The Ashanti–Fante War (1806–1807) was a war fought between the Ashanti Empire and the Fante Confederacy in the region of what is currently the Republic of Ghana.

The Ashanti Empire became the most powerful of the interior after finally defeating the Denkyira under whom they were a vassal state.  The Ashanti Empire ruled from 1701 to 1957 by the Oyoko Clan. The main source of wealth in the Akan economy was gold, but during the conflicts between Fante and Ashanti many war captives were sold as prisoners and then into slavery by both sides. This group was created by a small group which used to call themselves Oyoko, which primarily were the descendants of the founder of the Bona kingdom in the Ivory Coast. A group of the Fante were said to have migrated to the south of Etsi by the beginning of the seventeenth century. The Fante are related by to the Ashantis as both groups originated from the Bono Kingdom. Fantes were complex connection and cluster of several independent states that were the dominant power based mostly chiefly on the coastal regions of the Gold Coast. Group interaction between the Ashanti and Fante had long existed, since historically, the Fante were thought of as a breakaway group of the initial Akan clan. However, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, this group action had escalated to hostility because they Fante had grown wealthy by controlling trade between Europeans and the interior. Over time, the British were the standard European allies of the Fante, whereas the Dutch sided with the Ashanti.

Due to this alliance with the British, several historic Fante Asafo Companies (War Units) had the Union Jack as part of their Frankaa (Regimental battle flags). These flags became prized collection items for many Europeans in the Coast Coast.

The war began in 1806 when the Ashanti king, or Asantehene, brought charges of grave robbing on some of his subjects who run from Kumasi to Assin. Fleeing Ashanti lands, these suspected grave robbers were granted refuge by the Fante. Ashanti king Osei Bonsu sent out an army against the Fante for harboring fugitives. At Abura Dunkwa, a major battle was fought, during which the Ashanti were initially victorious and captured the accused Assin Chief, Otsibu. After they captured Otsibu, the Ashanti commander, Appia Dunkwa, sent his men further inward to Fante territory where they met the rear guard and support army of the Fante Forces commanded by Atta that had previously broken away from the other Fante armies at Mumford. The combined Fante Union Army now under Atta's command rendezvoused at Tantumkweri where they defeated the Ashanti after a long day of fighting.

Aftermath of War

Ashanti–Fante War breaks out

This war, also known as the Ghana War, begins between the Ashanti associate degree Fante Confederacies of present–day Ghana. The Ashanti had resisted makes an attempt by Europeans, chiefly the British, to colonize them, and aligned themselves with the Dutch to limit British influence within the region. However, the British still annexed neighboring areas, together with the Fante, and also the succeeding conflicts eventually increase into the war of 1806, during which the Ashanti are victorious. In 1811 the Ga–Fante War sees the defeat of the Ashanti, though they still capture a British fort. In 1814 the Ashanti launch an invasion of the Gold Coast, totally routing the tribes allied with the Europeans.

First Anglo-Ashanti War begins
in West Africa
War begins between the United Kingdom and the Ashanti. With the occurrence of the Ashanti–Fante War in 1806, the groups that  had been allied with the Fante people against the Ashanti like the Ga people,  leading a series of wars, and the Ashanti, allied with the Dutch, tried to limit European, particularly British, power within the region of the Gold Coast. A series of forts were designed by the British Government in the region from 1821 that the Ashanti plan to invade and capture. In 1824 their forces surrounded a smaller army of around 1,000 British troops under the governor of West Africa, General Sir Charles McCarthy (?–1824) at Accra, defeating them and forcing the suicide of a humiliated McCarthy. The series of correct wars between the Fante people and Ashanti begins in 1826, ending with a pact in 1831, however breaking out once more in 1873.

Bond of 1844 signed

The Bond of 1844, a pact between the Fante chiefs and the British Government, is signed. The Bond legalized the imposition of nation system throughout Fanteland (in modern–day southern Ghana), and conjointly secure the Fante that the British would shield them within the event of an Ashanti attack. The Fante were allied with the British throughout the Ashanti War (1873–1874).

See also
Ashanti Empire
Ga–Fante War

References
 Adu Boahen: Politics in Ghana, 1800–1874. In: History of West Africa, London 1974, .
 Manoukian, Madeline, Akan and Ga-Adangme Peoples. London: International African Institute Edited by Daryll Forde, 1950
 Rev. W.T Balmer, M.A., B.D. A History of the Akan Peoples of the Gold Coast: "Result of the Invasion of Fanti by Ashanti" 101–103. The Atlantis Press, 1925
 Black Studies Center, Akan Kingdom reigns. Ghana.1695.
 BSC, First Anglo-Ashanti War begins. West Africa.1823.
 Black Studies Center, Bond of 1844 signed. 1844.

Wars involving the Ashanti Empire
Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
Wars involving the United Kingdom
History of Ghana
Conflicts in 1806
Conflicts in 1807
19th century in Africa

Ashanti–Fante War


Uma bomba aérea é um tipo de arma explosiva ou incendiária destinada a viajar pelo ar em uma trajetória previsível. Os engenheiros geralmente desenvolvem essas bombas para serem lançadas de uma aeronave.

O uso de bombas aéreas é denominado bombardeio aéreo.

Tipos de bomba
As bombas aéreas incluem uma vasta gama e complexidade de designs. Estes incluem bombas de gravidade não guiadas, bombas guiadas, bombas lançadas à mão de um veículo, bombas que precisam de um grande veículo de entrega especialmente construído; bombas integradas ao próprio veículo (como uma bomba planadora), bombas de detonação instantânea ou bombas de ação retardada.

Tal como acontece com outros tipos de armas explosivas, as bombas aéreas visam matar e ferir pessoas ou destruir material através da projeção de uma ou mais explosões, fragmentação, radiação ou fogo para fora do ponto de detonação.

Primeiras bombas

As primeiras bombas entregues a seus alvos por via aérea foram bombas individuais transportadas em balões de ar quente não tripulados, lançados pelos austríacos contra Veneza em 1849 durante a Primeira Guerra da Independência Italiana.

As primeiras bombas lançadas de uma aeronave mais pesada que o ar foram granadas ou dispositivos semelhantes a granadas. Historicamente, o primeiro uso foi por Giulio Gavotti em 1 de novembro de 1911, durante a Guerra Ítalo-Turca.

Em 1912, durante a Primeira Guerra Balcânica, o piloto da Força Aérea Búlgara Christo Toprakchiev sugeriu o uso de aeronaves para lançar "bombas" (chamadas granadas no exército búlgaro na época) em posições turcas. O capitão Simeon Petrov desenvolveu a ideia e criou vários protótipos adaptando diferentes tipos de granadas e aumentando sua carga útil.

Em 16 de outubro de 1912, o observador Prodan Tarakchiev lançou duas dessas bombas na estação ferroviária turca de Karağaç (perto da sitiada Edirne) de um avião Albatros F.2 pilotado por Radul Milkov, pela primeira vez nesta campanha.

Descrição técnica
Bombas aéreas normalmente usam uma espoleta de contato para detonar a bomba no momento do impacto, ou uma espoleta de ação retardada iniciada pelo impacto.

Confiabilidade
Nem todas as bombas lançadas detonam; falhas são comuns. Estimou-se que durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial cerca de 10% das bombas alemãs falharam em detonar e que as bombas aliadas tiveram uma taxa de falha de 15% ou 20%, especialmente se atingiram solo macio e usaram um mecanismo de detonação do tipo pistola em vez de espoletas. Muitas bombas foram lançadas durante a guerra; milhares de bombas não detonadas que podem detonar são descobertas todos os anos, particularmente na Alemanha, e precisam ser desarmadas ou detonadas em uma explosão controlada, em alguns casos exigindo a evacuação de milhares de pessoas antecipadamente. Bombas antigas ocasionalmente detonam quando perturbadas, ou quando uma espoleta defeituosa eventualmente funciona, mostrando que as precauções ainda são essenciais ao lidar com elas.

Armas explosivas
Bombas aéreas

Bomba aérea


{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Montenegrins
| native_name      =
| native_name_lang = cnr
| image            =
| total            =  400,000–500,000

| popplace         =  278,865
| tablehdr         = Other regions

| region1          =
| pop1             = 20,238 (2022)
| ref1             =
| region2         =
| pop2            = 4,588 (2010)
| ref2            =
| region3         =
| pop3            = 3,127 (2021)
| ref3            =
| region4         =
| pop4            = 2,667 (2002)
| ref4            =
| region5         =
| pop5            = 1,883 (2013)
| ref5            =
| region6         =
| pop6            = 1,023 (2021)
| ref6            = | region7         =
| pop7            = 366 (2011)
| ref7            =

| region8         =
| pop8            = 1,551 (2022)
| ref8            =
| region9         =
| pop9            = 1027 (2011)
| ref9            =
| region10         =
| pop10            = 764 (2023)
| ref10            =
| region11         =
| pop11            = 684 (2023)
| ref11            =

| region12         =
| pop12            = 181 (2010)
| ref12            =

| region13          =
| pop13             =  25–30,000
| ref13             =
| region14          =
| pop14             =  30,000
| ref14             =
| region15          =
| pop15             =  12,000 (2001)
| ref15             =
| region16         =
| pop16            = 2,721 (2022)
| ref16            =
| region17         =
| pop17            = 2,593 (2014)
| ref17            =
| region18         =
| pop18            = 129 (2010)
| ref18            =

| region19          =
| pop19             =  40,000 (2014)
| ref19             =
| region20          =
| pop20             =  30,000 (2001)
| ref20             =
| region21          =
| pop21             =  7,000 (2015)
| ref21             =
| region22         =
| pop22            = 4,160 (2016)
| ref22            =
| region23         =
| pop23            =  1,500–2,000 (2017)
| ref23            =
| region24         =
| pop24            = 800 (2013)
| ref24            =

| region25         =
| pop25            = 1,554 (2013)
| ref25            =

| langs           =MontenegrinSerbian  (Ijekavian dialect)
| rels             = Predominantly Eastern Orthodox (88.7%) including Montenegrin Orthodox Church and Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral; others include Catholic (2%), Protestant (0.3%), Muslim (4.6%), and unaffiliated (2.3%).
| related          = Other South Slavs
}}Montenegrins' (,  or ; lit. "Black Mountain People") are a South Slavic ethnic group that share a common ancestry, culture, history, and language, identified with the country of Montenegro.

Genetics
According to one triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on South Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Montenegrins with Serbs in between two Balkan clusters. According to a 2020 autosomal marker analysis, Montenegrins are situated in between Serbians and Kosovo Albanians.

Y-DNA genetic study done in 2010 on 404 male individuals from Montenegro gave the following results: haplogroup I2a (29.7%), E-V13 (26.9%), R1b (9.4%), R1a (7.6%), I1 (6.1%), J2a1 (4.7%), J2b (4.4%), G2a (2.4%), Q (1.9%), I2b (1.7%), N (1.4%), H (1.4%), L (1.2%), and J1 (0.49%). A 2022 study on 267 samples from northeastern Montenegro found that the "most common haplogroups are I2 and R1b, both identified in 23.97% of samples, followed by E (22.47%), J2 (11.61%), I1 (6.74%), G2 (3.75%), R1a (3.37%), I1 (1.12%), G (1.12%), N (0.75%), C (0.37%), T1 (0.37%) and Q1 (0.37%)".

History

Middle Ages

Slavs settled in the Balkans during the 6th and 7th centuries. According to De Administrando Imperio, there existed three Slavic polities on the territory of modern Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Principality of Serbia, the north. Duklja emerged as an independent state during the 11th century, initially held by the Vojislavljević dynasty, later to be conquered and incorporated into the state of the Nemanjić dynasty. De Administrando Imperio does not mention which Slavic people lived in Duklja, but Duklja was considered to be one of the first Serb states, alongside Raška formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively. Who exactly were the Slavic inhabitants of Duklja differs among authors, as other historians maintain that it is not possible to equate the people of Duklja with either Serbs or Croats, considering most historical Byzantian documents from that time.

By forming the first country under the rule of Časlav Klonimirović, with the centre in the old town of Ras, all these areas belonged to Serbian territory by conquest. By strengthening of the coastal Duklja and the noble family of Vojislavljević, in the beginning of the 11th century, they took power from Vlastimirovic dynasty, and soon after that, in 1077, Prince Mihailo Vojislavljević received the royal title from the Pope and proclaimed the Kingdom of Duklja, with the centre in the city of Bar. The Pope named him King of the Slavs ("Sclavorum regi").

With the descent of Vojislavljević dynasty, nobleman Zavida, from Ribnica near Podgorica, a cousin of Vojislavljević dynasty through a female line, had four sons. His youngest son, Stefan Nemanja, later became become the Grand Prince of Raška. He moves to the city of Stari Ras, where he overthrows (and kills) his eldest brother, Tihomir, in 1169, and declares himself the Grand Prince of Raška. After his proclamation, the last Prince/King of Duklja, Mihailo Vojislavljević, dies, and Stefan Nemanja conquers Duklja, adding its lands to Raška, and soon he reclaims the rest of the lands from the period of Prince Časlav Klonimirović and King Mihailo Vojislavljević. From the reign of Stefan Nemanja to the fall of the Montenegrin medieval state, Duklja, by this time is called Zeta. Throughout the period of two centuries under the Nemanjić dynasty, Crnojević dynasty became a noble family, and later on the line of Crnojević was replaced by the family of Balšići, believed to be originating from France, who remain on the throne of the Zeta, by then known as Montenegro.

The region previously known as Duklja later became known as "Zeta". Between 1276 and 1309, Queen Helen of Anjou, the widow of the King Stefan Uroš I, ruled Zeta, where she built and restored several monasteries, most notably the Monastery of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (Srđ and Vakh) on the Bojana river below Shkodër. The Venetian name Montenegro, meaning "black mountain" occurred for the first time in the charter of St. Nicholas' monastery in Vranjina, dating to 1296, during Jelena's reign. Under King Stefan Milutin (reigned 1282-1321), at the beginning of the 14th century, the archdiocese in Bar was the biggest feudal domain in Zeta.

In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (Zeta) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family, then the Crnojević noble family, and by the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora (Venetian: ). The Crnojevići were driven out from Zeta by the Ottomans and forced to retreat above the Bay of Kotor where they built a monastery and a royal court in Cetinje, the future royal capital of Montenegro, before eventually fleeing to Venice. In 1496, the Ottomans conquered Zeta and subsequently established a sanjak that was subordinated to the Sanjak of Scutari. Ottoman influence remained largely limited to urban areas, while various tribes in the highlands emerged as districts out of reach of the Ottomans. These tribes were at times united against the Ottomans, under the leadership of the Metropolitans of Montenegro, the so-called "prince-bishops".

The Montenegrins maintained their de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman's reign over most of the Balkan region (Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.). The Montenegrins were gathered around the Metropolitans of the Cetinje Metropolitanate, which led to further national awakening of the Montenegrins all around. The creation of a theocratic state and its advancement into a secular and independent country was even more evident in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

19th century
The rule of the House of Petrović in the 18th and 19th century unified the Montenegrins. That period was marked by numerous battles with Ottoman conquerors as well as by a firmer establishment of a self-governed principality.

In 1878, the Congress of Berlin recognised Montenegro as the 26th independent state in the world. Montenegro participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, as well as in World War I on the side of the Allies.

With the arrival of the Turks, because of the inaccessibility of the terrain, and because of the lack of interest of the Ottomans for the "Montenegrin karst and fracture" (inaccessible terrain), the tribes in Montenegro enjoyed more than autonomy, and less than independence, but even this did not prevent the Montenegrin tribes from raising various revolts against Turkish conquest . The people were divided into tribes, and shortly thereafter bloody accounts of "brotherly" tribes turned bloody. The most serious causes of these accidents were the lack of food in the then-Montenegro, and the few resources were left, were taken away by the Turks, and the conflicts were inevitable. At the beginning of the 18th century. From then on, to Prince Danilo Petrovic, Montenegrins are under the theocratic rule of the Petrović dynasty. Due to the impossibility of approach, due to the terrain of Montenegro, Bishop Petar I Petrović Njegoš cursed the tribes he was ruling, using their piety to inspire unity, and thus attempted to prevent the further slaughter of the fraternal people. After his death in 1830, Petar of Cetinje was buried in Cetinje Monastery and was proclaimed a saint.

His adopted son Petar II Petrović Njegoš ruled from 1830 until 1851. It is recorded as one of the greatest educators of the people in general. He wrote one of the most important works of the romantic epoch "Mountain Wreath" (regarded as one of the artistic foundations of Serbian nationalism), and he was also credited with bringing the final look of a Montenegrin hat, which is decorated with a black frame and represents the crown, more precisely, sorrow for the slavery of the Yugoslavian people under Ottoman yoke. The top of the cap is red, symbolising blood, where 5 golden threads are engraved, thought to signify 5 centuries of slavery under the Turks. Within these golden threads there is a "Cross" with four Cyrillic letters (scores) S, a variant of the Byzantine Palaiologos tetragrammic cross, sometimes referred to as the variant of the cross.

He ruled as a bishop, but he also stood firm to see that Montenegro must be modernised. He built schools, roads, raised the Church, expanded the capital of Cetinje. After his death and funeral, he was succeeded by his nephew Prince Danilo Petrović who ruled as the first secular ruler, with the title of Knjaz. Since then, Knjaževina (Principality) of Montenegro was no longer a Prince-Bishopric, but a secular monarchy. This led to the opinion of the Turkish court that this change can lead to a major change in Montenegro, and a desire for "independence". In 1852, Omer-pasha sent a large army against the Montenegrins. A small Montenegrin army led by Prince Danilo's brother, Duke (Vojvoda) Mirko, defended 30 remaining fighters in the monastery of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Ostrog for 9 days. This is taken as the greatest heroic force of the people in those areas. One year later, Omer-pasha again tried to conquer Montenegro, but with the great heroism of Vojvoda Mirko, the Montenegrins performed the greatest victory over the Ottomans in the new century, after which Montenegro gained essential autonomy, the highest degree to independence, and a few decades later, full independence. Prince Danilo dies in 1860, and Danilo's adoptive son came to the throne, biological son of Vojvoda Mirko, Nikola Petrović. He remained remembered in Montenegro as the greatest ruler, owing in large part to the fact that he was the first modern-day King of Montenegro and that it was under him that Montenegro's independence had been recognised. He is of great importance for the Montenegrin people in general, because he has fought against the Ottomans in the territory of Montenegro, Herzegovina, and Bosnia, and the people often called him "Emperor of the Heroes". Immediately after coming to power, a war for the liberation of the Montenegrin people in Herzegovina started in 1862, in which Principality of Montenegro entered, but later it turned out that she entered extremely unprepared and soon after that peace was made. After returning from Russia, the then emperor Alexander II enlightened him, and immediately upon his arrival he began to work hard for the urbanisation of the country. He revised the army completely, built many courts and schools, and Montenegro began to look like a European state. In 1876, with the Principality of Serbia and the Obrenović dynasty, he started a war, in history known as "War for the Liberation of the Serbian People".

A couple of years before the war, Prince Nikola Petrović with the Serbian prince Mihailo Obrenović made an alliance in Venice, where beside the military alliance, a contract was signed on the dynastic heritage of the new future unified joint state. It was said that the plan is for Serbia to go back to its historical borders (On the management of the Empire) from the Timok River to the Una peak. The Montenegrin federal unit would be an integral part of the new common state, and in it Petrović dynasty would have the title of the princes, while the Obrenović dynasty would wear a royal crown. The Montenegrins performed great victories, and by the end of the war at the Berlin Congress in 1878, the Principality of Montenegro received recognized independence, and became an internationally recognized state. This act raised the then two Serbian states to the ranks of independence, and it meant encouragement for all Serbs to completely resist the Turkish occupation in all Serbian countries. After the war, Prince Nikola wrote all his famous works, and the most famous work is the folk anthem "Onamo' namo! ", According to many, the most beautiful Serbian song about Kosovo. In 1910, then Prince Nikola, with the permission of the great powers of the Kingdom of Serbia and King Peter, proclaimed another Serbian kingdom in the Balkans: the Kingdom of Montenegro. The flag of the new state has become a flagrant national flag (a Serbian tricolor with the coat of arms of Petrović-Njegos dynasty), while with the old flag, it is equally used in the people and the popular "crusader" flag of Montenegrins. Knjazevina (Principality) of Montenegro, with the address of Russia, announces the war on Japan. Naturally, the participation of Montenegrins in this war was more symbolic, as the gratitude of Montenegro to Russia for generous help. In the Balkan Wars, the Kingdom of Montenegro and the Kingdom of Serbia participated in the liberation battles in the old Serbia (Kosovo, Metohija, and Raška) and Macedonia. Thus, a common border was established between the two new-age "Serb" states, and the dream of King Nikola about the liberation of the "Serbian cradle" (Kosovo) was realised. At the beginning of the First World War, Montenegro immediately declared war on Austria-Hungary, after Serbia, but in 1916 it had to capitulate after all forces held a rally on the direction of Serbian withdrawal through Albania. After the passage of the Serbian government and the king, the crushed Montenegrin army sacrificed itself for the future of the Serbian state. King Nikola, already ill and in his late years, left his homeland. He went to France, where he died.

Yugoslav era

After the liberation of the Yugoslav (South Slavic) peoples, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was proclaimed, but the "Venetian Agreement" between the then Prince Nikola and Prince Mihailo Obrenović was breached. Montenegro was to have autonomy under the prince's dynasty Petrović-Njegoš. Due to this act, the Montenegrin public was divided on two sides. The first, majority party, better known as Bjelaši ("The Whites"), advocated unconditional unification with the Serbian Kingdom under the Karađorđević dynasty, while Zelenaši ("The Greens"), in a minority, advocated a conditional union that would respect the Venice Treaty. In Podgorica on October 26, 1918, the Podgorica Assembly unanimously voted that Montenegro unconditionally unite with Serbia into Yugoslavia, without any autonomy. Due to this decision, the few Greens were persecuted, and their rebellion was suppressed in the coming years. In 1929, with the proclamation of the Zeta Banovina with its headquarters in Podgorica, the territory of the former Montenegro with eastern Herzegovina and Metohija gained autonomy in the form of banovina (province), and the ruler of the region became a ban, whom the king personally appoints. King Aleksandar Karađorđević ordered the construction of a chapel in Lovćen in 1925, and the remains of, as many would say, "the wisest Serb" Prince-Bishop Petar II Petrović Njegoš were transferred there in a grandiose ceremony. At the beginning of the Second World War, the army in the Zeta Banovina area enjoyed great success against the Italian army of occupation, expelling the Italian army to Shkodra in Albania. After the breakup of the Yugoslav state, Montenegro got a puppet government led by Sekula Drljević, who would be expelled from the country later.

Montenegro unconditionally joined Serbia on November 26, 1918 in a controversial decision of the Podgorica Assembly, and soon afterwards became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, later renamed Yugoslavia. A number of Montenegrin chieftains, disappointed by the effective disappearance of Montenegro, which they perceived to have resulted from political manipulation, rose up in arms during January 1919 in an uprising known as the Christmas Rebellion, which was crushed in a severe, comprehensive military campaign by 1922–23. Annexation of the Kingdom of Montenegro on November 13, 1918 gained international recognition only at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris, held on July 13, 1922. In 1929 the newly renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia was reorganised into provinces (banovine) one of which, Zeta Banovina, encompassed the old Kingdom of Montenegro and had Cetinje as its administrative centre.

Between the two world wars, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia opposed the Yugoslav monarchy and its unification policy, and supported Montenegrin autonomy, gaining considerable support in Montenegro. During World War II, many Montenegrins joined the Yugoslav partisan forces, although the portion joining the chetniks was also significant. One third of all officers in the partisan army were Montenegrins. They also gave a disproportionate number of highest-ranked party officials and generals. During WWII Italy occupied Montenegro (in 1941) and annexed to the Kingdom of Italy the area of Kotor, where there was a small Roman community (descendants from the populations of the renaissance-era Albania Veneta).

When the second Yugoslavia was formed in 1945, the Communists who led the Partisans during the war formed the new régime. They recognised, sanctioned, and fostered a national identity of Montenegrins as a people distinct from the Serbs and other South Slavs. The number of people who were registered as Montenegrins in Montenegro was 90% in 1948; it had been dropping since, to 62% in 1991. With the rise of Serbian nationalism in the late 80's the number of citizens who declared themselves Montenegrin dropped sharply from 61.7%, in the 1991 census, to 43.16% in 2003. For a detailed overview of these trends, see the Demographic history of Montenegro.

Though Montenegrins comprised one of the smallest ethnic groups in the state (2.5% in 1971), they were by far the most overrepresented ethnic group in the Yugoslav bureaucracy, military, and communist party organs. In the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), 19% of general officers and 30% of colonels were ethnic Montenegrins. Among party elites, Montenegrins made up 16% to 21% of senior officials throughout the existence of communist Yugoslavia, and comprised a similar portion of the state's diplomatic corps. The striking overrepresentation among elites, which has been compared  to the role of senior Austrian officers and officials in Nazi Germany, has partly been attributed to the pre-war strength of the Communist Party of Montenegro, the high proportion of Montenegrins among partisan commanders and central committee members during the war, and a historically militaristic culture. During this period, ethnic Montenegrins also held about 15% of government jobs in Yugoslavia.

Initially, after the fall of Communism in the early 1990s, the idea of a distinct Montenegrin ethnic identity had been taken over by independence-minded Montenegrins. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) (rebranded Communist Party), led by Prime Minister Milo Đukanović and President Momir Bulatović, was firmly allied with Slobodan Milošević throughout this period and opposed such movements.

During the Bosnian War and Croatian War (1991–1995) Montenegro participated with its police and paramilitary forces in the attacks on Dubrovnik and Bosnian towns along with Serbian troops. It conducted persecutions against Bosniak refugees who were arrested by the Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča, where they were executed.

Seeking independence
At the beginning of the Yugoslav crisis in the 1990s, the Yugoslav People's Army was trying to prevent the break up of Yugoslavia by military attacks. Part of the army from the then SR of Montenegro was attacking Herzegovina and Dubrovnik, and kept Dubrovnik under siege for almost eight months. In this period, the Montenegrins had an old sense of national affiliation, and at a referendum almost 100% of the respondents voted to declare that they wanted to stay in the Yugoslav rump state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the siege of Dubrovnik, the Serbian (Montenegrin) paramilitary formation invented the saying: "From Lovćen a fairy salutes, where are you Serbian Dubrovnik!" (Serbian: "Са Ловћена вила кличе, ђе си српски Дубровниче!"), which has been taken many times as a verse with a negative connotation, because of the city being besieged for such a long time. After the abolition of communism and the creation of a new state, the federal unit of the Republic of Montenegro received a new flag and the coat-of-arms, where the flag was a classic Montenegrin national flag (a Serbian tricolour with blue colour), while the coat of arms of the Coat of Arms was taken from the historical emblem of Petrović. Then, the great fighters for the joint FRY, Momir Bulatović and Milo Đukanović, together with Slobodan Milošević, ruled the state union. The paths of Milo Đukanović and Momir Bulatović diverged before the start of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and Milo Đukanović begins to change attitudes drastically, starting first with the political attitudes and afterwards the national and religious. In 1997 a full-blown rift occurred within DPS, and Đukanović's faction won over Bulatović's, who formed a new Socialist People's Party of Montenegro (SNP). The DPS distanced itself from Milošević and gradually took over the independence idea from the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro and the SDP, and has won all elections since. In the fall of 1999, shortly after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the Đukanović-led Montenegrin leadership came out with a platform for the re-definition of relations within the federation that called for more Montenegrin involvement in the areas of defence and foreign policy, though the platform fell short of pushing for independence. After Milošević's overthrow on October 5, 2000, Đukanović for the first time came out in support of full independence. Montenegro started increasingly moving away from Serbia, and in 2003, the Parliament of Montenegro sought amendments to the Constitution. With these amendments, the Federal Unit of Montenegro was allowed to call a referendum on independence, which took place on 21 May 2006.

When the referendum was announced, independence was obtained by a narrow majority. However, the bar was set high in order to avoid any dispute after the vote, with the requirement for a 55% of votes in favour of independence. Since the proclamation of independence, the policy of making a new ethnic identity is even more intensified by official government policy, often used for political purposes, whereas the citizens still remain divided on the issue of ethnic identity.

Demographics

In the 2011 census, around 280,000 or 44.98% of the population of Montenegro identified themselves as ethnic Montenegrins, while around 180,000 or 28.73% identified themselves as Serbs. The number of "Montenegrins", "Serbs" and "Bosniaks" fluctuates from census to census, not due to real demographic changes, but due to changes in how people self-identify nationally. According to the Serbian 2011 census, there are 38,527 ethnic Montenegrins in Serbia, accounting for 0.54% of its population. In addition, a significant number of Serbs in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are of Montenegrin ancestry, but exact numbers are difficult to assess – the inhabitants of Montenegro contributed greatly to the repopulation of a depopulated Serbia after two rebellions against the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century. On 19 October 2007, Montenegro adopted a new Constitution which proclaimed Montenegrin (a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian) as the official language of Montenegro.

The term "Montenegrins" in a wider sense can also be used to denote all residents of Montenegro, regardless of their national and religious affiliation.

Language

Montenegrins speak Montenegrin and Serbian, an Ijekavian variant of the Shtokavian dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Neo-shtokavian Eastern-Herzegovinian sub-dialect is spoken in the North-West (largest city Nikšić), and old shtokavian Zeta sub-dialect is spoken in the rest of Montenegro, including capital Podgorica and the Old Royal Capital of Cetinje, and eastern Sanjak.

The Zeta dialect features additional sounds: a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (), voiced alveolo-palatal fricative *(, (occurring in other jekavian dialects as well) and a voiced alveolar affricate (, shared with other old-štokavian dialects). Both sub-dialects are characterised by highly specific accents (shared with other old-štokavian dialects) and several "hyper-ijekavisms" (i.e. nijesam, where the rest of shtokavian area uses nisam) and "hyper-iotations" (đevojka for djevojka, đeca for djeca etc.) (these features, especially the hyper-iotation, are more prominent in the Zeta sub-dialect), that are common in all Montenegrin vernaculars.

On the sociolinguistic level, the language has been classified as a dialect of Serbo-Croat. The Montenegrin constitution currently defines Montenegrin as the official language. Since the campaign for independence, a movement for recognition of the Montenegrin language as wholly separate from Serbian and other standard variants of Serbo-Croat (Bosnian, Croatian) has emerged, finding the basis for separate language identity mostly in the above-mentioned dialectal specifics. In the 2011 census, 42.88% of Montenegrin citizens stated that they speak the Serbian language, while 36.97% stated that they speak Montenegrin. Most of the young people under 18 in Montenegro, 39.23 percent, say they speak Montenegrin, while 37.47% call their mother tongue Serbian, as shown in the census held from 1 to 15 April 2011.

Religion

Most Montenegrins are Eastern Orthodox, primarily adhering to the Serbian Orthodox Church while a minority adhere to the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, which is not canonically recognised by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The former predominantly belong to the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral of the Serbian Orthodox Church as well as its four other eparchies (dioceses) that are active in parts of Montenegro and neighbouring countries, namely the Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić, the Eparchy of Mileševa, and the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina.

According to the census of 2011, people that declared Montenegrin as their ethnicity declared the following religious identity:
Eastern Orthodox: 248,523 (88.7%)
Islam: 12,931 (4.6%)
Catholic: 5,667 (2.0%)
Protestantism: 921 (0.3%)
Atheism/Agnosticism: 6,393 (2.3%)
Others: 5,883 (2.1%)

Culture

The most important dimension of Montenegrins' culture is widely considered to be the ethical ideal of Čojstvo i junaštvo, roughly translated as "Manliness and Bravery". Another result of its centuries-long warrior history, is the unwritten code of Chivalry that Marko Miljanov, one of the most famous warriors in his time, tried to describe in his book Primjeri čojstva i junaštva (Examples of Manliness and Bravery) at the end of the 19th century. Its main principles stipulate that to deserve a true respect of its people, a warrior has to show virtues of integrity, dignity, humility, self-sacrifice for the just cause if necessary, respect for others, and rectitude, along with the bravery. In the old days of battle, it resulted in Montenegrins fighting to the death, since being captured was considered the greatest shame. Miljanov defined the two characteristics in a maxim roughly translated as: "Bravery is when I defend myself from the other, manliness is when I defend the other from myself" ("Junaštvo je kada sebe branim od drugoga, čojstvo je kada drugoga branim od sebe").

This ethos is still an important part of most Montenegrins' ethical belief system, and understanding it is essential in order to understand Montenegrin identity and self-perception. Most of extraordinary examples of Montenegrin conduct during its long history can be traced to the code.

Montenegrins' long-standing history of fighting for independence is invariably linked with strong traditions of folk epic poetry. A prominent feature of Montenegrin culture is the gusle, a one-stringed instrument played by a story-teller who sings or recites stories of heroes and battles in decasyllabic verse. These traditions are stronger in the northern parts of the country and are also shared with people in eastern Herzegovina, western Serbia, northern Albania, and central Dalmatia.

On the substratum of folk epic poetry, poets like Petar II Petrović Njegoš, widely considered the most one of the most brilliant Montenegrins and Southern Slavs in history, have created their own expression. Njegoš's epic book Gorski Vijenac (The Mountain Wreath) presents the central point of Montenegrin culture as struggle for freedom.

On the other hand, Adriatic cities like Herceg-Novi, Kotor, and Budva had strong trading and maritime traditions, and were more open for Venetian, Ragusan, and other Catholic influences. Possession of those cities often changed, but their population was basically a mixture of people with Orthodox and Catholic religions and traditions. These cities were incorporated into Montenegro only after the fall of Austria-Hungary. In those cities, stronger influences of medieval and renaissance architecture, painting, and lyric poetry can be found, and while the adherence to the principles of chivalry and bravery are part of their ethos they are usually less central than in the areas of "old Montenegro".

Identity

Slavs have lived in the area of Montenegro since the 6th and 7th centuries in the medieval state of Duklja. By the 14th century, the mountains behind the Gulf of Kotor were coming to be referred to as "Montenegro" (Montenegrin: Crna Gora''; literally translates as "Black Mountain"), and by the 15th century, the name was coming to increasingly replace the older name, Zeta. Since the end of the 17th century, Montenegro existed as a de facto independent country, first as a theocratic Prince-Bishopric (1694–1852), then as a secular Principality (1852–1910) and finally as a Kingdom (1910–1918). After the end of World War I, Montenegro was incorporated into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, thus losing its statehood. This led to a short-lived Christmas Uprising of 1919, between supporters of Petrović-Njegoš dynasty and Montenegrin statehood and proponents of unification with Serbia and Yugoslavia under the Karađorđević dynasty. After the World War II, Montenegro regained its political sovereignty, becoming one of the six constituent republics of the SFR Yugoslavia, and Montenegro's sovereignty was recognised once again. A portion of Montenegrins declares as ethnic Serbs, while a larger proportion of citizens of Montenegro identifies ethnically as Montenegrin, a division that was exacerbated with the fall of socialism. This division has deepened further since the movement for full Montenegrin independence from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began to gain ground in 1991, while full independence was regained after the 2006 referendum.

Vlahović (2008) noted many anthropological studies which showed that Montenegrin people have strong Dinaric type (with seaboard, central, Durmitor, mountain and other subtypes) autochthonous on the Dinaric Alps since the Mesolithic period. Dinaric peoples, including Montenegrins, are among the tallest people in the world. The type, particularly in Montenegro, is distinguished by brachiochepal shape, broad forehead, wide relief and strong face, wide jaw and noticeably flat notched head, while arms and legs are proportional to the body height. Hair is commonly of black color, with black or blue eyes.

Anthropologist Božina Ivanović considered that the development of the Montenegrin Dinaric variety was influenced by gracilisation and brachycephalisation; they have characteristics which were not found in other Slavic and non-Slavic European populations, nor morphological properties from paleo-anthropological series originating from the Slavic necropolis from other South Slavic area. Also, the brachycephalisation and width of the face in the last five centuries is growing in Montenegrin, while among other Slavic and European communities decreasing, showing anthropological issues in Montenegro have deeper roots and broader scientific importance. Montenegrin historian Dragoje Živković (1989) noted that modern multidisciplinary research disagrees with older consideration how Sklavinias and Slavic states had ethnical identification, example Serb ethnos, until the 12th century. Slavs mixing with native population (in case of Komani culture necropolis in Pukë) made a new cultural-historical drift of Albanian-Illyrian and Slavic built upon extinct and present La Tène, Greek-Illyrian, Illyrian-Roman, and Byzantine. He argued that the Slavs from Duklja promptly blended in social-economical of the natives who historically had a more developed society, as was in their interest to approach the Roman-Illyrian natives.

See also
 Montenegro
 Montenegrin language
 List of Montenegrins
 Demographics of Montenegro
 Ethnic groups in Europe

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Matica crnogorska (official pages)
 Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (official pages)
 The Montenegrin Association of America
 Špiro Kulišić: O Etnogenezi Crnogoraca (On Ethnogenesis of Montenegrins) (in Montenegrin)
 Article about Montenegrin tribes (in montenegrin language)

Slavic ethnic groups
South Slavs
Ethnic groups in the Balkans
Ethnic groups in Montenegro
Ethnic groups in Serbia
Ethnic groups in Croatia
Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Montenegrins


فوكجي (Вучје) هي مدينة في يابلانيتسا في مقاطعة وسط صربيا في صربيا.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في صربيا
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة يابلانيكا
ليسكوفاتس

فوتشيي


Bademcikler, boğazın iki yanında bulunan, badem biçimindeki lenfoid doku bölgeleridir. Bademcik enfeksiyonuna tonsilit denir.

Lenfatik sistemdeki diğer organlar gibi, bademcikler de bağışıklık sisteminin bir bölümünü oluştururlar ve enfeksiyona karşı vücudu koruma görevinde rol alırlar.

2,5 cm boyunda, 1,5 cm eninde olan bademcikler, görev yaparken enfeksiyon kapabilmekle birlikte, penisilin tedavisine iyi yanıt verirler. Sık sık enfeksiyon kapmaları, üst solunum yollarına ve böbreklerde tehlikeli etkilerin doğmasına neden olabilir, bu yüzden alınmaları önerilebilir. Bademcikler, bebeklerde ve çocuklarda yetişkinlere göre daha büyüktür.

Kafa ve boyun
Lenfatik sistem

Bademcik


Fritz Stiedry (Viena, 11 de octubre de 1883 - Zúrich, 8 de agosto de 1968) fue un director de orquesta y compositor austriaco.

Biografía
Mientras estudiaba Derecho en la Universidad de Viena, las capacidades musicales de Stiedry fueron advertidas por Gustav Mahler quien lo nombró su ayudante en la Ópera de la Corte de Viena en 1907. A esto le siguieron otros puestos como ayudante, lo que le llevó a puestos de director en las óperas de Kassel y Berlín.

En 1933 Stiedry dejó Alemania cuando Adolf Hitler subió al poder. Desde 1934-37 Stiedry fue el director principal de la Orquesta Filarmónica de Leningrado. Stiedry se implicó en ensayos del estreno de la Cuarta Sinfonía de Shostakovich; sin embargo, el estreno se canceló por razones que siguen siendo controvertidas.  Algunos pretenden que Shostakovich consideró a Stiedry incapaz de sacar adelante las complejidades de la sinfonía; sin embargo, otros mantienen que la verdadera razón fue que los oficiales del Partido Comunista presionaron al compositor para que retirara la obra.

En 1937 Stiedry dejó Leningrado y se marchó a los Estados Unidos. Trabajó con la Orquesta Nuevos Amigos de la Música en Nueva York, donde presentó obras abandonadas desde hacía tiempo de Bach, Haydn y Mozart y estrenó Segunda Sinfonía de Cámara de Schönberg. Desde 1945 en adelante, Stiedry regresó a la ópera, dirigiendo a la Ópera Lírica de Chicago y la Metropolitan Opera de Nueva York. Fue cofundador del Taller de Ópera del Hunter College.

Obras
 Der gerettete Alkibiades, ópera
 Música de cámara

Literatura
 Holmes, John L. Conductors on record, Victor Gollancz, 1982.
 Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Vol. 3, S-Z. Ed. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. K. G. Saur, 2002, ISBN 3-598-11545-8, p. 1328.
 Sadie, Stanley. The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, Macmillan, 1980.
 Lyman, Darryl. Great Jews in Music, J. D. Publishers, 1986.
 Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
 Myers, Kurtz. Index to record reviews 1984–1987, G.K. Hall, 1989.
 Pâris, Alain. Dictionnaire des interpretes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siecle, Robert Laffont, 1989.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Biografía

Compositores de música clásica de Austria del siglo XX
Compositores de ópera de Austria
Judíos del Imperio austrohúngaro
Directores de orquesta de Austria
Estadounidenses con doble nacionalidad
Nacidos en Viena
Fallecidos en Zúrich

Fritz Stiedry


En medicina, el efecto booster consiste en una reacción muy débil de respuesta a la prueba de la tuberculina o Mantoux en pacientes de edad avanzada que se vacunaron o infectaron en su juventud por el bacilo de la tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), debido a que la capacidad de reacción inmunológica disminuye con el transcurso de los años. Cuando se repite la prueba por segunda vez a los 7 o 10 días, el resultado se hace positivo por reforzamiento de la respuesta inmune, sin que ello implique una conversión reciente. La primera prueba se considera en estos casos como un falso negativo y la segunda que se torna positiva es la válida.

Este efecto se produce en personas adultas que se vacunaron en su juventud con BCG, pero también en aquellos no vacunados que sufrieron una infección muchos años antes o en individuos que tienen un sistema inmune debilitado por una enfermedad o por un tratamiento (inmunodeprimidos).

Referencias

Diagnósticos en medicina

Efecto booster


Die HMAS Newcastle war eine Fregatte der Adelaide-Klasse der Königlich Australischen Marine. Sie war die sechste Einheit ihrer Klasse und nach der australischen Großstadt Newcastle im Bundesstaat New South Wales benannt. 2019 wurde sie an Chile verkauft und dort 2020 als Capitán Prat (FFG-11) in Dienst gestellt.

Geschichte
Die HMAS Newcastle wurde auf Basis der US-amerikanischen Oliver-Hazard-Perry-Klasse am 21. Juli 1989 auf der Werft Australian Marine Engineering Consolidated in Williamstown im Bundesstaat Victoria auf Kiel gelegt. Ihr Stapellauf erfolgte am 21. Februar 1992 und die Indienststellung am 11. Dezember 1993.

Vom 19. Dezember 1999 bis zum 26. Januar 2000 war die Newcastle an der International Force East Timor während der Krise in Osttimor 1999 beteiligt, die unter australischer Führung stattfand. 2005 folgte ein Einsatz im Persischen Golf.

Anfang Dezember 2006 war die Newcastle das erste von drei australischen Marineschiffen, das nach dem Putsch in Fidschi vor Ort war, um eventuell australische Staatsbürger aus dem Land zu evakuieren. Die beiden folgenden waren das amphibische Transportschiff HMAS Kanimbla und der Versorger HMAS Success. Der Einsatz wurde jedoch nicht nötig, so dass die Schiffe Ende Dezember jenes Jahres wieder nach Australien zurückkehrten. Im Juli und August 2010 nahm die Fregatte am zweijährlich abgehaltenen Manöver RIMPAC teil.

Die Fregatte wurde Ende Juni 2019 in Sydney außer Dienst gestellt.

Im Dezember 2019 wurde sie zusammen mit dem Schwesterschiff Melbourne an Chile verkauft. Dort wurde sie als Capitán Prat (FFG-11) am 15. April 2020 in Dienst gestellt.

Auszeichnungen
Als Auszeichnungen wurden geführt zwei Battle Honour, eins für ihren Einsatz in der International Force East Timor und ein Weiteres für den Einsatz im Persischen Golf in den Jahren 2002 und 2003 während des Kriegs gegen den Terror.

Weblinks

 Die HMAS Newcastle auf der offiziellen Seite der Royal Australian Navy (engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Adelaide-Klasse
Fregatte (Australien)
Indonesische Besatzungszeit Osttimors

HMAS Newcastle (FFG 06)


ජෛව  සිනෙරු වර්ධනය අදියර 5 කදී සිදුවේ.

සෑම පියවරක්ම "එයරොජිනෝසා" ජෛව සිනෙරු වර්ධනයේ සම ප්‍රමාණ ප්‍රකාශ ක්ෂුද්‍ර ඡායාරූපයක් සමඟ යුගල් කොට ඇත.

යම් උපස්ථරයක් මතට නිදැල්ලේ පාවෙන ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවියකු ඇලීම සමඟ විකසනය ආරම්භ වේ. ආරම්භක ජනාවාස දුර්වල වැන්ඩර්වාල්ස් බලවලින් උපස්ථරයට ප්‍රතිවර්ත්‍යව ඇමිණේ. එම ජනාවාස ක්ෂණිකව වෙන් නොවුන‍හොත් ඒවා පිලයි වැනි සෛලීය ඇලවුම්කාරක අණු යොදාගෙන ස්ථිරව උපස්ථරයේ ලැගුම් ගනී.

ප්‍රාමාරම්භක ජනාවාස වඩාත් විහිදුණු ක්ෂේත්‍ර සපයමින් ජෛව සිනෙරු එකිනෙක තදින් ඇද බැඳ තබා ගන්නා පලසක් තැනීම ආරම්භ කරයි. ඇතැම් ජීවීන්ට සෘජුවම උපස්ථරය මත ඇලීමට නොහැකි වුව ද ඒවා පහසුවෙන් පළමු ජනාවාස මතට හෝ පලස මතට ඇලේ. මෙම ජනාවාසකරණයේ දී සෛල ගණපූරතා සංවේදනයන් මඟින් සන්නිවේදන හැකියාව ලබා ගනී. ජනාවාස ඇති වු පසු සෛල විභාජනයේ හා අන්තර්ගතකරණයේ සංයෝජන හරහා ජෛව සිනෙරු වැඩේ. වර්ධනය නම් වූ විකසනයේ අවසාන පියවරේදී ජෛව සිනෙරු එලි දැක්වෙන අතර එහිදී පමණක් සෛල හැඩය හා ප්‍රමාණය වෙනස් කරගනී. ජෛව සිරකරුවල මෙම වර්ධනය සෛලවලට ප්‍රති ජීවක ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවයක් ලබාදේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilms

විකසනය


São Paulo, Portekiz'de Lizbon belediyesine bağlı olan, 0,41 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 3.521 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Lizbon'ın bucakları

São Paulo (Lizbon)


Julie Nowak (født. 3. september 1995 i Herlev, Danmark) er en dansk/polsk fodboldspiller, der spiller forsvar for HB Køge i Elitedivisionens kvalifikationsrunde.

Hun har tidligere spillet for Herlev IF, Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold og FC Nordsjælland indtil juni 2020, hvor hun skiftede til storsatsende HB Køge.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra FC Nordsjælland (kvinder)
Fodboldspillere fra HB Køge (kvinder)

Julie Nowak


ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කෞතුකාගාරය පිහිටා තිබෙන්නේ මේට්ලන්ඩ් පෙදෙසේ, කොළඹ 07, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව. ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කෞතුකාගාරය එහි පොහොසත් ඉතිහාසය ලොවට විදහා දක්වයි. ගැලරියේ 1996 ලෝක කුසලානය, 2014 විස්සයි 20 ලෝක කුසලානය ඇතුළු කුසලාන විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගුවේ.

එය නිල වශයෙන් ක්‍රීඩා අමාත්‍ය හරින් ප්‍රනාන්දු විසින් 2019 පෙබරවාරි 20 වන දින විවෘත කරන ලදී.

ගැලරිය

ආශ්‍රිත

Cricket in Sri Lanka

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කෞතුකාගාරය


الأمين العام للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - القيادة العامة، انشق مع أحمد جبريل عن الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين ليكونا مع مجموعة من الشباب ما أصبح يعرف بالجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - القيادة العامة.

ولد الدكتور طلال ناجي في إبريل عام 1946 في مدينة الناصرة عاصمة الجليل في فلسطين، نزح مع والده وشقيقه عام 1948 إلي لبنان ومنها إلي سوريا، حيث عاش في دمشق ودرس في مدارسها إلي أن حصل علي شهادة أهلية التعليم ثم ليسانس جغرافيا من جامعة دمشق عام. 1971 حاصل علي شهادة دكتوراه في العلوم التاريخية من معهد الدراسات الشرقية لأكاديمية العلوم السوفيتي في موسكو عام 1985، التحق بجبهة التحرير الفلسطينية منذ تأسيسها في مطلع الستينيات 1962 والتي تحول اسمها إلي الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - القيادة العامة عام 1968 وعضوا في الهيئة التأسيسية للجبهة، وفي عام 1973 أصبح الأمين العام المساعد للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين ـ القيادة العامة وما زال، وفي عام 1974 أصبح عضوا في اللجنة التنفيذية لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية ورئيسا لدائرة التربية والتعليم العالي فيها.

المصادر

1- http://youtube-arabic.jsoftj.com/watch-2333
2- http://arabi.ahram.org.eg/arabi/Ahram/2008/10/4/WRLD3.HTM

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
سياسيون فلسطينيون
مواليد 1946

طلال ناجي


Matapozuelos es un apeadero ferroviario situado en el municipio español homónimo en la provincia de Valladolid, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Cuenta con amplios servicios de Media Distancia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 222,427 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Hendaya a 732,21 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Valdestillas y Pozaldez. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 15 de septiembre de 1860 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Medina del Campo – Valladolid de la línea radial Madrid-Hendaya. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de la Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España quien mantuvo su titularidad hasta que en 1941 fue nacionalizada e integrada en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Matapozuelos cuenta con un pequeño edificio para viajeros de dos pisos y planta rectangular que permanece cerrado. A diferencia de otras estaciones de este tramo su cartel original es de cerámica y no de cemento cincelado. Posee dos andenes laterales y dos vías. El cambio de vía se realiza a nivel.

Servicios ferroviarios
En Matapozuelos Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias sus trenes Regional Exprés en los trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Matapozuelos
Matapozuelos
Matapozuelos
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1860
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XIX
Matapozuelos

Estación de Matapozuelos


Reyniáta (fræðiheiti: Valsaria insitiva) er sveppategund sem leggst á reyni auk annarra tegunda innan rósaættar. Hann er algengur á Íslandi, en veldur mestum skaða út við ströndina.

Tilvísanir

Sníkjusveppir
Asksveppir
Sveppir á Íslandi

Reyniáta


"Into the Void" is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their third studio album, The Fragile, released in 1999. It is the album's third single and saw release early 2000. A music video was directed by Walter Stern and Jeff Richter.

Release and reception
"Into the Void" was released as a single only in Australia on 10 January 2000. It peaked at #72 on the ARIA singles chart. This Australian release lacks a halo number, making it the only commercial Nine Inch Nails release with that distinction.  (The Capital G single was released to Europe as a non-halo'ed 9" vinyl in June 2007.)  However, a two-track promotional CD for "Into the Void", released only in the United States, was incorrectly identified as Halo Sixteen. As it was not an international release and was only sold in Australia, it is considered a rare release for NIN memorabilia collectors.

The version of "The Perfect Drug" included on this single is slightly longer than the one released on the Lost Highway soundtrack. It fades out at the end instead of ending abruptly. It is the same version found on the "We're in This Together Pt. 3" single. This track and all of the other tracks on this disc can be found on other halos.

"Into the Void" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, but lost to "Again" by Lenny Kravitz.

Music video

A music video for the song was directed by Walter Stern and Jeff Richter.  An alternate version of the video was later released.  The video begins with a series of macrophotographic close-ups of Trent Reznor, including his eyes, hair, and mouth.  The video concludes with the Nine Inch Nails band performing the song in a red room and eventually destroying their equipment and the set itself.  Into the Void was nominated for the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards Breakthrough Video award, but lost out to Björk's All Is Full of Love, directed by Chris Cunningham.

Track listing

Charts

References

1999 songs
2000 singles
Music videos directed by Jeff Richter
Music videos directed by Walter Stern
Nine Inch Nails songs
Nothing Records singles
Interscope Records singles
Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor
Song recordings produced by Alan Moulder
Songs written by Trent Reznor

Into the Void (Nine Inch Nails song)


Chuseok (Korejski: 추석), u prijevodu na hrvatski jezik Jesenja večer nekada poznat kao hangawi (Korejski:  한가위;) od starokorejskog naziva za "vrh, odnosno središte jeseni", velik je žetveni festival i trodnevni praznik u Sjevernoj Koreji i Južnoj Koreji koji se slavi 15. dana 8. mjeseca lunarnog kalendara, a u pravilu se podudara s jesenjom ravnodnevnicom.

Običaji

Kao proslavu dobre žetve, Korejci posjećuju rodna mjesta svojih predaka i pripremaju tradicionalnu korejsku hranu kao što je songpyeon i rižina vina poput sindoju i dongdongju.

Dva su glavna običaja povezana s Chuseokom: Charye, obilježavanje sjećanja na pretke kod kuće i Seongmyo, obiteljski posjet grobovima predaka, koji obično prati Beolcho, uređivanje grobnih mjesta.

Izvori

Koreja
Sjeverna Koreja
Južna Koreja
Festivali
Praznici

Chuseok


Djénèba Daou est une femme politique malienne.

Biographie
Djénèba Daou est élue députée à l'Assemblée nationale aux élections législatives maliennes de 2020 dans le cercle de San. L'Assemblée nationale est dissoute le 19 août 2020 après un coup d'État.

Références

Député malien
Femme politique malienne

Djénèba Daou


56. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 56. nordlige breddekreds
 56. sydlige breddekreds

56. breddegrad


Proiectul Montauk este o teorie a conspirației care susține că există o serie de proiecte guvernamentale secrete ale Statelor Unite desfășurate la Camp Hero sau Montauk Air Force Station la Montauk, Long Island, în scopul dezvoltării tehnicilor de război psihologic și a cercetărilor exotice, inclusiv a călătoriilor în timp. Povestea proiectului Montauk a provenit din seria de cărți a lui Preston Nichols, Proiectul Montauk, care amestecă aceste relatări cu povestiri despre experimentul Philadelphia.

Origine
Povestiri despre Proiectul Montauk au circulat de la începutul anilor 1980. Potrivit cercetătorului OZN Jacques Vallée, povestirile despre Experimentul Montauk  par sa fi apărut din afirmațiile lui Preston Nichols, care a pretins ca si-a recuperat amintirile reprimate despre propria sa implicare și susține ca este răpit periodic pentru a-și continua participarea împotriva voinței sale. Nichols, născut pe 24 mai 1946 pe Long Island, New York, pretinde că are diplome în parapsihologie, psihologie și inginerie electrică și a scris o serie de cărți, numite seria de proiecte Montauk, împreună cu Peter Moon, tema principală a acestora fiind presupusele activități de la Montauk. Acestea se concentrează pe subiecte precum experimentele guvernamentale / militare ale Statelor Unite în domenii cum ar fi călătoria în timp, teleportarea, controlul minții, contactul cu viața extraterestră și  falsificarea aselenizării programului Apollo, încadrate în dezvoltările care au urmat după un experiment de succes din Philadelphia din 1943. Acestea culminează cu "o gaură ruptă în spațiu-timp" în 1983.

Autorii au încurajat speculațiile despre conținutul acestora; de exemplu, ei au scris: "Fie că citiți acest lucru ca științifico-fantastic sau non-ficțiune veți descoperi o poveste uimitoare" în primul lor capitol, descriind o mare parte din conținut ca "fapte soft" într-un ghid pentru cititori și publicând un buletin informativ cu actualizări ale povestirii.

Lucrarea a fost caracterizată ca ficțiune.

În mass-media
În 2015, Montauk Chronicles, o adaptare de film a conspirației cu Preston Nichols, Al Bielik și Stewart Swerdlow, a fost lansată online pe DVD și Blu-ray. Filmul a câștigat premiul cel mai bun documentar la Festivalul de Film Philip K. Dick din New York și a fost prezentat pe Coast to coast AM și The Huffington Post.

Povestea lui Montauk este prezentată proeminent și în romanul lui Thomas Pynchon, 2013, Bleeding Edge.

Vezi si

 Lista teoriilor conspirației

Referințe

Lecturi suplimentare

Legături externe

Legende urbane
Teorii conspirative
Pages with unreviewed translations

Proiectul Montauk


න්‍යායාත්මක තක්ෂත්‍ර භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයන් විශ්ලේෂණ ආකෘති (උදාහරණ ලෙස තරු වල හැසිරිම සදහා බහු දුරේක්ෂය) සහිත විවිධ වර්ගයේ උපකරණ සහ ගණනය කල හැකි සංඛ්‍යාත්මක භාවිතා කරයි. එක් එකක් වැදගත් කම් ඇත. සිදුවන්නේ කුමක්දැයි යන හදවතට දැනිම සදහා ක්‍රියාවලි‍යේදි විශ්ලේෂණ ආකෘති යොදා ගැනීම වඩාත් සුදුසු වේ. සංඛ්‍යාත්මක ආකෘති මගින් පවතින විද්‍යාමාන දේ සහ නොපෙනෙන බලපෑම අනාවරණය කිරීමට පුලුවන වෘක්ෂත්‍ර භෞතික පිළිබද න්‍යායාත්මක වාදින් න්‍යායාත්මක ආකෘතින් ඇතිකිරිමට මෙම ආකෘති වල නිරික්ෂණ ප්‍රතිඵල ගැන බැලිමට උත්සහ දරයි. මෙමගින් නිරික්ෂකයින් දත්ත මගින් ආකෘතිය නිෂ්ප්‍රභා කිරීමට හෝ සංකල්ප හෝ ගැටුම් සහිත ආකෘතින් ඉදිිපත් කිරිමට ඉඩදී උදව් කරනු ලබයි. න්‍යායාත්මක මත වාදින් නව දත්ත වලට ගැ‍ලපෙන පරිදි ආකෘතියට අවම වෙනසක් කිරිම සාමාන්‍ය නැඹරුව වේ. සමහර අවස්ථාවලදි කාලය අනුබද්ධ විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ අසංගන දන්ත මගින් ආකෘතිය මුලු වශයෙන් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරිමට සිදුවේ. න්‍යායාත්මක තාක්ෂන භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් අධ්‍යනය හැකි මාතෘකා පහත දැක්වේ. තාරකා පිළිබද ගති විද්‍යාව සහ පරිණාමය මන්ද්‍රාකිණි ඇතිවිම විශ්වයේ මහා ප්‍රමාණයේ ද්‍රව්‍ය වල ව්‍යුහය අන්නරික්ෂ කිරිණවල සම්භවය සමාන්‍ය සපේක්ෂතා සහ භෞතික විශ්ව විද්‍යාව සහ තන්තුමය විශ්වවිද්‍යාව සහ තක්ෂ අංශ්‍ර භෞතිකය අඩංගු වේ. තක්ෂත්‍ර භෞතික සාපේක්ෂතා වාදය විශාල පරිමාණයේ ආකෘතින් වල ගුණ මැනීම සදහා උපකරණ ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන අතර එහිදි අන්වේශණ භෞතික සංස්දිධියන් ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ වැදගත් භුමිකාවක් පෙන්වා කළු සිදුරු භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ සහ ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණයේ කරණ පිළිබද පදනම දමනු ලැබේ. නක්ෂත්‍ර භෞතිකයේ ඇති සමහර පුලුල් ලෙස ගිලිනු ලබන සහ අධ්‍යනය කල ඇති කිහිපයක් සහ ආකෘතින් ලැම්ඩා CDM ආකෘතියේ අඩංගු වේ. මහා පිපිරුම, අන්තරිෂණ උද්ධමනය කළු පදාර්ථය සහ භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ මුලික න්‍යායන් අයත් වේ.

චක්‍රවාට පිළිබද අධ්‍යනයේදි අදුරැ පදාර්ථය සහ අදුරු ශක්තිය ආදිය සොයා ගැනිම් හ සම්භාව්‍ය නක්ෂ භෞතික‍යේ වැදගත් මාතෘකව වේ.

සටහන්

|Astrophysics - Theoretical astrophysics
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{|
භෞතික විද්‍යාව

සෛද්ධාන්තික නක්ෂත්‍ර-භෞතික විද්‍යාව


{{ficha de entidad subnacional
| nombre = MTF-8 koljoza "Put k komunizmu"
| nombre_oficial = МТФ-8 колхоза «Путь к коммунизму»
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{{Mapa de localización|Rusia
|float=right
|width=270
|label=MTF-8 koljoza "Put k komunizmu"
|lat_deg=45|lat_min=14|lat_sec=14|lon_deg=37|lon_min=59|lon_sec=37
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|caption=Localización en el mapa de Rusia
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| apodo =
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| país =    Rusia
| tipo_adm_1 =Región económica
| adm_1 =Cáucaso Norte
| tipo_adm_2 =Distrito federal
| adm_2 =Sur
| tipo_adm_3 =Sujeto federal
| adm_3 =   Krai de Krasnodar
| tipo_adm_4 = Raión
| adm_4 =  Slaviansk
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| altitud = 1
| distancia = 76
| referencia = Krasnodar
| superficie =
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| población = 597
| censo = 2010
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| fundación = 1977
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}}MTF-8 koljoza "Put k komunizmu"'  es un posiólok del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en los arrozales situados entre los distributarios del delta del Kubán, 10 km al suroeste de Slaviansk-na-Kubani y 76 al oeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 597 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Prikubánskoye.

 Historia

Fue fundado el 15 de noviembre de 1977 y tiene origen en las barriadas físicamente separadas de las subsecciones (MTF) de un antiguo koljós llamado Put k komunizmu ("vía al comunismo"). Al ser el MTF n.º8 el más grande ha sido esta la designación del asentamiento.

 Economía

Las principales compañías agrícolas de la localidad son OOO Aspekt y Privolnie'.

 Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace. Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, МТФ-8 колхоза «Путь к коммунизму».''
 Sitio web sobre la localidad
 Mapa en vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1977

MTF-8 koljoza "Put k komunizmu"


التطايرية  : مفهوم في الكيمياء والفيزياء والديناميكا الحرارية وهو مقياس لميل المادة إلى التبخر. كما تم تعريفه بأنه قياس لسهولة تبخر المادة. وعند درجة حرارة معينة، فإن المواد ذات ضغط البخار العالي سوف تتبخر بسهولة أكبر من المواد ذات ضغط البخار المنخفض.

وبالإضافة إلى أن التطايرية تطبق على الموائع، فإنها تطبق على المواد الصلبة مثل الثلج الجاف (ثاني أكسيد الكربون الصلب) وكلوريد الأمونيوم، والتي يمكن أن تتغير مباشرة من الحالة الصلبة إلى البخار دون المرور بالحالة السائلة فيما يسمى بالتسامي أو التصعد.

المراجع

خصائص كيميائية
خواص دينامية حرارية
غازات
كيمياء فيزيائية

تطايرية


Potkovica (kopitica,  podkovka, lat. Hippocrepis), biljni rod korisnih trajnica koji pripada porodici mahunarki. Ime roda dolazi od grčkih riječi hippos (konj) i krepis (potkova, cipela).

Od 30 priznatih vrsta u Hrvatskoj rastu dvocvjetna potkovica (H. biflora), trepavičava potkovica (H. ciliata), kitnjasta ili kosmata potkovica (H. comosa), H. glauca, podkovka mnogocvjetna (H. multisiliquosa),  zavijena potkovica (H. unisiliquosa) i Grmoliki grašar (H. e. subsp. emeroides) ,vrsta koja je nekada klasificirana u rod grašara ili šibike (Coronilla).

Vrste

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Loteae

Potkovica (biljni rod)


Herminio Molero (La Puebla de Almoradiel, Toledo; 1948) es un pintor, músico, poeta y actor español.

Biografía

Primeros años
Originario de la localidad toledana de La Puebla de Almoradiel, con once años se trasladó con su familia al barrio de Quintana de Madrid, en el cual vivió durante los siguientes treinta años.

A finales de la década de los 60 tuvieron lugar sus primeras exposiciones en Madrid y en otras ciudades españolas. Esta actividad pictórica la compaginaría durante los años siguientes con el teatro independiente, pudiendo reseñarse en este sentido el dúo teatral que formó con el, por entonces desconocido, Pedro Almodóvar.

Fundador de Radio Futura
Su primera incursión en el mundo de la música se produjo en 1974. Estudió música electrónica en los laboratorios Alea y comenzó a experimentar con sintetizadores. Durante más de un año, trabajó con el grupo de rock sinfónico Araxes II, actuando en conciertos y macrofestivales, y grabando el sencillo "El Rastro / Sí" (Chapa, 1977).

Con un sonido electrónico más acorde a sus intereses musicales, actuó en solitario en 1978 en la discoteca madrileña MM bajo el nombre de Sonido Molero. Con Roxy Music como una de sus principales referencias, alquiló un local de ensayo en 1979, por el que pasaron distintos músicos, proceso que condujo a la formación del quinteto Radio Futura.

Herminio Molero se encargaría de los teclados, sintetizadores y cajas de ritmo, además de la composición de las canciones. La banda se dio a conocer el 12 de octubre de 1979 en el Ateneo de Madrid, en un concierto que fue calificado como histórico y tras el cual comenzaron a sonar en Radio 3, a aparecer en la televisión, a actuar en otras importantes salas y a firmar un contrato discográfico con Hispavox.

El primer LP de Radio Futura, "Música Moderna" (1980), contenía siete canciones compuestas por Herminio Molero, aunque se decidió que los temas aparecieran firmados por todos los componentes de la banda. El primer single, que contenía dos temas de Molero, "Enamorado de la moda juvenil" e "Ivonne", se situó en el primer puesto de las listas de ventas, y durante el verano de ese año giraron por toda España, convirtiéndose en una de las bandas más relevantes del país.

Otros proyectos musicales
Discusiones económicas y musicales acabaron con la marcha de Herminio Molero de Radio Futura en febrero de 1981. El músico recuperó el nombre de "Sonido Molero" para una actuación en solitario en el Museo Español de Arte Contemporáneo con el título "Sobre los Tejados de Madrid", con influencias de Brian Eno, Kraftwerk o Jean Michel Jarre. En años sucesivos continuó con diversos proyectos siempre clasificados como tecno pop, aunque ninguno de ellos llegó a consolidarse.

Bajo el nombre de "Herminio Molero y la Máquina Humana" grabó en 1984 un maxisingle con cuatro temas, entre los que destacaba "La apisonadora". En este proyecto, en el que Herminio aparecía como cantante, teclista y encargado de la caja de ritmos, estuvo acompañado por Domingo Patiño (guitarra), Javier Amezúa (saxo y flauta) y Luis Auserón (bajo). Actuó en la Sala Rock-Ola y en otros locales madrileños junto a Domingo Patiño, Julián Molero (teclados y cajas de ritmo) y Pepe Virtudes (bajo), hasta que la banda se disolvió en abril de 1985.

Artista polifacético
Herminio Molero abandonó la música y regresó a la pintura, realizando exposiciones durante los años 90 en Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao y otros lugares de la geografía española. Durante un tiempo se trasladó a Italia y en 1998 decidió regresar a su localidad natal, La Puebla de Almoradiel, en la provincia de Toledo. En 2004 tuvo lugar su primera exposición antológica.

Herminio Molero, considerado durante mucho tiempo como un artista incomprendido, también tuvo sus incursiones en el mundo de la poesía y de la televisión, actuando en numerosos anuncios publicitarios.

El 12 de enero de 2007, tras veintiún años lejos de los escenarios, regresó con un concierto en la sala El Sol de Madrid, donde interpretó sus viejas canciones y alguna nueva composición.

En 2009 formó parte de la exposición retrospectiva de artistas figurativos madrileños de los setenta titulada "Los Esquizos de Madrid" que pudo verse en el Museo Reina Sofía.

En 2014 publicó en el sello Lollipop el álbum "Ruido Rojo" en el que incluye los siguientes temas:
 Anarkia
 La apisonadora
 Tiro
 Corazón ardiente
 Eléctrico amor
 Tú, la tele y yo
 Me sucedió en París
 Tocando fondo
 Ruido rojo
 100.000 remords
 New line
 Ivonne
 Solo le pido a Dios
 Enamorado de la moda juvenil

Referencias

Músicos de Castilla-La Mancha
Pintores de Castilla-La Mancha
Nacidos en La Puebla de Almoradiel

Herminio Molero


යටාල වෙහෙර හෙවත් දළදා දාගැබ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ පිහිටා ඇති පුරාණ දාගැබක් වන අතර එය මහානාග යුවරජු විසින් කරවන ලද්දක් වේ. රහතන් වහන්සේලා වැඩසිටි ස්ථානයක් වු මෙය රුහුණු මාගම රාජධානිය තුල ඉදිකරන ලද ප්‍රථම චෛත්‍යය වශයෙන් සැලකෙන අතර කලක් දළදාව නිදන් කර තිබී ඇත. ස්ථූපය හම්බන්තොට - කතරගම මාර්ගයේ දෙබරවැව හා අකුරුගොඩ ප්‍රදේශ අතර තිස්සමහාරාම දාගැබට කිලෝ මීටර 1 1/2 පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා තිබේ.

ඉතිහාසය

සිය බිසව පිරිමි දරුවෙකු බිහිකල පසුබිම මත, මහානාග රජු විසින් ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව 3වන සියවසේදී පමණ යටාල වෙහෙර ඉදිකෙරූ බව සඳහන් වේ. පැරණි ඉතිහාසමය මූලාශ්‍රයන්හී මෙම වෙහෙර, මණි චේතිය නමින් හඳුන්වා තිබේ. ඉදිකොට නිමකරනු ලැබූ ස්ථූපය ත්‍රිපිටකාරිට්ඨ හිමියන්ට පූජා කළ බව ලළාට ධාතු වංශයේ සඳහන් වෙයි.

ස්ථූපය
ස්ථූපය වටා සතර දිසාවට විවර වූ වාහල්කඩ හතරක් දැකගත හැකිවන අතර එහි සිදුකල පුරාවිද්‍යා ගවේෂණ අනූව එහි ඉදිකිරීම් ප්‍රධාන යුග 3 කට අයත් බව තහවුරු කොට ගෙන තිබේ. පැරණිම කොටස කි‍්‍රස්තු පූර්ව යුගයට අයත් වන අතර, දෙවන කොටස සේ සැළකෙන තනි පේසාව කොටස ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 4වන සියවසට අයත් වේ. වර්ෂ 1884 දි කළ ඉදිකිරීම් තුන්වැනි සමයට අයත්ය.

ස්ථූපය වටා ගල්කණු, ගල් පුවරු හා පැරණි ගඩොල් ආදිය විසිර පවතී. මීට අමතරව විහාරයේ නව සංඝාවාසය අසල විශාල ආසනඝර ගොඩනැගිල්ලක නටබුන් දැකගත හැකිවේ. සිදුකල පුරාවිද්‍යා කැණීම් වලදී පිහිටි පොළවට අඩි 3 ක් පමණ යටින් පැරණි ඇත් පවුරක අත්තිවාරමක්ද මතු කොට ගෙන ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

හම්බන්තොට දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
හම්බන්තොට දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

යටාල වෙහෙර


Les  sont une compétition multisports organisée tous les quatre ans par le , rassemblant les sportifs handisports des comités nationaux paralympiques d'Asie. Ils sont organisés après les Jeux asiatiques.

La première édition a lieu en 2010.

Ils succèdent aux Jeux FESPIC, les Jeux handisports d'Extrême-Orient et du Pacifique Sud organisés de 1975 à 2006.

Éditions

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Site du comité paralympique asiatique

Compétition multisports en Asie
Compétition fondée en 2010
Événement sportif international en Asie
Manifestation ou événement sportif lié au handicap

Jeux para-asiatiques


Korsør-Halsskov-banen – eller bare Halsskovbanen – var en jernbane mellem Korsør Station og Halsskov Odde. Den blev sammen med Nyborg-Knudshoved-banen anlagt for at sikre trafikken over Storebælt i isvintre.

Historie
Ved lov af 23. april 1881 besluttede Rigsdagen at indsætte jernbanefærger på Storebælt. Der blev anskaffet 2 dampfærger, hver med 2 jernbanespor, og anlagt færgelejer i Korsør og Nyborg. De første færger var hjuldampere, hvis skovlhjul ikke kunne tåle at arbejde i is, så der blev også anskaffet en isbryder. Hvis isen var så svær, at isbryderen ikke kunne gå ind i færgehavnene, skulle overfarten flyttes, så isbryderen opsamlede og afsatte passagererne ude ved Storebæltskysten. I værste fald kunne passagererne sendes over Bæltet i isbåde. Derfor indeholdt loven også anlæg af de to "lette baner" fra færgehavnene ud til isbådestationerne ved kysten.

Anlægget af banen blev påbegyndt midt i 1882, og den blev prøvekørt med lokomotiv 24. februar 1883. Halsskovbanen kom til at udgå fra hovedsporet umiddelbart nord for Korsør Station. Halsskov Station fik omløbsspor, der løb sammen helt ude på odden. Herfra var der også sidespor til remisen med en drejeskive på 11 m. Der blev opført en ny stationsbygning, og desuden fandtes der fra isbådenes storhedstid en forvalterbolig, et isbådehus og en mandskabsbolig (Christian 4.'s posthus).

Strækningsdata
 Længde 3,67 km
 Enkeltsporet
 Sporvidde: 1.435 mm
 Skinnevægt: 32 og 34 kg/m
 Maks. stigning: 5 ‰
 Mindste kurveradius: 188 m
 Maks. hastighed: 45 km/t
 Akseltryk: 13,5 t.

Isvintre
Der var stationeret 36 isbåde i Halsskov. I vintrene 1887-88 og 1892-93 kom de - og dermed Halsskovbanen - flittigt i brug. Men så gik der 30 år inden der i 1923 og 1929 kom så streng isvinter, at isbryderne måtte lægge til ved molerne i Halsskov og Knudshoved.

I 2001 blev der i de tilbageværende bygninger på Halsskov Odde indrettet et isbådsmuseum, der hører under Korsør By- og Overfartsmuseum.

Strækninger hvor banetracéet er bevaret
Banetracéet er bevaret som "Revstien" på 1½ km i Korsør.

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Signalposten 1983/4, s. 156 f.
 Korsør By- og Overfartsmuseum: Isbådsmuseet

Se også
 Vandring og cykling på nedlagte jernbaner i Danmark#Korsør-Halsskov
 Danske jernbaner

Nedlagte jernbanestrækninger i Danmark
Halsskov-banen
Banen

Korsør-Halsskov-banen


كبر الحب هو أحد ألبومات المطربة نجوى كرم وصدر في عام 2005 وقد احتوى الألبوم على ثمان أغاني.

الأغاني

 بخاف من المي
 بدك ترجع
 شو هالحلا
 كبر الحب
 ما بينشبع
 ثالث مرة
 همسة همسة
 بحبك ولع

ألبومات 2005
ألبومات نجوى كرم

كبر الحب (ألبوم)


Müdür, Pisi tabanlı Pardus'un ve Pisi Linux'un init sistemidir. Sistemin açılış sürecini düzenler ve açılışı gerçekleştirir. ÇOMAR ile entegre çalışır. Açılış sürecini fazlasıyla hızlandırır. Python programlama ile yazılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 ÇOMAR

Dış bağlantılar
 Uludağ resmi web sitesi

Pardus programları
Özgür yazılım

Müdür (yazılım)


اللون العميق هو مصطلح يصف طريقة تخزين بيانات الصور في ذاكرة الحاسب باستخدام كم هائل من الألوان والظلال والسطوع وتمكن من إظهار بلايين الألوان. أحياناً يشار إلى اللون العميق بمصطلح اللون الحقيقي.

مراجع

عمق لوني
مصطلحات حوسبة

لون عميق


Antarktika je posljednji kontinent i jedna od posljednjih područja na svijetu na kojemu su zabilježeni slučajevi koronavirusne bolesti 2019. zbog pandemije koronavirusa 2019./20. Prvi slučajevi zabilježeni su u prosincu 2020. godine, gotovo godinu dana nakon što su u Kini otkriveni prvi slučajevi COVID-19.

Pandemija je neizravno utjecala na ljudsku aktivnost na Antarktici.

Pozadina
12. siječnja 2020. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO) potvrdila je da je novi koronavirus bio uzrok respiratorne bolesti u grupi ljudi u gradu Wuhan, provincija Hubei, Kina, o čemu je WHO prijavljen 31. prosinca 2019.

Omjer smrtnosti slučaja za COVID-19 bio je mnogo niži od SARS-a iz 2003, ali prijenos je bio značajno veći, uz značajnu ukupnu smrtnost.

Slučajevi
U travnju 2020. brod za krstarenje koji je plovio za Antarktiku imao je gotovo šezdeset posto putnika pozitivnih na COVID-19. Brod je zadržan u Urugvaju, gdje se putnici nisu smjeli iskrcati.

Prve potvrđene slučajeve objavila je 21. prosinca 2020. čileanska vlada. Najmanje 36 ljudi, uključujući 10 civila i 26 časnika čileanske vojske i čileanske mornarice, potvrđeno je pozitivnim na COVID-19 nakon zaraze virusom u bazi General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, gdje su radili redovite radove održavanja za baza. Ljudi su razvili simptome COVID-19 na brodu Sargento Aldea, a većina slučajeva liječena je nakon dolaska na odredišta u Punti Arenas i Talcahuanu.

Antarktika
Ljudi koji dolaze na istraživačke stanice na Antarktiku moraju proći izolaciju i testiranje na COVID-19. Australske i njemačke istraživačke stanice na Antarktici imaju respirator, a nepotvrđeno je imaju li ih istraživačke stanice SAD-a i Britanije.  Britanska antarktička anketa provela je mjere predostrožnosti.

Utjecaj pandemije koronavirusa na putovanja uzrokovao je komplikacije s evakuacijom ljudi iz Britanske antarktičke ankete s kontinenta.

U travnju 2020. brod za krstarenje na Antarktiku imao je gotovo šezdeset posto putnika pozitivnih na COVID-19.

Baza na Antarktici sada sadrži samo skeletne posade, posjeti su ograničeni, a utjecana su i znanstvena istraživanja.

Nekoliko konferencija na temu Antarktike koje su bile planirane sredinom 2020. godine otkazano je zbog pandemije.

Vidi također

Pandemija COVID-19 po zemljama i teritoriju

Izvori

Antarktika
Antarktika

Pandemija COVID-19 na Antarktici


එහි සම්භවයෙහි සිට වර්තමාන කාලය දක්වා පෘථිවි ග්‍රහයාගේ ප්‍රවර්ධනය, පෘථිවියෙහි ඉතිහාසය  යන්නෙහි වස්තු පාදය වෙයි.  පෘථිවියෙහි අතීතයෙහි සිදුවූ සියළු සිද්ධීන් තේරුම්ගැනීමට සියළුම ස්වභාවික විද්‍යා ශාඛාවන්ම පාහේ දායක වී ඇත. පෘථිවියෙහි වයස දළ වශයෙන්  විශ්වයෙහි වයසෙන් තුනෙන් පංගුවක් වෙයි. මෙම කාල පරාසය තුලදී, අතිමහත් ප්‍රමාණයක  ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක සහ  භූ විද්‍යාත්මක වෙනස්කම් සිදුවී ඇත.

සූර්ය නිහාරිකාවෙන්   අභිවර්ධනය වීමෙන් වසර  4.54 බිලියන () පමණ පෙර පෘථිවිය නිර්මාණ විය. බොහෝවිට, යමහල් නිර්වානියනය තුලින් මූලාවස්ථික වායුගෝලය නිම වන්නට ඇති මුත්, ඔක්සිජන් නොමැතිම වන්නට ඇති එය, මානවයන්ට හා බොහෝ නූතන ජීවින්ට විෂ සහිත වන්නට ඇත. අති සක්‍රීය යමහල් විදාරණය  සහ වෙනත් වස්තූන් හා නිතොර සිදුවූ ගැටුම් නිසා පෘථිවියෙන් බොහෝ කොටසක් ද්‍රව ලෙසින් පැවතිනි. එක් මහා ගැටුමක් විසින් පෘථිවිය කෝණයකට ඇල කිරීම හා චන්ද්‍රයාගේ සම්භවය සඳහා හේතු පාදක වූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

පෘථිවියෙහි ඉතිහාසය


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أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من موسكو
كازاخستانيون من أصل روسي
لاعبو كرة مضرب روس
لاعبو كرة مضرب كازاخستانيون
مواليد 1408 هـ
مواليد 1988
مواليد في موسكو
لاعبو كرة مضرب من موسكو

يفجيني كوروليف


Le surintendant des finances des États-Unis est une fonction exécutive pendant la  dont le pouvoir était similaire à celui d'un ministre des finances. La seule personne à avoir occupé ce poste est Robert Morris, qui l'a occupé de 1781 à 1784, avec l'aide de Gouverneur Morris.

Contexte
Divers conseils et comités sont formés à partir du  pour gérer les questions financières du gouvernement provisoire des États-Unis, le Congrès continental. Mais, dès 1776, l'insatisfaction suscitée par ce système a conduit Robert Morris, dans un message adressé à un comité de correspondance secrète, à plaider pour le recours à des exécutifs.

Le Congrès était ouvert à d'autres méthodes d'administration des finances. À la fin de l'année 1778, après la formation de l'alliance franco-américaine, le Congrès a lancé un appel à l'écrivain financier gallois, le  Richard Price, pour qu'il vienne réorganiser leurs finances, ce qu'il a refusé. Au début de l'année 1779, le Congrès a demandé à ses agents européens d'étudier des méthodes d'administration pour les départements de la guerre, du trésor et de la marine, ainsi que d'autres bureaux, mais rien n'est venu de cette demande.

Histoire

Trois départements exécutifs ont été formés au début de 1781, soit les finances, les affaires étrangères et les affaires militaires, sous le régime des Articles de la Confédération. Le mercredi , le Congrès de la Confédération a créé un département des finances dont le chef est appelé superintendant des finances. Robert Morris a été nommé le , a accepté le  et a prêté serment en juin. Compte tenu de l'état lamentable de l'économie, le Congrès lui accorde d'énormes pouvoirs et accède à la demande de Morris de lui permettre de poursuivre ses activités commerciales privées. Le superintendant et son assistant ont fait partie d'un cabinet informel pendant cette phase finale de la guerre.

Le bureau du secrétaire de la Marine, qui était en fait le prédécesseur du secrétaire de la Navy, a également été créé en 1781, le major général Alexander McDougall occupant initialement ce poste. Ce poste a rapidement été remplacé par celui d'agent de la marine, qui n'était pas directement pourvu, mais pris en charge volontairement par le surintendant.

Morris a réduit toutes les dépenses gouvernementales, y compris celles liées à l'armée. Il a acheté des fournitures militaires en utilisant son propre argent, parfois en empruntant à des amis ou en émettant des billets sur son crédit. Les procédures comptables sont resserrées sous sa direction. Morris fait pression sur les États pour qu'ils fournissent de l'argent et des fournitures en fonction de leurs quotas.

Le surintendant a contracté divers prêts personnels et a poussé les États à obtenir des fonds pour la campagne de Yorktown du général George Washington en 1781. Des fonds supplémentaires étaient nécessaires pour cette campagne, pour laquelle un prêt important a été obtenu de la France.

La Bank of North America a reçu sa charte en  par le Congrès de la Confédération et a ouvert ses portes le , sous l'impulsion de Robert Morris. Morris a financé la banque avec le prêt français et sa propre fortune. La banque a été utilisée comme un financier de la guerre. Il s'agissait donc de la première banque centrale de facto de l'union, étant la première banque incorporée par le gouvernement des États-Unis, suivant les traces de la Banque d'Angleterre jusqu'en 1785, date à laquelle la charte de la banque au sein du Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie a été révoquée.

En 1782, Gouverneur Morris initie l'idée d'une monnaie décimale en inventant le mot « cent » qui deviendra plus tard la norme pour la monnaie du pays.

Après que Morris a quitté la surintendance le , le poste est remplacé par un conseil.

Pouvoirs
Ses pouvoirs étaient analogues à ceux du secrétaire au Trésor ou du premier ministre de nombreux pays du Commonwealth britannique. Contrairement au poste de premier ministre, le poste de surintendant n'était pas occupé par une personne qui était à l'époque membre du gouvernement. En ce sens, il s'agissait plutôt du prototype du poste de président qui allait bientôt être créé.

Références

Fonction publique aux États-Unis

Surintendant des Finances des États-Unis


Konrad Hirsch, né le  à Eidskog et mort le  à Surte, est un footballeur international suédois. Il évoluait au poste de défenseur.

Biographie

En club
Konrad Hirsch est joueur du GAIS au cours de sa carrière.

Il meurt d'une méningite le 17 novembre 1924.

Le titre de Champion de Suède en 1924-25 figure à son palmarès à titre posthume.

En équipe nationale
International suédois, Konrad Hirsch dispute deux matchs, sans inscrire de buts, en équipe nationale suédoise durant l'année 1924.

Il dispute son premier match en sélection en amical le  contre la Pologne (victoire 5-1 à Stockholm).

Il dispute son dernier match lors du premier match de la finale pour la troisième place des Jeux olympiques de 1924. La Suède fait match nul 1-1 contre les Pays-Bas. L'équipe suédoise remporte le match d'appui, mais Hirsch ne dispute pas la rencontre.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international suédois
Médaillé de bronze olympique suédois
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924
Naissance en mai 1900
Naissance dans l'Østlandet
Décès en novembre 1924
Décès dans le comté de Västra Götaland
Décès à 24 ans
Mort de la méningite

Konrad Hirsch


Dražen Bobinac (1953. – 2010.), hrvatski političar, saborski zastupnik, visoki lokalni dužnosnik, visoki ratni civilni dužnosnik, časnik HV, pionir demokratizacijskih procesa i uvođenja višestranačja na prostoru Like, Gacke i Krbave. Po struci je bio veterinar.

Osnivač HDZ-a za Liku, Gacku i Krbavu (1990.), nosio je čin brigadira HV-a. obnašao je dužnost gradonačelnika Otočca (1993. – 2000.), bio je povjerenik Vlade RH u Općini Vrhovinama (1993.), predsjedavao je Kriznim stožerom za Liku te zapovijedao Vodom za specijalne namjene vojne policije i bio je ustrojio obranu grada Otočca. Zastupnički mandat u Hrvatskom saboru obnašao je u tri mandata (1993. – 2001.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Lika Online Dražen Bobinac, čovjek koji je obilježio povijest

HDZ-ovi političari
Životopisi, Otočac
Hrvatski vojni zapovjednici u Domovinskom ratu

Dražen Bobinac


Murusraptor ("ladrão de parede") é um gênero de dinossauro terópode carnívoro megaraptorano da Formação Sierra Barrosa, parte do Grupo Neuquén da Patagônia, na Argentina, América do Sul. É conhecido a partir de um único espécime que consiste em um crânio parcial, costelas, pelve parcial, perna e outros elementos esqueléticos variados.

Descrição
O holótipo de Murusraptor é estimado em 6,4 m, mas é considerado um espécime imaturo, pois as suturas cranianas em sua caixa craniana ainda não desapareceram; isso indica que teria sido potencialmente maior. A análise do esqueleto revelou características anatômicas ainda não vistas em Megaraptora, particularmente no crânio e nos quadris. A análise da parte posterior do crânio indica que, possivelmente como o Megaraptor relacionado, o Murusraptor provavelmente tinha um focinho alongado e estreito. As costelas sacrais são ocas.

Coria & Currie estabeleceram alguns traços distintivos do Murusraptor. O ramo anterior do lacrimal é mais longo do que o ramo descendente é alto. No maxilar inferior, o surangular apresenta uma prateleira óssea na sua face externa, sob o sulco entre a abertura surangular anterior e o entalhe para o ramo posterior superior do dentário, contribuindo para a articulação lateral. As costelas sacrais são ocas e tubulares. Os ísquios são curtos, achatados transversalmente e ligeiramente alargados verticalmente. Esses dois últimos traços são autapomorfias inequívocas, qualidades derivadas únicas, pois são únicas em todo o Theropoda.

Além disso, está presente uma combinação única de características que em si não são únicas. Na caixa craniana, o processo basipterygoidei está situado na parte frontal inferior do basisphenoideu, enquanto a entrada da depressão profunda do recesso basisphenoideus é direcionada obliquamente para cima e para trás. Os ossos chevron são bastante retos. A caixa craniana de Murusraptor mostra mais semelhanças com celurossauros não-maniraptoranos, particularmente tiranossaurídeos, do que com não-coelurossauros, como alossaurídeos ou ceratossaurídeos, embora seu quociente de encefalização de répteis estivesse, no entanto, dentro da faixa de alossauros, como Allosaurus, Giganotosaurus e Sinraptor e seu neurossensorial as capacidades eram, portanto, provavelmente inferiores às dos tiranossaurídeos.

Descoberta e nomeação
Em 2001, Sergio Saldivia, preparador do Museo Carmen Funes, trinta quilômetros a nordeste da Plaza Huincul, em uma parede de cânion, descobriu o esqueleto de um dinossauro terópode novo para a ciência. Durante esse ano e 2002 os restos mortais foram protegidos.

Em 2016, a espécie-tipo Murusraptor barrosaensis foi nomeada e descrita por Rodolfo Anibal Coria e Philip J. Currie. O nome genérico é uma combinação do latim murus, "parede", uma referência à parede do canyon, e raptor, "seizer". O nome específico refere-se à proveniência da Formação Sierra Barrosa. O holótipo, MCF-PVPH-411, foi encontrado em uma camada da Formação Sierra Barrosa que data do Coniaciano. Consiste em um esqueleto parcial com crânio, de um indivíduo imaturo. Os elementos esqueléticos recuperados para este espécime tipo de Murusraptor incluem um crânio parcial consistindo de uma caixa craniana completa com frontais e parietais, lacrimal direito, pré-frontal, pós-orbital, quadrado, pterigóide, epipterigóide e ectopterigóide, trinta e um dentes, os elementos posteriores do direito maxilar inferior, doze vértebras do dorso, sacro e cauda, onze costelas torácicas, um único arco hemal ou chevron, vários gastrálias, uma terceira garra da pata dianteira, ílio esquerdo completo, parte de um ílio direito, extremidades proximais de ambos os ossos púbicos, extremidades distais do ísquio, a tíbia direita e um calcâneo.

Megaraptora
Dinossauros do Cretáceo
Dinossauros da América do Sul
Espécies fósseis descritas em 2016

Murusraptor


William Tuckwell (1829-1919), qui aimait être connu sous le nom de « pasteur radical », est un pasteur anglican anglais bien connu sur les plates-formes politiques pour ses expériences d'attributions, son plaidoyer en faveur de la nationalisation des terres et son enthousiasme pour le Christianisme social. Il est partisan de l'enseignement des sciences dans les écoles.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Tuckwell est né le . Il est le fils aîné de Margaret Wood (1803/4–1842) et de William Tuckwell (1784–1845), chirurgien à la Radcliffe Infirmary d'Oxford .

Tuckwell fait ses études dans une école préparatoire à Hammersmith avant de fréquenter le Winchester College à partir de 1842 et le New College d'Oxford en 1848 .

Carrière professionnelle
De 1857 à 1864, il est directeur de la New College School. En 1864, le directeur du New College d'Oxford le nomme directeur de la Taunton Grammar School, plus tard connue sous le nom de Taunton College School .

Vie privée

En 1858, il épouse Rosa Strong (née en 1829/30), fille aînée du capitaine Henry Strong, un officier de l'armée indienne. Sa sœur cadette est la féministe et syndicaliste Emilia Dilke. Rosa et William Tuckwell ont quatre enfants, un fils et trois filles. Leur deuxième fille Gertrude Tuckwell (1861–1951) est syndicaliste, assistante sociale, auteure et la première femme magistrate nommée à Londres .

William Tuckwell est décédé le  . Sa fille Gertrude est son exécuteur testamentaire .

Les Réminiscences
On se souvient surtout de lui comme de l'auteur de Reminiscences of Oxford, qui relate l'Oxford des années 1830, mais qui est quelque peu trompeur. Owen Chadwick raconte qu'il aimait "faire semblant d'être beaucoup plus âgé qu'il ne l'était". . . . Ce que Tuckwell connaissait, ce sont les années 50 et 60, et son portrait des dirigeants tractariens est tiré des expériences de cette période ultérieure ; bien que très souvent il aime donner l'impression que c'est beaucoup plus tôt." .

Les Réminiscences d'un pasteur radical sont dédiées à sa fille Gertrude Tuckwell.

Tuckwell est actif en politique en février 1884, au moment du grand projet de loi de réforme. Son travail parmi les pauvres l'a amené à beaucoup s'enquérir de leurs conditions et de leur vie. Au cours des dix années suivantes, il prononce plus d'un millier de discours en faveur du Christianisme social et en faveur d'une redistribution des richesses et des terres.

Bibliographie

 William Tuckwell, A. W. Kinglake : une étude biographique et littéraire
 William Tuckwell, The Ancient Ways: Winchester il y a 50 ans
 William Tuckwell, Horace, 1905. Édition de livres Google
 William Tuckwell, Langues dans les arbres et Sermons dans les pierres, 1891. Édition de livres Google
 William Tuckwell, Réminiscences d'un pasteur radical, 1905. Édition de livres Google
 William Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford, Londres : Cassell, 1901, 2e éd. 1908. Google livres édition de l'édition 1908
 William Tuckwell, Oxford pré-tractarien : une réminiscence de la « noétique » d'Oriel
 William Tuckwell, La nouvelle utopie ou l'Angleterre en 1885 : une conférence, 1885.
 William Tuckwell, Christian Socialism and Other Lectures, 1891.

Références

Liens externes

Élève de Winchester College
Décès en février 1919
Naissance en novembre 1829
Décès à 89 ans

William Tuckwell


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Hosťová enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Hosťová im Okres Nitra.

Denkmäler

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Einzelnachweise

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Hostova


سيب هيربرغر  هو مدرب كرة قدم ألماني من مواليد 28 مارس 1897 ووفيات 20 أبريل 1977، درّب منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم من 1936 إلى 1964.

امتاز بالمكر والذكاء في إحرازه كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1954 مع المنتخب الألماني، وقد خدع منتخب المجر الذين وقعوا مع ألمانيا في الدور الأول بأن لعب معهم باللاعبين الاحتياط وخسر 8-3 ، إلا أنه فاز عليهم في النهائي بنتيجة 3-2 في مدينة بيرن السويسرية، فساهم في رفع معنويات الشعب الألماني التي حطمتها الحرب.

كلماته المأثورة
 "المنافس الأخطر هو دائماً المنافس القادم"
 "المباراة تستمر تسعين دقيقة"
 "بعد المباراة هو قبل المباراة"
  بالطبع "الكرة دائرية"

هذه الجمل الشهيرة ما زالت حتى اليوم حية بالرغم من وفاة قائلها في سنة 1977. ولا يقتصر استخدامها الآن على مجال كرة القدم فحسب، وإنما يُضرب بها المثل في مجالات أخرى.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

أشخاص من دوقية بادن الكبرى
أشخاص من لوبين
حاصلون على ورقة شجر الغار الفضية
رومان كاثوليك ألمان
رياضيون من مانهايم
سياسيون نازيون ألمان
لاعبو ب ف ر مانهايم
لاعبو فالدهوف مانهايم
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من بادن-فورتمبيرغ
لاعبو كرة قدم من مانهايم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي تنس بوروسيا برلين
مدربو آينتراخت فرانكفورت
مدربو بابلسبيرغ
مدربو كأس العالم 1938
مدربو كأس العالم 1954
مدربو كأس العالم 1958
مدربو كأس العالم 1962
مدربو كرة القدم
مدربو كرة قدم ألمان
مدربو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
مدربو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخبات فائزة بكأس العالم
مدربو نادي الوصل
مسيرون رياضيون ألمان
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1897
مواليد في مانهايم
وفيات 1977
وفيات الالتهاب الرئوي في ألمانيا
وفيات بأمراض معدية في ألمانيا
وفيات بسبب ذات الرئة
وفيات في مانهايم

سيب هيربرغر


Margherita af Savoyen (; 20. november 1851 – 4. januar 1926) var en italiensk prinsesse, der var dronning af Italien fra 1878 til 1900 som ægtefælle til Kong Umberto 1. af Italien.

Eksterne henvisninger

Huset Savoyen
Dronninger af Italien
Personer fra Torino
Dronningemødre

Margherita af Savoyen


Općinska nogometna liga Slavonska Požega - juniori je predstavljala natjecanje najstarije uzrasne mlađe kategorije nogometnih klubova, a prvenstvo se igralo dvokružno.  NK Jakšić je kao prvak lige sudjelovao na turniru prvaka općinskih nogometnih liga iz Slavonije i Baranje.

Tablica

Turnir prvaka Općinskih nogometnih liga Slavonije i Baranje

Prvaci Općinskih nogometnih liga su stekli pravo sudjelovanja na turniru prvaka ONL Slavonije i Baranje. S obzirom na to da je tada u Slavoniji i Baranji bilo 14 Općina natjecanje je organizirano u dva kruga po grupama. U prvom krugu juniori NK Jakšić su u Novoj Gradišci u konkurenciji klubova  NK Borac Sikirevci, NK Sloga Nova Gradiška osvojili prvo mjesto i plasirali se u drugi krug- završno natjecanje.
Završni turnir je odigran u Osijeku na igralištu NK Grafičar Osijek. NK Jakšić je u prvoj utakmici rezultatom 2:1 pobijedio  NK Partizan Rokovci-Andrijaševci, a u finalu su pobijedili 3:1 domaćina, NK Grafičar Osijek te tako postali prvaci Slavonije i Baranje.

Povezani članci
 Općinska nogometna liga Slavonska Požega: 1987./88.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Nikola Brekalo, Ivica Šulc, Stjepan Marković: 80 godina nogometa u Jakšiću (1932. – 2012.), Jakšić, 2012.
 Jurica Bešlić, Goran Đurđević, Vesna Milković, Jelenko Topić: Seddamdeset godina nogometa u Vidovcim i Dervišagi, 2016.

1987-88
Slavonska Požega

Općinska nogometna liga saveza Slavonska Požega: 1987./88. – juniori


LEGO Pharaoh's Quest var en produktlinje produceret af den danske legetøjskoncern LEGO, der foregik i Egypten, hvor en grupper eventyrere ledte efter skatte. Det blev produceret fra 2011 til 2012 og det benyttede elementer fra den tidligere Adventurers serie, særligt Desert-undertemaet fra 1998-1999.

Sæt

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Pharaoh's Quest på Brickset

Pharaoh's Quest

LEGO Pharaoh's Quest


An Haynaldoticum turgidovillosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Raffaele Ciferri ngan Valerio Giacomini. An Haynaldoticum turgidovillosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haynaldoticum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Haynaldoticum

Haynaldoticum turgidovillosum


العزل الكهربائي أو العزل الغلفاني  هو مبدأ عزل كل قسم فعال عن الآخر في الأنظمة الكهربائية، لمنع سريان التيار الكهربائي بينهم، وذلك بعدم السماح لوجود مسار توصيلي. يمكن رغم انفصال الأقسام تبادل المعلومات والطاقة ما بين قسم وآخر بوسائل أخرى، منها السعة والحث و وغيرها من الوسائل البصرية والصوتية والميكانيكية، مثل:
 عازل كهروضوئي
مقاومة مغناطيسية كبرى
 محول
مكثف
مرحل

يستخدم العزل الغلفاني عندما يتوجب أن يكون ثمة تواصل (تبادل معلومات) بين دائرتين كهربائيتين، لكن يستعصي على المصمم ضمان جهد مستوى أرضي موحد، فقد يختلف جهد المستوى الأرضي في الدائرة الأولى عن المستوى الأرضي في الدائرة الثانية. وهي وسيلة فاعلة لكسر الحلقات الأرضية (ground loop) لأنها تمنع جريان تيارات غير مرغوب فيها بين وحدتين لهما أرضي مشترك.

يستعمل العزل الغلفاني أيضا لضمان الأمان، فإنه يمنع التيارات غير المتوقعة من الوصول إلى المستوى الأرضي الأدنى بالمرور خلال جسم الإنسان.

انظر أيضاً

 عازل كهربائي
 عازل

مصادر

دارات إلكترونية
عوازل كهربائية

عزل كهربائي