He Lüting, auch He Luting (; * 20. Juli 1903; † 27. April 1999) war ein chinesischer Komponist des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er komponierte seit den 1930er Jahren Lieder für chinesische Filme, manche darunter blieben populär.

An der Musikhochschule Shanghai gewann er mit seiner Komposition Die Flöte des Büffeljungen (牧童短笛) 1934 einen Wettbewerb, der vom russischen Komponisten Alexander Nikolajewitsch Tscherepnin gesponsert und bewertet wurde.

Seine bekanntesten Kompositionen sind das Lied der vier Jahreszeiten (四季歌) und Der wandernde Songstress (天涯歌女, mit Text von Tian Han), die beide für den Film Street Angel aus dem Jahr 1937 komponiert und von Zhou Xuan gesungen wurden.

Im September 1949 wurde Lüting zum Direktor der Musikhochschule Shanghai ernannt.

Ende des Jahres 1965 initiierte Jiang Qing, Mao Zedongs vierte Ehefrau, den antiwestlichen Kreuzzug der Kulturrevolution, und eine Welle des Terrors erfasste jeden Sektor der Gesellschaft. Im Geist der proletarischen Solidarität wurden alle "bourgeoisen" Künstler öffentlicher Erniedrigung unterzogen und einige wählten Selbstmord als Ausweg. Ein erstaunliches Ereignis fand im chinesischen Fernsehen statt: He Lüting, der von einem proletarisch gesinnten Kritiker angegriffen wurde, weil er die Musik von Claude Debussy verteidigt hatte, wurde einer Befragung unter Folter unterzogen, weigerte sich jedoch sich zu entschuldigen. Er rief: "Ihre Anschuldigungen sind falsch! Schämen Sie sich für Ihre Lügen!" Alex Ross bemerkte hierzu, dass kein Komponist jemals tapferer gegen den Totalitarismus Stellung bezogen hätte.

1984 ging Lüting in den Ruhestand und erhielt den Titel eines Ehrendirektors. Der Hauptkonzertsaal der Musikhochschule Shanghai wurde nach He Lüting benannt.

Werke

Klavierwerke
 Mu tong duan di 牧童短笛 web
 Yao lan qu 搖籃曲 web

Orchesterwerke
 Sen ji de ma 森吉德瑪 (Sangye Dolma) web
 Wan hui 晚會

Filmlieder
 Chun tian li 春天裏 web
 Si ji ge 四季歌
 Tian ya ge nü 天涯歌女 web

Lieder
 Partisanenlied web
 Ken chun ni 墾春泥
 Jia ling jiang shang 嘉陵江上

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Chinese
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1999
Mann

He Lüting


Zvučna alveolarna afrikata ili zvučna alveolarna sibilantna afrikata suglasnik je koji postoji u mnogim jezicima, a u međunarodnoj fonetskoj abecedi za njega rabi simbol [  ].

Glas se u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku pojavljuje samo kao alofon glasa /t͡s/ pred zvučnim suglasnicima (primjerice, policajac bi [polit͡sajad͡z‿bi]). Postoji u mnogim svjetskim jezicima poput mađarskog, istočnog armenskog, bjeloruskog i dr.

Karakteristike su:

 po načinu tvorbe jest afrikata
 po mjestu tvorbe jest alveolarni suglasnik
 po zvučnosti jest zvučan.

Izvori

Fonetika

Zvučna alveolarna afrikata


Johannes Huppertz (* 20. Juli 1964 in Köln) ist ein deutscher Musikproduzent, Songwriter und Multi-Instrumentalist. Er arbeitet auch unter den Pseudonymen Area 42 und Newton. Seit 2014 arbeitet er als TV Komponist.

Leben
Johannes Huppertz wuchs in Köln auf und bildete sich autodidaktisch zu einem Multi-Instrumentalisten aus. Einige Jahre war er Singer-Songwriter und Frontman der Gruppe Comix Strip. Er arbeitete u. a. mit dem Produzenten Wolfgang Voigt und Peter Brings von der Kölner Mundart-Band Brings.

2008 veröffentlichte Johannes Huppertz unter dem Pseudonym Area 42 erstmals einen Longplayer gleichen Namens. 2009 brachte er unter dem Pseudonym Newton bei Sashimi Records das Album Roadmovie heraus. Im selben Jahr veröffentlichte Huppertz erstmals ein Album unter seinem bürgerlichen Namen. Eternal Change erschien auf dem bekannten Label Mole Listening Pearls. Als Single wurde Breath Away ausgekoppelt. 2010 folgten das Album Café International und unter seinem Pseudonym Newton die digitale Veröffentlichung Cologne Citywaves. 2011 brachte Huppertz das Remixalbum 24/7 Chill Jazz heraus, auf dem er unter dem Motto 24 Stunden lang und 7 Tage die Woche Chillout einige seiner Lieblingslieder zusammengestellt hat. 2011 veröffentlichte Huppertz mit After love is gone auch wieder einen Longplayer unter seinem Pseudonym Newton.

In den vergangenen Jahren hat Huppertz Hunderte von Soundkompositionen verlegt bzw. verlegen lassen, weit über 1.000 Veröffentlichungen alleine auf dem Downloadportal iTunes und amazon. Er ist auf zahlreichen Lounge-, Downbeat- und Chillout-Kompilationen international vertreten. In seinen Kompositionen versucht er, Tradition, Zeitgeist und persönlicher Emotionen zu verarbeiten. Johannes Huppertz ist ein großer Fan von Andy Warhol und begeistert sich für Pop-Art.

Diskografie

Studioalben
2008: Area 42 unter dem Pseudonym Area 42 (Freebeatmusic Records)
2009: Roadmovie als Newton (Sashimi Records/Rough Trade)
2009: Eternal Change (Mole Listening Pearls)
2010: Café International (Mole Listening Pearls)
2010: Cologne Citywaves als Newton (Believe Electro)
2011: After love is gone als Newton (Drizzly Loungerie)
2013: Best of Johannes Huppertz (Drizzly Records)

Singles
2009: Breath Away (Mole Listening Pearls)

Remixalben
2011: 24/7 Chill Jazz (Mole Listening Pearls)
2011: The Lightness of Being (EMI Electrola)
2012: Chillout culture (Freebeat Music Records)

Weblinks
 Webseite von Johannes Huppertz

 Johannes Huppertz bei Mole Listening Pearls
 Johannes Huppertz bei Lemongrassmusic
 Johannes Huppertz bei Prud Music Library

Musikprojekt (elektronische Musik)

Johannes Huppertz


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Untrasried

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Eschers

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Hopferbach

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Abgegangene Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Untrasried

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Untrasried
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Untrasried


عمر خير الدين المعاني مهندس أردني ورجل أعمال (مواليد 1956). شغل منصب أمين مدينة عمّان لمدة خمس سنوات، حيث تم تعيينه بهذا المنصب بإرادة ملكية منذ عام 2006 حتى عام 2011. يشغل المعاني أيضا ومنذ أكثر من عقدين منصب مدير مجموعة معاني الأردنية الصناعية.

شهدت أمانة عمان الكبرى في عهده تطورا كبيرا، حيث توسعت عمّان بشكل مدروس لم تشهده المدينة من قبل. ونالت خطة مدينة عمان الشمولية التي أطلقها جوائز عالمية منها جائزة القيادة العالمية في تخطيط المدن وجائزة المدينة عن قارة آسيا لعام 2007.

في عام 2012 قامت لجنه من مجلس النواب الأردني السادس عشر بالتحقق من مشاريع الامانه وعلى رأسها مشروع الباص السريع والمخطط الشمولي واعاده الهيكلة ومدى صحه الاجراءات المتبعه فيها وتم تحويل العديد من الملفات إلى الادعاء العام وقام الادعاء العام بدوره بالتحقيق في هذه المشاريع واستمع إلى شهاده ما يقارب المئة مهندس وخبير وإداري وقيادي في امانه عمان وعلى رأسهم الامين عمر المعاني بصفته الاعتباريه وتم التحفظ عليه والإفراج عنه بعد اقل من شهر، وفي بدايه عام 2013 قرر الادعاء العام بحفظ القضايا وعدم توجيه أي من التهم للمعاني وعدم ارسالها إلى المحكمة حيث تبين للادعاء

وفي بدايه الشهر العاشر من عام 2016، أصدر العاهل الأردني الملك عبد الله الثاني بن الحسين إرادة ملكية بتعيين المعاني عضواً في مجلس الأعيان الأردني وعضو مجلس أمناء مؤسسة ولاية العهد.

المؤهلات العلمية
 درجة البكالوريوس في العلوم لتخصص الهندسة المدنية من جامعة برمنجهام في بريطانيا
 درجة الماجستير لتخصص إدارة البناء من جامعة ساوث كاليفورنيا في الولايات المتحدة

السيرة العلمية
أمضى أكثر من 25 عاما في قطاع الإنتاج والتصنيع، وهو المؤسس لمجموعة معاني.

الاتحادات والهيئات التي يشارك بها
 نائب الرئيس للجنة التدريب المهني والعمل في الأجندة الوطنية
 عضو مجلس إدارة غرفة صناعة عمان
 عضو مجلس إدارة صندوق استثمار مؤسسة الضمان الاجتماعي
 عضو مجلس إدارة مؤسسة تنمية الصاجرات الأردنية
 العضو المؤسس لجمعية الرواد الشباب الأردنية
 عضو مجلس إدارة برنامج إنجاز
 عضو نقابة المهندسين الأردنيين
 عضو اتحاد التجارة الأردني
 عضو جمعية رجال الأعمال الأردنيين
 عضو مجلس إدارة اتحاد كرة السلة الأردني

مقالات ذات صلة
 أمانة عمان الكبرى

حل مجلس امانة عمّان
قرر مجلس الوزراء في جلسته التي عقدها مساء الثلاثاء 15 أذار / مارس 2011 حل مجلس أمانة عمان وكافة بلديات المملكة، وتشكيل لجان مؤقته وفقا لقانون البلديات للإدارة. وقرر المجلس تعيين عمار غرايبة رئيسا للجنة المؤقتة لأمانة عمان الكبرى خلفا للمهندس عمر المعاني . كما قررت الحكومة تعيين رؤوساء لجان في بلديات المملكة واجراء الانتخابات في شهر تموز المقبل وحسب ماهو متوقع ان يتم تعديل على قانون البلديات بحيث يستطيع العمانيون انتخاب عمدتهم (امين عمان) مما اعتبرها الكثير بالخطوة الجيدة خاصة انه كان يتم تعيين الأمين بقرار من مجلس الوزراء.

مصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مدينة عمان
أعضاء مجلس الأعيان الأردني
رؤساء بلديات في الأردن
خريجو جامعة برمنغهام
خريجو كلية مدرسة فيتربي للهندسة
عمدات مدينة عمان
مهندسون أردنيون
مواليد 1375 هـ
مواليد 1956
مواليد في مدينة عمان

عمر المعاني


Le musée gallo-romain de Biesheim est un musée archéologique situé sur le territoire de la commune de Biesheim.

Histoire

Éléments remarquables

Événements et activités

Voir aussi

Liens internes

Liens externes

Bibliographie

Biesheim

Musée gallo-romain de Biesheim


Ilha de São Domingos — das Caraíbas, cujo nome nativo era Quisqueya
República Dominicana — país da ilha acima, cujo nome popular e literário é Quisqueya
Quisqueya (cidade) — município da República Dominicana
Quisqueya (orquídea) — género botânico endémico da ilha de São Domingos

Desambiguações de topônimos

Quisqueya


Kendell Airlines was a regional airline of Australia, in the 1990s the largest in the country. It served major regional centres in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania from Melbourne, Adelaide, and Sydney. Many of its services were in co-operation with its parent company Ansett Australia from the 1990s.

History
The airline was founded in 1967 as Premiair Aviation by aviation enthusiast Don Kendell and partners, originally serving as an air charter provider and flying school, based in Wagga Wagga. In 1971, the name of the company was changed to Kendell Airlines, which coincided with the launch of scheduled services using Piper PA-31 Navajo aircraft between Wagga Wagga and Melbourne, a route which had previously been operated by Ansett Airlines (later called Ansett Australia). Shortly afterwards, the route network was expanded with flights to Sydney and Canberra.

Flight operations saw a further increase when de Havilland DH.114 Heron and Swearingen Metro II aircraft were added to the fleet, the former in 1974 & the latter in May 1979 following the Second Oil Crisis. The De Havilland DH.114 Heron aircraft were introduced on additional new routes including to Merimbula and Cooma in New South Wales. On 25 February 1985 the airline introduced the 34-seat Saab 340, a more modern regional airliner; Kendell was the first airline in the southern hemisphere to operate the Saab 340, with further aircraft of that type being added over the following years. The route network was nearly doubled in early 1986 when the South Australian routes of Airlines of South Australia (which was owned by Ansett) were taken over as a consequence of the deregulation of the Australian airline market. During the 1990s, Kendell established further operating bases to add to its original one at Wagga Wagga Airport, namely at Devonport Airport, Albury Airport and Sydney Airport, which was due to the airline becoming a subsidiary of Ansett.

From March 1996, Kendell Airlines offered the Capital Shuttle – a high-frequency (up to 13 daily return flights) service between Sydney and Canberra – on behalf of Ansett, which was followed by scheduled flights to Coffs Harbour and Ballina, which also had previously been operated by Ansett. The Saab 340s that were acquired by Kendell Airlines during that period were painted in Ansett colors. In 1999, Kendell became a regional affiliate of the Star Alliance, of which Ansett Australia had become a member.

Between 1999 and 2001, Kendell Airlines took delivery of 18 Bombardier CRJ200 regional jets, the first jet aircraft to be operated by the airline. On 14 September 2001, shortly after the last CRJ had joined the fleet, Ansett Australia collapsed, also grounding the fleet of Kendell Airlines. Kendell Airlines was placed into administration, but continued to operate a limited schedule, and also filled a temporary void left by Ansett Australia by flying on the Sydney–Canberra–Melbourne and Melbourne–Mount Gambier–Adelaide routes. In 2002, Kendell, and fellow Ansett subsidiary, Hazelton Airlines, were sold to a consortium known as Australiawide Airlines, from which Regional Express Airlines (known as Rex) was formed. Most of the turboprop aircraft operated by Kendell Airlines at that time were taken over by Rex.

Awards
1990: Best National Airline, by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority, surpassing Qantas.
1992: Regional Airlines of the Year, by Air Transport World magazine.

Fleet

Over the years, Kendell Airlines operated the following aircraft types:

Accidents and incidents
On 1 July 1992, a Kendell Airlines, SAAB 340A, VH-EKT, on a scheduled passenger service from Melbourne, Victoria to Devonport, Tasmania with 17 passengers and 3 crew lost directional control on landing. The aircraft departed the runway and ran through a ditch in soft muddy ground. Substantial damage was sustained to the aircraft but there were no injuries to passengers or crew. The cause, a severe asymmetric thrust condition developed after landing when reverse thrust was selected but the right propeller remained at a positive blade angle. This was due to the right propeller control unit being defective from an internal oil leakage across the feathering solenoid valve. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service. It still flies today.
On 11 November 1998, a Kendell Airlines SAAB 340A, VH-LPI went into a stall with the two pilots losing control for around 10 seconds, due to icing of the aircraft that was experienced near Lake Eildon on a scheduled flight from Albury to Melbourne. The solitary flight attendant received a minor injury when the aircraft descended 2,300 feet (approximately 700 metres) during the loss of control and subsequent recovery. None of the 28 passengers were injured and the flight continued to Melbourne Airport.

See also
List of defunct airlines of Australia
 Aviation in Australia

References

Defunct airlines of Australia
Airlines established in 1967
Airlines disestablished in 2001
Ansett Australia
Former Star Alliance affiliate members
Australian companies established in 1967
Australian companies disestablished in 2001

Kendell Airlines


تداخل الإشارات أو بالإنجليزية (Signal interference) ويرمز له بمختصر SI هو مصطلح يطلق على الإشارات الكهرومغناطيسية عندما تواجد ترددات مشابهة أو قريبة لبعضها البعض، فتتداخل فيما بينها مسببة (تشويش) أو ضجيج (noise).

تداخل الإشارات يسبب مشاكل فعلية خصوصا لشبكات الهاتف النقال أو الموبايل وذلك بسبب ان هذه الشبكات محددة بعدد معين من الترددات. فعندما يكون لموقعين قريبين من بعضهما ترددا واحدا أو مقاربا يحدث التداخل (interference) وتنخفض جودة الإشارة والمكالمة بنسبة كبيرة، وقد تسبب في انقطاع المكالمة إذا اكان التداخل بدرجة كبيرة.

تداخل الإشارات تعتبر عملية تداخل الإشارات في مجال الإلكترونيات، ظاهرة تقوم بها الإشارة المرسلة من دارة أو قناة من نظام الإرسال إلى إحداث تأثير غير مرغوب فيه في دائرة أو قناة أخرى. عادة ما يكون سبب التداخل الناتج عن اقتران سعوي أو حثي أو موصل غير مرغوب فيه من دائرة أو قناة إلى أخرى.

تعد تداخل الإشارات مشكلة معتبرة في الكابلات الممدودة، والإلكترونيات الصوتية، وتصميم الدوائر المتكاملة، والاتصالات اللاسلكية وأنظمة الاتصالات الأخرى.

تداخل الإشارات في مجال توصيل الكابلات
في مجال الكابلات، يشير تداخل (تضارب)الإشارات إلى التشويش الكهرومغناطيسي الحاصل من سلك مزدوج مجدول غير مغطى بعازل على زوج آخر من الأسلاك، حيث عادة ما يكونا متوازيين. بحيث أن الإشارات الإلكترونية التي تنتقل بالأزواج المتجاورة من الأسلاك تتداخل في ما بينها وتشوش على بعضها بعضا، يُطلق على زوج الأسلاك الذي يسبب التداخل «الزوج المشوش»، بينما الزوج الذي يتعرض للتداخل هو «الزوج المشوش عليه».

مقدار تداخل الإشارة مقاسا من النهاية الأقرب للسلك NEXT NEXT هو مقياس لقدرة السلك على رفض (مقاومة) التداخل في الإشارة، وبالتالي كلما ارتفعت قيمة، NEXT زاد رفض (مقاومة) التداخل في الإشارة عند عملية التوصيل. يشار إليها باسم «الطرف القريب» لأن التداخل بين الإشارتين في الكابل يتم قياسه في نفس نهاية الكبل المسبب للتشويش. يتم التعبير عن قيمة NEXT لسلك معين بالديسيبل لكل قدم أو ديسيبل لكل 1000 قدم وتتفاوت قيمتها باختلاف تردد الإرسال. تتضمن المواصفات العامة للكابلات (من بينها كبل CAT 5) عادة الحد الأدنى من قيم.NEXT

مجموع مقدار تأثير التداخل بالإشارة مقاسا من الطرف الأقرب للسلك PSNEXT PSNEXT هو عملية قياس ممانعة السلك للتداخلات في الإشارة بحيث تحتوي مجموع قيم التداخلات في الإشارة من جميع أزواج الأسلاك المتجاورة، كالمجموع الجبري للتداخلات القادمة من ثلاثة أزواج من الأسلاك وتأثيرها على الزوج الرابع منها، في الكبل المكون من أربع أزواج من الأسلاك. (ك كبل من فئة cat-6)، تنص الورقة البيضاء (الورقة البيضاء هي تقرير أو دليل يخبر القرَاء بإيجاز عن قضية معقدة لفهم مشكلة أو حلها) لشركة Superior Modular Products على أن عملية الاختبار الخاصة بـ PSNEXT تتكون من قياس جميع مجموعات التداخل المتبادل بين كل زوجين من الأسلاك ثم جمع كل القيم لكل زوج. تم تطوير المواصفات لمعالجة تأثير الإرسال على الأزواج المتجاورة والمتعددة من الأسلاك على الزوج الذي يتم اختباره بحيث يكون مناسب لجميع أجهزة التوصيل وأسلاك الاتصالات المرتبطة بها.

عند استخدام كبلات بنطاق تردد يزيد عن (100MHzكفئة Cat-5)يتم الأخذ بعين الاعتبار مجموع قياس التداخل PSNEXT بشكل أكبر وأهم من التوصيل ببطاقة (كرت) إيثرنت Ethernet بسرعة تقدر بجيجابت Gigabit عن طريق كيبل Cat-6 والذي يستخدم أربعة أزواج من الأسلاك بشكل متزامن معاَ وبكلا الاتجاهين، ومع زيادة استخدام الزوج الإضافي من الأسلاك وتوسع نطاق تردده ازدادت الحاجة لإبقاء قيمة تداخل NEXT تحت المراقبة والفحص.

مقدار تداخل الإشارة مقاسا من النهاية الأبعد للسلك FEXT مقياس التداخل بين زوجين من الأسلاك مقاساَ من النهاية (الطرف) الأبعد للسلك بالنسبة للطرف المرسل (الباعث للتشويش).

يتم قياس (مقدار تداخل الإشارة مقاساً من النهاية الأبعد للسلك FEXT) مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار ضعف إشارة الإرسال مع المسافة.

تداخل الإشارات المؤثر من مصادر أخرى (AXT)
هو تداخل ناتج عن كبلات أخرى يتم توجيهها بالقرب من الكبل ذي الاهتمام بدلاً من الإشارات الموجودة في نفس الكبل.

في الصوت

في الإنتاج الصوتي، يمكن أن يشير تداخل الإشارات إلى تسرب الإشارة من قناة برنامج إلى أخرى، مما يقلل من الفصل بين القنوات والإظهار المجسم للصوت. يمثل التداخل بين القنوات في وحدات التحكم، وبين مخرجات استوديو الصوت مشكلة أكثر وضوحًا، حيث من المحتمل أن تحمل هذه الإشارات برامج أو مواد مختلفة.

تداخل الإشارات هو تأثير كهربائي ويمكن قياسه كميا باستخدام طرق قياس تداخل الإشارات (المذكورة أعلاه). يتم إجراء قياسات الحديث المتبادل على الأنظمة الصوتية لتحديد مقدار الإشارة المتداخلة من قناة إلى أخرى. نشرت الذي يعطي التركيز الواجب على قابلية الصوت الذاتية للترددات المختلفة منحنى (لبيان مقدار التداخل في الإشارة مع تردد البث للقناة) لاستخدامها في قياس تداخل الإشارات التي تؤدي لإيجاد التركيز على قابلية الصوت الذاتية للترددات المختلفة. في غياب أي معايير دولية، لا يزال هذا الاستخدام قيد الاستخدام على الرغم من توقف عمل الهيئة.

ليس من الصعب تحقيق أداء جيد لمقاومة أثر تداخل الإشارات في أنظمة اليوم الصوتية الرقمية، على رغم من أنها كانت عمليةً صعبةً لإبقاء أثر التداخل تحت أو حوالي  -30 dB- على أجهزة راديو FM وعلى تسجيلات الفينيل (الفينيل هو نوع من البلاستيك المستخدم في أشرطة الجراموفون القديمة).

أمثلة على تداخل الإشارات في المجالات الأخرى
في الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية أو الاتصالات الهاتفية، غالبا ما يكون التمييز بين تداخل الإشارات كأجزاء من الكلام أو أصوات داخل النطاق الترددي التي تتسرب من اتصالات الأشخاص الآخرين. إذا كان الاتصال تناظريا، فيمكن غالبا استخدام الكابلات المزدوجة المجدولة لتقليل تداخل الإشارات. وبدلا من ذلك، يمكن تحويل الإشارات إلى شكل رقمي، وهو عادة أقل عرضة لتداخل الإشارات.

في الاتصال اللاسلكي، غالبا ما يشار إلى تداخل الإشارات بأنه تشويش بين القنوات المشتركة، ويرتبط أيضاً بتداخل القنوات القريبة المتجاورة.

في تصميم الدوائر المتكاملة، يشير تداخل الإشارات عادة إلى إشارة تؤثر على إشارة أخرى قريبة. عادة ما يكون التداخل سعويا، وإلى أقرب جهاز مجاور، ولكن هناك أشكال أخرى من التداخل وأثارها على الإشارة بعيدة عن بعضها البعض تكون أحيانا مهمة، خاصة في التصميمات التناظرية. شاهد تكامل الإشارات للأدوات المستخدمة لقياس هذه المشكلة ومنعها، والاقتران على مستوى الركيزة (الطبقة السفلية) للمادة لمناقشة أثر تداخل الإشارات الذي يتم نقله من خلال ركيزة الدائرة المتكاملة. هناك مجموعة كبيرة من حلول الإصلاح، منها زيادة التباعد بين الأسلاك وإعادة ترتيب الأسلاك، وتغليف الأسلاك (لتغطيتها وعزل إشاراتها فيما بينها) هو الحل الأكثر شيوعا.

في المجال الكامل للتصوير المقطعي بالاتساق البصري يشير «التداخل والتشويش» إلى الظاهرة التي تحصل بسبب الأجسام شديدة الانتشار، بحيث أن العديد من الفوتونات المتعددة المبعثرة تصل لسطح الصورة وتولد إشارة مترابطة بعد السفر بطول مسار يتطابق مع عمق العينة ضمن طول التماسك.

في شاشات العرض الثلاثية الأبعاد المجسمة، يشير «تداخل الإشارات» إلى العزل غير الكامل لقنوات الصورة اليمنى واليسرى بحيث يتسرب أحد قناتي الصور اليمنى واليسرى إلى الآخر، مثل التعرض المزدوج (يدل على كمية الضوء الداخل للعدسة أو الواصل للفيلم الفوتوغرافي في وحدة المساحة، ويقصد هنا التعرض للضوء من مصدرين مختلفين)، بحيث ينتج عنه تأثير ظلال.

أنواع تداخل إشارات الموبايل
 تداخل القنوات المجاورة.
 تداخل القنوات المشاركة.

تداخل القنوات المجاورة

عندما يستعمل نمط إعادة استعمال الترددات تُستَعمَل الترددات المجاورة للخلايا المجاورة ويعني هذا ان البعض من طاقة الترددات المجاورة سيضيع في خدمة الخلايا المجاورة وبالتالي تسبب التداخل. إن العلاقة بين الإشارات والتداخل تحسب بنسبة الإشارة على التداخل وتساوي: (signal / interference).

تداخل القنوات المشاركة
ويكون نتيجة دخول إشارة قوية جدا تابعة لمجموعة خلايا أخرى إلى خلية معينة وبالتالي يسبب هذا تداخل في القناة المستقبلة للإشارة.

اقرأ أيضا
 تداخل
 نسبة الإشارة إلى الضجيج
 اتصالات

مراجع

توافق كهرومغناطيسي
ظواهر كهربائية
قياسات الصوت
معاملات كهربائية
مواصفات مكبر الصوت
نظرية الاتصالات
هندسة إذاعية
هندسة صوتية

تداخل الإشارات


Henri Daniel-Rops () a fost un scriitor și istoric romano-catolic francez, al cărui nume real a fost Henri Petiot.

Biografie
Daniel-Rops era fiul unui ofițer din armată. A urmat studii la Facultățile de Drept și Literatură de la Grenoble, obținând titularizarea ca profesor de istorie în 1922, la vârsta de 21 de ani, fiind cel mai tânăr din Franța. A fost profesor de istorie la Chambéry, apoi la Amiens și în cele din urmă la Paris. La sfârșitul anilor 1920 și-a început cariera literară cu un eseu, Notre inquiétude (Neliniștea noastră, 1926), un roman, L'âme obscure (Sufletul întunecat, 1929) și mai multe articole în revistele Correspondent, Notre Temps și La Revue des vivants.

Daniel-Rops, care a fost educat în religia romano-catolică, a devenit prin anii 1920 un agnostic. Tema cărții Notre inquiétude o constituie pierderea sensului umanității și evoluția către o lume tot mai industrializată și mai mecanizată. Când a analizat mizeria și nedreptatea socială din jurul lui și aparenta indiferență a creștinilor față de cei pe care îi numesc frații lor, el s-a întrebat dacă creștinismul mai era o forță vie în lume.

Alternativele, cu toate acestea, nu păreau să fie mai bune. Marxismul, de exemplu, a pretins că se ocupă cu bunăstarea materială a oamenilor, dar le-a ignorat nevoile nemateriale, ceea ce pentru Daniel-Rops era inacceptabil. În anii 1930 s-a întors la Biserica Catolică, având senzația că, în ciuda deficiențelor creștinilor, doar creștinismul putea reconcilia tehnologizarea cu nevoile interioare ale umanității.

Cariera literară
Începând din 1931 a scris mai ales despre catolicism, sfătuit de Gabriel Marcel, împreună cu care era membru al Ordre Nouveau. El l-a ajutat să-și disemineze ideile în cărți, în care este de multe ori dificil să se facă distincție între reflecțiile sale personale de doctrina mișcării de care era atașat, și care l-au făcut un reprezentant de frunte al fermentului intelectual non-conformist din anii 1930: Le Monde sans âme (Lumea fără suflet), Les annés tournantes, Eléments de notre destin.

După 1935, legăturile sale cu Ordre Nouveau au început să slăbească. A colaborat cu săptămânalele catolice Sept și Temps présent. Până în 1940 a publicat mai multe romane, biografii și eseuri. A condus colecția  Présences a editurii Plon, în care a publicat cartea La France et son armée (Franța și armata sa) a generalului de Gaulle, care i-a devenit prieten.

Din 1941 până în 1944 a scris Le peuple de la Bible (Oamenii din Biblie) și Jésus et son temps (Isus și vremea sa), primul dintr-o serie de lucrări de istorie religioasă care au culminat cu monumentala Histoire de l'Eglise du Christ (Istoria Bisericii lui Hristos) (1948-1965).

După eliberarea Franței în 1944, și-a abandonat de predare pentru a se dedica muncii sale ca un Creștin istoric și scriitor, conducând revista Ecclésia și redactând Je sais, je crois (Știu și cred), publicată în limba engleză sub titlul The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism. El a fost, fără îndoială, scriitorul francez cel mai citit de către credincioșii catolici din perioada postbelică.

În același timp, împreună cu câțiva foști colegi din Ordre Nouveau, el a colaborat cu mai multe mișcări federaliste europene. El s-a alăturat Federației și Mișcării Federaliste Franceze.

Din 1957 până în 1963 a fost unul dintre cei 50 de guvernatori al Fundației Europene pentru Cultură, fondate de Denis de Rougemont. În 1955, el a fost ales membru al Academiei Franceze.

Lucrări selective
Daniel Rops a scris romane și lucrări de istorie religioasă:
 Notre Inquiétude (1926)
 L'âme obscure (1929). Roman
 Mort, où est ta victoire ? (Moarte, unde este victoria ta?) (1934). Roman
 L'épée de feu (1939). Roman
 Le peuple de la Bible (1943)
 Jésus et son temps (Isus și vremea sa) (1945)
 La nuit du cœur flambant (1947)
 Histoire sainte (1954)
 Qu'est-ce que la Bible ? (Ce este Biblia?) (1955)
 La vie quotidienne en Palestine au temps de Jésus (Viața zilnică în Palestina din vremea lui Isus) (1961)
 L'Eglise de la Renaissance et de la Reforme (dată necunoscută)
 Histoire de l'Église du Christ. VIII, L'Église des révolutions 3 : Ces Chrétiens nos frères (1965)

Referințe

Legături externe
 Daniel-Rops autobio
 News and biographical works on the site of the Académie française

Nașteri în 1901
Decese în 1965
Romano-catolici francezi
Membri ai Academiei Franceze
Scriitori romano-catolici

Daniel-Rops


Le Système B est un film documentaire français créé par l'ONG Reporters sans frontières et diffusé en , qui fut très médiatisé car il a appelé  face au rôle joué par Vincent Bolloré dans les médias, notamment les procédures dites "baillon" ou la censure répétée d'enquêtes de journalisme d'investigation, et dénoncé des pratiques qui selon RSF .

Le Système B rappelle des procédures visant plusieurs médias, par un usage massif des poursuites judiciaires, afin de décourager au maximum les enquêtes sur , qui représentent une part importante du groupe.

Contexte

Les inquiétudes exprimées dès
Malgré le succès de "Cash investigation" et "Spécial Investigation" , au début de la seconde moitié des , le site d'information Rue89 observe que les mots de « censure » ou d'« autocensure » se multiplient dans les rubriques télé des journaux et s'inquiète, lors d'un débat de la Scam, en posant la question : l'investigation à la télévision est-elle menacée ? « Le journalisme d'investigation existe-t-il encore en France ? », demande même une conférence de  à l'École Militaire.

Si Hervé Brusini, rédacteur en chef du  de  assure que'elle n'est pas menacée, d'autres sont plus réalistes. Le  quand des actionnaires reprennent la main sur des groupes de médias, constate Elise Lucet. « La vraie censure, ce sont les services juridiques », des grandes entreprises, estime un rédacteur en chef d'une grande agence de presse, tandis que Paul Moreira s'inquiète du fait que le soutien de la société de journalistes, ou des syndicats de journalistes ne suffisent plus à garantir la liberté.

Classement de la France au Palmarès RSF

Les rapports de Reporters sans frontières sont des comptes rendus de référence sur l'état de la liberté de la presse et de la liberté d'expression en général. Ce classement annuel des pays sur la liberté de la presse prend en compte dans sa notation (à la base du classement) non seulement l'action et les règlements imposés à la presse par les autorités officielles du pays, mais aussi de nomnbreux autres critères. Selon le classement mondial de la liberté de la presse établi par RSF, la France se situe à la .

Histoire

Les onze témoins
RSF a diffusé en ligne et produit ce documentaire, dans lequel . Le documentaire leur donne la parole quand il  qui servent à des .

Dès 2009, une  du journaliste d'investigation travaillant sur la chaîne de radio publique France Inter Benoît Collombatdécrivant certaines des activités a, qui décrivait, entre autres, certaines des activités commerciales africaines du groupe Bolloré avait été , rappelle RSF à ce sujet. C'est à partir de là qu'ont ensuite été poursuivis , selon l'organisation de défense de la liberté de la presse.

Démarche méthodologique
D'autres censures répétées ayant suivi, RSF a diffusé ce documentaire en 2021 pour en faire une alerte sur , en exigeant des propriétaires de grands médias en général, , le respect du travail au quotidien des journalistes, qui . RSF y utilise cependant des , observe, avec une certaine prise de distance le quotidien de centre gauche Le Monde

L'objectif principal de cette  démarche est d'éviter la situation apparue dans les  aux États-Unis avec un .

Analyse des pratiques après la prise de contrôle d'iTélé en 2015
Le documentaire analyse  pratiquée après la prise de contrôle d'iTélé en 2015, avant qu'elle soit rebaptisée CNews et rappelle qu'après . Valentine Desjeunes, ex-secrétaire générale de la rédaction, y souligne que les journalistes ont été au total .

Analyse des pratiques chez Canal+ depuis 2015
"Le Système B" raconte aussi comment fut en 2015 interdit d'antenne au dernier moment, puis déprogrammé, , titré "Evasion fiscale, enquête sur le Crédit mutuel" peu de temps après que ce dernier soit devenu actionnaire majoritaire de la chaîne cryptée. Cette censure avait été racontée par le magazine "Complément d'enquête" en 2016. RSF a retrouvé plusieurs des journalistes y ayant travaillé, dont Nicolas Vescovacci, coauteur, qui a ensuite écrit un livre avec un autre ancien journaliste de Canal+, qui estime que Vincent Bolloré  exercée contre ses nombreuses rédactions, . Une , les auteurs de ce documentaire. La journaliste de radio Pascale Clark dénonce aussi, comme d'autres journalistes,  des méthodes de Bolloré.

RSF a précisé que la diffusion d'un documentaire, procédure peu habituelle pour l'ONG,  mais une série de .

Les sept recommandations
"Le Système B" formule au total sept recommandations. L'une d'elles s'adresse directement à l'État pour exiger qu'il joue son rôle en intervenant afin de préserver , contrôlé via une part minoritaire du capital détenu par la Caisse des dépôts et consignations.

Dans ses recommandations, Le Système B interpelle également le Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) et lui demande de . RSF incite également , armes de dissuasion pour museler les médias. Selon le classement mondial de la liberté de la presse établi par RSF, la France se situe à la .

Références

Articles connexes
 Reporters sans frontières
 Déontologie du journalisme
 Liberté de la presse
 Indépendance des rédactions

Liens externes

Téléfilm français des années 2020
Téléfilm diffusé en 2021
Liberté de la presse
Bolloré
Téléfilm documentaire
Film documentaire sur une personnalité du monde des affaires
Film documentaire sur les médias

Le Système B


In electromagnetism, eddy currents (also called Foucault's currents) are loops of electric current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday's law of induction or by the relative motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. They can be induced within nearby stationary conductors by a time-varying magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet or transformer, for example, or by relative motion between a magnet and a nearby conductor.  The magnitude of the current in a given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux, and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the material.  When graphed, these circular currents within a piece of metal look vaguely like eddies or whirlpools in a liquid.

By Lenz's law, an eddy current creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic field that created it, and thus eddy currents react back on the source of the magnetic field.  For example, a nearby conductive surface will exert a drag force on a moving magnet that opposes its motion, due to eddy currents induced in the surface by the moving magnetic field.  This effect is employed in eddy current brakes which are used to stop rotating power tools quickly when they are turned off.  The current flowing through the resistance of the conductor also dissipates energy as heat in the material.  Thus eddy currents are a cause of energy loss in alternating current (AC) inductors, transformers, electric motors and generators, and other AC machinery, requiring special construction such as laminated magnetic cores or ferrite cores to minimize them.  Eddy currents are also used to heat objects in induction heating furnaces and equipment, and to detect cracks and flaws in metal parts using eddy-current testing instruments.

Origin of term
The term eddy current comes from analogous currents seen in water in fluid dynamics, causing localised areas of turbulence known as eddies giving rise to persistent vortices. Somewhat analogously, eddy currents can take time to build up and can persist for very long times in conductors due to their inductance.

History
The first person to observe eddy currents was François Arago (1786–1853), the 25th Prime Minister of France, who was also a mathematician, physicist and astronomer.  In 1824 he observed what has been called rotatory magnetism, and that most conductive bodies could be magnetized; these discoveries were completed and explained by Michael Faraday (1791–1867).

In 1834, Emil Lenz stated Lenz's law, which says that the direction of induced current flow in an object will be such that its magnetic field will oppose the change of magnetic flux that caused the current flow. Eddy currents produce a secondary field that cancels a part of the external field and causes some of the external flux to avoid the conductor.

French physicist Léon Foucault (1819–1868) is credited with having discovered eddy currents. In September 1855, he discovered that the force required for the rotation of a copper disc becomes greater when it is made to rotate with its rim between the poles of a magnet, the disc at the same time becoming heated by the eddy current induced in the metal. The first use of eddy current for non-destructive testing occurred in 1879 when David E. Hughes used the principles to conduct metallurgical sorting tests.

Explanation

A magnet induces circular electric currents in a metal sheet moving through its magnetic field.  See the diagram at right.  It shows a metal sheet (C) moving to the right with velocity  under a stationary magnet.  The magnetic field (, green arrows) of the magnet's north pole N passes down through the sheet.  Since the metal is moving, the magnetic flux through a given area of the sheet is changing.  In the part of the sheet moving under the leading edge of the magnet (left side) the magnetic field through a given point on the sheet is increasing as it gets nearer the magnet, .  From Faraday's law of induction, this creates a circular electric field in the sheet in a counterclockwise direction around the magnetic field lines.  This field induces a counterclockwise flow of electric current (, red), in the sheet.  This is the eddy current.  In the part of the sheet under the trailing edge of the magnet (right side) the magnetic field through a given point on the sheet is decreasing as it is moving further away from the magnet, , inducing a second eddy current in a clockwise direction in the sheet.

Another equivalent way to understand the current is to see that the free charge carriers (electrons) in the metal sheet are moving with the sheet to the right, so the magnetic field exerts a sideways force on them due to the Lorentz force.     Since the velocity  of the charges is to the right and the magnetic field  is directed down, from the right hand rule the Lorentz force on positive charges  is toward the rear of the diagram (to the left when facing in the direction of motion ).  This causes a current  toward the rear under the magnet, which circles around through parts of the sheet outside the magnetic field, clockwise to the right and counterclockwise to the left, to the front of the magnet again.  The mobile charge carriers in the metal, the electrons, actually have a negative charge () so their motion is opposite in direction to the conventional current shown.

The magnetic field of the magnet, acting on the electrons moving sideways under the magnet, then exerts a Lorentz force directed to the rear, opposite to the velocity of the metal sheet.  The electrons, in collisions with the metal lattice atoms, transfer this force to the sheet, exerting a drag force on the sheet proportional to its velocity.   The kinetic energy which is consumed overcoming this drag force is dissipated as heat by the currents flowing through the resistance of the metal, so the metal gets warm under the magnet.

Due to Ampère's circuital law each of the circular currents in the sheet creates a counter magnetic field  (blue arrows).  Another way to understand the drag force is to see that due to Lenz's law the counterfields oppose the change in magnetic field through the sheet.  At the leading edge of the magnet (left side) by the right hand rule the counterclockwise current creates a magnetic field pointed up, opposing the magnet's field, causing a repulsive force between the sheet and the leading edge of the magnet.  In contrast, at the trailing edge (right side), the clockwise current causes a magnetic field pointed down, in the same direction as the magnet's field, creating an attractive force between the sheet and the trailing edge of the magnet.  Both of these forces oppose the motion of the sheet.

Properties
Eddy currents in conductors of non-zero resistivity generate heat as well as electromagnetic forces. The heat can be used for induction heating. The electromagnetic forces can be used for levitation, creating movement, or to give a strong braking effect. Eddy currents can also have undesirable effects, for instance power loss in transformers. In this application, they are minimized with thin plates, by lamination of conductors or other details of conductor shape.

Self-induced eddy currents are responsible for the skin effect in conductors. The latter can be used for non-destructive testing of materials for geometry features, like micro-cracks. A similar effect is the proximity effect, which is caused by externally induced eddy currents.

An object or part of an object experiences steady field intensity and direction where there is still relative motion of the field and the object (for example in the center of the field in the diagram), or unsteady fields where the currents cannot circulate due to the geometry of the conductor. In these situations charges collect on or within the object and these charges then produce static electric potentials that oppose any further current. Currents may be initially associated with the creation of static potentials, but these may be transitory and small.

Eddy currents generate resistive losses that transform some forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat.  This Joule heating reduces efficiency of iron-core transformers and electric motors and other devices that use changing magnetic fields.  Eddy currents are minimized in these devices by selecting magnetic core materials that have low electrical conductivity (e.g., ferrites) or by using thin sheets of magnetic material, known as laminations. Electrons cannot cross the insulating gap between the laminations and so are unable to circulate on wide arcs. Charges gather at the lamination boundaries, in a process analogous to the Hall effect, producing electric fields that oppose any further accumulation of charge and hence suppressing the eddy currents. The shorter the distance between adjacent laminations (i.e., the greater the number of laminations per unit area, perpendicular to the applied field), the greater the suppression of eddy currents.

The conversion of input energy to heat is not always undesirable, however, as there are some practical applications. One is in the brakes of some trains known as eddy current brakes.  During braking, the metal wheels are exposed to a magnetic field from an electromagnet, generating eddy currents in the wheels.  This eddy current is formed by the movement of the wheels. So, by Lenz's law, the magnetic field formed by the eddy current will oppose its cause. Thus the wheel will face a force opposing the initial movement of the wheel.  The faster the wheels are spinning, the stronger the effect, meaning that as the train slows the braking force is reduced, producing a smooth stopping motion.

Induction heating makes use of eddy currents to provide heating of metal objects.

Power dissipation of eddy currents
Under certain assumptions (uniform material, uniform magnetic field, no skin effect, etc.) the power lost due to eddy currents per unit mass for a thin sheet or wire can be calculated from the following equation:

where
  is the power lost per unit mass (W/kg),
  is the peak magnetic field (T),
  is the thickness of the sheet or diameter of the wire (m),
  is the frequency (Hz),
  is a constant equal to 1 for a thin sheet and 2 for a thin wire,
  is the resistivity of the material (Ω m), and
  is the density of the material (kg/m3).

This equation is valid only under the so-called quasi-static conditions, where the frequency of magnetisation does not result in the skin effect; that is, the electromagnetic wave fully penetrates the material.

Skin effect

In very fast-changing fields, the magnetic field does not penetrate completely into the interior of the material. This skin effect renders the above equation invalid. However, in any case increased frequency of the same value of field will always increase eddy currents, even with non-uniform field penetration.

The penetration depth for a good conductor can be calculated from the following equation:

where  is the penetration depth (m),  is the frequency (Hz),  is the magnetic permeability of the material (H/m), and  is the electrical conductivity of the material (S/m).

Diffusion equation
The derivation of a useful equation for modelling the effect of eddy currents in a material starts with the differential, magnetostatic form of Ampère's Law, providing an expression for the magnetizing field  surrounding a current density :

Taking the curl on both sides of this equation and then using a common vector calculus identity for the curl of the curl results in

From Gauss's law for magnetism, , so

Using Ohm's law, , which relates current density  to electric field  in terms of a material's conductivity , and assuming isotropic homogeneous conductivity, the equation can be written as

Using the differential form of Faraday's law, , this gives

By definition, , where  is the magnetization of the material and  is the vacuum permeability. The diffusion equation therefore is

Applications

Electromagnetic braking

Eddy current brakes use the drag force created by eddy currents as a brake to slow or stop moving objects.  Since there is no contact with a brake shoe or drum, there is no mechanical wear.  However, an eddy current brake cannot provide a "holding" torque and so may be used in combination with mechanical brakes, for example, on overhead cranes. Another application is on some roller coasters, where heavy copper plates extending from the car are moved between pairs of very strong permanent magnets. Electrical resistance within the plates causes a dragging effect analogous to friction, which dissipates the kinetic energy of the car.  The same technique is used in electromagnetic brakes in railroad cars and to quickly stop the blades in power tools such as circular saws. Using electromagnets, as opposed to permanent magnets, the strength of the magnetic field can be adjusted and so the magnitude of braking effect changed.

Repulsive effects and levitation

In a varying magnetic field, the induced currents exhibit diamagnetic-like repulsion effects. A conductive object will experience a repulsion force. This can lift objects against gravity, though with continual power input to replace the energy dissipated by the eddy currents. An example application is separation of aluminum cans from other metals in an eddy current separator.  Ferrous metals cling to the magnet, and aluminum (and other non-ferrous conductors) are forced away from the magnet; this can separate a waste stream into ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal.

With a very strong handheld magnet, such as those made from neodymium, one can easily observe a very similar effect by rapidly sweeping the magnet over a coin with only a small separation.  Depending on the strength of the magnet, identity of the coin, and separation between the magnet and coin, one may induce the coin to be pushed slightly ahead of the magnet – even if the coin contains no magnetic elements, such as the US penny. Another example involves dropping a strong magnet down a tube of copper – the magnet falls at a dramatically slow pace.

In a perfect conductor with no resistance, surface eddy currents exactly cancel the field inside the conductor, so no magnetic field penetrates the conductor.  Since no energy is lost in resistance, eddy currents created when a magnet is brought near the conductor persist even after the magnet is stationary, and can exactly balance the force of gravity, allowing magnetic levitation.  Superconductors also exhibit a separate inherently quantum mechanical phenomenon called the Meissner effect in which any magnetic field lines present in the material when it becomes superconducting are expelled, thus the magnetic field in a superconductor is always zero.

Using electromagnets with electronic switching comparable to electronic speed control it is possible to generate electromagnetic fields moving in an arbitrary direction.  As described in the section above about eddy current brakes, a non-ferromagnetic conductor surface tends to rest within this moving field. When however this field is moving, a vehicle can be levitated and propelled. This is comparable to a maglev but is not bound to a rail.

Identification of metals
In some coin-operated vending machines, eddy currents are used to detect counterfeit coins, or slugs.  The coin rolls past a stationary magnet, and eddy currents slow its speed.  The strength of the eddy currents, and thus the retardation, depends on the conductivity of the coin's metal.  Slugs are slowed to a different degree than genuine coins, and this is used to send them into the rejection slot.

Vibration and position sensing
Eddy currents are used in certain types of proximity sensors to observe the vibration and position of rotating shafts within their bearings.  This technology was originally pioneered in the 1930s by researchers at General Electric using vacuum tube circuitry.  In the late 1950s, solid-state versions were developed by Donald E. Bently at Bently Nevada Corporation.  These sensors are extremely sensitive to very small displacements making them well suited to observe the minute vibrations (on the order of several thousandths of an inch) in modern turbomachinery.  A typical proximity sensor used for vibration monitoring has a scale factor of 200 mV/mil.  Widespread use of such sensors in turbomachinery has led to development of industry standards that prescribe their use and application.  Examples of such standards are American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 670 and ISO 7919.

A Ferraris acceleration sensor, also called a Ferraris sensor, is a contactless sensor that uses eddy currents to measure relative acceleration.

Structural testing
Eddy current techniques are commonly used for the nondestructive examination (NDE) and condition monitoring of a large variety of metallic structures, including heat exchanger tubes, aircraft fuselage, and aircraft structural components.

Skin effects
Eddy currents are the root cause of the skin effect in conductors carrying alternating current.

Similarly, in magnetic materials of finite conductivity, eddy currents cause the confinement of the majority of the magnetic fields to only a couple skin depths of the surface of the material. This effect limits the flux linkage in inductors and transformers having magnetic cores.

Other applications
 Rock climbing auto belays
 Zip line brakes
 Free fall devices
 Metal detectors
 Conductivity meters for non-magnetic metals
 Eddy current adjustable-speed drives
 Eddy-current testing
 Eddy current brake
 Electricity meters (electromechanical induction meters)
 Induction heating
 Cooking (induction stovetops)
 Proximity sensor (displacement sensors)
 Vending machines (detection of coins)
 Coating thickness measurements
 Sheet resistance measurement
 Eddy current separator for metal separation
 Mechanical speedometers
 Safety hazard and defect detection applications
 Magnetic damping

References
Online citations

General references

Further reading

External links

 Eddy Current Separator Cogelme for non-ferrous metals separation – Information and video in Cogelme site

Electrodynamics
Mechanical biological treatment

Eddy current


L'Étang Pinaud, ou ruisseau de l'Étang Pinaud, est un ruisseau français du département de la Creuse, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, affluent de la Voueize et sous-affluent de la Loire par le Cher et la Tardes.

Géographie

L'Étang Pinaud prend sa source dans le département de la Creuse à  d'altitude, sur la commune d'Issoudun-Létrieix, trois kilomètres au sud du centre-bourg de Chénérailles, à l'étang de Brutebœuf.

Il prend la direction de l'est, passe sous la route départementale (RD) 990, oblique vers le nord-est et alimente l'étang de Paqueraux puis l'étang de la Combe. Il est franchi par la , prend le nom de ruisseau de Rebeyrette (pour le Géoportail), se dirige vers le nord-ouest et forme une retenue importante d'environ  à l'étang de Pinaud. Au sortir de cet étang, il passe sous la , prend la direction du nord, contournant le petit bourg de Pierrefitte par l'est et reçoit son principal affluent en rive gauche, le ruisseau de la Gâne.

Il se jette dans la Voueize en rive gauche, moins d'un kilomètre au nord-nord-ouest du bourg de Pierrefitte.

S'écoulant globalement du sud-ouest vers le nord-est, l'Étang Pinaud est long de . Avec un dénivelé de , sa pente moyenne s'établit à  par kilomètre.

Communes et département traversés
L'Étang Pinaud arrose quatre communes de l'arrondissement d'Aubusson dans le département de la Creuse, soit d'amont vers l'aval : Issoudun-Létrieix (source), Saint-Chabrais, Saint-Julien-le-Châtel et Pierrefitte (confluence avec la Voueize).

Bassin versant
Son bassin versant est constitué d'une zone hydrographique : , au sein du bassin DCE beaucoup plus étendu « La Loire, les cours d'eau côtiers vendéens et bretons ». Outre les quatre communes arrosées par l'Étang Pinaud, le bassin versant en concerne trois autres :
 Chénérailles où le ruisseau de la Gâne prend sa source,
 Peyrat-la-Nonière où le ruisseau K5148000 prend sa source,
 Saint-Pardoux-les-Cards où le ruisseau de Rebeyrette prend sa source.

Organisme gestionnaire

Affluents et nombre de Strahler
Parmi les sept affluents répertoriés par le Sandre trois ruisseaux dépassent les trois kilomètres de longueur : le ruisseau de la Gâne , en rive gauche et deux ruisseaux sans nom longs de  en rive droite et de
 en rive gauche.

Trois de ses affluents ayant un affluent mais aucun sous-affluent, le nombre de Strahler de l'Étang Pinaud est donc de trois.

Hydrologie

Environnement

Le site « Étang Pinaud » est une zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF) de  située principalement sur le territoire de Saint-Julien-le-Châtel, et très partiellement sur ceux de Pierrefitte et Saint-Chabrais ; il englobe l'étang de Pinaud proprement dit dans son intégralité et ses rives, ainsi que la vallée du ruisseau de Rebeyrette, sur les  en amont de l'étang.

Bien que limitée à une superficie de moins d'un kilomètre carré, cette ZNIEFF présente une diversité biologique importante avec  animales recensées (une libellule et ), dont douze espèces déterminantes d'oiseaux, ainsi que  végétales dont une déterminante.

Photothèque

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des cours d'eau de la Creuse
 Voueize

Cours d'eau dans la Creuse
Système hydrologique du Cher
Cours d'eau issu du Massif central

Étang Pinaud (ruisseau)


Beatrica od Sicilije (grč. Βεατρίκη; 1252. – 17. studenog/12. prosinca 1275.) bila je kći kralja Sicilije te latinska carica Konstantinopola. Njezini su roditelji bili Karlo I. Napuljski (sin kralja Francuske) i njegova prva supruga, Beatrica od Provanse (kći grofa Provanse). Karlo je bio kralj Napulja i Sicilije te grof Anjoua.

Muž Beatrice je bio car Filip od Courtenaya (1243. – 15. prosinca 1283.). On je oženio Beatricu 15. listopada 1273. u Foggiji te su imali sretan brak. Njihovo je jedino dijete bila Katarina I. (latinska carica), koju je smrt majke veoma pogodila.

Izvori

Sicilija
Grčko plemstvo
Anžuvinci

Beatrica od Sicilije


Last Word (auch: The Last Word, englisch für "Letztes Wort") ist ein Cocktail auf Basis von Gin, grünem Chartreuse und Maraschino. Der Cocktail wurde in den 1920er Jahren während der Prohibitionszeit in Detroit kreiert, und geriet danach in Vergessenheit. 2003 wurde The Last Word in Seattle wiederentdeckt, und verbreitete sich von dort international. Wegen des Orts der Wiederentdeckung und seiner blassgrün-milchigen Farbe gilt The Last Word als "definitiver Seattle-Cocktail" – der Spitzname der Stadt mit dem nebligen und verregneten Klima ist "Emerald City", also Smaragdstadt.

Zubereitung und Varianten
Die Spirituosen Gin, Chartreuse und Maraschino werden mit Limettensaft zu gleichen Teilen in einen mit Eiswürfeln gefüllten Cocktail-Shaker gegeben und kräftig geschüttelt. Amerikanische Mixrezepte geben meist 3/4 fl. oz. (= 2,2 cl) für jede der vier Zutaten an, in metrischen Rezepten wird 2 cl pro Zutat angegeben. Manche Rezepte reduzieren den Maraschinolikör auf 1,5 cl, andere empfehlen gelben statt grünen Chartreuse, jeweils um das Vorschmecken der betreffenden Zutat zu vermeiden. Nach dem Shaken wird der Cocktail mit einem Barsieb in eine vorgekühlte Cocktailschale mit Stiel abgeseiht, wobei das Eis im Shaker zurückbleibt. Garniert wird manchmal mit einer Cocktailkirsche, alternativ mit einer Limettenscheibe am Rand. Oft wird auf eine Garnitur auch verzichtet.

Varianten entstehen durch den Austausch von einzelnen Zutaten. Dabei wird allerdings fast immer der grüne Chartreuse beibehalten, der durch Farbe und Kräutergeschmack den Cocktail prägt. Varianten sind:
 The Final Ward, mit Rye Whiskey anstatt Gin und mit Zitronensaft anstatt Limettensaft. (2007 von Phil Ward kreiert, damals Bartender in Death & Co. in Manhattan.)
 Dernier Mot, mit Rhum Agricole (einem westindischen Rum aus Zuckerrohr) anstatt von Gin.
In anderen Varianten wird anstatt Gin Genever, Mezcal oder Arrak verwandt.

Geschichte

The Last Word wurde erstmals 1951 durch Ted Saucier publiziert, den Pressechef des Waldorf-Astoria. Saucier nahm das Rezept in seinen künstlerisch illustrierten Cocktailklassiker Bottoms Up! auf, und schrieb zur Herkunft:

Saucier zufolge habe der Vaudeville-Entertainer Frank Fogarty den Drink in den frühen 1920er Jahren im Detroit Athletic Club eingeführt, einem sozialen Club in Detroit. In den Aufzeichnungen des Clubs findet sich allerdings keine Person dieses Namens. Saucier riet für The Last Word neben dem grünen Chartreuse zu den Marken Damrak-Gin und Luxardo-Maraschino, und gab zum Limettensaft noch Zucker hinzu. Der Cocktail fand in den Jahren nach Sauciers Publikation keine nennenswerte Verbreitung.

2003 fand der Barkeeper Murray Stenson vom Zig Zag Café in Seattle auf der Suche nach neuen Drink-Ideen das Rezept in Sauciers Buch, fing an, es zu servieren und verursachte dadurch die Wiederentdeckung des Cocktails. Stenson wurde unter Erwähnung von The Last Word 2007 von Playboy auf die Top Ten der Barkeeper in den USA gesetzt.

Am 20. Mai 2011 führte die Moderatorin Rachel Maddow in ihrem politischen Magazin The Rachel Maddow Show des Nachrichtensenders MSNBC die Zubereitung dieses Cocktails unter dem Motto "last word for the end of the world" als ironische Anspielung auf die Vorhersagen des christlichen Predigers Harold Camping und die MSNBC-Nachrichtensendung The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell, die detailliert über Campings Vorhersagen berichtete, vor. Camping sagte für den 21. Mai 2011 den sogenannten rapture day voraus, dem dann am 21. Oktober desselben Jahres der Weltuntergang folgen sollte.

Literatur
 Bill McGraw: Detroit's cocktail conquers world : Prohibition-era creation makes a renewed splash. In: Detroit Free Press. 18. Mai 2009, S. A.3.
 Ted Saucier: Bottoms Up! : with illustrations by twelve of America's most distinguished artists. Greystone Press, New York 1951. (Reprint Martino, Eastford CT 2011, ISBN 978-1-891396-65-6.)
 Tan Vinh: The Last Word, a cocktail reborn in Seattle, is on everyone's lips. In: Seattle Times. 11. März 2009.

Weblinks

 Marco Beier: Der "Last Word" Cocktail. Immer noch nicht das letzte Wort im Online-Blog der Zeitschrift Mixology, 11. September 2012.
 Paul Clarke: The Last Word (englisch) in seinem Blog The Cocktail Chronicles (April 2006).
 Neal McLennan: Barfly: The Last Word (englisch) Vancouver Magazin, 1. November 2011.

Einzelnachweise

Alkoholhaltiger Cocktail

Last Word (Cocktail)


La Ruta N.º 78 es una ruta de Uruguay.
Su trazado se extiende por los departamentos de San José y Florida.

Recorrido y Estado de la carretera

Tramo Paso de Belastiquí - Ruta 11
El primer tramo de esta carretera comienza en la zona conocida como Paso de Belastiquí, a orillas del río Santa Lucía, y toma sentido este-oeste hasta recorrer unos 5 km, para inmediatamente poyectarse hacia el norte con dirección a la localidad de Capurro y empalmar con la ruta 11.

Este tramo se encuentra bajo la jurisdicción municipal desde 1994. Presenta pavimento de tosca y una señalización vertical deficiente.

Tramo Ruta 11 - Ruta 77
Este tramo que continúa al anterior comienza en el empalme con la ruta 11, recorre unos 2.5 km hacia el norte pasando la Estación Capurro, para luego proyectarse hacia el este, empalmar con la ruta 79,  cruzar el arroyo de la Virgen e ingresar al departamento de Florida donde finaliza su recorrido a la entrada a 25 de Agosto, en el empalme con la ruta 77.

Este tramo pertenece a la red vial terciaria. Presenta pavimento de tratamiento bituminoso, señalización vertical y horizontal regular a mala.

Hoja de ruta
Puntos destacados según el kilometraje:
 km 000.000: Extremo sur: Paso Belastiquí (río Santa Lucía).
 km 016.300: Capurro
 km 017.000: Empalme con ruta 11,
 al este: a Santa Lucía, Canelones, ruta 5 y Atlántida.
 al oeste: a San José, ruta 3 y ruta 1.
 km 018.850: Estación Capurro.
 km 021.000: Empalme con ruta 79:
 al norte: a Paso de los Gansos y camino UYSJ0291
 al sur: a Ituzaingó y ruta 11.
 km 022.300: Arroyo de la Virgen (límite departamental San José-Florida).
 km 024.400  Extremo oeste: Empalme con ruta 77:
 al norte: a Independencia, Cardal y ruta 76.
 al sur: acceso a 25 de Agosto.

Referencias

 078
Departamento de Florida
Departamento de San José

Ruta 78 (Uruguay)


Getzing ist der Name folgender Orte:

in Deutschland:
 Getzing (Trostberg), Ortsteil von Trostberg, Landkreis Traunstein, Bayern

in Österreich:
 Getzing (Gemeinde Aichkirchen), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Aichkirchen, Bezirk Wels-Land, Oberösterreich
 Getzing (Gemeinde Andorf), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Andorf, Bezirk Schärding, Oberösterreich
 Getzing (Gemeinde Arnreit), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Arnreit, Bezirk Rohrbach, Oberösterreich

Getzing


Erik Hansen og Marmorbroen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Nils Vest efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Marmorbroen i København er opført i årene 1739-1745, efter tegninger af hofbygmester Nicolai Eigtved. Ved restaureringen af broen 1970-1995 var Erik Hansen projekterende arkitekt. Her fortæller han om overvejelserne, der gik forud og om arbejdsprocessen, med særlig vægt på sandstenspavillonerne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Erik Hansen og Marmorbroen


An Brachiaria piligera in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller ngan George Bentham, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dorothy Kate Hughes. An Brachiaria piligera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachiaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachiaria

Brachiaria piligera


Musti şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Mustafa ismi için kullanılan kısaltma, lakap.
 Mustafa Sandal için kullanılan lakap.

Musti


نيكو بولزيتي  (مواليد 13 فبراير 1984 في ريميني - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ليفورنو الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الوسط المهاجم .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو باري
لاعبو بولونيا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو سيينا
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كييفو فيرونا
لاعبو نادي بادوفا
لاعبو نادي تشيزينا
لاعبو نادي ليفورنو
لاعبو هيلاس فيرونا
مواليد 1984
مواليد في ريميني
لاعبو كرة قدم من إميليا-رومانيا

نيكو بولزيتي


Edward Crossland (* 30. Juni 1827 im Hickman County, Kentucky; † 11. September 1881 in Mayfield, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1871 und 1875 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Edward Crossland besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1852 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Clinton in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. In den Jahren 1851 und 1852 war er als Sheriff Polizeichef im Hickman County. Politisch wurde Crossland Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Von 1857 bis 1858 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Als Anhänger der Konföderation diente er während des Bürgerkrieges in der Confederate States Army. Er nahm an mehreren Schlachten teil und stieg zwischen 1861 und 1865 vom Hauptmann bis zum Oberst auf.

Zwischen 1867 und 1870 war Crossland Richter am Berufungsgericht im ersten Gerichtsbezirk von Kentucky. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1870 wurde er im ersten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1871 die Nachfolge von Lawrence S. Trimble antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1872 konnte er bis zum 3. März 1875 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Crossland zunächst wieder als Anwalt. Im August 1880 wurde er zum Richter im ersten Gerichtsbezirk von Kentucky ernannt. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis zu seinem Tod am 11. September 1881.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Kentucky)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1827
Gestorben 1881
Mann

Edward Crossland


was a town located in Ōita District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,055 and the density of 55.71 persons per km2. The total area was 90.74 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Notsuharu, along with the town of Saganoseki (from Kitaamabe District), was merged with the expanded city of Ōita.

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture

Notsuharu, Ōita


Le crash du Tu-141 de 2022 à Zagreb est un incident survenu le 10 mars 2022, lorsqu'un drone de reconnaissance Tupolev Tu-141 non identifié de fabrication soviétique s'est écrasé à Zagreb, la capitale de la Croatie.

Appareil
Le Tupolev Tu-141 est un véhicule aérien sans pilote de fabrication soviétique fabriqué à la fin des années 1970. Il pèse près de six tonnes et il est lancé depuis un camion, où sa trajectoire de vol est programmée. Les analystes décrivent qu'après son lancement, le Tu-141 se comporte plus comme un missile de croisière moderne que comme un drone traditionnel. Lorsque son vol est terminé, l'avion descend au sol à l'aide de ses parachutes, pour l'utiliser à nouveau.

Crash
Le véhicule aérien sans pilote est entré dans l'espace aérien roumain vers  CET, où il a été observé par l'armée de l'air roumaine et a volé pendant 3 minutes. Ensuite, il a continué à voler à travers l'espace aérien hongrois pendant les 40 minutes suivantes, où il a également été observé par l'armée de l'air hongroise. Il est ensuite entré dans l'espace aérien croate en volant à une vitesse de 700 km/h et à une altitude de 1300 mètres, où il a été capté par des radars militaires croates. Après avoir volé dans l'espace aérien croate pendant 7 minutes, il s'est finalement écrasé dans la capitale croate, à environ 50 mètres de la résidence étudiante Stjepan Radić. L'impact du drone au sol a fait tomber un homme de sa bicyclette et endommagé une quarantaine de voitures garées à proximité. Il a également causé des dégâts parmi la population étudiante dans le dortoir voisin.

Enquête
La police civile et militaire croate a rapidement bouclé le périmètre de l'accident. Le lendemain matin, l'analyste américain Tyler Rogoway a identifié l'avion comme étant très probablement un Tupolev Tu-141 de l'ère soviétique, ce qui a également été corroboré par des inscriptions cyrilliques et des insignes d'étoile rouge trouvés sur les débris éparpillés près du site de l'accident. Il y avait aussi plusieurs parachutes accrochés aux arbres voisins.

L'enquête confirme que le drone était équipé d'une bombe autrefois utilisée par l'aviation soviétique.

Réactions
  : Le , , a tenu une conférence de presse déclarant que : "personne n'a été blessé lors de l'impact, mais il y a des dégâts matériels". La réaction lente ou inexistante des services de défense aérienne a provoqué l'indignation des médias et du public croate, certains comparant l'incident au vol de Mathias Rust vers la Place Rouge en 1987. Le pilote distingué de l'armée de l'air croate Ivan Selak a critiqué le  à Torrejon, en Espagne, pour ne pas avoir fait décoller en alerte les forces aériennes roumaines, hongroises ou croates en raison de l'objet entrant. Le président croate Zoran Milanović a décrit l'accident comme "un incident grave" et a ajouté que "dans de telles situations, vous dépendez de l'OTAN [...] alors qu'il y avait évidemment un échec là-bas".
  : Le conseiller du ministre ukrainien de la Défense, Markijan Lubkviskyi, dans une déclaration aux médias croates, a nié que le drone qui s'est écrasé à Zagreb appartienne à l'Ukraine. Dans une réaction ultérieure à l'écriture de l'agence de presse russe Tass, le  a également affirmé que les UAV en question appartenaient à la fois aux forces armées russes et ukrainiennes. Cependant, selon eux, les variantes ukrainiennes des drones Tu-141 sont marquées par les armoiries ukrainiennes, tandis que les variantes russes portent l'insigne de l'étoile rouge.
  : L'ambassade de Russie à Zagreb a également nié la propriété du drone écrasé, affirmant que "le drone a été produit sur le territoire de l'Ukraine" et que les forces armées russes n'utilisent pas de tels drones depuis 1991.
  : Le ministre hongrois des Affaires étrangères et du Commerce, Péter Szijjártó, a déclaré que le gouvernement hongrois s'était joint à l'enquête sur le drone.

Notes et références

Mars 2022
2022 en Croatie
Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
Accident ou incident aérien en Croatie
Accident ou incident aérien en 2022

Crash du Tu-141 de 2022 à Zagreb


El XXV Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato se celebró en Mollet del Vallés (Barcelona, España) en el año 1993 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Real Federación Española de Tiro Olímpico.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 1993

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato de 1993


George Walker (c.1645 – 1 July 1690 Old Style) was an English soldier and Anglican priest. He was joint Governor of Londonderry  during the Siege in 1689. He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne while going to the aid of the wounded Duke of Schomberg.

Family
George Walker II (1645–1690) was born in Wighill, now in North  Yorkshire, England, the son of George Walker (1600–1677), rector of Kilmore, County Armagh and Chancellor of Armagh, and Ursula Stanhope (1617–1654), daughter of Sir John Stanhope of Melwood. Walker was educated at Glasgow University. He married Isabella Barclay (1644–1705), by whom he had nine sons and daughters: George Walker III 1669–1699; James 1670–1700; John 1671–1726; Gervase 1672–1693; Robert 1674–1705; Thomas 1677–1712; Mary 1679; Charity 1681–1728; Elizabeth 1683.

Early career
He became rector of the Parish of Donaghmore in 1674. He was also made rector of the Parishes of Lessan (or Lissan) and Desertlyn, in the Church of Ireland Diocese of Armagh.

Siege of Derry

A Doctor of Divinity, Walker was joint Governor of Londonderry along with Robert Lundy during the Siege of Derry in 1689, and received the thanks of the House of Commons for his work.

He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690 (12 July New Style), whilst going to the aid of Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, Commander-in-Chief of all Williamite forces in Ireland, who was wounded during the crossing of the river in the early part of the battle. He was originally buried at the battlefield but at the insistence of his widow, his body was later exhumed and buried inside the church at Castlecaufield, County Tyrone.  His body was later rediscovered and re-interred next to that of his wife but not before a cast was taken of his skull.

The Walker Plinth on the Londonderry city walls which was completed in 1828, remains in his memory; although the column that stood on the plinth was destroyed in an IRA bomb attack in 1973.

References

External links

The Siege of Londonderry in 1689 by George Walker
National Portrait Gallery
George Walker Genealogy Page

Phrenological Notice of the Skull of Walker by the Ulster Archeological Society

1610s births
1690 deaths
Doctors of Divinity
English army officers
English military personnel killed in action
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
People from the Borough of Harrogate
History of Derry (city)
17th-century English Anglican priests
Year of birth uncertain
Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
Military personnel from Yorkshire

George Walker (soldier)


Reichskomisariatul Norvegiei (germană: Reichskommissariat Norwegen) a fost un regim civil instaurat de autoritățile germane pe teritoriul Norvegiei de astăzi. A fost guvernat de Josef Terboven. Ajutor pentru administrația germană a venit de la partidul Nasjonal Samling (Adunarea Națională) al lui Vidkun Quisling. Reichskomisariatul era administrat de la Oslo.

Note

Foste state din Europa
Fondări în 1940
Desființări în 1945

Reichskomisariatul Norvegiei


Zambesia, historically known as Sebitwane country, Makololo country, and Sekeletu country, is a region with deep cultural and historical significance situated in southern Africa. The area's history predates the establishment of British and German protectorates in the late 19th century. However, following the colonial divisions and the subsequent independence of neighboring states, the Zambesi peoples found themselves divided among multiple countries, leading to cultural fragmentation and struggles for recognition and self-determination.

History

The region known as Zambesia has a rich and diverse history, with its roots tracing back to ancient cultures and societies that flourished along the Zambezi, Kwando, Linyanti, and Chobe Rivers. It was formerly referred to as Sebitwane country, Makololo country, and Sekeletu country. However, with the advent of colonial powers in the late 1800s, the region underwent significant changes.

Modern challenges
In the present day, Zambesians continue to face a range of challenges that impact their livelihoods, culture, and rights.

Lack of Indigenous Status
Zambesians lack legal recognition as indigenous peoples within the broader context of Namibia. While the Namibian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on ethnic or tribal affiliation, there is no specific national legislation addressing the rights of indigenous peoples or minorities. This lack of recognition has implications for their political representation and protection of economic, social, and cultural rights.

Isolation and Discrimination
Geographical isolation and limited infrastructure have led to economic challenges for Zambesians, particularly those residing in the Caprivi Strip. Subsistence farming along the rivers remains a common way of life, yet job opportunities and public investments are limited. As a result, poverty rates remain high, and development is hampered.

Business Development, Land Disputes, and Environmental Degradation
Controversies have arisen over land use decisions, such as the approval of a multinational foreign company to lease communal land for a tobacco plantation in Zambesia. This decision has sparked criticism due to concerns over its impact on traditional livelihoods, food security, and environmental degradation. The region's potential in sectors like agriculture and tourism remains largely untapped.

Freedom of Speech and Political Participation
Zambesians face limitations on their freedom of expression and political engagement. Restrictions on public demonstrations and meetings related to self-determination and political views have led to challenges in expressing their desires for political autonomy and representation.

Legal cases

Zambesia's history includes legal cases of significance. The Caprivi Treason Trial, one of the largest trials in Namibia's history, saw the arrest and subsequent acquittal of numerous individuals associated with the Caprivi Liberation Army. The trial, ongoing in some aspects, has brought attention to issues of justice and compensation for those involved.

UNPO membership
In international forums, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) serves as a platform for advocating the rights and representation of marginalized communities worldwide. The region of Zambesia finds representation within UNPO through the efforts of the Movement for the Survival of the River Races in Zambesia (MOSURIRAZA), a non-violent membership-based organization. MOSURIRAZA's dedication to empowering Zambesian voices and raising awareness about the challenges faced by the region aligns with UNPO's mission of amplifying the concerns of unrepresented nations and peoples.

See also
Makololo
Indigenous Peoples in Namibia
Caprivi Strip

References

English-speaking countries and territories
Former British protectorates
Separatism in Namibia
Proposed countries
Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Least developed countries
Separatism in Africa

Zambesia


Eusebiu Roșca (n. 20 octombrie 1856, Sânpetru-Almașului, județul Sălaj – d. 17 iunie 1944, Sibiu) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918 .

Biografie
Se naște în octombrie 1856 în familie de preot și urmează școala primară în comuna natală și în școala evanghelică reformată din comuna Hida (județul Sălaj). Studiile secundare le urmează la Gimnaziul Romano-Catolic din Cluj, unde promovează examenul maturității în 1876. Între anii 1876-1879 urmează studiile teologice și seminarul teologic "Andreian" din Sibiu. După terminarea acestora, se înscrie la Academia de Drept din Sibiu, la Universitatea din Cluj și la cea din Budapesta, fiind promovat în 6 iunie 1885 doctor în Științele de Stat. În 1886 devine funcționar la Consistoriul din Sibiu, iar între 1887-1890 este redactor al periodicului Telegraful Român, secretar consistorial între 1890-1895, profesor de drept canonic la Institutul Teologic-Pedagogic din Sibiu, director al Institutului între 1895-1928.

În 1899 este călugărit la mănăstirea Hodoș-Bodrog sub numele Eusebiu, este deputat în Sinodul Arhiepiscopiei Sibiului până la pensionare și deputat în Congresul Național Bisericesc al Mitropoliei Ardealului.
Pe lângă activitatea teologică, a activat intens și pe tărâm cultural și patriotic, fiind membru în Comitetul Central al Asociațiunii ASTRA.

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918, Eusebiu Roșca a fost reprezentant al Episcopiei Sibiului.

Recunoașteri

Lucrări
 Lexiconul comunelor bisericești din Arhidieceza greco-orientală română a Transilvaniei, Sibiu, 1898.
 Monografia Institutului seminarian teologic-pedagogic Andreian al Arhidiecezei greco-orientale române din Transilvania, Sibiu, 1911.
 Monografia Mitropoliei Ortodoxe Române a Ardealului începând de la repausarea mitropolitului Andrei Șaguna până astăzi. Contribuții istorice, Sibiu, 1937.
 A editat Anuarele Institutului Teologic între anii 1896-1928
 Articole, conferințe, predici în Revista Teologică și Telegraful Român.

Note

Bibliografie
Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimetară
Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, Editura Altip, 2003.
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații
https://www.crestinortodox.ro/dictionarul-teologilor-romani/eusebiu-rosca-87492.html

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Teologi români
Nașteri în 1856
Decese în 1944
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Călugări români

Eusebiu Roșca


Jacob Golius (født 1596 i Haag, død 28. september 1667 i Leiden) var en hollandsk orientalist og matematiker.

I sin ungdom foretog Golius store rejser, først med et hollandskt gesandtskab til Marokko, senere alene til Syrien. Efter sin lærer Erpenius' død besteg han dennes lærestol ved Universitetet i Leiden; han udgav på ny Erpenius' arabiske grammatik, der lige til Silvestre de Sacys tid var den mest benyttede i Europa. Hans eget hovedværk er et stort Lexicon Arabico-Latinum (1653), der senere lagdes til grund for Georg Wilhelm Freytags store arabiske ordbog; også om matematikken har man flere skrifter fra hans hånd.

Kilder

Orientalister fra Holland
Matematikere fra Nederlandene
Ansatte ved Leidens Universitet

Jacob Golius


Gökçeler, Zonguldak ilinin Çaycuma ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Derecikören köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 5 Haziran 1953'te köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 61 km, Çaycuma ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çaycuma belde ve köyleri

Gökçeler, Çaycuma


خزان أسوان أو سد أسوان وهو يختلف عن السد العالي. بدأ العمل على إنشائه في مدينة أسوان في جنوب مصر في الفترة ما بين 1899 و1906. وضع حجر أساسه الخديوي عباس حلمي الثاني واُفتتح في عهده. ويبعد خزان أسوان 946 كيلومتراً عن قناطر الدلتا المعروفة بالقناطر الخيرية. وكان سد أسوان القديم هو أول سد يُبنى بهذا الحجم وأكبر سد مُشيَّد في العالم آنذاك. ثم تمت تعليته في عام 1912 ؛ ثم التعلية الثانية في عام 1926 ليقوم بحجز المياه أثناء فيضان النيل حيث يتم تصريف المياه بالكميات اللازمة للري خلال فترة التحاريق. يبلغ طول الخزان 2141 متر وعرضه 9 أمتار به 180 بوابة، وهو مبني من حجر الغرانيت المتوافر بالمنطقة. وتم استغلال المياه المندفعة منه لعمل محطتين للكهرباء، هما محطة توليد أسوان الأولى ومحطة توليد أسوان الثانية. مع إنشاء طريق عليه يربط بين ضفتي النيل الشرقية والغربية.

التاريخ
كان أول تفكير مسجل لبناء خزان بالقرب من أسوان خلال القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي. في ذلك الوقت دُعي عالم الرياضيات العربي الشهير الحسن بن الهيثم -المعروف في الغرب بـ Alhazen - من قبل الخليفة الفاطمي الحاكم بأمر الله لتنسيق الاستفادة من فيضان النيل. وكان هذا هو أول تفكير في إنشاء سد على النيل لحجز مياه الفيضان. وبعد أن استكشف الحسن بن الهيثم تلك المنطقة عند أسوان واتساع النيل اقتنع بأن هذا العمل الكبير لا يمكن عمله في ذلك الوقت.
ويقال أنه خاف من أن يغضب الخليفة منه على تقرير سلبي منه، فادعى الهذيان. وحدد الخليفة إقامته في عام 1011 بأن يبقى في بيته في إقامة جبرية لا يخرج منه، حتى توفي الحاكم بأمر الله في عام 1021. خلال تلك الفترة قام الحسن ابن الهيثم بتأليف كتبه في البصريات وغيرها المسماة المناظر ؛
(سبع مجلدات في مجال البصريات، الفيزياء، الرياضيات وعلم النفس).

التعلية

على الرغم من التصميم الذي كان يحدد من ارتفاع الخزان بسبب مراعاة عدم غرق معبد فيلة الموجود على جزيرة في وسط النيل، فتبين بعد تشغيل الخزان أنه لم يكن يكفي للاحتياجات المستقبلية. فتم القيام بتعليتين للسد، التعلية الأولى 5 متر بين الأعوام 1907-1912 والتعلية الثانية 9 متر خلال السنوات 1929-1933، وارتفع أيضا إنتاج الكهرباء. تمت المرحلة الأولى تحت رعاية سير بنيامين باكر، على الرغم من أن «موردوخ ماكدونالد» قام بالتصميم التفصيلي الدقيق.

وبعد التعلية الأخيرة والتي قامت بها شركة ماكدونالدز بما فيها التصميم والبناء (شركة ماكدونالدز وشركاه)،  أصبح الخزان بطول 1950 مترا، وأصبح ارتفاع الماء فيه 36 متر فوق قاع النهر الأصلي. ويشكل الخزان الطريق الرئيسي للمواصلات بين مدينة أسوان والمطار.

بعد نهاية بناء السد العالي جنوب خزان أسوان بـ 6 كيلومتر، أصبح خزان أسوان لا يسمح بتمرير طمي النيل المفيد إلى الأراضي. ثم خفض ارتفاع المياه في خزان أسوان ويقوم الآن بتنظيم المياه أسفل من السد العالي.

استخداماته الزراعية

على الرغم من كبر خزان أسوان في عهده القديم إلا أنه لم يكن يكفي احتياجات المياه في مصر في أوقات الجفاف - حتى بعد تعليته مرتين. كان حجم الماء المخزون فيه نحو 5 مليارات متر مكعب من الماء، فلم يكن يكفي لتغذية جميع القنوات الزراعية المنتشرة في مصر. ففي سنوات انخفاض الفيضان كان لا يفي بالحاجة الزراعية - وهي فترات جفاف كانت تحدث أيضا في العهود الفرعونية. في نفس الوقت تزايد عدد السكان في مصر في عصرنا الحديث. وهذا ما أدى خلال الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي إلى التفكير في بناء السد العالي الذي يبعد نحو 6 كيلومتر جنوب خزان أسوان، حيث تأتي مياه النيل من الجنوب.

إنتاج الكهرباء

بنيت على خزان أسوان محطتين لتوليد الكهرباء لاستغلال سقوط المياه من الخزان في توليد الكهرباء. المحطة الأولى تمت في عام 1960 ومحطة كهرباء أسوان الثانية بنيت بين عامي 1985-1986. محطة أسوان الأولى تحوي 7 من المولدات الكهربائية، تبلغ قدرة كل منها 40 ميجاواط، لإنتاج طاقة كهربائية إجمالية قدرها 280 ميجاواط. وتقع المحطة في غرب الخزان. محطة كهرباء أسوان الثانية تحوي 4 مولدات كهربائية، كل مولد منها بقدرة 68 ميجاوات، بحيث تنتج طاقة إجمالية قدرها 270 ميجاواط.

مراجع

أسوان
بنية تحتية للطاقة اكتملت في 1933
بنية تحتية للطاقة اكتملت في 1960
بنية تحتية للطاقة اكتملت في 1980
بنية تحتية للطاقة اكتملت في 1985
تأسيسات سنة 1902 في مصر
سدود اكتملت في 1902
سدود مصر
مبان ومنشآت في محافظة أسوان
محطات كهرمائية في مصر
منشآت مائية
عمارة القرن 20 في مصر

خزان أسوان


Cristian Westemaier Ribera (Cerejeiras, 13 de novembro de 2002) é um esquiador cross-country brasileiro. No Campeonato Mundial de Esportes de Neve de 2021, conquistou a medalha de prata na prova masculina de velocidade sentado.

Biografia

Ribera nasceu com artrogripose múltipla congênita, condição rara que causa articulações dobradas e rígidas em várias partes do corpo. Ele chegou a passar por 21 cirurgias de correção nas pernas. Aos quatro anos de idade, começou a praticar esportes e, em 2015, decidiu se dedicar ao para-esqui cross-country.

Carreira

Ribera fez sua estreia internacional na Copa do Mundo de 2017-18, e ficou em sétimo lugar na classe de atletas sentados. Ele participou dos Jogos Paralímpicos de Inverno de 2018, terminando em sexto lugar na prova de 15 km – sua melhor posição –, além da nona e décima quinta colocação nas provas de 7,5 km e velocidade respectivamente. Além disso, participou do revezamento misto, na qual a equipe brasileira terminou em 13º lugar.

Ele ficou em 13º lugar na Copa do Mundo em 2018-19, e ficou em segundo lugar na Copa do Mundo de 2019-20, atrás apenas do russo Ivan Golubkov. Na temporada seguinte, terminou no mesmo 13º lugar na Copa do Mundo de 2020-21.

No Campeonato Mundial de Esportes de Neve de 2021, realizado em Lillehammer, Ribera conquistou a medalha de prata no segundo lugar na prova de velocidade. Na prova de 18 km, terminou em sexto lugar, e na prova de 10 km, em oitavo.

Ligações externas

Cristian Ribera no Paralympic.org

Esquiadores cross-country do Brasil
Naturais de Cerejeiras

Cristian Ribera


Lautenburg may refer to:

 Female and male subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp
 The German name of Lidzbark Welski, a city in northern Poland

Lautenburg


Ovo je glavno značenje pojma »Kawasaki«. Za istoimene gradove u Japanu i druga značenja riječi pogledajte Kawasaki (razdvojba).

Kawasaki je grad u prefekturi Kaganawi, osmi najnaseljeniji grad u Japanu i jedan od najvećih gradova u sastavu metropolitanskog područja Velikog Tokija te industrijskog trokuta Keihina, zajedno s Yokohamom i Tokijom. Ima 1,5 milijuna žitelja s prosječnom gustoćom naseljenosti od 10 000 stanovnika po četvornom kilometru. Smješten je na rijeci Tami.

U gradu se nalaze sjedišta i podružnice brojnih velikih međunarodnih tvrtki visoke tehnologije, poput Fujitsua, Toshibe, Della, Pioneera, Sigme, japanskog naftnog teškaša Nippona, francuskog kozmetičkog diva L'Oréala i inih.

Kawasaki je čvorište brojnih željezničkih linija u sklopu željezničke mreže Velikog Tokija te šest autocestovnih pravaca.

Grad je poznat po atletskom parku, nogometnom igralištu i drugom najposjećenijem hramu na području Kanta.

Međugradsko prijateljstvo njeguje s hrvatskom Rijekom (najstarije prijateljstvo, još od 1977.), njemačkim Lübeckom, američkim Baltimoreom, britanskim Sheffieldom, austrijskim Salzburgom i dr. Najpoznatija četvrt u gradu, Koreatown (»Mala Koreja«), okupljalište je većine Korejaca u Japanu.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice grada na japanskom jeziku

Gradovi u Japanu

Kawasaki


Allendia chilensis es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Allendia. Es originaria de Chile. Recibe su nombre taxonómico en honor al presidente chileno Salvador Allende.

Referencias

  1974: Allendia new genus, a new South American genus with notes on its evolutionary relationships to other genera of Anisodactylina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalini). Coleopterists bulletin, 28(4): 219-227.

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anisodactylina
Salvador Allende

Allendia


«Magic» es un sencillo del Rapero estadounidense B.o.B con la colaboración de Rivers Cuomo la octava, canción perteneciente al álbum de estudio B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray publicado el 27 de abril de 2010.

Recepción
La canción, debúto en los charts llegó a la cima y descendió en los Billboard Hot 100 chart, donde llegó al número 10.

Video musical
El video musical fue lanzado en MTV en la medianoche del 2 de septiembre de 2010. Fue dirigido por Sanaa Hamri

Comienza, con una radio, que dice una frase en inglés, luego la cámara comienza a correr hasta el cuarto de B.O.B, donde él se encuentra durmiendo y de cerca se puede ver, la marca Adidas el cree que ha despertado pero en realidad esta aún dormido, en el baño ve a una chica mezclando cereal, con leche en el lavamanos,y él se pone a cantar mientras camina por el pasillo, luego está desayunando mira a su espalda, ve una fiesta en una piscina, con chicas, la imagen se traslada a otro lugar donde, esta el y los otros chicos cantando y bailando, en un mini-concierto,la imagen vuelve a trasladarse, y comienza, a caminar por el pasillo, mira las habitaciones de cada uno de sus amigos el ve que están totalmente dormidos, se asusta cuándo entra a su habitación se ve a sí mismo, durmiendo y ahí se da cuenta de que esta soñando, entonces intenta de todas las formas de despertarse,(golpeándolo, sacudiendólo) entonces entran unas chicas al cuarto y desordenan el cuarto tirando toda la ropa, los cajones y saltando sobre la cama,B.o.B, lucha con las chicas tratando de quitarles lo que tomaban, luego las chicas ayudan a B.o.B a despertarlo de su sueño, se toman unas fotos, y comienza a despertar, ve las fotos de su sueño tiradas en el piso, y mira a la cámara, con cara de duda, la radio en la cocina dice la misma frase en inglés del comienzo del video, aparece el título del álbum.

Charts 2010
 Australia (Aria charts) en la posición número 5.
 Canadá (Canadian Hot 100) en la posición número 17.

Otros
 La canción fue utilizada, en un comercial, de Adidas en el año 2010
 Fue utilizada en tráileres de películas

Referencias
.

Sencillos de 2010
Canciones de B.o.B
Canciones en inglés

Magic (canción de B.o.B)


Benjamin Levi Madden (né Combs; born March 11, 1979) is an American musician. He is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist for the band Good Charlottefor which he has received various awardsas well as pop rock collaboration the Madden Brothers. He formed both of these acts with his identical twin brother, Joel Madden, with whom he was a coach on The Voice Australia from 2015 to 2016.

Early life
Madden was born Benjamin Levi Combs on March 11, 1979, in Waldorf, Maryland, to Robin Madden and Roger Combs. He has an identical twin, Joel Madden, with whom he formed the band Good Charlotte. He has an older brother named Josh and a younger sister named Sarah. All attended La Plata High School in La Plata, Maryland.

Career
In 1996 Madden started a band with his twin brother Joel named Good Charlotte.

While still playing in Good Charlotte, both Madden brothers wrote and produced for other artists. Madden was a co-writer and co-producer of some of the songs on Hilary Duff's Most Wanted (2005) compilation album. He later helped write the songs "Amnesia" for pop rockers 5 Seconds of Summer and "No Ordinary Girl" for pop artist Kalin and Myles. He has appeared as a back-up vocalist for artists such as MxPx, Kill Hannah, Apoptygma Berzerk, Mest, The 69 Eyes, Sean Kingston, Three 6 Mafia, Chamillionaire, and Matisyahu.

Madden started the fashion line called Made Clothing in 2001, along with his brothers Joel and Josh. In early 2006, it became DCMA Collective. A DCMA Collective store opened in Los Angeles on March 15, 2008, but later closed.

On April 3, 2010, Madden took part in a boxing match against MTV and VH1 host Riki Rachtman at Ellismania 5: Get These Brawls.  The event was hosted by Jason Ellis at The Joint in the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Madden beat Rachtman by knockout at 1 minute and 42 seconds into the first round.

On November 11, 2011, Madden and his brother Joel Madden released a free mix-tape, "The Madden Brothers: Before Volume 1". It contains new artists the brothers were personally interested in. Their brother Josh Madden helped to produce the mix-tape. Then unknown rappers, Machine Gun Kelly, Rockie Fresh,  Kreayshawn, Cassie Veggies, HXLT, and Wiz Khalifa all appeared on the mix-tape.

In 2012, Benji appeared on the TV show The Voice Australia, alongside Joel as joint mentor-judges.

In early 2013, Benji helped write Tonight Alive's song "Breakdown". He sang back-up vocals at the end of the song and made an appearance in the video.

In 2014, electronic dance music artist TJR released his track "Come Back Down", which features Benji on the track's vocals. The Madden Brothers recording "Greetings from California" was released on September 16, 2014.

In mid-2014, both of the Madden brothers appeared as coaches on The Voice Kids Australia in a double chair, after the example of the Dutch The Voice of Holland and The Voice Kids Holland edition in which the singer's duo Nick & Simon appeared as a judging duo between 2010 and 2015. In early 2015, Benji joined Joel as a coach on the main edition of The Voice, bringing the number of coaches up to five.

In 2015 Madden and his two brothers formally started their company MDDN, of which Benji is CEO, offering artist management, artist development and creative services. The company gained success quickly with the brothers taking management of Jessie J, Chase Atlantic, Architects, Bad Omens, Waterparks, Eyedress, Poppy and More.

Madden and his Brother also Co-founded Veeps 2017, and are Co-Ceo's. The leading premium livestream platform for concerts, which was acquired in part, by Live Nation Entertainment in January 2021.

Discography

With Good Charlotte

With The Madden Brothers

 Before – Volume One (2011)
 Greetings from California (2014)

Vocal appearances

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos
 Rancid – "Fall Back Down"
 The White Tie Affair – "Candle (Sick and Tired)"
 Junior Sanchez – "Elevator"
 Young Dre The Truth – "Cheah Bah"
 Mest – "Jaded (These Years)"
 The 69 Eyes – "Dead N' Gone"
 Fenix Tx – "Threesome"
 Rad Omen – "Rad Anthem"
 Brand New – "Jude Law and a Semester Abroad"
 Escape the Fate – "10 Miles Wide"
 The Madden Brothers – "Oh My God"
 The Fray – "Love Don't Die"
 The Madden Brothers – "We Are Done"

Awards and nominations

For his work as a guitarist for the alternative rock band Good Charlotte, he has received various accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award, a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award, and an NRJ Music Award.

Personal life
In February 2008, Madden broke up with his long-time fiancée, Sophie Monk.

Madden began dating actress Cameron Diaz in May 2014. The two were unofficially engaged before Christmas Day in 2014 and were married on January 5, 2015, in a Jewish-inspired ceremony, at their Beverly Hills home. On December 30, 2019, they had a daughter via surrogate pregnancy.

Madden has many tattoos, including a tattoo of Benjamin Franklin, which covers his entire back.

References

External links

 Good Charlotte official website
 Painted Flowers Official Site

1979 births
Living people
People from La Plata, Maryland
American punk rock guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Twin musicians
Identical twins
Guitarists from Maryland
American expatriates in Australia
VJs (media personalities)
Good Charlotte members
American twins
Lead guitarists

Benji Madden


Çakal, köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasına dahil olan Canis cinsi içindeki türlerden dört tanesine, Afrika ve Asya'da bulunan ve küçük-orta boyutlu olan Canis adustus, Canis aureus, Canis mesomelas ve Canis simensis türlerine verilen ortak addır.

Küçük avcı ve leşçil canlılar olan çakalların Kuzey Amerika'daki karşılığı, Türkçede "kır kurdu" ya da yine "çakal" olarak adlandırılan Canis latrans (İng., coyote ya da prairie wolf) türü canlıdır.

Özellikleri
Uzunlukları 30–35 cm'lik kuyrukları birlikte 85–95 cm, ağırlıkları 7–11 kg arasında değişir. Altın çakalın (C. aureus) sırtı karaya, karnı beyaza çalar ve öbür bölümleri kirli sarıdır. Kara sırtlı çakalın (C. mesomelas) sırtı kara, postu pas kızılıdır. Boz renkteki çizgili çakalın (C. adustus) iki yanında belirsiz çizgiler vardır, kuyruğunun ucu da beyazdır. Canis cinsinin bütün öbür üyeleri gibi çakallar da akşamları ulurlar. İnsanlar çakalın ulumasını genellikle sırtlanınkinden daha ürkütücü bulurlar. Çakallar, kuyruk dibindeki bir bezin salgısı nedeniyle etraflarına pis bir koku yayar.

Dağılımı ve yaşam alanları
Altın çakal, Doğu Avrupa ve Kuzey Afrika'dan Güney Asya'ya kadar olan bölgede, kara sırtlı çakal ile çizgili çakal Güney ve Doğu Afrika'da yaşar. Türkiye'de en çok kıyı bölgelerindeki sık ormanlık ve çalılıklarda ayrıca Güneydoğu Anadolu'nun alçak kesimlerinde yaşar; iç bölgelerde görülmez. Açık arazilerde yaşamakla birlikte, çoğu kez yerleşme yerlerinin çevresine kadar sokulur.

Beslenme ve Yaşam Şekilleri
Çakallar, kırlık yerlerde yaşayan gececi hayvanlardır; gündüzleri genellikle çalılıkların ağaçlıkların arasına gizlenir, alacakaranlıkta avlanmaya çıkarlar. Bazen yalnız, bazen çiftler ya da sürüler halinde yaşar buldukları küçük hayvanlar ya da leşleri yiyerek beslenirler. Sürüler halinde dolaştıklarında antilop ya da büyük hayvanları avladıkları da olur. Yalnızken bazen aslan bazen kaplan gibi yırtıcıların ardından giderek bu hayvanların ardından kalanları yerler.

Üreme
Çakallarda gebelik süresi 57-70 gün arasında değişir; dişi çakal bir oyuk ya da kavuğa sığınarak 2-7 arasında yavru doğurur. Kurtlar ve kır kurtları gibi çakallar da evcil köpeklerle çiftleşebilir.

Kaynakça
Encyclopaedia Britannica'nın İngilizce Jackal başlığından Türkçeye çevrilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
Afrika'da yaşayan çakallar hakkında bilgiler içeren İngilizce bir site
Çakal türleri hakkında genel bilgiler içeren İngilizce bir site

Çakallar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Çakal