Sabinjanke (također poznata i kao Intervencija Sabinjanki ili Sabinjanke zaustavljaju bitku Rimljana i Sabinjana) je neoklasicistička slika Jacquesa-Louisa Davida koja prikazuje temu iz povijesti Starog Rima poznatu kao Otmica Sabinjanki. Tema slike je trenutak kada su se Sabinjanke zajedno sa svojom djecom bacile među zaraćene Rimljane, svoje muževe, i Sabinjane, svoju braću, da bi ih rastavile i spriječile krvoproliće u kojemu i same na kraju stradaju.
David ja započeo ovu sliku u Luxembourškoj palači 1795. godine, dok je bio utamnjičen tijekom Revolucionarnog terora za jakobinske diktature jer je podržavao Robespierrea. Slika je protumačena kao poziv na pomirbu zavađenih revolucionara, te je umjetniku pomogla da ponovno stekne ugled i položaj.

Slika je prvi put izložena na Pariškom salonu 1799. godine, zajedno s umjetnikovim pojašnjanjem prikaza. Nakon što je privukla brojne posjetitelje, sliku je David prodao 1819. godine Kraljevskim muzejima za 10.0000 franaka. Od tada je bila izložena u Luxembourškoj palači, a u Louvre je vraćena 1826. godine nakon smrti umjetnika. Kratko vrijeme kada su djela brojnih umjetnika bila izbačena iz Louvrea, slika se nalazila u Opatiji Cluny, gdje je David nekad slikao.

Odlike

Kompozicija se zasniva na dva plana, prvi sa svim figurama organizirane u horizontalnoj traci, poput likova na antičkim grupnim reljefima, te drugim planom s tvrđavom na stijeni i nemirnim nebom. Dubina prostora postignuta je primjenom snažne zračne perspektive, a forma je zatvorena. U pozadini se nalazi tvrđava i Tarpejska stijena (s koje su Rimljani bacali izdajnike) kao čvrsta neprobojna barikada u prostoru. Nebo je tmurno kao da je nevrijeme, ali opet prevladavaju svijetli tonovi.

Središnja figura je djevojka u bijelom koja je ujedno i najosvjetljenija na slici. Ona stoji raširenih ruku između dva gola ratnika, kao da ih želi otjerati. Smatra se kako je riječ o Hersiliji, kćerki Tita Tacija, kralja Sabinjana, dok su ratnici koje zaustavlja njen otac Tacije i njen muž Romul koji je prikazan kako oklijeva kopljem probosti svog punca, Tacija.

Slika je veoma realistična, ispunjena je snažnim tijelima ratnika, žena i njihove djece. Figure su napete, u pokretu, te odišu ratničkim i herojskim duhom.

Bilješke

 Simon Lee, David, Pariz, Phaidon, 2002., 1. izd.
 David - The Sabine Women , video na Smarthistory, Khan Academy  Pristupljeno 27. svibnja 2017.

Slike Jacquesa-Louisa Davida
Slike u Louvreu
Slike iz 1790-ih

Sabinjanke


Žabokreky nad Nitrou este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Partizánske din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.724 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Žabokreky nad Nitrou este atestată documentar din 1291.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Žabokreky nad Nitrou


(Latin for A Play on the End of Time) is a choral opera-oratorio by 20th-century German composer Carl Orff. His last large work, and a personal one, it took ten years to compile the text (1960 to 1970) and another two years to compose (1969 to 1971); he revised it in 1979 and again in 1981. Orff presents a mystery play summarizing his view of the end of time sung in Ancient Greek, Latin, and a German translation by Wolfgang Schadewaldt. De temporum fine comoedia was recorded before it was premiered. Herbert von Karajan conducted sessions from 16 to 21 July 1973 in a studio in Leverkusen-Wiesdorf, employing three choruses (the Tölzer Knabenchor, the RIAS Kammerchor and the Kölner Rundfunkchor) and the Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra. The public and stage premiere took place at the Salzburg Festival a month later, on 20 August, with the same forces and stage direction by August Everding.

Roles

Music

Summary/dramatis personae
The opera is in 3 parts, with each part having its own characters.
Part 1 involves 9 Sibyls, represented by female singers.
 3 dramatic sopranos
 4 mezzo-sopranos
 1 alto
 1 deep contralto

Part 2 involves 9 anchorites, represented by male singers
 1 tenor
 5 baritones
 2 basses
 1 basso profondo
There is also a children's choir, along with a tenor section that is heard on a magnetic tape.

Part 3 involves the following roles:
 The last beings; represented by three large mixed choirs
 The choral leader, a speaking part
 Lucifer, who appears near the end, a speaking role
There is also a double chorus of sopranos and altos used near the end, as well as two soloists, tenor and contralto, to represent the "Vox Mundana". A children's choir is also used to represent the "Voces caelestes".

1. Die Sibyllen (The Sibyls)
 "Heis theós estin anarchos, hypermegéthaes, agénaetos" (A god is, without beginning, immense, unformed)
 "Opse theü g'aléüsi myloi" (The mills of God are late to grind)
 "Pasin homü nyx estin isae tois plüton echusin kai ptochois" (The same night awaits all, rich and poor)
 "Choneusó gar hapanta kai eis katharón dialexó" (I will melt everything down and purify it)
 "Vae! Ibunt impii in gehennam ignis eterni" (Woe! The impious shall enter the hell of the eternal fire)

2. Die Anachoreten (The Anchorites)

3. Dies illa (That Day)

Orchestration
The music requires a very unusual, and possibly symmetrical orchestra:

 6 flutes (all doubling on piccolos)
 6 E clarinets (3 doubling on B clarinets)*
 contrabassoon
 6 horns in F
 8 trumpets in C
 6 trombones
tuba

 a consort of 4 viols
 8 contrabasses
 electronic tape
 an enormous amount of percussion (including about 100 instruments)
 3 harps
 3 pianos, each with two players
 electronic organ

 In an intermediary revision of the work, Orff had all six clarinets in B.

The percussion section, requiring about 25 to 30 players, consists of:

 2 snare drums
 6 tambourines
 3 tenor drums
 2 bass drums (one with attached cymbal)
 3 darabukka (alto, tenor, and bass)
 3 tom-toms
 6 congas
 bass conga
 4 "timpanetti" with unpitched wooden drum heads (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass)
 5 timpani (3 with cymbals)
 5 crotales
 5 suspended cymbals
 1 pair of crash cymbals
 3 copper tam-tams (40–60 centimetres in diameter)

 2 tam-tams (large & very large)
 gong pitched to low C
 dobaci (a Japanese temple bell) pitched to C
 5 high bronze bells "at the interval of a semitone"
 two sets of tubular bells
 triangle
 guiro
 whip
 maracas
 6 castanets
 hyoshigi*
 angklung
 3 wood bells, actually referring to temple blocks
 5 wood blocks

 "simple" and "double" ratchets
 3 "large church ratchets"
 4 water glasses
 celesta
 2 glockenspiels
 lithophone
 metallophone
 xylophone
 tenor xylophone
 bass xylophone
 2 marimbas

 The hyoshigi are used only on the inside of the piano at the climax of part 3, where they are struck hard on the piano strings by a percussionist. In the original score, they were used in one other passage as well.

The total forces used for the taped sections are

 piccolo
 8 flutes
 10 trumpets in C
 4 trombones
 2 pianos
 grand church organ
 glockenspiel

 marimba
 crotales
 timpano, as well as large vocal forces:
 tenor and contralto solos
 a large chorus (emitting a loud scream); a tenor section, and double-chorus of sopranos and altos
 a children's chorus (soprano).

There is also one spoken part, an echo of one of the sibyls' spoken dialogue, accompanied by wind machine.

Tape sections
The music on the magnetic tape is used in four different places, most notably at the end when Lucifer appears.

The first section is used in part 1, and requires the following instruments:
 piccolo
 glockenspiel
 marimba
 piano

The second section, also used in part 1 utilizes the following:
 wind machine, accompanying an echo of one of the Sibyl's dialogue.

The third section is used in part 2:
 A children's choir and tenor section
 2 trumpets in C
 crotales
 glockenspiel
 marimba
 timpano
 2 pianos

The fourth and final section is used towards the end of part 3. In Orff's final revision in 1981, this taped section was omitted and instead given to players in the orchestra:

 8 flutes
 10 trumpets in C, intoning a fanfare to heaven
 4 trombones
 A female chorus (SSAA)
 tenor and contralto soloists
 children's choir

1979 revision
Orff later made extensive revisions to De temporum fine comoedia with many changes in orchestration. In his 1981 revision the following instruments were added:
 1 snare drum, bringing the total number to 3
 7 water glasses, bringing the total to 11
 grand church organ, in return omitting it on tape

The following instruments were eliminated:

 triangle
 3 timpanetti, leaving only 1 (alto)
 All 3 copper tam-tams
 2 church ratchets, leaving only 1
 2 suspended cymbals, bringing the number down to 3

The modifications to the pre-recorded music consist of the addition of the following:
 1 piano, bringing the total up to 3
 3 contrabasses

The omissions consisted of:

 All 8 flutes
 8 trumpets, leaving only 2
 All 4 trombones
 grand church organ, instead brought into the orchestra
 double-chorus of sopranos and altos, replaced by a small chorus in the orchestra pit
 tenor and alto soloists, whose parts are reduced and sung live

In addition to loud percussive passages, there are also as periods of calm piano and straight dialogue. In this culmination of his stage works, Orff almost abandons his diatonicism to chromaticism, which enriches and thickens the musical texture, and octatonicism.

As the play is about to finish, after the destruction of all worldly material, Satan asks for forgiveness and is restored to Angel Lucifer, thus forgiven. The unsettling chromaticism here ends and Bach's Before Thy Throne (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit, BWV 668) strikes up in a canon from the four viols. This canon is pandiatonic and upon its completion, its mirror image is stated (that is the identical material played backward).

References
Notes

Sources
Boyer, Paul S. (1994), When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture, Harvard University Press,

Further reading
Rockwell, John (December 5, 2003). "Gong Beyond Carmina Burana, and Beyond Orff's Stigma". The New York Times

Bibliography
 Alberto Fassone, Carl Orff, Libreria Musicale Italiana, 2. edition, Lucca 2009. .
 Horst Leuchtmann (ed.), Carl Orff. Ein Gedenkbuch, Hans Schneider, Tutzing 1985. .
 Carl Orff, Carl Orff und sein Werk. Dokumentation, vol. VIII, Theatrum Mundi, Hans Schneider, Tutzing 1983; .
 Thomas Rösch (ed.), Text, Musik, Szene ─ Das Musiktheater von Carl Orff. Symposium Orff-Zentrum München 2007, Schott Verlag, Mainz 2015; .
 Thomas Rösch, Zur Bedeutung der »hypokryphen Zitate« im letzten Teil »Dies illae« von Carl Orffs »De temporum fine comoedia«, in: Thomas Rösch (ed.), Text, Musik, Szene ─ Das Musiktheater von Carl Orff. Symposium Orff-Zentrum München 2007, Schott Verlag, Mainz 2015, pp. 247–299; .
 Werner Thomas, Carl Orff, »De temporum fine comoedia«. Das Spiel vom Ende der Zeiten. Vigilia, Hans Schneider, Tutzing 1973, .
 Werner Thomas, Das Rad der Fortuna ─ Ausgewählte Aufsätze zu Werk und Wirkung Carl Orffs, Schott Verlag, Mainz 1990, .
 Werner Thomas, Dem unbekannten Gott. Ein nicht ausgeführtes Chorwerk von Carl Orff, Schott Verlag, Mainz 1997, .

External links
De temporum fine comœdia – a play on the end of time (1973/1981), orff.de

Operas by Carl Orff
Operas
1973 operas
Operas in Latin
Multiple-language operas

De temporum fine comoedia


KMPFSPRT est un groupe allemand de punk rock, originaire de Cologne.

Histoire
Kmpfsprt est fondée en 2010 sous le nom de Lyon Estates. Comme le nom est déjà pris, on choisit alors , sport de combat. Comme cela sonnait trop martial, le groupe supprime les voyelles, comme il est courant dans l'argot hipster. Ses membres jouaient auparavant avec Fire in the Attic et Days in Grief, les paroles deviennent en allemand. L'EP Das ist doch kein Name für 'ne Band, qui comprend six chansons, sort en 2012 chez Redfield Records.

Suit une longue tournée en 2012. Le groupe joue notamment avec Die Kassierer lors de la Ringrocker Warm Up Party. En 2014, le premier album Jugend mutiert sort chez Uncle M Music. Le groupe part ensuite en tournée avec le groupe punk américain A Wilhelm Scream.

Début 2015, le groupe annonce que le batteur Max Schreiber part pour des raisons professionnelles et familiales. En 2016, le deuxième album du groupe Intervention sort chez People Like You Records et atteint la  place des charts allemands. En , Daniel Plotzki, qui a déjà joué avec Fire in the Attic, reprend la batterie. En , le groupe annonce que Daniel Plotzki quitte le groupe.

Le groupe revient avec l'album Euphorie und Panik qui sort le  chez Uncle M Music et atteint la  place en Allemagne la semaine de sa sortie.

Discographie
Albums
 2014 : Jugend mutiert (Uncle M Music)
 2016 : Intervention (People Like You Records)
 2018 : Gaijin (People Like You Records)
 2022 : Euphorie und Panik (Uncle M Music)

EPs
 2012 : Das ist doch kein Name für 'ne Band (MCD/12", Redfield Records)
 2015 : Boysetsfire/KMPFSPRT Split (10", Uncle M)
 2020 : KMPFSPRT (7", Uncle M)

Références

Liens externes

Source de la traduction

Groupe allemand de punk rock
Groupe musical formé en 2010
Groupe musical allemand des années 2010
Groupe musical allemand des années 2020

KMPFSPRT


Moralisti su filozofi ili pisci koji za razliku od teoretske etike nastoje opisivati konkretno ljudsko ponašanje i djelovanje, primjenjujući strogo i formalno moralna načela. Posebice u filozofiji označava autore koji moralu pridaju posebno mjesto i drže moralnost glavnim načelom za tumačenje čitave stvarnosti (J. G. Fichte) (moralizam). U užem smislu, pojam označava skupinu francuskih pisaca i filozofa 7. – 8. stoljeću koji su opisivali, najčešće u književnim oblicima eseja, maksima i aforizama, karaktere i moralno ponašanje suvremenika (M. de Montaigne, F. de La Rochefoucauld, J. de La Bruyère, B. Pascal). Korijeni im sežu do antičkih autora (Teofrast, Seneka, Plutarh), a pojavljuju se i u Španjolskoj (B. Gracián y Morales). Njihov je utjecaj vidljiv na primjer kod P. Valéryja, A. Schopenhauera, O. Wildea i dr.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Filozofija

Moralisti


est une série télévisée policière américaine créée par Michael Connelly, développée pour Amazon par Tom Bernardo, Michael Connelly et Eric Overmyer, et mise en ligne à partir du  sur Prime Video. Il s'agit d'une série dérivée de Harry Bosch, mettant en scène le personnage de Harry Bosch.

Synopsis
L'ancien inspecteur du Los Angeles Police Department Harry Bosch s'est reconverti en détective privé. Il coopère occasionnellement avec l'avocate Honey « Money » Chandler, après avoir souvent été son "adversaire" par le passé. Sa fille Maddie fait partie des nouvelles recrues de la police de la Cité des anges. Harry est aidé par Maurice « Mo » Bassi, un spécialiste des nouvelles technologies.

Dans la saison 1, Harry Bosch est engagé par un milliardaire mourant, Whitney Vance, qui recherche ses héritiers. L'ancien policier aide également Honey Chandler à prouver que Jeffrey Herstadt, un déséquilibré, n'est pas le véritable assassin d'un médecin des services sociaux très apprécié. De son côté, Maddie Bosch découvre le métier de policière sur le terrain. Elle est notamment très marquée par une affaire de viol et se lie avec la victime, Preeda Saetang. De son côté, Honey Chandler tente de se reconstruire après sa tentative de meurtre commanditée par l'homme d'affaires Carl Rogers, qui n'est désormais plus poursuivi par la justice. Honey et Harry tentent de le faire tomber et de prouver ses liens avec la mafia russe.

Distribution

Acteurs principaux
 Titus Welliver  : Harry Bosch
 Mimi Rogers  : Honey « Money » Chandler
 Madison Lintz  : Madeline « Maddie » Bosch
 Stephen A. Chang  : Maurice « Mo » Bassi

Acteurs récurrents

Saison 1
 Michael Rose  : Carl Rogers
 Phil Morris  : John Creighton
 William Devane  : Whitney Vance
 Steven Flynn  : David Sloan
 Denise G. Sanchez  : Reina Vasquez
 Mark Rolston  : le lieutenant Don Thorne
 David Moses  : le professeur Martin « Marty » Rose
 Alex Loynaz  : Matthew Ramirez
 Kate Burton  : Ida Porter
 Andrew Borba  : Philip Corwin
 Konstantin Melikhov  : Alex Ivanovich
 Bogdan Yasinski  : Lev Ivanovich
 Anthony Gonzales  : l'officier Rico Perez
 Jason Dirden  : l'inspecteur Morrison
 Kandiss Edmundson  : l'inspectrice Althea Coleman
 Hugo Armstrong  : l'inspecteur Gustafason
 Danielle Larracuente  : l'officier Paulina Calderon

Invités de Harry Bosch
 Gregory Scott Cummins : Moore, surnommé Laurel (Crate en )
 Troy Evans : Johnson, surnommé Hardy (Barrel en )
 Jamie Hector : Jerry Edgar
  : le sergent John « Mank » Mankiewicz
 Cynthia Kaye McWilliams : l'inspecteur Joan Bennett

Production

Développement
Il s'agit d'une série dérivée de la série Bosch dont les sept saisons formées de 68 épisodes ont été diffusées sur Prime Video de 2014 à 2021. L'acteur Titus Welliver compare cette nouvelle série à une  saison de Harry Bosch, même si Harry n'est plus policier et les personnages principaux ne sont plus que Harry, Maddie et Honey Chandler.

La série met en scène le personnage de Harry Bosch créé par l'écrivain Michael Connelly. La saison 1 s'inspire notamment des romans Sur un mauvais adieu (2016) et Incendie nocturne (2020).

Son renouvellement pour une deuxième saison a été annoncé dès le , avant même la diffusion de la saison initiale. Elle s'inspire du roman Jusqu'à l'impensable (2015). Elle sera diffusée dès octobre 2023. En mai 2023, une  est confirmée.

Version française
Dans la série Harry Bosch, l'acteur principal Titus Welliver est doublé en français par Jean-Louis Faure. Ce dernier meurt en , Éric Herson-Macarel lui succède pour Bosch: Legacy.

Tournage

La série est tournée à Los Angeles, en Californie, aux États-Unis.

Fiche technique
 Titre original et français :
 Création : Michael Connelly
 Réalisation : Patrick Cady, Alex Zakrzewski, Hagar Ben-Asher, Adam Davidson, Ernest R. Dickerson, Zetna Fuentes, Sharat Raju, Kate Woods
 Scénario : Tom Bernardo, Michael Connelly, Eric Overmyer, Chris Wu, Osokwe Tychicus Vasquez, Naomi Iizuka, Barbara Curry, Benjamin Pitts et Titus Welliver
 Direction artistique : Jason Zev Cohen
 Décors : Chester Kaczenski
 Costumes : Jill M. Ohanneson
 Photographie : Rodney Taylor, Todd A. Dos Reis et Jason Andrew
 Montage : Steven Cohen, Jennifer Hatton, Gerald Valdez et Rafael Nur
 Musique : Jeff Russo
 Casting : Victoria Thomas
 Production : Barbara Curry, Naomi Iizuka, Theresa Snider, Trey Batchelor, Jamie D. Boscardin, Mark Douglas, Osokwe Tychicus Vasquez
 Production exécutive : Henrik Bastin, Tom Bernardo, Pieter Jan Brugge, Michael Connelly, Zetna Fuentes, Eric Ellis Overmyer, Titus Welliver
 Sociétés de production : Amazon Studios et Fabel Entertainment
 Sociétés de distribution : Prime Video et Amazon Studios
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur -  - 1,78:1 - son stéréo
 Genre : drame et policier

Épisodes

Première saison (2022)
 Paix et rédemption ()
 Dominick ()
 Branche royale ()
 Yojimbo ()
 Plano ()
 Le monde se porte mieux ()
 Une vieille photo ()
 Liens du sang ()
 Luchador ()
 À chaque fois ()

Deuxième saison (2023)

Accueil

La saison 1 reçoit des critiques globalement positives. Sur l'agrégateur de critiques Rotten Tomatoes, elle obtient 100% d'avis favorables pour 17 critiques et une note moyenne de . Le consensus suivant résume les critiques compilées par le site : . Sur Metacritic, qui utilise une moyenne pondérée, le film obtient une note de  pour 5 critiques.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2022
Série télévisée américaine des années 2020
Série télévisée de Prime Video
Adaptation d'un roman américain à la télévision
Série télévisée se déroulant à Los Angeles
Série télévisée tournée à Los Angeles
Série télévisée dramatique
Série télévisée policière américaine

Bosch: Legacy


Ödön (echivalent cu Edmund) este un prenume de origine maghiară, care se poate referi la:
 Ödön Beöthy (1796-1854), politician
 Ödön Bodor (1882-1927), atlet
 Ödön Földessy, săritor în lungime
 Ödön von Horváth (1901-1938), scriitor
 Ödön Lechner (1845-1914), arhitect
 Ödön Pártos (1907-1977), muzician și compozitor
 Ödön Singer (1831-1912), violonist

Prenume
Prenume masculine maghiare

Ödön


Les Achnanthaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Bacillariophyta de la classe des Bacillariophyceae et de l'ordre des Achnanthales.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Achnanthes, dérivé du grec , « duvet ; paillettes », et , fleur, en référence à la morphologie de cette diatomée .

Description
Le genre type Achnanthes décrit par Bory St-Vincent est une .

Habitat
Les Achnanthes sont marines ou fixées aux plantes marécageuses dans les eaux douces.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Achnantella Gaillon, 1833
  Bory, 1822   genre type
 Australoneis J.M.Guerrero & C.Riaux-Gobin, 2021
 Cymbosira Kützing, 1844

Systématique
Le nom scientifique complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Achnanthaceae Kützing, 1844.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)
Bacillariophyta

Achnanthaceae


An Aristida novae-caledoniae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard. An Aristida novae-caledoniae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New Caledonia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aristida

Aristida novae-caledoniae


Musa Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle, também conhecida como Musa Sayyid Hassan,  é um militar e político da Somália . Ele foi o presidente interino da Somália e presidente interino do Parlamento Federal.  Atualmente é o embaixador da Somália na Itália.

Biografia
Seu nome é transliterado de várias maneiras, incluindo Musa Hassan Abdulle . Mussa Hassan nasceu em 1940 em Shilabo, Ogaden. Abdulle vem do sub-clã Bahgeri do clã maior Darod .

Carreira

Carreira militar
Abdulle era um membro proeminente do Exército Nacional Somali. Ele foi um dos três primeiros cadetes somalis a se formar na Academia Militar de Modena, localizada em Modena, norte da Itália. Em 1985, Abdulle recebeu uma bolsa para estudar em Washington, DC. Ele se formou no ano seguinte.

Governo Federal da Somália

Parlamento Federal e presidência interina
Após o fim do mandato do Governo Federal de Transição (TFG) em 20 de agosto de 2012 e o início simultâneo do Governo Federal da Somália, Abdulle, como o legislador mais velho, foi nomeado presidente interino do novo Parlamento durante sua sessão inaugural realizada no Aeroporto Internacional Aden Adde em Mogadíscio. Ele também foi nomeado presidente interino na cerimônia, que também viu o juramento de muitos deputados. A votação para um novo presidente do Parlamento foi realizada em 28 de agosto de 2012, com o ex-ministro dos Transportes e Ministro do Trabalho e Esportes Mohamed Osman Jawari eleito o orador. Em 30 de agosto de 2012, o Parlamento Federal convocou e aprovou por unanimidade um novo comitê encarregado de supervisionar as eleições presidenciais de 2012 na Somália. Na sessão parlamentar presidida pelo novo Presidente Jawari, 15 deputados foram nomeados para o corpo e Abdulle foi nomeado presidente da comissão. A votação acabou sendo realizada em 1º de setembro de 2012, com Hassan Sheikh Mohamud eleito como o novo presidente da Somália.

Embaixador na Itália
Em 20 de junho de 2013, Abdulle foi nomeado embaixador da Somália na Itália.

Ver também
 Mohammad Ali Samatar
 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed

Nascidos em 1940
Diplomatas da Somália
Embaixadores da Somália na Itália
Presidentes da Somália
Pessoas vivas

Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle


الأصبغة المباشرة  هي أصبغة شاردية ذات ألفة للمواد السيليلوزية عند وجودها في حمام صباغي بوجود كهرل.
ويعرف أيضًا بأنه صنف من الأصبغة تطبق مباشرة على المواد في حوض قلوي أو معتدل، عند درجة حرارة الغليان بوجود ملح.

أول صباغ مباشر كان اسمه أحمر الكونغو وقد استعمل منذ سنة 1884 م. وقد سمي بالصباغ المباشر لأنه الصباع الأول المتوفر لتلوين السليليوز «مباشرة» بدون استخدام المرسخات اللونية.

وهي أصبغة ثنائية وعديدة الآزو ذات شوارد السلفيت (-SO3)، التي تعد مسؤولة عن انحلاليتها الجيدة في الماء. الأصبغة المباشرة ذات ثباتية لونية عالية ضد الضوء حيث تحتوي على ذرات معدنية مرتبطة بروابط معقدة. يمكن تحسين ثباتية اللون في العديد من الأصبغة المباشرة بمعالجتها بأملاح معدنية (Aftercoppering dyes).

تمثل الأصبغة المباشرة الصنف الرئيس لصباغة الألياف السيليلوزية.

المزايا
رخيصة واقتصادية، وسهلة التطبيق، وذات خواص تجانس (levelling) جيدة، وذات طيف كبير من الألوان وتنوع واسع من ثباتية اللون، ثباتية جيدة ضد الضوء.

المساوئ
ثباتية لونية سيئة ضد الاختبارات الرطبة. ذات بريق متوسط.

تصنيف الأصبغة المباشرة
تصنف الأصبغة المباشرة بحسب:

1- تركيبها الكيميائي : وهو التصنيف الأقل أهمية للصباغين، مع أنه مهم للمهتمين بكيمياء الأصبغة. يعود ذلك إلى وجود أصبغة متشابهة تمامًا في تركيبها الكيميائي، ولكنها متباينة في خواصها الصباغية وثباتيتها اللونية.

2- ثباتيتها اللونية : تمثل الثباتية اللونية ضد الضوء برقم بين (1 و 8). الرقم 1 يشير إلى أصبغة ذات ثباتية لونية ضعيفة ضد الضوء، في حين أن الرقم 8 يشير إلى العكس تمامًا. تتناسب الثباتية اللونية عادة مع العمق اللوني (depth of shade). يبين الجدول التوضيحي التالي صباغين مباشرين لهما نفس الحامل اللوني، ولكن ثباتيتهما اللونية مختلفة، مما يعني أن تصنيف الأصبغة بحسب بنيتها الكيميائية غير ذي قيمة للصبّاغين.

3- خصائصها الصباغية: تقسم الأصبغة المباشرة وفق خصائصها الصباغية إلى ثلاثة مجموعات (A و B و C)، وهو تصنيف جمعية الصباغين والملونين.

 الصنف A: أصبغة مباشرة ذاتية التجانس: لهذه المجموعة خصائص تجانس لوني جيدة، وهذا يعطي صباغة متجانسة حتى عندما تضاف الأملاح عند بداية عملية الصباغة.
 الصنف B: أصبغة يمكن التحكم بها بإضافة الأملاح: هذه الأصبغة ذات خصائص هجرة وتجانس أضعف نسبيًا. يمكن أن تعطي صباغة متجانسة عند استعمال صباغة الدفعات (Batch dyeing) وذلك بالإضافة المضبوطة للأملاح، وعادة بعد الوصول إلى درجة حرارة الصباغة.
 الصنف C: أصبغة يمكن التحكم بها بإضافة الأملاح ودرجة الحرارة: هذه الأصبغة ذات خصائص هجرة وتجانس أضعف نسبيًا، وألفتها تزداد بسرعة مع ازدياد درجة الحرارة. يمكن ضبط معدل الصباغة بضبط معدل ارتفاع درجة الحرارة وإضافة الأملاح أيضًا. بعض هذه الأصبغة تحتاج إلى كمية صغيرة من الأملاح لتظهر استنفادًا جيدًا للأصبغة عند الألوان الباهتة.

مراجع

صناعة كيمياء النسيج
أصبغة

صباغ مباشر


Die Rochuskapelle ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude am Rochusweg in Eslohe im Hochsauerlandkreis (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Die außerhalb des Ortes gelegene Prozessionskapelle auf dem Steltenberg ist ein kleiner, verputzter Saalbau. Sie wurde 1637 errichtet und 1947 konsekriert. Sie ist mit einem Dachreiter bekrönt, in dem eine Bronzeglocke von 1769 hängt. Der dreiseitige Schluss ist innen gerundet. Die Holzdecke ist verputzt. Ein fragmentarisch erhaltener Wandmalereizyklus in gemalter Rollwerkrahmung wurde 1968/69 zwischen den Fenstern aufgedeckt. Es sind Passions- und Märtyrerszenen sowie Heilige dargestellt. Die Westempore mit Flachschnitzerei ist mit 1637 bezeichnet. In einer kleinen Spitzbogennische in der Außenmauer steht eine Figur des hl. Rochus. 1967 wurden aus der Gruppe der Vierzehn Nothelfer vier Figuren gestohlen und später wiedergefunden. Diese Plastiken stehen derzeit in der St.-Isidor-Kapelle in Niedereslohe.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Ursula Quednau: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen II Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2

Weblinks
 Geschichte und Foto (abgerufen am 4. April 2012)

Siehe auch
 Liste der Baudenkmäler in Eslohe (Sauerland)

Eslohe
Eslohe
Erbaut in den 1630er Jahren
Baudenkmal in Eslohe (Sauerland)

Rochuskapelle (Eslohe)


Prvi je nenaseljeni hrvatski jadranski otočić. Nalazi se sjeverno od kanala koji dijeli otok Proizd od sjeverozapadnog kraja otoka Korčule, u blizini Vele Luke.

Površina otočića iznosi 7401 m². Dužina obalne crte iznosi 344 m, a iz mora se uzdiže 5 m.

Oko 400 metara sjeverno je otočić Izvanjski.

Izvori

Južnodalmatinski otoci

Prvi


An Carex pilosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. An Carex pilosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex pilosa


يويتشيرو نامبو (باليابانية: 南部 陽一郎 ) (مواليد 18 يناير 1921 - 5 يوليو 2015)،عالم أمريكي ياباني الأصل ولد في طوكيو، يعمل في معهد انريكو فيرمي في شيكاغو. حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء 2008 لاكتشافه آلية لكسر تناسق الذرّة في المجال الفيزيائي.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص من فوكوي (محافظة)
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة شيكاغو
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة طوكيو
أكاديميون أمريكيون من أصل ياباني
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
أمريكيون من أصل ياباني
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حائزون على جائزة وولف في الفيزياء
حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
حائزون على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية
حاصلون على وسام الثقافة
خريجو جامعة طوكيو
علماء أمريكيون من أصل ياباني
علماء فيزياء الجسيمات
فيزيائيون أمريكيون
فيزيائيون نظريون
فيزيائيون يابانيون
مهاجرون يابانيون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1921
مواليد في طوكيو
وفيات 2015
وفيات في أوساكا
يابانيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
حاصلون ميدالية بينجامين فرانكلين

يويتشيرو نامبو


Wehrmacht (Türkçe anlamı: Silahlı Kuvvetler), 1935 ile 1945 yılları arasında Nazi Almanyası'nın silahlı kuvvetleridir. "Waffenträger der Nation" (Ulusun Silahtarı) olan Heer (Kara Kuvvetleri), Kriegsmarine (Deniz Kuvvetleri) ve Luftwaffe'den (Hava Kuvvetleri) oluşmaktaydı.

Adolf Hitler, 16 Mart 1935'te, Versay Antlaşması'nda Almanya'nın silahlı gücüne sınır koyan maddeleri iptal ederek ordunun yeniden silahlandırılması için çalışmaya başlamıştı. Bununla birlikte Weimar Cumhuriyeti dönemindeki silahlı kuvvetlerinin adı olan Reichswehr, Wehrmacht olarak değiştirilmiştir.  Reichsheer, Heer olarak; Reichsmarine ise Kriegsmarine olarak değiştirilmiş ve ayrıca Luftwaffe kurulmuştur.

Wehrmacht, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Almanya'nın askeri gücünün çekirdeğini oluşturmuştur. Savaşın ilk aşamalarında Blitzkrieg olarak bilinen ve yıkıcı sonuçlar elde etmek için hava desteği, tanklar ve piyadelerin birlikte çalışmasını içeren bir stratejiyi etkin bir şekilde kullanmıştır. Tarihçiler Fransa (1940), Sovyetler Birliği (1941) ve Kuzey Afrika'daki (1941/42) harekâtlarını cesur ve başarılı askeri eylemler olarak değerlendirmektedir.

Ancak bu kapsamlı saldırılar Wehrmacht'ın kaynaklarını zorladı ve Moskova Muharebesi'nde (1941) ilk büyük yenilgisini aldı. 1942'nin sonlarına doğru Almanya tüm cephelerde toprak kaybetmeye başladı. Alman ordusunun stratejik, doktrinsel ve lojistik zayıflıkları, Müttefik kuvvetlerin birleşik gücüyle karşılaştırıldığında giderek daha belirgin hale geldi.

SS ve Einsatzgruppen ile yakın işbirliği içinde çalışan Alman silahlı kuvvetleri savaş sırasında çok sayıda savaş suçu işlemiştir. Daha sonraki inkarlara ve Wehrmacht'ın sterilize edilmiş bir imajını yansıtma çabalarına rağmen, bu suçlar öncelikle Sovyetler Birliği, Polonya, Yugoslavya, Yunanistan ve İtalya'da meydana gelmiştir. Bu eylemler Sovyetler Birliği'ne karşı yürütülen imha savaşı, Holokost ve Nazi güvenlik savaşını da içeren daha geniş çaplı operasyonların bir parçasıydı.

Dünya Savaşı sırasında Wehrmacht'ta yaklaşık 18 milyon erkek görev yapmıştır. Mayıs 1945'te Avrupa'daki savaş sona erdiğinde, Heer (ordu), Kriegsmarine (donanma), Luftwaffe (hava kuvvetleri), Waffen-SS (SS'in bir muharip kolu), Volkssturm (son çare milisleri) ve yabancı işbirlikçi birlikleri de dahil olmak üzere Alman kuvvetleri önemli kayıplar vermişti. Yaklaşık 11.3 milyon asker kaybedilmiş, bunların yaklaşık 5.3 milyonu ya kaybolmuş, ya çatışmada öldürülmüş ya da esaret altında ölmüştür.

Dikkat çekici bir şekilde, çok daha fazlasının yasadışı faaliyetlere karışmış olabileceğini gösteren kanıtlara rağmen, üst düzey Wehrmacht liderlerinden sadece birkaçı savaş suçları nedeniyle mahkemeye çıkarıldı. Tarihçi Ian Kershaw, Sovyetler Birliği'ni işgal eden üç milyon Wehrmacht askerinin önemli bir kısmının savaş suçlarına karıştığını belirtmiştir.

Köken

Etimoloji
Almanca kökenli "Wehrmacht" terimi iki kelimenin birleşiminden oluşmaktadır: "Savunmak" anlamına gelen "wehren" ve "güç" ya da "kuvvet" anlamına gelen "Macht". Başlangıçta bu terim, herhangi bir ulusun silahlı kuvvetlerine atıfta bulunmak için daha geniş bir kullanıma sahipti. Örneğin, "Britische Wehrmacht" "İngiliz Silahlı Kuvvetleri" anlamına geliyordu. 1849'daki Frankfurt Anayasası'nda, Almanya'daki tüm askeri kuvvetler toplu olarak "Seemacht" (deniz kuvvetleri) ve "Landmacht "tan (kara kuvvetleri) oluşan "Alman Wehrmacht "ı olarak tanımlanmıştır.  Wehrmacht terimi 1919'da Weimar Anayasası'nın 47. Maddesine de dahil edilerek "Reich Cumhurbaşkanı'nın Reich'ın tüm silahlı kuvvetleri, yani Wehrmacht üzerinde üstün komuta yetkisine sahip olduğu" hükme bağlandı. 1919'dan itibaren Almanya'nın ulusal savunma gücü "Reichswehr" olarak anılmaya başlandı, ancak bu isim 21 Mayıs 1935'te "Wehrmacht" olarak değiştirildi.

Dünya Savaşı'nı takip eden yıllarda, "Wehrmacht" terimi hem Almanca hem de İngilizce dillerinde öncelikle 1935-1945 yılları arasındaki Alman silahlı kuvvetleriyle ilişkilendirilirken, 1945'ten önce Almanca dilinde bir ulusun savunma gücünü ifade etmek için daha genel bir uygulamaya sahipti. Örneğin, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Almanya'ya bağlı Polonya askeri birlikleri Alman dilinde "Polnische Wehrmacht" ("Polonya Wehrmacht" veya "Polonya Savunma Gücü") olarak anılmıştır.

Arka plan
Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın ardından Kasım 1918'de imzalanan ateşkesle birlikte Almanya'nın silahlı kuvvetleri önemli dönüşümler geçirdi. Ocak 1919'da başlangıçta "Friedensheer" veya barış ordusu olarak adlandırılan Alman Ulusal Meclisi daha sonra Mart 1919'da 420.000 askerden oluşan "Vorläufige Reichswehr" olarak bilinen geçici bir ordu kurdu. Ancak Mayıs ayında ilan edilen ve aynı yılın Haziran ayında Almanya tarafından imzalanan Versay Antlaşması, Alman ordusunun büyüklüğü ve kabiliyetleri konusunda katı sınırlamalar getirmiştir. Bu kısıtlamalar arasında orduda en fazla 100.000 asker, donanmada ise 15.000 ek asker ile deniz araçları, denizaltılar, tanklar ve ağır toplar için katı sınırlamalar yer alıyordu. Hava kuvvetleri tamamen lağvedildi ve antlaşma gereği genel zorunlu askerlik kaldırıldı.

Bu kısıtlamalara uymak için 23 Mart 1921'de "Reichswehr" olarak bilinen savaş sonrası yeni bir askeri güç resmen kuruldu. General Hans von Seeckt'in liderliğinde Reichswehr sadece 115.000 personelle sınırlandırıldı ve bu da onu son derece seçici ve elit bir güç haline getirdi. General von Seeckt, savaş kahramanları ya da soyluluk gibi diğer hususları göz ardı ederek, bu küçültülmüş orduya liderlik etmek üzere genelkurmaydan en iyi subayları seçti. Bu yaklaşım, zorunlu askerlik imkanı yeniden sağlandığında daha kapsamlı bir ordunun temelini oluşturabilecek uzmanlaşmış bir çekirdek yaratmayı amaçlıyordu ve bu da I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında var olandan temelde farklı bir orduya yol açacaktı.1920'ler boyunca General von Seeckt ve subayları hız, saldırganlık, birleşik silahları vurgulayan ve daha düşük rütbeli subayları inisiyatif almaya ve anlık fırsatlardan yararlanmaya teşvik eden yeni askeri doktrinler geliştirdiler. General von Seeckt 1926'da emekli olmasına rağmen, 1939'da savaşa girildiğinde Alman ordusunu şekillendirmeye devam etti.

Versailles Anlaşması'nın Alman hava kuvvetlerine yönelik yasağına rağmen, General von Seeckt 1920'lerin başında gizlice bir hava kuvvetleri subayı kadrosu oluşturdu. Bu subaylar hava kuvvetlerinin rolünü hava üstünlüğü sağlamak, stratejik bombardıman yapmak ve yakın hava desteği sağlamak olarak görüyorlardı. 1930'larda Luftwaffe bünyesinde stratejik bir bombardıman gücünün bulunmayışı ilgisizlikten değil, ekonomik kısıtlamalardan kaynaklanıyordu. Donanma cephesinde, Büyük Amiral Erich Raeder ve lider kadrosu, Alfred von Tirpitz'den esinlenen bir vizyonla Açık Deniz Filosunu yeniden diriltmeye kararlıydı. Buna karşılık, Amiral Karl Dönitz'in başını çektiği azınlık bir subay grubu denizaltı savaşının potansiyeline inanıyordu.

1922 yılına gelindiğinde Almanya Versailles Antlaşması'nın koşullarını gizlice bypass etmeye başlamıştı. Rapallo Antlaşması'ndan sonra Sovyetler Birliği ile Sovyet subaylarının Almanya'da eğitilmesini ve ortak sanayi projelerini içeren gizli bir işbirliği başlatıldı. Bu girişimler arasında Alman tank ve hava kuvvetleri uzmanlarının Sovyetler Birliği'nde pratik yapmasının yanı sıra kimyasal silahların araştırılması ve üretimi ve diğer askeri çalışmalar da yer alıyordu. Lipetsk'te 1924 yılında bir savaş pilotu okulu kuruldu ve Alman hava kuvvetleri personeli Eylül 1933'te ayrılana kadar burada eğitim aldı. Ancak bu askeri gelişmeler Adolf Hitler iktidara gelene kadar gizli tutuldu ve bu noktada daha geniş bir siyasi destek kazandı.

Nazilerin iktidara yükselişi
Cumhurbaşkanı Paul von Hindenburg'un 2 Ağustos 1934'te ölümünden sonra Adolf Hitler Almanya Cumhurbaşkanlığı görevini üstlendi ve böylece başkomutan oldu. Şubat 1934'te Savunma Bakanı Werner von Blomberg, kendi inisiyatifiyle hareket ederek, Reichswehr'de görev yapan tüm Yahudilerin otomatik olarak ve derhal onursuz bir şekilde terhis edilmesini sağladı. Yine kendi inisiyatifiyle Blomberg, Mayıs 1934'te silahlı kuvvetlerin üniformalarına Nazi sembollerini yerleştirmesini sağladı. Aynı yılın Ağustos ayında, Blomberg'in ve Ministeramt şefi General Walther von Reichenau'nun girişimiyle, tüm ordu Hitler'e kişisel sadakat yemini olan Hitler yeminini etti. Hitler bu teklife çok şaşırmıştı; Hitler'in yemini orduya dayattığı yönündeki popüler görüş yanlıştır. Yemin şöyleydi: "Alman imparatorluğunun ve halkının lideri, silahlı kuvvetlerin başkomutanı Adolf Hitler'e kayıtsız şartsız itaat edeceğime ve cesur bir asker olarak bu yemin uğruna her zaman canımı vermeye hazır olacağıma Tanrı adına yemin ederim."

1935 yılına gelindiğinde Almanya, Versailles Antlaşmasında öngörülen askeri kısıtlamaları açıkça çiğnemeye başlamıştı: Almanya'nın yeniden silahlanması 16 Mart'ta "Wehrmacht'ın Güçlendirilmesi Fermanı" (Almanca: Gesetz für den Aufbau der Wehrmacht) ve zorunlu askerliğin yeniden yürürlüğe girmesiyle ilan edildi. Daimi ordunun büyüklüğü antlaşmada kararlaştırılan 100.000 kişi civarında kalırken, her yıl bu büyüklüğe eşit yeni bir grup askere alınacaktı. Zorunlu askerlik yasası "Wehrmacht" adını getirdi; Reichswehr'in adı 21 Mayıs 1935'te resmen Wehrmacht olarak değiştirildi. Hitler'in Wehrmacht'ın varlığını ilan etmesi, Versay Antlaşması'nı görkemli bir şekilde ihlal ederek, orijinal projeksiyonunda toplamda en az 36 tümen içeriyordu. Aralık 1935'te General Ludwig Beck planlanan yeniden silahlanma programına 48 tank taburu ekledi. Hitler yeniden askerileştirme için başlangıçta 10 yıllık bir zaman dilimi belirledi, ancak kısa süre sonra bunu dört yıla indirdi.  Rhineland'ın yeniden askerileştirilmesi ve Anschluss ile Alman İmparatorluğu'nun toprakları önemli ölçüde artmış ve zorunlu askerlik için daha geniş bir nüfus havuzu oluşmuştur.

Kollar
Dünya Savaşı sırasında, Wehrmacht olarak bilinen Alman ordusu, Ordu (Heer), Hava Kuvvetleri (Luftwaffe) ve Donanma (Kriegsmarine) dahil olmak üzere çeşitli kollardan oluşuyordu. Erken başarılara ulaşmak için çeşitli stratejiler ve teknolojiler kullandılar, ancak sonuçta önemli zorluklarla karşılaştılar.

Alman Ordusu (Heer): İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Alman Ordusu, kara ve hava varlıklarını birleşik silah takımları halinde birleştirerek yenilikçi kavramlar ve taktikler benimsemiştir. Bu yaklaşım, kuşatma ve "imha savaşı" gibi geleneksel taktiklerle birlikte, savaşın ilk aşamalarında hızlı zaferlere yol açtı ve "Blitzkrieg" teriminin ortaya çıkmasına neden oldu. Bununla birlikte, piyadelerin çoğunluğu yaya olarak kalmaya devam etti ve topçular atlı taşımacılığa güvendi. Savaş ilerledikçe Alman birlikleri lojistik zorluklarla karşılaşmış, bu da Sovyetler Birliği ve diğer düşmanlara karşı önemli muharebelerde yenilgilere yol açmıştır.

Hava Kuvvetleri (Luftwaffe): Resmi olarak 1935 yılında kurulan Luftwaffe, ilk Blitzkrieg harekâtlarında çok önemli bir rol oynadı. Alman avcı uçakları ve pike bombardıman uçakları, hava üstünlüğünü sağlamak ve düşman desteğini kesmek için kara kuvvetleriyle yakın işbirliği içinde çalışmıştır. Ancak savaş ilerledikçe, Batılı Müttefiklerin stratejik bombalama operasyonsı ve Alman avcı kuvvetlerinin kaybı Luftwaffe'nin etkinliğini sınırladı.

Kriegsmarine (Donanma): Kriegsmarine olarak bilinen Alman Donanması, uluslararası anlaşmalarla sınırlandırılmıştı ve sınırlı sayıda su üstü gemisiyle işe başladı. U-botlar (denizaltılar), Müttefiklerin ikmal hatlarını bozmayı ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Avrupa'ya müdahalesini engellemeyi amaçlayan ana odak noktası haline geldi. Başlangıçtaki başarılarına rağmen, Alman U-bot filosu sonunda Müttefiklerin teknolojik ilerlemeleri ve karşı önlemleri de dahil olmak üzere zorluklarla karşılaştı. Kriegsmarine'in savaştaki rolü en çok U-bot operasyonları açısından dikkate değerdi.

Waffen-SS ile bir arada çalışma: Başlangıçta, düzenli Alman Ordusu ile SS (Schutzstaffel) arasında gerginlik vardı, çünkü Ordu SS'in orduya karışmasından korkuyordu. Hitler sonunda sürtüşmeyi hafifletmek için rollerini kodladı. Ordu, SS'in bütçesini ve savaşa hazırlık durumunu denetleyebiliyordu ancak operasyonel kontrolü sınırlıydı. Zamanla iki grup savaş durumlarında birlikte yakın çalışarak daha güçlü bir bağ kurdu.

Savaşlar ve operasyonlar
Dünya Savaşı sırasında (1 Eylül 1939 - 8 Mayıs 1945) Alman Reich'ının silahlı kuvvetler şemsiye komuta teşkilatı olarak muharebe operasyonlarını yönetmiştir. OKH, 1941'den sonra operasyonel ve taktik muharebe amaçları dışında Waffen-SS'yi hariç tutarak Wehrmacht için fiili Doğu cephesi üst kademe komuta teşkilatı haline gelmiştir. OKW ise Batı cephesindeki operasyonları yürütmüştür. Kriegsmarine'in Kuzey ve Orta Atlantik'teki operasyonları da, operasyon alanının büyüklüğü ve diğer savaşlardan uzaklığı göz önüne alındığında ayrı savaşlar olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Wehrmacht bazen aynı anda üç cephede birden savaşmıştır; Normandiya çıkarmasından sonra birliklerin Doğu'da yoğunlaşan savaşdan Batı'ya yeniden konuşlandırılması hem OKW hem de OKH Genelkurmayları arasında gerginliklere neden olmuştur; zira Almanya'nın bu büyüklükte iki cepheli bir savaş için yeterli malzemesi ve insan gücü yoktu.

Doğu cephesi

Doğu ve Orta Avrupa'daki başlıca seferler ve savaşlar şunlardır:

 Çekoslovakya seferi (1938-1945)
 Polonya'nın İşgali (Fall Weiss)
 Barbarossa Harekatı (1941), Kuzey Ordular Grubu, Merkez Ordular Grubu ve Güney Ordular Grubu tarafından yürütülmüştür.
 Moskova Savaşı (1941)
 Rzhev Muharebeleri (1942-1943)
 Stalingrad Muharebesi (1942-1943)
 Kafkasya Savaşı (1942-1943)
 Kursk Muharebesi (Citadel Operasyonu) (1943)
 Kiev Muharebesi (1943)
 Bagration Operasyonu (1944)
 Nazi güvenlik savaşı - büyük ölçüde  Wehrmachtın güvenlik bölümleri, Düzen Polisi ve Waffen-SS birimleri tarafından Mihver cephelerinin gerisindeki işgal altındaki topraklarda yürütülmüştür.

Batı cephesi

 Polonya'nın işgali ve Fransa Savaşı arasındaki Sahte Savaş (Sitzkrieg, Eylül 1939 - Mayıs 1940)
 Weserübung Operasyonu
 Almanya'nın Danimarka'yı işgali - 9 Nisan 1940
 Norveç Seferi - 9 Nisan - 10 Haziran 1940
 Belçika Savaşı 10 - 28 Mayıs 1940
 Almanların Lüksemburg'u işgali 10 Mayıs 1940
 Hollanda Savaşı - 10 - 17 Mayıs 1940
 Fransa Savaşı - 10 Mayıs - 25 Haziran 1940
 Britanya Savaşı (1940)
 Atlantik Savaşı (1939-1945)
 Normandiya Savaşı (1944)
 Güney Fransa'nın müttefiklerce işgali (1944)
 Ardenler Taarruzu (1944-1945)
 Reich Savunması hava operasyonsı, 1939'dan 1945'e

Akdeniz cephesi

Bir süre için, Akdeniz Ekseni cephesi ve Kuzey Afrika Seferi, İtalyan Ordusu ile bir ortak sefer olarak yürütülmüştür ve ayrı bir savaş olarak kabul edilebilir.

 Balkanlar ve Yunanistan'ın İşgali (Marita Harekâtı) (1940-1941)
 Girit Savaşı (1941)
 Libya, Tunus ve Mısır'da Birleşik Krallık ve İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu (ve daha sonra ABD) kuvvetleri ile Mihver kuvvetleri arasındaki Kuzey Afrika Seferi
 İtalyan seferi, Mihver'in Kuzey Afrika'daki yenilgisinin bir devamı niteliğindeydi ve İtalya'nın savunulmasına yönelik bir harekâttı

Kayıplar
Yıkıcı bir küresel çatışma olan İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Wehrmacht'a verilen zarar çok büyüktü. 6.000.000'dan fazla asker yaralanmış ve 11.000.000'dan fazlası savaş esiri olarak alınmıştır. Alman askeri personeli ve Waffen-SS, Volkssturm ve yabancı işbirlikçi birlikler gibi Alman silahlı kuvvetleriyle birlikte savaşan çeşitli milletlerden bireylerden oluşan toplamda tahmini 5.318.000 asker, savaş sırasında çatışmada ölmek, yaralanmalara yenik düşmek, esaret altında ölmek veya kaybolmak gibi kötü kaderlerle karşılaştı. Bu sayı aynı zamanda Almanya tarafından askere alınan 215.000 Sovyet vatandaşını da kapsamaktadır.

Özellikle, Altıncı Ordu Ocak 1943'te Stalingrad'da feci bir yenilgiye uğradığında Alman ordusunun kayıpları önemli bir artış göstermiş ve sadece bir ay içinde 180.310 askerini kaybetmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı boyunca 5,3 milyon Wehrmacht kaybının yüzde 80'inden fazlası trajik bir şekilde savaşın son iki yılında meydana gelmiştir. Bu kayıpların yaklaşık dörtte üçü, 2,7 milyon kayıpla Doğu cephesinde ve 1,2 milyon kayıpla Ocak-Mayıs 1945 arasında, savaşın son dönemlerinde meydana gelmiştir.

1944 yılında Batı cephesindeki Alman kayıpları, tüm cephelerdeki toplam kayıpların yaklaşık %14'üne yükselmiştir ki bu oran, %3'ü geçmediği önceki yıllara göre kayda değer bir değişimdir. Müttefiklerin D-Day çıkarmasının ardından bile, Alman savaş alanındaki ölümlerin yüzde 68,5 gibi şaşırtıcı bir oranı, Kızıl Ordu'nun geri çekilen Wehrmacht'a karşı amansız bir yıldırım taarruzu yürüttüğü Doğu cephesinde gerçekleşmiştir.

Savaşta ve olumsuz çevre koşullarından kaynaklanan bu kayıplara ek olarak, en az 20.000 asker askeri mahkemeler tarafından verilen cezalar sonucunda idamla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı bir perspektiften bakıldığında, Kızıl Ordu 135.000 askerini idam ederken, Fransa 102, ABD 146 ve İngiltere 40 askerini idam etmiştir. Bu rakamlar, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın insani maliyetine ilişkin ciddi bir fikir vermektedir.

Genelkurmay Başkanlığı
  Truppenamt (1919 - 1933) / Wehrmachtamt (1933 - 1938) / Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (kısaca: OKW, 1938 - 1945)

Ordu üst kumandanlıkları ve ordu genelkurmay başkanlıkları
 Oberkommando des Heeres (kısaca: OKH, 1935 - 1945): Kara Kuvvetleri Başkomutanlığı
 Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (OBdH): Kara Kuvvetleri Başkomutanı
 Chef des Generalstabes des Heeres: Kara Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanı
 Oberkommando der Marine (kısaca: OKM, 1935 - 1945): Deniz Kuvvetleri Başkomutanlığı
 Oberbefehlshaber der Marine (OBdM): Deniz Kuvvetleri Başkomutanı
 Chef des Stabes der Seekriegsleitung: Deniz Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanı
 Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (kısaca: OKL, 1935 - 1945): Hava Kuvvetleri Başkomutanlığı
 Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe (OBdL): Hava Kuvvetleri Başkomutanı
 Chef des Generalstabs der Luftwaffe: Hava Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanı

Kaynakça

Feshedilen askerî birimler
1935'te Almanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1946'da feshedilmiş oluşumlar
Nazi Almanyası askeriyesi

Wehrmacht


8212 Naoshigetani este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8212 Naoshigetani este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kiyosato de Satoru Ōtomo. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,39 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

8212 Naoshigetani


Ibrahim Al Jabin (en arabe ابراهيم الجبين), né en 1971, est un journaliste, chercheur, romancier et poète syrien. Il est lauréat du prix de littérature de voyage Ibn Battuta 2021.

Biographie
Il est né en Syrie en 1971. Il a commencé à y écrire ses premiers livres. Ses œuvres ont été traduites dans des langues telles que l'allemand, le français et le turc. Il acquiert également rapidement une notoriété importante grâce aux documentaires et programmes télévisés qu'il produit. Il vit en Allemagne depuis 2011.

Œuvres publiées

Romans
 Un Juif de Damas traduit en français, Istanbul, Farabi Kitap, 2022
 Aljamiado, FARABI KITAP (Istanbul) 2022
 Eye of the Orient, traduit en allemand, Free Pen (Bonn) 2019
 Journal d'un juif damascène, 2e version, ARAB INSTITUTE (Beyrouth) 2017
 Orientes Oculus, ARAB INSTITUTE (Beyrouth) 2016
 Journal d'un juif de Damas, Khotowat (Damas) 2007

Œuvres poétiques
 «Respirez son air pour moi» Alsharq (Damas) 2010
 "Braris" Altaqueen (Damas) 2007
 «Marcher sur l'eau» Altaleaa (Damas) 2004
 'Braris' Almostaqbal (Damas) 1994

Récompenses
 The European Voyage - Fakhri Al Baroudi - Prix Ibn Battuta 2021 - (Londres)

Filmographie
 2002 : Oussama Ben Laden
 2008 : Opinion People
 2008 : Culture Street
 2010 : Enterré sous la poussière des autres
 2010 : Prince Abdel Kader Aljazairi
 2011 : Au nom du peuple
 2012 : Road To Damascus
 2014 : Abou Al Qaqaa Alsouri
 2020 : The Spy 88 - Eli Cohen
 2021 : Al Qubaysiat

Liens externes

 https://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2017/5/3/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86
 https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/bin-ladens-pals-reveal-how-24917382
 https://www.rozana.fm/en/reports/2015/12/28/what-is-the-relationship-between-bashar-al-assad-and-osama-bin-laden
 https://minor-kontor.de/verwobene-geschichten/
 https://syriauntold.com/2021/01/19/signs-of-modernism-in-the-syrian-novel/

Références

Écrivain syrien
Journaliste syrien

Ibrahim Al Jabin


Grupul de transport aerian strategic (Heavy Airlift Wing/HAW) este o organizație internațională militară de transport aerian strategic cu sediul , Ungaria. A fost activat oficial la 27 iulie 2009, ca parte a programului Capabilitatea de transport aerian strategic / Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC), care a achiziționat și operează trei aeronave C-17 Globemaster III,  înregistrate în Ungaria. Comandantul HAW este în prezent un   colonel din Forțele Aeriene Regale Norvegiene. HAW este alcătuit din 155 de militari din cele 12 țări participante la programul SAC: Bulgaria, Estonia, Finlanda, Ungaria, Lituania, Olanda, Norvegia, Polonia, România , Slovenia, Suedia și Statele Unite. Țările participante la programul SAC  își detașează personal militar pentru a lucra în cadrul HAW în poziții temporare sau permanente.

Începând cu prima zi de activitate, țările  participante la programul SAC au solicitat  misiuni pentru a-și îndeplini obligațiile de a angaja / disloca / redisloca forțe și echipamente în sprijinul angajamentelor naționale, ONU, UE, NATO, exercițiilor, activitatilor de instruire și ajutor umanitar: ISAF 2009 -2014 și , 2015 - în Afganistan,  în Libia, 2011, , 2013, , 2014-2015 și , 2015. HAW a efectuat, de asemenea, misiuni pentru a oferi sprijin logistic pentru investigarea accidentului din 2014 Malaysia Airlines MH17 în Ucraina. Operațiunile de sprijin umanitar semnificative susținute de HAW au inclus activitățile privind sprijinul populației afectate de cutremurul din Haiti, 2010, inundațiile din Pakistan, 2010 și uraganul de pe insula St. Maarten, 2017. Misiunile au fost executate în condiții de eficiență, siguranță și rentabillitate. Începând cu anul 2009, HAW a demonstrat ce se poate realiza atunci când resursele sunt folosite în comun.

HAW este independent de structurile de  comandă a NATO, a Uniunii Europene sau a Organizației Națiunilor Unite, dar este sub directa supraveghere a Comitetului Director al SAC și este susținut de NATO Airlift  Management Program Office (NAM PO). NAM PO furnizează majoritatea suportului tehnic, logistic și de instruire al flotei SAC C-17 prin programele sale  (FMS) cu guvernul SUA.

Comanda HAW
Pozițiile de conducere ale HAW  sunt asigurate de statele  membre cu cea mai mare participare la  programul SAC:  Statele Unite, Suedia, Olanda și Norvegia.

Colonelul Bjørn Gohn-Hellum din Forțele Aeriene Regale Norvegiene este comandantul HAW.

Colonelul James S. Sparrow din  Forțele Aeriene ale SUA este locțiitorul comandantului HAW.

Consilierul comandantului pentru subofițeri și maiștri militari este CMSgt Jerry S. Glover din Forțele Aeriene ale SUA.

Grupul de transport aerian strategic HAW
Grupul de transport aerian strategic HAW este format din structura de comandă a HAW, escadrila de comandă și control (C2S), escadrila de transport aerian strategic  (HAS) și escadrila de sprijin logistic (LSS).

Structura de comandă a HAW

Structura  de comandă  a HAW este alcătuită din secretariatul HAW  (HAW Admin si HAW Exec), Ofițerul cu Protocolul, Ofițerul cu Afacerile Publice, Consultantul Juridic și Compartimentul de Asigurare a Calității.
Personalul din secretariatul HAW  se află sub coordonarea ofițerului HAW Exec, activitățile privind asigurarea calității fiind sub coordonarea șefului Compartimentului de  Asigurare a Calității (HAW Quality Manager).

Escadrila de comandă și control (C2S)

Escadrila de comandă și control (C2S) este punctul focal pentru toate interacțiunile din cadrul HAW și între HAW și statele participante la programul SAC în privința cerințelor operaționale de transport aerian.
Rolul escadrilei C2S este de a primi cerințele operaționale pentru transportul aerian de la statele participante la program și de a le transforma în misiuni de transport aerian. Escadrila C2S verifică posibilitatea executării misiunilor solicitate și faptul că sarcina utilă dorită este transportabilă pe calea aerului.

De asemenea, definește prioritatea misiunii și ajută la stabilirea datei de livrare/execuție.  Escadrila C2S colaborează strâns cu structurile de sprijin a SAC: NAM PO, Baza aeriană Pápa și echipa Boeing din Pápa pentru a se asigura de existența  sprijinului operațional, administrativ și tehnic necesar executării misiunilor de transport aerian.

Personalul escadrilei C2S este împărțit în trei secțiuni: planificare și execuție, aprobări survol și sprijin administrativ. De asemenea, este demn de mentionat caracterul multinațional al acestei structuri având în vedere faptul că șapte dintre cele douăsprezece națiuni SAC (Ungaria, Olanda, Norvegia, Polonia, România, Slovenia și Suedia) asigură personal pentru escadrila C2S.

Escadrila de transport aerian strategic  (HAS)

HAS  este prima și singura escadrilă multinațională de operare a aeronavelor C-17.
În cadrul structurii HAS se află echipajele de zbor și funcțiile specializate pentru Intel, Tactică, Instruire, Standardizare și evaluare, Programarea zborului și compartimentul de securitate misiuni HAW.
La baza activității HAS stau instrucțiunile și standardele Forțelor Aeriene ale SUA, principalul utilizator al aeronavelor C-17. HAS a adoptat, de asemenea, cele mai bune practici ale escadrilelor C-17 din Forțele Aeriene Regale Canadiene, Forțele Aeriene Regale din Australia și Forțele Aeriene Regale din Marea Britanie.

Structura, instrucțiunile și procedurile escadrilei HAS sunt concepute să funcționeze în sprijinul conceptiei strategice a statelor participante la programul SAC,  inclusiv asigurarea transportului aerian strategic pentru sprijin umanitar ori de câte ori și oriunde ar  fi solicitat.

Echipajele HAS  au experiență de zbor pe  avioane de transport, avioane de luptă și elicoptere în forțele aeriene naționale. În afară de personalul american, personalul din celelalte state participante la program  nu are pregătire de a opera aeronavele C-17 înainte de a se alătura echipei HAW. După ce a fost efectuată trecerea pe aeronavele  C-17 atât în Statele Unite, cât și în Pápa, echipajele HAS au capacitatea de a atinge un nivel înalt de calificare în utilizarea diverselor capabilități ale aeronavei C-17. În prezent, HAS este singura structura  FMS C-17 care este pregătită și capabilă să realizeze întregul spectru de capabilități al aeronavei C-17. Minimum 50%  din comandanții de aeronavă din cadrul HAS pot efectua misiuni de realimentare în zbor. De asemenea, două echipaje  sunt instruite și capabile să execute misiuni de parașutare de echipament sau personal.\

Escadrila de sprijin logistic (LSS)

LSS asigură coordonarea și integrarea sprijinului logistic al HAW. Se compune din secția de mentenanță aeronave, autovehicule și autospeciale de aerodrom, secția  de aprovizionare/depozitare, secția de coordonarea mișcării și secția de operare și mentenanță echipamente de zbor /salvare.
Mecanicii de bord Flying Crew Chiefs (FCC), specialiști în mentenanța  aeronavelor, asigură mentenanța aeronavelor  C-17  în locațiile din afara  Bazei Aeriene Papa, Ungaria.  Biroul de mentenanță autovehicule și autospeciale de aerodrom asigură un nivel de operativitate ridicat. Secția de  aprovizionare/depozitare  cooperează cu compania Boeing pentru a asigura piesele de schimb  și mijloacele de aerodrom pentru activitățile de   mentenanță a aeronavelor C-17, atât in Papa, cât și în locațiile din itinerarul de zbor. Secția de operare și mentenanță echipamente de zbor / salvare asigură menținerea disponibilității echipamentului de zbor pentru siguranța echipajelor.
Secția de coordonarea mișcării asigură încărcarea și descărcarea în siguranță a încărcăturii și pasagerilor  la Baza Aeriana Papa, Ungaria și expertiza referitoare la respectarea reglementărilor  privind  transportul materialele periculoase la toate aeroporturile de operare a aeronavelor SAC C-17.

Legături externe

Strategic Airlift Capability
NATO Airlift Management Programme

Referințe

Unități militare
Fondări în 2009


Juda Kirijak (ili Juda Jeruzalemski, Juda Kyriakos) bio je — prema spisima Epifanija Salaminskog i Euzebija Cezarejskog — praunuk Isusovog brata Jude te posljednji židovski biskup Jeruzalema.

Nije poznato kada je postao biskup, ali je zapisano da je živio i nakon pobune bar Kohbe (132. – 136.), koji se bio pobunio protiv rimske vlasti. Zna se da je godine 135. Marko postao biskup Aelia Capitoline.

Juda je također spomenut u jednom apokrifnom pismu.

Izvori i bilješke

Rano kršćanstvo
Jeruzalemski patrijarsi

Juda Kirijak


Yulia Anatolyevna Managarova (; Dnipro, 27 de setembro de 1988) é uma handebolista profissional russa, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Managarova conquistou a medalha de prata com a equipe do Comitê Olímpico Russo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto contra a Seleção Francesa de Handebol Feminino na final.

Handebolistas olímpicos da Rússia
Handebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Yulia Managarova


The year 1647 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 Johannes Hevelius publishes the first comparatively detailed map of the Moon in his Selenographia (Danzig).

Births
 January 17 – Elisabeth Hevelius, Danzig astronomer (died 1693)
 March 20 – Jean de Hautefeuille, French inventor (died 1724)
 April 2 – Maria Sybilla Merian, German lepidopterist (died 1717)
 August 22 – Denis Papin, French physicist (died c. 1712)
 December 7 – Giovanni Ceva, Italian mathematician (died 1734)

Deaths
 March 29 – Charles Butler, English beekeeper (born 1560)
 October 8 – Christen Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (born 1562)
 October 25 – Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (born 1608)

References

17th century in science
1640s in science

1647 in science


An Elyhordeum chatangensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Elyhordeum chatangensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elyhordeum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elyhordeum

Elyhordeum chatangensis


Arjunski asteroidi, Arjuni (eng. Arjuna asteroids, Arjunas) su dinamična skupina asteroida u Sunčevom sustavu. Arjuni su objekti blizu Zemlje (eng. Near-Earth object, NEO) čija orbita je vrlo slična Zemljinoj u naravi, niska nagiba, ophodnog vremena blizu jedne godine i niske ekscentričnosti. Skupina je nazvana prema Arjuni, središnjem junaku indijske mitologije. Definicija je ponešto nejasna i preklapa se s definicijom triju dobro uspostavljene apolonske, amorske i atonske skupine. Tvore dinamičnu hladnu skupinu malih objekata blizu Zemlje koji imaju ponavljana zarobljavanja u orbitalnoj rezonanciji sa Zemljom od 1:1.

Pripadnici

Mogući članovi arjunske skupine, uz već postojeću razredbu u skupinu Apolona (APO) ili Atona (ATE), su:
  (APO)
  (ATE)
  (APO)
  (ATE)
  (ATE)

Izvori

Daljnja literatura
 Evidence for a near-Earth asteroid belt Rabinowitz, David L.; Gehrels, Tom; Scotti, James V.; McMillan, Robert S.; Perry, Marcus L.; Wiśniewski, Wiesław Z.; Larson, Stephen M.; Howell, Ellen S.; & Mueller, Beatrice E. A. (1993), Nature, Volume 363, no. 6431, pp. 704-706.
 The Near-Earth Object Population Gladman, Brett J.; Michel, Patrick; & Froeschlé, Claude (2000), Icarus, Volume 146, Issue 1, pp. 176-189.
 A resonant family of dynamically cold small bodies in the near-Earth asteroid belt de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2013), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Volume 434, Issue 1, pp. L1-L5.
 Geometric characterization of the Arjuna orbital domain de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2015), Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume 336, Issue 1, pp. 5–22.

Zemlji bliski asteroidi

Arjunski asteroidi


Agrilus puncticeps é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por LeConte, 1860.

Referências

puncticeps

Agrilus puncticeps


Bulhar (  ) est un port historique de la région sahilienne du Somaliland avec des itinéraires datant de l'antiquité. Le port a été rajeuni au 19ème siècle et était un rival du port voisin de Berbera.

Histoire

Antiquité
Bulhar est situé près de Berbera. On pense que le site correspond à l'ancien port commercial d'Isis décrit par le savant romain Pline l'Ancien. Pline a également associé la zone au toponyme Abalito, qui, selon Said M-Shidad Hussein, est probablement l'Avalite du Périple de la mer Érythrée.

Selon Pline, le port d'Isis était un centre de commerce de myrrhe. Il a également noté que le pharaon égyptien Sésostris a conduit ses forces à passer par la région, lorsqu'elles étaient en route vers le port nord-est de Mosylon, une plaque tournante du commerce de la cannelle qui aurait été situé dans, ou non loin de l'actuel Bosaso .De plus, Pline a indiqué que le port d'Isis était situé à proximité de piliers de pierre sur lesquels des lettres inconnues étaient gravées Samuel Sharpe suggère que ces anciennes inscriptions étaient probablement hiéroglyphiques.

Début de la période moderne

Bien que les racines de Bulhar remontent à l'antiquité, la colonie n'a été repeuplée qu'au milieu du XIXe siècle. Le rétablissement de Bulhar était dû à une dissension entre les lignées mercantiles Reer Ahmed Nur et Reer Yunis Nuh du clan Habar Awal sur le contrôle du commerce à Berbera en 1845. Avec le soutien de Haji Sharmarke Ali Saleh, le dirigeant de Zeila, les Reer Ahmed Nuh chassèrent leurs parents et se déclarèrent les seuls maîtres commerciaux de Berbera. En représailles à leur expulsion, les marchands Reer Yunis Nuh fondèrent le port de Bulhar et persuadèrent leurs anciens contacts du commerce extérieur de faire des affaires dans leur port, sans passer par Berbera. Cet acte a eu un effet presque immédiat car le commerce à Bulhar a augmenté rapidement dans la seconde moitié du 19e siècle, le port devenant un marché majeur pour le bétail, la peau, la myrrhe, l'ivoire, le café et d'autres produits divers originaire de l'intérieurs des terres.

Selon plusieurs explorateurs européens qui ont parcouru une grande partie de la péninsule somalienne au XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, les liens commerciaux cumulés de Berbera et de Bulhar couvraient largement la plupart des routes de l'intérieur somalien et éthiopien, et les marchands de Berbera et de Bulhar avaient des contrats commerciaux avec des marchands éloignés, situés jusqu'à Mogadiscio et Merca :...

Démographie
Bulhar était historiquement habité par le clan des Reer Yunis Nuh, mais sera plus tard habité par le sous-clan Makahil, les deux prinicpales lignées du clan Sa'ad Musa, Habr Awal.

Notes et références

Ville au Somaliland

Bulhar


Le Grand Prix IMT – Académie des sciences et le prix Espoir IMT – Académie des sciences  sont deux prix créés en 2017 sont deux prix scientifiques décernés tous les ans par l'Académie des sciences et la Fondation Mines-Télécom.

Description
Le Grand Prix IMT – Académie des sciences et le prix Espoir IMT – Académie des sciences  sont deux prix annuels fondés par la Fondation Mines-Télécom destinés à récompenser un(e) scientifique ayant contribué de manière exceptionnelle par un ensemble d'avancées scientifiques reconnues ayant permis de faire progresser des problématiques issues du monde industriel ou de l'entreprise, au service d'une économie durable, dans l'un des domaines scientifiques et technologiques suivants : transformation numérique dans l'industrie, ingénierie de l'énergie et de l'environnement, matériaux et fabrication.

Les prix sont décernés sans condition de nationalité à un ou une scientifique travaillant en France, ou en Europe en liaison étroite avec des équipes françaises. Le montant du prix grand prix est de , le montant du prix espoir est de .

Lauréats

Grand prix
 2023 : Jacques Besson
 2022 : Jean-Louis de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye
 2021 : David Gesbert et Antoine Fécant
 2020 : Gaël Richard
 2019 : Véronique Bellon-Maurel
 2018 : Pierre Comon et Ange Nzihou
 2017 : Sébastien Bigo et Pierre Rouchon

Prix espoir
 2023 : Julien Tierny
 2022 : Silvère Bonnabel
 2021 : Antoine Fécant
 2020 : Étienne Perret
 2019 : Guilaume Balarac
 2018 : Ioan Mihai Miron
 2017 : Julien Bras

Références

Distinction en physique
Prix scientifique en France
Prix de l'Académie des sciences (France)

Prix IMT – Académie des sciences


Terra do Vístula, País do Vístula (russo: Привислинский край, Privislinsky krai; polonês: Kraj Nadwiślański) foi o nome aplicado às terras do Congresso da Polônia a partir de 1867, após as derrotas da Revolta de Novembro (1830–31) e a Revolta de Janeiro (1863–1864), pois foi cada vez mais despojada de autonomia e incorporada à Rússia Imperial. Também continuou a ser formalmente conhecido como Polônia do Congresso e Polônia Russa até a queda do Império Russo.

A Rússia perdeu o controle da região em 1915, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Após a Revolução de Outubro de 1917, foi oficialmente cedida às Potências Centrais, assinando o Tratado de Brest-Litovsk de 1918.

Referências

Províncias do Império Russo
Estados e territórios fundados em 1867

Terra do Vístula


Callias (ou Kallias) de Sphettos est un militaire et gouverneur originaire d'Athènes. Exilé en Égypte en , il revient à la tête d'une garnison de Ptolémée Ier vers  pour appuyer le soulèvement d'Athènes face à Démétrios Poliorcète. Victorieux, il s'y installe à nouveau jusqu'à ce que Ptolémée II le nomme gouverneur d'Halicarnasse.

Jeunesse
Il est le fils de Thymocharès issu d'une riche famille de la Mésogée. Il s'exile en  après la chute du régime démocratique athénien et tous ses bien matériels sont alors confisqués.

Faits militaires
Lorsque Antigone perd la bataille d'Ipsos en , ce qu'il reste de l'empire Macédonien est subdivisé. Après la mort de Cassandre en , héritier de la Grèce Européenne, et quatre années d'instabilité politique, Démétrios prend le pouvoir en . Athènes cherche alors à se libérer de sa tutelle.

Pendant l'absence de Démétrios Poliorcète, qui lutte contre Antiochos Ier, la ville se rebelle avec l'aide des soldats égyptiens. C'est à cette occasion que Callias de Sphettos revient en Grèce à la tête d'une garnison Lagide sur l'île d'Ándros dans l'archipel des Cyclades.

Lorsque Poliorcète apprend que son autorité est mise à mal, il revient vers Athènes, décidé à massacrer les ressources agricoles présentes en Attique. Callias, avec l'appui de Ptolémée Ier va s'entourer d'un corps d'Elite, protèger la campagne qui circonscrit la ville d'Athènes tout en repoussant l'assaillant. Il est ensuite envoyé au Pirée en  pour négocier la paix avec Démétrios.

Au service du roi d'Égypte Ptolémée Ier, Callias de Sphettos joue ainsi un rôle dans la libération d'Athènes en  avec les troupes égyptiennes.

Ptolémée II devient alors le nouveau protecteur de la cité. Par la suite, la Grèce va par exemple pouvoir bénéficier du blé d'Egypte pour son développement. Cette influence de la dynastie Lagide, en remplacement des antigonides, signe la fin de la main mise de la Macédoine sur la Grèce.

Après la révolte d'Athènes, Callias s'installe pour vivre dans une Athènes détruite et au bord de la famine. Des années plus tard, il reste au service de Ptolémée II pour régner sur Halicarnasse en tant que gouverneur. En -, le peuple lui vote des honneurs grandioses : il reçoit une couronne en or massif, un éloge public, le droit à la proédrie. Une statue lui sera même dédiée.

Notes et références

Personnalité de l'Athènes antique

Callias de Sphettos


James Nathaniel Brown (February 17, 1936 – May 18, 2023) was an American football fullback, civil rights activist, and actor. He played for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 through 1965. Considered to be one of the greatest running backs of all time, as well as one of the greatest players in NFL history, Brown was a Pro Bowl invitee every season he was in the league, was recognized as the AP NFL Most Valuable Player three times, and won an NFL championship with the Browns in 1964. He led the league in rushing yards in eight out of his nine seasons, and by the time he retired, he held most major rushing records. In 2002, he was named by The Sporting News as the greatest professional football player ever.

Brown earned unanimous All-America honors playing college football at Syracuse University, where he was an all-around player for the Syracuse Orangemen football team. The team later retired his number 44 jersey, and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1995. He is also widely considered one of the greatest lacrosse players of all time, and the Premier Lacrosse League MVP Award is named in his honor. Brown also excelled in basketball and track and field.

In his professional career, Brown carried the ball 2,359 times for 12,312 rushing yards and 106 touchdowns, which were all records when he retired. He averaged 104.3 rushing yards per game and is the only player in NFL history to average over 100 rushing yards per game for his career. Brown was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. He was named to the NFL's 50th, 75th, and 100th Anniversary All-Time Teams, composed of the best players in NFL history. Brown was honored at the 2020 College Football Playoff National Championship as the greatest college football player of all time. His number 32 jersey is retired by the Browns.

Shortly before the end of his football career, Brown became an actor. He retired at the peak of his football career to pursue an acting career. He obtained 53 acting credits and several leading roles throughout the 1970s. He has been described as Hollywood's first black action hero and his role in the 1969 film 100 Rifles made cinematic history for featuring interracial love scenes.

Brown was one of the few athletes, and among the most prominent African Americans, to speak out on racial issues as the civil rights movement was growing in the 1950s. He participated in the Cleveland Summit after Muhammad Ali faced imprisonment for refusing to enter the draft for the Vietnam War, and he founded the Black Economic Union to help promote economic opportunities for minority-owned businesses. Brown later launched a foundation focused on diverting at-risk youth from violence through teaching them life skills, through which he facilitated the Watts truce between rival street gangs in Los Angeles.

Early life
Brown was born in St. Simons Island, Georgia, to Swinton Brown, a professional boxer, and his wife, Theresa, a homemaker. He attended Manhasset Secondary School in Manhasset, New York. Brown earned 13 letters playing football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and running track.

Brown averaged a Long Island record 38 points per game for his basketball team. That record was later broken by future Boston Red Sox star Carl Yastrzemski of Bridgehampton.

College career

Lawyer and Syracuse University lacrosse star Kenneth Molloy, who was involved with the lacrosse program at Manhasset, was a benefactor of Brown and persuaded his alma mater to admit him, which was difficult because according to Molloy, "[Syracuse] did not want black athletes." Brown was the only African-American player on the football team as a freshman in 1953, and promises of a full scholarship in the second half of the year were not honored; Molloy personally financed and fundraised for Brown's first year at the school. He endured racist taunts while he was at Syracuse. He was treated differently from teammates: he was housed in a non-athlete dormitory, warned against dating Caucasian women, and the coaching staff attempted to put him at other positions, including punter, lineman, and wide receiver.

As a sophomore at Syracuse, Brown was the second-leading rusher on the team. As a junior, he rushed for 676 yards (5.2 per carry). In his senior year in 1956, Brown was a consensus first-team All-American. He finished fifth in the Heisman Trophy voting and set school records for highest season rush average (6.2) and most rushing touchdowns in a single game (6). He ran for 986 yards—third-most in the country despite Syracuse playing only eight games—and scored 14 touchdowns. In the regular-season finale, a 61–7 rout of Colgate, he rushed for 197 yards, scored six touchdowns, and kicked seven extra points for a school-record 43 points. Then in the Cotton Bowl, he rushed for 132 yards, scored three touchdowns, and kicked three extra points, but a blocked extra point after Syracuse's third touchdown was the difference as TCU won 28–27.

In addition to his football accomplishments, he excelled in basketball, track, and especially lacrosse. As a sophomore, he was the second-leading scorer for the basketball team (15 ppg), and earned a letter on the track team. In 1955, he finished in fifth place in the National Championship decathlon. His junior year, he averaged 11.3 points in basketball, and was named a second-team All-American in lacrosse. His senior year, he was named a first-team All-American in lacrosse (43 goals in 10 games to rank second in scoring nationally). Brown was so dominant in the game, that lacrosse rules were changed requiring a lacrosse player to keep their stick in constant motion when carrying the ball (instead of holding it close to his body). There is currently no rule in lacrosse that requires a player to keep their stick in motion. He is in the Lacrosse Hall of Fame. The JMA Wireless Dome has an 800 square-foot tapestry depicting Brown in football and lacrosse uniforms with the words "Greatest Player Ever".

While in college, Brown participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. After graduating he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. During his time in the NFL, Brown continued his military commitment as a member of the United States Army Reserve. He served for four years and was discharged with the rank of captain.

Professional career

Brown was taken in the first round of the 1957 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns, the sixth overall selection. In the ninth game of his rookie season, against the Los Angeles Rams he rushed for 237 yards, setting an NFL single-game record that stood unsurpassed for 14 years and a rookie record that remained for 40 years until Corey Dillon of the Cincinnati Bengals rushed for 246 yards in a Week 15 game against the Tennessee Oilers.

Brown broke the single-season rushing record in 1958, gaining 1,527 yards in the 12-game season, shattering the previous NFL mark of 1,146 yards set by Steve Van Buren in 1949, as well as most rushing yards per game in a season, with 127.3. In this MVP season, Brown led all players with a staggering 17 touchdowns scored, beating his nearest rival, Baltimore Colts wide receiver Raymond Berry, by 8.

After nine years in the NFL, he departed as the league's record holder for both single-season (1,863 in 1963) and career rushing (12,312 yards), as well as the all-time leader in rushing touchdowns (106), total touchdowns (126), and all-purpose yards (15,549). He was the first player to reach the 100-rushing-touchdowns milestone, and only a few others have done so since, despite the league's expansion to a 16-game season in 1978 (Brown's first four seasons were only 12 games, and his last five were 14 games).

Brown's record of scoring 100 touchdowns in only 93 games stood until LaDainian Tomlinson did it in 89 games during the  season. Brown holds the record for total seasons leading the NFL in all-purpose yards (five: 1958–1961, 1964), and is the only rusher in NFL history to average over 100 yards per game for a career. In addition to his rushing, Brown was a superb receiver out of the backfield, catching 262 passes for 2,499 yards and 20 touchdowns, while also adding another 628 yards returning kickoffs. In every season he played, Brown was voted into the Pro Bowl, and he left the league in style by scoring three touchdowns in his final Pro Bowl game.

Brown's 1,863 rushing yards in the 1963 season remains a Cleveland franchise record. It is currently the oldest franchise record for rushing yards out of all 32 NFL teams. His average of 133 yards per game that season is exceeded only by O. J. Simpson's 1973 season. Brown led the league in rushing a record eight times. He was also the first NFL player to rush for over 10,000 yards. He was very difficult to tackle (shown by his all-time record of 5.2 yards per carry), often requiring more than one defender to bring him down. Brown was famous for his stiff arm and combined speed, power and relentless endurance as a rusher.

After winning his third league MVP award in 1965, Brown retired in July 1966 at age 30 while still in top form. He was in England for the shooting of the movie The Dirty Dozen. He had expected to return to the Browns afterwards, but retired when team owner Art Modell threatened him with fines for missing training camp. Brown held the NFL career rushing record of 12,312 yards until it was broken by Walter Payton on October 7, 1984, during Payton's 10th NFL season. Brown is still the Browns' all-time leading rusher. As of 2018, he ranked 11th on the all-time rushing list.

During Brown's career, Cleveland won the NFL championship in 1964 and were runners-up in 1957 and 1965, his rookie and final season, respectively. In the 1964 championship game, Brown rushed 27 times for 114 yards and caught 3 passes for 37.

Acting career
Brown appeared in many movies and was at times described as a black Superman or a black John Wayne. While not considered a gifted actor, he helped to expand the range of roles available to black actors.

Early films
Brown began his acting career before the 1964 season, playing a buffalo soldier in a Western action film called Rio Conchos. The film premiered at Cleveland's Hippodrome theater on October 23, with Brown and many of his teammates in attendance. The reaction was lukewarm. Brown, one reviewer said, was a serviceable actor, but the movie's overcooked plotting and implausibility amounted to "a vigorous melodrama for the unsqueamish."

In early 1966, Brown was shooting his second film in London. MGM's The Dirty Dozen cast Brown as Robert Jefferson, one of 12 convicts sent to France during World War II to assassinate German officers meeting at a castle near Rennes in Brittany before the D-Day invasion. Production delays due to bad weather meant he missed at least the first part of training camp on the campus of Hiram College, which annoyed Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell, who threatened to fine Brown $1,500 () for every week of camp he missed. Brown, who had previously said that 1966 would be his last season, the final year of a three-year contract, announced his retirement, instead.

Leading man

MGM cast Brown in his first lead role in The Split (1968), based on a Parker novel by Donald E. Westlake. He was paid $125,000 for the role. Brown followed it with Riot (1969), a prison film for MGM. Both it and The Split were solid hits at the box office. Biographer Mike Freeman credits Brown with becoming "the first black action star", due to roles such as the Marine captain he portrayed in the hit 1968 film Ice Station Zebra.

Brown went to 20th Century Fox for 100 Rifles (1969). Brown was billed over co stars Raquel Welch and Burt Reynolds and had a love scene with Welch, one of the first interracial love scenes and the first in a major Hollywood movie. Raquel Welch reflected on the scene in Spike Lee's Jim Brown: All-American. For this role, Brown was paid $200,000 and received five percent of the film's box office, becoming one of the highest paid black actors.

Later acting career
His 1980s appearances were mostly on television. Brown appeared in some TV shows including Knight Rider in the season-three premiere episode "Knight of the Drones". Brown appeared alongside fellow former football player Joe Namath on The A-Team episode "Quarterback Sneak". Brown also appeared on CHiPs, episodes one and two, in season three, as a pickpocket on roller skates.

He appeared opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in 1987's The Running Man, an adaptation of a Stephen King novel, as Fireball, and had a cameo in the spoof I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988).

Brown appeared in Mars Attacks! (1996) and Sucker Free City (2004) and played a defensive coach, Montezuma Monroe, in Any Given Sunday (1999).

Civil rights work
Brown was one of the few athletes to speak out on racial issues in the 1950s as the civil rights movement was growing. He was one of the most prominent African American athletes to engage in civil rights activism, and he called on other African American athletes to become involved in similar initiatives off the field. In 1967, Brown, alongside Bill Russell, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Carl Stokes, were all members of the Cleveland Summit, a meeting with Muhammad Ali held with the intention of convincing the four to rally behind and recruit others to help Ali's cause of civil rights in the United States. Because Ali was a "pariah" in American society at the time because of his opposition to the Vietnam War and refusal to enter the draft, his boxing license had been revoked, and he faced up to five years in prison. For Brown and the other participants to stand with Ali in support of him and his position consequently put "their reputations and their careers" at risk. The Cleveland Summit was later called "a significant turning point for the role of the athlete in society" and "one of the most important civil rights acts in sports history", as well as a predecessor of the 21st century protest movement initiated by Colin Kaepernick.

In 1966, Brown founded the Negro Industrial Economic Union, later known as the Black Economic Union (BEU), to help promote economic opportunities for minority owned businesses. Brown later stated in a 1968 Ebony interview, "We've got to stop wasting all our energy and money marching and picketing and going things like camping-down in Washington on a Poor People's Campaign...We've got to get off the emotional stuff and do something that will bring about real change. We've got to have industries and commercial enterprises and build our own sustaining economic base. Then we can face white folks man-to-man and we can deal." The BEU secured loans and grants, including from the Ford Foundation, to support community initiatives related to food, medicines and farm and economic ventures in specific counties, starting with Marshall County, Mississippi. Because of Brown's economic advocacy for the African American community, Richard Nixon expressed support for black capitalism in his campaign in the 1968 United States presidential election and received an endorsement from Brown. In 1988, Brown founded the Amer-I-Can Foundation, an organization that sought to divert gang members and prisoners from violence by teaching them life skills. Through the foundation, Brown helped establish the Watts truce between rival street gangs in Los Angeles.

Perceiving Brown and other outspoken African-American athletes as a threat, the Federal Bureau of Investigation monitored Brown and his organizations. Files declassified in 2003 showed that the FBI, the United States Secret Service, and several police departments had monitored Brown and the Black Economic Union, attempting to smear the group as a source of Communist and radical Muslim extremism and collecting information to damage Brown's reputation.

Other post-football activities

Brown posed in the nude for the September 1974 issue of Playgirl magazine, and was one of the rare celebrities to allow full-frontal nude pictures to be used.
Brown also worked as a color analyst on NFL telecasts for CBS in 1978, teaming with Vin Scully and George Allen.

In 1983, 17 years after retiring from professional football, Brown mused about coming out of retirement to play for the Los Angeles Raiders when it appeared that Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris would break Brown's all-time rushing record. Brown disliked Harris' style of running, criticizing the Steelers' running back's tendency to run out of bounds, a marked contrast to Brown's approach of fighting for every yard and taking on the approaching tackler. Eventually, Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears broke the record on October 7, 1984, with Brown having ended thoughts of a comeback. Harris, who retired after the 1984 season after playing eight games with the Seattle Seahawks, fell short of Brown's mark. Following Harris's last season, in that January, a challenge between Brown and Harris in a 40-yard dash was nationally televised. Brown, at 48 years old, was certain he could beat Harris, though Harris was only 34 years old and just ending his elite career. Harris clocked in at 5.16 seconds, and Brown in at 5.72 seconds, pulling up in towards the end of the race clutching his hamstring.

In 1965, Brown was the first black televised boxing announcer when he announced a televised boxing match in the United States, for the Terrell–Chuvalo fight, and is also credited with then first suggesting a career in boxing promotion to Bob Arum.

Brown's autobiography, published in 1989 by Zebra Books, was titled Out of Bounds and was co-written with Steve Delsohn. He was a subject of the book Jim: The Author's Self-Centered Memoir of the Great Jim Brown, by James Toback.

In 1993, Brown was hired as a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, a role he occupied for the first six pay-per-view events. In 2008, Brown initiated a lawsuit against Sony and EA Sports for using his likeness in the Madden NFL video game series. He claimed that he "never signed away any rights that would allow his likeness to be used". From 2008 until his death, Brown served as an executive advisor to the Browns. In that capacity he helped to build relationships with the team's players and to further enhance the NFL's wide range of sponsored programs through the team's player programs department. On May 29, 2013, Brown was named a special advisor to the Browns. Brown became a part-owner of the New York Lizards of Major League Lacrosse, joining a group of investors in the purchase of the team in 2012.

On October 11, 2018, Brown along with Kanye West met with President Donald Trump to discuss the state of America, among other topics. Criticized by the black community for the meeting, Brown said that Trump was the sitting president and "we can't ignore that seat and just call names of the person that's sitting in it". Brown called him "accessible", and said that the president was not a racist.

Assault allegations
Brown was arrested at least seven times for assault, mainly against women. During the era when the incidents occurred, prominent men were usually not scrutinized for reported offenses against women. He was never found guilty of a major crime; in most of the cases, the women refused to press charges after calling the police. In 1965, Brown was arrested in his hotel room for assault and battery against 18-year-old Brenda Ayres; he was later acquitted of those charges. A year later, he fought paternity allegations that he fathered her child.

In 1968, Brown was charged with assault with intent to commit murder after model Eva Bohn-Chin was found beneath the balcony of Brown's second-floor apartment. The charges were later dismissed after Bohn-Chin refused to cooperate with the prosecutor's office. Brown was also ordered to pay a $300 fine for striking a deputy sheriff involved in the investigation during the incident. In Brown's autobiography, he stated that Bohn-Chin was angry and jealous over an affair he had been having with Gloria Steinem, and this argument is what led to the "misunderstanding with the police".

In 1970, Brown was found not guilty of assault and battery, the charges stemming from a road-rage incident that had occurred in 1969. In 1975, Brown was convicted of misdemeanor battery for beating and choking his golfing partner, Frank Snow. He was sentenced to one day in jail, two years' probation, and a fine of $500. In 1985, Brown was charged with raping a 33-year-old woman. The charges were later dismissed. In 1986, he was arrested for assaulting his fiancée Debra Clark. Clark refused to press charges, and he was released.

According to several victims and witnesses, who were interviewed for the 2022 documentary series Secrets of Playboy, Brown brutally raped and assaulted numerous girls and women at the Playboy Mansion. These incidents occurred from the late 1970s into the 1990s. According to the documentary, as well as other sources and numerous interviews, other perpetrators of rape and assault at the Playboy Mansion included Roman Polanski and Bill Cosby.

In 1999, Brown was arrested and charged with making terroristic threats toward his wife Monique. According to Brown, "The only time [we] ever have an argument is during [her menstrual period]". Later that year, he was found guilty of vandalism for smashing her car with a shovel. He was sentenced to three years' probation, one year of domestic violence counseling, and 400 hours of community service or 40 hours on a work crew along with a $1,800 fine. Brown ignored the terms of his sentence and in 2000 was sentenced to six months in jail, which he began serving in 2002 after refusing the court-ordered counseling and community service. He was released after three months.

"There is no excuse for violence," said Brown in 2015. "There is never a justification for anyone to impose themselves on someone else. And it will always be incorrect when it comes to a man and a woman, regardless of what might have happened. You need to be man enough to take the blow. That is always the best way. Do not put your hands on a woman."

Personal life

Brown married his first wife Sue Brown (née Jones) in September 1959. She sued for divorce in 1968, charging him with "gross neglect". Together, they had three children, twins born 1960, and a son born 1962. Their divorce was finalized in 1972. Brown was ordered to pay $2,500 per month in alimony and $100 per week for child support.

In December 1973, Brown proposed to 18-year-old Diane Stanley, a Clark College student he met in Acapulco, Mexico, in April of that year. They broke off their engagement in 1974.

Brown married his second wife, Monique, in 1997; they had two children.

Death
Brown died of natural causes at the age of 87 on May 18, 2023, at his home in Los Angeles. He died with his wife by his side. Tributes from the sports world and beyond soon poured in, with former NFL running back Barry Sanders posting on Twitter that "You can't underestimate the impact Jim Brown had on the NFL." Emmitt Smith, the NFL's all-time leader in rushing yards, wrote "He is and was a true legend in sports and in the community using his platform to help others." NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell said "Jim Brown was a gifted athlete — one of the most dominant players to ever step on any athletic field — but also a cultural figure who helped promote change." LeBron James, an NBA star, wrote in tribute that "We lost a hero today. Rest in Paradise to the legend Jim Brown. I hope every Black athlete takes the time to educate themselves about this incredible man and what he did to change all of our lives. We all stand on your shoulders Jim Brown." Barack Obama, the 44th president and the first Black president of the United States, wrote, "I was too young to remember Jim Brown's playing days, but I knew his legacy. One of the greatest football players ever, he was also an actor and activist – speaking out on civil rights, and pushing other black athletes to do the same."

In other media
Brown was portrayed by David Ajala in the London cast of the 2013 screenplay One Night in Miami and by Aldis Hodge in the subsequent 2021 film adaptation of the same name. According to Hodge, he heard "through the grapevine" that Brown - the only subject of the film alive at the film's release - liked the film and approved of Hodge's portrayal of him.

Sporting accolades
Brown's memorable professional career led to his induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. His football accomplishments at Syracuse garnered him a berth in the College Football Hall of Fame in 1995. Brown was inducted in the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1983.

Brown is the only NFL player to average 100 rushing yards per game for their career. In 118 career games, he averaged 104.3 yards per game and 5.2 yards per carry; only Barry Sanders (99.8 yards per game and 5.0 yards per carry) comes close to these totals. For example, Hall of Famer Walter Payton averaged 88 yards per game during his career with a 4.4 yards-per-carry average. Emmitt Smith averaged 81.2 yards per game with a 4.2 yards-per-carry average. Brown held the yards-per-carry record by a running back (minimum 750 carries) from his retirement in 1965 until Jamaal Charles broke the record in 2012.

ESPN's SportsCentury in 1999 ranked Brown fourth among their 50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century, trailing only Muhammed Ali, Babe Ruth, and Michael Jordan. In 2002, The Sporting News selected him as the greatest football player of all time, as did the New York Daily News in 2014. On November 4, 2010, Brown was chosen by NFL Network's NFL Films production The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players as the second-greatest player in NFL history, behind only Jerry Rice. In November 2019, he was selected as one of the twelve running backs on the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.

On January 13, 2020, Brown was named the greatest college football player of all time by ESPN, during a ceremony at the College Football Playoff National Championship Game celebrating the 150th anniversary of college football.

NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Filmography

See also
Most consecutive starts by a fullback
 List of National Football League rushing yards leaders
 List of National Football League rushing champions
 List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders

Notes

References

Further reading
 (autobiography)
 (autobiography)

External links

 National Lacrosse Hall of Fame profile
 Amer-I-Can Program

1936 births
2023 deaths
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century American male actors
21st-century African-American people
21st-century American male actors
African-American activists
African-American basketball players
African-American male actors
African-American players of American football
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
All-American college football players
American football fullbacks
American lacrosse players
American male film actors
American male television actors
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Cleveland Browns players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Male Spaghetti Western actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Manhasset High School alumni
National Football League announcers
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National Football League players with retired numbers
People from Manhasset, New York
People from St. Simons, Georgia
Players of American football from Glynn County, Georgia
Playgirl Men of the Month
Politics and sports
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Syracuse Nationals draft picks
Syracuse Orange football players
Syracuse Orange men's basketball players
Syracuse Orange men's lacrosse players

Jim Brown


O Anel de diamante de Baily (em inglês: Baily's beads) é uma característica dos eclipses solares totais e anulares. À medida que a Lua cobre o Sol durante um eclipse solar, a topografia acidentada do membro lunar permite que gotas de luz solar brilhem em alguns lugares, mas não em outros. O efeito recebeu o nome de Francis Baily, que explicou o fenômeno em 1836. O efeito do anel de diamante é visto quando apenas uma conta é deixada, aparecendo como um "diamante" brilhante colocado em um anel brilhante ao redor da silhueta lunar.

A topografia lunar tem um relevo considerável devido à presença de montanhas, crateras, vales e outras características topográficas. As irregularidades do perfil do membro lunar (a "borda" da Lua, vista à distância) são conhecidas com precisão a partir de observações de ocultações de estrelas. Os astrônomos, portanto, têm uma boa ideia de quais montanhas e vales farão com que o anel apareça antes do eclipse. Enquanto as anel de Baily é visto brevemente por alguns segundos no centro do caminho do eclipse, sua duração é maximizada perto das bordas do caminho da umbra, com duração de 1 a 2 minutos.

Galeria

Eclipses

Anel de diamante de Baily


Masato Morishige (født 21. maj 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2014

Masato Morishige