Joshua Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve on the Big Sur Coast of California. The fire was caused by an illegal campfire.

Cultivation

The trees are difficult to transplant and a seedling should be set in its permanent spot while still small. Transplant mortality becomes significant once a madrone is more than  tall. The site should be sunny (south- or west-facing slopes are best), well drained, and lime-free (although occasionally a seedling will establish itself on a shell midden).  In its native range, a tree needs no extra water or food once it has become established. Water and nitrogen fertilizer will boost its growth, but at the cost of making it more susceptible to disease.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Uses
Native Americans ate the berries raw and cooked, but because the berries have a high tannin content and are thus astringent, they more often chewed them or made them into a cider. Overeating causes cramps. Native Americans also use the berries to make necklaces and other decorations, and as bait for fishing (as did the Karuk people to catch steelhead). Bark and leaves were used to treat stomach aches, cramps, skin ailments, and sore throats. The bark was often made into a tea to be drunk for these medicinal purposes.

Early Californian settlers may have used charcoal from the species to make gunpowder.

The wood is durable and has a warm color after finishing, so it has become more popular as a flooring material, especially in the Pacific Northwest.  An attractive veneer can also be made from the wood.  However, because large pieces of madrona lumber warp severely and unpredictably during the drying process, they are not used much. Madrone is burned for firewood, though, since it is a very hard and dense wood that burns long and hot, surpassing even oak in this regard. The Saanich people of British Columbia have a prohibition against burning arbutus due to its salvific role in their creation myths.

References

Works cited

External links

Jepson Flora Project: Arbutus menziesii
The BC Ministry of Forests and Range Tree Book on Arbutus

menziesii
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Flora of British Columbia
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Plants described in 1813
Trees of North America
Trees of the West Coast of the United States
Trees of the Western United States
Trees of the United States
Trees of Western Canada
Trees of Canada
Trees of the Northwestern United States

Arbutus menziesii


ත්‍රසිමේන් විල සටන (ජූනි 24, 217 ක්‍රිපූ, ජුලියානු දින දසුනෙහි අප්‍රේල්) යනු දෙවන පියුනික් යුද්ධයෙහි ප්‍රධාන සටනකි. හැනිබල් යටතේ සටන් වැදුනු කාර්තජේනියානුවන්  විසින්   ගායියුස් ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් යටතේ වූ රෝමානුවන් පරාජය කෙරිණි. භාවිතා කල භටයන් ගණන අනුව සැලකූ කල හමුදාමය ඉතිහාසයේ විශාලතම රැක සිට පහරදීම ලෙසින්,  ත්‍රසිමේන් විලෙහි රෝමානු හමුදාවට එරෙහිව හැනිබල්ගේ  මෙම ජයග්‍රහණය තවමත් සැලකෙයි. ආදිතම දන්නා යුද්ධ උපාය මාර්ගික  විවර්තන ගමනයද හැනිබල් විසින් භාවිතා කරන ලද්දේ මෙම සටනෙහි පූර්විකා අවදියෙහිදීය.

පූර්විකාව
 ටිබේරියස් සැම්ප්‍රෝනියුස් ලොන්ගුස්ගේ  ත්‍රේබියාවේ පරාජයෙන් මහත් ලෙසින් ත්‍රාසයට සහ තැති ගැන්මට ලක්ව සිටි රෝමානුවෝ, උතුරු දෙසින් පැමිණි මෙම නව තර්ජනයට එදිරිව ක්‍රියාකරනු වස් වහා සැලසුම් කලහ. සැම්ප්‍රෝනියුස් රෝමය වෙත යළි සම්ප්‍රාප්තවූ අතර, රෝමානු සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය තීරණය කලේ ඉදිරි වසර වූ ක්‍රිපූ 217 දී නව  කොන්සල්වරුන් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා ලෙසිනි. නව කොන්සල්වරයන් ලෙසින් ග්නායුස් සර්විලියුස් ජෙමිනුස් සහ  ගායියුස් ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් පත්වූ අතර, කොන්සල්වරයා ලෙසින් තේරී පත්වූ පසුව සුදුසු චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර සිදු නොකොට රෝමයෙන් ඉවතට යෑම හේතුවෙන් දෙවැන්නාගේ පත්වීම සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය විසින් අවලංගු කිරීමේ තර්ජනයක්ද පැවතිණි.පුබිලියුස් කොර්නේලියුස් ස්කීපියෝ වෙනුවට ක්‍රියාකරමින් ඔහුගේ යුද්ධ හමුදාවේ අණ දෙන නිලධාරි ලෙසින් ක්‍රියා කරන ලෙසින්  සර්විලියුස් වෙත වරදානය ලබා දුන්  සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය, සැම්ප්‍රෝනියුස්ගේ යුද්ධ හමුදාවේ ඉතිරිවී තිබු කුමන හෝ කොටසට සඳහා නායකත්වය සැපයීමට ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් පත් කලේය. ත්‍රේබියා වෙතදී ලද පරාජය නිසා හමුදාවන් දෙකම දුර්වලව සිටි බැවින්, නව සේනාංක සතරක් පිහිටුවන ලදි. මෙම නව සේනා බලයන් හා පෙර හමුදාවෙහි ඉතිරිය එක් කොට, කොන්සල්වරුන් දෙදෙනා අතරෙහි බෙදා දෙන ලදි.ටීකීනුස් සහ ත්‍රේබියා සටන් වලින් පසුව, ෆ්ලාමිනියුස්ගේ හමුදාව දකුණු දෙසට හැරී ගමනෙහි යෙදුනේ රෝමය ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සූදානම් වනු සඳහාය. හැනිබල් පසුපසින්ම පැමිණි අතර, වේගයෙන් ගමන් කල බැවින් විගසින් රෝමානු හමුදාව පසු කලේය. නගරය වෙත ලඟා වීමට පෙර, හැනිබල් සමග සටනෙහි නියැලීම සඳහා ගමන් වේගය වැඩි කර ලීමට ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් හට අනිවාර්යයෙන් සිදු කිරීමට විය. සර්විලියුස් යටත් වූ තවත් බල සේනාවක්  ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් හා එක් වීමට නියමිතව තිබුණි.

මෙය සිදුවීමට හැකිවීමට පෙර, ෆ්ලාමිනියුස්ගේ සේනාව දරුණු සටනකට පොලඹවාගැනීමට උපායක් ලෙසින්  ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් විසින් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට නියමිතව තිබූ ප්‍රදේශය විනාශ කිරීම හැනිබල් විසින් සිදු කෙරිණි. පොලිබියුස් ලියා ඇති පරිදී,  ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් සටනට පොළඹවාගත හැකි අයුරු පිළිබඳ හැනිබල් විසින් සිතාගත් ආකාරයට ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙමින්,   "ෆයිසුලයි යාබද ප්‍රදේශය වෙතින් ඔහු නික්මවී ගොස් රෝමානු කඳවුරෙන් මද දුරක් ඉදිරියට ගිය සැණින්, අසබඩ ප්‍රදේශය වෙත ආක්‍රමණයක් සිදු කල විට, ෆ්ලාමිනියුස් කලබල බවට පත්වුනු අතර, සතුරා විසින් තමන්ට අවමන් කරන ලදැයි යන අදහසින් මහත් ප්‍රකෝපයට පැමිණියේය: ප්‍රදේශයෙහි විනාශකිරීම දිගටම පැවතෙත්ම, සතර අතින් නැගුනු දුමාරය වෙතින් විනාශකිරීමේ කාර්යය ඉදිරියට පැවතෙන බව දුටු ඔහුට එම දර්ශනය ඉවසිලිමත් ලෙසින් විඳ දරාගැනීමට නොහැකි විය."මේ අවස්ථාවෙහිදීම, රෝමයේ මිත්‍රපාක්ෂිකයන්ගේ පාක්ෂිකභාවය බිඳ හෙලීමට හැනිබල් ප්‍රයත්න දැරුවේ, ජනරජය බල රහිත බවත් ඔවුන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට හැකියාව රහිත බවත් ඒත්තු ගැන්වීමෙනි.

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බැට්ල් ඔෆ් ලේක් ත්‍රසිමේන් ඇනිමේටඩ් බැට්ල් මැප් ජොනතන් වෙබ් විසින්

 ත්‍රසිමේන්
ක්‍රිපූ 217
ක්‍රිපූ 210 ගණන් වල ගැටුම්

ත්‍රසිමේන් විල සටන


Karacahisar, Muğla ilinin Milas ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Muğla iline 99 km, Milas ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus
2010=863
2005=853
2000=796
1997=715
1980=905
1975=1000
1970=1520
1960=987

Milas'ın mahalleleri

Karacahisar, Milas