Les Protecteurs de la Patrie (, Bachdban Hayreniats ; en anglais Protectors of the Fatherland) est une organisation secrète armée et révolutionnaire arménienne fondée en  à Erzurum, dans l'Empire ottoman. Elle a comporté plusieurs centaines de membres mais finit par être dissoute en  après l'arrestation et le procès de ses principaux dirigeants.

Historique
Les Protecteurs de la Patrie sont fondés en  à Erzurum avec pour objectif d'armer la population arménienne locale face aux exactions commises par les Turcs, les Kurdes et les Circassiens. L'organisation est fondée par Khatchadour Kerektsian, Garabed Nishkian, Hagop Ichkalatsian, Aleksan Yethelikian, Hovhannès Asturian et Yeghiche Tursunian ; ce sont les deux premiers qui en sont les dirigeants principaux.

L'organisation commence à se constituer dès 1880, période pendant laquelle il est probable qu'elle se nomme « Conseil suprême » (Գերագույն խորհուրդ) et qu'elle est dirigée depuis Tiflis par le docteur Bagrat Navasardian. Il est aussi possible que les Protecteurs de la Patrie soient le résultat de la fusion entre ce Conseil suprême et d'une « Société agricole » fondée par Khatchadour Kerektsian, nom choisi pour éloigner les soupçons.

Les statuts des Protecteurs de la Patrie ne sont pas écrits mais mémorisés par ses membres. Ceux-ci sont organisés en groupes de dix, sans qu'il soit possible pour eux de connaître l'identité de tous les membres du comité central. Devenir membre n'est possible que par parrainage. Trois mois après la fondation des Protecteurs de la Patrie, on estime à plusieurs centaines le nombre de membres à Erzeroum. L'organisation se charge de vendre à prix coûtant ou parfois même de donner armes et munitions à ses membres.

Cette rapide expansion encourage les Protecteurs de la Patrie à continuer d'augmenter leurs effectifs, leur influence et leurs fonds. L'évêque arménien d'Erzeroum, Malachie Ormanian, informe le patriarche arménien de Constantinople, Nersès Varjapétian, de l'existence de l'organisation, qui l'approuve. À l', Khatchadour Kerektsian part en voyage pour obtenir du soutien pour son organisation : il se rend ainsi à Van, où il rencontre Mkrtich Khrimian, puis en Russie, où il entre en contact avec Grigor Artsruni, le rédacteur-en-chef de Mshak. Garabed Nishkian se rend aussi en Russie à deux reprises pour lever des fonds auprès des Arméniens de Russie : il y fait un premier séjour de trois mois à partir de , puis un second de la même durée à partir d'. À l'occasion de ce second voyage, une brochure est éditée en plusieurs exemplaires, dont un finit dans les mains des autorités ottomanes le .

Cette découverte mène presqu'immédiatement à l'arrestation de centaines de membres tandis que les dirigeants des Protecteurs de la Patrie fuient vers Tiflis. Le Patriarcat arménien de Constantinople en appelle alors à la Sublime Porte pour qu'elle fasse preuve de clémence et qu'elle mette en œuvre les réformes promises en Arménie ottomane par le Traité de Berlin (1878), meilleur moyen selon elle de mettre fin aux velléités rébellionnaires des Arméniens. 26 personnes sont jugées début 1883 à Erzerum, puis de nouveau en juin après l'intervention de la Cour d'appel de Constantinople. Au terme du jugement, une quarantaine de membres sont condamnés à diverses peines de prison, la plus importante étant celle de Khatchadour Kerektsian, qui est condamné à quinze ans, tandis que la plupart des personnes arrêtées sont relâchées par le Sultan le  grâce aux négociations menées par Malachie Ormanian et Nersès Varjapétian. Khatchadour Kerektsian, Hagop Ichkalatsian et Hovhannès Asturian sont finalement libérés en septembre 1886. L'historienne Louise Nalbandian note le caractère inédit d'un tel procès, tant par le nombre de personnes inculpées que par les catégories très diverses de la population arménienne dont elles sont issues. Elle insiste aussi sur l'influence très importante laissée par cette organisation sur le mouvement de libération nationale arménien.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Mouvement de libération nationale arménien

Bibliographie

Organisme fondé en 1881
Organisme disparu en 1882
Société secrète ou fraternité
Organisation paramilitaire
Histoire de l'Empire ottoman

Protecteurs de la Patrie


Aerostatik, hareket halinde olmayan gazları inceleyen bilim dalıdır. (Hareket halindeki gazlar bilimi için ayrıca bakınız: Aerodinamik)

Aerostatik biliminin çalışma alanına giren konular şöyledir:

 Kinetik gaz teorisi
 Gaz basıncı
 Basınç ölçümü
 Gaz yoğunluğu
 Gaz yayılımı (Difüzyon)
 Atmosfer

Aerostatik Kuvvet

Aerostatik kuvvet ise, durgun havanın ürettiği kuvvettir. Balonlar ve zeplinler aerostatik kuvvet sayesinde uçabilirler.

İlgili Bağlantılar

 Aerodinamik

Aerostatik


UWP may refer to:

Education
 University of Wisconsin–Parkside, located in Somers, Wisconsin, US
 University of Wisconsin–Platteville, located in Platteville, Wisconsin, US
 Up with People, an education organization with headquarters in the US

Information technology
 Universal Windows Platform, platform-homogeneous application architecture created by Microsoft and first introduced in Windows 10

Politics
 United Workers' Party (disambiguation)
 Mapam (United Workers' Party), in Israel
 Polish United Workers' Party, in Poland
 United Workers' Party (Dominica), in Dominica
 United Workers Party (Saint Lucia), in Saint Lucia

UWP


Praça Aristotélica (em , , Praça Aristóteles) é a principal praça da cidade de Salonica, na Grécia, e está localizada na avenida Nikis (na orla da cidade), no centro da cidade. Foi projetada pelo arquiteto francês Ernest Hébrard, em 1918, mas a maior parte da praça foi construída na década de 1950. Muitos edifícios ao redor da praça central foram reformados e suas partes norte foram amplamente restauradas nos anos 2000.

Os doze edifícios que compõem a Praça Aristotélica foram tombados como patrimônio cultural, por serem edifícios da República Helênica desde 1950.

História
A história da Praça Aristotélica começa com o Grande Incêndio de 1917, que destruiu dois terços da cidade de Salonica.

Antes do incêndio

Antes do Grande Incêndio de 1917, faltava à cidade muito do que era considerado "essencial" na arquitetura europeia. Até 1912, Salonica fez parte da Turquia otomana por quase 500 anos. Sob o domínio otomano, a cidade cresceu sem a orientação de um plano geral de expansão e tinha ruas estreitas. A ausência de praças em Salonica antes de 1917 foi abordada por Ernest Hébrard, que propôs uma série de grandes praças na cidade, incluindo a Praça Megalou Alexandrou ("Praça Alexandre o Grande"), agora Praça Aristotélica.

Projetos de Ernest Hébrard

Ernest Hébrard imaginou um eixo monumental para Salonica que se estendia do que hoje é a Praça Aristotélica à beira-mar, até a Praça Dikastirion e o Fórum Romano. O eixo começava na Praça Aristotélica, que deveria receber o nome de "Alexandre, o Grande". Ao longo de seu projeto para Salonica, Hébrard implementou um elemento que faltava na arquitetura pré-1917 da cidade: fachadas imponentes. Para o eixo monumental, o arquiteto usou elementos da arquitetura bizantina e ocidental em vez da arquitetura otomana, para enfatizar a conexão da cidade com o Império Bizantino. Este estilo é mais evidente na Praça Aristotélica, com algumas fachadas de edifícios implementando algumas das ideias originais de Hébrard. Além disso, uma estátua de Alexandre, o Grande, deveria ser colocada no meio da praça.

Hébrard projetou o eixo monumental para que, olhando para cima da praça, fosse possível ver as muralhas bizantinas da cidade e a Cidade Alta. Também visível da praça seria o que Hébrard chamou de Praça Cívica, que seria o coração administrativo da cidade nos moldes europeus: teria a Prefeitura à esquerda, os tribunais à direita e um grande arco triunfal subindo a partir da Praça Cívica. Esta parte do projeto nunca foi realizada devido à falta de fundos, embora após escavações arqueológicas tenham descoberto a antiga ágora romana no mesmo local onde a Praça Cívica foi planejada.

Desde os primeiros projetos conceituais de Hébrard em 1918, seus projetos para a Praça Aristotélica foram consideravelmente simplificados. Em vez dos elaborados desenhos originais, as fachadas construídas na década de 1950 foram bem mais modestas, devido à situação financeira do país na época e à decisão do governo de Venizelos, em 1918, de financiar o projeto com fontes privadas e não do governo.

Na atualidade
Hoje, a Praça Aristotélica é um dos lugares mais famosos de toda a Grécia e quase sinônimo da própria cidade de Salonica. A praça desempenha um papel importante na vida sociopolítica não só da cidade, mas também de todo o país. Numerosos grandes comícios e discursos políticos foram organizados na Praça Aristóteles, como o comício pela Macedônia em 1992. Além disso, a praça é usada para muitos eventos culturais, como festivais e celebrações anuais de Natal e carnaval. É uma importante atração turística para a cidade, e os inúmeros cafés e bares que se alinham na praça a tornam popular entre as gerações mais jovens.

Os dois lados de um quarto de círculo da praça são ocupados por edifícios importantes. À esquerda está o Electra Palace Hotel, que é um dos melhores hotéis cinco estrelas de Salonica e à direita está um dos cinemas mais famosos da cidade, o cinema Olympion Theatre, local do Festival Internacional de Cinema de Salonica anual. Também abriga um bar muito popular com o mesmo nome.

Reconstrução futura
Não há projetos de redefinição da praça e do seu entorno atualmente em consideração, mas inúmeras propostas foram apresentadas nos últimos vinte anos. Quando Salonica se tornou a capital europeia da cultura em 1997, o conselho da cidade montou um comitê organizador para a reconstrução da orla da cidade, incluindo a reconstrução da Praça Aristóteles. Dos muitos projetos que foram apresentados ao comitê, alguns eram muito radicais e outros nem tanto. Em quase todas as propostas, havia previsão para uma marina ou uma extensão semelhante da praça na orla, bem como uma roda semelhante ao London Eye, em Londres. Até o momento, nenhum esquema oficial de redesenvolvimento foi oficializado. O ex-prefeito de Salonica, Yannis Boutaris, mencionou em sua campanha eleitoral que Salonica passaria por uma grande reforma para trazê-la para o século XXI.

Usos

Natal e ano novo
Por sua localização no coração da cidade, a praça é utilizada para quase todas as grandes celebrações, incluindo a iluminação da árvore de Natal oficial de Salonica e a contagem regressiva do Ano Novo. Todos os anos, o município organiza a Festa dos Anjos (em grego: Γιορτή των Αγγέλων), que é a cerimônia oficial de iluminação da árvore de Natal e é acompanhada por outras atividades festivas, incluindo bandas, coros, cantores populares gregos e fogos de artifício. Celebrações semelhantes são organizadas anualmente na véspera e no dia de Ano Novo.

Seguindo as tradições gregas, além de uma árvore de Natal, o município de Salonica também decora um gigantesco navio de Natal, que é uma variante grega do costume de decorar uma árvore de Natal. Tanto a árvore de natal quanto o barco de natal têm mais de 20 metros de altura e são considerados uma atração turística para os visitantes da cidade na época em que estão em pé.

Atividade política

Desde a sua criação, a praça já foi palco de importantes manifestações partidárias. Muitos ex-primeiros-ministros da Grécia fizeram seu discurso principal na Praça Aristóteles, incluindo Andreas Papandreou, Costas Karamanlis e George Papandreou.

Além da ação partidária, também houve inúmeras manifestações na praça que não foram apoiadas por nenhum partido em particular. Sob a corrida nacionalista contra a República da Macedônia, no início dos anos 1990, por causa da disputa pelo nome da Macedônia, uma grande manifestação foi organizada na praça em fevereiro de 1992 "para mostrar apoio ao caráter grego da Macedônia". Durante o bombardeio da OTAN à Iugoslávia, uma grande manifestação também ocorreu na praça que reafirmou a desaprovação do povo grego ao bombardeio da OTAN e para mostrar seu apoio ao povo sérvio. Muitas outras manifestações foram realizadas na praça nos últimos anos sobre uma variedade de assuntos, desde assuntos religiosos, reformas educacionais e crise econômica.

Transporte
Quando os primeiros edifícios da praça foram construídos no final dos anos 1950, a praça era servida pela extensa rede de bondes de Salonica, mas o serviço foi interrompido em 1957. Desde então, o único meio de transporte público de e para a Praça Aristóteles são os ônibus da Salonica Urban Transport Organization (OASTH). O formato da ferradura da cidade e a localização da praça dentro do centro da cidade facilitam o acesso pela OASTH, com muitas linhas passando por Aristóteles ou pela Praça Venizelou. Além disso, há pontos de táxi na rua Mitropoleos (uma rua que "corta" a praça ao meio), em frente ao Teatro Olympion.

O metrô de Salonica (que está em construção) terá uma estação perto da Praça Aristotelous, na rua Venizelou, a uma curta caminhada de Aristotelous na Avenida Egnatia. Outros meios de transporte que foram propostos são os serviços de balsa para outros pontos centrais da costa de Salonica.

Curiosidade
Por causa de sua semelhança com uma garrafa quando vista de cima, uma fotografia aérea da praça foi recentemente usada em um anúncio da Absolut Vodka.

!Artigos com coordenadas no Wikidata
Praças da Grécia

Praça Aristotélica


المستند هو الوثيقة المكتوبة، وأصلها من إسناد الكلام إلى صاحبه ودعمه به. والاستناد هو الاعتماد على معلومات مدونة، وفي حال الحواسيب فهناك المستندات المدونة إلكترونيا وبالتالي إمكانية حفظها ونقلها عبر البريد الإليكتروني وإعادة إصدارها كمستندات تنشؤها برامج حاسوبية خاصة.

الوثيقة
الوثيقة في اللغة كما في لسان العرب مشتقة من المواثقة أو المعاهدة. قال الله تعالى «وميثاقَه الذي واثَقكم به».كما في حديث كعب بن مالك: «ولقد شهدت مع رسول الله، ليلة العقبة حين تَواثَقْنا على الإسلام أي تحالفنا وتعاهدنا». يشار إلى الوثيقة على مر العصور واختلاف التشريعات بأنها أداة لإثبات الحق، وحمايته من الضياع، وهكذا نجد في التشريعات القانونية على اختلاف مدارسها وسائل مختلفة لإثبات المعاملات، واعتبرت أحيانا هذه الوسائل شرط أساسي من دونه لا ينشأ الحق القانوني للمعاملة، كما جعلت منه في أحيانا أخرى وسيلة لإثبات التصرف القانوني فقط.

وانتقلت الوثيقة مع التطور الذي شهده الفكر الإنساني والفلسفة القانونية من من أداة إثبات وحماية، إلى وسيلة لتنفيذ القانون، حيث أن السياسة التشريعية للقانون أحيانا قد تستهدفه لحماية طرف من في العلاقة التعاقدية، أو لضرورة ورود خصائص معينه في العلاقة العقدية تساهم في تحديد شكل الوثيقة، إضافة إلى دورها الهام في تطور قانون العقود.

مراجع

علوم المعلومات
مصطلحات
وثائق

مستند


Richard W. "Dick" Knostman (nacido el  en Wamego, Kansas) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que jugó durante una temporada en la NBA. Con 1,98 metros de altura, lo hacía en la posición de pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Wildcats de la Universidad Estatal de Kansas, en las que promedió 14,6 puntos por partido. Fue elegido en el mejor quinteto de la Big 7 Conference en sus dos últimas temporadas, además de ser incluido en el segundo mejor quinteto All-America en 1953 y en el tercero en 1952.

En 1951 llegó a disputar la final del Torneo de la NCAA ante Kentucky, en la que perdieron por 68-58. Knostman consiguió en dicho partido 3 puntos y 3 rebotes.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la decimosexta posición del Draft de la NBA de 1953 por Syracuse Nationals, con los que jugó 5 partidos, en los que promedió 2,6 puntos y 3,4 rebotes.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Knostman en NBA.com
 Ficha de Dick Knostman en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Kansas
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Kansas State Wildcats
Baloncestistas de los Syracuse Nationals

Dick Knostman


شبكة تشارلوت (بالإنكليزية:Charlotte's Web) هو فيلم للرسوم المتحركة. أنتج العام 1973، استنادا لكتاب الأطفال الذي حمل العنوان ذاته وألفه أي سي وايت. ويدور حول خنزير صغير اسمه ويبر، أنقذ من الذبح بفضل أنثى عنكبوت ذكية اسمها تشارلوت.

قام بإنتاج الفيلم وهو فيلم رسوم متحركة موسيقي، «حنا وباربرا للإنتاج» و«ساغيتاريوس للإنتاج» في عام 1973. عرض الفيلم في الصالات من خلال باراماونت في 1 مارس 1973. شارك في الفيلم عبر الصوت ديبي رينولدز، بول ليند وهنري غيبسون.

في 18 مارس 2003 أطلقت باراماونت في الصالات الأمريكية فيلم شبكة تشارلوت 2: مغامرة ويبر الكبرى.تلاه إطلاق فيلم شبكة في العام 2006 والذي مثلت فيه داكوتا فننغ وجوليا روبرتس في دور العنكبوت وستيف بوسيمي في دور جرذ.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1970
أفلام تدور أحداثها في مزرعة
افلام رسوم متحركة هانا-باربيرا
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام إنتاج 1973
أفلام باراماونت بيكتشرز
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1970
أفلام تضم شخصيات مؤنسة
أفلام خيال أمريكية للأطفال
أفلام درامية في 1973
أفلام رسوم متحركة
أفلام رسوم متحركة 1973
أفلام رسوم متحركة أطفال أمريكية
أفلام رسوم متحركة أطفال درامية أمريكية
أفلام رسوم متحركة أطفال فانتازيا أمريكية
أفلام رسوم متحركة أطفال موسيقية أمريكية
أفلام رسوم متحركة أمريكية عقد 1970
أفلام رسوم متحركة درامية
أفلام رسوم متحركة عن الحيوانات
أفلام رسوم متحركة عن الصداقة
أفلام رسوم متحركة عن الموت
أفلام رسوم متحركة عن جرذان
أفلام رسوم متحركة للأطفال في عقد 1970
أفلام رسوم متحركة مبنية على روايات
أفلام رسوم متحركة مبنية على روايات أمريكية
أفلام رسوم متحركة مبنية على كتب أطفال
أفلام رسوم متحركة موسيقية
أفلام عن الخنازير
أفلام عن العناكب
أفلام فانتازيا رسوم متحركة أمريكية
أفلام فانتازيا عقد 1970
أفلام فانتازيا موسيقية أمريكية
أفلام مبنية على روايات أمريكية
أفلام موسيقية
أفلام موسيقية درامية في عقد 1970

شبكة شارلوت (فيلم 1973)


Landoul este un cărucior pentru copii de dimensiuni mari, acoperit, în care copilul stă întins pe spate. Datorită acestei poziții, el este rareori folosit după ce copilul poate sta în șezut.

Numele provine de la trăsura cu același nume. Spre deosebire de cărucioarele moderne, landoul nu este pliabil, deși poate fi instalat pe cadre comune cu alte tipuri de cărucioare.

Vezi și
Cărucior pentru copii

Legături externe

Copii

Landou (cărucior)


Maximilian Riedmüller  (nacido el 4 de enero de 1988, en Munich; Alemania) es un futbolista alemán. Juega como portero y su actual club es Bayern de Múnich. Debutó con el segundo equipo del bayern el 1 de marzo de 2009, entrando como sustituto del lesionado Thomas Kraft, en el encuentro de la 3. Liga contra el Carl Zeiss Jena. Fue promovido al primer equipo del Bayern en la temporada 2011-12, teniendo que usar el número 24.

Clubes

Campeonatos internacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas del Bayern de Múnich en los años 2010
Nacidos en Múnich

Maximilian Riedmüller


Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break).

If there are no chemical changes, just phase changes, it resembles classical distillation, although it will generally need higher temperatures. Dry distillation in which chemical changes occur is a type of destructive distillation or cracking.

Uses
The method has been used to obtain liquid fuels from coal and wood.  It can also be used to break down mineral salts such as sulfates () through thermolysis, in this case producing sulfur dioxide (SO2) or sulfur trioxide (SO3) gas which can be dissolved in water to obtain sulfuric acid.  By this method sulfuric acid was first identified and artificially produced. When substances of vegetal origin, e.g. coal, oil shale, peat or wood, are heated in the absence of air (dry distillation), they decompose into gas, liquid products and coke/charcoal. The yield and chemical nature of the decomposition products depend on the nature of the raw material and the conditions under which the dry distillation is done. Decomposition within a temperature range of 450 to about 600°C is called carbonization or low-temperature degassing. At temperatures above 900°C, the process is called coking or high-temperature degassing. If coal is gasified to make coal gas or carbonized to make coke then coal tar is among the by-products.

Wood
When wood is heated above 270°C it begins to carbonize. If air is absent, the final product (since there is no oxygen present to react with the wood) is charcoal. If air (which contains oxygen) is present, the wood will catch fire and burn when it reaches a temperature of about 400–500°C and the fuel product is wood ash. If wood is heated away from air, first the moisture is driven off. Until this is complete, the wood temperature remains at about 100–110°C. When the wood is dry its temperature rises, and at about 270°C, it begins to spontaneously decompose. This is the well known exothermic reaction which takes place in charcoal burning. At this stage evolution of the by-products of wood carbonization starts. These substances are given off gradually as the temperature rises and at about 450°C the evolution is complete. The solid residue, charcoal, is mainly carbon (about 70%) and small amounts of tarry substances which can be driven off or decomposed completely only by raising the temperature to above about 600°C.

In the common practice of charcoal burning using internal heating of the charged wood by burning a part of it, all the by-product vapors and gas escapes into the atmosphere as smoke. The by-products can be recovered by passing the off-gases through a series of water to yield so-called wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid) and the non-condensible wood gas passes on through the condenser and may be burned to provide heat. The wood gas is only usable as fuel and consists typically of 17% methane; 2% hydrogen; 23% carbon monoxide; 38% carbon dioxide; 2% oxygen and 18% nitrogen. It has a gas calorific value of about 10.8 MJ/m3 (290 BTU/cu.ft.) i.e. about one third the value of natural gas. When deciduous tree woods are subjected to distillation, the products are methanol (wood alcohol) and charcoal. The distillation of pine wood causes Pine tar and pitch to drip away from the wood and leave behind charcoal. Birch tar from birch bark is a particularly fine tar, known as "Russian oil", suitable for leather protection. The by-products of wood tar are turpentine and charcoal.

Tar kilns are dry distillation ovens, historically used in Scandinavia for producing tar from wood. They were built close to the forest, from limestone or from more primitive holes in the ground. The bottom is sloped into an outlet hole to allow the tar to pour out. The wood is split into dimensions of a finger, stacked densely, and finally covered tight with dirt and moss. If oxygen can enter, the wood might catch fire, and the production would be ruined. On top of this, a fire is stacked and lit. After a few hours, the tar starts to pour out and continues to do so for a few days.

See also
 Coal oil
 Destructive distillation
 Gasworks
 Pitch (resin)
 Syngas
 Tar

References

Distillation
Pyrolysis

Dry distillation


Tasmanya ya da Tazmanya, Avustralya'nın güneydoğusunda bulunan bir ada. Avustralya'nın bir eyaleti olup, başkenti Hobart, en büyük ikinci şehri ise Launceston'dur.

Coğrafi konum

Tazmanya, 64.519 km²'lik alanı ile Avustralya'nın en büyük adasıdır. Ancak Avustralya'nın en küçük bölgesi olduğundan, nüfus yoğunluğu azdır. Kuzeyden güneye 296 km, doğudan batıya 315 km uzanır. Çevresindeki küçük adaları da sayacak olursak 68.401 km²'lik bir alanı kapsar. Bass Kanalı ile Avustralya anakarasından ayrılır. Ayrıca kuzey batısındaki King Adası ile kuzeydoğu ucundaki Flinders Adası'nın ortasında kalır. Adada, sıradağlar ile yüksekliği yaklaşık 1.600 m'yi bulan yaylalar ağırlıktadır. En büyük yükseltisi 1.617 m olan Ossa Dağı'dır.

Avustralya'nın güneyinde konuşlanmış Tazmanya güney 40° - 44° paralelleri ile doğu 144° - 149° meridyenleri arasında bulunur.
Büyüklüğü aşağı yukarı İrlanda kadar olup sayısı yaklaşık yüzü bulan arşipel tipli Bass Adaları'nın en büyüğüdür.

Ada çok çeşitli ekoloji barındırdığından, yaklaşık dörtte biri UNESCO doğa mirası koruması altındadır. Adanın yaklaşık % 40'ı millî parklardan oluşur. En çok etkileyici olan doğal varlığı Cradle Dağı ve el değmemiş, ulaşımı bile zor olan güneybatı kısmındadır.

Keşif
1642 yılında Hollandalı kâşif Abel Tasman adayı Avrupalılar adına keşfeden kişidir. Tasman, Hollanda Doğu Hint Adaları valisi Anton Van Diemen'ın sponsorluğunda seyahat etmekte olduğundan ada ilk olarak Anthony van Diemen's Land olarak adlandırdı. Daha sonra Van Diemen's Land olarak kısaltılan isim, 1 Ocak 1856'da kaşifinin anısına Tasmanya olarak değiştirildi. Britanya sömürge döneminde işlenen Tasmanya Soykırımı ile Tasmanya yerlilerinin soyu tüketilmiştir.

Faunası

Tasmanya canavarı

Tasmanya canavarı (Sarcophilus harrisii) adaya özgü çokça rastlanan bir hayvandır. Kürkü siyah, yüksekliği 25 cm'dir. Boyuna oranla çok büyük bir kafası, güçlü çenesi ve korkutucu dişleri vardır. İsmini, çok hırçın ve ısırgan ayrıca çok aç gözlü olmasından alır. Avrupalıların gelmesinden önce, keseli hayvanları, yavru hayvanları avlar ya da keseli kurdun artıklarıyla beslenen Tasmanya canavarları, günümüzde ağırlıklı olarak tavuk ya da ev hayvanlarını yakalar ya da çöpleri karıştırıp yiyecek ararlar. Çoğu zaman yiyecek ayrımı yapmazlar. Akrep bile yediklerinde en fazla hıçkırık tutar. (Onlara yaklaşmak tehlikelidir.)

Tasmanya kaplanı

Tasmanya Adası, "Thylacine" olarak da bilinen ve artık nesli tükenmiş olan Tasmanya kaplanının anavatanıdır. Daha ziyade vahşi bir köpeğe benzerliğiyle dikkat çeken Thylacine sırtındaki çizgiler sayesinde rahatlıkla fark edilebilir. Avustralya anakıtasında, dingo denilen hayvanlar tarafından yok edilmişlerdir. Çiftçiler tarafından öldürülmeleri, hükûmet tarafından ödüllendirilen avcılar tarafından hesapsızca avlanmaları ve başka ülkelerdeki müzelerde sergilenmek üzere katledilmeleri nedeniyle Tasmanya'da da artık bu türün izleri kalmamıştır. Bilinen son Thylacine de 1936 yılında kafeste ölmüştür. Ondan sonra Tazmanya'da görüldüğü iddia edilmiş ancak şimdiye kadar kanıtlanamamıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Tasmanya Soykırımı

Resimler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi web sitesi

Tazmanya


Ludwig Schmid-Reutte, eigentlich Ludwig Schmid (* 3. Januar 1862 in Lechaschau; † 13. November 1909 in der Heilanstalt Illenau) war ein deutscher Maler des Naturalismus und Hochschullehrer.

Leben und Werk

Schmid-Reutte war der Sohn des Steinhauers, Maurers und Bauern Franz Anton Schmid. Nach dem Besuch der Volksschule war er zunächst als Maurer-Handlanger in Bayern tätig, ehe er seit dem 8. Oktober 1878 ein Schüler der Antikenklasse bei Franz von Defregger und Ludwig von Löfftz an der Münchner Kunstakademie wurde. Zu Beginn des Jahres 1890 gründete und leitete er gemeinsam mit Friedrich Fehr eine Spezialschule für künstlerische Anatomie in München, die einen guten Ruf gehabt haben soll, und gab auch Unterricht in der Zeichnen- und Malklasse nach lebendem Modell an der Damenakademie des Münchner Künstlerinnenvereins. Von 1899 bis 1907 lehrte Schmid-Reutte als Professor an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Karlsruhe. Im Jahr 1904 wurde er mit dem Ritterkreuz erster Klasse des Ordens vom Zähringer Löwen ausgezeichnet. Seit Anfang des Jahres 1909 musste er aus gesundheitlichen Gründen seine Tätigkeit beenden. "Er trank viel, so daß er daran zugrunde ging", so sein Schüler Arthur Grimm.

Zu seinem Lebenswerk gehören unter anderem die Gemälde "Am Scheideweg", "Ringer", "Flagellanten" und "Schäfer". Schmid-Reutte wählte für seine Gemälde vor allem männliche Akte: Ihm erschienen der straffe Rhythmus der Muskulatur, der Gelenke und des Knochenbaus am wichtigsten.

Einer seiner Schüler war ab 1890 der Maler Julius Seyler.

Literatur

 Carl Friedrich Schmitt-Spahn, Hans Thoma: Ludwig Schmid-Reutte. 32 Wiedergaben von Zeichnungen und Gemälden des Meisters. 1913.

 Uwe Fleckner: Carl Einstein und sein Jahrhundert. Fragmente einer Intellektuellen Biographie. Akademie Verlag, 2006, S. 18, S. 23 ff.

Weblinks

 Ludwig Schmid-Reutte stadtlexikon.karlsruhe.de

Einzelnachweise

Maler des Naturalismus
Maler (München)
Hochschullehrer (Kunstakademie Karlsruhe)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Geboren 1862
Gestorben 1909
Mann

Ludwig Schmid-Reutte


Canova, Sivas ilinin Zara ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1877 yılı kayıtlarında Cancik, 1933 yılı kayıtlarında Cencin ya da Cancin, 1960 yılı kayıtlarında ise Bulakbaşı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sivas il merkezine 53 km, Zara ilçe merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır. Tödürge Gölü ve Kızılırmak köy yakınlarında bulunur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Zara belde ve köyleri

Canova, Zara


Loppefrøskaller eller psyllium er frøskaller fra planter i slægten vejbred, bl.a. Plantago ovata, som hovedsageligt dyrkes i det nordlige Indien.

De bruges hovedsagelig som en type kostfiber til at lindre symptomer på både forstoppelse og mild diarré, og lejlighedsvis som et fortykningsmiddel i fødevarer.

Forskning har vist, at blodets kolesterolniveau sænkes hos mennesker med forhøjet kolesterol, og nedsættelse af blodets glukoseniveau hos mennesker med type 2-diabetes.

Frøskallerne kan ikke absorberes af tyndtarmen. Den rent mekaniske virkning af psyllium er at absorbere overskydende vand samtidig med at stimulere normal tarmfunktion ved at blødgøre afføringen. Det øger dog til en vis grad luft i tarmene.

Som fortykningsmiddel er psyllium blevet brugt af fødevareindustrien til is og frosne desserter.

Vejbred-familien
Fibre

Psyllium


عبيد الله بن عمر بن الخطاب ابن عمر بن الخطاب، أمه أم كلثوم بنت جرول الخزاعية وهو أخو حارثة بن وهب الصحابي المشهور لأمه. ويعتبر من شجعان قريش وأبطالها. وهو القائل:
أنا عبيد الله سماني عمرخير قريش من مضى ومن غبرحاشا نبي الله والشيخ الأغر.

نسبه
 أبوه: عمر بن الخطاب بن نفيل بن عبد العزى بن رياح بن عبد الله بن قرط بن رزاح بن عدي بن كعب بن لؤي بن غالب  بن فهر بن مالك بن النضر وهو قريش بن كنانة بن خزيمة بن مدركة بن إلياس بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان، العدوي القرشي.
 أمه : أم كلثوم بنت جرول الخزاعية.
 وزوجته: أسماء بنت عطارد بن حاجب التميمي كانت تحته، ثم خلف عليها الحسن بن علي بعد مقتله.

من حياته
خرج إلى العراق غازياً في زمن أبيه مع أخيه عبد الله، فلما قفلا مرا على أبي موسى الأشعري وهو أمير البصرة، فرحب بهما وقال: لو أقدر لكما على أمر أنفعكما به لفعلت. ثم قال: بلى، ها هنا مال من مال الله، أريد أن أبعث به إلى أمير المؤمنين وأسلفكما فتبتاعان به من متاع العراق ثم تبيعانه بالمدينة فتؤديان رأس المال إلى أمير المؤمنين ويكون لكما الربح ففعلا. وكتب إلى عمر بن الخطاب أن يأخذ منهما المال، فلما قدما على عمر قال: أكل الجيش أسلفهم، فقالا: لا، فقال عمر: أديا المال وربحه.
فأما عبد الله فسكت وأما عبيد الله فقال: ما ينبغي لك يا أمير المؤمنين، لو هلك المال أو نقص لضمناه، فقال: أديا المال. فسكت عبد الله وراجعه عبيد الله، فقال رجل من جلساء عمر: يا أمير المؤمنين لو جعلته قراضاً، فقال عمر: قد جعلته قراضاً فأخذ رأس المال ونصف ربحه، وأخذا النصف الباقي.
وقد كان يتكنى بأبي عيسى، فضربه عمر وقال: أتتكنى بأبي عيسى؟ وهل كان له من أب؟

حادثة قتله للهرمزان
حكى ابن عبد البر في كتاب الصحابة عن الحسن أن عبيد الله بن عمر قتل الهرمزان بعد أن أسلم وعفا عنه عثمان، فلما ولي علي خشيه على نفسه فهرب إلى معاوية فقتل بصفين، فلمَّا قتل عمر أخبرهم عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر بأنه رأى الهرمزان وجفينة وأبا لؤلؤة يتناجون فنفروا منه فسقط من بينهم خنجر له رأسان نصابه في وسطه فلما رأى الخنجر الذي قتل فيه عمر على نفس الوصف الذي ذكر عبد الرحمن، خرج عبيد الله مشتملاً على السيف حتى أتى الهرمزان وطلب منه أن يصحبه حتى يريه فرساً له، وكان الهرمزان بصيراً بالخيل. فخرج يمشي معه فعلاه عبيد الله بالسيف فلما وجد حر السيف صاح لا إله إلا الله ثم أتى جفينة وكان نصرانياً فقتله ثم أتى بنت أبي لؤلؤة جارية صغيرة فقتلها، فقبض عليه وسجن إلى أن تولى عثمان بن عفان الخلافة فاستشار الصحابة في أمره فأفتى بعضهم بقتله، وأفتى بعضهم الآخر بالدية، فأدى عثمان الدية من ماله وأطلقه ولما تولى علي الخلافة، وكان يرى أن يقتل بالهرمزان خرج عبيد الله إلى الشام وانضم إلى معاوية بن أبي سفيان، حارب وقتل في معركة صفين.

وقد ذكر الطبري في كتابه تاريخ الرسل والملوك خلاف ذلك مايلي:.

مقتله
أتى زياد بن خصفة عبد القيس يوم صفين وقد عبيت قبائل حمير مع ذي الكلاع - وفيهم عبيد الله بن عمر بن الخطاب - لبكر بن وائل، فقوتلوا قتالًا شديدًا، خافوا فيه الهلاك. فقال زياد بن خصفة: يا عبد القيس، لا بكر بعد اليوم. فركبنا الخيول، ثم مضينا فواقفناهم، فما لبثنا إلا قليلًا حتى أصيب ذو الكلاع، وقتل عبيد الله بن عمر ، فقالت همدان: قتله هانئ بن خطاب الأرحبي؛ وقالت حضرموت: قتله مالك بن عمرو التنعي، وقالت بكر ابن وائل: قتله محرز بن الصحصح من بني عائش بن مالك بن تيم الله بن ثعلبة، وأخذ سيفه ذا الوشاح، فأخذ به معاوية بالكوفة بكر بن وائل، فقالوا: إنما قتله رجل منا من أهل البصرة، يقال له: محرز بن الصحصح، فبعث إليه بالبصرة فأخذ منه السيف، وكان رأس النمر بن قاسط عبد الله بن عمرو من بني تيم الله بن النمر.

قال هشام بن محمد: الذي قتل عبيد الله بن عمر رضي الله عنه محرز بن الصحصح، وأخذ سيفه ذا الوشاح، سيف عمر، وفي ذلك قول كعب بن جعيل التغلبي:

انظر أيضًا

 عمر بن الخطاب
 عبد الله بن عمر بن الخطاب

المراجع

أشخاص من الخلافة الراشدة
أشخاص من الفتنة الأولى
بنو عدي
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
عائلة عمر بن الخطاب
عرب في القرن 7
عسكريون قتلوا في عمليات قتالية
عمر بن الخطاب
وفيات 37 هـ

عبيد الله بن عمر بن الخطاب


غشاء الأمعاء الشحمي الصغير أو الثرب الصغير  هو طبقتين من الصفاق أو الغشاء البريتواني (البطني المصلي) الممتد من الكبد إلى الحافة المقوسة الصغرى للمعدة وجزء من الاثني عشر.

البنية
يكون رقيقا جدا، وهو امتداد لطبقتي الصفاق أو الغشاء البريتواني التي تغطي سطحي المعدة (والجزء الأول من الإثني عشر) الأمامي العلوي والخلفي السفلي. وهاتان الطبقتان من الغشاء البريتواني تمتدان من القوس الأصغر للمعدة والحافة العليا للاثني عشر إلى أن تصل بوابة الكبد.
على يسار بوابة الكبد يلتصق الغشاء بحفرة للقناة الوريدية ductus venosus وتذهب من هناك إلى الحجاب الحاجز وهناك تنفصل الطبقتين عن بعضهما البعض لتحتضن الجزء السفلي من المريء.

على اليمين من بوابة الكبد تمتد الطبقتان وتكوّنان حافة حرة أمامية هي الحافة الأمامية للثقبة الثربية.

التقسيمات التشريحية

هذا الغشاء يقسم تشريحيا إلى أربطة كل منها يبدأ اسمه بكلمة «كبدي» لتدل على أنها تتصل بالكبد.
 رباط كبدي معدي.
 رباط كبدي الاثني عشري.
 رباط كبدي حجاب حاجزي.
 رباط كبدي مريئي.

صور إضافية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 غشاء الأمعاء الشحمي الكبير

بطن
مقالات تتضمن نصوصا من الطبعة العشرين لكتاب تشريح جرايز (1918)

غشاء الأمعاء الشحمي الصغير


Munkesæler er sæler i slægten Monachus tilhørende de ægte sæler, der er kendetegnet ved, at de ikke har noget ydre øre. Munkesælerne udgøres af tre arter:
    Monachus schauinslandi (Stillehavsmunkesæl)
    Monachus monachus (Middelhavsmunkesæl)
    Monarchus tropicalis (Karibisk munkesæl) (Formodet uddød omkring 1950)

Sæler

Munkesæler


Salamöndrur (fræðiheiti: Urodela) eru ættbálkur froskdýra sem telur um 350 tegundir, flestar sunnarlega í tempraða beltinu nyrðra.

Salamöndrur eru með langan búk og hala en stutta útlimi. Flestar tegundirnar lifa í ferskvatni og votlendi. Margar salamöndrur eru gæddar þeim eiginleika að nýr hali eða útlimur vex ef þær missa þann sem fyrir er. Þær eru 3-15 sm á lengd.

Tilvísanir

Salamöndrur


Wiggle Ltd. ist ein im Vereinigten Königreich ansässiger Online-Händler für Sportartikel. Der Firmensitz befindet sich in Portsmouth, Großbritannien. Wiggle beliefert 80 Länder weltweit und auf der Webseite kann aus zehn verschiedenen Sprachen und 15 Währungen ausgewählt werden Die Firma wurde im Jahr 1999 von Mitch Dall und Harvey Jones gegründet und hat sich seitdem zu einem der größten Online-Händler für Fahrräder und Sportartikel im Vereinigten Königreich entwickelt. Auch im Ausland kann Wiggle einen nicht unerheblichen Marktanteil verzeichnen.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1999 gründeten Mitch Dall und Harvey Jones wiggle.co.uk im Hinterzimmer des Fahrradgeschäfts Butlers Cycles, das von Dall in Portsmouth betrieben wurde. Anfänglich boten sie Artikel aus den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen an, von denen sie sich gute Einnahmen erhofften. Nachdem sie sich jedoch auf Fahrräder konzentrierten, stellte sich der Erfolg ein und ab 2003 wurden die Produkte nur noch online vertrieben. Seit diesen Anfängen wurden auch Produkte aus den Bereichen Laufen, Schwimmen und Triathlon in das Sortiment von Wiggle Ltd. aufgenommen. Insgesamt besteht das Produktangebot mittlerweile aus ca. 40.000 SKUs (Stock Keeping Unit). Diese umfassen Komponenten, Bekleidung, Schuhe und Sportcomputer.

Im Jahr 2006 ging Wiggle eine Partnerschaft mit dem Private-Equity-Unternehmen ISIS ein, die in Wiggle investierte und einen Firmenanteil von 42 % erwarb. Zu dieser Zeit wurde der Wert der Firma als 30 Millionen Pfund erachtet. Im Dezember 2011 wurde ein Großteil der Firmenanteile unter Leitung von Geschäftsführer Humphrey Cobbold von Private Equity Investoren Bridgepoint Capital erworben. 2011 stieg der Jahresumsatz a £ 137,91 Millionen, was einem Anstieg von 53,7 % gegenüber 2010 entspricht.

2021 wurde Wiggle von Signa Sports United, einer zur Untergruppe Signa Retail der österreichischen Signa Holding zählenden Handelsplattform, übernommen.

Produkte
Das Sortiment von Wiggle umfasst Produkte vieler Marken, darunter Cinelli, Shimano, Garmin, Boardman Bikes und Colnago, sowie eigene Marken wie Verenti Fahrräder und dhb-Sportbekleidung.

Siehe auch
 Wiggle High5 (ehemaliges Frauenradsportteam (2013–2018), zu Beginn unter dem Namen Wiggle Honda)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Wiggle Webseite in Deutschland

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmen (Portsmouth)
Onlineshop
Gegründet 1999
Einzelhandelsunternehmen (Vereinigtes Königreich)

Wiggle (Unternehmen)


بوهدانيفكا (Богданівка) هي مدينة في مقاطعة دنيبروبيتروفسكا في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

قرى في مقاطعة دنيبروبتروفسك
مدن أوكرانيا

بوهدانيفكا (دنيبروبيتروفسكا)


Gelsmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Wittelshofen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Die Einöde liegt am rechten Ufer der Sulzach. Die Kreisstraße AN 41 führt nach Gelshofen (0,7 km nordwestlich) bzw. nach Untermichelbach (0,5 km südöstlich).

Geschichte
Bei der Gelsmühle führte der Limes zwischen den Wachposten 13/17 und 13/18 über die Sulzach. Dieser 38 m breite Übergang, am heutigen Altwasser, bestand im Vorfeld aus mächtigen Quadern von  Kubikmetern mit einer Fundamentstärke von 1,25 m bis 1,45 m und Öffnungen für das Hochwasser. Den eigentlichen Übergang bildete ein Steg auf je drei nebeneinander stehenden hölzernen Stützpfeilern im Abstand von 3 m, um bei Hochwasser Astwerk entfernen zu können.

Gelsmühle lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Wassertrüdingen. Das Anwesen hatte die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl als Grundherrn. Die Abgaben gingen an das Dinkelsbühler Spital. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Gelsmühle dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Wittelshofen und der Ruralgemeinde Untermichelbach zugewiesen. Am 1. Juli 1972 wurde Gelsmühle im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern nach Wittelshofen eingegliedert.

Ehemaliges Baudenkmal
 Mühle. Schlussstein der Stichbogentüre des 1952 weitgehend neu erbauten Wohn- und Mühlengebäudes bezeichnet "JLW" (=Wellhöfer) "1853". Rückseitig Inschriftenstein: "17 ILR 78". Der zugehörige, massive Scheunenbau vermutlich noch aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Zwei Korbbogentore, ein Schlussstein an der Unterseite bezeichnet "CHB", übrige Inschrift nicht mehr lesbar.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Leonhard (Untermichelbach) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken gehören zu Heilig Kreuz (Wittelshofen), einer Expositur der Pfarrei Maria Immaculata (Dürrwangen).

Die Sage von der Teufelsmauer
Die Entstehung der sogenannten Teufelsmauer, die im 18. Jahrhundert noch stellenweise bis zu anderthalb Meter hoch war, konnten sich die Bewohner der Gegend nicht erklären und brachten sie mit dem Teufel in Verbindung. Bei Wilburgstetten liegen beispielsweise die Höllmühle, der Höllbach und die Höllweiher auf dem Terrain des Limes.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Wittelshofen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung
Ort an der Sulzach

Gelsmühle


Mačkovke (lat. Scyliorhinidae),  porodica morskog psa iz reda kučkova. Ime mačkovke dolazi po mačkolikim očima. Vrste su obično smeđe boje s mnoštvom crnih ili bijelih točkica.

Po nekim izvorima sastoji se od 13 rodovaa s 90 priznatih vrsta.
Rodovi Apristurus Garman, 1913; Galeus Rafinesque, 1810; Parmaturus Garman, 1906  i Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912, uključeni su u dubokovodne mačkovke, Pentanchidae.

U Jadranu žive tri vrste: mačka crnouska (Galeus melastomus), mačka bljedica (Scyliorhinus canicula) i mačka mrkulja (Scyliorhinus stellaris).

U porodicu su uključeni rodovi:
 Asymbolus Whitley, 1939
 Atelomycterus Garman, 1913
 Aulohalaelurus Fowler, 1934
 Bythaelurus Compagno, 1988
 Cephaloscyllium T.N.Gill, 1862
 Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1941
 Figaro Whitley, 1928
 Halaelurus Gill, 1862
 Haploblepharus Garman, 1913
 Holohalaelurus Fowler, 1934
 Poroderma A.Smith, 1838
 Schroederichthys A.Smith, 1838
 Scyliorhinus Blainville, 1816

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kučkovi

Mačkovke


Artibonite (departman), departman u Haitiju
 Artibonite (rijeka), rijeka u Haitiju
 Dolina Artibonite, dolina u Haitiju i Dominikanskoj Republici

Artibonite


August Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Erdmann von Cramon (Pawlau, 7. travnja 1861. – Quaritz, 19. listopada 1940.) je bio njemački general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata obnašao je obnašao je dužnost njemačkog predstavnika pri austrougarskom Glavnom stožeru, te dužnost načelnika stožera VIII. korpusa na Zapadnom bojištu.

Obitelj
August von Cramon je rođen 7. travnja 1861. u Pawlauu. Sin je Friedricha i Katharine von Cramon rođ. Taubadel koji su uz Augusta imali još jednog sina, Bertrama, te dvije kćeri Katharinu i Karolinu. August je sklopio brak s Helene Tschammer und Quaritz s kojom je imao tri sina Friedricha, Günthera i Helmutha, te dvije kćeri Johannu Charlottu i Agnes.

Vojna karijera
Cramon je u pruskoj vojsci čin poručnika dostigao u rujnu 1891., dok je u čin konjaničkog satnika (rittmeistera) unaprijeđen u lipnju 1896. godine. Od 1898. služi u tjelesnoj pukovniji teške konjice "Grosser Kurfürst" u Breslauu, nakon čega je raspoređen na službu u Glavni stožer. U siječnju 1904. promaknut je u čin bojnika, da bi siječnju 1909. imenovan zapovjednikom Gardijske pukovnije teške konjice smještene u Berlinu. Iduće 1910. godine, u siječnju, unaprijeđen je u čin potpukovnika, nakon čega je u siječnju 1912. imenovan načelnikom stožera VIII. korpusa sa sjedištem u Koblenzu. Na navedenoj dužnosti nalazi se i na početku Prvog svjetskog rata. U međuvremenu je, u listopadu 1912., promaknut u čin pukovnika.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata VIII. korpus u kojem je Cramon obnašao dužnost načelnika stožera, a kojim je zapovijedao Erich Tülff von Tschepe und Weidenbach nalazio se u sastavu 4. armije kojom je na Zapadnom bojištu zapovijedao vojvoda Albrecht. S VIII. korpusom Cramon sudjeluje u početnim borbama kod Neufchateaua, te u Prvoj bitci na Marni. Dužnost načelnika stožera obnaša do početka listopada 1914. kada ga je na tom mjestu zamijenio Wilhelm von Dommes. U ožujku 1915. imenovan je njemačkim predstavnikom pri Glavnom stožeru austrougarske vojske zamijenivši na tom mjestu Huga von Freytag-Loringhovena. Istodobno je promaknut u čin general bojnika. Navedenu dužnost obnašao je do kraja rata.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata Cramon je obnašao dužnost predsjednika Povjerenstava njemačke vojske za mir. Bavio se pisanjem, te je objavio više članaka i knjiga. Predsjedavao je i Organizacijom načelnika stožera "Graf Schlieffen". Preminuo je 19. listopada 1940. u 80. godini života u Quaritzu (danas Gaworzyce u Poljskoj). Pokopan je na groblju Invalidenfriedhof u Berlinu.

Vanjske poveznice
     August von Cramon na stranici Prussianmachine.com

Njemački vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

August von Cramon


Hüseyin Tok ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hüseyin Tok (Fußballspieler, 1953), türkischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Hüseyin Tok (Fußballspieler, 1988), türkischer Fußballspieler

Hüseyin Tok


Andrej Petrovítsj Zvjagíntsev (Rússneska: Андре́й Петро́вич Звя́гинцев; fæddur 6. febrúar 1964) er rússneskur kvikmyndagerðarmaður og handritshöfundur. Hann vann Gullna ljónið á Kvikmyndahátíðinni í Feneyjum fyrir myndina Endurkoman (2003).

Verk Zvyagintsev
 Endurkoman (2003)
 Bannfæringin (2007)
 Elena (2011)
 Levíatan (2014)
 Kærleiksþrot (2017)

Tenglar
 Andrey Zvyagintsev á Internet Movie Database.
 Siðrofsbíó: Rússland í kvikmyndum Andrey Zvyagintsev

Rússneskir kvikmyndaleikstjórar
Sovéskir kvikmyndaleikstjórar
Fólk fætt árið 1964

Andrej Zvjagíntsev


An Elleanthus crinipes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Elleanthus crinipes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elleanthus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Elleanthus

Elleanthus crinipes


Petra Buzková, née le  à Prague, est une avocate et femme politique tchèque.

Biographie

Situation personnelle

Parcours politique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Gouvernement Špidla
 Gouvernement Gross
 Gouvernement Paroubek

Naissance en décembre 1965
Naissance à Prague
Ministre tchèque de l'Éducation
Personnalité politique tchèque
Ministre tchèque
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Petra Buzková


A religious school is a school that either has a religious component in its operations or its curriculum, or exists primarily for the purpose of teaching aspects of a particular religion.

Children
A school can either be of two types, though the same word is used for both in some areas:

Religious teaching
Institutions solely or largely for teaching a particular religion, often outside regular school
Cheder (Jewish)
Hebrew school (Jewish)
Madrasa (Muslim)
Sunday school (Christian)
Talmud Torah (Jewish)

General education
Institutions providing general education but run by a religious group, or in some way giving extra weight to a particular religion
Bais Yaakov (Jewish girls school)
Cathedral school (Christian)
Catholic school
Chabad (Jewish)
Christian school
Faith school UK term
Jewish day school
Lutheran school (Christian)
Madrasa (Muslim) also general education in some places
Parochial school USA in particular, former UK
Separate school Canada

Adults
Bible college (Christian)
Madrasa (Muslim)
Yeshiva (Jewish)

See also
Religion and children
Religious education
Religions
Secular education

Religious school


Dorel Bucurescu ()  un fizician român, membru corespondent al Academiei Române - Secția de Științe Fizice din 4 noiembrie 2016.

S-a născut în comuna Răzvani, județul Călărași, ambii săi părinți fiind învățători la școala din comună. După școala elementară urmată în comună, a absolvit Școala Medie Mixtă Nr. 28 (devenită Liceul Petru Groza) din București.

A fost admis în 1961 la Facultatea de Fizică a Universității din București, a urmat specialitatea fizică nucleară, și a susținut licența în anul 1966. A obținut un doctorat în fizică nucleară (1973) la Institutul de Fizică Atomică, Măgurele.

În 1973 a fost beneficiar al unei burse de cercetare acordată de AIEA-Viena la Universitatea din Utrecht, Olanda.

Activitatea profesională și didactică
Începând din 1967 este încadrat fizician la Institutul de Fizică Atomică de la Măgurele. Aici a parcurs diversele trepte ale ierarhiei științifice: fizician (1967-1968), cercetător științific (1968-74), cercetător principal III (1975-1982), cercetător principal II (1982-83; 1985-93), cercetător științific principal I (1993-2011).

Din 1978 este expert calificat pentru fizică nucleară al Agenției Internaționale pentru Energia Atomică, în perioada 1983-1985 lucrând ca fizician la Divizia de Informații Științifice și Tehnice a acestei Agenții.

Secretar științific la  IFIN-HH (1996-1997) și șef al Departamentului de fizică nucleară al IFIN-HH (2005-2006).

Activitatea sa de cercetare a presupus obținerea unor granturi de cercetare la MCT, Academia Română, CNCSIS (1998-2003) și, începând cu 2004, a unor proiecte câștigate în cadrul competițiilor diverselor programe de cercetare ale ANCS/CNCSIS: Centru de Excelență RELANSIN, CERES, Cercetare de Excelență (CEEX), CORINT, Idei, Program nucleu, Parteneriate. În perioada 2004-2010 a fost membru în comitetul director al proiectului european AGATA în care au desfășurat activități 45 de instituții din 12 țări. Acest proiect construiește cel mai avansat sistem de detecție pentru spectroscopia nucleară cu radiații gama.

Din 1991 obține calitatea de îndrumător științific de doctorat pentru fizică nucleară la Institutul de Fizică Atomică, iar începând cu anul 2001 profesor universitar asociat la Facultatea de Fizică a Universității din București, cu dreptul de a conduce activități de doctorat (2001-2009).

Activitatea științifică
În cadrul Laboratorului Tandem al IFIN-HH a menținut un grup de cercetare cu o activitate continuă și susținută în domeniul spectroscopiei nucleare experimentale, îndeosebi prin metodele spectroscopiei radiațiilor gama în reacții induse de fascicule de ioni grei accelerați. Aici au fost formați cercetători de valoare, rezultatele originale în domeniu fiind publicate în reviste de specialitate.

În paralel a inițiat numeroase colaborări în studiul structurii nucleare cu grupuri din alte laboratoare, printre care: Centrul de Cercetări Nucleare din Atena, Centrul de Spectrometrie Nucleară Orsay, Institutul de Științe Nucleare Grenoble, Laboratorul Național din Legnaro și Universitatea din Padova, Institutul de Fizică Nucleară din Köln, Universitatea Tehnică din München, Institutul de Cercetări Fizico-Chimice (RIKEN) Tokyo, Universitatea Yale, ș.a., unde a propus și realizat experimente bazate pe idei proprii. Dintre rezultatele deosebite obținute în studiile de structură nucleară, atestate printr-un mare număr de citări în literatura de specialitate pot fi menționate:
 extinderea frontierelor spectroscopiei nucleare prin studii, multe în premieră, ale unor nuclee exotice (precum cele mai grele nuclee cu număr egal de neutroni și protoni, unde s-a evidențiat un efect ce poate indica o nouă formă de super-fluiditate nucleară, datorată împerecherii neutron-proton; sau nuclee cu deficit neutronic din zona de masă A≈130);
 studiul tranzițiilor nucleare de formă în diverse zone de masă și al tranzițiilor nucleare de fază (de formă) critice;
 probleme de fizica spinilor înalți (benzi super-deformate – incluzând prima determinare experimentală a dezexcitării unei asemenea benzi; primul exemplu de benzi nucleare chirale);
 determinări precise de timpi de viață (probabilități de tranziții electromagnetice) ai stărilor nucleare excitate;
 spectroscopie de înaltă rezoluție energetică prin reacții directe de transfer;
 studii globale ale unor parametri de structură nucleară care au evidențiat regularități interesante atât pentru spectroscopia experimentală cât și pentru teoria structurii nucleului (sistematici universale ale structurilor de bandă colective, densități de nivele și distribuții de spin nucleare, structură fină a dezintegrării alfa, tranziții de fază).

Lucrări științifice
În anul 2021 are peste 200 de lucrări publicate în reviste de specialitate cotate ISI (Physical Review C, Physical Review Letters, Nuclear Physics A, Physics Letters B, ș.a.), 49 în reviste ale Academiei Române și peste 50 de comunicări la conferințe internaționale, lucrările fiind citate de peste 4000 ori (factor Hirsch 30) conform Web of Science și de peste 6000 de ori (factor Hirsch 35) conform Google Scholar.

Are peste 60 de participări și comunicări la conferințe internaționale (dintre care 20 de prezentări invitate).

A publicat o carte în Editura Academiei redactată după note de curs (nepublicate) ale Prof. S. Țițeica și este co-editor la trei volume ale școlilor de fizică internaționale.

Este referent științific al revistelor Physical Review Letters, Physical Review C, Journal of Physics G, European Physical Journal A, Physica Scripta, Nuclear Physics A, Canadian Journal of Physics, Romanian Reports in Physics ș.a.

Lucrări publicate (listă selectivă)
 D.Bucurescu, N.V.Zamfir, "Empirical signatures of shape phase transitions in nuclei with odd nucleon numbers", Physical Review C98(2018)024301; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024301
 D. Bucurescu, N.V. Zamfir, "New nuclear structure features in transactinide nuclei", Physical Review C87(2013)054324;DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054324
 T. von Egidy, D.Bucurescu, Experimental energy dependent nuclear spin distributions, Physical Review C80 (2009)054310; DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.80.054310
 D.Bucurescu, G.Graw, R.Hertenberger, H.–F.Wirth, N.Lo Iudice, A.V.Sushkov, N.Yu.Shirikova, Y.Sun, T.Faestermann, R.Krucken, M.Mahgoub, J.Jolie, P. von Brentano, N.Braun, S.Heinze, O. Moller, D.Mucher, C.Scholl, R.F.Casten, D.A.Meyer, High–resolution study of 0+and 2+ excitations in 168Er with the (p,t) reaction, Physical Review C73(2006)064309;DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.73.064309
 N.Mărginean, C.Rossi Alvarez, D.Bucurescu, C.A.Ur, A.Gadea, S.Lunardi, D.Bazzacco, G.de Angelis, M.Axiotis, M.De Poli, E.Farnea, M.Ionescu-Bujor, A.Iordăchescu, S.M.Lenzi, Th.Kröll, T.Martinez, R.Menegazzo, D.R.Napoli, G.Nardelli, P.Pavan, B.Quintana, P.Spolaore, Observation of the N=Z=44 88Ru nucleus, Physical Review C63(2001)031303(R); DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.63.031303
 C.A.Ur,D.Bucurescu, S.M.Lenzi, D.R.Napoli, G.Martinez–Pinedo, D.Bazzacco, F.Brandolini, D.M.Brink, J.A.Cameron, G.de Angelis, M.De Poli, A.Gadea, S.Lunardi, N.Mărginean, M.A.Nagarajan, P.Pavan, G.Rossi–Alvarez, C.E.Svensson, Excited states in 52Fe and the origin of the yrast trap at 12+, Physical ReviewC58(1998)3163; DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.58.3163
 D.Bucurescu, C.Rossi–Alvarez, C.A.Ur, N.Mărginean, P.Spolaore, D.Bazzacco, S.Lunardi, D.R.Napoli, M.Ionescu-Bujor, A.Iordăchescu, C.M.Petrache, G.de Angelis, A.Gadea, D.Foltescu, F.Brandolini, G.Falconi, E.Farnea, S.M.Lenzi, N.H.Medina, Zs.Podolyák, M.De Poli, M.N.Rao, R.Venturelli, Evolution of collectivity along the N=Z line: the nucleus 84Mo, Physical Review C56(1997)2497; DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.56.2497
 D.Galeriu,D.Bucurescu, M.Ivașcu, Nuclear deformations in the A≈80–100 region, Journal of Physics G12(1986)329; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4616/12/4/006/pdf
 D.Bucurescu, G.Căta, D.Cutoiu, G.Constantinescu, M.Ivașcu, N.V.Zamfir, Description of the neutron–deficient Sr and Zr isotopes in the interacting boson model, Nuclear Physics A401(1983)22; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375947483903342
 C.F.Liang, P.Paris, D.Bucurescu, J.Putaux, J.Obert,S.DellaNegra, Selective on-line separation of new Ta, Zr, and Sr isotopes, Zeitschrift für Physik A309(1982)185; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01414981
 D.Bucurescu, G.Constantinescu, M.Ivașcu, Potential energy surfaces for the even Sr, Zr and Ru isotopes, Revue Roumaine de Physique 24(1979)971
 D.Bucurescu, M.Ivașcu, G.Semenescu, M.Titirici, The (α,p) reaction on even Nickel isotopes, Nuclear Physics A189(1972)577; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375947472903156

Lista completă a publicațiilor poate fi găsită la adresele Web:

https://scholar.google.ro/citations?user=jw6sP-wAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorel-Bucurescu

Teza de doctorat

 Studiul mecanismului și utilizarea spectroscopică a reacțiilor cu ioni de heliu (α,α') și (3He,α), Teză de doctorat, conducător științific: Prof. dr. Nicolae Martalogu (în 1973).

Cărți
 Particle Emission from Nuclei - D.N. Poenaru, M. Ivașcu, Editura CRC Press, 1989 (un capitol);
 Lecții de teoria nucleului atomic - Editura Academiei Române, 2007 (carte redactată după note de curs nepublicate ale Prof. Șerban Țițeica);
 Școala de Fizică Nucleară - Poiana Brașov, Editura World Scientific, 1982 (co-editor);
 Școala de Fizică Nucleară - Predeal, Editura World Scientific, 1990 (co-editor).

Distincții și titluri
 Premiul pentru fizică "Dragomir Hurmuzescu" al Academiei Române (1974), pentru Contribuții la studiul difuziei elastice a particulelor α al reacției (α, p) pe nuclee ușoare medii.;
 Diploma de excelență a ANCS/MEC pentru participare la Programul Cadru-6 al Comunității Europene (2007);
 Membru corespondent al Academiei Oamenilor de Știință din România din 2008 și membru titular din 2011;
 Membru corespondent al Academiei Române din 2016;
 Membru al Societății Române de Fizică și al Societății Europene de Fizică.
Membru în comunitatea științifică românească Ad Astra ;

Note

Bibliografie
 Elite ale cercetătorilor din România: Matematică, fizică, chimie, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Casa Cărții de Știință, 2004.
 Marquis Who's Who in the World.
 Research Gate

Legături externe
 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – B

Nașteri în 1944
Nașteri pe 7 martie
Fizicieni români în viață
Membri corespondenți ai Academiei Române
Cercetători români
Profesori universitari români
Absolvenți ai Universității din București
Autori români

Dorel Bucurescu


Hazret Medzhidovich Sovmen ( ; ; born 1 May 1937) was the second president of the Republic of Adygea, Russia, having succeeded Aslan Dzharimov at the post.  Sovmen is a university professor from Maykop. Before becoming President, Hazret Sovmen had been a successful businessman (with links to Russian entrepreneurs in Siberia), having started off as a bulldozer driver in a gold mine in Chukotka. He is the founder of Polyus Gold, Russia's leading gold-mining company.

Early life

Sovmen was born in the aul of Afipsip in Takhtamukaysky District of Adyghe Autonomous Oblast in the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. He did his military service in the Black Sea Fleet and graduated from the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute. He started working at a gold mine in Chukotka in 1961 and also worked on mines in the Krasnoyarsk Krai and Magadan Oblast. He became manager of the Polyus Mine in 1981. During his time as president, he was the only regional head without any spouse.

Political career

Sovmen was elected to the office of President on 13 January 2002 by direct suffrage.  He was faced with the challenges of leading one of a Russia's poorest republics, officially declared bankrupt by the Government of Russia. Sovmen was involved in political activities with the Slavic people Union, Adygeya's principal opposition party.  Russian president Vladimir Putin is believed to have supported Sovmen. In 1997, Russian President Yeltsin awarded him with the Order of Merit for the Fatherland 3rd class. On 13 January 2007 he was succeeded as Adygean President by Aslan Tkhakushinov.

He is a member of the United Russia party.

References

1937 births
Circassian people of Russia
Living people
Heads of the Republic of Adygea
People from Takhtamukaysky District
Saint Petersburg Mining University alumni
Soviet miners

Hazret Sovmen


Yenice, Sinop ilinin Ayancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 56 km, Ayancık ilçe merkezine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ayancık belde ve köyleri

Yenice, Ayancık


Giovanni Allevi (Ascoli Piceno, 9 de abril de 1969) es uno de los pianistas italianos más conocidos. Su obra se mueve entre los parámetros del blues y el jazz, el estilo de los cantantes franceses, la canción de autor y las músicas del mundo.

Biografía
Giovanni Allevi se graduó en piano con las más altas notas en el Conservatorio. F. Morlacchi de Perusa y en Composición con honores en el Conservatorio G. Verdi de Milán. Hijo de padres músicos, pasa la infancia completamente inmersa en la música clásica. Entre sus maestros de composición, le dejaron una impronta significativa Daniele Salvatore, un gran experto en Música Antigua y Tonino Tesei, de quien aprende los fundamentos de la dodecafonía y el rigor en la caligrafía musical.

El 1991 sirvió en la banda de música del ejército italiano. El capitán de la banda, consciente de su talento pianístico, incorporó el piano solista en su repertorio. Como pianista solista de la banda interpretó Rhapsody en Blue de George Gershwin y El concierto de Varsovia de Richard Addinsell, de gira por numerosos teatros de Italia.

En el año 1996 puso música a la tragedia Las troyanas de Eurípides, representada en el Festival Internacional de Teatro Antiguo de Siracusa, ganando el premio especial a la mejor música de escena: fue su primer reconocimiento oficial. Acabada su gira, Allevi promovió una ópera en vivo con el título La favola che vuoi, que lo llevó, en el año 2003, a la publicación de su segundo álbum para piano solista con el título Composizioni.

El 16 de mayo de 2005 publicó su tercer álbum en solitario para piano: No concept, presentado en China y Nueva York. La canción Come sei veramente, a partir de este álbum, fue escogida por el direector de cine Spike Lee como banda sonora de un anuncio de BMW.

El 29 de septiembre de  2006 salió oficialmente su cuarto álbum, también para piano solista, titulado Joy. El mismo día comenzó, en Milán, una mini-gira de presentación del álbum en los principales almacenes italianos de la cadena FNAC. En el año 2007 Joy fue galardonado con el disco de oro, después de haber vendido 50.000 ejemplares.

Referencias

Compositores clásicos del siglo XX de Italia
Compositores clásicos del siglo XXI de Italia
Pianistas de Italia
Compositores de ópera de Italia
Nacidos en Ascoli Piceno

Giovanni Allevi


Khalifa Uluslararası Stadyumu, Katar'ın başkenti Doha'da çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen stadyum. Çoğunlukla futbol maçları için kullanılan stadyumda atletizm müsabakaları da yapılmaktadır. Doha 2006 Asya Oyunlarına ev sahipliği yapacak spor kompleksinin bir parçası olan Khalifa Uluslararası Stadyumu 50.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Katar'daki stadyumlar

Uluslararası Halife Stadyumu


Et selenid er en kemisk forbindelse, der indeholder en selen-anion med et oxidationstal på −2 (Se2−), meget med samme rolle som svovl har i et sulfid. Selenidernes kemi ligner sulfidernes. Ligesom sulfid, forekommer selenidionen Se2− i vandige opløsninger normalt kun under meget basiske forhold. Under neutrale forhold er hydrogenselenid-ionen, HSe−, den mest udbredte. I syreforhold dannes hydrogenseleniden H2Se.

Anioner

Selenid


زيليون (Ζέλιον) هي مدينة في فثيوتيس في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 743   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
مقاطعة فثيوتيس

أماكن مأهولة في فثيوتيس

زيليون (فثيوتيس)


Deportații este un film românesc din 2016 regizat de Filaret Acatrinei, Cristian Amza, Dan Micu, Radu Găină, Nicoleta Epure, Georges Boisnard.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română

Deportații


Kissel er en dessert, der især er populær i Rusland og Ukraine og nogle af nabolandene.

Kissel ligner den danske rødgrød eller frugtgrød ved at være lavet af den sødede saft af frugter og bær; saften jævnes med stivelse som kartoffelmel, og retten spises varm eller kold, fx med kvark eller semuljegrød.

Desserter

Kissel


ඔස්කා ලෙනාඩ් කාල් පිස්ටෝරියස් (උපත 22 නොවැම්බර් 1986) යනු  දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු කෙටි දුර ධාවකයෙකි. ඔහු මාස 11 වන විට, ඔහුගේ පාද දෙකම, දණහිසෙන් පහළ අංගඡේදනය කර ඇති මුත්, දණහිසෙන්-පහළ තනි අංගඡේදන සහ ශක්‍ය-කායැති මලල ක්‍රීඩකයන් සඳහා වන තරග ඉසව් වලදී ඔහු තරග වදියි.

පැරාඔලිම්පියානු ශූරයෙක් වූ පසුව, ශක්‍ය-කායැති ජාත්‍යන්තර තරගවලට ඇතුළුවීමට පිස්ටෝරියස් යත්න දැරුවේ, IAAF සංවිධානයෙහි අනවරත විරුද්ධතා මධ්‍යයෙහි සහ ඔහුගේ කෘත්‍රිම ගාත්‍ර විසින් අයුතු වාසියක් ලබා දෙනු ඇතැයි චෝදනාව මධ්‍යයෙහිය.  අත්‍යන්තයෙහිදී නීතිමය අරගලයෙන් පිස්ටෝරියස් ජය ගත්තේය.  2011 ලෝක මලල ක්‍රීඩා ශූරතාවලියේදී, ශක්‍ය-කායැති ලෝක ජවන පදක්කමක් දිනාගත් පළමු අංගඡේදිතයා වීමට පිස්ටෝරියස් සමත් විය. 2012 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් තරගාවලියේදී, පිරිමි මීටර 400 සහ 4 × මීටර 400 කඩින්කඩ දිවීම තරග වලට ඔහු සහභාගීවීමත් හා සමගම,ඔලිම්පික් තරගවලට සහභාගී වූ පළමු පාද-දෙකම අංගඡේදිතයා වීමට පිස්ටෝරියස් සමත් විය. 2021 නොවැම්බරයේදී, දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු බන්ධනාගාර බලධාරීන් ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය ඝාතනය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් සිරගතව සිටින ඔස්කාර් පිස්ටෝරියස්ගේ සමාව සලකා බැලීම සඳහා පළමු ක්‍රියා පටිපාටි පියවර දියත් කළේය.

සටහන්

ඔස්කා පිස්ටෝරියස්


YTM means yield to maturity.

YTM may also refer to:

 YTM, the United States Navy hull classification symbol for "medium harbor tug"
 YTM, the International Air Transport Association airport code for Rivière Rouge – Mont Tremblant International Airport, Canada
 YTM, YouTube Music

YTM


An Anthurium supraglandulum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat. An Anthurium supraglandulum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium supraglandulum


Jacqui (Jacob) Eli Safra (c. 1940) es un inversor suizo, descendiente de la familia sirio-suiza de banca judía Safra.
 Es sobrino de Edmond Safra.

Algunos de sus inversiones incluyen Encyclopædia Britannica, Merriam-Webster, y Viñedos Spring Mountain, una gran propiedad vitícola situada en St. Helena, California. En 1989 adquirió el Codex Sassoon, y el 17 de mayo de 2023 lo oferto en subasta a través de Sotheby's.

Bajo el nombre de J.E. Beaucaire (el nombre del personaje interpretado por Bob Hope en la película Monsieur Beaucaire), Safra apareció en pequeños papeles en tres películas y financió ocho más de Woody Allen a través de una compañía de producción, Sweetland Films, junto con su novia Jean Doumanian, quien fue una gran amiga de Allen.

Filmografía

Actor
 Stardust Memories (1980) - Sam
 Radio Days (1987) - Estudiante de dicción
 Oxen (1991) - Dueño de la tienda

Productor ejecutivo
 Oxen (1991)
 Bullets Over Broadway (1994)
 Don't Drink the Water (1994) (TV)
 Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
 Everyone Says I Love You (1996)
 Wild Man Blues (1997)
 Deconstructing Harry (1997)
 The Spanish Prisoner (1997)
 Into My Heart (1998)
 Celebrity (1998)
 Sweet and Lowdown (1999)
 Women Talking Dirty (1999)
 Just Looking (1999)
 Small Time Crooks (2000)

Referencias

Judíos de Suiza
Encyclopædia Britannica

Jacqui Safra


Laçın Rayonu, Azerbaycan'da rayon olarak adlandırılan birinci derece idarî bölümlerden birisidir. Rayonun merkezi Laçın şehridir.

Hakkında
Laçin ili Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti'nin güneybatısında, Ermenistan ile Dağlık Karabağ bölgesi arasındaki Zengezur'un doğusunda yer almaktadır. Kuzeyden Kelbecer, doğudan Hocalı, Şuşa ve Hocavent, güneyden Kubadlı rayonları, batıdan ise Ermenistan Cumhuriyetiyle sınırı bulunmaktadır.

Laçin Rayonu 1924 yılında kurulmuştur. İl olarak resmi kayıtlara geçmesiyse 08 Ağustos 1930 tarihine rastlar. Yüzölçümü 1.84 bin km², nüfusu 72,4 bin (01.04.2013) kişidir. Laçin Rayonunda 1 şehir (Laçin), 1 kasaba (Kaygı), 125 köy vardır.

Laçin ilinin sınırları içinde 200'e yakın tarihi, kültürel ve mimari anıtlar, onlarca kurgan, kale tipi arkeoloji açısından yararlı olan anıtlar, mezar anıtları, stellalar, at, koç figürleri, resimli taşlar mevcuttur. Ayrıca bu bölgede maden su kaynakları oldukça fazladır. 18 Mayıs 1992 yılından 1 Aralık 2020'ye dek bölge Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti'nin işgali altındaydı. Ermeniler İkinci Karabağ Savaşı'nda alınan ağır yenilgi sonrası imzalanan ateşkes gereği 1 Aralık 2020'de Laçın Koridoru üzerinde bulunan Laçın şehri ve çevresindeki iki köy dışında rayonu boşaltıp Azerbaycan'a geri vermiştir.

İşgalden önce il sınırları içinde 217 kültür müessesesi, 142 sağlık ocağı, 133 yönetim birimi ve işletme, 100 eğitim kurumu, 5 kreş, 5 müzik okulu, 1 yatılı okul, 1 teknik meslek lisesi, 1 postane ve diğer kurumlar bulunmaktaydı.

Laçın Rayonu Ermenistan ile Dağlık Karabağ Cumhuriyeti arasında Laçın koridoru denilen geçit bölgesi oluşturulmaktadır. İkinci Karabağ Savaşı sonrası koridorun güzergahı Laçın şehrinin biraz güneyine kaydırılmıştır. Bunun sonucunda 26 Ağustos 2022'de koridorun eski güzergahı üzerinde bulunan Laçın şehri ve çevresindeki Zabuh ve Sus köyleri Azerbaycan'a teslim edilmiş ve böylece 30 yıl sonra rayonun tamamında Azerbaycan kontrolü yeniden sağlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kürdistan Uyezdi

Dış bağlantılar
 Demographic Crisis in Lachin
 An eyewitness report of conditions in 2001

Laçın (rayon)


أوليفر ماريا شميت Oliver Maria Schmitt (ولد في 27 أبريل 1966 في هايلبرون) هو أديب ألماني، تولى من عام 1995 إلى 2000 منصب رئيس تحرير المجلة الساخرة «تيتانيك» Titanic.

كان شميت من عام 1981 إلى 1987 مغنيا وعازف جيتار في فرقة البونك Tiefschlag في هايلبرون.

ترشح في عام 1988 كمرشح مستقل لعضوية البرلمان الإقليمي في بادن فورتمبرغ. وكذلك في عام 1991 لمنصب عمدة هايلبرون وحصل في كلا الانتخابين على 0٬2 % من الأصوات.

درس شميت علم البلاغة وتاريخ الفن في توبنغن وليدز.

أصدر بين عامي 1991 و1994 بالاشتراك مع كليمنس كيزر وبيرنت كاسباراك في توبنغن المجلة الأدبية Unser Huhn، وألف العديد من التمثيليات الإذاعية لإذاعة جنوب ألمانيا وإذاعة الجنوب الغربي.

تولى منصب رئيس تحرير المجلة الساخرة تيتانيك بين عامي 1995 و2000.

وهو ينشر بانتظام في عدة صحف ومجلات هي Titanic, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, tageszeitung, konkret, Der Spiegel und Die Zeit. وهو يعيش حاليا في فرانكفورت على الماين.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كتاب ألمان في القرن 21
كتاب هجائيون ألمان
أشخاص من هايلبرون
مواليد 1966
مواليد في هايلبرون

أوليفر ماريا شميت


Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (born Cecilia Helena Payne;  – ) was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist who proposed in her 1925 doctoral thesis that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Her groundbreaking conclusion was initially rejected because it contradicted the scientific wisdom of the time, which held that there were no significant elemental differences between the Sun and Earth. Independent observations eventually proved she was correct. Her work on the nature of variable stars was foundational to modern astrophysics.

Early life
Cecilia Helena Payne was one of three children born in Wendover in Buckinghamshire, England, to Emma Leonora Helena (née Pertz) and Edward John Payne, a London barrister, historian and musician who had been an Oxford fellow. Her mother came from a Prussian family and had two distinguished uncles, historian Georg Heinrich Pertz and the Swedenborgian writer James John Garth Wilkinson; her sister Florence was a pianist. Cecilia Payne's father died when she was four years old, forcing her mother to raise the family on her own.

Cecilia Payne began school in Wendover at a private school run by Elizabeth Edwards. When she was twelve her mother moved to London for the sake of the education of Cecilia's brother Humfry, who later became an archaeologist. Cecilia attended St Mary's College, Paddington, where she was unable to study much mathematics or science, but in 1918 changed schools for St Paul's Girls' School. There she was urged by Gustav Holst, who taught music at the school, to pursue a career in music, but she preferred to focus on science. The following year she won a scholarship that paid all her expenses at Newnham College, Cambridge University, where she initially read botany, physics, and chemistry but she dropped botany after her first year.

Her interest in astronomy began after she attended a lecture by Arthur Eddington on his 1919 expedition to the island of Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa to observe and photograph the stars near a solar eclipse as a test of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. She said of the lecture: "The result was a complete transformation of my world picture. [...] My world had been so shaken that I experienced something very like a nervous breakdown." She completed her studies, but was not awarded a degree because of her sex; Cambridge did not grant degrees to women until 1948.

Payne realized that her only career option in the U.K. was to become a teacher, so she looked for grants that would enable her to move to the United States. After being introduced to Harlow Shapley, the Director of the Harvard College Observatory, where he had just established a graduate program in astronomy, she left England in 1923. This was made possible by a fellowship to encourage women to study at the observatory. Adelaide Ames had become the first student on the fellowship in 1922; the second was Payne. She was described by Lawrence H. Aller as one of the "most capable go-getters" in Shapley's group.

Doctoral thesis
Shapley persuaded Payne to write a doctoral dissertation, and so in 1925 she became the first person to earn a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College of Harvard University. Her thesis title was Stellar Atmospheres; A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars.Payne was able to accurately relate the spectral classes of stars to their actual temperatures by applying Indian physicist Meghnad Saha's ionization theory. She showed that the great variation in stellar absorption lines was due to differing amounts of ionization at different temperatures, not to different amounts of elements. She found that silicon, carbon, and other common metals seen in the Sun's spectrum were present in about the same relative amounts as on Earth, in agreement with the accepted belief of the time, which held that the stars had approximately the same elemental composition as the Earth. However, she found that helium and particularly hydrogen were vastly more abundant (for hydrogen, by a factor of about one million). Her thesis concluded that hydrogen was the overwhelming constituent of stars, making it the most abundant element in the Universe.

However, when Payne's dissertation was reviewed, astronomer Henry Norris Russell, who stood by the theories of American physicist Henry Rowland, dissuaded her from concluding that the composition of the Sun was predominantly hydrogen because it would contradict the scientific consensus of the time that the elemental composition of the Sun and the Earth were similar. In 1914, he had written in an academic article:
The agreement of the solar and terrestrial lists is such as to confirm very strongly Rowland's opinion that, if the Earth's crust should be raised to the temperature of the Sun's atmosphere, it would give a very similar absorption spectrum. The spectra of the Sun and other stars were similar, so it appeared that the relative abundance of elements in the universe was like that in Earth's crust.

Payne consequently described her results as "spurious". A few years later, astronomer Otto Struve described her work as "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy". Russell also realized she was correct when he derived the same results by different means. In 1929, he published his findings in a paper that briefly acknowledged Payne's earlier work and discovery, including the mention that "[t]he most important previous determination of the abundance of the elements by astrophysical means is that by Miss Payne [...]". Nevertheless, he was generally credited for the conclusions she reached.

Accepted ratios for hydrogen and helium in the Milky Way Galaxy are ~74% hydrogen and ~24% helium, confirming the results of Payne-Gaposchkin's calculations from 1925.

Career

After her doctorate, Payne studied stars of high luminosity to understand the structure of the Milky Way. Later she surveyed all stars brighter than the tenth magnitude. She then studied variable stars, making over 1,250,000 observations with her assistants. This work later was extended to the Magellanic Clouds, adding a further 2,000,000 observations of variable stars. These data were used to determine the paths of stellar evolution. She published her conclusions in her second book, The Stars of High Luminosity (1930). Her observations and analysis of variable stars, carried out with her husband, Sergei Gaposchkin, laid the basis for all subsequent work on such objects.

Payne-Gaposchkin remained scientifically active throughout her life, spending her entire academic career at Harvard. When she began, women were barred from becoming professors at Harvard, so she spent years doing less prestigious, low-paid research jobs. Nevertheless, her work resulted in several published books, including The Stars of High Luminosity (1930), Variable Stars (1938) and Variable Stars and Galactic Structure (1954). Shapley had made efforts to improve her position, and in 1938 she was given the title of "Astronomer." On Payne's request, her title was later changed to Phillips Astronomer, an endowed position which would make her an "officer of the university"; in order to get approval for her title, Shapley assured the university that giving Payne-Gaposchkin this position would not make her equivalent to a professor, but privately pushed for the position to be later converted into an explicit professorship as the "Phillips Professor of Astronomy". She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1943. Her courses were not recorded in the Harvard University catalogue until 1945.

When Donald Menzel became Director of the Harvard College Observatory in 1954, he tried to improve her appointment, and in 1956 she became the first woman to be promoted to full professor from within the faculty at Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences. She was appointed the Phillips Professor of Astronomy in 1958. Later, with her appointment to the Chair of the Department of Astronomy, she also became the first woman to head a department at Harvard.[14]

Her students included Helen Sawyer Hogg, Joseph Ashbrook, Frank Drake, Harlan Smith and Paul W. Hodge, all of whom made important contributions to astronomy. She also supervised Frank Kameny and Owen Gingerich.

Payne-Gaposchkin retired from active teaching in 1966 and was subsequently appointed Professor Emerita of Harvard. She continued her research as a member of staff at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, as well as editing the journals and books published by Harvard Observatory for ten years. She edited and published the lectures of Walter Baade as Evolution of Stars and Galaxies (1963).

Legacy
Payne's career marked a turning point at Harvard College Observatory. Under the direction of Harlow Shapley and Dr E. J. Sheridan (whom Payne-Gaposchkin described as a mentor), the observatory had already offered more opportunities in astronomy to women than did other institutions. This was evident in the achievements accomplished earlier in the century by Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, Annie Jump Cannon, and Henrietta Swan Leavitt. However, with Payne's PhD, women entered the mainstream.

The trail she blazed into the largely male-dominated scientific community was an inspiration to many. For example, she became a role model for astrophysicist Joan Feynman. Feynman's mother and grandmother had dissuaded her from pursuing science, since they believed women were not physically capable of understanding scientific concepts. Feynman was inspired by Payne-Gaposchkin when she came across her work in an astronomy textbook. Seeing Payne-Gaposchkin's published research convinced Feynman that she could, in fact, follow her scientific passions.

While accepting the Henry Norris Russell Prize from the American Astronomical Society, Payne spoke of her lifelong passion for research: "The reward of the young scientist is the emotional thrill of being the first person in the history of the world to see something or understand something. Nothing can compare with that experience [...] The reward of the old scientist is the sense of having seen a vague sketch grow into a masterly landscape."

Personal life
In her autobiography, Payne tells that while in school she created an experiment on the efficacy of prayer by dividing her exams in two groups, praying for success only on one, the other one being a control group. She achieved the higher marks in the latter group. Later on, she became an agnostic.

In 1931, Payne became a United States citizen. On a tour through Europe in 1933, she met Russian-born astrophysicist Sergei I. Gaposchkin in Germany. She helped him get a visa to the United States, and they married in March 1934, settling in the historic town of Lexington, Massachusetts, a short commute from Harvard. Payne added her husband's name to her own, and the Payne-Gaposchkins had three children: Edward, Katherine and Peter. Payne's daughter remembers her as "an inspired seamstress, an inventive knitter, and a voracious reader". Payne and her family were members of the First Unitarian Church in Lexington, where Cecilia taught Sunday school.
She was also active with the Quakers. She died at her home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 7, 1979, aged 79.
Shortly before her death, Payne had her autobiography privately printed as The Dyer's Hand. It was later reprinted as Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: An Autobiography and Other Recollections.

Payne's younger brother, Humfry Payne (1902–1936), who married author and film critic Dilys Powell, became director of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, where he died in 1936, aged 34. Payne's granddaughter, Cecilia Gaposchkin, is a professor of late medieval cultural history and French history at Dartmouth College.

Honors and awards

 Elected member of Royal Astronomical Society while still a student at Cambridge (1923)
 Became one of 250 scientists added to the 4th edition of American Men of Science (1927)
 Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy (1934) – first recipient
 Member of the American Philosophical Society (1936)
 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1943)
Award of Merit from Radcliffe College (1952)
Rittenhouse Medal from the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society at the Franklin Institute (1961)
 Professor Emerita of Harvard University (1967)
 Asteroid 2039 Payne-Gaposchkin, discovered in 1974, is named after her
 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society (1976)
 Institute of Physics Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Medal and Prize named in her honor (2008)
The American Physical Society's Doctoral Dissertation Award in Astrophysics renamed the Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Doctoral Dissertation Award in Astrophysics (2018)
 One of the ASAS-SN telescopes deployed in South Africa was named after her
 Honorary Degrees from Rutgers University, Wilson College, Smith College, Western College, Colby College, and the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania
The Payne-Gaposchkin Patera (volcano) on Venus is named after her

Selected bibliography
Published academic books:
 The Stars of High Luminosity (1930)
 Variable Stars (1938)
 Variable Stars and Galactic Structure (1954)
 Introduction to Astronomy (1954)
 The Galactic Novae (1957)

Significant research papers:

See also
 Harvard Computers, a number of women working as skilled workers to process astronomical data at Harvard Observatory under the direction of Edward Charles Pickering (1877 to 1919)
 "Sisters of the Sun", eighth episode of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, 2014 American science documentary television series
 Timeline of women in science

References

Further reading
Chapman, Emma (December 20, 2020). "The life-changing and long-lasting influence of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin" BBC Science Focus Magazine

Moore, Donovan (2020) What Stars Are Made Of: The Life of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Harvard U. Press

Bretislav Friedrich. "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979)."

Obituaries

External links

 Oral history interview transcript with Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin on 5 March 1968, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives – interview conducted by Owen Gingerich at Harvard College Observatory

 Biography from Goodsell Observatory
 Bibliography from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
 Chercheuses d'étoiles, an episode about Cecilia Payne as part of Le Monde's series on women in science (in French)

1900 births
1979 deaths
20th-century British astronomers
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
American astrophysicists
American women astronomers
British astrophysicists
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
Radcliffe College alumni
Harvard University faculty
American agnostics
American Unitarians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy
People from Wendover
People from Lexington, Massachusetts
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century British women scientists
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
British people of Prussian descent
Harvard College Observatory people
American women academics
American women physicists
Women astrophysicists
Women planetary scientists
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin


Sveiplilja (fræðiheiti: Chimaphila umbellata) er tegund blómplantna af lyngætt. Hún vex víða á norðurhveli á svæðum með heimskauta eða tempruðu veðurfari.

Undirtegundir
Til hennar teljast fimm undirtegundir:

Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata – Evrópa, Asía
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta – suðvestur Norður Ameríka
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica – norðaustur Norður Ameríka
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis – norðvestur Norður Ameríka
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. domingensis - Hispaníóla

Tilvísanir

Lyngætt

Sveiplilja


ويكيبيديا تعد أكبر مشروع موسوعة قائمة على الإنترنت، تعتمد على نظام الويكي. تسمح للمستخدمين بتعديل وإضافة محتوياتها (مقالاتها). تثار الشكوك حول مصداقية معلومات ويكيبيديا، حيث أن محرري الموسوعة ليسوا متخصصين بالضرورة، وربما يكون هدفهم في بعض الأحيان التخريب، أو التأثير على الرأى العام، أو تزوير حقائق عن المواضيع النزاعية.

بالرغم من ذلك تشهد بعض الدراسات العلمية بمستوى عال من الوثوقية في محتوى ويكيبيديا وخاصة النسخة الإنجليزية فقد أوضحت دراسات من دورية نيتشر ومعهد ام اي تي أن محتوى ويكيبيديا لا يقل كفاءة عن محتوى موسوعات متخصصة مثل بريتانيكا.

نموذج الويكي

إن نظام الويكي الذي تعتمد عليه ويكيبيديا قد كان سبباً لمدحها وذمها في نفس الوقت؛ فقد ساعد هذا النظام على زيادة محتويات الموسوعة في وقت قصير، وجعلها أكبر عمل موسوعي على الإنترنت، لكن في نفس الوقت يسمح هذا النظام للمستخدمين بإضافة ما يحلو لهم من معلومات مضللة أو غير دقيقة أو غير صحيحة في بعض الأحيان، ولهذا فالكثير من الأكادميين والباحثين وأيضاً محرري موسوعات أخرى ينتقدون ويكيبيديا كعمل موسوعي يمكن الاستناد إليه.

عدم موثوقية معلومات ويكيبيديا دفعت لاري سانجر الذي كان أحد مؤسسي الموسوعة إلى إعلان نقده لويكيبيديا، وبدأ مشروع موسوعة سيتيزنديوم التي تعتمد على نفس نظام الويكي لكنها لا تسمح للمستخدمين غير المسجلين بتحرير محتوياتها، وتعتمد على متخصصين.

صور النبي محمد

عرضت ويكيبديا الإنجليزية والفرنسية صورًا تصور شخص الرسول محمد بن عبد الله. أثار هذا حفيظة الكثير من المسلمين، حيث أنه في التشريع الإسلامي لا يجوز تصوير شخصية الرسول أو الصحابة المقربين. شكلت حملة إلكترونية تدعو إلى حذف هذه الصور. لكن ويكيبيديا رفضت ذلك.

مواضيع متعلقة

 تاريخ ويكيبيديا

مراجع

انتقادات لشركات
انتقادات موجهة لويكيبيديا
نقاد ويكيبيديا

انتقاد ويكيبيديا


Jacques Funck foi um engenheiro militar sueco que esteve ao serviço de Portugal durante Guerra hispano-portuguesa (1776-1777). Por ordem do general Boehm, cartografou a Fronteira do Rio Pardo, preocupando-se fundamentalmente com a sua defesa. A sua Planta abrangeu desde a vila de Rio Pardo até o Passo do Jacuí, destacando as guardas luso-brasileiras, os caminhos por terra e os locais de travessia do rio  .

Jacques Funck


امرأة آيلة للسقوط هو فيلم روائي درامي وجريمة مصري، من إنتاج ناهد فريد شوقي عام 1992 وإخراج مدحت السباعي مقتبس من الفيلم الأمريكي أريد أن أعيش لسنة 1959 الحائز على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثلة سوزان هيوارد.

القصة
تجسد فيه الممثلة يسرا دور امرأة تعاني من أهوال زوجها المدمن علي المخدرات لتبدأ مسلسل السقوط، حيث تشارك في مخطط لسرقة أحد المنازل مع مجرمين آخريين، إلا أن ذينك المجرمين لايكتفيان بالسرقة وإنما يقتلان قاطني المنزل، وعندما تقوم البطلة بمحاولة لبيع المجوهرات المسروقة يفتضح أمرها ويلقى القبض علي كامل العصابة، والتي تلقي بالمسؤولية علي البطلة والتي يحكم عليها بالإعدام، وتتوالي الأحداث.

الممثلون
 فريد شوقي
 هدى سلطان
 يسرا
 محمود حميدة
 عبد العزيز مخيون
 صلاح قابيل
 لطفي لبيب
 محسن سرحان
 محمد وفيق

المراجع

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1992
أفلام يسرا
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام هدى سلطان
أفلام محمود حميدة
أفلام عبد العزيز مخيون
أفلام صلاح قابيل
أفلام محسن سرحان
أفلام جريمة مصرية

امرأة آيلة للسقوط (فيلم)


Robert F. "Bob" Orr (born October 11, 1946) is an American attorney, jurist, and politician who served as an associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1995 to 2004. Orr was a Republican candidate for governor of North Carolina in 2008 North Carolina gubernatorial election.

Early life and education
Orr was born in Norfolk, Virginia and spent his childhood in Hendersonville, North Carolina. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Orr served in the United States Army from 1968 to 1971. Orr returned to Chapel Hill to earn his Juris Doctor at University of North Carolina School of Law.

Career
After graduating from law school, Orr entered private law practice in Asheville, North Carolina. In 1986, Orr was appointed to the North Carolina Court of Appeals, and in 1994 was elected to the state's highest court. From 1992 to 1993, Orr served on the United States National Park System Advisory Board. Orr formerly served as an adjunct faculty member at North Carolina Central University and at UNC School of Law.

On July 31, 2004, Orr retired from the state Supreme Court during the summer to head the newly formed North Carolina Institute for Constitutional Law.

In December 2006, The News & Observer reported that Orr was exploring a run for governor of North Carolina in 2008.  He made his candidacy official in late January 2007. He lost to Pat McCrory in the May 2008 primary. Orr then returned to the NC Institute for Constitutional Law. He stepped down from leading the institute in 2011 and joined the Poyner Spruill law firm. Gov. McCrory appointed him to serve as district attorney for the 24th district in 2014, filling a vacancy through the 2014 general election. He subsequently returned to the private practice of law.

Orr was a delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention. A supporter of John Kasich, Orr said he would not vote for his party's nominee, Donald Trump, in the general election, telling a reporter that Trump would be "a danger to the country." Uproar over Orr's comments resulted in his credentials as a delegate being withheld which led him to leave the convention early.

Orr officially left the Republican Party in February 2021, changing his registration to unaffiliated.

References

External links
 North Carolina Institute for Constitutional Law web site

1946 births
Living people
Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court
North Carolina Central University faculty
North Carolina Court of Appeals judges
North Carolina Republicans
Politicians from Norfolk, Virginia
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni

Robert F. Orr


Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in lower light better than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.  Rods are usually found concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells (vs ~6 million cones) in the human retina. Rod cells are more sensitive than cone cells and are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, rods have little role in color vision, which is the main reason why colors are much less apparent in dim light.

Structure
Rods are a little longer and leaner than cones but have the same basic structure. Opsin-containing disks lie at the end of the cell adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium, which in turn is attached to the inside of the eye. The stacked-disc structure of the detector portion of the cell allows for very high efficiency. Rods are much more common than cones, with about 120 million rod cells compared to 6 to 7 million cone cells.

Like cones, rod cells have a synaptic terminal, an inner segment, and an outer segment.  The synaptic terminal forms a synapse with another neuron, usually a bipolar cell  or a horizontal cell. The inner and outer segments are connected by a cilium, which lines the distal segment.  The inner segment contains organelles and the cell's nucleus, while the rod outer segment (abbreviated to ROS), which is pointed toward the back of the eye, contains the light-absorbing materials.

A human rod cell is about 2 microns in diameter and 100 microns long. Rods are not all morphologically the same; in mice, rods close to the outer plexiform synaptic layer display a reduced length due to a shortened synaptic terminal.

Function

Photoreception

In vertebrates, activation of a photoreceptor cell is a hyperpolarization (inhibition) of the cell. When they are not being stimulated, such as in the dark, rod cells and cone cells depolarize and release a neurotransmitter spontaneously. This neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the bipolar cell. Bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors and ganglion cells and act to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. As a result of the bipolar cell being hyperpolarized, it does not release its transmitter at the bipolar-ganglion synapse and the synapse is not excited.

Activation of photopigments by light sends a signal by hyperpolarizing the rod cell, leading to the rod cell not sending its neurotransmitter, which leads to the bipolar cell then releasing its transmitter at the bipolar-ganglion synapse and exciting the synapse.

Depolarization of rod cells (causing release of their neurotransmitter) occurs because in the dark, cells have a relatively high concentration of cyclic guanosine 3'-5' monophosphate (cGMP), which opens ion channels (largely sodium channels, though calcium can enter through these channels as well). The positive charges of the ions that enter the cell down its electrochemical gradient change the cell's membrane potential, cause depolarization, and lead to the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate can depolarize some neurons and hyperpolarize others, allowing photoreceptors to interact in an antagonistic manner.

When light hits photoreceptive pigments within the photoreceptor cell, the pigment changes shape. The pigment, called rhodopsin (conopsin is found in cone cells) comprises a large protein called opsin (situated in the plasma membrane), attached to which is a covalently bound prosthetic group: an organic molecule called retinal (a derivative of vitamin A). The retinal exists in the 11-cis-retinal form when in the dark, and stimulation by light causes its structure to change to all-trans-retinal. This structural change causes an increased affinity for the regulatory protein called transducin (a type of G protein).  Upon binding to rhodopsin, the alpha subunit of the G protein replaces a molecule of GDP with a molecule of GTP and becomes activated.  This replacement causes the alpha subunit of the G protein to dissociate from the beta and gamma subunits of the G protein. As a result, the alpha subunit is now free to bind to the cGMP phosphodiesterase (an effector protein).  The alpha subunit interacts with the inhibitory PDE gamma subunits and prevents them from blocking catalytic sites on the alpha and beta subunits of PDE, leading to the activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase, which hydrolyzes cGMP (the second messenger), breaking it down into 5'-GMP. Reduction in cGMP allows the ion channels to close, preventing the influx of positive ions, hyperpolarizing the cell, and stopping the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Though cone cells primarily use the neurotransmitter substance acetylcholine, rod cells use a variety. The entire process by which light initiates a sensory response is called visual phototransduction.

Activation of a single unit of rhodopsin, the photosensitive pigment in rods, can lead to a large reaction in the cell because the signal is amplified. Once activated, rhodopsin can activate hundreds of transducin molecules, each of which in turn activates a phosphodiesterase molecule, which can break down over a thousand cGMP molecules per second. Thus, rods can have a large response to a small amount of light.

As the retinal component of rhodopsin is derived from vitamin A, a deficiency of vitamin A causes a deficit in the pigment needed by rod cells. Consequently, fewer rod cells are able to sufficiently respond in darker conditions, and as the cone cells are poorly adapted for sight in the dark, blindness can result. This is night-blindness.

Reversion to the resting state
Rods make use of three inhibitory mechanisms (negative feedback mechanisms) to allow a rapid revert to the resting state after a flash of light.

Firstly, there exists a rhodopsin kinase (RK) which would phosphorylate the cytosolic tail of the activated rhodopsin on the multiple serines, partially inhibiting the activation of transducin. Also, an inhibitory protein - arrestin then binds to the phosphorylated rhodopsins to further inhibit the rhodopsin activity.

While arrestin shuts off rhodopsin, an RGS protein (functioning as a GTPase-activating proteins(GAPs)) drives the transducin (G-protein) into an "off" state by increasing the rate of hydrolysis of the bounded GTP to GDP.

When the cGMP concentration falls, the previously open cGMP sensitive channels close, leading to a reduction in the influx of calcium ions. The associated decrease in the concentration of calcium ions stimulates the calcium ion-sensitive proteins, which then activate the guanylyl cyclase to replenish the cGMP, rapidly restoring it to its original concentration. This opens the cGMP sensitive channels and causes a depolarization of the plasma membrane.

Desensitization
When the rods are exposed to a high concentration of photons for a prolonged period, they become desensitized (adapted) to the environment.

As rhodopsin is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase (a member of the GPCR kinases(GRKs)), it binds with high affinity to the arrestin. The bound arrestin can contribute to the desensitization process in at least two ways. First, it prevents the interaction between the G protein and the activated receptor. Second, it serves as an adaptor protein to aid the receptor to the clathrin-dependent endocytosis machinery (to induce receptor-mediated endocytosis).

Sensitivity
A rod cell is sensitive enough to respond to a single photon of light and is about 100 times more sensitive to a single photon than cones.  Since rods require less light to function than cones, they are the primary source of visual information at night (scotopic vision). Cone cells, on the other hand, require tens to hundreds of photons to become activated. Additionally, multiple rod cells converge on a single interneuron, collecting and amplifying the signals. However, this convergence comes at a cost to visual acuity (or image resolution) because the pooled information from multiple cells is less distinct than it would be if the visual system received information from each rod cell individually.

Rod cells also respond more slowly to light than cones and the stimuli they receive are added over roughly 100 milliseconds. While this makes rods more sensitive to smaller amounts of light, it also means that their ability to sense temporal changes, such as quickly changing images, is less accurate than that of cones.

Experiments by George Wald and others showed that rods are most sensitive to wavelengths of light around 498 nm (green-blue), and insensitive to wavelengths longer than about 640 nm (red). This is responsible for the Purkinje effect: as intensity dims at twilight, the rods take over, and before color disappears completely, peak sensitivity of vision shifts towards the rods' peak sensitivity (blue-green).

See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

References

External links
 NIF Search - Rod Cell via the Neuroscience Information Framework

Human eye anatomy
Histology
Photoreceptor cells
Human cells
Neurons

Rod cell