Warner Music Group Corp. (d.b.a. Warner Music Group, commonly abbreviated as WMG) is an American multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate headquartered in New York City. It is one of the "big three" recording companies and the third-largest in the global music industry, after Universal Music Group (UMG) and Sony Music Entertainment (SME). Formerly part of Time Warner (now Warner Bros. Discovery), WMG was publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange from 2005 until 2011, when it announced its privatization and sale to Access Industries. It later had its second IPO on Nasdaq in 2020, once again becoming a public company. With a multibillion-dollar annual turnover, WMG employs more than 3,500 people and has operations in more than 50 countries throughout the world.

The company owns and operates some of the largest and most successful labels in the world, including Elektra Records, Reprise Records, Warner Records, Parlophone Records (formerly owned by EMI), and Atlantic Records. WMG also owns Warner Chappell Music, one of the world's largest music publishers.

Since August 2, 2018, WMG has expanded its business to digital media operations through its acquisition of Uproxx.

History

1950s and 1960s
The film studio Warner Bros. had no record label division at the time one of its contracted actors, Tab Hunter, scored a No. 1 hit song in 1957 for Dot Records, a division of rival Paramount Pictures. In order to prevent any repetition of its actors recording for rival companies, and to also capitalize on the music business, Warner Bros. Records was created in 1958. In 1963, Warner purchased Reprise Records, which had been founded by Frank Sinatra three years earlier so that he could have more creative control over his recordings. With the Reprise acquisition, Warner gained the services of Mo Ostin, who was mainly responsible for the success of Warner/Reprise.

After Warner Bros. was sold to Seven Arts Productions in 1967 (forming Warner Bros.-Seven Arts), it purchased Atlantic Records, founded in 1947 and WMG's oldest label (until WMG completed its acquisition of Parlophone in 2013), as well as its subsidiary Atco Records. This acquisition brought Neil Young into the company fold, initially as a member of Buffalo Springfield. Young became one of Warner's longest-established artists, recording both as a solo artist and with groups under the Warner-owned Atlantic, Atco, and Reprise labels. Young also recorded five albums for Geffen Records during that label's period of Warner distribution. The Geffen catalogue, now owned by Universal Music Group, represents Young's only major recordings not under WMG ownership.

Atlantic, its subsidiary Atco Records, and its affiliate Stax Records paved the way for Warner's rise to industry prominence. The purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid-1960s, Atlantic/Stax released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. Ultimately, the sale led to Stax leaving Atlantic because Seven Arts Productions insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. Atlantic moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including Led Zeppelin, Cream, Crosby Stills & Nash, Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Genesis, Average White Band, Dr John, King Crimson, Bette Midler, Roxy Music, and Foreigner.

In 1969, two years after being purchased by Seven Arts, the Warner Bros.-Seven Arts company was sold to the Kinney National Company. In mid-1972, Kinney Music of Canada, Ltd. was renamed WEA Music of Canada, Ltd. (French: WEA Musique du Canada, Ltée) as the Canadian branch of the WEA (Warner, Elektra, Atlantic) company – a division of Warner Communications Inc. Founder and president Ken Middleton ran the Canadian company until his retirement in 1982. The name remained until 1989, when in 1990, it became Warner Music Canada Ltd – a subsidiary of the US-based Warner Music International. Warner Communications CEO Steve Ross led the group through its most successful period until his death in 1992.

An earlier attempt by Warner Bros. Records to create an in-house distribution arm in 1958 did not materialize. So in 1969, Elektra Records boss Jac Holzman approached Atlantic's Jerry Wexler with the idea of setting up a joint distribution network for Warner, Elektra, and Atlantic. An experimental branch was established in Southern California as a possible prototype for an expanded operation.

Atlantic exerts autonomy
It was soon apparent in 1969 that Atlantic/Atco president Ahmet Ertegun viewed Warner/Reprise president Mike Maitland as a rival. Maitland believed that, as vice-president in charge of the Warner Bros.-Seven Arts music division, he should have final say over all recording operations, and he further angered Ertegun by proposing that most of Atlantic's back-office functions (such as marketing and distribution) be combined with the existing departments at Warner/Reprise. In retrospect Ertegun clearly feared that Maitland would ultimately have more power than him, and so he moved rapidly to secure his own position and remove Maitland.

Maitland had put off renegotiating the contracts of Joe Smith and Mo Ostin, the presidents of the Warner Bros. and Reprise labels, and this provided Ertegun with an effective means of undermining Maitland. When Wexler—now a major shareholder—found out about the contract issue he and Ertegun began pressuring Eliot Hyman to get Smith and Ostin under contract, ostensibly because they were worried that the two executives might move to rival labels—and in fact Ostin had received overtures from both the MGM and ABC labels.

In 1969, the wisdom of Hyman's investments was proved when Kinney National Company purchased Warner Bros.-Seven Arts for $400 million, more than eight times what Hyman had paid for Warner/Reprise and Atlantic combined. From the base of his family's funeral parlour business, Kinney president Steve Ross had rapidly built the Kinney company into a profitable conglomerate with interests that included comic publishing, the Ashley-Famous talent agency, parking lots and cleaning services. Following the takeover, Warners' music group briefly adopted the 'umbrella' name Kinney Music, because U.S. anti-trust laws at the time prevented the three labels from trading as one.

Ross was primarily focused on rebuilding the company's ailing movie division and was happy to defer to the advice of the managers of the company's record labels, since he knew that they were generating most of the group's profits. Ertegun's campaign against Maitland began in earnest that summer. Atlantic had agreed to help Warner Bros. in its efforts to establish its labels overseas, beginning with its soon-to-be-established Warner Bros. subsidiary in Australia, but when Warner executive Phil Rose arrived in Australia, he discovered that just one week earlier Atlantic had signed a new four-year distribution deal with a rival local label, Festival Records (owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Limited). Mike Maitland complained bitterly to Kinney executive Ted Ashley, but to no avail – by this time Ertegun was poised to make his move against Maitland.

As he had with Hyman, Ertegun urged Steve Ross to extend Mo Ostin and Joe Smith's contracts, a recommendation Ross was happy to accept. Ostin however had received overtures from other companies including MGM Records and ABC Records and when he met with Ertegun in January 1970 and was offered Maitland's job, he was unwilling to re-sign immediately. In response, Ertegun broadly hinted that Maitland's days were numbered and that he, Ertegun, was about to take over the recording division.

Unlike the Warner/Reprise executives, Atlantic's execs the Ertegun brothers (Ahmet and Neshui) and Wexler owned stock in Kinney.

Ostin was understandably concerned that, if he accepted the position, the Warner Bros. staff would feel that he had stabbed Maitland in the back, but his attorney convinced him that Maitland's departure was inevitable, regardless of whether or not he accepted the post (succinctly advising him, "Don't be a schmuck"). On Sunday January 25, Ted Ashley went to Maitland's house to tell him he had been dismissed, and Maitland declined the offer of a job at the movie studio. One week later, Mo Ostin was named as the new President of Warner Bros. Records, with Joe Smith as his executive vice-president. Ertegun nominally remained the head of Atlantic, but since both Ostin and Smith owed their new positions to him, Ertegun was now the de facto head of the Warner music division. Ertegun was given the formal title of executive vice-president-Music Group. Maitland moved to MCA Records later that year and successfully consolidated MCA's labels, which he couldn't do at Warner.

1970s
During the 1970s, the Kinney group built up a commanding position in the music industry. In 1970, Kinney bought Elektra Records and its sister label Nonesuch Records (founded by Jac Holzman in 1950) for $10 million, bringing in leading rock acts, including the Doors, Tim Buckley, and Love, and its historically significant folk archive, along with the successful budget Western classical-music label Nonesuch Records.

The purchase of Elektra-Nonesuch brought a rich back catalogue of folk music as well as the renowned Nonesuch catalogue of classical and world music. Elektra founder Jac Holzman ran the label under Warners for two years, but by that time, he was by his own admission "burnt out" after twenty years in the business. Kinney president Steve Ross subsequently appointed Holzman as part of a seven-person "brain trust" tasked with investigating opportunities presented by new technologies, a role Holzman was eager to accept. The same year, the group established its first overseas offices in Canada and Australia. By that time the "Seven Arts" moniker was dropped from the Warner Bros. name. Warner Bros. also founded the Casablanca Records subsidiary, headed by Neil Bogart; but several years later Casablanca became independent from Warner Bros.

Warner-Elektra-Atlantic and worldwide distribution

With the Elektra acquisition, the next step was forming an in-house distribution arm for the co-owned labels. By this time, Warner-Reprise's frustrations with its current distributors had reached breaking point; Joe Smith (then executive vice-president of Warner Bros.) recalled that the Grateful Dead were becoming a major act but the distributor was constantly out of stock of their albums. These circumstances facilitated the full establishment of the group's in-house distribution arm, initially called Kinney Record Group International. By late 1972, US anti-trust laws had changed and the company was renamed Warner-Elektra-Atlantic, WEA for short, which was renamed Warner Music in 1991 (the word "group" was added after the formation of AOL Time Warner in 2001).

WEA was an early champion of heavy metal rock music. Several such bands, including three major British pioneers Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Deep Purple, were all signed to WEA's labels, at least in the United States. Among the earliest American metal acts to be signed to WEA were Alice Cooper, Montrose, and Van Halen.

Up to this point the Kinney-owned record companies had relied on licensing deals with overseas record labels to manufacture, distribute and promote its products in other countries; concurrent with the establishment of its new distribution arm, the company now began establishing subsidiaries in the other major markets, beginning with the creation of Warner Bros. Records Australia in 1970, soon followed by branch offices in the UK, Europe and Japan. In July 1971, the new in-house distribution company was incorporated as Warner-Elektra-Atlantic Distributing Corp. (WEA) and branch offices were established in eight major US cities; Joel Friedman a one-time Billboard writer who had been the head of Warner's advertising/merchandising division in its early years, was appointed to head WEA's US domestic division, and Ahmet Ertegun's brother Nesuhi was appointed to oversee its international operations. Neshui Ertegun, originally a Turkish native like his brother, displayed a global perspective and independence from its U.S. counterpart by successfully promoting international acts in their target markets worldwide. Ertegun headed WEA International until his retirement in 1987. A de facto committee of three senior marketing executives—Dave Glew from Atlantic, Ed Rosenblatt from Warner Bros. and Mel Posner from Elektra—oversaw the integration of each label's marketing and distribution through the new division, but each label continued to operate totally independently in A&R matters and also applied their own expertise in marketing and advertising.

On July 1, 1971, following the pattern set by similar joint ventures in Canada and Australia, the Warner labels entered into a partnership with the British arm of CBS Records to press and distribute Warner-Reprise product in the United Kingdom, although this was undertaken as a cooperative venture rather than a formally incorporated business partnership. The Billboard article that reported the new arrangement also noted that, despite their intense competition in the US market, CBS continued to press Warner-Reprise recordings in the US. However the new UK arrangement was a major blow to Warner's previous British manufacturer Pye Records, for whom Warner-Reprise had been their largest account. With the scheduled addition of the UK rights to the Atlantic catalogue, which would revert to Kinney in early 1972, Billboard predicted that the Warner-CBS partnership would have a 25–30% share of the UK music market.

In April 1971, thanks mainly to the influence of Ahmet Ertegun, the Kinney group announced a major coup with its acquisition of the worldwide rights to the Rolling Stones' new label Rolling Stones Records, following the expiration of the band's contract with British Decca (then separate from the American label) and the acrimonious end to their business relationship with their former manager Allen Klein. Under the terms of the deal, Atlantic subsidiary Atco would distribute the Stones' recordings in the US, with other territories mainly handled by Warner Bros. international divisions.

One of Kinney's wisest investments was Fleetwood Mac. The band signed with Reprise in the early 1970s after relocating to the US, and the label supported the group through numerous lineup changes and several lean years during which the band's records sold relatively poorly, although they remained a popular concert attraction. Ironically, after the group's transfer to Warner Bros. in 1975 and the recruitment of new members Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks, the group scored a major international hit with the single "Rhiannon" and consolidated with the best selling albums Fleetwood Mac, Rumours and Tusk.

Warner Communications
Due to a financial scandal involving price fixing in its parking operations, Kinney National spun off its non-entertainment assets in 1972 (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name to Warner Communications Inc.

In 1972, the Warner group acquired another rich prize, David Geffen's Asylum Records. The $7 million purchase brought in several acts that proved crucial to WEA's subsequent success, including Linda Ronstadt, the Eagles, Jackson Browne, Joni Mitchell, and later Warren Zevon. On the downside, however, it was rumored that Warner was soon concerned about its possible liability under the California State Labor Code because of Geffen's questionable status as both the manager of most of the Asylum acts and the head of the record label to which they were signed. The sale included the Asylum Records label and its recordings, as well as Geffen's lucrative music publishing assets and the interests in the royalties of some of the artists managed by Geffen and partner Elliot Roberts. Geffen accepted a five-year contract with WCI and turned over his 75% share in the Geffen-Roberts management company to Roberts and Warner paid Geffen and Roberts 121,952 common shares worth $4,750,000 at the time of the sale, plus $400,000 in cash and a further $1.6 million in promissory notes convertible to common stock.

Although it seemed a lucrative deal at the time, Geffen soon had reason to regret it. Uncharacteristically, he had greatly underestimated the value of his assets—within Asylum's first year as a Warner subsidiary, albums by Linda Ronstadt and the Eagles alone had earned more than the entire value of the Asylum sale. Geffen's discomfort was compounded by the fact that, within six months of the sale, the value of his volatile Warner shares had plummeted from $4.5 million to just $800,000. He appealed to Steve Ross to intervene, and as part of a make-good deal, Ross agreed to pay him the difference in the share value over five years. Acting on Jac Holzman's suggestion that Kinney should take Asylum from Atlantic and merge it with Elektra, Ross then appointed Geffen to run the new combined label.

In 1976, Warner gained a brief early lead in digital media when it purchased the Atari computer company, and in 1981 it bought The Franklin Mint company. WCI also blazed the trail in visual music with MTV, which it created and co-owned in partnership with American Express. In 1984–85, Warner rapidly divested many of these recent acquisitions, including Atari, Franklin Mint, Panavision, MTV Networks and a cosmetics business.

In 1977, Warner Bros. Music, led by president Ed Silvers, formed Pacific Records for their composers and distributed (appropriately) by Atlantic Records. Alan O'Day was the first artist signed to the label, and the first release was "Undercover Angel". The song, which he described as a "nocturnal novelette", was released in February 1977. Within a few months it had become No. 1 in the country, and has sold approximately two million copies. It was also a hit in Australia, reaching No. 9 on the Australian Singles Chart. "Undercover Angel" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a No. 1 hit for themselves and a No. 1 for another artist.

New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner Bros. signed Prince, giving WEA several of the biggest-selling acts of the decade.

WEA's labels also distributed a number of otherwise independent labels. For example, Warner Bros. distributed Straight Records, DiscReet Records, Bizarre Records, Bearsville Records, and Geffen Records (the latter was sold to MCA in 1990). Atlantic Records distributed Swan Song Records. In 1975, WEA scored a major coup by signing a distribution agreement with Island Records, which only covered the United States and select other countries. For the next 14 years (initially with Warner Bros. until 1982, then with Atlantic afterward), WEA would distribute such artists as Bob Marley, U2, Robert Palmer, Anthrax, and Tom Waits. This relationship ended when Island was sold to PolyGram in 1989.

1980s

A name-only unit appearing exclusively in the copyright, WEA International Inc., was created in early 1982, to handle distribution of all Warner Bros., Elektra, and Atlantic (all these namings accounting for the initials in the title "WEA") releases for international countries.

A proposed 1983 international merger between PolyGram and WEA was forbidden by both the US Federal Trade Commission and West Germany's cartel office, so PolyGram's half-owner Philips then purchased a further 40% of the company from its partner Siemens, and bought the remaining shares in 1987. The same year, PolyGram divested its film and publishing operations, closed PolyGram Pictures and sold Chappell Music to Warner for US$275 million.

WEA formed WEA Manufacturing in 1986. In 1988 WEA took over the German classical label Teldec and the British Magnet label.

In 1989, it was announced that Warner Communications was to merge with Time Inc. to form Time Warner, a transaction that was completed in 1990. Following the merger, WEA continued acquiring independent labels, buying CGD Records (Italy) and MMG Records (Japan) in 1989.

1990s
Through the 1990s, Time Warner was the largest media company in the world, with assets in excess of US$20 billion and annual revenues in the billions of dollars; by 1991, Warner's music labels were generating sales valued at more than US$3 billion, with operating profits of $550 million, and by 1995, its music division dominated the US music industry with a 22% share of the domestic market. Acquisitions and corporate changes within the Warner group of labels continued after the Time Warner merger—in 1990, WEA purchased French label Carrere Records, in 1992 it bought the leading French classical label Erato, and in 1993, it bought the Spanish DRO Records, Hungary's Magneoton label, the Swedish Telegram Records, Brazil's Continental Records and Finnish label Fazer Musiikki. WEA was renamed Warner Music in 1991.

Atlantic launched two new subsidiary labels in the early 1990s: East West Records and Interscope Records. In 1995, East West absorbed Atco Records and was eventually folded into Elektra Records. In 1996, after causing much controversy, Interscope was purchased by MCA Music Entertainment.

During 1992, Warner Music faced one of the most serious public-relations crises in its history when a major controversy erupted over the provocative Warner Bros. recording "Cop Killer" from the self-titled album by Body Count, a heavy metal/rap fusion band led by Ice-T. Unfortunately for Warner, the song (which mentioned the Rodney King case) was issued just before the controversial acquittal of the police charged with King's beating, which sparked the 1992 Los Angeles Riots and the confluence of events put the song under the national spotlight. Complaints escalated over the summer—conservative police associations called for a boycott of Time Warner products, politicians including President George H. W. Bush denounced the label for releasing the song, Warner executives received death threats, Time Warner stockholders threatened to pull out of the company and the New Zealand police commissioner unsuccessfully tried to have the record banned there. Although Ice-T later voluntarily reissued Body Count without "Cop Killer", the furor seriously rattled Warner Music and in January 1993 the label made an undisclosed deal releasing Ice-T from his contract and returning the Body Count master tapes to him.

Also in 1992, the Rhino Records label signed a distribution agreement with Atlantic Records and Time Warner bought a 50% stake in the Rhino Records label. The distribution agreement allowed Rhino to begin reissuing recordings from Atlantic's back catalogue.

In 1994, Canadian beverage giant Seagram bought a 14.5% stake in Time Warner, and the Warner publishing division — now called Warner/Chappell Music – acquired CPP/Belwin, becoming the world's largest owner of song copyrights and the world's largest publisher of printed music. In 1996, Time Warner made another dramatic expansion of its media holdings, taking over the Turner Broadcasting System, which by then included the Turner cable TV network, CNN and the screen production houses Castle Rock Entertainment and New Line Cinema, acquisitions that brought huge profits into the Warner Group thanks to content assets like Seinfeld and the highly successful The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.

By the early 1990s, senior Warner staff like Ostin and Waronker had remained in their positions for several decades—a highly unusual situation in the American music industry—but the death of Steve Ross destabilized the Time Warner hierarchy, and over the next few years the music group was increasingly disrupted by internal power struggles, leading to a string of major executive upheavals in 1994–95, which The New York Times described as "a virtual civil war".

The central conflict was between Mo Ostin and Warner Music Group chairman Robert Morgado, who had joined the Warner group in the late 1980s. Because of his political background (he had been the chief-of-staff to former New York governor Hugh L. Carey) and his lack of music industry experience — especially compared to the widely revered Ostin—Morgado was viewed as an outsider at Warner. Nevertheless, he gained favour with Ross and Levin and was promoted in 1985 to oversee the Warner international music division after helping the company slash costs in its computer game sector.

Since his appointment as head of WBR, Ostin had always reported directly to Steve Ross and his successor Gerald Levin, but in late 1993, when Ostin's contract came up for renewal, Morgado asserted his authority, insisting that Ostin should now report directly to him. The tensions between them reached boiling point in July 1994 when Morgado appointed former Atlantic chief Doug Morris to head the Warner Music Group in the US, a decision that many saw as a deliberate move to hasten the departure of Ostin and Elektra head Robert Krasnow. Morgado's new structure was announced in August 1994 and Bob Krasnow resigned from Elektra the next day. Within days, after more than 30 years with the Warner music group and more than 20 years as president and chairman of Warner Bros. Records, Ostin announced he would not renew his current contract and would leave Warners when it expired on December 31, 1994. There was more negative publicity the following month, when leading Elektra act Metallica launched a lawsuit against the label, seeking a release from their contract and ownership of their master tapes, and claiming that Morgado had refused to honor a deal they had worked out with Krasnow before he quit.

Ostin's departure marked a seismic shift in the corporate culture at WBR and the news was greeted with dismay by industry insiders and the many artists whose careers he had helped to nurture. Lenny Waronker had agreed to take over as WBR chairman and CEO but in October 1994 he announced that he would not be taking up the position; he initially said that he would remain as President of WBR, but by this time there was already widespread speculation that he would leave, and he did so soon afterwards. The following year he re-joined Ostin and son Michael as joint head of the newly launched DreamWorks label.

Beginning in August 1994, Morgado alienated Morris by his clumsy handling of Warner's relationship with Interscope Records, the successful label founded by Ted Field and Jimmy Iovine and part-owned by Warner. Morgado had resisted making a decision about increasing the Warner stake in Interscope, which encouraged other companies to make overtures to the label; in response, Morgado threatened to send cease-and-desist notices to executives at several record companies, demanding that they stop approaching Interscope with buyout offers, a move that reportedly infuriated Iovine.

By late 1994, Morris was gaining the upper hand over his rival and media reports claimed that Morris had moved to settle with Metallica, offering a deal that was reportedly even more generous than the one they had worked out with Krasnow. Morgado now faced a showdown with Morris, who felt he was not being allowed to run WMG as he saw fit. In October 1994, Morris and 11 other Warner executives "staged an unprecedented insurrection that nearly paralyzed the world's largest record company". This led to a climactic meeting between Morris and Gerald Levin in late October, at which Morris reportedly threatened to quit if he had to continue to report to Morgado.

Morgado gave in to the demand that Morris be granted autonomy to run the North American operations and he was forced to upgrade Morris's position from chief operating officer to Chief Executive of Warner Music Group (US); Morris promptly named Danny Goldberg, former president of Atlantic Records, to run WBR in defiance of Morgado, who had a different candidate in mind and Levin also reduced Morgado's power to oversee Warner's mail-order record club division and its international operations. Morris then brought in Sylvia Rhone and Seymour Stein to stabilize Elektra, settled the Metallica lawsuit and persuaded Levin to purchase an additional 25% of Interscope, although this initiative proved short-lived.

The power struggle between Morgado and Morris reached a dramatic climax in May 1995 when Morgado was asked to resign by Gerald Levin, following a welter of complaints from executives at the three major Warner Music labels, who said that Morgado was undermining Morris's authority and damaging Warner's reputation among performers. Morgado was immediately replaced by HBO chairman Michael J. Fuchs but the corporate upheavals did not end there; in late June 1995 Fuchs abruptly dismissed Doug Morris, saying that Morris had been "leading a campaign to destabilize Warner Music in an effort to seize control of the company". As Morris's strongest ally, Danny Goldberg was also under threat; he was initially told that he could stay on as President of WBR as long as he refrained from office politics and concentrate on the day-to-day management of the label, but he resigned as President of Warner Bros. Records soon after to pursue "other interests", and was replaced by WBR vice-chairman Russ Thyret.

Despite early success with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg, and Morris's decision to increase Warner's stake to 50%, by the mid-1990s Interscope Records was being seen as a liability for the Warner group. Time Warner's board and investors had already been bruised by the damaging 1992 "Cop Killer" controversy and now they were faced with renewed criticism about the gangsta rap genre, in which Interscope's associate imprint Death Row Records was a key label. In mid-1995, Time Warner refused to distribute the Interscope album Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound, forcing the label to seek outside distribution, and late in the year TW sold its stake in Death Row back to co-owners Jimmy Iovine and Ted Field and soon after it sold off its share in Interscope to MCA Music Entertainment.

The upheaval at Warner was beneficial to its rivals, who picked up valuable executives who had left Warner. Goldberg moved over to Mercury Records; Morris joined MCA Music Entertainment Group and led its reorganization into Universal Music Group, now the world's largest record company. In November 1995, Fuchs was himself sacked by Levin, leaving the company with a reported US$60 million "golden parachute", and Time Warner co-chairmen Robert A. Daly and Terry Semel took over the running of the music division.

In 1998, Seagram boss Edgar Bronfman Jr. held talks aimed at merging Seagram's Universal Music, headed by Morris, with the venerable British recording company EMI, but the discussions came to nothing; Bronfman then oversaw Universal's takeover by Vivendi. WEA meanwhile continued to expand its publishing empire, buying a 90% stake in the Italian recording and music publishing group Nuova Fonit Cetra.

Also in 1998, Time Warner bought the remaining 50% of the Rhino Records label they did not own. The Rhino Records retail store in Los Angeles was not included. Rhino then began reissuing the back catalogues of the Warner/Reprise and Elektra/Asylum labels. In 1999, Rhino launched Rhino Handmade, which released limited-edition reissues of lesser-known but still-significant recordings from the WEA labels.

2000s

In 2000, Time Warner merged with leading American internet service provider AOL to create AOL Time Warner. The new conglomerate again tried (and failed) to acquire EMI, and subsequent discussions about the takeover of BMG stalled, with Bertelsmann eventually offloading BMG into a joint venture with Sony. In 2002, AOLTW further consolidated its hold over the publishing industry, buying 50% of music publisher Deston Songs from Edel AG. By the early 2000s, however, the effects of the dot-com crash had eroded AOL's profits and stock value, and in 2003 the Time Warner board sidelined its under-performing partner by dropping AOL from its business name.

As a result of the CD price fixing issue, a settlement was reached in 2002 involving the music publishers and distributors; Sony Music, WMG, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music, Universal Music. In restitution for price fixing they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing.

Looking to reduce its debt load, Time Warner — the corporate successor to Warner Communications — sold Warner Music Group in 2004 to a group of investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr. for US$2.6 billion. This spinoff was completed on February 27, 2004. In the 2004 transition to independent ownership, WMG hired record industry heavyweight Lyor Cohen from Universal Music Group (the result of the merger between the PolyGram and MCA label families) to attempt to reduce cost and increase performance. Time Warner (now Warner Bros. Discovery) no longer retains any ownership in WMG, though it had the option to reacquire up to 20% of WMG for three years following the closing of the transaction. WMG did, however, have a royalty-free license to use the Warner Bros. shield for 15 years, as well as the old Warner Communications logo as WMG's main logo. With the expiration of the royalty-free license in May 2019, Warner Bros. Records (which became separate from the eponymous film studio after the spinoff) was renamed Warner Records and a new logo was introduced to replace the WB shield.

Once free of Time Warner, WMG began cutting costs by offloading loss-making or low-earning divisions. Like its rival EMI, Warner reacted to the growth of the digital music market by making a historic change, moving out of record production by closing or selling off disc-pressing plants, particularly in territories such as the US and the Netherlands, where production costs are high. The US manufacturing operations were sold to Cinram in 2003, before the purchase from Time Warner.

In 2005, the Miami-based Warner Bros. Publications, which printed and distributed a broad selection of sheet music, books, educational material, orchestrations, arrangements and tutorials, was sold to Alfred Music Publishing, although the sale excluded the print music business of WMG's Word Music (church hymnals, choral music and associated instrumental music).

On May 3, 2006, WMG apparently rejected a buyout offer from EMI. Then WMG offered to buy EMI and it also rejected the offer. In August 2007, EMI was purchased by Terra Firma Capital Partners. Talk of a possible WMG acquisition of EMI was fanned once again in 2009 after WMG executed a bond offering for $1.1 billion, which brought to light WMG's relatively strong financial position, which was contrasted with the weakened and debt-laden state of EMI. The same year WMG acquired Rykodisc and Roadrunner Records.

In September 2006, after pulling its content from the service earlier in the year, WMG entered into a new licensing deal with the video streaming service YouTube. Under the deal, WMG would be able to handle advertising sales for its artists' music videos on the service (as well as monetize user-created videos that include WMG-owned recordings) and partake in revenue sharing with YouTube, and also collaborate with YouTube on building a "premium" user experience for its content and associated channels.

On December 27, 2007, Warner announced that it would sell digital music without digital rights management through AmazonMP3, making it the third major label to do so. In 2008, The New York Times reported that WMG's Atlantic Records became the first major record label to generate more than half of its music sales in the U.S. from digital products. In 2010, Fast Company magazine detailed the company's transformation efforts in its recorded music division, where it has redefined the relationships it has with artists and diversified its revenue streams through its expansion into growing areas of the music business.

In 2008, WMG and several other major labels made investments in the new music streaming service Spotify.

Due to licensing deal negotiations between Google and WMG in 2008, music video content licensed by WMG was removed from YouTube. In 2009, it was announced that the companies had reached a deal, and videos would be re-added to YouTube. As of 2017, WMG had extended its deal with YouTube.

In 2009, Warner Music took over its South-East Asian and Korean distribution of EMI audio and video products, including newer domestic releases, which was announced in September 2008. The two companies already enjoyed a successful partnership in India, the Middle East and North Africa, where EMI marketed and distributed Warner Music's physical product from 2005.

2010s

WMG formed a partnership with MTV Networks in June 2010 that allowed MTVN to exclusively sell ads on WMG's premium content; in turn, views of WMG videos would be counted as views for MTVN.

In May 2011, WMG announced its sale to Access Industries, a conglomerate controlled by Soviet-born billionaire Len Blavatnik, for US$3.3 billion in cash. The price represented $8.25 a share; a 34% premium over the six-month-before average price, and a 4% premium over the day-before price. Overall, this was a drop of over 70% since 2007. According to the Wall Street Journal, the deal ended a three-month sale process in which as many as 10 bidders, including Los Angeles-based brothers Tom and Alec Gores, and Sony Corp. vied for the company. Blavatnik was a shareholder and former board member of WMG at the time of the purchase announcement. The purchase was completed on July 20, 2011, and the company became private. In August 2011, Stephen Cooper became CEO of Warner Music Group replacing Edgar Bronfman Jr., who became chairman of the company. Bronfman Jr. stepped down as chairman of the company on January 31, 2012.

EMI label purchase and divestment
In 2013, Warner acquired longtime EMI division Parlophone, along with EMI Classics and some regional EMI operations, from UMG for £487 million (around $764.54 million US). This news came after reports that WMG was in talks to acquire EMI's recorded music business, which was eventually bought by Universal. The European Commission approved the sale in May 2013, and Warner closed the acquisition on July 1. The EMI Classics roster was absorbed into Warner Classics and the Virgin Classics roster was absorbed into the revived Erato Records. In November 2013, WMG paid Universal an additional €30 million for Parlophone, following an arbitration process in respect to the original sale price.

In order to accommodate a deal made with IMPALA and the Merlin Network when it acquired Parlophone, WMG agreed to offload over $200 million worth in catalogues to various independent labels. The labels had until February 28, 2014, to inform Warner Music of which artist catalogues they were interested in acquiring, and said artists had to approve of the divestments. By March 2015, over 140 independent labels had placed bids on over 11,000 Warner Music artists valuing $6 billion, far higher than expectations. In March 2016, Curb Records acquired Warner Music's 80% share of Word Entertainment, though WMG would continue to distribute the label. In April 2016, the first confirmed sale of a Warner Music artist was the back catalogue of English band Radiohead to XL Recordings. As of the end of May 2016, WMG had sold the catalogue of Chrysalis Records to Blue Raincoat Music, as well as the catalogues of ten other artists, including Everything But the Girl, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, and Lucinda Williams. In September 2016, Nettwerk acquired the rights to albums by Guster and Airbourne from Warner Music.

In April 2017, Warner Music agreed to sell the independent distributor Zebralution back to its founders. On June 1, 2017, WMG divested additional artists, including the catalogues of Hot Chip and Buzzcocks to Domino Recording Company; Tom Waits to Anti-; and Howard Jones, Dinosaur Jr., and Kim Wilde to Cherry Red Records. Cosmos Music Group acquired the rights to Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson, while Neil Finn's catalogue moved to his Lester Records label. On July 6, 2017, Because Music acquired 10 French artists, most of London Records' back catalogue, and The Beta Band, while Concord Music acquired albums by Jewel, Sérgio Mendes, R.E.M., the Traveling Wilburys, and several rock, blues, and jazz artists. In August 2017, The Lemonheads and The Groundhogs were transferred to Fire Records. In October 2017, Strut Records acquired albums by Patrice Rushen and Miriam Makeba.

In November 2017, T.I.'s catalogue was sold to Cinq Music Group. Woah Dad! (and later Round Hill Music) acquired over 20 catalogues, including those of Ziggy Marley, Estelle, and several Swedish artists. while Believe Digital acquired the rights to EMF and several French artists. In April 2018, RT Industries acquired seven catalogues from WMG, including Sugar Ray and Fat Joe. In May 2018, New State Music acquired the catalogues of Paul Oakenfold and Dirty Vegas. Other winning bidders included The Echo Label (Thomas Dolby, Sigue Sigue Sputnik and Supergrass), Nature Sounds (Roy Ayers), The state51 Conspiracy (Donovan), PIAS Recordings (Failure), Evolution Music Group (Mr. Big), Playground Music Scandinavia (Olle Adolphson), Metal Blade Records (King Diamond), Snapper Music (Mansun) and its sublabel Kscope (Porcupine Tree), Phoenix Music International (Lulu), Kobalt Label Services (HIM), and Tommy Boy Music (which reclaimed its pre-2002 catalogue and the rights to Brand Nubian, Handsome Boy Modeling School's White People, Grand Puba, and Club Nouveau). All the labels had to complete their deals by September 30, 2017; though a few announcements came after that date.

Expansion
In October 2012, WMG became one of the last major labels to sign with Google's music service. It was also one of the last labels to reach an agreement with Spotify.

In June 2013, WMG expanded into Russia by acquiring Gala Records, best known as the longtime distributor of EMI. Later that year, Warner Music Russia agreed to locally distribute releases by Disney Music Group and Sony Music. Later that year, WMG closed a deal with Clear Channel Media that saw its artists paid for terrestrial radio play for the first time. Clear Channel would get preferential rates for streaming songs through its iHeartRadio service and other online platforms. It was believed that the agreement would put pressure on other big labels, including Sony and Universal, to reach similar deals.

In 2017, WMG formed a TV and film division, Warner Music Entertainment, led by former MGM executive Charlie Cohen. In March 2020, it hired Kate Shepherd, the former head of entertainment at Ridley Scott Creative Group. This division paired with Imagine Entertainment on a Nat Geo limited series Genius: Aretha, which led to a co-producing and co-financing agreement for a music slate in July 2020.

In February 2022, Warner announced acquisition of controlling interest in a South India based distribution label Divo Music.

International labels
On November 14, 2013, it was determined that Warner Music's releases in the Middle East would be distributed by Universal Music as a result of the integration of EMI's branch in said region. Sony Music India would assume distribution of WMG in India, Sri Lanka, and rest of SAARC countries except Bangladesh. In December 2013, Warner Music began operating the wholly owned South African subsidiary after acquiring the Gallo's stakes that it did not own. In April 2014, WMG announced that it had acquired Chinese record label Gold Typhoon.

In April 2016, WMG agreed to distribute most of BMG Rights Management's catalogue worldwide through Warner's ADA division, though a few frontline releases would remain distributed by other labels.

Around the end of May 2016, WMG acquired the Indonesian label PT Indo Semar Sakti. Warner Music UK launched The Firepit in May 2016, a creative content division, innovation centre and recording studio located at their United Kingdom headquarters in London. On June 2, 2016, Warner Music acquired Swedish compilation label X5 Music Group.

In September 2017, one week after acquiring American rock label Artery Recordings, WMG acquired the Dutch EDM label Spinnin' Records. In February 2018, Warner Music launched a division in the Middle East, based in Beirut, Lebanon. Warner Music Middle East will cover 17 markets across North Africa and the Middle East.

In January 2019, WMG signed a Turkish distribution deal with Doğan Media Group, which will represent the record company for physical and digital releases.

In May 2019, Warner Music Finland acquired the hip-hop label Monsp Records. In July 2019, Warner Music Slovakia acquired Forza Music, which owned the former state-owned label Opus Records. In February 2021, WMG purchased a minority stake in the Saudi Arabian record label Rotana Records.

Elektra Music Group and further investments
In July 2017, Warner Music acquired the concert discovery website Songkick. In May, news media reported that Warner Music led an investment round in Hooch, a popular subscription-lifestyle application including blockchain-based payment technology.

Announced on June 18, 2018, but effective on October 1, 2018, Warner Music Group launched Elektra Music Group as a stand-alone staffed music company with the labels Elektra Records, Fueled By Ramen, Low Country Sound, Black Cement, and Roadrunner Records. A handful of major artists would transfer from Atlantic. This returned the group back to the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic (WEA) triad that had marked the original company organization for decades.

On August 2, 2018, Warner Music announced that it acquired Uproxx Media Group and its properties (except for BroBible, which will continue to publish independently) for an undisclosed sum, although Uproxx has raised around $43m (£33m) from previous investment, which provides some sense of the firm's valuation. In September 2018, WMG acquired German merchandise retailer EMP Merchandising from Sycamore Partners for $180 million.

In October 2018, Warner Music Group announced the launch of the WMG Boost seed venture fund. Several labels of Warner Music moved into the Los Angeles Arts District in 2019 where the company had purchased a former Ford Motor Company assembly plant.

2020s
On March 9, 2020, WMG expanded to India, creating the Warner Music India unit based in Mumbai and handling business in other countries for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Jay Mehta (former executive of Sony Music India) would take change of the unit as the managing director in April. Before the division's foundation, Warner's releases were distributed in the country by EMI/Virgin Records (India) Pvt., and by Sony Music India since EMI's breakup.

In August 2020, Warner Music acquired Tel Aviv- and New York-based IMGN Media in a deal worth approximately $100 million. In September 2020, WMG acquired the online hip-hop magazine HipHopDX. In 2021, WMG invested an eight figure sum into global multiplayer gaming platform Roblox. This followed WMG artist Ava Max's live performance on the platform the previous year.

Warner Music Group had planned an IPO of current investors' stock in March 2020, but withdrew its IPO just before the March 2 kick off due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 3, 2020, it completed its IPO on Nasdaq, raising almost $2 billion with a valuation of $12.75 billion, making WMG once again a publicly traded company after previously going private in 2011. On June 12, 2020, Tencent announced that it had purchased 10.4% of Warner Music's Class A shares, or 1.6% of the company. Tencent already owns 10% of shares of WMG's largest competitor, Universal Music Group, which it acquired from Vivendi in March. Also, this makes Sony Music the only major music company not directly owned in any percentage by a Chinese company (it is wholly owned by the Japanese conglomerate Sony).

In December 2020, WMG signed a partnership deal with TikTok to provide music to their platform for users to use for their content. The deal is expected to help their revenue grow.

In January 2023, Stephen Cooper was succeeded by Robert Kyncl as CEO of WMG.

In July 2023, Warner Music Group formed a partnership with Canva, the graphic design platform, to add commercial music to Canva's asset library and enable its customers to insert music clips to their designs. Also in July 2023, WMG made a music-licensing deal with TikTok which included licensing the Warner Recorded Music and Warner Chappell Music to TikTok, TikTok Music and TikTok's Commercial Music Library.

Arts Music

On June 6, 2017, Warner Music Group launched a new division, Arts Music, Inc., which transcends the pop mainstream and consists of labels for classical, jazz, and children's music, plus musical theater and film scores. The division was placed under president Kevin Gore, who reported to Eliah Seton, President of ADA Worldwide, the group's independent distribution and services arm. At the same time, Warner Classics, including the Erato label, while remaining based in Paris and continuing under president Alain Lanceron, were transferred into the new division. Also, a joint venture with Sh-K-Boom/Ghostlight Records, the theatrical music company, was formed, with founder/president Kurt Deutsch being named as senior vice president of theatrical and catalog development for Warner/Chappell Music.

In November 2018, Arts Music signed a multi-year deal with Sesame Workshop to revive the Sesame Street Records label starting early 2019. In June 2019, WMG purchased First Night Record, a musical-theater cast recording company, and placed the company within Arts Music. On June 24, 2019, the division launched the licensed Cloudco Entertainment label with the release of the current Holly Hobbie theme song as a part of a multi-season deal. Build-A-Bear Workshop teamed up with Arts Music and Warner Chappell Music in July 2019 to partner on the Build-A-Bear label, with Patrick Hughes and Harvey Russell.

Music publishing

Warner Chappell Music dates back to 1811 and the creation of Chappell & Company, a sheet music and instrument merchant in London. In 1929, Jack L. Warner, president of Warner Bros. Pictures Inc., founded Music Publishers Holding Company (MPHC) to acquire music copyrights as a means of providing inexpensive music for films and, in 1987, Warner Bros.' corporate parent, Warner Communications, acquired Chappell & Company from PolyGram. Its printed music operation, Warner Bros. Publications, was sold to Alfred Music on June 1, 2005.

Among the historic compositions of which the publishing rights are controlled by WMG are the works of Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. In the 1930s and 1940s, Chappell Music also ran a profitable orchestration division for Broadway musicals, with house arrangers of the caliber of Robert Russell Bennett, Don Walker, Ted Royal and Hans Spialek. Between them they had orchestrated about 90% of the productions seen up to late 1941.

See also

 List of record labels
 List of Warner Music Group artists
 List of Warner Music Group labels

References

Bibliography

External links

Record label distributors
IFPI members
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Multi-channel networks
Companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1958
Entertainment companies established in 1958
Holding companies established in 1958
Holding companies based in New York City
Mass media companies established in 1958
1958 establishments in New York (state)
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
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Warner Music Group


Nicolae Chirtoacă (n. 22 martie 1953, Glodeni) este un analist politic, politician și diplomat din Republica Moldova. Din august 2006 până în decembrie 2009 el a fost ambasador al Republicii Moldova în Statele Unite, între 2007-2009 fiind prin cumul și ambasador în Mexic, Brazilia și Canada. Din 2010 este președinte al consiliului de administrație al Institutului Independent de Studii Strategice, iar între 21 aprilie 2013 și decembrie 2015 a fost președinte și membru-fondator al Partidului Forța Poporului (PFP), până la redenumirea acestuia în Partidul "Platforma Demnitate și Adevăr".

Biografie
Între anii 1977 și 1990 Chirtoacă a lucrat în diferite structuri ale forțelor armate ale URSS. În 1990, a fost director general al Departamentului de stat pe probleme militare, devenind mai apoi ministru al Apărării, după ce Republica Moldova și-a proclamat independența la 27 august 1991.

Nicolae Chirtoacă a jucat un rol important în crearea Armatei Republicii Moldova, fiind autorul principalelor legi din domeniu.

Între anii 1991-1993 a fost consilier principal de stat al președintelui Republicii Moldova Mircea Snegur pe probleme militare, iar în 1993-1994 a fost consilier prezidențial pe probleme politice. A reprezentat țara la adunarea Consiliului de cooperare Nord-Atlantică a NATO la nivel de ambasadori.

În 1993 a fost membru-fondator al formațiunii politice "Convenția Liberală din Moldova", pe care a și condus-o la început.

Din 1994 până în 2006, Nicolae Chirtoacă a fost președintele consiliului de administrare a Centrului Euro-Atlantic din Moldova, o organizație independentă, specializată pe probleme de politică, relații și securitate internaționale ale Republicii Moldova.

În 1999 a activat în calitate de consilier al prim-ministrului Republicii Moldova, Ion Sturza, iar în perioada 1999-2006 a fost director al Colegiului Invizibil, director al Institutului pentru Politici Europene.

Din august 2006 până în decembrie 2009 el a fost ambasador al Republicii Moldova în Statele Unite, între 2007-2009 fiind prin cumul și ambasador în Mexic, Brazilia și Canada.

Fiind în funcția sa de ambasador în SUA, după protestele din aprilie 2009, Chirtoacă a luat deschis apărarea guvernării comuniste și a acțiunilor acesteia împotriva protestatarilor.

Despre Chirtoacă presa scria că în perioada 1977-1990 a fost angajat al GRU (serviciul de informații militare al URSS) și că a făcut parte din cei 47 de spioni sovietici expulzați de la Ambasada URSS din Franța în 1983, dar și că Nicolae Chirtoacă a fost una dintre persoanele cheie care au negociat cu Rusia acordul de încetare a focului în conflictul de pe Nistru în 1992. În decembrie 2015, el a declarat despre asta:

Din 2010 este președinte al consiliului de administrație al Institutului Independent de Studii Strategice, iar între 21 aprilie 2013 și decembrie 2015 a fost președinte și membru-fondator al Partidului Forța Poporului (PFP), până la redenumirea acestuia în Partidul "Platforma Demnitate și Adevăr".

Este căsătorit și are doi copii. Este absolvent al Facultății de Arhitectură și Urbanism a  Universității Tehnice a Moldovei și doctor în filosofie. Activează și ca profesor cumulard la catedra Științe Politice a Institutului de Relații Internaționale din Moldova.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1953
Nașteri pe 22 martie
Ambasadori moldoveni
Ambasadori în Statele Unite ale Americii
Analiști politici
Diplomați moldoveni
Moldoveni în viață
Oameni din Glodeni
Politicieni moldoveni
Politologi moldoveni

Nicolae Chirtoacă


Antonín Kinský (Praga, Checoslovaquia, 31 de mayo de 1975) es un exfutbolista checo, se desempeñaba como guardameta y su último equipo fue el FC Saturn Moskovskaya Oblast, club que abandonó tras su desaparición.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Antonín Kinský en Transfermarkt

Futbolistas del 1. Fotbalový Klub Příbram
Futbolistas del Fotbalový Klub Dukla Praga
Futbolistas del Football Club Slovan Liberec
Futbolistas del Football Club Leon Saturn Rámenskoye
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de la República Checa
Futbolistas de la República Checa en la Eurocopa 2004
Futbolistas de la República Checa en la Copa Mundial de 2006
Deportistas de Praga
Guardametas de fútbol de la República Checa

Antonín Kinský


Dardaneli (turski: Çanakkale Boğazı - "tjesnac Çanakkale", grčki: Δαρδανέλλια, transl. Dardanéllia), u antici poznat kao  Helespont ("Helino more"), je uski, prirodni tjesnac i međunarodno značajan plovni put u sjeverozapadnoj Turskoj koji čini dio granice između kontinenata Europe i Azije i odvaja azijsku Tursku od europske Turske. Dardaneli zajedno s Bosporom čine dva Turska tjesnaca.

Dardaneli su jedno od najužih tjesnaca na svijetu koji se koristi za međunarodnu plovidbu, povezuje Mramorno more s Egejskim i Sredozemnim morem, a istovremeno dopušta prolaz do Crnog mora kroz Bospor. Duljina Dardanela je 61 kilometar, širina varira od 1,2 do 6 kilometara, prosječna dubina je 55 metara, a najdublja točka nalazi se na najužem djelu prolaza u blizini grada Çanakkale i iznosi 103 metra.

Veći dio sjeverne obale tjesnaca duž poluotoka Galipolja slabo je naseljeno, dok se na južnoj obali uz poluotok Troadu nalazi grad Çanakkale s oko 110.000 stanovnika.

Ime
Suvremeno tursko ime Çanakkale Boğazı, prevedeno "tjesnac Çanakkale", proizlazi iz istoimenog grada na južnoj obali tjesnaca, što se može prevesti kao "tvrđava lončarstva" (od چاناق    - "lončarstvo" + قلعه  kale - "tvrđava"). Grad je, naime, bio poznat po proizvodnji keramike i lončarstvu i po osmanskoj tvrđavi Sultaniye.

U osmansko doba sa svake strane tjesnaca nalazio se po jedan dvorac, oba dvorca zajedno zvali su se Dardaneli, vjerojatno po Dardanu, drevnom gradu na azijskoj obali tjesnaca za koji se pak kaže da je ime dobio po Dardanu, mitskom sinu Zeusa i Elektre.

Drevni grčki naziv tjesnaca bio je  (), što znači "Helino more", po mitološkoj priči o kćeri Atamanta i Nefele koja su tu utopila nakon što je pala s letećeg zlatnorunog ovna. U klasičnoj literaturi moguće je naći i imena ,  i .

Geografija
Kao pomorski plovni put, Dardaneli povezuju različita mora duž Istočnog Sredozemlja, Balkana, Bliskog istoka i Zapadne Euroazije, a izravno povezuje Egejsko more s Mramornim morem. Mramorno more se dalje povezuje s Crnim morem preko Bospora, dok se Egejsko more dalje povezuje sa Sredozemljem. Dardaneli omogućuju pomorske veze od Crnog mora do Sredozemnog mora i preko Gibraltarskih vrata do Atlantskog oceana, te do Indijskog oceana kroz Sueski kanal, čineći ga ključnim međunarodnim plovnim putem, posebice za prolaz robe koja dolazi iz Rusije.

Geografske koordinate tjesnaca su približno .

Morfologija
Tjesnac je dugačak 61 kilometar, širok 1,2 do 6 kilometara, dubok u prosjeku 55 metara, a maksimalna dubina mu je 103 metra na najužoj točki Nara Burnu, uz sam grad Çanakkale. Kroz tjesnac prolaze dvije glavne morske struje: površinska struja teče od Crnog prema Egejskom moru, a više slana duboka struja teče u suprotnom smjeru.

Dardaneli su jedinstveni po mnogo čemu. Vrlo uski i vijugavi oblik tjesnaca nalik je riječnom toku. Smatra se jednim od najnapučenijih, najtežih i potencijalno najopasnijih plovnih putova na svijetu. Struje koje stvaraju plime i oseke u Crnom i Mramornom moru takve su da brodovi jedrenjaci moraju čekati na sidrištu točne uvjete prije nego što uđu u Dardanele.

Povijest
Kao dio jedinog prolaza između Crnog mora i Sredozemlja, Dardaneli su oduvijek imali veliki strateški značaj, kako ekonomski tako i vojni. Dardaneli su jedini pristupni put prema drugim morima za sve zemlje crnomorskog bazena i jedan od ključnih morskih tjesnaca za Rusiju i Ukrajinu. Kontrola nad Dardanelima bila je razlog brojnim sukobima u modernoj povijesti, posebice se ističe napad savezničkih sila na Dardanele u bitci kod Galipolja 1915. tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata.

Grčka i perzijska povijest

Drevni grad Troja nalazio se u blizini zapadnog ulaza u tjesnac, a azijska obala tjesnaca bila je glavno područje Trojanskog rata. Radi svog strateškog položaja, Troja je mogla kontrolirati sav pomorski promet duž ovog vitalnog plovnog puta. Perzijska vojska Kserksa I. 480. pr. Kr. prešla je Dardanele u svom pohodu na grčke gradove, a 334. pr. Kr. makedonska je vojska pod vodstvom Aleksandra Velikog prešla tjesnac istim putem, ali u suprotnom smjeru u svom osvajačkom pohodu na Aziju i Afriku.

Herodot je zapisao da je Darijev sin Kserkso I. oko 482. pr. Kr. dao izgraditi dva pontonska mosta cijelom širinom Helesponta u Abidosu, kako bi njegova ogromna vojska mogla prijeći iz Perzije u Grčku. Taj je prijelaz Eshil u svojoj tragediji Perzijanci nazvao uzrokom božanske kazne protiv Kserksa.

Prema Herodotu, oba je mosta uništila iznenadna oluja, a Kserkso je dao odrubiti glave odgovornima za izgradnju mostova, te je naredio da se sam tjesnac "kazni" bičevanjem mora. Herodot u svom djelu Povijest vii. 33. – 37. i vii. 54. – 58. iznosi pojedinosti o gradnji i prelasku Kserksovih pontonskih mostova. Nakon što je nevrijeme uništilo mostove, Kserkso je prema Herodotovom opisu naredio da se tjesnac kazni s tri stotine udaraca bičem i da se žigoše užarenim željezom, dok su vojnici morali urlati na more.

Herodot je komentirao da je to bio "vrlo drzak način obraćanja Helespontu", ali na neki način tipičan za Kserksa. (vii. 35.)

Navodi se da je inženjer Harpalus na posljetku pomogao osvajačkoj vojsci da prijeđe tjesnac tako što je privezao zajedno brodove s pramcima okrenutim prema struji, te je naredio da se svakom brodu dodaju još dva sidra.

Prema starogrčkom mitu o Zlatnom runu, Atamantova kći Hela utopila se u Dardanelima nakon što je pala s letećeg ovna. Tjesnac je bio poprištem i jedne druge grčke legende, one o svećenici Hero i Leanderu, njezinom mladom ljubavniku. Zaljubljeni Leander bi svake noći preplivao tjesnac kako bi se sastao sa svojom voljenom Hero, ali se jedne noći utopio nakon što je u oluji izgubio orijentaciju.

Bizantska povijest
Tijekom bizantskog razdoblja, Dardaneli su bili vitalni za obranu Konstantinopolisa i s mora i s kopna, a bili su i važan izvor prihoda za grad i njegovog vladara. U Arheološkom muzeju Istanbula na mramornoj ploči nalazi se zakon bizantskog cara Anastazija I. (491. – 518.), koji je regulirao danak za prolazak kroz Dardanele.

Od 14. stoljeća na dalje Dardaneli su gotovo neprekidno bili pod turskom kontrolom.

Osmansko doba (1354. – 1922.)
Dardaneli su i dalje predstavljali važan plovni put tijekom razdoblja Osmanskog Carstva, koje je osvojilo Galipolje 1354. Osmanska kontrola tjesnaca nastavila se uglavnom bez prekida sve do 19. stoljeća, kada je Carstvo počelo propadati.

Devetnaesto stoljeće
Stjecanje kontrole ili zajamčen pristup tjesnacu postao je ključni vanjskopolitički cilj Ruskog Carstva tijekom 19. stoljeća. Tijekom Napoleonskih ratova Rusija je uz potporu Velike Britanije blokirala tjesnac 1807.

Godine 1833., nakon poraza Osmanskog Carstva u rusko-turskom ratu 1828. – 1829., Rusija je izvršila pritisak na Osmanlije da potpišu Ugovor Hunkiar – Iskelesi, koji je na ruski zahtjev predviđao zatvaranje tjesnaca za sve ratne brodove zemalja koje nisu iz područja Crnog mora. To bi Rusiji omogućilo potpunu dominaciju Crnim morem.

Taj je sporazum zabrinuo druge sile da bi posljedice potencijalnog ruskog ekspanzionizma u crnomorskim i mediteranskim regijama mogle ugroziti njihove posjede i gospodarske interese u regiji. Na Londonskoj konvenciji o tjesnacima u srpnju 1841., Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Francuska, Austrija i Pruska prisilile su Rusiju da pristane da samo turski ratni brodovi mogu prelaziti kroz Dardanele u mirnodopskim uvjetima. Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i Francuska su nakon toga poslale svoje flote kroz tjesnac u napad na Krimski poluotok tijekom Krimskog rata 1853. – 1856.,  ali su to učinili kao saveznici Osmanskog Carstva. Nakon poraza Rusije u Krimskom ratu, Pariški kongres 1856. službeno je potvrdio Londonsku konvenciju o tjesnacima. Odluke te konvencije ostale na snazi i u 20. i 21. stoljeću.

Prvi svjetski rat

Godine 1915. saveznici u Prvom svjetskom ratu poslali su značajne vojne snage u pokušaj deblokade tjesnaca. Vojna sila bila je sastavljena od britanskih, indijskih, australskih, novozelandskih, francuskih vojnika i vojnika iz Newfoundlanda. U Galipoljskoj bitci turska je vojska uspjela poraziti saveznike i zarobiti veliki broj vojnika. Kampanja je bila težak udarac karijeri Winstona Churchilla, tadašnjeg prvog lorda Admiraliteta (na dužnosti 1911. – 1915.), koji je željno promovirao neuspješnu upotrebu pomorske sile Kraljevske ratne mornarice kako bi nasilno otvorio tjesnac. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, kasniji osnivač Republike Turske, služio je kao osmanski zapovjednik tijekom kopnenog dijela kampanje.

Turci su minirali tjesnace kako bi spriječili njihovo probijanje od strane savezničkih brodova, ali su dvije podmornice, jedna britanska i jedna australska, uspjele probiti minska polja. Britanska podmornica potopila je zastarjeli turski bojni brod kod Zlatnog roga u Istanbulu. Mediteranske ekspedicijske snage pod vodstvom sir Iana Hamiltona nisu uspjele u svom pokušaju zauzimanja poluotoka Galipolja, a nakon osam mjeseci borbi britanski je kabinet naredio njihovo povlačenje u prosincu 1915. Ukupan broj poginulih sa savezničke strane bio je 43 000 Britanaca, 15 000 Francuza, 8 700 Australaca, 2 700 Novozelanđana, 1 370 Indijaca i 49 Newfoundlandaca. Ukupan broj poginulih s turske strane iznosio je oko 60 000.

Nakon rata, Mirovni sporazum u Sevresu iz 1920. demilitarizirao je tjesnac i učinio ga međunarodnim teritorijem pod kontrolom Lige naroda. Neetnički turski teritoriji Osmanskog Carstva razbijeni su i podijeljeni među savezničkim silama, a turska je jurisdikcija nad tjesnacima ograničena.

Tursko republikansko i moderno doba (1923. – danas)
Nakon raspada Osmanskog Carstva i dugotrajne turske vojne kampanje protiv savezničkih sila u sklopu Turskog rata za neovisnost, godine 1923. stvorena je Republika Turska Ugovorom iz Lausanne. Ovim ugovorom određena je većina suvremenog teritorija Turske, a tjesnaci su postali djelom turskog teritorija, uz uvjet da ih Turska zadrži demilitariziranima i omogući svim stranim ratnim brodovima i trgovačkim brodovima slobodan prijelaz tjesnaca.

Kao dio svoje nacionalne sigurnosne strategije, Turska je na kraju odbacila uvjete sporazuma, te je tijekom sljedećeg desetljeća ponovo remilitarizirala područje tjesnaca. Nakon opsežnih diplomatskih pregovora, Konvencijom iz Montreuxa 20. srpnja 1936. dogovoreno je da se tjesnaci tretiraju kao međunarodni pomorski put, a Turskoj dopušta pravo na ograničavanje pomorskog prometa državama koje nisu dijelom crnomorskog bazena. Ta je konvencija i danas na snazi.

Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, sve do veljače 1945., Turska je bila neutralna tijekom većeg dijela trajanja sukoba, a Dardaneli su bili zatvoreni za brodove svih zaraćenih nacija. Turska je objavila rat Njemačkoj u veljači 1945., ali tijekom rata nije sudjelovala u borbama.

U srpnju 1946. Sovjetski Savez poslao je diplomatsku notu Turskoj u kojoj predlaže novi režim prolaza kroz Dardanele koji bi isključio sve nacije osim crnomorskih sila. Drugi je prijedlog bio da se tjesnaci stave pod zajedničku tursko-sovjetsku kontrolu. To je značilo da će Turska, Sovjetski Savez, Bugarska i Rumunjska biti jedine države koje će imati pristup Crnom moru kroz Dardanele. Turska je vlada međutim, pod pritiskom Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, odbila ove prijedloge.

Turska se pridružila NATO-u 1952., čime je tjesnacima dala još veću stratešku važnost i kao trgovački i kao vojni plovni put.

Posljednjih godina turski su tjesnaci postali osobito važni za naftnu industriju. Ruska se nafta izvozi tankerima iz luke u Novorossijsku i drugih luka, kroz Bospor i Dardanele u Zapadnu Europu i SAD.

Prijelazi

Pomorski prijelazi
Vodama Dardanela svakodnevno prolaze brojni putnički brodovi, trajekti, te ribarice i sportsko-rekreacijsko brodovlje, od gumenjaka do jahti u javnom i privatnom vlasništvu.

Kroz tjesnac se također odvija značajan trgovački pomorski promet.

Kopneni prijelazi
U ožujku 2017. započela je izgradnja mosta "Çanakkale 1915". Most će na najužem dijelu tjesnaca spojiti Sarıçay (pokrajina Çanakkale) na azijskoj strani i Kilitbahir na europskoj strani, kao dio planiranog proširenja turske nacionalne mreže autocesta.

Podmorje
Dva podmorska kabelska sustava koji prenose električnu energiju na 400 kV premošćuju Dardanele i napajaju zapadni i istočni dio Istanbula. Kopnene stanice ovih sustava kablova nalaze se u Lapsekiju i Sütlüceu. Prva se stanica nalazi u sjeveroistočnom dijelu tjesnaca oko 3,9 km daleko od mora, puštena je pod napon u travnju 2015. i osigurava 2 GW preko 6 faza 400 kV izmjenične struje. Drugi se nalazi u sredini tjesnaca, još je bio u izgradnji u lipnju 2016. i imat će slične karakteristike kao i prva linija.

Osim dvaju podmorskih dalekovoda, preko tjesnaca prolaze 4 podatkovne linije optičkih vlakana. Ovi podatkovni kablovi nose naziv MedNautilus i vode od Istanbula u Sredozemlje do Atene, Sicilije i drugdje.

Galerija

Vidi još

 Bospor
 Mramorno more
 Çanakkale
 Galipolje
Galipoljska bitka

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Slike grada Çanakkalea, pristupljeno 16. studenoga 2021.
 Sveučilište Canakkale Onsekiz Mart, pristupljeno 16. studenoga 2021.
 Karta Helesponta, pristupljeno 16. studenoga 2021.
 Spomenici i spomen obilježja Galipoljskog pohoda na Dardanele, pristupljeno 16. studenoga 2021.
Stare karte Dardanela, Kartografska zbirka Erana Laora, Izraelska nacionalna knjižnica, pristupljeno 16. studenoga 2021.

Tjesnaci Sredozemnog mora (Europa)

Dardaneli


Victor Paul Bernicha est un joueur français de rugby à XV, né le  à Artagnan et décédé le  à Châtillon-sous-les-Côtes à l'âge de 28 ans.

Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, Bernicha est considéré comme l'un des meilleurs avants français, dans l'antichambre de l'équipe de France et l'un des grands pionniers du rugby à Pau. Bernicha a évolué au poste de troisième ligne centre durant toute sa carrière à la Section paloise.

Joueur vif mesurant  pour , le capitaine de la Section Bernicha était aussi réputé pour ses moustaches que pour sa modestie et a contribué à faire de la Section une force reconnue au niveau national.

Employé à la mairie de Pau au service de l'octroi, Victor Bernicha est mobilisé avec les sectionnistes Artigou, Pierrot, Bonnemort, Bilhou, Berges, Espelette et Larrivière (tous titulaires en 1913) sur le front durant la Première Guerre mondiale.

Le sergent Bernicha du  régiment d'infanterie tombe au Champ d'honneur en 1916.

Carrière

Section paloise
Victor Bernicha débute à la Section paloise, dont il devient rapidement capitaine. Avec l'arrivée  du Gallois Tom Potter, Bernicha doit céder le capitanat. Il fait cependant partie d'une jeune génération de joueurs prometteurs qui s'affirment et se font remarquer par la presse nationale, dont Gaston Bénac.

Par ailleurs, Bernicha participe au match de sélection UFSA entre une équipe du Sud, dont il est le capitaine, et une équipe de Probables le  au stade de la Croix du Prince. Bernicha est sélectionné en compagnie de Lamouret, Espelette, Gilbert Pierrot et de Tournier, l'Autobus, ses coéquipiers de la Section paloise.

À l'occasion de ce match de sélection de l'équipe de France, Sud contre Probables, le journal L'Auto écrit que les tribunes de la Croix du Prince pourraient servir de modèles à d'autres clubs. En effet, les tribunes, les vestiaires et l'accès au stade la ligne 1: Boulevard Guillemin - Croix du Prince du Tramway de Pau en font un modèle. L'équipe du Sud s'impose face aux Probables devant .

Bernicha tombe avec les honneurs au champ d'honneur durant la Première Guerre mondiale.

Inhumé initialement au cimetière militaire d'Eix, puis sa dépouille est transférée à la nécropole le . Il est identifié sous le prénom Henri sur la plaque de l'église Saint-Martin.

Galerie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XV
Troisième ligne centre (rugby à XV)
Joueur de la Section paloise
Naissance en octobre 1887
Naissance dans les Hautes-Pyrénées
Décès en avril 1916
Décès dans la Meuse
Mort pour la France
Décès à 28 ans

Victor Bernicha


Allerslev Kirke er en kirke beliggende i Allerslev Sogn, Stege-Vordingborg Provsti (Roskilde Stift). Den ligger i Vordingborg Kommune.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Allerslev Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk
 Allerslev Kirke i bogværket Danmarks Kirker (udg. af Nationalmuseet)

Kirker i Vordingborg Kommune
Kirker i Roskilde Stift
Kirker i Præstø Amt

Allerslev Kirke (Vordingborg Kommune)


في الرياضيات، المتطابقات المثلثية أو المطابقات المثلثية أو المعادلات المثلثية هي مجموعة من المساواة تتألف من دوال مثلثية. وتعتبر المتطابقات مفيدة جدًا في تبسيط أو التحويل بين الدوال الرياضية. كما أن لها دورا كبيرا في حل المعادلات الرياضية خاصة في معكوس الدالة (كصيغة كاردان) والتكامل (كتكامل مربع جيب تمام الزاوية).

هي نوع من المعادلات التي تحتوي على قيم الدوال المثلثية (جا، جتا، ظا) أو مقلوباتها بحيث تكون إحدى زوايا المعادلة مجهولة ويحل هذا النوع من المعادلات كباقي المعادلات الجبرية العادية وبطرق التحليل المعروفة.

ملاحظات
 لتجنب الالتباس حول (sin−1(x ومثيلاتها هل هي مقاليب أم معاكيس، سيتم استخدام (csc(x ومثيلاتها للمقاليب و(arcsin(x ومثيلاتها للمعكوسات وهكذا.

الجدول التالي يبين بعض وحدات الزوايا والتحويل بينها

علاقات أساسية

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التطابق، والإزاحة والدورية
من دائرة الوحدة يمكن الحصول على المتطابقات التالية..

التطابق
تنجم عن عملية عكس الزوايا انعكاسات في المتطابقات المثلثية كما في الجدول التالي.

الإزاحة والدورية

متطابقات مجموع وفرق الزوايا

شكل المصفوفة

جيوب وجيوب التمام لمجاميع حدود لانهائية

ظلال مجاميع حدود محدودة

مثال:

وهكذا

قواطع مجاميع حدود محدودة

مثلا,

صيغ الزوايا المتعددة

صيغ أضعاف وثلاثيات وأنصاف الزوايا

أنظر أيضا:

صيغ ضعف زاوية

صيغ ثلاثة أضعاف زاوية

صيغ نصف زاوية

حيث  و  هي دالة الجزء الصحيح.

أيضا:

جيوب، جيوب التمام، وظلال زوايا متعددة

ظل المتوسط

جداء Viète اللانهائي

حيث تشير sinc إلى دالة الجيب الجوهري
وهي تكافئ

صيغ اختصار الأس

متطابقات تحويل المجموع إلى الجداء والعكس

متطابقات أخرى ذات صلة

إذا كانت  تساوي نصف دائرة، فإن:

و

مبرهنة بطليموس

إذا كانت  تساوي نصف دائرة، فإن:

مركبات خطية

حيث:

أو:

حيث:

و:

مجاميع أخرى للدوال المثلثية

تحويلات كسرية خطية معينة

وبالمثل:

وعليه:

الدوال المثلثية العكسية

مركبات الدوال المثلثية ومعكوساتها

علاقة بالأس المركب

 (صيغة أويلر),

حيث .

صيغ الجداء اللانهائي

المتطابقات الخالية من المتغيرات

حساب π

بعض قيم الجيب وجيب التمام مفيدة لتقوية الذاكرة

قيم أخرى شيقة

بـالنسبة الذهبية φ:

التفاضل والتكامل
في حساب التفاضل والتكامل، تتطلب العلاقات المذكورة أدناه قياس الزوايا بالتقدير الدائري (راديان)؛ ستصبح العلاقات أكثر تعقيدًا إذا تم قياس الزوايا
بوحدة أخرى مثل الدرجات. إذا كانت الدوال المثلثية معرفة بدلالة الهندسة، إلى جانب تعريفات طول القوس والمساحة ، يمكن إيجاد مشتقاتها من خلال التحقق من نهايتين. الأولى هي:

محققة باستخدام دائرة الوحدة ومبرهنة الساندويتش. النهاية الثانية هي:

محققة باستخدام هذه المتطابقة . بعد تحديد هتين النهايتين، يمكن للمرء استخدام تعريف النهاية للمشتقات ومبرهنات الجمع لإظهار أن  و . إذا كانت دالتي الجيب وجيب التمام معرفة بمتسلسلة تايلور الخاصة بهم، فيمكن إيجاد المشتقات عن طريق اشتقاق متسلسلة القوى حدًا بحد.

يمكن اشتقاق باقي الدوال المثلثية باستخدام المتطابقات أعلاه وقواعد التفاضل:

يمكن إيجاد المتطابقات التكاملية في قائمة تكاملات الدوال المثلثية. بعض الأشكال العامة مسرودة أدناه:

تعاريف أسية

متفرقات

نواة ديراك

تعويض ظل نصف الزاوية

إذا وضعنا  :

  و  و  .

انظر أيضًا

إثبات المتطابقات المثلثية

مراجع

تحليل حقيقي
دوال مثلثية
علم المثلثات
قوائم متعلقة بالرياضيات
مطابقات رياضية

قائمة المتطابقات المثلثية


Árni Steinar Jóhannsson (12. júní 1953 - 1. nóvember 2015) var íslenskur garðyrkjufræðingur og stjórnmálamaður sem átti sæti á þingi fyrir Vinstri hreyfinguna - grænt framboð.

Hann fæddist og ólst upp á Dalvík og nam garðyrkjufræði við Garðyrkjuskóla ríkisins og í Danmörku. Hann varð garðyrkjustjóri á Akureyri árið 1979 og síðar umhverfisstjóri sveitarfélagsins allt til ársins 1999.

Árni Steinar var oddviti Þjóðarflokksins í Norðurlandskjördæmi eystra í Alþingiskosningunum 1991. Árangur flokksins í kjördæminu var sá langbesti á landinu, rúmlega 1.000 atkvæði og mátti litlu muna að flokkurinn hlyti þar sinn fyrsta og eina þingmann. Fjórum árum síðar gekk Árni Steinar til liðs við Alþýðubandalagið og óháða og náði kjöri sem varaþingmaður. Hann varð síðar þingmaður fyrir Vinstrihreyfinguna - grænt framboð kjörtímabilið 1999-2003, þar sem hann átti sæti í iðnaðarnefnd.

Fyrir kosningarnar 2003 var kjördæmakerfinu breytt, þar sem Norðurlandskjördæmi eystra og Austurlandskjördæmi voru sameinuð. Þegar ljóst varð að Árni Steinar kæmist ekki ofar á lista en í þriðja sæti, sem talið var nær útilokað til að ná inn á þing, færði hann sig yfir í hið nýstofnaða Norðvesturkjördæmi og tók annað sæti á eftir Jóni Bjarnasyni. Hann náði ekki kjöri en tók þó tvívegis sæti sem varaþingmaður á kjörtímabilinu.

Eftir að stjórnmálaferlinum lauk sneri Árni Steinar sér aftur að fyrri verkefnum og gerðist umhverfisstjóri í Fjarðabyggð. Hann lést 62 ára að aldri eftir baráttu við krabbamein.

Tilvísanir

Alþingismenn
Þingmenn Vinstrihreyfingarinnar - græns framboðs
Vinstrihreyfingin - grænt framboð

Árni Steinar Jóhannsson


UEFA Nations League D 2018–19 var laveste division af 2018–19 udgaven af UEFA Nations League, den første sæson af den internationale fodboldturnering for herrernes 55 landshold, der er medlemmer af UEFA.

Seedning
Holdene blev delt op i fire lag, baseret på deres UEFA landsholds koefficient. Seedninglagene til lodtrækningen blev annonceret den 7. december 2017.

Grupper
Listen over kampe blev bekræftet af UEFA den 24. januar 2018 efter lodtrækningen.
De angivne tider er CET/CEST, (Lokaltid er angivet i parentes).

Gruppe 1

Gruppe 2

Gruppe 3

Gruppe 4

Noter

Referencer

D

UEFA Nations League 2018-19 - League D


مسرع الويب هو خادم وكيل يسرع تصفح الويب ويقلل من زمن الوصول لمواقع الويب. وقد تكون آلة حاسوب أو برامج قابلة للتحميل.

مراجع

برمجيات ويب

مسرع ويب


مركز المضيلف، هي أصغر من محافظة، بتبع لها عدة قرى، وأغلب سكانها من قبيلة زبيد، التي هي فخذ من حرب. هي منطقة ساحلية تبعد عن البحر حوالي 10 كم وتبعد عن القنفذة حوالي 45 كم وتبعد عن منطقة مكة المكرمة حوالي 290كم وتمتاز بجوها الربيعي، وتلك الرمال الذهبية التي تسحر البال.

مراجع

مدن منطقة مكة المكرمة

المضيلف


Pezcore is the debut full-length album released by the American ska punk band Less Than Jake.

Release and legacy
It was originally released on Dill Records in 1995 on CD and cassette.

The album reissued on Asian Man in 1996 on CD only, but was missing two tracks found on the Dill version ("Jeffersons" and "Laverne and Shirley").

In October 2002, Less Than Jake released a tenth anniversary version of Pezcore to celebrate the band's 10 years of existence.  Issued on Less Than Jake drummer Vinnie Fiorello's Fueled by Ramen label, the recordings were remixed and remastered.

The band announced on January 5, 2008 that another reissue of Pezcore would be released on the band's label, Sleep It Off Records.  The record was re-released on March 18, 2008 accompanied with a live DVD.

Track listing
"Liquor Store" – 2:44
"My Very Own Flag" – 2:47
"Johnny Quest Thinks We're Sellouts" – 2:55
"Big" – 3:04
"Shotgun" – 2:56
"Black Coffee" – 2:24
"Throw the Brick" – 2:10
"Growing Up on a Couch" – 2:30
"Blindsided" – 2:50
"Downbeat" – 2:10
"Jen Doesn't Like Me Anymore" – 2:55
"Out of the Crowd" – 2:31
"Robo" – 1:33
"Where in the Hell is Mike Sinkovich?" – 2:13
"Process" – 2:39
"3 Quarts Drunk" – 2:05
"Boomtown" – 2:45
"Short on Ideas" – 1:47
"One Last Cigarette" – 4:38
 One Last Cigarette ends at 2:28. An untitled hidden track begins at 3:46.
"Jeffersons" (Dill release only)
"Laverne & Shirley" (Dill and Japan release only, Hidden Track on Asian Man release)
"Soundcheck" (Japan release only)
"Time and a Half on 2nd Ave and 6th Street" (Japan release only)

Tenth Anniversary Edition
"Liquor Store" – 2:44
"My Very Own Flag" – 2:47
"Johnny Quest Thinks We're Sellouts" – 2:55
"Big" – 3:04
"Shotgun" – 2:56
"Black Coffee" – 2:24
"Throw the Brick" – 2:10
"Growing Up on a Couch" – 2:30
"Blindsided" – 2:50
"Downbeat" – 2:10
"Jen Doesn't Like Me Anymore" – 2:55
"Out of the Crowd" – 2:31
"Robo" – 1:33
"Where in the Hell is Mike Sinkovich?" – 2:13
"Process" – 2:39
"Three Quarts Drunk" – 2:05
"Boomtown" – 2:34
"Short on Ideas/One Last Cigarette" – 4:17

Song information
"Liquor Store" originally appeared on Better Class Of Losers CS (rerecorded) as well as Songs About Drinking
The story behind "Johnny Quest Thinks We're Sellouts": "Ha. Well, he's a friend of mine I've known since elementary school. He's an architect student at the University of Florida, in Gainesville, Florida, where we're from. And we played this show in town, it was a battle of the bands and we won, and we got to play at the great opening of this record store, and this guy wrote in his work office at the Architect School, "Less Than Jake are sellouts". And as for the name Johnny Quest, that was his moniker, his nickname, he never heard us before or anything. He just wrote it just because. So we just shrugged our shoulders and decided to write a silly song about it." -Chris
"Big" originally appeared on Better Class Of Losers CS and Making Fun of Things You Don't Understand 10"
"Shotgun" originally appeared on Better Class Of Losers CS and Making Fun Of Things You Don't Understand 10" (rerecorded)
"Black Coffee" originally appeared on Unglued 7".  It was also one of the original Less Than Jake demos.
"Throw The Brick" was written in the studio while recording Pezcore
"Growing up on a Couch" has been frequently known as "Smoking Pot on a Couch", surfacing from a bootleg recording of a 1998 show in Atlanta, GA, when Chris introduced the song as the incorrect name
"Downbeat" originally appeared on Making Fun Of Things You Don't Understand 10"
"Jen Doesn't Like Me Anymore" originally appeared on Six Pack To Go Comp CD.  The story behind Jen; "I wrote this one about a girl that liked Chris. Her wacky attributes: a father who had a photo album of pictures of people in the bathroom (he'd kick in the door and take a picture while they were taking a shit or whatever),her having sex with her cousin, and eating all my Ramen and Kool-Aid. " -Vinnie
"Where the Hell is Mike Sinkovich?" originally appeared on Pez Kings 7" (rerecorded.  The story behind Mike Sinkovich: "Well, I'm 16 years old on a rooftop overlooking Jersey city. My friend Mike says things aren't going well with his life and our conversation lasts 5–6 hours. The next day he runs away from home to NYC never to be heard from again" – Vinnie
"Process" originally appeared on Six Pack To Go Comp CD.  It was also one of the original Less Than Jake demos.
The "Liquor Store" where the band used to get "Three Quarts Drunk" is portrayed in the "Gainesville Rock City" music video.
Intro to "Boomtown" removed on the 2002 rerelease

Quotes: http://www.waste.org/~ltj/FAQ.html

References

External links

Pezcore at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

Less Than Jake albums
1995 debut albums
Fueled by Ramen albums
Asian Man Records albums

Pezcore


Jussiê Ferreira Vieira (født 19. september 1983) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Jussiê Ferreira Vieira


O Partido Trabalhista (em inglês: Labour Party), também conhecido pelo acrônimo LP, é um partido político social-democrata nigeriano. Originalmente fundado em 2002 com a denominação Partido pela Social-Democracia (em inglês: Party for Social Democracy), o partido adotou sua atual denominação após as eleições legislativas de 2003.

Em , o partido experimentou um exponencial crescimento em número de filiados e apoio político a nível nacional após a filiação de Peter Obi, ex-governador do estado de Anambra, que irá disputar a presidência da Nigéria na eleição presidencial de 2023 como o candidato oficial do LP.

Ideologia partidária
Em seu estatuto, o LP defende os princípios políticos sociais-democratas, voltados à promoção de justiça social, progresso e unidade da sociedade nigeriana mediante a construção de um Estado de bem-estar social na Nigéria.

Símbolos partidários
O logotipo do LP consiste em uma engrenagem branca, dentro da qual estão inseridas ao centro da imagem um homem, uma mulher e uma criança que vestem trajes típicos da cultura do país. A engrenagem representa a indústria e o trabalho enquanto base para o empoderamento econômico dos nigerianos e a prosperidade da nação através de um crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento social contínuos.

Por sua vez, o logotipo encontra-se inscrito ao centro da bandeira bicolor vermelha e verde, cujas cores simbolizam, respectivamente, a revolução e a agricultura da Nigéria.

Resultados eleitorais

Eleições regionais

Governo de Ondo

Eleições presidenciais

Trabalhista
Trabalhista

Partido Trabalhista (Nigéria)


Gavril Coroescu (n. 1878, Sălașu de Jos, județul Hunedoara – d. 1959, Sălașu de Jos, județul Hunedoara) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918 .

Biografie
A urmat școala primară, iar mai târziu a luat parte la război și la formarea Gărzii Naționale Române din Sălașu de Jos. După Unire, a devenit epitrop și cântăreț la biserică .

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al Cercului electoral Hațeg .

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II).
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații
 Delegații aleși convocați la Adunarea Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918. Centenarul României. Accesat la 30 noiembrie 2018.

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1878
Decese în 1959
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Gavril Coroescu


Vale of Leithen Football Club are a football club based in the town of Innerleithen, Scotland. They play in the , and their home games take place at Victoria Park.

The team's motto is "Keep Faith", and features on their club crest, along with the town's patron saint, St. Ronan. The home strip features a blue shirt, navy blue shorts and navy blue socks; the away strip is all-white, with black trim.

Vale of Leithen should not be confused with the slightly differently named West of Scotland team Vale of Leven.

History
The club is one of the oldest in the Scottish Borders, having formed in 1891, they became full members of the Scottish Football Association in 1897. The club played at Caddon Park and initially played their first two games as Leithen Vale but subsequently changed their name to Vale of Leithen Football Club. In 1922, they moved to their current home, Victoria Park.

The club were founding members of the Lowland Football League in 2013–14, having previously played in the East of Scotland Football League. Their best finishing position was 6th place in their first campaign, spending nine seasons in the league before being relegated back to the East of Scotland League at the end of the 2021–22 season.

Club officials

Coaching staff

Current squad

Season-by-season record

† Season curtailed due to coronavirus pandemic.

Honours
East of Scotland Football League
 Winners (4): 1924–25, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1986–87
East of Scotland Qualifying Cup
Winners (6) : 1919–20, 1920–21, 1924–25, 1948–49, 1985–86, 1978–79, 1981–82
Scottish Qualifying Cup (South)
 Winners (5): 1957–58, 1972–73, 1976–77, 1990–91, 1992–93
East of Scotland (City Cup)
 Winners (1): 1991–92
King Cup
Winners (7) : 1921–22, 1936–37, 1955–56, 1959–60, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1991–92

References

External links

Football clubs in Scotland
Association football clubs established in 1891
1891 establishments in Scotland
East of Scotland Football League teams
Lowland Football League teams
Innerleithen
Football clubs in the Scottish Borders

Vale of Leithen F.C.


Crossandrella rod žbunovitg bilja i grmova  iz porodice Acanthaceae. Postoje tri priznate vrste u tropskoj Africi

Rod je opisan 1906.

Vrste
 Crossandrella adamii Heine
 Crossandrella cristalensis Champl. & Senterre
 Crossandrella dusenii (Lindau) S.Moore

Izvori

Acantheae

Crossandrella


was a village located in Iwami District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,399 and a density of 97.28 persons per km². The total area was 34.94 km².

On November 1, 2004, Fukube, along with the town of Kokufu (from Iwami District), the towns of Aoya, Ketaka and Shikano (all from Ketaka District), the towns of Kawahara and Mochigase, and the village of Saji (all from Yazu District), was merged into the expanded city of Tottori.

External links
Tottori City official website

Dissolved municipalities of Tottori Prefecture
Tottori (city)

Fukube, Tottori


.nz ist die länderspezifische  (ccTLD) des Staates Neuseeland. Diese  wurde am 19. Januar 1987 eingeführt. Technisch verwaltet wird sie auf sieben Servern vom Unternehmen  mit Sitz in .

Eigenschaften
Insgesamt darf eine .nz-Domain zwischen drei und 63 Zeichen lang sein und nur alphanumerische Zeichen beinhalten. Die Vergabestelle unterstützt zwar seit dem 6. April 2010 grundsätzlich die Verwendung von Sonderzeichen, jedoch wurde die Funktion von vielen en noch nicht implementiert. Nach Bestellung einer neuen Domain dauert es in der Regel zwischen acht Tagen und zwei Wochen, bis diese erfolgreich konnektiert ist. Damit arbeitet die Vergabestelle im Vergleich zur Konkurrenz vergleichsweise langsam – beispielsweise ist eine .de-Domain häufig bereits nach wenigen Stunden erreichbar.

Zunächst wurden Adressen nur auf dritter Ebene vergeben, zum Beispiel unterhalb von .co.nz. Im Juni 2012 wurde bekannt, dass die neuseeländische  (DNC) beabsichtigt, künftig nach einer kurzen Testphase auch Second Level Domains anzubieten. Im Oktober 2012 äußerte sich die DNC dann überraschend negativ zu s: Eine öffentliche Anhörung habe ergeben, dass es keine Gründe gebe, die bisherige Praxis zu ändern. Noch 2013 soll eine endgültige Entscheidung über das weitere Verfahren gefällt werden, bis Juli können sich Inhaber einer Domain noch zur Einführung von Adressen auf zweiter Ebene äußern. Außerdem wurde eine Studie der  bekannt, nach der .nz von einer entsprechenden Änderung der Vergabekriterien mittelfristig profitieren würde.

Im Herbst 2013 wurde schließlich bekannt, dass .nz nun doch  auf zweiter Ebene einführen will. Medienberichten zufolge wolle die Vergabestelle damit auch die Konkurrenz der neuen  .kiwi eindämmen. Mit Einführung von .nz-Domains können Adressen wie .co.nz oder .org.nz weiterhin verwendet werden.

Weblink

Einzelnachweise

Länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain
Medien (Neuseeland)
Technik (Neuseeland)

.nz


Bir amacı, bir işi veya bir çalışmayı gerçekleştirmek için belirli bir süreyi içine alan her türlü siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik girişimdir.    Propaganda ile benzerlik bulundurur.

Önemli bir işin yapılabilmesi için teşkilatlanarak yorucu ve sıkıcı bir çalışmaya girmeye; bulaşıcı ve salgın hastalıklara karşı korunmak ve önlem almak maksadıyla halkı aşı olmaya çağırma ve desteklerini almaya da kampanya denir. Ayrıca Deprem, sel, yangın gibi felaketzedelere yardım etmek ve acılarına maddi ve manevi yönden ortak olabilmek için, halkın desteğine başvurmaya da bu isim verilir. Yine, kişilerin yalnız başlarına yapamıyacakları okul, cami, köprü gibi işlerin bir an evvel tamamlanıp hizmete açılması, gerekli yardımın sağlanması için de bu yola başvurulur. Bunların yanı sıra çiftçilerin, belirli bir süre içerisinde ürünlerini toplama, satma dağıtma gibi işlerine de kampanya denir. Çay, fındık, şekerpancarı toplama kampanyası gibi.

Bir ülke içerisinde veya dünyada barış, adalet, hak ve özgürlüğü sağlamak isteğinden dolayı yapılan hareket ve girişimlere de kampanya denir. Belirli bir ticaret hacmi olan fabrika ve işyerlerinde, ticari faaliyetlerini içerisine alan döneme de bu isim verilir. Günümüzde, seçim kampanyası, okuma-yazma kampanyası, depremzedelere yardım kampanyası vb. kampanya isimleri kullanılmaktadır...

Türkiye'de kampanyalar
Türkiye'de firmaların pazarlama araçlarının başında "ürün kampanyaları" gelmektedir. Özellikle perakende markaları belirli dönemlerde kampanyalar düzenleyerek ürünlerinin satışlarını en üst düzeye çekmeyi hedeflemektedirler. Taksitlendirme ve indirim kampanyaları, tüketicilere en cazip gelen kampanyalar arasında bulunmaktadır.

Propaganda

Kampanya


Agrilus salicis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Frivaldszky, 1877.

Referências

salicis

Agrilus salicis


Le Grand Faudé est un sommet du massif des Vosges culminant à  d'altitude, entre les communes d'Orbey et de Lapoutroie, dans le département du Haut-Rhin, en France.

Toponymie
Faudé fait référence aux mauvais esprits qui hanteraient le massif, en effet Faudé veut dire « faux dieu ».

Tour
La tour qui se trouve au sommet a été construite par le Club vosgien de Kaysersberg-Lapoutroie en 1889. Elle servit aux Allemands lors de la Première Guerre mondiale et fut détruite par des obus de tirs français. Une tour d'une hauteur de 16,50 m prit sa place en 1934 et fut anéantie le 10 décembre 1944 par des tirs allemands avant d'être finalement reconstruite grâce à l'association des Amis de la Tour fondée en 1990. La tour actuelle a été inaugurée en 2002 et comporte 92 marches.

Accès
Le Grand Faudé est accessible par différents sentiers de randonnée.

Notes et références

Sommet du massif des Vosges
Sommet dans le Haut-Rhin

Le Grand Faudé


Sebastian Rode (født 11. oktober 1990 i Seeheim-Jugenheim, Vesttyskland) er en tysk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Bundesliga-klubben Eintracht Frankfurt. Han har tidligere spillet hos blandt andet Borussia Dortmund og Bayern München.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra FC Bayern München
Personer fra Seeheim-Jugenheim
Midtbanespillere (fodbold)

Sebastian Rode


Europska šahovska unija (eng. European Chess Union), krovno tijelo športa šaha u Europi.  Osnovan je 1998. godine. Prije je postojalo operativno tijelo FIDE Europska šahovska zona. Sjedište joj je u Hunenberg Seeu u Švicarskoj, Rainweidstrasse 2. Današnji predsjednik je Zurab Azmaiparašvili.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Šahovske organizacije

Europska šahovska unija