Biblioteksafgiften, også kendt som bibliotekspenge, er et udtryk for den sum, som en forfatter får udbetalt årligt for bøger, der er blevet udlånt på de danske biblioteker. I følge Slots- og Kulturstyrelsens egen beskrivelse, så er formålet med afgiften at "(...) støtte forfattere, oversættere, illustratorer, fotografer, billedkunstnere og komponister, hvis værker benyttes på Danmarks folkebiblioteker og folkeskolens pædagogiske læringscentre."
Pengene kommer fra finansloven, hvor der hvert år afsættes et beløb til biblioteksafgiften. Fordelingen af biblioteksafgiften hører under Styrelsen for Bibliotek og Medier under Kulturministeriet.

Lignende ordning findes i de øvrige nordiske lande, men også flere andre lande i verden.

Udregning af biblioteksafgiften
For at få udbetalt biblioteksafgiften skal man som forfatter selv tilmelde sig ordningen. Udbetalingen udregnes efter et pointsystem, hvor hver side, type af litteratur, antallet af bøger i udlånsbasen, samt placering i fordelingsnøglen udløser point hver især.
Det er en almindelig opfattelse, at bibliotekspengene udregnes på baggrund af, hvor ofte og hvor meget bøgerne udlånes, hvilket er forkert. Udover bøger bliver der også udbetalt bibliotekspenge for grammofonplader, lydbøger, cd'er mv., samt originalkunst, der benyttes til udlån på de danske biblioteker.

Udbetalingen af bibliotekspenge til den enkelte forfatter sker kun, hvis forfatterens beløb er over den fastsatte minimumsgrænse, hvilket i 2017 er på 2.172 kr, men er ændret ved lov så man allerede ved 1.250 kr får udbetaling i 2018. Denne sænkning af minimumsgrænsen kommer særligt de nye forfattere til gode og skal ses som en fordel, mener både Danmarks Biblioteks-forening, samt flere litterære kunstnere.

Ændring af afgiften gennem tiden
Biblioteksafgiften blev indført i 1946 og den første udbetaling skete i 1947, hvor børnebogsforfatteren Alfred Christian Westergaard lå øverst med den største udbetaling.

Den første tumult om afgiften, man kender til i dansk historie, er fra 1918, hvor forfatteren Thit Jensen stillede krav om at bibliotekerne skulle afkræve en afgift, for de bøger de lånte ud, da folk kunne låne bøger gratis og dermed ikke behøvede at købe dem. Hun mente at med en indførelse af en afgift, ville forfatterne blive kompenseret for deres tab. Hun vandt efterfølgende en sag i Højesteret mod en række biblioteker, der havde indkøbt hendes bog og ikke givet hende penge, trods hun havde krævet at få betaling for denne tjeneste.

I 1998 indgik kulturministeren et forlig med forfatterforeningerne om biblioteksafgiften, og oprettede i samme forbindelse en pulje på 200.000 kr. til fremmedsprogede forfattere, der har udøvet en særlig litterær indsats for den danske kultur.

På baggrund af en rapport fra udvalget om biblioteksafgiften fra maj 2015, kom der i 2017 et lovforslag om ændring af biblioteksafgiften, så den nu ville tage højde for det stigende antal af e-bøger, der findes til udlån på de danske biblioteker. Forslaget er at det skal indrulles med en stigende procentsats om en årrække, indtil det i 2022 afspejler fordelingen af fysiske bøger i forhold til e-bøger i udlånsbaserne.

Referencer

Biblioteker
Afgifter

Biblioteksafgift


Le Monument à Danton de Tarbes est un groupe sculptural réalisé par Edmond Desca en 1903 situé sur la place Jean Jaurès à Tarbes devant la  mairie.

Historique
En 1887, la ville de Paris, dans la perspective des célébrations du centenaire de la Révolution française de 1789, commande un monument destiné à glorifier les idéaux révolutionnaires. Le thème de Georges-Jacques Danton s'impose.

Desca, sculpteur vicquois, participe au concours et n'obtient que le deuxième prix et son projet n'est pas retenu par la ville de Paris. Desca, le réalise tout de même et la ville de Tarbes, avec l'aide de l'État, en fait l'acquisition en 1901.
La statue Danton de Tarbes est donc inaugurée le .

Le déboulonnage et la fonte de la statue de Danton sont décidés sous le régime de Vichy, dans le cadre de la mobilisation des métaux non ferreux. Elle est  par l'entreprise industrielle Labat ferrailleur à Tarbes. Il ne l'expédie pas et la cache dans l'atelier. Elle est replacée sur son piédestal .

Localisation
La sculpture est située dans le quartier du centre-ville (Tarbes-2), sur la place Jean-Jaurès à Tarbes devant la mairie.

Description
La sculpture représente, sur le piédestal, Danton debout dans une attitude de tribun en train d'entonner un discours.

Deux haut-relief de pierre sont placés à gauche et à droite du socle : le départ des Volontaires (un jeune tambour avance, guidant cinq soldats qui se mettent en marche en chantant, portant drapeau, épées, uniformes) et Danton haranguant les femmes de la halle (un enfant nu, désigné par Danton, console sa mère en larmes).

Sont présents aussi les symboles de la République et de la Loi : l'épée, le bonnet phrygien, la branche de chêne et les symboles des Droits de l'homme et de l'Instruction du peuple : les livres, la plume.

Inscriptions sur la statue : A. DURENNE sur le piédestal, en haut : RF ; sur le cartouche : MONUMENT ERIGE EN 1903 / PAR / L'ETAT ET LA VILLE / E. DESCA G. MAGNOAC / H. LAFFILLEE ; de l'autre côté : MONUMENT INAUGURE / LE 29 NOVEMBRE 1903 / PAR Mr LE GENERAL ANDRE / Ministre de la Guerre

Galerie d'images

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des œuvres d'art des Hautes-Pyrénées
 Statue équestre du Maréchal Foch
 Monument à Larrey
 Liste d'œuvres d'art rescapées de la fonte pendant l'Occupation

Liens externes

Danton
Danton
Georges Jacques Danton

Monument à Danton (Tarbes)


Wakusei Daisensō (Japonês: 惑星大戦争; prt: Guerra no Espaço),  distribuído internacionalmente como The War in Space, é um filme de ficção científica japonês de 1977, realizado por Jun Fukuda.

Sinopse
A Terra é atacada por naves espaciais extraterrestres vindas de Vénus. Mas um cientista japonês construiu uma nave espacial, a Gohten, com a qual pode salvar a humanidade.

Filmes do Japão de 1977
Filmes do Japão
Filmes de ficção científica do Japão
Filmes de ficção científica da década de 1970
Filmes em língua japonesa da década de 1970
Filmes sobre extraterrestres

Wakusei Daisensō


Ulla von Brandenburg (1974) er en tyskfødt kunstner, som bor og arbejder i Berlin. Hendes arbejde er karakteriseret ved en mangeartet sammensætning af materialer, herunder forhæng, kostumer, rekvisitter og iscenesatte miljøer. Hendes værker har været vist på Contemporary Arts Center, New Orleans, Pérez Art Museum Miami, Miami, Kunsthal Aarhus, Performa 15, New York, Pilar Corrias, London. I 2017 var hendes udstilling It Has A Golden Sun And An Elderly Grey Moon, Part I & I i Kunsthal Aarhus var en del af Europæisk Kulturhovedstad.

Eksterne henvisninger
Pilar Corrias om Ulla von Brandenburg

Kunstnere fra Tyskland

Ulla von Brandenburg


Joseph Everard Harris CSSp (* 19. März 1942 in Surrey Village, Gemeinde Lopinot, Region Tunapuna-Piarco, Trinidad) ist ein trinidadischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Port of Spain in Trinidad und Tobago.

Leben
Joseph Everard Harris trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Spiritaner bei, legte am 3. November 1967 die Profess ab und empfing am 14. Juli 1968 die Priesterweihe. Von 1993 bis 1999 war er Rektor des Priesterseminars "St. John Vianney and the Ugandan Martyrs" in Tunapuna.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 8. Juli 2011 zum Koadjutorerzbischof von Port of Spain. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Erzbischof von Port of Spain, Edward Joseph Gilbert CSsR, am 14. September desselben Jahres; Mitkonsekratoren waren Malcolm Patrick Galt CSSp, Altbischof von Bridgetown, und Gabriel Malzaire, Bischof von Roseau.

Mit der Emeritierung Edward Joseph Gilberts folgte er ihm am 26. Dezember 2011 als Erzbischof von Port of Spain nach. Papst Franziskus nahm am 19. Oktober 2017 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Schriften
 Forming Church Leadership Today. In: PC Journal, herausgegeben vom Archdiocesan Pastoral Centre, Castries, Jg. 7 (1994), Heft 7 (Juli), S. 1–3 und Heft 10 (Oktober), S. 6–8.

Literatur
 Valentino Singh: God's will. The heart-warming story of Archbishop Emeritus Joseph Everard Harris CSSp. Texprint, San Juan (Trinidad) 2018.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Spiritaner
Staatsangehöriger von Trinidad und Tobago
Geboren 1942
Mann
Erzbistum Port of Spain

Joseph Everard Harris


Horatius Coclès (título original en francés; en español, Horacio Cocles) es una ópera en un acto ("acte lyrique") con música de Étienne Nicolas Méhul y libreto en francés de Antoine-Vincent Arnault, basado en la leyenda romana de Horacio Cocles. Se estrenó el 18 de febrero de 1794 en la Ópera de París (rebautizada como «Théâtre des Arts» por los revolucionarios), durante la época del Terror en el momento central de la Revolución francesa.

Pretendía con esta óper congraciarse con las autoridades revolucionarias, para mejorar las posibilidades, de cara a la censura, de estrenar una ópera más importante de Méhul y Arnault, sobre la que ya trabajaban, Mélidore et Phrosine.

Personajes

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Étienne Nicolas Méhul
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en París
Óperas de 1794

Horatius Coclès


Schönkirchen Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı bölge. 16,02 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 6414 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Eckhard Jensen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-schrevenborn.de

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Schönkirchen


ලක්‍ෂණ
ශ්‍රැතවත් ආර්යශ්‍රාවකයෝ රූපයේ, වේදනාවන්ගේ, සංඥාවන්ගේ, සංස්කාරයන්ගේ සහ විඥානයේ අස්තඞගමයද, ආස්වාදයද, ආදීනවද, නිස්සරණයද ඇති සැටි දනිති.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 අශ්‍රැතවත් පෘථග්ජනයෝ

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රැතවත් ආර්යශ්‍රාවකයෝ


Private cancellations are cancellations of postage stamps, or in some cases, artist stamps applied by other than a government or other official stamp-issuing entity.

In the United States
Private postmarks are commonly used with private postal meters. They are also occasionally used to create "first day of issue" items for personalized U.S. postage (officially defined as meter labels and thus not requiring cancellation). Private cancellations are often applied by local posts to their stamps (this is frequently also the first day of issue).

Another type of private cancellation, used in the United States, is the Mailer's Postmark Permit, by which license-holders can cancel their own mail under certain conditions.  They can in the U.S. be applied to mail carried outside the post by authority of the private express statutes.  An example of this is the Chickensville, Michigan private cancellation, applied to mail carried, although Chickensville does not have a post office.

Private postmarks have also been used as back-stamps showing the name of the firm from which the mail was sent.

United States taxation
In the United States if the time of posting is significant and there is both a private and regular cancellation, the regular cancellation controls. Private postmarks are not considered valid in some other cases.

References

External links

Mailer's Postmark Permit Club

Postal markings
Philatelic terminology

Private cancellation


An Gahnia javanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alexandre Moritzi. An Gahnia javanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gahnia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gahnia

Gahnia javanica


Johann Friedrich von Zepelin (* 2. September 1695 in Hostrup bei Flensburg; † 28. September 1777) war ein Generalleutnant im Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg.

Leben

Zepelin wurde als zweiter Sohn des königlich dänischen Majors (als Oberstleutnant in der Zweiten Schlacht bei Höchstädt am 13. August 1704 gefallenen) Melchior Dietrich von Zepelin (* 1649; † 13. August 1704) und der Maria Elisabeth von Oeynhausen (* 1659; † nach 1716) geboren. Er wurde am 5. September 1695 in Hostrup getauft und am 28. Februar 1710 trat er, obwohl von Geburt Mecklenburger, in den kurhannoverischen Militärdienst ein. Er ging mit Kurfürst Georg bei dessen Thronbesteigung nach England, wo er sich zunächst in den Kämpfen des Königs gegen die Stuart'sche Partei vielfach auszeichnete. Im November 1728 heiratete Zepelin Magdalena Lucretia von der Kettenburg aus dem Hause Matgendorf (*15. Mai 1701; † 20. August 1760 in Uetersen). Aus dieser Ehe gingen fünf Söhne und drei Töchter hervor. 1729 wurde er zum Rittmeister und 1737 zum Major im Leibregiment "Garde du Corps" befördert. Während des Siebenjährigen Krieges nahm er als Oberst und Kommandeur des Reuterregiments "von Zepelin" und als Generalmajor und Kommandeur der Garde du corps an den Feldzügen des Herzogs Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in Westdeutschland teil. 1759 ging er als Generalleutnant in Pension und nahm seinen Ruhesitz zunächst in Uetersen, wo seine Schwester Agnes Dorothea (*18. Juli 1686(5) in Breckendorf; † Juli 1760 in Uetersen) als Stiftsdame im Kloster Uetersen lebte. Hier verstarb auch im selben Jahr seine Ehefrau, die mit einer großen Zeremonie am 28. August 1760 hinter dem Altar in der Klosterkirche Uetersen beigesetzt wurde. Zepelin verließ einige Jahre später den Ort und starb 1777.

Nachkommen
Mit seiner Frau Magdalena Lucretia von der Kettenburg hatte er folgende Kinder:
 Sophie Friederike (* 1731; † 30. November 1790) ⚭ Carl August von Maydell († 1802); hannöverscher Generalleutnant
 Friedrich Ulrich (1733-jung)
 Franz Heinrich (1736-jung)
 Melusina Dorothea (getauft 21. Oktober 1737; † 2. Januar 1796) ⚭ Cuno Hans von der Kettenburg auf Matgendorf (* 25. August 1735; † 8. Juni 1808)

Literatur und Quellen
 Hans Ferdinand Bubbe: Versuch einer Chronik der Stadt und des Klosters Uetersen. Teil V-VI: Aus der Familiengeschichte des Geschlechts von Zepelin (Die Beziehungen des Geschlechts zu unserer Heimatstadt Uetersen), Heydorn: Uetersen 1939.
 Elsa Plath-Langheinrich: Kloster Uetersen in Holstein. Mit Zisterzienserinnen und Adeligen Stiftsdamen durch acht Jahrhunderte, Wachholtz: Neumünster 2008.
 Jahrbuch des deutschen Adels, Band 3, 1899, S.963

Einzelnachweise

Militärperson (Hannover)
Person (Uetersen)
General der Frühen Neuzeit
Militärperson (Braunschweig)
Johann Friedrich
Deutscher
Geboren 1695
Gestorben 1777
Mann

Johann Friedrich von Zepelin


Georg Freiherr von Lüttwitz (n. 1851 – d. 1922) a fost unul dintre generalii Armatei Imperiale Germane din Primul Război Mondial.

A îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Diviziei 89 Infanterie în campania acesteia din România, având gradul de general-maior.

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
 Armata 9

Nașteri în 1851
Decese în 1922
Generali germani
Comandanți germani pe frontul românesc (1916-1918)
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Georg Freiherr von Lüttwitz


En streg er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2001 med instruktion og manuskript af Christina Rosendahl.

Handling
En pige tager en graviditetstest.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

En streg


Coxiella est un genre de bactéries à Gram-négatif autrefois considéré comme une rickettsie mais inclus désormais dans la famille des Coxiellaceae et faisant partie des Gammaproteobacteria. Elle a été nommée ainsi d'après le bactériologiste américain Herald Rae Cox. Son espèce-type, Coxiella burnetii est responsable de la fièvre Q. Les Coxiella peuvent se présenter comme des pathogènes intracellulaires obligatoires et/ou des bactéries symbiotiques (non pathogènes) d'arthropodes.

Description
Les espèces du genre Coxiella sont des bactéries strictement intracellulaires d'arthropodes ou de vertébrés. Ce sont des bacilles Gram négatif mais à coloration très faible voire inexistante. Elles sont mieux révélées par la coloration de Gimenez. Elles n'ont ni flagelles, ni capsules.

La bactérie survit dans le phagolysosome (pH acide) et est très résistante dans le milieu extérieur.

Leur largeur est de  à  pour une longueur de  à .

Taxonomie

Étymologie
Co.xi.el'la. M.L. fem. dim. -ella suffixe; M.L. fem. n. Coxiella nommé d'après Herald Rae Cox, qui, en collaboration avec Gordon E. Davis, a été le premier à isoler cette bactérie aux États-Unis peu après sa découverte en Australie et qui a introduit la technique d'inoculation dans le sac vitellin de l'oeuf incubé et qui a falcilité l'étude de cette bactérie et d'autres genres bactériens.

Espèces
En , le genre Coxiella est placé dans une nouvelle famille, les Coxiellaceae.

Liste des espèces (base LPSN au 20 mai 2022)
 Coxiella burnetii - Espèce-type - (C.B. Philip, 1948)

Liste des Candidatus (base LPSN au 11 août 2022)
Le statut nomenclatural du nom de ces espèces est considéré comme publié de manière invalide par l'ICSP.
 Candidatus Coxiella avium Trinachartvanit  2018
 Coxiella cheraxi Tan et Owens 2000
 Candidatus Coxiella massiliensis Angelakis  2016
 Candidatus Coxiella mudrowiae Gottlieb et al. 2015

Espèce déplacée dans un autre genre (base LPSN au 20 mai 2022)
 Coxiella popilliae Dutky and Gooden 1952, renommée Rickettsiella popilliae Philip 1956

Bactéries symbiotes
Les Coxiella peuvent être des bactéries symbiotiques de tiques: L'alimentation des tiques, uniquement composée de sang, pose un problème de carence en vitamines B (B2, B8, B9), et des Coxiella symbiotiques assurent cet approvisionnement en vitamines B. Privées de leurs Coxiella symbiotiques, les tiques ne peuvent ni atteindre l'âge adulte, ni se reproduire. Les Coxiella symbiotiques sont souvent confondues avec Coxiella burnetii, ce qui conduit à une surestimation des risques infectieux associés aux tiques. Les Coxiella symbiotiques de tiques ne présentent cependant aucun des gènes de virulence de Coxiella burnetii, et ne peuvent infectées l'humain.

Références

Bibliographie

Références biologiques

  (contrairement à ce qu'annonce ce site, le genre n'est pas éteint)

Gammaproteobacteria
Genre de bactéries (nom scientifique)
Bactérie décrite en 1948

Coxiella


The mitre (Commonwealth English) (; Greek: μίτρα 'headband' or 'turban') or miter (American English; see spelling differences) is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in traditional Christianity. Mitres are worn in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church,  Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, some Lutheran churches, for important ceremonies, by the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, and also, in the Catholic Church, all cardinals, whether or not bishops, and some Eastern Orthodox archpriests.

Etymology
μίτρα, mítra (Ionic μίτρη, mítrē) is Greek, and means a piece of armour, usually a metal guard worn around the waist and under a cuirass, as mentioned in Homer's Iliad. In later poems, it was used to refer to a headband used by women for their hair; and a sort of formal Babylonian headdress, as mentioned by Herodotus (Histories 1.195 and 7.90). It also refers to a kind of hairband, such as: the victor's chaplet at the games; a headband and a badge of rank at the Ptolemaic court; an oriental headdress, perhaps a kind of turban, etc. as a mark of effeminacy, a diadem; headdress of the priest of Heracles; headdress of the Jewish high priest, et al.

Western Christianity

In its modern form in Western Christianity, the mitre is a tall folding cap, consisting of two similar parts (the front and back) rising to a peak and sewn together at the sides. Two short lappets always hang down from the back.

History
The camelaucum (Greek: καμιλαύκιον, kamilaukion), the headdress, that both the mitre and the Papal tiara stem from, was originally a cap used by officials of the Imperial Byzantine court. "The tiara [from which the mitre originates] probably developed from the Phrygian cap, or frigium, a conical cap worn in the Graeco-Roman world. In the 10th century the tiara was pictured on papal coins." Other sources claim the tiara developed the other way around, from the mitre. In the late Empire it developed into the closed type of Imperial crown used by Byzantine Emperors (see illustration of Michael III, 842–867).

Worn by a bishop, the mitre is depicted for the first time in two miniatures of the beginning of the eleventh century. The first written mention of it is found in a Bull of Pope Leo IX in the year 1049. By 1150 the use had spread to bishops throughout the West.

In the Church of England, the mitre fell out of use after the Reformation, but was restored in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of the Oxford Movement, and is now worn by most bishops of the Anglican Communion on at least some occasions. In The Episcopal Church of the United States, the first Presiding Bishop, Samuel Seabury wore a mitre as early as 1786. The mitre is also worn by bishops in a number of Lutheran churches, for example the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia, the Church of Sweden, and the Lutheran Church in Great Britain.

Use
In the Catholic Church, ecclesial law gives the right to use the mitre and other pontifical insignia (crosier, pectoral cross, and ring) to bishops, abbots, cardinals, and those canonically equivalent to diocesan bishops who do not receive episcopal ordination. The principal celebrant presents the mitre and other pontifical insignia to a newly ordained bishop during the Rite of Ordination of a Bishop and to a new abbot during the Rite of Blessing of an Abbot. In the case of a person who is canonically equivalent to a diocesan bishop but does not receive episcopal ordination, this presentation normally occurs during a public installation as the ordinary of his jurisdiction. Catholic ecclesial law also permits former Anglican bishops received into full communion and subsequently ordained to the order of presbyter in the Catholic Church to obtain permission to use pontifical insignia as a mark of recognition of their previous ministry (they also may be admitted to the national or regional episcopal conference with status equivalent to that of retired Catholic bishops), but former Anglican bishops typically have not requested permission to use pontifical insignia under this provision.

Three types of mitres are worn by Roman Catholic clergy for different occasions:
 The simplex ('simple', referring to the materials used) is made of undecorated white linen or silk and its white lappets traditionally end in red fringes. It is worn most notably at funerals, Lent, on Good Friday and by concelebrant bishops at a Mass. Cardinals in the presence of the Pope wear a mitre of white linen damask.
 The auriphrygiata is of plain gold cloth or white silk with gold, silver or coloured embroidered bands; when seen today it is usually worn by bishops when they preside at the celebration of the sacraments.
 The pretiosa ('precious') is decorated with precious stones and gold and worn on the principal Mass on the most solemn Sundays (except in Lent) and feast days. This type of mitre is rarely decorated with precious stones today, and the designs have become more varied, simple and original, often merely being in the liturgical colour of the day.

The proper colour of a mitre is always white, although in liturgical usage white also includes vestments made from gold and silver fabrics. The embroidered bands and other ornaments which adorn a mitre and the lappets may be of other colours and often are.

On all occasions, an altar server may wear a shawl-style veil, called a vimpa, around the shoulders when holding the bishop's mitre.

Heraldry
In  ecclesiastical heraldry, a mitre was placed above the shield of all persons who were entitled to wear the mitre, including abbots. It substituted for the helm of military arms, but also appeared as a crest placed atop a helmet, as was common in German heraldry. In the Anglican Churches, the Church of Sweden, and the Lutheran Church of Finland, the mitre is still placed above the arms of bishops instead of the ecclesiastical hat. In the Roman Catholic Church, the use of the mitre above the shield on the personal arms of clergy was suppressed in 1969, and is now found only on some corporate arms, like those of dioceses. Previously, the mitre was often included under the hat, and even in the arms of a cardinal, the mitre was not entirely displaced. In heraldry the mitre is always shown in gold, and the lappets (infulae) are of the same colour. It has been asserted that before the reformation, a distinction was used to be drawn between the mitre of a bishop and an abbot by the omission of the infulae in the abbot's arms. In England and France it was usual to place the mitre of an abbot slightly in profile.

With his inauguration as pope, Benedict XVI broke with tradition and replaced the papal tiara even on his papal coat of arms with a papal mitre (containing still the three levels of 'crowns' representing the powers of the papacy in a simplified form) and pallium. Prior to Benedict XVI, each pope's coat of arms always contained the image of the papal tiara and St. Peter's crossed keys, even though the tiara had fallen into disuse, especially under popes John Paul I and John Paul II. Pope Paul VI was the last pope to date to begin his papal reign with a formal coronation in June 1963. However, as a sign of the perceived need for greater simplification of the papal rites, as well as the changing nature of the papacy itself, he abandoned the use of his tiara in a dramatic ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica during the second session of Vatican II in November 1963. However his 1975 Apostolic Constitution made it clear the tiara had not been abolished: in the constitution he made provision for his successor to receive a coronation. Pope John Paul I, however, declined to follow Paul VI's constitution and opted for a simpler papal inauguration, a precedent followed by his three successors. Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution left open several options by not specifying what sort of ceremony was to be used, other than that some ceremony would be held to inaugurate a new pontificate.

Eastern Christianity

The most typical mitre in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches is based on the closed Imperial crown of the late Byzantine Empire. Therefore, it too is ultimately based on the older καμιλαύκιον although it diverged from the secular headdress at a much later date, after it had already undergone further development.

History
Orthodox bishops started wearing mitres around the 16th or 17th century, but the date of adoption is disputed. The use of headgear of any kind by the Byzantine church was a late development, and before the 1500s they wore no headgear. Theodore Balsamon, Patriarch of Antioch (ca. 1130–1140) stated that the patriarch of Alexandria was the only Orthodox prelate to wear a hat during the liturgy. This claim was repeated by Symeon of Thessalonica in the fifteenth century, who in his Concerning the Holy Temple, wrote that all Eastern hierarchs and priests, with the exception of the patriarch of Alexandria  conduct sacred service with uncovered heads.

Another evidence pointing to the lack of headgear among the Orthodox bishops was the complaint against John XI of Constantinople who was accused of copying the Catholic pope in wearing a mitre. In 1585 a Russian envoy witnessed the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem celebrated the divine liturgy together and only the Alexandrian patriarch wore a mitre.

Some modern scholars believe that the mitre was first adopted among the Orthodox when Cyril Lucaris (previously patriarch of Alexandria) became Ecumenical Patriarch in the early 1600s. Others instead claim that the mitre started being used after the fall of Constantinople (1453). There are some examples of Orthodox religious headgear (and possibly mitres) as early as the 14th century, such as a fresco of Metropolitan Kalevit in the Kremikovtsi Monastery or the mitre donated to the patriarch of Belgrade by Katarina Branković.

Some have hypothesized that shape of the mitres adopted after the fall of Constantinople was likely derived by the stemma, the Byzantine imperial crown. Together with other imperial-derived vestements like the sakkos, the crown-like mitre embodied the regality and richness of the defunct empire, of which the bishops inherited the legacy.

In medieval Russia bishops wore hats with a fringe, but not a mitre. This is in contrast to Constantinople and most other Orthodox clergy who did not wear any headgear, and might be accounted for by the cold temperatures in Russia. The mitre was first appeared in Russia with Patriarch Nikon, who adopted it from the tradition of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Initially, it was only worn by the Patriarch of Moscow, but it was soon adopted by the rest of the bishops, and a  council in 1675 mandated the mitre for all bishops, following the Greek custom. Mitres were also given to some      archimandrites, by the decree of Peter the Great in 1705; in 1786 Catherine the Great awarded a mitre to her spiritual father, Archpriest John Pamphilov. In 1797 the decree of Paul I allowed the mitre to be awarded to archpriests as mark of special distinction. In 1988, the Holy Synod of the Russian Church decided that the mitres of all bishops would be topped with a cross, which until then was reserved for the Patriarch (also granted to the metropolitan of Kiev starting in 1686).

Use
The Eastern mitre is made in the shape of a bulbous crown, completely enclosed, and the material is of brocade, damask or cloth of gold. It may also be embroidered, and is often richly decorated with jewels. There are normally four icons attached to the mitre (often of Christ, the Theotokos, John the Baptist and the Cross), which the bishop may kiss before he puts it on. Eastern mitres are usually gold, but other liturgical colours may be used.

The mitre is topped by a cross, either made out of metal and standing upright, or embroidered in cloth and lying flat on the top. In Greek practice, the mitres of all bishops are topped with a standing cross. The same is true in the Russian tradition. Mitres awarded to priests will have the cross lying flat. Sometimes, instead of the flat cross, the mitre may have an icon on the top.

As an item of Imperial regalia, along with other such items as the sakkos (Imperial dalmatic) and epigonation, the mitre came to signify the temporal authority of bishops (especially that of the Patriarch of Constantinople) within the administration of the Rum millet (i.e., the Christian community) of the Ottoman Empire. The mitre is removed at certain solemn moments during the Divine Liturgy and other services, usually being removed and replaced by the protodeacon.

The use of the mitre is a prerogative of bishops, but it may be awarded to archpriests, protopresbyters and archimandrites. The priestly mitre is not surmounted by a cross, and is awarded at the discretion of a synod of bishops.

Military uniform

During the 18th century (and in a few cases the 19th), soldiers designated as grenadiers in various northern European armies wore a mitre (usually called a "mitre cap") similar in outline to those worn by western bishops. As first adopted in the 1680s this cap had been worn instead of the usual broad-brimmed hat to avoid the headdress being knocked off when the soldier threw a grenade. The hand grenade in its primitive form had become obsolete by the mid-18th century but grenadiers continued as elite troops in most European armies, usually retaining the mitre cap as a distinction.

Militarily, this headdress came in different styles. The Prussian style had a cone-shaped brass or white metal front with a cloth rear having lace braiding; the Russian style initially consisted of a tall brass plate atop of a leather cap with a peak at the rear, although the German model was subsequently adopted. The British style—usually simply called a "grenadier cap" instead of a mitre—had a tall cloth front with elaborate regimental embroidery forward of a sloping red back, lined in white. Some German and Russian fusilier regiments also wore a mitre with a smaller brass front-plate.

By the end of the 18th century, due to changes in military fashion, the mitre had generally given way to the bearskin or had been replaced by the standard infantry tricorn or bicorn. The British Army made this change in 1765 and the Prussian Army in 1790. All Russian grenadiers continued however to wear mitre caps until 1805, even when on active service.

The mitre in its classic metal-fronted 18th century form survived as an item of ceremonial parade dress in the Prussian Leib-Grenadier No 1 and 1st Garde-Regiment zu Fuss regiments; plus the Russian Pavlovskii Regiment, until World War I.

Other uses

The bishop in the board game chess is represented by a stylised Western mitre having Unicode codes U+2657 (white) and U+265D (black): ♗♝.

The crowns of the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia incorporated a mitre of precious metal and jewels into their design. The Austrian Imperial Crown was originally the personal crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and has the form proper to that of a Holy Roman Emperor. At the Roman rite of their Coronation, the Pope placed a mitre on their heads before placing the crown over it. Their empress consorts also received both a mitre and crown on their heads from a cardinal bishop at the same ceremony. The form of the Russian Imperial Crown dates back to the time of Peter the Great's early attempts to westernise Russia and was probably inspired by the crowns worn by Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and possibly also the Orthodox mitre.

Abbesses of certain very ancient abbeys in the West also wore mitres, but of a very different form than that worn by male prelates.

The mitral valve of the human heart, which is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, is named so because of its similarity in shape to the mitre. Andreas Vesalius, the father of anatomy, noted the striking similarity between the two while performing anatomic dissections in the sixteenth century.

Notes

References

External links

 Mitres—Photographs and descriptions of the different types of mitres
 Episcopal Mitre from Kavsokalyvia, Mount Athos
 Mitre worn by the Archbishop of Esztergom, the Primate of Hungary, at coronations of Kings of Hungary.
 Mitre worn by Pope John Paul I at his papal inauguration Mass .  From the National Geographic book Inside the Vatican, 1991.

Anglican vestments
Byzantine clothing
Eastern Christian vestments
Episcopacy in Anglicanism
Episcopacy in the Catholic Church
Headgear in heraldry
History of clothing (Western fashion)
History of clothing
History of fashion
Lutheran vestments
Papal vestments
Religious headgear
Roman Catholic vestments

Mitre


Public Opinion is a book by Walter Lippmann published in 1922. It is a critical assessment of functional democratic government, especially of the irrational and often self-serving social perceptions that influence individual behavior and prevent optimal societal cohesion. The detailed descriptions of the cognitive limitations people face in comprehending their sociopolitical and cultural environments, leading them to apply an evolving catalogue of general stereotypes to a complex reality, rendered Public Opinion a seminal text in the fields of media studies, political science, and social psychology.

Pseudo-environment
The introduction describes the human inability to interpret the world: "The real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance" between people and their environment. Instead, people construct a pseudo-environment that is a subjective, biased, and necessarily abridged mental image of the world, and to a degree, everyone's pseudo-environment is a fiction. People "live in the same world, but they think and feel in different ones."

Human behavior is stimulated by the person's pseudo-environment and then is acted upon in the real world. The book highlights some general implications of the interactions among one's psychology, environment, and the mass communications media.

More recent research uses the term "social constructionism" or "constructed reality" to describe what Lippmann (1922) called "pseudo-environment".

News and truth
By definition, pertinent facts are never provided completely and accurately; by necessity they are arranged to portray a certain, subjective interpretation of an event. Those who are most familiar with the greatest number of facts about a certain environment construct a pseudo-environment that aligns with their own 'stereotypes' and convey this to the public, knowingly or not, to suit their own private needs. This is inescapable human nature. Propaganda inherently requires a barrier of censorship between the event and the public. Thus mass communication media, by their nature as vehicles for informational transmission, are essentially vulnerable to manipulation.

The blame for that perceptual parallax falls not upon the mass media technology (print, radio, cinema, or, inferentially, television) or logistical concerns, but upon certain members of society who attend to life with little intellectual engagement. That causes the following:

The buying public: the "bewildered herd" (a term here borrowed from The Phantom Public) must pay for understanding the unseen environment by the mass communications media. The irony is that although the public's opinion is important, it must pay for its acceptance. People will be selective and will buy the most factual media at the lowest price: "For a dollar, you may not even get an armful of candy, but for a dollar or less people expect reality/representations of truth to fall into their laps." The media have the social function of transmitting public affairs information and their business profit role of surviving in the market.
Nature of news: people publish already-confirmed news that are thus less disputable. Officially-available public matters will constitute "the news" and unofficial (private) matters are unavailable, are less available, or are used as "issues" for propaganda.
News truth and conclusion: the function of news is to signal an event, and that signalling, eventually, is a consequence of editorial selection and judgement; journalism creates and sows the seeds (news) that establish public opinion.

Manufacture of consent

Lippman argues that, when properly deployed in the public interest, the manufacture of consent is useful and necessary for a democratic society, because, in many cases, "the common interests" of the public are not obvious except upon careful analysis of the collected data, a critical intellectual exercise in which most people are uninterested or are incapable of doing.

The political elite are members of the class of people who are incapable of accurately understanding, by themselves, the complex "unseen environment" wherein the public affairs of the modern state occur; thus, Lippmann proposes that a professional, "specialized class" collect and analyze data, and present their conclusions to the society's decision makers, who, in their turn, use the "art of persuasion" to inform the public about the decisions and circumstances affecting them.

The Public and Its Problems, a 1927 book by John Dewey, agreed that the general public is irrational, but rejected Lippman's call for a technocratic elite. Dewey believed that in a democracy, the people are also part of the public discourse. These contrasting opinions were discussed in the Lippman-Dewey Debate, which started to be widely discussed by the late 1980s in American communication studies circles.

Lippmann also figured prominently in work by academics Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky, who cited Lippmann's advocacy of "manufacture of consent" which referred "to the management of public opinion, which Lippmann felt was necessary for democracy to flourish, since he felt that public opinion was an irrational force."

Notes

External links

Open Library. Public Opinion. 1922

1922 non-fiction books
Books about public opinion
Books about the media
Media studies
Books by Walter Lippmann

Public Opinion (book)


La iglesia de San Cayetano, también llamada iglesia de San José, es una iglesia de Córdoba (España) ubicada en la cuesta del mismo nombre, perpendicular a la avenida de las Ollerías y paralela a la calle Alonso el Sabio. En el lateral se encuentra el convento carmelita y en la parte posterior el Colegio Virgen del Carmen.

Historia
El nombre original suyo fue iglesia o convento de San José, santo que está en una capilla lateral y que en su momento fue muy venerado, además de encontrarse en una hornacina en la fachada principal. El edificio se inició en 1638 y se finalizó en 1656 después de muchas vicisitudes y cambios en el planteamiento inicial, sufriendo incluso en el siglo  importantes reformas.

Durante el transcurso de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) el convento fue reaprovechado como centro de reclusión para prisioneros republicanos por parte del bando sublevado. Entre marzo de 1938 y agosto de 1939 en el recinto llegó a haber más de un millar de internados.

Características y descripción
La iglesia es de estilo barroco como se puede apreciar en su interior, con frescos en toda la bóveda central, capillas laterales a lo largo de la misma y con un retablo en el que se encuentra la imagen de la virgen del Carmen que se procesiona por la cuesta y el barrio de Santa Marina todos los 16 de julio por los miembros de la Hermandad del Carmen. A la derecha del altar se encuentra la imagen de Santa Teresa de Jesús, doctora de la iglesia y mística del Siglo de Oro español, y el acceso al patio del convento.

En el lado contrario se encuentra en una capilla de mayor tamaño, ocupando toda la nave de la cruz izquierda, la dedicada a Nuestro Padre Jesús Caído y Nuestra Señora del Mayor Dolor en su Soledad, titulares de la hermandad de Jesús Caído. En la parte superior del centro de la nave y a lo largo de ella se encuentran enormes cuadros representando diferentes escenas y santos.

Véase también
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Córdoba
 Anexo:Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz en la Comarca de Córdoba

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Córdoba San Cayetano
Cayetano
Cayetano
Arquitectura de 1656
España en 1656
Cordoba

Iglesia de San Cayetano (Córdoba)


Elefanter glemmer aldrig (En: Elephants can remember) er en Agatha Christie-krimi fra 1972. Det var den sidste hun skrev med Hercule Poirot som detektiv. Dog blev tæppefald udgivet senere (1975), men manuskriptet hertil var udarbejdet i 1939 - 1940. Ariadne Oliver har en væsentlig rolle i plottet, idet hun foretager en række interviews af vidner til en targedie, som fandt sted 12 ¨år tidligere. Den unge Celia Ravencroft ønsker at få opklaret, om hendes mor dræbte faderen, eller omvendt. Det er imidlertid Poirot, der finder ud af, at der muligvis er tale om et dobbeltmord, begået af en tredje person.

Udgaver på dansk
 Carit Andersen; 1973.

Noter

Litteratur
 Barnard, Robert (1980): A Talent to Decieve, Fontana/Collins
 Hart, Anne (2004): Agatha Christie's Poirot: The Life and Times of Hercule Poirot, 4. udgave, Harper And Collins (London)
 Osborne, Charles (1982): The Life and Crimes of Agatha Christie,Collins (London)

 Romaner fra England
 Hercule Poirot bøger
Litteratur i 1972
 Krimier

Elefanter glemmer aldrig


1. ŽNL Karlovačku u sezoni 2015./16. je činilo 10 klubova. Prvenstvo se igralo trokružno, a prvak je nakon 27 kola postao NK Zrinski Ozalj, ali nije ostvario promociju u viši rang. Iz lige su ispali NK Vatrogasac Gornje Mekušje i NK Dobra Sveti Petar.

Tablica

Rezultati

Bilješke
NK Dobra Sveti Petar kažnjena oduzimanjem 1 boda

Izvori

 RSSSF.com
 Službene vijesti NSKŽ #22/2016

2015-16
karlovačka-1

1. ŽNL Karlovačka 2015./16.


Ye Jiangchuan (born November 20, 1960) is a Chinese chess player. He is the second Chinese player, after Ye Rongguang, to achieve the title of Grandmaster, which FIDE awarded him in 1993. On 1 January 2000, he became the first ever Chinese player to cross the 2600 elo rating mark.

Career

Born  in Wuxi, Jiangsu, Ye learned chess when he was 17 years old, and at 20 he became national champion of China. He has altogether won the Chinese Chess Championship seven times (1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1994, 1996).

Ye has represented his country at numerous Chess Olympiads and Asian Team Chess Championships. He has been four times member of the Asia Team champions, a 12 times Olympiad participant. In his first appearance, in 1982, Ye won the individual silver medal on board four. His best team result in an Olympiad was in 1998 in Elista, where he was on the first board as the national team finished in fifth place.

Ye was 1995 and 1999 Champion of Dato' Tan Chin Nam Cup, and 2001 co-champion of same cup. He reached the 4th round (9–16th place) in the 2001 FIDE World Championship, where he was eliminated by Vassily Ivanchuk by ½–1½. He also reached the quarter-finals in the 2000 and 2002 FIDE World Cup.

Ye has played less frequently after becoming the chief coach of the Chinese national teams (men and women) in 2000. He was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer in 2005. Ye's highest world ranking was 17th in October 2000 and he had been consistently in the top 25 from 2000 to 2004.

China Chess League
Ye Jiangchuan plays for Beijing chess club in the China Chess League (CCL).

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess players from Jiangsu
Chess coaches
National team coaches
Sportspeople from Wuxi

Ye Jiangchuan


Francois Henri "Jack" LaLanne (26. september 1914 – 23. januar 2011) var en amerikansk fitnessguru og skuespiller.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra San Francisco
Skuespillere fra Californien

Jack LaLanne


16952 Peteschultz este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16952 Peteschultz este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,10 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 4,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

16952 Peteschultz


Dia do Estado () é um feriado que ocorre todo dia 25 de junho na Eslovênia para comemorar a declaração de independência do país da Iugoslávia em 1991. Embora a declaração formal de independência não tenha ocorrido até 26 de junho de 1991, o Dia do Estado é considerado 25 de junho, pois foi a data em que os atos iniciais de independência foram aprovados e a Eslovênia se tornou independente. A declaração da Eslovênia deu início à Guerra dos Dez Dias com a Iugoslávia, que acabou vencendo.

O Dia do Estado não deve ser confundido com o Dia da Independência e da Unidade da Eslovênia, que é celebrado todos os anos a 26 de dezembro em honra da proclamação oficial de 26 de dezembro de 1990 dos resultados do plebiscito realizado três dias antes, no qual 88,5% de todos os eleitores eslovenos estavam em favor da Eslovênia tornar-se uma nação soberana.

Ver também
 História da Eslovênia
 Separação da Iugoslávia

Notas

Ligações externas

Festas de junho
Eslovénia

Dia do Estado


Maria Papagianni ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Maria Papagianni (* 1964), griechische Autorin, siehe Maria Papayanni
 Maria Tziatzi-Papagianni (* 1965), griechische Byzantinistin und Gräzistin

Maria Papagianni


Otto Heinrich Frank (12. svibnja 1889. – 19. kolovoza 1980.) bio je njemački poduzetnik koji je kasnije postao stanovnik Nizozemske i Švicarske. Bio je otac Anne i Margot Frank i suprug Edith Frank, te je bio jedini član svoje obitelji koji je preživio holokaust. Naslijedio je Anneine rukopise nakon njezine smrti, organizirao je objavljivanje njezina dnevnika kao Dnevnik mlade djevojke 1947. i nadgledao njegovu adaptaciju kazalištu i filmu.

Židovi u Njemačkoj
Žrtve progona u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Otto Frank


මාධ්‍යවිකි යනු විකිමාධ්‍ය පදනම විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරනු ලබන ජාලය මත පදනම් වූ ජනප්‍රිය හා නිදහස් විකි මෘදුකාංග වැඩසටහනකි. විකිපීඩියා, විකිෂනරි සහ විකිපුවත් ඇතුළු ව්‍යපෘති රැසක් ධාවනය කිරීම සඳහා එය භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි. ලෝකය වටේම තිබෙන අනෙකුත් බොහෝ විකියන්ද ඔවුන්ගේ වෙබ් අඩවි ජව ගැන්වීම සඳහා මෙය භාවිතා කරයි. එය PHP ක්‍රමලේඛන බසින් රචනා කොට ඇති අතර බැකෙන්ඩ් දත්ත ගබඩාව භාවිතා කරයි.

පරිගනකයේ පරිනාමය

මාධ්‍යවිකි


1. FC Köln, Almanya'nın Köln kentinde kurulmuş olan ve Bundesliga'da mücadele eden spor kulübüdür. Futbol takımı iç saha maçlarını RheinEnergie Stadyumu'nda yapmaktadır. Kulüp 1948 yılında Kölner Ballspiel-Club 1901 ve SpVgg Sülz 07 takımlarının birleşmesi ile kurulmuş ve günümüze Köln'ün en popüler futbol kulübü olarak gelmiştir.

Tarihi

İlk kulüpler

II. Dünya Savaşı'na dek Köln'de benzer güçlükte futbol takımları vardı. Bunlardan en önemlileri 1899 VfL Köln, VfR Köln 04 (daha sonra adı Viktoria Köln oldu), SV Mülheim, SpVgg Sülz 07 ve Kölner BC 01'di. Bu takımlar birbirine çok yakın yerlerde kurulmuş, hiçbiri çok güçlü değildi ve Ruhr ve Güney Almanya takımlarının ardından geliyorlardı. 1903-33 arasında Köln takımları Batı Almanya Ligi'ni 4 kez kazanmış ve Almanya şampiyonluğunda sadece çeyrek finale kadar çıkabilmişlerdi. 1933-44 arasında ise düzenlenen ligde rakipleri Aachen, Düren, Trier ve Koblenz ekipleri olduğu için daha kolay şampiyon olurlarken, Almanya çapında ise ilk turda eleniyorlardı.

Kurucu takımlar

Takım "Kölner BC" adıyla 6 Haziran 1901'de şehrin jimnastik takımı FC Borussia Köln'den mutsuz olup, futbolla ilgilenen birkaç genç tarafından kuruldu. 1912'de Almanya Batı Ligi'nde şampiyon oldu ve ulusal finallere katılma hakkını kazandı. 1920'de ise aynı ligin finalinde Borussia Mönchengladbach'a yenilerek ikinci oldu.

1907'de ise bir başka Köln takımı Sülzer Sportverein kuruldu. Bu takım 1919'da Fußball Club 1908 Hertha Sülz ile birleşip "Spielvereinigung 1907 Köln-Sülz"'ü oluşturdular. 1928'de Almanya batı ligi şampiyonu oldular. 1933'te Orta ve Güney Almanya'nın en önemli ligi "Gauliga Mittelrhein" kuruldu. Sülz-Köln ligin en önemli takımlarından biri oldu. 1939 şampiyonu oldu ancak sonra başarısı azaldı. VfL Köln ile birleşip ligin son şampiyonu oldu. II. Dünya Savaşı nedeniyle 1944'ten sonra futbola ara verildi. 1948'de iki takım birleşti ve 1. FC Köln adını aldı.

Bundesliga öncesi

Bu birleşmeyi sağlayan en önemli isim Franz Kremer oldu. Kremer zaten Kölner BC'nin başkanıydı. Amacı ise ulusal çapta şampiyonluğa oynayabilecek bir Köln kulübü yaratmaktı. Kremer, 1. FC Köln'ün kurulması ile başlayıp 1967'de ölene dek kulüp başkanlığını sürdürdü ve efsanevi bir isme dönüştü. Takımın 50'li ve 60'lı yıllarda kazandığı başarılar, Kremer'in sağladığı profesyonellikle gerçekleşti.

Oberliga West liginde 1949-50 yılında oynamaya başlayan takım 1954'te ilk şampiyonluğunu aldı. Aynı yıl DFB-Pokal ikincisi oldular. 1960'ta yine şampiyon olan takım Almanya Şampiyonasında da finale çıktı ancak Hamburg'a yenildiler. Köln, 1961, 1962 ve 1963'te de Batı ligi şampiyonu oldu. 1962'de Almanya Şampiyonuluğu'nu da kazandı, 1963'te ise ikinci oldu. 1963'te Franz Kremer'in de desteği ile Bundesliga kurulunca, ligde oynamak için seçilen 16 takım arasında başarılı performansıyla Köln de yer aldı.

Bundesliga dönemi

Köln şampiyonluk serisine devam ederek 1964'te Bundesliga'nın ilk şampiyonu oldu. Tarihinin en önemli maçlarından birini 1964-65 Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası sezonu çeyrek finalinde yaşadı. Liverpool ile eşleşen takım iki maçta da rakibiyle 0-0 berabere kaldı. Üçüncü maç da 2-2 sonuçlandı. Tur atlayan takım yazı-tura ile belirlenecekti. İlk para atışı dik düştü. İkinci de ise Liverpool kazandı.

Köln, diğer Alman takımlarına oranla modern organizasyon yapısı ve futbol anlayışı ile dikkat çekiyordu. Rolf Herrings'i kaleci antrenörü olarak getirerek bu pozisyona sahip ilk Alman kulübü oldu. Bu sayede sonraki yıllar boyunca Köln kalecileri Almanya içindeki en önemlilerden oldu. Genç oyuncuları Harald Schumacher ve Bodo Illgner daha genç yaşındayken millî takımlarının kalesini korumaya başlamıştı.

1967'de başkan Franz Kremer hayatını kaydetti. 1968'de FC Köln ilk kez DFB-Pokal'ı kazandı. Köln, 1964 şampiyonluğu dışında genel olarak şampiyonluk yarışında yer alamadı. 1968-69 sezonunda ise büyük bir tehlike yaşayan Köln, son maçta önceki senenin şampiyonu 1. FC Nürnberg'i 3-0 yenerek düşmekten kurtuldu.

1970'ler

1970'lerde Borrussia Mönchengladbach ve Bayern Münih'in domine ettiği ligde FC Köln, genel olarak orta sıraların biraz üstünde lgii bitirip, genel olarak UEFA Kupası maçlarına çıktı. Hennes Weisweiler üçüncü kez Köln'ün başına teknik direktör olarak geçtikten sonra yükselişe geçtiler. Önce 1977'de Almanya Kupası'nı kazandılar, sonra 1977-78 sezonunda üçüncü kez lig birincisi oldular. Birkaç hafta sonra ise Almanya Kupası'nı da kazanarak "Double" yaptılar. 1978-79 Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'da yarı finale kadar çıkan ekip, o senenin şampiyonu Nottingham Forest'a elendiler. Bu başarıdan sonra Hannes Löhr gibi bazı isimler futbol hayatına son verirken, Wolfgang Weber gibi oyuncular ise transfer oldu. Bunlar nedeniyle şampiyonluğu koruyamadılar ve 3 sezon ligde başarısızlıklar sonrası Weisweiler ile yollarını ayırdılar.

1980'ler

Lig ve kupadaki başarısızlıkalra rağmen, 1980-81 UEFA Kupası'nda büyük başarı kazandılar. 2. Tur'da Barcelona'ya ilk maçta Köln'de 1-0 yenilirken, Camp Nou'da 4-0 kazanıp güçlü rakibini elediler. Yarı finalde ise kupayı kazanan Ipswich Town FC'ye elendiler. 1983 DFB-Pokal finaline çıkan FC Köln'ün rakibi şehrin ikinci büyüğü Fortuna Köln oldu. Müngersdorfer Stadion'da oynanan derbi maçında FC Köln, 2. Bundesliga'daki rakibi Fortuna Köln'ü yenerek kupayı kazandı.

1980'lerde Köln'ün lig performansı çok dengesiz ilerliyordu. 1985-86 sezonu sonunda FC Köln, ligde düşmekten son anda kurtulurken, 1985-86 UEFA Kupası'da finale çıktı. Real Madrid'e deplasmanda 5-1 yenilen Köln, kendi sahasında oynaması gereken maçı, bir önceki turda taraftarının Belçika'daki davranışları nedeniyle Berlin'de oynadı ve 2-0'lık galibiyet Köln'e yetmedi.

Sonraki sezona kötü başlayan Köln, teknik direktör arayışlarından sonra genç yardımcı teknik adam Christoph Daum ile anlaştı. Takımın sportif durumu düzelse de başkan Peter Weiand'ın istifası ve kaleci Schumacher'in yazdığı kitapta bulunan suçlamalar nedeniyle kovuldu. Başkanlığı Dietmar Artzinger-Bolten geçti. Sonraki yıllar takım toparlandı ve Daum döneminde şampiyonluğu yakalamasa da ligi genellikle ikinci ya da üçüncü olarak bitirdi.

1990'lar

1990 yazında Daum beklenmedik bir şekilde takımdan ayrılmaya karar verdi. Önemli orta saha oyuncuları Thomas Hassler'i de Juventus'a kaptırdılar. Yeni başkan Klaus Hartmann ile de takımın finansal durumunun çok kötü olduğu ve lisans alma problemlerinin de yaşanabileceği ortaya çıktı. 1991'de takım bugüne kadarki son kez DFB-Pokal finaline çıktı ve penaltılarla kaybetti. 1992'de takım son kez UEFA Kupası'na katıldı. 1992-93 sezonunda takım yıllar sonra ilk kez düşme korkusu yaşadı. 1995'te DFB-Pokal yarı finalinde, ikinci lig takımı VfL Wolfsburg'a elendiler. 1997'de Intertoto Kupası yarı finalinde oynadıkları maçlar uzun bir süre boyunca oynadıkları son Avrupa maçları oldu.

1997'de Hartmann dönemi bitti ve Ford'un eski CEO'larından Albert Caspers takımın başkanı oldu. Takımda ilk olarak ekonomik değişiklikler yapmaya karar verdi. Takımı bir şirket haline getiren Caspers, Mündersdorfer Stadı'nı ise yenileyip "Rhein Energie Stadion" adıyla yeniden açtı. Şehir ve kulüp arasındaki bağ da güçlendirildi. 2000 yılının başında kulüp üyeliği ve kombine satışları zirve yaptı. Ancak sportif başarı yine de gelmedi. 1997-98'de takım ilk kez küme düştü. Bernd Schuster'i başa getiren kulüp yine de Bundesliga'ya dönemedi. Bir sezon sonra bu amaçlarını Ewald Lienen ile gerçekleştirdiler.

2000'ler

2001'de kazanılan onunculuk iyi bir başarı olarak görülse de 2001-02 sezonu yine takım için kötü başladı. Lienen, Ocak 2002'de takım lig sonuncusuyken kovuldu. Yerine Friedhelm Funkel geldi ancak takımı küme düşmekten kurtaramadı. Sezon içinde 1034 dakika gol atamayarak rekor kırdılar. 2002-03'te yine Bundesliga'ya çıksalar da sezona yine çok kötü başlayan takımda Funkel görevden kovuldu. Yerine gelen Marcel Koller takımı kurtarmak için altyapı oyuncuları Lukas Podolski ve Lukas Sinkiewicz'i takıma aldı ancak başarısız oldu. Mart 2004'te Wolfgang Overath başlattığı muhalefet akımı sayesinde takımın kontrolünü ele geçirdi. Başkan olarak ilk icraatı Koller'in yerine Huub Stevens'ı getirmek oldu.

2004-05 sezonunda ikinci lig birinciliği ile yine Bundesliga'ya çıktılar. 2. Ligde geçirdikleri o sezonda seyirci rekorunu kırdılar. Sezon sonu teknik adam Stevens ailevi nedenler nedeniyle takımı bıraktı ve yerine Uwe Rapolder geldi ancak Köln, Bundesliga'ya tarihinin en kötü başlangıcını yapınca kovuldu. Yerine gelen Hanspeter Latour da takımı düşmekten kurtaramadı. Yine de kendisine 2006-07'de 2. Lig kadrosunu kurma görevi verildi. Ancak kötü bir ikinci lig sezonu ortasında takıma eski teknik direktör Daum yeniden geldi. 2007-08 sezonunda FC Köln yeniden Bundesliga'ya çıktı.

2010'lar

2008-09 sezonu ile Köln kendi kombine rekorunu ve kulüp üyeliği rekorunu kırdı. Sezonu orta sıralarda, düşme korkusu yaşamadan bitiren takımın koçu Daum, sezon sonu takımı bıraktı. 2009-10 sezonuna Hırvat hoca Zvonimir Soldo ve ünlü futbolcuları Podolski'nin dönüşüyle başlayan Köln lig on üçüncüsü oldu. 2011-2012 sezonunda kümede kalma mücadelesi veren FC Köln son haftada Bayern Munich'e yenilerek küme düştü.

2. Bundesliga'da geçirdiği ilk sezonu beşinci bitiren takım, 2013-14 sezonu öncesi bir önceki sezon Austria Wien'i Avusturya şampiyonluğuna taşıyan Peter Stöger'i teknik direktörlük koltuğa getirdi. O sezon bitime 3 hafta kala şampiyonluğunu garantileyen Köln, bir sonraki sene Bundesliga'da oynamaya hak kazandı. 2015-16 sezonunu dokuzuncu olarak bitiren takım 1992 yılından beri en iyi derecesini aldı. 2016-17 sezonuna çok iyi başlayan takım, 3. hafta SC Freiburg'u 3-0 yendikten sonra maç fazlasıyla da olsa 20 yıl sonra ilk kez birincilik koltuğunda yer aldı. Sezon boyunca sekizincliğin altına inmeyen takım, Avrupa şansını son haftaya kadar sürdürdü. 20 Mayıs 2017'de 1. FSV Mainz'ı evinde 2-0 mağlup eden takım, rakipleri SC Freiburg ve Hertha Berlin'nin aldığı mağlubiyetler sonucu ligi beşinci bitirdi ve UEFA Avrupa Ligi gruplarına kalmayı garantiledi. 2017-18 sezonunda ise büyük bir hayal kırıklığı yaşatan takım 14 lig maçında galibiyet yüzü görmeyip sadece üç beraberlik alınca teknik adam Stöger'in görevine son verildi. Yeni teknik direktör Stephan Ruthenbeck görevinin ilk döneminde aldığı puanlarla takımı umutlandırsa da sezon sonuna doğru alınan kötü sonuçlar sonucu Köln lig sonuncusu olarak küme düştü.

Stadyum

1. FC Köln'ün stadı RheinEnergie Stadyumu'dur. Ondan önceki stadı aynı yere 1923'te kurulmuş Müngersdorf Stadı'ydı. Stat, 1974 FIFA Dünya Kupası için yeniden yapılmış ancak 1975'te tamamlanmıştı. Bugünkü stat ise 31 Ocak 2004'te tamamlanmıştır. Önceki stattan farkı, atletizm aktiviteleri bu statta gerçekleşmemektedir. 50.374 kapasiteli stat 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası için Almanya'nın seçtiği 12 stattan biri oldu. Ancak UEFA'nın sponsor isimlerine koyduğu yasak nedeniyle "Almanya Köln Dünya Kupası Stadı" olarak adlandırılmıştı. 2004-05 sezonunda uluslararası maçlar içni hazır duruma getirilmiş ve aynı sezon Alemannia Aachen UEFA Kupası maçlarını bu statta oynamıştır. Stadın kuzey tarafında 1. FC Köln'ün tarihinin sergilendiği "FC-Museum" bulunmaktadır.

Maskot

Keçi "Hennes", 1. FC Köln'ün armasında da gözüken keçidir. İlk keçi Hennes I, Köln Karnavalı sırasında şehir sirkinin sanat direktörü olan Carol Williams tarafından kulübe şaka amaçlı hediye edilmişti. Adı FC Köln'ün en önemli antrenörlerinden Hennes Weisweiler'den gelmektedir. Keçinin ölümü ile gelecek keçilerin adlandırılmasında Hennes kalsa da, isme numaralar eklenmeye başladı. 24 Temmuz 2008'den beri kullanılan maskot Hennes VII'dir.

Keçi, Köln'de oynanan her futbol maçına getirilmektedir. Keçi, çiftçisi Wilhelm Schäfer ile stada getirildiğinde her zaman taraftarlar tarafından özel olarak alkışlanırdı. Schäfer, Hennes III'ten beri Köln'deki çiftliğinde görevini sürdürmüştü ancak 69 yaşında 11 Haziran 2006'da öldü. Ölümünden sonra keçinin bakımını karısı üstlendi.

Kadro

Başarılar

 Almanya Şampiyonluğu
 Birinci (3) : 1961-62, 1963-64, 1977-78
 İkincilik (7): 1960, 1963, 1965, 1973, 1982, 1989, 1990
 2. Bundesliga
 Birinci (3) : 1999-2000, 2004-05, 2013-14
 İkincilik (1): 2003
 DFB-Pokal
 Birinci (4) : 1968, 1977, 1978, 1983
 İkinci (6): 1954, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1980, 1991
 UEFA Kupası
 İkinci (1): 1986
 Uhrencup: 1991
 Joan Gamper Kupası: 1978, 1981
 Trofeo Villa de Gijón 1973

İkinci takım
 Almanya Amatör Futbol Şampiyonası: 1981

Genç takım
 U-19 Bundesliga
 Birinci: 1971
 İkinci: 1974, 1983, 1992
 DFB-Pokal: 2012-13
 U-17 Bundesliga
 Birinci: 1990, 2011
 U-19 Bundesliga Batı Grubu
 Birinci: 2008

Önemli futbolcular
 Wolfgang Overath (1962-1977), (542 maç, 119 gol), Köln'de en çok forma giyen futbolcu. 1974 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Harald Schumacher (1972-1987), (541 maç, 0 gol), 422 Bundesliga maçı ile ligde en çok forma giyen futbolcu. 1980 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı. 1984 ve 1986'da Almanya'da Yılın Futbolcusu.
 Hans Schäfer (1948-1965), (507 maç, 304 gol), Köln tarihinin en golcüsü, 1954 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı. 1963'te Almanya'da Yılın Futbolcusu.
 Johannes Löhr (1964-1978), (505 maç, 235 gol), 166 Bundesliga golü ile Köln tarihinin ligde en çok gol atan futbolcusu.
 Pierre Littbarski (1978-1986), (1987-1993), (504 maç, 144 gol), 1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Bernd Cullmann (1969-1983), (485 maç, 41 gol), 1974 FIFA Dünya Kupası ve 1980 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Heinz Flohe (1966-1979), (453 maç, 118 gol), 1974 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Bodo Illgner (1983-1996), (382 maç, 0 gol), 1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Paul Steiner (1981-1991), (356 maç, 26 gol), 1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Dieter Müller (1973-1981), (326 maç, 231 gol), 1977 yılında 34 golle, 1978 yılında 24 golle Bundesliga gol kralı.
 Matthias Scherz (1999-2009), (289 maç, 72 gol), 2. Bundesliga'da 148 maç ve 45 gol ile Köln tarihinin ikinci ligde en çok maça çıkan ve gol atan futbolcusu.
 Herbert Zimmermann (1974-1984), (267 maç, 30 gol), 1980 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Klaus Allofs (1981-1987), (220 maç, 120 gol), 1985 yılında 26 golle Bundesliga gol kralı.
 Thomas Häßler (1983-1990), (182 maç, 18 gol), 1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı. 1989'da Almanya'da Yılın Futbolcusu.
 Lukas Podolski (1995-2006), (2009-2012), (181 maç, 86 gol), 2004 yılında 24 golle 2. Bundesliga gol kralı.
 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger (1958-1963), (178 maç, 11 gol), 1962'de Almanya'da Yılın Futbolcusu.
 Milivoja Novakovic (2006-2012), (176 maç, 82 gol), 2008 yılında 20 golle 2. Bundesliga gol kralı.
 Paul Mebus (1951-1957), (103 maç, 2 gol), 1954 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.
 Thomas Allofs (1986-1989), (82 maç, 37 gol), 1989 yılında 17 golle Bundesliga gol kralı.
 Bernd Schuster (1978-1980), (76 maç, 14 gol), 1980 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nı kazanan kadrodaydı.

Üyeler, fanlar ve sponsporlar

Mart 2010'daki bilgilere göre kulübün 52.000 üyesi bulunmaktadır. 2008 yazındaki bilgilere göreyse 1000'in üzerinde fan kulüp kurulmuştur. Kulüp ve taraftarları arasında 1991'de "1.FC Köln 1991 eV" adlı taraftar projesi ortaya çıktı. 5.400 üyesi ile Almanya'da bu tarz organizasyonların en büyüklerinden olan proje kendini hem bir fan kulübü hem de bütün Köln taraftarlarına hizmet eden bir servis olarak tanımlamaktadır. Taraftarlar arasında bir ilet

işim aracını gören proje, engelli taraftarlar ve genç FC Köln taraftarları için hazırladığı projelerle de sosyal sorumluluk göstermektedir. Bu projede 60 kişi gönüllü olarak çalışmaktadır.

Stadyum kültürünün bir diğer önemli parçası da genel olarak yerel dilde söylenen şarkılardır. Bunların bazıları doğrudan FC Köln ile ilgili şarkılar olsa da bazıları da Karnaval şarkılarıdır.
Kulüp şarkıları:
 Mer stonn zo Dir, FC Kölle (Höhner, 1998): Bu şarkı yayınlandıktan birkaç yıl sonra kulüp marşı olarak kullanılmaya başlandı. Her maç öncesi taraftarlar tarafından söylenmektedir. Şarkının aslı Loch Lomond tarafından söylenmiş bir İskoç halk şarkısıdır.
 Unser Hätz schlät för dr FC Kölle (Höhner, 1986): Sözlerini Höhner'in "Echte Fründe" şarkısından alan marşın melodisi İngiliz marşı "It's a Long Way to Tipperary"den alınmadır.
 FC jeff, Jas! (BAP, 1998): Şarkı grubun "Für ne Moment" şarkısının, 1998'de takımın 50 yılı için uyarlanmış versiyonudur.
Karnaval şarkıları:
 Wenn et Trömmelche jeiht (De robbers)
 Mir sin kölsche Mädche/Jonge (Et fussich Julie)
 En unserm Veedel (Bläck Fööss)
 Viva Colonia (Höhner)
 Hey Kölle, Du bess e Jeföhl (Höhner)
 Jetzt geht's los (Höhner)
 Superjeilezick (Brings)
 Du bes die Stadt (Bläck Fööss)

1979'dan beri forma sponsoru
 Pioneer (1979-1982)
 Doppeldusch (1982-1985)
 Daimon (1985-1987)
 Samsung (1987-1991)
 Citibank (1991-1993)
 Pepsi (1993-1994)
 Ford (1994-1999)
 VPV (1999-2003)
 Funny frisch (2003-2005)
 Gerling (2005-2007)
 REWE Group (2007'den beri)

Forma markası

 Le Coq Sportif (1974-1977)
 adidas (1977-1978)
 Erima (1978-1979)
 adidas (1979-1985)
 Puma (1985-2002)
 Sport-Saller (2002-2005)
 adidas (2005-2008)
 Reebok (2008'den beri)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site
 FC Köln taraftar sitesi

Köln'deki futbol kulüpleri
1948'de Almanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1948'de kurulan futbol kulüpleri

1. FC Köln


Sviðslistafræði er þverfagleg fræðigrein sem notar hugtök úr sviðslistum, eins og flutning og sviðsetningu, til að rannsaka samfélagið. Sviðslistafræði leggur áherslu á að skoða félagslegar athafnir eins og helgiathafnir, íþróttaleiki, hátíðir, mótmæli og stjórnmál, með hugtökum fengnum úr leikhúsfræði, listfræði, heimspeki, menningarfræði, bókmenntafræði, mannfræði, þjóðfræði og samskiptafræði. Sviðslistafræði á sér rætur víða, en nefna má samstarf leikstjórans Richard Schechner og mannfræðingsins Victor Turner, málhafnakenningu heimspekingsins J. L. Austin og kyngjörninga Judith Butler sem áhrifavalda. Sviðslistafræði hafði mikil áhrif á félagsvísindi þar sem hún lagði áherslu á flutning menningar í félagslegu samhengi í andstöðu við skrásetningu menningarlegra afurða. Þannig olli sviðslistafræði breytingu á sjónarhorni frá trúarbrögðum að helgiathöfnum, frá sögum að sagnamennsku, og frá stjórnmálastefnum að sögulega staðsettum aðgerðum. Sviðslistafræði þróaðist sem fræðigrein við bandaríska háskóla á 7. og 8. áratugnum.

Sviðslistir
Félagsvísindi
Hugvísindi

Sviðslistafræði


Vesna Rožič (* 23. März 1987 in Ljubljana; † 23. August 2013 in Burghausen, Bayern, Deutschland) war eine slowenische Schachspielerin. Sie gewann 2007 und 2010 die slowenische Einzelmeisterschaft der Frauen in Ljubljana.

Leben

Vesna Rožič studierte Medizin und starb 26-jährig in ihrem letzten Studienjahr an metastasiertem Krebs des Bauchfells.

Erfolge

Sie nahm für die slowenische Nationalmannschaft von 2001 bis 2004 an vier U18-Europameisterschaften der weiblichen Jugend teil: 2001 und 2002 hinter Ana Srebrnič am zweiten Brett sowie 2003 und 2004 am Spitzenbrett. Für die slowenische Frauennationalmannschaft spielte sie bei sechs Mitropa-Cups (2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 und 2012), wobei Slowenien 2005 und 2006 den Mitropa-Cup gewinnen konnte und 2007, 2009, 2010 und 2012 den zweiten Platz belegte; Vesna Rožič erhielt dazu 2006 in Brünn eine individuelle Goldmedaille für ihr Ergebnis von 6 aus 9 am ersten Brett. Des Weiteren spielte sie für die slowenische Frauenauswahl bei je vier Mannschaftseuropameisterschaften (2005, 2007, 2009 und 2011) und Schacholympiaden (2002, 2008, 2010 und 2012).

Vereinsschach spielte sie in Slowenien für die ŠS Tomo Zupan Kranj (ŠS = Schachschule). In der kroatischen Frauenliga spielte sie für die Mannschaft aus Zrinski Topolovac, auch in der höchsten griechischen Liga spielte sie. In Österreich spielte sie in der Kärntner Liga für den SK Feistritz Paternion aus Paternion-Feistritz an der Drau.

Seit April 2006 trug sie den Titel Internationaler Meister der Frauen (WIM). Die Normen hierfür erzielte sie beim 14. Ljubljana Open im Juni 2003, bei der Team-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 2005 in Göteborg sowie bei der U18-Europameisterschaft der weiblichen Jugend 2005 in Herceg Novi, bei der sie unter anderem Anna Rudolf und Laura Rogule besiegte und punktgleich hinter der Bronzemedaillengewinnerin Baira Kowanowa Vierte wurde.

Ihre letzte Elo-Zahl betrug 2260 im August 2013. Sie lag damit hinter Anna Musytschuk auf dem zweiten Platz der slowenischen Elo-Rangliste der Frauen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schachspieler (Slowenien)
Nationaler Einzelmeister (Schach)
Schachspieler
Person (Stadtgemeinde Ljubljana)
Slowene
Geboren 1987
Gestorben 2013
Frau

Vesna Rožič


Imperiul furnicilor (titlu original: Empire of the Ants) este un film american din 1977 regizat de Bert I. Gordon. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Joan Collins, Robert Lansing și John Carson.

Este foarte vag bazat pe povestirea "Imperiul furnicilor" ("Empire of the Ants")  de  H. G. Wells.

Prezentare

După o scurgere radioactivă furnicile devin mutanți giganți și atacă turiștii de pe o insulă izolată.

Distribuție
 Joan Collins - Marilyn Fryser
 Robert Lansing - Dan Stokely
 John David Carson - Joe Morrison
 Albert Salmi - Sheriff Art Kincade
 Jacqueline Scott - Margaret Ellis
 Pamela Susan Shoop (ca Pamela Shoop) - Coreen Bradford
 Robert Pine - Larry Graham
 Edward Power - Charlie Pearson
 Brooke Palance - Christine Graham
 Tom Fadden (în ultimul său rol) - Sam Russell
 Harry Holcombe - Harry Thompson
 Irene Tedrow - Velma Thompson

Producție
Filmările au avut loc în Everglades și St Lucie și Martin Counties în Florida în vara anului 1976.

Primire
A avut încasări de  2,5 milioane $.

Note

 Weaver, Tom (2010). "Robert Pine on Empire of the Ants (1977)". Sci-Fi Swarm and Horror Horde: Interviews with 62 Filmmakers. McFarland. . pp. 382–385.

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de filme SF de groază
Listă de povestiri după care s-au făcut filme

Filme din 1977
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Bert I. Gordon
Filme American International Pictures
Filme SF de groază
Filme de groază din anii 1970
Filme SF din anii 1970
Filme despre insecte
Filme cu monștri

Imperiul furnicilor (film)


Carl Fredrik Malm, né le  à Stockholm, est un homme politique suédois membre des Libéraux. Il est depuis 2014 membre ordinaire du Parlement (auparavant remplaçant de ministre de 2006 à 2014), élu pour la circonscription de la commune de Stockholm.

Biographie
Fredrik Malm grandit à Skarpnäck dans le sud-est de Stockholm. Son père est ingénieur de bâtiments et sa mère employée de banque. Après avoir fait des études aux universités d'Uppsala et de Stockholm il travaille comme éditorialiste et journaliste pour des publications diverses.

Lors du référendum sur l'adhésion à l'Union européenne en 1994, il milite tant que partisan de « oui ». Pendant les années 1997 à 1999, il est le président du district du Grand Stockholm de la Jeunesse libérale de la Suède (organisation de jeunesse des Libéraux). Au congrès tenu en 1999 il est élu membre du comité exécutif de l'organisation, dont il est le président de 2002 à 2006. Pendent ces quatre années il est également membre du conseil municipal de Stockholm. Depuis 2006 il est député parlementaire.

En 2010, Fredrik Malm devient le porte-parole chargé de la politique étrangère des Liberaux, position qu'il retient jusqu'à 2014, quand elle échoit à Birgitta Olsson, et avec laquelle il renoue en 2018. Le , suivant un remaniement général du groupe parlementaire des Libéraux, il est annoncé que Fredrik Malm sera désormais porte-parole chargé de la politique enseignante.

Références

Liens externes

Député suédois
Naissance en mai 1977
Naissance à Stockholm
Personnalité des Libéraux (Suède)

Fredrik Malm


11978 Makotomasako este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11978 Makotomasako este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,31 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

11978 Makotomasako


An Scleria guineensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Raynal. An Scleria guineensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria guineensis


Mænd i Blåt var et dansk popband, der bestod af Carsten Bo Jensen, Frank Stangerup, Hans Henrik Egestorp, Henrik Launbjerg, Jens Fredslund, Lars Overgaard Christensen, Lei Moe, Lupe Moe og Søren Launbjerg.

Gruppens største hit blev "Vi har det" fra 1984, der siden er blevet remixet af bl.a. Kenneth Bager (1985).

Diskografi
 Pet Of The Year (1985)
 For Et Hundeliv (1989)
 Under Parabolen (1994)

Opsamlingsalbums
 Vi Har Det ! - De 18 Bedste (1997)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Mænd i Blåt på Discogs

Musikgrupper fra 1984
Popgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper opløst i 1995

Mænd i Blåt


An Pteroglossa hilariana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Pteroglossa hilariana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pteroglossa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pteroglossa

Pteroglossa hilariana


Senyoraj veya sinyoraj, paranın üretim maliyeti ile üzerinde yazılı değer arasındaki farktır. Orta Çağ'da Avrupa'da hüküm süren derebeyler (Senyörler) bu hakkı ellerinde tutup, kendi çıkarları için kullandıkları için, bu terime Senyoraj denmiştir.

Aslında paranın basım maliyeti çok ufak olduğundan ve her basılan banknot piyasadaki paranın göreceli değerini azaltarak gizli enflasyon yarattığından, devletin vatandaşın cebindeki paradan vergi alması olarak algılanmalıdır.

Ekonomi terimleri

Senyoraj


සනම් තේරි කසම් (සිංහල: ඔබ මත දිව්රමි මා පෙම්බරියේ) යනු හර්ෂ්වර්ධන් රාණේ සහ මාව්රා හොකේන් රඟන 2016 ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද්දේ රාධිකා රාඕ-විනයි සප්රු යුවළ විසින් වන අතර, නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ දීපක් මුකුට් විසිනි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය එරික් සේගල්ගේ ලව් ස්ටෝරි නවකථාවේ නූතන අනුවාදයක් සේ සැලකේ. 2016 පෙබරවාරි 5 දින ඊරෝස් නව් නිෂ්පාදන බැනරය යටතේ මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ලොවපුරා මුදාහැරිණි.

කථාපුවත
චිත්‍රපටය ඇරඹෙන්නේ නීතිඥ ඉන්දර් ලාල් පරිහාර් (හර්ෂ්වර්ධන් රාණේ) නඩුවක් ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසුව සැමදෙනාම ඔහුට සුබපැතීමත් සමගයි. නිවස බලා යන ඉන්දර් මත්පැන් බෝතලයක් ද රැගෙන සිය පසුපස වත්තේ ඇති සකුරා ගසක් යටට වී සිටගෙන සිටියි. මෙම ගසෙහි ක‍ඳෙහි නමක් සහ දිනයක් කොට ඇත. එතැන භූමදාන කොට ඇත්තේ ඇගේ බිරිඳ ය. මේත් සමග අතීතාවර්ජනයක් සිදුවේ.

සරස්වතී "සරූ" පාර්ථසාර්තී (මාව්රා හොකේන්) තරුණ පුස්තකාල නිලධාරිණියක වන අතර, ඇ‍ගේ සම්ප්‍රදායික පෙනුම නිසා සෑමදෙනාම ඇය විරූපී යයි සලකති. මේ නිසා ඇයට ගැළපෙන සැමියකු සොයාගැනීම ද දුෂ්කර වී ඇත. ඇගේ රූමත් නැගණිය වන කාවේරිට විවාහ වීමට අවශ්‍ය වුව ද, සරූගේ විවාහය සිදුවන තෙක් ඇයට විවාහ වීමට පියා ඉඩ නොදේ. මේ නිසා සොයුරියන් දෙදෙනා අතර දබරයක් ඇතිවන්නේ කාවේරිගේ පෙම්වතා ඇයට විවාහ වීමට මාසයක කාලයක් පමණක් ලබාදෙන හෙයිනි. මේ නිසා සරූට ඉක්මණින් මනාලයකු සෙවීමට සිදුවේ. පාර්ථසාර්තී පවුල යනු ගෞරවනීය පුරුෂ මූලික පවුලකි. ඔවුන් ජීවත්වන්නේ 'සොසයිටි' නම් ගොඩනැගිල්ලක වන අතර, සරූගේ පියා ඇතුළු වැඩිහිටියන් විසින් එම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ සිදුවන අයථා දෑ වළක්වනු ලබයි. දිනක්, සරූගේ පියා සහ සරූ ගමන් කරන විට ඔවුන්ගේ අසල්වැසියා වන ධනවත් නීතිඥයකුගේ පුත්‍රයකු වන ඉන්දර් ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය සමග සිටිනු දක්නට ලැබෙයි. දැඩි තැනැත්තකු වන සරූගේ පියා එම දෙදෙනා කිසිදු ලැජ්ජාවකින් තොරව සිපවැළඳ ගන්නා අයුරු දැක කෝපයට පත්වේ. සරූ ඔවුන්ව පසුකොට යන විට, ඉන්දර් ඇයව දැක විස්මයට පත්වන්නේ ඇගේ සරලභාවය සහ රූමත් බව දැකීමෙනි.

රැකියාවෙහි නියුතු සරූ අභිමන්‍යුට ප්‍රිය කරයි. ඔහු ධනවත්, සමාජයේ ඉහළ තනතුරක් හොබවන පුද්ගලයෙකි. තමන්ට සරූ ප්‍රියකරන බව දැනගන්නා අභිමන්‍යු එහි වාසිය ලබාගනිමින් ඇගෙන් සිය වැඩ කටයුතු ඩටු කරගනියි. මේ අතර ඉන්දර් පුස්තකාලයට පැමිණෙන්නේ හිටපු-දෝෂිතයකුට කියවීමට සුදුසු පොත් මොනවාදැයි ඇගෙන් විමසමිනි.

බොහෝ වරක් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප වීම් ලද සරූ මංගල යෝජනා නියෝජිතයකු වෙත යන්නේ සුදුසු මනාලයුක සොයාගැනීමටයි; කෙසේනමුත්, දිගු බලාපොරොත්තු ලේඛනය හේතුවෙන් හැකි ඉක්මණින් ඇය පිළිබඳ රෙකමදාරුවක් ලබා දිය යුතු බව ඇයට පවසනු ලැබෙයි. සිය දෙමාපියන් නගරයෙන් පිටතට ගිය අවස්ථාවක දී, ඇය ඉන්දර්ගෙන් රෙකමදාරුවක් බලාපොරොත්තු වන්නේ ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය ප්‍රකට මෝස්තර නිරූපණ ශිල්පිනියක් නිසායි. පෙ.ව. 4:00ට සරූ ඔහුගේ නවාතැනට ගිය විට ඔහුගේ බීමත් පෙම්වතිය ඉන්දර් තමන්ව මුළා කරන බව සිතා සරූ වෙත වීදුරු බෝතලයක් දමා ගසයි. නමුත් ඉන්දර් ඒ ඉදිරියට පැමිණෙන අතර, බෝතලය ඔහුගේ පිටේ වැදී බිඳී යයි. ඔහුගේ පිටෙන් රුධිරය වහනය වේ. ඉන්දර් ඇයට නිවසට යන ලෙස පැවසුව ද, සරූ ඉන්දර්ගේ තුවාලයට සාත්තු කරයි. ඔවුන් අතර කිසිදු නොමනා ක්‍රියාවක් සිදුනොවූව ද, ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ මුරකරු ඔවුන් දෙස නෙත් යොමා සිටියි. සරූගේ දෙමාපියන් විනෝදා චාරිකාවට ගොස් වේලාසනින්ම පැමිණි විට, ඔවුන්ගේ දියණිය ඉන්දර් සමග රාත්‍රිය ගතකොට ඇති බව ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ වැඩිහිටියෝ ඔවුනට දැනුම් දෙති. මුලින් සරූගේ පියා එය විශ්වාස නොකළ ද, සිය දියණිය සහ ඉන්දර් එකට හිඳිනු දැක ඔහු ක්ෂණික තීරණයකට එළඹෙයි. සරූ තත්ත්වය පැහිදිළි කිරීමට උත්සාහ දැරුව ද, ඇගේ පියා ඇයට අවමන් කරන්නේ දැන් ඇය මියගිය තැනැත්තියක බවට ශාප කරමිනි.

සිදුවූ සියල්ල සරූ මවට පවසයි. මව එය විශ්වාස කළ ද, සිය සැමියාට ඇති බිය නිසා ඇය එය සිය සැමියාට පැහැදිළි කරන්නට මැළි වේ. මේ නිසා සරූ සහ ඉන්දර් සමීප වෙති; ඔහු ඇයට නිවසක් ලබාගැනීමට උපකාර කරන අතර, ඇගේ මංගල යෝජනාව පල කිරීමට ද උපකාර කරයි. ඇගේ නව සැකැස්මත් සමග, ඇයට විවාහ යෝජනා රැසක් ලැබේ. තමන් ගෞරවනීය පුද්ගලයකු හා විවාහ වුවහොත්, සිය පවුල නැවත දිනාගත හැකි වේ යැයි සරූ අපේක්ෂා කරයි. මේ අතර ඉන්දර් ඇයට පෙම් කරන අතර, එය රහසක්ව තබාගන්නේ අභිමන්‍යු ඇයට විවාහ යෝජනා කිරීම නිසායි. කෙසේනමුත්, විවාහ දිනයේ අභිමන්‍යු විවාහය අවලංගු කරන්නේ ඔහුගේ පියා අකමැති වීම නිසායි. තම පියාගෙන් අවමන් ලද හෙයින්, තමන්ට සැමියකු සොයාගත නොහැකි යැයි සිතමින් සරූ පසුතැවෙයි. සිය මධුසමයේ වස්ත්‍රය හැඳගන්නා සරූ ඉන්දර්ට තමන්ව සැනසීමට තමන්ට පෙම් කරන ලෙස ඉල්ලා සිටියි. මුල් මඳක් පැකිළුණ ද, ඉන්දර් එයට එකඟ වේ. කෙසේනමුත්, ඊළඟ උදෑසන අභිමන්‍යු ඇයව වැළඳගනු දැක ඔහු පලා යයි.

සිත් තැවුලට පත් ඉන්දර් සරූ සමග සම්බන්ධය අත්හැරියේ අභිමන්‍යු නැවත ඇය හා සමීප වී ඇති බව සිතායි. කෙසේනමුත්, ඇය අභිමන්‍යුගේ ඉල්ලීම ඉවතා ලා ඔහු වෙනුවෙන් පැමිණි බව දැනගැනීමෙන් පසු, ඔහු ඇගේ දුරකථනය මාර්ගයෙන් ඇය සිටින ස්ථානය සොයාගනියි. සරූ බෞද්ධ විහාරයක දී හමුවන අතර, ඔහු ඇයට ඇති ප්‍රේමය එහි දී සපථ කරයි. සරූගේ සිහි විසඥ වන අතර, ඉන්දර් ඇයව රෝහලකට ඇතුළත් කරයි. එහි දී අනාවරණය වන්නේ ඇගේ මොළයේ ගෙඩියක් ඇති බවත්, එය සුවකළ නොහැකි බවත් ය. මේ අතර සරූගේ දෙමාපියන්ගේ නිවසට බලෙන් කඩාවදින ඉන්දර් ඇගේ දෙමාපියන් විසින් සරූ මියගිය බව සංකේතවත් කරමින් ඇගේ ඡායාරූපයට දමා තිබූ මල්මාලය ඉවත විසි කරන්නේ ඇය මියගියා යැයි පැවසීම නතර කරන ලෙස පවසමිනි. ඊළඟ දිනයේ දී, සරූගේ පියා විසින් කළ පැමිණිල්ලක් අනුව ඉන්දර් සිරභාරයට ගැනේ. රෝහලෙන් පිටව යන සරූ නැවත පුස්තකාලය වෙත යයි. එහි දී ඇයට ඉන්දර් ලියූ රහස් ලිපියක් හමුවන අතර, ඒ අනුව ඔහු ඇයට මුල සිටම කැමැත්තෙන් සිට ඇති බව පැහැදිළි වේ. ඔවුන් දෙදෙන යළි එක්වන අතර, සරූ ඔහුට තමන්ව විවාහ කරගන්නා ලෙස පවසයි.

එම රාත්‍රියේ, සරූ පවසන්නේ සිය මරණයෙන් පසුව තමන්ව ගසක් යට වළලන්නේ නම් උචිත බවයි. සිය පියා කළ ශාපය සැබෑවක් බවට පත්ව ඇතැයි ද, තමන් සැබැවින්ම මියයමින් සිටින බව ද ඇය පවසයි. කෙසේනමුත්, දෙවියන් ශාප භාර නොගන්නා බව ඉන්දර් පවසයි. නමුත් දෙවියන් සිය දෙමාපියන්ගේ ඉල්ලීම ඉෂ්ට කරන බව සරූ බවයි. . ඔවුන්ගේ විවාහ දිනයේ දී සරූගේ දෙමාපියන් එතැනට පැමිණෙන්නේ ඉන්දර් ඇයට පෙම්කරන බව වටහා ගැනීමෙනි. ඒ අනුව ඔවුහු එම විවාහයට සිය එකඟත්වය පල කරති. විවාහයෙන් පසුව සරූ ක්ලාන්ත වී ඇද වැටෙයි. රෝහලෙන් සරූගේ දෙමාපියනට පවසන්නේ ඇය මියයමින් සිටින බවයි. මේ අතර ඉන්දර් සිය පියාගෙන් ගස පාමුල ඇති භූමිය තමන්ට ලබාදෙන ලෙස පවසන්නේ සරූගේ භූමදානය සඳහායි. සරූ ඔහුගේ දෑත මත මියයයි.

මේ වනවිට සාර්ථක නීතිඥයකු ව සිටින ඉන්දර් සරූගේ සොහොන ඇති ගස අසල සිටගෙන සිටියි. තමන් මෙසේ සාර්ථක වීම පිළිබඳ ඇය සතුටු වනු ඇතැයි ඔහු විශ්වාස කරයි. තමන්ට ඇය නැති අඩුව දැනෙනා බව ඔහු මුමුණයි.

චරිත නිරූපණය
 හර්ෂ්වර්ධන් රාණේ, ඉන්දර් පරිහාර් ලෙස
 මාව්රා හොකේන්, සරස්වතී "සරූ" පාර්ථසාර්තී ලෙස
 මනීෂ් චෞධරි, ජයිරාම් පාර්ථසාර්තී ලෙස; සරූගේ පියායි.
 ප්‍යුමෝරි මෙහ්තා, සරූගේ මව ලෙස
 දිව්‍යෙත්තා සිං, කාවේරි පාර්ථසාර්තී ලෙස; සරූගේ නැගණියයි.
 අනුරාග් සිංහා, අභිමන්‍යු ශාස්ත්‍රි ලෙස; සරූගේ මිතුරකු වන මොහු පසුව ඇය හා විවාහ ගිවිස ගනියි.
 මුර්ලි ෂර්මා, පොලිස් නිලධාරියකු (හරි නිකම්) ලෙස
 ශ්‍රද්ධා දාස්, රූබි මල්හෝත්‍රා ලෙස
 විජයි රාස්, මෝස්තරකරු ලෙස
 සුදේශ් බෙරී, ඉන්දර්ගේ පියා ලෙස
 රවී ෂර්මා, පණ්ඩිත් ලෙස

මුදාහැරීම
චිත්‍රපටයේ පළමු දැක්ම පෝස්ටරයක් 2015 දෙසැම්බර් 7 දින ඊරෝස් නව් වෙතින් ට්වීට් කළ අතර, එය 2016 ජනවාරි 8 දින මුදාහැරීමට සැලසුම් කොට තිබිණි. චිත්‍රපටයේ ට්‍රේලරය 2015 දෙසැම්බර් 15 දින මුදාහැරුණු අතර, චිත්‍රපටය මුදාහැරීමේ දිනය පෙබරවාරි 5 ලෙස වෙනස් කෙරිණි. 2016 පෙබරවාරි 5 සිට මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ලොව පුරා මුදාහැරුණේ ඊරෝස් නව් නිෂ්පාදන බැනරය යටතේ ය. මුදාහැරීමෙන් පසුව චිත්‍රපටය මිශ්‍ර ප්‍රතිචාර හිමි කරගත්තේ ය.

ධ්වනිපථය

මෙහි ගීතවල පද රචනය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ සමීර් අංජාන්, ෂබ්බීර් අහමඩ්, රේෂම්මියා සහ සුබ්‍රාත් සිංහා විසිනි. තේමා පථය 2015 දෙසැම්බර් 22 දින මුදාහැරිණි. සම්පූර්ණ ඇල්බමය මුදාහැරුණේ 2016 ජනවාරි 7 දින ය.

බොක්ස් ඔෆීස්
මෙම චිත්‍රපටය එහි පළමු දිනයේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක, සති අන්තයේ ක සහ පළමු සතියේ ක ආදායමක් උපයා ගත්තේ ය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය  බොක්ස් ඔෆීස් අතින් සාමාන්‍ය වාර්තා තැබී ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

2016 චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ හින්දි-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ සංගීතමය චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු සංගීතමය චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපට

සනම් තේරි කසම් (2016 චිත්‍රපටය)


Die Beverly Township ist eine von 23 Townships im Adams County im Westen des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois.

Geografie

Die Beverly Township liegt im Südosten des Adams County etwa 40 km östlich des Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Missouri bildet. Die Township erstreckt sich über 94,96 km², die sich auf 94,82 km² Land- und 0,14 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 406 Einwohner.

Orte in der Beverly Township
Die Beverly Township enthält keine selbstverwaltete Gemeinde oder Stadt. Die Bevölkerung konzentriert sich auf drei Siedlungen auf gemeindefreiem Gebiet (Unincorporated Communities):

 Beverly
 Chestline
 Kingston

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 city-data.com - Beverly Township, Adams County, Illinois

Beverly Township (Illinois)


Kiwibank Limited is a New Zealand state-owned bank and financial services provider. As of 2023, they are the fifth-largest bank in New Zealand by assets, and the largest New Zealand-owned bank, with a market share of approximately 9%.

Kiwibank was established in 2001 by the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand, following a proposal by then Deputy Prime Minister Jim Anderton, to set up a locally-owned bank capable of competing with the Big Four Australian banks which dominated the domestic market. It was set up as a subsidiary of New Zealand Post, with branches originally co-located within PostShops (post offices) to maximise its national reach.

History

Earlier state-owned banks
Kiwibank is similar in many respects to an earlier post office-based bank owned by the New Zealand Government. The New Zealand Post Office Bank was established in 1867. In 1987, the bank was corporatised and separated from New Zealand Post and Telecom New Zealand to form a stand-alone company – PostBank. Then in 1989 PostBank was sold by the government to ANZ.

Establishment period (2002–2010)
The bank originated from Alliance Party policy during the 1999—2002 term of the Labour-led coalition government.

Jim Anderton revealed in his valedictory speech that after the issue had previously been discussed by cabinet for months, he had spent three hours trying to convince then Finance Minister Michael Cullen, Annette King told Cullen: "Michael, Jim's beaten back every argument against the bank we've ever put up. For God's sake, give him the bloody bank." Cullen replied: "Oh, all right then."

Kiwibank launched in 2002 with 211 branches open nationwide by 30 June.

In 2008, one analysis saw Kiwibank as having fostered a new level of competition in banking in New Zealand in terms of lower fees and growth in service. As of 2007, Kiwibank had higher customer-satisfaction ratings than the four large Australian-owned trading-banks.

In 2008 Kiwibank unveiled an advertising campaign, "Join The Movement", which portrayed foreign-owned competitors as enemy occupiers. The New Zealand Herald called the campaign "jingoistic".

2010–present day
Kiwibank announced an after tax profit of $21.2 million for the year ended 30 June 2011.

In 2012 Kiwibank celebrated its ten-year birthday. The advertising campaign used 10-year-old Kiwis pledging what they're standing up for with New Zealand musician Neil Finn agreeing to the use of his song "Can you hear us?" re-recorded by Jeremy Redmore of Midnight Youth. It was the first time the artist had allowed one of his tracks to be used by a commercial entity. The proceeds from the first 20,000 downloads of the soundtrack went to the NZ Music Foundation of which Finn is patron.

In 2012, the bank also released an iPhone mobile banking app, following the roll out of a redesigned Kiwibank website. Standard & Poor lowered Kiwibank's credit rating one level from AA- to A+ (outlook stable) and Kiwibank reported a record after tax profit of $79.1 million for the year ended 30 June 2012.

In 2014, Kiwibank launched its "Independence" advertising campaign where it "compares itself to anyone who has ever immigrated to New Zealand".

In 2016, New Zealand Post announced a successful completion of the sale of 47 percent of Kiwibank to the New Zealand Superannuation Fund (25 percent) and the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) (22 percent). The $494 million deal values KGHL at $1,050 million and retains NZ Post as the majority owner of Kiwibank as well as keeping the bank fully New Zealand owned.

On 22 August 2022, the New Zealand Government purchased Kiwibank's holdings company Kiwi Group Holdings for an estimated NZ$2.1 billion. As a result, the Government acquired full control of the state-owned bank from the New Zealand Superannuation Fund, ACC, and New Zealand Post. In response to the Government's purchase of Kiwibank, KiwiSaver providers opined that the Government could have offered to partially sell shares to the public. The opposition ACT Party's leader David Seymour called for a partial sale of Kiwibank's shares to pension funds. Similarly, the opposition National Party questioned the Labour Government's ability to run Kiwibank.

Core business activities

Kiwibank's core business consists of personal banking, business banking, KiwiSaver and other wealth services.

Kiwibank Personal Banking

Personal banking products and services include home loans, personal loans, credit cards, everyday accounts, savings accounts, investment services and insurance products.

Kiwibank Business Banking

Business Banking products and services include business lending, cheque accounts, credit cards, investments, merchant services, payment services and insurance.

International services

This includes online and manual international money transfers, foreign exchange and Foreign Currency Accounts and travellers' cheques.

Investments
Kiwibank invested NZ$8m into a 51% shareholding in New Zealand Home Loans, a home loan lender specialising in debt reduction, in June 2006, and increased this in 2008 by a further 25% and took 100% in 2012. New Zealand Home Loans continues to grow offering an alternative to the traditional banking model and have a nationwide network of over 75 franchises.

In 2012, Kiwi Group Holdings (the parent company of Kiwibank) purchased Gareth Morgan Investments (GMI) for an undisclosed sum. In August 2013 GMI reached a milestone of $2 billion funds under management.

In 2015, Gareth Morgan Investments (GMI) was re-branded to Kiwi Wealth, offering global investment management and private portfolio services to retail high-net-worth, pension funds and institutional clients.

In 2018, Kiwi Wealth's asset under management (AUM) surpass $6 billion.

Awards
Kiwibank has won the Sunday Star Times/Cannex banking awards, in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012 for offering the best value across their range of products. It has also won New Zealand's Most Trusted Bank at the Reader's Digest Trusted Brand Awards from 2006 to 2017.

CANSTAR Awards include:
Bank of the Year for First Home Buyers 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2015, 2016, 2017
Best Value Term Deposit Award 2015, 2014, 2016
Other awards won by Kiwibank include:
Bank of the Year - New Zealand, The Banker, 2009, 2010
Sunday Star-Times' Bank of the Year, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012
Global Finance Best Bank in New Zealand 2013
Supreme Award from the AUT Business School Excellence in Business Support Awards 2013
Roy Morgan Major Bank of the Year Award 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2015, 2016
In 2015 the Kiwi Wealth KiwiSaver Scheme (run by GMI) was awarded the inaugural Consumer NZ People's Choice Award.

Sponsorships
Kiwibank was one of the major sponsors of The Block NZ from 2012 - 2014.

In 2012 it took up sponsorship of the CFA Institute Research Challenge hosted by the CFA Society of New Zealand.

New Zealand's first FinTech Accelerator was set up in 2016 with Kiwibank sponsorship. The 2018 Kiwibank FinTech Accelerator three month business growth programme resulted in seven start ups and was also supported by Xero, MasterCard and Microsoft. The businesses were: AccountingPod, Tapi (formally FlatFish), Liberac, Sharesies, Teddy, Wicket and a Xero team. In July 2019 the Kiwibank FinTech Accelerator intake included BankEngine, Cove Insurance, and Miuwi.

Corporate social responsibility
Kiwibank is the major sponsor of the New Zealander of the Year Awards

A partnership with the children's financial literacy provider Banqer was formally launched in May 2016, setting the one-year goal at 1000 classrooms being sponsored into the programme. This was achieved by April 2017 but the programme continues to grow.

In 2016 Kiwibank announced a partnership with the Predator Free New Zealand Trust and the Department of Conservation (DOC). Kiwibank worked with PFNZ to establish the Kiwibank Predator Free Communities Programme which works with communities wanting to take up the predator-free challenge. The DOC partnership is centered around the Conservation Dogs programme which piloted New Zealand's first specialist conservation dog unit with two full-time dog handlers. At the time there were 80 conservation dogs in New Zealand, 45 of whom find protected species and 35 who find pests.

See also

 List of banks
 List of banks in New Zealand

References

External links

 New Zealand Post
 New Zealand Home Loans

Banks of New Zealand
Banks established in 2002
Financial services companies of New Zealand
Companies based in Wellington
New Zealand companies established in 2002
Postal savings system
Government-owned companies of New Zealand
Government-owned banks

Kiwibank


Ariadna subnubila est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Segestriidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Tasmanie en Australie. Elle se rencontre vers McPartlan Pass.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Publication originale
 Marsh, Stevens & Framenau, 2022 : « A taxonomic revision of the tube-web spiders of the genus Ariadna (Araneae: Segestriidae) in Tasmania. » Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Segestriidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Tasmanie

Ariadna subnubila


Baron Vaux of Harrowden is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1523 for Sir Nicholas Vaux. The barony was created by writ, which means that it can pass through both male and female lines. Vaux was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He was a poet and member of the courts of Henry VIII and Edward VI. The Vaux family was related to queen consort Catherine Parr by the first baron's two wives; Elizabeth FitzHugh and Anne Green (sister to Lady Maud Parr). On the death in 1663 of his great-grandson, the fifth Baron, the title fell into abeyance between the late Baron's surviving sister Joyce, and the heirs of his deceased sisters Mary, Lady Symeon, and Catherine, Baroness Abergavenny.

The Vaux family owned Great Harrowden Hall until 1695 when they sold it to Thomas Watson-Wentworth, of Rockingham Castle, the hall was rebuilt in 1719.

The barony remained in abeyance for 175 years, until the abeyance was terminated in 1838 in favour of George Charles Mostyn, who became the sixth Baron. He was the son of Mary Lucinda Browne-Mostyn, a descendant of Mary, the eldest sister of the fifth Baron, by her marriage to Charles Mostyn, grandson of Sir Edward Mostyn, 5th Baronet (see Mostyn Baronets, of Talacre). He was succeeded by his grandson, the seventh Baron. He was in the Diplomatic Service. The seventh Baron Vaux was able to buy back the hall. On his death in 1935 the title fell into abeyance between his three daughters, the Hon. Grace Mary Eleanor Gilby, the Hon. Gladys Flora Charleton and the Hon. Dorothy Alice Mostyn.

The abeyance was terminated in 1938 in favour of the eldest daughter, Grace, the eighth Baroness and so far the only woman to hold the barony. She was the wife of William Gordon Gilbey, the owner of a wine and spirits group. Grace was succeeded by her eldest son, Father Gabriel Gilbey, the ninth Baron. He was a monk at Ampleforth Abbey. Lord Vaux of Harrowden took his seat in the House of Lords in 1962 and thereby became the first Benedictine monk to do so since 1559. On his death the title passed to his younger brother, the tenth Baron.  the title is held by the latter's grandson, the twelfth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2014 and was elected to the House of Lords in 2017.

The family seat is Rusko Estate, near Gatehouse of Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire.

Barons Vaux of Harrowden (1523)

Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden (c. 1460–1523)
Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1509–1556)
William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1535–1595)
Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1588–1661)
Henry Vaux, 5th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1591–1663) (abeyant 1663)
George Charles Mostyn, 6th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1804–1883) (abeyance terminated 1838)
Hubert George Charles Mostyn, 7th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1860–1935) (abeyant 1935)
Grace Mary Eleanor Gilbey, 8th Baroness Vaux of Harrowden (1887–1958)
Peter Hubert Gordon Gilbey, 9th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1914–1977)
John Hugh Philip Gilbey, 10th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1915–2002)
Anthony William Gilbey, 11th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1940–2014)
Richard Hubert Gordon Gilbey, 12th Baron Vaux of Harrowden  (b. 1965)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Alexander John Charles Gilbey (b. 2000).

See also
Mostyn Baronets, of Talacre

References

Sources

Wellingborough Golf Club,

Baronies in the Peerage of England
Vaux family
1523 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1523

Baron Vaux of Harrowden