Kouchouhoum (, , Kouchougoum) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Zaporijjia, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Géographie
La commune se trouve au sud de Zaporijjia au bord de la rivière Kouchouhoum qui se jette dans le Dniepr. Elle confine au nord avec le village de Balabyne et au sud avec celui de Malokaterynivka.

Histoire
Le village est fondé en 1770 comme slobode de cosaques sous le nom de Kouchouhoumivka, d'après le nom de la rivière provenant du turc Koutchouk-Koum, signifiant . Pendant la guerre russo-turque de 1768-1774, l'on construit plus au nord la forteresse Alexandrovskaïa. Après le traité de Koutchouk-Kaïnardji de 1774, la région entre dans l'Empire russe.

Le village prend en 1780 le nom de Bolchaïa Ekaterinovka, et au début du XIXe siècle il fait partie de l'ouïezd d'Alexandrovsk du gouvernement d'Iekaterinoslav.

Le village prend le nom de Kouchouhoum en 1920. Il est occupé par l'armée allemande du Troisième Reich de l'automne 1941 au 14 octobre 1943.

Il comptait 8 700 habitants en 1970. La population travaille alors majoritairement dans le sovkhoze du même nom, le kolkhoze de pêcherie et diverses usines d'État. Kouchouhoum comptait 8 758 habitants en 1989. En avril 1995, le cantonnement militaire n° 77 s'y installe. L'usine de matériaux de construction est privatisée en mai 1995, puis le sovkhoze en juillet 1995.

La commune comptait 8 258 habitants en 2013.

Le , lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, un bombardement russe fait un mort.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Zaporijjia

Kouchouhoum


Østre Ringvej er navnet på ringveje i flere danske byer.

 Østre Ringvej (Assens)
 Østre Ringvej (Holstebro)
 Østre Ringvej (Næstved)
 Østre Ringvej (Rønne)
 Østre Ringvej (Odense)
 Østre Ringvej (Ringe)
 Østre Ringvej (Ringsted)
 Østre Ringvej (Roskilde)
 Østre Ringvej (Silkeborg)

Østre Ringvej


O HTC Vive Focus é um periférico adicional de realidade virtual para jogos eletrónicos (dispositivo tecnológico de imersão em ambiente virtual 3D e 360º) no formato de um óculos tecnológico de cabeça desenvolvido pela HTC para uso com um smartphone, que opera com o sistema Android e a plataforma Viveport.

Especificações Técnicas
Os detalhes técnicos do óculos:
 Tipo: Standalone VR;
 Optics: Pancake lenses
 Escala IPD: 60-68 mm, hardware ajustável (manual)
 Passthrough: Dual RGB passthrough cameras
 Display: 2 x LCD binocular
 Resolução: 1440x1600 por-olho
 Atualização: 120 Hz
 Visible FoV: 92° diagonal
 Tracking: 6 DoF Inside-out via 4 integrated cameras
 Controle: 2 x Nolo Sonic 2 Controller
 Portas: USB tipo-C
 Chipset: Qualcomm Snapdragon 835
 CPU: Octa-core Kryo 280 (1 x 2.84 GHz, 3 x 2.42 GHz, 4 x 1.8 GHz)
 GPU: Adreno 540
 Memória: 8 GB LPDDR5
 Armazenamento: 128 GB

Referências

Ver também
 Estereoscópio
 Lista de jogos para o Quest
 Lista de jogos para HTC Vive
 Lista de jogos para PlayStation VR
 Lista de jogos para Oculus Rift
 Lista de Head-mounted display

Ligações externas

Produtos introduzidos em 2019
Óculos VR para smartphone

HTC Vive Focus


أمية (بنت جبيل) إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء بنت جبيل في محافظة النبطية.

 أمية (الرقة) : قرية في سوريا
 بنو أمية: هم أولى الأسر المسلمة الحاكمة.
 بنو أمية (قبيلة) قبيلة من كبرى قبائل مكة، ومن السادة في قريش.
 امية هي عدم قدرة الفرد على استخدام القراءة والكتابة.

أمية (توضيح)


An Isolepis incomtula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck. An Isolepis incomtula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis incomtula


Achaia (), sometimes spelled Achaea, was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the  Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, the Cyclades and parts of Phthiotis, Aetolia-Acarnania and Phocis. In the north, it bordered on the provinces of Epirus vetus and Macedonia. The region was annexed by the Roman Republic in 146 BC following the sack of Corinth by the Roman general Lucius Mummius, who was awarded the surname "Achaicus" ("conqueror of Achaia"). Initially part of the Roman province of Macedonia, it was made into a separate province by Augustus.

Achaia was a senatorial province, thus free from military men and legions, and one of the most prestigious and sought-after provinces for senators to govern. Athens was the primary center of education for the imperial elite, rivaled only by Alexandria, and one of the most important cities in the Empire. Achaia was among the most prosperous and peaceful parts of the Roman world until Late Antiquity, when it first suffered from  barbarian invasions. The province remained prosperous and highly urbanized however, as attested in the 6th-century Synecdemus.

The Slavic invasions of the 7th century led to widespread destruction, with much of the population fleeing to fortified cities, the Aegean islands and Italy, while some Slavic tribes settled the interior. The territories of Achaia remaining in Byzantine hands were grouped into the theme of Hellas.

History

Conquest and Republican period
In 150–148 BC the Romans fought the Fourth Macedonian War, after which they annexed Macedon, formerly the largest and most powerful state in mainland Greece. In 146 BC the Achaean League initiated the Achaean War against Rome. The contemporary historian Polybius blames the demagogues of the cities of the Achaean League for encouraging a rash decision and inciting a suicidal war. The League was quickly defeated by Lucius Mummius and its main city, Corinth, was destroyed. After the war, the Romans annexed mainland Greece. A group of ten commissioners "put down democracies" in the Greek cities (Pausanias) through a programme of "constitutional restructuring" which involved the introduction of property qualifications for participating in civic politics, temporarily abolished the Achaean, Boeotian, Locrian, and Phocaean Leagues, and levied tribute on the individual cities. However, the cities remained mostly self-governing. Athens and Sparta, which had not participated in the war remained autonomous and free. It is disputed whether Greece became part of the Roman province Macedonia or was left unincorporated. Interventions by the governor of Macedonia in Greek affairs are attested, but also the dispatch of separate legates direct from Rome. Roman governance over the following century remained "rather ad hoc."

In the Dyme Affair of 144 BC, a faction in the city of Dyme passed laws "contrary to the type of government granted by the Romans," staged a revolution, and destroyed their town hall and official records. At the request of the Dymaean town councillors, Quintus Fabius Maximus issued a ruling, sentencing the revolutionaries to death. An inscription recording judicial decisions made in the Greek city of Demetrias in the mid-second century BC says that the judgements were made in accordance with local law and "the edicts and judgements of the Romans", indicating that Roman law was already considered to apply to the region only a few years after the Achaean War.

In the following decades, many Greek communities sought to establish treaty relationships of "friendship and alliance" with Rome, apparently finding this preferable to free status. Treaties are attested, mostly by inscriptions, with Epidaurus and Troezen in the late second century BC, Astypalaea in 105 BC, Thyrium in 94 BC. The cities probably sought these treaties as a way of safeguarding their territory from their larger neighbours. Rome was increasingly called upon by the Greek communities to arbitrate in disputes between them, instead of seeking inter-state arbitration as had been common in the Hellenistic period. In these disputes, "friends and allies" of the Romans were usually favoured.

Mithridatic and civil wars
The First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC) was fought in Attica and Boeotia, two regions which were to become part of the province of Achaia. In 89 BC, Mithradates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, seized the Roman Province of Asia (in western Anatolia). Mithridates then sent Archelaus (his leading military commander) to Greece, where he established Aristion as a tyrant in Athens. The Roman consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla landed in Epirus (in western Greece) and marched on Athens. He marched through Boeotia on his way to Attica. Sulla besieged Athens and Piraeus in 87-86 BC and then sacked Athens and destroyed Piraeus. He then defeated Archelaus at the Battle of Chaeronea and the Battle of Orchomenus, both fought in Boeotia in 86 BC. Roman rule was preserved. Following the war, Sulla pardoned the Greek cities that had followed Mithridates and restored the legal systems that had been given to them by the Romans previously.

As the part of the Roman East closest to Italy, Greece was a central theatre of the civil wars of the Late Republic. The war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great culminated in Caesar's victory at the Battle of Pharsalus in Thessaly in 48 BC. in 46 BC, Greece was separated out from Macedonia as a separate province for first time by Julius Caesar, who placed it under a proconsul, but this was reversed at some point after his assassination in 44 BC. Caesar also ordered the refoundation of Corinth, abandoned since 146 BC, as a Roman colony. Caesar's assassins, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, based themselves in Greece during the Liberators' civil war, until their defeat by Octavian and Mark Antony of the Second Triumvirate at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. After the battle, the Second Triumvirate assigned Greece along with the rest of the East to Mark Antony, who remained in control of it until his defeat by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

Principate

After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium, the Emperor Augustus separated Greece, Thessaly, and part of Epirus from Macedonia in 27 BC.The new province was named Achaia and was a senatorial province (Macedonia remained a senatorial province as well). In AD 15, Emperor Tiberius, responding to complaints of mismanagement by the senatorial proconsul made Achaia and Macedonia Imperial provinces and placed both of them under the control of Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus, the Imperial procurator of Moesia. After Sabinus' death in AD 35, this situation continued under the new procurator, Publius Memmius Regulus, until AD 44, when Emperor Claudius separated Macedonia and Achaia once more and restored them to the Senate.

The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. He was honoured with a victory in every contest, and in the following year, he proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks at the Isthmian Games in Corinth, just as Flamininus had over 200 years previously. This grant of freedom was cancelled by Vespasian, who is meant to have quipped that "the Greeks had forgotten how to be free."

Hadrian (117–138) was particularly fond of the Greeks, particularly Athens. He saw himself as an heir to Theseus and Pericles and had served as an eponymous archon of Athens before he became emperor.  He carried out constitutional reforms at Athens in 126 and instituted a special 'council of the Panhellenes', where representatives of all Greek states met to discuss religious affairs, in Athens and under Athenian leadership. Hadrian was also responsible for large scale construction projects there, such as the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus and the Athenians built the Arch of Hadrian in his honour nearby. Construction was also carried out by local notables, many of whom became Roman citizens and joined the Imperial elite, most notably Herodes Atticus.

During the Marcomannic Wars, in 170 or 171, the Costoboci invaded Roman territory, sweeping south through the Balkans to Achaia, where they sacked the sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis. Even though much of the invasion force was spent, the local resistance was insufficient and the procurator Lucius Julius Vehilius Gratus Julianus was sent to Greece with a small force to clear out the remnants of the invaders.

Administration
Many of the cities in the province, including Athens, Delphi, Thespis, and Plataea, were "free cities" and did not fall under the authority of the governor. From some time in the reign of Trajan a separate official the corrector was appointed to oversee their affairs. This office was increasingly merged with that of the provincial governor as time went on.

Legal cases could be appealed to the governor. He was advised by a "council" (consilium) and often delegated judicial powers to members of the council or other officials. There were also juries of provincials, composed of both Greeks and Roman citizens resident in the province. Cases regarding borders between provinces, free cities, and Roman colonies were usually decided by the emperor. Cases could only be appealed to these authorities if they involved more than a certain amount of money, involved status, or carried the death penalty.

Culture
The Pax Romana was the longest period of peace in Greek history, and Greece became a major crossroads of maritime trade between Rome and the Greek speaking eastern half of the empire. The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome. Roman culture was highly influenced by the Greeks; as Horace said, Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Captive Greece captured her rude conqueror"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the Younger wrote using Greek styles. Some Roman nobles regarded the contemporary Greeks as backwards and petty, while still embracing the Greeks' literature, philosophy, and heritage.

During this time, Greece and much of the rest of the Roman east came under the influence of Early Christianity. The apostle Paul of Tarsus preached in Philippi, Corinth and Athens, and Greece soon became one of the most highly Christianized areas of the empire.

Later Roman Empire

Under Diocletian, the province of Achaia became a subdivision of the new diocese of Moesia. Under Constantine, the diocese was split and Achaia became part of the Diocese of Macedonia, which was itself assigned to the Praetorian prefecture of Italy or Illyricum at different points in the fourth century AD.

In 267, the Heruli led a naval invasion of the Aegean, before landing near Sparta and plundering the Peloponnese, including not only Sparta, but also Corinth, Argos, and the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. They then moved north and sacked Athens, before being defeated by a local force led by the Athenian Dexippus, whose writings were a source for later historians. In the aftermath of this invasion, much of the classical and imperial monuments of Athens were spoliated to build the Post-Herulian wall, which enclosed only a small area around the Acropolis. Although a smaller city, Athens remained a centre of Greek culture and especially of Neo-Platonist pagan philosophy.

Greece was again invaded in 395 by the Visigoths under Alaric I. Stilicho, who ruled as a regent for Emperor Arcadius, evacuated Thessaly and Arcadius' chief advisor Eutropius allowed Alaric to enter Greece, where he looted Athens, Corinth and the Peloponnese. Stilicho eventually drove him out around 397 and Alaric was made magister militum in Illyricum.

Greece remained part of the relatively cohesive and robust eastern half of the empire, which eventually became the center of the remaining Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman now referred to as Byzantine Empire. Contrary to outdated visions of Late Antiquity, the Greek peninsula was most likely one of the most prosperous regions of the Roman Empire. Older scenarios of poverty, depopulation, barbarian destruction, and civil decay have been revised in light of recent archaeological discoveries. In fact the polis, as an institution, appears to have remained prosperous until at least the 6th century. Contemporary texts such as Hierokles' Syndekmos affirm that late antiquity Greece was highly urbanised and contained approximately eighty cities. This view of extreme prosperity is widely accepted today, and it is assumed between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, Greece may have been one of the most economically active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.

Economy
Copper, lead, and silver mines were exploited in Achaia, though production was not as great as the mines of other Roman-controlled areas, such as Noricum, Britannia, and the provinces of Hispania. Marble from Greek quarries was a valuable commodity.

Educated Greek slaves were much in demand in Rome in the role of doctors and teachers, and educated men were a significant export. Achaia also produced household luxuries, such as furniture, pottery, cosmetics, and linens. Greek olives and olive oil were exported to the rest of the Empire.

List of Roman governors

 Publius Rutilius Nudus (c. 89 BC);
 Gaius Quinctius, Gaius filius, Trogus (50s BC);
 Publius Rutilius Lupus (48 BC);
 Servius Sulpicius Rufus (46—45 BC);
 Manius Acilius Glabrio Caninianus (45—44 BC);
 Atidius Geminus (before AD 25);
 Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus (with Macedonia and Moesia, AD 15-35)
 Publius Memmius Regulus (with Macedonia, AD 35-44);
 Quintus Granius Bassus (between 41 and 54);
 Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus (before 54);
 Aegeates (c. 70s);
 Titus Avidius Quietus (91—92);
 Gaius Avidius Nigrinus (c. 90s);
 Armenius Brocchus (c. 90s);
 L. Munatius Gallus (c. 90s);
 M. Mettius Rufus (c. 90s);
 Lucius Herennius Saturninus (98—99);
 Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex (99—100);
 C. Caristanius Julianus (100—101);
 Gaius Minicius Fundanus (between 101 and 103);
 Cassius Longinus (before 109);
 Gaius Avidius Nigrinus (between 105 and 110);
 Titus Calestrius Tiro Orbius Speratus (111—112);
 Cassius Maximus (116—117);
 Gaius Valerius Severus (117—118);
 Clodius Granianus (118—119);
 T. Prifernius Paetus Rosianus Geminus (122—123);
 Lucius Antonius Albus (127—128);
 C. Julius Severus (133—134);
 Gaius Julius Scapula (135—136);
 Julius Candidus (136—137);
 Lucius Marcius Celer Marcus Calpurnius Longus (between 134 and 144);
 Q. Licinius Modestinus Sex. Attius Labeo (144—145);
 Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus (together, between 170 and 175);
 Lucius Albinus Saturninus (between 175 and 182);
 Gaius Sabucius Maior Caecilianus (184—185);
 Lucius Calpurnius Proculus (184—185);
 Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus (c. 192);
 Pupienus Maximus (late 2nd century);
 Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus (between 192 and 211);
 [M.?] Claudius Demetrius (between 193 and 198);
 Marcus Aemilius Saturninus (between 192 and 211);
 Marcus Aurelius Amarantus  (between 193 and 211);
 Lucius Julius Julianus (between 198 and 211);
 Aurelius Proculus (late 2nd century);
 Quintus Flavius Balbus (between 200 and 213);
 Lucius Lucius Priscillianus (between 211 and 217);
 Gnaeus Claudius Leonticus (first quarter of the 3rd century);
 Rutilius Pudens Crispinus (234—237);
 Marcus Ulpius (end of the 2nd/beginning of the 3rd century);
 [Ge]minius Modestus (between 222 and 235);
 [...]us Paulinus (during the Severan dynasty);
 Ti. Claudius Ti. Me[vius P]risc[us J]unior (between 221 and 250):
 Valens Thessalonicus (250s, under Gallienus);
 Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus (c. 319);
 Strategius Musonianus (353);
 Flavius Hermogenes (350s);
 Vettius Agorius Praetextatus (c. 364).

List of Roman Correctors of the Free Cities

Notes

See also
History of Roman and Byzantine Greece
Roman province

References

Further reading

Kouremenos, Anna (Ed) 2022. The Province of Achaea in the 2nd Century CE: The Past Present. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781032014852

Achaia (Roman province)
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
Provinces of the Roman Empire
146 BC
140s BC establishments
7th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
2nd-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
Provinces of the Roman Republic

Achaia (Roman province)


Širasko doba se odnosi na mitsko podrijetlo i povijest Jugoistočne Afrike, osobito Tanzanije između 13. i 15. stoljeća. Brojni Swahilijci u središnjoj obalnoj regiji tvrde da su im gradove osnovali Perzijanci iz regije Širaza u 13. stoljeću. Neko se vrijeme to držalo za činjenicu. Dugotrajne trgovinske sveze s Perzijskim zaljevom davale su snagu ovim mitovima. No suvremena znanstvena istraživanja porekla su, barem dijelom tezu o potpunom širaskom podrijetlu svahilijskih gradova, i ponudili tezu o društvenim čimbenicim koji su inducirali na tvrdnje o ovom identitetu.

Izvori

Povijest Tanzanije

Širasko doba


UMTS – TDD, es el acrónimo de Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - time-division duplexing (TDD), es un estándar 3GPP para las redes de tecnología Sistema Universal de Telecomunicaciones Móviles (UMTS) que utilizan UTRA - TDD (división por multiplexación temporal acceso múltiple por división de tiempo (TDMA) para UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).

Multiplexación temporal

El método de acceso a un canal en telecomunicaciones se puede realizar de diversas maneras permitiendo a los usuarios compartir el espacio radioeléctrico. El Time-Division Duplex (TDMA) permite emular una comunicación full-duplex mediante un canal half-duplex, diversos usuarios pueden compartir un mismo canal frecuencial (FDMA) dividiendo este en varios slots temporales sin interferirse entre sí.

A esta combinación de TDM/FDMA se le conoce como Espectro ensanchado por salto de frecuencia

A la hora de transmitir los paquetes de datos en telefonía es importante ceder un tiempo de seguridad para evitar las interferencias entre paquetes, a este tiempo de seguridad se le denomina "overhead" y también incluye margen de tiempo para la variación de las rampas de potencia. Tal tiempo de "overhead" determina la distancia entre las diversas celdas de telefonía celular.

Comparación con UMTS-FDD

Habitualmente UMTS usa el modo UMTS-FDD, cuya interfaz terrestre es conocida como UTRA-FDD. UMTS-FDD usa W-CDMA para el acceso múltiple y multiplexación frecuencial, lo que quiere decir que las velocidades de subida y bajada de datos disponen de diferentes anchos de banda en el espectro frecuencial, determinados por los servicios de telefonía de los diversos países.

UMTS-TDD usa TDMA, permitiendo que los canales de subida y bajada de datos se encuentren en el mismo espectro frecuencial. Esto cede al operador mayor flexibilidad a la hora de usar el espectro disponible en función de su demanda.

Características y funcionamiento

TD-CDMA es la interfaz primaria de radio usado por UMTS-TDD. Utiliza incrementos de 5MHz del espectro, con cada tramo dividido en marcos de 10 ms que contienen quince ranuras de tiempo (1500 por segundo). Las ranuras de tiempo se asignan en un porcentaje fijo para el downlink y el uplink o variable, lo que permite un uso eficiente del espectro.

TD-CDMA es IMT-2000 la interfaz del aire 3G, clasificado como IMT-TD de división de tiempo, y estandarizado en UMTS por 3GPP como UTRA TDD-HCR. TD-CDMA se relaciona de cerca con W-CDMA, y proporciona los mismos tipos de servicios en la medida de lo posible.

Una interfaz alternativa del aire para UMTS-TDD es TD-SCDMA, que utiliza incrementos de 1.6MHz del espectro, y es estandardizado en UMTS por el 3GPP como UTRA TDD-LCR.

Estándares competentes

Una variedad de sistemas existen que proporcionen el acceso de banda ancha a Internet. En estos se incluyen WiMAX y HIPERMAN. UMTS-TDD tiene la ventaja de poder usar las estructuras existentes de UMTS - FDD y otros sistemas 3GPP. El funcionamiento de UMTS-TDD es también más constante. Sin embargo, los servicios de UMTS-TDD tienen a menudo problemas reguladores con algunos servicios en términos de compatibilidad con UMTS. Por ejemplo, el espectro de UMTS-TDD en el Reino Unido no se puede utilizar para proporcionar servicio telefónico, aunque el regulador OFCOM está discutiendo la posibilidad de permitirlo en el futuro.

Además, el WiMAX y los sistemas de HIPERMAN proporcionan mayor ancho de banda conforme la estación móvil se encuentra más cerca de la torre de transmisión de señal.

Documentación
 http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/tdcdma.htm
 http://www.ecodocdb.dk/
 SYNCHRONIZATION IN AD HOC NETWORKS BASED ON UTRA TDD TUHH, Department of Telecommunications, Eissendorfer Strasse

Referencias

Redes inalámbricas

UMTS-TDD


Svitak, je oblik antičke (lat. volumen) i srednjovjekovne (lat. rotulus) knjige. Pojavio se kao papirusni svitak u drevnom Egiptu, zatim su ga preuzeli stari Grci pa Rimljani. Prevladavao je kao oblik knjige do 4. stoljeća kada ga je zamijenio pergamentni kodeks. Pisaća podloga svitaka prvotno je i uobičajeno bio papirus, a poslije se, iako rjeđe, i pergament oblikovao kao svitak. Papirus i pergament namatali su se oko štapića (lat. umbiculus). U antičko doba pisalo se samo na jednoj strani, i to u stupcima (okomito na duljinu), a u srednjem vijeku duljinom svitka. Svitke ispisane s obiju strana nazivamo opistografi.

Izvori

Pismo

Svitak


Olaylar
 Sextilis ayının adı, Roma İmparatorluğunun ilk imparatoru Augustus onuruna Ağustos olarak yeniden adlandırıldı.
 Hirodes, I. Mariamne'den olan çocuklarını vatana ihanetle suçladı. Augustus'un krallığını oğullarına aktarabilme izni vermesi üzerine onunla barıştı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 27 Kasım - Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Augustus döneminin en önemli Romalı şairi (d. MÖ 65)

MÖ 8


Les Chrétiens démocrates pour la liberté () est un mouvement politique de centre-droit fondé en 1998 et disparu en 2001.

Historique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chrétiens démocrates unis

Parti politique fondé en 1998
Parti politique disparu en 2001

Chrétiens démocrates pour la liberté


Alegrías () is a flamenco palo or musical form, which has a rhythm consisting of 12 beats. It is similar to Soleares. Its beat emphasis is as follows: 1 2 [3] 4 5 [6] 7 [8] 9 [10] 11 [12]. Alegrías originated in Cádiz. Alegrías belongs to the group of palos called Cantiñas and it is usually played in a lively rhythm (120-170 beats per minute). The livelier speeds are chosen for dancing, while quieter rhythms are preferred for the song alone.

One of the structurally strictest forms of flamenco, a traditional dance in alegrías must contain each of the following sections: a salida (entrance), paseo (walkaround), silencio (similar to an adagio in ballet), castellana (upbeat section)  zapateado (literally "a tap of the foot") and bulerías. This structure though, is not followed when alegrías are sung as a standalone song (with no dancing). In that case, the stanzas are combined freely, sometimes together with other types of cantiñas.

Recommended listenings for this palo include most singers from Cádiz, like Chano Lobato, La Perla de Cádiz, Aurelio Sellés, but also general singers like Manolo Caracol or La Niña de los Peines.

Also, you can listen "Mar Amargo" from Camarón and "La Tarde es Caramelo" from Vicente Amigo.

It is one of the cante chico forms of flamenco. The word Alegrías literally means "joys."

Sources
ÁLVAREZ CABALLERO, Ángel: La discoteca ideal del flamenco, Editorial Planeta, Barcelona, 1995

External links
Flamenco Institute Flora Albaicín. Flamenco dance company and academy (the oldest and biggest of its kind in the world).
Get to know the flamenco forms: alegrías
Flamenco Forum

Flamenco styles
Spanish music
Andalusian music
Spanish dances
Spanish folk music

Alegrías


Swemeh ou Sweimeh (en arabe : ) est une ville au bord de la mer Morte en Jordanie.

Histoire

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville en Jordanie

Swemeh


DivX, üstün sıkıştırma yöntemi ve kalite kaybını en aza indiren tekniğiyle son yıllarda kullanıcılar arasında olağanüstü rağbet görmüş DivX, Inc. (eski adıyla, DivXNetworks) tarafından geliştirilen görüntü sıkıştırma biçimidir (video codec). DivX, sayısal videoyu MPEG-4 bölüm 2 "Advanced Simple" profili uyumlu sıkıştırarak görece az görsel kayıpla videonun kompakt bir biçimde saklanabilmesini sağlar.
Popülerlik ve yaygınlık nedeniyle, MPEG-4 standardı sadece görüntü kodlamasında kullanılmaktadır; DivX ile kodlanmış görüntü içeren dosyalarda ses kısmı AAC (MPEG-4 ses kodlama standardı) yerine MP3 ya da AC-3 ile kodlanır. Windows ve Macintosh ortamlarında çalışan DivX codec ve uygulaması dışında "DivX" logosu taşıyan oynatıcılar ya da oynatıcı yazılımları DivX yazılımı içermemekte, ancak DivX ile sıkıştırılmış filmleri oynatabilmektedir.

DivX 3.11 Alpha ve önceki sürümler, Microsoft'un (sadece ASF içinde kullanılabilen) MPEG-4 Sürüm 2 video çözücü/açıcısı (codec) kırılarak geliştirilmiştir. Bu şekilde codec'in AVI gibi ASF harici muhafazaları da desteklemesi sağlanmıştır. Daha sonra 2000 yılında sıfırdan geliştirilen DivX 4.0 piyasaya sürülmüş, bunu 2002'de DivX 5.0 ve 2005'te DivX 6.0 izlemiştir. DivX 4 öncesinde DivX Networks şirketi kurulmuş, daha sonra şirket DivX, Inc. adını almıştır.

DivX 4, açık kaynak kodlu OpenDivX üzerine geliştirilmiş, ancak DivX Networks şirketi "amacına ulaştıktan sonra" OpenDivX kodu kapalı hale getirilmiştir. Kod kapatılmadan önce alınan kod parçalarıyla açık kaynak kodlu XviD codec'i geliştirilmiştir. XviD yazılımı da açık kaynak kodlu ve Microsoft çalışmasından bağımsız olmasına rağmen MPEG-4 video kodlamanın doğası gereği ABD ve Japonya'yı da içeren bir grup ülkede yazılım patentlerini ihlal ettiğine inanılmaktadır.

DivX, DVD kopyalamanın kitleler için erişilemez olduğu bir dönemde çıkarak DVD filmlerin az görsel kayıpla CDlere yazılabilmesini sağladığı ve (3.11 alpha sürümünün) çıkış noktası itibarıyla korsan olmasıyla çok tartışılan bir yazılım olagelmiştir. Buna ek olarak, DivX 4.0-5.2 arası sürümler ile gelen kötü niyetli yazılımlar, kitleleri DivX alternatiflerine yöneltmiştir. DivX, aynı zamanda BS Player, VirtualDub ve FlaskMPEG gibi bir dizi programın da yaygınlaşmasını sağlamıştır.

Günümüzde DivX sıkıştırma biçiminden daha yüksek verim sunan MPEG-4 bölüm 10 (AVC ve H.264) sıkıştırıcılar giderek daha popülerleşmektedir. Apple QuickTime ve x264 yazılımları H.264 sıkıştırmayı desteklemektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Stage 6

Dış bağlantılar
 DivX resmi sitesi

Görüntü çözücüler
Dosya sıkıştırma formatları
İçerik biçimi

DivX


El receptor cannabinoide tipo 1, normalmente abreviado como CB1, es un receptor cannabinoide acoplado a proteína G localizado principalmente en los sistemas nerviosos centrales y periférico. Se activa por los neurotransmisores endocannabinoides, anandamida y 2-araquidonilglicerol (2-AG); por cannabinoides de plantas, como el compuesto THC, el ingrediente activo del Psicotrópico, cannabis; y los análogos sintéticos del THC.

Estructura
El receptor CB1 comparte la estructura característica de todos los receptores acoplados a proteína G, al poseer siete dominios transmembranales conectados por tres loops intracelulares, una cola N-terminal extracelular y una cola C-terminal intracelular. Estos receptores puedes existir como homodímeros o formar heterodímeros y otros oligómeros GPCRT cuando se coexpresan con una o más clases de receptores acoplados a proteína G. Los heterodímeros observados incluyen 2A–CB1, CB1–D2, OX1–CB1, mientras que muchos otros sólo son lo suficiente estables para existir in vivo. Evidencia reciente sugiere que estos receptores también pueden poseer un sitio de unión alostérico, que puede convertirse en un objetivo para mejorar los efectos clínicos modulatorios de los cannabinoides.

Mecanismo
El receptor CB1 es un heteroreceptor pre-sináptico que modula la liberación de neurotransmisores cuando se activa de una manera, dependiente de una dosis, estereoselectiva y sensible a la toxina pertussis. El receptor CB1 se activa con cannabinoides, generados naturalmente dentro del cuerpo  (endocannabinoides) o introducidos al cuerpo como el cannabis o un compuesto síntetico relacionado.

La investigación sugiere que la mayoría de los receptores CB1 están acoplados a través de proteínas Gi/o. Tras la activación, el receptor CB1 exhibe sus efectos a principalmente a través de la activación de la subunidad alfa Gi, la cual disminuye la concentración intracelular de AMPc al inhibir su producción de enzima, anilato ciclasa, e incrementa la concentración de proteína quinasa activada por mitógenos. Alternativamente, en algunos raros casos la activación de los receptores CB1 puede ser acoplada a proteínas Gs,  que estimulan el adenilato ciclasa. AMPc es conocido por funcionar como segundo mensajero acoplado a una variedad de canales de iones, incluyendo los canales de potasio rectificados para adentro (=Kir or IRK), influenciados positivamente y los canales de calcio que son activados por la interacción dependiente de AMPc con moléculas como la proteína quinasa A (PKA), proteína quinasa C (PKC), Raf-1, ERK, JNK, p38, c-fos, c-jun, y otros. En términos de función la inhibición de la expresión del AMPc, acorta, la duración, de los acciones de potencial pre-sinápticos al prolongar la corrientes de potasio rectificado tipo A, que normalmente es inactivado tras la fosforilación por PKA. Esta inhibición se vuelve más pronunciada cuando se considera con el efecto de los receptores activados CB1 para limitar la entrada de calcio a la célula, que no ocurre a través de AMPc, pero por una inhibición directa mediada por proteína G. Ya que la entrada pre-sináptica del calcio es un requisito la liberación de vesículas, esta función disminuirá al transmisor que entra a la sinapsis tras la liberación. La contribución relativa de cada uno de estos dos mecanismos inhibitorios depende de la varianza de canales de iones expresados por el tipo de célula.

El receptor CB1  también puede ser modulado por ligandos sintéticos alostéricos en una manera positiva y negativa. La exposición In vivo al THC debilita la potenciación a largo plazo y conduce a la reducción de CREB fosforilado.

En resumen, a la actividad del receptor CB1 se le ha encontrado relación con ciertos canales de iones de la siguiente manera:
 Positivamente para los canales de calcio rectificados hacia adentro y los tipo-A hacia afuera.
 Negativamente para los canales de calcio tipo-D hacia afuera.
 Negativamente para los canales de calcio tipo N, P/Q.

Expresión
El receptor CB1 es codificado por el gen CNR1, localizado en el cromosoma humano 6. Dos variantes de la transcripción que codifican diferentes isoformas hantanto sido descritas para este gen. Ortólogos de CNR1 han sido identificados en la mayoría de los mamíferos.

El receptor CB1 se expresa pre-sinápticamente en las interneruronas glutaminérgica y GABAérgica y, en efecto, actúa como un neuromodulador que inhibe la liberación de glutamato y GABA. La administración repetida de los receptores Agonista as puede resultar en la internalización de receptor y/o una reducción en la señalización proteica de receptores.

El Agonista a inverso MK-9470 hace posible producir imágenes in vivo de la distribución de los receptores CB1 en el cerebro humano con tomografía por emisión de positrones.

Cerebro

Los receptores CB1 se expresan de manera más densa en el sistema nervioso central y son responsables de manera importante en mediar los efectos de los cannabinoides que se unen en el cerebro. Los endocannabinoides liberados por una neurona depolarizada se unen a los receptores CB1  en cualquier neurona pre-sináptica glutamatérgica o GABAérgica, resultando en la disminución respectiva ya sea en liberación de glutamato o GABA. La liberación limitada de glutamato causa reducción en la excitación, mientras que limitar la liberación de GABA suprime la inhibición, una forma común de plasticidad de corto plazo en el cual la depolarización de una sola neurona induce una reducción en la inhibición mediada por GABA, en efecto excitando la célula postsináptica.

Diferentes niveles de la expresión de CB1  pueden ser detectados en el bulbo olfatorio, en regiones corticales (neocortex, Corteza piriforme, hipocampo, y amígdala), en varias parte de los ganglios basales, en los núcleos talámicos e hipotalámico y otras regiones subcorticales.

Formación del hipocampo
Las transcripciones de ARNm del receptor CB1 son abundantes en interneuronas GABAérgicas del hipocampo, reflejando indirecamente la expresión de estos receptores y elucidando el efecto establecido de los cannabinoides en la memoria. Estos receptores están localizados densamente en las células piramidales del hippocampo, que se sabe liberan glutamato. Los cannabinoides suprimen la inducción de LTP y LTD en el hipocampo al inhibir estas neuronas glutamatérgicas. Al reducir la concentración de glutamato liberado debajo del umbral necessario para depolarizar al recpetor postsináptico NMDA, un receptor que se sabe tiene una relación directa con la inducción de LTP y LTD. Los cannabinoides son un factor crucial para la selectividad de la memoria. Estos receptores están expresados ampliamente por interneuronas GABAérgicas al igual que por neuronas glutamatérgicas principales. Sin embargo, una mayor densidad se encuentra dentro de las células GABAérgicas. Esto significa que, aunque la fuerza/frecuencia sináptica y así el potencial para inducir LTP,  es disminuida, la actividad neta del hipocampo aumenta. Los receptores CB1 en el hipocampo inhiben de manera indirecta la liberación de acetilcolina .Esto sirve como el eje modulatorio y al contrario de GABA, disminuye la liberación de neurotransmisores.

Ganglios basales
Los receptores CB1 están expresados a través de los ganglios basales y han establecido los efectos en el movimiento de los roedores. Como están en el hipocampo, estos receptores inhiben la liberación de transmisores de glutamato o GABA, resutlando en la disminución en la excitación o una inhibición reducida basado en la célula en la que estén expresados. Consistente con la expresión variable de las interneuronas de glutamato excitatorio y de GABA inhibidor en ambos de los loops motores de los ganglios basales, cannabinoides sintéticos son conocidos por influenciar este sistema, en un patrón trifásico dependiente de dosis. La disminución de actividad locomotriz se observa en concentraciones muy altas o muy bajas de cannabinoides aplicados, mientras que un mejoramiento del movimiento puede ocurrir con uso moderado.  Sin embargo, estos efectos dependientes de dosis han sido estudiados predominantemente en roedores, y la base fisiológica para este patrón trifásico justifica investigación futura en humanos. Los efectos pueden variar en el sitio de la aplicación de los cannabinoides, la administración desde centros corticales muy altos, y si la aplicación de la droga es unilateral o bilateral.

Cerebelo y neocortex
El papel del receptor CB1 en la regulación de movimientos motores se complica por la expresión adicional de este receptor en el cerebellum y en el neocortex, dos regiones asociadas con la coordinación e iniciación de movimiento. La investigación sugiere que la anandamida es sintetizada por Purkinje y actúa sobre receptores presinápticos para inhibir la liberación de glutamato de células granulares o la liberación de GABA de las terminales de células de canasta. En el neocrotex, estos receptores están concentrados en intraneuronas locales en las capas cerebrales II-III and V-VI. Comparados con los cerebros de ratas, los humanos expresan más receptores CB1 en la corteza cerebral y en la amígdala y menos el cerebelo, lo que ayuda a explicar porque las funciones motores parecen ser más alteradas en ratas que humanos tras la aplicación de cannabinoides.

Espina
Muchos de los efectos anlgésicos documentados de los cannabinoides están basados en la interacción de estos compuestos con receptores CB1 en las intreaneuronas de la médula espinal en los niveles superficiales del cuerno dorsal, conocido por su papel en procesamiento nociceptivo. En particular, el CB1 está expresado fuertemente en las capas 1 y 2 del cuerno dorsal de la médula espinal y en una lámina 10 por el canal central. El ganglio de la raíz dorsal también expresa estos receptores que tienen como objetivo una variedad de terminales periféricas involucradas en la nocicepción. Las señales en este camino también son transmitidas al gris periacuedutcal (PAG) del mesencéfalo. Se cree que los cannabinoides endógenos exhiben un efecto anlagésico en estos receptores al estimular las células PAG del glutamato y de GABA que se relacionen al procesamiento de entrada nociceptiva, una hipótesis consistente con el descubrimiento de la liberación de la anadamida en PAG incrementa en respuesta a estímulos que generen dolor.

Otra
CB1 se expresa en diversos tipos de células en la glándula pituitaria, la glándula tiroide y posiblemente en la glándula adrenal. CB1 (también se expresa en diversas células relacionadas al metabolismo, como células grasas, células musculares, células hepáticas (y también en las células endoteliales, células de Kupffeiy células de Ito del hígado), en el tracto digestivo. Este receptor también se expresa en los pulmones y en el riñón.

CB1 está presente en células de Leydig y en espermas humanos. En las mujeres están presentes en los ovarios, oviductos myometrium, decidua, y placenta. También han sido implicados en el desarrollo apropiado del embrión.

Función

Salud y enfermedad
Varios estudios han implicado al receptor CB1 en el mantenimiento de la homeostais en salud y durante la enfermedad. En un modelo neuropático de roedor, el aumento de la expresión de estos receptores ha sido observada en neuronas talámicas, la médula espinal y en los ganglios de la raíz dorsal. Además, la expresión aumentada de receptores ha sido encontrada en muestras de tumores de carcinoma hepatocelular y otras células humanas con cáncer de próstata. La expresión de estos receptores se cree, modula la liberación de neurotransmisores en una manera que previene el desarrollo excesivo de actividad neuronal, reduciendo el dolor y otro síntomas de inflamación. Este descubrimiento es consistente con la localización de los receptores CB1 a las terminales de neuronas centrales y periféricas, y la mediación establecida de neurotransmisores tanto excitatorios como inhibitorios, acetilcolina, noradenalina, dopamina , 5-HT, GABA, glutamato, D-aspartato, y colecistoquinina. A través de su acción primaria como un receptor acoplado a Gi, CB1 inhibe la producción de adenosín monofosfato cíclico (AMPc), metabotrópicamente inhibiendo la liberación de todos los neurotransmisores.

El mejoramiento de la expresión de receptores después de la enfermedad ha sido observado como resultado en un desplazamiento hacia la izquierda en la curva de log de dosis-respuesta de cannabinol, y también un incremento en el tamaño de sus efectos máximos.

Respuesta de ansiedad a lo nuevo
Un estudio de un ratón knockout de receptor CB1 examinó los efectos que estos receptores juegan en el comportamiento exploratorio en situaciones nuevas. Los investigadores eligieron como blanco las interneuronas corticales glutaméricas y GABAéricas y estudiaron los resultados en campo abierto, objeto nuevo, y pruebas de sociabilidad. Eliminar los receptores cannabinoides glutaméricos condujo a una menor exploración del objeto, sociabilidad y un incremento de comportamiento agresivo. En contraste los ratones knockout del receptor cannabinoide GABAérgico mostraron incrementó en la exploración de objetos, socialización y movimiento en el campo abierto. Estos efectos opuestos revelaron la importancia del sistema endocannabinoide en regular el comportamiento dependiente de ansiedad.

Los receptores glutaméricos CB1 no solo son responsables por mediar la agresión, pero producen funciones de tipo ansiolítica al inhibir excitamiento excesivo, lo que previno a los ratones de explorar objetos tanto animados como inanimados. En contraste, los receptores GABAérgiccos CB1  parecen controlar una función de tipo ansiogénica, al limitar la liberación de transmisores inhibitorios. Tomados juntos, estos resultado ilustran la función regulatoria del receptor CB1 en la sensación de excitación en el organismo durante situaciones nuevas y sugiere que la unidad de investigación está asociada con el comportamiento impulsivo.

Otro estudio encontró que la síntesis diferencial de anandamida y 2-AG en respuesta a estrés medió efectos benéficos del eje hipotalámico-pituitario-adrenal. Estos efectos fueron eliminando con la aplicación de un antagonista CB1, AM251, ilustrando que este receptor es esencial para modular la función de la respuesta a estrés.

Hígado
En el hígado, la activación del receptor CB1 receptor es conocida por incrementar la lipogenesis de novo, La activación de los receptores presinápticos CB1 también es conocida por inhibir la invervación simpática de los vasos sanguíneos y contribuye a la supresión de la respuesta neurogénica vasopresora en shock séptico.

Actividad gastrointestinal
La inhibición de la actividad gastrointestinal ha sido observada después de la administración de THC o anandamida. Se asume que este efecto es mediado por CB1, ya que este receptor se expresa por la hormona peptídica, colecistoquinina y la aplicación del antagonista específico CB1, SR 141716A (Rimonabant) bloquea el efecto. Otro reporte, sin embargo, sugiere que la inhibición de la motilidad intestintal también puede tener un componente mediado por CB2.

El agonista inverso del receptor CB1, rimonabant ha mostrado poder reducir el consumo de comida o soluciones dulces en humanos y ratones. Al marcar este receptor con Rimonabant ha mostrado reducir la ingesta de alimento o soluciones dulces en humanos y ratones. CB1 también facilita la liberación de grelina, que sucede normalmente cuando el estómago está constreñido en la presencia de un sistema relativamente activo, la hiper-reacción. Este es el génesis de los efectos que estimulan el apetito, coloquialmente llamado  "munchies".

Actividad cardiovascular
Los cannabinoides son bien conocidos por su actividad cardiovascular. La activación de receptores CB1 periféricos contribuye a hemorragias e hipotensión inducida por endotoxinas. La anandamida y 2-AG, producidos macrófagos y plaquetas respectivamente puede mediar este efecto. Un candidato probable para esta función es el heterodímero de CB1 y adenosina 2a.A través de otro mecanismo de acción (A2A eleva AMPc), juntos, pueden servir para regular el suplemento sanguíneo cardiaco y así el lo que sale.

Plasticidad
Se ha mostrado la inducción de CB1 a la depresión de largo y corto plazo en el estriado dorsal, la amígdala, la corteza prefrontal, el área ventral tegmental. Un estudio comparó la inducción de endocannabinoides de depresión de corto y largo plazo, en el lecho nuclear de la estría terminalis (BNST) y el estriado. Los resultados encontraron que tanto los efectos a corto o largo plazo eran dependientes en la activación de receptores CB1 en el estriado, mientras que la inducción de la depresión de largo plazo en el BNST recae en el receptor TRPV1. Los efectos varían basado en la molécula de endocannabinoide: 2-AG actúa en receptores CB1 presinápticos para mediar la depresión de corto plazo seguido de activación de las corriente de calcio tipo L, mientras que la anandamida se sintentiza después de la activación de mGluR5 y activó la señalización autocrina que induce la depresión de largo plazo.  Estos descubrimientos demostraron que el receptor CB1 actúa como un mecanismo directo para que cerebro inhiba selectivamente la excitabilidad neuronal sobre escalas de tiempo variables.

Control motor
Los receptores CB1 están expresados a través de regiones motoras en el cerebro mamífero, sugiriendo que CB1  tiene un papel en el control motor. La activación de CB1 ha mostrado tener un efecto específico en variables cinemáticas en roedores, como la velocidad de fuerza aplicada durante la palanca de presión y la amplitud (pero no la frecuencia) del movimientos de los bigotes.

Adicciones a las drogas y de comportamiento
Varias evaluaciones en los receptores CB1 receptores y en adicciones ha indicado que la activación del receptor CB1 restablece el comportamiento de búsqueda de drogas en adictos. En humanos, esto resulta de la influencia que los receptores CB1 límbicos tengan en neuronas mesolímbicas de dopamina, específicamente los receptores de dopamina en el nucleus accumbens. Como consecuencia, los antagonistas receptores CB1 pueden reducir el comportamiento de búsqueda de drogas en algunos adictos.

Olfacción
Los receptores CB1 están expresados por un número de neuronas que proyectan desde el núcleo olfatorio anterior al ipsilateral principal bublo olfatorio.Sin embargo, los efectos de los cannabinoides en la actividad sináptica en estas neuronas no ha sido bien estudiada y sus efectos en la olfacción requieren más investigación en roedores. Los cannabinoides no son conocidos por tener efectos el la olfacción de los humanos, mientras que con el resto del cerebro, juega un papel crucial en la modulación de la liberación de los neurotransmisores.

Uso de antagonistas
Los agonistas slectivos de CB1 pueden ser usados para islar los efectos del receptor del receptor CB2, ya que la mayoría de los cannabinoides y endocannabinoides se unen a ambos tipos de receptores. los antagonistas selectivos de CB1  son usados para reducción de peso y dejar de fumar. Un número considerable de antagonistas del receptor CB1 han sido descubiertos y caracterizados. TM38837 ha sido desarrollados como un receptor antagonista de CB1 que está restringido a marcar como objetivo únicamente receptores periféricos CB1.

Ligandos

Agonistas
 Dronabinol

Selectivos
 Epigallocatechin
 Epicatechin
 Kavain
 Yangonin

Eficacia no especificada
 N-Araquidonoil dopamina
 Cannabinol
 HU-210
 11-Hydroxy-THC
 Levonantradol

Inverso
 Rimonabant
 Taranabant

Parcial

Endógeno
 2-Araquidonil gliceril éter

Fito/Sintético
 JWH-073
 Tetrahydrocannabinol

Completo

Endógeno
 2-Araquidonoilglicerol

Fito/Sintético
 AM-2201
 CP 55,940
 JWH-018
 WIN 55,212-2

Antagonistas
 Cannabigerol
 Ibipinabant
 Otenabant
 Tetrahydrocannabivarin
 Virodaminea (Endógeno CB1 antAgonista y CB2 Agonista )
 Cannabidiol

Afinidades de unión

Evolución
El gen CNR1 se usa en animales como un marcador filogenético de ADN nuclear. Este gen sin intrones ha sido usado para explorar la filogenia de los principales grupos de mamíferos, y contribuyó a revelar que los órdenes placentales están distribuidos en cinco clados principales: Xenarthra, Afrotheria, Laurasiatheria, Euarchonta, y Glires.  CNR1 también ha probado ser útil en niveles taxonómicos más bajos, como en los roedores, y para identificación de dermopteranscomo los relativos primates más cercanos.

Referencias

Lecturas adicionales

1

Receptor cannabinoide de tipo 1


Sedam vrhova je naziv za najviše planine na svakom od sedam kontinenata. Osvajanje svih sedam vrhova smatra se planinarskim izazovom koji je prvi put ostvario američki alpinist Richard Bass 30. travnja 1985. godine.

Sedam vrhova

Postoji nekoliko lista sedam najviših vrhova, a razlika se sastoji u tome koja planina se uzima za najviši vrh Europe, Mont Blanc ili Elbrus te da li se uzima najviši vrh Australije, Mount Kosciuszko ili se u obzir uzima cijela Oceanija i vrh Puncak Jaya u Indoneziji.

Dvije najpoznatije liste su ona talijanskog alpinista Reinholda Messnera i ona američkog alpinista Richarda Bassa koji se prvi popeo na svih sedam najviših vrhova.

 Reinhold Messner: Mount Everest, Aconcagua, Mount McKinley, Kilimandžaro, Vinson, Elbrus, Puncak Jaya
 Richard Bass: Mount Everest, Aconcagua, Mount McKinley, Kilimandžaro, Vinson, Elbrus, Mount Kosciuszko

Popis svih devet vrhova koji se uzimaju u obzir:

 Mount Everest, Nepal, Azija, 8.848 m
 Aconcagua, Argentina, Južna Amerika, 6.960 m
 Mount McKinley, Aljaska, Sjeverna Amerika, 6.140 m
 Kilimandžaro, Tanzanija, Afrika, 5.895 m
 Elbrus, Rusija, Europa, 5.642 m
 Vinson Massif, Antarktika, 4.892 m
 Puncak Jaya Indonezija, Azija, 4.884 m
 Mont Blanc, Francuska, Europa, 4.808 m
 Mount Kosciuszko, Australija, Oceanija, 2.228 m

Unutarnje poveznice
 Oceanovih sedam, pandan u daljinskom plivanju
 Popis najviših planina

Vanjske poveznice
 Sedam vrhova u 3D

Planine
Planinarstvo

Sedam vrhova


is a city located in central Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 242,065 and a population density of 8900 persons per km². The total area of the city is .

Geography
Yamato is located approximately 40 to 50 kilometers from central Tokyo and 20 kilometers from central Yokohama. It measures 3.22 kilometers from east-to-west by 9.79 kilometers north-to-south, and is thus long and narrow orientated from north-to-south.  It is located on the Sagamino Plateau (Sagamino Plateau) and has a gently sloping terrain from north to south. The height difference is 38 meters, but there are almost no hills. The highest point in the city is 90 meters above sea level at the site of the Shimotsuruma Asama Shrine, and the lowest point is 30 meters above sea level.

Surrounding municipalities
Kanagawa Prefecture
Zama
Fujisawa
Ebina
Sagamihara
Ayase
Yokohama
Tokyo
Machida, Tokyo

Climate
Yamato has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Yamato is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1632 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yamato has grown steadily over the past 70 years.

History
The area around present-day Yamato city has been inhabited for thousands of years. Archaeologists have found stone tools from the Japanese Paleolithic period and ceramic shards from the Jōmon period at numerous locations in the area. It is mentioned in the Engishiki records from the Heian period. By the Kamakura period, this area became part of the Shibuya shōen. It came under control of the Ashikaga clan in the early Muromachi period and was later part of the territories of the Later Hōjō clan from Odawara. With the start of the Edo period, the area was part of the tenryō territory in Sagami Province controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate, but administered through various hatamoto. Under the rule of the 5th shōgun, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, one of these hatamoto, Sakamoto Shigeharu (1630–1693) by virtue of his position as Ōmetsuke and Jisha-bugyō, exceeded 10,000 koku in income, and thus became daimyō of the newly proclaimed Fukami Domain in October 1682. However, his revenues decreased below 10,000 koku in May 1687 and the domain was suppressed.

During the cadastral reforms after the Meiji Restoration, the area of present-day Yamato became part of Kōza District, Kanagawa Prefecture. On April 1, 1889, it was administratively divided into Shibuya Village and Tsurumi Village, which later changed its name on September 25, 1891 to Yamato Village. The area was connected by rail in 1926 via the Sagami Railway and in 1929 by the Odakyu Electric Railway, leading to an increase in population. The Imperial Japanese Navy Sagamino Air Base was established in 1940. Yamato Village became Yamato Town in 1943, and Shibuya Village became Shibuya Town in 1944. However, Shibuya was dissolved in 1955, with a portion merging with nearby Fujisawa, and the remaining portion reverting to village status. That portion was merged with Yamato in 1957, which became Yamato City in 1959. In April 2000, Yamato exceeded 200,000 in population, and was proclaimed a special city with increased local autonomy.

In 2020, the city gained international attention for outlawing walking in designated areas while using a smartphone, it was the first of its kind to do so without implementing a fine or monetary penalty.

Government
Yamato has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 28 members. Yamato contributes four members to the Kanagawa Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Kanagawa 13th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Education
Yamato has 19 public elementary schools and nine public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has four public high schools operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education, and the prefecture also operates two special education schools for the handicapped. The city also has one private elementary school, one private middle school and one private high school. A private junior college, the St. Cecilia Women's Junior College is located within Yamato.

Transportation

Railway
 Tokyu Corporation Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line
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 Odakyu Electric Railway – Odakyū Enoshima Line
 -  -  -  -  -
 Sagami Railway - Sotetsu Main Line
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Highway

Sister cities
Yamato is twinned with:
  Minami-Uonuma, Niigata, Japan
  Taiwa, Miyagi, Japan
  Kōshū, Yamanashi, Japan

Noted people from Yamato
Jungo Fujimoto, professional football player
Mitsuko Horie, singer, voice actress
Ryuichi Kawamura, singer-songwriter
Takeo Kawamura, professional baseball player
Eiko Kawashima, singer-songwriter
Nahomi Kawasumi, professional football player
Masahiko Kondō, singer
Hiroshi Nagano, singer, actor
Noriko Narazaki, judoka
Shinobu Ohno, professional football player

References

External links

Official Website

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture

Yamato, Kanagawa


The American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) was a performers' union that represented a wide variety of talent, including actors in radio and television, radio and television announcers and newspersons, singers and recording artists (both royalty artists and background singers), promo and voice-over announcers and other performers in commercials, stunt persons and specialty acts—as the organization itself publicly stated, "AFTRA's membership includes an array of talent". On March 30, 2012, the members of AFTRA and of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) voted to merge and form SAG-AFTRA.

Background
AFTRA was located at 5757 Wilshire Blvd, 7th Floor, Los Angeles, California. There were also offices in New York City, Chicago, and several other American cities. The federation as a whole had 804 employees and total assets worth $30,403,661. AFTRA worked in the interests of its members, primarily in the areas of contract negotiation and enforcement, advocacy (including lobbying, legislation and public policy issues) and member benefits such as employer-paid health plans. AFTRA was affiliated with the AFL–CIO, the International Federation of Journalists and the International Federation of Actors. AFTRA also shared jurisdiction of radio, television, Internet and other new media with its sister union SAG, while the latter was the body solely responsible for motion picture performances.

History

Radio years
Emboldened by the National Labor Relations Act passed by Congress in 1935, radio artists from Los Angeles banded together to form the Radio Actors Guild. About the same time, Broadway actor George Heller began lobbying Actors' Equity Association in New York for a contract protecting radio artists. This led to the creation of Radio Equity, existing under the umbrella of Actors' Equity.

On August 16, 1937, the American Federation of Radio Artists was formed, succeeding Radio Equity and the Radio Actors Guild. The Four As – the Associated Actors and Artistes of America – granted a charter to the new union, with 400 members in two locations. Chicago, the center for "soap opera" production, quickly followed New York and Los Angeles, with performers forming their own local chapter. By December 1937, AFRA had more than 2,000 members.

On July 12, 1938, with the support of radio stars Eddie Cantor, Edgar Bergen, Jack Benny, Bing Crosby, and others, AFRA members negotiated the first collectively bargained agreement on a national scale—with NBC and CBS—resulting in a wage increase of 125%. In 1939, after only two years in existence, AFRA covered 70% of live radio broadcasting through collective bargaining agreements.

In 1941, AFRA members negotiated the Transcription Code, providing for programs recorded for later broadcast, and building cost-of-living increases into contracts.

Television years
On 16 April 1950, due to a jurisdiction dispute over television performers, several unions in the entertainment industry including Chorus Equity, the American Guild of Variety Artists, the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, the American Guild of Musical Artists, and Actors' Equity Association formed the Television Authority (TVA), which negotiated the first network television contract in December.

By 23 April 1951, six Los Angeles TV stations signed contracts certifying Television Authority as their performers' sole union representative.

In 1951, the goal of a resolution from the 1947 National Convention was finally realized as AFRA negotiated the first Phonograph Recording Code for singers with the major recording labels.

On September 17, 1952, the Television Authority and AFRA merged to create a new union: the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. George Heller was the first head of AFTRA, which had nearly 10,000 members. In 1954, AFTRA negotiated the AFTRA Pension and Welfare Plan (later became the AFTRA Health and Retirement Funds) which stood as the industry's first benefit package and was negotiated into other agreements.

In 1956, early television agreements had been based on live performances, but by the mid-1950s, videotape improved to the point where programs could be broadcast repeatedly. AFTRA members negotiated the first-ever formula for payments for replay of performances, which became the basis for residuals and syndication throughout the television industry. In 1960, AFTRA and Screen Actors Guild members conducted first joint negotiations on television commercials.

In 1967, AFTRA members called the union's first national strike on March 29, 1967, after negotiations broke down over staff announcer contracts at owned-and-operated stations in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles and over first-time contracts for "Newsmen" at networks and owned-and-operated stations. Since AFTRA adhered to a bargaining principle that no general agreement exists until all Codes and Contracts are acceptable, the 13-day strike involved all 18,000 members in more than 100 locations across the country. Agreement was reached on the outstanding issues at 8:05 pm, EST, on Monday, April 10, 1967—just in time to allow broadcast of the annual Academy Awards program live from the Santa Monica Auditorium.

In 1974, a challenge by William F. Buckley to AFTRA's union shop agreements for news broadcasters failed as the US Supreme Court declined to review the case. AFTRA and SAG members jointly negotiated the contract covering primetime dramatic programming on the major television networks for the first time.

In 1978, in only the second national strike in AFTRA's history, AFTRA and SAG members struck the advertising agencies and national advertisers over the jointly negotiated Commercials Contracts.

Cable/Home Video/Digital years
In 1980, AFTRA and SAG members held a strike against prime time television, wanting a formula for performer participation in profits from sale of videocassettes and pay TV. In 1981, a merger of AFTRA and SAG jointly entered their "Phase 1 Agreement," calling for a number of jointly negotiated, ratified, and administered contracts.

AFTRA became the target of a lawsuit by Tuesday Productions, a San Diego-based non-union jingle house, which brought anti-trust charges against the union for attempting to organize performers. A jury award for triple damages of $12 million to the company drove AFTRA into Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1982. After a financial settlement by AFTRA and SAG (which is also party to the suit), AFTRA emerged from Chapter 11 in 1983 and began to rebuild. AFTRA paid no money to Tuesday Production due to declaring bankruptcy.

In 1986, a strike against network television was averted when companies backed off the demand for AFTRA news broadcasters to assume sweeping technical duties.

In 1992, as part of a coalition of recording artists, singers, musicians, and others, AFTRA members worked with Congress to enact the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992, the Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995 and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. All three laws granted a performance right in sound recordings for a wide range of digital uses, including home recording and distribution by internet, cable, and satellite. AFTRA helped develop mechanisms to assure payments to recording artists from the collection and distribution of royalties established by the laws.

In 1993, AFTRA members negotiated the first Interactive Media Agreement to cover performances in video games. In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act, opening the door for massive ownership concentration in the broadcast sector.

In 2000, AFTRA and SAG members staged a six-month strike against advertisers to gain improvements in basic cable and internet commercials, preserving established residual formulas for new media outlets.

In 2003, in a referendum on the merger of AFTRA and SAG, AFTRA members supported consolidation by more than 75%, while SAG members rejected the merger with 58% voting for it. At least 60% was required to pass, leaving a deficiency of 640 votes.

In 2005, with the digital distribution of programming by Apple iTunes and the video iPod announced in October, AFTRA joined other entertainment unions in calling for ongoing dialogue with employers to ensure fair and proper compensation for performers' work.

In 2006, AFTRA led the campaign against relaxation of media ownership rules by the Federal Communications Commission. Through 2007, AFTRA elected leaders, members, and staff testified at numerous hearings held throughout the country and sent letters to the FCC opposing consolidation of media ownership.

AFTRA and SAG members agreed with the advertising industry to examine performer compensation models for commercials appearing on television, radio, and internet, as well as the growing array of existing and yet-to-be-developed media. The study was intended to help inform negotiations of the Commercials Contracts when the two-year extension agreement expired October 28, 2008.

Merger with SAG

The merger between AFTRA and the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) to form SAG-AFTRA was approved by the memberships of both unions with 86% and 82% support respectively on March 30, 2012.

Historical leadership: 1937-2012

References

Further reading
Baar, K. Kevyne. " 'What Has My Union Done For Me?' The Screen Actors Guild, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, and Actors' Equity Association Respond to McCarthy-Era Blacklisting." Film History (2008): 437-455. online

External links

AFTRA history
 American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), National Office, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University.

AFL–CIO
Entertainment industry unions
International Federation of Journalists
Trade unions established in 1937
Trade unions disestablished in 2012


Hodgkinova bolest (Hodgkinov limfom) je vrsta limfoma koja se razlikuje od drugih nalazom posebne vrste stanica raka zvanih ReedSternbergovim stanicama koje pod mikroskopom imaju osobit izgled.

ReedSternbergove stanice su veliki maligni limfociti koji imaju više od jedne jezgre. Mogu se vidjeti kada se pod mikroskopom pregledava uzorak tkiva limfnoga čvora. Hodgkinova se bolest razvrstava u četiri tipa na temelju značajki tkiva koje se vidi pod mikroskopom.

Uzrok

U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama svake se godine pojavi 6.000 do 7.000 novih slučajeva Hodgkinove bolesti. Bolest je češća u muškaraca nego u žena―na svake dvije žene obole oko tri muškarca. Hodgkinova bolest može se razviti u svakoj životnoj dobi, ali se rijetko javi prije 10. godine. Najčešće se javlja u dobi između 15 i 34 godine i u onih iznad 60. Uzrok je nepoznat, premda neki stručnjaci sumnjaju na virus, kao što je EpsteinBarrov virus. Međutim, čini se da bolest nije zarazna.

Izvori

Bolesti i poremećaji

Hodgkinova bolest


وهو ممثل كوميدي عراقي اشتهر كممثل وله اغاني كوميدية لامتيازة بصوت قوي جدا , له مسرحيات عراقية كثيرة واقد قام برمضان 2009 ببرنامج غنائي كوميدي اشترك معة ناهي مهدي وسعد خليفة والموديل رولا.
واعتزل الفنان عبد الرحمن المرشدي الفن والغناء واصبح رادود حسيني عام 2011 ثم عاد إلى الفن عام 2013

مراجع

كوميديون عراقيون
ممثلو مسرح عراقيون
ممثلون وممثلات عراقيون

عبد الرحمن المرشدي


Emiliano Buendía Stati (fæddur 25. desember árið 1996) er argentískur kantmaður sem spilar fyrir enska úrvalsdeildarliðið Aston Villa. Hann hóf ferilinn 2014 fyrir spænska liðið Getafe. Árið 2018 var hann keyptur til Norwich City sem spilaði þá í ensku B-deildinni. Tímabilið 2019-2020 spilaði Buendía með Norwich City í ensku úrvalsdeildinni en féll með þeim. Tímabilið 2020-2021 hjálpaði hann Norwich aftur upp í efstu deild. Hann var valinn leikmaður tímabilsins í Championship deildinni það tímabil. Þann 7. júní 2021 var tilkynnt að Aston Villa væri búið að kaupa hann. Talið var að kaupverðið sé 33 milljónir punda. Buendia sló met hjá Aston Villa og sem dýrustu kaup í sögufélagsins. Hann er einnig metsala hjá Norwich.

Argentínskir knattspyrnumenn

Emiliano Buendía


El ticotico castaño (Clibanornis rubiginosus), también denominado breñero rojizo (en México), musguero castaño (en México), hojarasquero canela (en Colombia), hojarrasquero u hoja-rasquero rojizo (en Honduras, Costa Rica y Perú), rascahojas rojiza (en Panamá y Ecuador) o tico-tico garganticastaño (en Venezuela), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, perteneciente al género Clibanornis, anteriormente incluida en el género Automolus. Es nativa de la América tropical (Neotrópico), desde México, por América Central y norte y oeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat

Ocupa un área de distribución muy discontinua que se extiende desde los altiplanos de México, por Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, hacia el este por Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana francesa y noreste de la Amazonia brasileña; hacia el sur por los Andes y cuenca amazónica occidental de Ecuador, Perú, extremo oeste de Brasil y noroeste de Bolivia.

Esta especie es considerada poco común y local en su hábitat natural, el denso sotobosque y los bordes de selvas húmedas tropicales y de estribaciones montañosas, aunque también se encuentra en las selvas de regiones bajas. Hasta altitudes de 1800 m.

Descripción

Mide entre 17 y 20 cm de longitud y pesa entre 39 y 52 g, la subespecie obscurus pesa entre 23 y 35 g. Tiene una cola relativamente larga. Su plumaje es de un color castaño rojizo uniforme, siendo algo más claro en las partes inferiores, y con tonos anaranjados en la garganta. Su pico es largo, recto y robusto, de tonos grisáceos. Ambos sexos tienen una apariencia similar y los juveniles son más claros y tienen la garganta y el pecho oscuros.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie C. rubiginosus fue descrita por primera vez por el zoólogo británico Philip Lutley Sclater en 1857 bajo el nombre científico Anabates rubiginosus; su localidad tipo es: «Córdoba, Veracruz, sur de México».´

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Clibanornis» se compone de las palabras del griego «κλιβανος klibanos»: horno, y «ορνις ornis, ορνιθος ornithos»: pájaro, ave; significando «pájaro de horno»; y el nombre de la especie «rubiginosus», proviene del latín: de color de herrumbre, herrumbrado.

Taxonomía
Hasta recientemente estaba incluida en el género Automolus, pero los sólidos estudios morfológicos y filogenéticos conducidos por Derryberry et al (2011) y Claramunt et al (2013) demostraron que la presente especie y la entonces Automolus rufipectus eran hermanas de la entonces Hylocryptus erythrocephalus y que este trío era hermano del par formado por Hylocryptus rectirostris y Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides. Como consecuencia, se propuso la transferencia de las dos especies de Automolus y del género Hylocryptus para Clibanornis. Los cambios taxonómicos fueron aprobados en la Propuesta N.º 601 al SACC.

Hasta recientemente era considerada conespecífica con Automolus rufipectus pero difieren en su vocalización altamente distintiva y, a pesar de que no parecen haber diferencias significativas de características de plumaje, esta última forrajea mucho más en el suelo que en troncos y ramas, lo que justificó su separación. La separación fue aprobada en la Propuesta N.º 394 al Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC).

Las diferencias vocales y morfológicas de la subespecie obscurus sugieren que puede tratarse de una especie separada, pero se desconocen las vocalizaciones de varias subespecies. Las subespecies de cola negra nigricauda y saturatus fueron anteriormente consideradas como una especie separada. La subespecie propuesta umbrinus (Guatemala) no se puede distinguir de veraepacis, ella propia tal vez indistinguible de la nominal. La subespecie propuesta moderatus, descrita a partir de un único espécimen del norte de Perú, hace parte de la altamente variable forma watkinsi. La forma xanthippe (del oeste de Panamá), fue propuesta como especie pero se la considera sinónimo de fumosus. La identidad de la población del suroeste de Venezuela (Apure) es incierta y, tentativamente, se la asigna a cinnamomeigula. Ejemplares recientes del noreste de Perú (lejos de los Andes) pequeños y más oscuros por abajo, semejantes a obscurus, pueden representar un taxón no descrito.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Aves del Mundo se reconocen trece subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Clibanornis rubiginosus guerrerensis (, 1891) – suroeste de México (Guerrero, oeste de Oaxaca).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus rubiginosus (, 1857) – montañas del este de México (sureste de San Luis Potosí, este de Hidalgo, oeste de Veracruz, este de Puebla, norte y noreste de Oaxaca).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus veraepacis (, 1891) – montañas desde el sur de México (este de Oaxaca, Chiapas) y Guatemala hacia el este hasta el norte de Nicaragua.
 Clibanornis rubiginosus fumosus (, 1891) – montañas del extremo suroeste de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá (Chiriquí, oeste de San Blas).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus saturatus (, 1915) – tierras altas del extremo oriental de Panamá (Provincia de Panamá, Darién) y noroeste de Colombia (Antioquia).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus nigricauda (, 1898) – oeste de Colombia (serranía del Baudó, y piedemonte de los Andes occidentales) hacia el sur hasta el oeste de Ecuador (al sur hasta El Oro) y estrechamente en el norte de Perú (Tumbes).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus sasaimae (, 1947) – Andes orientales de Colombia (pendiente occidental en Boyacá y Cundinamarca).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus cinnamomeigula (, 1905) – suroeste de Venezuela (oeste de Apure) y piedemonte de los Andes orientales de Colombia (Meta).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus venezuelanus (, 1947) – región de los tepuyes del sur de Venezuela (Bolívar, Amazonas) y adyacencias de Brasil.
 Clibanornis rubiginosus obscurus (, 1859) – las Guayanas y noreste amazónico de Brasil norte del río Amazonas.
 Clibanornis rubiginosus caquetae (, 1947) – piedemonte de los andes orientales en el sur de Colombia (Nariño, Caquetá, Putumayo) y noreste de Ecuador (Sucumbíos).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus brunnescens (, 1927) – estribaciones del este de Ecuador (al sur desde Napo) hacia el sur hasta el noreste de Perú (Amazonas).
 Clibanornis rubiginosus watkinsi (, 1912) – piedemonte de los Andes del norte de Perú (San Martín) hacia el sur hasta el norte de Bolivia (La Paz), también en el extremo oeste de Brasil (Acre).

La clasificación Clements Checklist v.2018, también lista a las subespecies umbrinus y moderatus.

Las subespecies C. rubiginosus obscurus y C. rubiginosus watkinsi son tratadas como especies separadas por el Comité Brasileño de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO), lo que no es reconocido por otras clasificaciones, a pesar de que Aves del Mundo reconoce que son de alguna forma distintivas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Clibanornis rubiginosus en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Clibanornis rubiginosus en xeno-canto.

rubiginosus
Aves de México
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1857
Taxones descritos por Philip Lutley Sclater

Clibanornis rubiginosus


Carlos Bee (* 8. Juli 1867 in Saltillo, Mexiko; † 20. April 1932 in San Antonio, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1919 und 1921 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Carlos Bee war der Sohn von Hamilton Prioleau Bee (1822–1897), der während des Bürgerkrieges General im Heer der Konföderation gewesen war. Nach dem Krieg war er mit seiner Familie nach Mexiko ins Exil gegangen. Außerdem war Carlos Bee der Urenkel von Thomas Bee (1739–1812), einem Delegierten zum Kontinentalkongress. Im Jahr 1874 kehrte er mit seinen Eltern in die Vereinigten Staaten zurück, wo sie sich in San Antonio niederließen. Er besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner neuen Heimat und danach das Agricultural and Mechanical College. Anschließend arbeitete er als Postbote für die Eisenbahnpost. Nach einem Jurastudium und seiner 1893 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in San Antonio in diesem Beruf zu praktizieren. Im selben Jahr wurde er Bundesbeauftragter (United States Commissioner) für den westlichen Teil des Staates Texas.

Von 1898 bis 1905 fungierte Bee als Staatsanwalt im 37. Gerichtsbezirk seines Staates. Gleichzeitig begann er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn. In den Jahren 1904 und 1908 war er Delegierter zu den jeweiligen Democratic National Conventions. 1904 war er auch Vorsitzender des regionalen Parteitages der Demokraten in Texas. Von 1906 bis 1908 gehörte er dem Schulausschuss der Stadt San Antonio an; zwischen 1912 und 1914 leitete er den Schulausschluss im Bexar County. Von 1915 bis 1919 gehörte er dem Senat von Texas an.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1918 wurde Bee im 14. Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1919 die Nachfolge von James Luther Slayden antrat. Da er im Jahr 1920 dem Republikaner Harry M. Wurzbach unterlag, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1921 nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren. Während dieser Zeit wurden der 18. und der 19. Verfassungszusatz ratifiziert. Dabei ging es um das Verbot des Handels mit alkoholischen Getränken und die bundesweite Einführung des Frauenwahlrechts.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus betätigte sich Carlos Bee wieder als Anwalt in San Antonio, wo er am 20. April 1932 verstarb. Er wurde auf dem dortigen Confederate Cemetery beigesetzt.

Weblinks

 Biografie im Handbook of Texas

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Senats von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1867
Gestorben 1932
Mann

Carlos Bee


The National Soccer League (NSL) was the top-level soccer league in Australia, run by Soccer Australia and later the Australian Soccer Association. The NSL, the A-League's predecessor, spanned 28 seasons from its inception in 1977 until its demise in 2004, when it was succeeded by the A-League competition run by Football Federation Australia, the successor to the Australian Soccer Association.

During the history of the NSL the league was contested by a total of 42 teams; 41 based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. Seasons initially ran during the winter seasons, until 1989 when this was changed to the summer season. In 1984, the league was split into two conferences (Northern and Southern) to introduce more teams into the competition; the league returned to a single division in 1987. The competition was known by various names through sponsorships; these names included the Philips Soccer League, the Quit National Soccer League, Olympic Airways Soccer League, Coca-Cola Soccer League, the Ericsson Cup and the A-League.

From the league's inaugural season to its demise in 2004, a total of 13 clubs were crowned champions through either a system of first past the post or a finals series that culminated in a grand final. The NSL was Australia's first national sporting league predating the likes of the AFL and NRL.

History

Origin
Competition between club sides from different states existed in various forms prior to the formation of the NSL. The petroleum company Ampol sponsored cup competitions in the various states, starting with New South Wales in 1957, with other states following later. Later a national Ampol Cup was conducted which continued throughout the 1960s. From 1962 until 1968 an Australia Cup was held, but its ambition of becoming an FA Cup style knockout competition went unfulfilled. In the 1970s the top sides from Melbourne and Sydney played off in an end of season series, but the tournament did not seem to quite capture the legitimacy and popularity that was hoped for.

Plans for a national home and away league went back as far as 1965 for a 1967 start, and were followed up by variations on the theme throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, but faced opposition variously from clubs, who deemed the notion uneconomical, and state federations who feared losing their power. Australia's qualification for the 1974 World Cup led to various discussions in 1975 and 1976, with eventually 14 teams being chosen to participate in the inaugural season of the national league.

The transition from state-based leagues to a national competition was not all smooth. The Victorian Soccer Federation was reluctant for its big clubs to be involved and it appeared the dream of Alex Pongrass of St George and Frank Lowy of Hakoah Sydney for a nationwide club competition would not evolve. Little-known Mooroolbark from Melbourne's outer eastern suburbs broke the deadlock by joining the competition, bringing three other Victorian sides with it, making the national league a reality.

1977–1983: Sydney dominance
The first seven seasons of the league would be dominated by Sydney clubs, with Sydney City winning four titles, and only West Adelaide being able to wrest the title from New South Wales. West secured the 1978 championship after scoring a late equaliser in an Adelaide derby against Adelaide City in the final round of the season. The competition at this stage was a simple first past the post. A post season finals series was played during this era but was considered more of an exhibition series rather than a legitimate game to decide the national champion, although some confusion still exists on this matter particularly amongst some Heidelberg supporters who consider the 1980 'final' as a legitimate decider.

1984–1986: Conference system and power shift
Shrinking crowds led to the radical move of introducing more teams (mainly from Victoria and New South Wales) and splitting the league into two conferences, with the winner of each division to play-off in an end of year two legged final. For season 1984 the 'Australian' Conference had competing teams from New South Wales and the ACT, whilst the 'National' Conference consisted of Victorian, South Australian and Queensland clubs. For 1985 and 1986 this reverted to 'Northern' and 'Southern' Conferences. Strangely, the competition's most geographically northern sides, Brisbane Lions and Brisbane City were in the latter grouping.

This period saw South Melbourne become the first Victorian team to win the league, followed by Brunswick Juventus, and Adelaide City, all Southern conference sides. At the end of the 1986 season, the system was scrapped, and about half the teams were dumped back to their respective state leagues. The criteria used to decide who stayed and who went was based 50% on the 1986 playing record, 40% on past playing record, and 10% on crowd support. The result was that only one team from outside Sydney and Melbourne, reigning champions Adelaide City, was retained.

1987–1989: Return to single division and last years of winter football
The revamped league suffered a major setback early on when Sydney City pulled out of the competition after just one round into the new season. Apart from returning to a single division, the league also dispensed with finals for the 1987 season, reverting to first past the post. Many considered this an ill-considered move, as it robbed the league of its most high-profile games. Finals were re-introduced from 1988, and were to remain until the league's demise. The 1989 season would be the last to be played in winter. This period saw a re-emergence of New South Wales dominance with all titles, minor premierships and runners-up being from that state.

1989–1996: Birth of summer football
Attempts to shift the league towards a summer season went back into the early 1980s, but only came to pass for the 1989/90 season. The rationale for this change was simple. The league would avoid being marginalised in the media during the peak of the Australian Football League and Australian Rugby League seasons, as well as providing better playing surfaces and spectator comfort owing to the better weather.

The impetus given to the league from the switch was not enough for some clubs to remain in the league, with many clubs being relegated or being demoted back to the state leagues, including former champions Brunswick Juventus, St George and APIA Leichhardt, as well as once upon a time contenders in Heidelberg and Preston.

This coincided with a renewed push by soccer authorities to force clubs to market themselves to mainstream Australia, as opposed to their own mostly migrant fan bases. These policies included name and logo changes, as well as the banning of ethnic flags, changes which were begrudgingly agreed to by the clubs, though in the terraces the fans generally continued to chant the old names. Marconi, South Melbourne, Adelaide City and the Melbourne Knights were the dominant sides of this era, with numerous titles and grand final appearances between them.

Stars such as Mark Viduka, Mark Bresciano, Vince Grella, Tony Popovic and Mark Schwarzer debuted in this decade and would later form the core of the Australian Golden generation.

1996–2001: New clubs and attempts to enter the mainstream
From 1996 onwards the league attempted to revitalise the competition and attempt to hook into the mainstream support by finally introducing a team from Western Australia, in the form of Perth Glory, as well as other new entities which promised to deliver mainstream support, as well as being fully professional outfits as opposed to the majority of clubs and players who were only semi-professional. Among the new clubs at this time were the Collingwood Warriors, Carlton, Northern Spirit (GHFA Spirit as of 2004) and Parramatta Power, as well as New Zealand's first professional team, the Football Kingz.

These clubs would have varying degrees of success on and off the field. Collingwood Warriors barely managed to last a season, while Carlton reached the grand final in its debut year, but was unable to attract a substantial fan base. Northern Spirit started off with record crowds, and a good debut season reaching the finals, but gradually crowds declined, and financial difficulties along with a controversial takeover by Rangers, did not help matters. They would survive until the end of the NSL, but fold thereafter. Parramatta Power failed to gather much support, placed as it was in the midst of the already crowded western Sydney soccer market, and it too would not last beyond the end of the NSL. Perth Glory became the most successful of the new mainstream entrants. High crowds and good performances throughout the NSL's last decade made Perth Glory for many observers the benchmark and role model for all future entrants to the Australian top-flight.

A then record grand final crowd of 40,000 people saw the Brisbane Strikers become the first Queensland side to win the title in season 1996/97, but it never resulted in Brisbane gaining much bigger crowds in the following seasons than they were accustomed to. South Melbourne FC under Ange Postecoglou won back-to-back titles in the late 1990s, and by also winning the 1999 Oceania Club Championship, earning the right to play in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, where it put in some respectable performances against sides such as Manchester United and a tidy sum in prize money. Wollongong Wolves became the only side from regional Australia to win the league, with their back-to-back titles in 1999–2000 and 2000–01. The 1999–2000 Grand Final against Perth Glory at Subiaco Oval in Perth saw a record attendance of 43,242, overtaking the 1997 figure in Brisbane and a record that would remain until the 2007 A-League Grand Final in Melbourne. The cancellation of the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship however was a major blow to the league as clubs which had seen a way of making a substantial amount of much needed money.

2001–2004: Decline and demise
After the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship was cancelled, the NSL was in great turmoil. High-profile Australian players began to leave the NSL due to more enticing offers from overseas leagues.

In 1998, Soccer Australia sold the television rights for the NSL and Socceroos matches to the Seven Network in a 10-year contract that was worth $2.5 million a year. Seven bought the rights to be one of the flagships of its pay TV sport channel, C7 Sport.

It also broadcast a small amount of coverage on its free-to-air network. At one point in 2000, the amount of free-to-air coverage on the NSL was only a one-hour highlights package of the NSL after midnight on Wednesdays. Many believe Channel 7 deliberately refused to air games to kill off interest in the league that was flourishing in the 90s.

In 2002, C7 Sport closed after the Seven Network lost the Australian Football League (AFL) rights and pay TV networks stopped carrying the channel. The next year, Seven severed its contract in the last week of Soccer Australia's existence. This left the NSL with no TV coverage at all until SBS picked up the rights soon after.

The consequent lack of sponsorship meant the league fell into even further decline which led to its eventual demise at the end of the 2003–04 season. Highlights were few and far between, but Sydney Olympic re-emerged as a genuine leading club for the first time in a decade, winning its second title, and Perth Glory went on to win the last two titles of the NSL, after previously having lost two grand finals.

The birth of Adelaide United, as a quickly formed replacement of Adelaide City who withdrew just before the start of the final NSL season, was perhaps the sole major highlight of this era, as they put in good performances, but most importantly, registered crowds which had not been seen in Adelaide since the heyday of Adelaide City and West Adelaide.

The league in 2003–04 was won by Perth Glory after a 1-0 win against Parramatta Power on 4 April 2004, almost 27 years to the day that the national competition began. Nik Mrdja had the honour of scoring the last goal in the NSL, a 98th minute golden goal to seal the championship for Perth. After this, national competition went into recess for a year and a half. In November 2004, 8 teams, including 5 from the now defunct NSL, formed the A-League, the revamped national competition whilst many were denied the opportunity due to the bidding process and 1 team for 1 state rule. The first competition began on 26 August 2005, ending the long recess and killing off the NSL and its 24-year history.

Competition format
The competition structure changed many times throughout the NSL's history. From its inception in 1977 until 1983, it was simply a matter of first past the post. However a compromise format was devised between the traditional first past the post and the Australian system of finals. In 1978, 1979 (two-legged Grand Final), 1980 and 1982 a finals series was conducted but the winner of the Grand Final did not determine who won the title. From 1984 until 1986, the league introduced more teams split into two conferences (1984 – Australian Conference, New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory clubs and National Conference, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland; 1985 and 1986 – Northern Conference, New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory clubs and Southern Conference for the rest) with 12 teams in each. The top five in each division would qualify for the playoffs, with the winner of each of the divisional playoffs playing off in a two-legged Grand Final. In 1987, the league dumped 11 teams, scrapped the split divisions, and the championship system reverted to first past the post.

In 1988 the league re-introduced a finals system, with the top five sides qualifying for the playoffs. In season 1992/93, the league increased the finalists to six. This system was used for the rest of the league's duration, except for season 2002/03 when the top six sides played a further series of home and away games against each other, with the top two playing off in the Grand Final.

The NSL also used a variety of point systems throughout its history. From 1977 until season 1991/92, teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for draw, and none for a loss. The exceptions to this were 1979, in which wins by four goals or more were awarded a bonus point, and 1983, in which three points were awarded for a win. From season 1992/93 onwards three points were awarded for a win, except for season 1994/95. In that season, four points were awarded for a win, with games ending in draws, being decided by penalty shootouts at the end of the game. The winner of the shootout received two points, the loser one point.

Related competitions
Successful NSL clubs gained qualification into the continental competition, the Oceania Club Championship, although the competition only occurred in 1987, 1999 and 2001.  In addition to the main league competition, the NSL also held a knock-out cup competition between 1977 and the 1997 season known as the NSL Cup.  The NSL Cup was initially held during the regular season, before gradually becoming a pre-season warm-up tournament. Between 1984 and 2004 National Youth League ran in conjunction with the NSL as a national youth developmental and reserve league.

Clubs

Source:

Champions

Performance by club

Competition timeline

See also

Johnny Warren Medal
Joe Marston Medal

References

External links
OzFootball NSL section
RSSSF List of Australian Final Tables

Defunct soccer leagues in Australia
Recurring sporting events established in 1977
1977 establishments in Australia
Sports leagues established in 1977
2004 disestablishments in Australia
Articles which contain graphical timelines

National Soccer League


Colin Gordon Carruthers (né le  à Agincourt, mort le  à Kingston) est un joueur britannique de hockey sur glace.

Famille
Son grand-père, John Carruthers, fut candidat pour le Parti libéral du Canada dans la circonscription de Kingston en 1872 et 1874.

Il est le grand frère d'Eric Carruthers.

Carrière

Militaire
En tant qu'officier canadien, il sert comme capitaine dans les Fusiliers Royaux de Dublin, régiment de l'armée britannique, pendant la Première Guerre mondiale où il est blessé deux fois. Colin Carruthers reçoit la Croix militaire pour bravoure lors du débarquement au cap Helles.

Durant les années 1920, il est en poste en Inde, manquant le championnat d'Europe de 1926, et au début des années 1930 dans le même régiment.

Sportive
Le lieutenant Colin Carruthers joue dans l'équipe de l'armée britannique qui affronte l'équipe de l'université d'Oxford le .

Il fait partie de l'équipe nationale de Grande-Bretagne qui remporte la médaille de bronze aux Jeux olympiques de 1924.

Alors que les Britanniques sont surclassés par les deux équipes nord-américaines en 1924, ils remportent la médaille de bronze en battant de justesse la Suède. Colin Carruthers marque dix buts aux Jeux, dont les deux qui permettent à la Grande-Bretagne de prendre une brève avance de 2-1 sur le Canada dans un match finalement perdu 2-19 et seul son frère Eric marque plus pour l'équipe britannique lors du tournoi.

Capitaine de cette équipe, il est par ailleurs porte-drapeau de la délégation olympique de Grande-Bretagne aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1924.

Carruthers revient aux Jeux Olympiques en 1928 mais ne réussit pas à augmenter son nombre de buts.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1890
Naissance à Toronto
Décès en novembre 1957
Décès à Kingston (Ontario)
Décès à 67 ans
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Joueur anglais de hockey sur glace
Joueur de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1924
Joueur de hockey sur glace aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1928
Médaillé de bronze olympique britannique
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Militaire britannique de la Première Guerre mondiale
Titulaire de la croix militaire (Royaume-Uni)

Colin Carruthers