A tongue piercing is a body piercing usually done directly through the center of the tongue. Since its decline in popularity around 2011, it has seen a recent upsurge making it now the second most popular piercing amongst young women aged 18-25 in 2019.  It remains unpopular amongst men.  Midline tongue piercings, or one hole through the center of the tongue is the most common way to have the tongue pierced.

History and culture

Popular names for tongue piercing include tongue ring, which is a misnomer, as only rarely are rings worn in tongue piercings.

There is a history of ritual tongue piercing in both Aztec and Maya cultures, with illustrations of priests piercing their tongue and then either drawing blood from it or passing through rough cords designed to inflict pain.  There is no evidence of permanent or long term tongue piercing in Aztec culture, however; despite the practice of many other permanent body modifications, it was done to honor the gods.

Piercing the tongue has a long history in religious and performance practices. Mesoamericans such as the Aztecs practiced this as well as other perforations as a part of offerings to their deities.
Asian Spirit Mediums of the Far East practiced tongue piercing as an offering and proof of trance state.

From the turn of the 20th century, Western carnies borrowed many of their sideshow tricks from fakirs bringing to American and European audiences their first glimpses of tongue piercing.

Permanent or long term piercing of the tongue is part of the resurgence of body piercing in contemporary society. The ready availability of high quality, surgical steel barbell style jewelry is associated with the emergence of this piercing in the 1980s. As with many piercing innovations, the origin of this piercing is associated with Gauntlet, the first professional body piercing studio in the United States, formerly located in Los Angeles, California.

Tattoo Samy appeared in PFIQ (the first publication about body piercing) in issues #18 (1983) and #19 as the magazine's first documented tongue piercing.

Elayne Angel, the first person awarded the Master Piercer's certificate by Jim Ward, body piercing pioneer and founder of Gauntlet, helped popularize this type of piercing.

Jewelry

Tongues are pierced with straight barbell style jewelry.  Because of the frequent movement of the tongue, jewellery size and comfort is especially important.  Barbells that are too thin are prone to migration, causing discomfort and irritation.  Tongue piercings can often be easily stretched to accommodate larger jewellery. The initial piercing is often at 14 g (1.6 mm), but to avoid one or two stretching steps it is possible to pierce immediately at 12 g (2.0 mm) or even 10 g (2.4 mm).

Some people later choose to stretch their piercing to 12 g (2 mm), 10 g (2.4 mm), 8 g (3.2 mm) or 6 g (4.0 mm) to protect against possible migration and to have a more stable 'snug' fit.  It is possible to stretch further to diameters beyond 10 mm. The beads at the end of the barbell can be made of many decorative materials.  "No-see-um beads", flat beads matching the color of the tongue, are sometimes worn to conceal this piercing, often in places of employment. Using appropriate colored and styled jewellery, and taking care while talking/laughing, it is possible to conceal the piercing.

Procedure

Piercing
The piercer will check the underside of the tongue for large blood vessels, sometimes with a bright light, and mark a safe placement for the piercing. The tongue is then clamped with forceps and pierced with a needle, usually from top to bottom with a piercing needle or from bottom to top with a cannula needle. Initial jewelry should always be considerably longer than will ultimately be required to allow for the swelling, which is common following the piercing.  Within two days of getting the piercing the tongue can swell up to double its original size.  This can lead to pain when speaking and eating, but this is not permanent.

Piercers often recommend drinking cold beverages and sucking on crushed ice to help reduce the swelling. Some people find that taking Ibuprofen or similar anti-inflammatory drugs can greatly reduce the swelling associated with a tongue piercing. It is advisable not to drink alcohol, smoke or eat spicy food until the piercing is at least partially healed (around two weeks), and alcohol-free mouthwash should be used after eating or smoking.

After the swelling calms down, a period of mild tongue and oral mucosa irritation can follow, sometimes discouraging the recently pierced person from keeping the piercing. Appropriate mouth washing, care during meals and some patience will usually be sufficient to come to a sufficiently healed state. After full healing the person is advised to replace the initial long barbell (to accommodate the initial swelling) with a shorter barbell. This second barbell is sometimes included in the price of the initial piercing procedure. It can be difficult for an inexperienced recently pierced person to replace the barbell with a shorter version, so often the help of the piercer is asked for.

The second barbell is usually 2 mm – 4 mm shorter than the initial barbell, but should be adapted to the individual anatomy. After this replacement a second (short) healing period is observed. In case of absence of irritation, the further stretching procedure can be started.

Because of the tongue's exceptional healing ability, piercings can close very fast. Even completely healed holes can close up in a matter of hours, and larger-stretched holes can close in just a few days. The length of time for the hole to heal varies greatly from person to person – some people with larger-stretched holes (greater than 4 g (5 mm)) can still fit jewelry (albeit smaller) in their piercing after months or even years.

It is generally recommended to avoid piercing in bodies under development or in people not capable of taking care of a recent piercing.

Placement of the tongue piercing

The traditional placement for a tongue piercing is along the midline of the tongue, in the center of the mouth. It is often approximately  or so back from the tip of the tongue. It is placed with the top a little further back than the bottom, which allows the top of the jewelry to lean slightly back, away from the teeth, and toward the higher part of the upper palate where there is more room in the mouth. It is also usually positioned just in front of the attachment of the lingual frenulum.

A tongue frenulum piercing is a piercing through the frenulum underneath the tongue, known as the frenulum linguae, and commonly the tongue web piercing. "Venom bites" is the term given to two tongue piercings placed side by side on the tongue, which are considered to be more painful than a regular tongue piercing through the tongue's center. Although the term "angel bite" is sometimes referred to as two piercings in the tongue with one placed right in front of another, the term is much more common for two Monroe piercings on either side of the face. There is also the "snake-eyes" which is one curved bar going horizontally through the tip of the tongue, it is mostly painless other than a mild amount of pressure.
It is possible to use a (stretched) tongue piercing as a first step to tongue splitting.

Risks
Documented complications of tongue piercings have included blood-borne infections causing brain and heart abscesses (with some deaths); hepatitis B and C, HIV, tuberculosis, and tetanus infections; swelling of the tongue causing airway obstruction, swallowing or choking on loose jewelry, damage to gums and broken teeth. Common complaints include pain, scars, excessive salivation and damage to tooth enamel.

Tongue piercings may cause speech impediments, such as a double tongue piercing restricting independent tongue mobility. There is also a risk of sensation loss.

Adverse effects
 Oral trauma, i.e. dental fracture and wear, affects 11% to 41% of subjects with tongue ornaments.
 Recession of gingival tissue affects 19% to 68% of subjects with tongue ornaments. The alveolar tooth-bearing bone may also be involved, jeopardizing the stability and durability of the teeth in place and requiring a periodontal regeneration surgery.
 Higher prevalence of colonization of Candida albicans was reported in young individuals with tongue piercing, in comparison to non-tongue-pierced matched individuals.

See also
Body piercing
Lip piercing
Tongue frenulum piercing

References

External links
Left*Tongue Piercing and Associated Tooth Fracture
Haemophilus aphrophilus Endocarditis after Tongue Piercing

Body piercing
Tongue

Tongue piercing


Richard Best ( - ) est un avocat irlandais, homme politique et Lord Justice of Appeal.

Biographie

Best est né à Richhill, dans le comté d'Armagh. Il fait ses études à l'établissement d'enseignement de Dundalk (aujourd'hui Dundalk Grammar School) et au Trinity College de Dublin, où il est Senior Moderator (BA) en mathématiques en 1892, et est admis au barreau par le King's Inns de Dublin en 1895. Il devient conseiller de la reine en 1912 et est élu conseiller en 1918. En 1921, il est élu à la Chambre des communes d'Irlande du Nord en tant que député unioniste d'Armagh et plus tard la même année, il est nommé procureur général d'Irlande du Nord. Il est nommé au Conseil privé d'Irlande dans les honneurs du nouvel an 1922.

En 1925, il est nommé Lord Justice of Appeal de la Cour suprême d'Irlande du Nord, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'à sa mort.

En 1904, il épouse Sarah Constance Bevington à l'église St John, Sevenoaks, Kent. Ils ont un fils, également appelé Richard.

Références

 Nécrologie, The Times, 24 février 1939

Procureur général pour l'Irlande du Nord
Membre du Conseil privé d'Irlande du Nord
Membre du Conseil privé d'Irlande
Membre de la Chambre des communes d'Irlande du Nord (1921-1925)
Étudiant de Trinity College (Dublin)
Décès en février 1939
Naissance en décembre 1869
Décès à 69 ans

Richard Best (juge)


Amine Harchaoui (27. rujna 1990.) je marokanski rukometaš. Nastupa za marokanski klub Raja d'Agadir i marokansku reprezentaciju.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija Maroka završila na 29. mjestu.

Izvori

Marokanski rukometaši

Amine Harchaoui


Engleski šahovski savez (eng. English Chess Federation), krovno tijelo športa šaha u Engleskoj. Sjedište je u Battleu, Istočni Sussex, The Watch Oak, Chain Lane. Engleska pripada europskoj zoni 1.1a. Predsjednik je Dominic Ralph Lawson (ažurirano 17. listopada 2019.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Šah u Engleskoj
Engleska

Engleski šahovski savez


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1919-1920, nommée la KNVB Beker, est la  de la Coupe des Pays-Bas.

Déroulement de la compétition
Tous les tours se jouent en élimination directe. À chaque tour, un tirage au sort est effectué pour déterminer les adversaires.

Finale
La finale entre deux clubs de deuxième division, se joue le  à Dordrecht, le CVV bat le VUC La Haye  2 à 1 et remporte son premier titre.

Notes et références
KNVB Beker 1919-1920 sur voetbalarchieven.nl

1919-1920
1919 aux Pays-Bas
1920 aux Pays-Bas
Pays-Bas


La Bundesstraße 486 est une Bundesstraße du Land de Hesse.

Géographie
La B 486 traverse la région de Francfort-sur-le-Main.

Histoire
La route entre Rüsselsheim, Mörfelden et Langen devient une chaussée entre 1829 et 1831. Une décennie plus tard, entre 1841 et 1845, la section orientale de la route de Langen en passant par Dreieich-Offenthal, Urberach, Eppertshausen et Münster à Dieburg est également dotée d'une chaussée solide.

La route fédérale B 486 est créée en 1967 pour améliorer le réseau routier fédéral dans la région de Francfort-sur-le-Main.

Après de nombreuses années de planification, le contournement de Dreieich-Offenthal d'environ  est ouvert à la circulation le . Jusque-là, jusqu'à  véhicules traversaient la ville chaque jour. Le carrefour B 486/L 3317 était notamment surchargé aux heures de pointe. De longs embouteillages se formaient régulièrement.

Source

Route en Allemagne
Transport en Hesse

Bundesstraße 486


أم الحصم هي قرية تقع في جنوب المنامة عاصمة مملكة البحرين بالقرب من الماحوز. تعتبر من مصايف البحرين قديما وهي منطقة سكنية مكونة من المنازل والمباني حديثة الإنشاء إلى جانب احتوائها على عدد من المتاجر والمطاعم الأجنبية.

سميت بهذا الاسم لكثرة وجود الحصم فيها سابقا وهو عبارة عن أصداف صغيرة الحجم كانت تستخدم لتزيين البيوت من الخارج. أما الرواية الثانية فتذكر بأن القرية سميت بهذا الاسم لوجود مبارك مطر الحصم هناك من عائلة الحصم فرع من فروع الرشايدة. توجد في هذة المدينة أقلية يهودية.

عبد العزيز الشملان وهو الزعيم الوطني البحريني من عقد 1950 وفي وقت لاحق سفير البحرين في القاهرة وهو أحد الأكثر شهرة من المقيمين السابقين في القرية جنبا إلى جنب مع الراحل يوسف عبد الرحمن انجنير. تحتفظ أم الحصم بتقاليدها اليسارية بوجود مقر جمعية العمل الوطني الديمقراطي.

مدينة صحية
في عام 2018 تسلم الشيخ هشام بن عبد الرحمن آل خليفة محافظ محافظة العاصمة اعتماد أم الحصم مدينة صحية من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية لتكون بذلك أول مدينة في البحرين تنال هذا الاعتماد.

مصادر

أحياء المنامة
أماكن مأهولة في البحرين
أماكن ساحلية مأهولة في البحرين
اليهود واليهودية في البحرين
قرى البحرين
مجتمعات يهودية

أم الحصم


An Cynodon dactylon in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. An Cynodon dactylon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynodon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cynodon (Poaceae)

Cynodon dactylon


Anjar (en guyaratí: અંજાર ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Kutch, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 71  a 312 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimaciones del año 2011 contaba con una población de 85.462 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Anjar (Guyarat)


Reclus (,  « La lande ») est un film d'horreur espagnol co-écrit et réalisé par David Casademunt, sorti en 2021.

Il s'agit du premier long métrage du scénariste-réalisateur, sélectionné et projeté en avant première mondiale en  au Festival international du film de Catalogne.

Synopsis
Lucía (Inma Cuesta), son mari, Salvador (Roberto Álamo), et leur fils Diego vivent dans une maison perdue dans la campagne, en toute tranquillité. Quand le père part, la mère et le fils se retrouvent seuls… jusqu'à ce qu'une créature surgisse de façon mystérieuse et violente à la fois et les harcèle, de jour comme de nuit.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre français :  Reclus
 Réalisation : David Casademunt
 Scénario : David Casademunt, Martí Lucas et Fran Menchón
 Musique : Diego Navarro
 Direction artistique : Marc Pou
 Décors : Balter Gallart
 Costumes : n/a
 Photographie : Isaac Vila
 Montage : Alberto de Toro
 Production : Joaquín Padró, Marina Padró Targarona et Mar Targarona
 Société de production : Rodar y Rodar Cine y Televisión ; Fitzcarraldo Films (coproduction)
 Société de distribution : Netflix
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : espagnol
 Format : couleur
 Genre : horreur, drame, énigme
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Espagne :  (Festival international du film de Catalogne)
 Monde :  (Netflix)

Distribution

 Inma Cuesta : Lucía
 Asier Flores : Diego
 Roberto Álamo : Salvador
 Alejandra Howard : Juana
 Víctor Benjumea : l'homme du bateau
 Marià Llop : la Bête

Production
En , on apprend que David Casademunt prépare, en tant que scénariste et réalisateur, son premier film intitulé . En  de la même année, on annonce que le titre change en .

Le tournage a lieu, en , dans la province de Teruel de la communauté autonome d'Aragon, dans l'est de l'Espagne. Il s'achève en .

Accueil
En , le film est sélectionné en avant première mondiale en  au Festival international du film de Catalogne.

Le  il est disponible sur Netflix.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film espagnol sorti en 2021
Film d'horreur espagnol
Film dramatique espagnol
Film distribué par Netflix
Film en espagnol

Reclus (film)


Wenna ( 463   18 October ???) is a Cornish saint and the dedicatee of several churches, venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, and Anglican Communion. Her feast day is 18 October.

Wenna founded churches in Talgarth, Wales, and St Wenn, Cornwall, and chapels at St Kew, Cornwall and Cheristow, near Stoke-by-Hartland, Devon.

Biography

Wenna is thought to have been a daughter of Brychan a legendary king of Brycheiniog in South Wales. Her first church was at Talgarth, near her home.

She, Nectan (her brother), and possibly other siblings evangelized Cornwall where she founded the church at St Wenn (near Bodmin) and chapels at St Kew and Cheristow near Hartland.

She was murdered by pagans on 18 October of an unknown year at Talgarth.

She should not be confused with her niece Wenna (Gwen ferch Cynyr), a 6th-century queen.

References

6th-century Christian saints
Children of Brychan
Medieval Cornish saints
Female saints of medieval England
Christian royal saints
6th-century English people
6th-century English women

Saint Wenna


Don Leslie Lind ()  un om de știință american, un fost ofițer naval și pilot precum și astronaut la NASA. A absolvit Universitatea din Utah, fiind licențiat în fizică în 1953. După efectuarea stagiului militar, acesta a obținut doctoratul în fizică nucleară de la Universitatea din California, Berkeley, 1964. Lind a fost pilot maritim și a obținut funcția de comandant în Rezervele Navale ale SUA. După finalizarea doctoratului, Lind a lucrat la Centrul de Cercetare Goddard al NASA din 1964 până în 1966. Selectat să facă parte din grupul 5 de astronauți în 1966, acesta a ajutat la dezvoltarea activităților extravehiculare (EVA) pentru Apollo 11 și a îndeplinit funcția de comunicator pentru misiunile Apollo 11 și Apollo 12. Lind a fost alocat ca pilot rezervă pentru Skylab 3 și Skylab 4.

Don a fost comandant de încărcătură pentru unicul său zbor, STS-51-B, lansat pe 29 aprilie 1985. A proiectat un experiment pentru a capta aurora Pământului. Experimentele cu încărcătură au constat în primul rând în cercetarea microgravitației și în măsurarea atmosferică. Nava spațială, Challenger a realizat 110 orbite înainte de aterizarea la Baza Air Force, Edwards, California.

Bibliografie

Anii de început
Lind s-a născut pe 18 mai 1930. Acesta a urmat studiile la școala elementară Midvale și a absolvit liceul Jordan. A obținut licența în știință cu onoruri în fizică de la Universitatea din Utah 1953. A lucrat în Laboratorul de Radiații Lawrence, Berkeley, California și s-a alăturat Centrului de Zbor Spațial Goddard ca fizician.  Acesta deține studii postdoctorale la Institutul de Geofizică, Universitatea din Alaska, între 1975-1976.

Serviciul maritim
Don a deținut statutul de comandant în Forțele Navale ale SUA. Și-a servit activ îndatorirea de pilot în San Diego și mai târziu la bordul avionului USS Hancock, obținând peste 4500 de ore în funcția de pilot pe aeronave de înaltă performanță.

Cariera la NASA

Selecția
Din 1964 până în 1966, Lind a lucrat ca fizician la Centrul de Zbor Spațial Goddard, NASA.  Acolo, a fost implicat în experimente pentru a determina natura și proprietățile particulelor de energie redusă din magnetosfera Pământului și a spațiului interplanetar.
În aprilie 1966, a fost ales să devină astronaut pentru NASA, făcând parte din grupul cinci de astronauți, cunoscuți sub denumirea de "cei 19 originali".

Apollo
Împreună cu astronautul geolog, Harrison Schmitt, Lind a creat și dezvoltat planul de zbor pentru activitățile extravehiculare, EVA pentru Apollo 11 și alte instrumente folosite pe suprafața lunară. În cadrul misiunilor Apollo 11 și Apollo 12, acesta a îndeplinit rolul de comunicator. Pentru a pilota modulul lunar Apollo, Lind împreună cu Schmitt și Owen Garriott au primit o instruire avansată cu elicopterul, fiind singurii care au dispus de acest antrenament.

Spacelab
Dr. Lind a fost specialist pe STS 51-B în misiunea Spacelab-3, a cărei lansare în spațiu a avut loc la Centrul Spațial Kennedy pe 29 aprilie 1985, fiind prima misiune operațională a Spacelab.  Lind, împreună cu cei 7 specialiști ai echipei au condus investigații despre creșterea cristalelor, spectroscopia gazului, simularea atmosferică planetară și solară, raze cosmice, monitorizarea medicală umană și a animalelor de laborator.

Premii și onoruri
Lind a fost premiat cu medalia spațială de zbor NASA și medalia pentru serviciul excepțional realizat în cadrul NASA.  La finalul celor 22 de ani de carieră la NASA, Dr. Lind s-a alăturat ca și profesor Universității de Stat din Utah, unde a predat fizică și astrofizică până când s-a retras în 1995.

Note

Legături externe

Don Lind's speech to Utah School Children
Lind's Utah State biography

Nașteri în 1930
Astronauți americani
Provocarea Apollo 11
Decese în 2022
Fizicieni americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Ofițeri ai United States Navy
Absolvenți ai University of Utah
Absolvenți ai University of California, Berkeley
Oameni de afaceri americani

Don L. Lind


Theatre of Blood, titulada Matar o no matar, este es el problema en España y El mercader de la muerte en Hispanoamérica, es una película de terror británica de 1973 dirigida por Douglas Hickox y protagonizada por Vincent Price, Diana Rigg e Ian Hendry.

Trama
Un crítico de teatro llamado George Maxwell (Michael Hordern) es asesinado por un grupo de vagabundos ante la presencia de un hombre que él daba por muerto. El hombre es Edward Lionheart (Vincent Price), un actor de teatro que durante su carrera solo recibió comentarios negativos por parte de la crítica, cosa que lo llevó a intentar suicidarse. Guiado por un deseo de venganza, el actor planea matar a todos los críticos que lo subestimaron, con la ayuda su propia hija, Edwina (Diana Rigg), y un grupo de vagabundos. Tras asesinar a otro crítico, Hector Snipe (Dennis Price), Lionheart ata su cadáver a la cola de un caballo arrastrándolo por la tierra, imitando una escena de la obra Troilo y Crésida. Al conocer el hecho, los miembros del círculo de críticos temen ser las próximas víctimas, y tratan de pensar en quién es el responsable de los asesinatos.

Lionheart continúa asesinando a los críticos uno por uno, haciendo referencias a obras de William Shakespeare, cuyos trabajos había interpretado a lo largo de su carrera. El inspector Boot (Milo O'Shea), que está a cargo de la investigación, ordena que el resto de los críticos sean vigilados por policías para evitar nuevos asesinatos. El crítico Peregrine Devlin (Ian Hendry) le informa al inspector de la conexión existente entre las muertes de sus colegas y las obras de Shakespeare, y su sospecha de que el responsable es Lionheart. Devlin explica que Lionheart esperaba ganar el premio al mejor actor que el círculo de críticos entrega cada año, pero el galardón fue entregado a otra persona. Tras la ceremonia, Lionheart visitó a los críticos, pero ante sus burlas se lanzó desde un balcón del edificio a un río. Dado que su cuerpo nunca fue encontrado, Devlin cree que es él quien está tras los crímenes.

Devlin y el inspector visitan a la hija de Lionheart, Edwina, para preguntarle sobre la supuesta responsabilidad de su padre en los asesinatos. Aunque ella dice no saber nada, es enviada a la comisaría para ser interrogada. Tras esto, Devlin se dirige a un gimnasio para practicar esgrima, donde es atacado por el mismo Lionheart. Sin embargo, el actor lo deja vivir, y le dice que lo hará sufrir tanto como el crítico lo hizo sufrir a él. En el hospital, Devlin le confirma al inspector que el asesino es el actor.

Edwina le comenta a Devlin que su padre la llamó y decidió entregarse, siempre y cuando la policía no estuviera presente. Devlin acepta acompañarla, pero decide contárselo a la policía para que los sigan. Al encontrarse en el lugar acordado, el crítico es capturado por los ayudantes de Lionheart, quienes eluden a la policía y llevan a Devlin a un teatro abandonado. Allí, Lionheart organiza una representación que emula a la entrega de premios ocurrida años antes, donde no obtuvo el galardón a mejor actor. Lionheart obliga al crítico a otorgarle el premio, amenazando con cegarlo como a Gloucester en la obra El rey Lear. Sin embargo, la policía llega al lugar después de que uno de los ayudantes de Lionheart revelara su paradero, y rescatan al crítico. Al verse rodeado, el actor incendia el teatro y sube a la cornisa del edificio. Allí recita unas líneas de El rey Lear y muere alcanzado por las llamas.

Reparto
 Vincent Price como Edward Lionheart.
 Diana Rigg como Edwina Lionheart.
 Ian Hendry como Peregrine Devlin.
 Harry Andrews como Trevor Dickman.
 Coral Browne como Chloe Moon.
 Robert Coote como Oliver Larding.
 Jack Hawkins como Solomon Psaltery.
 Michael Hordern como George William Maxwell.
 Arthur Lowe como Horace Sprout.
 Robert Morley como Meredith Merridew.
 Dennis Price como Hector Snipe.
 Milo O'Shea como Inspector Boot.
 Eric Sykes como Sargento Dogge.
 Madeline Smith como Rosemary.
 Diana Dors como Maisie Psaltery.

Recepción
Theatre of Blood obtuvo una respuesta positiva por parte de la crítica cinematográfica. La película posee un 96% de comentarios "frescos" en el sitio web Rotten Tomatoes, basado en un total de 23 críticas. Según el periódico Time Out, «el Ricardo III de Price es suficiente para hacer que la película valga la pena [...] pero desafortunadamente el guion demasiado largo eventualmente pierde energía, y el final es débil». Fernando F. Croce de Slant Magazine escribió: «La broma no funcionaría a menos que el personaje del mal actor fuese interpretado de manera brillante, y Price pasa por las múltiples máscaras del papel con el ímpetu de Laurence Olivier en La huella». Por su parte, Chuck Arrington del sitio DVD Talk se refirió a la cinta como «una increíble vuelta de tuerca que muestra la grandeza de la habilidad de interpretación de Vincent Price. En cada movimiento de la película él solamente mejora y mejora».

Por el contrario, Steve Biodrowski de Cinefantastique escribió: «Además de ser perversamente inventiva en términos de preparar una serie muertes imaginativas, el guion es poco ortodoxo en su estructura. Las víctimas caminan como una serie de objetivos en una galería de tiro, haciendo muy poco para generar simpatía.»

Adaptación teatral
En 2005, la película fue adaptada a una obra de teatro homónima a cargo de la compañía británica Improbable theatre y del Royal National Theatre, bajo la dirección de Phelim McDermott. El rol de Edward Lionheart fue interpretado por Jim Broadbent, mientras que el de Edwina (llamada Miranda en esta versión) estuvo a cargo de Rachael Stirling, hija de Diana Rigg. La historia está ambientada en los años 1970 y menciona varios periódicos británicos existentes, como The Sunday Times, The Times y The Observer.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Theatre of Blood en TCM.

Cine de terror de los años 1970

Theatre of Blood


133243 Essen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
133243 Essen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Essen de T. Payer. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 7,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 133001-134000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

133243 Essen


Baccharidinae, podtribus glavočika,  dio tribusa Astereae. Postoje 25 rodova  a tipični je gospina rukavica ili bakarec (Baccharis).

Rodovi

 Baccharis L. (445 spp.)
 Pseudobaccharis Cabrera (7 spp.)
 Exostigma G. Sancho (2 spp.)
 Hinterhubera Sch. Bip. (9 spp.)
 Laestadia Kunth (6 spp.)
 Blakiella Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Flosmutisia Cuatrec. (1 sp.)
 Linochilus Bentham (60 spp.)
 Laennecia Cass. (19 spp.)
 Westoniella Cuatrec. (6 spp.)
 Talamancaster Pruski (6 spp.)
 Aztecaster G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Archibaccharis Heering (37 spp.)
 Plagiocheilus Arn. ex DC. (6 spp.)
 Diplostephium Kunth (53 spp.)
 Parastrephia Nutt. (5 spp.)
 Floscaldasia Cuatrec. (2 spp.)
 Guynesomia Bonif. & G. Sancho (1 sp.)
 Kieslingia Faúndez, Saldivia & Martic. (1 sp.)
 Pacifigeron G. L. Nesom (2 spp.)
 Podocoma Cass. (6 spp.)
 Microgyne Less. (2 spp.)
 Sommerfeltia Less. (2 spp.)
 Asteropsis Less. (2 spp.)
 Inulopsis O. Hoffm. (4 spp.)

Izvori

Astereae

Baccharidinae


An Paphiopedilum bullenianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer. An Paphiopedilum bullenianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paphiopedilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. b. bullenianum
 P. b. celebesense

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum bullenianum


Longyearbyen Sygehus er et sygehus i Longyearbyen på den norske øgruppe Svalbard. Sygehuset er ejet og drevet af Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge med hovedsæde i Tromsø. Sygehuset er et akutmedicinsk beredskabskabshospital med en operationsstue, men uden traumemodtagelse og fødeafdeling. Det yder primære og specialiserede sundhedsydelser til befolkningen på Svalbard, og alle der rejser i og omkring øhavet, og de tilstødende farvande ved Barentshavet.

Sygehuset har seks sengepladser, hvor der kan ydes almen sygepleje. Ved længerevarende og alvorlige indlæggelser, bliver patienter overført til fastlandet. Det er i følge loven ikke tilladt at føde eller dø på Svalbard. Ved alvorlige sygdom bliver man fløjet til fastlandet fra Svalbard Lufthavn, ligesom det også sker med afdøde der alligevel er omkommet på øgruppen. Gravide skal senest tre uger før planlagt fødsel rejse til fastlandet, da sygehuset i Longyearbyen ikke har ressourcer til at håndtere en fødsel, og efterfølgende pleje af barnet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 UNN HF - Longyearbyen sykehus

Svalbard
Hospitaler i Norge

Longyearbyen Sygehus


Sona Mohapatra (ସୋନା ମହାପାତ୍ର, n. 17 de junio de 1976 en Cuttack) es una cantante y compositora india, una de las artistas más famosas de la India Well known in India, ha realizado una serie de giras de conciertos en todo el mundo y ha ido promocionando sus álbumes discográficos, singles, webcasts de conciertos, videos musicales, películas de Bollywood y publicidades.  Además de su propio material titulada, Mohapatra, ha versionado sus temas musicales en remixes como temas musicales de David Bowie, Let's Dance, y INXS con la canción titulada "Afterglow".

Carrera
En 2007, Mohapatra lanzó su álbum debut titulada, Sona, bajo el sello de Sony, que trata de explorar los diversos estilos de rock, rhythm and blues, flamenco, indostaní, baúl y la música romaní. En 2009, lanzó otro álbum titulada "Diljale". Recientemente ha interpretado una canción titulada "Bedardi Raja" para la película de Aamir Khan.

Discografía

Bollywood
 Family - Lori
 Aage Se Right - Daav Laga
 Jumbo - Chaayi Madhoshiyaan
 Delhi Belly - Bedardi Raaja
 I Hate Luv Storys - Bahara

Singles
 Diljale

Álbum de estudio
 SONA

Compilación

 Love is (2007) - Afterglow
 Teri Deewani- Ishq Nachaya
 Aao Ji - Aja Ve
 Soulful Sufi (2009) - Abhi Nahin Ana

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sona´s Homepage

Personas de Orissa
Cantautores de India

Sona Mohapatra


En trimer er en molekyle, der består af monomerer. Trimerer er normalt cykliske. Blandt kemiske forbindelser, der ofte er trimerer, er isocyanat og cyansyrer.

Eksterne henvisninger

Kemi

Trimer (kemi)


HPGL veya bazen gösterildiği gibi HP-GL, Hewlett-Packard tarafından üretilen ilk çizicilerde kullanılan denetim dilidir. İsim, Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (Hewlett-Packard Grafik Dili) kelimelerinin ilk harflerinden oluşur. Daha sonra neredeyse tüm çiziciler için standart bir dil haline gelmiştir.

Hewlett-Packard
Sayfa tanımlama dilleri
Vektörel grafik

HPGL


The Simpson Medal is an individual prize awarded for Australian rules football in Western Australia. The medal has been donated by Dr Fred Simpson and family since 1945.

Simpson Medals are currently awarded to the following players:
The best player on the ground in the West Australian Football League Grand Final (awarded annually since 1945), and
the best Western Australian player on the ground in any interstate representative match contested by a West Australian Football League composite team (awarded annually since 1994).

Simpson Medals have also been awarded under other criteria in interstate football throughout history:
To the best player on the ground from either team in any stand-alone interstate representative match played in Western Australia from 1948 until 1993, including State of Origin matches from 1977 until 1993 (this did not include National Carnival matches),
to the best Western Australian player across a tournament of interstate representative matches involving Western Australia (this included National Carnivals from 1950 until 1979, the 1988 Bicentennial Carnival, and Western Australia's 1964 interstate tour), and
to the best player on the ground in club exhibition matches between a Western Australian club and an interstate club (in 1946 and 1947 only).

After 1994, the interstate Simpson Medal was strictly awarded for WAFL representative matches and not for State of Origin matches. A separate medal - the Graham Moss Medal - has been awarded to Western Australia's best player in State of Origin matches since that time.

Simpson Medal Winners

WAFL Grand Final

Interstate/State of Origin

* Cable's 1977 Simpson Medal was retrospectively awarded in 2007.afl.com.au wafl.com.au

References
 http://www.wafootball.com.au/resources/history/simpson-medalists-grand-final/download.html Simpson Medalists in WAFL Grand Final
 http://www.wafootball.com.au/resources/history/simpson-medalists-state-game/download.html Simpson Medalists in State Games

Australian rules football awards
West Australian Football League

Simpson Medal


Marsmarken er et begreb, der stammer fra det antikke Rom, og er betegnelsen for et område inden for eller nær en by, brugt til eksercits- eller paradeplads for militæret.

Kendte eksempler er:
 Marsmarken (Rom) (Campus Martius), et område i oldtidens Rom
 Marsmarken (Paris) (Champ-de-Mars), et stort offentligt område uden for militærakademiet i Paris
 Marsmarken (Sankt Petersborg) (Marsovo pole), en plads i Sankt Petersborg

Marsmarken


Pompejski stilovi su četiri razdoblja u starorimskom zidnom slikarstvu. Izvorno ih je ocrtao i opisao njemački arheolog August Mau (1840. – 1909.) iz zidnih slika u Pompejima, što je jedna od najvećih skupina sačuvanih rimskih fresaka.

Stilovi zidnog slikarstva omogućili su povjesničarima umjetnosti da ocrtaju faze unutarnjeg uređenja u periodu do erupcije Vezuva 79. godine između stilskih promjena u rimskoj umjetnosti tijekom kasnog republikanskog i augustovskog razdoblja.

Četiri glavna stila rimskog zidnog slikarstva definirana su: strukturalni (ili inkrustacija), arhitektonski, ornamentalni i složeni. Svaki stil koji slijedi nakon prvog sadrži aspekte prethodnih stilova. Prva dva stila (inkrustacijski i arhitektonski) bili su iz republikanskog razdoblja (vezano za helenističko grčko zidno slikarstvo), a posljednja dva (ornamentalni i složeni) iz carskog razdoblja.

Povijest
Rimske zidne slike pronađene su u zgradama, privatnim kućama i vilama diljem Rimskog Carstva. Mnoge od prvih otkrivenih slika bile su oko Napuljskog zaljeva, područja u kojem je vulkan Vezuv eruptirao. Slike su ponekad sadržavale prikaze života na ovom području prije velike erupcije koja je uništila velik dio krajolika i gradova Pompeja i Herkulaneja.

Slike su obično bile freske naslikane na žbuci dok se sušila.

U prvom stoljeću prije Krista razvili su se različiti stilovi slikanja. Te su slike bile u rasponu od realističnih do impresionističkih umjetničkih djela. Inspiracija je došla iz mitologije, krajolika i drugih interesa.

Prvi stil: inkrustacija

Prvi stil, također poznat kao strukturalni, inkrustacijski ili zidarski stil, bio je najpopularniji od 200. pr. Kr. do 80. pr. Kr. Karakterizira ga trompe-l'œil simulacija mramora (fasetiranje mramora). Mramorni izgled stekao je upotrebom štukatura, zbog čega su dijelovi zida izgledali uzdignuto. Ostali simulirani elementi (npr. viseći diskovi od alabastera u okomitim linijama, 'drvene' grede u žutoj boji i 'stupovi' i 'vijenci' u bijeloj), te korištenje živih boja, smatrali su se znakovima bogatstva. Oni koji nisu bili toliko bogati uglavnom su koristili varijacije žute, ljubičaste i ružičaste boje.

Ovaj stil bio je replika onog pronađenog u ptolemejskim palačama na Bliskom istoku, gdje su zidovi bili umetnuti pravim kamenjem i mramorom, a također odražava širenje helenističke kulture dok je Rim komunicirao i osvajao grčke i helenističke države u ovom razdoblju. Pronađene su i zidne reprodukcije grčkih slika. Ovaj stil podijelio je zid u razne raznobojne uzorke koji su zauzeli mjesto izuzetno skupog rezanog kamena. Prvi stil se također koristio s drugim stilovima za ukrašavanje donjih dijelova zidova koji se nisu toliko vidjeli kao viši nivoi.

Primjeri uključuju zidne slike u Samnitskoj kući u Herkulaneju (kasno 2. stoljeće pr. Kr.) ili u Faunovoj kući i Salustijevoj kući u Pompejima.

Drugi stil: arhitektonski

Drugi stil, arhitektonski stil ili 'iluzionizam' dominirao je 1. stoljećem prije Krista, gdje su zidovi bili ukrašeni arhitektonskim obilježjima i trompe-l'œil (varka oka) kompozicijama. U početku, elementi ovog stila podsjećaju na prvi stil, ali se polako počinje zamjenjivati element po element. Ova se tehnika sastoji od isticanja elemenata kako bi se prikazali kao trodimenzionalne stvarnosti - stupovi, na primjer, koji dijele prostor zida na zone - i bila je metoda koju su naširoko koristili Rimljani.

Drugi stil zadržao je upotrebu mramornih blokova. Blokovi su obično bili poredani duž podnožja zida, a stvarna slika nastajala je na ravnoj žbuci. Međutim, mnoge slike iz ovog stila uključivale su iluzije imaginarnih scena. Slikari su željeli odavati iluziju da gledatelj kroz prozor promatra prikazani krajolik. Također su dodali predmete koji se obično vide u stvarnom životu, poput vaza i polica, zajedno s predmetima koji su izgledali kao da strše iz zida. Ovaj je stil bio namijenjen gledateljima da se osjećaju kao da se radnje na slici odvijaju oko njih.

Karakterizira ga korištenje relativne perspektive (ne precizne linearne perspektive jer ovaj stil uključuje matematičke koncepte i znanstvene proporcije poput onog u renesansi) za stvaranje trompe-l'œil u zidnim slikama. Ploha slike bila je gurnuta dublje unatrag u zid oslikanim arhitektonskim elementima kao što su jonski stupovi ili pozornice. Ove zidne slike suprotstavile su se klaustrofobičnoj prirodi malih prostorija bez prozora u rimskim kućama.

Slike i krajolici počeli su se uvoditi u prvi stil oko 90. pr. Kr., a ustalili su se od 70. pr. Kr. nadalje, zajedno s iluzionističkim i arhitektonskim motivima. Dekoracija je morala ostaviti što veći dojam dubine. Imitacije slika pojavile su se, isprva u višem dijelu, zatim (nakon 50. pr. Kr.) u pozadini krajolika koji su bili pozornica za mitološke priče, kazališne maske ili dekoracije.

Tijekom vladavine Augusta stil se razvio. Lažni arhitektonski elementi otvorili su široka prostranstva za slikanje umjetničkih kompozicija. Razvila se struktura inspirirana scenografijom, pri čemu je jedan veliki središnji plato flankiran s dva manja. U tom je stilu nastavljena iluzionistička tendencija s 'razbijanjem' zidova oslikanim arhitektonskim elementima ili scenama. Pejzažni elementi na kraju su preuzeli cijeli zid, bez ikakvog okvira, tako da je gledatelju izgledalo kao da samo gleda iz sobe na stvarnu scenu. U osnovi, razvijeniji drugi stil bio je antiteza prvom stilu. Umjesto ograničavanja i ojačavanja zidova, cilj je bio srušiti zid kako bi se prikazali prizori prirode i vanjskog svijeta. Velik dio dubine zrelog drugog stila dolazi od upotrebe zračne (atmosferske) perspektive koja je zamaglila izgled udaljenijih objekata. Tako je prednji plan dosta precizan dok je pozadina pomalo nejasna ljubičasta, plava i siva.

Jedno od najpriznatijih i jedinstvenih djela koje predstavlja drugi stil je dionizijski misterijski friz u Vili misterija. Ovo djelo prikazuje dionizijski kult koji su uglavnom činile žene. U sceni je, međutim, prikazan jedan dječak.

Moderan osobito od 40-ih godina pr. Kr. nadalje, počeo je nestajati u posljednjim desetljećima pr. Kr.

Primjer je arhitektonska slika u vili Boscoreale u Boscorealeu (oko 40. pr. Kr.).

Treći stil: ukrasni

Treći stil, ili kitnjasti stil, bio je popularan oko 20.-10. pr. Kr. kao reakcija na štednju prethodnog razdoblja. Ostavlja prostora za više figurativnih i šarenih ukrasa, s ukupnim više ukrasnim osjećajem, i često predstavlja veliku finoću u izvedbi. Ovaj stil se obično smatra jednostavno elegantnim.

Glavna mu je karakteristika odmak od iluzionističkih sredstava, iako su se ona (uz figuralni prikaz) kasnije opet uvukla u ovaj stil. Poštivao je stroga pravila simetrije koje je diktirao središnji element, dijeleći zid na tri vodoravne i tri do pet okomitih zona. Okomite zone bile bi podijeljene geometrijskim motivima ili bazama, ili vitkim stupovima lišća obješenim oko svijećnjaka. U ovom posebnom stilu, više prostora na zidu ostaje jednobojno, bez dizajna. Kad su dizajni bili prisutni, uglavnom su to bile male, jednostavne slike ili scene poput kandelabra ili žljebovanih dodataka. U pozadini su se pojavljivali nježni motivi ptica ili polufantastičnih životinja. Biljke i karakteristične egipatske životinje često su uvođene, dio egiptomanije u rimskoj umjetnosti nakon Augustova poraza Kleopatre i aneksije Egipta 30. pr.

Te su slike bile ukrašene delikatnim linearnim fantazijama, pretežno monokromatskim, koje su zamijenile trodimenzionalne svjetove Drugog stila. U ovaj su stil također uključene slike slične onoj pronađenoj u Cubiculum 15 vile Agrippa Postumus u Boscotrecaseu (oko 10. pr. Kr.). Oni uključuju delikatan arhitektonski okvir preko prazne, monokromatske pozadine sa samo malom scenom smještenom u sredini, poput malenog lebdećeg krajolika. Crna, crvena i žuta nastavile su se koristiti tijekom tog razdoblja, ali upotreba zelene i plave postala je istaknutija nego u prethodnim stilovima.

Pronađen je u Rimu do 40. godine i na području Pompeja do 60. godine.

Četvrti stil: zamršen

Okarakteriziran kao barokna reakcija na manirizam Trećeg stila, Četvrti stil u rimskom zidnom slikarstvu (oko 60. – 79. po Kr.) općenito je manje ukrašen od svog prethodnika. Stil je, međutim, bio mnogo složeniji. Oživljava veliko narativno slikarstvo i panoramske vizure zadržavajući arhitektonske detalje Drugog i Prvog stila. U julijevsko-klaudijevskoj fazi (oko 20. – 54. g. n. e.) dominira tekstilna kvaliteta, a vitice kao da povezuju sve elemente na zidu. Boje se ponovno zagrijavaju, te se korisno koriste u prikazivanju scena iz mitologije, krajolika i drugih slika.

Zamršene slike činile su se opterećenije i koristile su cijeli zid kako bi bile potpune. Cjelokupni dojam zidova obično je činio mozaik uokvirenih slika. Donje zone ovih zidova uglavnom su bile sastavljene od prvog stila. Korištene su i ploče s cvjetnim motivima na zidovima. Najbolji primjer četvrtog stila je Iksionova soba u kući Vettii u Pompejima. Jedan od najvećih doprinosa vidljivih u četvrtom stilu je napredak mrtve prirode s intenzivnim prostorom i svjetlom. Sjenčanje je bilo vrlo važno u rimskoj mrtvoj prirodi. Ovaj stil nikada više nije viđen do 17. i 18. stoljeća s nizozemskim i engleskim ukrasima.

Slikanje nakon erupcije
Sva četiri stila zidnog slikarstva razvijena su prije erupcije Vezuva 79. godine. Iako su mnogi primjeri rimskog zidnog slikarstva uspjeli biti sačuvani od erupcije, novi stilovi zidnog slikarstva nisu se razvili nakon incidenta. Ljudi nastavljaju ukrašavati svoje domove ovim slikama, ali nikad se nisu razvili novi stilovi; umjesto toga, među slikarima je korištena kombinacija četiriju stilova. Učinjena su poboljšanja u tehnikama poput dodavanja olovne ploče na podnožje zida kako bi se spriječilo da vlaga uništi umjetnost i korištenje mramornog praha za proizvodnju sjajnije površine.

Izvori

Pompeji
Rimska umjetnost

Pompejski stilovi


Lorenz Weinzierl (* 5. April 1813 in Großmehring; † 28. Oktober 1880 ebenda) war ein bayerischer Gastwirt, Landwirt und Abgeordneter.

Werdegang
Weinzierl war in Großmehring ansässig. In Nachfolge des verstorbenen Joseph Lipp zog Lorenz Weinzierl am 20. September 1847 als Abgeordneter der Klasse V in die bayerische Kammer der Abgeordneten ein, der er bis 1848 angehörte. Er galt als regierungstreu.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Gastronom
Mitglied der Bayerischen Abgeordnetenkammer
Deutscher
Mann
Geboren 1813
Gestorben 1880

Lorenz Weinzierl junior


Masahide Hiraoka (født 12. maj 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder AC Nagano Parceiro.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masahide Hiraoka


Piatra comemorativă a victimelor ocupației sovietice și ale regimului totalitar comunist din Chișinău este un bloc de granit de circa doi metri cu caracter de simbol, amplasat în fața Casei Guvernului din Chișinău, în Piața Marii Adunări Naționale.

Caracteristici
Piatra a fost instalată chiar pe locul unde până în 1991 a fost amplasat monumentul lui Lenin și are ca inscripție următorul anunț: "În acest loc va fi amplasat monumentul în memoria victimelor ocupației sovietice și ale regimului totalitar comunist"

În timp, a devenit unul dintre simbolurile condamnării efectelor comunismului în Republica Moldova. De asemeni este un loc unde, anual pe 28 iunie au loc manifestări care comemorează începutul ocupației sovietice a Basarabiei.

Istoric

Piatra comemorativă a fost dezvelită la 28 iunie 2010, ca urmare a a unui decret semnat de fostul președintele interimar, Mihai Ghimpu. Potrivit aceluiași decret, președintele ad interim a dispus înălțarea ulterioară în locul pietrei comemorative a unui monument, iar ziua de 28 iunie 1940 a fost desemnată Zi a ocupației sovietice. Ulterior însă, în urma unei contestații a Partidului Comuniștilor din Republica Moldova, Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova a decis că acest decret este neconstituțional.

Piatra comemorativă a fost vandalizată în plină de zi, în decembrie 2011, de către persoane necunoscute; placa de pe monument a fost vopsită cu negru, iar piatra a fost profanată.

O încercare pe cale legală a liderului socialiștilor Igor Dodon prin intermediul unei fundații  de a evacua simbolul respectiv din Piața Marii Adunări Naționale, a fost respinsă în luna februarie 2012 de Curtea de Apel Chișinău. Acesta declararase de mai multe ori că piatra trebuie să fie demolată. O altă încercare ulterioară, s-a bazat în anul 2013 pe ideea Ligii Tineretului Rus de a amplasa în locul respectiv un monument de bronz al unui soldat, care să amintească de  luptătorii care au căzut pentru apărarea teritoriului sovietic în cel de-al doilea Război Mondial.

Critici
"Piatra lui Ghimpu", după cum a fost poreclit ansamblul, a iscat controverse și disensiuni în societate. Aplasarea simbolului respectiv în contextul luptelor politice, s-a dovedit definitiv legată de numele lui Mihai Ghimpu, inițiatorul proiectului de amplasare. Inițiativa acestuia a fost însă criticată atât pe plan extern de autoritățile ruse, cât și pe plan intern de comuniști, dar și de fostul bașkan al Găgăuziei, Mihail Formuzal. Ministerul Rus de Externe a numit această decizia "o campanie politică planificată împotriva parteneriatului ruso-moldovenesc" și a acuzat autoritățile moldovene de aventurism și lipsa de simț al realității.

Referințe

Vezi și
Ziua ocupației sovietice (Republica Moldova)
Monumentul deportaților (Chișinău)
Ocupația sovietică a Basarabiei și Bucovinei de nord

Legături externe
DECRET Nr. 376 din  24.06.2010 privind declararea zilei de 28 iunie 1940 Zi a ocupației sovietice, Publicat : 26.06.2010 în Monitorul Oficial Nr. 107 art Nr : 330
Monument în memoria victimelor ocupației sovietice, localizare la wikimapia.org
 Emisiunea Băncii Naționale a Rusiei de 5 ruble (2014) - 70 de ani de la operațiunea Iași-Chișinău din seria A 70-a aniversare a victoriei în "Marele Război pentru Apărarea Patriei" din 1941-1945; romaniancoins.org
Subcapitol: "Monumente și pietre memoriale din Chișinău omagiind memoria victimelor ocupației sovietice"

Monumente din Chișinău
Memoriale ale victimelor comunismului în Republica Moldova
Anticomunism în Republica Moldova

Piatra comemorativă a victimelor ocupației sovietice și ale regimului totalitar comunist (Chișinău)


Sıtma, Çorum ilinin Laçin ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Karapınarşeyhbızınlı köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 20 Mart 1952'de köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 41 km, Laçin ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Laçin belde ve köyleri

Sıtma, Laçin


Memmingen (; Swabian: Memmenge) is a town in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is the economic, educational and administrative centre of the Danube-Iller region. To the west the town is flanked by the Iller, the river that marks the Baden-Württemberg border. To the north, east and south the town is surrounded by the district of Unterallgäu (Lower Allgäu).

With about 42,000 inhabitants, Memmingen is the 5th biggest town in the administrative region of Swabia. The origins of the town go back to the Roman Empire. The old town, with its many courtyards, castles and patricians' houses, palaces and fortifications is one of the best preserved in southern Germany. With good transport links by road, rail and air, it is the transport hub for Upper Swabia and Central Swabia, and the Allgäu.

Due to its proximity to the Allgäu region, Memmingen is often called the Gateway to the Allgäu (Tor zum Allgäu). The town motto is Memmingen – Stadt mit Perspektiven ("Memmingen – a town with perspectives"). In recent times it has been frequently referred to as Memmingen – Stadt der Menschenrechte (Memmingen – the town of human rights). This alludes to the Twelve Articles, considered to be the first written set of human rights in Europe, which were penned in Memmingen in 1525. Every four years there is the Wallensteinfestspiel, with about 4,500 participants, the biggest historical reenactment in Europe. It commemorates the invasion of Wallenstein and his troops in 1630.

History

It is believed that on the site of present-day Memmingen in Roman times there was a small military town, probably called Cassiliacum. In the 5th century an Alemannic settlement was established and in the 7th century there was a palace belonging to the king of the Franks.

Memmingen was linked to Bohemia, Austria and Munich by the salt road to Lindau. Another important route through Memmingen was the Italian road from Northern Germany to Switzerland and Italy. Both roads helped Memmingen gain importance as a trading centre. In the Middle Ages, the place was known as Mammingin; in 1158 the Welfian Duke Welf VI founded the town of Memmingen. In 1286 it became an Imperial City, responsible only to the Holy Roman Emperor.

Christoph Schappeler, the preacher at St. Martin's in Memmingen during the early 16th century, was an important figure during the Protestant Reformation and the German Peasants' War. His support for peasant rights helped to draw peasants to Memmingen. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession.

The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed was written (probably by Schappeler and Sebastian Lotzer) in early 1525. This was a religious petition borrowing from Luther's ideas to appeal for peasant rights. Within two months of its publication in Memmingen, 25,000 copies of the tract were in circulation around Europe. These are the first known set of human rights documents in the world (if one ignores Magna Carta in England in 1215).

In the 1630s Memmingen was at centre stage during the Thirty Years' War, and the Imperial generalissimo Wallenstein was quartered in the town when he was dramatically dismissed from service. From 1632 Memmingen was briefly garrisoned by the Swedish army, and became a base of operations for Swedish troops in Swabia. In September 1647 the Imperialists under Adrian von Enkevort besieged the Swedish garrison, under Colonel Sigismund Przyemski. Two months later the town surrendered.

Following the reorganization of Germany in 1802, Memmingen became part of Bavaria. The 19th century saw the slow economic deterioration of the town, which was halted only with the building of a railway following the course of the River Iller.

Since World War II Memmingen has been a developing town, with a rate of economic growth above the average for Bavaria.

Geography
Memmingen is located at the western border of Bavaria at the river Iller, 50 km south of Ulm, and 100 km west of Munich. The landscape or region beginning with Memmingen is called Unterallgäu and forms a part of the region Mittelschwaben who is next to Oberschwaben and Allgäu. Memmingen is also sometimes called the Gate to the Allgäu.

Transport
Memmingen is reached by the A7 and the A96 motorways and Memmingen station is on railways connecting Munich and Lindau and the Ulm–Oberstdorf railway.

It has the public and international Memmingen Airport nearby.

Economy
Most companies are SMEs, such as the following:

 Alpine Hydraulik GmbH

 Dachser Logistics
 Gebrüder Weiss
 Gefro Reformversand Frommlet

 Metzeler Schaum GmbH

 Rohde & Schwarz

Politics
Although the Lord Mayor has been from the Social Democratic Party of Germany since 1966, the biggest party in the town council is traditionally the Christian Social Union.

The town politics is mostly dominated by a coalition of bigger parties ("coalition of the reasoned") from CSU, SPD, Christlicher Rathausblock Memmingen (Christian Town Hall Party Memmingen) and the Free Voters. The smaller parties of Ecological Democratic Party, Alliance '90/The Greens and the Free Democratic Party make up the opposition.

There was a hefty dispute between the parties in 2005, concerning financial participation in the Memmingen Airport. The Ecological Democratic Party and the Greens initiated a referendum to inhibit financial support for the airport, but this vote met with no success.

At the top of the town government is the Lord Mayor, who is elected directly by the people. He is the representative of the town and the leader of municipality. As second representatives, the majors are elected from the members of the town council. Historically the CSU, as biggest party, appoints the second major. The third major is appointed by the third biggest party. The second biggest party, the SPD, traditionally declines to appoint the third major, because they already appoint the Lord Mayor.

Memmingen is building, alongside the double centre Ulm/Neu-Ulm, the second economical centre in Upper Swabia. It thus leads the central supply function for the adjoining cities and districts.

Town council
The last local elections were on March 2, 2008, with following results:

¹ Christlicher Rathausblock Memmingen ("Christian Townhall-Party")

Lord Mayors
 1884–1909: Karl Scherer
 1910–1931: Fritz Braun
 1932–1945: Heinrich Berndl, NSDAP
 1945–1948: Georg Fey, CSU
 1948–1952: Lorenz Riedmiller, SPD
 1952–1966: Heinrich Berndl, without party
 1966–1968: Rudolf Machnig, SPD
 1968–1980: Johannes Bauer, SPD
 1980–2016: Ivo Holzinger, SPD
 2016: Markus Kennerknecht, SPD
 2017–today: Manfred Schilder, CSU

Town finances
With €512 per capita, Memmingen is one of the cities in Germany with the lowest level of debt (The German average is more than €1,300). The town had 2007 a management budget (Verwaltungshaushalt) of €94,925,160 and an asset budget (Vermögenshaushalt) of €19,490,860. The income from trade taxes amounted to about €40 million, the income tax assignment to about €20 million. The local rates were last changed in 2003. The town has many charitable foundations, with roots partly going back to the Middle Ages (such as the Unterhospitalstiftung).

Coat of arms and flag
Blazon: Split from gold and silver, in front a half, reinforced in red, black eagle. Backward a red pawcross

The town's colours, handed down since 1488, are Black, Red, White. The flag is a banner flag with cross bar.

Amendingen and Eisenburg have their own historical coats of arms.

Culture and main attractions

Historic festivals
Every year Memmingen celebrates the Fischertag (Fisherman's day), recreating medieval traditions. The town brook is fished out to be completely drained and cleaned, and at the same time a "Fisherman's King" (the one that caught the heaviest trout) is appointed among almost 1,200 fishermen. Every year up to 40,000 people come to this festival as participants or spectators.

Every four years Memmingen re-enacts the events around the visit of Wallenstein in the year 1630 with Europe's biggest historic festival: the .

Theatre

The theatre has a long tradition in Memmingen. By the Middle Ages some chroniclers were already recording different theatre performances. In 1937 the Landestheater Schwaben (State Theatre of Swabia) or LTS was founded in the town. In 1945, after World War II, the LTS was one of the first theatres in West Germany to begin putting on performances again. The performances take place in the Rooms of the Town Theatre, the theatre at the Schweizerberg (cabaret stage), in the Kaminwerk cultural centre or in rooms at the boroughs of Memmingen. The Schweizerberg Theatre will be closed at the end of 2010. It will move to new premises in the Elsbethen area, behind the Town Theatre, where a new cabaret stage, rehearsing rooms, workshops, depots, management rooms, the foyer and some guest rooms will be built.
Another theatre was founded by Helmut Wolfseher and members of the Alternative Kleinkunst e.V. (Alternative Cabaret Society), Parterretheater im Künerhaus (PIK). This theatre is specifically for amateur actors and young talented musicians. The Kaminwerk also puts on major plays by amateur actors. The municipal hall is for Volksschauspieler or other artists.

The following works featuring Memmingen have been produced:

 Stage play Memmingen from Bettina Fless (1989)
 Book Mohr of Memmingen from Utz Benkel
 Song Memmingen by Blackmore's Night, see also Shadow of the Moon

Stage plays and operas that have had world premières in Memmingen are:
 1995: The Jewbank
 Metal-Operas by David DeFeis:
 1999: Klytaimnestra
 2001: Hel
 2005: Lilith
 2005: Mohr of Memmingen
 2007: Green Organes
 2008: Katharina and Till (10 January 2009)

Museums

The biggest museum in Memmingen is the Town Museum at the Hermannsbau. The town's history is described in its historical rooms. There is also a section covering the history of the Jewish community in Memmingen, whose members were killed or forced into exile in 1939. Part of the Torah from the destroyed synagogue is on display there. The Freudenthal/Altvater Homeland Museum for refugees who have settled in Memmingen is also part of the town museum. It is one of 43 homeland museums recognised by the Ministry of the Interior. A foundation, founded and administered by the town, takes responsibility for the museum. The Strigel- and Antoniter-Museum at the Antonierkloster present wood carvings and paintings by the Strigel family of artists as well as a permanent exhibition on the work of the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony. The museum was established in 1996. With donations from the Memminger Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft (MeWo) the MEWO-Kunsthalle was opened in 2005 in the old post office next to the station. The museum holds the estates of the Memmingen artists Max Unold and Josef Madlener and presents a wide selection of contemporary art exhibitions. The size and scope of this art gallery is unique in region. The former Kreuzherren monastery is used for changing exhibitions.

Music
The organ concerts in the churches of St. Martins and St. Josef are famous in the region. Chamber music would be performed in the former Kreuzherren monastery and also in some other buildings in Memmingen.

There are several pubs, restaurants, wine taverns and cafés and also some discothèques in and around the town. The cultural centre Kaminwerk (Chimney factory) is for concerts, theatre, program cinema, readings and special parties.

Buildings

Memmingen has considerable tourist interest, mainly because large areas of the medieval old town survived World War II. There are ten town gates and towers and about two kilometres of the town wall. The old town contains many interesting houses of patricians, some in the baroque style. They are picturesque Streets with the Stadtbach (town river) beside. The medieval market place, surrounded by the town hall, which is built in renaissance style, the Großzunft (Guildhouse) and the painted Steuerhaus (tax house). Also famous is St. Martin's church, built in gothic style with its more-than-500-year-old Choir and the 1996 restored Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony monastery (Antonierkloster), the oldest, best conserved and biggest of these kind. The probably oldest church in town Unser Frauen (Church of Our Lady) or also called Frauenkirche with significant frescos of the 15th and 16th centuries. Also the Seven Roof House, the baroque Kreuzherren monastery, the renovated whorehouse of the town, the Salzstadel (salt barn), the Kramerzunft (shopkeepers guild, also called the Twelve-Article-House are sights in Memmingen). Not so well known is the Bismarck tower in the west of Memmingen. Beside the tower is the 2007 build new soccer stadium.

Parks
Green areas were created all along the town wall. The old ditches where filled up and replaced with green areas or parks with partially over 150-year-old trees. The name of the parks are (starting clockwise at the Ulmer Gate): Hubergarten, Zollergarten, Ratzengraben/Zollergraben, Kohlschanze, Reichshain, Kaisergraben, Hohe Wacht, Westertorplatz, Grimmelschanze. Nearby every residential area has its own smaller parks. There is also the town park in the New World, the old Landesgartenschau place. Also the old and the forest cemetery, which are both used as parks.

Cemeteries

There were four cemeteries in Memmingen in the Middle Ages. They were around the St. Martin's Church and the Church of Our Lady, also at the Kreuzherren monastery and the Scottish monastery. They were abandoned in 1530. The replacement was the Old cemetery at the former Scottish monastery. This cemetery was abandoned in 1930. The closing of the Old Cemetery has involved a new Cemetery. It was founded in the east of Memmingen as a Forest Cemetery. More cemeteries are in the districts Amendingen, Steinheim, Buxach, Volkratshofen, Ferthofen and Dickenreishausen. In the east of the town is also a Jewish cemetery.

Twin towns – sister cities

Memmingen is twinned with:

 Glendale, United States (1976)
 Province of Teramo, Italy (1981)
 Teramo, Italy (1986)
 Auch, France (1990)
 Eisleben, Germany (1990)
 Kiryat Shmona, Israel (2009)
 Karataş, Turkey (2009)
 Litzelsdorf, Austria (2009)
 Chernihiv, Ukraine (2009)

Friendly cities
Memmingen also has friendly relations with:
 Colmar, France (1965)

Notable people
Bernhard Walther (1430–1504), merchant, humanist and astronomer
Bernhard Strigel (1461–1528), portrait and historical painter
Johann Heiss (1640–1704), painter
Gertrud Otto (1895–1970), art historian
Franz Roth (born 1946), footballer
Heinrich Bedford-Strohm (born 1960), Lutheran bishop
Holger Badstuber (born 1989), footballer
Timo Gebhart (born 1989), footballer
Sergejs Boldaveško (born 1970), hockey player
Mario Götze (born 1992), footballer

References

External links

Memmingen Online

Free imperial cities
Holocaust locations in Germany

Memmingen


Biserica romano-catolică din Sâncraiu de Mureș este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Sâncraiu de Mureș, comuna Sâncraiu de Mureș. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 114391.04.

Note

Galerie

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Biserici din secolul al XIV-lea din România
Biserici din județul Mureș


Der Meisterdieb bezeichnet:

 Der Meisterdieb (Märchen), Märchen der Brüder Grimm (1812)
 Der Meisterdieb (1978), DDR-Film von Wolfgang Hübner (1978)
 Der Meisterdieb (2010), deutscher Märchenfilm von Christian Theede (2010)
 Dark Project: Der Meisterdieb, Computerspiel (1998)
 Hudson Hawk – Der Meisterdieb, US-amerikanische Action-Komödie von Michael Lehmann (1991)
 den österreichischen Verleihtitel von Harry Piels Schatten der Unterwelt (1931)

Siehe auch:
 Der Meisterdieb von Dublin, Spielfilm von John Boorman (1998)

Der Meisterdieb


Warragamba Dam is a heritage-listed dam in the outer South Western Sydney suburb of Warragamba, Wollondilly Shire in New South Wales, Australia. It is a concrete gravity dam, which creates Lake Burragorang, the primary reservoir for water supply for the city of Sydney. The dam wall is located approximately  W of Sydney central business district, 4½ km SW of the town of Wallacia, and 1 km NW of the village of Warragamba.

The dam was devised as part of a collective engineering response to Sydney's critical water shortage during World War II and was originally known as the Warragamba Emergency Scheme. Constructed between 1948 and 1960, the dam created capacity for a reservoir of  and is fed by a catchment area of . The surface area of the lake covers  of the now-flooded Burragorang Valley. It was designed and built by the Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board. A small hydroelectric power station was incorporated into the design of the dam but has been disconnected from the grid since 2001.

The property is owned by WaterNSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. The dam was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999.

Drought has severely depleted the level of the dam at times: on 8 February 2007 it recorded an all-time low of 32.5% of capacity. On 2 March 2012, it overflowed for the first time in fourteen years. It overflowed again in 2016, March 2021 and March 2022.

History
One of the first places in the Gundungurra traditional homelands that most appealed to the Anglo-Celtic settlers were the river flats of the Burragorang Valley (now flooded under Lake Burragorang). Even before the valley was officially surveyed in 1827-1828, many early settlers were already squatting on blocks that they planned to officially occupy following the issue of freehold title grants. From the Burragorang Valley and using Aboriginal pathways, other valleys to the west were occupied and developed by the settlers with construction of outstations and stock routes. These cattle entrepreneurs were then followed by cedar-wood extractors and miners.

In 1845, Paweł Strzelecki drew attention to the Warragamba River as a water supply catchment; in 1867, supporters proposed a dam.

The Gundungurra traditional owners resisted the taking of their lands, and, relying on various laws of the colony at the time, continually applied for official ownership. Although their individual claims failed, in some kind of recognition of the significance of the designated tracts of land claimed, six Aboriginal Reserves (under the control of the NSW Aborigines Protection Board) were formally declared in the Burragorang Valley. Even after these reserves were revoked, many of the traditional owners remained, quietly refusing to leave their traditional homelands.

Finally pushed into the "Gully", a fringe development in West Katoomba from about 1894, the Gully community stayed together for more than 60 years until dispossessed of the Gully by the then Blue Mountains Shire Council so a group of local businessmen could develop a speedway that became known as the Catalina Race Track. The Gully people kept talking about areas of land they had walked in as children - the nearby Megalong and Kanimbla Valleys and the Burragorang Valley. They knew of the profound significance of these valleys for their parents and grandparents.

Between 1867 and 1946, supporters of Strzelecki's proposal proposed various schemes before the site and design of the current dam received approval.

Warragamba Emergency Scheme
In 1910, Ernest de Burgh, Chief Engineer for Water Supply and Sewerage, in the NSW Public Works Department prepared a proposal for a dam on the Warragamba River and followed it up in 1918 with more detailed plans. His proposals were passed onto the newly formed Metropolitan Water and Sewerage and Drainage Board in 1925 when it took over from the P.W.D. The completion of the Warragamba Emergency Scheme required during its peak 1,000 waged employees at the Headworks, and a further 1,000 on the Pipeline. All buildings used in the construction of the Emergency Scheme were designed for later re-use as cottages for the future maintenance and operations personnel. Some of these buildings were relocated from elsewhere. The main works office was the original police station at the Nepean Dam site.

In 1940, a weir and water pumping station, known as the Warragamba Emergency Scheme, reached completion, just downstream of the main dam site, located on the east bank of the Warragamba River. Access to the site was along the road currently known as Weir Road. Major elements of the construction works still extant include the weir, a 10-cable cableway, shads, batching plants, roads, electrical substation, chlorination plant, maintenance staff accommodation, balance reservoir, Megarritys Bridge, water pumping station, tunnels, and associated pipelines.

1948–1960: construction of current dam
In 1943 the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board invited the geologist William Browne to investigate a proposed site. Browne found a more suitable site and continued as geological adviser until completion. The site was reviewed and approved by Dr John Savage, considered the pre-eminent expert in this field, and formally accepted by the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board on 2 October 1946. The Board appointed Thomas Upton as the engineer.

The Warragamba River flows through a gorge that varies in width from , and is  in depth. This gorge opens at its upper end into a large valley, the Burragorang Valley. This river configuration allows for a relatively short but high dam wall, in the gorge, to impound a vast quantity of water.

Dam construction began in 1948 and was completed in 1960. The resulting dam of the Warragamba River formed Lake Burragorang, which is one of the largest reservoirs for urban water supply in the world.

The dam wall comprises  of concrete. It was laid as interlocking blocks roughly  on each side, which were later grouted together to form a continuous, monolithic wall. It is so large that engineers had to use two techniques to prevent the temperature from becoming too hot as the concrete set. One was to add ice to the wet concrete, the first application of this technique in Australia. The other was to embed cooling pipes into the concrete and circulate chilled water through the pipes. As a result, the dam wall was cooled in a few months instead of the estimated 100 years it would have taken to cool naturally.

Description and recent works
The dam impounds the Coxs, Kowmung, Nattai, Wingecarribee, Wollondilly, and Warragamba rivers, within the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment.

The dam created capacity for a reservoir of  and is fed by a catchment area of . The surface area of the lake covers  of the now flooded Burragorang Valley.

Spillway
 The main spillway has five crest gates: A central drum gate with a  clear span with a pair of radial gates on each side. Each radial gate has a  clear span. The drum gate is hinged along the upstream edge to the upstream crest and lowers into the dam wall to allow water to flow over it. When fully open, it forms a continuation of the crest profile. All gates open automatically as the dam passes full water level, or can be manually opened. The auxiliary spillway is normally closed by a series of fuse plugs that are designed to be washed away in the event of an extreme flood event.

As originally designed, the dam could safely withstand a peak inflow of , leading to a peak discharge of  down the spillway. Following a 1987 and 1989 re-evaluation of the potential rainfall and flood risks, the New South Wales Government authorised for the dam wall to be raised by  and constructed an auxiliary spillway on the east bank of the dam.

Power generation
There was also a hydroelectric power station at the dam that could generate , transmitting its output over a 132kV transmission line to Penrith Substation. Water levels very rarely became high enough to allow operation of the generators. By 2001, it was rarely used and was disconnected from the electricity grid.

21st century re-engineering and enhancements
In 2006, the Warragamba Deep Water Storage Recovery Project, part of the Metropolitan Water Plan, penetrated the base of the dam wall to allow the previously inaccessible lowest water in the reservoir to be available. This new outlet was below the minimum level required for gravity flow, which delivered water from the existing outlets. The project constructed a new pumping station downstream of the dam. The new pumping station is within the Emergency Scheme pumping station chamber. This project provided access to eight per cent more water or approximately six months of extra supply. On 15 April 2006, the project reached a major milestone when it increased the available storage from  to .

Enhancements to the dam were completed in 2009, including the addition of an auxiliary spillway to manage extreme flood events.

Other recent major work includes a complete upgrade of the three passenger lifts within the dam wall, an upgrade of the travelling crest crane and a complete upgrade of the four water supply outlets in the valve house, which includes the replacement of the major valves.

Proposed raising of dam wall
Since 2017, WaterNSW has been working on a risk-mitigation project, aimed at protecting human life and property in the floodplain catchment area in case of major flooding, primarily by raising the dam wall by up to . Infrastructure NSW's rationale is based on the fact that up to 134,000 people live and work on the floodplain, and urban growth could greatly increase this number in decades to come; giving the dam a greater capacity would enable holding back floodwaters before releasing it in a controlled fashion, reducing the need for urgent evacuations.

However, there are concerns for the more than 50 recognised Aboriginal heritage sites in the  of World Heritage Area that would be flooded, parts of which were badly burnt in the 2019–2020 bushfires in Australia. The box gum grassy woodlands are home to threatened species of birds, including up to 50% of the remaining population of the critically endangered regent honeyeater, as well as koalas and greater gliders.

In September 2020, the New South Wales Government was ordered by the federal Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment to re-do their Indigenous heritage work, concerned that NSW has not adequately addressed the concerns of Gundungurra and other traditional owners in their cultural heritage surveys. The federal review also said that the environmental impact assessment lacked detail on how the project could affect species such as the platypus and echidna. Engineering experts have also questioned the modelling done by Infrastructure NSW.

Catchment
The catchment area is . The areas closest to the lake, making up around 30% of the total catchment, are restricted access special areas. Most of the rest

Although the engineers did not design Warragamba Dam as a flood control measure, it can mitigate flooding by holding floodwaters back while the reservoir fills.

Dam level crises and water restrictions
There have been times when drought has seriously depleted the dam. In March 1983, Lake Burragorang's level reached a low of 45.4% of capacity, only to reach the maximum level in the mid-1990s; as a consequence, the gates were opened (there was a significant spill in August 1998). Between 1998 and 2007 the catchment area experienced extremely low rainfall (in December 2004, the dam dropped to 38.8% of capacity, the lowest on record to date) and on 8 February 2007 it recorded an all-time low of 32.5% of capacity.

The New South Wales State Government tried to reduce this risk by implementing water restrictions and commissioned the construction of a desalination plant, at Kurnell. Heavy rains between June 2007 and February 2008 restored the dam level to around 67%. Despite this, Level 3 water restrictions remained in place until 21 June 2009.

On 29 February 2012, it was reported that the dam was likely to overflow for the first time in fourteen years, due to continuing heavy rain in the region. The dam began spilling at 18:53 (AEDT) on 2 March 2012 and again on 20 April 2012.

The dam reached full capacity on 17 August 2020, compared with it being less than half full a year previously. During a days long severe weather event, affecting much of New South Wales, it overflowed for the first time since 2016 on 20 March 2021. In March 2022, following heavy rains across NSW and Queensland, the dam once again overflowed, flooding areas downstream.

Warragamba Dam again reached 100% capacity on the 26th of November 2021 and began spilling following a prolonged period of rain in NSW.

Statistical overview

Access and recreation
Warragamba Dam was a popular picnic spot for Sydneysiders, but access to the public was restricted after 1999 due to 240 million of upgrades in that time. It reopened to the public on 8 November 2009.

Access to the dam wall and terrace gardens opened from 23 December 2012 to 28 January 2013 at weekends and public holidays.

Heritage listing
The Emergency Scheme is representative of the collective engineering response to Sydney's critical water shortage during the Second World War period. It was the first stage in the storage and extraction of water from the Warragamba River, and was preliminary to the Waragamba Dam. All of the components are excellent examples of the civil engineering skills of the times; the Balance Reservoir is particularly significant because it provides a stilling pool downstream of Warragamba Dam for the purpose of flood discharge; the group of five cottages associated with the construction of the dam are considered to be of high significance because they housed the operations staff between 1940 and 1959. These have since been incorporated into the Warragamba township, one of the largest townships in the Shire of Wollondilly.

The Warragamba Emergency Scheme was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999, having satisfied the following criteria:
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This item is assessed as historically rare statewide and as well as scientifically rare statewide.

In popular culture
 Warragamba Slammer is a popular phrase used in Australian pubs and restaurants throughout greater Sydney as a reference to tap water.

See also

 1998 Sydney water crisis
 Warragamba - township originally built to house dam builders.

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

 WaterNSW - Warragamba Dam
 FloodSafe NSW Warragamba FAQ

Dams completed in 1960
Geography of Sydney
Dams in New South Wales
Gravity dams
Sydney Water
Warragamba, New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register

Warragamba Dam