The first-sale doctrine (also sometimes referred to as the "right of first sale" or the "first sale rule") is an American legal concept that limits the rights of an intellectual property owner to control resale of products embodying its intellectual property. The doctrine enables the distribution chain of copyrighted products, library lending, giving, video rentals and secondary markets for copyrighted works (for example, enabling individuals to sell their legally purchased books or CDs to others). In trademark law, this same doctrine enables reselling of trademarked products after the trademark holder puts the products on the market. In the case of patented products, the doctrine allows resale of patented products without any control from the patent holder.  The first sale doctrine does not apply to patented processes, which are instead governed by the patent exhaustion doctrine.

Overview of copyright law application
Copyright law grants a copyright owner an exclusive right "to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending". 17 U.S.C. 106(3). This is called a "distribution right" and differs from the copyright owner's "reproduction right" which involves making copies of the copyrighted works. Rather than the right to copy, the distribution right involves the right to transfer physical copies or phonorecords (i.e., recorded music) of the copyrighted work. For example, the distribution right could be infringed when a retailer acquires and sells to the public unlawfully made audio or video tapes. Although the retailer may not have copied the work in any way and may not have known that the tapes were made unlawfully, they nevertheless infringe the distribution right by the sale. The distribution right allows the copyright owner to seek redress from any member in the chain of distribution.

The first-sale doctrine creates a basic exception to the copyright holder's distribution right. Once the work is lawfully sold or even transferred gratuitously, the copyright owner's interest in the material object in which the copyrighted work is embodied is exhausted. The owner of the material object can then dispose of it as they see fit. Thus, one who buys a copy of a book is entitled to resell it, rent it, give it away, or destroy it. However, the owner of the copy of the book will not be able to make new copies of the book because the first-sale doctrine does not limit the restrictions allowed by the copyright owner's reproduction right. The rationale of the doctrine is to prevent the copyright owner from restraining the free alienability of goods. Without the doctrine, a possessor of a copy of a copyrighted work would have to negotiate with the copyright owner every time they wished to dispose of their copy. After the initial transfer of ownership of a legal copy of a copyrighted work, the first-sale doctrine eliminates the copyright holder's right to control ownership of that specific copy.

The doctrine was first recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1908 (see Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus) and subsequently codified in the Copyright Act of 1909. In the Bobbs-Merrill case, the publisher, Bobbs-Merrill, had inserted a notice in its books that any retail sale at a price under $1.00 would constitute an infringement of its copyright. The defendants, who owned Macy's department store, disregarded the notice and sold the books at a lower price without Bobbs-Merrill's consent. The Supreme Court held that the exclusive statutory right to "vend" applied only to the first sale of the copyrighted work.

Today, this rule of law is codified in 17 U.S.C. § 109(a), which provides:

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106 (3), the owner of a particular copy or phonorecord lawfully made under this title, or any person authorized by such owner, is entitled, without the authority of the copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of that copy or phonorecord.

The elements of the first sale doctrine can be summarized as follows: (1) the copy was lawfully made with the authorization of the copyright owner; (2) ownership of the copy was initially transferred under the copyright owner's authority; (3) the defendant is a lawful owner of the copy in question; and (4) the defendant's use implicates the distribution right only; not the reproduction or some other right given to the copyright owner.

Although copyright has always been treated as a limited territorial right, in 2013 in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  the US Supreme Court eliminated the territorial restriction on the first sale. Since then, copyrighted products legally bought abroad (often at a lower price) can be legally imported and sold in the USA without any post-sale restrictions.

Limitations
The first sale doctrine only limits the distribution rights of copyright holders. This principle sometimes clashes with the holder's other rights, such as the right of reproduction and derivative work rights. For example, in Lee v. A.R.T. Co., the defendant bought plaintiff's artworks in the form of notecards and then mounted them on ceramic tiles, covering the artworks with transparent epoxy resin. Despite plaintiff's assertion of violation of his right to prepare derivative works, the 7th Circuit held that the derivative work right was not violated and that defendant's sale of the tiles was protected under the first sale doctrine. However, based on very similar facts, the 9th Circuit in Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Company held that plaintiff's right to prepare derivative works was infringed and that the first sale doctrine did not protect the defendant under such circumstances.

Application to digital copies
The first-sale doctrine does not neatly fit transfers of copies of digital works because an actual transfer does not actually happen—instead, the recipient receives a new copy of the work while, at the same time, the sender has the original copy (unless that copy is deleted, either automatically or manually). For example, this exact issue played out in Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc., a case involving an online marketplace for pre-owned digital music.

E-books have the same issue. Because the first sale doctrine does not apply to electronic books, libraries cannot freely lend e-books indefinitely after purchase. Instead, electronic book publishers came up with business models to sell the subscriptions to the license of the text. This results in e-book publishers placing restrictions on the number of times an e-book can circulate and/or the amount of time a book is within a collection before a library's license expires, then the book no longer belongs to them.

The question is whether the first-sale doctrine should be retooled to reflect the realities of the digital age. Physical copies degrade over time, whereas digital information may not. Works in digital format can be reproduced without any flaws and can be disseminated worldwide without much difficulty. Thus, applying the first sale doctrine to digital copies affects the market for the original to a greater degree than transfers of physical copies. The U.S. Copyright Office stated that "[t]he tangible nature of a copy is a defining element of the first sale doctrine and critical to its rationale."

The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled, on July 3, 2012, that it is indeed permissible to resell software licenses even if the digital good has been downloaded directly from the Internet, and that the first sale doctrine applied whenever software was originally sold to a customer for an unlimited amount of time, as such sale involves a transfer of ownership, thus prohibiting any software maker from preventing the resale of their software by any of their legitimate owners. The court requires that the previous owner must no longer be able to use the licensed software after the resale, but finds that the practical difficulties in enforcing this clause should not be an obstacle to authorizing resale, as they are also present for software which can be installed from physical supports, where the first-sale doctrine is in force. The ruling applies to the European Union, but could indirectly find its way to North America; moreover the situation could entice publishers to offer platforms for a secondary market. In a notable case, the High Court of Paris found against Valve for not allowing the resale of games from the Steam digital storefront, requiring Valve to comply with the European Union Directives of first-sale doctrine within three months, pending appeals.

Ownership requirement
For the first sale doctrine to apply, lawful ownership of the copy or phonorecord is required. As §109(d) prescribes, first sale doctrine does not apply if the possession of the copy is "by rental, lease, loan, or otherwise without acquiring ownership of it".

Some software and digital content publishers claim in their end-user license agreements (EULA) that their software or content is licensed, not sold, and thus the first sale doctrine does not apply to their works. These publishers have had some success in contracting around first sale doctrine through various clickwrap, shrink wrap, and other license agreements. For example, if someone buys MP3 songs from Amazon.com, the MP3 files are merely licensed to them and hence they may not be able to resell those MP3 files. However, MP3 songs bought through iTunes Store may be characterized as "sales" because of Apple's language in its EULA and hence they may be resellable, if other requirements of first sale doctrine are met.

Courts have struggled and taken dramatically different approaches to sort out when only a license was granted to the end user as compared to ownership. Most of these cases involved software-licensing agreements. In general, courts look beneath the surface of the agreements to conclude whether the agreements create a licensing relationship or if they amount to, in substance, sales subject to first sale doctrine under §109(a). Thus, specifying that the agreement grants only a "license" is necessary to create the licensing relationship, but not sufficient. Other terms of the agreement should be consistent with such a licensing relationship.

In Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc. the 9th Circuit created a three-factor test to decide whether a particular software licensing agreement is successful in creating a licensing relationship with the end user. The factors include: 1) whether a copyright owner specifies that a user is granted a license; 2) whether the copyright owner significantly restricts the user's ability to transfer the software to others; and 3) whether the copyright owner imposes notable use restrictions on the software. In Vernor, Autodesk's license agreement specified that it retains title to the software and the user is only granted a non-exclusive license. The agreement also had restrictions against modifying, translating, or reverse-engineering the software, or removing any proprietary marks from the software packaging or documentation. The agreement also specified that software could not be transferred or leased without Autodesk's written consent, and could not be transferred outside the Western Hemisphere. Based on these facts, the 9th Circuit held that the user is only a licensee of Autodesk's software, not an owner and hence the user could not resell the software on eBay without Autodesk's permission.

However, the same 9th Circuit panel that decided Vernor v. Autodesk, refused to apply Vernor three-factor test in UMG v. Augusto to a purported licensing agreement created when UMG sent unsolicited promotional CDs to music critics. The promotional CDs' packaging contained the language: "This CD is the property of the record company and is licensed to the intended recipient for personal use only. Acceptance of this CD shall constitute an agreement to comply with the terms of the license. Resale or transfer of possession is not allowed and may be punishable under federal and state laws." Augusto tried to sell these CDs on eBay and UMG argued that first sale doctrine did not apply since the CDs were not sold and only a licensing relationship was created. However the court held that first sale doctrine applies when a copy is given away and that recipients of the promotional CDs did not accept the terms of the license agreement by merely not sending back the unsolicited CDs.

In the case UsedSoft v Oracle, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the sale of a software product, either through a physical support or download, constituted a transfer of ownership in EU law, thus the first sale doctrine applies; the ruling thereby breaks the "licensed, not sold" legal theory, but leaves open numerous questions.

Importation of copies
Section 602(a)(1) of the US copyright statute states that "importation into the United States, without the authority of the owner of copyright under this title, of copies or phonorecords of a work that have been acquired outside the United States is an infringement of the exclusive right to distribute copies or phonorecords." This provision provides the copyright owner an opportunity to stop goods from entering the United States market altogether.

Application of this provision created difficult legal issues in the context of gray market products. Gray market dealers buy the genuine goods in foreign countries at a significant discount from U.S. prices. They then import these genuine goods into the U.S. and sell them at discount prices, undercutting the authorized U.S. dealers. The gray market exists where the price for goods outside the US is lower than the price inside.

On the surface, §602(a), barring unauthorized importation, would seem to clash with the first-sale doctrine, which permits the resale of lawfully made copies. The issue comes down to whether §602(a) creates an affirmative right to bar all unauthorized importation, or does the first-sale doctrine limit the reach of §602(a), thus permitting the resale of at least some lawfully made imported copies.

In 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court in Quality King v. L'Anza found that first-sale doctrine applied to imported goods at least where the imported goods are first lawfully made in the United States, shipped abroad for resale, and later reenter the United States. That case involved importation of hair care products bearing copyrighted labels. A unanimous Supreme Court found that the first-sale doctrine does apply to importation into the US of copyrighted works (the labels), which were made in the US and then exported.

However, the Supreme Court did not decide the issue where gray-market products are initially manufactured abroad and then imported into the US. The Court indicated that importation of goods made outside the US could perhaps be barred under §602(a), since such goods would not be "lawfully made under this title". Such products might be lawfully made, either by the copyright owner or a licensee, but they would not be lawfully made under US copyright law. Rather, they would be lawfully made under the copyright laws of the other country; and the first-sale doctrine would therefore not limit the §602 importation restriction.

The 2008 case Omega v. Costco involved this exact unresolved issue, where the defendant Costco obtained authentic Omega watches, which feature a copyrighted design on the back of the watches, through the gray market and resold them in its stores in the US. Omega manufactured these watches outside the US and did not authorize their importation into the US. Based on the Quality King case, the 9th Circuit held that "application of first-sale doctrine to foreign-made copies would impermissibly apply" the Copyright Act extraterritorially. However, the court stated that first-sale doctrine might still apply to a foreign manufactured copy if it was imported "with the authority of the U.S. copyright owner". The Supreme Court granted certiorari to Omega v. Costco, and affirmed 4–4.  However, as an evenly split decision, it set precedent only in the 9th Circuit, not nationwide.

However, in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., in 2013, the United States Supreme Court held in a 6–3 decision that the first-sale doctrine applies to goods manufactured abroad with the copyright owner's permission and then imported into the US. The case involved a plaintiff who imported Asian editions of textbooks that had been manufactured abroad with the publisher-plaintiff's permission. The defendant, without permission from the publisher, imported the textbooks and resold on eBay. The Supreme Court's holding severely limits the ability of copyright holders to charge vastly different prices in different markets due to ease of arbitrage.  The decision removes the incentive to US manufacturers of shifting manufacturing abroad purely in an attempt to circumvent the first-sale doctrine.

Exceptions

Record rentals
The Record Rental Amendment of 1984, codified in 17 USC §109(b) prohibits an owner of a phonorecord that embodies a sound recording or musical work from renting it to the public for direct or indirect commercial advantage. This exception was designed to prevent music stores from renting records and thereby facilitating home copying.

Section 109(b) is an exception to the first sale doctrine, but it is limited in several ways. It applies only to rentals, and not to resale or other transfers.  It is also limited to a subset of sound recordings—only those sound recordings that contain only a musical work.  It does not apply to sound recordings that contain other content, such as commentaries or dialog soundtrack, or to non-musical sound recordings, for example audiobooks. Lastly, libraries and educational institutions are exempt from this restriction, and may rent or loan musical sound recordings.

Software rentals
The Copyright Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990 amended §109(b) further to prohibit rentals of computer software for direct or indirect commercial advantage. The exception does not apply to lending of a copy by a nonprofit library for nonprofit purposes, provided the library affixes an appropriate warning. The amendment also specifically excluded:
 A computer program which is embodied in a machine or product and which cannot be copied during the ordinary operation or use of the machine or product; or
 A computer program embodied in or used in conjunction with a limited purpose computer that is designed for playing video games and may be designed for other purposes.

Overview of trademark law application

With reference to trade in tangible merchandise, such as the retailing of goods bearing a trademark, the first-sale doctrine serves to immunize a reseller from infringement liability.

A guiding principle for determining if a resale is protected by the first sale principle, is any "material differences" between a non-authorized seller and a seller not authorized by the trademark holder.

Such protection to the reseller extends to the point where said goods have not been altered so as to be materially different from those originating from the trademark owner.  Alterations or "material differences" don't have to be physical in nature, but may also apply to warranties and service offered by the trademark holder.  The holding notion is if any alteration constitutes "material differences" between goods originating from copyright holder and the sold item.  Such that the sale "may mislead the consumer and damage the [trademark] owner's goodwill."

Lack of Comparable Quality Controls

A trademark owner can overcome the first sale doctrine defense if it can show that the unauthorized reseller is using the trademark on goods that lack its quality control standards.  Courts have identified a four-prong test that a trademark owner must satisfy:

 1. It maintains a substantial set of quality control standards and procedures for its products;
 2. It consistently applies these standards and procedures;
 3. The reseller is not abiding by these standards; and
 4. The sale of products that do not meet the trademark owner's standards is likely to confuse consumers and harm the trademark's value.

See also
 European Union law
Copyright law of the European Union
 Information Society Directive 2001/29/EC, including the right to make a copy for private use
 Computer Programs Directive 2009/24/EC, including the first-sale doctrine applied to licensed computer software
 Droit de suite, policy in French and EU law as far as regards copyright on works of art
 Exhaustion of rights – A concept in EU law similar to the US "First-sale doctrine" as far as regards patents
 Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
 Copyright infringement
 Digital rights management
 Fair use
 Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs
 Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., a 1988 case on the extent of software copyright

References

General references

 The VSDA (Video Software Dealer's Association) 's list of lobbying priority issues includes protection of the First Sale Doctrine.
 Explanation of the "Betamax Case"
 Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L'anza Research International, Inc., 1998 WL 96265 syllabus (summary), Court decision written by Justice Stevens, Justice Ginsburg's Concurrence and 1998 B.C. Intell. Prop. & Tech. F. 040801 report of the decision
Davidson & Associates v. Internet Gateway Inc ruling
Blizzard v BnetD
 Thomas Hoeren: Der Erschöpfungsgrundsatz bei Software, GRUR August 2010, 665 - 673 (German law)

External links
Full text of 17 U.S.C. § 109

Legal doctrines and principles
United States copyright law
United States trademark law

de:Erschöpfungsgrundsatz

First-sale doctrine


ත්‍රිකුණාමලය වරාය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි විශාලතම ස්වභාවික වරාය වේ.

1942 වර්ෂයේදී ජපාන නාවික හමුදාව විසින් ත්‍රිකුණාමලය වරාය වෙත ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල කරනු ලැබූ අතර, එහිදී මෙහි නැංගුරම් ලා තිබූ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යුධ නෞකා තුනක් ගිල්වා දමන ලදී.

ත්‍රිකුණාමලය වරාය


بيتروس رافوسيس  ، من مواليد 1 أكتوبر 1954 ، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيلا (مقاطعة)
أشخاص من سكيدرا
رياضيون من إقليم مقدونيا الوسطى
لاعبو أيك أثينا
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو ليفادياكوس
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
مدربو أيك أثينا
مدربو كرة قدم يونانيون
مدربو كرة قدم يونانيون مغتربون
مواليد 1954
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم مقدونيا الوسطى

بيتروس رافوسيس


Le musée archéologique de Brauron est un musée grec situé à proximité du site archéologique du sanctuaire de Brauron, en Attique.

Le musée, construit à partir de 1962, a ouvert en 1969. Le bâtiment a été modernisé et réorganisé entre 2007 et 2009.

Collections
Le musée conserve des objets provenant du site archéologique du sanctuaire d'Artémis Brauronia et d'autres lieux de la région de Mésogée, illustrant son histoire, ses traditions et sa richesse monumentale. L'exposition est répartie entre une antichambre, cinq salles et un patio. Le musée dispose par ailleurs d'ateliers d'entretien des objets.

Antichambre
L'antichambre du musée présente l'histoire des fouilles dans la région et la restauration de la stoa du sanctuaire d'Artémis.

Salle 1
La salle 1 présente l'histoire de la région, depuis la Préhistoire jusqu'à la création du dème de Philédès, où se situe le sanctuaire. Les découvertes préhistoriques comprennent des pièces du Néolithique et de l'âge du bronze provenant des colonies de Pusi Kaloyeri, de la tour de Brauron, d'une colline côtière de Brauron et de la nécropole mycénienne de Laputsi. La section de l'exposition correspondant aux origines du dème de Philédès montre les caractéristiques du sanctuaire archaïque, de la nécropole de la même époque, du temple édifié au  et des monuments environnants. Des pièces du dème d'Halas Arafenides sont également exposées, provenant du temple d'Artémis Tauropole, entre autres.

Salle 2

La salle 2 expose des aspects spécifiques du sanctuaire d'Artémis à Brauron, ses origines et les particularités de son culte. Dans cette section, divers reliefs sont remarquables. L'un d'eux, appelé « relief des dieux », illustre le mythe de la fondation du sanctuaire. D'autres reliefs de l'époque classique représentent des processions de familles qui se rendaient au sanctuaire pour présenter leurs offrandes. Diverses statuettes votives et pièces de céramique représentent Artémis sous ses divers aspects : en tant qu'Hécate, chasseresse, protectrice des animaux et Tauropole.

Salle 3
La salle 3 est consacrée à l'aspect d'Artémis en tant que divinité liée à l'accouchement et aux enfants. Des statuettes de petites filles offertes à la déesse par les parents pour demander la protection de leurs enfants y sont exposées, ainsi que des jouets présentés en offrande par les enfants.

Salle 4

La salle 4 est divisée en plusieurs sous-sections. L'une d'elles est dédiée aux offrandes des femmes à la déesse pour la naissance de leurs enfants ou pour leur mariage : miroirs, bijoux, récipients en céramique destinés à contenir des parfums. D'autres sous-sections montrent Artémis en tant que divinité de l'artisanat et des travaux textiles, et comme protectrice de la vie familiale, ainsi que des reliefs votifs, des statues, des objets liés aux textiles et des pièces en céramique. Dans une autre partie du musée sont exposées des offrandes en bois et un autel en marbre du  où est représentée la visite de Dionysos en tant qu'invité au sanctuaire. On y trouve aussi des figurines féminines, des poteries anthropomorphes, des objets de symposium et des lampes, certaines utilisées comme offrandes et d'autres probablement destinées à illuminer le sanctuaire.

Salle 5
Enfin, la salle 5 est dédiée aux anciens dèmes de la région de la Mésogée, avec des artefacts provenant de Peania, Koropi, Lamptra, Oé, Myrrhinonte, de la nécropole mycénienne de Perati et d'une autre nécropole de la période géométrique située à Anavysos.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 Petros G. Themelis, Brauron, le sanctuaire et le musée, éditions Apollo, Athènes.

Articles connexes
 Brauron

Brauron
Culture en Attique

Musée archéologique de Brauron


العين السيد حسين يوسف خواجا يخول، من اعيان الشراكسة ووجوه المجتمع الشركسي في الأردن.	وُلد في مدينة وادي السير عام 1902م. انتُخب عضوا في المجلس التشريعي لأمارة شرق الأردن لثلاثة دورات انتخابية هي دورات 1931 – 1934 م، 1937 – 1942 م، 1942 – 1947 م.	عُيّن عضوا في مجلس الأعيان الأردني ثلاث مرات في دورات 20 نيسان 1950م، 10 أيلول 1951م، 1 تشرين ثاني 1951م. عُيّن عضوا في المجلس الأستشاري لمحافظة العاصمة عام 1966 م.	انتُخب رئيسا لبلدية وادي السير أربع مرات في أعوام 1957 م، 1960 م، 1964 م، 1971 م واستمر في رئاسته للبلدية حتى عام 1972 م.

عُيّن عضوا في مجلس إدارة المصرف الزراعي الأردني في الفترة 1952 م – 1954 م. انتُخب عضوا في الهيئة الإدارية للجمعية الخيرية الشركسية اثني عشرة دورة انتخابية، كانت أولاها في الهيئة الأدارية الثانية من 22/11/1940م وحتى 12/11/1943 م وآخرها في الهيئة الأدارية الحادية والعشرين من 30/10/1969 م وحتى 15/10/1971 م. انتُخب رئيسا للهيئة الإدارية للجمعية الخيرية الشركسية في أربعة دورات انتخابية هي دورات 1959 – 1962 م، 1962 – 1964 م، 1964 – 1967 م، 67 19– 1968 م.	انتقل إلى رحمته تعالى في مدينة وادي السير عام 1975 م ودُفن فيها بعد حياة حافلة بالعطاء.

المرجع
كتاب (الشركس - محمد خير حغندوقة- عمان - 1982م)

أردنيون شركس
مواليد 1902
وفيات 1975

حسين خواجا يخول


Hermann-Haus ist der Name folgender Einrichtungen:

 Hermann-Haus (Kempten), denkmalgeschütztes Bauwerk in Kempten (Allgäu) und ehemaliges katholisches Waisenhaus
 Hermann-Haus (Stötteritz), Unfallnervenklinik der Sächsischen Baugewerks-Berufsgenossenschaft in Stötteritz

Hermann-Haus


Every Little Thing (also known as ELT by their fans) is a pop/soft rock duo from
Japan who debuted in August 1996 with the release of their first single called "Feel My Heart". Their name is usually written in English, and only rarely in katakana.  They gained massive popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s. As of 2013, Every Little Thing has sold over 23 million copies of singles and albums throughout Japan. Their second studio album, Time to Destination, is the best-selling album of the band with over 3.5 million copies sold, and became the 10th best-selling album of all time in Japan.

Every Little Thing was originally a trio but became a duo in 2000 with Kaori Mochida as the singer and Ichiro Ito as the guitarist. Mitsuru Igarashi left ELT following the release of their third original album, Eternity.

Biography

Early careers
Ito began playing guitar in local bands around the US Yokota Air Base in Fussa, Tokyo, performing cover versions of songs by rock acts like Van Halen to local sailors. He initially intended to play drums.

Mochida made her debut as a baby in an advertisement for diapers as her mom hoped she would enter the entertainment business. In 1991, at the age of 13, she joined the eight-member girl group The Kuro Buta All-Stars. Though not successful, the experience convinced her to record a two track demo, featuring the two songs, "Mouichido" (The Kuro Buta All-Stars) and a cover song from 1970s/1980s singer-songwriter Mariya Takeuchi.

She sent the demo to Avex Trax, where Mitsuru Igarashi was a producer looking for a girl for a new duo with him as the keyboardist. Impressed by her strong yet sweet voice, Igarashi asked her to join as a duo, and then asked his guitarist friend Ichiro Ito, then working as a studio receptionist, to help on the first single "Feel My Heart", created by Igarashi. Ito, over ten years Mochida's senior, has said that when first meeting the young Mochida wearing gyaru style thick platform boots, he didn't even know how to strike up conversation.

Debut and success
The band released their debut single "Feel My Heart" on August 7, 1996. The single peaked at number 24 on the Oricon charts. Their first studio album, called Everlasting was a big success, selling nearly two million copies in Japan, and marking ELT as a popular group with a bright future. The band reached number 1 at the Oricon charts for the first time with their fourth single, "For the Moment."

Their second studio album, entitled Time to Destination, was released on April 15, 1998, and it became one of the best-selling albums of that year, with over 3.5 million copies sold. The album ended up being the band's best-selling album, as well as the 10th best-selling album of all time in Japan.  This album also included their best-selling single, "Time Goes By", which reached nearly 1.15 million copies sold.

Departure of Igarashi and change in sound
Upon the release of the third studio album, Eternity, released in March 2000, Mitsuru Igarashi suddenly decided to leave the band. Ito later said that the decision was dropped on them without warning, right before a tour, and it forced them to change their sound. The remaining duo decided to tour acoustically for the next two years in order to find their feet, but also enjoyed more creative freedom over the songs. The single "Rescue me" was the last that Igarashi participated in and with the release of their 16th single, "Ai no Kakera" in October 2000, ELT transitioned their style from Igarashi's signature synthesized pop-rock sound to a more acoustic soft-rock sound. Their single "Fragile" released on New Year's Day 2001 became ELT's second biggest hit ever, vindicating their new direction, selling approximately 829,580 copies; its c/w song "Jirenma" was one of the ending songs for the anime movie Initial D Third Stage. their fourth album and first as a duo, 4 Force, was released on March 22, 2001. The album was their first not to top the Japanese Oricon charts, but still managed to sell more than a million copies and was awarded as "Album of the Year" at the Japan Gold Disc Awards.

In 2003 the band released their fifth album, Many Pieces, which topped the Oricon charts. The album had five promotional singles prior to its release, including "Jump", the first attempt of Mochida in music composing, Untitled: 4 Ballads, their number one EP which got platinum status in Japan, and also "Grip!", which was used as an opening theme of anime television series InuYasha.

In November 2004 the duo released their single "Koibumi" that was a surprise for many, because it performed comparatively well on the charts, selling more than many of their previous singles. In 2005 they released only one single, the soft rock song "Kimi no Te", and the acoustic compilation album Acoustic : Latte.

During Every Little Thing's 2004–2005 Commonplace Tour, Mochida suffered from bronchitis which further affected her singing style during the tour as well as on their 7th album, Crispy Park, released on August 9, 2006 (their 10th anniversary day). Mochida's singing style has changed slightly on every album, going from a clear, soothing voice to a high and cuter voice. A 2006–2007 concert tour followed their tenth anniversary album release. Their 31st single, "Swimmy", theme song for the drama series Kekkon Dekinai Otoko, was released in October 2006.

Tenth anniversary and solo endeavours
For celebrating their tenth anniversary, Every Little Thing held a two-day special live at the Nippon Budokan on March 6 and 7, 2006. Their 2008 album Door released on March 5, 2008 peaked at number 2 on the Oricon charts. Mochida has said of the album, that "I used to sing without thinking. But now I convey thoughts that are hard to explain when I communicate with people in my daily life. It's harder than before; but we reap much more joy."

On November 20, 2008, it was announced that Mochida would be starting a solo career in 2009, but both she and Itoh would continue as a duo. In this period both members released solo material. Mochida released her first solo album, Moka on August 12, 2009, and also participated briefly in the special unit Caocao, along with Takao Tajima, member of Original Love. On August 5, 2009, Ito released a mini-album on his own titled Diversity, which featured vocals of Idoling!!!, Ayuse Kozue, and others.

In 2009, after nine years of departed ways, Every Little Thing began working again with former band member Mitsuru Igarashi. Igarashi composed and produced several songs on the band's ninth album Change, released in March 2010, including its three promotional singles: "Dream Goes On", "Tsumetai Ame" and the album title song.

In July, 2011, the band released their 41st single "Sora/Koe". Both songs were used as theme songs of the 2011 Pokémon movie. On September 21, 2011, the band released their tenth album, Ordinary, which debuted at number 2 on the Oricon charts.

As of 2013 they are on tour promoting their On N On single which portrays a timeline of their current performance history. Concert information and dates available at Avex trex official site, https://web.archive.org/web/20121224083337/http://www.avexnet.or.jp/elt/live.html

Members

Current members
 Kaori Mochida - vocalist, songwriter
 Ichiro Ito - guitarist, composer, arranger

Former members
 Mitsuru Igarashi - keyboardist, producer, songwriter (1996-2000)

Support members
 Genya Kuwajima - keyboardist (1996-2001)
 Keiichi "K-1" Kodo - drummer (1996-2001)
 Takeshi Asada - bassist (1996-2001)
 Kaoru Kato - guitarist (1996-2007)
 Tsunehiko Yashiro - keyboardist (2000-2001)
 Masafumi "Massy" Hayashi - keyboardist (2001-2014)
 Taka Yamaguchi - drummer (2001-2012)
 Tanahashi "UNA" Nobuhito - band manipulation, live arrangement (2001-2004)
 Satoshi "Anthony" Yamada - bassist (2002-2005)
 Yasunari "Nam-Nam" Nakamura - band manipulation, live arrangement (2004-2011)
 Naoki Kasahara - bassist (2005-current)
 Tomoji Sogawa - band manipulation, live arrangement (2011-2014)
 Koji Matsukawa - drummer (2013-2014)
 Taisei Iwasaki - keyboardist, guitarist, live arrangement (2015-current)
 Makoto Tanaka - keyboardist (2015-current)
 Ken Higeshiro - drummer (2015-current)
 Megumi Yamaguchi - Chorus (2015-current)
 Fire Horns - Wind (2015-current)

Discography

Everlasting (1997)
Time to Destination (1998)
Eternity (2000)
4 Force (2001)
Many Pieces (2003)
Commonplace (2004)
Crispy Park (2006)
Door (2008)
Change (2010)
Ordinary (2011)
Fun-Fare (2014)
''Tabitabi (2015)

Concerts and tours
May 31, 1998 - August 4, 1998: Concert Tour'98 Time to Destination
April 1, 2000 - June 3, 2000: Concert Tour Spirit 2000
May 19, 2001 - July 22, 2001: Concert Tour 2001 4 Force
December 30–31, 2001: Count Down Live 2001-2002 HORSE
December 19, 2002: 2002 Christmas Special Concert
May 10, 2003 - July 8, 2003: 2003 Tour Many Pieces
December 23–24, 2003: X'mas Acoustic Live 2003
October 17, 2004 - April 8, 2005: Commonplace Tour 2004 - 2005

October 7, 2006 - January 25, 2007: Concert Tour 2006 - 2007 Crispy Park
March 6–7, 2007: Every Little Thing 10th Anniversary Special Live at Nippon Budokan
April 12, 2008 - June 15, 2008: Concert Tour 2008 Door
December 7–8&11, 2008: Every Little Thing X'mas Concert 2008
December 23–24, 2009: Every Little Thing Premium Christmas Concert 2009
October 22, 2009 - March 28, 2010: Concert Tour 2009 - 2010 Meet
December 7, 2010 - December 23, 2010: Premium Christmas Concert Tour 2010
October 1, 2011 - April 1, 2012: Every Little Thing 15th Anniversary Concert Tour 2011 - 2012 "Ordinary"
February 18–19, 2012: Every Little Thing 15th Anniversary Premium 2 days ~naEverLasTing 2012~
January 26, 2013 - June 15, 2013: Every Little Thing Concert Tour 2013 -On And On-
February 22, 2014 - July 6, 2014: Every Little Thing Concert Tour 2014 -Fun Fare-
October 17, 2015 - April 2, 2016: Every Little Thing 20th Anniversary Best Hit Tour 2015 - 2016 ~Tabitabi~

See also
 List of best-selling music artists in Japan

References

External links

Japanese musical duos
Japanese rock music groups
Japanese pop music groups
Japanese pop rock music groups
Japanese co-ed groups
Avex Trax artists
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Tokyo
Female-fronted musical groups
Male–female musical duos

Every Little Thing (band)


La Ruta Estatal de California 123, y abreviada SR 123 (en inglés: California State Route 123) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 11,9 km (7.375 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 123 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de California 123 es atravesada principalmente por la .

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de California
Carreteras del condado de Alameda
Carreteras del condado de Contra Costa
Berkeley
Transporte de Oakland

Ruta Estatal de California 123


Vishvarupa ( m. "Allform") oder Trishiras (  m. "Dreikopf") ist in der vedischen Religion der dreiköpfige Sohn von Tvashtri. Beim Versuch den Götterkönig Indra zu entthronen, wurde er von diesem getötet.

Vishvarupa ist außerdem ein Beiname Vishnus.

Siehe auch
 Vishvarupa (Mythologie)

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Indische Gottheit
Gottheit des Hinduismus

Vishvarupa


Suspense au Caire pour A 008 () est un film d'espionnage égypto-italien réalisé par Umberto Lenzi, sorti en 1965.

Synopsis
L'agent secret britannique 006 doit collaborer avec l'agent américain 008 pour rechercher l'anti-radar, une invention qui intéresse également une organisation criminelle chapeautée par un certain Kemp.

Au Caire, ils parviennent à localiser et à détruire l'anti-radar, ce qui les oblige à se rendre en Suisse, où ils retrouvent et sauvent l'inventeur qui a encore les plans originaux en main.

Une fois l'ennemi Kemp mis hors d'état de nuire, l'agent 006 se révèle être un agent russe qui a remplacé le véritable agent, mais l'agent A 008 s'était douté de la supercherie et l'oblige à partir en Sibérie sans les plans.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Suspense au Caire pour A008
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisation : Umberto Lenzi (sous le nom de « Humphrey Humbert »)
 Scénario : Umberto Lenzi, Wallace Mackentzy
 Photographie : Augusto Tiezzi
 Montage :
 Musique : Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
 Décors : Peppino Piccolo
 Costumes :
 Maquillage : Massimo Giustini
 Production : , Luigi Nannerini
 Sociétés de production :  • Copro Film
 Pays de production :  •
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor • 1,85:1 • Son mono • 35 mm
 Durée : 84 minutes
 Genre : Film d'espionnage
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution
 Ingrid Schoeller : MacDonald, agent 008
 Alberto Lupo : Frank Smith, agent 006 / agent Ivanov
 Dina De Santis : La gérante d'un salon de beauté
 Ivano Staccioli (sous le nom de « John Heston ») : Kemp, directeur d'hôtel
 Salvatore Borgese (sous le nom de « Mark Trevor ») : Le moine
 Omar El-Hariri : Yussuf, capitaine de police
 Ahmed Louxor (sous le nom d'« Amed Luxor »)
 George Wang : Tanaka
 Edoardo Toniolo : Monsieur X
 Nando Angelini : Lieutenant américain au bowling
 Domenico Ravenna : Heinz
 Omar Targoman
 Fortunato Arena (sous le nom de « Lucky Arena ») : l'homme balafré

Censure
À la demande de la censure, deux scènes ont été éliminées : la séquence dans laquelle l'acteur Alberto Lupo glisse sa main le long de la cuisse de l'actrice Ingrid Schoeller et où cette dernière l'en empêche, et un passage montrant l'eau d'une piscine devenant rouge de sang après qu'un personnage ait chuté dedans.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film réalisé par Umberto Lenzi
Film italien sorti en 1965
Film égyptien sorti en 1965
Film d'espionnage italien
Film d'espionnage égyptien
Film avec une musique composée par Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
Film en italien
Film tourné aux studios Incir De Paolis
Film tourné à Rome
Film tourné au Caire
Film tourné en Suisse
Film tourné à Londres
Film se déroulant en Égypte
Film se déroulant en Suisse
Film se déroulant à Londres
Film censuré

Suspense au Caire pour A 008


Die Arras-Kaserne war eine Artillerie-Kaserne der Wehrmacht im Augsburger Stadtteil Kriegshaber, die nach der Schlacht von Arras im Ersten Weltkrieg benannt wurde.

Geschichte
Die Arras-Kaserne wurde in der Mitte der 1930er-Jahre von der Wehrmacht auf einer schon seit 1806 als Großer Exerzierplatz genutzten Fläche errichtet. Sie bildete den südlichen Teil eines Kasernenkomplexes, der außerdem die Panzerjäger- und Somme-Kaserne umfasste. 1936/37 wurde das Gelände um ein von allen drei Kasernen gemeinsam genutztes Offizierskasino ergänzt.

Der gesamte Kasernenkomplex blieb im Zweiten Weltkrieg nahezu unbeschädigt und wurde direkt nach Kriegsende von der US-amerikanischen Armee übernommen. Anfangs dienten einige Gebäude der Arras-Kaserne als Kriegsgefangenenlager. Am 20. Mai 1945 richtete die Militärregierung in der Kaserne ein Lazarett ein. Im April 1947 wurden diese Bauten mit Genehmigung der Militärregierung in das Westkrankenhaus umgewandelt und gingen schließlich 1970 in das Eigentum der Stadt Augsburg über. Daneben hatten bis 1951 drei deutsche Unternehmen ihren Sitz in Gebäuden der Arras-Kaserne.

Im Jahr 1953 legte die US-amerikanische Armee die drei bis dahin nach wie vor eigenständig geführten Kasernen zu den Reese Barracks zusammen. Die Benennung erfolgte zu Ehren von James W. Reese, einem Träger der Medal of Honor, der im August 1943 auf Sizilien die Eroberung eines feindlichen Stützpunktes erheblich beigeführt hatte und dabei gefallen war. Die Reese-Kaserne wurde von der US-Armee bis 1993/94 genutzt.

Heutige Nutzung
Das Westkrankenhaus wurde 1982 mit Eröffnung des Zentralklinikums Augsburg stillgelegt. Das ehemalige Offizierskasino der drei Kasernen wird heute als Kulturhaus Abraxas für kulturelle Veranstaltungen genutzt, die Gebäude der ehemaligen Arras-Kaserne werden teilweise für den "Kulturparks West" genutzt. Auf Dauer wird das gesamte Gelände der Reese-Kaserne in einem städtebaulichen Entwicklungsprozess in den Stadtteil Kriegshaber integriert.

Siehe auch
 US-Garnison Augsburg

Einzelnachweise

Ehemalige Kaserne in Augsburg
Augsburg-Kriegshaber

Arras-Kaserne


Abdon Smokvina (Sušak, 1911. – 1985.), hrvatski turistički, športski, društveni djelatnik, planinar, skijaš i jedriličar, strastveni fotoamater

Životopis
Rođen na Sušaku (Draga), na kojem je završio gimnaziju. Obnašao je dužnost tajnika turističkog saveza Rijeke. Obnašao dužnost tajnika Skijaškog saveza Rijeke. Predsjedavao Ski klubom Rijeka u dva mandata i nakon toga ponio naslov počasnog predsjednika. Za hrvatsko skijanje je važan kao jedan od osnivača Jadranskog veleslaloma, za jedriličarstvo kao jedan od osnivača Istarske i Kvarnerske regate, a za planinarstvo kao sudionik pri podizanju planinarskih domova na Platku i Snježniku.

Izvori

Životopisi, Rijeka
Hrvatski športski djelatnici
Sušak

Abdon Smokvina


Termenul "Chestiunea armeană", așa cum apare în istoria europeană, a devenit un element de discuție obișnuit în cercurile diplomatice și în presa populară după Congresul de la Berlin. Într-un mod asemănător cu Chestiunea Orientală, el se referă la implicarea puterilor europene în problema supușilor armeni din Imperiul Otoman, începând cu Războiul Ruso-Turc din 1877-1878. În termeni specifici, Chestiunea armeană se referă la protecția și libertăților fundamentale ale armenilor din comunitățile învecinate. "Chestiunea armeană" cuprinde o perioadă de 40 de ani a istoriei armeano-otomane, în contextul politicii engleze, germane și ruse între 1877-1914. Termenul "chestiunea armeană" este folosit adesea de armeni pentru a se referi la lipsa de recunoaștere de către Turcia a evenimentelor legate de Genocidul Armean.

Context
Începând de la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, Marile Puteri au început să se intereseze de tratamentul minorităților creștine din Imperiul Otoman și să facă presiuni tot mai mari pentru că otomanii să acorde drepturi egale pentru toți cetățenii săi. Ca urmare a reprimării violente a creștinilor în revoltele din Bosnia și Herțegovina, Bulgaria și Serbia în 1875, Marile Puteri au invocat prevederile Tratatului de la Paris din 1856, susținând că acestea le conferă autoritatea pentru a interveni în protejarea minorităților creștine din Imperiul Otoman. Pe la sfârșitul anilor 1870, grecii, împreună cu mai multe alte națiuni creștine din Balcani, frustrate de condițiile lor, au început, de mai multe ori cu ajutorul puterilor europene, să se elibereze de sub dominația otomană. Armenii au rămas, în mare parte, pasivi în cursul acestor ani, câștigând titlul de mei-am sadika sau "naționalitate loială".

În 1827-1828, țarul Nicolae I a solicitat ajutor din partea armenilor persani în Războiul Ruso-Persan din 1826-1828, promițând că, după război, viețile lor se vor îmbunătăți. În 1828 rușii au declanșat Războiul Ruso-Turc din 1828-1829. În același an, Rusia a anexat Hanatul Erevanului, Hanatul Nahicevan și teritoriile rurale înconjurătoare prin Tratatul de la Turkmenchay. După Tratatul de la Turkmenchay, armenii care trăiau în continuare sub dominație persană au fost încurajați să emigreze în Armenia Rusă, iar 30.000 de armeni au urmat chemarea. Rusia a anexat părți semnificative din teritoriul ocupat de armeni. Potrivit recensământului rus din 1897, 1.127.212 armeni se aflau pe teritoriul Rusiei (Gubernia Erevan, 439.926; Gubernia Elisabethpol , 298.790; Regiunea Kars, 72.967, Gubernia Tiflis, 230.379, Gubernia Baku, 52.770; Gubernia Mării Negre, 6.223 Regiunea Daghestan, 1.652, Gubernia Kutaisi, 24.505). În aceeași perioadă (recensământul din 1896), numărul armenilor din Imperiul Otoman era de 1.095.889 (vilayetul Adana, 97.450 vilayetul Alep, 37.999; vilayetul Ankara, 94.298; vilayetul Bitlis, 131.300; vilayetul Bursa, 88.991; vilayetul Diyarbekir, 67.718; vilayetul Erzurum , 134.967; vilayetul Izmir, 15.105; vilayetul Izmit, 48.655; vilayetul Kastamonu, 2.647; vilayetul Mamure-ul-Azil, 79.128; vilayetul Sivas, 170.433; vilayetul Trapezunt , 47.200; vilayetul Van, 79.998)

Pe măsură ce Rusia avansa către frontiera sa de sud, ea a devenit din ce în ce mai implicată în afacerile otomane. Rusia a fost un rol esențial în obținerea independenței României și Serbiei. Rusia și viața rusă i-a atras pe armeni. Mulți armeni au fost educați și au adoptat modul de viață rus. Rusia a fost, de asemenea, o cale a armenilor către Europa. Ea a preluat controlul asupra unei mari părți a armenilor și a devenit principala apărătoare a armenilor din Imperiul Otoman.

Origine

Majoritatea armenilor locuiau în provinciile de la granița Rusiei. Prin Tratatul de la Adrianopol, Akhalkalak și Akhaltsikhe au fost cedate către Rusia. Acest lucru a determinat un val de emigrare, iar 25.000 de armeni otomani s-au mutat în Armenia Rusă. Armenii au început să se uite tot mai mult spre Imperiul Rus ca ultim garant al securității lor.

Mulți armeni din provinciile de est ale Imperiului Otoman, care trăiau sub o amenințarea necontrolată de violență și jaf din partea popoarelor vecine agresive, au salutat avansarea armatei ruse ca eliberatoare a lor. În ianuarie 1878, patriarhul armean de la Constantinopol Nerses al II-lea Varzhapetian a abordat conducerea rusă pentru a primi asigurări că Rusia va introduce dispoziții pentru auto-administrarea armeană în noul tratat de pace.

În martie 1878, după încheierea Războiului Ruso-Turc (1877-1878), patriarhul armean de la Constantinopol, Nerses al II-lea Varzhaptian (1874-1884), a transmis către Marile Puteri plângerile armenilor față de "confiscarea abuzivă a terenurilor... convertirea forțată a femeilor și a copiilor, incendieri, șantaj pentru plata unor taxe de protecție, viol și crimă". Patriarhul Nerses Varjabedyan i-a convins pe ruși să introducă Articolul 16 al Tratatului de la San Stefano, care stipula că forțele ruse care ocupau provinciile populate cu armeni din estul Imperiului Otoman să se retragă numai după punerea integrală în aplicare a reformelor. Deși nu la fel de explicit, articolul 16 din Tratatul de la San Stefano prevedea:

În iunie 1878, Marea Britanie, cu toate acestea, a obiectat că Rusia ar deține un prea mare teritoriu otoman și a forțat-o să realizeze noi negocieri ce au avut loc la Congresul de la Berlin. Articolul 16 a fost modificat și estompat, iar toate mențiunile cu privire la staționarea trupelor ruse în provinciile otomane au fost eliminate. În schimb, guvernul otoman trebuia să informeze periodic Marile Puteri cu privire la progresul reformelor. În textul final al Tratatului de la Berlin, el a fost transformat în articolul 61, care prevedea:

Adunarea Națională Armeană și patriarhul Nerses Varjabedyan au cerut predecesorului său la scaunul patriarhal și viitorului catolicos Mkrtich Khrimian să prezinte cazul armenilor la Berlin. O delegație armeană condusă de Mkrtich Khrimian a călătorit la Berlin pentru a prezenta cazul armenilor dar, spre consternarea, nu a fost primit la negocieri. În urma negocierilor de la Berlin, în celebrul său discurs patriotic "The Paper Ladle", Mkrtich Khrimian i-a sfătuit pe armeni să ia Renaștere națională a bulgarilor (Eliberarea Bulgariei) ca un model pentru speranțele lor de auto-determinare. În istoriografia bulgară, Eliberarea Bulgariei se referă la evenimentele din Războiul Ruso-Turc din 1877-1878 , care a condus la restabilirea statului suverna bulgar prin Tratatul de la San Stefano.

În 1880, armenii, încurajați mai ales de primul ministru Gladstone, au abordat problema armenească cu cuvintele, "A servi Armenia înseamnă a servi Civilizația". Pe 11 iunie 1880 marile puteri au trimis Porții o "Notă identică", prin care au cerut aplicarea articolului 61. Aceasta a fost urmată pe 2 ianuarie 1881 de o "circulară britanică cu privire la Armenia", trimisă celorlalte puteri.

Programul de reformă armean
Programul de reformă armean din 11 mai 1895 a fost un set de reforme propuse de către Puterile Europene.

Diplomatul francez Victor Berard a scris:

Pachetul de reforme armean
Pachetul de reforme armean a fost un plan de reformă elaborat de către puterile europene în 1912-1914 care prevedea crearea a două provincii plasate sub supravegherea a doi inspectori generali europeni. După cum s-a dovedit mai târziu, reformele nu au mai fost realizate. Constatând lipsa de progrese vizibile în îmbunătățirea situației dificile a comunității armene, mai mulți intelectuali armeni deziluzionați care trăiau în Europa și Rusia în anii 1880 și 1890 au decis să înființeze partide politice și societăți revoluționare care să lupte pentru obținerea unor condiții mai bune pentru compatrioții lor.

Imagini de armeni masacrați

Referințe

Bibliografie

Genocidul Armean
Politica Imperiului Otoman

Chestiunea armeană


NGC 7805 est une galaxie lenticulaire (particulière ?) située dans la constellation de Pégase. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 7805 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en .

NGC 7805 figure dans l'atlas des galaxies particulières d'Halton Arp sous la cote Arp 112 avec sa voisine NGC 7806 et avec laquelle elle forme une paire de galaxies en interaction.

NGC 7805 figure également dans le catalogue de Markarian sous la cote Mrk 333 (MK 333).

Interaction et galaxie naine
NGC 7805 interagit avec NGC 7806, une galaxie spirale. Les deux galaxies de la paire, et plus précisément NGC 7806, présentent une morphologie relativement perturbée par les forces de marée. On distingue également à l'ouest de NGC 7806 une troisième galaxie plus petite en forme d'arc et nommée KUG 2359+311.

D'après les observations les plus récentes (2021) de cette galaxie, il s'agit d'une galaxie naine candidate et présentant un décalage vers le rouge plus élevé que ces consœurs NGC 7805-6. Elle présente aussi une population stellaire assez vieille mais tout en ayant un taux de formation d'étoiles élevé. Elle est également très riche en gaz. On pense que cette petite galaxie est sur le point de subir une importante transformation morphologique à la suite d'une interaction passée avec le couple NGC 7805-6.

Groupe de NGC 7831
NGC 7805 est membre du groupe de galaxies de NGC 7831, avec logiquement sa compagne NGC 7806. Le groupe de NGC 7831 comprend en autres NGC 7819, NGC 7831, NGC 7836 et une douzaine d'autres galaxies.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 7805 [archive] sur le site de SEDS

  NGC 7805 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

7805
Objet de l'atlas Arp
Galaxie de Markarian
Constellation de Pégase
Galaxie lenticulaire
Galaxie en interaction
Galaxie découverte en 1790
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 7805


Portlligat é uma pequena vila localizada em uma pequena baía na península de Cap de Creus, na Costa Brava do Mar Mediterrâneo, no município de Cadaqués na comarca de Alt Empordà, na Catalunha, Espanha. A ilha de Portlligat está localizada na entrada da baía, separada do continente por um estreito canal de 30 metros de largura.

Esta localidade atraiu a atenção mundial depois que o pintor surrealista Salvador Dalí se mudou para morar na vila. Agora a casa do artista foi convertida na Casa Salvador Dalí - Museu Portlligat. Tanto a baía quanto a ilha foram representadas em várias pinturas de Dalí, como A Madona de Port Lligat, Crucificação (Corpus Hypercubus) e A Última Ceia.

Notas

Referências

Ligações externas (em catalão)

 Casa Salvador Dali - Museu Portlligat

 Casa Salvador Dalí - Portlligat

Salvador Dalí
Localidades de Girona (província)
Localidades da Espanha

Portlligat


A posição de missionário, posição missionária, posição do homem por cima ou posição papai e mamãe é uma posição sexual em que, geralmente, uma mulher se deita de costas e um homem deita sobre ela enquanto se olham face a face e praticam sexo vaginal. A posição também pode ser usada para outras atividades sexuais, como sexo anal. A posição é associada à atividade sexual heterossexual, mas também é praticada entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. Em relações homossexuais entre homens, a posição é mais conhecida como frango assado.

A posição missionária é a posição sexual mais comumente praticada, embora não seja considerada a posição mais preferida universalmente. Pode ser praticada com penetração sexual ou sexo não penetrativo (por exemplo, sexo intercrural) e, devido ao seu aspecto pênis-vaginal, é um exemplo de atividade reprodutiva ventral-ventral.

Ver também
 Sexo baunilha
 Kama Sutra

Ligações externas

 The How and Why of Coital Alignment Technique (arquivado na Wayback Machine )

Missionario

Posição de missionário


Receptor, es el agente (persona o equipo) que recibe el mensaje, señal o código emitido por un emisor, transmisor o enunciante; es el destinatario que recibe la información. El receptor realiza un proceso inverso al del emisor, ya que descifra e interpreta los signos utilizados por el emisor, es decir, decodifica el mensaje que recibe del emisor. El emisor y el receptor deben utilizar el mismo código para que la comunicación sea efectiva.

Siguiendo las funciones del lenguaje, el receptor cumple con la función apelativa o conativa, donde el receptor espera una respuesta del emisor, ya sea o no lingüística; por ejemplo ¿Cuál es el camino?

Proceso de recepción
El proceso de recepción que se lleva a cabo es el inverso al del emisor, procesando e interpretando los signos elegidos por el emisor, es decir: realiza la decodificación del mensaje.

El receptor capta la información ya enviada por un emisor. Este receptor trata de comprender el mensaje y probablemente mandar uno nuevo.

Ejemplos de receptor
 En un programa de radio o de televisión, los periodistas son los emisores y los oyentes los receptores.
 En una entrevista, el entrevistador es el emisor cuando realiza las preguntas y el receptor el entrevistado; cuando el entrevistado responde será entonces el emisor y el entrevistador el receptor.
 En una clase, el emisor es el profesor y los alumnos que atienden a la clase son los receptores.
La persona(as) que reciben el mensaje

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Proceso de recepción de medios
 Definición de receptor.

Teoría de la comunicación

Receptor (comunicación)


Jalgpalliklubi Narva Trans (også kendt som Trans) er en estisk fodboldklub. Klubben har hjemme i Narva.

Mesterskaber
 Meistriliiga (D1)
 Vindere (0)
 Andenplads (1): 2006

 Pokalturnering (3): 2001, 2019, 2023

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver

Nuværende trup
Pr. 12. april 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 JK Trans officielle hjemeside (estisk)

Etableret i 1979
Fodboldklubber i Estland

JK Narva Trans


O Malus Intercursus foi um tratado comercial assinado em abril de 1506 pelo rei Henrique VII da Inglaterra e o duque Filipe IV da Borgonha.

Antecedentes e detalhes
Os atritos contínuos com a Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, combinados com o desejo de Henrique de garantir Edmund de la Pole, 3º Duque de Suffolk, o principal herdeiro iorquino, abrigado na Borgonha, levaram Henrique a tentar novas negociações, mesmo após a ratificação do Intercursus Magnus em 1496. Um naufrágio em 1506 deixou Filipe encalhado na Inglaterra a caminho de reivindicar a herança castelhana de sua esposa, Joana, a Louca. Isso permitiu que Henrique negociasse o Intercursus Magnus ("tratado do mal", assim chamado da perspectiva holandesa por ser muito favorável aos interesses ingleses), destinado a substituir o Intercursus Magnus.

Esta substituição removeu todos os direitos das exportações têxteis inglesas sem reciprocidade e com pouca compensação para os borgonheses. Henry, de 49 anos, viúvo três anos antes, também arranjou um casamento com a irmã de Philip, Margaret, de 26 anos, duas vezes viúva. Finalmente Filipe de Borgonha foi forçado a entregar Edmund de la Pole. Henrique também reconheceu Filipe e Joana como os governantes de Castela (já que a rainha Isabel I de Castela havia morrido em 1504). Depois de entregar de la Pole, Philip e Joanna foram autorizados a deixar a Inglaterra após uma permanência forçada de seis semanas.

A objeção de Margaret - tanto ao casamento quanto ao tratado em geral - significava que, com a morte de Philip em setembro e a nomeação de Margaret como governadora da Holanda dos Habsburgos (e governante de fato), o tratado não foi ratificado sendo substituído em vez disso, por um terceiro tratado em 1507, repetindo os termos do primeiro.

Referências

Tratados
Tratados comerciais

Malus Intercursus


උතුරු ඇමරිකානු ස්වදේශීය ජනතාවගේ භාෂා කුල

වසර 9,000 – 50,000 කට ඉහත බීරිං සමද්රණ සන්ධිය හරහා සයිබීරියාවෙන් සංක්රිමණය වූ ජනයාගෙන් අමෙරිකාවේ ස්වදේශීය ජනතාව පැවත එන්නේයැයි කියන මතය සමග , බීරිං සමුද්රන සන්ධි න්යා–ය ඉගෙන ගන්නවුන් එකඟ වෙති. නමුත් ඊට සම්බන්ධ කාලවකවානු හා ගමන් මාර්ත තවමත් විද විවිද වලට ලක් වේ. 2006 දී කරන ලද අධ්යියනයකින් ("ජර්නල් ඔෆ් කැලිෆෝනියා ඇන්ඩ් ග්රෙ ට් බේසින් ඇන්ත්රොකපොලොජි" හි පළවීමට නියමිත) වාර්තා කෙරෙන්නේ ඇලස්කා දිවයිනෙන් සොයාගත් වසර 10,000 ක් පැරණි පොසිලමය දතක් ඇසුරින් කළ DNA පරීක්ෂණයකින් ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෂියුගෝ , එක්වදෝර්, මෙක්සිකෝවේ සහ කැලිෆෝනියාවේ විසූ විශේෂ වෙරළබඩ ගෝත්ර  සමග සම්බන්ධයක් හෙළිවන බවයි. මෙම පොසිලමය දතෙන් සොයා ගත් DNA ලක්ෂණ මෙම විශේෂ වෙරළබඩ ගෝත්රබවලින් පමණක් සොයා ගෙන ඇති අතර ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් කිසිම ස්වදේශික ජන කොට්ඨාසයකින් මීට සංසන්දනාත්මක ලක්ෂණ සොයා ගෙන නැත. මෙම සොයා ගැනීම කියා පාන්නේ සංක්රරමණ න්යා්යකි. එනම් අඩුම වශයෙන් එක් පුරාණ ජන කොට්ඨාසයක්වත් බෝට්ටු මගින් ඇමරිකාවේ බටහිර වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ දකුණට සංක්‍රමණයවී ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත් DNA සමීක්ෂණ සහ ජීව විද්යාවත්මක හා සංස්කෘතික සම්බන්ධ කිරීම් ( පීටර් එන්. ජෝන්ස්ගේ ග්ර්න්ථය - මුතුන්මිත්තන්ට ගෞරව දැක්වීම : බටහිර ඇමරිකාවේ සංස්කෘතික සම්බන්ධතා සහ සංස්කෘතික අනුවර්තනය ) වලට අදාල වෙනත් ප්රංශ්න නිසා මෙම ප්රෘතිඵල නොපැහැදිලි විය හැක.

මෙම සංක්රවමණවල එක් ප්ර තිඵලයක් වූයේ සමාන භාෂා කතා කරන සමහර විට සමාන භෞතික ලක්ෂණද පෙන්ණුම් කරන - විශාල ජන කණ්ඩායම් උතුරු සහ පසුව මධ්යිම හා දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විවිධ ප්රනදේශවලට චලනය වීමයි. මෙම මිනිසුන් තම ගෝත්රසවල එල්බ සිටී. අතරතුර පසුව ඔවුන් පොදු භූගෝලීය සම්භවය, භාෂාමය සමානකම් සහ පොදු ජීවන රටා සහිත විශාල සමාජ බවට පත්ව ඇති බව මානව විද්යාචඥයින් සොයා ගෙන ඇත.

වසර 12,500 කට කාල නිර්ණනය කරන ලද  චිලීහි මොන්ටි වර්ඩ් හි මනුෂ්යසය වාසස්ථානයක් වූ නටබුන් වලින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරෙන්නේ බීරිං සමුද්ර  සන්ධි සංක්රෂමණයට බඳුන් වූ මිනිසුන්ට පෙර ඇමරිකාවට ඇතුල් වූ මිනිස්සු දකුණු චිලී හි පදිංචිවී සිටි බවයි. අමෙරිකාව තුළ වේගවත් සංක්රාමණ වලට ඔරු හරහා කෙරුණු වෙරළබඩ මුහුදු තරණය හේතු වූ බවට අදහසක් ඉදිරිපත් වී ඇත. තවද, මොන්ටිවර්ඩ් වලින් වසර 33,000 – 35,000 කාල නිර්ණය කළ තවත් ලේයරයක් හමු වී ඇත.

නූතනයේ සිදු වූ සංක්ර මණය පිළිබඳව සාම්ප්ර්ධායික මතය , දකුණු ඇමරිකාවෙන් සොයා ගත් මානව ශේෂ හමුවේ අභියෝගයට ලක්ව ඇත. ඒවාට වසර 30,000 ක හෝ ඊට පැරණි අතීතයක් පැවත ඇත. සමහර නූතන සොයා ගැනීම් (විශේෂයෙන් බ්රයසීලයේ ලාගෝවා සැන්ටාහි ලුසියා කත ) බොහෝ ආසියාතික ලක්ෂ නොදරන අතර අප්රිසකානුවන්ට , මෙලනීසියන් වරුන්ටහ සහ ඕස්ට්රේෂලියානු ආදි වාසිකයින්ට  සමාන ලක්ෂණ දරයි. මෙම ඇමරිකානු ආදිවාසීන් පසුව වෙනත් ස්ථාන කරා යන්නට හෝ  සයිබීරියානු සංක්ර මණිකයන් විසින් ඇද ගන්නට හෝ ඇත. ඇමරිකා මහාද්වීපයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ වූ ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෂු යිගෝහි ෂුයිගියානු ජාතීන් , ඉහත කියූ ආදී වාසික ජනතාවගෙන් බිඳී ආවුන් යැයි අනුමාන කෙරේ. මෙම මුල් සංකුමණිකයන් සයිබීරියානු ජන ගලනයට පෙර බෝට්ටු මගින් මුහුදු මාර්ගයෙන් හෝ ආසියානු වෙරළ තීරය දිගේ උතුරට ගමන් කිරීමෙන් වයඹ දිගින් ඇමරිකාවට ඇතුල් වන්නට ඇත. මීට අදාල බොහෝ ප්රේදේශ දැනට ජල ගලනය නිසා යට වී ඇති හේතුවෙන් ඉහත සිද්ධාන්තය අනුමාන වශයෙන් කළ එකකි. සමහර උගතුන්ගේ විශ්වාසය වන්නේ මුල් කාලීන ජනගහන පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි ඊසාන දිග ආසියාවේ නොව ගිණිකොණ දිග ආසියාවේ වැසියන්ට සහ පැසිපික් දූපත් වාසීන්ට බොහෝ සමීප සමානකම් දක්වන බවයි.

යුරෝපියානු සබඳතා පුළුල් ලෙස ව්යා.ප්තවීමට පෙර ඇමරිකාවේ සමස්ත ජනගහනය අවම වශයෙන් මලියන 10 කත් උපරිම වශයෙන් මලියන 112 කත් පැවති බවට ගණනය කර ඇත. සමහර ලේඛකයින් , මෙම ජනගහන විවාදයේ මතවාදී මුක්කු ගැසීම් දකිති. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් පූර්ව කොළොම්බියානු ජනගහන සංගණන වාර්තා , යුරෝපයේ සහ අපරදිග ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ ගුණ දොස් සොයන්නන් සමග තදින් දේශපාලනීයකරණය වී ඇති බව රොබට් රෝයල් කියා සිටියි. සමහර උගතුන් කියා සිටින්නේ බොහෝ ආදිවාසීන් පදිංචිව සිටියේ මධ්ය්ම ඇමරිකාවේ හා දකුණූ ඇමරිකාවේ වන අතර එයින් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 10% ක් පමණ පදිංචිව සිටියේ උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ බවද කියා සිටිති.

සොලුට්රිසයන් කම්පනයෙන් කියාසිටින්නේ ඇමරිකාව තුළට සිදු වූ ප්රානග් ඓතිහාසික යුරෝපයේ සොලුට්රිසයන් සංස්කෘතියට අයත් ගල් ආයුධ තාක්ෂණය , ඇමරිකාවේ ක්ලෝවිස් ආයුධ තැනීමේ කලාවේ සංවර්ධනයට බලපෑමක් වූ බවයි. ආචාර්ය ඩෙනිස් ස්ටෑන්ෆෝඩ් (ස්මිත් සෝනියන් ආයතනය) සහ ආචාර්ය බ්රූස් බ්රැ ඩ්ලි (එක්සටර් විශ්ව විද්යාතලය ) එම කල්පනයේ මූලික යෝජකයන් අතර වේ. මෙම කල්පනයට අනුව අයිස් යුගයේදී යුරෝපයෙන් උතුරු ඇමරිකාවට සංක1මණය වූවෝ (සොලුට්රිුයන් සංස්කෘතියට අයත්) , ම ආයුධ තැනීමේ ක්රමම හඳුන්වා දෙමින් , පසුව උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ පැතිරුණූ ක්ලෝවිස් තාක්ෂණය සඳහා පදනමක් වූ බව කිය වේ. මෙම කල්පනය සත්යඇය යැයි පිළි ගැනෙන්නේ සොලුට්රිඳයන් හා ක්ලෝවිස් ආයුධ තැනීමේ කලාවල විශේෂ සමානකම් තිබීම සහ ඇමරිනාවන් එරටට සංක්රිමණය වූවැයි කිව හැකි පෙරදිග ආසියාව , සයිබීරියාව හෝ බෙරින්ජියාව යන ප්රරදේශවලින්ද ක්ලෝවිස් තාක්ෂණය තිබූ බවට සාක්ෂ්යව සොයා ගැනීමට නැති වීම නිසයි.

අමෙරිකානු ඉන්දියානු පුරාවෘත්ත ඔවුන්ගේ ගෞරවනීය ජනයාගේ සම්භවයන්ගේ විවිධත්වය කියාපායි. සමහරු එහිම සිටියෝ වූහ. සමහරු දෙවියන් හෝ සතුන් විසින් මවන ලද්දෝ වූහ. සමහරු විශේෂ දිශාවකින් සංක්රහමණය වූවෝ වූහ, තවත් සමහරුන් මුහුද හරහා පැමිණියෝ වූහ.

කර්තෘ සහ අමද්යකප ක්රිසයාකාරිණී වයින් ඩෙලෝරියා කණිෂ්ඨ, තම ග්ර න්ථ වන රෙඩ් අර්ත් හා වයිට් ලයිස්වල බීරිං සමුද්රස සන්ධි ගොඩබිම් මාර්ගය ප්රරතික්ෂේප කරමින් කලින් සිටි තැනම සිටි සම්භවයක් ගැන කියවෙන මුඛ්යප ඉතිහාසයක් ගැන ප්රබකාශ කර ඇත. ඩෙලෝරිකා නව පෘථීවි සංකල්පයක් පිළිගනිමින් කියා සිටින්නේ ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම හට ගත්තේ ඇමරිකාවේ බවය.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_%28Americas%29#Original_peopling_of_the_Americas


An Polystachya leonardiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Daniel Geerinck. An Polystachya leonardiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polystachya, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Polystachya

Polystachya leonardiana


Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı, Kilikya Ermeni Prensliği ya da kısaca Kilikya, 1080-1198 arası prenslik ve 1198-1375 arası krallık olan Çukurova bölgesinde bulunan bir devlettir. Bölgedeki I. Ruben adında olan bir Ermeni beyi tarafından Bizans İmparatorluğundan aldığı toprak üzerine kurulmuştur ve zamanla daha geniş bir alana yayılmıştır. 1375'de Memlük Sultanlığı tarafından varlığına son verilmiştir.

Tarihi
I. Levon devletin ilk kralı olmuştur. Devlet Haçlılarla ve özellikle Fransızlarla sıkı ilişkiler kurmuştur. Komşu Hristiyan ve Müslüman devletlerle ve kendi içinde mücadelelerde bulunmuştur. Moğol istilasından sonra İlhanlılara bağlanmış ve birlikte Memluk Devletine karşı savaşmıştır. Devlet 1252'den sonra Hethumid Hanedanı tarafından yönetilmiştir. Memluklar 1375 senesinde Sis'i ele geçirince devlet son bulmuştur ve bundan sonra bölgede Memluklere bağlı Ramazanoğlu Beyliği kurulmuştur. Kilikya Kralı unvanı Lüzinyan Hanedanına geçmiştir. Başkenti ve kilisenin merkezi Sis idi. Krallığın pek çok kalesi vardı ve ayrıca Toros dağları tabii bir savunma bölgesi oluşturuyordu.

Arapça kaynaklardan Kilikya bölgesinde karşılaşılan halkın Rum olduğu anlaşılmakta, bu belgelerde Ermeni halkından söz edilmemektedir, Ermenilerin Kafkasya ile ilişkili olduğu yazılmaktadır. Bizans 10. yüzyılda doğu ve kuzeybatı Anadolu'daki Ermeni halkı zorla Çukurova bölgesine yerleştirdiği bilinmektedir. Ermeni nüfusunu zorunlu göçe geçiren ilk Bizans imparatoru II. Basileios'dur. Yaklaşık 50 bin kişilik bir Ermeni nüfusu Orta Anadolu'ya göç ettirmiştir. Daha sonra Türk akınlarının baskısıyla 1064 yılında bu aileler Toroslar'a kaçışmışlardır. Zaten 1045 sonrasında Türklerin Doğu Anadolu'ya akınları buralardaki Ermenileri de göçe zorlamıştı. Toroslar ve güneyinde toplanan bu Ermeni nüfusu "Kilikya Ermeni Baronluğu"'nun kurulmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. I. Haçlı Seferi sırasında Haçlılar tarafından da desteklenip bu baronluğu kurmuşlardır. Haçlıların yıllar süresinde devam eden destekleriyle baronluk krallığa dönüştürülmüştür. Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı tarihi boyunca Bizans İmparatorluğu'na, Papalık'a, Kutsal Roma Cermen İmparatorluğu'na, Büyük Selçuklu'lara, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'ne, İlhanlılar'a, Kudüs Krallığı'na ve Memlûk Sultanlığı'na tabi olarak varlığını sürdürebilmiştir. Bağlılıkları konusunda titiz ve girişken olmuşlardır. Örneğin Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin Kösedağ Muharebesi yenilgisinden sonra Konya istikametinde ilerleyen Moğol kuvvetleri nedeniyle Ermeni krallığına sığınan I. Alaeddin Keykubat'ın eşi, I. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev'ın annesi Hunat Hatun, Ermeniler tarafından Moğollara teslim edilmiş, kısa süre sonra Moğollar tarafından öldürülmüştür.

Özellikle İlhanlı'lara bağlılıklarını göstermek konusunda son derece girişken bir tutum izlemiştir. Bu yüzden sık sık Memluk sultanlarının hışmını üzerlerine çekmişlerdir. Çoğu kez Memluk tüccarlarına engel olunagelmiştir. Memluk Sultanlığı, demir ve başta gemi yapımı için kereste ihtiyacını Anadolu'dan ithal etmektedir.

Krallığın tarihi boyunca her zaman Haçlılarla iyi ilişkiler içinde olduğunu söylemek zordur. Kilikya, Antakya Haçlı Krallığı ana yayılma hatlarından biri olduğundan aralarında zaman zaman sürtüşmeler yaşanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Ermeni Kralları Haçlı tarikatlarının yüksek mevkiinde bulunan şövalyelere imtiyazlar ve kaleler bağışlamışlardır.

Fotoğraflar

Ayrıca bakınız

Ruben Hanedanı
Kilikya (Roma eyaleti)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İlyas Gökhan, Türkiye Selçukluları ile Kilikya Ermenileri Arasındaki Siyasi İlişkiler

Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Lišov enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Lišov im Okres Krupina.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Lisov

Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Lišov (Slowakei)


පියරි කියුරි (/ˈkjʊəri/ KEWR-ee, French: [pjɛʁ kyʁi]; 1859 මැයි 15 – 1906 අප්‍රේල් 19) යනු ප්‍රංශ ජාතික භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයෙක් සහ ස්එටික විද්‍යාවෙහි, චුම්බකත්වයෙහි, පීඩ විද්‍යුතයෙහි සහ විකිරණශිලතාවයෙහි පුරෝගාමියෙකු විය. 1903 දී ඔහු සිය බිරිඳ, මාරි කියුරි සහ හෙන්රි බෙකරෙල් සමග භෞතික විද්‍යාව සඳහා වූ නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය දිනාගත්තේය. එයත් සමගම නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගයක් දිනාගත් ප්‍රථම විවාහක යුවල බවට කියුරි පවුල පත් විය.

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

පියරි කියුරි


Die Gartlhütte (König-Albert-Hütte, ) ist eine Schutzhütte im Naturpark Schlern-Rosengarten in den Dolomiten.

Lage und Umgebung
Die Gartlhütte befindet sich auf  Höhe im Gartl, einem Schuttkar in der Rosengartengruppe, dem sie ihren deutschen Namen verdankt und wo der Sage nach König Laurins Rosengarten erblüht sein soll. In unmittelbarer Nähe der Vajolet-Türme erbaut liegt sie auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Tiers in Südtirol, Italien.

Die Hütte ist ein Stützpunkt für Klettertouren in den umliegenden Bergen, insbesondere an den gleich nordöstlich aufragenden Vajolet-Türmen, aber auch an der etwas südlich gelegenen Rosengartenspitze. Am einfachsten erreichbar ist sie von der östlich gelegenen Vajolet-Hütte aus, die sich bereits im Trentino befindet und über das Fassatal leicht zugänglich ist. Schwieriger ist der Anstieg von der südlich gelegenen Kölner Hütte aus über den Santnerpass-Klettersteig und die Santnerpasshütte.

Geschichte
Marino Pederiva errichtete 1929 eine erste, einfache Hütte an dieser Stelle. Diese wurde 1933 vom berühmten Fassaner Bergsteiger Tita Piaz erworben, erweitert und nach dem belgischen König Albert I., dem er als Bergführer gedient hatte, benannt. Später folgten mehrere Umbauten.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Alpenhütte in Südtirol
Tiers
Naturpark Schlern-Rosengarten
Rosengartengruppe

Gartlhütte


Hedvig Sofia af Brandenburg (født 14. juli 1623 i Berlin, død 26. juni 1683 i Schmalkalden) landgrevinde og senere regent af Hessen-Kassel. Hun var næst yngst af fire børn af Georg Vilhelm af Brandenburg og Elisabeth Charlotta af Pfalz. Hun giftede sig i 1649 med landgreve Wilhelm VI af Hessen-Kassel.

Hedvig Sofia virkede som regent 1663-1677, som formynder for sine sønner. Hun bevarede til 1673 statens neutralitet men sluttede senere forbund med Brandenburg mod Frankrig og deltog med tropper i krigen mod Frankrig. Hun fik længe udskudt sin søns overtagelse af regeringen men overdrog regentskabet i 1677.

Børn
 Charlotte Amalie (1650-1714), gift med Christian V af Danmark
 Vilhelm 7. (1651-1670), landgreve af Hessen-Kassel 1663-1670
 Luise (11 september 1652-23 oktober 1652)
 Karl 1. (1654-1730), landgreve af Hessen-Kassel 1670-1730
 Philip (1655-1721), landgreve af Hessen-Philippsthal 1663-1721
 Georg (1658-1675)
 Elisabeth Henriette (1661-1683), gift med Frederik I af Preussen

Huset Hohenzollern
Personer i 1600-tallet
Personer fra Berlin

Hedvig Sophie af Brandenburg


Neptosternus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies seleccionadas
 Neptosternus africanus
 Neptosternus alluaudi
 Neptosternus annettae	Hendrich & Balke 2000
 Neptosternus arnecornelii	Hendrich & Balke 2003
 Neptosternus aterrimus	Hendrich & Balke 1997
 Neptosternus babetteae	Hendrich & Balke 1997
 Neptosternus batekensis	Bilardo & Rocchi 2010
 Neptosternus bellus	Hendrich & Balke 1997
 Neptosternus bicinclus

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Laccophilinae

Neptosternus


Golema pečurka (lat. Agaricus augustus) je jestiva gljiva iz porodice pečurki (Agaricaceae).

Opis
 Klobuk goleme pečurke je širok od 10 do 25 centimetara, u mladosti okruglast, odozdo malo stisnut, zatim konveksan i na kraju otvoren, smeđast, pokriven smeđim vlaknastim čehicama koje su priljubljene za bjelkastožućkastu podlogu; rub je krpasto resast od ostataka zastorka (lat. vellum partiale), na pritisak ili dodir požuti, može narasti izuzetno velika.
 Listići su gusti, slobodni, uski, u mladosti bijeli zatim ružičasti, na kraju tamnosmeđi ili gotovo crni.
 Stručak je visok do 12 centimetara i do 3 centimetra debljine, čvrst, valjkast, najprije pun zatim cjevasto šupalj, dno često zadebljano i duboko zakopano u zemlju; u mladosti bijel, kasnije prljavobijel i dlakavo čahast; na pritisak požuti, nosi bijeli širok, trajan, viseći i gladak vjenčić sa žućkastim odsjajem čiji je rub često istrgan.
 Meso je bijelo, debelo, na presjeku ne crveni, jedino na donjem dijelu stručka lagano požuti i naposljetku postane smeđe; miriše na bademe, okus ugodan.
 Spore su ovalne, 7 - 9 x 5 – 6 μm, otrusina je čokoladnosmeđe boje.

Stanište
Raste skupno u listopadnim i crnogoričnim šumama ljeti i u jesen.

Upotrebljivost
Golema pečurka je jestiva.

Sličnosti
Moguća je zamjena s vilovnjačom (lat. Agaricus perrarus), koja je također jestiva. Razlikuje se po tome što je klobuk žućkastosmeđ te što ima mnogo manje čehice, a meso na presjeku ima težnju da požuti. Nema opasnosti od zamjene s otrovnim gljivama.

Slike

Vilovnjača

Vilovnjača (lat. Agaricus perrarus) je jestiva gljiva iz porodice pečurki (Agaricaceae).

Opis
 Klobuk vilovnjače je širok od 10 do 20 centimetara ili više, u mladosti okruglast, zatim polukuglast i naposljetku raširen, žutooker, prilično mesnat, prekriven mnogobrojnim sitnim čehicama smećkaste boje, u središtu su čehice mnogo gušće, samo sredina je glatka i smeđe boje.
 Listići su gusti, tanki, uski, odvojeni od stručka, najprije blijedoružičasti, zatim čokoladnosmeđi, gotovo tamni.
 Stručak je visok od 9 do 152 centimetara, valjkast, zatim šupalj, manje-više prekriven žućkastim čehicama koje na dodir ili pritisak najprije požute, zatim postanu oker; na osnovi je zadebljan ili produženo korjenast, nosi trajan bijeli i gladak vjenčić koji je s donje strane čehast.
 Meso je bjelkasto, na presjeku postane žućkasto, miriše na anis; okus slatkast.
 Spore su ovalne, 8 - 10 x 4 – 5 μm, otrusina je purpurnosmeđe boje.

Kemijske reakcije
Listići u dodiru s 1-naftolom se oboje crveno.

Stanište
Raste ljeti i početkom jeseni u crnogoričnim šumama.

Upotrebljivost
Vilovnjača je jestiva.

Sličnosti
Zbog izvanredno velikih izmjera koje postiže, moguća je zamjena s golemom pečurkom, od koje se razlikuje po žutooker boji klobuka i mnogo sitnijim čehicama. Osim toga, raste samo po crnogoričnim šumama. Ako pazite na navedene značajke, ne postoji nikakva opasnost da je zamijenite s kakvom otrovnicom. Možda neiskusni gljivari moraju pripaziti da je ne zamijene s otrovnom pečurkom (lat. Agaricus xanthoderma) koja je mnogo manja, na presjeku stručka snažno žuti i miriše po tinti.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Agaricales
Jestive gljive
Pečurke

Golema pečurka


Licia Ronzulli () este o politiciană italiană, membră a partidului Poporul pentru Libertate. A fost aleasă europarlamentar în 2009. Ea a făcut campanie, în felul său, pentru dreptul femeilor de a reconcilia viața privată și profesională venind în Parlamentul European, însoțită de fiica ei încă tânără.

Nașteri în 1975
Europarlamentari italieni

Licia Ronzulli


Bellechasse Regional County Municipality is a regional county municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec. The county seat is Saint-Lazare-de-Bellechasse.

Saint-Lazare was chosen as the county seat because of its central location. Other municipalities, such as Saint-Anselme, Sainte-Claire, and Saint-Damien had wanted to be the county seat because of their larger population. The region belongs to the Lévis—Bellechasse federal electoral district.

Subdivisions
There are 20 subdivisions within the RCM:

Municipalities (13)
 Armagh
 Beaumont
 Honfleur
 Saint-Anselme
 Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse
 Saint-Gervais
 Saint-Henri
 Saint-Lazare-de-Bellechasse
 Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse
 Saint-Nérée-de-Bellechasse
 Saint-Raphaël
 Saint-Vallier
 Sainte-Claire

Parishes (7)
 La Durantaye
 Notre-Dame-Auxiliatrice-de-Buckland
 Saint-Damien-de-Buckland
 Saint-Léon-de-Standon
 Saint-Malachie
 Saint-Nazaire-de-Dorchester
 Saint-Philémon

Demographics
(Statistics Canada, 2016)
 Population: 37,233
 Population change (2011-2016): +5.4
 Dwellings: 17,740
 Area (km²): 1,751.06
 Population Density (per km².): 21.3

Transportation

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 Autoroutes

 Principal Highways

 Secondary Highways

 External Routes
 None

Attractions
 Beaumont Mill, 1821 (Beaumont)
 Ferme Appalaches Safari Ranch (Saint-Lazare)
 Gold Museum (Saint-Philémon)
 Horse-drawn carriages Museum (Saint-Vallier)
 Le Ricaneux Artisanal Wine (Saint-Charles)
 Massif du Sud Ski Area (Saint-Philémon)
 Notre-Dame-de-Perpetual-Secours Historical Centre (Saint-Damien-de-Buckland)

Protected Areas
 Massif du Sud Regional Park
 St-Vallier National Migratory Bird Sanctuary

See also
 List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec
 Sisters of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Bellechasse

References

Regional county municipalities in Chaudière-Appalaches
Census divisions of Quebec


A Song for You, 1970 tarihli bir klasik pop şarkıdır ve ilk olarak rock şarkıcısı/söz yazarı Leon Russell tarafından seslendirilmiştir.

"A Song For You", genel gidişat olarak; tutkulu ancak bitmiş olan bir aşkı anlatmaktadır. Bugüne dek birçok caz/pop şarkıcısı tarafından seslendirilen şarkı, özellikle parça aralarında, bir tırmanan, bir inişe geçen vokallerle diğer klasiklerden ayrılmaktadır.

Parçayı seslendirenler
 Leon Russel (Orijinal kayıt)
 Ray Charles
 Michael Bublé ("Song For You" adıyla seslendirmiştir)
 Ben Barnett
 Amy Winehouse
 Natalie Cole
 Nolwenn Leroy
 Simply Red
 Herbie Hancock ve Christina Aguilera (düet)

2005 şarkıları
2006 şarkıları
2008 single'ları
Pop şarkıları
Caz standartları
1970 şarkıları
2000'lerde İngilizce şarkılar

A Song for You


O Estádio Mohamed Hamlaoui (, ) é um estádio multiuso localizado na cidade de Constantina, na Argélia. Inaugurado em , é oficialmente a casa onde os clubes locais Club Sportif Constantinois e Mouloudia Olympique de Constantine mandam seus jogos oficiais por competições nacionais e continentais. Além disso, o estádio será uma das sedes oficiais do Campeonato das Nações Africanas de 2022, que será realizado no país entre janeiro e fevereiro do referido ano.
Conta com capacidade máxima para  espectadores.

Mohamed
Mohamed
Mohamed

Estádio Mohamed Hamlaoui


The Greater Manila Area () is the contiguous urbanization region surrounding the Metropolitan Manila area. This built-up zone includes Metro Manila and the neighboring provinces of Bulacan to the north, Cavite and Laguna to the south, and Rizal to the east. Though sprawl continues to absorb new zones, some urban zones are independent clusters of settlements surrounded by non-urban areas.

In early 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the area was also referred to as the "NCR Plus" or "NCR+" (National Capital Region Plus) by authorities, with regard to the designation of community quarantines.

Statistics

The Greater Manila Area is composed with 34 cities (16 highly urbanized cities, and 18 component cities) and 74 municipalities.

Gallery

See also
 Mega Manila
 Metro Manila
 Urban Luzon

References

Greater Manila Area


IV je četvrti studijski album američkog hard rock sastava Godsmack. Objavila ga je 25. travnja 2006. godine diskografska kuća Universal Republic.

IV stilski se razlikuje od prethodnih Godsmackovih glazbenih izdanja, označavajući prijelaz iz heavy metala prema hard rocka stilu.

Ujedno je i drugi album Godsmacka koji završio na 1. mjestu ljestvice Billboard 200, te je bio prodan u više od 211.000 primjeraka u SAD-u u svom prvom tjednu objave.

Popis pjesama

 "Livin' in Sin" - 4:39
 "Speak" - 3:57
 "The Enemy" - 4:07
 "Shine Down" - 5:01
 "Hollow" - 4:32
 "No Rest for the Wicked" - 4:37
 "Bleeding Me" - 3:37
 "Voodoo Too" - 5:26
 "Temptation" - 4:06
 "Mama" - 5:14
 "One Rainy Day" - 16:39

Osoblje

Godsmack

 Sully Erna - vokali, gitara, produkcija
 Tony Rombola - gitara
 Robbie Merrill - bas-gitara
 Shannon Larkin - bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje

 Kent Hertz - inženjer zvuka
 Doug Strub - inženjer zvuka
 Dave Schltz - mastering
 Clay Patrick McBride - slike
 Andy Johns - produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miks
 P. R. Brown - omot dizajn
 Kevin Sheehy - osobni pomoćnik

Izvori

Albumi sastava Godsmack
Albumi iz 2006.

IV


Onthophagus taiwanus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Nomura em 1973.

Referências

Ligações externas

taiwanus
Coleópteros descritos em 1973

Onthophagus taiwanus


Joana Jabace (Rio de Janeiro, 9 de fevereiro de 1981) é uma diretora de televisão brasileira.

Biografia
Carioca formada em Jornalismo na PUC, Joana Jabace entrou na Globo em 2006 e trabalhou com Amora Mautner e Ricardo Waddington e colecionou mais de 12 trabalhos na TV Globo como 'Paraíso Tropical' (2007), 'Cordel Encantado' (2011) e 'Avenida Brasil' (2012). Joana assinou sua primeira direção-geral em 2015, com a produção 'A regra do Jogo', de João Emanuel Carneiro. Já 'Segunda Chamada' (2019) marca a estreia de Joana como diretora artística, seguida pelo 'Diário de um Confinado' (2020), indicada ao Emmy, sendo pioneira em rodar dramaturgia remotamente durante a pandemia.

Em outubro de 2021, Joana Jabace deixa a Globo e assina com a WarnerMedia. Seu primeiro projeto será a série Segundas Intenções, na HBO Max, com produção da Conspiração Filmes.

Obras

Novelas

Séries

Longa-metragem

Prêmios e indicações

Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Diretores de televisão do Brasil

Joana Jabace


Howard G. Kazanjian (born July 26, 1942) is an Armenian-American film producer best known for the Star Wars films The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, as well as the Indiana Jones movie Raiders of the Lost Ark. Kazanjian was an originating member of Lucasfilm, Ltd., serving as its vice president for approximately eight years (1977 to 1984).

Howard Kazanjian is a published non-fiction author, with a focus on the factual Old West of US history. In 2021, Kazanjian also published his well-received 340-page memoir Howard Kazanjian: A Producer's Life, edited and compiled by prolific Star Wars historian J.W. Rinzler.

Early life
Kazanjian was born in Los Angeles County, California, and is of Armenian descent. He graduated from the University of Southern California. While there he first met a young George Lucas, and they became not only Delta Kappa Alpha cinema fraternity brothers but also long standing friends. They were members of a clique of filmmakers known to the Hollywood system and the university circuit as The Dirty Dozen. During those college years, Kazanjian and Lucas both met their respective future wives, and the couples would often double date.

Kazanjian's early credits include being First Assistant Director on Alfred Hitchcock's Family Plot and Second Assistant Director on Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch. He later worked with director Robert Wise on his production of The Hindenburg. Kazanjian eventually moved into film production rather than directorial work. He later stated, "The films offered to me I don't want to direct. The films I want to direct are not offered."

Lucasfilm
As Lucasfilm's Vice President of Production, Howard Kazanjian was intimately involved in the day-to-day strategic and practical operations of Lucasfilm during the times immediately after the 1977 release of Star Wars until approximately 1984 or 1985.

Star Wars and Indiana Jones
Kazanjian is most notable for having served as executive producer on Raiders of the Lost Ark and producer on Return of the Jedi. He is also recognized as an uncredited producer on The Empire Strikes Back, replacing producer Gary Kurtz midway through the production. For Jedi he came up with the idea of shooting the production under a fake name, Blue Harvest, in order to forestall any attempts at price gouging by suppliers. Blue Harvest was purported to be a horror film with the tag line "horror beyond imagination". Hats and T-shirts were printed up for the crew to wear and to further add to the authenticity of the ruse.

During the casting of Raiders, Kazanjian heavily campaigned for Harrison Ford to be cast as Indiana Jones, to the point he almost lost his job over it. Jones was intended to be a smoker and a drinker, but Kazanjian convinced Lucas and Steven Spielberg to remove that. The scene where sunlight passing through the Headpiece to the Staff of Ra reveals the location of the Well of the Souls was proposed by Kazanjian, who was inspired by the golden statues of Ramesses II at the Abu Simbel temples in Egypt. The temple was positioned so that sunlight would penetrate the sanctuary and illuminate the statues once a year.

The issue of whether Ford would reprise his role of Han Solo for the third Star Wars film arose during pre-production. Kazanjian was responsible for getting him to return:
I played a very important part in bringing Harrison back for Return of the Jedi. Harrison, unlike Carrie Fisher and Mark Hamill signed only a two picture contract. That is why he was frozen in carbonite in The Empire Strikes Back. When I suggested to George we should bring him back, I distinctly remember him saying that Harrison would never return. I said what if I convinced him to return. George simply replied that we would then write him in to Jedi. I had just recently negotiated his deal for Raiders of the Lost Ark with Phil Gersh of the Gersh Agency. I called Phil who said he would speak with Harrison. When I called back again, Phil was on vacation. David, his son, took the call and we negotiated Harrison's deal. When Phil returned to the office several weeks later he called me back and said I had taken advantage of his son in the negotiations. I had not. But agents are agents.

The ending scene of Return of the Jedi was originally only going to show the Force ghosts of Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda, but two days before the scene was shot, Kazanjian suggested that the ghost of Anakin Skywalker appear as well.

Later years
Kazanjian has authored books with Chris Enss. In 2004, they collaborated on The Cowboy and the Senorita: A Biography of Roy Rogers and Dale Evans  and Happy Trails: A Pictorial Celebration of the Lives of Roy Rogers and Dale Evans ; In 2006, The Young Duke: The Early Life of John Wayne ; in 2009, Thunder over the Prairie: The True Story of a Murder and a Manhunt by the Greatest Posse of All Time .

He has been an instructor at "Act One", a group designed to train Christians entering into film and television, and was named by Beliefnet as one of the twelve most powerful Christians in Hollywood.

Kazanjian is an active member of the Armenian charity and cultural community, and a USC alumnus.

Since 1998 Kazanjian has been co-chairman and 50% shareholder of Tricor Entertainment, Inc, an independent production company, which owns and operates a 19,000+ seat theater chain in Southeast Asia and a film distribution company.

Personal life
Kazanjian lives and works in the community of San Marino, California with his wife Carol (née Eskijian), and three children, Peter, Noah, and Andrew.

Kazanjian and George Lucas remain close friends to this day.

Filmography
He was producer for all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

Second unit director or assistant director

Miscellaneous crew

Thanks

As an actor

Television

Second unit director or assistant director

Awards and honors
 1982 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special for The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark
 1982 Inkpot Award winner
 2009 Briner Impact Award
 On June 8, 2009, Howard Kazanjian was deputized as an Honorary Marshal of Dodge City, Kansas.

References

External links

 In-depth 2009 interview with Kazanjian regarding his contributions to Lucasfilm, LTD
 May 2010 Q&A with Howard Kazanjian at an official Paramount Studios screening of Raiders of the Lost Ark

1942 births
Living people
American Christians
American film directors
American film producers
American television directors
Television producers from California
American people of Armenian descent
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
People from San Marino, California
Lucasfilm people
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Inkpot Award winners

Howard Kazanjian


Ibrahim-paša Novošeherlija (tur. Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Paşa) (Muşkara, 1660., 1662. ili 1666.-Carigrad, 1. listopada 1730.), veliki vezir Osmanskog Carstva. Rodom iz Anadolije.

Rođen u anadolskom mjestu Muşkari u kojem je Ibrahim-paša osnovao novi grad Nevşehir (Novi Šehir), po čemu je dobio ime Novošeherlija (tur. Nevşehirli). Bio je damat, sultanov zet. Oženio je 1717. njegovu kćer Fatmu, s kojom je imao dva sina. Na visoke je dužnosti došao 9. travnja 1718. godine, na kojima je ostao do 1730. godine. Ibrahim-pašina moć trajala je skupa sa sultanskom vlasti Ahmeda III. i predstavlja Eru tulipana otkad se Osmansko Carstvo sve preusmjeravalo prema Europi.

Ibrahim-paša je kao veliki vezir uspostavio novu državnu politiku i programe, među ostalim tisak na osmanskom turskom te promicanje trgovine i industrije. Veliki vezir je pridavao mnogo važnosti poboljšavanju trgovinskih odnosa i unaprjeđenju trgovinskih prihoda, što može objasniti povratak vrtovima i više javan stil osmanskog dvora u Eri tulipana. Veliki vezir mnogo je volio čašice cvjetova tulipana, čim je postavio primjer carigradskoj eliti koja je prateći njegov primjer također obožavala raznolikosti tulipanskih boja te slavila njegovu sezonalnost. Uvođenje tiskarstva preko Ibrahima Muteferike 1727. godine, uspjelo je na njegovu inicijativu.

Kraj mu je došao kad je perzijski vladar Tahmasp II. napao je osmanske posjede, uhvativši osmansku državu nespremnu (vidi Tahmaspov pohod na pohod 1731. i pohod Nader-šaha u Zapadnoj Perziji 1730.). Uslijedio je i ustanak koji je prouzročio sultanovo abdiciranje i dolazak novog sultana, Mahmuda I., sina sultana Mustafe II. Ljudi i postrojbe u Carigradu pobijesnile su zbog Ibrahim-pašine ravnodušnosti ka državni poslovima i sultanovom životu u luksuzu, nesklonosti ka svojim subjektima obojene europskim ukusom. Pobunili su se, a pobunu je predvodio Patrona Halil, bivši janjičar iz Makedonije. Da bi spasio sebe od rulje, sultan je žrtvovao Ibrahim-pašu.

Izvori

Vojni zapovjednici Osmanskog Carstva

Ibrahim-paša Novošeherlija (1666. – 1730.)


Cristel de câmp (Crex crex), numit și cârstel de câmp, este unul dintre cei mai comuni cârstei din România.

E întâlnit în aproape toate zonele deschise aflate la altitudini cuprinse între 0-1200 m.

Este o pasăre omnivoră, hrana sa constând în majoritate nevertebrate (coleoptere, râme și moluște), dar poate fi alcătuită și din cereale și plante înrudite, trifoi și chiar fructe sau vertebrate mici.

Duce o viață ascunsă prin ierburi înalte, unde, și cuibărește. Aceasta pasăre este protejata de lege.

Note

Legături externe

 Cristel de câmp Crex crex. Societatea Ornitologică Română.
 Crex crex. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
 Corncrake (Crex crex). ARKive.  Imagini, video.
 Râle des genêts Crex crex - Corn Crake. Oiseaux.net
 Corncrake (Crex crex). Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW). 17-volume
 Corncrake Crex crex. BirdLife International
 Corn Crake Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758). Avibase
 Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) - Коростель
 Коростель / Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758). «Птицы СССР. Курообразные, журавлеобразные» — Ленинград: издательство «Наука», 1987. Авторы: Р. Л. Бёме, Н. П. Грачёв, Ю. А. Исаков, А. И. Кошелев, Е. Н. Курочки, Р. Л. Потапов, А. К. Рустамов, В. Е. Флинт.

Păsări din România
Păsări din Republica Moldova
Păsări descrise în 1758
Taxoni clasificați de Carl Linnaeus

Cristel de câmp


Die Kirche Nuestra Señora del Congost () in Viacamp y Litera, einer Gemeinde in der spanischen Provinz Huesca der Autonomen Region Aragonien, wurde im 11. Jahrhundert errichtet. Die im Ortsteil Chiriveta befindliche Kirche ist ein geschütztes Baudenkmal (Bien de Interés Cultural). Sie steht hoch über dem Fluss Noguera Ribagorzana.

Beschreibung
Die der Gottesmutter geweihte Kirche gehörte zu einer Einsiedelei. Sie wurde im 11. Jahrhundert errichtet und nachdem sie verfallen war im 13. Jahrhundert wiederaufgebaut. Die Kirche ist einschiffig und schließt im Osten mit einem halbrunden Chor. Sie ist aus Quadersteinen gebaut undt mit Steinplatten gedeckt. An der Westfassade befindet sich ein schlichtes, rundbogiges Portal.

Weblinks

 Nuestra Señora del Congost bei romanicoaragones (spanischer Text, mit vielen Fotos)

Viacamp y Litera
Kirchengebäude in Aragonien
Viacamp y Litera
Viacamp y Litera
Kulturdenkmal in der Provinz Huesca
Erbaut im 11. Jahrhundert
Viacamp y Litera
Viacamp y Litera
Bauwerk in der Provinz Huesca
Viacamp y Litera

Nuestra Señora del Congost


Olaylar
 Jovinus ile Sebastianus, Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun müşterek imparatoru oldu

Doğumlar
 8 Şubat - Proklos, Yeni Platoncu düşünür (ö. 485)

Ölümler
 Uldız, Hun İmparatorluğu hükümdarı

412


Events from the year 1809 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: George III

Parliaments of Canada
Parliament of Lower Canada: 5th (April 10 – May 18)
Parliament of Upper Canada: 5th (starting February 2)

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: James Henry Craig
Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
Governor of Nova Scotia: George Prevost
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Holloway
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres
Governor of Upper Canada: Francis Gore

Events
 On August 17, the foundation of Nelson's Column, Montreal was laid.
 November 3: John Molson's steamboat, PS Accommodation, starts for Quebec City. It is  overall, has a  engine, and makes the distance in 36 hours, but stops at night and reaches Quebec on November 6. The Accommodation is the second steamboat in America, and probably the world.
 From 1809 to 1811, Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Southeast against the United States. His brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
 Napoleon's continental blockade cuts British access to Scandinavian timber.
 The North West Company builds Fort Gibraltar.

Births

January 31 – Lemuel Allan Wilmot, lawyer, politician, judge, and  3rd Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (d.1878)
March 27 – Jean-Louis Beaudry, entrepreneur, politician and 11th Mayor of Montreal (d.1886)
May 15 – Pierre-Eustache Dostaler, politician (d.1884)
June 15 – François-Xavier Garneau, notary, civil servant, poet and historian (d.1866)
July 25 – Jonathan McCully, politician (d.1877)
October 11 – Modeste Demers, missionary (d.1871)
November 15 – Charles La Rocque, priest and third Bishop of Saint-Hyacinthe (d.1875)
November 24 – Amos Wright, politician (d.1886)

Deaths
July 3 – Joseph Quesnel, musician (b. 1746)

References

Canada
09
1809 in North America

1809 in Canada


Maraş şu anlamlara gelebilir;

 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye'de bulunan il.
 Maraş eyaleti, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun bir eyaleti.
 Maraş, Kıbrıs adasında bulunan bir hayalet şehir.

Maraş


An Glyceria multiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Glyceria multiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Glyceria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Glyceria

Glyceria multiflora