Herbert Osborn Yardley (April 13, 1889 – August 7, 1958) was an American cryptologist. He founded and led the cryptographic organization the Black Chamber. Under Yardley, the cryptanalysts of The American Black Chamber broke Japanese diplomatic codes and were able to furnish American negotiators with significant information during the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922. Recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal. He wrote The American Black Chamber (1931) about his experiences there. He later helped the Nationalists in China (1938–1940) to break Japanese codes. Following his work in China, Yardley worked briefly for the Canadian government, helping it set up a cryptological section (Examination Unit) of the National Research Council of Canada from June to December 1941. Yardley was reportedly let go due to pressure either from the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson or from the British.

Early life
Yardley was born in 1889 in Worthington, Indiana. He learned to use the telegraph from his father, Robert Kirkbride Yardley, a station master and telegrapher for a railroad. His mother, Mary Emma Osborn Yardley, died when he was 13.

After graduation from high school in 1907, Yardley went to the University of Chicago, but dropped out after one year and went back to Worthington, where he worked as a telegrapher for a railroad. He spent his free time learning how to play poker and applied his winnings towards his further schooling. In 1912, after passing the civil service exam, he was hired as a government telegrapher.

Yardley began his career as a code clerk in the U.S. State Department. He accepted a Signal Corps Reserve commission and served as a cryptologic officer with the American Expeditionary Forces in France during World War I.

Codebreaking
His career in cryptology began with his work in the code room, as he broke the U.S. government codes that crossed his desk. At that time, American codes were very weak and Yardley solved them easily. He was shocked to learn that President Wilson was using a code that had been in use for over ten years. The weakness of American codes worried Yardley, especially considering the war in Europe, so in May 1916 he began writing a hundred-page "Solution of American Diplomatic Codes", which he gave to his boss.

Breaking American codes got Yardley wondering about the codes of other countries. American participation in the war gave Yardley an opportunity to convince Major Ralph Van Deman of the need to set up a section to break other countries' codes. In June 1917, Yardley became a 2nd lieutenant in the Signal Corps and head of the newly created eighth section of military intelligence, MI-8. One early case was the cryptogram discovered in the clothing of German spy Lothar Witzke after he was arrested at the Mexican border in 1918. The evidence linked Witzke to significant sabotage activity in the U.S.

Yardley proved to be a very good administrator and during the war the people of MI-8 performed well even if they did not have any spectacular successes. After the war, the American Army and the State department decided to jointly fund MI-8 and Yardley continued as head of the "Cipher Bureau". They located their operations in New York City for legal reasons.

Cracking Japanese codes was a priority. David Kahn states:

After almost a year, Yardley and his staff finally managed to break the Japanese codes and were still reading Japanese diplomatic traffic when Washington hosted the Washington Naval Conference in 1921. The information the Cipher Bureau provided the American delegation regarding the Japanese government's absolute minimum acceptable battleship requirements was instrumental in getting the Japanese side to agree to a 5:3 ratio instead of the 10:7 ratio the Japanese Navy really wanted. This allowed Japan only 18 battleships to 30 for the U.S. and 30 for Great Britain instead of the 21 battleships Japan desired. This was the height of Yardley's cryptanalytic career.

Unfortunately, Yardley spent much of his time in New York involved in unrelated activities. Also, the flow of diplomatic telegrams dried up as companies became less willing to break the law to help the government. In Washington, William Friedman was actively exploring cryptographic frontiers for the Army. The Cipher Bureau was becoming irrelevant. Herbert Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, closed the Cipher Bureau, likely for budgetary reasons. But Stimson was also ethically opposed to cryptology in peace time. Upon finding out about Yardley and the Cipher Bureau, Stimson was furious and withdrew funding, summing up his argument with "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." Some believe that Stimson was most offended when Yardley bragged that he could read all traffic of the Vatican, for it was after this remark that Stimson turned and left the room.

In 1929, President Herbert E. Hoover's new secretary of state, Henry L. Stimson, was provided with a few selected translations so he could become acquainted with the Black Chamber's skills. Stimson was shocked. "Gentlemen," he later pronounced, "do not read each other's mail." Having solved the codes of some 20 nations, the Black Chamber was forced to shut down.

The American Black Chamber
MI-8 closed its doors for good on October 31, 1929, just two days after the stock market crashed. With Yardley's esoteric skills in very low demand, and no government pension due to his secretly funded work, he took up writing about his experiences in codebreaking to support his family. His memoirs, The American Black Chamber, were published by Bobbs-Merrill in 1931. The book outlined the history of the first U.S. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) organization, described the activities of MI-8 during World War I and the American Black Chamber in the 1920s, and illustrated the basic principles of signals security.

This work was instantly popular. Its critics at the time concluded that it was "the most sensational contribution to the secret history of the war, as well as the immediate post-war period, which has yet been written by an American. Its deliberate indiscretions exceed any to be found in the recent memoirs of European secret agents." In the U.S., 17,931 copies were sold, with 5,480 more sold in the U.K. It was translated into French, Swedish, Japanese, and Chinese. The Japanese version sold an unprecedented 33,119 copies.

This book was an embarrassment to the U.S. government and compromised some of the sources Yardley and his associates used. Through this work an estimated 19 nations were alerted that their codes were broken. Much of the post-World War I codebreaking was done by obtaining copies of enciphered telegrams sent over Western Union by foreign diplomats, as was the custom before countries had technology for specialized communications devices. William F. Friedman, considered the father of modern American signals intelligence (SIGINT) gathering, was incensed by the book and the publicity it generated in part because sources and methods were compromised and because Yardley's contribution was overstated.

While Yardley may have thought that publishing this book would force the government to re-establish a SIGINT program, it had the opposite effect. The U.S. government considered prosecuting him, but he had not technically violated existing law regarding protection of government records. In 1933, the Espionage Act was amended, PL 37 (USC Title 18, section 952), to prohibit the disclosure of foreign code or anything sent in code. Yardley's second book, Japanese Diplomatic Codes: 1921-1922, was seized by U.S. marshals and never published. The manuscript was declassified in 1979.

The American Black Chamber represents an early example of the exposé national security books that would appear after World War II, such as The Codebreakers and The Puzzle Palace, which also focus on U.S. SIGINT operations and organizations.

In 1935, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released Rendezvous, a fictional film "based on a book by Herbert O. Yardley." The film, starring William Powell and Rosalind Russell, and directed by William K. Howard, concerns a German spy ring stealing U.S. government codes during World War I, as well as U.S. Army efforts to crack German codes.

James Bamford devoted an entire chapter of The Puzzle Palace to an account of Yardley's career. Previous accounts of Yardley's career had said that the publication American Black Chamber, in Japan, had been one of the key triggers to Japanese militarism, because it exposed how American codebreakers had helped force Japan to accept an unfairly small limitation on its Naval tonnage. Bamford revealed that the book was even more infuriating to key Japanese militarists, because, prior to its publication Japanese military intelligence had paid him a fortune for the same information he published for the whole world to see.

Later life
Yardley did cryptologic work for Canada (although pressure from the US on the Canadian government meant it was limited) and China during World War II, but he was never again given a position of trust in the US government. Still, in 1999 he was given a place in the National Security Agency Hall of Honor.

None of Yardley's many later attempts at writing was as successful as The American Black Chamber, but he published several articles and three spy/mystery novels (The Blonde Countess, Red Sun of Nippon, and Crows Are Black Everywhere). He contributed as a writer and technical advisor to several movies, including Rendezvous, based very loosely on one of his novels, The Blonde Countess. His 1957 book on poker, Education of a Poker Player, which combined poker stories with the math behind the poker strategies, sold well. When it was published in the UK in 1959, Ian Fleming was asked to write a preface. Another book of cryptographic memoirs, The Chinese Black Chamber, about his work in China, was declassified and published in 1983.

In August 1958, Yardley died in Washington, D.C., nearly a week after having a major stroke. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Grave 429-1 of Section 30.

Yardley is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

The National Cryptologic Museum's library has 16 boxes of intercepted messages and translations from the Cipher Bureau, previously misidentified as Yardley's personal papers.

Bibliography
 4 April 1931 Saturday Evening Post (article)
 "Secret Inks." Saturday Evening Post, 4 April 1931.
 18 April 1931 Saturday Evening Post (article)
 "Codes." Saturday Evening Post, 18 April 1931.
 9 May 1931 Saturday Evening Post (article)
 "Ciphers." Saturday Evening Post, 9 May 1931.
 1 June 1931 The American Black Chamber  (book) (with William F. Friedman's margin notes)
 The American Black Chamber, 1931.
 Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1931.
 New York City: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931.
 Ballantine Books, September 1981.
 12 July 1931. Every Week Magazine,
 "How They Captured the German Spy, Mme. Maria de Victoria, Told At Last." Every Week Magazine, 12 July 1931.
 26 July 1931. Every Week Magazine,
 "Secrets of America's Black Chamber." Every Week Magazine, 26 July 1931.
 10 October 1931. Liberty,
 "Double-Crossing America." Liberty, 10 October 1931.
 21 November 1931 Saturday Evening Post (article)
 "Cryptograms and Their Solution." Saturday Evening Post, 21 November 1931.
 19 December 1931. Liberty
 "Are We Giving Away Our State Secrets?" Liberty, 19 December 1931.
 26 December 1931. Liberty'
 "Yardleygrams." Liberty, 26 December 1931.
 This was to be the first of a series of cryptologic puzzles; it is not known how many articles were published.
 1932, Yardleygrams (book)
 Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1932.
 8 April 1934. Sunday (Washington) Star Magazine,
 "Spies Inside Our Gates." Sunday (Washington) Star Magazine, 8 April 1934.
 1934, The Red Sun of Nippon (book)
 New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1934.
 1934, The Blonde Countess (book)
 New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1934.
 1945, Crows Are Black Everywhere (With Carl Grabo.) (book)
 New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1945.
 1957, The Education of a Poker Player, Including Where and How One Learns to Win (book)
 New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.
 New York: Pocket Books, 1961
 New York: Simon and Schuster in a Fireside edition, 1970.
 Oldcastle Books, 1990.
 1983, The Chinese Black Chamber: An Adventure in Espionage Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983; xxiv + 225 pp., photographs; clothbound, $13.95.

 Filmography
 1935 Rendezvous (from the book: The Blonde Countess)
 1935 The Great Impersonation'' (uncredited screenplay contributor)

References

Further reading

External links

1889 births
1958 deaths
Pre-computer cryptographers
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American spy fiction writers
American male screenwriters
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
People from Greene County, Indiana
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from Indiana
20th-century American screenwriters
American whistleblowers
Bombing of Chongqing

Herbert Yardley


Westensee Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 40,47 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1595 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Adolf Dibbern tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtachterwehr.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Westensee


بوغاتيتش (Богатић) هي مدينة في مقاطعة ماتشفا في غرب صربيا في صربيا. في عام 2011، بلغ عدد سكان البلدة 7,113 نسمة، في حين بلغ عدد سكان البلدية 31,422 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في صربيا
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ماتشفا
ماتشفا

بوغاتيتش


Elpis, Yunan mitolojisinde umudun tecessümü, vücut bulmuş hali ve tanrıçası.

Nyx'in çocuğu ve Pheme'nin annesi olarak geçer fakat adı Nyx'in çocukları arasında yer almaz. Pheme'nin kızı olduğuna dair iddialar vardır. Genellikle genç bir kadın olarak resmedilir. Tasvirlerinde çoğunlukla çiçekler (özellikle de zambak) veya cornucopia (içinden meyveler saçılan boynuz - bereket simgesi) taşır.

Roma mitolojisindeki karşılığı Spes'dir.

tanrıça Elpis sayesinde insanların umut bulduğuna inanılır

Yunan tanrıçaları
Umut tanrıçaları

Elpis


Meu Livro de Cordel, é um livro de poesia, escrito por Cora Coralina e publicado originalmente em 1976; sendo seu segundo livro publicado.

Contando com 43 poemas, foi publicado em 1976 pela Editora Cultura Goiana. A autora já havia publicado em 1965 o livro Poemas dos Becos de Goiás e Estórias Mais, seu primeiro livro aos 75 anos.

Sinopse
O título é uma homenagem da autora a "todas as estórias e poesia de cordel e o atestado de suas afinidades com os contadores anônimos nordestinos, "povo de minha casta, meus irmãos do Nordeste rude".

Referências

Cora Coralina
Livros de 1976
Livros de Cora Coralina

Meu Livro de Cordel


Nicolas Antiba BA (Aleppo, 25 de dezembro de 1945) é um religioso sírio e arcebispo católico grego melquita aposentado de Bosra e Hauran.

Nicolau Antiba ingressou na ordem religiosa dos Basilianos de Aleppo, emitiu a profissão em 23 de março de 1964 e foi ordenado sacerdote em 19 de setembro de 1971. O Capítulo da Ordem o elegeu Superior Geral em 1989. Ele renunciou ao cargo em 1995.

O Sínodo da Igreja Greco-Católica Melquita o elegeu arcebispo de Bosra e Hauran em 22 de junho de 2012. Esta eleição foi confirmada pelo Papa Francisco em 2 de maio de 2013. O Patriarca Melquita Gregório III Laham doou-lhe a ordenação episcopal em 25 de agosto de 2013. Os co-consagradores foram seu antecessor Boulos Nassif Borkhoche e o Exarca Apostólico na Venezuela, Georges Kahhalé Zouhaïraty.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Síria

Nicolas Antiba


"Born to the Purple" is the third episode of the first season of the science fiction television series, Babylon 5.

Plot
Commander Jeffrey Sinclair is trying to negotiate a treaty between the Narn and Centauri governments over a disputed sector of space, with help of telepath Talia Winters. While Narn ambassador G'Kar cooperates freely, they have trouble drawing Centauri ambassador Mollari from his love interest, an exotic dancer named Adira Tyree. Unknown to them, Adira is a slave owned by Trakis who wants Adira to acquire Mollari's "purple files": files that contain high-level information about the Centauri government. Adira is conflicted between her love for Mollari, and Trakis' threats. She tricks Mollari into drinking a sleeping agent that gives her time to learn his passwords and access the files. However, when she is scheduled to trade them to Trakis, she flees.

Trakis approaches Mollari, convincing him that Adira was working against him, and showing him the papers which give Trakis ownership of Adira as his slave. Feeling scorned, Mollari continues to put off the negotiations in order to look for Adira. Commander Sinclair convinces Mollari to accept his help to search for Adira in exchange for agreeing to his terms. Meanwhile, Trakis hires criminals aboard the station to track down Adira. These men attack Sinclair and Mollari but soon are called off, as Adira has been found by Trakis. Sinclair, with G'Kar and Talia's help, tricks Trakis into revealing where he has kept Adira on the station. Mollari acquires Adira's ownership papers from Trakis and gives them to her. Mollari attempts to convince her to stay aboard Babylon 5 since the threat has passed, but she wants to return to a Centauri world.

Meanwhile, Garibaldi discovers that someone is using the high-priority secure gold channel to make external communications from the station, something that should only be authorized by Sinclair. He approaches Ivanova about it, and she suggests it might be the work of "gremlins". After several failed attempts, each of which has Ivanova suggesting Garibaldi look elsewhere, he manages to catch the channel being used again and finds that it is Ivanova herself speaking with her terminally-ill father. It is his last call to her, apologizing for being a bad father to her and making up to her before he dies. Garibaldi reports to Ivanova that he found that the source of the gold channel use was a computer glitch and has dealt with it, but he offers to buy her a drink later.

Production, visual and sound effects

The Babylon 5 makeup department involved in this episode – consisting of Everett Burrell, Greg Funk, Mary Kay Morse, Ron Pipes and John Vulich – won the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series for episode 5 of the season, 'The Parliament of Dreams'

Adira was played by Argentine-Italian actress Fabiana Udenio. According to showrunner J. Michael Straczynski, Udenio wore a prosthetic head piece to simulate the largely-bald hairstyle of Centauri women. Straczynski comments, "[T]he one time we  have a bald woman as a background extra, those not in the know on stage kept commenting on how fake the bald-cap looked."

Trakis was played by New Zealand stage actor Clive Revill, known for his work in musical theatre, and with the Royal Shakespeare Company. Revill also voiced the Emperor Palpatine in the original 1980 version of The Empire Strikes Back.

For its visual effects scenes, Babylon 5 pioneered the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) scenes – instead of using more expensive physical models – in a television series.<ref name="Britt">{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |title=5 Things that Babylon 5 did that changed science fiction forever. |last=Britt |first=Ryan |date=11 July 2019 |website=www.syfy.com |publisher=SYFY Media LLC. |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009164702/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |archive-date= 2021-10-09 |quote=And though this may seem shocking now, in the early and mid-'90s, CGI was not the default for sci-fi special effects. Most big sci-fi shows and movies (like Star Trek) all still used physical models, which are notoriously more expensive. But all of Babylon 5'''s spaceships and space stations were made in a computer.}}</ref> This also enabled motion effects which are difficult to create using models, such as the rotation of fighter craft along multiple axes, or the rotation and banking of a virtual camera. The visual effects were created by Foundation Imaging using 24 Commodore Amiga 2000 computers with Lightwave 3D software and Video Toaster cards, 16 of which were dedicated to rending each individual frame of CGI, with each frame taking on average 45 minutes to render. In-house resource management software managed the workload of the Amiga computers to ensure that no machine was left idle during the image rendering process.

The Centauri transport ship shown in the episode was created by Foundation Imaging visual effects supervisor Adam "Mojo" Lebowitz, inspired by the design of the Rebel transport ships from The Empire Strikes Back. Lebowitz recalls, "I only designed (and built) one ship, the Centauri transport that looks a bit like a Volkswagon.  I just felt like building a model, I rarely did it and didn't think it was a strength, so it was important to me to give it a go and try to grow as an artist."

Music for the title sequence and the episode was provided by the series' composer, Christopher Franke. Franke developed themes for each of the main characters, the station, for space in general, and for the alien races, endeavoring to carry a sense of the character of each race.
The episode was mixed on 4 October 1993, and aired on 9 February 1994.

Writing
As Babylon 5 was conceived with an overall five-year story arc, the episode was written as both an individual story and with another level, where the hints of the larger story arc were given. The series' creator, J. Michael Straczynski indicates that the episodes can be watched for the individual stories, the character stories, or the story arc.

The episode was written by screenwriter Larry DiTillio, who also contributed to the series Murder, She Wrote along with Straczynski. The original title of the episode was "Amaranth", being later changed to "Born to the Purple".

Reviews
Rowan Kaiser, writing in The A.V. Club, notes that while the episode is not outstanding, it plays an important role is setting up the character of Centauri Ambassador Londo Mollari. Kaiser writes, "Its events are directly referenced later, and they're important to a major character's dramatic arc, but the episode itself is pretty middling." Kaiser continues, "fortunately, the simplicity of the episode's importance also corresponds to the simplicity of its narrative. 'Londo falls in love with an exotic dancer'"

Elias Rosner, writing in Multiversity Comics'', observes, "For all the strengths displayed these last couple episodes, they've all been standalones and continuity-wise, don't really reference each other. [...]The individual, episodic plot threads are less about moving the narrative along and more about moving the characters, redefining them, or giving insight into who they are."

Rosner notes the unusual beginning to Ivanova's character arc: "It's also interesting that this is the place the writers chose to start[...] Not with the knowledge that she's been fighting with her father nor with the knowledge that her father is sick, instead, it's at his death and with their reconciliation. This is usually the end of an arc but here, it's used as the springboard for her own development and it gives us two of this episode's best scenes."

References

External links

Babylon 5 episodes
1994 American television episodes

Born to the Purple


الشركة العربية البريطانية للمروحيات إحدى الشركات التابعة للهيئة العربية للتصنيع (AOI)، وهي مشروع مشترك بين مصر وبريطانيا وإيطاليا، يقوم بتصنيع مروحية ويستلاند غازيل بموجب ترخيص في مصر. تسيطر أغستاوستلاند على نصف المشروع. ويقع المصنع في حلوان على بعد 18 ميل جنوب القاهرة. وفي وقت لاحق تم تصنيع طائرات هليكوبتر ويستلاند لينكس ومحركات رولز رويس جيم بموجب ترخيص.

مراجع

انظر أيضاً

العلاقات المصرية البريطانية
الهيئة العربية للتصنيع
شركات تصنيع مصرية
شركات دفاع في مصر
شركات صناعة طائرات متعددة الجنسيات
شركات محاصة
عسكرية مصر
مصنعو مروحيات

العربية البريطانية للمروحيات


Toledo Bend Reservoir is a reservoir on the Sabine River between Texas and Louisiana. The lake has an area of , the largest man-made body of water partially in both Louisiana and Texas, the largest in the South, and the fifth largest by surface acre in the United States. The dam is capable of generating 92 megawatts of electrical power. The dam itself is located in the northeast corner of Newton County, Texas; however, that county includes very little of the reservoir, as most of it extends northward into parts of Sabine and DeSoto parishes in Louisiana, and Sabine, Shelby, and Panola counties in Texas.

Historical development
The land along the Orange area often flooded from the Sabine, with destructive effects. Also, the considerations for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and recreational purposes were part of the reasons the Texas State Legislature formed the Sabine River Authority of Texas (SRA-T) in 1949, and in 1950 the Louisiana State Legislature created the Sabine River Authority, State of Louisiana (SRA-L) for the project.

The two autonomous entities formed the Sabine River Compact, a memorandum of agreement, approved by the Legislatures of the States of Texas (1953) and Louisiana (1954), The U.S. Congress, and the President. These organizations and the compact were a result of efforts that began with the Sabine River Watershed Association of Texas after World War II as well as citizens from Louisiana, to create a freshwater supply, that included hydroelectric power, as well as providing recreation.

With both authorities in agreement, in 1955 a feasibility report was initiated and by 1959, the two states allocated 30 million dollars for the project. The land was acquired in 1963, with the work following the subsequent year. The Massman-Johnson Construction Company served as the general contractor, and by the completion of the project in , Texas' estimated share of the funds was $70 million. The dam was built by the two states, without any assistance from the federal government.

History
Beginning in May 1963, land acquisitions for Toledo Bend Reservoir started as a joint management project of Texas and Louisiana River Authorities. Construction on the Toledo Bend Dam, spillway, and power plant, began on May 11, 1964. The closure section of the earthen embankment and impoundment of water was begun in October 1966. The power plant was completed and began operating in the early part of 1969. The Toledo Bend Project was constructed primarily for the purposes of water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation.

Toledo Bend Reservoir forms a portion of the boundary between the states of Texas and Louisiana. From the dam site, which is north of Burkeville, TX, the reservoir extends up the river for about  to Logansport, LA, and inundates land in Sabine, Shelby, Panola, and Newton Counties, Texas, and Sabine and DeSoto Parishes, Louisiana.

Area impact
Many communities were affected in the impacted parishes and counties.

Sabine Parish
In Sabine Parish, there were several communities that included houses and other buildings such as schools and churches predominantly poor and minority, that were inundated.
Pine Flat Community (100 individuals and included about 50 homes and a school),
Barlake community,
Richard Neck community,
Kites Landing

The water, normally covering an area of about  has a controlled storage capacity of .

Toledo Bend is the nation's only public water conservation and hydroelectric power project to be undertaken without federal participation in its permanent financing.

Public recreation
Toledo Bend, with its  of shoreline, offers a large variety of recreational activities and is a major element in serving the growing demand for water oriented outdoor recreation. Both private and public facilities are available for swimming, boating, picnicking, fishing, camping, hunting, and sightseeing. The reservoir is a popular location for freshwater fishing with many clubs hosting tournaments.

At present, the lake is best suited to shallow draft power boats due to a large number of trees and stumps that are still in the body of the lake. Although there are numerous well marked boat lanes that have been cleared of stumps and trees, one should use caution even on the boat lanes; one should use extreme caution when off the boat lanes and maintain a watch for stumps and/or trees as well as floating logs.

See also

Lawrence T. Fuglaar, former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives and 1972 drowning victim on the lake
Conway LeBleu, represented Calcasieu and Cameron parishes in the Louisiana House from 1964 to 1988 and was member of the Sabine River Authority
Texas Oilman's Bass Invitational

References

External links
ToledoBendLake.com - The largest and oldest Toledo Bend Lake information site
ToledoBendLakeCountry.com – Official site of the Toledo Bend (Sabine Parish) Tourist Commission
Toledo-Bend.Com – Comprehensive info on Toledo Bend Lake and surrounding areas of Texas and Louisiana
ToledoBend.Com – Complete source of information on Toledo Bend Lake

Bodies of water of DeSoto Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Sabine Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Panola County, Texas
Protected areas of Panola County, Texas
Bodies of water of Newton County, Texas
Bodies of water of Sabine County, Texas
Bodies of water of Shelby County, Texas
Dams in Louisiana
Dams in Texas
Reservoirs in Louisiana
Reservoirs in Texas
United States state-owned dams

Toledo Bend Reservoir


Le Mégalure matata (Poodytes punctatus) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Locustellidés, que l'on trouve en Océanie, notamment en Nouvelle-Guinée, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Description
L'adulte a le plumage brun intensément strié de noir. La tête, les parties supérieures et les ailes brunes sont striées de noirâtre. La longue queue graduée est d'un brun plus terne, avec les rectrices plus sombres vers le tuyau. Sur les parties inférieures, le menton, la gorge, la poitrine et l'abdomen sont blanchâtres, finement tachetés et également striés de noirâtre sur la poitrine. Les flancs, les côtés de la poitrine et les couvertures sous-caudales sont bruns et striés de noirâtre, de façon plus nette sur les flancs. Sur la tête, le front et la calotte sont plus châtains que bruns.

On note la présence d'un sourcil blanchâtre plus ou moins net. Les couvertures auriculaires sont gris-brun avec des stries fines plus sombres qui se fondent dans le brun des parties supérieures sur les côtés du cou.

Le bec est noirâtre, avec la mandibule inférieure plus grise. Les yeux sont brun foncé. Les pattes et les doigts sont brun rosâtre.Les deux sexes sont semblables et le juvénile ressemble aux adultes.

Habitat et comportement
Le Mégalure matata se trouve en Océanie, principalement dans des milieux humides arbustifs avec marécages, tourbières ou mares, des zones de plantations, des zones arbustives tempérées. Elle occupe une zone d'occurrence extrêmement étendue, de plus de .

Le Mégalure matata est insectivore. Il se nourrit de chenilles, larves, coléoptères, mouches et phalènes, ainsi que de petites araignées émergeant du cocon. Il lui arrive de consommer des graines et des fruits.

Son chant est une série de sifflements rapides et des cliquetis. Le contact entre les deux partenaires est un duo, un « uu » sonore pour le mâle, auquel la femelle répond par un « tick » haut-perché.   Les cris sont plutôt métalliques. Lorsqu'il est dérangé ou menacé, le mâle émet un « too-lit » typique et des « di,di,di,di » répétés à un rythme rapide.

Reproduction
La saison de reproduction a lieu entre août et janvier et aux Snares, entre mi-octobre et mi-février. Les deux partenaires construisent le nid en deux ou trois jours. C'est une structure profonde en forme de coupe, faite avec des herbes  entrelacées, des laîches et des joncs. La femelle y dépose deux œufs sur les iles, et trois ou quatre sur le  continent. Les œufs sont rose pâle avec des taches et des points bruns. Les  deux adultes incubent pendant , et un peu plus longtemps, , aux Snares. Les oisillons sont nourris de petits insectes par les  parents. Ils quittent le nid au bout de  après la naissance, un peu plus tard aux Snares,  après l'éclosion. Ils peuvent se reproduire dès l'âge de .

Les couples élèvent deux ou trois couvées sur le continent, mais sur les îles Snares, ils n'en produisent qu'une seule. Les juvéniles dépendent encore des parents pour la nourriture pendant quelques semaines après avoir quitté le nid.

Sous-espèces
Il existe cinq sous-espèces de Mégalure matata présent sur des îles différentes :
 Poodytes punctatus caudatus (Buller, 1894) - île Snares. Bec sensiblement plus grand, et taille plus grande en générale, queue plutôt courte, moins de stries, couronne plus rousse. HBW la reconnaît comme une espèce à part entière.
 Poodytes punctatus punctatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) - Île du Sud - c'est la sous-espèce nominale.
 Poodytes punctatus stewartianus (Oliver, 1930) - île Stewart. Ailes plus longues, bec plus long, proche de la sous-espèce nominale. Stries moins marquées, plumage plus jaune-brun, notamment sur les flancs.
 Poodytes punctatus vealeae (Kemp, 1912) - Île du Nord. Moins rousse et plus olive-brun.
 Poodytes punctatus wilsoni (Stead, 1936) - île de la Morue. Stries plus marquées et sombres sur les parties supérieures, sourcil plus clair et large, stries marquées sur les dessous, jaune-brun plus profond.

L'espèce était auparavant placée dans le genre Megalurus avant que celui-ci ne soit séparé en plusieurs genres, incluant Poodytes.

Statut de conservation
La population est considérée comme en déclin, elle est classée par l'UICN comme « préoccupation mineure ».

Les populations de la Mégalure matata semblent être affectées par le drainage des zones humides et la prédation du rat.

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Poodytes punctatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Locustellidae
Oiseau d'Océanie

Mégalure matata


Joe Dumars III ( ; born May 24, 1963) is an American professional basketball executive and former player who is the executive vice president and head of basketball operations of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He could play either shooting guard or point guard on offense and was a highly effective defender. He played his entire 14-year career with the Detroit Pistons. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Dumars and Isiah Thomas combined to form one of the best backcourts in NBA history. Dumars was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.

Initially a shooting guard, Dumars moved to point guard following Thomas' retirement in 1994, sharing ball-handling duties with Grant Hill. Dumars served as the president of basketball operations for the Pistons from 2000 to 2014.

Early life
Dumars was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. Dumars' mother, Ophelia, was a custodian at Northwestern State University in Natchitoches while his father, Joe Dumars Jr. (Big Joe), was a truck driver.

Dumars grew up in an athletic family and he actually preferred football as a child, as all five of his brothers were defensive standouts at Natchitoches Central High School. His brother David later played professional football in the USFL. Dumars played defensive back on the football team until junior high school when a big hit on the field directed him toward basketball. His father built a hoop in the backyard, where Dumars would practice his jump shot.

Playing career
During his four years at McNeese State University, Dumars averaged 22.5 points per game, including 25.8 points per game as a senior – good for sixth in the nation. He finished his college career as the 11th leading scorer in NCAA history.

Drafted 18th overall in the first round of the 1985 NBA draft, he played guard for the Detroit Pistons for his entire career, from 1985 to 1999. In his rookie campaign, he took over as the Pistons starting shooting guard roughly midway through the season, replacing incumbent starter John Long. He was named to the 1985–86 NBA All-Rookie first team.

Dumars won two NBA championships as a player in 1989 and 1990. In the 1988–89 regular season, he averaged over 17 points per game on 50.5% field goal shooting, while dishing out a career-high 5.7 assists per game as the Pistons posted a then-team record 63 wins. They cruised through the playoffs and faced the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Finals for a second straight year. Dumars was voted the 1989 Finals MVP, after averaging 27.3 points per game during the Pistons four-game sweep of the Lakers.

In the 1990 postseason, Dumars won accolades during the Eastern Conference Finals when, with Dennis Rodman, he was a cornerstone of coach Chuck Daly's "Jordan Rules" defensive playbook, which forced the Chicago Bulls to change their offensive strategy to include less of Michael Jordan and more of the other members of the team. According to Jordan, Dumars was the best defender he ever faced in the NBA. In the 1990 NBA Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers, Dumars averaged 20.6 points, including 33 points in a pivotal Game 3 win that took place the same day his father had died. With his father's death imminent, Dumars had instructed his wife, Debbie, not to tell him any news about his condition until after the game. However, Debbie did tell Isiah Thomas, who told the rest of the team. After the game, Thomas spoke about an off-balance prayer Dumars tossed up that somehow went in the basket, saying his first thought was, "Your father put that one in, Joe."

During his career, he was selected to the All-Star team six times, and to the All-Defensive first team four times. He led the Pistons in points per game four straight seasons (1990–91 through 1993–94). The 1992–93 season saw Dumars set career highs in points (1,809) and points per game (23.5) while averaging a career-high 40.2 minutes per game. In 14 seasons, all with the Pistons, Dumars scored 16,401 points, handed out 4,612 assists, grabbed 2,203 rebounds and recorded 902 steals.

Although he was a member of the famed "Bad Boys" teams known for their aggressive play and demeanor, he became personally known for his quiet and upstanding behavior. He was the recipient of the very first NBA Sportsmanship Award for the 1995–96 season. In 2000, this award was renamed the Joe Dumars Trophy.

His number 4 jersey was retired by the Pistons in March 2000. He has the distinction as being the only Pistons player to ever wear this number since the team moved to Detroit.

He played for the US national team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship, winning the gold medal.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 82 || 45 || 23.9 || .481 || .313 || .798 || 1.5 || 4.8 || .8 || .1 || 9.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 79 || 75 || 30.9 || .493 || .409 || .748 || 2.1 || 4.5 || 1.1 || .1 || 11.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"|82* || 33.3 || .472 || .211 || .815 || 2.4 || 4.7 || 1.1 || .2 || 14.2
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 69 || 67 || 34.9 || .505 || .483 || .850 || 2.5 || 5.7 || .9 || .1 || 17.2
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
|style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 75 || 71 || 34.4 || .480 || .400 || .900 || 2.8 || 4.9 || .8 || .0 || 17.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 80 || 80 || 38.1 || .481 || .311 || .890 || 2.3 || 5.5 || 1.1 || .1 || 20.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"|82* || 38.9 || .448 || .408 || .867 || 2.3 || 4.6 || .9 || .1 || 19.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 77 || 77 || 40.2 || .466 || .375 || .864 || 1.9 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .1 || 23.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 69 || 69 || 37.6 || .452 || .388 || .836 || 2.2 || 3.8 || .9 || .1 || 20.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 67 || 67 || 38.0 || .430 || .305 || .805 || 2.4 || 5.5 || 1.1 || .1 || 18.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 67 || 40 || 32.7 || .426 || .406 || .822 || 2.1 || 4.0 || .6 || .0 || 11.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 79 || 79 || 37.0 || .440 || .432 || .867 || 2.4 || 4.0 || .7 || .0 || 14.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 72 || 72 || 32.3 || .416 || .371 || .825 || 1.4 || 3.5 || .6 || .0 || 13.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 38 || 38 || 29.4 || .411 || .403 || .836 || 1.8 || 3.5 || .6 || .1 || 11.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 1,018 || 944 || 34.5 || .460 || .382 || .843 || 2.2 || 4.5 || .9 || .1 || 16.1
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 6 || 1 || 16.3 || .400 || .333 || .500 || 1.2 || 3.4 || .2 || .0 || 5.7

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1986
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 4 || 4 || 36.8 || .610 ||  || .667 || 3.3 || 6.3 || 1.0 || .0 || 15.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1987
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 15 || 15 || 31.5 || .538 || .667 || .780 || 1.3 || 4.8 || .8 || .1 || 12.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1988
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 23 || 23 || 35.0 || .457 || .333 || .889 || 2.2 || 4.9 || .6 || .1 || 12.3
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1989†
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 17 || 17 || 36.5 || .455 || .083 || .861 || 2.6 || 5.6 || .7 || .1 || 17.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1990†
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 20 || 20 || 37.7 || .458 || .263 || .876 || 2.2 || 4.8 || 1.1 || .0 || 18.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1991
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 15 || 15 || 39.2 || .429 || .405 || .845 || 3.3 || 4.1 || 1.1 || .1 || 20.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1992
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 5 || 5 || 44.2 || .471 || .500 || .789 || 1.6 || 3.2 || 1.0 || .2 || 16.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1996
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 3 || 3 || 41.0 || .457 || .357 || 1.000 || 4.3 || 3.7 || .0 || .0 || 13.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1997
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 5 || 5 || 42.8 || .361 || .261 || .950 || 1.8 || 2.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 13.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1999
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 5 || 5 || 30.6 || .487 || .526 || 1.000 || 1.4 || 2.6 || .4 || .0 || 10.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 112 || 112 || 36.6 || .462 || .358 || .855 || 2.3 || 4.6 || .8 || .1 || 15.6

NBA executive career
Dumars became the Pistons' president of basketball operations prior to the start of the 2000–01 season. He was voted the league's Executive of the Year for the 2002–03 season and quietly went on to build the team that won the 2004 NBA championship. With the win, Dumars became the first African-American executive to lead a team to an NBA championship. During the 2005–06 season, the Pistons had its best regular season record in franchise history (64–18). The Pistons made it to the Eastern Conference Finals six straight years (2003–2008) under Dumars' watch. This streak would come to an end in the 2008–09 season when the Pistons were swept in the first round by the Cleveland Cavaliers.

On February 9, 2014, Dumars fired Maurice Cheeks as head coach and appointed John Loyer as interim head coach. On April 14, 2014, the Pistons announced that Dumars would step down as president of basketball operations yet remain as an advisor to the organization and its ownership team. During his 14 years as President, Dumars guided the organization to a 595–536 (.527) regular-season record, 73 playoff wins, six Eastern Conference Finals appearances (2003–08), six Central Division titles, two Eastern Conference Championships (2004 and 2005) and the 2004 NBA championship.

On June 21, 2019, Dumars was named special advisor to the general manager of the Sacramento Kings. On August 14, 2020, Dumars was named interim executive vice president of basketball operations. On September 17, 2020, he was named chief strategy officer.

On May 2, 2022, Dumars was named executive vice president and head of basketball operations for the NBA.

Business interests
Dumars was majority owner as well as CEO and President of Detroit Technologies for approximately 10 years. Founded by Dumars in 1996, Detroit Technologies is an automotive supply company. He sold off his interest in the company in 2006 to pursue other business interests and focus on his role as the Pistons' president of basketball operations.

Dumars was the founder and owner of the Joe Dumars Fieldhouse, an indoor sports and entertainment facility located in Shelby Township and Detroit. The Shelby Township location permanently closed in August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the original location in Detroit closing in May of 2022.

In August 2017, Dumars joined Independent Sports & Entertainment, an integrated sports, media and entertainment management agency, as president of its basketball division.

See also
 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career free throw scoring leaders
 Michigan Sports Hall of Fame

References

External links

 Dumars historical biography

1963 births
Living people
1994 FIBA World Championship players
African-American basketball players
African-American sports executives and administrators
American men's basketball players
American sports executives and administrators
Basketball players from Detroit
Basketball players from Shreveport, Louisiana
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Detroit Pistons executives
Detroit Pistons players
FIBA World Championship-winning players
McNeese Cowboys basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Natchitoches Central High School alumni
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association executives
National Basketball Association general managers
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Shooting guards
United States men's national basketball team players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Joe Dumars


Âdî serçe ya da bayağı  serçe (Passer domesticus), serçegiller (Passeridae) familyasından coğrafi dağılımı çok geniş olan en yaygın ve en iyi tanınan serçe türü.

Özellikleri

Uzunluğu 14 cm, rengi uzaktan bakıldığında grimsi kahverengidir. Ama erkekler yakından bakıldığında oldukça canlı renkleri ile dikkat çeker. Tepelerinde kızıl kahverengi tüylerle sınırlanmış gri bir bölge, gerdan ve göğüslerinde siyah bir leke vardır. Siyah leke büyüdükçe serçenin saygınlığı artar. Dişiler ve gençlerin tüyleri daha soluk renkli, alt bölümleri ise lekesizdir.

Üreme
Bayağı serçe sıcak bölgelerde hemen hemen tüm yıl boyunca üreyebilir. Saçak altlarına, duvar çıkıntılarına, oyuklara, ağaç ve çalılara çırpıdan yaptıkları oldukça özensiz yuvalarını tüy ve yünle döşer, bu yuvaya 4-9 yumurta bırakırlar.

Dağılımı
Anavatanı Avrasya ve Kuzey Afrika olmakla birlikte olmakla birlikte Güney Amerika dışında yeryüzünün hemen her yerine götürülmüştür. Kuzey Amerika'da ilk kez 1852'de New York'un Brooklyn semtindeki bir mezarlığa getirilmiş, yüz yıl geçmeden tüm kıtaya yayılmıştır. Bayağı serçe insanlarla iç içe yaşayan, büyük küçük tüm yerleşim birimlerinde, tarlalarda ve bahçelerde görülebilen bir türdür.

Resim galerisi

Passer
Avrupa kuşları
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
İspanya'daki kuşlar
Yunanistan'daki kuşlar
Norveç'teki kuşlar
Afrika kuşları
Kozmopolit kuşlar
1758'de tanımlanan kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Bayağı serçe


Skulerud Station (Skulerud stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Urskog–Hølandsbanen, der lå i Aurskog-Høland kommune i Norge. Stationen var endestation for den 56 km lange bane fra Sørumsand.

Stationen åbnede som en del af Hølandsbanen fra Bjørkelangen 15. december 1898, men inden da var selskabet der byggede banen slået sammen med Urskogbanen til Urskog-Hølandsbanen (U.H.B.). Banens trafik bestod for en stor dels vedkommende af transport af tømmer. Ved Skulerud var der forbindelse til sø- og kanalsystemet Haldenvassdraget, mens Sørumsand i den modsatte ende af banen havde forbindelse til Kongsvingerbanen og Glomma. Stationen blev nedlagt sammen med banen 1. juli 1960.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1898 men er nu revet ned. Remisen eksisterer stadig, men drejeskiven der i sin tid fandtes ud for den er fjernet. Der er dog stadig rester af drejeskivegraven. I 2015-2016 påbegyndtes etableringen af to jernbanespor med 750 mm sporvidde i den sydøstlige del af stationsområdet.

Litteratur

 Bjerke, Thor; Haugen, Tore;Holom, Finn og Tovås, Ove (2013). Banedata 2013. Hamar / Oslo: Jernbaneverket Norsk Jernbanemuseum / Norsk Jernbaneklubb NJK Forlaget. s 91.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Forvaltningsplan for Urskog-Hølandsbanen
 Skulerud Station på Jernbane.net

Noter

Stationer på Urskog-Hølandsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1898
Ophørt i 1960

Skulerud Station


النشاط أو الطاقة الذهنية أو النفسية مفهوم يُعبِر عن النشاط الذي يدفع عمل العقل أو النفس. ومن منظور الكثير من علماء النفس والأعصاب في العصر الحديث، تُعَد هذه الطاقة مُكافِئًا لعملية الأيض في الخلايا العصبية الموجودة بالمخ.

المنظور الفلسفي
تعود فكرة الطاقة الذهنية إلى المفهوم الذي وضعه أرسطو، وهو الفعالية والاحتمالية (actus et potentia). تُستخدَم كلمة «الطاقة» هنا بالمعنى الحرفي لها، وهو «النشاط» أو «العمل». وقد عرّف هنري موور في ديوان قصائده Psychodia platonica (أغنية الروح الأفلاطونية)، الذي أصدره في عام 1642، «الطاقة النفسية» بأنها تشمل كل صورة من صور النفس. أما جوليان سوريل هاكسلي، فيُعرّف «الطاقة الذهنية» بأنها «القوة الدافعة للنفس، والمشاعروالعقل» (كتاب On living in a revolution (حول الحياة في ثورة)، xv.19، عام 1944).

منظور التحليل النفسي
في بحثه الأنا والهو (The Ego and the Id)، أشار فرويد إلى أن الهو هو مصدر رغبات النفس، ومن ثم الطاقة النفسية التي تحرك العقل. وعرّف فرويد الرغبة الجنسية بأنها القوة أو الطاقة الغريزية. وقد أضاف فيما بعد أن محرك الموت (الذي يتضمنه الهو أيضًا) مصدر ثانٍ للطاقة الذهنية.

في عام 1928، نشر كارل يونغ مقالاً مهمًا بعنوان «حول الطاقة النفسية». وشهد، بعد ذلك، كلٌ من نظرية الديناميكا النفسية ومفهوم «الطاقة النفسية» مزيدًا من التطور على يد شخصيات مثل ألفريد أدلر وميلاني كلين.

مثلما تعمل الطاقة الفيزيائية مع الأجسام المادية، تعمل الطاقة النفسية مع التكوينات النفسية، مثل الأفكار. والقوة والطاقة النفسيتان هما الأساس الذي تقوم عليه محاولة صياغة نظرية علمية تُطبَق فيه قوانين دقيقة على الظواهر النفسية على نحو مشابه لتطبيق قوانين نيوتن على الأجسام المادية. هذا المفهوم للطاقة النفسية مختلف ومنفصل كليةَ عن - بل ويناقض أيضًا - المفهوم الروحاني في الثقافة الشرقية للطاقة الروحانية.

طُرِح مفهوم «الديناميكا النفسية» في عام 1874 عند نشر Lectures on Physiology (محاضرات في الفسيولوجيا) بقلم عالم الفيزيولوجيا إيرنست فيلهلم فون بروكو الذي افترض - بالتعاون مع عالم الفيزياء هيرمان فون هيلمهولتس الذي شارك في صياغة القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية (الحفاظ على الطاقة) - أن جميع الكائنات الحية عبارة عن نظم طاقة يحكمها هذا المبدأ أيضًا. وفي ذلك العام، كان بروكو في جامعة فيينا يشرف على سيجموند فرويد، الطالب آنذاك بالسنة الأولى في كلية الطب، والذي تبنى هذا المفهوم للفسيولوجيا «الديناميكية». وفي Lectures on Physiology (محاضرات في الفسيولوجيا)، طرح بروكو الرأي - المتطرف آنذاك - بأن الكائن الحي نظام ديناميكي تسري عليه القوانين الكيميائية والفيزيائية.

يرى جون بولبي أن نموذج فرويد الأساسي القائم على أسس الكيمياء والفيزياء تعود أصوله إلى بروكو، وماينرت، وبروير، وهيلمهولتز، وهيربارت.

منظور علم الأعصاب
كثيرًا ما قورنت الطاقة الذهنية بطاقة الكمية الفيزيائية، أو تم الربط بينهما.

توصلت الدراسات التي أُجريت في الفترة ما بين التسعينينات من القرن العشرين والعقد الأول من القرن الحادي والعشرين (وقبل ذلك) إلى أن الجهد الذهني يمكن قياسه من ناحية تزايد الأيض في المخ. ويشير منظور علم الأعصاب المعاصر إلى أن الأيض في المخ، والذي يتم قياسه باستخدام التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي أو التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني، يرتبط بالنشاط الذهني.

انظر أيضًا
 الهو والأنا والأنا العليا
 الرغبة الجنسية
 التركيز الفكري أو الانفعالي
 طاقة (روحيات)
 علم نفس الطاقة
 عقل
 دافع
 مذهب الأخلاط
 محرك الموت

المراجع

كتابات أخرى

 Laplanche, J.|Jean Laplanche and Pontalis, J.B. (1974). The Language of Psycho-Analysis. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974.

وصلات خارجية
 Psychic Energy & Psychoanalytic Theory

دافع
علوم هامشية
فلسفة
فلسفة العقل
مصطلحات علم النفس
مفاهيم نفسية

الطاقة الكامنة (علم نفس)


O Odbojkaški Klub Crvena Zvezda, mais conhecido também como Crvena Zvezda Belgrade, ou em português Estrela Vermelha de Belgrado, é um time de voleibol masculino sérvio fundado no ano de 1945, na cidade de Belgrado, Sérvia. Atualmente o clube disputa a Superliga Sérvia, a primeira divisão do campeonato sérvio.

Histórico
O Odbojkaški Klub Crvena Zvezda foi fundado em 1945 como uma seção de voleibol masculino do Clube Esportivo Estrela Vermelha (), sendo um dos oito clubes fundadores desta agremiação.

Nos primeiros anos de existência, os jogadores de voleibol e basquetebol do Crvena Zvezda tinham as mesmas instalações e campos desportivos em Kalemegdan e tinham quase as mesmas pessoas na gestão. A primeira partida oficial foi disputada em 1945 contra o Spartak Subotica, e é interessante que o time não conseguiu se reunir na véspera do jogo, ou seja, faltaram dois jogadores, por isso Ljubiša Sekulić, que era secretário do clube, e Severin Bjelić, conhecido como nadador, jogador de futebol e jogador de pólo aquático, se apresentaram para disputar a partida. No ano seguinte, em 1946, foi realizado o primeiro campeonato de clubes da Jugoslávia, e após a fusão com Student e a chegada de Bata Mirković e Vojë Milanović em 1947, iniciou-se o fortalecimento da seção de voleibol. No ano seguinte, no campeonato nacional, a equipe conquistou o terceiro lugar.

Embora em 1950 se falasse em abolir a seção de voleibol do clube desportivo, felizmente isso não aconteceu, e no ano seguinte o Red Star conquistou o título nacional pela primeira vez. O torneio de qualificação em Belgrado não inspirou muito otimismo, a equipe avançou graças a um melhor quociente de set para o torneio final onde jogou cada vez melhor, e no último jogo contra o Železničar precisava de uma vitória máxima para o primeiro triunfo. A vitória por 3 a 0 foi alcançada, então, embora ninguém esperasse, assim como os jogadores de futebol, o Estrela Vermelha sagrou-se campeão da Jugoslávia em 1951.

A primeira Copa da Jugoslávia foi conquistada em 1960 e, depois disso, sucessos mais significativos foram esperados por mais de uma década. A Estrela Vermelha chegou ao seu quinto título do campeonato jugoslavo na temporada 1973–74, com uma equipe composta por: Bakarec, Boričić, Bošnjak, Šurlan, Žeželj, Gašić, Matijašević, Lozančić, Simić, Jovanović e Sretenović, comandados pelo técnico Ljubomir Stojić. Esta equipe também conquistou três copas nacionais (1972, 1973 e 1975). Em 1975, a seleção jugoslava conquistou o terceiro lugar no Campeonato Europeu de Belgrado (o maior sucesso da RSF Jugoslávia), e até cinco jogadores do Zvezda participaram: Živojin Vračarić, Aleksandar Boričić, Nikola Matijašević, Vladimir Bošnjak e Slobodan Lozančić.

De 1975 a 1978, uma crise geral atingiu o clube, culminando no rebaixamente da equipe para a segunda divisão nacional. Em 1978, um novo quadro profissional foi formado, e o objetivo principal passou a ser o retorno à elite. Apesar disso, o período seguinte é lembrado como o pior da história do clube, os jogadores foram alternadamente rebaixados e voltaram à primeira divisão, chegando a passar três anos, de 1981 a 1984, na competição da segunda divisão. Porém, na temporada 1985–86, com a chegada dos jogadores das selecções nacionais, Miodrag Mitić e Nenad Đorđević, o Zvezda reforçou o seu elenco, e depois, "administrativamente", a equipe terminou mais uma vez num escalão inferior. A temporada 1988–89 marca um retorno definitivo ao cenário da primeira liga, e o time lá permanece até hoje, e aos poucos começa a subir novamente.

Orientado por Dejan Brđović, o Crvena Zvezda começa a voltar a ocupar um lugar significativo no campeonato jugoslavo. A quinta taça foi conquistada em 1991, a primeira após 16 anos, e o sucesso se repetiu dois anos depois. Os bons resultados a nível nacional permitiram ao clube disputar as taças europeias, onde participa com sucesso misto, sem no entanto se qualificar para as fases finais. Na temporada 2002–03 vem a conquista do último campeonato iugoslavo.

Após a divisão entre Sérvia e Montenegro em 2006, o Red Star ingressou na nova Superliga Sérvia, que venceu pela primeira vez na temporada 2007–08. Na temporada seguinte conquistou a primeira Copa da Sérvia de sua história.

Depois de vencer a Copa da Sérvia em 2010–11, o clube conquistou cinco Supercopas da Sérvia, cinco títulos da liga e três Copas da Sérvia desde a temporada 2011–12.

Na temporada 2018–19, os rubro-negros conquistaram seu sexto título da Copa da Sérvia em cima do Radnički Kragujevac, em uma partida com duração de 82 minutos. Pelo campeonato nacional, a equipe de Belgrado conquistou pela terceira vez em sua história o vice-campeonato, sendo o segundo para a equipe do Vojvodina NS Seme Novi Sad. Na disputa da terceira maior competição continental, a equipe sérvia foi superada pela equipe italiana do Vero Volley Monza, com 0–6 no placar agregado, e caiu na fase das oitavas de final da Taça Challenge.

Títulos
 Campeonato Sérvio
 Campeão: 2007–08, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
 Vice-campeão: 2009–10, 2016–17, 2018–19

 Copa da Sérvia
 Campeão: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19
 Vice-campeão: 2017–18

 Supercopa Sérvia
 Campeão: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
 Vice-campeão: 2015, 2019

 Campeonato Servo-Montenegrino
 Campeão: 2002–03
 Vice-campeão: 1991–92, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1998–99

 Copa Servo-Montenegrina
 Campeão: 1993, 1997, 1999
 Vice-campeão: 1992, 1998, 2003

 Campeonato Jugoslavo
 Campeão: 1951, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1973–74
 Vice-campeão: 1952, 1975–76

 Copa da Jugoslávia
 Campeão: 1959–60, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1991
 Vice-campeão: 1988–89

Ligações externas

Crvena Zvezda Belgrade

OK Crvena Zvezda


Dobričica (lat. Glechoma), biljni rod iz porodice medićevki kojemu pripada nekoliko vrsta ljekovitih, vazdazelenih puzećih trajnica. U Hrvatskoj postoji najmanje dvije vrste, puzava dobričica (Glechoma hederacea) i čupava dobričica (Glechoma hirsuta)

Ime roda dolazi od grčke riječi glechon, što je bio naziv za mirisnu metvicu.

Vrste
 Glechoma biondiana  (Diels) C.Y.Wu & C.Chen
 Glechoma grandis (A.Gray) Kuprian.
 Glechoma hederacea L.
 Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit.
 Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kuprian.
 Glechoma × pannonica Borbás
 Glechoma sardoa (Bég.) Bég.
 Glechoma sinograndis C.Y.Wu

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Nepetinae

Dobričica


Fernando Massiel Santana Santillán es un jugador de fútbol, nacido en Temascalapa, Estado de México, México el 17 de mayo de 1986, juega en la posición de Mediocampista en el Club Zacatepec del Ascenso MX.

Debutó el 14 de octubre de 2007 en un Pumas 3-0 Tigres sustituyendo a Leandro Augusto en el minuto 77.

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas del Club Universidad Nacional en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Tijuana
Futbolistas del Club Zacatepec

Futbolistas de los Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz

Futbolistas de los Reboceros de La Piedad

Fernando Santana


In Praise of Folly, also translated as The Praise of Folly ( or ), is an essay written in Latin in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam and first printed in June 1511. Inspired by previous works of the Italian humanist  De Triumpho Stultitiae, it is a satirical attack on superstitions, various traditions of European society, and on the Latin Church.

Erasmus revised and extended his work, which was originally written in the space of a week while sojourning with Sir Thomas More at More's house in Bucklersbury in the City of London. The title Moriae Encomium had a punning second meaning as In Praise of More (in Greek moría translates into "folly").  In Praise of Folly is considered one of the most notable works of the Renaissance and played an important role in the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation.

Content

In Praise of Folly begins with a satirical learned encomium, in which Folly praises herself, in the manner of the Greek satirist Lucian (2nd century AD), whose work Erasmus and Sir Thomas More had recently translated into Latin; it then takes a darker tone in a series of orations, as Folly praises self-deception and madness and moves to a satirical examination of pious but superstitious abuses of Catholic doctrine and corrupt practices in parts of the Roman Catholic Church—to which Erasmus was ever faithful—and the folly of pedants. Erasmus had recently returned disappointed from Rome, where he had turned down offers of advancement in the curia, and Folly increasingly takes on Erasmus' own chastising voice. The essay ends with a straightforward statement of Christian ideal: "No Man is wise at all Times, or is without his blind Side."

Erasmus was a good friend of More, with whom he shared a taste for dry humor and other intellectual pursuits. The title Moriae Encomium could also be read as meaning "In praise of More". The double or triple meanings go on throughout the text.

The essay is filled with classical allusions delivered in a style typical of the learned humanists of the Renaissance. Folly parades as a goddess, offspring of Plutus, the god of wealth and a nymph, Youth. She was nursed by two other nymphs, Inebriation and Ignorance. Her faithful companions include Philautia (self-love), Kolakia (flattery), Lethe (forgetfulness), Misoponia (laziness), Hedone (pleasure), Anoia (dementia), Tryphe (wantonness), and two gods, Komos (intemperance) and Nigretos Hypnos (heavy sleep). Folly praises herself endlessly, arguing that life would be dull and distasteful without her. Of earthly existence, Folly pompously states, "you'll find nothing frolic or fortunate that it owes not to me."

Reception
Moriae Encomium was hugely popular, to Erasmus' astonishment and sometimes his dismay. Even Erasmus' close friends had been initially skeptical and warned him of possible dangers to himself from thus attacking the established religion. Even Pope Leo X and Cardinal Cisneros are said to have found it amusing. Before Erasmus' death it had already passed into numerous editions and had been translated into Czech, French, and German. An English edition soon followed. It influenced the teaching of rhetoric during the later sixteenth century, and the art of adoxography or praise of worthless subjects became a popular exercise in Elizabethan grammar schools. A copy of the Basel edition of 1515/16 was illustrated with pen and ink drawings by Hans Holbein the Younger. These are the most famous illustrations of In Praise of Folly.

Its role in the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation stems from its criticism of the practices of the Church and its political allies.

Erasmus subsequently wrote that he almost regretted writing it, such had been the trouble it had caused him. But this trouble did not come from the satirized princes, popes, bishops, abbots, cardinals, famous scholars, courtiers, magistrates or wives, but from certain theologians.

Notes

External links

 Praise of Folly, and Letter to Maarten Van Dorp, 1515. Translated by Betty Radice. Introduction and notes by A.H.T. Levi. Penguin, 1994.
 The Praise of Folly. Translated from the Latin, with an Essay & Commentary, by Hoyt Hopewell Hudson.With a new foreword by Anthony Grafton. Princeton Classics, 1969.
The Praise of Folly, translated by John Wilson in 1668, at Project Gutenberg
Praise of Folly at Internet Archive (multiple translations)
In Praise of Folly, with portrait, life of Erasmus, and his Epistle to Sir Thomas More. Translator not stated. 1922.
The Praise of Folly, English audiobook recording at LibriVox. The Wilson translation.
In Praise of Folly from Christian Classics Ethereal Library. The Wilson translation.

1511 books
Books by Desiderius Erasmus
Philosophy essays
Renaissance literature
Medieval philosophical literature
16th-century Latin books
Dutch satire
Religious philosophical literature

In Praise of Folly


The Mull of Kintyre is the southwesternmost tip of the Kintyre Peninsula (formerly Cantyre) in southwest Scotland. From here, the Antrim coast of Northern Ireland is visible on a calm and clear day, and a historic lighthouse, the second commissioned in Scotland, guides shipping in the intervening North Channel. The area has been immortalised in popular culture by the 1977 hit song "Mull of Kintyre" by Kintyre resident Paul McCartney's band of the time, Wings.

Etymology
The name is an anglicisation of the Gaelic Maol Chinn Tìre (), in English: "The rounded [or bare] headland of Kintyre", where chinn and tìre are the genitive forms of ceann head and tìr land, country respectively. The English variant Cantyre derives from the phrase ceann tìre  "head land".

Mull as a geographical term is most commonly found in southwest Scotland, where it is often applied to headlands or promontories, and, often more specifically, for the tip of that promontory or peninsula.

The term mull derives from  "bald, bare, baldness, bareness". The geographical reference is to a land formation bare of trees, such as a rounded hill, summit, mountain, promontory or headland.

Geography
The Mull is at the extreme south western tip of the Kintyre peninsula, approximately  from Campbeltown in Argyll and Bute, Western Scotland. It is about  beyond the southernmost village of the peninsula, Southend with its tea room and beaches, and reached via a single-track road.

Ailsa Craig and the County Antrim coast of Ulster and Rathlin Island are all clearly visible from the Mull. On clearer days it is also possible to make out Malin Head in Inishowen in County Donegal in the north of Ulster, and the Ayrshire coast on the other side of Ailsa Craig. Other islands in the Firth of Clyde are also visible when looking east, especially from further back along the single track road from Southend village. The Straits of Moyle (part of the North Channel) allow sea passage from the Irish Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. Notoriously strong currents plague the tip of the Kintyre Peninsula creating a hazard to unmotorised craft and virtually impossible for distance swimmers. At its closest point, mainland Ulster is  from the Mull. Owing to the low elevation of Rathlin Island and the high elevation of the Mull of Kintyre it is also possible to see over the top of Rathlin Island to the Antrim coastal town of Ballycastle. Individual houses on the Antrim coast and cars travelling along the coast road can sometimes be seen without the aid of binoculars, visibility conditions depending.

History
The Mull has been an important landbridge throughout history. It is thought that it was used by early humans in their travels from continental Europe to Ireland via Scotland. In more recent times it was used again by the Scotti when they travelled from Ireland to establish the kingdom of Dál Riata in modern-day Argyll.

Air crashes
The steep cliffs and hills rising out of the sea on all sides, along with the frequent sea mists, have made the area a hazard to flight. It has been the site of numerous air crashes throughout aviation history, and the remains of some of those crashed aircraft still litter the area.

A notable air disaster on the Mull was the RAF Chinook helicopter crash on 2 June 1994.

Nautical disaster
On 13 June 1858 the SS New York, a steamship converted to sail, was wrecked at the south end of the Mull of Kintyre.

Mull of Kintyre test

The Mull of Kintyre test or Mull of Kintyre rule is, according to an urban legend, an unofficial guideline that was used by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) in the United Kingdom to decide whether an image of a penis could be shown. According to the myth, the BBFC would not permit the general release of a film or video if it depicted a phallus erect to the point that the angle it made from the vertical was higher than that of the Kintyre peninsula, Argyll and Bute, on maps of Scotland. The BBFC has denied that any such 'test' existed, and maintain it is merely a humorous rumour.

Lighthouse

See also

 British Isles fixed sea link connections – which details infrastructure proposals involving the mull.

References

Headlands of Scotland
Kintyre
Landforms of Argyll and Bute

Mull of Kintyre


Williamsburg est un village de l'État américain du Nouveau-Mexique, situé dans le Comté de Sierra. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de  habitants.

Références

Village au Nouveau-Mexique
Comté de Sierra (Nouveau-Mexique)

Williamsburg (Nouveau-Mexique)


Jacyr Francisco Braido CS (* 17. April 1940 in Roca Sales, Rio Grande do Sul) ist ein brasilianischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Bischof von Santos.

Leben
Jacyr Francisco Braido trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Congregatio Scalabriniana bei und empfing am 22. Februar 1970  die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 22. Februar 1995 zum Koadjutorbischof von Santos. Der Erzbischof von Mariana, Luciano Pedro Mendes de Almeida SJ, spendete ihm am 30. April desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe. Mitkonsekratoren waren David Picão, Bischof von Santos, und Urbano José Allgayer, Bischof von Passo Fundo. Als Wahlspruch wählte er ALEGRES NA ESPERANÇA. Mit der Emeritierung David Picãos am 26. Juli 2000 Jahres folgte er ihm als Bischof von Santos nach.

Papst Franziskus nahm am 6. Mai 2015 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Scalabrini-Missionar
Brasilianer
Geboren 1940
Mann

Jacyr Francisco Braido


NGC 7513 je prečkasta spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Kiparu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7513
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7513 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7513 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7500 - 7549

7513

NGC 7513


Hoya nervosa er fjölær jurt í vaxblómaættkvísl.  Útbreiðslan er í Kína (suður-Yunnan, Guangxi).

Tilvísanir

Vaxblómaættkvísl

Hoya nervosa


Louis Stanton Auchincloss (; September 27, 1917 – January 26, 2010) was an American lawyer, novelist, historian, and essayist. He is best known as a novelist who parlayed his experiences into books exploring the experiences and psychology of American polite society and old money.  His dry, ironic works of fiction continue the tradition of Henry James and Edith Wharton.  He wrote his novels initially under the name Andrew Lee, the name of an ancestor who cursed any descendant who drank or smoked.

Early life
Born in Lawrence, New York, Auchincloss was the son of Priscilla Dixon (née Stanton) and Joseph Howland Auchincloss. His brother was Howland Auchincloss and his paternal grandfather, John Winthrop Auchincloss, was the brother of Edgar Stirling Auchincloss (father of James C. Auchincloss) and Hugh Dudley Auchincloss (father of Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr.). He grew up among the privileged people about whom he would write, although, as he put it, "There was never an Auchincloss fortune…each generation of Auchincloss men either made or married its own money".

He attended St. Bernard's School,  Groton School and Yale University, where he was editor of the Yale Literary Magazine. Although he did not complete his undergraduate studies at Yale, he was admitted to and attended law school at the University of Virginia. He graduated in 1941 and was admitted to the New York bar the same year.

Career
Auchincloss was an associate at Sullivan & Cromwell from 1941 to 1951 (with an interruption for war service from 1942 to 1945 in the United States Navy during World War II, which might have inspired his 1947 novel The Indifferent Children).  He applied to join the Naval Reserve as an intelligence specialist on December 4, 1940 and was appointed as a lieutenant on December 1, 1942.

After taking a break to pursue full-time writing, Auchincloss returned to working as a lawyer, first as an associate (1954–58) and then as a partner (1958–86) at Hawkins, Delafield and Wood in New York City as a wills and trusts attorney, while writing at the rate of a book a year.

Literary career
Auchincloss is known for his closely observed portraits of old New York and New England society. Among his books are the multi-generational sagas The House of Five Talents (1960), Portrait in Brownstone (1962), and East Side Story (2004). The Rector of Justin (1964) is the tale of a renowned headmaster of a prep school like the one he attended, Groton School, trying to deal with changing times.

In the early 1980s, Auchincloss produced three novels which were not centered on the New York he knew so well, i.e. The Cat and the King, set in Louis XIV's Versailles, Watchfires, concerned with the American Civil War, and Exit Lady Masham, set in Queen Anne's England. Auchincloss would remain close to New York again, however, in his later fiction writing.

Gore Vidal said of his work: "Of all our novelists, Auchincloss is the only one who tells us how our rulers behave in their banks and their boardrooms, their law offices and their clubs.... Not since Dreiser has an American writer had so much to tell us about the role of money in our lives."

Personal life
In 1957, Auchincloss married Adele Burden Lawrence (1931–1991), the daughter of Florence Irvin (née Burden) Lawrence and Blake Leigh Lawrence. Her grandfather was prominent industrialist James A. Burden Jr. and her great-grandmother was Vanderbilt heiress Emily Thorn (née Vanderbilt) Sloane White. Adele was an artist, environmentalist and later became a deputy administrator of the New York City Parks and Recreation Department. Together they had three children:

 Andrew Sloan Auchincloss, a lawyer who married Tracy Lee Ehrlich in 1999.
 John Winthrop Auchincloss II, a lawyer who married Dr. Tracy Pennoyer, sister of architect Peter Pennoyer (both great-grandchildren of J.P. Morgan Jr.), in April 1988.
 Blake Leigh Auchincloss, an architect who married in Lauren Stewart Moores, a daughter of John Duer Moores Jr., in June 1988.

He was president and chairman of the Museum of the City of New York and chairman of the City Hall Restoration Committee and was a member of the Century Association and the American Academy of Arts and Letters, where he served as president.

On January 26, 2010, Auchincloss died from complications of a stroke at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

Awards and legacy
Significant collections of Auchincloss's papers reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia and at the Beinecke Library at Yale University. In addition, he was the recipient of the following awards and accolades:
National Book Award Finalist (1960, 1961, 1965, 1967)
Member, American Academy of Arts and Letters (1965)
Honorary degree, New York University (Litt.D., 1974)
Honorary degree, Pace University (1979)
President, American Academy of Arts and Letters (19??)
Honorary degree, The University of the South (1986)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997)
"Living Landmark" status (2000), New York Landmarks Conservancy
National Medal of Arts (2005)

Works
Auchincloss wrote more than 60 books.

Novels
The Indifferent Children (1947)
Sybil (1952)
A Law for the Lion (1953)
The Great World and Timothy Colt (1956)
Venus in Sparta (1958)
Pursuit of the Prodigal (1959): National Book Award Finalist
The House of Five Talents (1960): National Book Award Finalist
Portrait in Brownstone (1962)
The Rector of Justin (1964): National Book Award Finalist
The Embezzler (1966): National Book Award Finalist
A World of Profit (1968)
I Come as a Thief (1972)
The Dark Lady (1977)
The Country Cousin (1978)
The House of the Prophet (1980)
The Cat and the King (1981)
Watchfires (1982)
Exit Lady Masham (1983)
The Book Class (1984)
Honourable Men (1986)
Diary of a Yuppie (1987)
The Golden Calves (1988)
Fellow Passengers: A Novel in Portraits (1989)
The Lady of Situations (1990)
Three Lives (1993)
The Education of Oscar Fairfax (1995)
Her Infinite Variety (2000)
The Scarlet Letters (2003)
East Side Story (2004)
The Headmaster's Dilemma (2007)
Last of the Old Guard (2008)

Short story collections
The Injustice Collectors (1950)
The Romantic Egoists (1954)
Powers of Attorney (1963)
Tales of Manhattan (1967)
Second Chance: Tales of Two Generations (1970)
The Partners (1974)
The Winthrop Covenant (1976)
Narcissa and Other Fables (1982)
Skinny Island: More Tales of Manhattan (1987)
False Gods (1992)
Tales of Yesteryear (1994)
The Collected Stories of Louis Auchincloss (1994)
The Atonement and Other Stories (1997)
The Anniversary and Other Stories (1999)
Manhattan Monologues (2002)
The Young Apollo and Other Stories (2006)
The Friend of Women and Other Stories (2007)

Nonfiction
Reflections of a Jacobite (1961)
Pioneers and Caretakers: A Study of Nine American Women Novelists (1965)
On Sister Carrie (1968)
Motiveless Malignity (1969)
Edith Wharton: A Woman in Her Time (1972)
Richelieu (1972)
A Writer's Capital (1974)
Reading Henry James (1975)
Life, Law, and Letters: Essays and Sketches (1979)
Persons of Consequence: Queen Victoria and Her Circle (1979)
False Dawn: Women in the Age of the Sun King (1985)
The Vanderbilt Era: Profiles of a Gilded Age (1989)
Love without Wings: Some Friendships in Literature and Politics (1991)
The Style's the Man: Reflections on Proust, Fitzgerald, Wharton, Vidal, and Others (1994)
The Man Behind the Book: Literary Profiles (1996)
Woodrow Wilson (Penguin Lives) (2000)
Theodore Roosevelt (The American Presidents Series) (2002)
A Voice from Old New York: A Memoir of My Youth (2010)

Adaptations
Auchincloss's The Great World and Timothy Colt (1956) was adapted for television in an episode of the Climax! series (Season 4, Episode 22; Broadcast 27 March 1958).  Composer Paul Reif adapted Portrait in Brownstone into an opera upon which he was working at the time of his death; it has remained unperformed.

References
Notes

Sources

External links
 Louis Auchincloss – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Louis Auchincloss: Writer who chronicled the lives and times of America's WASP elite, The Independent, 2 February 2010

Louis Auchincloss papers
Louis Auchincloss Collection. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Auchincloss family
1917 births
2010 deaths
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Groton School alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Yale University alumni
New York (state) lawyers
Virginia lawyers
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Virginia
American male essayists
American male novelists
American male poets
American male short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Sullivan & Cromwell associates
People from Lawrence, Nassau County, New York
Military personnel from New York (state)
Historians from New York (state)
20th-century American lawyers
Presidents of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Louis Auchincloss


زاريتشنيي  هي مدينة في جمهورية ياقوتيا في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 668 نسمة.

أماكن مأهولة في ياقوتيا

زاريتشنيي (ساها)


Stadion de Fotbal pentru municipiul Craiova este un stadion multifuncțional din Craiova, România cu o capacitate de 30.983 de locuri. Construcția arenei a început în 2015 și a fost finalizată în luna noiembrie a anului 2017. Acesta este folosit în principal pentru fotbal, aici evoluând în meciurile de pe teren propriu ambele echipe ale Craiovei: Universitatea Craiova și FC U Craiova. În urma unei înțelegeri cu familia regretatului Ion Oblemenco, doar Universitatea Craiova a primit dreptul și exclusivitatea numelui atunci când echipa își dispută jocurile acasă. Restul formaților care urmează să își dispute meciurile în calitate de gazdă, vor juca sub numele de "Complex Sportiv Craiova".

Istorie
Construcția stadionului, ce a costat 52 de milioane de euro, a început la data de 7 septembrie 2015 după demoalrea vechiului Stadionul "Ion Oblemenco". Inaugurarea arenei a avut loc pe 10 noiembrie 2017 într-un meci amical cu Slavia Praga, pierdut cu scorul de 0 la 4 în fața a 30.000 de suporteri.
Primul meci oficial a fost în Liga I pe 18 noiembrie 2017, între Universitatea Craiova și CS Juventus București, la care au asistat 17.853 de fani.

Galerie

Vezi și
 Listă de stadioane de fotbal din România

Note

Referințe

https://www.telekomsport.ro/stadionul-din-craiova-nu-se-mai-numeste-ion-oblemenco-ce-denumire-oficiala-foloseste-arena-20360401
Ion Oblemenco
Fondări în 2017

Stadionul „Ion Oblemenco” (2017)


ලක්ෂීය ස්කන්ධයක් මත වෙනත් ලක්ෂීය ස්කන්ධයක් මගින් යෙදෙන F බලයක් නිසා හටගන්නා ත්වරණය a1  යැයි සිතමු. නිවුටන්ගේ දෙවන නියමයට අනුව  F = m1a1  වන අතර ඒ අනුව  a = F/m1  , F හි අගය ඉහත සමීකරණවල ආදේශයෙන්,

	       	එසේම

ගුරුත්වජ ත්වරණය (පොදුවේ ත්වරණය ද) මනිනු ලබන SI  ඒකක ( සම්මත ඒකක) (m/s2 or ms-2) "තත්පර වර්ගයට මීටර්" වන අතර තත්පර වර්ගයට අඩි ගැල සහ ජී යන ඒකක මැනීමට යොදාගන්නා  SI  ඒකක නොවන ඒකක අතර වේ.

m1  වන ස්කන්ධයක් මත m2  වන ස්කන්ධයක් මගින් යොදනු ලබන ගුරුත්වජ බලයට සමාන බලයක් m1 ස්කන්ධය විසින්  m2  ස්කන්ධය මතද යොදනු ලබයි. එමනිසා පහත සමීකරණයේ ආකාරයට එක් ස්කන්ධයක් අනෙක් ස්කන්ධයට සාපේක්ෂව ගුරුත්වජ ත්වරණයකට ලක්වේ.

m2  හා සාපේක්ෂව m1 නොසැලකිය හැකි තරම් කුඩා අගයක් ගන්නා විට ගුරුත්වජ ත්වරණයේ අගය ආසන්න වශයෙන් එකම නියත අගයක් වේ. (එබැවින් කුඩා ස්කන්ධ සඳහා ගුරුත්වජ ත්වරණය ආසන්න වශයෙන් එකම අගයක් ගනී). නමුත් m1 ස්කන්ධය විශාල ස්කන්ධයකන් නම් ගුරුත්ජ ත්වරණය ලබාගැනීමේ දී  m1 හා m2 ස්කන්ධ දෙකම සැලකිය යුතුවේ. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් යම් ග්‍රහකයක් මතුපිට යම් දුරකින් නිකුත් කරන කුඩා ගල් හෝ පාෂාණ කැබලි එම ග්‍රහවස්තුවේ වැදී විනාශ වන තෙක්ම එය දෙසට ත්වරණය වෙමින් එකම මාර්ගයක ගමන් කරන  නමුත් ග්‍රහකයේ ස්කන්ධයට සාපේක්ෂව සැලකිය යුතු හෝ ඊට විශාල වස්තුවක් පෙර සදහන් කළ ස්ථානයෙන්ම නිකුත් කළ හොත් ග්‍රහකය වස්තුව දෙසට ත්වරණය වී පළමු අවස්ථාවට වඩා ඉක්මණින් වස්තූන් එකිනෙක ගැටීම සිදු වේ.

ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල ස්කන්ධ දෙකක් ආරම්භයේ දී එකිනෙකට සාපේක්ෂව යම් ප්‍රවේගයක් දැරීම හේතුවෙන් ඒවා අතර ඇතිවන අන්‍යෝන්‍ය ත්වරණය නිසා ඒවා එකිනෙක ගැටීම සිදු නොවේ. එවන් විට එම ස්කන්ධවල චලිත පථයන් වඩාත් සංකීර්ණ වේ. කැටපෝලයක් විදිනු ලබන ගලක් ආකාරයට ගුරුත්ව ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය නිසා ස්කන්ධ එකිනෙකින් වෙන්වීම සහ ස්කන්ධයක  ගුරුත්ව කේන්ද්‍රය වටා තවත් ස්කන්ධයක් ඉලිප්සීය කක්ෂයක ගමන් කිරීම ආදිය මෙවැනි සංකීර්ණ ගමන් මාර්ගවලට උදාහරණ කිහිපයකි. මෙම ගමන් මාර්ග තීරණය කිරීමේ දී ස්කන්ධයන් දෙකක් සහභාගි වන විට සංඛේත ක්‍රමය ද යොදා ගත හැකි අතර ස්කන්ධ තුනක් හෝ ඊට වැඩි සංඛ්‍යාවක් නම් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ගණිතමය ක්‍රමය ද භාවිතා කළ යුතුය.

පෘථිවි පෘෂ්ටයට ආසන්නයේ සිට යම් වස්තුවක් නිදහසේ වැටෙන අවස්ථාවක් වැනි r හි වෙනස් වීම සාපේක්ෂව කුඩා වන අවස්ථාවක් සඳහා ගුරුත්වජ ත්වරණය නියතයක් ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. (Earth's Gravity)  ග්‍රහලෝක වැනි විශාල වස්තූන්ගේ විශාලත්වය නිසා  ඒවා හරහා 'r' හි සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රමාණයකින් විචලනය වේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා ප්‍රභල උදම් බල හටගත හැක. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් පෘථිවියේ එක් පසක් අනෙක් පසට වඩා කිලෝමීටර 6,350 චන්ද්‍රයාට ළංව පවතී. චන්ද්‍රයා හා පෘථිවිය අතර මධ්‍යන්‍ය දුර වන කි.මී. 385,000ක් හා සසඳන කළ ඉහත කී වෙනස කුඩා වුවත් මෙම වෙනස පෘථිවියේ දෙපස ඇති සාගර මත චන්ද්‍රයා මගින් යෙදෙන ගුරුත්වජ  ත්වරණය සුළු ව‍ශයෙන් වෙනස් වීමට හේතු වේ. මෙම ගුරුත්වජ ත්වරණවල වෙනස හේතුවෙන් උදම් රළ හටගනී.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Acceleration_due_to_gravity

ගුරුත්වජ ත්‍වරණ‍ය


An Fimbristylis dunlopii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Latz. An Fimbristylis dunlopii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Northern Territory. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis dunlopii


Veljko Kadijević (; Glavina Donja, Imotski, 21 de noviembre de 1925 − Moscú, 2 de noviembre de 2014) fue un General del Ejército Popular Yugoslavo (JNA). Fue ministro de Defensa del Gobierno yugoslavo desde 1988 hasta su renuncia en 1992, lo que le convirtió de facto en Comandante del JNA durante la Guerra de los Diez Días y las etapas iniciales de la guerra en Croacia.

Biografía
Kadijevic nació en la aldea de Donja Glavina (en la pequeña ciudad de Imotski), entonces parte del Reino de Yugoslavia, de padre serbio y madre croata. Autoproclamado como yugoslavo, en 1942 se unió a la Liga de Comunistas de Yugoslavia y su brazo armado, partisanos yugoslavos, en medio del frente yugoslavo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Yugoslavia. Permaneció en servicio activo después de la guerra y terminó graduándose en el United States Army Command and General Staff College del Ejército de los Estados Unidos en 1963.

Kadijevic se convirtió en el quinto ministro de Defensa de la República Federal Socialista de Yugoslavia. Tras el colapso de la Liga de Comunistas de Yugoslavia, fue uno de los fundadores del partido llamado Liga de Comunistas - Movimiento para Yugoslavia. En mayo de 1991 señaló que si las autoridades federales y de la república "no garantizan la paz, las fuerzas armadas yugoslavas, de manera eficiente, pueden hacerlo por sí mismas." Después de dimitir de su puesto en la Secretaría Federal de Defensa Popular, Kadijevic se retiró y se fue a vivir en Serbia. El Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia (TPIY) trató de comunicarse con él en la primavera de 2001, ya que iba a ser citado como testigo, pero huyó a Moscú al día siguiente. Solicitó asilo político y en el año 2005 recibió la ciudadanía rusa el 13 de agosto de 2008 por decreto del presidente Dmitri Medvédev. En 2008 todavía residía en Moscú.

Procesos legales
La primera acusación contra Kadijevic se publicó en noviembre del año 1992 en Bjelovar, una segunda en el año 2002 en Vukovar y la tercera en mayo del año 2006 en el condado de Osijek-Baranja por el fiscal general. El 21 de marzo de 2007, el Ministerio del Interior de Croacia emitió una orden de arresto contra Kadijevic por "crímenes de guerra contra la
población civil".
La Interpol dio una orden de arresto contra él el 23 de marzo de 2007.

Después de que Kadijevic recibiera la ciudadanía rusa, el Gobierno de Croacia envió una solicitud a Rusia para la extradición de Kadijevic. Sin embargo, aún se desconoce si Rusia accederá a ello.

De acuerdo con Marko Atila Hoare, un exempleado del TPIY, un equipo de investigación trabajó sobre las acusaciones a miembros de alto rango considerándoles como una "empresa criminal conjunta", como Milosevic, Kadijevic, Blagoje Adzic, Jović Borisav, Branko Kostic, Momir Bulatovic, entre otros. Sin embargo, tras la intervención de Carla del Ponte, estos proyectos fueron rechazados y la acusación se limitó a Milosevic.

Apariciones públicas en 2007
El interés público en Kadijevic y su paradero se intensificó de nuevo en 2007. Se especuló ampliamente si en ese momento estaba viviendo en Florida, Estados Unidos, especulaciones que resultaron ser falsas. En marzo de 2007 la prensa croata ofreció información aparentemente contradictoria: Kadijevic está trabajando como asesor especial para el Ejército de los EE. UU. en busca de búnkeres en Irak, y también que se encontraba en Moscú como invitado de Dmitri Yazov. El 26 de marzo de 2007, el portal de noticias croata publicó una entrevista con Kadijevic en el que confirmaba que trabajaba como asesor militar de la Fuerza Multinacional en Irak, pero declaró que "no quiere decir que me encuentre allí de forma permanente", sin indicar su paradero actual.
A principios de octubre de 2007 Kadijevic apareció finalmente en Moscú, donde asistió a la presentación de su último libro Kontraudar: Moj pogled na raspad Jugoslavije. Después de esto, con 81 años de edad, Kadijevic concedió entrevistas a los medios de comunicación serbios y croatas. El 9 de noviembre de 2007 fue entrevistado por el periodista Olivera Jovićević de la emisora pública serbia Radiotelevisión Serbia (RTS), entrevista que salió al aire el 13 de noviembre de 2007 en horario estelar, como una edición especial de su programa Upitnik. Al día siguiente, 14 de noviembre, el periodista Josip Saric, de la Radiotelevisión Croata, hizo una entrevista a Kadijevic.

En esas entrevistas Kadijevic declaró que vivía en Rusia desde el año 2000 donde tenía la condición de refugiado. Ha dicho que se enteró de la masacre de Vukovar sólo después de retirarse porque el jefe de Inteligencia, general Aleksandar Vasiljević, no le informó de ese evento. Afirma que ni él ni el Ejército Popular Yugoslavo habían cometido crímenes de guerra en la ex Yugoslavia, porque era la única fuerza legal armada en Yugoslavia en el momento. También afirmó que tanto él como el JNA estaban tratando de evitar el armamento ilegal y la defensa de Yugoslavia de paramilitares emergentes. También declaró que el TPIY no es un tribunal, sino una institución política, por lo que no reconoce la Corte Penal Internacional.

Además, indicó que nunca, ni él ni el Ejército, consideraban un golpe de Estado militar como una opción en la solución de la crisis yugoslava. Esta declaración está en marcado contraste con las afirmaciones del presidente de la República Socialista Federativa de la Presidencia Borisav Jović, quien dice que, precisamente, Kadijevic y el Ejército habían sugerido un golpe de Estado como una forma de salir de la crisis, pero luego cambiaron de opinión, cuatro días después. Kadijević's response to this was that "Jović is lying". Kadijevic procedió a mencionar una reunión dos días después de la manifestación con grandes protestas del 9 de marzo de 1991, organizadas por Vuk Drašković en las calles de Belgrado, en la oficina de Jović a la que Kadijevic había sido invitado por Slobodan Milošević, donde, según Kadijevic, Milosevic le pidió que el Ejército tomase el control del país mediante un golpe militar. La aparente respuesta de Kadijevic fue la de informar a Milosevic de que no podía tomar esa decisión por sí mismo, y que había que discutir la solicitud con los jefes del Ejército y posteriormente informar a la oficina de Jović acerca de su decisión. Kadijevic dijo entonces que su decisión fue contraria a un golpe de Estado y que informó a la oficina de Jović por escrito al respecto. Jović por su parte, afirma la inexistencia de dicho.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Interpol arrest warrant for Kadijević
 Interview by RTS in Moscow 2007: Part 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, 5/5

Historia de Yugoslavia
Historia de Bosnia y Herzegovina
Historia de Croacia
Historia de Serbia
Historia de Eslovenia
Ministros de Defensa
Militares de Serbia
Yugoslavos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Juzgados por el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia
Serbios del siglo XX
Partisanos yugoslavos
Comunistas de Yugoslavia
Fallecidos en Moscú

Veljko Kadijević


محمد بحر ولد في 1 أكتوبر 1957، فنان تونسي ملتزم. بدأ مشواره الفني في أواسط السبعينات مع فرقة أمازيغن للموسبقى البديلة. وغنى على مدارج الجامعة وفي الأوساط النقابية. وقد عاصر فنانين آخرين من بينهم الهادي قلة وتوفيق المستاوي والأزهر الضاوي بالإضافة إلى فرق ملتزمة من بينها البحث الموسيقي وعشاق الوطن. وقد غنى محمد بحر لمظفر النواب وأحمد فؤاد نجم ومحمود درويش وآدم فتحي والطاهر الهمامي و جمال قصودة...
هذا الفنان هو أيضا من ناشطي اليسار سواء في بلده تونس أو في فرنسا حيث يقيم، إذ هو من مؤسسي (أو من المنضوين في) العديد من الجمعيات التي تعنى بشؤون المهاجرين وثقافتهم وهويتهم مثل Art et Culture des deux Rives «فن وثقافة الضفتين» و  (Fédération des Tunisiens pour une citoyenneté des deux rives) «الاتحاد التونسي من أجل المواطنة على الضفتين» و l'UTIT (Union des travailleurs immigrés tunisiens)«اتحاد العمال المهاجرين التونسيين»، فضلا عن انخراطه في كل النضالات الوطنية منذ سبعينات القرن الماضي.

المسيرة الدراسية
 1963-1978: تعليم ابتدائي وثانوي بقصور الساف والمهدية
 1978: نيل شهادة البكالوريا
 1979: بداية الدراسة الجامعية بجامعة باريس 3 (السوربون الجديدة)
 1981: نيل شهادة الدراسات الجامعية العامة في مجال العلوم المسرحية
 1983: الحصول على الإجازة
 1984: مناقشة أطروحة ماجستير بعنوان Le Chant et la musique dans le théâtre arabe en Tunisie «الغناء والموسيقى بالمسرح العربي بتونس» تحت اشراف الأستاذ ريشارد ديمرسي
 1989: نيل دبلوم الدراسات المعمقة بعد مناقشة أطروحة بعنوان Mouvement des chanteurs contestataires en Tunisie «الحركة الاحتجاجية للمغنين في تونس» تحت اشراف الأستاذ جان ريمي جوليان Jean Rémy Julien

محطات من المسيرة الفنية
 1979 كانت سنة البداية مع أحد روادالأغنية الملتزمة في تونس وهو حمادي العجيمي، اذ انتمى محمد بحر لفترة قصيرة لفرقة أمازيغن (الرجال الأحرار) وكانت له مشاركات مهرجانية عدة منها مهرجان الموسيقى المغاربية في باريس.
 1980: شارك في مهرجان سطيف بالجزائر ثم بالأيام الثقافية في باريس وبمهرجان قرطاج.
 1981: سجل أول شريط صوتي (كاسيت) وخصص عائداته لمساعدة مساجين الرأي في العالم العربي
 1983: أصدر أول اسطوانة بعنوان Chants pour les Oliviers «أغان للزيتون» وخصص عائدات مبيعاتها لإغاثة الناجين  من مجازر صبرا وشاتيلا
في نفس السنة قدم حفلات بمصر في القاهرة والأسكندرية
 1985 : أصدر اسطوانته الثانية « les oiseaux de la liberté » طيور الحرية
 1988 : هو ثالث فنان تونسي (وللسنة الثالثة على التوالي) ينال جائزة اذاعة فرنسا الدولية RFI : الجائزة الخاصة وجائزة الجمهور، بعد الزين الصافي سنة 1986 وآمال الحمروني ضمن فرقة البحث الموسيقي سنة 1987

التدريس

شغل محمد بحر خطة أستاذ موسيقى ودرّس المادة لطلبة الإعدادي والعالي:
 1992: بالمعهد العالي للفن المسرحي (ISAD)بتونس.
 2000- 2001 : بمعهد بابلو بيكاسو بكارج ليه جونيس Garges-lès-Gonesse بفرتسا.
 2001 - 2002 : بمعهد أناتول فرانس « Anatole France » بسارسيل Sarcelles بفرنسا.
وهو يشرف على إدارة كورالACDR (Arts et Culture des Deux Rives) «فنون وثقافة الضفتين»
في إطار نشاطه الجمعياتي بالمهجر.

من أغانيه
 كلاب الليل في باريس تتبعك
 القدس عروس عروبتكم
 دور خضراء
 كاس الجراح
 أبوك كان زناد
 طير الحجر
بلإضافة للعديد من الأغاني الأخرى
(تم اعتماد الصفحة الفرنسية كمصدر للمعلومات المستقاة بخصوص المسيرة الدراسية لهذه الشخصية الفنية)

الغناء الملتزم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مغنون ومغنيات تونسيون
مواليد 1377 هـ
مواليد 1957
مواليد في تونس
مواليد في قصور الساف
موسيقيون تونسيون

محمد بحر


Sadrazam (; sadr-ı âzam) ya da vezîr-i âzam (), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda padişah adına devlet işlerini yöneten en yüksek derecedeki devlet adamı.

Etimoloji
Devletin ilk dönemlerinde kullanılan vezîr-i âzam tamlamasının kökeni hakkında farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Bir kısım vezir kelimesinin Sasani kökenli olduğunu ve dolayısıyla Farsça olup daha sonra Arapçaya geçtiğini savunurken bir kısım ise kelimenin Kur'an ve hadis kaynaklarında geçmesini öne sürerek Arapça orijinli olduğunu savunmaktadır.

Erken dönem Arapça sözlüklerde sığınılacak yer anlamındaki "vezer", ağır yük anlamındaki "vizr" ve kuvvet anlamında "ezr" kelimelerinden türediği bilgisi yer alan vezir sorumluluk sahibi, yükü çeken anlamına gelmektedir. Âzam ise büyük anlamına gelmektedir. Büyük sorumluluk sahibi anlamına gelen vezîr-i âzam tabiri 16. yüzyılın ikinci yarısıyla beraber baş, üst mevki anlamına gelen "sadr" kökeninden türetilen ve başta oturan, yüksek makam sahibi anlamına gelen sadrazam terimine yerini bırakmıştır. Bunların yanında devlet bürokrasisinin henüz Arapça ve Farsça etkisi altına girmediği erken dönemde Türkçe olarak uluğ vezir de denmekteydi.

Tarihçe

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu henüz beylik iken devletin kurucusu Osman Gazi'nin vezir unvanını taşımayan ancak danışmanı denebilecek yardımcıları bulunmaktaysa da vezir konumunda bir görevli bulunmamaktaydı. Orhan Gazi'nin aynı zamanda kardeşi olan Alâeddin Paşa ilk Osmanlı veziridir. Birçok vezir arasından sıyrılan bir başvezir ise I. Murad devrinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dönemde bir kurum olarak başvezirliği başlatanlar Ankara'nın Cendere köyünden Çandarlı ailesidir. Vezirliğin Osmanlı devlet idaresinde geleneksel bir hal alışı da yine Çandarlı ailesinin başvezirliği sırasında I. Murad'ın son, I. Bayezid'in ilk hükümdarlık yılları zamanında gerçekleşmiştir. Çandarlı soyundan gelen vezirler idari örgütlenme, Yeniçeri Ocağı'nın kuruluşu, Bizans'a akınlar gibi devletleşmeye yönelik önemli icraatlerde bulunmuşlardır. Çandarlı İkinci İbrahim Paşa'nın sadrazamlığı sonrası Çandarlı ailesinin saltanatı bitmiş, bundan sonra devşirme kökenli devlet adamları sadrazamlık görevine getirilmişlerdir. Çandarlı ailesinde olduğu gibi Köprülü ailesinden gelen devlet adamları da bir dönem silsile halinde başvezirlik yapmıştır.

II. Mehmed'in çıkardığı Fatih Kanunnâmesi, başvezirliğin statüsünün, görevlerinin ve yetkilerinin ne olduğunu ortaya koyan ilk devlet nizamnâmesi olmuştur. Buna göre başvezir, vüzerâ ile ulemanın başıdır ve ayrıca bütün işlerde padişahın mutlak vekilidir.

İlk on padişah devrinde başvezirler gerek devlet gerekse de orduda uzun yıllar farklı görevlerde bulunmuş deneyimli devlet adamlarından seçilmekteyken, ilk kez I. Süleyman devrinde Pargalı Damat İbrahim Paşa bu geleneğe aykırı bir şekilde hasodabaşılıktan başvezirliğe yükseltilmiştir. Bunun gibi uygulamalar daha sonraki dönemlerde de sıkça görülmüştür.

Tanzimat'tan itibaren başvezirler Batılı anlamda hükûmet reisi görevini yürütmüşler ve zaman zaman padişaha muhalif bir güç olmuşlardır.

İdarenin başı olarak vezîr-i âzam veya sadrazam
Tarihsel süreç içerisinde bu makamın gelişimi incelendiğinde göze çarpacak en önemli husus bu makamın oluşumundaki ana güdünün savaş işlerini düzenlemekten öte idari işleri düzenlemek ile olan ilişkisidir. Nitekim bundan dolayıdır ki sadrazam Osmanlı Devleti'nde ilk olarak sivil olarak ad edilebilecek olan bürokratların başıdır. İdarede birliği temsil etmektedir. Bu yetkiliye savaş ile ilgili hizmetler idari hizmetlerine ek verilmektedir. Bu savı ise Çandarlıların ulema kökenli olması doğrulamaktadır.

Baş vezir olarak da adlandırılabilecek bu yetkilinin evrimine bakıldığında da benzer bir süreç izlenebilmektedir. Nihayetinde vezirlerin de sıradan bir kabilesel yetkili olmadığı görülmektedir. Gerek feodal Avrupa gerekse de farklı farklı ülkelerde var olan hükümdarın yardımcısı belki Osmanlı'da ak ağa olabilir. Büyük ihtimalle köklerini İrani uygulamalardan alan vezir katipler sınıfının başı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça

Genel

Ayrıca bakınız
 Osmanlı sadrazamları listesi

Osmanlı devlet teşkilatı

Sadrazam


Le HMS Illern (en suédois, « furet ») était le quatrième sous-marin de  de la marine royale suédoise.

Carrière
Le navire a été commandé en 1952 à Kockums Mekaniska Verkstads AB à Malmö et sa quille a été posée en 1955. Le navire a été lancé le  et a été mis en service le .

Il a été désarmé le  et vendu à la ferraille à Odense en 1981.

Galerie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .
  : ruban porté sur leur bachi par l'équipage du HMS Illern.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des sous-marins de la Suède

Sous-marin de la Marine royale suédoise
Sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel
Bateau lancé en 1957
Nom de bateau
Navire construit en Suède
Navire démoli en 1981

HMS Illern (1957)