Le parc national de Mu Ko Chang (thaï : อุทยานแห่งชาติหมู่เกาะช้าง ; litt. parc national de l'archipel de l'île aux éléphants) est un parc national marin thaïlandais situé dans la province de Trat. Il a été créé en 1982 et sa superficie est de .

C'est depuis les années 2000 une destination touristique.

Géographie
Le parc national de Mu Ko Chang est constitué de 70 % de mer () et de 30 % de terre (). Il se trouve à un peu plus de 300 km à l'Est de Bangkok, à environ 8 km de la côte, dans le golfe de Thaïlande, près du Cambodge.

C'est un archipel de 52 îles et îlots essentiellement granitiques, montagneux et couverts de luxuriantes  forêts tropicales.

L'île principale de cet archipel est Ko Chang (thaï :เกาะช้าง), la  plus grosse île de Thaïlande après Ko Phuket et Ko Samui : 80 % de sa surface, soit  sur ses  (30 km de long sur 14 km de large), est intégré dans le parc national . Cette île est connue pour ses magnifiques plages de sable blanc. Il y a aussi de nombreux ruisseaux, rivières et jolies cascades à découvrir : cascade de Than Mayom, cascade de Klong Plu, cascade de Klong Nonsi... Son sommet le plus élevé, le Khao Salak Phet, culmine à 743 m au-dessus de la mer.

Les autres îles les plus importantes de l'archipel sont : Ko Chang Noi (เกาะ ช้าง น้อย), Ko Lao Ya (เกาะ เหลายา), Ko Wai (เกาะ หวาย), Ko Rang (หมู่เกาะ รัง) et  Ko Khlum (เกาะ คลุ้ม).

Il y a aussi de très nombreux îlots : Ko Ma Pring (เกาะ มะปริง), Ko Yuak (เกาะ หยวก), Ko Salak Khok (เกาะ สลัก คอก), Ko Ngam (เกาะ งาม), Ko Mai Si Yai (เกาะ ไม้ ซี้ ใหญ่), Ko Mai Si Lek (เกาะ ไม้ ซี้ เล็ก), Ko Bai Tang (เกาะ ใบ ตัง)...

Climat
De novembre à février, c'est la saison froide avec un vent de mousson du nord-ouest.

En mars et avril, c'est la saison chaude.

De mai à octobre, c'est la saison des pluies avec un vent de mousson du sud-ouest.

Flore et faune

Flore

La forêt tropicale humide est omniprésente à l'intérieur des îles, dans les monts et montagnes granitiques.

Les principales espèces d'arbres et arbustes que l'on y trouve sont :

 dans la strate arborée supérieure : des arbres géants émergent de la canopée dont des dipterocarpaceae anisoptera costata, dipterocarpus alatus et dipterocarpus turbinatus, hopea odorata... ainsi que des irvingia malayana etc.
 dans la strate arborée : des arbres castanopsis, podocarpus neriifolius, des schima wallichii...
 dans la strate arbustive : des arbustes croton... et des palmiers oncosperma horrida (ou horridum), des palmiers à queue de poisson de Birmanie caryota mitis et des caryota urens, des palmiers grimpants rotin calameae, des palmiers grimpants épineux daemonorops...
 dans la strate herbacée : des plantes zingiberaceae dont l'amomum, la cardamome médicinale, le curcuma rond (ou clés chinoises), la kaempferia pulchra..

On peut aussi mentionner la présence de bambous, d'arbres à orchidées bauhinia bracteata et d'orchidées, d'arbres et arbustes ixora, de fougères épiphytes platycerium coronarium, de plantes grimpantes pandanaceae freycinetia sumatrana...La forêt de plage et de bord de mer est présente le long des côtes des îles, en particulier autour des villages de Salak Phet, Salak Khok, Khlong Son et Khlong Phrao Bay.

Les principales espèces d'arbres et arbustes que l'on y trouve sont : des cocotiers, des arbres à caoutchouc hévéa, des arbres fruitiers comme le badamier, le takamaka et le jacquier..., des arbres et arbustes myrtaceae melaleuca leucadendra, des eugenia, des arbustes à fleurs kaitha...

La forêt de mangrove est quelquefois présente, en particulier sur la côte Est de l'île de Ko Chang.

On y trouve en bord de mer des palétuviers "noirs" avicennia alba...; puis un peu en arrière des palétuviers "rouges" rhizophora apiculata et rhizophora mucronata... ; ensuite, un peu plus en arrière des palétuviers bruguiera gymnorhiza et bruguiera parviflora...

Il y a aussi des palétuviers ceriops decandra et ceriops tagal, des arbres à boulets de canon de la mangrove xylocarpus granatum et des xylocarpus moluccensis...

On trouve aussi en bordure de la mangrove des arbres à suicide cerbera odollam, des hibiscus tiliaceus, etc.

Faune
On dénombre au moins 29 espèces de mammifères, 74 espèces oiseaux (d'autres sources mentionnent près de 110 espèces d'oiseaux) et 42 espèces de reptiles et amphibiens dans le parc national de Mu Ko Chang.

Il y a aussi bien sûr de nombreux arthropodes, vers et sangsues, insectes dont des papillons...

Dans la mer, on peut voir une grande variété de coraux, de poissons tropicaux...

Mammifères
On peut rencontrer des éléphants d'Asie domestiqués, des cochons sauvages (sangliers), des cerfs aboyeurs muntjacs, des singes macaques crabiers et le rare trachypithecus germaini, des civettes palmistes communes (civettes des palmiers), des chauves-souris, des écureuils, des rats et des souris...

Oiseaux
Parmi la centaine d'oiseaux que l'on peut observer dans l'archipel de l'île aux éléphants, souvent résidant en permanence, parfois migrateurs, juste de passage, il y a :

des oiseaux non passereaux souvent de taille moyenne à grande :

 des rapaces Accipitridae : aigle botté et aigle huppé, buse du Japon, épervier besra... ;
 des échassiers Ardeidae : aigrette sacrée, héron strié... ;
 des calaos Bucerotidae : calao bicorne... ;
 des Alcedinidae martin-pêcheur méninting ; des Columbidae carpophage pauline ; des Laridae sterne pierregarin ; des Megalaimidae barbu de Hume ; des Picidae pic canente ; des Rallidae râle à poitrine blanche etc.

et des passereaux souvent de petite taille :

 des Hirundinidae : hirondelle rustique et hirondelle de Tahiti... ;
 des Nectariniidae : leptocoma brasiliana et souimanga de Macklot leptocoma calcostetha... ;
 des Oriolidae : loriot de Chine... ;
 des Phylloscopidae : pouillot boréal, pouillot de Temmick phylloscopus coronatus et pouillot à pattes claires phylloscopus tenellipes... ;
 des pycnonotidae : bulbul goiavier et bulbul ocré etc.

Reptiles et amphibiens

On rencontre fréquemment des geckos tokay (geckos des habitations) et parfois des sauriens acanthosaura cardamomensis et des dragons d'eau vert. On trouve des tortues cyclemys atripons.

Les serpents sont aussi communs : lycodon laoensis, ptyas korros et serpent ratier vert à queue rouge ; serpent corail calliophis maculiceps ; trimeresurus cardamomensis ; cobra royal ; python réticulé etc.

Il y a de plus des amphibiens dont des limnonectes kohchangae et des sylvirana mortenseni.

Arthropodes, vers et sangsues, insectes dont papillons...
Il est possible d'observer de nombreux arthropodes dont des araignées althepus flabellaris, otacilia kao, pelicinus sayam, psechrus vivax et speocera naumachiae ; des arachnides eukoenenia siamensis ; des pseudoscorpions shravana laminata et sironcus siamensis...

Parmi la multitude d'insectes, outre les inévitables moustiques, on peut observer le scarabée-rhinocéros siamois xylotrupes gideon ainsi que des papillons nymphalidae hypolimnas bolina jacintha et junonia atlites atlites, des papilionidae troides aeacus aeacus et des pieridae appias nerofigulina etc.

Animaux marins
On peut admirer des coraux, des oursins, des seiches... de nombreuses espèces de poissons tropicaux dont le mérou étoile, le poisson-bagnard, le poisson-clown à collier... et le requin-baleine ainsi que la tortue imbriquée, le dugong...

Notes et références

Mu Ko chang
Province de Trat

Parc national de Mu Ko Chang


Dillon Joseph Pieffer (Richmond, Virginia, Estados Unidos, 10 de mayo de 1982) es un futbolista estadounidense, radicado en las Islas Vírgenes Estadounidenses. Juega como arquero en el Helenites SC, del campeonato de fútbol de las Islas Vírgenes Estadounidenses, y en la selección de las Islas Vírgenes Estadounidenses.

Anteriormente, Pieffer era un pateador de fútbol americano universitario, jugando entre 2000 y 2003 para el equipo de la Universidad de Nevada, Las Vegas, los UNLV Rebels.

Trayectoria
Pieffer inició su carrera futbolística (soccer) en las Islas Vírgenes, llegando al territorio en el 2004 e inmediatamente obtiene el pasaporte como ciudadano del territorio. Allí, recala en el Helenites, club en donde sigue jugando hasta la actualidad.

Selección nacional
Su primera convocatoria fue para disputar los partidos de las Eliminatorias al Mundial Brasil 2014, en este caso, disputando la llave de la primera ronda contra las Islas Vírgenes Británicas. En ambos partidos fue el arquero titular, entregando su valla invicta en el partido de ida y en el de vuelta vio vencida su valla por parte de Trevor Peters. Pese a ello, su selección accedió a la segunda fase.

En la segunda fase del Clasificatorio, no jugó el primer partido contra Haití, pero sí el segundo contra Antigua y Barbuda de local, recibiendo 8 goles. Posteriormente, ocupó el puesto de titular frente a Haití de local (recibió 7 goles), Antigua y Barbuda de visita (recibió 10 goles) y Curazao de local (recibió 3 goles).

Partidos internacionales

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Ficha en National Football Teams

Personas de Virginia
Deportistas de Virginia
Jugadores de fútbol americano universitario de Estados Unidos
Futbolistas de Estados Unidos
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de las Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Denver

Dillon Pieffer


An Aristida adoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter ngan Achille Richard. An Aristida adoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aristida

Aristida adoensis


An Bambusa cornigera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mcclure. An Bambusa cornigera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa cornigera


Operation Linebacker II, sometimes referred to as the Christmas bombings, was a strategic bombing campaign conducted by the United States against targets in North Vietnam from December 18 to December 29, 1972, partaking of the Vietnam War. More than 20,000 tons of ordnance was dropped on military and industrial areas in Hanoi and Haiphong and at least 1,624 civilians were killed. The operation was the final major military operation carried out by the U.S. during the conflict, and the largest bombing campaign involving heavy bombers since World War II.

By late 1972, U.S. combat involvement in Vietnam had been dramatically reduced, and negotiations to end the war were underway in Paris. After secret meetings in October between lead negotiators Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, an informal agreement was reached. The terms included a total U.S. withdrawal, North Vietnam's recognition of South Vietnam, new borders based on the present front lines, and new elections in the South, which would include the then-banned Communist Party of Vietnam. South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu, however, totally rejected these terms when he was informed about them and, following Richard Nixon's reelection in November, the U.S. submitted new terms, which included the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as the recognized national border, leading to a breakdown in negotiations on December 16. Nixon issued an ultimatum for the North to return to negotiations within 72 hours, after which he ordered the bombing campaign on December 18. Conducted by more than 200 B-52 bombers from Strategic Air Command supported by tactical planes of the Seventh Air Force and Task Force 77, the raids ran continuously over a 12-day period. The U.S. acknowledged the loss of 16 B-52 bombers, while North Vietnam claimed 34 bombers shot down.

The effect of the bombings on the peace negotiations is debated. On December 22, Nixon asked the North to return to the talks with the terms offered in October and warned Thieu that he would sign the agreement even if Thieu did not. The North agreed, and Nixon ordered a halt to the bombings on December 30. The North Vietnamese delegation stated that the campaign played no role in the decision to return to negotiations, while an aide to Kissinger remarked that "[w]e bombed the North Vietnamese into accepting our concessions". On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed along the same terms as the initial October agreement.

Background

"Peace is at hand"

On 8 October 1972, U.S. National Security Advisor Dr. Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Politburo member Le Duc Tho met in Paris to discuss new proposals by both nations, hoping to reach mutually agreeable terms for a peace settlement for the nearly decade-old Vietnam War. Tho presented a new North Vietnamese plan which included proposals for a cease-fire, the withdrawal of American forces, and an exchange of prisoners of war. All three Vietnamese combatant governments—North Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (PRG)—would remain intact, as would their separate armies. Hanoi no longer demanded that South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu be removed from office, the U.S. did not have to cease its aid to the southern government, and both Washington and Hanoi could continue to resupply their allies or forces on a parity basis. No new North Vietnamese forces were to be infiltrated from the north, and the U.S. agreed to extend post-war reconstruction assistance to North Vietnam.

The new terms on the table also included the establishment of a National Council of National Reconciliation and Concord, a loosely defined administrative structure which was to work toward general and local elections within South Vietnam. Political power would be shared by three groups: the Saigon government, the PRG, and a "third force" group to be mutually agreed upon by the other two parties. Since it was to work by consensus, nothing could be accomplished by the new council without the agreement of President Thieu.

When the two sides convened again on 17 October, there were two main areas of disagreement: the periodic replacement of South Vietnam's American weaponry and the release of political prisoners held by the Saigon government. The North Vietnamese had made significant modifications to their past negotiating position and were hurrying to get the agreement signed before November, believing that President Richard Nixon would be more willing to make concessions before, rather than after, the upcoming presidential election. Although there were still some issues to be finalized, Kissinger was generally satisfied with the new terms and so notified Nixon, who gave his approval to the settlement.

Kissinger then flew on to Saigon on the 18th to discuss the terms with Thieu. The South Vietnamese president was not happy with either the new agreement or with Kissinger, who he felt had betrayed him. Although Kissinger knew Thieu's negotiating position, he had not informed him of the changes made in Paris nor had his approval been sought. Kissinger "had negotiated on behalf of the South Vietnamese government provisions that he, Thieu, had already rejected". Thieu completely castigated the agreement and proposed 129 textual changes to the document. He went further, demanding that the Demilitarized Zone separating the two Vietnams be recognized as a true international border and not as a "provisional military demarcation line" (as had been stipulated in the Geneva Accords) and that South Vietnam be recognized as a sovereign state. The supreme irony, in the words of Stanley Karnow, had now arrived: "having fought a war to defend South Vietnam's independence, the United States was now denying its legitimacy."

Thieu then went one step further on 26 October, and publicly released an altered version of the text that made the South Vietnamese provisions look even worse than they actually were. The North Vietnamese leadership, believing that they had been hoodwinked by Kissinger, responded by broadcasting portions of the agreement that gave the impression that the agreement conformed to Washington and Saigon's objectives. Kissinger, hoping to both reassure the Communists of America's sincerity, and convince Thieu of the administration's dedication to a compromise, held a televised press conference at the White House during which he announced "[w]e believe that peace is at hand."

On 20 November, the South Vietnamese revisions, and 44 additional changes demanded by Nixon, were presented to the North Vietnamese delegation by Kissinger. These new demands included: that the DMZ be accepted as a true international boundary; that a token withdrawal of North Vietnamese troops take place; that the North Vietnamese guarantee an Indochina-wide cease fire; and that a strong international peace-keeping force (the ICCS) be created for supervising and enforcing the cease-fire.

Once the North Vietnamese read the new demands, they began to retract their own concessions and wanted to bargain anew, leading Kissinger to proclaim that they were "stalling". The talks, scheduled to last ten days, ended on 13 December, with both parties agreeing to resume negotiations. Teams of experts from each side met to discuss technicalities and protocols on 14 December, during which time the North Vietnamese representatives submitted a Vietnamese-language text of the protocol on prisoners containing several important changes that Hanoi had failed to gain in the main negotiating sessions. At a subsequent meeting of experts on 16 December, the North Vietnamese side "stone-walled from beginning to end". The talks broke down that day, and the Hanoi negotiators refused to set a date for the resumption of negotiations.

Prelude

Decisions
Nixon was now working against a January deadline. Kissinger's "peace is at hand" statement had raised expectations of a settlement among the US population. Even weightier on the President's mind was the fact that the new 93rd Congress would go into session on 3 January, and the President feared that the heavily Democratic legislative branch would preempt his pledge of "peace with honor" by legislating an end to the war.

Also prompting the President toward some form of rapid offensive action was the cost of the force mobilization that had accompanied Operation Linebacker. The additional aircraft and personnel assigned to Southeast Asia for the operation was straining the Pentagon's budget. The cost of maintaining this "augmentation force" totaled over $4 billion by mid-autumn and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird insisted that the President request a supplementary defense appropriation from Congress to pay for it. Nixon and Kissinger were convinced that the legislative branch "would seize the opportunity to simply write the United States out of the war".

After returning from Paris on 14 December, and after consultations with Nixon, Kissinger fired off an ultimatum to Hanoi, threatening "grave consequences" if North Vietnam did not return to the negotiating table within 72 hours. On that day, Nixon ordered the reseeding of North Vietnamese ports with air-dropped naval mines and that the Joint Chiefs of Staff direct the Air Force to begin planning for a bombing campaign (a three-day "maximum effort" operation) which was to begin within 72 hours. Two days after the 16 December deadline had passed, the U.S. bombed Hanoi. Senior Air Force officers James R. McCarthy and George B. Allison stated years later that the operation had been mainly politically driven, as a negotiation tool to "bring the point home".

Many historians of the Vietnam War follow the lead of President Nixon, who claimed that Hanoi's representatives had walked out of the talks, refusing to continue the negotiations. Both sides had proclaimed their willingness to continue the talks; however, Hanoi's negotiators refused to set a date, preferring to wait for the incoming Congress. The goal of President Nixon was not to convince Hanoi, but to convince Saigon. President Thieu had to be assured that "whatever the formal wording of the cease-fire agreement, he could count on Nixon to come to the defense of South Vietnam if the North broke the cease-fire."

Planning

In the wake of Operation Linebacker, the U.S. had a force of 207 B-52 bombers available for use in Southeast Asia. A total of 54 bombers (all B-52Ds) were based at U-Tapao RTAFB, Thailand, while 153 were based at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam (55 B-52Ds and 98 B-52Gs). This deployment comprised nearly half of the Air Force's manned bomber fleet, and Strategic Air Command (SAC) commanders were initially reluctant to risk the expensive aircraft and their highly trained crews in such an operation; the production line for B-52s had long since been shut down, and losses could not be replaced. The use of large numbers of B-52s was unprecedented in the war and the proposed mass attacks on targets within  of Hanoi "represented a dynamic change in the employment of air resources".

The new operation, given the title Linebacker II, was marked by top-down planning by the SAC headquarters at Offutt AFB. Due to the restrictive time frame imposed by President Nixon (only three days) and the experience of Linebacker (in which North Vietnamese fighter aircraft had posed the highest threat to the bombers), SAC's plan called for all of the bombers to approach Hanoi at night in three waves, each using identical approach paths and flying at the same altitude.

Once the aircraft had dropped their bombs, they were to execute what SAC termed "post-target turns" (PTT) to the west. These turns had two unfortunate consequences for the bombers: the B-52s would be turning into a strong headwind, slowing their ground speed by  and prolonging their stay in the target area and the PTT would point the emitter antennas of their Electronic Warfare (EW) systems away from the radars they were attempting to jam, degrading the effectiveness of the cells, as well as showing the largest radar cross-section to the missile guidance radars. The aircraft employed had significantly different EW capabilities; the B-52G carried fewer jammers and put out appreciably less power than the B-52Ds but had more efficient engines and larger fuel tanks, hence they were assigned to longer range mission routes.

Vietnamese air defense
At the start of Linebacker II, the air defense missile forces of the Vietnamese People's Army had 36 air defense missile battalions armed with the S-75M Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) missile system; probably half were involved in this operation. The SA-2 system was first fielded in 1957 and was a fairly obsolete and cumbersome system by 1972 standards. The VPAF had only 71 operational aircraft. Of these, only 47 aircraft (31 MiG-21s and 16 MiG-17s) could be used for air combat. The MiG-19s were made in China and were not used in combat. Only 13 MiG-21 pilots and five MiG-17 pilots were trained for individual night flight in normal and flying in difficult meteorological conditions. Of 194 pilots, 75 (about 40 percent) were young.

Bombings

Initial phase
The first three missions of the operation were flown as planned by SAC on three consecutive nights beginning on 18 December 1972. On the first night 129 bombers took off, 87 of them from Guam. 39 support aircraft of the Seventh Air Force, the Navy's Task Force 77 and the Marine Corps supported the bombers by providing F-4 fighter escorts, F-105 Wild Weasel SAM-suppression missions, Air Force EB-66 and Navy EA-6 radar-jamming aircraft, chaff drops, KC-135 refueling aircraft and search and rescue aircraft; the skies were dominated by American airpower to ensure the safety of the aircraft involved in the operation. One B-52 bomber pilot flying out of Guam recalled "We took off one airplane a minute out of Guam for hours. Just on time takeoff after on time takeoff."

The targets of the first wave of bombers were the North Vietnamese airfields at Kép, Phúc Yên and Hòa Lạc and a warehouse complex at Yên Viên while the second and third waves struck targets around Hanoi. Three aircraft were shot down by the 68 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) launched by North Vietnamese batteries, two B-52Gs from Andersen and a B-52D from U-Tapao. Two D models from Andersen with heavy battle damage managed to limp into U-Tapao for repairs. Only one of the three downed crews could be rescued. That same evening, an Air Force F-111 Aardvark was shot down while on a mission to bomb the broadcasting facilities of Radio Hanoi. Unlike Linebacker, which had been launched in response to a North Vietnamese offensive in South Vietnam, President Nixon did not address the nation on television to explain the escalation. Instead, Kissinger held a press conference at which he accused (at Nixon's behest) Le Duc Tho of having "backed off" on some of the October understandings.

On the second night, 93 sorties were flown by the bombers. Their targets included the Kinh No Railroad and storage area, the Thái Nguyên thermal power plant, and the Yên Viên complex. Although 20 SAMs were launched and a number of the bombers were damaged, none were lost on the mission. SAC expected that the third (and supposedly last) night of the operation would proceed just as well as the previous one. The targets of the 99 bombers sent in on 20 December included the Yên Viên railyards, the Ai Mo warehouse complex, the Thái Nguyên power plant, a transshipment point at Bắc Giang, the Kinh No Railroad complex and the Hanoi petroleum products storage area—all in or near Hanoi. The combination of repetitive tactics, degraded EW systems and limited jamming capability led to dire consequences when, as the official Air Force history of the campaign has stated, "all hell broke loose."

The repetitious nature of the previous evening's strike profiles had allowed North Vietnamese air defense forces to anticipate strike patterns and to salvo 34 missiles into the target area. Four B-52Gs and three B-52Ds were lost in the first and third waves of the mission. A fourth D model, returning to Thailand, crashed in Laos. Only two of the eight downed crews were recovered by search and rescue aircraft. The repercussions from the mission were fast and furious. SAC headquarters was under pressure from "many external sources" to "stop the carnage ... it has become a blood bath". Of more concern was the position taken by many senior Air Force officers that they "would lose too many bombers and that airpower doctrine would be proven fallacious ... or, if the bombing were stopped, the same thing would occur".

The main problem seemed to lie within the headquarters of SAC, which had based its tactics on a MiG threat that had not materialized during the three missions. The tactics (flight paths, altitudes, formations, timing, etc.) had not varied. The Air Force explanation for this course of events was that the similarity would be helpful to the B-52 crews, who were inexperienced in flying in such high-threat environments. Air Force historian Earl Tilford offered a differing opinion: "Years of dropping bombs on undefended jungle and the routines of planning for nuclear war had fostered a mind-set within the SAC command that nearly led to disaster ... Poor tactics and a good dose of overconfidence combined to make the first few nights of Linebacker nightmarish for the B-52 crews." During the operation the USAF depended almost entirely on the Ryan Model 147 Buffalo Hunter AQM-34L/M unmanned aerial vehicles for bomb damage assessment due to bad weather.

Re-evaluation

It was at this point that President Nixon ordered that the effort be extended past its original three-day deadline. The first change that could be made by local Air Force commanders was divulged by a comparison of the differences between the radar jamming equipment of the B-52 models. The equipment aboard the G models was designed for use in the more sophisticated air defense environment of the Soviet Union, not against the more antiquated SA-2 and Fan Song radar systems used by the North Vietnamese. SAC headquarters stipulated that only the aircraft stationed at U-Tapao (equipped with more powerful and sophisticated ECM gear) be allowed over the North. On the fourth night (21 December) of the operation, 30 of the U-Tapao bombers struck the Hanoi storage area, the Văn Điển storage depot, and Quang Te Airfield. Two more of the D models were lost to Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs). On the following night, the target area shifted away from Hanoi to the port city of Haiphong and its petroleum storage areas. Once again, 30 aircraft participated in the strikes, but this time there were no losses among the bombers. An F-111 was shot down over the Kinh No Railroad complex.

On the 22nd, a wing of the Bach Mai Hospital, located in the southern suburbs of Hanoi, was struck by a stick of bombs from a B-52. The US military claimed that the hospital "frequently housed  anti-aircraft  positions."  The civilian deaths were criticized by the North Vietnamese and U.S. peace activists. The hospital sat 1 kilometer from the runway of Bach Mai Airfield and a major fuel storage facility was only  away. While the patients of the hospital wing had been evacuated from the city, 28 doctors, nurses and pharmacists were killed. Two days before Christmas, SAC added SAM sites and airfields to the target list. Air Force F-111s were sent in before the bombers  to strike the airfields and reduce the threat of enemy fighters. The F-111s proved so successful in these operations that their mission for the rest of the campaign was shifted to SAM site suppression.

The bomber missions of the sixth night (23 December) again avoided Hanoi and hit SAM sites northeast of the city and the Lang Dang Railroad yards. There were no losses. On the following night, the run of American good luck (and avoidance of Hanoi) continued. Thirty bombers, supported by 69 tactical aircraft, struck the railyards at Thái Nguyên and Kép and no American aircraft were lost during the mission. Although the B-52s got most of the publicity during the campaign, the tactical aircraft were also hard at work. While the B-52s and F-111s attacked by night, an average of 69 tactical aircraft of the Air Force, Navy and Marines attacked by day (averaging nearly 100 sorties per day). Losses for these aircraft were extremely light, with fewer than a dozen lost during the entire campaign. It was not difficult for their crews to deduce why. The North Vietnamese air defense forces "simply waited for nightfall and the arrival of more lucrative targets."

Final phase
The strikes of 24 December were followed by a 36-hour Christmas stand-down, during which Air Force planners went to work to revise their plans for the next phase of operations. Due to aircraft losses during the initial phase, they intended to launch an all-out attack on North Vietnam's air defenses when the operation resumed. This course was also necessary since, by Christmas, most of the strategic targets within North Vietnam were in shambles. SAC also belatedly turned over tactical mission planning to its subordinate Eighth Air Force headquarters on Guam, which promptly revised the tactics. Instead of using waves, all of the bombers would be in and out of the target area within 20 minutes and they would approach from different directions and at different altitudes. They would exit by varying routes and the steep PTTs were eliminated. Ten targets, in the Hanoi and Haiphong areas were to be struck by bombers approaching in seven streams, four of which were to come in off the Gulf of Tonkin.

On 26 December 120 bombers lifted off to strike Thái Nguyên, the Kinh No complex, the Duc Noi, Hanoi, and Haiphong Railroads and a vehicle storage area at Văn Điển. 78 of the bombers took off from Andersen AFB in one time block, the largest single combat launch in SAC history, while 42 others came in from Thailand. The bombers were supported by 113 tactical aircraft which provided chaff corridors, escort fighters, Wild Weasel SAM suppression and electronic countermeasures support. The North Vietnamese air defense system was overwhelmed by the number of aircraft it had to track in such a short time and by a dense blanket of chaff laid down by the fighter-bombers. 250 SAMs had been fired from 18 until 24 December and the strain on the remaining North Vietnamese inventory showed, since only 68 were fired during the mission. One B-52 was shot down near Hanoi and another damaged aircraft made it back to U-Tapao, where it crashed just short of the runway. Only two members of the crew survived.

On the following night, 60 bombers flew, with some attacking SAM sites while others struck Lang Dang, Duc Noi, the Trung Quang Railroad and Văn Điển. One B-52 was so heavily damaged that its crew ejected over Laos, where it was rescued. A second aircraft was not so lucky. It took a direct hit and went down while attacking the Trung Quang Railroad yards. During the evening's operations two F-4s and an HH-53 search and rescue helicopter were also shot down. Day ten (28 December) called for strikes by 60 B-52s–15 Gs and 15 Ds from Andersen and 30 Ds from U-Tapao, The aircraft formed six waves attacking five targets. Four of the waves struck targets in the Hanoi area (including SAM Support Facility #58), while the fifth hit the Lang Dang Railroad yards southwest of Lạng Sơn, a major choke-point on the supply route from the People's Republic of China. No aircraft were lost on the mission. By the eleventh day (29 December), there were few strategic targets worthy of mention left within North Vietnam. There were two SAM storage areas at Phúc Yên and the Lang Dang yards that could be profitably attacked. A total of 60 aircraft again made the trip North but the mix was altered; U-Tapao again provided 30 D models but the Andersen force was varied, putting 12 G models and 18 Ds over the North. Total bombing was rounded out by sending 30 G models on Arc Light missions in the southern panhandle of North Vietnam and in South Vietnam.

Aftermath

Negotiating
On 22 December, Washington asked Hanoi to return to the talks with the terms offered in October.  On 26 December, Hanoi notified Washington that it was willing to "impress upon Nixon that the bombing was not the reason for this decision, the CPV Politburo told Nixon that halting the bombing was not a precondition for further talks". Nixon replied that he wanted the technical discussions to resume on 2 January and that he would halt the bombing if Hanoi agreed. They did so and Nixon suspended aerial operations north of the 20th parallel on 30 December. He then informed Kissinger to agree to the terms offered in October, if that was what it took to get the agreement signed. Senator Henry Jackson (D, Wash.), tried to persuade Nixon to make a televised address to explain to the American people that "we bombed them in order to get them back to the table." It would have been extremely difficult to get informed observers in the U.S. to believe that he "had bombed Hanoi in order to force North Vietnamese acceptance of terms they had already agreed to".

Now the only stumbling block on the road to an agreement was President Thieu. Nixon tried to placate him by writing on 5 January that "you have my assurance of continued assistance in the post-settlement period and that we will respond with full force should the settlement be violated by North Vietnam." By this time,  due to congressional opposition, Nixon was in no position to make such a promise, since the possibility of obtaining the requisite congressional appropriations was nil. The South Vietnamese president still refused to agree. On 14 January Nixon made his most serious threat: "I have therefore irrevocably decided to proceed to initial the agreement on 23 January 1973…  I will do so, if necessary, alone".

On 9 January, Kissinger and Le Duc Tho returned to Paris. The agreement struck between the U.S. and North Vietnam was basically the same one that had been reached in October. The additional demands that had been made by the U.S. in December were generally discarded or went against the U.S. John Negroponte, one of Kissinger's aides during the negotiations, was more caustic: "[w]e bombed the North Vietnamese into accepting our concessions." The DMZ was defined as provided for in the Geneva Accords of 1954, and would in no way be recognized as an international boundary. The demanded withdrawal of North Vietnamese troops from South Vietnam was not mentioned at all in the text of the agreement.  Kissinger did obtain a "verbal agreement" from Tho for a token withdrawal of 30,000 North Vietnamese troops. One very important point to the negotiations was achieved by the United States. For the entirety of the war, North Vietnam had refused to recognize the South Vietnamese government as legitimate. On this point, the North finally agreed officially to recognize their southern counterpart as a legitimate government.

The demand for an inclusive, Indochina-wide cease-fire was simply discarded in the written agreement. Once again, Kissinger had to be satisfied with a "verbal understanding" that a cease-fire would be instituted in Laos simultaneous with or shortly following that in South Vietnam. An agreement on Cambodia (where the North Vietnamese had no influence over the Khmer Rouge) was out of the question. The size of the ICCS was finally decided by splitting the difference in the number demanded by both parties at 1,160 personnel. The Paris Peace Accords were signed at the Majestic Hotel in Paris on 27 January 1973.

Outcome and assessments

Military

During Operation Linebacker II, 741 B-52 sorties were dispatched to bomb North Vietnam; 729 completed their missions. B-52s dropped 15,237 tons of ordnance on 18 industrial and 14 military targets (including eight SAM sites) while fighter-bombers added another 5,000 tons of bombs to the tally. Another 212 B-52 missions were flown within South Vietnam in support of ground operations during the campaign. Ten B-52s were shot down over the North and five others were damaged and crashed in Laos or Thailand. Thirty-three B-52 crew members were killed or missing in action, another 33 became prisoners of war, and 26 more were rescued.

Over 11 days, North Vietnamese air defenses fired 266 SA-2 missiles downing—according to North Vietnam—34 B-52s and four F-111s. While warding off the massive strike by U.S strategic, tactical and carrier aviation, the North Vietnamese missile air defense forces conducted over 180 engagements, two-thirds of which were against B-52s. North Vietnamese claims of aircraft destroyed or shot down differ greatly from US official records. In Marshall Michel's 2002 book The 11 Days of Christmas: America's Last Vietnam Battle, the author uses mission records to confirm that "15 B-52s were shot down… 10 crashed 'on the spot' in North Vietnam and 5 were able to move out of the Hanoi area and into Laos or Thailand before they crashed". North Vietnam claimed 36 aircraft destroyed (31 B-52s and 5 tactical aircraft) with the expenditure of 244 missiles against the B-52s and 22 missiles against tactical aircraft, or 7.9 missiles for every B-52 aircraft shot down, or 4.4 missiles for every tactical aircraft shot down. During the offensive, they initially overcame various types of interference and obstacles employed by the U.S aircraft to interrupt missile engagement. In the latter stages of the bombing campaign, due to a change in tactics, B-52 losses decreased significantly. By the last night of the campaign, no losses were reported. During the 11 days of Operation Linebacker, the B-52s flew 795 sorties with a loss rate of 2.63 percent (15 were shot down and five others were heavily damaged)

The Air Force flew 769 sorties and 505 were flown by the Navy and Marine Corps in support of the bombers. Twelve of these aircraft were lost on the missions (two F-111s, three F-4s, two A-7s, two A-6s, an EB-66, an HH-53 rescue helicopter and an RA-5C reconnaissance aircraft). During these operations, ten American aviators were killed, eight captured and 11 rescued. US Air Force losses included fifteen B-52s, two F-4s, two F-111s, one EB-66 and one HH-53 search-and-rescue helicopter. Navy losses included two A-7s, two A-6s, one RA-5 and one F-4. Seventeen of these losses were attributed to SA-2 missiles, three to daytime MiG attacks, three to antiaircraft artillery and four to unknown causes. U.S. forces claimed eight MiGs were shot down during the operation, including two by B-52 tail gunners. The two B-52 tail gunner kills were not confirmed by VPAF, and they admitted to the loss of only three MiGs.

According to Dana Drenkowski and Lester W. Grau, the number of aircraft lost by the USAF is unconfirmed since the USAF figures are also suspect.  If a plane was badly damaged but managed to land, the USAF did not count as a loss, even if it was a write-off. During the operation, the USAF told the press that 17 B-52s were lost but later, the USAF told Congress that only 13 B-52s were lost. Nine B-52s that returned to U-Tapao airfield were too badly damaged to fly again. The number of B-52s that managed to return to Guam but were combat losses remains unknown. The overall B-52 loss is probably between 22 and 27.

During this operation, the VPAF launched 31 air sorties of which 27 were flown by MiG-21s and four were flown by MiG-17s. They conducted eight aerial engagements and claimed two B-52s, four F-4s and one RA-5C shot down. Their losses were three MiG-21s. Two B-52s were claimed by North Vietnamese MiG-21 fighter pilots; both incidents were attributed to SAMs by the U.S. The raids inflicted severe damage to North Vietnam's infrastructure. The Air Force estimated the bombs caused 500 rail interdictions, destroyed 372 pieces of rolling stock and  of petroleum products and eliminated 80 percent of North Vietnam's electrical power production capability. Logistical imports into North Vietnam, assessed by U.S. intelligence at 160,000 tons per month when the operation began, had dropped by January 1973, to 30,000 tons per month. Despite the damage, an enormous effort was made to keep transportation networks open. Some 500,000 workers were mobilized to repair bomb damage as needed, with an additional 100,000 constantly at work. The raids did not break the stalemate in the South, nor halt the flow of supplies down the Ho Chi Minh trail.

Casualties

According to official North Vietnamese sources the bombing campaign killed 1,624 civilians, including 306 in Haiphong and 1,328 in Hanoi.  The book "Hanoi – The airial Dien Bien Phu" from the "People's Army Publishing House" gives a death toll of 2,368 civilians killed and 1,355 others injured. The book states that many neighborhoods and villages were destroyed, 5,480 houses and nearly 100 other buildings including factories, schools, hospitals, and stations were destroyed. By December 20, 1972, there were 215 dead and 325 injured in Hanoi. In Hai Phong alone on December 18, 45 people were killed, 131 people were injured. Kham Thien Street, Hanoi was attacked on the night of December 26, 1972, killing 278 people, including 91 women, 40 old people, and 55 children. 178 children were orphaned in Kham Thien Street and 290 people were injured, 2,000 houses, schools, temples, theaters, and clinics collapsed, of which 534 houses were completely destroyed.

House 51 on Kham Thien Street was completely blown into a crater and the seven people living there were killed. This area has been converted into a memorial with a stele bearing the words "Khâm Thiên deeply holds the hatred of the American enemy" and a bronze statue of a woman holding a child who died from an American bomb was based on the owner of the destroyed house. On the anniversary of the bombing each year, people living on the street and other places come to the memorial to burn incense sticks to commemorate those who died from American airstrikes. In the courtyard of Bạch Mai Hospital, there is a stele bearing the word "Hatred" to remember the bombing of the hospital on December 22, which killed 1 patient and 30 nurses and doctors. At the time of the bombing, most doctors and patients had already been evacuated. Each department had only a few people on duty and approximately 300 patients had taken cover in the basement.

Diplomatic
The North Vietnamese government reported that the U.S. had "carpet-bombed hospitals, schools, and residential areas, committing barbarous crimes against our people", citing the bombing of Bach Mai Hospital on 22 December and Kham Thien street on 26 December which they claimed had killed 278, wounded 290 and destroyed more than 2,000 homes.

Both the Soviet Union and China denounced the bombing, while some Western countries also criticized the US operation. In a famous speech, Olof Palme, the Prime Minister of Sweden, compared the bombings to a number of historical crimes including the bombing of Guernica, the massacres of Oradour-sur-glane, Babi Yar, Katyn, Lidice and Sharpeville and the extermination of Jews and other groups at Treblinka. He said that "now another name can be added to this list: Hanoi, Christmas 1972". In response to his protests, the U.S. withdrew their ambassador from Sweden and told Stockholm not to send a new ambassador to Washington.

The new Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam, whose country had pushed America to expand the war, angered the Nixon administration by criticizing the bombings in a letter to the U.S. President, chilling United States–Australia relations until Whitlam's dismissal in 1975. In the U.S., Nixon was criticized as a "madman", and some of the people who supported Operation Linebacker I, questioned the necessity and unusual intensity of Operation Linebacker II. Newspaper headlines included: "Genocide", "Stone-Age Barbarism" and "Savage and Senseless". The USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) made some serious mistakes, suffered serious losses and their campaign came close to failure, yet after the war they launched a massive media and public relations blitz (and internal witch hunt) to prove that Linebacker II was an unqualified success that unfolded as planned.  US officials claimed that the operation had succeeded in forcing North Vietnam's Politburo to return to negotiating, citing the Paris Peace Accords signed shortly after the operation.  Much of the American public had the impression that North Vietnam had been "bombed into submission".

In Paris, the North Vietnamese refused to change the terms they had agreed to in the October 1972 agreement. When South Vietnam's President Nguyen Van Thieu objected to the terms, Nixon threatened to depose him like Ngo Dinh Diem. In January 1973, the U.S. signed the agreement as the Paris Peace Accords. The main effect of the accord was to usher the United States out of the war. Journalist Bob Woodward later wrote that Richard Nixon thought, prior to Operation Linebacker II, that previous bombing campaigns against North Vietnam had achieved "zilch". Woodward wrote that in early 1972 Nixon wrote a note to National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, which said there was "something wrong" with the way the strategy was being carried out.  Other notes, written at the same time, show that Nixon was frustrated with the resistance of the North Vietnamese and wanted to punish them, in an effort to "go for broke". John Negroponte, in the 2017 documentary The Vietnam War, was disdainful of the attack's value, stating "[w]e bombed them into accepting our concessions."

U.S. aircraft lost

U.S. air order of battle

See also
 B-52 Victory Museum, Hanoi
 Vietnam People's Air Force Museum, Hanoi

Notes

Bibliography

Published government documents

Secondary sources

 Clodfelter, Mark. The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam (2006)

External links

 Bibliography: Operations Linebacker and Linebacker II
 Smithsonian Air and Space article on Operation Linebacker II
 'Like walking on missiles': US airman recalls the horror of the Vietnam 'Christmas bombings' 50 years on

1972 in Vietnam
Aerial operations and battles of the Vietnam War
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1972
Campaigns of the Vietnam War
December 1972 events in Asia
Military campaigns involving the United States
Military campaigns involving Vietnam
Strategic bombing conducted by the United States
Strategic bombing operations and battles
United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War
Explosions in 1972

Operation Linebacker II


Maximilian  Vernooij (né le , mort le  à Vienne) est un ingénieur du son autrichien.

Biographie
On ne sait presque rien de Maximilian Vernooij ; il avait peut-être des racines néerlandaises. Vernooij obtient un diplôme d'ingénieur puis travaille d'abord dans des domaines non cinématographiques. En 1947, il devient ingénieur du son en participant au tournage de Der Hofrat Geiger. Pendant une douzaine d'années, il supervise un certain nombre de films de Hans Moser ainsi que plusieurs productions de Franz Antel. En 1959, Vernooij se retire du cinéma.

Filmographie
 1947 : Der Hofrat Geiger
 1948 :
 1949 :
 1949 : Kleiner Schwindel am Wolfgangsee
 1950 : Jetzt schlägt's 13 (Es schlägt 13)
 1951 :
 1951 : Das Tor zum Frieden
 1951 :
 1951 :
 1951 : Hallo Dienstmann
 1952 :
 1953 : Einmal keine Sorgen haben
 1953 :
 1953 :
 1953 :
 1953 :
 1954 : Ein Haus voll Liebe
 1954 :
 1955 :
 1955 : Pays de mes amours
 1955 : Le Congrès s'amuse
 1956 : Geliebte Hochstaplerin
 1956 : Lügen haben hübsche Beine
 1956 : La Fortune sourit aux vagabonds
 1956 : Mariés pour rire
 1957 : Les Envoyées du paradis
 1957 : Le Chant du bonheur
 1958 :
 1958 : Les Enfants du cirque
 1958 :
 1959 :
 1958 :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ingénieur du son autrichien
Naissance en décembre 1912
Décès en novembre 2004
Décès à 91 ans
Décès à Vienne (Autriche)

Max Vernooij


Olaylar
 İngiltere Krallığı kuruldu (dağılışı 1707).

Doğumlar
 21 Mart - İmparator Taizu, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın kurucusu ve ilk imparatoru (ö. 976)

Ölümler
 27 Mayıs - I. Simeon - Birinci Bulgaristan İmparatorluğu çarı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 İbnü'd-Dahhâk, İslam'ı terk edip Hristiyanlığa geçen ve Bizans İmparatoru I. Romanos'un hizmetine giren bir Kürt şefi

927


Friedrich Christian Theodor Kotsch (né le  à Hanovre, mort le  à Munich) est un peintre allemand.

Biographie
Theodor Kotsch est le fils du marchand hanovrien Theodor Kotsch au moment de l' et de sa femme Anna Dorothea Henriette Ede. La famille est membre de la paroisse de la  et, selon l' de 1817, vit au siège de la société Kotsch et Borchers, un magasin de produits manufacturés anglais, dans la maison "am Altstädter Markte 573". À partir de 1820 au plus tard, ses parents habitent Knochenhauerstraße 44. Kotsch a une sœur; son beau-frère est .

Après avoir terminé ses études, Theodor Kotsch va à l'école polytechnique de sa ville natale à partir de 1833, vraisemblablement pour ensuite exercer une profession bourgeoise, par exemple en tant qu'architecte ou ingénieur. Au cours de sa formation, qui dure jusqu'en 1838, il reçoit des leçons de Heinrich Schulz, qui travaille également comme peintre et restaurateur. Les premiers dessins qu'il réalise sont sur la base de modèles anciens, Kotsch n'a pas encore d'instructeur pour la peinture. Enrôlé en 1838, il obtient en  une  pour se rendre à Munich où, à , il trouve l'inspiration en autodidacte en étudiant les maîtres anciens exposés à la Galerie royale. Mais surtout Kotsch pratique la peinture de paysage grâce à Albert Zimmermann, qui enseigne à Eberfing. Très tôt, il crée des études d'huile d'après nature dans la région de Munich. Dès 1840, il montre ses premières ambiances du matin et du soir, avec des paysages forestiers et hivernaux, à l'.

En 1845, il retourne à Hanovre et y reste environ neuf ans. Au cours de cette période, il trouve ses motifs principalement lors de longues randonnées à travers les montagnes du Harz, mais aussi, par exemple, sur le .

À l'automne 1854, Kotsch s'installe à Karlsruhe et rejoint le peintre paysagiste Johann Wilhelm Schirmer. Après 1870, il retourne à Munich et y reste jusqu'à la fin de sa vie.

La ville de Hanovre est devenue l'héritière du peintre, qui a surtout créé des aquarelles. Un an après la mort de l'artiste, la Galerie nationale de Berlin présente une exposition commémorative avec un grand nombre de croquis créés par Kotsch, qui proviennent principalement des possessions du musée provincial prussien de Hanovre et de la possession du beau-frère de Kotsch, Friedrich Ede, qui vit également à Hanovre.

Bibliographie
 Werke von Wilhelm Camphause und Theodor Kotsch. National-Galerie, Berlin 1885 (Ausstellungskatalog).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre allemand du XIXe siècle
Peintre paysagiste allemand
Naissance en janvier 1818
Naissance à Hanovre
Naissance dans le royaume de Hanovre
Décès en novembre 1884
Décès à 66 ans
Décès à Munich
Décès dans le royaume de Bavière

Theodor Kotsch


Leon Goretzka (fæddur 6. febrúar 1995) er þýskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar fyrir FC Bayern München og þýska landsliðið.

Titlar
Bayern München
Bundesliga:  2018–19, 2019–20
Þýska Bikarkeppninn: 2018–19, 2019–20
Meistaradeild Evrópu:  2019-20
Evrópski ofurbikarinn: 2020
Þýskaland:
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2017 (Gull)

Tenglar
 https://int.soccerway.com/players/leon-goretzka/213637/
 https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/55295/Leon_Goretzka.html

Þýskir knattspyrnumenn

Leon Goretzka


El cerdo marino velero (Oxynotus paradoxus) es una especie de pez escualiforme de la familia Oxynotidae. No se reconocen subespecies. Es propio del océano Atlántico, encontrándose desde Escocia hasta Senegal, sin embargo su presencia en las costas del golfo de Guinea es dudosa.

Véase también
 Anexo:Taxonomía de los tiburones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Oxynotidae
Peces del océano Atlántico Norte

Oxynotus paradoxus


Liga Šibenskog nogometnog saveza, također pod nazivima Šibenska nogometna liga,, Liga NSO Šibenik, Prvenstvo Šibenskog nogometnog saveza,  Općinska liga Šibenik je bila liga petog stupnja natjecanja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za sezonu 1977./78.
Sudjelovalo je 10 klubova, a prvak je bila "Bukovica" iz Kistanja.

Ljestvica

 Zablaće – danas dio naselja Šibenik

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 A liga NSO Zadar 1977./78.
 Dalmatinska liga 1977./78.
 Međuopćinska liga Dubrovnik – Metković – Korčula – Lastovo 1977./78.
 Međuopćinska liga Split – Makarska 1977./78.

Vanjske poveznice
 knjiznica-sibenik.hr -  Gradska knjižnica "Juraj Šižgorić" Šibenik

Izvori
 , pristupljeno 14. lipnja 2019.
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", Godina 1977.
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", Godina 1978.
 knjiznica-sibenik.hr, "Šibenski list", br. 776, god. XVII, izdano 27. svibnja 1978., str. 9, (18. kolo i konačna ljestvica) , preuzeto 14. lipnja 2019.
arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", br. 10324, god. XXXVI, izdano 15. lipnja 1978., str. 10, pristupljeno 26. listopada 2020.

1977-78
1977-78 Šibenik
Šibenik

Liga Šibenskog nogometnog saveza 1977./78.


Dmitri Blohințev () a fost un fizician rus, membru corespondent al Academiei de Științe a URSS (1958) și al Academiei de științe din Ucraina (1939).

Biografie
A absolvit Universitatea din Moscova (1930). A predat acolo, fiind profesor din anul 1936 și șef al catedrei de fizică teoretică nucleară (ulterior cu sediul la Dubna, în incinta IUCN). În anii 1935 -1947 a lucrat de asemenea și la Institutul de fizică al Academiei de științe din URSS. Din anul 1947  este director al laboratorului de cercetări științifice din Obninsk, pe baza căruia a fost creat Institutul fizico-energetic. În anii 1950-1956 a fost directorul acestui laborator.  În anii  1956-1965 a fost directorul Institutului unificat de cercetări nucleare de la Dubna, iar din 1965 - șef al laboratorului de fizică teoretică.

Creația științifică
Lucrările sunt consacrate teoriei corpului solid, fizicii semiconductorilor, opticii, acusticii,mecanicii cuantice și electrodinamicii cuantice, fizicii nucleare, teoriei reactorilor nucleari, teoriei cuantice a câmpurilor, fizicii particulelor elementare, filozofiei fizicii și a spațiu-timpului, metodologieii fizicii.
A explicat fosforescența corpurilor solide pe baza teoriei cuantice, efectul de redresare a curentului electric la granița dintre doi semiconductori. În anul 1944 a construit teoria efectelor sonore în medii în mișcare și neomogene, obținând ecuațiile acusticii în forma cea mai generală. A realizat una dintre primele lucrări din optica neliniară și, în particular,  a elaborat teoria efectului Stark în câmp alternativ intens, a cercetat fenomenele neliniare în acest caz.
Un  loc însemnat în activitatea lui Blohințev îl ocupă cercetările din teoria și aspectele tehnice ale reacțiilor în lanț nucleare și a reactorilor nucleari. A condus cu lucrările de proiectare, construcție și lansare a primei centrale nucleare de la Obninsk, care a intrat în funcțiune în anul 1954.  A elaborat metode eficiente  de calcul a reactorilor cu neutroni lenți, intermediari și  termici. În colaborare cu A.I. Leipunskii a realizat conducerea științifică a primului reactor din Europa cu neutroni rapizi cu purtător termic lichido-metalic.  A lansat ideea și a condus construcția reactorilor sub neutroni rapizi IBR-1 (lansat 1960) și IBR-2 (lansat 1981). Din anul 1956 interesele științifice ale lui Blohințev se concentrează asupra fizicii particulelor elementare. Îl interesau structura particulelor elementare, limitele de aplicabilitate ale electrodinamicii cuantice, interacția particulelor de energii foarte înalte, teoria nelocală a câmpurilor, spațiul și timpul la scară microscopică. În anul 1938 a prezis "deplasarea Lamb" a nivelelor de energie și a liniilor spectrale. A sugerat ideea fluctuației densității a materiei nucleare (1957), despre spațiile stohastice cuantice, despre existența a câtorva viduri și a tranzițiilor spontane dintre acestea, a indicat existența așa numitei limite unitare, a elaborat teoria  reținerii neutronilor ultrareci.
Printre discipolii - studenți ai lui D.I. Blohințev, sau cercetători științifici la IUCN se află  fizicienii români și moldoveni: Luca Mezincescu, Andrei Mihul, Valentin Manu,  Constantin Gudima, Grigore Dohotaru, Ștefan Mașnic , ș.a.
Blohințev este citat de fizicianul american  John Archibald Wheeler.

Decorații
 Erou al Muncii socialiste (1956)
 Premiul Lenin (1957)
 Premiile  de stat ale URSS (1952, 1971)
 Ordinul Lenin (10.06.1945; 04.01.1954; 08.12.1951; 11.09.1956)
 Ordinul Revoluției din Octombrie (17.09.1975)
 Ordinul Steagul Roșu al Muncii (21.08.1953)
 Ordinul "Chiril și Metodii", gradul I (Bulgaria)
 Medalia de Aur a Academiei de Științe din Republica Cehă
 Cetățean de onoare al orașului Dubna
 A fost membru al câtorva academii de științe și societăți științifice
 În anii 1966-1969 - președinte a Uniunii internaționale a fizicii pure și aplicate.

Despre
 Personalități ale științei. Mic dicționar. București, 1977

Note

Nașteri în 1908
Decese în 1979
Fizicieni sovietici
Membri ai Academiei Leopoldine
Eroi ai Muncii Socialiste ai Uniunii Sovietice
Laureați ai Premiului Lenin
Oameni din Moscova
Profesori universitari ruși

Dmitri Blohințev


Rm w/a Vu (diminutivo de Room with a View) conocido en América latina como Un apartamento con vista es el quinto episodio de la primera temporada de la serie de televisión estadounidense Angel.

Argumento
Cansada de vivir como una pobre en su apartamento de mala calidad y sin poder triunfar aun como una actriz excelsa, una desesperada Cordelia se muda a la casa de Ángel para el descontento del vampiro que se ve obligado a tolerarle todos sus malos hábitos.

Mientras tanto, Doyle es interceptado por un demonio llamado Griff dispuesto a cobrarle el dinero que le debe. Doyle logra escapar a duras cuestas de su cobrador y trata de mantenerlo en secreto de su jefe, que acaba por descubrirlo por su cuenta. Ángel hace un trato con Doyle donde se compromete ayudarlo a resolver sus problemas a cambio de conseguirle a Cordelia su tan soñado apartamento.

Cumpliendo su parte del trato, Ángel persuade a Griff de darle un plazo a la deuda de Doyle. Mientras por otro lado Doyle le consigue a Cordelia un apartamento que la misma considera "perfecto", aunque con un pequeño inconveniente: está encantado por el fantasma de una anciana que parece odiar a Cordelia.

Decidida a proteger su más grande logro, Cordelia trata de ocultarle a sus amigos la presencia en su apartamento pero no lo consigue. Doyle sugiere que se realice un ritual para ayudar al fantasma a descasar. Con ayuda de Kate, Angel descubre que el apartamento está encantado por el fantasma de Maude Pearson que murió misteriosamente el mismo día que su hijo desapareció, con quien tenía muchos problemas por su prometida: Cordelia Chase.

Sacando conclusiones Angel cree que Maude Pearson está atrapada en el apartamento porque fue asesinada por su propio hijo y llama a Doyle para reunirse y realizar un ritual que ponga a descansa a la fantasma. Sin embargo las cosas se complican cuando Cordelia casi muere ahorcada por la fantasma de Maude, dejándola severamente traumatizada y por la repentina aparición de Griff junto con otros dos secuaces para matar a Doyle.

Doyle y Ángel realizan el ritual mientras luchan por sus vidas contra Griff y sus hombres. Cordelia vuelve a ser atormentada por Maude quien trata de matarla de nuevo y la llama "bruja". Al oír el insulto Cordelia vuelve en si y se enfrenta a la fantasma aunque no logra expulsarla. Griff y sus secuaces son derrotados y Cordelia cae en una especie de posesión que la hace destruir una pared donde encuentra el cadáver de Dennis Pearson. Este acto provoca que el equipo de investigaciones Ángel contemplen lo que realmente sucedió la noche que Maude murió: En la visión fue Maude quien mató a Dennis al aprisionarlo tras una pared de ladrillos después de que el muchacho se decidiera por escapar con Cordelia.

El enfurecido espíritu de Dennis, libre por fin, ataca a su madre expulsándola por siempre del apartamento y esfumándose en el aire. Al quedar libre de sus deudas Doyle le promete a Ángel mejorar su estilo de vida. Por otro lado Cordelia con su apartamento finalmente como lo quería se pone en contacto con su amiga Aura para enterarse de lo último que ha pasado en Sunnydale y se revela que Dennis sigue en el apartamento como una presencia que Cordelia acepta y lo llama "compañero de cuarto".

Elenco

Principal
 David Boreanaz como Angel.
 Charisma Carpenter como Cordelia Chase.
 Glenn Quinn como Allen Francis Doyle.

Secundario
Elisabeth Röhm como Kate Lockley.
Beth Grant como Maude Pearson.
Marcus Redmond como Griff.
Denny Pierce como Vic.
Greg Collins como Keith.
Corey Klemow como el joven.
Lara McGrath como el gerente.
B.J. Porter como Dennis Pearson.

Detalles de la producción

Actuaciones
El actor Marcus Redmond hace su debut por primera vez en la serie Angel como el demonio Griff. Pero en el episodio The Ring vuelve aparecer nuevamente como un demonio de las luchas debido a que su personaje Griff no sobrevive.

Redacción
La escritora Jane Espenson escribió el título del episodio para parecerse al de una etiqueta. Incluso consideró llamarlo Re: Léase como un posible título.

Continuidad
Aura la amiga de Cordelia que hizo su único debut en el inicio de la serie Buffy la cazavampiros como la chica que descubre a un muchacho muerto en su casillero es mencionada por primera y única vez en la serie.

Cuando Doyle se muestra interesado en el semi quemado diploma de Cordelia, la misma le responde: "Sí, fue una gran ceremonia". Haciendo referencia a la batalla liderada por los graduados de la secundaria Sunnydale contra el alcalde Richard Wilkins.

Recepción y espectadores
Charisma Carpenter agregó este episodio como uno de sus favoritos. La decimoprimera hora alabó el episodio, exclamando que Jane Espenson escribió "una obvia pieza maestra" al darle al personaje Doyle un rol activo en el argumento y por interpretar la constante lucha de angel con la ocupación de cordelia para un alivio cómico.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Episodios de la primera temporada de Angel

Rm w/a Vu


Skullerud Station (Skullerud stasjon) er en metrostation på Østensjøbanen på T-banen i Oslo. Stationen var endestation for banen fra 1967, og indtil den blev forlænget til Mortensrud i 1997.

Stationen ligger ved en af de bygninger, der husede Tandbergs Radiofabrikk og senere Norsk Data. Desuden er der kort vej fra stationen til Skullerudstua ved indgangen til Østmarka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1967

Skullerud Station


An Carex flexirostris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Anton Albert Reznicek. An Carex flexirostris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex flexirostris


John Crocket Bowis (né le  à Brighton, East Sussex) est un ancien député et eurodéputé conservateur.

Éducation
John Bowis fait ses études à la Tonbridge School et au Brasenose College d'Oxford, où il étudie la philosophie, la politique et l'économie.

Vie politique
Il est élu pour la première fois aux élections générales de 1987 en tant que député de Battersea. De 1993 à 1996, il est ministre de la Santé et de 1996 à 1997, il est ministre des Transports, avant de perdre son siège parlementaire aux élections générales de 1997.

Aux élections du Parlement européen de 1999, Bowis est élu pour représenter la région de Londres. Il est réélu en 2004 et se retire aux élections de 2009.

Il est secrétaire national de la Fédération des étudiants conservateurs et travaille à l'Institut de psychiatrie. Il est membre actif de l'Assemblée parlementaire paritaire ACP-UE.

Il est président de Gay Conservatives, un groupe LGBT au sein du Parti conservateur.

Il est le vice-président sortant du Groupe conservateur pour l'Europe (CGE).

Références

Liens externes

Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Étudiant de Brasenose College
Élève de Tonbridge School
Député du Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)
Député du 51e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 50e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député européen élu au Royaume-Uni 1999-2004
Député européen élu au Royaume-Uni 2004-2009
Naissance en août 1945

John Bowis


O dgħajsa tal-pass é um táxi aquático tradicional de Malta. Muitas vezes é simplesmente referido como o dgħajsa (pronúncia maltesa: [dɐɪsɐ], pl. dgħajjes [dɐɪjɛs] ), mas esta palavra refere-se a qualquer tipo de barco na língua maltesa. O barco desenvolvido no século 17, e foi amplamente utilizado para transportar passageiros no Grand Harbour e Marsamxett Harbour entre os séculos XVIII e XX. Seu uso diminuiu no final do século XIX, e hoje poucos dgħajjes permanecem em operação transportando turistas pelos portos. Variantes dos barcos ainda são amplamente utilizadas em regatas de remo realizadas duas vezes por ano.

Descrição

Como o dgħajsa tal-pass é usado para transportar passageiros dentro dos portos, ele é leve e a madeira usada na sua construção não é tão forte quanto a de outros barcos como o kajjik, luzzu ou barco Gozo, que transportavam cargas maiores e viajavam mais distâncias. Os primeiros dgħajjes tinham uma haste dianteira inclinada e sem tábuas de lavar, mas o último recurso estava em uso em meados do século XVIII. As hastes em ambas as extremidades do barco foram introduzidas no final do século XVIII. No século XIX, os barcos geralmente tinham uma haste dianteira ligeiramente curvada, mas esta foi substituída por uma reta no início do século XX. As peças de proa e popa altas parecem ser ornamentais, mas são úteis no manuseio do barco e no embarque e desembarque de passageiros.

Acredita-se que os dgħajjes começaram a ser pintados com cores brilhantes no final do século XVIII e, em meados do século XIX, muitas vezes ostentavam o Olho de Hórus. Na década de 1880, muitos dos barcos foram decorados com elaborados desenhos florais que variavam de barco para barco.

Legado

O dgħajsa apareceu no emblema de Malta, que foi usado de 1975 a 1988.

Transportes de Malta
Cultura de Malta

Dgħajsa


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U Parizu tvrde da je šef njemačke diplomacije Klaus Kinkel telefonski pristao na održavanje nove međunarodne konferencije o bivšoj Jugoslaviji.
Plan kontaktne skupine Z4 krojili su veleposlanici: Peter Galbraith (SAD), Leonid Kerestedžijanc (Rusija), Jean-Jacques Gaillarde (Francuska), Geert Ahrens (Ženevska konferencija), Alfredo Mattcota Cordella (Ženevska konferencija), a glavni mu je dio Ustavni sporazum o Krajini, koji praktički daje Srbima u Hrvatskoj državu u državi.

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München bio i domaćin Konferencije o Federaciji Hrvata i Muslimana u BiH, hrvatsku delegaciju predvodio dr. Mate Granić, a bosansku premijer Haris Silajdžić i predsjednik Federacije BiH Krešimir Zubak.
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U Hrvatskoj nema stranih plaćenika, već samo dobrovoljaca, zaključak je posebnog izvjestitelja UN Enriquea Bernallesa Ballestrosa.

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UN sumnjiči Srbiju da namjerno ometa promatrače na granici između Srbije i BiH kako bi dalje mogla opskrbljivati bosanske Srbe ratnim materijalom.
Zašto primjer autonomije Aalandskog otočja nije primjenljiv u Hrvatskoj: Šveđani na Aalandu svoj spor s Finskom riješili su političkim putem, dok su Srbi digli ustanak u cilju odcjepljenja dijela Hrvatske, počinivši pritom najteže zločine, komentira ponuđeni plan Z-4 u Večernjem listu dr. Ljubomir Antić.

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Raspolažemo s vrlo pouzdanim podacima da Rusija šalje izravnu pomoć Karadžiću u oružju i plaćenicima: prema nekim informacijama u postrojbama bosanskih Srba je više od 2.000 plaćenika iz Rusije, tvrdi u intervjuu za Večernji list general Armije BiH Jovan Divjak.

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General-bojnik Đuro Dečak u Bjelovaru izabran za novog predsjednika Udruge hrvatskih veterana domovinskog rata, umjesto dosadašnjeg predsjednika generala zbora u mirovini Martina Špegelja.
Turanj, nakon odlaska muslimanskih izbjeglica iz zapadne Bosne, postao prava karlovačka ekološka bomba, tako da je vatra jedino sredstvo za sprečavanje zaraze.
Srpske snage i dalje napadaju bihaćku enklavu, usprkos dogovorenom prekidu vatre, javlja Reuter.
U Tuzli skupina vojnika Armije Bi H nasilno uselila u kuće izbjeglih Hrvata i Srba, a muslimansko vojno zapovjedništvo traži od civilnih vlasti da se izmijeni sadašnji zakon koji onemogućava otvaranje stanova i kuća u kojima sada nitko ne živi, kako bi u njih uselili izbjeglice iz drugih dijelova BiH.
Hrvati i dalje panično bježe iz Banje Luke, rekao za Večernji list banjalučki biskup dr. Franjo Komarica.
The International Herald Tribune, iz pera Flore Lewis, ponovno nudi oživljavanje Jugoslavije. U komentaru pod naslovom Jugoslavensko rješenje je Jugoslavija, ona predlaže labavu jugoslavensku konfederaciju.

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Predsjednik HSLS-a Dražen Budiša boravi u višednevnom posjetu Federaciji BiH.
Hrvata u Sarajevu, prema neslužbenim procjenama, ima još oko 30.000.
Goliju, planinu visoku preko 1.800 metara, što se kao klin zabila između Livna i Glamoča, u potpunosti kontrolira HVO.
U Beograd će uskoro stići inspektori Europske unije, koji će pregledati kataloge i muzejske depoe u Beogradu i Novom Sadu, kako bi ustanovili što je srpska država spasila od umjetničkih djela iz Hrvatske.
Srpski lobby u SAD, preko Carterova centra, izdao knjigu stanovite Florence Hamlish Levishon Belgrade: Amongs the Serbs, s tezom da je rat u bivšoj (navode stavlja autorica) Jugoslaviji građanski rat.
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Američki državni tajnik Warren Christopher smatra da predsjednik Tuđman ozbiljno griješi u prosudbama na kojima temelji odluku o prekidu mandata UNPROFOR-a u Hrvatskoj.

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Prestajanjem postojanja Republike BiH prestat će postojati i Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna, ali ostat će Bosna i Hercegovina kao federacija i u njoj Herceg-Bosna kao institucija hrvatskog naroda u BiH, izjavio u intervjuu za Večernji list Mile Akmadžić, dopredsjednik Vlade HR Herceg-Bosne i predsjednik hrvatske komisije za pregovore s bošnjačkom i srpskom stranom u BiH.
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Trgovina benzinom između Albanije i Crne Gore, kojom se krši embargo protiv tzv. SR Jugoslavije, poprimila tolike razmjere da od transporta benzina Skadarskom jezeru prijeti ekološka katastrofa.

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20. veljače
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22. veljače
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23. veljače
Američki veleposlanik u BiH Viktor Jakovich, u intervjuu za Večernji list istaknuo da više neće biti sukoba između Hrvata i Bošnjaka, da se mora pojačati pritisak na bosanske Srbe, te da nova Jugoslavija više nije moguća nikada, a za Beograd rekao da je prekršio gotovo svaki dogovor koji je potpisao.
The New York Times, iz pera svog dopisnika Rogera Cohena, opisuje stanje u Zenici, posebice se osvrćući na nazočnost mudžahedina, koji izazivaju napetosti u bosanskom savezu Hrvata i Muslimana.
Srpski mediji odigrali su negativnu ulogu u ratovima u Hrvatskoj i BiH, izazivajući nacionalnu mržnju, piše u svom izvješću Tadeusz Mazowiecki o stanju javnih glasila na području bivše Jugoslavije.

24. veljače
Tridesetprvi ožujka vjerojatno će značiti samo formalni kraj mandata UNPROFOR-a. Niti će toga dana UNPROFOR nestati iz Hrvatske niti će Hrvatska toga dana krenuti u rješavanje problema okupiranih područja drugim sredstvima. Dramatičnost 31. ožujka vole pothranjivati oni koji žele zadržati status quo, rekao u intervjuu za Večemji list Miomir Žužul, hrvatski veleposlanik pri UN u Ženevi.
EU nije sudjelovao u svečanom otvaranju mosta koji spaja hrvatske dijelove Mostara.
Prvi hrvatski gardijski zdrug, elitna postrojba Hrvatske vojske, čiji pripadnici brane domovinu još od 1990. godine, u Rakitju kraj Zagreba proslavio prvu obljetnicu postojanja.
Na sjednici Arhijerijskog sinoda Srpske pravoslavne crkve u Bijeljini, kojom je predsjedao patrijarh srpski Pavle, bili prisutni i Radovan Karadžić i Milan Martić.

25. veljače
Na proslavi pete obljetnice održavanja Prvog općeg sabora Hrvatske demokratske zajednice, u dvorani Cibone u Zagrebu govorio predsjednik Republike Hrvatske i predsjednik HDZ-a dr. Franjo Tuđman, te istaknuo da je održavanje Prvog sabora HDZ-a 1990. godine bilo od povijesnog, sudbonosnog značenja, a Hrvatskoj demokratskoj zajednici, bez ikakve dvojbe, pripadaju najveće zasluge da je hrvatski narod mogao preuzeti svoju sudbinu u svoje ruke.
Najveći dio slučajeva nestalih u Hrvatskoj je rezultat vrlo precizne, planirane i organizirane politike etničkog čišćenja koju su provodili JNA i paravojne snage poput Šešeljevih bijelih orlova, Arkanovih tigrova i drugih, istaknuo u intervjuu za Večernji list dr. Manfred Nowak, profesor ustavnog prava u Beču i voditelj specijalnih procesa UN-a u Ženevi za traženje nestalih osoba na području bivše Jugoslavije.
Ministar vjera u Republici Srpskoj, Dragan Davidović zabranio održavanje Bosansko-hercegovačke biskupske konferencije u Banjaluci.
Traženje Beograda da se stvori osovina Atena - Beograd, ne dolazi u obzir, rekao grčki ministar obrane Gersasimos Arsenis u Sofiji.

 26. veljače RAT ne zazivamo, ali poručujemo svima da je Hrvatska vojska sposobna osloboditi svaku stopu hrvatske zemlje, rekao u Varaždinu na obilježavanju druge obljetnice 7. gardijske brigade ministar obrane Gojko Šušak.
Četnici iz istočne Hercegovine napali crte obrane na širem području Dubrovnika, na što je Hrvatska vojska uputila oštar prosvjed UNPROFOR-u.
Uzaludni zahtjevi:prognanika Brodsko-posavske županije UNPROFOR-u da posjete svoja sela, jer je on i ovaj put potvrdio da bez pobunjenih Srba ne može ništa odlučiti:

 27. veljače
Ministar vanjskih poslova dr. Mate Granić govorio u Ženevi pred Komisijom UN za ljudska prava gdje je najavio novi model koji Hrvatska priprema, prema kojem bi se osoblje UNPROFOR-a iz Hrvatske povuklo sigurno i dostojanstveno, a bilo bi zamijenjeno posebnim snagama koje bi nadzirale hrvatsku međunarodno priznatu granicu i provedbu potpisanih sporazuma.
Predsdjednik Republike Turske Suleyman Demirel doputovao u posjet Hrvatskoj.
Glavni tajnik UN B.B. Ghali, nakon razgovora s predsjednikom Austrije Thomasom Klastilom, izjavio kako samo Zagreb zahtijeva povlačenje postrojbi UN do kraja ožujka, ali da će on nastojati da UNPROFOR ostane u Hrvatskoj.
Vojsku tzv. SRJ sve češće potresaju skandali i brzopleta smjenjivanja generala.

 28. veljače
Odbor za Ustav, Poslovnik i politički sustav Sabora RH konstatirao da je plan Z-4 suprotan hrvatskom Ustavu, jer predviđa federalizaciju i konfederalizaciju Hrvatske, te kao takav je neprihvatljiv.SR Jugoslavija'' i Rusija potpisale ugovor o vojnoj suradnji, to je rezultat posjeta Moskvi jugoslavenskog ministra obrane Pavla Bulatovića i susreta s ruskim kolegom Pavelom Gračovom.

Izvori

1995/2

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: veljača 1995.


Basananthe triloba je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae, roda Basananthe. Sinonim za ovu biljku je Tryphostemma triloba Bolus ex Schinz.

Raste u Južnoj Africi.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Basananthe na Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , SAD-ov odjel za poljodjelstvo, služba za poljodjelska istraživanja.

Basananthe

Basananthe triloba


Rusalka (en ruso, Русалка, Rusálka) es una ópera en cuatro actos, seis escenas, con música de Aleksandr Dargomyzhski y libreto en ruso adaptado por el compositor a partir del poema dramático incompleto de Pushkin. Se estrenó el 4 de mayo (antigua datación) de 1856 en el Teatro Mariinski, San Petersburgo.

Aunque gran parte de la Rusalka de Dargomyzhski es bastante convencional en la forma y estilo musical, su innovación singular para la historia de la música rusa en particular es la aplicación de "recitativo melódico" en ciertos puntos del drama. Este tipo de recitativo está formado por sonidos líricos que cambian continuamente según la situación dramática, con un acompañamiento de la orquesta igualmente variado. Dargomyzhski iba a aplicar esta técnica de composición vocal en una escala pequeña en sus canciones y a gran escala en su última ópera, El convidado de piedra.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo 3 representaciones en el período 2005-2010, siendo la primera de Dargomizhski.

Personajes

Argumento

La acción tiene lugar en el río Dniéper

La trama habla de una doncella que, después de ser plantada por un príncipe, se ahoga (de ahí la designación "rusalka," o "doncella ahogada").  El último acto de la ópera, que presenta un ballet, y es algo bastante inusual pues una rusalka de 12 años recita sus versos sobre la música.

Obras relacionadas

Otras óperas en las que hay personajes de rusalki son Noche de mayo de Rimski-Kórsakov y Rusalka de Dvořák .

Referencias
Naroditskaya, Inna, "Russian Rusalkas and Nationalism," , Music of the Sirens (Ed. Linda Austern and Inna Naroditskaya), Indiana University Press, 2006, pp.216-249.

Enlaces externos
Libreto en ruso en HTML
Libreto en ruso en formato zip para Word

Óperas de Aleksandr Dargomizhski
Óperas en ruso
Óperas de 1855
Óperas estrenadas en San Petersburgo
Adaptaciones de obras de Aleksandr Pushkin

Rusalka (Dargomizhski)


An Puya sehuencasensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni R.Vásquez, Ibisch ngan R.Lara. An Puya sehuencasensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya sehuencasensis


يوتاكا أوزاكي  (أوزاكي هو اسم العائلة) (29 نوفمبر 1965 - 25 أبريل 1992) كان موسيقي ومغني ياباني مشهور، حيث حصل على ترتيب 23 في قائمة أعظم 100 موسيقي ياباني من قبل مجموعة إتش إم في.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من سيتاغايا (طوكيو)
مؤلفو أغاني يابانيون
مغنو روك يابانيون
مغنون ذكور في القرن 20
مغنون وكتاب أغان يابانيون
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان يابانيون
مغنون يابانيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1965
مواليد في سيتاغايا (طوكيو)
وفيات 1992
وفيات في طوكيو
مغنون ذكور يابانيون في القرن 20

يوتاكا أوزاكي


Emma Rask (født 17. januar 1996) er en svensk håndboldspiller, som spiller i H 65 Höör.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Sverige

Emma Rask


Three Men Walking ist ein Album des Trios von Joe Maneri, Joe Morris und Mat Maneri, aufgenommen in mehreren Sessions im Oktober und November 1995 in Winterthur und erschienen 1996 bei ECM. Der Titel des Albums bezieht sich auf eine gleichnamige Bronzeplastik des Schweizer Bildhauers Alberto Giacometti, die 1949 entstand und sich im Metropolitan Museum of Art befindet.

Das Album
Bereits zuvor hatten der Holzbläser Joe Maneri und sein Sohn, der Violinist Mat Maneri bei mehreren Produktionen zusammengearbeitet; 1993 und im Juni 1995 entstanden für Leo Records die Alben Get Ready to Receive Yourself! und Let the Horses Go. Hinzu kam bei den Studioaufnahmen in Winterthur der Gitarrist Joe Morris. Den Sessions ging eine Zeit der Planungen (Paul Bley stellte den Kontakt zum ECM-Label her) und ausgedehnten Proben voraus; zwei Tage vor der Studiosession fand ein erstes Konzert der Gruppe statt. Es folgte noch eine gemeinsame Tournee u. a. mit einem Auftritt auf den Berliner Jazztagen, womit die Zusammenarbeit endete. Der Mitschnitt eines Konzerts im Kölner Loft erschien als Album Out Right Now bei HatOLOGY 2001.

"Die Gruppe schifft sich ein auf eine Reise, die Jazz, Kammermusik und Kollektivimprovisation erforscht", schrieb das ECM-Label in seiner Ankündigung. Der Produzent ist der Ansicht: "Maneri/Morris/Maneri liefern mit einer ganz eigenen Ausdrucksweise und dynamischen Gefühl eine seltsam ergreifende, tief poetische Musik".

In der gemeinsamen Improvisation über eigene Kompositionen der Bandmitglieder (eine Ausnahme ist der Jazzstandard What's New?) bilden die Beiträge Mat Maneris auf der elektrisch verstärkten Violine "die Brücke zwischen Morris und seinem Vater." Mat Maneris Bogenspiel hingegen sorgt für eine gewisse Grundierung für die kurzen, scharfen Noten von Joe Maneri und Morris. Das Trio lässt gleichzeitig Raum für Solo- und Duo-Titel, "die deren individuelle Stärken herausstellen und eine größere Aufwertung der Einzelleistungen erlauben", schrieb die Kritikerin Stacia Proefrock. So beginnt das Album mit dem unbegleiteten Klarinettenspiel Joe Maneris, "im Klang härter und tiefer als [Jimmy] Giuffre, obwohl vordergründig ähnlich." Die solistische Schlussnummer For Josef Schmid ist eine Verbeugung Joe Maneris (hier am Piano) vor dem Komponisten und Alban-Berg-Schüler Josef Schmid (1890–1969), der den jungen Maneri mit dem Werk von Arnold Schönberg bekannt machte.

Joe Morris merkte zu der Musik des Albums an:

Bewertung des Albums
Das erste ECM-Album Joe Maneris erhielt durchweg positive Kritiken; JazzTimes bezeichnete Three Men Walking als eine von dessen besten Aufnahmen: "The lineup of father and son Maneri and guitarist Morris speaks a personal language." Dies sei der Stoff für eine Legende, schrieb Die Zeit über Joe Maneris ECM-Debüt. Nach Ansicht von Gary Giddins enttäusche das Album nicht: "It is original and deeply compelling. While two Maneris tend to blend, Morris counterposes a different yet complementary key, suggesting harmolodic spatiality. He is at once apart and in synch."

Joe Maneri sei auf Three Men Walking ein kommunikativer Spieler, so Giddins, "sein Klang auf dem Tenor-, Alt[saxophon] und besonders auf der Klarinette ist eindrucksvoll individuell, seine Phrasen logisch und aussagekräftig. Nirgends ist dies offensichtlicher als in seiner Version von What's New, das auf entwaffnende Weise mit den ersten zwei Noten des Standards beginnt und dann fortfährt, die Melodie zu schildern, indem er sich tiefer in sie windet, sodass man anstelle eines Thema-und-Variation-[Schemas] etwas ähnlich einer inspirierten Zerlegung erlebe".

Stacia Proefrock vergab dem Album in Allmusic die zweithöchste Bewertung von vier Sternen und schrieb:
 "Auch wenn die beiden Maneris mit ihren Erforschungen von Mikrotonalität und Weltmusik stilistisch zusammenpassen, ist Morris sowohl ein innovativer als auch ein flexibler Spieler, und es gelingt ihm, sich großartig in die Gruppe einzufügen. […] Dieses Album ist Improvisation in ihrer freisten Spielform, mit knackigem, deutlichem Gitarrenspiel von Morris, das Seite an Seite mit Joe Maneris Anstrengungen, die kleinsten Räume zwischen den Noten zu entlocken, ein reichliches Spektrum an Klängen entfaltet. […] Die Musik ist auf radikale Weise kreativ, ohne dabei unzugänglich zu sein, ein bewundernswertes Exempel für Innovation im Jazz."

Richard Cook und Brian Morton verliehen dem Trioalbum die Höchstwertung von vier Sternen: Die Giacometti-Skulptur von drei Personen, die ungewiss am Boden angeheftet sind und in verschiedene Richtungen streben, obwohl im Augenblick an dieselbe Stelle des Bodens angebunden, sei ein visueller Bezug zur Musik, die "gleichzeitig luftig und erdgebunden, solide und immateriell, sowohl Jazz als auch etwas ganz anderes" sei. Höhepunkt der Session seien die Gruppenimprovisationen Bird's in the Bedlfy, Three Men Walking und Arc and Point.

Titel
 Joe Maneri, Joe Morris, Mat Maneri: Three Men Walking (ECM Records 1597)
 Calling (Joe Maeri) 3:13
 What's New? (Johnny Burke, Bob Haggart) 9:47
 Bird's in the Belfry (Maneri/Morris/Maneri) 6:51
 If Not Now (Morris) 3:22
 Let Me Tell You (Maneri/Morris/Maneri) 2:03
 Through a Glass Darkly (Mat Maneri) 4:58
 Three Men Walking  (Maneri/Morris/Maneri) 5:23
 Deep Paths (Maneri/Maneri/Morris) 9:16
 Diuturnal (Joe Maneri) 3:33
 Fevered (Maneri/Maneri/Morris) 5:40
 Gestalt (Mat Maneri) 2:39
 To Anne's Eyes (Joe Morris) 2:07
 For Josef Schmid (Joe Maneri) 2:09

Literatur
 Richard Cook, Brian Morton: The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD, LP and Cassette. 2. Auflage. Penguin, London 1994, ISBN 0-14-017949-6.

Einzelnachweise

Album (Jazz)
Album 1996

Three Men Walking


Danilo Marcelo Díaz Núñez  (Antofagasta, Región de Antofagasta, 19 de diciembre de 1967) es un comentarista, periodista deportivo y escritor chileno. En 2009 obtuvo el premio de Premio Nacional de Periodismo Deportivo de Chile.

Biografía

Egresó del Colegio San Luis de la ciudad de Antofagasta. Se gradúa con el título de Comunicación Social en la Universidad Diego Portales, siendo parte de la primera generación de periodistas licenciados de esta universidad. Trabaja en la Revista Don Balón serializada en Chile, formando parte del primer grupo de trabajo de esta, terminando sus labores en el año 1998 en dónde asumise como director del suplemento deportivo. Trabaja para el periódico El Mercurio como redactor. Fue corresponsal del Journal A bola de Portugal. Fue corresponsal para los torneos de Copa América en sus ediciones de 1991 y 1995. Como en 1996 para la Campeonato Europeo de Fútbol, en ese mismo año fue comentarista del programa radial Más deporte de la emisora Radio Nacional de Chile. El año 1998 es corresponsal del Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1998. En el año 2006 trabajó como editor en ESPN RADIO Bío-Bío Deportes. Ese mismo año recibió el Premio Amador Yarur otorgado por el Club Deportivo Palestino. A partir del año 2007 es jurado del Ballon d'Or de la revista France Football.

El día 3 de diciembre 2009 es galardonado con el Premio Nacional de Periodismo Deportivo de Chile entregado por el Círculo de Periodistas Deportivos de Chile. La ceremonia de premiación ocurrió el día viernes 18 de diciembre. Ese mismo año 2009 recibió el "Premio Raúl Prado Cavada" por su aporte al Periodismo Deportivo, distinción que anualmente otorga Colo-Colo a un periodista deportivo destacado.

El año 2010 vuelve a ser corresponsal para cubrir la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2010.

Contribuye a la elaboración del libro Alexis El camino de un crack, en colaboración del periodista Nicolás Olea, cuya primera edición fue en noviembre de 2011.

Desde enero de 2013 forma parte de los denominados "Tenores" del programa ADN Deportes, emitido por ADN Radio Chile

En enero de 2018 asumió como presidente del Círculo de Periodistas Deportivos de Chile, siendo reelecto en el cargo para un segundo período en junio de 2022.

Obras
 Alexis. El camino de un crack (2011), coautoría con Nicolás Olea.
 Los grandes. Diálogos con hombres de fútbol (2012).
 80 años del fútbol chileno (2013).
 Cracks (2013), con la participación de las editoras María Paz Garafulic y Jennifer King.
 Los apodos de la Roja (2014), coautoría con Axel Pickett.

Premios

Referencias

Bibliografía

Nacidos en Antofagasta
Alumnado de la Universidad Diego Portales
Alumnado del Colegio San Luis de Antofagasta
Escritores de Chile
Periodistas de Chile
Periodistas deportivos de Chile
Comentaristas deportivos de Chile
Comentaristas deportivos de Radio ADN
Comentaristas deportivos de TNT Sports Chile
Premio Nacional de Periodismo Deportivo de Chile

Danilo Díaz