Roy Owen Haynes (born March 13, 1925) is an American jazz drummer. He is among the most recorded drummers in jazz. In a career lasting over 80 years, he has played swing, bebop, jazz fusion, avant-garde jazz and is considered a pioneer of jazz drumming. "Snap Crackle" was a nickname given to him in the 1950s.

He has led bands such as the Hip Ensemble. His albums Fountain of Youth and Whereas were nominated for a Grammy Award. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1999. His son Graham Haynes is a cornetist; another son Craig Holiday Haynes and grandson Marcus Gilmore are both drummers.

Career

Haynes was born in the Roxbury section of Boston, Massachusetts, United States to Gustavas and Edna Haynes, immigrants from the Barbados. A younger brother, Michael E. Haynes, became an important leader in the black community of Massachusetts, working with Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement, representing Roxbury in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and for forty years serving as pastor of the Twelfth Baptist Church, where King had been a member while he pursued his doctoral degree at Boston University.

Haynes made his professional debut in 1942 in his native Boston, and began his full-time professional career in 1945. From 1947 to 1949 he worked with saxophonist Lester Young, and from 1949 to 1952 was a member of saxophonist Charlie Parker's quintet. He also recorded at the time with pianist Bud Powell and saxophonists Wardell Gray and Stan Getz. From 1953 to 1958, he toured with singer Sarah Vaughan and recorded with her.

A tribute song was recorded by Jim Keltner and Charlie Watts of the Rolling Stones, and he appeared on stage with the Allman Brothers Band in 2006 and Page McConnell of Phish in 2008. "Age seems to have just passed him by," Watts observed. "He's eighty-three and in 2006 he was voted Best Contemporary Jazz Drummer [in Modern Drummer magazine's readers' poll]. He's amazing."

In 2008, Haynes lent his voice to the open-world video game Grand Theft Auto IV, to voice himself as the DJ for the fictional classic jazz radio station, Jazz Nation Radio 108.5.

Haynes is known to celebrate his birthday on stage, in recent years at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, his 95th birthday celebration was cancelled.

Awards and honors
A Life in Time – The Roy Haynes Story was named by The New Yorker magazine as one of the Best Boxed Sets of 2007 and was nominated for an award by the Jazz Journalist's Association.

WKCR-FM, New York, surveyed Haynes's career in 301 hours of programming, January 11–23, 2009.

Esquire named Roy Haynes one of the best-dressed men in America in 1960, along with Fred Astaire, Miles Davis, Clark Gable, and Cary Grant.

In 1994, Haynes was awarded the Danish Jazzpar prize, and in 1996 the French government knighted him with the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France's top literary and artistic honor. In 1995, the U.S. National Endowment for the Arts named Haynes as a NEA Jazz_Master. Haynes received honorary doctorates from the Berklee College of Music (1991), and the New England Conservatory (2004), as well as a Peabody Medal, the highest honor bestowed by the Peabody Institute of The Johns Hopkins University, in 2012. He was inducted into the DownBeat magazine Hall of Fame in 2004. On October 9, 2010, he was awarded the Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation's BNY Mellon Jazz Living Legacy Award at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC.

In 2001, Haynes's album Birds of a Feather: A Tribute to Charlie Parker was nominated for the 44th Annual Grammy Awards as Best Jazz Instrumental Album.
On December 22, 2010, he was named a recipient of a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, and he received the award at the Special Merit Awards Ceremony & Nominees Reception of the 54th Annual Grammy Awards on February 11, 2012.

In 2019, Haynes was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Jazz Foundation of America at the 28th Annual Loft Party.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
 Busman's Holiday (EmArcy, 1954)
 Roy Haynes Modern Group (Swing, 1955) – recorded in 1954
 Jazz Abroad (Mercury, 1956) – recorded in 1953. split album with Quincy Jones.
 We Three with Paul Chambers & Phineas Newborn (New Jazz, 1959) – recorded in 1958
 Just Us (New Jazz, 1960)
 Out of the Afternoon (Impulse!, 1962)
 Cracklin' with Booker Ervin (New Jazz, 1963)
 Cymbalism (New Jazz, 1963)
 People (Pacific Jazz, 1964)
 Hip Ensemble (Mainstream, 1971)
 Senyah (Mainstream, 1972)
 Booty with Blue Mitchell, Charles Kynard, Charles Williams (Mainstream, 1974)
 Togyu (RCA, 1975) – recorded in 1973
 Jazz a Confronto Vol. 29 (Horo, 1976)
 Sugar Roy (Kitty, 1976)
 Thank You Thank You (Galaxy, 1977)
 Vistalite (Galaxy, 1979) – recorded in 1977
 True or False (Freelance, 1986)
 Encounters with Mark Isaacs, Dave Holland (ABC, 1990) – recorded in 1988
 Equipoise (Mainstream, 1991) – reissue of Hip Ensemble (1971) with 1 additional track "Roy's Tune"
 When It's Haynes It Roars (Dreyfus Jazz, 1992)
 Live at the Riverbop (Marge, 1993) – live recorded in 1979
 Homecoming (Evidence, 1994) – live recorded in 1992
 Te Vou! (Dreyfus Jazz, 1994)
 My Shining Hour with Thomas Clausen's Jazzparticipants (Storyville, 1995) – recorded in 1994
 Praise (Dreyfus Jazz, 1998)
 The Roy Haynes Trio featuring Danilo Perez & John Patitucci (Verve, 2000) – recorded in 1999
 Birds of a Feather: A Tribute to Charlie Parker (Dreyfus Jazz, 2001) – Grammy-nominated album
 Love Letters (Eighty-Eight's, 2002)
 Whereas (Dreyfus Jazz, 2006)
 The Island (Explore, 2007) – recorded in 1990
 Roy-Alty (Dreyfus Jazz, 2011)

Compilations
 Fountain of Youth (Dreyfus Jazz, 2004) – Grammy-nominated album
 Quiet Fire (Galaxy, 2004) – reissue of Thank You Thank You (1977) and Vistalite (1977)
 A Life in Time: The Roy Haynes Story (Dreyfus Jazz, 2007)[3CD + DVD-Video] – Grammy-nominated track included

As sideman
In recorded year order
1947: Lester Young, The Complete Aladdin Recordings of Lester Young (Blue Note, 1995)[2CD]
1949: Kai Winding, Modern Jazz Trombones (Prestige, 1952)
1949–1950: Stan Getz, Stan Getz Quartets (Prestige)
1950: Charlie Parker, Bird at St. Nick's (Jazz Workshop, 1958)
1949–51: Bud Powell, The Amazing Bud Powell (Blue Note, 1952)[10 inch]
1950–52: Wardell Gray, Memorial Album (Prestige, 1964)[2LP]
1951–53: Miles Davis, Miles Davis and Horns (Prestige, 1956)
1950–54: Stan Getz, The Complete Roost Recordings (Blue Note, 1997)
1954: Sarah Vaughan, Sarah Vaughan (EmArcy, 1955)
1954?: Cal Tjader, Vibist (Savoy, 1954)
1954?: Eddie Shu, I Only Have Eyes For Shu (Bethlehem, 1955)
1955: Sarah Vaughan, In the Land of Hi-Fi (EmArcy, 1955)
1955: Nat Adderley, Introducing Nat Adderley (Wing, 1955)
1949–56: Milt Jackson, Meet Milt Jackson (Savoy, 1956)
1956: Red Rodney Quintet, Modern Music from Chicago (Fantasy, 1983)
1954–57: Sarah Vaughan, Swingin' Easy (EmArcy, 1957)
1957: Sonny Rollins, The Sound of Sonny (Riverside, 1957)
1958: Sarah Vaughan, After Hours at the London House (Mercury, 1959)
1958: Thelonious Monk, Thelonious in Action  (Riverside, 1958) – live
1958: Thelonious Monk, Misterioso (Riverside, 1958) – live
1958: Thelonious Monk, Live at the Five Spot Discovery! (Blue Note, 1993)
1958: Art Farmer, Portrait of Art Farmer (Contemporary, 1958)
1958: Art Blakey, Drums Around the Corner (Blue Note, 1999)
1958: Sonny Rollins, Brass & Trio (MetroJazz, 1958)
1958: Dorothy Ashby, In a Minor Groove (New Jazz, 1958)
1958: John Handy, In the Vernacular (Roulette, 1958)
1958: George Shearing, Latin Affair (Capitol, 1959)
1959: Randy Weston, Live at the Five Spot (United Artists, 1959) – live
1959: Kenny Burrell, A Night at the Vanguard (Argo, 1959) – live
1959: Phineas Newborn, Jr. Piano Portraits by Phineas Newborn (Roulette, 1959)
1959: Sonny Stitt, The Sonny Side of Stitt (Roost, 1960)
1959: Phineas Newborn, Jr. I Love a Piano (Roulette, 1960)
1959: Lee Konitz, You and Lee (Verve, 1959)
1960: Eric Dolphy, Outward Bound (New Jazz, 1960)
1960: Eric Dolphy, Out There (New Jazz, 1961)
1960: Eric Dolphy, Far Cry (New Jazz, 1962)
1960: Etta Jones, Don't Go to Strangers (Prestige, 1960)
1960: Booker Little, Booker Little (Time, 1960)
1960: Betty Roché, Singin' & Swingin' (Prestige, 1960)
1960: Tommy Flanagan, The Tommy Flanagan Trio (Moodsville, 1960)
1960: Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis Big Band, Trane Whistle (Prestige, 1960)
1960: Oliver Nelson, Taking Care of Business (New Jazz, 1960)
1960: Oliver Nelson, Nocturne (Moodsville, 1961)
1960: Oliver Nelson, King Curtis & Jimmy Forrest, Soul Battle (Prestige, 1962)
1960: Sonny Stitt Stittsville, Sonny Side Up (Roost, 1961)
1960: Kai Winding & J. J. Johnson, The Great Kai & J. J. (Impulse!, 1961)
1960: Lem Winchester, Lem Winchester with Feeling (Moodsville, 1961)
1960: Steve Lacy, The Straight Horn of Steve Lacy (Candid, 1961)
1960: Ray Charles, Genius + Soul = Jazz (Impulse!, 1961)
1960: Oliver Nelson, Screamin' the Blues (New Jazz, 1961)
1960–61: Etta Jones, Something Nice (Prestige, 1961)
1961: Oliver Nelson, Straight Ahead (New Jazz, 1961)
1961: Oliver Nelson, The Blues and the Abstract Truth (Impulse!, 1961)
1961: Jaki Byard, Here's Jaki (New Jazz, 1961)
1961: Ted Curson, Plenty of Horn (Old Town, 1961)
1961: Stan Getz and Bob Brookmeyer, Recorded Fall 1961 (Verve, 1961)
1961: Stan Getz, Focus (Verve, 1962)
1962: Jackie Paris, The Song Is Paris (Impulse!, 1962)
1962: Roland Kirk, Domino (Mercury, 1962)
1962: Willis Jackson, Bossa Nova Plus (Prestige, 1962)
1960–62: Sonny Stitt, Stitt in Orbit (Roost, 1963)
1960–62: Jimmy Forrest, Soul Street (New Jazz, 1962)
1962: McCoy Tyner, Reaching Fourth (Impulse!, 1963)
1962: Ted Curson, Ted Curson Plays Fire Down Below (Prestige, 1963)
1961-63: John Coltrane, Impressions (Impulse!, 1963)
1961–63: John Coltrane, Newport '63 (Impulse!, 1993)
1963: Frank Wess, Yo Ho! Poor You, Little Me (Prestige, 1963)
1963: Andrew Hill, Black Fire (Blue Note, 1964)
1963: Andrew Hill, Smokestack (Blue Note, 1966)
1963: Jackie McLean, Destination... Out! (Blue Note, 1964)
1964: Jackie McLean, It's Time! (Blue Note, 1965)
1961–64: Jaki Byard, Out Front! (Prestige, 1965)
1964: Jimmy Witherspoon, Blue Spoon (Prestige, 1964)
1966: Stan Getz, The Stan Getz Quartet in Paris (Verve, 1967)
1966: Gary Burton, Tennessee Firebird (RCA, 1967)
1967: Gary Burton, Duster (RCA, 1967)
1966–68: Stan Getz, What the World Needs Now: Stan Getz Plays Burt Bacharach and Hal David (Verve, 1968)
1968: Archie Shepp, The Way Ahead (Impulse!, 1968)
1968: Chick Corea, Now He Sings, Now He Sobs (Solid State, 1968)
1968: Jack DeJohnette, The DeJohnette Complex (Milestone, 1969)
1969: Gary Burton, Country Roads & Other Places (RCA, 1968)
1969: Leon Thomas, Spirits Known and Unknown (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
1969: Oliver Nelson, Black, Brown and Beautiful (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
1969: Clifford Jordan, In the World (Strata-East, 1972)
1970: Leon Thomas, The Leon Thomas Album (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
1971: Pharoah Sanders,  Thembi (Impulse!, 1971)
1971: Gato Barbieri, Under Fire (Flying Dutchman, 1973)
1974: Dave Brubeck, All The Things We Are (Atlantic, 1976)
1975: Duke Jordan Quartet, Misty Thursday (SteepleChase, 1976)
1976: Duke Jordan Trio, Live in Japan (SteepleChase, 1977)
1976: Duke Jordan Trio, Flight to Japan (SteepleChase, 1978)
1976: Tommy Flanagan, Trinity (Inner City, 1980)
1976: Warne Marsh, How Deep, How High (Interplay, 1980)
1977: Mary Lou Williams, A Grand Night For Swinging (High Note, 2008)
1977?: Nick Brignola Sextet with Pepper Adams, Baritone Madness (Galaxy, 1978)
1978: Dizzy Reece, Manhattan Project (Bee Hive, 1978)
1978: Dizzy Reece and Ted Curson, Blowin' Away (Interplay, 1978)
1978?: Johnny Griffin, Birds and Ballads (Galaxy, 1978)
1978: Gary Burton, Times Square (ECM, 1979)
1978: Alice Coltrane, Transfiguration (Warner Bros., 1978)[2LP]
1978: Art Pepper, Art Pepper Today (Galaxy, 1979)
1978: Sal Nistico, Neo/Nistico (Bee Hive, 1978)
1978: Red Garland, Equinox (Galaxy, 1979)
1978: Hank Jones, Ain't Misbehavin' (Galaxy, 1979)
1978: Stanley Cowell, Equipoise (Galaxy, 1979)
1978: Archie Shepp, Lady Bird (Denon, 1979)
1979: Ted Curson, The Trio (Interplay, 1979)
1979: Joe Albany, Bird Lives! (Interplay, 1979)
1981: Chick Corea, Trio Music (ECM, 1982)
1983: Freddie Hubbard, Sweet Return (Atlantic, 1983)
1983?: Toshiyuki Honda, Dream (Eastworld, 1983)
1984: Chick Corea, Trio Music Live in Europe (ECM, 1986) – live. Grammy nominated album.
1987: McCoy Tyner, Blues for Coltrane: A Tribute to John Coltrane (Impulse!, 1988) – Grammy won album
1987: Michel Petrucciani, Michel plays Petrucciani (Blue Note, 1988)
1987: Chick Corea, Live in Montreaux (GRP, 1994) – live
1988: Mark Isaacs, Encounters, with Dave Holland (ABC, 1990 & 1995; veraBra, 1991; Gracemusic, 2013)
1989: Pat Metheny, Question and Answer (Geffen, 1990)
1994: Kenny Barron, Wanton Spirit (Verve, 1994) – Grammy nominated album
1995: Michel Petrucciani & Stephane Grappelli, Flamingo (Dreyfus, 1996)
1996: Chick Corea, Remembering Bud Powell (Stretch, 1997) – Grammy nominated album
1997: Gary Burton, Like Minds (Concord, 1998) – Grammy won album
2010: Sonny Rollins, Road Shows vol. 2 (Doxy, 2011) – live

References

External links
 Roy Haynes – Featured Musician (Drummer Cafe)
 Drummerworld article
Interview
Concert Review
Interview for the NAMM Oral History Program (2008)

1925 births
Living people
Musicians from Boston
People from Roxbury, Boston
American people of Barbadian descent
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
African-American drummers
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz drummers
American male drummers
Bebop drummers
Circle (jazz band) members
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Hard bop drummers
American male jazz musicians
EmArcy Records artists
Galaxy Records artists
Impulse! Records artists
Mainstream Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Verve Records artists
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people

Roy Haynes


Mizuki Ando (født 19. juli 1999) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Cerezo Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Mizuki Ando


Le Front national démocratique pour la libération d'Oman et du golfe Persique ( , était un mouvement de guérilla dans la péninsule arabique actif de 1969 à fin 1971.

Historique
Il a été formé en Irak en 1969 par des étudiants omanais (principalement étudiant au Koweït) et d'autres émigrés. Certains avaient été membres d'organisations de gauche (comme le Mouvement nationaliste arabe), d'autres étaient jusqu'alors des opposants non organisés au gouvernement omanais. À la différence de l'autre mouvement de guérilla rurale, plus important, le Front populaire pour la libération du golfe Persique occupé, le mouvement était principalement un mouvement urbain. Il a été soutenu par des intellectuels urbains. Idéologiquement, le Front populaire pour la libération du golfe Persique occupé était marxiste tandis que celui-ci était orienté vers le parti Baas. Lors de son lancement public, il avait des succursales dans différentes villes d'Oman et dans la plupart des autres parties du golfe Persique.

Le Front national démocratique pour la libération d'Oman et du golfe Persique a commencé des opérations de guérilla dans le nord d'Oman le 12 juin 1970 en attaquant les garnisons des villes d'Izki et de Nizwa avec des mortiers. Les deux attaques ont échoué. L'attaque contre un poste de l'armée des SAF à l'extérieur d'Izki a été repoussée et toute l'unité a été tuée ou capturée. Par la suite, plusieurs arrestations ont été effectuées, sur la base de témoignages de prisonniers du raid d'Izki, et trois caches d'armes du Front national démocratique pour la libération d'Oman et du golfe Persique à Muti, Sur et Matrah avaient été saisies par les forces de l'État. Ces mesures de répression conduisent à un arrêt temporaire des activités du Front national démocratique pour la libération d'Oman et du golfe Persique à Oman. Le groupe a continué à s'organiser en dehors d'Oman.

Bien que les attaques du 12 juin 1970 aient été repoussées, elles ont agi comme un catalyseur pour les groupes qui ont conspiré contre le sultan Saïd ibn Taïmour (ce qui a conduit peu après au renversement du sultan par son fils Qabus ibn Saïd, avec le soutien britannique). Les attaques avaient pris les SAF par surprise, et les attaques ont contribué à la perception que Said bin Taimur était incapable de vaincre l'insurrection.

En 1971, après avoir subi des revers militaires, le Front national démocratique pour la libération d'Oman et du golfe Persique a commencé à rechercher une coopération avec le Front populaire pour la libération du golfe Persique occupé. En décembre 1971, le Front national démocratique pour la libération d'Oman et du Golfe Persique et le Front populaire pour la libération du golfe Persique occupé ont fusionné pour former le Front populaire de libération d'Oman et du golfe Persique bien que les deux groupes aient conservé des structures organisationnelles distinctes.

Références

Mouvement guérillero
Organisme fondé en 1969
Organisme disparu en 1971
Histoire d'Oman
Politique à Oman
Organisation nationaliste arabe


A síndrome de Albury-Wodonga (também conhecida como Doença do olho verde ou olho de Natal) é uma doença rara ocasionada pelas secreções tóxicas de um pequeno besouro nativo (Orthoperus) típico da região Nova Gales do Sul. A síndrome foi identificada pela primeira vez no leste da Austrália.

Sinais e Sintomas
Uma pessoa diagnosticada com a Doença do olho verde pode apresentar dor ocular extrema, olho inchado e lacrimejante, coceira e lesões ardentes na córnea. O nível de dor causado pela doença varia de 8 até 10, mas durante o estágio inicial pode ser menor. Além dos sintomas oculares diretos, uma pessoa também pode apresentar lacrimejamento excessivo, fotossensibilidade, dor de cabeça e náusea.

Causas
Por anos, a causa da doença sempre foi um mistério por falta de evidências físicas. Mas por pesquisas em andamento, foi descoberto que a doença era causada por pequenos besouros nativos da espécie Orthoperus, Circunstâncias dizem que as espécies Paederus (Staphylinidae) e outros besouros da espécie Orthoperus (Corylophidae) carregam o composto pederina em sua hemolinfa, uma mistura de sangue e fluido intersticial. Quando o composto químico é liberado ao inseto ser esmagado no olho, causa lesões oculares dolorosas, mas temporárias. Eles também podem causar dermatite grave e a chamada faixa de "chicote" na pele.

Referências

Síndromes
Oftalmologia

Síndrome de Albury-Wodonga


A seca na Somália iniciou-se a partir de 2021, após quatro temporadas chuvosas consecutivas fracassadas, mais de 2,3 milhões de pessoas enfrentaram escassez de alimentos na Somália. Mais de 80% do país sofre com uma seca severa. Nas áreas afetadas, até 20% da população sofreu escassez de água, alimentos e pastagens, deslocando cerca de 100.000 pessoas.

Causas
As alterações climáticas são uma das principais causas com o aumento dos riscos relacionados com o clima.

Impacto
Espera-se que a maioria das áreas agrícolas sofram quebras de safra, e há poucas perspectivas de produção de cereais durante a temporada do Deyr. Particularmente nas regiões centrais e em Puntland, as comunidades estão contando com poços perfurados, pois a maioria dos poços rasos e berkads secaram. Os níveis de água dos rios Shabelle e Juba são baixos e devem diminuir.

Situação humanitária
71% das pessoas na Somália vivem abaixo do limiar da pobreza. Prevê-se que o número de pessoas que necessitam de assistência aumente em 2022 para cerca de 7,7 milhões de 5,9 milhões. Em dezembro de 2021, espera-se uma situação semelhante à seca somali de 2017.

A partir de novembro de 2021:

5,9 milhões necessitam de assistência humanitária;
3,5 milhões de pessoas enfrentam insegurança alimentar aguda;
2,9 milhões de pessoas desalojadas;
1,2 milhão de crianças estão desnutridas.

Pedidos de resposta
Em novembro de 2021, o residente e coordenador humanitário da ONU para a Somália, Adam Abdelmoula, pediu uma ação urgente, pois as Nações Unidas alertaram que a situação poderia tornar-se extrema até abril de 2022.

Em novembro de 2021, o Plano de Resposta Humanitária da Somália para 2021 foi financiado em 66%.

Resposta
O Fundo Humanitário Somali alocou US$ 6 milhões e o Fundo de Emergência das Nações Unidas alocou US$ 8 milhões para esforços de socorro.

Ver também
Fome na Somália em 2017

Ligações externas

Somalia
Desastres naturais em 2021
2021 na Somália

Seca na Somália em 2021


U ponoć na groblju (rus. "В полночь на кладбище") - ruski je film redatelja Vasilija Gončarova.

Radnja
Kao dio oklade, junaci filma morali su posjetiti groblje u ponoć. To se pokazalo tragično.

Uloge
 Aleksandra Gončarova
 Vladimir Maksimov
 Ivan Mozžuhin

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 V polnoč na kladbišće na Kino Poisk

Ruski filmovi 1910-ih

U ponoć na groblju


Termenul contract de muncă se poate referi la:
 contractul individual de muncă, acel contract în virtutea căruia o persoană o persoana se obligă să presteze celeilalte părți ale respectivului contract o activitate lucrativa in regim de subordonare juridică, în schimbul acelei plăți numite salariu;
 contract colectiv de muncă, de asemenea numit si convenție colectivă de muncă, este un  tip aparte de contract, din care deriva acele contracte celebrate între lucrători și angajatori ai unei intreprinderi sau al vreunui sector laboral. Acest colectiv contract poate reglementa toate aspectele legate de respectiva relatie de muncă, cum ar fi salariile, durata zilei de lucru, timpii de odihna, vacanțele, condițiile de muncă, reprezentarea sindicală, etc. Condițiile pa care le stabilește acest tip de contract sunt condițiile minime care urmează să fie celebrate relațiile de muncă în acel domeniu de aplicare, astfel încât contractul  individual de munca, semnat de fiecare lucrător in parte pot suferi îmbunătățiri, dar nu și înrăutățiri.

Dezambiguizare

Contract de muncă


Indonesien deltog i sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, som blev arrangeret i perioden 5. august til 21. august 2016 berita bola

Medaljer

Medaljevinderne

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2016
2016

Indonesien ved sommer-OL 2016


පර්ල් (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl) යනු 1987 සිට මේ දක්වා භාවිතාවන ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාවකි

පර්ල්


Richard Siken (15 de fevereiro de 1967) é um poeta, pintor e cineasta estadunidense.

Ele é autor da coleção de poemas Crush (Yale University Press, 2005), condecorado com o Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition em 2005. Seu segundo livro de poemas, War of the Foxes, foi publicado pela Copper Canyon Press, em 2015.

Formação Acadêmica
Siken nasceu em Nova York. Ele estudou e recebeu um bacharelado em psicologia e, posteriormente, um mestrado em belas artes em poesia pela Universidade do Arizona.

Carreira
Em 2001, Siken co-fundou a Spork Press, onde trabalha como editor.

Siken recebeu uma Bolsa de Literatura em Poesia do National Endowment for the Arts. Seu livro Crush foi premiado com o Prêmio Literário Lambda, na categoria "Poesia de Homens Gays", em 2005, e o Prêmio Thom Gunn, da Publishing Triangle. A morte de seu namorado, em 1991, influenciou a escrita do livro.

O livro de Siken, War of the Foxes, recebeu duas residências literárias do Programa de Residência Lannan, em 2007 e 2014.

Siken atualmente mora em Tucson, Arizona. Em 19 de março de 2019, ele relatou em seu Facebook que havia sofrido um derrame. Em 4 de dezembro de 2020, ele publicou no portal poets.org seu primeiro poema pós-AVC, Real Estate.

Prêmios

 Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition, 2004, por Crush
 National Book Critics Circle Award, 2005, finalista
 Prêmio Literário Lambda, 2006
 Prêmio Thom Gunn, 2006
 Programa de Residência Lannan, outono de 2007
 Programa de Residência Lannan, primavera de 2014
 Pushcart Prize
 Bolsa literária do National Endowment for the Arts

Bibliografia

 Crush (Yale University Press, 2005) ,
 War of the Foxes (Copper Canyon Press, 2015) ,

Referências

Ligações Externas

 Website oficial
 Perfil de Richard Siken da revista Poetry
Nascidos em 1967
Pessoas vivas
Poetas dos Estados Unidos

Richard Siken


USS Harder (SS-568), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the harder, a fish of the mullet family found off South Africa.

Construction and commissioning
Harder′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut, on 30 June 1950. She was launched on 3 December 1951, sponsored by Kay Logan Cole, the widow of Lieutenant S. M. Logan, executive officer of the submarine , lost during World War II. Harder was commissioned on 19 August 1952.

Service history
After shakedown out of Newport, Rhode Island, Harder made a 1000-mile (1600-km) submerged passage from New London, Connecticut, to Nassau, Bahamas, while snorkeling. She then engaged in tests out of New London to evaluate fast attack type submarines.

Harder began fleet operations out of New London in June 1953.  Shortly thereafter Harder departed for the British Isles. During this voyage, she experienced mechanical difficulties with her then-experimental Fairbanks type 3 engines.  In August 1953, her engines broke down completely off the east coast of Ireland. She was taken under tow by  and endured the longest tow in submarine history, 2100 miles (3400 km) across the Atlantic to New London, Connecticut.

During the next several years Harder carried out a schedule of training and readiness operations with ships of the Atlantic Fleet and Allied NATO nations.  Operating from the North Atlantic to the Caribbean Sea, she engaged in sonar evaluation tests, supported ASW tactical exercises, and participated in submerged simulated attack operations. In March 1959 she participated in SUBICEX, during which she cruised 280 miles (450 km) beneath the ice packs off Newfoundland, further than any conventionally powered submarine had previously gone.

After completing a three-month advanced submarine exercise in the Atlantic, Harder switched her home port to Charleston, South Carolina, where she arrived 17 November and joined Submarine Squadron 4. She continued operations in the Atlantic and Caribbean for more than a year, then departed Charleston 24 May 1961 for deployment off the western coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea. After reaching Bremerhaven, Germany, on 9 June, she supported ASW operations with ships of the Federal German Navy. The following month she sailed via Holy Loch, Scotland, and Rota, Spain, to the Mediterranean Sea where she supported peace-keeping operations of the 6th Fleet. Harder returned to Charleston 28 August.

Training exercises and tests evaluating ASROC and other ASW systems kept Harder busy until she entered Charleston Naval Shipyard for overhaul in October 1962.Ready for action in April 1963, she operated along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean Sea for the next 2½ years polishing her underwater warfare tactics and operating with destroyer-type ships as they worked on ASW exercises.

Harder again entered Charleston Naval Shipyard on 22 October for a thorough overhaul and modernization in which she received an 18-foot hull extension to accommodate the new PUFFS passive sonar system, a redesigned superstructure, new engines, and improved electrical and electronic equipment. Modernization completed early in 1967, Harder rejoined the fleet.

Romeo Romei (S 516)

Harder was decommissioned on 31 January 1974, struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 February 1974, and sold to Italy.

Commissioned on 18 August 1974 as Romeo Romei, ex-Harder served the Italian Navy until she was decommissioned and scrapped in 1988.

References

United States Tang-class submarines
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
1951 ships
Cold War submarines of the United States
United States Tang-class submarines of the Italian Navy

USS Harder (SS-568)


Die US-amerikanische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2007 fand vom 30. März bis zum 1. April 2007 in Orange, Kalifornien, statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=47B2C0F0-DF0E-4787-B748-E4B5DFC0CAB9

2007
Badminton 2007
Badmintonwettbewerb in Orange (Kalifornien)


Kenzü'l-Küberâ ve Mehekkü'l-'Ulemâ, Türk düşünürlerinden Şeyhoğlu Sadrüddîn Mustafa'nın siyasetnâmesi. 1401 yılında yazılmış olan eser Kutadgu Bilig'den sonra siyaset felsefesine dair konuları inceleyen ikinci Türkçe eserdir. Eser aslında tanınmış düşünür Necmeddîn-i Râzî'nin Mirsâd el-'İbâd isimli eserinden yararlanılarak kaleme alınmıştır. Fakat eseri Mirsâd el-'İbâd'ın Türkçe tercümesi olarak tanımlamak yanlış olur; eser daha çok bir uyarlama niteliğindedir. Necmüddîn-i Râzî'nin siyasi görüşlerinin Osmanlı Devleti'nde yayılmasına katkıda bulunmuş olan Kenzü'l-Küberâ ve Mehekkü'l-'Ulemâ; dönemin toplumsal yapısının bozulduğuna işaret eder ve geleneksel siyaset anlayışı açısından devlet yönetiminin temel makamlarında bulunan kişilerin (sultanlar, vezirler ve âlimlerin) yapması ve yapmaması gerekenleri ifade eder. Ayrıca âlimleri konu alan kısımlarında ilimlerin tasnifi yapılmakta ve şerî'ata göre yararlı ve yararlı olmayan ilimler belirtilmektedir. Eserde yer alan bu ilimler tasnifi ve ilgili hususlar yine daha önce farklı birçok düşünür tarafından ortaya atılmış olan şekillerdendir ve orijinal değildir.

Siyasetnameler
Siyaset felsefesi kitapları
1401 kitapları

Kenz el-Küberâ ve Mehekk el-'Ulemâ


Mohamed Sanad (rukometaš), egipatski rukometaš
Mohamed Sanad (znanstvenik), egipatski znanstvenik, stručnjak za antene

Mohamed Sanad


في مجال الأعمال التجارية، المِيْزَة التنافسية هي السمة التي تتيح للمنظمة التفوق على منافسيها. من الممكن أن تتضمن الميزة التنافسية الوصول إلى الموارد الطبيعية، مثل المواد الخام عالية الجودة، ومصادر الطاقة ذات التكلفة المنخفضة، واليد العاملة الماهرة، والموقع الجغرافي، وحواجز الدخول المرتفعة، والوصول إلى التكنولوجيا الجديدة.

لمحة عامة
الميزة التنافسية هي سطوة الشركة على منافسيها. من الممكن تحقيق ذلك عن طريق تقديم قيمة أفضل وأكبر للعملاء. يثير الإعلان عن المنتجات أو الخدمات التي تتمتع بجودة أفضل أو أسعار أخفض اهتمام العملاء. تتعرف الأسواق الهدف على هذه المنتجات أو الخدمات الفريدة، وهذا هو سبب الولاء للعلامة التجارية، أو سبب تفضيل العملاء منتجًا أو خدمة معينة على أخرى.

يُعتبر عرض القيمة أمرًا مهمًا عند فهم الميزة التنافسية. في حال كان عرض القيمة فعالًا، أي في حال قدم عرض القيمة للعملاء قيمة أفضل وأكبر، من الممكن أن ينتج عن ذلك ميزة تنافسية للمنتج أو الخدمة. من الممكن أن يزيد عرض القيمة من توقعات العميل وخياراته.

يحدد مايكل بورتر الطريقتين اللتين من الممكن أن تحقق الشركة من خلالهما الميزة التنافسية على خصومها بأنهما: ميزة السعر وتميز المنتج. تتحقق ميزة السعر عندما تقدم الشركة التجارية نفس المنتجات والخدمات التي يقدمها منافسوها، لكن بسعر أقل. يتحقق تميز المنتج عندما تقدم الشركة منتجات وخدمات أفضل من منتجات وخدمات المنافسين. من وجهة نظر بورتر، يجب أن تُعنى الإدارة الاستراتيجية ببناء الميزة التنافسية والحفاظ عليها.

تسعى الميزة التنافسية إلى معالجة بعض الانتقادات الموجهة إلى الميزة النسبية. تعتمد الميزة التنافسية على مبدأ أن العمالة الرخيصة موجودة في كل مكان وأن الموارد البشرية ليست ضرورية لتحقيق اقتصاد جيد. بينما من الممكن أن تقود النظرية الثانية، الميزة النسبية، الدول إلى الاختصاص في تصدير السلع الأولية والمواد الخام التي تعيق البلدان في الاقتصاد ذي الأجور المنخفضة بسبب الشروط التجارية. تحاول الميزة التنافسية تصحيح هذه المشكلة عن طريق التشديد على تعظيم وفورات الحجم في السلع والخدمات التي تُقدّم بأسعار متميزة (ستوتز ووارف، 2009).

يشير مصطلح الميزة التنافسية إلى القدرة المكتسبة من خلال الصفقات والموارد للقيام بالأعمال على مستوى أعلى من الشركات الأخرى في الصناعة أو السوق نفسه (كريستينسن وفاهي 1984، كاي 1994، بورتر 1980، وردت في مؤلف تشاكارباغي ولينش 1999، ص 45). جذبت دراسة هذه الميزة اهتمامًا بحثيًا عميقًا بسبب القضايا المعاصرة المتعلقة بمستويات أعلى من أداء الشركات في السوق التنافسي الحالي. «تمتلك الشركة ميزة تنافسية عندما توظف إستراتيجية لخلق القيمة غير موجودة لدى أي من المنافسين الموجودين أو المحتملين» (بارني 1991، وردت في مؤلف كلولو وآخرون، 2003، ص 221).

سترفع الاستراتيجيات المطبقة بنجاح أداء الشركة إلى مستوى أفضل عن طريق مساعدة الشركة على التغلب على المنافسين الموجودين أو المحتملين بمساعدة الميزة التنافسية (باسمارد وكالانتون 2000، ص 18). تتعامل الاستراتيجية التجارية للشركة مع الموارد المتعددة التي تسيطر عليها للحصول على الميزة التنافسية (ريد وفيليبي 1990، ورد في كتاب ريجامامبيانينا 2003، ص 362). تعكس نتائج الأداء المتفوق والتفوق في موارد الإنتاج وجود ميزة تنافسية (داي وويسلي، ورد في كتاب لاو 2002، ص 125).

تشير الاقتباسات المذكورة آنفًا إلى الميزة التنافسية على أنها القدرة على التقدم على المنافسين الموجودين والمحتملين. كما أنها توضح أنه سيكون لموارد الشركة واستراتيجيتها التجارية تأثير عميق على خلق الميزة التنافسية. يعتقد باويل (2001، ص 132) أن الاستراتيجية التجارية هي الأداة التي تتحكم بالموارد وتخلق الميزة التنافسية. بالتالي، من الممكن أن لا تكون الاستراتيجية القابلة للتطبيق كافية ما لم تتحكم في الموارد الفريدة التي لديها القدرة على خلق هذه الميزة الفريدة نسبيًا.

الأشكال الثلاثة للاستراتيجية التنافسية العامة
ألف مايكل بورتر، خريج جامعة هارفارد، كتابًا عام 1985 حدد فيه ثلاث طرق بإمكان الشركات التجارية استخدامها للشروع في المنافسة. احتل هذا الكتاب المرتبة التاسعة على قائمة أكثر الكتب الإدارية تأثيرًا في القرن العشرين. من الممكن تطبيق هذه المنهجيات على كافة الشركات التجارية سواء كانت مختصة بالمنتجات أو الخدمات. أطلق على هذه المنهجيات اسم الاستراتيجيات العامة، وتتضمن التكاليف الرائدة، والتفاضل، والتركيز. ابتُكرت هذه الاستراتيجيات لتحسين الميزة التنافسية وخلقها. من الممكن أن تُعرف هذه الاستراتجيات على أنها الميزة النسبية والميزة التفاضلية.

التكاليف الرائدة

إستراتيجية التفاضل
تُكتسب الميزة التفاضلية عندما تكون سلع أو خدمات الشركة التجارية مختلفة عن سلع وخدمات منافسيها. في هذا الكتاب، نصح مايكل بورتر بجعل تلك الخدمات أو السلع جذابة لتمييزها عن ما يقدمه المنافسين. ستحتاج الشركة التجارية إلى بحث قوي، وتطوير، وتصميم طريقة تفكير لخلق أفكار مبتكرة. من الممكن أن تتضمن هذه التحسينات تزويد المستهلكين بسلع وخدمات ذات جودة عالية. في حال ارتأى العملاء أن منتجًا أو خدمة ما يختلفان عن غيرهما، سيدفعون مبالغ أكبر للحصول على هذه الفوائد.

إستراتيجية التركيز
تحاول إستراتيجية التركيز بشكل مثالي جعل الشركات التجارية تركز على عدد قليل من الأسواق الهدف بدلًا من استهدافها جميعًا. عادة ما تُستخدم هذه الاستراتيجية في الشركات التجارية الأصغر حجمًا نظرًا لاحتمال عدم امتلاكها موارد كافية أو القدرة على استهداف الجميع. عادة ما تركز الشركات التي تتبع هذه الطريقة على حاجات العملاء، وكيفية تحسين منتجاتها وخدماتها حياتهم اليومية. في هذه الطريقة، من الممكن أن تسمح الشركات للمستهلكين بتقديم مدخلاتهم للخدمة أو المنتج.

من الممكن أن يُطلق اسم إستراتيجية التجزئة على هذه الاستراتيجية، لأنها تتضمن تجزئة جغرافية، وديموغرافية، وسلوكية، وفيزيائية. عن طريق تقسيم السوق إلى أجزاء أصغر حجمًا، تصبح الشركات قادرة على تلبية احتياجات المستهلكين. يعتقد بورتر أنه عند تحديد الشركات المجموعات التي ستستهدفها، من المهم تحديد المنهج الذي تريد اتباعه سواء كان التكلفة الرائدة أو التفاضل. لن تحقق إستراتيجية التركيز نجاح الشركة. يذكر بورتر أنه من الضروري عدم استخدام الاستراتيجيات العامة الثلاثة نظرًا لوجود احتمال كبير بعدم نجاح الشركة في أي إستراتيجية بدلًا من تحقيق النجاح.

عندما تتمكن الشركات من تحقيق التوازن المثالي بين السعر والجودة، يؤدي ذلك عادة إلى نجاح الخدمة أو السلعة. على السلعة أو الخدمة تقديم القيمة من خلال السعر أو الجودة لضمان نجاح الشركة في السوق. لا يكفي أن تكونن الشركة «بنفس مستوى» شركة أخرى لتحقق النجاح، فالشركات الناجحة هي التي تقدم السلعة أو الخدمة بطريقة مختلفة، وذات معنى، وقائمة على حاجات العملاء ورغباتهم. يعتمد تحديد السعر أو الجودة الملائمة على صورة العلامة التجارية للشركة، وما تطمح لتحقيقه فيما يتعلق بالمنافسة.

مراجع

إدارة إستراتيجية
إستراتيجية التسويق
مصطلحات اقتصادية
مصطلحات تجارية
منافسة (اقتصاد)

ميزة تنافسية


El bisbita llanero (Anthus spragueii) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Motacillidae propia de América del Norte.

Descripción
Machos y hembras son de color críptico y similares en apariencia. Tienen el plumaje de las partes superiores de tonos anteados con veteado negruzco, mientras que sus partes inferiores son blanquecinas con moteado oscuro en el pecho, y tonos canela en los flancos. Su pico es delgado y rosado, y sus patas amarillas.

Distribución y hábitat
El bisbita llanero que se reproduce en las praderas de América del Norte y pasa el invierno en el sudoeste de Estados Unidos y en el norte de México.. En Canadá, usted puede encontrar Bisbita Ilamera en el sur de Alberta, al sur de Saskatchewan, y al suroeste de Manitoba. En los Estados Unidos, pueden ser encontrados en el noreste y el centro del Montana, en el oeste y en el centro de Dakota del Norte, al noroeste de Dakota del Sur, y en el valle del río Rojo de Minnesota (AOU 1998).

En los Estados Unidos se encuentra desde el sur de California (por casualidad), en el centro y sur y sureste de Arizona, al sur de Nuevo México, en Texas central y oriental, se encuentra ocasionalmente en el sur de Kansas, al sur de Oklahoma, muy rara vez en el sur de Misuri, Tennessee y el noroeste de Misisipi al sur a través de Arkansas y Luisiana (AOU 1998 ). En México se encuentra en el interior del noreste de Sonora y Nuevo León al sur de Zacatecas y San Luis Potosí y a lo largo de la costa atlántica de Tamaulipas al centro de Veracruz. No es común en la Faja Volcánica Central, y es raro en el oeste de Tabasco.(Howell y Webb, 1995).

Ecología y estado de conservación

Estatus
Anthus spragueii fue listado en 1999 por el Comité sobre la Condición de Vida Silvestre como en Peligro de Extinción

En Canadá (COSEWIC)  como "amenazadas", la situación se volvió a examinar y se confirmó en mayo de 2000. Los Anthus spragueii fueron oficialmente nombrados bajo la Ley de Especies en Riesgo (SARA) como "amenazadas", el 5 de junio de 2003 (Jones 2010). En los Estados Unidos, los Anthus spragueii son un candidato para su inclusión como "en peligro" o "amenazado" en la ley de Especies Amenazadas de 1973.

Hábitat
Se reproducen en un hábitat con perturbaciones humanas mínimas, tales como en las praderas, zonas de cosechas de heno o en otras zonas habitadas. Anthus spragueii es una ave que anida en el suelo paseriformes y se para en vegetación muerta que se utiliza para construir la cubierta sobre el nido.

Reproducción

La reproducción comienza hacia finales de abril y continúa hasta mediados o finales de agosto. Los nidos son una pequeña taza de hierba encontrada en el suelo con vegetación muerta doblado para crear una cubierta. Hay una sola entrada al nido. Cuatro a seis huevos son normalmente introducidos dentro de los nidos con un tiempo de incubación promedio de días de 13–14.
La reutilización de nidos y una segunda crianza de pollitos han sido ocasionalmente documentados para Anthus spragueii ,como poliginia; Sin embargo, predominantemente se aparean en una sola pareja (Jones et al. 2010).

Alimentación
Anthus spragueii comen varios insectos, arañas y a veces semillas. Durante la época de cría los adultos son insectívoros casi en su totalidad y alimentan a los jóvenes de insectos también.

Referencias

 American Ornithologists Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. 7th ed. American
Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
 Campbell, RW, NK Dawe, I McTaggart-Cowan, JM Cooper, GW Kaiser, MCE McNall, & GEJ Smith. 1997. Birds of British Columbia: Passerines: Flycatchers Through Vireos
 Howell, SNG and S Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and North Central America. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Jones, SL. 2010. Sprague's Pipit (Anthus spragueii) conservation plan. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
 Jones, SL, JS Dieni, & PJ Gouse. 2010. Reproductive biology of a grassland songbird community in north-central Montana. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122:455-464.

Lecturas addicionales

Libros
 Robbins, M. B., and B. C. Dale. 1999. Sprague's Pipit (Anthus spragueii). In The Birds of North America, No. 439 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Enlaces
 Sprague's Pipit Conservation Plan  - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
 Sprague's Pipit Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 Sprague's Pipit Anthus spragueii - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

Enlaces externos

spragueii
Aves del Neártico
Taxones descritos por John James Audubon

Anthus spragueii


An Chusquea parviflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Rodolfo Amando Philippi. An Chusquea parviflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chusquea, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chusquea

Chusquea parviflora


Tenedos (, Tenedhos; ), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of Çanakkale Province. With an area of  it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (Gökçeada) and Marmara. In 2022, the district had a population of 3,120. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and presently a Latin Catholic titular see.

Tenedos is mentioned in both the Iliad and the Aeneid, in the latter as the site where the Greeks hid their fleet near the end of the Trojan War in order to trick the Trojans into believing the war was over and into taking the Trojan Horse within their city walls. The island was important throughout classical antiquity despite its small size due to its strategic location at the entrance of the Dardanelles. In the following centuries, the island came under the control of a succession of regional powers, including the Persian Empire, the Delian League, the empire of Alexander the Great, the Attalid kingdom, the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire, before passing to the Republic of Venice. As a result of the War of Chioggia (1381) between Genoa and Venice the entire population was evacuated and the town was demolished. The Ottoman Empire established control over the deserted island in 1455. During Ottoman rule, it was resettled by both Greeks and Turks. In 1807, the island was temporarily occupied by the Russians. During this invasion the town was burnt down and many Turkish residents left the island.

Under Greek administration between 1912 and 1923, Tenedos was ceded to Turkey with the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) which ended the Turkish War of Independence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The treaty called for a quasi-autonomous administration to accommodate the local Greek population and excluded the Greeks on the two islands of Imbros and Tenedos from the wider population exchanges that took place between Greece and Turkey. Tenedos remained majority Greek until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when many Greeks emigrated because of systemic discrimination and better opportunities elsewhere. Starting with the second half of the 20th century, there has been immigration from mainland Anatolia, especially Romani from the town of Bayramiç.

Name

The island is known in English as both Tenedos (the Greek name) and Bozcaada (the Turkish name). Over the centuries many other names have been used. Documented ancient Greek names for the island are Leukophrys, Calydna, Phoenice and Lyrnessus (Pliny, HN 5,140). The official Turkish name for the island is Bozcaada; the Turkish word "boz" means either a barren land or grey to brown color (sources indicate both of these meanings may have been associated with the island) and "ada" meaning island. The name Tenedos was derived, according to Apollodorus of Athens, from the Greek hero Tenes, who ruled the island at the time of the Trojan War and was killed by Achilles. Apollodorus writes that the island was originally known as Leocophrys until Tenes landed on the island and became the ruler. The island became known as Bozcaada when the Ottoman Empire took the island over. Tenedos remained a common name for the island along with Bozcaada after the Ottoman conquest of the island, often with Greek populations and Turkish populations using different names for the island.

Geography and climate

Tenedos is roughly triangular in shape. Its area is . It is the third largest Turkish island after Marmara Island and Imbros (Gökçeada). It is surrounded by small islets, and is situated close to the entrance of the Dardanelles. It is the only rural district (ilçe) of Turkey without any villages, and has only one major settlement, the town center.

Geological evidence suggests that the island broke away from the mainland producing a terrain that is mainly plains in the west with hills in the Northeast, and the highest point is . The central part of the island is the most amenable to agricultural activities. There is a small pine forest in the Southwestern part of the island.  The westernmost part of the island has large sandy areas not suitable for agriculture.

The island has a Mediterranean climate with strong northern winds called etesians.  Average temperature is  and average annual precipitation is . There are a number of small streams running from north to south at the southwestern part of the island. Freshwater sources though are not enough for the island so water is piped in from the mainland.

History

Prehistory
Archeological findings indicate that the first human settlement on the island dates back to the Early Bronze Age II (ca. 3000–2700 BC). Archaeological evidence suggests the culture on the island had elements in common with the cultures of northwestern Anatolia and the Cycladic Islands.  Most settlement was on the small bays on the east side of the island which formed natural harbours. Settlement archaeological work was done quickly and thus did not find definitive evidence of grape cultivation on the island during this period. However, grape cultivation was common on neighboring islands and the nearby mainland during this time.

According to a reconstruction, based on the myth of Tenes, Walter Leaf stated that the first inhabitants of the island could be Pelasgians, who were driven out of the Anatolian mainland by the Phrygians. According to the same author, there are possible traces of Minoan and Mycenaean Greek influence in the island.

Antiquity

Ancient Tenedos is referred to in Greek and Roman mythology, and archaeologists have uncovered evidence of its settlement from the Bronze Age. It would stay prominent through the age of classical Greece, fading by the time of the dominance of ancient Rome. Although a small island, Tenedos's position in the straits and its two harbors made it important to the Mediterranean powers over the centuries. For nine months of the year, the currents and the prevailing wind, the etesian, came, and still come, from the Black Sea hampering sailing vessels headed for Constantinople. They had to wait a week or more at Tenedos, waiting for the favorable southerly wind. Tenedos thus served as a shelter and way station for ships bound for the Hellespont, Propontis, Bosphorus, and places farther on. Several of the regional powers captured or attacked the island, including the Athenians, the Persians, the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, the Seleucids and the Attalids.

Mythology
Homer mentions Apollo as the chief deity of Tenedos in his time. According to him, the island was captured by Achilles during the siege of Troy. Nestor obtained his slave Hecamede there during one of Achilles's raids. Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island-hopping to Lesbos. The Odyssey mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos, sacrificed there, and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes.

Homer, in the Iliad mention that between Tenedos and Imbros there was a wide cavern, in which Poseidon stayed his horses.

Virgil, in the Aeneid, described the Achaeans hiding their fleet at the bay of Tenedos, toward the end of the Trojan War, to trick Troy into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the Trojan Horse within Troy's city walls. In Aeneid, it is also the island from which twin serpents came to kill the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons as punishment for throwing a spear at the Trojan Horse. According to Pindar (Nemean Odes no. 11), the island was founded after the war by bronze-clad warriors from Amyklai, traveling with Orestes.

According to myth, Tenes was the son of Cycnus, himself the son of Poseidon and Calyce. Philonome, Cycnus's second wife and hence Tenes's stepmother, tried to seduce Tenes and was rejected. She then accused him of rape leading to his abandonment at sea along with his sister. They washed up on the island of Leucophrys where he was proclaimed king and the island renamed Tenedos in his honor. When Cycnus realized the lie behind the allegations he took a ship to apologize to his son. The myths differ on whether they reconciled. According to one version, when the father landed on the island of Tenedos, Tenes cut the cord holding his boat. The phrase 'hatchet of Tenes' came to mean resentment that could not be soothed. Another myth had Achilles landing on Tenedos, while sailing from Aulis to Troy. There his navy stormed the island, and Achilles fought Tenes, in this myth a son of Apollo, and killed him, not knowing Tenes's lineage and hence unaware of the danger of Apollo's revenge. Achilles would also later kill Tenes's father, Cycnus, at Troy. In Sophocles's Philoctetes, written in 409 BC, a serpent bit Philoctetes in the foot at Tenedos. According to Hyginus, the goddess Hera, upset with Philoctetes for helping Hercules, had sent the snake to punish him. His wound refused to heal, and the Greeks abandoned him, before going back to him for help later during the attack on Troy. Athenaeus quoted Nymphodorus's remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos.

Callimachus talked of a myth in which Ino's son Melikertes washed up dead in Tenedos after being thrown into the sea by his mother, who killed herself too; the residents, Lelegians, built an altar for Melikertes and started a ritual of a woman sacrificing her infant child when the town's need was dire. The woman would then be blinded. The myths also added that the custom was abolished when Orestes' descendants settled the place.

Neoptolemus stayed two days at Tenedos, following the advice of Thetis, before he go to the land of the Molossians together with Helenus.

Archaic period
It was at Tenedos, along with Lesbos, that the first coins with Greek writing on them were minted. Figures of bunches of grapes and wine vessels such as amphorae and kantharoi were stamped on coins. The very first coins had a twin head of a male and a female on the obverse side. The early coins were of silver and had a double-headed axe imprinted on them. Aristotle considered the axe as symbolizing the decapitation of those convicted of adultery, a Tenedian decree. The axe-head was either a religious symbol or the seal of a trade unit of currency. Apollo Smintheus, a god who both protected against and brought about plague, was worshipped in late Bronze Age Tenedos. Strabo's Geography writes that Tenedos "contains an Aeolian city and has two harbours, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus" (Strabo's Geography, Vol. 13). The relationship between Tenedos and Apollo is mentioned in Book I of the Iliad where a priest calls to Apollo with the name "O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might"(Iliad I).

During the later part of the Bronze Age and during the Iron Age, the place served as a major point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Homer's Iliad mentions the Tenedos of this era. The culture and artisanship of the area, as represented by pottery and metal vessels recovered from graves, matched that of the northeastern Aegean. Archaeologists have found no evidence to substantiate Herodotus's assertion Aeolians had settled in Tenedos by the Bronze Age. Homer mentions Tenedos as a base for the Achaean fleet during the Trojan war.

The Iron Age settlement of the northeast Aegean was once attributed to Aeolians, descendants of Orestes and hence of the House of Atreus in Mycenae, from across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia and Akhaia, all in mainland Greece. Pindar, in his 11th Nemean Ode, hints at a group of Peloponnesians, the children of the fighters at Troy, occupying Tenedos, with Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, landing straight on the island; specifically he refers to a Spartan Peisandros and his descendant Aristagoras, with Peisandaros having come over with Orestes. Strabo places the start of the migration sixty years after the Trojan war, initiated by Orestes's son, Penthilos, with the colonization continuing onto Penthilos's grandson.

The archaeological record provides no supporting evidence for the theory of Aiolian occupation. During the pre-archaic period, adults in Lesbos were buried by placing them in large jars, and later clay coverings were used, similar to Western Asia Minor. Still later, Tenedians began to both bury and cremate their adults in pits buttressed with stone along the walls. Children were still buried covered in jars. Some items buried with the person, such as pottery, gifts and safety-pin-like clasps, resemble what is found in Anatolia, in both style and drawings and pictures, more than they resemble burial items in mainland Greece.

While human, specifically infant, sacrifice has been mentioned in connection with Tenedos's ancient past, it is now considered mythical in nature. The hero Paleomon in Tenedos was worshipped by a cult in that island, and the sacrifices were attributed to the cult. At Tenedos, people did sacrifice a newborn calf dressed in buskins, after treating the cow like a pregnant women giving birth; the person who killed the calf was then stoned and driven out into a life on the sea. According to Harold Willoughby, a belief in the calf as a ritual incarnation of God drove this practice.

Classical period
From the Archaic to Classical period, the archaeological evidence of well-stocked graves establishes Tenedos's continuing affluence. Tall, broad-mouthed containers show grapes and olives were likely processed during this time. They were also used to bury dead infants. By the fourth century BC, grapes and wine had become relevant to the economy of the island. Tenedians likely exported surplus wine. Writings from this era talk of a shortage of agricultural land, indicating a booming settlement. A dispute with the neighboring island of Sigeum was arbitrated by Periander of Corinth, who handed over political control of a swath of the mainland to Tenedos. In the first century BC this territory was eventually incorporated into Alexandria Troas.

According to some accounts, Thales of Greece died in Tenedos. Cleostratus, an astronomer, lived and worked in Tenedos, though it is unknown whether he met Thales there. Cleostratus is one of the founders of Greek astronomy, influenced as it was by the reception of Babylonian knowledge. Athens had a naval base on the island in the fifth and fourth century BC. Demosthenes mentions Apollodorus, a trierarch commanding a ship, talking of buying food during a stopover at Tenedos where he would pass the trierarchy to Polycles. In 493 BCE, the Persians overran Tenedos along with other Greek islands. During his reign, Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, sent a Macedonian force sailing against the Persian fleet. Along with other Aegean islands such as Lesbos, Tenedos also rebelled against the Persian dominance at this time. Athens seemingly augmented its naval base with a fleet at the island around 450 BC.

During the campaign of Alexander the Great against the Persians, Pharnabazus, the Persian commander, laid siege to Tenedos with a hundred ships and eventually captured it as Alexander could not send a fleet in time to save the island. The island's walls were demolished and the islanders had to accept the old treaty with the Persian emperor Artaxerxes II: the Peace of Antalcidas. Later, Alexander's commander Hegelochus of Macedon captured the island from the Persians. Alexander made an alliance with the people in Tenedos in order to limit the Persian naval power. He also took on board 3000 Greek mercenaries and oarsmen from Tenedos in his army and navy.

The land was not suitable for large-scale grazing or extensive agriculture. Local grapes and wines were mentioned in inscriptions and on coins. But Pliny and other contemporary writers did not mention grapes and wines at the island. Most exports were via sea, and both necessities and luxuries had to imported, again by sea. Unlike in Athens, it is unclear whether Tenedos ever had a democracy. Marjoram (Oregano) from Tenedos was one of the relishes used in Greek cuisine.
The Tenedians punished adulterers by cutting off their heads with an axe. Aristotle wrote about the social and political structure of Tenedos. He found it notable a large part of the populace worked in occupations related to ferries, possibly hundreds in a population of thousands. Pausanias noted some common proverbs in Greek originated from customs of the Tenedians. "He is a man of Tenedos" was used to allude to a person of unquestionable integrity, and "to cut with the Tenedian axe" was a full and final 'no'. Lykophron, writing in the second century BC, referred to the deity Melikertes as the "baby-slayer". Xenophon described the Spartans' sacking the place in 389 BC, but being beaten back by an Athenian fleet when trying again two years later.

The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax states that the astronomer Kleostratos () was from Tenedos.

Hellenistic period
In the Hellenistic period, the Egyptian goddess Isis was also worshipped at Tenedos. There she was associated closely with the sun, with her name and title reflecting that position.

Roman period
During the Roman occupation of Greece, Tenedos too came under their rule. The island became a part of the Roman Republic in 133 BC, when Attalus III, the king of Pergamon, died, leaving his territory to the Romans. The Romans constructed a new port at Alexandria Troas, on the Dardanelle Strait. This led to Tenedos's decline. Tenedos lost its importance during this period. Virgil, in Aeneid, stated the harbour was deserted and ships could not moor in the bay during his time. Processing of grapes seems to have been abandoned. Olive cultivation and processing did possibly continue, though there was likely no surplus to export. Archaeological evidence indicates the settlement was mostly in the town, with only a few scattered sites in the countryside.

According to Strabo there was a kinship between the peoples of Tenedos and Tenea (a town at Corinth).

According to Cicero a number of deified human beings were worshipped in Greece: in Tenedos there was Tenes.

Pausanias, mention at his work Description of Greece that Periklyto, who was from Tenedos, has dedicated some axes at Delphoi.

During the Third Mithridatic War, in around 73 BC, Tenedos was the site of a large naval battle between Roman commander Lucullus and the fleet of the king of Pontus, Mithridates, commanded by Neoptolemus. This Battle of Tenedos was won decisively by the Romans. Around 81–75 BC, Verres, legate of the Governor of Cilicia, Gaius Dolabella, plundered the island, carrying off the statue of Tenes and some money. Towards 6 BC, geographical change made the mainland port less useful, and Tenedos became relevant again. According to Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch, Tenedos was famous for its pottery ca AD 100. Under Rome's protection, Tenedos restarted its mint after a break of more than a century. The mint continued with the old designs, improving on detail and precision. Cicero, writing in this era, noted the temple built to honor Tenes, the founder whose name the island received, and of the harsh justice system of the populace.

Byzantine period
When Constantinople became a prominent city in the Roman Empire, from AD 350 on, Tenedos became a crucial trading post. Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of a large granary on Tenedos and ferries between the island and Constantinople became a major activity on the island. Ships carrying grain from Egypt to Constantinople stopped at Tenedos when the sea was unfavorable. The countryside was likely not heavily populated or utilized. There were vineyards, orchards and corn fields, at times abandoned due to disputes.

The Eastern Orthodox Church placed the diocese of Tenedos under the metropolitanate of Mytilini during the ninth century, and promoted it to its own metropolitanate in early fourteenth century. By this time Tenedos was part of the Byzantine Empire but its location made it a key target of the Venetians, the Genoese, and the Ottoman Empire. The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location. In 1304, Andrea Morisco, a Genoese adventurer, backed by a title from the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III, took over Tenedos. Later, sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the Second Byzantine Civil War, the Venetians offered 20,000 ducats in 1350 to John V Palaiologos for control of Tenedos. When John V was captured in the Byzantine civil war, he was deported to Tenedos by John VI Kantakouzenos.

John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war, but the cost was significant debt, mainly to the Venetians. In the summer of 1369, John V sailed to Venice and apparently offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for twenty-five thousand ducats and his own crown jewels. However, his son (Andronikos IV Palaiologos), acting as the regent in Constantinople, rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure. Andronikos tried but failed to depose his father. In 1376, John V sold the island to Venice on the same terms as before. This upset the Genoese of Galata. The Genoese helped the imprisoned Andronikos to escape and depose his father. Andronikos repaid the favor ceding them Tenedos. But the garrison on the island refused the agreement and gave control over to the Venetians.

The Venetians established an outpost on the island, a move that caused significant tension with the Byzantine Empire (then represented by Andronikos IV)and the Genoese. In the Treaty of Turin, which ended the War of Chioggia between Venice and Genoa, the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island. The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island's "castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited". The Greek populace was not a party to the negotiations, but were to be paid for being uprooted. The baillie of Tenedos, Zanachi Mudazzo, refused to evacuate the place, and the Doge of Venice, Antonio Venier, protested the expulsion. The senators of Venice reaffirmed the treaty, the proposed solution of handing the island back to the Emperor seen as unacceptable to the Genoese. Toward the end of 1383, the population of almost 4000 was shipped out to Euboea and Crete. Buildings on the island were then razed leaving it empty. Venetians continued to use the harbor.

The Venetians were zealous guarding the right to Tenedos the Treaty of Turin provided them. The Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes wanted to build a fortification at the island in 1405, with the knights bearing the cost, but the Venetians refused to allow this. The island remained largely uninhabited for the next decades. When Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo visited the island in 1403 he remarked that because of the Treaty of Turin "Tenedos has since come to be uninhabited." 29 May 1416 saw the first battle at sea between the Venetians and the emerging Ottoman fleet at Gallipoli. The Venetian captain-general, Pietro Loredan, won, wiped out the Turks on board, and retired down the coast to Tenedos, where he killed all the non-Turk prisoners who had voluntarily joined the Turks. In the treaty of 1419 between Sultan Mehmed and the Venetians, Tenedos was the dividing line beyond which the Turkish fleet was not to advance. Spanish adventurer Pedro Tafur visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island in disrepair, but the port well-maintained. He mentioned frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor. In 1453, the port was used by the commander of a single-ship Venetian fleet, Giacomo Loredan, as a monitoring point to observe the Turkish fleet, on his way to Constantinople in what would become the final defense of that city against the Turks.

Ottoman period

Tenedos was occupied by Sultan Mehmet II in 1455, two years after his Conquest of Constantinople ending the Byzantine empire. It became the first island controlled by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean sea. The island was still uninhabited at that time, almost 75 years after it had been forcefully evacuated. Mehmet II rebuilt the island's fort. During his reign the Ottoman navy used the island as a supply base. The Venetians, realizing the strategic importance of the island, deployed forces on it. Giacopo Loredano took Tenedos for Venice in 1464. The same year, Ottoman Admiral Mahmud Pasha recaptured the island. During the Ottoman regime, the island was repopulated (by granting a tax exemption). The Ottoman fleet admiral and cartographer, Piri Reis, in his book Kitab-i-Bahriye, completed in 1521, included a map of the shore and the islands off it, marking Tenedos as well. He noted that ships heading north from Smyrna to the Dardanelles passed usually through the seven-mile strip of sea between the island and the mainland.

Tommaso Morosini of Venice set out with 23 ships from Crete on 20 March 1646, heading to Istanbul. They stopped at Tenedos, but failed to establish a foothold there when their ship caught fire, killing many of the crew. In 1654, Hozam Ali of the Turkish fleet landed at the island, gathering Turkish forces for a naval battle against the Venetians. This, the Battle of the Dardanelles (1654), the first of four in a series, the Ottomans won. After the Battle of the Dardanelles in 1656, Barbaro Badoer of the Venetians seized the island on 8 July. The Ottoman defeat weakened its Sultan Mehmed IV, then aged 16, and strengthened the Grand Vizier, Köprülü Mehmed Pasha.

In March 1657, an Ottoman Armada emerged through the Dardanelles, slipping through a Venetian blockade, with the objective of retaking the island but did not attempt to do so, concerned by the Venetian fleet. In July 1657, Köprülü made a decision to break the Venetian blockade and retake the territory. The Peace Party in the Venetian senate thought it best to not defend Tenedos, and Lemnos, and debated this with the War Party. Köprülü ended the argument by recapturing Tenedos on 31 August 1657, in the Battle of the Dardanelles (1657), the fourth and final one.

Following the victory, the Grand Vizier visited the island and oversaw its repairs, during which he funded construction of a mosque, which was to be called by his name. According to the Mosque's Foundation's book, it was built on the site of an older mosque, called Mıhçı Mosque which was destroyed during Venetian occupation. By the time Köprülü died in September 1661, he had built on the island the businesses of a coffee-house, a bakery, 84 shops, and nine mills; a watermill; two mosques; a school; a rest stop for travelers and a stable; and a bath-house.

Rabbits which drew the attention of Tafur two-and-a-half centuries ago were apparently still abundant in the mid 17th century. In 1659 the traveler Evliya Çelebi was sent to the island with the task of collecting game for the Sultan Mehmed IV. The disorder of the 1600s hampered supply lines and caused grain shortages in Bozcaada.

As a result of the series of setbacks Ottomans faced in Rumelia during the later years of the reign of Mehmed IV, with the Grand Vizier being Sarı Süleyman Pasha, the forces at the island are reported to have mutinied in 1687 with parts of the rest of the army. These widespread mutinies would result in the deposing of the Sultan and the Grand Vizier that year.

In 1691 the Venetians and allies formed a war council to discuss retaking the island. The council met regularly at the galley of Domenico Mocenigo, the captain-general of the Venetian fleet. By this time, the only people on the island were those in the fort. Mocenigo estimated their number to be around 300, and the fort to be weakly buttressed. On 17 July 1691 the war council met off the waters of the island and decided to retake Tenedos since it was, per their estimate, weakly defended but famous. As a first step they decided to gather information. At their next meeting, six days later, they learned from captured slaves that the Turkish garrison, numbering around 3000, had drug trenches and strengthened their defenses. The plan to retake the island was abandoned. Venetians would try to capture Tenedos unsuccessfully in 1697.

The Peace of Karlowitz, which for the first time brought the Ottomans into the mainstream of European diplomacy, was signed on 26 January 1699 by the Ottomans, the Venetians, and a large number of Europeans powers. The Venetian senate sent its ambassador, Soranzo to Istanbul via Tenedos. At the island he was greeted with a royal reception of cannon fire and by the Pasha of the island himself.

During the classical Ottoman period, the island was a kadiluk. The Ottomans built mosques, fountains, hammams, and a medrese. The Ottomans adopted the Byzantine practice of using islands as places for the internal exile of state prisoners, such as Constantine Mourousis and Halil Hamid Pasha. In October 1633, Cyril Contari, Metropolitan of Aleppo in the Orthodox Church, was made the patriarch after promising to pay the Ottoman central authority 50,000 dollars. His inability to pay led to his being exiled to the island for a short time.

In 1807, a joint fleet of the Russians and British captured the island during the Russo-Turkish Wars, with the Russians using it as their military base to achieve the victories at the Dardanelles and Athos; but they ceded control as part of the Treaty of Armistice with the Ottoman Porte. However, the Russian occupations proved to be destructive for the island. The town was burnt down, the harbor was almost filled in and almost all buildings were destroyed. The islanders fled and Tenedos became deserted once more.

In 1822, during the Greek War of Independence, the revolutionaries under Konstantinos Kanaris managed to attack an Ottoman fleet and burn one of its ships off Tenedos. This event was a major morale booster for the Greek Revolution and attracted the attention of the European Powers. The trees that covered the island were destroyed during the war.

During the 19th century, the wine production remained a profitable business while the island's annual wheat production was only enough for three months of the islanders' consumption. Apart from wine, the only export item of the island was a small quantity of wool. Also in the 19th century there had been attempts to introduce pear, fig and mulberry trees. However, there are reports of fruit, especially fig trees being present on the island prior to those attempts.

The 1852 law of the Tanzimat reorganized Turkish islands and Tenedos ended up in the sanjak of Bosje Adassi (Bozcaada), in the Vilayet Jazaǐri. In July 1874, a fire destroyed the place. In 1876, a middle school was added to those on the island, with 22 students and teaching Turkish, Arabic and Persian. By 1878, the island had 2015 males, of whom almost a quarter were Muslim, in around 800 houses. The place also hosted a company of the Ottoman foot-artillery division, along with an Austrian and French vice-consulate. The island was in the sanjak of Bigha, which seated a General Governor. Around 500 casks of gunpowder, left behind by the Russians in a military storehouse, were still there. The fort accommodated the Turkish military camp, a grain silo and two wells.

In 1854, there were some 4,000 inhabitants on the island of Tenedos, of which one-third were Turks. Also, there was only one Greek school on the island with about 200 students.

According to the Ottoman general census of 1893, the population of the island was divided as follows: 2,479 Greeks, 1,247 Turks, 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians.

By the early 20th century, the island, still under the Turks, had around 2000 people living in wooden houses with gardens. The port provided shelter for ships from the violent northerly winds. The British had a vice consul at the island. The town served as a telegraph station, with an Austrian ship coming in every two weeks. In 1906 the town imports were at 17, 950 liras and exports, mainly wine and raisins, worth 6,250 liras. There were telegraph cables laid in the sea near the port.

Between Turkey and Greece

1912–1921

During the First Balkan War, on 20 October 1912, Tenedos was the first island of the north Aegean that came under the control of the Greek Navy. The Turks that constituted part of Tenedos' population did not welcome the Greek control. By taking over the islands in the Northern Aegean sea, the Greek Navy limited the ability of the Ottoman fleet to move through the Dardanelles. Greek administration of the island lasted until 12 November 1922.

Negotiations to end the Balkan war started in December 1912 in London and the issue of the Aegean islands was one persistent problem. The issue divided the great powers with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy supporting the Ottoman position for return of all the Aegean islands and Britain and France supporting the Greek position for Greek control of all the Aegean islands. With Italy controlling key islands in the region, major power negotiations deadlocked in London and later in Bucharest. Romania threatened military action with the Greeks against the Ottomans in order to force negotiations in Athens in November 1913. Eventually, Greece and Great Britain pressured the Germans to support an agreement where the Ottomans would retain Tenedos, Kastelorizo and Imbros and the Greeks would control the other Aegean islands. The Greeks accepted the plan while the Ottoman Empire rejected the ceding of the other Aegean islands. This agreement would not hold, but the outbreak of World War I and the Turkish War of Independence put the issue to the side.

During the World War I Gallipoli Campaign, the British used the island as a supply base and built a 600 m long airstrip for military operations.

After the Turkish War of Independence ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia, and the fall of Lloyd George and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne with the new Turkish Republic, in 1923. This treaty made Tenedos and Imbros part of Turkey, and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the local Greek population. The treaty excluded the Orthodox Christians on the islands from the population exchange that took place between Greece and Turkey. Article 14 of the treaty provided specific guarantees safeguarding the rights of minorities in both the nations.

In 1912, when the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople conducted its own census, the population of the island was estimated to be: 5,420 Greeks and 1,200 Turks.

1922 and later

Greece returned the island to Turkey in 1922. The inhabitants, substantially Greek Orthodox, were exempt from compulsory expulsion per the Lausanne Treaty's article 14, paragraph 2. Despite the treaty, the state of international relations between Greece and Turkey, wider world issues, and domestic pressures influenced how the Greek minority of Tenedos was treated. Acting reciprocally with Greece, Turkey made systematic attempts to evacuate the Greeks on the isle. Turkey never implemented either the Article 14 guarantee of some independence for the place in local rules, or the Article 39 guarantee to Turkish citizens, of all ethnicities, of the freedom to choose the language they wanted to use in their daily lives.

In early 1926, conscripts and reservists of the army from Tenedos were transported to Anatolia. Great panic was engendered, and Greek youths fearing oppression fled the island. Others, who tried to hide in the mountains, were soon discovered and moved to Anatolia.

Turkish law 1151 in 1927 specifically put administration of the islands in the hands of the Turkish government and not local populations, outlawed schooling in the Greek language and closed the Greek schools. According to the official Turkish census, in 1927 there were 2,500 Greeks and 1,247 Turks on the island.

The Greco-Turkish rapprochement of 1930, which marks a significant turning point in the relations of the two countries, helped Tenedos reap some benefits too. In September 1933, moreover, certain islanders who had emigrated to America were allowed to return to and settle in their native land. Responding to the Greek good will over the straits, Turkey permitted the regular election of a local Greek mayor and seven village elders as well as a number of local employees.

In the 1950s, tension between Greece and Turkey eased and law 1151/1927 was abolished and replaced by law no. 5713 in 1951, according to the law regular Greek language classes were added to the curriculum of the schools on Tenedos. Also, as restriction of travel to the island was relaxed, a growing number of Greek tourists from Istanbul and abroad visited Tenedos. These tourists did not only bring much needed additional revenues, but they also put an end to the twenty-seven-year long isolation of the islands from the outside world.

However, when tensions increased in 1963 over Cyprus, the Turkish government again invoked a ban against Greek language education, and appropriated community property held by Greeks on the island. In 1964 Turkey closed the Greek-speaking schools on the island again. Furthermore, with the 1964 Law On Land Expropriation (No 6830) the farm property of the Greeks on the island was taken away from their owners. These policies, better economic options elsewhere, presence of a larger Greek community in Greece, fear and pressure, resulted in an exodus of the Greek population from the isle. The migrants retain Turkish citizenship but their descendants are not entitled to it. Greeks who left the island in the 1960s, often sold their properties, at particularly low prices, to their Turkish neighbours, which reflected the situation of duress under which they had to leave.

In 1992, the Human Rights Watch report concluded that the Turkish government has denied the rights of the Greek community on Imbros and Tenedos in violation of the Lausanne Treaty and international human rights laws and agreements.

In recent years there has been some progress in the relations between the different religious groups on the islands. In 2005, a joint Greek and Turkish delegation visited Tenedos and later that year Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited the island. After that visit, the Turkish government funded the restoration of the bell tower of the Orthodox Church in Tenedos (built originally in 1869). In 1925 the Orthodox church became part of the Metropolis of Imbros and Tenedos. Cyril Dragounis has been its bishop since 2002. In 2009, the Foundation of the Bozcaada Koimisis Theotokou Greek Orthodox Church won a judgement in the European Court of Human Rights for recognition and financial compensation over their degraded cemetery.

Turkish rule

Turkey continued the old practice of exiling people to the island. The Democratic Party exiled Kemal Pilavoğlu, the leader of a religious sect, Ticani, to Tenedos for life, for sacrilege against Atatürk. Foreigners were prohibited from visiting the islands until the 1990s. However, in the mid-1990s, the Turkish government financially supported the expansion of wineries and tourist opportunities on the island. Today the island is a growing summer tourist location for wine enthusiasts and others.

Since 2011 an annual half marathon has been run on the island.

Proverbs of ancient Greeks regarding the island

Greeks used the proverb "Tenedian human" () in reference to those with frightening appearance, because when Tenes laid down laws at the island he stipulated that a man with an axe should stand behind the judge and strike the man being convicted after he had spoken in vain.
In addition, they used the proverb "Tenedian advocate" (), meaning a harsh advocate. There are many explanations regarding this proverb. Some say because the Tenedians honor two axes in their dedications. Aristotle said because a Tenedian king used to try lawsuits with an axe, so that he could execute wrongdoers on the spot, or because there was a place in Tenedos called Asserina, where there was a small river in which crabs have shell which was like an axe, or because a certain king laid down a law that adulterers should both be beheaded, and he observed this in the case of his son. Others said because of what Tenes suffered at the hands of his stepmother, he used to judge homicide suits with an axe.

Population

In 1854, there were some 4,000 inhabitants on the island of Bozcaada, of which one-third were Turks. According to the Ottoman general census of 1893, the population of the island was divided as follows: 2,479 Greeks, 1,247 Turks, 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians. In 1912, when the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople conducted its own census, the population of the island was estimated to be: 5,420 Greeks and 1,200 Turks. In 1927, according to the official Turkish census, there were 2,500 Greeks and 1,247 Turks on the island.

By 2000, the official count of ethnic Greeks permanently residing on the island had dropped to 22. As of 2022, Bozcaada's population was 3,120. During summer, many more visit the island, ballooning its population to over 10,000 people. Historically the Turkish mahalle (quarter) has been located to the south and the Greek one to the north. Each quarter has its own religious institutions, mosques on the Turkish side and churches on the Greek side. The Greek quarter was burned to the ground in the fire of 1874 and rebuilt, while the Turkish quarter has an older design. The houses are architecturally different in the two districts. The grid-planned Greek district has businesses, galleries and hotels. This district is dominated by the bell tower of the Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God. On 26 July every year, the Greeks gather here to eat, dance and celebrate the feast day of St. Paraskevi.

The Turkish quarter has largely houses. The district, in its present version, dates to 1702, and contains the grave of a grand vizier, Halil Hamid Pasha. Pasha was executed on Tenedos after being exiled for scheming to replace sultan Abdülhamid I, with the "șehzade" (crown prince) Selim, the future Sultan. The grave is in the courtyard of the Alaybey Mosque, a historical monument. Another mosque, Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Mosque (also called Yali Mosque), is also a monument. The Turkish district, Alaybey, also has hammams and the Namazgah fountain.

The island has native islanders from families who have lived on the island for centuries, new wealthy immigrants from Istanbul, and wage labor immigrants from mainland Anatolia, especially Romani people in Turkey from Bayramiç.

Economy

Traditional economic activities are fishing and wine production. The remainder of arable land is covered by olive trees and wheat fields.  Most of the agriculture is done on the central plains and gentle hills of the island. Red poppies of the island are used to produce small quantities of sharbat and jam.  Sheep and goats are grazed at hilly northeastern and southeastern part of the island which is not suitable for agriculture. The number of farmers involved in grape cultivation has gone up from 210 to 397 in the recent years, though the farm area has gone down from  to .

Tourism has been an important, but limited, economic activity since the 1970s but it developed rapidly from the 1990s onwards. The island's main attraction is the castle last rebuilt in 1815, illuminated at night, and with a view out to the open sea. The island's past is captured in a small museum, with a room dedicated to its Greek story. The town square boasts a "morning market" where fresh groceries and seafood are sold, along with the island's specialty of tomato jam. Mainlanders from Istanbul run some bars, boutiques and guesthouses.  In 2010, the island was named the world's second most-beautiful island by Condé Nast's Reader Choice award. The next year, the island topped the reader's list in the same magazine for the top 10 islands in Europe. In 2012, Condé Nast again selected Bozcaada as one of the 8 best islands in the world on account of its remnants of ancient buildings, less-crowded beaches, and places to stay.

Fishing plays a role in the island's economy, but similar to other Aegean islands, agriculture is a more significant economic activity. The local fishing industry is small, with the port authority counting 48 boats and 120 fishermen in 2011. Local fishing is year-round and seafood can be obtained in all seasons. The fish population has gone down over the years, resulting in a shrinking fishing industry, though increase in tourism and consequent demand for more seafood has benefited the industry. The sea off the island is one of the major routes by which fish in the Aegean sea migrate seasonally. During the migration period, boats from the outside come to the island for fishing.

In 2000, a wind farm of 17 turbines was erected at the western cape. It has a nominal power capacity of 10.2 MW energy, and produces 30 GWh of electricity every year. This is much more than what the island needs, and the excess is transferred to mainland Anatolia through an underground and partly undersea cable. Overhead cables and pylons were avoided for esthetic reasons, preserving the scenic view. The land has an average wind speed of 6.4 m/s and a mean energy density of 324 W/mat its meteorological station. This indicates significant wind energy generation potential.

A United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) project, the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) set up an experimental renewables-hydrogen energy facility at the Bozcaada Governor's building on 7 October 2011. The project, supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), is the first of its kind in the country. The power plant produces energy via a 20 kW solar photovoltaic array, and uses a 50 kW electrolyzer to store this energy as hydrogen. A fuel cell and hydrogen engine can convert this stored energy back into electricity when needed, and the experimental system can supply up to 20 households for a day.

, the town's hospital and governor's mansion were the only two buildings in the world using hydrogen energy. A boat and a golf cart are also powered by the same system. At the governor's place, energy is captured with a rooftop 20 Kw solar array and a 30 Kw wind mill. The electricity produced is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen. This gas is stored compressed, and can be used later to generate energy or as fuel in hydrogen-powered cars.  In June 2011, Henry Puna, the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands traveled to Tenedos to investigate how the island uses hydrogen energy.

In 2012, the Turkish government opened a customs office on the island, possibly opening the way for future direct travel between Greek ports and the island.

Wine production

The island is windy throughout the year and this makes the climate dry and warm enough to grow grapes. In classical antiquity wine production was linked with the cult of Dionysus, while grapes were also depicted in the local currency. The local wine culture outlived the Ottoman period. Vineyards have existed on the island since antiquity and today occupy one-third of the total land of the island and 80% of its agricultural land, In the mid-1800s, the island exported 800,000 barrels of wine annually and was revered as the best wine in the Eastern Mediterranean. Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote in the 16th century that the finest wines in the world were being produced in Tenedos. Today, the island is one of the major wine producing areas in Turkey and grows four local strains of grape: Çavuş, Karasakız (Kuntra), Altınbaş (Vasilaki), and Karalahna. However, in recent years traditional French varieties have increased in prominence, namely Cabernet Sauvignon.

Prior to 1923, wine production on the island was exclusively done by the Greek population; however, after this point, Turkish domestic wine production increased and Greeks on the island taught the Turkish population how to manufacture wine. By 1980, there were 13 wine production plants on the island. High taxes caused many of these to go out of business until 2001 when the state decreased taxes on wine and subsidized some of the producers on the island. In recent years, newer producers have relied upon Italian and French experts to improve production. In 2010, the island produced a record 5,000 tons of wine. Corvus has introduced modern wine making techniques to Tenedos. Grape harvest festivities are held the first week of September annually.

Transportation

The main transportation from mainland Turkey is by ferries from Geyikli and from the town of Çanakkale. The island is roughly  from mainland Turkey. From the Geyikli pier, ferry travel is available for both passengers and automobiles, and takes about 35 minutes.  A passenger-only ferry service from Çanakkale began running in 2009.  Both run less often during the winter months. The island is seven hours by bus and then ferry from Istanbul. In 2012, Seabird Airlines began offering flights from Istanbul's Golden Horn to the island.

Culture
The Turkish film Akıllı Köpek Max (Max the Smart Dog) was filmed in Bozcaada in 2012. Another Turkish film, Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi (A Small September Affair) was filmed on the island in 2013.

The Australian author Dmetri Kakmi was born on Tenedos of Greek parents in 1961. His acclaimed  memoir Mother Land about his childhood on the island was published in 2008 and reissued in a new edition in 2015.

Notable people

Abudimus, 4th-century Christian martyr
Bozcaadalı Hasan Hüsnü Pasha (1832–1903), son of Bozcaadalı Hüseyin Pasha, Naval Minister, founder of the Istanbul Naval Museum
Bozcaadalı Hüseyin Pasha, 19th-century Ottoman staff admiral (Riyale)
Cleostratus, ancient Greek astronomer
Democrates (), ancient Olympic winner in the men's wrestling. At Leonidaion there was a statue of him which was made by Dionysicles () of Miletus.
Harpalus, ancient Greek engineer
Meletius II, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1768–1769)
Phoenix of Tenedos, ancient Greek general
Aristagoras of Tenedos, prytanis

See also
Greco-Turkish relations
Greek wine
Imbros
Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Sèvres
Turkish wine
Bozcaada Castle

References

Bibliography

Books

Journals

Newspapers and magazines

Web sources

Further reading

 Bora Esiz, "Bozcaada, An Island for Those who Love the Aegean"
 Hakan Gürüney: From Tenedos to Bozcaada. Tale of a forgotten island. In: Tenedos Local History Research Centre. No. 5, Bozcaada 2012, .
 Haluk Şahin, The Bozcaada Book: A Personal, historical and literary guide to the windy island also known as Tenedos, Translated by Ayşe Şahin, Troya Publishing, 2005
 Papers presented to the II. National Symposium on the Aegean Islands, 2–3 July 2004, Gökçeada, Çanakkale.

External links
Bozcaada government website (Turkish)
Bozcaada Blog website (Turkish)
Bozcaada Museum (private) (Turkish)
Bozcaada slide show from New York Times Travel section

Bozcaada Guide
Une fin de semaine sur l'ile de Bozcaada (slide show)
Website, Municipality of Bozcaada (Turkish)

History of Turkey
Islands of Turkey
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
North Aegean islands
Locations in the Iliad
Tenea
Fishing communities in Turkey
Bozcaada district
Islands of Çanakkale Province
Members of the Delian League
Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands
Populated places in ancient Troad
Greek city-states

Tenedos


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Hronsek enthält die 19 nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Hronsek im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

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Hronsek


Sielnica este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Zvolen din regiunea Banská Bystrica, pe malul râului Hron. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.456 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Sielnica este atestată documentar din 1250.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Sielnica, Zvolen


DC's Legends of Tomorrow je američka serija čiji su autori Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim i Andrew Kreisberg, koja se prikazuje na televizijskoj mreži The CW od 21. siječnja 2016. godine. Bazirana je na grupi likova iz DC Comicsa. Ambijentirana je unutar Arrowersa, spin-off serija Arrow i The Flash.

Serija prati događaje grupe likova koje se nazivaju Legende, koji pokušavaju spasiti svijet putujući vremenom. Glavni glumci su Caity Lotz, Victor Garber, Brandon Routh, Franz Drameh, Ciara Renée, Falk Hentschel, Dominic Purcell, Wentworth Miller e Arthur Darvill kao Rip Hunter.

Serija se prikazuje na televizijskoj mreži The CW. Serija je u siječnju 2017. godine obnovljena za treću sezonu. U Hrvatskoj na Doma TV serija se krenula prikazivat 5. veljače 2018. godine

U travnju 2022. serija je otkazana nakon sedam sezona.

Popis sezona

Prve tri sezone prikazane su na Doma TV, dok su četvrta, peta i šesta sezona, uključujući specijal epizodu prikazane na Nova TV.

Glumačka postava
 Victor Garber kao Martin Stein / Firestorm: Nuklearni fizičar u polju transmutacije; čini pola superheroja Firestorma, uz Jeffersona Jacksona. Graeme McComb glumi mladog Steina u 70-im, 80-im i 90-im godinama prošlog stoljeća. Lik je prvi put predstavljen u seriji The Flash.
 Brandon Routh kao Ray Palmer / Atom: Znanstvenik, izumitelj, biznismen i bivši direktor Palmer Technologies-a. izumio je odjelo koje mu omogućava da se smanji. Lik je prvi put predstavljen u seriji Arrow.
 Arthur Darvill kao Rip Hunter: pobunjeni putnik kroz vrijeme i vođa tima. Cilj mu je pobijediti, svrgnuti s vlasti i ubiti Vandala Savagea kako bi spasio svijet i svoju obitelj. Aiden Longworth glumi mladoga Rip Huntera. Tijekom druge sezone, Rip nestaje i prepušta svoj brod Waverider Legendama. Tijekom treće sezone osnivač je i vođa Vremenskog biroa.
 Caity Lotz kao Sara Lance / Bijeli Kanarinac: Osvetnica iz Star Cityja i bivša članica (League of Assassins) koja teško kontrolira bijes kao rezultat uskrsnuća u mističnoj Lazarovoj jami. U drugoj sezoni, Sara postaje vođa Legendi i kapetanica Waveridera. Lik je djelomično baziran na Crnom kanarincu i prvi put je predstavljen u seriji Arrow.
 Franz Drameh kao Jefferson "Jax" Jackson / Firestorm: Bivši srednjoškolski atletičar koji zbog ozljede radi kao automehaničar. Sačinjava polovicu superheroja Firestorma uz Martina Steina. Nakon što Stein umire, Jax se vraća u sadašnjost, jer više nije meta. Prvi je puta predstavljen u seriji The Flash.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  na cwtv.com
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  na domatv

 Legends of Tomorrow na facebook.com

Američke serije
Znanstvenofantastične serije
Televizijske serije koje su završile 2022.

Legende sutrašnjice


الرابطة الفوسفاتية هي نوع من الروابط الكيميائية التي تنتج بين المجموعة الفوسفاتية ومجموعتين كحول بطريقة تنتج روابط استيرية الذي يكون الفوسفات مركزها.

في الطبيعة تعمل الروابط الفوسفاتية للتوصيل بين النيكلوئيتيدات, التي تشكل حجارة الأساس لبناء الـ DNA والـ RNA. هذا الرباط يمكن تفكيكه عن طريق إدخال المياه التي تفتح الأربطة. في مرحلة الارتباط يتحرر جزيء ماء (مجموعة OH المرتبطة مع ذرة الكربون الخامسة وذرة هيدروجين المتصلة مع ذرة الكربون الثالثة في النيكلوئيتيد المقابل).

روابط كيميائية
كيمياء حيوية

رابطة فوسفاتية


Bredenbek er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Achterwehr under Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Bredenbek ligger omkring 15 kilometer øst for Rendsborg og 18 kilometer vest for Kiel ved Bundesautobahn 210 og jernbanen Kiel–Rendsburg. Kommunen er præget af landbrug.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Bredenbek


Valtteri Kemiläinen (né le  à Jyväskylä en Finlande) est un joueur professionnel finlandais de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de défenseur.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Formé au Diskos Jyväskylä, il rejoint les équipes de jeunes du JYP Jyväskylä. Il débute avec l'équipe première dans la Liiga en 2014. Il remporte le Kanada-malja avec le Tappara en 2017.

Carrière internationale
Il représente la Finlande au niveau international. Il est sélectionné pour les Jeux olympiques de 2022 et remporte la médaille d'or.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

| 2012-2013|| JYP-Akatemia || Mestis || 45|| 5|| 9|| 14|| 52|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2013-2014|| JYP-Akatemia || Mestis || 43|| 3|| 18|| 21|| 44|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2014-2015|| JYP Jyväskylä || Liiga || 36|| 2|| 12|| 14|| 22|| 4|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 0
|-
|2014-2015|| JYP-Akatemia || Mestis || 11|| 1|| 9|| 10|| 12|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2015-2016|| JYP Jyväskylä || Liiga || 43|| 8|| 17|| 25|| 24|| 10|| 1|| 3|| 4|| 14
|-
| 2016-2017|| Tappara || Liiga || 34|| 4|| 16|| 20|| 22|| 18|| 3|| 8|| 11|| 10
|-
| 2017-2018|| Tappara || Liiga || 60|| 4|| 11|| 15|| 38|| 16|| 1|| 0|| 1|| 12
|-
| 2018-2019|| Tappara || Liiga || 57|| 10|| 21|| 31|| 53|| 11|| 1|| 3|| 4|| 4
|-
| 2019-2020|| Tappara || Liiga || 42|| 4|| 31|| 35|| 40|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2020-2021|| Tappara || Liiga || 31|| 11|| 14|| 25|| 32|| 9|| 1|| 2|| 3|| 2
|-
| 2021-2022 || HK Vitiaz || KHL || 37|| 5|| 21|| 26|| 30|| -|| -|| -|| -|| -
|-
| 2021-2022|| Rögle BK || SHL || 8 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 2 || 13 || 2 || 7 || 9 || 2
|-
| 2022-2023 || Tappara || Liiga || 43 || 8 || 34 || 42 || 22 || 14 || 0 || 10 || 10 || 4
|-
| 2023-2024 || Tappara || Liiga ||   ||

Au niveau international

| 2022 ||align="left"| Jeux olympiques || 6|| 1|| 0|| 1|| 2|| +3|| align="left"|  Médaille d'or

Notes et références

Naissance en décembre 1991
Naissance à Jyväskylä
Défenseur de hockey sur glace
Joueur international finlandais de hockey sur glace
Champion olympique de hockey sur glace
Champion olympique finlandais
Joueur de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Joueur du JYP Jyväskylä
Joueur du Rögle BK
Joueur du Tappara
Joueur du HK Vitiaz

Valtteri Kemiläinen