Wanderers é um curta metragem suéco de ficção científica lançado em 2014 e criado pelo artista digital e diretor Erik Wernquist. O curta representa localizações reais no Sistema Solar sendo investigadas por exploradores humanos, ajudados por uma hipotética tecnologia espacial. Das quinze cenas do curta, Wernquist criou algumas somente usando computação gráfica, mas algumas são baseadas em imagens reais realizadas por espaçonaves robóticas e astromóveis combinadas com elementos gerados por computador.

Wanderers é narrado pelo astronômo Carl Sagan lendo do livro Pale Blue Dot.

História
O curta começa com um grupo de nômades por volta de 10,000 ADC, viajando através do Oriente Médio. Brilhando acima deles no céu escurecendo-se estão as cinco "estrelas vagantes" visíveis ao olho nu em nosso Sistema Solar que talvez, algum dia, sejam visitadas pelos descendentes dos viajantes humanos. O curta então corta para o futuro e mostra uma imensa nave interplanetária deixando a órbita da Terra enquanto carrega colonos espaciais para outro planeta ou lua.

Marte

Com exceção da Lua, nenhum outro corpo no Sistema Solar foi explorado e examinado para futura colonização humana de forma mais intensa que Marte. Em Wanderers, Wernquist começa com imagens da NASA e então cria cenas mostrando o possível futuro marciano: no começo, a cabine de um elevador espacial desce transportando suprimentos para uma colônia na superfície; No segundo, trabalhadores em trajes espaciais esperam perto da cratera Victoria por dirigíveis que se aproximam; e a terceira, um grupo de caminhantes (que provavelmente estão acostumados a assistirem o pôr do Sol avermelhado na Terra) aproveitam a visão do céu marciano brilhando com uma cor azulada ao redor do Sol que se põe.

Saturno e suas luas

Wanderers sabe aproveitar-se da riqueza de informações e imagens enviadas pela missão Cassini-Huygens: um terco de suas cenas mostram ou Saturno ou uma de suas luas. Uma cena tem um close-up extremo dos anéis de Saturno - a perspectiva de dentro do plano dos anéis, olhando para cima a partir dos detritos de gelo que compõe os anéis para uma pessoa flutuando logo acima do plano. A cena final (discutida em detalhes abaixo) mostra os anéis a distância, iluminados pelo Sol atrás deles, derramando um brilho luminoso nos topos das nuvens no lado noturno que Wernquist chama de "brilho dos anéis".

Numa cena na lua Titã que só é imaginável devido à gravidade relativamente baixa desta lua,  e utilizando-se de um isolante térmico hiper eficiente e ainda não descoberto, humanos voam por cima do mar de metano Ligeia Mare utilizando asas com aproximadamente o mesmo tamanho - relativo aos seus corpos - como asas de aves. A visão de uma nave movendo-se através dos cristais de água salgada ejetados por Encélado é uma lembrança de que um oceano líquido em baixo de sua superfície congelada potencialmente pode prover um ambiente capaz de sustentar alguma forma de vida. Uma cadeia de bases humanas em Jápeto são representadas nos topos de seu , casa uma coberta por um domo imenso e (aparentemente) transparente que não sobre a vista de Saturno e seus anéis.

Júpiter, sua lua Europa e Miranda (lua de Urano)

Wanderers não especifica se os aventureiros que apresenta são astronautas, cosmonautas ou taikonautas governamentais, ou astronautas comerciais, participantes dos voos espaciais ou somente turistas espaciais. Wernquist simplesmente os chama de "passageiros", "pessoas" e "caminhantes" e nenhuma das naves carregam o logo de uma agência espacial ou uma empresa espacial privada. Independentemente da designação oficial, as pessoas vistas em duas cenas de Júpiter e uma em Urano com sua lua Miranda devem serem chamados de "aventureiros".

Numa cena vista numa órbita acima de Júpiter, a área de carga de uma nave e mostra um aventureiro amarrado começando uma caminhada espacial, com a Grande Mancha Vermelha logo abaixo. Também vemos aventureiros andando pela superfície gelada da lua Europa e que assim também podem estarem andando acima de micróbios extraterrestres. Outro grupo de aventureiros fazem BASE jumping a partir de um penhasco em Miranda, a menor lua redonda de Urano. O penhasco em questão, , pode ter de 5 a 10 quilômetros de altura. Em combinação com a baixa gravidade de Miranda, Wernquist estima que os saltadores poderem aproveitar uma queda livre de, talvez, 12 minutos, antes de acionarem um pequeno foguete para interromperem a queda.

O "Terrário", um asteróide oco e habitado

O curta inclui uma ilustração dramática de utilização de recursos in-situ: mostra um asteróide da cintura principal que poderia servir de habitat para colonos e uma estação espacial para viajantes que se aventurem além da órbita de Marte. O interior consiste de um ecossistema artificial com ar respirável e pressurizado, , solo, corpos de água e nuvens rotacionando ao redor de uma fonte periódica de .

Wernquist admite que sua visão de um asteróide terraformado é "a parte mais especulativa do curta", mas que a adicionou "para visualizar as possibilidades da engenharia e construção da humanidade". Ele chama o asteróide de terrário, aplicando o mesmo nome usado por Kim Stanley Robinson em seu romance de ficção científica hard 2312.

O final: o "brilho dos anéis" de Saturno

Em Saturno, dirigíveis são vistos em núvens distantes, um tanto parecidos com o conceito  contemplados pela NASA para uma possível missão à Vênus. Os dirigíveis são cobertos pelos anéis colossais do planeta. Numa dessas naves, uma exploradora olha à distância, vestindo uma jaqueta isolante, uma touca de pelo e uma máscara respiratória. Enquanto as núvens de Saturno refletem em sua máscara, que esconde sua boca, ela sorri maravilhada. A narração de Carl Sagan concluí o curta falando:

Desenvolvimento
Wanderers é baseado nas visões de seu diretor, Erik Wenquist, sobre o futuro da humanidade no espaço sideral. Os visuais do curta, animados por Wernquist, são recriações digitais de lugares reais no Sistema Solar; apesar de especulativa, a tecnologia apresentada no curta é derivada de conceitos científicos e ideias pré-existentes. Os fundos do filme são feitos a partir de dados de mapeamento e/ou fotografias da NASA. Os visuais são inspirados pelos trabalhos dos escritores de ficção científica Arthur C. Clarke e Kim Stanley Robinson, como também o ilustrador Chesley Bonestell.

Com autorização de Ann Druyan, viuva do astrônomo Carl Sagan, Wernquist adicionou trechos da narração de Sagan tirada do livro Pale Blue Dot no decorrer do curta.

Lançamento e reações
O curta foi publicado no Vimeo em 11 de outubro de 2014 e oficialmente no YouTube em 4 de agosto de 2015.

O curta recebeu resenhas extremamente positivas desde seu lançamento. Leonard David, um colunista do Space.com chamou-o de uma "produção maravilhosa". Amy Shira Teitel, do  disse que o curta é "brilhantemente realistico" e que "pode ser até melhor que Interstellar". Dante D'Orazio, do The Verge, escreveu que o curta é "uma jornada incrivelmente linda através de nosso Sistema Solar" e que enquanto "não tem uma história tradicional, os visuais e trilha sonora (junto das palavras de Sagan) o farão, também, sonhar com o dia em que nos tornaremos uma espécie multi-planetária."

Ligação externa
Site oficial

Curtas-metragens em língua inglesa
Filmes de ficção científica da década de 2010
Curtas-metragens de 2014
Curtas-metragens da Suécia
Filmes ambientados no futuro

Wanderers (2014)


Primeiro Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1309
 Segundo Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1316
 Terceiro Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pelo Império Merínida em 1333
 Quarto Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1333
 Quinto Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1349—1350
 Sexto Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pelo Reino Nacérida em 1411
 Sétimo Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1436
 Oitavo Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1462
 Nono Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido por João Afonso de Gusmão em 1467—1468
 Décimo Cerco de Gibraltar — conduzido pela Coroa de Castela em 1506

Cerco de Gibraltar


The gavotte (also gavot, gavote, or gavotta) is a French dance, taking its name from a folk dance of the Gavot, the people of the Pays de Gap region of Dauphiné in the southeast of France, where the dance originated, according to one source. According to another reference, the word gavotte is a generic term for a variety of French folk dances, and most likely originated in Lower Brittany in the west, or possibly Provence in the southeast or the French Basque Country in the southwest of France. It is notated in  or  time and is usually of moderate tempo, though the folk dances also use meters such as  and .

In late 16th-century Renaissance dance, the gavotte is first mentioned as the last of a suite of branles. Popular at the court of Louis XIV, it became one of many optional dances in the classical suite of dances. Many were composed by Lully, Rameau and Gluck, and the 17th-century cibell is a variety. The dance was popular in France throughout the 18th century and spread widely. In early courtly use the gavotte involved kissing, but this was replaced by the presentation of flowers.

The gavotte of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries has nothing in common with the 19th-century column-dance called the "gavotte" but may be compared with the rigaudon and the bourrée.

Etymology
The term gavotte for a lively dance originated in the 1690s from Old Provençal gavoto (mountaineer's dance) from gavot, a local name for an Alpine resident, said to mean literally "boor", "glutton", from gaver (to stuff, force-feed poultry) from Old Provençal gava (crop). The word is cognate to French gavache (coward, dastard). The Italianized form is gavotta.

Musical characteristics

The phrases of the 18th-century French court gavotte begin in the middle of the bar, creating a half-measure (half-bar) upbeat. However the music for the earlier court gavotte, first described by Thoinot Arbeau in 1589, invariably began on the downbeat of a duple measure. Later composers also wrote gavottes that began on the downbeat rather than on the half-measure: an example is Jean-Philippe Rameau's Gavotte Variée in A minor for keyboard. Various folk gavottes found in mid-20th-century Brittany are danced to music in , , , and  time.

In the ballroom the gavotte was often paired with a preceding triple-time minuet: both dances are stately, and the gavotte's lifted step contrasted with the shuffling minuet step. It had a steady rhythm, not broken up into faster notes.

In the Baroque suite the gavotte is played after (or sometimes before) the sarabande. Like most dance movements of the Baroque period it is typically in binary form but this may be extended by a second melody in the same metre, often one called the musette, having a pedal drone to imitate the French bagpipes, played after the first to create a grand ternary form; A–(A)–B–A. There is a Gavotte en Rondeau ("Gavotte in rondo form") in J.S. Bach's Partita No. 3 in E Major for solo violin, BWV 1006.

The gavotte could be played at a variety of tempi: Johann Gottfried Walther wrote that the gavotte is "often quick but occasionally slow".

Renaissance
The gavotte is first described in the late 16th century as a suite or miscellany of double branles danced in a line or circle to music in duple time, "with little springs in the manner of the Haut Barrois" branle and with some of the steps "divided" with figures borrowed from the galliard.

The basic gavotte step, as described by Arbeau, is that of the common or double branle, a line of dancers moving alternately to the left and right with a double à gauche and double à droite, each requiring a count of four. In the double branle these composite steps consist of; a pied largi (firm outward step), a pied approche (the other foot drawn near to the first), another pied largi and a pied joint (the other foot drawn against the first).

In the gavotte's double à gauche a skip (petit saut) is inserted after each of the four components; the second pied largi is replaced by a marque pied croisé (the following foot crosses over the left with toe contacting the floor); the final pied approche is replaced by a grève croisée (the right foot crosses over the left, raised).

The double à droite begins with a pieds joints and petit saut, followed by two quick steps, a marque pied gauche croisé and marque pied droit croisé, during beat two, a grève droit croisée and petit saut on beat three and on the last beat pieds joints and a capriole (leap into the air with entrechat).

Baroque

The gavotte became popular in the court of Louis XIV where Jean-Baptiste Lully was the leading court composer. Gaétan Vestris did much to define the dance. Subsequently many composers of the Baroque period incorporated the dance as one of many optional additions to the standard instrumental suite of the era. The examples in suites and partitas by Johann Sebastian Bach are well known.

Movements of early 18th-century musical works entitled Tempo di gavotta sometimes indicated the sense of a gavotte rhythm or movement, without fitting the number of measures or strains typical of the actual dance. Examples of these can be found in the works of Arcangelo Corelli or Johann Sebastian Bach.

George Frideric Handel wrote a number of gavottes, including the fifth-and-final movement, Allegro, of the Concerto Grosso in B-flat major, Op. 3, No. 2 – HWV 313.

Later examples
Composers in the 19th century wrote gavottes that began, like the 16th-century gavotte, on the downbeat rather than on the half-measure upbeat. The famous Gavotte in D by Gossec is such an example, as is the Gavotte in Massenet's Manon but not the one in Ambroise Thomas's Mignon. A gavotte also occurs in the second act of The Gondoliers and the Act I finale of Ruddigore, both by Gilbert and Sullivan.

Edvard Grieg's suite From Holberg's Time, based on eighteenth-century dance forms, features a "Gavotte" as its third movement (1884).

Australian composer Fred Werner used a gavotte he composed for teaching students.

Igor Stravinsky's ballet Pulcinella features a "Gavotta con due variazioni", as number 18, and movement VI in the suite (1922).

Sergei Prokofiev employs a gavotte instead of a minuet in his Symphony No. 1 (Classical), Op. 25 (1917), and includes another one as the third of his Ten Piano Pieces Op. 12 (1913), and another as the third of his Four Piano Pieces, Op. 32 (1918).

Leonard Bernstein's Candide has a "Venice Gavotte" in act 2.

"The Ascot Gavotte" is a song in the 1956 musical My Fair Lady by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe.

In popular culture

 Early 20th century musician Samuel Siegel recorded a ragtime mandolin tune "Gavotte".
 Carly Simon's song "You're So Vain" includes the lyric "You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte". In this context it means "moving in a pretentious manner".
 The Stephen Sondheim musical Sunday in the Park with George uses the word gavotte as a satirical device in the otherwise irregular, non-steadily rhythmical, song "It's Hot Up Here" to start the second act, "We're stuck up here in this gavotte".
 The Johnny Mercer song "Strip Polka" includes the lyric "Oh, she hates corny waltzes and she hates the gavotte".
 Geneticist W. D. Hamilton in his paper "Gamblers since life began: barnacles, aphids, elms." in The Quarterly Review of Biology (1975) referred to the drilled formality of the mechanisms of individual reproduction as "the gavotte of chromosomes".
 Philosopher Stephen David Ross characterises metaphysical aporia as "the disruptive side of a tradition that needs both repetition and its annihilation for intelligibility. It is a site at which same and other dance their unending gavotte of life and death."
Agustín Barrios wrote a solo guitar piece, "Madrigal Gavotte", which is a combination of the two styles.
 In the anime Kiniro no Corda (La Corda d'Oro), "Gavotte in D" by Gossec is heard many times, though referred to only as "Gavotte".
 In the novel Good Omens, it is noted that one cannot determine how many angels can dance on the head of a pin, because angels do not dance—the exception being the Principality Aziraphale, who once learned to do the gavotte in a discreet gentlemen's club in Portland Place in the late 1880s.

The "Cutting Gavotte" is an attack in the Japanese version of the role-playing game Infinite Undiscovery.
In the Broadway musical 1776 during the song "Cool, Considerate Men", reference is made to "Mr. Adams' new gavotte"—a reference regarding John Adams' ideas for a declaration of independence from Great Britain.
In the 1967 film, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, the song "A Secretary Is not a Toy" refers to a gavotte. The song discourages personal indiscretions with secretaries at the firm. The reference to a gavotte is meant to be ironic, as the original dance accompanying the song from the Broadway show was a modified gavotte.
In the manga and anime One Piece, the skeleton musician character Brooke (and his "zombie," Ryuuma, which was given life by Brooke's shadow) has a signature technique, Gavotte Bond en Avant.
In the Robert Pinsky poem "Impossible To Tell", the gavotte is mentioned in the first line.
In John Updike's novel Bech at Bay, for the protagonist, "It embarrassed him that for these young Czechs American writing, its square dance of lame old names, should appear such a lively gavotte, prancing carefree into the future."
In the mid-nineteenth-century novel The Scout, William Gilmore Simms describes a lonely sentry: "He sang, and whistled, and soliloquized; and, not unfrequently, relieved the dull measured step of the sentinel by the indulgence of such a gavotte as a beef-eating British soldier of the 'prince's own' might be supposed capable of displaying in that period of buckram movement."
 Describing American foreign policy in the wake of the September 11 attacks, author Norman Podhoretz says, "Far from 'rushing into war,' we were spending months dancing a diplomatic gavotte in the vain hope of enlisting the help of France, Germany, and Russia."
 Polish resistance fighter Jan Kamieński describes his personal experience of the chaos of the first German air strike on Poland in these terms: "Paintings were falling off the walls, the Biedermeier sofa and its complement of chairs bounced around as if dancing some crazy gavotte, the Bechnstein grand piano slid past me on two of its casters …".
 The poem "Wakefulness" by John Ashbery includes the sentence: "A gavotte of dust-motes / came to replace my seeing."
In the poem "12/2/80" from Waltzing Matilda (1981), Alice Notley writes: "A leaf if local / only when falling. // 'What? like a gavotte?' / the common evergreen rustle: / hours & regulations & so on ...",
 Chas and Dave produced a song called Give it Gavotte which uses this style on the album Job Lot
 In "The Wild Wood", the third chapter of Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows, one of the lines describing the blooming spring is "Comfrey, the purple hand-in-hand with the white, crept forth to take its place in the line; and at last one morning the diffident and delaying dog-rose stepped delicately on the stage, and one knew, as if string-music had announced it in stately chords that strayed into a gavotte, that June at last was here."

References

Further reading
Guilcher, Jean-Michel. 1963. La tradition populaire de danse en Basse-Bretagne. Etudes Européennes 1. Paris and The Hague: Mouton. Second edition, 1976, Paris: Mouton. . New, expanded edition, 1995, Spézet-Douarnenez: Coop-Breizh. . Douarnenez: Chasse-Marée-Armen. . Reprinted 1997.
Semmens, Richard T. 1997. "Branles, Gavottes and Contredanses in the Later Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries". Dance Research 15, no. 2 (Winter): 35–62.

External links

French dances
French music history
Breton dances
Baroque dance
Renaissance music
Baroque music
Dance forms in classical music

Gavotte


Die Bulgarian International 2009 im Badminton fanden vom 1. bis zum 4. Oktober 2009 in Sofia statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
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2009
Badminton 2009
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BE Circuit 2009/10

Bulgarian International 2009


Bardo Thodol (tibetansko pismo: བར་དོ་ཐོས་གྲོལ; transliteracija: bar do thos grol, "Oslobođenje slušanjem na posmrtnoj razini"), na Zapadu poznat i kao Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih, tekst je iz većeg korpusa učenja Duboka dharma samooslobođenja namjerom miroljubivih i gnjevnih Karme Lingpe (1326. – 1386.). Najpoznatije je literarno djelo škole Nyingma.

Namjera tibetanskog teksta jest opisati iskustva svijesti nakon smrti i voditi osobu kroz njih u bardou, stanju između smrti i sljedećeg ponovnog rođenja. Tekst također sadrži poglavlja o znakovima smrti i ritualima koje treba održati kad se smrt približava ili kad je do nje došlo.

Etimologija
Bar do thos grol (tibetansko pismo: =བར་དོ་ཐོས་གྲོལ; transliteracija: bar do thos grol) prevodi se ovako:

 bar do: "posmrtno stanje", "prijelazno stanje", "međustanje", "liminalno stanje" (što je sinonim za sanskrtski oblik antarabhāva). Juan Valdez, autor knjige The Snow Cone Diaries: A Philosopher's Guide to the Information Age, napisao je: "U širem smislu izraz 'bardo' označava stanje postojanja između dva života na svijetu." Dodao je: "Koncept je nastao ubrzo nakon Budine smrti. Određeni je broj ranijih budističkih grupa prihvatilo postojanje takvog međustanja, dok su ga ostale škole odbacile."
 thos grol: "oslobođenje", što je sinonim za sanskrtsku riječ bodhi, "buđenje", "razumijevanje", "prosvjetljenje", ali i za izraz nirvana, "puhanje", "istrebljenje", "istrebljenje iluzije".

Izvorni tekst

Podrijetlo i datacija

Prema tibetanskoj tradiciji, Oslobođenje slušanjem na posmrtnoj razini u 8. je stoljeću osmislio Padmasambhava; djelo je zapisala njegova glavna učenica, Yeshe Tsogyal; bilo je zakopano u brdima Gampo u središnjem Tibetu, gdje ga je u 14. stoljeću otkrio tibetanski terton Karma Lingpa.

bar do thos grol
Tibetanski naslov glasi bar do thos grol, Oslobođenje slušanjem na posmrtnoj razini. Sastoji se od dvaju dužih tekstova:
 "Veliko oslobođenje slušanjem: Preklinjanje bardoa dharmate" (chos nyid bar do'i gsol 'debs thos grol chen mo), bardo dharmate (u kojemu je i bardo umiranja);
 "Veliko oslobođenje slušanjem: Preklinjanje kojim se ističe bardo postojanja" (strid pa'i bar do ngo sprod gsol 'debs thos grol chen mo), bardo postojanja.
U samim se tekstovima nazivaju Oslobođenje slušanjem u bardou, Veliko oslobođenje slušanjem ili Oslobođenje slušanjem.

kar-gling zhi-khro
Dio je većeg termskog ciklusa Duboka dharma samooslobođenja namjerom miroljubivih i gnjevnih (zab-chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol, znan i kao kar-gling zhi-khro), poznatijeg kao "Miroljubivi i gnjevni Karme Lingpe".

Postoji nekoliko inačica Duboke Dharme samooslobođenja, u kojima su različiti brojevi odlomaka i pododjeljaka, a i raspoređeni su na različite načine: naziva je od deset do trideset i osam. Zasebni tekstovi obrađuju veći broj tema, a među njima su upute za meditaciju, vizualizacije božanstava, liturgije i molitve, popisi mantri, opisi znakova smrti, naznake budućeg ponovnog rođenja i tekstovi poput bar do thos grola, koji govore o stanju u bardou.

Tri bardoa
Bardo Thodol razlikuje međustanje između života i dijeli ga u tri bardoa:
 Chikhai bardo ili "bardo trenutka smrti", u kojem se opisuje iskustvo "čistog svjetla stvarnosti" ili barem približni oblik onoga koji osoba može vidjeti na duhovnoj razini;
 Chonyid bardo ili "bardo iskustva stvarnosti", u kojem se opisuje iskustvo vizija raznih oblika Bude ili barem približni oblik koji osoba može vidjeti;
 Sidpa bardo ili "bardo ponovnog rođenja", u kojem se opisuju karmom nastale halucinacije koje na koncu završavaju ponovnim rođenjem, uglavnom slikom jab-jum muškaraca i žena koji se strastveno spajaju.

Oslobođenje slušanjem na posmrtnoj razini također spominje tri druga bardoa:
 "Život", ili svakidašnja svijest;
 "Dhyana" (meditacija);
 "San", stanje snivanja tijekom sna.

Zajedno tih "šest bardoa" oblikuju šest većih oblika stanja svijesti. Svako stanje svijesti može postati vrsta "međustanja", stanja između ostalih stanja svijesti. Svako trenutačno stanje svijesti može biti bardo jer, prema učenju te knjige, ono leži između našeg prošlog i budućeg postojanja i pruža nam priliku da iskusimo stvarnost, koja je uvijek prisutna, ali ju nejasnom čine projekcije i zbunjenost nastale zbog naših prethodnih nevještih djela.

Prijevodi na engleski jezik

Evans-Wentzova Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih

Na Zapadu je bar do thos grol poznat kao Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih, ime koje je popularizirala inačica Waltera Evans-Wentza, ali je pod tim imenom gotovo nepoznata na Tibetu. Tibetansku knjigu mrtvih prvi je put 1927. objavio Oxford University Press. Dr. Walter Y. Evans-Wentz tako je nazvao djelo zbog sličnosti koje je pronašao u egipatskoj Knjizi mrtvih.

Prema Johnu Myrdhinu Reynoldsu inačica Tibetanske knjige mrtvih Evans-Wentza dovela je do nekoliko nesporazuma o Dzogchenu. Zapravo, Evans-Wentz sakupio je sedam tekstova o vizualizaciji iskustava poslije smrti i tu je zbirku objavio kao "Tibetansku knjigu mrtvih". Evans-Wentz dobro je bio upoznat s teozofijom i koristio se tim predznanjem kako bi interpretirao prijevod Tibetanske knjige mrtvih, koji su mu u većoj mjeri predstavile dvije tibetanske lame koje su govorile engleskim, lama Sumdhon Paul i lama Lobzang Mingnur Dorje. Evans-Wentz nije bio upoznat s tibetanskim budizmom, a njegov pogled na tu religiju "uglavnom nije bio ni tibetanski ni budistički, nego teozofski i vedski". U prijevod je uvrstio terminologiju koju je uglavnom preuzeo iz hinduizma, kao i iz vlastitih teozofskih vjerovanja.

Komentari Carla Gustava Junga iz psihološke perspektive prvi su se put pojavili u engleskom prijevodu R. F. C. Hulla u trećem, prerađenom i proširenom Evans-Wentzovom izdanju Tibetanske knjige mrtvih. Komentari se nalaze i u Sabranim djelima. Jung se poslužio svojim znanjem o istočnjačkim religijama kako bi sastavio tekst posebno za zapadnjačku publiku koja nije upoznata s istočnjačkom religijskom praksom. Ne pokušava izravno povezati sadržaj Bardo Thodola s ritualima ili dogmom u istočnjačkim religijama, ali ističe fenomen karme opisan u kontekstu bardoa i prikazuje kako je to analogno nesvjesnom sadržaju (intimnom i zbirnom) na Zapadu, pogotovo u kontekstu analitičke psihologije. U više navrata komentira da u potpunom preuzimanju istočnjačkih religijskih tradicija, među kojima je joga, leži opasnost za zapadnjake.

Drugi prijevodi i sažetci
 Conze, Edward (1959.) Buddhist Scriptures Harmondsworth: Penguin (sadrži kraći sažetak)
 Francesca Fremantle, Francesca i Chögyam Trungpa (1975.) The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo by Guru Rinpoche according to Karma Lingpa. Boulder: Shambhala ,  (reizdanje iz 2003.)
 Thurman, Robert (1994.) The Tibetan Book of the Dead, as popularly known in the West; known in Tibet as "The Great Book of Natural Liberation Through Understanding in the Between"; composed by Padma Sambhava; discovered by Karma Lingpa; foreword by the Dalai Lama London: Harper Collins
 Coleman, Graham, with Thupten Jinpa (eds.) (2005.) The Tibetan Book of the Dead [Engleski naziv]: The Great Liberation by Hearing in the Intermediate States [Tibetski naziv]; sastavio Padma Sambhava: otkrio Karma Lingpa; preveo Gyurme Dorje. London: Penguin Books  (prvi potpuni prijevod). Također: New York: Viking Penguin, NY, 2006.  (tvrde korice);  (meke korice)
 Thupten Jinpa (2005.) The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Penguin Classics). London: Penguin Books (2005.)

Popularna kultura

Psihodelično iskustvo
Psihodelično iskustvo, knjiga objavljena 1964. godine, vodič je kroz stanje omamljenosti i haluciniranja prouzročenog korištenjem LSD-a koji su napisali Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner i Richard Alpert, a na djelo je djelomično utjecao Evan-Wentzov prijevod Tibetanske knjige mrtvih. Aldous Huxley predstavio je Tibetansku knjigu mrtvih Timothyju Learyju. Prema Learyju, Metzneru i Alpertu Tibetanska knjiga mrtvih je

Učinak te droge opisali su kao "skidanje" obrambenih mehanizama ega i povezali stanja smrti i ponovnog rođenja u Tibetanskoj knjizi mrtvih sa stanjima psihološke "smrti" i "ponovnog rođenja" koje je Leary identificirao u svojem istraživanju. Prema Learyju, Metzneru i Alpertu to je:

Glazbena, filmska i književna djela
 Francuski skladatelj Pierre Henry utemeljio je svoj elektroakustični balet Le Voyage iz 1963. na samome djelu. Snimku djela 1967. je godine objavio Philips.
 Finski skladatelj Erik Bergman 1974. je godine skladao djelo Bardo Thödol za govornika, mezzosopran, bariton, miješani zbor i orkestar; tekst djela utemeljen je na njemačkom prijevodu Tibetanske knjige mrtvih.
 Na "When I Was Done Dying", skladbu američkog glazbenika i skladatelja Dana Deacona, vjerojatno je utjecao Bardo Thodol. Pripovjedačeva priča počinje u trenutku njegove smrti, kad se inkarnira na više načina (vjerojatno kao biljka, kao rak i na kraju kao čovjek).
 Sastav s kraja 1960-ih, The Third Bardo, nazvao se prema Tibetanskoj knjizi mrtvih.
 Francuska skladateljica Éliane Radigue skladala je trosatno djelo elektroničke glazbe, Trilogie de la Mort, u razdoblju između 1985. i 1993. godine. Njezino meditiranje na način tibetanskog budizma i čitanje Bardo Thodola nakon smrti njezina sina i učitelja meditacije ključni su u tom djelu, pogotovo u prvom dijelu, pod imenom "Kyema (Intermediate States)".
 Godine 1985. u Ladakhu i Sjedinjenim Državama snimljen je dvodijelni dokumentarni film; prvi dio zove se "The Tibetan Book of the Dead: A Way of Life", a drugi dio "The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation". Nastao je u suradnji NHK-a (Japan), Mistrala (Francuska) i FBC-a (Kanada). Tekst je u engleskoj inačici filma čitao Leonard Cohen.
 Scenarist i filmski producent Bruce Joel Rubin, koji je jednom živio u lamaističkom samostanu, svoj film Jakobova ljestvica smatra suvremenom interpretacijom Bardo Thodola.
 Godine 2007. televizijski kanal History objavio je dokumentarni film Tibetan Book of the Dead.
 Rock sastav Live 1994. je godine objavio album Throwing Copper, na kojem se nalazi pjesma "T.B.D.", što je pokrata za Tibetan Book of the Dead.
 Godine 1996. Delerium Records objavio je CD Liberation Thru' Hearing, na kojem se nalaze recitirani dijelovi Bardo Thodola uz glazbenu pratnju.
 Ulaz u prazninu, francuski film iz 2009. koji je napisao i režirao Gaspar Noé, djelomično je utemeljen na Tibetanskoj knjizi mrtvih.
 Pjesma The Beatlesa Tomorrow Never Knows sadrži tekst nadahnut Tibetanskom knjigom mrtvih.
 Elektronička grupa Demdike Stare 2010. je godine objavila album Liberation Through Hearing, na kojem se nalazi pjesma pod imenom "Bardo Thodol".
 Roman Ubik Philipa K. Dicka iz 1969. godine nadahnut je Tibetanskom knjigom mrtvih, a i jedan je lik u djelu i citira.
 Flying Lotus 2014. je godine objavio konceptualni album You're Dead!, utemeljen na idejama iz Tibetanske knjige mrtvih.

Vidi i
Tibetanski budizam

Izvori

Bibliografija

 Cuevas, Bryan J. The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Bilješke

Tibetanski budizam

Bardo Thodol


As mortes misteriosas de empresários russos em 2022 são uma série de mortes incomuns de empresários russos bem-conectados em 2022. A maioria das mortes foi oficialmente declarada como suicídio, mas vários comentaristas sugeriram que as circunstâncias dos suicídios parecem suspeitas e podem ter sido encenadas. A série de mortes extraordinárias já mereceu o nome de "Síndrome de Morte Súbita Russa".

Análise
Em 3 de junho de 2022, a rede de notícias holandesa NOS descreveu o fenômeno como "uma série sombria de bilionários russos, muitos das indústrias de petróleo e gás, que foram encontrados mortos em circunstâncias incomuns desde o início deste ano. Tudo começou em 30 de janeiro, quando Leonid Shulman, de 60 anos, chefe de transporte da gigante de energia russa Gazprom, foi encontrado morto no banheiro de sua casa de campo na região de Leningrado. Ao lado de seu corpo havia uma nota de suicídio." Em 6 de julho de 2022, a CNN Portugal descreveu o grupo como "milionários com ligações diretas ou indiretas ao Kremlin encontrados mortos num cenário misterioso desde o início do ano". Referia-se a uma investigação anterior do USA Today, que concluiu que "38 empresários e oligarcas russos próximos ao Kremlin morreram em circunstâncias misteriosas ou suspeitas entre 2014 e 2017".

Amigos e familiares dos empresários russos falecidos geralmente acharam "impensável" que eles se matassem - e em alguns casos também suas esposas e filhos - e exigiram uma investigação independente sobre as mortes misteriosas. Igor Volobuyev, o ex-vice-presidente do Gazprombank nascido na Ucrânia, que deixou a Rússia durante a eclosão da invasão russa da Ucrânia em 2022 e se juntou à Legião da Liberdade da Rússia,
 disse em entrevista ao The Insider que ele achava que o suposto assassinato de sua família por seu ex-colega Vladislav Avayev e o subsequente suicídio haviam sido encenados: "Por quê? Isso é difícil de dizer. Talvez ele soubesse de alguma coisa e representasse algum tipo de perigo." Da mesma forma, o filho de Sergey Protosenya, que não estava na Espanha quando seus pais e irmã foram encontrados mortos em Lloret de Mar, afirmou que seu pai não era o autor ("meu pai não é um assassino"), mas que seus pais e irmã foram assassinados por alguém. Protosenya era o ex-CEO da gigante do gás Novatek, que publicou um comunicado dizendo que ele era "um verdadeiro homem de família" e pediu às autoridades espanholas que conduzissem uma investigação completa e imparcial.

Lista de mortes

Ver também
 Lista de jornalistas mortos na Rússia
 Lista de generais russos mortos durante a invasão da Ucrânia em 2022
 Envenenamento de Alexei Navalny (20 de agosto de 2020)
 Envenenamento de Sergei e Yulia Skripal (4 de março de 2018)

Referências

2022 na Rússia

Mortes misteriosas de empresários russos em 2022


Nabandle Nomzamo Winfreda Madikizela, también conocida como Winnie Madikizela o Winnie Mandela (Bizana, Sudáfrica; 26 de septiembre de 1936-Alfred Nzo, Johannesburgo; 2 de abril de 2018), fue una política y trabajadora social sudafricana, esposa del expresidente Nelson Mandela.

Biografía
Nació en Bizana, Cabo Oriental, el 26 de septiembre de 1936. Conoció a Nelson Mandela (Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela) en 1957, con quien se casó en 1958. Tuvieron dos hijas, las diplomáticas Zenani Mandela-Dlamini y Zindzi Mandela.

La vida de este gran icono político fue bastante complicada, tras la muerte de su padre su familia se distanció, y ella comenzó a trabajar como directora en su antiguo colegio. Tiempo después se trasladó a Johannesburgo,  terminó sus estudios de trabajo social en la Escuela de Trabajo Social Jan Hofmey y la licenciatura de relaciones internacionales en la Universidad de Witwatersrand.

Cuando Winnie terminó sus estudios, Sudáfrica ya estaba inmersa en un sistema político racista, simpatizante de la Alemania Nazi. En 1948, el Partido Nacional alcanzó el poder instaurando una ideología racista y segregacionista, que derivó en el lo que hoy conocemos como apartheid.

Este movimiento es un punto clave para la historia de este personaje, ya que Winnie Mandela se convertiría en una de las líderes del antiapartheid, que iba en contra de esas injusticias raciales.

Cuando Nelson Mandela entró en prisión Winnie se convirtió en su representante y voz fuera de la cárcel, siguió luchando contra las injusticias raciales y el movimiento apartheid, además se convirtió "en una activista política por derecho propio" (Bridger, 2015)

La situación en Sudáfrica era complicada y la lucha contra el apartheid aún más, hasta tal punto que en 1969 este mismo movimiento mandó que la arrestaran, además de eso la torturaron en diversas ocasiones.

Fue desterrada en la aldea de Brandfort de 1977 a 1985. Durante el tiempo que Winnie estaba fuera de la ciudad hubo una nueva ola de ataques al apartheid, este movimiento estaba organizado en los barrios obreros de la población negra.

Expirada la orden de destierro, se instaló en Soweto y radicalizó el partido, llegando a apoyar la resistencia armada contra el régimen blanco. Para ello, formó el MUFC (Mandela United Football Club), grupo que cometió una serie de crímenes, asesinatos y secuestros.

Su reputación cayó en 1988-89, cuando ella y sus guardaespaldas (MUFC) apalearon y secuestraron a cuatro jóvenes negros, uno de los cuales, Stompie Seipi (que estaba relacionado con simpatizantes del partido) fue asesinado por su principal guardia personal.

Tras todos estos conflictos, y con la transición hacia la democracia en proceso tras la caída del régimen en 1990, se llevaron a cabo muchos juicios y su imagen de "Madre de la Nación" quedó muy degradada, porque a pesar de que finalmente salió absuelta de todos los cargos, por la muerte de Stompie si salió condenada a un año de prisión (pena que un primer momento llegó a ser de seis.)

Cuando su marido salió de prisión las cosas se pusieron tensas debido a las acusaciones en su contra, y en 1992 decidieron separarse. Su divorcio se haría oficial en 1996.

Reelegida a la presidencia de la Liga de Mujeres del ANC y nombrada Ministra de Arte, Cultura, Ciencia y Tecnología del primer gobierno multirracial encabezado por su exmarido en 1994, pero acabó siendo acusada de corrupción y por tanto, destituida. Deja la política en 2003 acusada de fraude y robo, aunque regresa en 2007.

Finalmente muere en 2018, dejando un legado muy importante. A su funeral realizado en el estadio de la ciudad, llegaron a asistir cuarenta mil personas. Mucha gente la sigue considerando un símbolo feminista y de lucha contra las injusticias raciales.

Referencias

Políticas de Sudáfrica
Activistas antiapartheid
Primeras damas
Doctores honoris causa por la Universidad de Utrecht
Fallecidos en Johannesburgo
Ganadores del Premio de Derechos Humanos Robert F. Kennedy
Políticos de Sudáfrica del siglo XX
Políticos de Sudáfrica del siglo XXI
Trabajadores sociales
Sudafricanas del siglo XX
Sudafricanas del siglo XXI

Winnie Mandela


El Perro pastor de Mioritic es una raza de perro guardián de ganado originario de los montes Cárpatos, en Rumanía.

Apariencia
El "Mioritic" mide de 65 a 85 cm hasta la cruz y pesa de 50 a 65 kg. Este gran perro está cubierto por una capa gruesa y mullida de pelo que puede ser blanco con o sin gris pálido y manchas de color crema, o completamente crema o gris pálido.

Temperamento
Este perro de montaña tiene entre sus principales características la de la disciplina. Se trata de un perro calmado y de buenas maneras. Utilizado como protector del ganado, está muy apegado a la familia y va allí donde vayan aquellos a quienes se ataca. Debido a este apego para con sus dueños, su entrenamiento debe comenzar una vez que el cachorro se ha acostumbrado a su entrenador/dueño.

Salud
Tiene una esperanza de vida de entre 12 y 14 años.

Historia
La raza está reconocida por la FCI desde el 6 de julio de 2005 en Buenos Aires.

Véase también
 Pastor de los Cárpatos
 :en:Ciobănesc de Bucovina
 :en:Corb Shepherd
 Perro guardián de ganado

Referencias

 Mioritic Shepherd

Enlaces externos
 Mioritic (en rumano)

Grupo 1 de la FCI
Perros de montaña
Molosos
Perros de pastoreo
Razas de perro de Rumanía

Pastor rumano de Mioritza


أمريكان أيرلاينز رحلة 11 كانت أولى الطائرات المختطفة في أحداث الحادي عشر من سبتمبر. ولقد اصطدمت الطائرة بالبرج الشمالي من مركز التجارة العالمي، وهي طائرة من نوع بوينغ 767 -التابعة لأمريكان إيرلاينز- وكانت متجهةً إلى مطار لوس أنجلس الدولي بعد أن انطلقت من مطار لوغان الدولي في بوسطن، وبعد خمس عشرة دقيقةً من الإقلاع استولى المختطفون على مقعد الطيار، حيث كان أحدهم طيارًا مدربًا، وقد أخذ زمام قيادة الطائرة واتجه بها نحو البرج الشمالي.

توفي 92 شخصًا في التصادم (81 من المسافرين، وخمسة مختطفين، و11 من أعضاء الطاقم)، وكان التصادم في الساعة 08:46. وشاهد الاصطدام عدد من الناس في الشارع، وسجله -أيضًا- منتج أفلام فرنسي على فِلم. وكان الاصطدام والنار التي اشتعلت بعدهُ سبباً لانهيار البرج الشمالي، ولقد قُتِل وجُرِح بسبب الانفجار آلاف الأشخاص.

الرحلة

كانت طائرة الرحلة 11 من نوع بوينغ 767، وهذا النوع من الطائرات قادر على حمل 158 راكب، إلا أنّ رحلة الحادي عشر من سبتمبر قد حملت 81 مسافرا و11 عضوًا في طاقم الطائرة. وكان في قيادة الطائرة الطيار جون أوغونووسكي ومساعده هو توماس مكغينس. مضيفو الطائرة -آنذاك- هم باربارا أريستيغوي، وجيفري كولمان، وسارا لاو، وكارن مارتن، وكاثلين نيكوسيا، وبتي أونغ، وجين روجر، وديان سنيدر، ومادلين سويني.

الركوب

طار كل من محمد عطا، عضو تنظيم القاعدة وقائد الهجوم، ومختطف آخر اسمه: عبد العزيز العمري، طارا معًا من بورتلاند، مين إلى بوسطن صباح 11 سبتمبر، 2001. حصل المختطفان كلاهما على تذاكر الدرجة الأولى للطيران إلى لوس أنجلس، كاليفورنيا. ووصل ثلاثة مختطفين آخرين: وليد الشهري، ووائل الشهري، وسطام السقامي إلى مطار لوغان الدولي بسيارة. فُتِّشَ الخمسة جميعًا، وبحلول 07:40 كانوا على متن الطائرة التي كان يفترض أن تطير في 07:45.

جلس محمد عطا في درجة رجال الأعمال مع عبد العزيز العُمري وسطام السقامي. وجلس وليد ووائل الشهري في مقاعد الدرجة الأولى.
انطلقت الطائرة من بوابة 26 وغادرت مطار لوغان الدولي في 07:59 من المدرج 4R بعد تأخير لأربع عشرة دقيقةً.

الاختطاف

يُعتقد أن الاختطاف بدأ في 08:14. كان هذا عند توقف الطيار ومساعده عن التحدث مع مراقبة الملاحة الجوية في بوسطن.
وبعد دقيقتين، توقفت الطائرة عن الطيران في المسار الذي كان يفترض بها أن تطير فيه. توقفت استجابة الطائرة من خلال المذياع، كما أغلق -أيضًا- النظام المستخدم لتجنب اصطدام الطائرة بغيرها من الطائرات. اتصل المضيفان أونغ وسويني بأمريكان إيرلاينز باستخدام هواتف إيه تي أند تي الجوية أثناء الاختطاف، وقإلا أن المختطفين قتلواثنين من المضيفِين الآخرين وأنهم قد قتلوا مسافرًا إسرائيليًا. خلال المكالمة التي بلغت مدتها أربع دقائق، أخبر أونغ شركةَ الطيرانِ عن المقاعد التي جلس فيها المختطفون، وقال أنه لا يمكن لأحد الوصول إلى مقعد ربان الطائرة.

في 08:23:38، أراد محمد عطا التحدث إلى المسافرين من مقعد ربان الطائرة، لكنه ضغط الزر الخطأ وأرسل الرسالة إلى مراقبة الملاحة الجوية. وقال:«لدينا بعض الخطط، ابقوا هادئين وستكونون بخير. نحن عائدون إلى المطار.»، وقال بعد دقيقة:«لا يتحركنّ أحد، كل شيء سيكون بخير. إذا حاولتم التحرك، فستعرضون أنفسكم والطائرةَ للخطر، ابقوا هادئين فحسب.» علم العاملون في مراقبة الملاحة الجوية أن الطائرة قد اختطفت، وأبلغوا وكالة الطيران الفدرالية. لاحقًا، أعلن محمد عطا:«رجاءً، لا تتحركوا، نحن عائدون إلى المطار، لا تقوموا بأي تحركات غبية.» بعد خمس دقائق، طلبت مراقبة الملاحة الجوية في بوسطن طائرتين مقاتلتين من نوع إف-15 للحاق بالطائرة، لكن، كان الوقت في غاية التأخر، حيث أن الطائرة قامت بالاستدارة الأخيرة باتجاه منهاتن واصطدمت بالبرج الشمالي من مركز التجارة العالمية قبل انطلاق الطائرة المقاتلة بأكثر من ست دقائق.

التصادم

في 08:46:40، جعل الخاطفون الطائرةَ تصطدم بالجهة الشمالية من البرج الشمالي (البرج الأول) من مركز التجارة العالمي. الطائرة -التي تطير بسرعة تقارب 750 كم/س (466 ميل/ساعة)، وتحمل حوالي 10,000 غالون من الوقود القابل للاشتعال- ضربت مكانًا ما بين الأدوار ال93 وال99 من البرج الشمالي، وبالمجمل، فقد قتل 92 شخصًا.

لم يستطع الناس الهروب من الأعلى حيث اصطدمت الطائرة، لأن البرج الشمالي قد تضرر بشدة. جميع السلالم والمصاعد من الدور ال93 فما فوق قد سُدت، مورطةً 1,344 شخص. مات المئات مباشرةً بعد التصادم. والباقون إما حبسوا وماتوا بسبب النار أو الدخان أو بسبب انهيار البرج. توفي البعض بعد أن قفزوا من البناء. بعض المصاعد حملت الوقود المحترق إلى الأسفل مما سبب انفجارات في الأسفل.

وقد صور الحادث جولز ناودت، المصور الفرنسي. أيضًا، كاميرا وب وضعت في معرض فني في بروكلين لتصوير مانهاتن السفلى كل أربع ثوان قد صورت الطائرة وهي تصطدم بالبرج الشمالي.

أعلنت المنظمات الإخبارية في البداية وجود "انفجار" في مركز التجارة العالمي. سي إن إن قاطعت إعلانًا في 08:49 بالخبر الذي يقول:"كارثة مركز التجارة العالمي." كان الرئيس جورج دبليو بوش قد وصل إلى مدرسة ابتدائية في ساراسوتا، فلوريدا عندما أُخْبِر بشأن الحادث. قال بوش:"هذا خطأ طيار. يستحيل أن يفعل شخص ما هذا، لا بد أنه قد أصاب ذلك الشخص جلطة قلبية."" التقارير الإخبارية الأولى أكدت أن الاصطدام كان مصادفةً إلى أن اصطدمت الطائرة 175 بالبرج الجنوبي في 09:03.

بعد التصادم

بعد التصادم، احترق البرج الشمالي وانهار. على الرغم من أن التصادم سبب ضررًا شديدًا، إلا أن الوقود النفاث كان الملوم لسقوط البرج. إضافةً إلى أن المئات من العاملين بالإنقاذ قد ماتوا عند انهيار البرج.

بدأ العاملون بالإنقاذ يجدون بقايا من جثث ضحايا الطائرة بعد الهجوم بقليل، ووجدوا بعض الجثث مربوطةً بمقاعد الطائرة، عاملون آخرون اكتشفوا جثة مضيفة قد ربطت يداها. عنى ذلك أن المختطفين ربما استخدموا أصفادًا. وخلال سنة، كانت قد عرفت هويات بقايا الثلاثة والثلاثين ضحية التي كانت في الطائرة. كما استطاعوا -أيضًا- التعرف على ضحيتين من ضحايا الحادث: كارن مارتن وشخص آخر، بعد أن اكتشفت بقايا الأجساد قريبًا من نقطة الانفجار عام 2006. وفي أبريل 2007، استخدم المحققون تقنية الحمض النووي الحديثة، واستطاعوا التعرف -باستخدام التقنية- على ضحية أخرى. كما تم التعرف على جثث مُخْتَطِفَين وأزيلت جثثهم من الحديقة التذكارية في مانهاتن. بقايا المختطفين الآخرين لم يتم التعرف عليها وهي مدفونة في الحديقة التذكارية مع باقي الجثث التي لم يمكن التعرف عليها.

في تسجيل فيديو وجد لاحقًا في أفغانستان، بدا أن أسامة بن لادن قائد منظمة القاعدة، بدا أنه قد خطط الهجوم. حيث قال أنه اعتقد أن أجزاء من البرج قد تنهار. مسجلات الرحلة، أو الأشرطة التي تستخدم لتسجيل معلومات الرحلة المهمة، للطائرة 11 وللطائرة 25 لم يمكن إيجادها البتة.

بعد الهجمات، غير رقم الرحلة للرحلات على الطريق نفسه وفي وقت الإقلاع ذاته إلى الرحلة 25 واستعملت بوينغ 757 بدلًا من بوينغ 767.

المراجع
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انظر أيضًا
 قائمة حوادث الطائرات المدنية
 مطار لوس أنجلس الدولي
 مركز التجارة العالمي

وصلات خارجية
 التقرير النهائي للجنة 11 سبتمبر
 تقرير NTSB لـ 11 سبمتبر
 صور للطائرة قبل 11 سبتمبر

الطيران في 2001
ماساتشوستس في 2001
مدينة نيويورك في 2001
ولاية نيويورك في 2001
الخطوط الجوية الأمريكية
إرهاب منسوب للمسلمين في الولايات المتحدة
جرائم قتل في الولايات المتحدة 2001
حرائق 2001
حوادث الخطوط الجوية الأمريكية
حوادث إرهابية في الولايات المتحدة 2001
حوادث طائرات بسبب الاختطاف
حوادث طائرات بوينغ 767
حوادث طائرات في مدينة نيويورك
حوادث طيران في 2001
حوادث طيران في الولايات المتحدة في 2001
قتل جماعي في 2001
قتل جماعي في الولايات المتحدة
قتل جماعي في مدينة نيويورك
قتل جماعي في ولاية نيويورك
قتل في مدينة نيويورك
قتل وانتحار في مدينة نيويورك
قتل وانتحار في نيويورك
كوارث في مدينة نيويورك
مركز التجارة العالمي
مطار لوجان الدولي
هجمات 11 سبتمبر
حرائق في الولايات المتحدة 2001

الخطوط الجوية الأمريكية الرحلة 11


أمرِيش لال بُوري (هندي: अमरीश पुरी)، (بنجابي: ਅਮਰੀਸ਼ ਪੁਰੀ)، (أوردو: اَمریش پُری)، من مواليد نوشيرا بالبنجاب في 22/6/1932 أخ للممثلان: شامان ومادان بوري الذي اشتهر بادوار الشر، نال دبلوم bm منكوليج شيملا، توجه إلى مومباي بنصيحة من اخيه مادان وفي جيبه اقل من 100 روبية ولم تقنع تجاربه الأولى المنتجين فاشتغل بوزارة العمل وتلقى دروسا في المسرح ساعده صوته القوي لتسجيل وصلات اشهارية بالراديو

في 1981 نال دور ديريودان في فيلم ×هوم بانش×واثار انتباه المخرجين ومثل أيضا في فلم ×رشما اور شيرا× ثم انطلق نحو النجومية العالمية بفيلم غاندي سنة 1982 لرتشارد اتنبورغ تم فيلم ×انديانا جونز× سنة 1983 بدور الكاهن الدموي مولا رام، وتميز بصوته الجهوري القوي وبإخراج عينيه مما يثير الرعب في نفوس المشاهدين وكان احسن مجسد لادوار الشر لكنه لعب ادوارا طيبة اشهرها دور الأب في فلم عودة العاشق المجنون لشاروخ حيث مثل دور اب كاجول. وقد تعرض مرة للصفع من امراة باحد الفنادق لكونها اعتبرته شريرا حقا.

تزوج من اورميلا ديفكار سنة 1957 له ابن اسمه راجيف وهو رجل أعمال وابنة اسمها نامراتا، نال مجموعة من الجوائز عن افلامه: فيراسات، شاتاك، ميري جونغ..., وتوفي بمستشفى هندوجا في 12/1/2005 اثر نزيف بالمخ واخر افلامه مومباي اكسبريس، سيرته الذاتية بعنوان: قانون الحياة، نشرت في 2006 وتعد وثيقة هامة عن السينما خلال عمله بها وقد ترك 400 فيلم

برحيل المع نجوم الشر: برمنات، اجيت،أمجد خان وامريش بوري، تكون بوليوود قد فقدت رجالا لن يجود «الشر» والزمن بمثلهم

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من مقاطعة شهيد بهجت سنجار ناجر
بنجابيون
حائزون على جوائز فيلم فير
حاصلون على جائزة سانجيت ناتاك أكاديمي
ممثلو أفلام هنود
ممثلو مسرح هنود
ممثلون ذكور في سينما الكانادا
ممثلون ذكور في سينما المالايالامية
ممثلون ذكور في سينما تيلوغو
ممثلون ذكور في سينيما ماراثية
ممثلون في السينما الهندية
ممثلون في سينما تاميلية
ممثلون هنود في القرن 20
ممثلون هنود في القرن 21
مواليد 1932
مواليد في جالاندهار
هندوس هنود
وفيات 2005
وفيات السرطان في الهند
وفيات بسبب نزف دماغي
وفيات في مومباي

أمريش بوري


Olaylar
 1190 - Friedrich Barbarossa, Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi sırasında Saleph Nehri'nde (şu anki Göksu Nehri) boğularak öldü.
 1692 - İngiltere'nin Amerikan kolonilerindeki Salem Cadı Mahkemeleri'nde suçlu bulunan Bridget Bishop asıldı.
 1909 - Telsizle ilk "S.O.S." sinyali, Slavonia adlı İngiliz gemisinden verildi.
 1916 - Osmanlı yönetimindeki Mekke, Arap isyanı sırasında Arapların eline geçti.
 1927 - Gazi Koşusu At Yarışı ilk kez yapıldı. Ankara Hipodromu'ndaki yarışı Mustafa Kemal Paşa da izledi.
 1931 - Faşistlerle işbirliğini red eden orkestra şefi Arturo Toscanini, eşiyle birlikte İtalya'yı terk etti.
 1934 - İran Şahı Rıza Şah Pehlevi, Türkiye'yi ziyaret amacıyla Gürbulak'ta Türk sınırına geldi ve törenle karşılandı.
 1935 - Mülkiye Mektebi'nin adının Siyasal Bilgiler Okulu olarak değiştirilmesine karar verildi.
 1940 - II. Dünya Savaşı: İtalya, Fransa ve Birleşik Krallık'a savaş ilan etti.
 1940 - II. Dünya Savaşı: General Erwin Rommel'in komutasındaki Alman Birlikleri Manş Denizi'ne ulaştı.
 1940 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Kanada, İtalya'ya savaş ilan etti.
 1940 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Norveç, Alman kuvvetlerine teslim oldu.
 1942 - Naziler Çekoslovakya'da Lidice kasabasını yerle bir ederek, Reinhard Heydrich'in öldürülmesine misilleme olarak 1300 kişiyi katletti.
 1946 - İtalya Krallığı sona erdi ve İtalyan Cumhuriyeti ilan edildi.
 1946 - Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti kuruldu.
 1947 - Saab, ilk otomobilini üretti.
 1949 - Devlet Tiyatro ve Operası, TBMM'de kabul edilen yasayla Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı olarak kuruldu. İlk Genel Müdür Muhsin Ertuğrul oldu.
 1955 - Yapımı 2,5 yılda tamamlanan 300 odalı, 500 yataklı İstanbul Hilton Oteli açıldı.
 1960 - Turan Emeksiz, Nedim Özpolat, Ersan Özey, Ali İhsan Kalmaz ve Sökmen Gültekin, Ankara'da Anıtkabir yamacında toprağa verildi.
 1960 - Celâl Bayar ve Adnan Menderes, yargılanmak üzere Yassıada'ya götürüldü.
 1967 - Altı Gün Savaşı sona erdi: İsrail ve Suriye ateşkes imzaladı. İsrail; Gazze Şeridi, Golan Tepeleri, Doğu Kudüs, Batı Şeria ve Sina Yarımadası'nı işgal etti.
 1981 - 12 Eylül Darbesi'nin 6. idamı: 28 Aralık 1980'de Üsteğmen Şahin Akkaya'yı başından vurarak öldüren sol görüşlü militan Veysel Güney, idam edildi.
 1987 - Eskişehir F-16 uçak motor fabrikası, Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren tarafından açıldı.
 1990 - Şırnak'ın Çevrimli köyüne saldıran PKK militanları, 26 sivili öldürdü.
 1993 - Dünya Sinemalar Günü, Türkiye'de ilk kez kutlandı.
 2000 - Suriye Devlet Başkanı Hafız Esad öldü. Yerine 17 Temmuz'da oğlu Beşar Esad getirildi.
 2001 - Kuzey İrlanda'nın başkenti Belfast'ta düzenlenen 11. Dünya Büyükler Boks Şampiyonası'nda, 57 kiloda Ramazan Paliani, Dünya Şampiyonu olarak altın madalya kazandı.
 2002 - Ontario'da (Kanada) eşcinsel (eşdeğer) evlilik yasalaştı.
 2005 - Orhan Boran'ın 60. sanat yılı ve profesyonel hayatını sona erdirdiği jübile gecesi, Harbiye Açıkhava Tiyatrosu'nda yapıldı.
 2006 - Hatay'da yabancılara gayrimenkul satışı durduruldu. Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü, ilin yüz ölçümünün binde 5'inden fazlasının yabancılara satılmış olması nedeniyle ikinci emre kadar satışları yasakladı.
 2023 - Ankara'ya bağlı Elmadağ ilçesinde bulunan Makine ve Kimya Endüstrisi'ne ait roket ve patlayıcı madde fabrikasında meydana gelen patlamada 5 işçi öldü.
 2023 - İstanbul, Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadyumu'nda oynanan 2023 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Finali'ni, Inter'i 1-0'lık skor ile mağlup eden Manchester City kazandı.

Doğumlar
 867 - Uda, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 59. imparatorudur (ö. 931)
 940 - Ebu'l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî, İranlı matematikçi ve astronom (ö. 998)
 1713 - Caroline, Büyük Britanya Kralı II. George ile eşi Ansbachlı Caroline'in dördüncü çocuğu ve üçüncü kızıydı (ö. 1757)
 1803 - Henry Darcy, Fransız bilim insanı (ö. 1858)
 1804 - Hermann Schlegel, Alman ornitolog ve herpetolojist (ö. 1884)
 1819 - Gustave Courbet, Fransız ressam (ö. 1877)
 1832 - Edwin Arnold, İngiliz şair ve gazetecidir (ö. 1904)
 1832 - Nikolaus Otto, Alman makine mühendisidir (ö. 1891)
 1839 - Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Danimarkalı siyasetçi (ö. 1912)
 1840 - Theodor Philipsen, Danimarkalı ressamdı (ö. 1920)
 1866 - Arthur Castrén, Fin siyasetçi (ö. 1946)
 1880 - André Derain, Fransız ressam ve heykeltıraş (ö. 1954)
 1889 - Sessue Hayakawa, Japon oyuncu (ö. 1973)
 1895 - Cemal Gürsel, Türk asker ve Türkiye'nin 4. Cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 1966)
 1895 - Hattie McDaniel, Amerikalı Akademi Ödülü kazanan ilk siyahi oyuncu (ö. 1952)
 1897 - Tatyana Nikolayevna Romanova, Çar II. Nikolay'ın ve onun eşi Aleksandra Fyodorovna'nın ikinci kızıdır (ö. 1918)
 1901 - Frederick Loewe, Avusturya asıllı Amerikan besteci (ö. 1988)
 1913 - Elisabeth Gordon Chandler, Amerikalı heykeltıraş ve eğitimci (ö. 2006)
 1914 - Oktay Rifat, Türk şair (ö. 1988)
 1915 - Saul Bellow, Amerikalı yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2005)
 1916 - Peride Celal, Türk yazar (ö. 2013)
 1918 - Patachou, Fransız şarkıcı ve oyuncu (ö. 2015)
 1921 - Philip Mountbatten, Edinburgh Dükü ve Birleşik Krallık Kraliçesi II. Elizabeth'in eşi (ö. 2021)
 1922 - Judy Garland, Amerikalı aktris (ö. 1969)
 1922 - Bill Kerr, Avustralyalı sinema ve dizi oyuncusudur (ö. 2014)
 1925 - Don Costa, Amerikalı orkestra şefi ve plak yapımcısıydı (ö. 1983)
 1925 - Nat Hentoff, Amerikalı romancı, tarihçi ve müzik eleştirmeni (ö. 2017)
 1927 - László Kubala, Macar eski futbolcudur (ö. 2002)
 1928 - Maurice Sendak, Amerikalı çocuk edebiyatı yazarı ve desinatör (ö. 2012)
 1929 - James McDivitt, Amerikalı eski bir test pilotu, havacılık mühendisi ve Gemini ve Apollo programlarında uçan NASA Astronotuydu (ö. 2022)
 1929 - E. O. Wilson, Amerikalı bir biyolog, doğa bilimci ve yazardı (ö. 2021)
 1931 - João Gilberto, Brezilyalı şarkıcı, gitarist ve besteci (ö. 2019)
 1931 - Lee Yong-hui, Güney Koreli asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 2022)
 1932 - Haluk Kurdoğlu, Türk sinema ve tiyatro sanatçısı (ö. 2004)
 1935 - Vic Elford, İngiliz spor otomobil, ralli ve Formula Bir pilotu (ö. 2022)
 1936 - Eugenio Bersellini, İtalyan futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1939 - Alexandra Stewart, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1941 - Mickey Jones, Amerikalı baterist ve aktör (ö. 2018)
 1941 - Jürgen Prochnow, bir Alman oyuncudur
 1949 - Ozan Ârif, Türk öğretmen, halk ozanı ve şair (ö. 2019)
 1950 - Rasim Kara, Türk kaleci ve teknik direktör
 1953 - John Edwards, Kuzey Karolina eski senatörü
 1956 - Annamária Kinde, Macar asıllı Romanyalı gazeteci, yazar ve editör (ö. 2014)
 1956 - Mickey Curry, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1958 - Yū Suzuki, Japon video oyunu tasarımcısı, yapımcısı ve programcısı
 1959 - Carlo Ancelotti, İtalyan futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1960 - Maxi Priest, Jamaika asıllı İngiliz reggae sanatçısı
 1962 - Gina Gershon, Amerikalı sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1962 - Kemal Kuruçay, Türk oyuncu
 1963 - Nadia Hasnaoui, Norveçli sunucu
 1963 - Jeanne Tripplehorn, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1964 - İsmet Berkan, Türk gazeteci
 1965 - Veronica Ferres, Alman oyuncu
 1965 - Elizabeth Hurley, İngiliz aktris ve model
 1965 - Andrea Kiewel, Alman kadın televizyon sunucusu ve eski yüzme sporcusu
 1966 - David Platt, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1967 - Katja Weitzenböck, Avusturyalı-Alman oyuncu
 1968 - Ömer Danış, Türk şarkıcı
 1971 - Janset Paçal, Türk oyuncu ve sunucu
 1973 - Faith Evans, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, yapımcı, oyuncu ve yazar
 1974 - Muhammed İmare, Mısırlı millî futbolcu
 1976 - Friedrich, Alman İmparatorluğu ve Prusya Krallığı'nı yöneten hanedan olan Hohenzollern Hanedanı'nın Prusya kolunun mevcut başkanı olan Alman iş insanı
 1976 - Zekiye Keskin Şatır, Türk okçu
 1978 - DJ Qualls, Amerikalı oyuncu,yapımcı ve model
 1981 - Alejandro Domínguez, Arjantinli millî futbolcu
 1982 - Artur Tlisov, Rus futbolcu
 1982 - Tara Lipinski, Amerikalı buz patenci
 1982 - Madeleine, Kral XVI. Carl Gustaf ve Kraliçe Silvia'nın ikinci kızı ve en küçük çocuğu
 1983 - Leelee Sobieski, Amerikalı sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1985 - Andy Schleck, Lüksemburglu yol bisikleti yarışçısı
 1985 - Vasilis Torosidis, Yunan futbolcu
 1986 - Marco Andreolli, İtalyan futbolcu
 1987 - Martin Harnik, Almanya doğumlu Avusturyalı futbolcu
 1988 - Jagoš Vuković, Sırp millî futbolcu
 1989 - Alexandra Stan, Rumen şarkıcı
 1992 - Kate Upton, Amerikalı model
 1994 - Cantuğ Temel, Türk futbolcu

Ölümler
 MÖ 323 - Büyük İskender, Makedonya Kralı (d. MÖ 356)
 223 - Liu Bei, Çin'in Üç İmparatorluk döneminde Shu Han'ın kurucusu ve ilk imparatorudur (d. 161)
 754 - Seffah, 750-754 döneminde ilk Abbâsî hâlifesi olarak hüküm sürmüştür (d. 721)
 779 - Daizong, Çin'de Tang Hanedanı'nın dokuzuncu imparatorudur (d. 711)
 1190 - Friedrich Barbarossa, Alman Kralı ve Kutsal Roma Cermen İmparatoru (d. 1122)
 1437 - Joanna, Dük IV. John ile evlenerek Brittany Düşesi ve daha sonra Kral IV. Henry ile evlenerek İngiltere Kraliçesi olmuştur (d. 1368)
 1580 - Luís de Camões, Portekizli şair (d. 1524)
 1604 - Isabella Andreini, İtalyan commedia dell'arte aktrisi ve yazar (d. 1562)
 1654 - Alessandro Algardi, İtalyan heykeltıraş (d. 1598)
 1836 - André-Marie Ampère, Fransız fizikçi (d. 1775)
 1849 - Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Fransa Mareşali ve Cezayir Genel Valisi idi (d. 1784)
 1858 - Robert Brown, İskoç botanist (d. 1773)
 1882 - Vasili Perov, Rus ressam (d. 1834)
 1902 - Jacint Verdaguer, Katalan rahibi, Katalanca edebiyatının en büyük şairlerinden biri (d. 1845)
 1918 - Arrigo Boito, İtalyan şair, roman yazarı, gazeteci, opera bestecisi ve libretto yazarı (d. 1842)
 1923 - Pierre Loti, Fransız romancı (d. 1850)
 1924 - Giacomo Matteotti, İtalyan sosyalist lider (Roma'da faşistlerce kaçırılarak öldürüldü) (d. 1885)
 1925 - Leonid Bolhovitinov, Rus asker ve doğubilimci (d. 1871)
 1926 - Antoni Gaudí, Katalan mimar (İspanya'da Art Nouveau akımının öncüsü) (d. 1852)
 1930 - Adolf von Harnack, Alman protestan teolog ve kilise tarihçisi (d. 1851)
 1934 - Frederick Delius, İngiliz post-romantik besteci (d. 1862)
 1940 - Marcus Garvey, ABD'de ilk önemli Siyah hareketini (1919-1926) örgütleyen Jamaikalı Siyah önder (d. 1887)
 1946 - Jack Johnson, ABD'li bir boksördür (d. 1878)
 1949 - Sigrid Undset, Norveçli romancı (1928'de Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi) (d. 1882)
 1949 - Carl Vaugoin, Avusturyalı siyasetçi (d. 1873)
 1965 - Vahap Özaltay, Türk futbolcu (d. 1907)
 1966 - Hamdullah Suphi Tanrıöver, Türk edebiyatçı, yazar, öğretmen ve milletvekili (d. 1885)
 1967 - Spencer Tracy, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (d. 1900)
 1973 - Erich von Manstein, Alman general (d. 1887)
 1973 - William Inge, Amerikalı oyun yazarı (d. 1913)
 1981 - Veysel Güney, Türk devrimci ve Devrimci Yol'un İskenderun sorumlusu (idam) (d. 1957)
 1982 - Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Alman film yönetmeni (d. 1945)
 1984 - Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Türk şair ve yazar (d. 1901)
 1988 - Louis L'Amour, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1908)
 1992 - Glyn Smallwood Jones, Britanyalı siyasetçi (d. 1908)
 1996 - Jo Van Fleet, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1914)
 2000 - Hafız Esad, Suriye Devlet Başkanı (d. 1930)
 2002 - John Gotti, Amerikalı gangster (d. 1940)
 2004 - Ray Charles, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1930)
 2007 - Ufuk Güldemir, Türk gazeteci (d. 1956)
 2008 - Cengiz Aytmatov, Kırgız edebiyatçı, çevirmen ve gazeteci (d. 1928)
 2009 - Faruk Bayülkem, Türk psikiyatr ve nörolog hekim (d. 1912)
 2010 - Sigmar Polke, Alman ressam ve fotoğrafçı (d. 1941)
 2016 - Christina Grimmie, Amerikalı müzisyen, söz yazarı (d. 1994)
 2016 - Gordie Howe, Kanadalı emekli profesyonel buz hokeyi oyuncusu (d. 1928)
 2017 - Julia Perez, Endonezyalı model, oyuncu, sunucu ve şarkıcı (d. 1980)
 2019 - Crazy Mohan, Hint aktör, komedyen, senarist ve oyun yazarı (d. 1952)
 2020 - Jayaraman Anbazhagan, Hint politikacı (d. 1958)
 2020 - Duilio Arigoni, İsviçreli kimyager ve akademisyen (d. 1928)
 2020 - Araceli Herrero Figueroa, İspanyol yazar (d. 1948)
 2020 - Mr. Wrestling II, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1934)
 2020 - Talat Özkarslı, Türk millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1938)
 2021 - Ray MacDonnell, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1928)
 2021 - Neno, Portekizli millî futbolcu (d. 1962)
 2021 - Duncan Pegg, Avustralyalı siyasetçi ve hukukçu (d. 1980)
 2021 - Haico Scharn, Hollandalı orta mesafe koşucusu ve antrenör (d. 1945)
 2021 - Dingko Singh, Hint boksör (d. 1979)
 2021 - Larisa Şoygu, Sovyet-Rus siyasetçi (d. 1953)
 2022 - Vladimir Kuzyutkin, Sovyet-Rus eski voleybol oyuncusu ve antrenörü (d. 1947)
 2022 - Antonio La Forgia, İtalyan siyasetçi (d. 1944)
 2023 - Theodore Kaczynski, Amerikalı matematikçi, anarşist teorisyen ve eylemci  (d. 1942)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Fırtına : Ülker Doğumu Fırtınası

Kaynakça

0610
10

10 Haziran


Husák este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Sobrance din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 168 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Husák este atestată documentar din 1548.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Husák


Gisela Agnes de Anhalt-Köthen (21 septembrie 1722 – 20 aprilie 1751) a fost prințesă de Anhalt-Köthen prin naștere și Ducesă de Anhalt-Dessau prin căsătorie.

Biografie
Gisela Agnes a fost singurul copil care a atins vârsta adultă a Prințului Leopold de Anhalt-Köthen (1694–1728) din prima sa căsătorie cu Frederica Henriette (1702–1723), fiica Prințului Karl Frederick de Anhalt-Bernburg.

Când tatăl ei a murit fără moștenitori pe linie masculină, el a fost succedat ca Prinț de Anhalt-Köthen de unchiul ei, August Ludwig de Anhalt-Köthen. Totuși Gisela a pretins titlul. Prințul Johann Augustus, Prinț de Anhalt-Zerbst a mediat conflictul și s-a ajuns la un compromis. Gisela a fost compensată cu suma de 100000 de taleri plus un venit anual până la căsătorie. De asemenea, ea a primit colecția tatălui ei de arme și monede și alți 32000 de taleri pentru domeniile Prosigk, Klepzig și Köthen.

S-a căsătorit la  25 mai 1737 la Bernburg cu vărul ei Prințul Leopold de Anhalt-Dessau (1700–1751). Mariajul a fost descris ca fiind fericit, cuplul având șapte copii. Decesul soției sale l-a lovit pe Leopold al II-lea atât de tare încât opt luni mai târziu a murit și el.

Copii
Gisel și Leopold au avut șapte copii:
Leopold III Frederick Franz (n. 10 august 1740, Dessau – d. 9 august 1817, Luisium bei Dessau), următorul Prinț de Anhalt-Dessau.
Louise Agnes Margarete (n. 15 august 1742, Dessau – d. 11 iulie 1743, Dessau).
Henrietta Katharina Agnes (n. 5 iunie 1744, Dessau – d. 15 decembrie 1799, Dessau), căsătorită la 26 octombrie 1779 cu Johann Justus, Freiherr von Loën.
Marie Leopoldine (n. 18 noiembrie 1746, Dessau – d. 15 aprilie 1769, Detmold), căsătorită la 4 august 1765 cu Simon August, Conte de Lippe-Detmold.
Johann Georg (n. 28 ianuarie 1748, Dessau – d. 1 aprilie 1811, Vienna).
Casimire (n. 19 ianuarie 1749, Dessau – d. 8 noiembrie 1778, Detmold), căsătorită la 9 noiembrie 1769 cu Simon August, Conte de Lippe-Detmold, văduvul surorii sale.
Albert Frederick (n. 22 aprilie 1750, Dessau – d. 31 octombrie 1811, Dessau), căsătorit la 25 octombrie 1774 cu Henriette de Lippe-Weissenfeld.

Nașteri în 1722
Decese în 1751
Casa de Ascania
Ducese ale Germaniei
Prințese germane

Gisela Agnes de Anhalt-Köthen


Bolinger bezeichnet:

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Bolinger (Alabama)
 Bolinger (Louisiana)

in der griechischen Mythologie:
 einen indischen Volksstamm

Bolinger ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Dwight Le Merton Bolinger (1907–1992), US-amerikanischer Hispanist, Sprachforscher, Hochschullehrer an der Harvard University

Siehe auch:
 Bollinger

Bolinger


Uranyum, radyoaktif bir kimyasal elementtir. Simgesi "U"dur. 1789 yılında Martin Heinrich Klaaproth tarafından keşfedilmiş ve 1841 yılında Eugene-Melchior Peligot tarafından izole edilmiştir. Uranyum ilk zamanda radyoaktivite ile ilgili fazla bilgi sahibi olunmadığından diğer elementler gibi zannedilse de, 1896 yılında bilim tarihinin önemli isimlerinden olan Dimitri Mendeleyev'in çalışmalarıyla radyoaktif bir element olduğu ispatlanmıştır.

Uranyum, cama katıldığı zaman ilginç sarı-yeşil  bir renk verir. yüksek radyoaktif elementtir. Yüksek yoğunluğa sahiptir. Çelikten daha yumuşaktır. Kurşundan %65 daha yoğundur. 3 tane allotropu vardır. Kolayca yükseltgenir ve ısıtıldığında yanar. Klor, kükürt ve azotla az ya da çok kolay bileşir; karbonla uranyum karbürü (UC2), uranyum karbür de suyla bozularak hidrojen ve hidrokarbonları verir. Uranyum metali, hidroklorik asit ve sülfürik asit içinde kolayca çözünerek dört değerli uranyum tuzlarını oluşturur; nitrik asit içinde dinginleşir.

 Alfa (ortorombik) 667.7 °C nin üzerinde kararlıdır.
 Beta (tetragonal) 667.7 - 774.8 °C arasında kararlıdır.
 Gama (kübik) 774.8 °C dan erime noktası arasında kararlı (bu sıcaklıkta dövülebilir ve yumuşak formda)

Uranyum mineralleri, uraninit, autinit, tobernit, koffinittir. Minerallerde bulunan uranyum kimyasal reaksiyonlar sonucunda uranyum okside veya diğer formlarına dönüştürülür. Metal olarak uranyum, KUF5 ve UF4 bileşiklerinin elektrolizi ile elde edilir.

Çok saf uranyum ise halojenlerinin termal yanması ile elde edilir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Uranyum Zenginleştirme

Kaynakça

Aktinitler
Elementler
Nükleer yakıtlar
Nükleer malzemeler
Manhattan Projesi

Uranyum


Shirvanskaya Vodokachka  es un posiólok del raión de Apsheronsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en las vertientes septentrionales del Cáucaso Occidental, en la orilla izquierda del río Psheja (a la altura de la desembocadura en él del Neftianka), afluente del Bélaya, que lo es del Kubán, 11 km al sur de Apsheronsk y 98 km al sureste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 52 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Novopoliánskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Ширванская Водокачка.
Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Apsheronsk del krai de Krasnodar

Shirvanskaya Vodokachka


Die Iran International 2009 im Badminton fanden in Teheran vom 5. bis zum 8. Februar 2009 statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 5.000 US-Dollar.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 tournamentsoftware.com

2009
Badminton 2009
Badmintonwettbewerb in Teheran

Iran International 2009


Karl (Carl) Christian Gmelin (fæddur 18. mars 1762 í Badenweiler – látinn 26. júní 1837,), var þýskur grasafræðingur. Hann var bróðir Wilhelm Friedrich Gmelin.

Hann lærði læknisfræði og náttúruvísindi við háskólana í Strasbourg og Erlangen og lauk prófi frá þeim seinni 1784. Eftir útskrift var hann náttúruvísindakennari í skólanum í Karlsruhe í 50 ár. Meðal hans þekktari nemenda var grasafræðingurinn Alexander Braun. Í Karlsruhe var hann einnig umsjónarmaður grasagarðsins og yfir náttúrugripasafninu frá frá 1786.

Hann var einnig höfundur þriggja binda verksins "Flora Badensis Alsatica" (1805–08).

Sumar tegundir með tegundarheitinu gmelinii eru nefndar til heiðurs honum (eða til heiðurs Johann Friedrich Gmelin (1784–1804)).

Nafn hans er stytt í "C. C. Gmelin" í nafngiftum.

Verk
 1784 – Consideratio generalis filicum / quam … solemni eruditorum examini submittit Carolus Christianus Gmelin; Erlangae : Kunstmann, 1784.
 ab 1805 -Flora Badensis Alsatica et confinium regionum Cis et Transrhenana : plantas a lacu Bodamico usque ad confluentem Mosellae et Rheni sponte nascentes exhibens secundum systema sexuale cum iconibus ad naturam delineatis / auctore Carolo Christiano Gmelin. – Carlsruhae – Band: 1 (1805). - XXXII, 768 S.; Band: 2 (1806). - 717 S., V Bl. : Ill.; (lat.); Band: 3 (1808). - 795 S., IV Bl. : Ill.; (lat.); Band: 4 Supplementa cum Indicibus. - 1826. - [2] Bl., 807 S., X Bl. : Ill.; (lat.) (Band 1 , Band 2 , Band 3, Band 4 ).
 1806 – Gemeinnützige systematische Naturgeschichte für gebildete Leser; Nach d. Linneischen Natursystem entworfen von Carl Christian Gmelin; Mannheim: Neues Industrie-Contor, 1806.
 1809 – Ueber den Einfluß der Naturwissenschaft auf das gesammte  Staatswohl : vorzüglich auf Land und Zeit berechnet; nebst Vorschlägen zur Anpflanzung entsprechender Surrogate für die kostbaren Colonialwaaren als … / von C. C. Gmelin. - Carlsruhe : Müller, 1809. - XX, 434 S.; (dt.)
 1811 – Hortus magni ducis Badensis Carlsruhanus : nomina si nescis, periit cognitio rerum / [Gmelin]. - Carlsruhae : Typis Macklotianis, 1811. - X, 288 S.; (lat.)
 1817 – Nothhülfe gegen Mangel aus Mißwachs oder Beschreibung wildwachsender Pflanzen welche bei Mangel der angebauten als ergiebige und gesunde Nahrung für Menschen und Thiere gebraucht werden können : Nebst Vorschlägen den Folgen des Mißwachses vorzubeugen und die Landes-Kultur zu verbessern / Von Carl Christian Gmelin. - Carlsruhe : C. F. Müller, 1817. - XIV, 322 S.; (dt.)
 1818 – Gemeinnützige systematische Naturgeschichte der Fische für gebildete Leser : nach dem Linneischen Natursystem / entworfen von Carl Christian Gmelin. - Mannheim : Nehdeck, 1818. - X, 383 S., 113 Taf. : zahlr. Ill.; (dt.)
 1825 – Beschreibung der Milchblätter-Schwämme im Grossherzogtum Baden und dessen nächsten Umgebungen, als Beitrag zur Toxicologie / Vom Verfasser der Flora Badensis Alsat. et confin. Regionum; Karlsruhe, 1825; mit 1 color Tafel.
 1839 (eftir andlát) – Gemeinnützige systematische Naturgeschichte der Amphibien / entworfen vonn Carl Christian Gmelin. - 2. Ausg. - Mannheim : Löffler, 1839. - VIII, [2] Bl., 224 S., [10] Bl. : Ill.; (dt.)
 1824 (ekki útgefið og handrit tapað) – Beschreibung der Mineralien im Großherzogthum Baden und deren nächsten Umgebung.

Tilvísanir

Tenglar
 C.C.Gmel. IPNI

Þýskir grasafræðingar

Karl Christian Gmelin


René Primevère Lesson este un chirurg, naturalist, zoolog și ornitolog, francez, născut la 21 martie 1794 (1 germinal anul II) la Rochefort și decedat la 28 aprilie 1849 în același oraș.

Biografie
După ce a studiat la Rochefort, el a intrat la cincisprezece ani și jumătate la Școala de medicină navală. În timpul războaielor napoleoniene, el a servit în marina franceză. În 1811, a fost chirurg de clasa a treia la bordul fregatei, La Saal , și în 1813, chirurgul de clasa a doua pe Redulus și apoi pe Le Cassard, după dispariția navei precedente. El a lucrat ca voluntar la Grădina botanică din Rochefort.

Lesson este primul om de stiință care a observat păsările de paradis în arhipelagul Molucelor și în Noua Guinee. El descrie astfel această descoperire :

Specii descrise
 Géocoucou de Lesson

Bibliografie parțială
 Manual de ornitologie, sau Descriere a genurilor și principalelor specii de păsări, două volume, 1828.
 Tratat de ornitologie, sau Tabel metodic al ordinelor, sub-ordinelor, familiilor, triburilor, genurilor, sub-genurilor și raselor de păsări, 1831.
 Călătorie în jurul lumii, întreprinsă prin ordin al guvernului pe Corveta La Coquille, Pourrat Frères (Paris), 1838-1839.
 Instinctul și singularitățile vieții Animalelor Mamifere, Paulin (Paris), 1842.
 Descriere de mamifere și păsări descoperite recent; precedată de un Tabel asupra raselor umane, 1847.
 Istoria naturală a zoofytelor. Acalèphes, Roret (Paris), 1843.
 Fasturi istorice. Arheologie, bibliografie, etc., ale departamentului Charente-Inférieure, col. Gustav. Bord., Rochefort, 1842.

Note

Link-uri externe
 Înregistrările de autoritatelegătură=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318217?uselang=fr#identifiers|linia_de_bază|10x10px : virtual international authority File • Standardul Internațional de Nume pentru a Identifica • Biblioteca națională a Franței (date) • Sistem universitar de documentare • Biblioteca Congresului • Gemeinsame Normdatei • spaniolă Biblioteca națională • WorldCat Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité

Surse
 Raymond Duguy (1995). René Primevère Lesson. O călătorie în jurul lumii. în Aventuri științifice. Oamenii de știință în Poitou-Charentes din secolul XVI până în secolul al XX-lea (Dhombres, J., dir., Les éditions de l'Actualité Poitou-Charentes (Poitiers) : 136-147.  (ISBN 2-911320-00-X)
 René Primevère Lesson, Istoria naturală a păsărilor-muște (colibri), lucrare ornată cu plăci desenate și gravate de artiștii cei mai buni , Paris, Arthus Bertrand, 1829 (a citi online)
Botaniști francezi
Exploratori francezi
Medici din secolul al XIX-lea
Medici francezi
Ornitologi francezi
Zoologi francezi

René Primevère Lesson


Acanthorrhinum, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice trpučevki (Plantaginaceae). Jedina vrsta A. ramosissimum raste u suhim područjima Libije, Maroka, Alžira, Tunisa, Zapadne Sahare i Mauretanije.

U ovaj rod uključivana je i vrsta iz Španjolske, Acanthorrhinum rivas-martinezii, koja je izdvojena i uključena u zaseban rod Pseudomisopates.

Sinonimi
 Antirrhinum flexuosum Pomel
 Antirrhinum intricatum Ball
 Antirrhinum ramosissimum Cosson & Durieu
 Antirrhinum ramosissimum var. flavum Maire
 Antirrhinum ramosissimum var. flexuosum (Pomel) Coss. & Durieu
 Antirrhinum ramosissimum subsp. intricatum Ball
 Antirrhinum ramosissimum var. spinosissimum Bart.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Antirrhinoideae

Acanthorrhinum


Books on cryptography have been published sporadically and with highly variable quality for a long time. This is despite the tempting, though superficial, paradox that secrecy is of the essence in sending confidential messages — see Kerckhoffs' principle.

In contrast, the revolutions in cryptography and secure communications since the 1970s are well covered in the available literature.

Early history
An early example of a book about cryptography was a Roman work, now lost and known only by references. Many early cryptographic works were esoteric, mystical, and/or reputation-promoting; cryptography being mysterious, there was much opportunity for such things. At least one work by Trithemius was banned by the Catholic Church and put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum as being about black magic or witchcraft. Many writers claimed to have invented unbreakable ciphers. None were, though it sometimes took a long while to establish this.

In the 19th century, the general standard improved somewhat (e.g., works by Auguste Kerckhoffs, Friedrich Kasiski, and Étienne Bazeries). Colonel Parker Hitt and William Friedman in the early 20th century also wrote books on cryptography. These authors, and others, mostly abandoned any mystical or magical tone.

Open literature versus classified literature
With the invention of radio, much of military communications went wireless, allowing the possibility of enemy interception much more readily than tapping into a landline.  This increased the need to protect communications. By the end of World War I, cryptography and its literature began to be officially limited. One exception was the 1931 book The American Black Chamber by Herbert Yardley, which gave some insight into American cryptologic success stories, including the Zimmermann telegram and the breaking of Japanese codes during the Washington Naval Conference.

List

Overview of cryptography
 Bertram, Linda A. / Dooble, Gunther van / et al. (Eds.): Nomenclatura: Encyclopedia of modern Cryptography and Internet Security - From AutoCrypt and Exponential Encryption to Zero-Knowledge-Proof Keys, 2019, .
 Piper, Fred and Sean Murphy, Cryptography : A Very Short Introduction  This book outlines the major goals, uses, methods, and developments in cryptography.

Significant books
Significant books on cryptography include:

 Aumasson, Jean-Philippe (2017), Serious Cryptography: A Practical Introduction to Modern Encryption. No Starch Press, 2017, . Presents modern cryptography in a readable way, suitable for practitioners, software engineers, and others who want to learn practice-oriented cryptography. Each chapter includes a discussion of common implementation mistakes using real-world examples and details what could go wrong and how to avoid these pitfalls.
 Aumasson, Jean-Philippe (2021), Crypto Dictionary: 500 Tasty Tidbits for the Curious Cryptographer. No Starch Press, 2021, . Ultimate desktop dictionary with hundreds of definitions organized alphabetically for all things cryptographic. The book also includes discussions of the threat that quantum computing is posing to current cryptosystems and a nod to post-quantum algorithms, such as lattice-based cryptographic schemes.
 Bertram, Linda A. / Dooble, Gunther van: Transformation of Cryptography - Fundamental concepts of Encryption, Milestones, Mega-Trends and sustainable Change in regard to Secret Communications and its Nomenclatura, 2019, .
 Candela, Rosario (1938). The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries. New York: Cardanus Press, This book detailed the cracking of a famous code from 1898 created by Commandant Bazeries, a brilliant French Army Cryptanalyst.
 Falconer, John (1685). Cryptomenysis Patefacta, or Art of Secret Information Disclosed Without a Key. One of the earliest English texts on cryptography.
 Ferguson, Niels, and Schneier, Bruce (2003). Practical Cryptography, Wiley, .  A cryptosystem design consideration primer. Covers both algorithms and protocols. This is an in-depth consideration of one cryptographic problem, including paths not taken and some reasons why. At the time of its publication, most of the material was not otherwise available in a single source. Some was not otherwise available at all. According to the authors, it is (in some sense) a follow-up to Applied Cryptography.
 Gaines, Helen Fouché (1939). Cryptanalysis, Dover, . Considered one of the classic books on the subject, and includes many sample ciphertext for practice. It reflects public amateur practice as of the inter-War period. The book was compiled as one of the first projects of the American Cryptogram Association.
 Goldreich, Oded (2001 and 2004). Foundations of Cryptography. Cambridge University Press. Presents the theoretical foundations of cryptography in a detailed and comprehensive manner. A must-read for anyone interested in the theory of cryptography.
 Katz, Jonathan and Lindell, Yehuda (2007 and 2014). Introduction to Modern Cryptography, CRC Press. Presents modern cryptography at a level appropriate for undergraduates, graduate students, or practitioners. Assumes mathematical maturity but presents all the necessary mathematical and computer science background.
 Konheim, Alan G. (1981). Cryptography: A Primer, John Wiley & Sons, . Written by one of the IBM team who developed DES.
 Mao, Wenbo (2004). Modern Cryptography Theory and Practice . An up-to-date book on cryptography. Touches on provable security, and written with students and practitioners in mind.
 Mel, H.X., and Baker, Doris (2001). Cryptography Decrypted, Addison Wesley . This technical overview of basic cryptographic components (including extensive diagrams and graphics) explains the evolution of cryptography from the simplest concepts to some modern concepts. It details the basics of symmetric key, and asymmetric key ciphers, MACs, SSL, secure mail and IPsec. No math background is required, though there's some coverage of the mathematics underlying public key/private key crypto in the appendix.
 A. J. Menezes, P. C. van Oorschot, and S. A. Vanstone (1996) Handbook of Applied Cryptography . Equivalent to Applied Cryptography in many ways, but somewhat more mathematical. For the technically inclined. Covers few meta-cryptographic topics, such as crypto system design. This is currently (2004) regarded as the standard reference work in technical cryptography.
 Paar, Christof and Jan Pelzl (2009). Understanding Cryptography: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners, Springer, . Very accessible introduction to applied cryptography which covers most schemes of practical relevance. The focus is on being a textbook, i.e., it has pedagogical approach, many problems and further reading sections. The main target audience are readers without a background in pure mathematics.
 Patterson, Wayne (1987). Mathematical Cryptology for Computer Scientists and Mathematicians, Rowman & Littlefield,
 Rosulek, Mike  (2018). The Joy of Cryptography Presents modern cryptography at a level appropriate for undergraduates.
 Schneier, Bruce (1996). Applied Cryptography, 2 ed, Wiley, ().  Survey of mostly obsolete cryptography with some commentary on 1990s legal environment.  Aimed at engineers without mathematical background, including source code for obsolete ciphers.  Lacks guidance for choosing cryptographic components and combining them into protocols and engineered systems.  Contemporaneously influential on a generation of engineers, hackers, and cryptographers.  Supplanted by Cryptography Engineering.
 Smart, Nigel (2004). Cryptography: An introduction . Similar in intent to Applied Cryptography but less comprehensive. Covers more modern material and is aimed at undergraduates covering topics such as number theory and group theory not generally covered in cryptography books.
 Stinson, Douglas (2005). Cryptography: Theory and Practice .  Covers topics in a textbook style but with more mathematical detail than is usual.
 Young, Adam L. and  Moti Yung (2004). Malicious Cryptography: Exposing Cryptovirology, , , John Wiley & Sons. Covers topics regarding use of cryptography as an attack tool in systems as was introduced in the 1990s: Kleptography which deals with hidden subversion of cryptosystems, and, more generally, Cryptovirology which predicted Ransomware in which cryptography is used as a tool to disable computing systems, in a way that is reversible only by the attacker, generally requiring ransom payment(s).
 Washington, Lawrence C. (2003). Elliptic Curves: Number Theory and Cryptography .  A book focusing on elliptic curves, beginning at an undergraduate level (at least for those who have had a course on abstract algebra), and progressing into much more advanced topics, even at the end touching on Andrew Wiles' proof of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture which led to the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.
 Welsh, Dominic (1988). Codes and Cryptography, Oxford University Press, A brief textbook intended for undergraduates. Some coverage of fundamental information theory. Requires some mathematical maturity; is well written, and otherwise accessible.

The Codebreakers
From the end of World War II until the early 1980s most aspects of modern cryptography were regarded as the special concern of governments and the military and were protected by custom and, in some cases, by statute. The most significant work to be published on cryptography in this period is undoubtedly David Kahn's The Codebreakers, which was published at a time (mid-1960s) when virtually no information on the modern practice of cryptography was available. Kahn has said that over ninety percent of its content was previously unpublished.

The book caused serious concern at the NSA despite its lack of coverage of specific modern cryptographic practice, so much so that after failing to prevent the book being published, NSA staff were informed to not even acknowledge the existence of the book if asked. In the US military, mere possession of a copy by cryptographic personnel was grounds for some considerable suspicion. Perhaps the single greatest importance of the book was the impact it had on the next generation of cryptographers. Whitfield Diffie has made comments in interviews about the effect it had on him.

Cryptographic environment/context or security
 Schneier, Bruce – Secrets and Lies, Wiley, , a discussion of the context within which cryptography and cryptosystems work. Practical Cryptography also includes some contextual material in the discussion of crypto system design.
  Schneier, Bruce – Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World, Wiley,
 Anderson, Ross – Security Engineering, Wiley,  (online version), advanced coverage of computer security issues, including cryptography. Covers much more than merely cryptography. Brief on most topics due to the breadth of coverage. Well written, especially compared to the usual standard.
 Edney, Jon and Arbaugh, William A – Real 802.11 Security: Wi-Fi Protected Access and 802.11i, Addison-Wesley, , covers the use of cryptography in Wi-Fi networks.  Includes details on Wi-Fi Protected Access (which is based on the IEEE 802.11i specification).  The book is slightly out of date as it was written before IEEE 802.11i was finalized but much of the content is still useful for those who want to find out how encryption and authentication is done in a Wi-Fi network.

Declassified works
Boak, David G. A History of U.S. Communications Security (Volumes I and II); the David G. Boak Lectures, National Security Agency (NSA), 1973, A frank, detailed, and often humorous series of lectures delivered to new NSA hires by a long time insider, largely declassified as of 2015.
Callimahos, Lambros D. and Friedman, William F. Military Cryptanalytics. A (partly) declassified text intended as a training manual for NSA cryptanalysts.
 Friedman, William F., Six Lectures on Cryptology, National Cryptology School, U.S. National Security Agency, 1965, declassified 1977, 1984
 (How the Japanese Purple cipher was broken, declassified 2001)

History of cryptography
 Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency (1982)(), and the more recent Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency (2001). The first is one of a very few books about the US Government's NSA. The second is also about NSA but concentrates more on its history. There is some very interesting material in Body of Secrets about US attempts (the TICOM mission) to investigate German cryptographic efforts immediately as WW II wound down.
 Gustave Bertrand, Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945 (Enigma:  the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945), Paris, 1973. The first public disclosure in the West of the breaking of Enigma, by the chief of French military cryptography prior to WW II. The first public disclosure anywhere was made in the first edition of Bitwa o tajemnice by the late Władysław Kozaczuk.
 James Gannon, Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies:  How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century, Washington, D.C., Brassey's, 2001:  an overview of major 20th-century episodes in cryptology and espionage, particularly strong regarding the misappropriation of credit for conspicuous achievements.
 Kahn, David – The Codebreakers (1967) () A single-volume source for cryptographic history, at least for events up to the mid-'60s (i.e., to just before DES and the public release of asymmetric key cryptography). The added chapter on more recent developments (in the most recent edition) is quite thin. Kahn has written other books and articles on cryptography, and on cryptographic history. They are very highly regarded.
 Kozaczuk, Władysław, Enigma:  How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, 1984: a history of cryptological efforts against Enigma, concentrating on the contributions of Polish mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski; of particular interest to specialists will be several technical appendices by Rejewski.
 Levy, Steven – Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government—Saving Privacy in the Digital Age (2001) ():  a journalistic overview of the development of public cryptographic techniques and the US regulatory context for cryptography. This is an account of a major policy conflict.
 Singh, Simon, The Code Book ():  an anecdotal introduction to the history of cryptography. Covers more recent material than does even the revised edition of Kahn's The Codebreakers. Clearly written and quite readable. The included cryptanalytic contest has been won and the prize awarded, but the cyphertexts are still worth attempting.
 Bauer, F L, Decrypted Secrets, This book is unusual. It is both a history of cryptography, and a discussion of mathematical topics related to cryptography. In his review, David Kahn said he thought it the best book he'd read on the subject. It is essentially two books, in more or less alternating chapters. Originally in German, and the translation shows it in places. Some surprising content, e.g., in the discussion of President Edgar Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson.
 Budiansky, Stephen, Battle of Wits:  a one-volume history of cryptography in WW II. It is well written, well researched, and responsible. Technical material (e.g., a description of the cryptanalysis of Enigma) is limited, but clearly presented.
 Budiansky, Stephen, Code Warriors: NSA's Codebreakers and the Secret Intelligence War Against the Soviet Union (Knopf, 2016). (): A sweeping, in-depth history of NSA, whose famous "cult of silence" has left the agency shrouded in mystery for decades.
 Prados, John – Combined Fleet Decoded, An account of cryptography in the Pacific Theatre of World War II with special emphasis on the Japanese side. Reflects extensive research in Japanese sources and recently available US material. Contains material not previously accessible or unavailable.
 Marks, Leo, Between Silk and Cyanide: a Codemaker's Story, 1941–1945, (HarperCollins, 1998). (). A humorous but informative account of code-making and -breaking in Britain's WWII Special Operations Executive.
 Mundy, Liza, Code Girls, (Hachette Books, 2017) () An account of some of the thousands of women recruited for U.S. cryptologic work before and during World War II, including top analysts such as Elizebeth Smith Friedman and Agnes Meyer Driscoll, lesser known but outstanding contributors like Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein and Ann Zeilinger Caracristi, and many others, and how the women made a strategic difference in the war.
Yardley, Herbert, The American Black Chamber (),  a classic 1931 account of American code-breaking during and after World War I; and Chinese Black Chamber: An Adventure in Espionage (), about Yardley's work with the Chinese government in the years just before World War II.  Yardley has an enduring reputation for embellishment, and some of the material in these books is less than reliable.   The American Black Chamber was written after the New York operation Yardley ran was shut down by Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and the US Army, on the grounds that "gentlemen don't read each other's mail".

Historic works
 Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi, (A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages), 9th century included first known explanation of frequency analysis cryptanalysis
Michel de Nostredame, (16th century prophet famed since 1555 for prognostications), known widely for his "Les Propheties" sets of quatrains composed from four languages into a ciphertext, deciphered in a series called "Rise to Consciousness" (Deschausses, M., Outskirts Press, Denver, CO, Nov 2008).
 Roger Bacon (English friar and polymath), Epistle on the secret Works of Art and Nullity of Magic, 13th century, possibly the first  European work on cryptography since Classical times, written in Latin and not widely available then or now
 Johannes Trithemius, Steganographia ("Hidden Writing"), written ca. 1499; pub 1606, banned by the Catholic Church 1609 as alleged discussion of magic, see Polygraphiae (below).
 Johannes Trithemius, Polygraphiae Libri Sex ("Six Books on Polygraphy"), 1518, first printed book on cryptography (thought to really be about magic by some observers at the time)
 Giovan Battista Bellaso, La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso, 1553, first pub of the cypher widely misattributed to Vigenère.
 Giambattista della Porta, De Furtivis Literarum Notis ("On concealed characters in writing"), 1563.
 Blaise de Vigenère, Traicte de Chiffres, 1585.
 Gustavus Selenus, Cryptomenytics, 1624, (modern era English trans by J W H Walden)
 John Wilkins, Mercury, 1647, earliest printed book in English about cryptography
 Johann Ludwig Klüber, Kryptographik Lehrbuch der Geheimschreibekunst ("Cryptology: Instruction Book on the Art of Secret Writing"), 1809.
 Friedrich Kasiski, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrierkunst ("Secret writing and the Art of Deciphering"), pub 1863, contained the first public description of a technique for cryptanalyzing polyalphabetic cyphers.
 Etienne Bazeries, Les Chiffres secrets dévoilés ("Secret ciphers unveiled") about 1900.
 Émile Victor Théodore Myszkowski, Cryptographie indéchiffrable: basée sur de nouvelles combinaisons rationelles ("Unbreakable cryptography"), published 1902.
 William F. Friedman and others, the Riverbank Publications, a series of pamphlets written during and after World War I that are considered seminal to modern cryptanalysis, including no. 22 on the Index of Coincidence.

Fiction
 Neal Stephenson – Cryptonomicon (1999) () The adventures of some World War II codebreakers and their modern-day progeny.
 Edgar Allan Poe – "The Gold-Bug" (1843) An eccentric man discovers an ancient parchment which contains a cryptogram which, when solved, leads to the discovery of buried treasure. Includes a lengthy discourse on a method of solving a simple cypher.
 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle – The Dancing Men. Holmes becomes involved in a case which features messages left lying around. They are  written in a substitution cypher, which Holmes promptly discerns. Solving the cypher leads to solving the case.
Ken Follett – The Key to Rebecca (1980), World War II spy novel whose plot revolves around the heroes' efforts to cryptanalyze a book cipher with time running out.
Clifford B. Hicks – Alvin's Secret Code (1963), a children's novel which introduces some basics of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
Robert Harris – Enigma (1995) () Novel partly set in Britain's World War II codebreaking centre at Bletchley Park.
Ari Juels  – Tetraktys (2009) () Pits a classicist turned cryptographer against an ancient Pythagorean cult. Written by RSA Labs chief scientist.
Dan Brown - Digital Fortress (1998), a thriller takes a plunge into the NSA's cryptology wing giving the readers a modern and technology oriented view of the codebreaking in vogue.
Max Hernandez - Thieves Emporium  (2013), a novel that examines how the world will change if cryptography makes fully bi-directional anonymous communications possible.  A technically accurate document, it shows the effects of crypto from the citizen's standpoint rather than the NSA.
Barry Eisler, Fault Line (2009) . A thriller about a race to nab software (of the cryptovirology type) which is capable of shutting down cyberspace.

References

External links

 Listing and reviews for a large number of books in cryptography
 A long list of works of fiction where the use of cryptology is a significant plot element. The list is in English.
 List of where cryptography features in literature — list is presented in German. It draws on the English list above.

Lists of books

Computer security books
Cryptography lists and comparisons
Communications bibliographies

Books on cryptography


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