El término rechazo   hace referencia a la circunstancia en la cual un individuo es excluido en forma deliberada de una relación social o interacción social. Incluye tanto el rechazo interpersonal (o rechazo por los pares) como también el rechazo romántico. Una persona puede ser rechazada por un individuo o por un grupo de personas. Además, el rechazo puede ser activo, mediante el acoso o la ridiculización, o pasivo, mediante ignorar a la persona, o darle un "tratamiento silencioso". El receptor de la experiencia de ser rechazado la percibe de manera subjetiva, y la misma puede ser percibida aun cuando no está presente.

Si bien los humanos son seres sociales, ciertos niveles de rechazo son una parte inevitable de la vida. Sin embargo, el rechazo puede convertirse en un problema cuando es prolongado o consistente, cuando la relación es importante, o cuando el individuo es muy sensible al rechazo. El rechazo por todo un grupo de personas puede tener efectos muy negativos, particularmente cuando da lugar a un aislamiento social.

La experiencia del rechazo puede producir varias consecuencias psicológicas adversas tales como baja autoestima, agresión, y depresión. También puede producir sentimientos de inseguridad emocional y aumentar la sensibilidad ante rechazamientos posteriores.

La necesidad de ser aceptado
El rechazo es especialmente doloroso desde un punto de vista emocional a causa de la naturaleza social de los seres humanos y nuestra necesidad básica de ser aceptados en los grupos. Abraham Maslow y otros estudiosos han sugerido que la necesidad de amor y pertenencia es una motivación humana fundamental. Según Maslow, todos los seres humanos, aun los introvertidos, necesitan ser capaces de dar y recibir afecto para ser psicológicamente saludables.

Los psicólogos creen que el simple contacto o interacción social con otros no es suficiente para satisfacer esta necesidad. De hecho, las personas poseen una fuerte tendencia emocional a establecer y mantener relaciones interpersonales saludables. Las personas necesitan tanto de relaciones estables como de interacciones satisfactorias con las personas en esas relaciones. Si alguno de esos dos ingredientes se encuentra ausente, las personas comienzan a sentirse solas e infelices. Por lo tanto, el rechazo es un tema importante. En efecto, la mayoría de las ansiedades humanas parecen reflejar temas vinculados con la exclusión social.

Ser miembro de un grupo es importante también para la identidad social, que es un componente clave de la autoestima. Mark Leary de la Universidad Wake Forest ha sugerido que el propósito principal de la autoestima es vigilar a las relaciones sociales y detectar rechazo social. Según esta interpretación, la autoestima es un indicador social que activa emociones negativas cuando aparecen signos de exclusión social.

Investigaciones en el ámbito de la psicología social confirman las bases motivacionales de la necesidad de aceptación. De manera específica, el miedo al rechazo conduce a la conformidad con la presión de los pares (a veces denominada influencia normativa), y acatamiento frente a las demandas de otros. Nuestras necesidades de afiliación e interacción social parecen ser particularmente fuertes cuando nos encontramos en situaciones de estrés.

Rechazo en la niñez

El rechazo por los padres ha sido medido utilizando métodos de sociometría. Los estudios por lo general indican que algunos niños son populares, y reciben altas calificaciones, muchos niños se encuentran en la franja media, con calificaciones promedio, y una cantidad reducida de niños son rechazados, presentando calificaciones bajas. Una medida de rechazo se obtiene solicitando a los niños que indiquen cuales de sus pares les gustan o no les gustan. Los niños rechazados reciben pocas "nominaciones de gustar de ellos" y muchas "nominaciones de que no son gustados". Los niños clasificados como dejados de lado reciben pocas nominaciones de ambos tipos.

Según Karen Bierman de la Universidad del Estado de Pensilvania, la mayoría de los niños que son rechazados por sus pares presentan uno o más de los siguientes patrones de comportamiento:
 Bajos niveles de comportamientos prosociales, por ejemplo: turnarse o compartir.
 Altos niveles de comportamientos agresivos o disruptivos.
 Altos niveles de comportamientos desatentos, inmaduros, o impulsivos.
 Altos niveles de ansiedad social.
 Maltrato físico o psicológico (acoso, hostigamiento).

Bierman afirma que niños apreciados y de los cuales se gusta son socialmente competentes y saben cuando y como integrarse a grupos de juegos. Los niños que poseen el riesgo de ser rechazados son más proclives a insertarse de manera disruptiva, o quedarse fuera sin incorporarse a los juegos. Los niños agresivos que son atléticos o poseen buenas habilidades sociales es probable que sean aceptados por sus pares, y ellos se pueden convertir en líderes de grupitos que acosan a niños menos hábiles. Los niños provenientes de minorías sociales, niños con discapacidades, o niños que poseen características o comportamientos poco usuales pueden tener un riesgo mayor de ser rechazados. Dependiendo de las normas del grupo de pares, a veces diferencias pequeñas entre los niños pueden dar lugar a rechazo o abandono. Es menos probable que los niños que son menos extrovertidos o simplemente prefieren los juegos solitarios sean rechazados, por el contrario los niños que son inhibidos a nivel social y presentan signos de inseguridad emocional o ansiedad tienden a ser rechazados en mayor medida.

Una vez que se produce el rechazo por los pares, el mismo tiende a permanecer estable en el tiempo, y por lo tanto es difícil para el niño superarlo. Los investigadores han descubierto que el rechazo activo es más estable, más dañino, y más probable que continúe luego que un niño es transferido a otra escuela, que el niño que es simplemente dejado de lado. Una razón es que los grupos de pares establecen sesgos de reputación que actúan como un estereotipo e influyen sobre interacciones sociales posteriores. Por lo tanto, aun cuando niños rechazados y populares puedan presentar comportamientos y logros similares, los niños populares son tratados de manera mucho más favorable.

Es probable que los niños rechazados tengan baja autoestima, y que posean un riesgo mayor de internalizar los problemas por ejemplo en forma de depresión. Algunos niños rechazados presentan un comportamiento externalizador y muestran agresión en vez de depresión. La investigación es en gran medida de carácter correlacional, pero existe evidencia de efectos recíprocos. Esto significa que es más probable que los niños con problemas sean rechazados, y este rechazo luego de lugar a mayores problemas para ellos. El rechazo crónico por los pares puede originar un ciclo de desarrollo negativo que empeora con el paso del tiempo.

Es más probable que los niños rechazados sean acosados y tengan menos número de amigos que los niños populares, pero no siempre se dan estas condiciones. Por ejemplo, algunos niños populares no poseen amigos íntimos, mientras que algunos niños rechazados si los poseen. Se cree que el rechazo por los pares es menos dañino en los niños que poseen por lo menos un amigo íntimo.

Un análisis de 15 casos de incidentes con armas de fuego en escuelas entre 1995 y el 2001 mostró que en 13 casos (87%) había situaciones de rechazo por los pares. Las experiencias documentadas de rechazo incluyeron tanto rechazo agudo como crónico y muy frecuentemente consistían en situaciones de ostracismo, acoso, y rechazo romántico. Los autores indicaron que si bien es probable que las experiencias de rechazo contribuyeron a los incidentes con armas de fuego, otros factores también se encontraban presentes, tales como depresión, pobre control de los impulsos, y otras psicopatologías.

Existen programas para ayudar a niños que sufren rechazo social. Un análisis a gran escala de 79 estudios controlados concluyeron que el aprendizaje de habilidades sociales es muy efectivo (r =.40 magnitud del efecto), con una tasa de éxito del 70%, comparado con una tasa de éxito del 30% en los grupos de control. Esto es un descenso de la efectividad en el tiempo, sin embargo, algunos estudios de seguimiento posteriores indicaron una magnitud del efecto algo menor (r =.35).

Los estudiantes que sufren de estrés emocional pueden mostrar rechazo a asistir a la escuela. A diferencia del absentismo escolar, el rechazo a ir a la escuela es el resultado del miedo, la ansiedad o la depresión de los estudiantes. Debido a que la escuela es una parte importante en el desarrollo de los jóvenes, es fundamental abordar este problema, para cerciorarse de que todos se relacionen con la escuela de manera apropiada. Por ello, se han realizado ciertas intervenciones psicosociales, principalmente la terapia conductual, que involucra relajación o entrenamiento de habilidades sociales, y la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC).

Una revisión sistemática de ocho estudios, que cubren a 435 participantes en edad escolar que tienen rechazo a ir la escuela, demostró que la TCC aumenta la asistencia a la escuela, pero no tiene incidencia alguna sobre la ansiedad. Sin embargo, varios riesgos de sesgo estaban presentes en la mayoría de los estudios, por lo que no se pueden sacar conclusiones firmes. Los estudios futuros deberían incluir tamaños de muestra más grandes y considerar otros tipos de intervenciones para llevar a cabo una evaluación más rigurosa.

Intervención ante el rechazo en la niñez
El cuerpo docente de las escuelas desempeña un papel importante al respecto del rechazo en la niñez, pues puede intervenir ante la presencia del mismo y prevenir a tiempo sus consecuencias negativas. Primero, identificando el problema y los agentes involucrados; segundo, influyendo directamente la conducta de los agresores, los afectados y sus familias.

Esta intervención docente debe desarrollar competencias emocionales y sociales para fomentar un ambiente de inclusión. Ejemplos de dichas habilidades son el autocontrol para el agresor, la solución de conflictos para el afectado y el entrenamiento en crianza para los padres.

TIC

Sabidos son los aspectos positivos que las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) han aportado a la educación. Sin embargo, el mal uso de las mismas puede derivar en importantes riesgos, como el aislamiento social, la ansiedad y hasta la pérdida de control.
Lejos de revertir los ambientes y las consecuencias del rechazo, el abuso de las TIC los agrava.

Rechazo en el laboratorio

La investigación en el laboratorio ha permitido descubrir que aún el rechazo de corta duración por parte de extraños puede tener efectos importantes (aunque temporarios) en un individuo. En varios experimentos de psicología social, las personas elegidas en forma aleatoria para recibir mensajes de exclusión social se tornan más agresivas, son más propensas a hacer trampas, menos dispuestas a ayudar a otros, y es más probable que persigan objetivos de corto plazo en lugar de objetivos a largo plazo. Parecería que el rechazo muy rápidamente conduce a comportamientos de auto derrota y antisociales.

Una técnica experimental común es el denominado paradigma de "arrojar la pelota", que fuera desarrollado por Kip Williams y sus colegas en la Universidad de Purdue. En este procedimiento un grupo de tres personas se arrojan una pelota entre sí. Sin que lo sepa el participante blanco, dos miembros del grupo trabajan para el experimentador y según una rutina acordada previamente. En un experimento típico la mitad de los individuos son excluidos de la actividad luego de unos pocos pases y nunca más vuelven a recibir la pelota. Unos pocos minutos de este tratamiento son suficientes para producir emociones negativas en el participante blanco, incluidas enojo y tristeza. Este efecto se produce independientemente de los niveles de autoestima y otras diferencias en la personalidad.

Se ha desarrollado una versión informatizada de la tarea denominada "pelota cibernética" y la misma brinda resultados similares. En forma sorprendente, las personas se sienten rechazadas aun cuando saben que están jugando contra la computadora. En un grupo de experimentos recientes realizados utilizando la pelota cibernética indican que el rechazo disminuye el poder de la voluntad o autorregulación. En forma específica, es más probable que las personas que son rechazadas coman galletitas y menos probable que beban una bebida de sabor desagradable que se les informa que es buena para ellos. Estos experimentos también mostraron que los efectos negativos duran más tiempo en individuos que poseen una ansiedad social elevada.

Se han detectado diferencias de género en estos experimentos. En un estudio, las mujeres mostraron tener mayor conexión no verbal mientras que los hombres se desconectaban con mayor rapidez y utilizaban técnicas para "salvar la cara", tales como pretender que no estaban interesados. Los investigadores llegaron a la conclusión que mientras que las mujeres buscan recuperar su sentido de pertenencia los hombres se muestran más interesados en recuperar su autoestima.

Los investigadores también han investigado como es que el cerebro responde frente al rechazo social. Un estudio descubrió que el cortex del cíngulo anterior dorsal se encuentra activo cuando las personas experimentan tanto dolor físico como "dolor social," en respuesta a un rechazo social. En otro experimento, en el cual también se utilizaron imágenes del cerebro por resonancia magnética, se observó que tres zonas del cerebro se encuentran activas cuando se les muestra a las personas imágenes que presentan temas de rechazo. Estas zonas son la circunvolución del cíngulo posterior, la circunvolución del parahipocampo, y el cortex del cíngulo anterior dorsal. No solo eso, los individuos que poseen una sensibilidad al rechazo elevada (véase más abajo) poseen menos actividad en la corteza prefrontal izquierda y la circunvolución frontal superior dorsal derecha, lo cual podría ser indicador de una menor habilidad para regular las respuestas emocionales frente al rechazo.

En un experimento realizado en la Universidad de California en Berkeley se descubrió que es más probable que los individuos con una combinación de baja autoestima y bajo control atencional presentan parpadeos típícos de una respuesta sobresaltada al observar imágenes con temas de rechazo. Estos hallazgos indican que las personas que se sienten mal consigo mismas son especialmente vulnerables al rechazo, pero también que las personas pueden controlar y regular sus reacciones emocionales.

Un estudio de la Universidad de Miami indica que los individuos que han experimentado recientemente un rechazo social eran mejores en cuanto a su habilidad para discriminar entre sonrisas reales y fingidas, que los participantes aceptados y los de control. Mientras que tanto los participantes aceptados como los de control tuvieron resultados mejores que el aleatorio (no se observaron diferencias entre estos dos grupos), los participantes rechazados fueron mucho mejores en esta tarea, con una tasa de éxito de casi 80%. Este estudio se destaca por ser uno de los pocos casos de una consecuencia positiva o adaptativa del rechazo social.

El ambiente interviene mucho en el rechazo ya que los jóvenes de hoy en día se siente rechazados por las personas, por su apariencia etc.

Rechazo romántico

En contraste con el estudio sobre rechazo en la niñez, que principalmente estudia el rechazo por los compañeros, algunos investigadores se han dedicado a estudiar el fenómeno de aquellos casos en que un individuo rechaza a otro en forma individual en el contexto de una relación romántica. Tanto en adolescentes como en adultos, el rechazo romántico ocurre cuando una persona se niega a los avances románticos de otra persona o en forma unilateral finaliza una relación existente. La situación de amor no correspondido es una experiencia común en la juventud, pero en la medida que las personas son mayores el amor mutuo es más frecuente.

El rechazo romántico es una experiencia emocional dolorosa que parece disparar una respuesta en el núcleo caudado del cerebro, y una actividad asociada de dopamina y cortisol. En forma subjetiva, los individuos rechazados experimentan un conjunto de emociones negativas, incluyendo frustración, ira intensa, y eventualmente, resignación y desánimo.

En comparación con lo que ocurre con las mujeres, es más probable que los hombres reaccionen con ira y agresión al ser rechazados. Cada año más de un millón de mujeres norteamericanas son acosadas físicamente, y la mayoría son acosadas por un ex -novio, ex -esposo, o pareja con la que cohabitaba. El 80% de estas mujeres son atacadas físicamente por el acosador. Investigadores de diversos países han demostrado que es más probable que los acosadores sean hombres, y que los acosadores hombres se tornen violentos.

Una razón por la cual el rechazo romántico es tan común en la sociedad es la tendencia a inclinarse hacia arriba. Las personas por lo general desean formar pareja con individuos que poseen características más elevadas que las que poseen ellos mismos en elementos tales como status y atractivo físico, y no con aquellos que poseen características inferiores. Cuando alguien se enamora de una persona que posee aspiraciones que son superiores, es poco probable que dicho amor sea correspondido, por lo que puede conducir a un rechazo.

Una revisión sistemática de 23 estudios realizados en Estados Unidos y Canadá, concluyó que los programas de prevención mejoran el conocimiento de los jóvenes con respecto a la violencia de pareja y su actitud hacia la misma. Sin embargo, estos estudios sugieren que dichos programas tienen poco impacto sobre el comportamiento. Por esto, los programas vigentes necesitan ser diseñados para apoyar de mejor manera los cambios de comportamiento, posiblemente a través de los componentes de formación de habilidades entre los estudiantes. Asimismo, estudios futuros deberían centrarse más en la medición de los comportamientos reales, en lugar de solamente conocimientos y actitudes.

Véase también
 Acoso escolar
 Aislamiento social
 Etiquetar
 Soledad
 Marginación
 Trauma psíquico
 Ansiedad social
 Fobia social
 Exclusión social
 Sociometría

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Asher, S. R., & Coie, J. D. (1990). Peer rejection in childhood. Cambridge University Press.
 Bierman, K. L. (2003). Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies. New York: The Guilford Press.
 Leary, M. (2001). Interpersonal rejection. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
 Savage, E. (2002). Don't take it personally: The art of dealing with rejection. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
 Williams, K. D., Forgás, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (2005). The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. New York: Psychology Press.

Enlaces externos
 Nota de CBS sobre rechazo y el cerebro
 Laboratorio de ostracismo
 Psychology Today artículo sobre autoestima y rechazo social
 Laboratorio de emociones y comportamiento
 Laboratorio de relaciones sociales

Desarrollo humano
Aspectos emocionales
Psicología social
Relaciones interpersonales

Rechazo social


O Brit Award para Canção do Ano (no original em inglês: Brit Award for Song of the Year) (anteriormente Brit Award para Single Britânico, no original em inglês: Brit Award for British Single) é um prêmio concedido pela British Phonographic Industry (BPI), uma organização que representa gravadoras e artistas no Reino Unido. O prêmio é apresentado no Brit Awards, uma celebração anual da música britânica e internacional. Os vencedores e indicados são determinados pela academia de votação do Brit Awards com mais de mil membros, que incluem gravadoras, editoras, gerentes, agentes, mídia e vencedores e indicados anteriores. Às vezes, os números de vendas também eram decididos, de modo que artistas internacionais também eram indicados. O único artista estrangeiro a ganhar o prêmio foi o cantor norte-americano Bruno Mars com Mark Ronson.

Vencedores e indicados

Legenda:

Década de 1970

Década de 1980

Década de 1990

Década de 2000

Década de 2010

Década de 2020

Single Britânico
Prémios estabelecidos em 1977
Prêmios para canção

Brit Award para Canção do Ano


Der Översjön ist ein See in der Gemeinde Örnsköldsvik in Schweden.

Geographie
Der Uttersjön liegt einige Kilometer nördlich der Kubbe flygbas und ist die Quelle des Hädanbergsån.

Einzelnachweise

SOversjon
Geographie (Gemeinde Örnsköldsvik)

Översjön


Olaylar
 15 Aralık - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarafından Basra'nın fethi gerçekleşti.
 Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa'dan sonra Sokollu Mehmet Paşa, Kaptan-ı Derya görevine getirildi.
 Cambridge'de Trinity College kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 4 Temmuz - III. Murad, 12. Osmanlı padişahı (ö. 1595)
 14 Aralık - Tycho Brahe, Danimarkalı simyacı, matematikçi, astronom ve astrolog (ö. 1601)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ebülmeyamin Mustafa Efendi, Osmanlı müderris, kadı, kazasker ve şeyhülislam (ö. 1606)

Ölümler
 11 Ocak - Gaudenzio Ferrari, İtalyan ressam ve heykeltıraş (d. y. 1471)
 18 Şubat - Martin Luther, Alman keşiş, teolog, üniversite profesörü, Protestanlığın babası (d. 1483)
 4 Temmuz - Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti tarihinin ünlü Türk denizcilerinden, Akdeniz'de Osmanlı egemenliğini pekiştiren Kaptan-ı Derya (d. 1478)
1 Ağustos - Pierre Favre, Savoie asıllı katolik din adamı - Cizvitler'in tarikatının kurucularındandı (d. 1506)
 12 Ağustos - Francisco de Vitoria, İspanyol sömürgeciliğine karşı Amerika Yerlilerinin haklarını savunan ve haklı savaş kavramını daraltmaya çalışan İspanyol ilahiyatçı (d. y. 1486)
 1 Kasım - Giulio Romano, İtalyan ressam (d. y. 1499)
 Kasım - Francisco de Orellana, İspanyol kâşif ve fatih (d. 1511)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 IV. Petru Rareș, Boğdan Voyvodası (d. 1487)
 Zâtî, Divan Edebiyatı şairi (d. 1471)

1546


Branka (1881.) je poznato djelo Augusta Šenoe čija je tema predstavljala tada suvremenu radnju. Riječ je o pripovijetci koja se po današnjim mjerilima može svrstati i pod roman. Izlazila je u nastavcima u časopisu Vijencu (7 - 38) tijekom 1881. godine. Uz Prijana Lovru, Prosjaka Luku i Baruna Ivicu, Branka tematski pripada Šenoinim djelima socijalne tematike iz suvremenoga građanskog i provincijskog života Zagreba i okolice druge polovice 19. stoljeća. Branka je Šenoino posljednje dovršeno djelo.

Sadržaj

Branka Kunović je mlada djevojka koja želi raditi kao učiteljica, ali nikako ne može pronaći zaposlenje nakon zavšene učiteljske škole. S bakom živi u blizini Petrove crkve u Vlaškoj ulici u Zagrebu. S obzirom na to da je to vrijeme kada je mladim djevojkama gotovo jedini izbor bila udaja, Brankina želja za zaposlenjem bila je neuobičajena. Hermina, Brankina najbolja prijateljica, sušta je suprotnost Branki, ali je podupire u njezinim nastojanjima. Branku prosi birokrat Marić, bivši školski kolega, a nakon što ga ona odbije, on o njoj širi klevete. Nakon dužega čekanja Branka konačno dobiva posao učiteljice, i to u zabačenom selu Jalševu uz pomoć Herminina oca činovnika. Ona pristupa svojem radu idealistično, u skladu s tendencijama Hrvatskog narodnog preporoda, ali nailazi na otpor jelševačkog učitelja Krunoslava Šilića, njegove žene i učiteljskog pripravnika Janka Čavlića te općinskog bilježnika Šandora plemenitog Mišoci. Na Brankinoj su strani su seoski župnik, gospodin načelnik, gospođa barunica načelnikovica i mladi grof Belizar, u kojega se Branka i zaljubljuje. Nakon dobro položenog završnog ispita Branka dobiva poziv za rad u školi u Zagrebu, što ona odbija kako bi se udala za grofa Belizara.

Likovi

Izvori

Djela Augusta Šenoe
Hrvatski romani

Branka


Leonardo, commonly nicknamed Leo, is a superhero appearing in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics and related media, and created by American comic book artists Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. He is one of the four central characters of the franchise, along with his brothers, Donatello, Raphael and Michelangelo.

Often viewed wearing an ocean blue bandana, his signature weapons are a set of two katana. Leonardo is the leader and strategist of the turtles. He's traditionally portrayed as the most mature and disciplined of the Turtles, displaying a stoic demeanor and a strong sense of responsibility. In the original comics, all four of the Turtles wear red masks, but for the creators to tell them apart, he was written and redrawn to have an ocean-blue mask.

Comics

Mirage
Leo is the main protagonist of the comics. He does not explicitly refer to himself as a leader in the early stories, except in issue #44 ("The Violent Underground"). He is the one to usually take charge of the turtles when Splinter is not present. He is often at odds with his more hot-headed brother Raph.

In Leonardo #1 (What Goes Around... ...Comes Around!), Leo goes out for a run on the rooftops of New York City and is ambushed by the Foot Clan. He puts up an fight against an army of Foot Ninja but is overwhelmed. Beaten to near unconsciousness, he is thrown through April O'Neil's apartment window. The remaining Turtles and Splinter are forced to continue the fight, but even with the aid of Casey Jones, the odds are against them. In the end, the building catches fire and the police arrive, but they secretly escape to Northampton, Massachusetts. Leonardo recovers from his physical wounds, but he lost his confidence. He repeatedly attempts unsuccessfully to hunt for deer. While out hunting, he sees April fall through ice into a lake, and he rescues her. In subsequent issues, it is implied that Leonardo has regained most of his confidence.

In the Return to New York storyline (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (vol. 1) #19-21), Raphael demands that the Turtles return to New York to confront the Foot Clan and the Shredder. He accuses Leonardo of cowardice, and the arguing brothers fight. Leonardo is beaten by Raphael, who throws Leonardo through the wall of the barn and leaves. Along with his younger brother Donatello and his youngest brother Michelangelo, Leonardo returns to New York and reunites with his wayward brother in the old sewer lair. The three go along with Raphael's plan to storm the Foot Headquarters, where once again Raphael goes off on his own to fight the Shredder. He is ambushed and beaten by the Shredder's Elite guard but is rescued by Leonardo. This prompts Raphael to cede to Leonardo's leadership, leaving him to fight the Shredder. Leonardo engages in a bloody battle with Shredder that ends up on the rooftop of the building. Leonardo ends the battle by decapitating the Shredder just as the building implodes. The Turtles later burn the Shredder's corpse on a funeral pyre in a nearby Manhattan harbor.

In the City at War storyline (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (vol. 1) #50-62), a feud between various factions of the Foot Clan over leadership breaks out. As fighting ensues in the streets of New York, the Turtles and the civilian populace get caught in the middle. Leonardo grows weary of constant battle with the Foot Clan and seems fraught with indecision. The Turtles are approached by Karai, the leader of the Foot Clan in Japan who has come to New York to unite the Foot. She presents the Turtles with an offer of a truce between the Foot and the Turtles if they help her kill Shredder's Elite Guards, which are a major obstacle to her reorganizing the Foot. Despite Raphael's objections, Leonardo persuades his brothers to accept Karai's offer and all four Turtles successfully work with Karai to eliminate the Elite Guard.

In Volume 2 of the Mirage Studios comic, the turtles begin living in separate places. Leonardo decides to live in a newfound sewer lair. Michelangelo and Raphael notice a change in Leonardo and note that he seems more easygoing, though Raphael points out that his and Leonardo's natural order is to be "buttin' heads."

Years later in Volume 4, Leonardo still leads his brothers (all four now in their thirties) in fights against crime. Leonardo and Raphael's conflict seems to have lessened. When the Utroms arrive on Earth and reveal alien life to humans the Turtles become free to mingle in everyday society. The Turtles help the Utroms acclimate to life on Earth and work alongside the Foot Clan as security. One Foot Clan member is Cha Ocho, who Leonardo has a rivalry with due to an encounter years earlier. Karai approaches Leonardo for help when a mysterious force begins attacking various Foot Clans; only the New York branch is left intact. His investigation takes him to the Battle Nexus, where he meets Oroku Yoshi (who wears armor similar to the Shredder's).

This incarnation of Leonardo makes an appearance in the Turtles Forever crossover special voiced by Jason Griffith.

Image Comics
In Volume 3 of the Image Comics series, Leonardo was initially portrayed as similar to his Mirage counterpart (at the time, Image was picking up where Volume 2 left off). In the later issues, he lost a hand when it was eaten by King Komodo, although this did not seem to deter him. He tried to use a prosthetic hand, which was given to him by Donatello, but he preferred to wear a steel cap which came with a retractable blade. In the IDW-published conclusion, TMNT Urban Legends 25, after an altercation with Lady Shredder which smashed his steel cap beyond use, Leonardo's hand was found to have grown back.

Archie Comics
The Archie Comics series initially began as an adaptation of the 1987 animated series, so Leonardo was portrayed like his animated counterpart. As the series progressed, it began telling original stories. Leonardo demonstrated a dislike for firearms. A future version of Leonardo was depicted, having founded a ninja school. Four of his top students were depicted: Nobuko, possibly his love interest; Miles, a young black man; Carmen, a Latina woman and possibly his love interest; and Bob, an anthropomorphic baboon. These students seemed to have an "extended family" relationship with the Turtles, Bob, in particular, referring to them as uncles.

IDW Comics
Although the IDW series is a re-imagination of the franchise, Leonardo is initially portrayed as similar to his Mirage counterpart. Leonardo is the eldest brother and the leader of the four. In the Cityfall saga, he gets captured by the Foot while he and his brothers try to save Casey and is taken to a Shinto witch by the name of Kitsune, who uses her dark magic to brainwash him into working for Shredder as his chunin (second-in-command), which infuriates Karai. He is saved by his brothers and their allies, however, after the death of the Shredder at the hands of his father, Splinter, who took over the Foot Clan after the battle, Leo once again became the chunin, but, like last time, it did not last. The relationship between Splinter and his sons deteriorated after he decided to take another life, going against the philosophy he taught them to always follow. He revealed that this was, in fact, an intentional way of pushing them away from him, as he believes being around him would be too much of a threat to them, as shown during the events of the comic book. Leonardo assumed leadership over the Clan Hamato, and since then, they have come into conflict with the Foot Clan several times.

Television

1987 animated series
In the 1987 TV series' theme song lyrics, Leonardo is stated to be the leader of the turtles; his orders are usually followed, and he is a serious do-gooder who does not joke around. He was attracted to a young kunoichi named Lotus, a swordswoman prodigy from Japan who was hired by Krang to replace Shredder, whom she defeated (along with Rocksteady and Bebop). She and Leonardo dueled to a standstill before she resorted to a trick sword to knock him out. When they met the second time, she tried to convince him to join her as a "ninja for hire", but he refused. She turned on Krang and escaped to continue her mercenary lifestyle, telling Leonardo that there was little good in goodness, though she hoped that they would one day be on the same side.

Leonardo takes his role of being a leader seriously. He can be bossy which annoys his brothers. Mostly they will obey, but sometimes they will not. In a Season 4 episode "Leonardo lightens up", his brothers got so annoyed that they used a personality alternator to make him loosen up, which lead to huge problems but ended up going back to normal in the end.

When the cartoon series starts out, he is shown with having a level head, akin to his leadership qualities in the comic. However, as the series carried on, he became more of a hero of a group of superheroes and spoke in a high pitched voice, which was very different from the original, deeper pitch in the first season.

Leonardo seems to enjoy reading. For example, many times when the Turtles are at home, Leo is reading a book. In the episode Four Musketurtles, he is the only Turtle that read The Three Musketeers. Another good example is in "Leonardo is Missing"; while the other Turtles go to an arcade, Leonardo stays at the lair and reads. In the Season 6 episode "Snakes Alive", it is revealed that Leonardo has Ophidiophobia, but confronted it later.

In the Season 3 episode "Take Me to Your Leader!", Leonardo gives up his leadership and walks away after a dream he believes convinces him he is no longer a good leader. The others have to find him, and stop Shredder, Krang, and Bebop and Rocksteady from draining energy from the Sun with a Solar Siphon and store it in solar batteries. However, Leonardo returns when he spots a bridge collapsing due to snow. After a man says that everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything, Leonardo realizes his responsibility and begins to search for his brothers. He later finds them, and together they save the Earth.

Leonardo's voice actor was Cam Clarke, in the actor's "breakout role" and is still one of his best-known roles in the 1987 cartoon. In the crossover film Turtles Forever, this version of Leonardo is voiced by Dan Green. Leonardo made a couple of appearances in the 2012 series in the episode, "The Manhattan Project". He and the other turtles along with Casey and April are seen through a portal by their 2012 counterparts walking on a road and he made a speaking cameo along with the other turtles at the end of the episode when a space worm from the 2012 dimension started terrorizing the street. All four turtles see the worm and spring into action while shouting their famous catchphrase, 'Cowabunga'. Clarke reprised his role as Leonardo for the cameo. This would mark the first time in over 28 years the 1987 TMNT cast would return to their roles, with the sole exception of Rob Paulsen who returned to the TMNT franchise as Donatello in the 2012 series. The 1987 turtles then had a crossover with the 2012 turtles in the season 4 episode, "Trans-Dimensional Turtles" then in the three-part series final "Wanted: Bebop & Rocksteady".

Coming Out of Their Shells tour
The live-action "Coming Out of Their Shells" concert tour kickoff event at Radio City Music Hall would see Leonardo cast as the band's bass player, taking a secondary role while Michelangelo would take the role of lead singer and guitarist. However, once the Turtles are confronted by the Shredder and his forces during portions of the show, Leonardo again takes his role as the Turtles' battlefield commander, as they begin to defer to his orders during the various fight scenes in the show. Cam Clarke would reprise Leonardo's voice during non-musical segments of the show, though the VHS tape of the event leaves him uncredited.

1997 live-action series
From 1997 to 1998, Leonardo along with the other Ninja Turtles was featured in a short-lived live-action series Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation, as well as a crossover episode with Power Rangers in Space. In it, he carried one double-bladed ninjaken instead of two and his sibling rivalry with Raphael drove many episodes. In one episode where they were sparring, Raphael took advantage of Leo's apparent physical weakening, insulting, mocking and taunting his brother to make him more reckless, until finally, Leo lost his temper and angrily kicked Raph so hard that he sent Raph flying across the sewer den. They spent the rest of the episode arguing and challenging each other to tests of skill (some of them quite absurd) until finally using arm wrestling to decide who would live in the sewer and who would leave. Although Leo won, it was decided that Raph should stay. In this series, Leonardo was portrayed by Gabe Khouth and voiced by Michael Dobson.

2003 animated series

In the Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment 2003 animated TV series, Leonardo is voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas.

Leonardo is the eldest brother, and leader of the group, quiet and the most serious of the four. He has a very close bond with Splinter, and has a strong sense of honor, ethics, and Bushidō. Leonardo's twin swords are slung across his back. Episodes that deal with the Shredder and honor usually also focus on Leonardo, and he is often the Turtle who "saves the day". Leonardo is a more self-doubting character than in previous incarnations. His brother Raphael often quarrels with him and resents his leadership, sarcastically calling Leonardo "Fearless Leader", although the two are shown to be very close at times. Though Leonardo's relationships with his younger brothers Donatello and Michelangelo are not as volatile, both have made comments alluding to the high standards the former has set, and his tendency to make them look bad. Despite this, his brothers view him as a pillar of strength and are at a loss when he is injured or absent. One of Leonardo's most prominent qualities is his determination to believe in the good and the best in people, even potential enemies; such as Karai.

At times, Leonardo is shown to be very hard on himself, as he feels that a lot is expected of him. As in the Mirage comics, Leonardo is ambushed and seriously injured by the Foot Clan and he feels he let his family and himself down. He has the same feelings after the final battle with the Shredder-his anger and self-doubt were caused by Karai, who he believed was an honorable ally, but she was unable to go against her master's orders, eventually causing her to stab Leonardo (albeit unintentionally). Leonardo also feels extremely inadequate, as he believes that again, he let himself and his family down, this time by finding no other way to destroy the Shredder than to blow up the spaceship that both the Turtles and the Shredder were on; the Turtles and Splinter would have perished if they had not been rescued by Utroms. Because of what happen in the last battle against the Shredder, Leo becomes bitter and increasingly stern with himself and adopts a greatly aggressive personality, which has been likened to Raph's previous impulsive and hotheaded ways on many occasions. Leonardo also shows considerably less reluctance in using violence to interrogate people, and devotes himself to even greater lengths of training in order to protect his family.

Not wanting to worry his family, Leonardo decided to not tell them about his true feelings about their final battle against the Shredder, although he open up to April and Usagi about his problems. However, Leonardo ended up making his family concern for him anyway and they didn't like his attitude. Eventually, Leonardo finds inner peace under the guidance of the Ancient One, who trained Splinter's sensei, Hamato Yoshi. From their final battle with the Shredder, Leonardo was the only Turtle to sustain truly lasting damage; part of the shell on his upper left shoulder had its edge shorn. Nevertheless, he is the most skilled of the Turtles, being the only one trained by two ninja masters, capable of facing and defeating Karai, the new Shredder, in a one-on-one fight, as well as defeating all three of his brothers at once in a sparring match.

In the fifth season, of the eight acolytes under the Tribunal's training, Leonardo is the only one who does not receive a weapon from the Spirit Forge. It is implied that his spirit is his weapon, and anything he holds is merely an extension. (This was hinted at in previous seasons.) His otherworldly form is that of a dragon, a rare form, unheard of in someone his age. It is shown destroying evil guarding the second artifact. This avatar is first shown in "More Worlds Than One". His brothers later exhibit dragon avatars as well. In the fifth episode "Beginning of the End", he is given the sword "Gunjin" (one of the Fangs of the Dragon that commands the "White Flame of the Dragon King") by the wounded Faraji, who believes the sword was meant to be Leo's. Leo returns Gunjin in episode 12 "Enter the Dragons" when Faraji returns to help battle the Tengu Shredder because he believes the sword truly belongs to Faraji.

In the Fast Forward season and the Back to the Sewers season, the damage that occurred to Leonardo's shell as stated above has somehow been repaired.

Leonardo is trained not just by Master Splinter but the Ancient One himself, Hamato Yoshi's trainer and adoptive father. From then on, Leonardo is far more experienced and skillful at even more complex ninjitsu moves than even Splinter, Raph, Mikey, and Donnie all at once. In the third part of the first season episode series "Return to New York", he cuts the Shredder's head off in a one-on one-duel in Shredder's domain.

Leonardo is the most skilled at ninjutsu and other forms of hand-to-hand combat he all learned from his adopted father and master, Splinter. As his weapons are dual katanas, he is proficient in "the ways of the sword" and basic knife-throwing techniques. If need be, he can use Qi Qong to slow his own bodily functions to survive temporarily without oxygen. After training sessions with "the Ancient One" he developed an intuitive/psionic-like ability to see what has previously transpired by "allowing thought to flow out and within."

2012 animated series

Leonardo again leads the team in Nickelodeon's 3D computer-animated series. In this latest version, Leonardo seems to be less experienced and still perfecting his fighting skills and leadership abilities to make more solid decisions and gain more trust from his three brothers. He regularly watches an animated science fiction show called Space Heroes (a parody of Star Trek: The Animated Series) and uses it as a guide for his leadership skills, often attempting to quote from the show in an attempt to sound intimidating and heroic, even if most of his attempts fall flat due to him sounding too cliché.

Leonardo's weapons here are purely dual katanas, which he uses in the Niten Ryu style of kenjutsu, making him an excellent swordsman. Despite the fact the other three turtles have added traits in this series, Leonardo is almost completely normal but now has blue eyes.
Upon the sudden demise of his adopted father and master, he reluctantly steps up as sensei in addition to being the leader, which puts even more pressure on him. He is visited, on occasion, by the spirit of Splinter who encourages him to lead his family and friends to stop new evils.

In addition to his natural ninjitsu skills, he eventually developed the strong innate ability to heal via an enchanted mantra known as "the healing hands". By chanting the incantation and making the right hand seals, Leo is fully capable of revitalizing his inner strength and counteracting even the most lethal of poisons and venom of "the healing hands". He managed to develop and utilize it to counteract the lethal venom of Karai, and attempted to use it on her to release her from the Shredder's control but failed. He then succeeded in saving Casey and Michelangelo from death. According to Splinter, he shows great gifts as a healer, and that being at the edge of his life had given him "a power that few martial artists can tap."

The character was voiced by actor Jason Biggs up until "The Wrath of Tiger Claw". Biggs then departed the series and was replaced by Dominic Catrambone for the remainder of the second season; Seth Green then took on the role for the remainder of the series.

2018 animated series

In the 2018 animated series, Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, "Leonardo, the self-professed "coolest" brother possesses irreverent charm and a rebel heart". Unlike past versions, he is not the official leader of the turtles until the second season finale, and boasts a less serious, more laidback, charming, sardonic, and joke-cracking personality. This incarnation of Leo is the second born brother, with Raphael being the oldest. Despite his apparent immaturity and goofiness, Leo is quick-witted and strategic by nature. He initiatively leads his brothers whenever something has happened to Raphael, who is the group's de facto leader throughout the first two seasons. Despite coming off as somewhat arrogant, he also demonstrates insecurity and self-doubt. At the end of the season 2 finale "Rise", Splinter appoints Leo the new leader of his sons, much to the shock of him and his brothers. He is voiced by Ben Schwartz.

In Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie, Leo ends up doing more harm than good when his ego causes an alien race called the Krang to invade and Raphael to be captured. But over the course of the film Leo becomes more adept at fulfilling the role of leader. He sacrifices himself by trapping both himself and the Krang in the prison dimension to save the world (possibly as punishment for the trouble he caused), being content knowing that his family was safe from a future where the Krang decimate the planet. He is saved from the prison dimension at the end of the film thanks to Mikey's new mystic powers and Leo reconciles with Raphael.

Films

Original trilogy
In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Leonardo was fairly modest and sensitive, rarely issuing direct commands and seemingly much more relaxed around his brothers thinking of himself as more of an equal than a leader. It was he who first communicated telepathically with a kidnapped Splinter and seems the most anxious about Raphael's health after his ambush by the Foot Clan. He fought alongside his brothers against The Shredder in the climactic battle and was the only one of the four to actually injure The Shredder, but, like his brothers, could not defeat him. Due to the focus on Raphael in the film's plot, Leonardo's personality was rarely explored and his leadership position in the team took a back seat. Leonardo was portrayed by David Forman and voiced by Brian Tochi.

In The Secret of the Ooze, Leonardo was much more prominent and his leadership position was brought to focus. He is seen on many occasions bickering with Raphael as their sibling rivalry begins to become much more serious. He, like his brothers, was astonished at the return of the Foot but he found that their current homelessness due to their last battle was a more pressing issue and soon he convinced his brothers that they needed to move. Leonardo is once again sensitive, caring, and humorous in this adaption but he now appears much bossier and controlling.

In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, after traveling back in time to feudal Japan, Leonardo leads his brothers to help a village in trouble from the villainous weapons trader, Walker, and to return home.

2007 film
In TMNT, Leo was sent away by Master Splinter to hone his skills in becoming a more efficient leader after Shredder's defeat. April finds him in Central America and while he was hesitant to return to New York City, he does at the right time to take on a new force of evil.

His brotherly relationship with Raphael is strained due to Raphael feeling abandoned by Leo as well as feeling less appreciated by Splinter. Leonardo's vision of the world is perhaps wider than Raph's. In the first movie prequel comic, Leo becomes angry with Raph for trying to leave them in order to save a man from being mugged because 4 heavily armed Triceratons in the sewers could cause devastation to the city. He becomes further angered when Raphael deserts them mid-battle to help an old man. This conflict suggests that the two brothers operate on different levels of morality, though neither is necessarily wrong. Raph states in the comic that he was tired of waiting for disaster to fall on his family and tired of fighting aliens while people in their own neighborhood are being mugged and murdered. Leo, on the other hand, believes that the world of men is the responsibility of the police, while Utroms and Triceratons are their domain... that they should fight only when there is no one else to solve the problem. This also engages Leo in a contradiction when he stays in Central America, using violence to fight local lawlessness and effectively deserting his brothers because he believes as Raph believes, that others need him more. Such parallels suggest that the two brothers are experiencing the same dedication to justice but in a different mentality, albeit in very different locales and using different tactics. In fact, when Leo tracks down and scolds the Nightwatcher (not knowing that he is Raphael), he remarks that he is well aware of the Nightwatcher's good intentions but cannot simply approve of the latter's methods.

Raph challenges Leonardo after arguing about their own individual sense of justice and the reasons for their actions. Leonardo discovers that Raphael is the Nightwatcher and the two engage in an emotional fight. Raph almost kills Leo out of anger and then retreats due to shame and his brother's deep and confused stare. Leo is captured by the Stone Generals and the Foot Clan but is rescued by his family later before the final battle where Leo and Raph finally resolve their differences, Raph accepting Leo as their leader while Leo confesses to needing Raph. Leo is voiced by James Arnold Taylor in this film.

Reboot series
Leonardo appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, portrayed by Pete Ploszek in motion capture and voiced by Johnny Knoxville. In this movie, he is dedicated to perfecting his ninjutsu skills and will stop at nothing to defend his brothers and the entire city. There are times when his cautious nature makes him clash with his brothers. Leonardo firmly believes it's his ninja duty to protect all people. He tends to have a similar personality to his other counterparts where he is determined to help people and keep his brothers in line. He and Raphael, unlike in their other adaptions, do fight over leadership although they have a brief argument over the Hamatshi and Raphael talking about leaving which Leo debunks Raph's claim. In the movie, he, like Donnie and Raph, does not seek April's attention, unlike Mikey who does. He also appears in the sequel, Out of the Shadows, although Knoxville didn't return to voice him, and Ploszek provided both motion-capture and voice.

DC crossover film
Leonardo appears in the direct-to-video crossover film Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voiced by Eric Bauza.

Mutant Mayhem
Leonardo appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, the first computer-animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film since TMNT (2007), voiced by real teenager Nicolas Cantu. He is characterized as trying hard to be seen as serious, only for the others to mock him, making him feel slightly insecure about himself. Over the course the movie, he eventually comes into his own and starts to act more leader-like. He is also portrayed as having a crush on April O'Neil and is the first to suggest helping her, upon seeing her for the first time.

Video games

In the video games, Leonardo is portrayed as well-balanced, having strong but not extreme abilities in all areas and no glaring weaknesses. His range is rather long, but not as long as Donatello's; however, Leonardo can usually inflict more damage. In the Tournament Fighters games, his moves are the closest to a Ryu/Ken archetype from the Street Fighter franchise. He appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Smash-Up as a playable character, with Michael Sinterniklaas reprising the role.

Leonardo is one of the main playable characters in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows video game, where he is voiced by Scott Whyte. Leonardo also appears in the 2014 film-based game, voiced again by Cam Clarke.

Leonardo is featured as one of the playable characters from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles as DLC in Injustice 2, voiced by Corey Krueger. He is the default turtle outside the gear loadout, while the rest of his brothers, Michelangelo, Raphael and Donatello can only be picked through the said loadout selection, similar to premier skin characters. In their single-player ending, Krang had sent them to the world where the war between the Insurgency and Regime was taking place. After the victory over Brainiac, Harley Quinn serves some pizza with 5-U-93-R. With this, they became powerful enough to return home and defeat Krang and Shredder.

Leonardo is featured as a TMNT season pass in Smite as an Osiris skin, voiced by Matthew Curtis. He is also available as a skin in Brawlhalla.

Leonardo is also a main playable character in the sequel to Turtles in Time, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge. In the game, Leonardo once more plays the role of the "standard" character, with equal statistics in range, speed, and power. This is the first official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles game in which will be played by his original voice actor, Cam Clarke.

Leonardo also appeared in Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl, with Cam Clarke reprising his role.

References

External links
TMNT Community Site – Leonardo Bio
 Official Ninja Turtle website

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Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)


عائلتان (باللغة التركية: İki Aile) هو مسلسل درامي اجتماعي تركي مدبلج إلى اللغة العربية باللهجة السورية عرض على قناة إم بي سي 4. وعلى قناة الأولى المغربية تدور احداث المسلسل حول وائل، الاب العائد من غربته مع بناته الثلاث إلى منزل الطفولة. وعائدة، الام المطلقة التي تبحث عن بيت صغير يأوي ولديها لكن العائلتان تقعان ضحية نصب واحتيال بشراء نفس البيت.فتجبر العائلتان تقاسم نفس البيت فتقع مشاكل وصراعات التي تكون مضحكة تارة ومبكية تارة أخرى.

البطولة
المسلسل من بطول كلٍ من:

إمره كيناي

iclal Aydın

oner Erkan

Halit Akçatepe

Tekin Akmansoy

Bahar Yanılmaz

Hakan Vanlı

Asu Maralman

Ece çesmioglu

Zeynep ozkaya

Dogaç Yıldız

Akçahan Akça

senay Kosem

Muge Oruçkaptan

mustapha korachi

alexandra kubresli

البث
 الجدول التالي يبين القنوات التي عرض فيها المسلسل.

طاقم العمل والشخصيات

دبلجة المسلسل
تم دبلجة المسلسل من اللغة التركية إلى اللهجة العربية السورية بواسطة شركة سامة للإنتاج والتوزيع الفني السورية، وقد أدى الدبلجة مجموعة من الممثلين السوريين.

دبلجة أسماء الشخصيات
تم تغيير أسماء الشخصيات باللغة التركية إلى أسماء باللغة العربية، وقد تم هذا التغيير لأن الأسماء التركية غريبة وصعبة النطق نوعاً ما عن العربية، وقد تم اعتماد أسماء عربية قريبة النطق من الأسماء التركية

وهذا جدول يوضح الأسماء في كلا النسختين:

دبلجة أسماء الأماكن
لم يتم تغيير كبير في أسماء الدول والمدن والأماكن كثيراً في المسلسل.

ملخص المسلسل

قصــة المسلسل:

تدور قصّة المسلسل حول «وائل» الأب العائد من غربته مع بناته الثلاث إلى منزل الطفولة

آملاً باسترجاعه، و«عائدة» الأم المطلّقة التي تبحث عن بيت صغير يأوي ولديها

لكن العائلتان تقعان ضحية نصب واحتيال بشراء البيت نفسه.

بين الأم الحنونة وعائلتها، والأب المزاجي وعائلته،

تتقاسم العائلتان البيت ومشاكله، لتبدأ الصراعات،

والمناكفات المضحكة تارة، والمبكية تارة أخرى.

مسلسل اجتماعي كوميدي

ردود الفعل على المسلسل
المسلسل كان من انجح المسلسلات التركية التي عرفتها قناة lbc البنانية الفضائية
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و لكنة بالأخير يظل مسلسلا حافلآ بالمشاهد والتشويق

مراجع

دراما تركية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية تركية دبلجت للعربية
مسلسلات مدبلجة
مسلسلات مدبلجة للعربية

عائلتان (مسلسل)


Articles with hCards

තිමති නවරත්නම් හෝෂින්ටන් දකුණු ආසියාවේ පැරණිතම ගුවන් විදුලි මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි පුරෝගාමී විකාශකයෙකි.  හෝෂින්ටන් යනු 1950 ගණන්වල ලිවි විජේමාන්න සහ ක්ලිෆර්ඩ් ඩොඩ් විසින් නිවේදක මණ්ඩලයට පත් කළ මුල්ම දෙමළ නිවේදකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ ශ්‍රාවකයන් අතර ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය විය - Ceylonese Ceylon Radio හරහා ඔහුගේ මෘදු කටහඬට සවන් දීමෙන් සතුටක් ලැබුවා - ගුවන්විදුලිය 1950 සහ 1960 ගණන්වල දකුණු ආසියාවේ ගුවන් තරංග පාලනය කළේය.

ටිම් හෝෂින්ටන් 1952-1953 දී සිඩ්නි හි Macquarie Broadcasting Service සමඟ පුහුණු කිරීම සඳහා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට යවන ලදී.

ඔහු රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි ගුවන් තරංග හරහා 'පොන්ඩ්ස් හිට් පෙරඩ්' සහ 'නිවාඩු තේරීම' වැනි ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කළේය.

ඔහු 2002 මැයි 8 වන දින කැනඩාවේ ඔන්ටාරියෝ හි ටොරොන්ටෝහිදී මිය ගියේය.

මේකත් බලන්න

 වර්නන් කොරයා
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව
 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික විකාශකයින්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

ග්රන්ථ නාමාවලිය

 වේවෙල්, ස්ටුවර්ට්. - The Art of Radio - CBC හි අධ්‍යක්ෂ පුහුණුකරු විසින් ලියන ලද පුහුණු අත්පොත. - ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාව, 1969.

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව
 වර්නන් කොරයා රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්හි ස්වර්ණමය හඬ
 SLBC-ඉතිහාසයේ නව රැල්ලක් නිර්මාණය කරයි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විකාශනයට වසර අසූවක්
Year of birth missing
2002 මරණ

ටිම් හෝෂින්ටන්


Den brunhovedede kapucinerabe (Sapajus apella) er en art i underfamilien kapucineraber. Den findes især i Brasilien, både i tropeskove og i tørre bjergskove. Den vejer i gennemsnit 3 kg med en kropslængde på 50 centimeter. Hunnen er mindre end hannen.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Pelsaber

Brunhovedet kapucinerabe


Tutaş, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Tutaç olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 70 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Tutaş, Alaca


Am Ende der Nacht ist der Titel von
 Am Ende der Nacht (Theaterstück), Theaterstück
 Am Ende der Nacht (1956), polnisches Filmdrama
 Am Ende der Nacht (1992), Schweizer Filmdrama
 Am Ende der Nacht (2010), einem US-amerikanischen Filmdrama

Siehe auch:
 Das Ende der Nacht

Am Ende der Nacht


An Puya pizarroana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni R.Vásquez, Ibisch ngan S.Beck. An Puya pizarroana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya pizarroana


لإنسانا كونتي  (1934 - 22 ديسمبر 2008) كان رئيساً لغينيا منذ عام 1984 إلى غاية وفاته.

بداية حياته

ينتمي كونتي إلى جذور سوسو وهو مسلم الديانة، ولد في موساياه لومبايا التابعة لدوبريكا بالقرب من العاصمة الغينية كوناكري. بعد دراسته في المدرسة في غينيا دخل المدراس العسكرية في بينغرفيل بساحل العاج، وسانت لويس في السنغال.

العسكرية والعمل بالحكومة

في عام 1955 انضم كونتي إلى الجيش الفرنسي. ذهب بعدها عام 1957 إلى الجزائر خلال الحرب. بعد استقلال غينيا في 2 أكتوبر 1958 انضم إلى الجيش الغيني الجديد ومُنح رتبة رقيب بالجيش. وفي عام 1962 انضم لمدرسة الضباط في كوناكري، فانتقل بعد ذلك إلى مركز تدريب كتيبة المدفعية الثانية في مدينة كنديا. فرقيّ إلى ملازم ثاني بتاريخ 1 يوليو 1963. وتبعتها بسنتين ترقية ثانية إلى ملازم. بتاريخ 22 نوفمبر 1970 تعرض البلد لهجوم مجموعة من المنفيين الغينيين القادمين من غينيا البرتغالية (غينيا بيساو حاليا) في محاولة لقلب نظام حكم الرئيس أحمد سيكو توري. وانضم كونتي للقوات الحكومية المدافعة عن العاصمة التي ما لبثت حتى هزمت الغزاة وطردتهم. وبسبب تلك الخدمات الجليلة رُقي إلى رتبة نقيب في فبراير 1971. وعُيّن قائدًا لمنطقة عمليات بوكي (شمال غرب البلاد) لمساعدة حركات الثوار من مؤيدي الاستقلال في غينيا بيساو. ثم عُيّن في منصب نائب رئيس أركان الجيش بتاريخ 10 مايو 1975. وفي عام 1977 ترأس الوفد الغيني خلال المباحثات لحل المشاكل الحدودية مع غينيا بيساو، ثم انتخب للمجلس النيابي عام 1980، وفي نفس العام شارك مع الحزب الديمقراطي الغيني الحاكم خلال رحلة الحج إلى مكة.

الرئاسة

الانقلاب والحكم العسكري 1984

توفي الرئيس الغيني أحمد سيكو توري في 26 مارس 1984، والذي حكم البلاد منذ الاستقلال، فتولّى الأمر من بعده رئيس الوزراء لويس لإنسانا بيفوجو كرئيس مؤقت للبلاد حتى يوم 3 أبريل من نفس العام، حيث قاد كونتي انقلابا عسكريا أطاح بالحكومة المؤقتة.

ندّد كونتي بانتهاكات حقوق الإنسان في نظام سيكوتوري، وأطلق سراح 250 معتقل سياسي. وساعد على عودة ما يقارب 200,000 غيني من المنفى. وقد عُلق الدستور مباشرة بعد استيلائه على السلطة وتوقف النشاط السياسي بالبلد وكذلك المجلس النيابي، الذي استبدل بالمجلس العسكري للإنقاذ الوطني برئاسته، ثم أُعلن رئيسًا للجمهورية بتاريخ 5 أبريل.

بتاريخ 4 يوليو من عام 1985 حاول رئيس الوزراء السابق ديارا تراوري (وهو جنرال بالجيش وساهم بالانقلاب مع كونتي واستلم رئاسة الوزارة لمدة بسيطة) الاستيلاء على السلطة عندما كان كونتي موجودا بلومي عاصمة توغو لحضور اجتماع لمنظمة دول غرب أفريقيا الاقتصادية. ولكن القوات الموالية لكونتي استطاعت استرجاع زمام الأمر بسهولة، حيث أُعدم مئة من الشخصيات العسكرية بمن فيهم تراوري بسبب تورطهم بالمحاولة الانقلابية الفاشلة. وفي 3 أبريل من عام 1990 رُقّي كونتي إلى منصب جنرال.

التحول السياسي والاقتصادي

واجهت إصلاحات كونتي الأقتصادية، ومن ضمنها تخفيض قيمة العملة وتقليل النفقات الحكومية الموافقة من صندوق النقد الدولي، وتعديل مساره مع الدول الغربية شجٌع على استثمارات تلك الدول بالبلد.

وقد شرع كونتي بالتسعينات من القرن الماضي بانتقال الحكم إلى النظام المدني في غينيا وتعدد الأحزاب. وتم الإتفاق على دستور جديد بالاستفتاء العام بتاريخ 23 ديسمبر 1990. واستبدل المجلس العسكري للإنقاذ الوطني الذي حلٌ في 16 يناير 1991، بالمجلس الانتقالي للإنقاذ الوطني ويتألف من أعضاء مدنيين بالإضافة للضباط العسكر، وأضحت الأحزاب قانونية في عام 1992 للتجهيز للانتخابات القادمة.

الحكم المدني

تم عمل أول انتخابات رئاسية متعددة الأحزاب منذ الاستقلال في 19 ديسمبر 1993. وفاز كونتي مرشح حزب الوحدة والتقدم (Party of Unity and Progress (PUP بنسبة 51.7% من الأصوات، وفاز الثاني ب19.6% من الأصوات. ووصفت المعارضة الانتخابات بالمزورة، وخاصة بعد أن ألغت المحكمة العليا الكثير من الأصوات بولايتين حيث معقل المعارضة وتلقت فيها معظم الأصوات.

نجت حكومة كونتي بصعوبة بعد محاولة انقلابية فاشلة في 2 فبراير 1996، نتيجة تمرد الجند من التأخر بدفع الرواتب، وقِتل عدة عشرات من المدنيين وتعرض القصر الرئاسي لأضرار واضحة للعيان.

ثم جرت الانتخابات الرئاسية متعددة الأحزاب في 14 ديسمبر 1998، وفاز كونتي بفترة رئاسة أخرى مدتها 5 سنوات بنسبة 56.1% من الأصوات. بالرغم من التحسن الذي جرى عن انتخابات 1993 المضطربة، إلا أنها اعتبرت معيبة من جانب أحزاب المعارضة والمراقبين.

استفتاء نوفمبر 2001 والذي حدد فترات الرئاسة ولكنها مددت الفترة الواحدة من 5 إلى 7 سنوات، وحصل على نسبة تأييد 98.4% من الأصوات. ولكن النتيجة رفضتها أحزاب المعارضة والتي قالت بأنها مزورة. ثم فاز بالانتخابات الرئاسية الثالثة والتي جرت في 21 ديسمبر 2003 بنسبة أصوات 95.3% وقد قاطعها مرشح المعارضة معبِرا عن قناعته بأن كونتي لن يسمح بانتخابات نزيهة. وقد أدّى اليمين الدستورية في 19 يناير 2004 وتعهد في تلك المناسبة بمكافحة الفساد. ثم بدأت حالة كونتي تتدهور صحيا، واشتكى من السكر والقلب، وشكك الكثيرون من مقدرته على استمراره بالنجاة وإكماله الفترة الرئاسية كاملة.

تعرض موكبه لإطلاق نار في 19 يناير 2005 بمدينة كوناكري وهو ما يدل على على محاولة اغتيال فاشلة، وقد جُرح أحد الحراس. وقد ظهر كونتي الذي لم يصب بأذى بتلك الليلة بالراديو والتلفزيون ليقول بأنه نجا لأن الله لم يجعل مصيره أن يموت بتلك الليلة، وقد ألمح بتهديدات الذين لا يريدون أن يروا التنمية بغينيا وهؤلاء الذين يتلقون التعليمات من الخارج. وتعهد بعدم التساهل مع أحد. وقد ظهر باليوم التالي بمكان عام للصلاة.

وفي أبريل 2006 سافر للمغرب للعلاج. وقد ظنَّ أغلب الناس بأنه لن يعود أبدا، ولكنه عاد. واندلعت مظاهرات كوناكري في مايو 2006 بسبب غلاء أسعار الخبز والوقود والتي تسببت بموت أكثر من 20 شخصا بعد القمع الوحشي لقوات الأمن تجاه المتظاهرين العُزَّل. وفي أغسطس 2006 سافر مرة أخرى لسويسرا للعلاج، ولم ترحب به الجماهير تلك المرة عند عودته للوطن. وقد اتهمت زوجته بإساءة استغلال السلطة بالاستفادة من العجز البدني والعقلي لزوجها الرئيس لتعاطي السلطة.

وفي أغسطس نشرت مراقبة حقوق الإنسان تقريرها ب 30 صفحة يتعرض فيه لإساءة حقوق الإنسان بجمهورية غينيا، خاصة بعد فراغ السلطة الناشئة من مرض الرئيس الحالي، وعبّرت عن قلقها بمستقبل البلد. وقد قال الرئيس كونتي في مقابلة صحفية في أكتوبر 2006 بأنه ينوي البقاء حتى 2010 وهي نهاية فترة حكمه السبع سنوات. وقال بأنه سيبحث عن البديل الذي يحب الوطن ويدافع عنه ضد الأعداء.

نشرت منظمة الشفافية تقريرها عن مؤشر الفساد السنوي أشارت فيه بأن غينيا تحت حكم كونتي تعتبر ثاني أكثر الدول فسادا بالعالم (وذلك بعد هاييتي)، وقد أثار ذلك قلق الشركات الأجنبية التي تنوي الاستثمار في غينيا، مثال على ذلك: لاستغلال احتياطيات البوكسيت المنتشرة، فإنهم لا يمكنهم من العمل هناك ما لم يدفعوا رشوات ضخمة لأصحاب المناصب العليا بالبلد.

وفي يناير 2007 بدأ الإضراب الشامل في غينيا احتجاجا على استمرار كونتي بالحكم، واستمر لفترة إسبوعين طاف خلالها مئات الألوف من المتظاهرون الشوارع. وخلال تلك الفترة حاول الحرس الرئاسي قمعها بوحشية وبمساعدة القوى الأمنية الأخرى مما خلّف أكثر من 20 قتيلا، وذكرت تقارير أنه بنهاية الإضراب يوم 27 يناير قتل أكثر من 90 متظاهرا نتيجة المصادمات العنيفة مع الشرطة وجرح أكثر من 300 شخص حسب ما ذكرته مجموعات حقوق الإنسان المحلية. وانتهى الإضراب باتفاق بين كونتي ونقابات العمال بتعيين رئيس وزراء يكون هو رئيس الحكومة، ووافق كونتي أيضا بتخفيض أسعار الخبز والوقود. فعيّن كونتي بتاريخ 9 فبراير يوجين كامارا -وهو وزير الدولة للشؤون الرئاسية منذ يناير- كرئيس للوزراء. وقد رفضتها قوى المعارضة فاندلعت أعمال شغب واسعة النطاق بعد هذا التعيين. وتجدد الإضراب يوم 12 فبراير مما حدا بكونتي إعلان الأحكام العرفية بنفس اليوم. وفي 25 فبراير وافق على مسودة اتفاق لإنهاء الإضراب، وعيّن باليوم التالي من القائمة التي حددتها النقابات ومجتعات السلم المحافظ لإنسانا كوياتي كرئيس للوزراء. فعاد الناس إلى أعمالهم 27 فبراير. وأقسم كوياتي اليمين الدستورية في 1 مارس في احتفال لم يحضره كونتي.

وفي مقابلة لكونتي مع فرانس برس والقناة الخامسة الفرنسية بتاريخ 14 يونيو 2007، أكد بأنه لا يزال بالسلطة (أنا الرئيس والباقي يخضع لحكمي)، رافضاً احتمالية انتقال الحكم، وقال بأن اختيار رئيس الوزراء لم يكن تحت أي ضغط وأنه سعيد بكفاءة كوياتي.

وبتاريخ 5 ديسمبر 2007 نزل مرسوم بإعادة هيكلة الوزارات، وذلك بزيادة صلاحيات الأمين العام للرئاسة على حساب رئيس الوزراء، وفي يناير 2008 طرد كونتي وزير المواصلات والناطق باسم الحكومة (موريل) بدون أن يراجع بذلك كوياتي. مما حدا بكوياتي بأن يطالب بعودة موريل إلى منصبه وأيدته نقابات العمال التي أعلنت عن خطة لبدء إضراب عام غير محدد يبدأ 10 يناير، مطالبة كونتي بتطبيق بنود الاتفاق مع اتحادات العمال وبعودة موريل إلى موقعه. وفي يوم 9 يناير سحبت النقابات دعوتها للإضراب.

وفي خطوة مفاجئة في 20 مايو 2008 استبدل كونتي كوياتي برئيس وزراء جديد وهو أحمد تيديان سواري. وقد خيّب كوياتي الآمال للشعب كرئيس لوزراء ودل بانخفاض لشعبيته عندما فصل عن الحكم لم يكن بالأهمية عند قطاعات عريضة كما عُيّن قبلها بعام. فقد اعتبر أن عزل كوياتي وتعيين سواري المقرب من كونتي، هو تقوية لمركز كونتي بالحكم.

الوفاة

بالساعات الأولى من 23 ديسمبر من عام 2008 أعلن رئيس الجمعية الوطنية أبو بكر سومباري للتلفزيون الرسمي "يؤسفنا أن نعلن لشعب غينيا وفاة الجنرال كونتي على إثر مرض طويل"وأنه توفي الساعة 6:45 مساء بالتوقيت المحلي يوم 22 ديسمبر. وبدون تحديد سبب الوفاة. وحسب سومباري فإنه عانى جسديا الأمراض منذ سنين لإرضاء غينيا. وقد سافر كونتي عدة مرات للعلاج خلال السنوات التي سبقت وفاته، وقد راجت التكهنات حول مرضه، وخلافا لطريقته المعتادة لم يظهر كونتي بالتلفزيون للتهنئة بعيد الأضحى خلال شهر ديسمبر. وقد أظهرت صحيفة محلية صورا تبين أن كونتي بحالة جسدية متعبة وأنه يجد صعوبة بالوقوف. فتمت معاقبة رئيس التحرير وطلب من الصحيفة إظهار كونتي بأنه بحالة صحية جيدة.

حسب الدستور فإن رئيس الجمعية الوطنية سوف يتولى منصب رئيس الدولة في حالة حدوث الفراغ الدستوري لمنصب الرئيس، وتقوم انتخابات رئاسية خلال 60 يوما. طلب سومباري من رئيس المحكمة العليا بإعلان الفراغ الرئاسي وطلب تطبيق بنود الدستور. وقد وقف رئيس الوزراء سواري وقائد الجيش ديارا كامارا بجوار سومباري خلال الإعلان. وتم إعلان الحداد الوطني 40 يوما حزنا على موت كونتي، وقد بدا سواري هادئا منضبط الأعصاب وطلب من الجيش بحماية الحدود والمحافظة على الهدوء بالبلد «في تحية لذكرى الزعيم الراحل اللامع».

لكن بعد إعلان سومباري حالة الوفاة بست ساعات، قرأ بيان بالتلفزيون معلنا انقلابا عسكريا بالبلد. وقد قرأ البيان النقيب موسى داديس كامارا نيابة عن جماعة تطلق على نفسها اسم المجلس الوطني للديمقراطية، وأعلن عبر الإذاعة الوطنية حلّ الحكومة ووقف العمل بالدستور ووقف الأنشطة السياسية والنقابية بعد ساعات من الإعلان رسميا عن وفاة الرئيس لإنسانا كونتي.

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 موسى داديس كامارا

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المصادر

أشخاص توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
رؤساء غينيا
سياسيون توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
شعب سوسو
قادة وصلوا إلى السلطة عن طريق انقلاب
مسلمون غينيون
مواليد 1353 هـ
مواليد 1934
وفيات 1429 هـ
وفيات 2008
وفيات في كوناكري
مدفونون في غينيا

لانسانا كونتي


Max Stirner, ya da gerçek adıyla Johann Kaspar Schmidt, (Bayreuth, 25 Ekim 1806 – 26 Haziran 1856), Alman filozoftur. Özellikle Hegel'in toplumsal yabancılaşma ve öz bilinç kavramlarıyla ilgilenmiştir. Stirner, genellikle nihilizmin, varoluşçuluğun, psikanalitik teorinin, postmodernizmin ve bireyci anarşizmin öncülerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Birçok bireyci filozofu düşünceleriyle etkilemiştir.

Yaşamı
25 Ekim 1806'da Bayreuth'da Johann Kaspar Schmidt asıyla doğan Stirner, Albert Christian Heinrich Schmidt (1769–1807) ve Sophia Elenora Reinlein'ın (1778–1839) tek çocuğuydu. Ortaokul ve lisedeyken öğretmeni Hegelci Georg Andreas Gabler'in çalışkan öğrencisi olur. Liseyi bitirdikten sonra Berlin'e gider ve Hegel'in yanında okur (1826-1828). 1828'de Berlin'den ayrılıp Erlangen'e gider ve burada en az bir dönem felsefe okuduktan sonra dört yıl kadar Almanya'yı dolaşmak üzere öğrenimine ara verir. 1832'de tekrar Berlin'e döner ve iki yıl geçmeden Schulgesetze (Okul Yasaları) adlı çalışmasıyla öğrenimini bitirir. 1839-1844 yılları arasında özel bir kız okulunda öğretmen olarak çalışır. Öğretmenlik çalışması hem okul idaresini hem de öğrencileri pek memnun eder. 1843'te Marie Daehnhardt ile evlenir. Stirner, 26 Haziran 1856'da Berlin'de ölür.

Eserleri
1842-1844 yıllarında Stirner çeşitli günlük gazetelerde çok sayıda ilginç (edebiyat, sanat, din, eğitim vb. içerikli) makaleler yazar.  Özgürler Kulübü'nün aktif elamanı olarak Prusya yönetimini şiddetle eleştirir ve aynı zamanda bu yönetimin yıkılmasını amaçlayan otonom birlikteliklerin kurulmasından yana yazılar da yayımlar. Marx'ın çıkardığı Rheinische Zeitung'da Das unwahre Prinzip unserer Erziehung oder Humanismus und Realismus adlı eğitim ve hümanizm eleştirisini yayımlar (1842). Sonbahar 1844'te Biricik ve Mülkiyeti (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum) adlı eseri yayımlanır. Feuerbach, B. Bauer, Hess tarafından gelen eleştirilere Stirner, 1845'te Rezensenten Stirners adlı yazısıyla karşılık verir.

Felsefesi
Başlıca felsefi eseri "Biricik ve Mülkiyeti" olan Stirner, nihilizm, varoluşçuluk ve post-modernizmin yanı sıra bireyci anarşizm, post-anarşizm ve post-sol anarşinin gelişiminde önemli bir etken olarak kabul edilir. Ayrıca illegalistleri, feministleri, nihilistleri ve bohemleri olduğu kadar faşistleri, sağ-liberterleri ve anarko-kapitalistleri de etkilemiştir.

Stirner, kapitalizme, hümanizme, liberalizme, mülkiyet haklarına ve milliyetçiliğe karşı çıktığı nedenlerle komünizme de karşı çıkmıştır. Bunları birey üzerinde otorite biçimleri ve kendisiyle uzlaşamadığı ideolojilerin savunucuları olarak görmüş olsa da, birçok anarko-komünisti ve post-sol anarşisti de etkilemiştir. "An Anarchist FAQ" kitabının yazarlarına göre, "İskoçya'nın Glasgow kentindeki anarşist hareket içindeki pek çok kişinin Stirner'in 'Egoistler Birliği'ni 1940'lar ve sonrasında anarko-sendikalist örgütlenmelerinin temeli olarak aldıklarını" belirtmektedir.

Ünlü anarşist tarihçi Max Nettlau da "Stirner'i okurken, onun sosyalist bir anlam dışında yorumlanamayacağını savunuyorum" demiştir. Stirner anti-kapitalist ve emek yanlısıydı. "Özel mülkiyetten kaynaklanan işbölümüne, işçinin egosu ve bireyselliği üzerindeki öldürücü etkileri nedeniyle" serzenişte bulunmuş, serbest rekabetin serbest olmadığını, çünkü rekabet için gerekli şeylerden yoksun olduğumu" ifade etmiştir.

Müştereklik rejimi altında emekçiler her zaman kapitalistlerin sahiplerinin eline düşerler. Emekçi, emeğini müşteri için sahip olduğu değer ölçüsünde değerlendiremez. Devlet, emeğin sömürüsü üzerine kuruludur. Eğer emek özgürleşirse, devlet kaybolur. Stirner'e göre, "Emek egoist bir karaktere sahiptir; emekçi egoisttir."

Egoizm
Stirner'in egoizmi, hiçbir benlik anlayışının deneyimin bütünlüğünü yeterince açıklayamayacağını ve bu nedenle bireylerin tamamen anlaşılmasının mümkün olmadığını öne sürer. Stirner genellikle hem psikolojik egoizmin hem de rasyonel egoizmin özelliklerini içerdiği şeklinde anlaşılmıştır. Ayn Rand'ın tanımladığı kişisel çıkarın aksine, Stirner bireysel kişisel çıkar, bencillik veya kişinin nasıl davranması gerektiğine dair talimatlar sunmamıştır. Bireyleri kendi kararlarını vermeye ve kendi egoistik isteklerini gerçekleştirmeye çağırmıştır.

Stirner'a göre her birey, kendi egoizmi ve arzuları tarafından yönlendirilir ve bu durumu kabul edenler (istekli egoistler), kendi bireysel arzularını özgürce yaşama hakkına sahiptir. Diğer yandan kabul etmeyenler (isteksiz egoistler), gizlice mutluluk ve güvenlik için kendi arzularını gerçekleştirirken yanlışlıkla başka bir amacı yerine getirdiklerine inanırlar.

İstekli egoistlere göre, hukuk, haklar, ahlak ve din gibi kutsal ancak yapay kabul edilen gerçeklere itaat etmek zorunda değillerdir ve özgürce hareket edebilirler. Güç, Stirner'in egoizmindeki bir yöntemdir ve felsefi mülkiyet kazanmanın tek meşru yolu olarak görülür. Stirner, sadece maddi kazançla sınırlı olan bir yönlü açgözlülüğün, tam anlamıyla bireysel ego tarafından ele geçirilmesine yol açabilecek tek yol olmadığına inanır.

Stirner, mülkiyet üzerindeki doğal haklara inanmaz ve her türlü otoriteye, mülkiyete saygısızlık da dahil olmak üzere, karşı çıkmayı teşvik eder.

Anarşizm
Stirner, devlet kavramı, bir hak olarak mülkiyet, genel olarak doğal haklar ve toplum kavramının kendisi de dahil olmak üzere en yaygın kabul gören sosyal kurumların sadece birer yanılsama, "hortlak" ya da zihindeki hayaletler olduğunu öne sürmüştür. Egoizmi ve bireylerin sadece kendi çıkarları söz konusu olduğunda egoist birlikler halinde birleşecekleri bir tür ahlaksızlığı savunmuştur. Ona göre, mülkiyet basitçe kudret yoluyla ortaya çıkar ve şöyle der: "Kim bir şeyi nasıl alacağını ve savunacağını bilirse, [mülkiyet] ona aittir. [...] Benim gücüm neye yetiyorsa, o benimdir. Kendimi mal sahibi olarak ortaya koyduğum sürece, o şeyin sahibi benim." "Mülkünüzden utangaç bir şekilde geri adım atmıyorum, ancak ona her zaman hiçbir şeye saygı duymadığım mülküm olarak bakıyorum. Lütfen benim mülküm dediğiniz şey için de aynısını yapın!" Stirner dünyayı ve içindeki her şeyi, diğer insanlar da dahil olmak üzere, ahlaki bir kısıtlama olmaksızın kişinin almasına veya kullanmasına açık olarak görür ve nesneler ve insanlar açısından hakların hiçbir şekilde var olmadığını düşmüştür. Kişinin kendi çıkarını desteklemediği sürece başkalarının çıkarlarını dikkate almasında hiçbir rasyonalite görmez ve bunun eylem için tek meşru neden olduğuna inanır. Toplumun gerçek bir varlık olduğunu reddederek toplumu bir "hortlak" olarak adlandırır ve "bireyler onun gerçekliğidir" der.

Anarşist olarak etiketlenmesine rağmen, Stirner tam olarak anarşist değildi. Stirner ve egoizmin anarşizmden ayrılması ilk kez 1914 yılında Dora Marsden tarafından Benjamin Tucker ile The New Freewoman ve The Egoist dergilerindeki tartışmasında yapılmıştır. Egoist anarşizm fikri, başta Malfew Seklew ve Sidney E. Parker olmak üzere çeşitli diğer egoistler tarafından da açıklanmıştır.

Komünizm
Stirner, komünizmin Hıristiyanlıkla aynı idealizmle lekelendiğini ve ahlak ve adalet gibi batıl fikirlerle aşılandığını öne sürdü. Stirner'in sosyalizm ve komünizme yönelik temel eleştirisi, bireyi görmezden gelmeleriydi; mülkiyeti soyut topluma devretmeyi amaçlıyorlardı, bu da var olan hiçbir insanın gerçekte hiçbir şeye sahip olmadığı anlamına geliyordu.

Anarşist SSS şöyle yazıyor: "Bazıları egoizm ve komünizmi bir araya getirme girişimimize itiraz edebilir, ancak Stirner'in 'komünizmi' reddettiğini belirtmek gerekir. Stirner özgürlükçü komünizmi benimsememiştir, çünkü Stirner yazarken böyle bir komünizm mevcut değildi ve bu nedenle eleştirisini devlet komünizminin çeşitli biçimlerine yöneltmiştir. Dahası, bu durum anarko-komünistlerin ve diğerlerinin Stirner'in çalışmalarını faydalı bulmayacağı anlamına gelmez. Ve Stirner bunu onaylardı, çünkü onun fikirlerine bir bireyin kendi çıkarına olduğunu düşündüğü şeyleri sınırlamaktan daha yabancı bir şey olamaz." Stirner'in ana argümanlarını özetlerken, yazarlar "John P. Clark'ın Max Stirner's Egoism'de Stirner'in çalışmalarının sempatik ve faydalı bir sosyal anarşist eleştirisini sunduğunu söyleyerek, sosyal anarşistlerin neden onun fikirleriyle ilgilendiğini ve ilgilenmesi gerektiğini belirtmektedirler."

Daniel Guérin şöyle yazmıştır: "Stirner komünizmin birçok önermesini kabul etmiştir, ancak şu nitelemeyle: komünist inanç mesleği, toplumumuzun kurbanlarının tamamen özgürleşmesine yönelik bir ilk adımdır, ancak onlar ancak komünizmin ötesine geçerek tamamen 'mülksüzleşecek' ve bireyselliklerini gerçekten geliştirebileceklerdir. " Yazar Renzo Connors'a göre, "kızıl peygamberler Stirner'i yeniden markalaştırmaya ve Marx'a benzer bir sisteme dönüştürmeye çalışmıştır." Connors, "Max Stirner'in anarko-komünizmle ilgisinin komünizm kısmını atmak olduğu" sonucuna varmaktadır.

Devrim
Stirner geleneksel devrim anlayışını eleştirerek, yerleşik idealleri yıkmayı amaçlayan toplumsal hareketlerin kısmen idealist olduğunu, çünkü bu hareketlerin dolaylı olarak yeni bir idealin kurulmasını hedeflediğini savunmuştur. "Devrim ve ayaklanma eşanlamlı olarak görülmemelidir. İlki, koşulların, yerleşik durumun ya da statünün, Devletin ya da toplumun altüst edilmesinden ibarettir ve bu nedenle siyasi ya da toplumsal bir eylemdir; ikincisinin kaçınılmaz sonucu koşulların dönüşümüdür, ancak bundan değil, insanların kendilerinden hoşnutsuzluğundan kaynaklanır, silahlı bir ayaklanma değil, bireylerin bir ayaklanmasıdır, kendisinden kaynaklanan düzenlemelere bakmaksızın bir ayağa kalkıştır. Devrim yeni düzenlemeleri hedeflemiştir; ayaklanma bizi artık kendimizi düzenlemeye değil, kendimizi düzenlemeye yönlendirir ve 'kurumlara' parlak umutlar bağlamaz. Bu yerleşik olana karşı bir mücadele değildir, çünkü eğer o başarılı olursa, yerleşik olan kendi kendini çökertir; bu sadece benim yerleşik olandan dışarıya doğru çalışmamdır. Yerleşik olanı terk edersem, o ölür ve çürümeye başlar."

Egoistlerin Birliği
Stirner'in egoistlerin birliği fikri ilk olarak Biricik ve Mülkiyetin'de açıklanmıştır. Birlik, Stirner'in devlete karşıt olarak önerdiği sistematik olmayan bir birlik olarak anlaşılmaktadır. Bireylerin katılmak zorunda olduğu bir "topluluktan" farklı olarak, Stirner'in önerdiği Birlik gönüllü ve araçsal olacak, Birlik içindeki diğerleri her bir kurucu birey için yararlı olmaya devam ettiği sürece bireyler özgürce birleşecektir.  Egoistler arasındaki Birlik ilişkisi, tüm tarafların bir irade eylemiyle destek vermesiyle sürekli olarak yenilenir. Svein Olav Nyberg gibi bazıları, Birliğin tüm tarafların bilinçli bir egoizmle katılmasını gerektirdiğini savunurken, Sydney E. Parker gibi diğerleri birliği bir "tutum değişikliği" olarak görür ve bir kurum olarak önceki anlayışını reddeder.

Yankılar
Özel yaşamlarında Max Stirner'den hayranlıkla söz eden ünlü filozoflar, eserlerinde onu ya hiç anmaz ya da bir iki yan cümleyle göz ardı ederler. Ancak bu "yan cümleler" içerikleri açısından merkezi bir önem taşımakla dikkat çeker. Stirner'in tuhaf alımlama tarihine bir kez daha işaret etmek amacıyla birkaç örnek sunmak yararlı olacaktır.

Karl Marx, Stirner'in eserinden etkilenmesi sonucu garip bir duruma düşer. Feuerbach'tan ayrılır ve Stirner'e yanaşmaz ama sözcüğü sözcüğüne yanıtladığı BvM'ne bir Anti-Stirner'le ("Alman İdeolojisi") karşılık verir. (K. Marx/F.Engels - Werke, Band 3,Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983). Neticede Marx, Stirner eleştirisinde, Stirner'i yok etmek için, Sloterdijk'ın deyimiyle, kendi "ölümünü göze almaktadır". Marx'ın Anti-Stirner'i, Stirner'in etkisinde bocalayan Marx'ın felsefi krizinin en berrak kanıtıdır. Benzeri bir krizi daha sonra Nietzsche yaşayacaktır.

Friedrich Engels, Marx'a  Stirner'in eseri Biricik ve Kendiliği hakkındaki ilk izlenimlerini mektubunda iletirken, Stirner'i över. (Engels an  Marx in Paris, 19. November 1844. (MEW 27, 11). Bk. Max-Stirner-Archiv, Leipzig).

Ancak Marx'tan aldığı yanıttan hemen sonra görüşünü düzeltir ve artık Stirner'in etkisinde olmadığını belirterek Marx'la aynı görüşte olduğunu söyler. (Engels an Marx in Paris. Barmen, 20. Januar 1845. (MEW 27, 14). Bk. Max-Stirner-Archiv, Leipzig).

Arnold Ruge birkaç mektubunda Stirner'den övgüyle söz eder.

Edmund Husserl Stirner'i hiçbir eserinde anmaz ama ücra bir köşede Biricik ve Kendiliği için "şeytani bir güç" der. (B.A. Laska: Ein dauerhafter Dissident, s. 77, LSR-Verlag 1996).
Martin Heidegger Stirner'i asla okumadığını söyler. (B.A. Laska: Ein dauerhafter Dissident, s. 77, LSR-Verlag 1996).

Theodor W. Adorno bir sohbet esnasında "Stirner baklayı ağzından çıkaran tek filozoftur," der. (Helms, Hans G.: Die Ideologie der anonymen Gesellschaft, s.200 DuMont Verlag 1966). Ayrıca genç bir yazarı (H.G. Helms) yeni bir Anti-Stirner yazmaya teşvik eden Adorno, kendi eserlerinde Stirner'i anmaz.

Carl Schmitt hapishanede günlüğüne şu cümleyi kaydeder:  "Şu durumda beni hücremde ziyaret eden biricik kişi Max'tır."(B.A. Laska: Ein dauerhafter Dissident, s. 76, LSR-Verlag 1996).
Stirner'in anarşist, nihilist, solipsist, bireyci, bencil, her şey benimci gibi sıfatlarla anıldığı neredeyse Stirner'in adını duyan herkesin bilgisi kapsamındadır.

Ne var ki: Her camianın bir günah keçisi olması gerektiği gibi, Stirner de felsefenin günah keçisidir. Dolayısıyla ona  gelişigüzel  bir şekilde anarşist, nihilist, şeytan  vb. demek meşrudur.

Eserleri
Türkçe
Meselemi Hiç'e Bıraktım
Benim Yetkim
Stirner'den Alıntılar

Almanca
 Max Stirner: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum
 Geschichte der Reaction, 2 cilt, Berlin 1852
 Max Stirner: Parerga, Kritiken, Repliken. Yayımlayan: Bernd A. Laska. Nürnberg: LSR-Verlag, 1986 (Toplam 11 makale)
 Max Stirners Kleinere Schriften und seine Entgegnungen auf die Kritik seines Werkes: 'Der Einzige und sein Eigentum', Yayımlayan: John Henry Mackay, 1898; gözden geçirilmiş 2. baskı Berlin 1914

Max Stirner üzerine çeşitli metin ve kaynaklar
Bernd A. Laska: Bireyci Anarşistler ve Max Stirner
Max Stirner Projesi
Ben ve Hiç
Hiç'i Düşünürken
Max Stirner ve "Biricik"
Max Stirner Projesi / H. İbrahim Türkdoğan / Nietzsche, Stirner'in Plagiyatörü mü?

Dipnotlar

1806 doğumlular
1856 yılında ölenler
Alman filozoflar
Alman ateistler
Alman anarşistler
Berlin Humboldt Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Anarşist teorisyenler
Ateist filozoflar
Kıta filozofları
Bireyci anarşistler
Egoist anarşizm
Berlin'de defnedilenler

Max Stirner


بلدية مارلين (بالإسبانية: Marlín) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية مارلين 38 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية مارلين

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

مارلين (آبلة)


El Jardim do Arco do Cego es un parque situado entre las avenidas João Crisóstomo y Duque de Loulé, en el barrio lisboeta de Arco do Cego. Construido en el lugar donde anteriormente había habido un importante terminal de autobuses de la ciudad, este descampado verde fue inaugurado en 2005 y pertenece a la Junta de Freguesia de Nuestra Señora de Fátima.

Descripción
Al lado de la gran extensión de césped, la estructura de la antigua estación de autobuses es actualmente un aparcamiento. En el lado nordeste del jardín se encuentra una escultura en homenaje al poeta argentino Jorge Luis Borges, frente a la Embajada de Argentina. En la base de la pieza, llevada a cabo por el escultor Federico Brook (Buenos Aires, 1933), gran amigo de Borges, se puede leer el poema Los Borges. En el monumento está incorporado el molde en bronce de la mano de Borges que Brook realizó en su taller y que hace de esta obra una pieza única.

A pocos metros de la escultura se encuentra un ceibo, árbol nacional de Argentina donado por la embajada para celebrar el bicentenario de la independencia de Argentina y la amistad entre los dos países.

En diciembre de 2008 se inauguró una escultura de grandes dimensiones (8 m x 12 m), en homenaje a Aristides de Sousa Mendes, realizada por Manuel Carmo, con la presencia del Presidente de la República, Cavaco Silva.

Galería

Véase también
Parc Raymond-Sibille

Referencias

Parques de Lisboa
Jardines de Portugal

Jardim do Arco do Cego


Die Grube Güte des Herrn war ein Blei- und Silberbergwerk im Oberharzer Gangerzrevier. Sie lag unmittelbar östlich der Wildemanner Straße (L 515) und der Innerste am Abhang des Kranichsberges in der Nähe des heutigen Bergbaumuseums Grube Lautenthals Glück in Lautenthal, einem Stadtteil von Langelsheim.

Bekannt wurde das Bergwerk durch seine silbernen Ausbeuteprägungen ab 1740.

Geologie
Die Grube Güte des Herrn baute auf den östlichsten Teil des Lautenthaler Erzmittels vom Lautenthaler Gangzug, einer hydrothermalen Gangstruktur im nordwestlichen Oberharz. Der Gangzug war im Bereich der ehemaligen Bergstadt Lautenthal über eine streichende Länge von fast zwei Kilometern und stellenweise bis in eine Teufe von über 600 Metern bauwürdig mit sulfidischen, silberhaltigen Blei- und Zinkmineralien vererzt. Die Erzmittel lagen in einer Aufblätterungszone zwischen dem  im Westen und der  im Osten. Das Bromberger Erzmittel war durch eine etwa 100 Meter lange Vertaubungszone direkt unter dem Bett der Innerste vom Lautenthaler Erzmittel unter dem Kranichsberg getrennt.

Geschichte und Technik

Vorgängerbergbau
Der Bergbau in Lautenthal begann urkundlich um das Jahr 1530 herum und es wurde in diesem Zusammenhang von einer vormaligen 100-jährigen Stillstandsperiode berichtet. Wahrscheinlich wurden bereits im früheren Mittelalter die Gangausbisse am Kranichsberg aufgesucht, um oberflächennah anstehende Silbererze zu gewinnen.

Um 1551 wurde an der Stelle der späteren Grube Güte des Herrn die Sachsenzeche erwähnt. Gegen Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts kam es aus heute nicht mehr nachvollziehbaren Gründen zu einer Krise des Lautenthaler Bergbaus und zu einigen Betriebseinstellungen. Ein neuer Aufschwung begann ab 1681 mit der Gründung der Nachbargrube Lautenthals Glück.

Betrieb der Grube Güte des Herrn von 1691 bis 1817

Die Verleihung der Grube Güte des Herrn in der ehemaligen Berechtsame der Sachsenzeche erfolgte am 14. März 1691. Von 1692 bis 1697 wurden das Grubenfeld im Hangenden und Liegenden ausgedehnt und erfolglose Sucharbeiten durch zwei bis vier Bergleute durchgeführt.

Anschließend ruhte der Betrieb bis 1729. In diesem Jahr wurde das Feld nochmals unter Beteiligung des braunschweigisch-wolfenbüttelschen Staates (Communion-Oberharz) neu verliehen. Erneute Untersuchungen des Ganges führten schließlich 1734 zu einem Erzfund. Für das Jahr 1735 ist erstmals eine Förderung von 5,5 bis 8,5 Tonnen Erz pro Woche belegt, die von insgesamt 9 Bergleuten erbracht wurde. Das Erz wurde zunächst über den Maaßener Treibschacht der Grube Lautenthals Glück und ab 1736 über den Abendsterner Schacht oder über den Tiefen Sachsenstollen zu Tage gefördert, da die Grube Güte des Herrn zu dieser Zeit noch über keinen eigenen Schacht verfügte. Von 1736 bis 1759 stieg die Förderung von 28 auf 105 Tonnen Erz an, die Belegschaft wuchs gleichzeitig von 14 auf 53 Mann. Zwischen 1740 und 1769 konnte eine Ausbeute von bis zu 12 Talern je Bergquartal und Kuxe gezahlt werden. Die finanzielle Basis erlaubte nun das Abteufen eines Tagesschachtes (Bauzeit: 1747 bis 1751), der 1755 eine Teufe von 166 Metern aufwies. Der Schachtansatzpunkt lag wegen des steil abfallenden Westhanges des Kranichsberges außerhalb der eigenen Berechtsame im Feld Segen Gottes.

Bereits 1758 verschlechterten sich die Erzanbrüche wieder, in deren Folge sowohl die Anzahl an Mitarbeitern als auch die Höhe der Förderung auf die Hälfte der Vorjahre zurückgingen. Der Schacht wurde weiter abgeteuft und war 1766 bereits 226 Meter tief. Von 1772 bis 1774 wurde eine Zubuße von den Gewerken erhoben. Gleichzeitig verbesserte sich die Qualität der aufgeschlossenen Erzvorkommen wieder, so dass 1774 bis 1776 erneut eine Ausbeute ausbezahlt wurde. 1780 betrugen der Belegschaftstand 39 Bergleute und die Jahresförderung 2900 Tonnen. Ab 1781 wurden nochmals Zubußezahlungen eingefordert. Im Zeitraum von 1790 bis 1794 wurden durch rund 40 Mann jährlich zwischen 1690 und 2000 Tonnen Erz gefördert. Der Treibschacht erreichte seine größte überlieferte Teufe von 290 Metern.

In den Jahren 1795 bis 1798 wurden jährlich 1050 bis 1170 Tonnen gefördert und es waren um 30 Bergleute angelegt, 1799 bis 1805 schwankte die Jahresförderung bei 26 bis 29 Arbeitern zwischen 1400 und 1750 Tonnen. 1808 wurde die maschinelle Ausrüstung des Schachtes Güte des Herrn mit einer Kehrradfördermaschine und zwei übertägigen Kunsträdern zur Wasserhaltung angegeben. Das Aufschlagwasser für die allesamt 8,7 Meter im Durchmesser großen Wasserräder wurde über den Lautenthaler Kunstgraben herangeführt, der sein Wasser aus der Innerste bei Wildemann, dem 13-Lachter-Stollen und dem  bezog. Die Tagesanlagen der Grube wurden auf einem Stahlstich von Wilhelm Ripe von 1855 anschaulich dargestellt.

Von 1810 bis 1817 stiegen die abgebauten Erzmengen auf 4550 bis 4900 Tonnen jährlich an. Zum 1. Oktober 1817 erfolgte die Zusammenlegung mit der Grube Lautenthals Glück. Zu dieser Zeit arbeiteten 64 Bergleute auf der Grube Güte des Herrn.

Weiterbetrieb der Grube Güte des Herrn als Betriebsabteilung der Grube Lautenthals Glück 1817 bis 1930
→ Hauptartikel: Grube Lautenthals Glück

Nach dem Ende der napoleonischen Kriege kam es zu einem Verfall der Metallpreise, die in den folgenden Jahren immer mehr frei auf den europäischen Märkten ausgehandelt wurden. Dadurch geriet der gesamte Harzer Bergbau wirtschaftlich unter Druck. Für das Lautenthaler Revier und die Grube Güte des Herrn hatte dies die Folge, dass sich die letzten privaten Gewerke zurückzogen. So wurde das Bergwerk mit allen übrigen Gruben an die Grube Lautenthals Glück angeschlossen, die mittlerweile unter staatlicher Regie betrieben wurde. Durch die Konsolidation des Lautenthaler Bergbaus und eine anschließend einsetzende Modernisierung konnte eine drohende Stilllegung abgewendet werden.

Die Förderung der Erze in der Betriebsabteilung Güte des Herrn erfolgte wie auch in den anderen Abteilungen Maaßen und Schwarze Grube über den eigenen, alten und tonnlägigen Treibschacht. Sie wurden bis auf das Niveau des Tiefen Sachsenstollen gehoben und in diesem nach über Tage verbracht. Ein Schrägaufzug diente zum Heben der Förderung in die Brech- und Scheidehäuser der nördlich der Grube am Hang gelegenen Lautenthaler Aufbereitung. Der Abbau drang in eine Tiefe bis zur 13. Sohle und damit bis 380 Meter unter dem Tiefen Sachsenstollen vor.

Die Grube hatte mit erheblichen Wasserproblemen zu kämpfen, da Lautenthal anders als die Reviere in Clausthal, Zellerfeld und Wildemann noch nicht über einen tiefen, vom Harzrand vorangetriebenen Wasserlösungsstollen verfügte. Die Grubenwasser wurden mittels zweier Kunsträder zur alten Tiefen Wasserstrecke (etwa 130 Meter unter dem Tiefen Sachsenstollen) und dann von der Hauptwasserhaltung im Maaßener Kunstschacht zum Tiefen Sachsenstollen gehoben, der nach fast 300 Jahren immer noch die Aufgabe der Wasserabfuhr nach über Tage übernahm. Dazu waren im Kunstschacht 50 Pumpensätze notwendig, die von vier Kunsträdern unter häufigen Betriebsstörungen in Gang gehalten wurden. Deswegen entschloss sich die Königlich Hannoversche Bergverwaltung zum Abteufen eines neuen, zentralen Wasserhaltungsschacht im Feld Güte des Herrn. Dieser sogenannte Richtschacht war einer der ersten seigeren Schächte im Harz und der erste im Revier. Für die Ausführung einschließlich der Maschinen und neuer Aufschlaggräben wurden 70.000 Taler veranschlagt. Die Bauzeit dauerte von 1839 bis 1849. Das Kehrrad dieses Schachtes war mit 12,8 Metern Durchmesser und 15 PS Leistung das größte im Revier. Es wurde nach 1873 zu einem Kunstrad umgebaut und trieb über eine Seiltransmission Maschinen in der Aufbereitung an. Im Richtschacht wurde eine untertägige, 50 PS starke Wassersäulenmaschine installiert, die Wasser aus den Tiefbauen bis zur Tiefen Wasserstrecke hob und damit den Kunstschacht entlastete. Von 1866 bis 1867 wurde eine zweite Tiefste Wasserstrecke 120 Meter unter der alten aufgefahren und 1871 eine weitere Wassersäulenmaschine (110 PS) eingebaut. Die beiden Maschinen förderten sich das Grubenwasser nun in zwei Sätzen gegenseitig zu. Als Fördermaschine wurde eine Dampfmaschine aufgestellt.

Bereits um 1880 kam es zu erneuten Schwierigkeiten bei der Bewältigung der zufließenden Grubenwasser. Eine dauerhafte Lösung brachte schließlich die Fertigstellung des Lautenthaler Flügelorts des Ernst-August-Stollens im Jahre 1892. Die ältere Wassersäulenmaschine konnte daraufhin abgeworfen werden und der Tiefe Sachsenstollen verlor seine Bedeutung. Im Zuge der weiteren Modernisierung des Lautenthaler Bergbaus wurde von 1905 bis 1909, wie in den anderen Oberharzer Revieren zuvor, ein neuer seigerer Zentralförderschacht im Nebengestein abgeteuft. Dieser erhielt eine elektrische Fördermaschine. Dadurch konnten die alten Treibschächte nach und nach stillgelegt werden. Der Schacht Güte des Herrn wurde von 1912 bis 1913 verfüllt. Am 19. Juli 1913 fiel der Gaipel der Grube einem Brand zum Opfer. Mit der Elektrizität wurden auch leistungsfähige Kreiselpumpen zur Wasserhaltung eingeführt, die in einer Pumpenkammer des Neuen Förderschachtes installiert wurden. Daraufhin wurde 1910 auch die letzte Wassersäulenmaschine im Richtschacht außer Betrieb genommen.

Mit der Einstellung der Tiefbaue der Grube Lautenthals Glück (ab 1923 Erzbergwerk Lautenthal) unterhalb des Ernst-August-Stollens zum 1. August 1931 wurde der Bergbau im Bereich der ehemaligen Grube Güte des Herrn aufgegeben. 1932 wurde der Richtschacht verwahrt.

Die Ausbeuteprägungen der Grube Güte des Herrn
Aus dem Silber der Grube Güte des Herrn entstanden zwei Ausbeutetaler, auch Löser genannt. Der erste wurde von Herzog Karl I. von Braunschweig-Lüneburg anlässlich der ersten Ausbeutezahlung an die Gewerke im Quartal Reminiscere 1740 in der Zellerfelder Münze in Auftrag gegeben. Die Münzrückseite (Revers) ziert das herrschaftliche Wappen, flankiert von zwei "Wilden Männern". Auf der Vorderseite (Avers) ist ein Bergbaumotiv mit einem Stollenmundloch, Förderwagen und einem Huntslauf abgebildet. Darüber befindet sich die Umschrift: "DIE ERDE IST VOLL DER GÜTE DES HERRN". Die hohen Erträge des Bergwerkes wurden unter anderem zur Renovierung der Zellerfelder Münzstätte verwendet.

Im Jahre 1774 wurde ein zweiter Löser aus dem Silber der Grube geprägt. Nach langjährigen wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten begann eine erneute Ausbeuteperiode, der die Münze gewidmet war. Auf dem Revers halten Löwe und Einhorn das Wappen Georg des III., König des Vereinigten Königreichs von Großbritannien und Irland, sowie Herzog zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Das Avers stellt eine Bergbaulandschaft mit rauchenden Hüttenschloten dar.

Die Preussag AG verwendete die Motive der Ausbeutemünzen für eine Gedenkmedaille zum 50. Firmenjubiläum im Jahre 1973.

Übersicht der Schächte, Stollen und Tagesöffnungen

Heutiger Zustand (2012)
Von der einstigen Grube Güte des Herrn zeugt heute noch das Haldengelände am Nordwesthang des Kranichsberges. Das Mundloch des Tagesstollens liegt nördlich des Besucherstollens auf dem Gelände des Bergbaumuseums. Von den wasserwirtschaftlichen Anlagen sind der Obere und Untere Richtschachter Graben oberhalb von Lautenthal im Gelände stellenweise noch erkennbar. Tafeln entlang des Bergbaulehrpfades weisen auf seine Funktion hin. Eine Besonderheit ist der Sandfang am Maaßener Wasserlauf mit dem Einlauf der Druckleitung zur untertägigen Wassersäulenmaschine des Richtschachtes. Dieser wurde vom Bergwerks- und Geschichtsverein Bergstadt Lautenthal von 1976 e.V. 1992 wieder freigelegt.

Weiterhin ist im Hanggelände ein Lochstein aus dem Jahr 1753 erhalten, der die Markscheide zur Grube Segen Gottes kennzeichnet. Die Inschrift lautet: "ALHIER WENDET DER GRUBE GÜTE DES HERRN FELD ALS FÜNF MASSEN VON DEM LAUTENTHALSGLÜCKER UNTERN LOCHSTEIN UND MARKSCHEIDET MIT DER GRUBE SEEGEN GOTTES VICE OBER BERGMEISTER GEORG VALENTIN KRAUS UNTERBERGMEISTER JOHANN FRIEDR. KASTENBEIN STUF GESCHWORENER JOHANN GEORG HONIG DEN 16. OCTBR. 1753".

Literatur

Weblinks
 Harzer Münzen auf Schatzsucher.de
 Foto des Tagesstollen und der Schachtgebäude von Treib- und Richtschacht auf lautenthal-online.de

Geographie (Langelsheim)
Bergwerk auf dem Lautenthaler Gangzug
Erzbergwerk in Deutschland
Silberbergwerk
Stillgelegtes Bergwerk in Niedersachsen
Bergbaulehrpfad
Geschichte (Langelsheim)
Bergbau (Langelsheim)
Wanderweg in Niedersachsen
Bauwerk in Langelsheim
Verkehrsbauwerk im Landkreis Goslar

Grube Güte des Herrn