The Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 was a prototype flying boat fighter aircraft designed and built by British seaplane manufacturer Saunders-Roe. It was the first jet-propelled water-based aircraft in the world.

The concept behind the SR.A/1 originated during the Second World War as a reaction to Japan's successful use of military floatplanes and the emergence of the turbojet engine. Saunders-Roe presented an initial proposal of their jet-powered seaplane concept, then designated SR.44, to the Air Ministry during mid-1943. In April 1944, the Ministry issued Specification E.6/44 for the type and supported its development with a contract for three prototypes. Development was protracted by Saunders-Roe's work on other projects, the war having ended prior to any of the prototypes being completed.

On 16 July 1947, the first prototype made its maiden flight. The SR.A/1 was evaluated by the Royal Air Force (RAF), who concluded that the design was incapable of matching up to the performance of land-based designs. Despite interest from foreign governments, including the United States, no orders for the SR.A/1 materialised. As such, it never entered volume production or saw service with any operators. While interest in the SR.A/1 programme was briefly revived following the start of the Korean War, the aircraft was considered to be obsolete by that point and was again rejected.

Design and development

Origins
The SR./A.1 was directly inspired by the modest successes experienced by the Imperial Japanese Navy in using seaplane fighters, such as the Nakajima A6M2-N (an adaptation of the Mitsubishi Zero) and the Kawanishi N1K. Seaplanes had performed successfully during both of the world wars although, according to author H. F. King, their achievements were often not highly publicised or well known. Prior to the introduction of the Gloster Gladiator, every British shipborne fighter was designed with an interchangeable wheel-or-float undercarriage. In theory, seaplanes were ideally suited to conditions in the Pacific theatre of the Second World War, and could turn any relatively calm area of coast into an airbase. Their main disadvantage came from the way in which the bulk of their flotation gear penalised their performance compared to other fighters.

Both immediately prior to and during the war, Britain made very little use of seaplane fighters, instead relying upon aircraft carriers and land-based fighters as the basis of their military operations, despite the concept having remained popular with other powers, including Japan, Italy, and France. Proposed seaplane conversions were produced for both the Hawker Hurricane and the Supermarine Spitfire to meet operational needs in the Norwegian Campaign, but were largely curtailed following the rapid German victory in this theatre. No quantity production of seaplane fighters followed. It was in this backdrop that British seaplane manufacturer Saunders-Roe recognised that the newly developed turbojet engine presented an opportunity to overcome the traditional performance drawbacks and design limitations of floatplanes. By not requiring clearance for a propeller, the fuselage could sit lower in the water and use a flying boat-type hull. The prospective aircraft's performance when powered by Halford H.1 engines was projected to be 520 mph at 40,000 ft.

Saunders-Roe speculated that, as floatplanes could have staging grounds nearer to their objectives than land-based counterparts, both the time and effort involved in mounting missions, particularly offensive ones, could be reduced. Early jet aircraft were typically restrained in terms of their range due to the high fuel consumption involved, a factor which could be overcome by bringing forward their staging areas, something which a floatplane would be readily capable of doing. Re-basing to virtually any body of water could also be performed with little in the way of setup or ground preparation, according to the company.

Order and production preparations
Saunders-Roe first presented their idea, then designated as the SR.44, to the Air Ministry during mid-1943. Criticisms of the design were produced by Ministry officials, included the observation that the wing thickness/chord ratio was considered to be too high for a high-speed fighter when operating at a high altitude. In response to these criticisms, the seaplane's design was modified and refined. During April 1944, the Air Ministry issued Specification E.6/44 in direct response to the modified design. In the following month, an accompanying development contract covering the production of three prototypes was issued to Saunders-Roe.

At this point, there were intentions for the SR.A/1 to be used in the Pacific theatre against Japan; as such, there were measures taken even at an early stage of development to support immediate quantity production. However, shortly following the end of the Pacific War in August 1945, Saunders-Roe opted to concentrate its efforts on the Saunders-Roe Princess, a long-range civilian flying boat project, a choice which caused development of the fighter to slip behind. Due to the war's end, pressure for the commencement of the type's production had lessened significantly.

Flight testing and cancellation
On 16 July 1947, the first prototype, piloted by Geoffrey Tyson, conducted its maiden flight. Barely two weeks later, Tyson flew the fifth flight for a crowd of officials representing multiple organisations, including the Royal Navy, the Royal Air Force, the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Saunders-Roe, Metropolitan-Vickers and at least one unidentified foreign government. Subsequent flight testing with the prototypes revealed that the SR.A/1 possessed a relatively good level of performance and handling. Its agility was publicly displayed when Tyson performed a demonstration of high-speed aerobatics and inverted flight above an international audience at the 1948 SBAC Display while piloting the type. During the flight test programme, two of the three prototypes suffered accidents, leading to an interruption in the trials and modifications being made to the remaining intact aircraft.

TG263 appeared in a Pathé Newsreel in July 1947. TG271 appeared in a BBC Newsreel in August 1948.

The SR.A/1 possessed a somewhat small and heavily framed cockpit canopy, which provided the pilot with a poor view outside the aircraft, a particularly negative feature for a prospective fighter aircraft. Despite this, the pressurised cockpit was relatively spacious, providing enough room to accommodate an additional crew member potentially; an observer could also have been seated in a more rearward position. As a measure to increase survivability, two of the SR.A/1 prototypes were fitted with the first two production Martin-Baker ejection seats to be built. An automatic mooring system was incorporated, allowing the pilot to moor the aircraft without any external aids or even having to leave the cockpit. The air intake for the engines was extendable to minimise the ingestion of seawater during takeoffs, although testing revealed only minor performance decreases due to this factor. To reduce drag, the floats could be retracted during flight.

A fundamental problem that emerged during development was that the Beryl engine, which powered the type, had ceased production when British manufacturing conglomerate Metropolitan-Vickers had decided to withdraw from jet engine development, leaving only a limited number of engines available. For any production to have proceeded, an alternative powerplant would had to have been acquired. Despite possessing some favourable qualities, officials judged that the need for such aircraft had completely evaporated with the end of the war. Furthermore, the success of the aircraft carrier in the Pacific had demonstrated a far more effective way to project airpower over the oceans, though Saunders-Roe argued that carriers and their escorts were still very vulnerable to aircraft or other vessels.

Due to a lack of orders, work on the project was suspended, leading to the remaining prototype being placed into storage in early 1950. During November 1950, shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War, interest in the SR.A/1 programme was briefly resurrected. This interest was not just confined to Britain; data on the project was also passed onto the United States. However, it was soon recognised that the concept had been rendered obsolete in comparison to increasingly capable land-based fighters, together with the inability to solve the engine problem, forcing a second and final cancellation. During June 1951, the SR.A/1 prototype (TG263) flew for the last time. It is now in the  Solent Sky Museum in Southampton, UK.

Although the aircraft never received an official name, it was commonly referred to by company workers as "Squirt".

P.121 Hydro-ski naval fighter

Despite the SR.A/1's rejection, Saunders-Roe remained interested in the development of military seaplanes, performing several internal design studies on the subject, including some relatively radical concepts. Amongst these were designs that drew or built upon the SR.A/1. During the early 1950s, the company worked on a new fighter design featuring skis  aircraft publication Flight referred to it as the "Saunders-Roe Hydroski"  with the aim of bringing its performance closer to that of land-based aircraft. By adopting hydroskis and dispensing with the hull approach of the SR.A/1, no concessions to hydrodynamic requirements were imposed upon the fuselage. It was designated Project P.121.

Work on the P.121 reportedly "received no official support". On 29 January 1955, the company decided not to proceed with the construction of a prototype.

Operators

Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment

Survivors

The first prototype, serial number TG263, has been preserved and is on display at Solent Sky aviation museum in Southampton. Both other aircraft (TG267 and TG271) were lost in accidents during the four-year flight test programme.

Specification (SR.A/1)

See also
Eric Brown

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Water-based Fighters Flight 1950 – cutaway
SRA/1 At Jets45
"Fighter Flying Boat" a 1946 Flight article

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
1940s British fighter aircraft
Jet seaplanes and flying boats
SR.A 1
High-wing aircraft
Twinjets
Flying boats
Aircraft first flown in 1947

Saunders-Roe SR.A/1


Los Wachiturros es un grupo musical de Argentina que fusiona elementos de la cumbia con el reguetón. Son considerados precursores de la popularizacion de géneros como el RKT.

Los integrantes de la banda comenzaron como bailarines en discotecas del Gran Buenos Aires en la república de Argentina, subieron un video a la red YouTube, que a enero de 2012 había superado las 10 millones de visitas; pasaron por el programa de televisión Pasión de sábado y fueron a ser el segundo término con mayor cantidad de búsquedas en Google en Argentina en el año 2011.

A pesar del éxito alcanzado, los escándalos, litigios judiciales, y el arresto de uno de sus miembros por un cargo de abuso sexual a una menor de edad, y conflictos internos entre sus miembros, terminarían por disolver al grupo en el año 2013.

En mayo de 2019, y tras una iniciativa surgida en la red social Instagram, la banda volvió a reunirse para realizar una gira por el Norte Argentino, además de grabar una versión de la canción «Otro trago».

Historia
El conjunto se formó a principios de 2011 cuando un productor conoció a un grupo de jóvenes que bailaban los fines de semana en una discoteca de la zona oeste del Gran Buenos Aires.
Según DJ Memo:"vi que llamaban mucho la atención y les pedí a unos amigos cumbieros que los incluyeran en su grupo",y resultó que los bailarines eran más seguidos que los cantantes del grupo, por lo que decidieron formar su propia banda.

Origen del nombre
El nombre proviene de la combinación de dos palabras: wachi (deformación del diminutivo irregular de «guacho», que en lunfardo significa 'huérfano' o 'bastardo' y por desplazamiento semántico viene a denotar 'muchacho', 'persona muy joven') y turro (que en lunfardo significa: 'incapaz', 'inepto', 'necio', 'mala persona', 'sinvergüenza' o 'desfachatado', pero que fue adoptado como un denominativo regular en la jerga de parte de la juventud de clase baja de Buenos Aires, y es el nombre que recibe una tribu urbana aparecida en el año 2008 y a la cual pertenecían los integrantes de la banda).

Controversias

Denuncia de plagio
El cantante puertorriqueño Rey Pirin inició una demanda contra el grupo acusándolo de plagiar su hit "Tírate un paso". Según el puertorriqueño, esta canción estaba registrada por él desde el año 2005 y pidió al menos un millón de dólares en compensación, debido a que la banda argentina registró el hit en SADAIC sin mencionar su verdadero autor.

Además Jowell y Baby Rasta acusaron también a Los Wachiturros de plagio. El cantante Arcángel hizo lo propio en su cuenta oficial de Facebook, acusando de haber plagiado a su colega Randy. Esto se debió ya que en el mismo tema de "Tírate un paso", el grupo plagia dos estrofas de la canción "Soy una gárgola" de Randy, publicada en 2007.

Violencia de género
Un verso de la canción "Tírate un paso" fue asociada con la violencia de género: según la Asociación Mujeres en Igualdad (MEI) el hit tiene "un nivel de sexismo y agresión". El pasaje en cuestión es "ella quiere látigo turro dame látigo/ella quiere látigo turro dame látigo/látigo látigo".

Vestimenta
Los miembros de la banda solían usar en sus espectáculos remeras marca Lacoste, que es una marca considerada de estatus para mayormente consumidores de alto poder adquisitivo. Según declaró Emanuel en un recital en Mar del Plata, dicha marca le había ofrecido a su productor una suma de dinero para que no usaran sus productos. No es claro que el uso de esta indumentaria por parte de Los Wachiturros sea un desprestigio para la marca, ya que según algunos especialistas "el consumidor de Lacoste ni se va a dar cuenta de Los Wachiturros. Es otro target de edad, de gustos muy diferentes". Sin embargo, la empresa negó las acusaciones. También, durante sus shows, solían utilizar indumentaria de clubes deportivos, más específicamente del Club Deportivo Morón, la entidad deportiva más popular del barrio del cual los integrantes provenían.

Miembros

Miembros actuales
 Gonzalo Muñoz «Gonzalito» - voz, bailarín y coreógrafo (2011-2013) (2019-presente)
 Emanuel Guidone «Memo» - DJ (2011-2013) (2019-presente)
 Leonel Lencinas «Leito» - bailarín (2011-2013) (2019-presente)
 Brian Romero «Coqii» - bailarín (2011-2013) (2019-presente)

Miembros anteriores
 Simón Gaete - voz (2011)
 Lucas Caballero «Kaká» - bailarín y coreógrafo (2011-2012)
 Matías Flores «Mc Cakito» - bailarín y coreógrafo (2011-2012)

Discografía
 Tirate un paso (2011)

Referencias

Grupos de cumbia de Argentina
Grupos de música del Gran Buenos Aires
Grupos de música formados en 2011
Grupos de música de los años 2010

Los Wachiturros


Umrao Jaan is a 1981 Indian musical film directed by Muzaffar Ali and starring Rekha as the eponymous character. Based on the 1905 Urdu novel Umrao Jaan Ada, the film tells the story of a Lucknow courtesan and her rise to fame.

Plot
In the year 1840, a girl named Amiran is kidnapped from her family in Faizabad and sold to Khanum Jaan, the madam of a brothel in Lucknow who teaches young courtesans. Renamed Umrao Jaan, Amiran turns into a cultured woman trained to captivate men of wealth and taste.

Umrao catches the eye of Nawab Sultan and the two fall in love, but the relationship comes to an end when Nawab reveals he must marry in order to please his family. Umrao then becomes infatuated with bandit chieftain Faiz Ali, who woos and wins her heart. She elopes with him, but is forced to return to Lucknow after Ali is killed by local police.

Sometime later, British soldiers attack Lucknow and the residents are forced to flee. Umrao's party of refugees stops in a small village, which Umrao recognizes as Faizabad. The residents fail to recognize her, however, and ask her to dance for their pleasure.

Afterwards, she reunites with her family, who believed her to be dead. Her mother is happy to welcome Umrao back, but her brother forbids it and orders Umrao to never return. She returns to Lucknow to find the brothel looted and deserted.

චරිත නිරූපණය

 රේඛා, අමීරන්/උම්රාඕ ජාන් ලෙස
 සීමා සථායූ සහ උම්මේ ෆාර්වා, ළමා අමීරන් ලෙස
 Farooq Shaikh as Nawab Sultan
 Naseeruddin Shah as Gohar Mirza
 Raj Babbar as Faiz Ali
 Ishtiaque Khan as Khan Ghilzai
 Gajanan Jagirdar as Maulvi Saheb
 Shaukat Kaifi as Khanum Jaan
 Dina Pathak as Husseini
 Prema Narayan as Bismillah Jaan
 Bharat Bhushan Bhalla as Khan Saheb
 Mukri as Parnan Aziz
 Satish Shah as Daroga Dilawar

Crew
 Art Direction: Muzaffar Ali, Bansi Chandragupta, Manzoor
 Choreography: Gopi Krishna for the song " Dil Cheez Kya Hai ", Kumudini Lakhia
 Costume Design: Subhashini Ali

Release and reception
According to author Anitaa Padhye's Ten Classics (English), Umrao Jaan was released theatrically on 2 January 1981.

Rekha was praised for her acting, but the box office returns were just average. The supporting characters were played by Naseeruddin Shah, Farooq Shaikh, Raj Babbar and Bharat Bhushan. Critics responded favourably to the carefully done historical setting.

The soundtrack was composed by Khayyam and the lyrics were penned by Shahryar. Several songs from the film, sung by Asha Bhosle, are considered classics of filmi music: "Dil Cheez Kya Hai", "Justuju Jiski Thi", "In Aankhon Ki Masti", and "Yeh Kya Jagah Hai Doston".

Accolades

Songs

References

External links

Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
1980s Hindi-language films
Hindi-language films
Indian epic films
1980s Urdu-language films
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
Films directed by Muzaffar Ali
Films set in Lucknow
Films based on Indian novels
Films about courtesans in India
Films shot in Lucknow
Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award

උම්රාඕ ජාන් (1981 චිත්‍රපටය)


Ivan Komnen (guverner Drača)
 Ivan Komnen Duka
 Ivan Komnen (domestikos tōn scholōn)

Ivan Komnen


Edmund Weaver (vers  - ) est un astronome anglais, arpenteur-géomètre et ami de William Stukeley. Les éphémérides (tables astronomiques) du British Telescope de Weaver sont considérées comme une importante publication du  sur le mouvement des planètes.

Vie personnelle
Edmund Weaver est né vers 1683 et a vécu à Frieston, dans le Lincolnshire. Il mourut le  et fut enterré à l'église Saint-Vincent de Caythorpe, le village au nord de sa maison à Frieston. Le chœur sud de St Vincent contient un mémorial à sa mémoire.

Astronomie
Autodidacte, Weaver a écrit The British Telescope, ce qui a conduit l'antiquaire William Stukeley à le décrire comme . C'est en association avec Weaver que Stukeley a développé un intérêt pour l'astronomie. Les écrits de Weaver sur l'astronomie et l'astrologie ont également été appréciés par Martin Folkes, le président de la Society of Antiquaries.

Weaver a soutenu la vision héliocentrique de l'univers. Il s'est opposé à la critique sur l'exactitude des éphémérides formulées par Edmond Halley, l'astronome royal, en particulier celle de Tycho Wing. Dans son édition de 1741 du British Telescope, il décrit la trajectoire du prochain transit de Vénus en 1769 comme courbe et le mouvement planétaire comme elliptique, attirant l'attention du journal Royal Astronomer.

Levé de terre
En 1734, Weaver a imprimé des Propositions pour faire et publier pour abonnement une véritable enquête sur le comté de Lincoln. Le projet a été lancé mais inachevé, avec seulement une carte et des mesures de certaines routes et des relèvements entre les lieux restants. Un correspondant de The Gentleman's Magazine, après avoir examiné le projet dans les effets de Weaver, l'a décrit comme . L'étude proposée du Lincolnshire comprendrait tous les wapentakes, églises, chapelles, maisons religieuses, 'chaces' (les zones utilisées pour la chasse), et parcs, maisons notables, châteaux et noblesse. Il couvrirait toutes les paroisses, les établissements, les voies navigables, les ponts et les routes, serait réalisé avec des équipements technologiques contemporains et serait entièrement indexé.

Inscription commémorative
La pierre tombale de Weaver, aujourd'hui replacée dans le chœur de l'église St Vincent, à Caythorpe, se lit comme suit :

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Weaver, Edmund: The British Telescope: Being an Ephemeris of the Coelestial Motions with an Almanack for the Year of Our Lord 1741. Réimpression: Gale Ecco (2010) . Également imprimé 1725 et 1731

Liens externes

Astronome anglais du XVIIIe siècle
Géomètre anglais
Naissance en 1683
Décès en décembre 1748
Décès à 65 ans

Edmund Weaver


بيتريد  فيلم أمريكي من بطولة الثنائي كلارك غيبل ولانا تيرنر، وهو آخر أفلامهما ونجد هنا أن هذا الفيلم لم يلاق النجاح الكبير كسابق أفلامهم حيث بان على جيبيل علامات الكبر والبدانة وكذلك بان على لانا تيرنر علامات الكبر ولكنها لا تزال على جمالها المألوف وجاذبيتها الساحرة وهذا الفيلم كان نقطة انطلاقة كبرى للممثل الكبير فيكتور ماتيور الذي اشتهر بأدوار الشر في السينما الأمريكية.

موضوع الفيلم
يتناول الفيلم وقوع هولندا تحت الاحتلال النازي أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية وكفاح الهولنديين ضد الاستعمار من خلال صراع المخابرات من خلال ضابط هولندي (كلارك جيبيل) وتعاون فيكتور متيور (أحد المناضلين الهولنديين) واستدراج جيبيل لمدرسة موسيقى كانت عميلة مزدوجة بين الصف النازي والصف الهولندي من خلال ممارسة الحب بين جيبيل وتيرنر من أجل تجنيدها لصالح هولندا وتتوالى الأحداث وتحدث مفارقات توضح أن هناك خائن يقوم بتسريب المعلومات ويشك جيبيل في أن لانا هي الخائنة وتتضح الأمور أثناء تحرير هولندا من الاحتلال النازي حيث يُكتشف أن متيور الذي تقاعس عن ساعة الحسم بحجة الإصابة اكتشفوا أنه لم يكن مصابًا من خلال شاش وهمي ويحاول الهرب من قبضة جيبيل من خلال الشرفة لكن جيبيل يلحقه بإطلاق الرصاص عليه ويشعر جيبيل أنه ظلم تيرنر التي يقابلها أثناء عودة جنود هولندا البواسل وهم يلقون الأناشيد الشجية الحماسية ليكفر عن ظلمه لها لتبدأ صفحة جديدة في حياتهم وفي حياة هولندا.

الآراء
تعرض الفيلم لنقد كبير من حيث الترهل في الأحداث وكثرة اللبس في متابعة أحداث الفيلم وأنه لا يرتقي لمستوى أفلام تيرنر السابقة وقام الممثل البريطاني الكبير لويس كالهيرن بلعب دور رئيس المخابرات الحربية الهولندية وهو من أشهر من قاموا بدور يوليوس قيصر في فيلم بنفس الاسم عام 1953.

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أفلام الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفلام أخرجها غوتفريد راينهارد
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام إنتاج 1954
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1950
أفلام تجسس أمريكية
أفلام تجسس في عقد 1950
أفلام تجسسية درامية أمريكية
أفلام تجسسية درامية عقد 1950
أفلام تقع أحداثها في إنجلترا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في هولندا
أفلام حربية درامية في عقد 1950
أفلام حركة أمريكية
أفلام دراما حربية أمريكية
أفلام دراما رومانسية أمريكية
أفلام دراما رومانسية إنتاج عقد 1950
أفلام درامية 1954
أفلام رومانسية درامية 1954
أفلام كلارك غيبل
أفلام مترو غلودن ماير
أفلام مصورة في هولندا
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1950

خيانة (فيلم 1954)


Biserica de lemn din Pieptani, comuna Câlnic, județul Gorj, datează din anul 1810. Are hramul "Sfântul Vasile". Biserica se află pe lista monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica a fost ridicată în anul 1810 de Tache Iorgănoiu din Peșteana-Vulcan, pe structura uneia mai vechi, din secolul XVII. Planul e cel tipic pentru bisericile de lemn: naos, la care se adaugă altarul, poligonal, cu cinci laturi; temelia e formată din două bârne, așezate direct pe pământ.

Lucrări importante de renovare au avut loc în anii 1881, 1912 (refăcând-o din ruine) și, ultima dată, în 2004 când i-a fost reînnoit acoperișul din șiță. Biserica a fost sfințită în data de 23 octombrie, anul 2005, de PS Gurie Gorjeanul, Episcop Vicar al Arhiepiscopiei Craiovei.

Bibliografie
Studii regionale

Vezi și
 Pieptani, Gorj

Note

Galerie de imagini

Legături externe
 CIMEC  Fișă de monument
Monumente istorice din România Fișă de monument

Biserici de lemn din Gorj
Monumente istorice din județul Gorj
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Vasile
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România

Biserica de lemn din Pieptani


Hamza Yerlikaya (3 Haziran 1976; Kadıköy, İstanbul), FILA tarafından "Asrın Güreşçisi" unvanı verilmiş Türk grekoromen güreşçi.

Eğitim ve iş hayatı
Aslen Sivaslı olan Hamza Yerlikaya, 3 Haziran 1976'da İstanbul'un Kadıköy ilçesinde doğdu. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Burdur Eğitim Fakültesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bölümünden mezun olan Yerlikaya, Sakarya Üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans eğitimini tamamladı.17 yaşında büyükler kategorisinde dünya şampiyonu olarak dönemin Dünya Güreş Federasyonu (FILA) tarafından 'Asrın Güreşçisi' unvanına layık görülen Hamza Yerlikaya, sporculuk kariyerinde büyükler kategorisinde 2 Olimpiyat, 3 Dünya ve 8 Avrupa şampiyonluğu kazandı.

17 yaşında büyükler kategorisinde dünya şampiyonu olarak dönemin Dünya Güreş Federasyonu (FILA) tarafından 'Asrın Güreşçisi' unvanına layık görülen Hamza Yerlikaya, sporculuk kariyerinde büyükler kategorisinde 2 Olimpiyat, 3 Dünya ve 8 Avrupa şampiyonluğu kazandı.

1996 yılında Atlanta Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda elde ettiği altın madalyanın ardından 1997 yılında kendisine Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Üstün Hizmet Madalyası verilen Yerlikaya, 2007 yılında spor hayatını noktaladı.

TCDD'de işçi (1993), Emlâk Bankası'nda (1998) ve İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nde (1999) memur, Gençlik Spor Genel Müdürlüğü'nde (2006) Müşavir olarak çalışmıştır. Ayrıca Gençlik ve Spor Bakan Yardımcısı ve Vakıfbank Yönetim Kurulu Başkan Yardımcısı görevlerinde yer aldı.

Güreş kariyeri
Babası Mustafa Yerlikaya da eski bir güreşçidir. İstanbul'a geldikten bir süre sonra maddi koşullardan dolayı güreşi bırakmak zorunda kalmış olan Mustafa Yerlikaya, çocuklarını güreşe yönlendirmiştir ve Hamza Yerlikaya'yı 1986 yılında güreşe başlatmıştır. Hamza Yerlikaya'nın katıldığı ilk uluslararası turnuva Kanada Québec'de yapılan 1991 Yıldızlar (16 yaş altı grubu) Dünya Şampiyonası'dır. Bu turnuvada dördüncülük elde etmiştir.

17 yaşındayken yaşının küçük olması nedeni ile 1993 Büyükler Türkiye Şampiyonası'na alınmamıştır. Ancak, aynı yıl Uluslararası Vehbi Emre Güreş Turnuvası'nda gösterdiği başarılı müsabakalar ile büyükler kategorisinde de millî takıma girebileceğinin ilk sinyallerini vermiştir.

1993 yılında İstanbul'da düzenlenen Büyükler Avrupa Şampiyonası'na katılması o dönemin Federasyon Başkanı Sadettin Tantan'ın isteği ile kabul edilmiştr. Bu turnuvada ikincilik başarısı kazanmıştır. Aynı yıl Stokholm'de düzenlenen 1993 Dünya Şampiyonasında Avrupa, Dünya ve Olimpiyat şampiyonu olmuş rakiplerini yenerek şampiyon olmuştur. Bu sonuç ile İstanbul'daki ikinciliğinin tesadüf olmadığını kanıtlamıştır. Uluslararası Güreş Federasyonları Birliği (FILA) modern güreşin tarihinde dünya minderlerinde ilk kez 17 yaşında bir güreşçinin şampiyon olduğunu açıklamış ve Hamza Yerlikaya'yı Asrın Güreşçisi unvanı ile ödüllendirmiştir. Yaşının küçük olması nedeni ile aynı yıl gençler, ümitler ve büyükler kategorisinde mücadelesine devam ederek başarılarına yenilerini eklemiştir.

1986-1996 yılları arasında ilk kulübü olan İstanbul Demirspor'da güreşmiştir. 1996-1997 yıllarında Ankara'da Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinde askerlik görevi devam ederken Türk askeri olarak sivil bir olimpiyatta altın madalya alarak Türk spor tarihinde bir ilke imza atmıştır. 1998-1999 yıllarında Emlakbank Kulübünde güreşmiştir. Bu başarılarına bir ödül olarak İstanbul Sultangazi'deki İstanbul'un en büyük spor komplekslerinden birine onun adı verilmiştir. Hamza Yerlikaya Spor Kompleksi'nde futbol, basketbol, güreşe ve daha birçok spor dalı gerçekleştirilmektedir.

Kariyer sonrası
Yerlikaya aktif sporculuğu bıraktıktan sonra 22 Ekim 2012 tarihinde yapılan seçimle Türkiye Güreş Federasyonu başkanlığına seçilmiştir. Bu görevinden 2015 milletvekili seçimleri öncesinde aynı yılın Şubat ayında istifa etmiştir. 10 Aralık 2015 tarihinde Cumhurbaşkanı başdanışmanı görevine getirilmiştir.

2020 yılında Vakıfbank yönetim kurulu üyesi oldu. 26 Mart 2021'de yönetim kurulu üyeliği görevinden ayrıldı.

Siyasi kariyeri
2007 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi listesinden memleketi Sivas'tan TBMM 23. dönem milletvekiliğine seçilmiştir.

21 Temmuz 2018'de Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından Gençlik ve Spor bakanı yardımcısı olarak atandı.

Başarıları
 1991 Kanada, Yıldızlar Greko-Romen stil 65 kg Dünya 4.
 1992 İstanbul, Yıldızlar Greko-Romen stil 76 kg Dünya 1.
 1992 Kolombiya, Gençler Greko-Romen stil 76 kg Dünya 2.
 1993 Aagde, Fransa, Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Akdeniz Oyunları 3.
 1993 Avusturya, Gençler Greko-Romen stil 81 kg Avrupa 1.
 1993 İstanbul da Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Avrupa 2.
 1993 Stokholm, İsveç Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Dünya 1.
 1994 Atina, Yunanistan Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Avrupa 5.
 1994 İstanbul, Türkiye Ümitler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Avrupa 1.
 1994 Budapeşte, Macaristan Gençler Greko-Romen stil 88 kg Dünya 1.
 1995 Besoncon, Fransa, Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Avrupa 7.
 1995 Prag, Çekoslovakya, Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Dünya 1.
 1995 İran, Ümitler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Dünya 3.
 1996 Budapeşte, MACARİSTAN, Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Avrupa 1.
 1996 Atlanta, ABD Olimpiyat Oyunları Greko-Romen stil 82 kg Olimpiyat 1.
 1997 Tahran, İran, Büyükler dünya kupası Greko-Romen stil 85 kg 1.
 1997 Kouvola, Finlandiya, Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Avrupa 1.
 1997 Bari, İtalya Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Akdeniz Oyunları 1.
 1997 Varşova, Polonya Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Dünya 2.
 1998 Gavle, İsveç Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Dünya 5.
 1998 Minsk, Belarus Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Avrupa 1.
 1999 Sofya, Bulgaristan Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Avrupa 1.
 1999 Malmö, İsveç Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 85 kg İsveç Cup.1.
 2000 Sydney, Olimpiyat Oyunları Greko-Romen stil 85 kg 1.
 2001 İstanbul, Türkiye Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 85 kg Avrupa 1.
 2002 Seinäjoki, Finlandiya Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 84 kg. Avrupa 1.
 2002 Kahire, Mısır Büyükler Greko-Romen stil 84 kg. Dünya 2.

Notlar

Kaynakça

1976 doğumlular
Türk erkek güreşçiler
TBMM 23. dönem Sivas milletvekilleri
Kadıköy doğumlular
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Türk sporcular
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
TBMM Millî Eğitim, Kültür, Gençlik ve Spor Komisyonu
Yaşayan insanlar
1996 Yaz Olimpiyatları güreşçileri
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları güreşçileri
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları güreşçileri
Türk Olimpiyat güreşçileri
Türkiye Cumhurbaşkanlığı başdanışmanları
Türkiye Güreş Federasyonu başkanları
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
1996 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları güreşçileri
Altın Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
Bronz Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
1993 Akdeniz Oyunları güreşçileri
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları güreşçileri
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı güreşçiler
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gençlik ve Spor Bakan Yardımcıları
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı güreşçiler
Avrupa Güreş Şampiyonası madalyalı güreşçiler
Dünya Güreş Şampiyonası madalyalı güreşçiler
Avrupa şampiyonu güreşçiler
Dünya güreş şampiyonları

Hamza Yerlikaya


Volpelleres (Vullpalleres en el proyecto constructivo) es una estación de ferrocarril suburbano de la línea Barcelona-Vallés de FGC. Se sitúa en el barrio de Volpelleres de San Cugat del Vallés.

Se inauguró el 5 de junio del 2010 con la previsión de que dé servicio a unos 850 000 pasajeros cada año. La inversión ha sido de unos 23,3 millones de euros, financiados con el excedente de la empresa pública de peajes Tabasa, que ha incluido la construcción de un aparcamiento enlace para 173 vehículos. Es la primera estación que se inaugura en la línea después de la construcción en los años 1980 los apeaderos de Hospital General y Universidad Autónoma. La estación tuvo en 2018 un número de 904 507 usuarios.

Situación ferroviaria
Está ubicada en el punto kilométrico 1,5 de la línea de ancho internacional del ramal de Sant Cugat a Sabadell. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado.

Historia
No forma parte de las estaciones originales de la línea. Las obras del trazado San Cugat- Sabadell corrieron a cargo de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Cataluña (FCC), constituida por Frederick Stark Pearson, que en 1912 había integrado a su predecesora, la Compañía del Ferrocarril Sarriá a Barcelona (FSB). Ésta a su vez adquirió a la que dio origen a la línea del Vallés, la Compañía del Ferrocarril de Barcelona a Sarriá (FBS), debido a la acumulación de deudas de esta última, en 1874.

En 1936, con el estallido de la Guerra Civil, la línea pasó a manos de colectivizaciones de obreros que se hicieron cargo de la infraestructura y la gestión de la línea. En 1939 fueron devueltas a sus propietarios antes de las colectivizaciones.

Cabe destacar que en 1941, con la nacionalización del ferrocarril en España, FCC, FSB y sus infraestructuras no pasaron a ser gestionadas por RENFE, debido a que la línea no era de ancho ibérico.

La Compañía del Ferrocarril de Sarriá a Barcelona (FSB), a partir de la década de 1970, empezó a sufrir problemas financieros debido a la inflación, el aumento de los gastos de explotación y tarifas obligadas sin ninguna compensación. En 1977 después de pedir subvenciones a diferentes instituciones, solicitó el rescate de la concesión de las líneas urbanas pero el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona denegó la petición y el 23 de mayo de 1977 se anunció la clausura de la red a partir del 20 de junio. El Gobierno evitó el cierre de la red de FSB otorgando por Real decreto la explotación y las líneas a Ferrocarriles de Vía Estrecha (FEVE) el 17 de junio de 1977, de forma provisional, mientras el Ministerio de Obras Públicas del Gobierno de España, la Diputación de Barcelona, la Corporación Metropolitana de Barcelona y la Ayuntamiento de Barcelona estudiaban el régimen de explotación de esta red. Debido a la indefinición se produjo una degradación del material e instalaciones, que en algún momento determinaron la paralización de la explotación.

Con la instauración de la Generalidad de Cataluña, el Gobierno de España traspasó a la Generalidad la gestión de las líneas explotadas por FEVE en Cataluña, gestionando así los Ferrocarriles de Cataluña a través del Departamento de Política Territorial y Obras Públicas (DPTOP) hasta que se creó en 1979 la empresa Ferrocarriles de la Generalidad de Cataluña (FGC), la cual integraba el 7 de noviembre de 1979 a su red estos ferrocarriles con la denominación Línea Cataluña y Sarriá.

Por último, la estación fue inaugurada por el presidente de la Generalidad, José Montilla Aguilera, el 5 de junio de 2010, sobre el tramo abierto al tráfico en el primer cuarto del . La estación se ha financiado parcialmente a través de los beneficios obtenidos de los peajes de los túneles de Vallvidrera por la empresa Tabasa.

La estación
Se encuentra en superficie, en el barrio de Volpelleres del municipio de San Cugat del Vallés y cuenta con las dos vías generales con andenes laterales de 120 metros de largo y 5 metros de ancho. Los andenes están cubiertos por marquesinas metálicas en gran parte de su longitud. La estación cuenta con dos edificios independientes de pasajeros de una sola planta, uno por cada andén. El andén de la vía 1 es el más cercano al largo enlace con la estación de Sant Cugat-Coll Favà  (730 metros a pie) y tiene una superficie de 453 m². Tiene acceso casi plano desde la calle Alfonso de Aragón y cuenta con un vestíbulo con máquinas automáticas de venta de billetes y barreras de control de accesos. Desde el edificio de la vía 1 también se encuentra el pasaje inferior que conecta con el otro y el otro edificio por medio de ascensores y escaleras, tanto mecánicas como fijas. El edificio en el andén de la vía 2 es similar al otro con 598 m², también tiene dos máquinas automáticas de venta de billetes y control de accesos y salida. A diferencia del otro edificio, el acceso desde la Plaza de la Vinya se realiza con escaleras fijas y una rampa situada en el interior del propio edificio. Además, en el edificio del andén 2 hay una sala de espera y un aseo de limpieza automatizado. Tanto en la Plaza de la Vinya como en la calle Alfonso de Aragón se puede hacer correspondencia con los autobuses urbanos de San Cugat. En el lado oeste de la estación, se ha construido un aparcamiento de enlace, con una capacidad de 173 plazas para coches (5 para personas con movilidad reducida), así como 9 plazas para motos y 10 bicicletas. El aparcamiento dispone de un punto de recarga para vehículos eléctricos y vigilancia con personal. Posteriormente, cuando la demanda lo requiera, está previsto construir un aparcamiento de segundo enlace en el lado este de la estación, más cerca de la estación de cercanías de Sant Cugat, con más de 250 plazas.

Servicios ferroviarios
El horario de la estación se puede descargar en el siguiente enlace. El plano de las líneas del Vallés en este enlace. El plano integrado de la red ferroviaria de Barcelona puede descargarse en este enlace.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Línea Barcelona-Vallés en la web de FGC.

Volpelleres

Estación de Volpelleres


Shigemi Kawamura (jap. , Kawamura Shigemi; * um 1960) ist eine ehemalige japanische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Shigemi Kawamura nahm 1983 an den Badminton-Weltmeisterschaften teil. Dort wurde sie sowohl im Einzel als auch im Mixed 17. Im gleichen Jahr siegte sie auch bei den German Open im Damendoppel und wurde Zweite bei den Swedish Open.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19830315.1.39.aspx
http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19830506.1.44.aspx

Badmintonspieler (Japan)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau
Japaner

Shigemi Kawamura


The historiography of the Ottoman Empire refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to develop a history of the Ottoman Dynasty's empire.

Scholars have long studied the Empire, looking at the causes for its formation (such as the Ghaza thesis), its relations to the Great Powers (such as Sick man of Europe) and other empires (such as Transformation of the Ottoman Empire), and the kinds of people who became imperialists or anti-imperialists (such as the Young Turks), together with their mindsets. The history of the breakdown of the Empire (such as Ottoman decline thesis) has attracted scholars of the histories of the Middle East (such as Partition of the Ottoman Empire), and Greece (Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire).

New Themes

Western understanding of the Ottoman History. Ottoman history has been rewritten for political and cultural advantage and speculative theories rife with inconsistent research, ahistorical assumptions and embedded biases. Partly because the archives are moderately new. The Ottoman Archives are a collection of historical sources related to the Ottoman Empire and a total of 39 nations whose territories one time or the other were part of this Empire, including 19 nations in the Middle East, 11 in the EU and Balkans, three in the Caucasus, two in Central Asia, Cyprus, as well as Palestine and the Republic of Turkey. Ottoman Bank Archives and Research Centre operated in the former Head Office of the Ottoman Bank

Regarding the Ottoman Industrial Revolution, Edward Clark said, Ottoman responses to this European economic challenge are relatively unknown, and even the extensive and costly Ottoman industrial efforts of the 1840s seemingly have been dismissed as the casual, if not comical games of disinterested bureaucrats... What were the nature and magnitude of these Ottoman responses? What were Ottoman objectives? What main factors contributed to their failures? What if any achievements resulted?

Establishment of the Empire

Osman's Dream is a mythological story relating to the life of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire. The story describes a dream experienced by Osman while staying in the home of a religious figure, Sheikh Edebali, in which he sees a metaphorical vision predicting the growth and prosperity of an empire to be ruled by him and his descendants. However there are other thesis addresses the question of how the Ottomans were able to expand from a small principality on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire into a centralized, intercontinental empire. According to the Ghaza thesis, the Ottomans accomplished this by attracting recruits to fight for them in the name of Islamic holy war against the non-believers. Such a warrior was known in Turkish as a ghazi, and thus this thesis sees the early Ottoman state as a "Ghazi State," defined by an ideology of holy war. The Ghaza Thesis dominated early Ottoman historiography throughout much of the twentieth century before coming under increasing criticism beginning in the 1980s. Historians now generally reject the Ghaza Thesis, and consequently the idea that Ottoman expansion was primarily fueled by holy war, but are conflicted with regard to what to replace it with.

Effect of nationalism

In seeking new identities and ideological foundations for their states, Arabs and Turks invoked ancient history: the Pharaohs, Kings of Babylon, and the Hittites of pre-Ottoman Anatolia. This could involve hostility and often vilification, not so much regarding specific Ottoman policies but more about state building processes. Doumani's study of the Arab region of Ottoman Palestine notes: "most Arab nationalists view the entire Ottoman era as a period of oppressive Turkish rule which stifled Arab culture and socioeconomic development and paved the way for European colonial control and the Zionist takeover of Palestine." The 19th- and early 20th-century literature written by Westerners bent on "discovering" the Holy Land—that is, reclaiming it from what they believed was a stagnant and declining Ottoman Empire—provided the intellectual foundation for this shared image.

Collapse of the Empire

Many twentieth-century scholars argued that power of the Ottoman Empire began waning after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566, and without the acquisition of significant new wealth the empire went into decline, a concept known as the Ottoman Decline Thesis. Since the late 1970s, however, historians increasingly came to question the idea of Ottoman decline, and now there is a consensus among academic historians that the Ottoman Empire did not decline.

See also

History of Turkey
Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate

Bibliography

Book

Journal articles
 - Multiple book reviews

References

Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

sl:Propad Otomanskega cesarstva
fi:Osmanien valtakunnan rappeutuminen ja mureneminen

Historiography of the Ottoman Empire


بلدية فيانويفا دي غوميث (بالإسبانية: Villanueva de Gómez) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية فيانويفا دي غوميث 144 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية فيانويفا دي غوميث

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

فيانويفا دي غوميث


L'Association Sportive Montpensier (en ), plus couramment abrégé en AS Montponsier, est un club algérien de football fondé en 1914, situé dans le quartier de Montpensier a la ville d'Alger.

Il évoluait au Stade Municipal d'Alger.

Histoire

L'Association Sportive Montpensier est créée en 1914 dans le quartier de Montpensier de la ville d'Alger, par des colons européens qui étaient des amateurs de sport et de football.

Palmarès

Section football

Classement en championnat d'Alger par année

 1920-21 : Division d'honneur,
 1921-22 : Division d'honneur,
 1922-23 : Division d'honneur,
 1923-24 :
 1924-25 :
 1925-26 :
 1926-27 :
 1927-28 :
 1928-29 :
 1929-30 :
 1930-31 :
 1931-32 :
 1932-33 :
 1933-34 :  Division,
 1934-35 :
 1935-36 :  Division,
 1936-37 :  Division,
 1937-38 :  Division,
 1938-39 :  Division,
 1939-40 :
 1940-41 :
 1941-42 :  Division,
 1942-43 :
 1943-44 :
 1944-45 :
 1945-46 :
 1946-47 :  Division,
 1947-48  :  Division ,
 1948-49 :
 1949-50 :  Division Groupe I,
 1950-51 :  Division Groupe I,
 1951-52 :  Division Groupe III,
 1952-53 :
 1953-54 :
 1954-55 :
 1955-56 :
 1956-57 :
 1957-58 :
 1958-59 :
 1959-60 :
 1960-61 :
 1961-62 :

Personnalités du club

Président du club

Anciens joueurs du club
Quelques joueurs qui ont marqué l'histoire du AS Montpensier.

Section Water-polo

 32 fois champions d'AFN de Water-polo; 16 fois finaliste du championnat de France; 4 fois second ; 5 fois champions d'AFN de Natation ; 5 coupes de Noël ; 5 coupes de Pâques ; 4 taraversée du Port ;  3 challenge Paul

Références

Liens externes

Club de football fondé en 1914
Club de football disparu en 1962
Club omnisports en Algérie
Club de football disparu en Algérie

Association sportive Montpensier


Ralph Rupe Netu este un film american de animație produs de Walt Disney Animation Studios  și distribuit de Walt Disney Pictures, fiind totodată al 58-lea film de lung-metraj realizat de companie. Este al doilea film al francizei Ralph Strică Tot, și continuarea eponimă a primului film din anul 2012. Regia filmului îi revine lui Rich Moore și lui Phil Johnston, iar scenariul este realizat de Pamela Ribon și Johnston Ribon. De asemenea, producătorii executiv sunt John Lasseter, Chris Williams, Jennifer Lee.

Jenifer Lee îl înlocuiește pe John Lasseter conform deciziei unilaterale a Walt Disney Animation Studios. . Filmul reunește vocile unor actori celebrii: John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, și Ed O'Neill ce revin în rolurile ce i-au consacrat, iar Alan Tudyk își va împrumuta vocea unui nou personaj, iar noile celebrități ce se alătură distribuției sunt: Gal Gadot, Taraji P. Henson și Alfred Molina. Filmul îi este dedicat cunoscutului autor și creator de benzi desenate Stan Lee, care a decedat înainte de lansarea propriu-zisă a peliculei, având un rol special în film.

Cu privire la continuarea unei ecranizări a mult aplaudatului Ralph Strică-Tot, conform surselor, la începutul lunii octombrie 2012, oficialii companiei au specificat că au fost realizate diferite scenarii, dar că deznodământul filmului nu era stabilit la acea vreme. Premiera inițială a filmului a fost în iunie 2016, iar o parte a distribuției a fost anunțată; ceilalți actori au fost anunțați în anul 2018. Este, astfel, a doua continuare a unui lung-metraj de animație de la Disney, de la premiera
Fantezia 2000, care a fost continuarea peliculei din anul 1940, Fantezia

În varianta în engleză YouTuber-ul DanTDM a avut rolul lui Ralph.Ralph Breaks the Internet / Ralph Rupe Netu''' are premiera mondială la  El Capitan Theatre în Los Angeles pe 5 noiembrie 2018, fiind lansat în Statele Unite pe 21 noiembrie 2018. Filmul a primit recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor, care îl consideră un succesor de seamă al primei pelicule, lăudând așadar umorul, personajele, povestea, animația, și interpretările personajelor Reilly și Silverman.

În varianta dublată vloggerul  Bibi și prezentatorul Cosmin Seleși dublează vocile Șefei și lui Felix Repară Tot.

Distribuție
John C. Reilly - Ralph Strică-Tot.
Sarah Silverman - Vanilina von Schweetz.
Jack McBrayer - Felix Repară-Tot.
Jane Lynch - Sergentul Tamora Jean Calhoun.
Gal Gadot - Shank.
Taraji P. Henson - Yesss.
Alfred Molina - Double Dan.
Alan Tudyk - KnowsMore. Tudyk a interpretat vocea Regelui Bomboanelor in Wreck-It Ralph.
Ed O'Neill - Dl. Stan Litwak.
Flula Borg - Maybe.
Hamish Blake - Pyro.
Ali Wong - Felony.
GloZell Green - Little Debbie.
Timothy Simons - Butcher Boy.
Ana Ortiz - Ballet Mom

Toate Prințesele Disney apar în cadrul peliculei, including: Jennifer Hale as Cinderella, Kate Higgins - Aurora, Jodi Benson - Ariel, Paige O'Hara - Belle, Linda Larkin -Jasmine, Irene Bedard - Pocahontas, Ming-Na Wen - Mulan, Anika Noni Rose -Tiana, Mandy Moore - Rapunzel, și Kelly Macdonald -  MeridaMerida, all of whom reprise their roles from previous films and other media. De asemenea sunt prezente și următoarele prințese Disney: Kristen Bell - Anna, Idina Menzel - Elsa, și Auliʻi Cravalho - Vaiana, while screenwriter Pamela Ribon will voice Snow White.

Totodată, Roger Craig Smith îl va interpreta pe Sonic,. Colleen Ballinger, Dani Fernandez, Ravi Fuad and Tiffany Herrera se interpretează ei înșiși ca apariții vedetă a filmului. Tim Allen, Anthony Daniels, Vin Diesel, Michael Giacchino, Brad Garrett, și Corey Burton vor interpreta vocile unor personaje epocale, recunoscute în universul Disney: Buzz Lightyear, C-3PO, Baby Groot, Stormtrooper (FN-3181, Aiurel, și Morocănosul, unul dintre Cei 7 pitici.

Referințe

Citări

Legături externe

Filme din 2018
Filme 3D
Filme de animație americane
Filme în limba engleză

Ralph Rupe Netu'


Bailarina é uma escultura em bronze concebida no ano de 1920 pelo escultor ítalo-brasileiro Victor Brecheret.

Obra
A obra Bailarina trata-se de uma escultura trabalhada em bronze fundido, concebida no ano de 1920 por Victor Brecheret, importante escultor ítalo-brasileiro. De dimensões de 70 x 60 x 30 cm, a obra refere-se a delicadeza e a sutileza das bailarinas e dos artistas. Na década de 1920, Brecheret morava em Paris, capital da França e trabalhava com artistas como Antoine Bourdelle, buscando representar a beleza do mundo no mundo das artes.

Sandra Brecheret Pellegrini, filha de Victor, realizou uma doação para a Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil presenteando a casa legislativa brasileira ao acervo artístico da instituição de Estado. Após o processo de doação, a obra passou a integrar o Acervo da Câmara dos Deputados e passou a ser exposta nos corredores da instituição.

Vandalismo

Em 8 de janeiro de 2023, durante a invasão golpista realizada por bolsonaristas aos órgãos de Estado brasileiro, o Congresso ficou exposto aos terroristas que buscavam incitar um golpe de Estado no Brasil. Durante a invasão, obras de artes como As Mulatas de Di Cavalcanti e Araguaia de Marianne Peretti foram danificadas. Durante a invasão de teor golpista, a obra Bailarina desapareceu do acervo da Câmara, tendo sido levantada a hipótese de que a obra tenha sido furtada pelos bolsonaristas.

No dia seguinte, em meio a limpeza inicial na câmara promovida por servidores do Congresso, a obra foi encontrada no chão na Câmara dos Deputados, após os golpistas terem a tirado de seu pedestal. Em entrevista ao jornal carioca O Globo, Sandra Brecheret, classificou como  "cafajestada" o vandalismo da obra e afirmou que Bailarina poderá ser restaurada apesar dos amassados e arranhões. Ela voltou a ser exibida na Câmara dos Deputados no dia 11 de janeiro.

Esculturas de 1920
Esculturas de bronze
Esculturas do século XX
Esculturas do Brasil
Fundações no Brasil em 1920
Obras de Victor Brecheret
Obras de arte vandalizadas durante as invasões na Praça dos Três Poderes em 2023

Bailarina (escultura)


Severodvinsk (; ) is a city in the north of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located in the delta of the Northern Dvina,  west of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2021 Census, the population was 157,213. Due to the presence of important military shipyards (specialising in submarines since the Soviet period), Severodvinsk is an access-restricted town for foreign citizens. A special permit is required.

It was previously known as Sudostroy (until 1938), and Molotovsk (until 1957).

History

Pre-20th century
Vikings explored the territories around the North Dvina River - part of Bjarmaland - at the start of the second millennium. British and Norman ships came to these places for mining, fur and fishing before the 13th century, but later the climate became colder and access to the northern seas became closed.

The historical records first mention the settlement on the site of modern Severodvinsk in 1419, when the Swedes sailed into the bay and burnt down the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery that stood by the shore during the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars. Tradition states that Saint Euphemius, an Orthodox missionary in Karelia, founded this monastery. The abbey stood in ruins until 1471, when two sons of Marfa Boretskaya died in a vicious storm; their bodies were recovered on the beach near the monastery twelve days later. At the urging of Boretskaya, the monastery was restored and her sons were buried there.

On August 24, 1553, a ship of Richard Chancellor reached the salt-mining settlement of Nyonoksa, which is still famous for its traditional wooden architecture. The British sailors visited the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery, where they were surprised to find a community of "sailors in soutanes (cassocks)" and a pier large enough to accommodate several ships. The main church of this extraordinary establishment was dedicated to Saint Nicholas, the holy patron of sailors; hence, the whole White Sea became known in 16th-century English maps as "St. Nicholas Bay". In late 1613, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds, the Lisowczycy, captured and looted Severodvinsk with the monastery.

The Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery flourished after the establishment of the Muscovy Company, as the bulk of their trade passed through the local harbor. In August 1618 the harbour was visited by John Tradescant the elder, who conducted a survey of an island situated opposite the monastery. This island became known to the British as "Rose Island", because it was there that Tradescant found an exceedingly rare plant which he named "Rosa moscovita" (which is now known as Rosa acicularis) and brought back to London.

The surviving buildings of the monastery were constructed at the close of the Muscovite period. The five-domed cathedral of St. Nicholas was built between 1670 and 1674, preceded by the Assumption church (1664–1667), to which it is joined by a gallery. Several decades later, the walls and towers were built of timber; the Soviets transported the best-preserved of these towers to Kolomenskoye, Moscow, where it still remains.

Modern city
Severodvinsk is the second-largest city in Arkhangelsk Oblast. Its main industry remains defense-related — the construction and repair of submarines at the huge Northern Machine-building Enterprise SEVMASH (Северное Машиностроительное Предприятие-СЕВМАШ). The Soviet Union's first nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol was built here in 1957. At the beginning of the 1980s the world's largest submarine, a Typhoon class, was also built here, later recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.

The modern city of Severodvinsk developed in the Soviet period. As it began to be built it was called Sudostroy ( - "Boat-build"). It received town status in 1938 and until 1957 was named Molotovsk (), after Vyacheslav Molotov. On September 12, 1957 it was renamed Severodvinsk (meaning "Northern Dvina town").

During World War II a significant portion of the materials delivered by the Arctic Convoys to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk for the Soviet Union were unloaded in Severodvinsk. For example, the Empire Elgar, a British heavy lift ship that arrived in Arkhangelsk with convoy PQ 16 and subsequently spent eight weeks unloading ships from the ill-fated convoy PQ 17.

A Russian naval-base supports the sea trials of nuclear submarines from the major submarine construction- (64.5817 N, 39.8307 E) and repair-facilities located in the area. In Soviet times the 17th-century buildings of the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery, located on the territory of the shipyard, were adapted and used for shipbuilding purposes.  In recent years the monastery buildings, specifically the main church, have been restored and re-consecrated.  Church-goers attending services have to be shipyard workers or able to obtain a pass to enter the church portion of the shipyard.

Severodvinsk is an access-restricted town for foreign citizens. A special pass is required.

On 8 August 2019 a nuclear accident took place on Russian Navy's Central Missile Range in Nyonoksa, 30 km to the west from Severodvinsk.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eleven rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk is incorporated as Severodvinsk Urban Okrug.

Demographics
Population:

From 1950 until 1990, high-tech industries generated demand for a considerable quantity of suitably qualified experts and workers which prompted growth in population. Since 1992, the population has declined due to economic crises and unemployment that has provoked significant migration from the city.

Geography

Location
The city is located near the Nikolsky mouth of the Northern Dvina at its confluence with the White Sea, 35 km northwest of Arkhangelsk, administrative centre of the region.

The area of Severodvinsk Urban Okrug, which includes the city of Severodvinsk and nearby rural settlements, is , which is more than the area of Moscow within the MKAD. It is due to the fact that in addition to the city of Severodvinsk a large forest area with its settlements (villages and dachas) to the south and west of the city is included in the boundaries of Severodvinsk Urban Okrug itself. The area of the city within the city limits is .

The city is located at a latitude of 64°34′N, which means that it is possible to observe the northern lights.

Climate
Climate in Severodvinsk is subarctic according to the Köppen climate classification. Summers are cool and winters are very cold. The average winter temperature is lower than in the central, southern and even some northern (such as Saint-Petersburg) regions of the European part of Russia. In december the Sun rises after 9 am and sets before 4 pm. But from May 17 to July 27 white nights are observed in the city.

Economy

Industry

The main role of the city has been, and remains, the production and repair of submarines and military ships. During the Cold War, the city prospered, but with the decline and break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War the city has declined. The city's large military enterprises have survived the economic crises of the 1990s and have adjusted to new economic conditions. Severodvinsk now has the largest shipbuilding yard in Russia for large ships (tankers, cargo ships).

Large and military factories
"SevMash"() or Northern Machine-building Enterprise ()
core line of business is the construction and repair of submarines and other naval ships, as well as civilian vessels and oil platforms
"Zvezdochka" ( ("Starlet"))
Repair of submarines, military and civil ships, construction of oil platforms and faceting of diamonds.
"Severny Reyd" (("Northern Raid"))
Manufacture of marine equipment.
"Arktika" ( ("Arctic"))
Manufacture of automated equipment.

Transportation
Severodvinsk is the terminal station of a railway line which splits off at Isakogorka station from the line connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk.

The Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway in 2010 has appeared in Forbes ranking, of 10 most beautiful railway routes of the world.

Sport
Sport teams representing Severodvinsk in city, regional and all-Russian competitions:
"Sevmash" (also represents Northern Machine-building Enterprise) - football, futsal, ice hockey, bandy, volleyball, floorball;
"Zvezdochka" (also represents "Zvezdochka" enterprise) - football, futsal, hockey, volleyball;
"Sever" - bandy.

Social sphere

Education

There are 32 middle schools of general education in Severodvinsk, including special schools for orphans and handicapped children; two musical schools and two art schools.

Secondary vocational education institutions
Technical College (part of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University since 2011)
Technical School of Construction, Design and Technology
Technical School of Shipbuilding and Engineering
Technical School of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair
Technical School of Social Infrastructure
Technical School of Wiring and Communication
College of Management and Information Technology
Branch of Arkhangelsk Medical College

Higher education institutions
The city hosts branches of the following institutions:
Northern (Arctic) Federal University (including Institute of Shipbuilding and Maritime Arctic Engineering (ISMART) and Institute of Humanities)
International Institute of Management (Arkhangelsk)
Moscow Modern Humanitarian Academy
Northwest Academy of the State Service (St. Petersburg)

Monuments

There are nearly twenty monuments and memorial complexes in the city, including:
a monument honoring the city founders on Pashaeva Square (a 30-meter sculpture);
a monument to the renowned Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, who was born in the region. One of the city's central streets is named after him;
two monuments to Vladimir Lenin;
the city gate, on the road from Arkhangelsk;
a monument to the home front workers of World War II;
military memorial complex on Yagry island which includes monument to World War II participants "The Grieving Motherland", monuments to the victims of the Kursk submarine disaster and the liquidators of the Chernobyl disaster.

Cultural heritage

Fifteen objects in Severodvinsk are protected as cultural heritage monuments In particular, the Nyonokotsky Pogost in the village of Nyonoksa is protected as an architecture monument on the federal level. This is one of the few surviving triple wooden church ensembles, consisting of two churches (a bigger, not heated, church used in the summer, a smaller, heated church used in the winter) and a bell-tower. Nyonoksa was also notable for salt production.

In addition, the wooden Church Resurrection of Christ, currently located on Yagry Island in the northern part of Severodvinsk, was relocated there in 1990s and was the first religious building open in the city. The church was built in the end of 19th century in the village of Solza about  from Severodvinsk.

The stone church of St. Nicholas is located in the eastern portion of the SEVMASH Shipyard.  The church building is the last remnant of the Svyato-Nikolskoye Monastery which served as the gateway to the pilgrimage monastery on the Solovetskiy Islands from the 15th century.

City in culture
K-19: The Widowmaker
Nuclear underwater epic, film of Discovery Channel
Documentary film of Alexandr Ipatov, "Severodvinsk, a bird's-eye view" (Russian "Северодвинск, вид с высоты птичьего полёта")
Seven Days, Season 1, Episode 13, "Last Breath"

Notable people
Polina Agafonova, Russian figure skater, was born in Severodvinsk in 1996.
Svetlana Klyukina, Russian artistic gymnast and a member of Russian Olympic team on 2008 Summer Olympics, was born in Severodvinsk in 1989.
Marina Prusakova, widow of Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of US President John F. Kennedy in 1963, was born in Molotovsk in 1941.
Olga Rukavishnikova, Soviet athlete who mainly competed in the women's pentathlon event during her career, was born in Molotovsk in 1955.
Mikhail Suprun, Russian historian and professor of the Pomor State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, was born in Molotovsk in 1955.
Maria Kursova, professional chess player representing Armenia

Twin towns and sister cities

Severodvinsk is twinned with:
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States
 Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast, Russia
 Mazyr, Belarus
 Sumy, Ukraine
 Tiraspol, Transnistria

References

Notes

Sources

External links
 Official website of Severodvinsk
 Unofficial website of Severodvinsk
 History of the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery

Cities and towns in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Severodvinsk Urban Okrug
White Sea
Port cities and towns in Russia
Russian and Soviet Navy bases
Arctic convoys of World War II

Severodvinsk


Haiphong (, ), or Hải Phòng, is the third-largest city in Vietnam. An industrial city, Haiphong is located at the mouth of the Cấm River in northern Vietnam and population is about 2.389 million people as of 2022. Haiphong is the center of technology, economy, culture, medicine, education, science and trade in the Red River Delta. In the past, Haiphong was the first place with electricity in Vietnam.

Haiphong was founded in 1887 as a major seaport city of Vietnam. In 1888, the president of the French Third Republic, Sadi Carnot, promulgated a decree to establish Haiphong. From 1954 to 1975, Haiphong served as the most important maritime city of North Vietnam, and it became one of direct-controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam with Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 1976.

Haiphong has a Human Development Index of 0.782 (high), ranking fourth among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.

History

Dynastic Vietnam
Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the Trưng Sisters who rose against Chinese domination in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Lê Chân was known to have established a place called Hải tần Phòng thủ (Frequent Defence sea port) during the war against general Ma Yuan of the Han dynasty.
Centuries later under the reign of Nguyễn Emperor Tự Đức, the area earned the appellation: Hải-Dương thương-chính quan-phòng ("The trading defensive area of Hải Dương Province").

By the 19th century, at the end of Tự Đức's reign, the Hang Kenh Communal House in what is now the city's Le Chan District was made the administrative seat of An Dương District, restoring its regional importance. The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.

At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a typhoon ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve as Indochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades.

Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Vietnam War

Following the defeat of Japan in World War II, Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against French return. French forces landed in Haiphong and encountered resistance which resulted in the deaths of three French soldiers. In retaliation, the French ships, among them the cruiser Suffren, shelled the city, setting it ablaze and precipitating the First Indochina War. French infantry forces under the command of Jean-Étienne Valluy entered the city, fighting house to house with the support of armored units and airplanes.

Late in the Vietnam War, Haiphong was subjected to heavy bombing by US Navy and Air Force strike aircraft because it was North Vietnam's only major port. U.S. Admiral Thomas H. Moorer ordered the mining of Haiphong harbor on 8 May 1972, effectively sealing the port. Until it was lifted, the mining caused no casualty. Despite being targeted, the physical structure of the city was mostly unaffected by the war as the US had a self-imposed prohibition zone for the city. After the war, the city recovered its role as a significant industrial center.

Geography

Haiphong is a coastal city located at the mouth of the Cấm River, in Vietnam's north-eastern coastal area,  east of Hanoi. The Bính Bridge crosses the Cam and connects the city with Thủy Nguyên District.  It has a total natural area of  (2001). It borders Quảng Ninh Province to the north, Hải Dương Province to the west, Thái Bình Province to the south, and the Gulf of Tonkin to the east. Bach Long Vi island, Cat Ba Island and the Long Châu islands, located in the Gulf, are also administered as part of the city. Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture or development purposes.

Climate
Haiphong features a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and warm, dry winters. The city is noticeably wetter from April through October; roughly 90% of the city's annual rainfall (which totals approximately ) typically falls during these months. There is a noticeable difference in temperatures between the city's winters and summers. Haiphong's coolest months, January and February, sees average high temperatures reach  and average low temperatures at around . Its warmest months, June and July, sees average high temperatures hover around  and average low temperatures at around . Sea temperatures range from a low of  in February to a high of  during the months of July and August.

Administrative divisions

Haiphong is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:

They are further subdivided into 10 commune-level towns (or townlets), 148 communes, and 72 wards.

Table of local government districts

Economy
Haiphong is a major economic center of the North in particular and Vietnam in general both. Under French domination, Haiphong was level 1 city, equal to Saigon and Hanoi. The last years of the 19th century, the French had proposed to build Haiphong into the economic capital of Indochina.
Today, Haiphong is still one of the most important economic centers of Vietnam. In 2009, Haiphong state budget revenue reached 34,000 billion Vnd. In 2011, budget revenues in the city reached 47,725 billion, increase 19% compared to 2010. In 2015, total revenues of the city reached 56 288 billion. Government plans that to 2020, Haiphong's revenues will be over 80,000 billion and the domestic revenue reach 20.000 billion. In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2013 of Vietnam, Haiphong city ranked at No. 15/63 provinces.
Haiphong has relationship of trading goods with more than 40 countries and territories around the world. Haiphong is striving to become one of the largest commercial centers of the country.

Industry
Industry is a key sector in Haiphong including food processing, light industries and heavy industries. Major products include fish sauce, beer, cigarettes, textiles, paper, plastic pipes, cement, iron, pharmaceuticals, electric fans, motorbikes, steel pipes and ships and out-sourcing software implementation. Most of these industries have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007, with the exceptions of the cigarette and pharmaceutical industries. Shipbuilding, steel pipes, plastic pipes and textiles are among the industries with the most rapid growth.

There are also growing industries supplying products used by existing industries in the city. PetroVietnam set up a joint-venture PVTex with textile manufacturer Vinatex to build Vietnam's first polyester fiber plant in Haiphong. The factory will use by-products from oil-refining and reduce reliance on imported materials. 270,600 people were employed in Haiphong's industry. 112,600 industrial jobs were created between 2000 and 2007.

Agriculture, forestry and fishery

Despite its status as a city, around one third of Haiphong's area or 52,300 ha (as of 2007) are used for agriculture. Rice is the most important crop, taking up around 80% of the agricultural land with an output of 463,100 tons in 2007. Other agricultural products include maize, sugar and peanuts.

Haiphong has a relatively large fishing sector with an output of 79,705 tons (2007). Gross output has almost doubled between 2000 and 2007, mostly due to fast growth in aquaculture, which made up 60% of gross output in 2007. Despite its coastal location, sea fish contribute relatively little to the sector (around one fourth). Nam Định Province and Thái Bình Province have much larger fishing sectors and even the inland Hải Dương Province has a larger gross output from fishing than Haiphong.

As of 2007, 315,500 were employed in agriculture and fishery, a significant decrease from 396,300 in 2000. However, these sectors still account for almost a third of total employment in Haiphong, a larger share than industry. However, gross output in both agriculture and fishery have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007.

Demographics

Haiphong is the third most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of 2.103.500 for the metropolitan area (2015), encompassing an area of ,  46,1 % of population reside in the urban districts. The gender distribution is half female (50.4%).

Population growth
As of the 2009 census, Haiphong's average annual population growth rate was given as 4.0%. Haiphong's crude birth rate was recorded at 18.1 live births per 1000 persons vs the crude death rate of 7.6 per 1000 persons. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.1 years for women and 72.0 years for men, or 74.5 years overall. Infant mortality rate was measured at 11.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, just over two points above the nation's average for urban areas. In the same census, the city's out-migration was 1.9% vs in-migration of 2.8% and, for a net migration rate of 0.9%.

Education
 Haiphong Maritime High School
 Hai Phong Medical University
 Hai Phong University

 Vietnam Maritime University

Transport

Roads

Haiphong is located at the junction of two National Highways: Route 5, leading west to Hanoi, and Route 10, leading south to Nam Định and onward to connect with National Route 1 at Ninh Bình. Highway 356 passes west–east from the Route 5/10 junction through Haiphong's city center all the way to the coast. A connecting road from route 5 to route 18 links Haiphong with Quảng Ninh Province. In 2015, the new highway connecting Haiphong with Hanoi was completed; this is the most modern highway in Vietnam and reduces the trip by one hour as compared to the previous route.

Within the city there are several long-distance bus depots:  Niem Nghia, Vinh Niem, Thuong Ly.

A new highway route was completed last year 2016 to make the transfer faster and easier. From Hanoi to Haiphong and back, it takes less than 2 hours to reach not so long as 3 hours as before. Also shorten the distance from Haiphong to Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen.

Tourists can easily catch a coach from Niem Nghia bus station to Hanoi or Cat Ba island, either Quang Ninh, or South of Vietnam.

Airports

The main airport serving Haiphong is Cat Bi International Airport with three flights daily to Ho Chi Minh city. In April 2011, Vietnam Airlines launched routes to Da Nang with 5 flights a week. An international airport for Haiphong, situated in Tien Lang district, is in the planning stages; if realized it would become the largest airport in northern Vietnam.

Seaports

Haiphong port is one of the largest ports in Vietnam and south-east Asia as a whole. The Port of Haiphong on the Cấm River is divided into three main docks: Hoang Dieu (Central terminal) located near the city's center, Chua Ve, and Dinh Vu both farther downstream to the east. Several ferry terminals connect Haiphong with the neighboring Cát Hải and Cát Bà Islands; Ben Binh Ferry terminal is located near the city center while Dinh Vu Ferry is located on a spit of land on the coast. The government had approved the plans to build an international port in Lach Huyen – 15 kilometers from the current port. Once completed this will be one of the deepest port in Vietnam with draft of 14m, capable of receiving ships up to 100.000 DWT.

Railway

Hai Phong Railway Station built in 1902 is the eastern terminus of the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, also known as the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway. Built at by the French during their occupation, the railway once connected Haiphong to the city of Kunming in Yunnan, China, although service along the Chinese portion of the line is currently suspended. Rail travel from Haiphong with connections to the rest of the Vietnamese railway network is via Hanoi.

There are daily passenger trains starting at 6AM until 6PM from Hai Phong city to the capital Hanoi and back. The journey to Hanoi takes approximately 3 hours, as does the return trip.

Cuisine

Hai Phong cuisine is known throughout Vietnam for seafood dishes. Seafood restaurants in the Do Son area are known for having very fresh and affordable shrimp, crab, fish, and squid. The style of seafood processing in Hai Phong follows a simple style, emphasizing the essence and freshness of ingredients themselves as opposed to the seasoning.

Dishes such as bánh đa cua (red noodle soup with crab), bún cá (fish rice noodle soup), bánh mỳ que cay (spicy stick-bread), cơm cháy hải sản (crispy rice cracker with seafood), nem cua bể (square crab spring rolls) are notable and popular dishes. These dishes can be found on the streets of other places like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, but enjoying them on the Red Phoenix Flower City (the other name of Haiphong City) is still the most ideal because of the choice of raw ingredients and cooking secrets of local chefs. Hai Phong cuisine has been promoted to Europe at the Brest Maritime Festival 2008 (France) and resonated greatly.

In addition, Hai Phong also has many other dishes such as mantis shrimp hot pot, bean sprouts salad, sủi dìn, bánh bèo (Haiphong's version, which is different from Hue's version).

Notable people
 Mạc Đăng Dung (1483–1541) king of Đại Việt country, the founder of the Mạc dynasty
 Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (1491–1585) thinker, poet, prophet, Cao Dai religion saint
 Mai Trung Thu (1906–80) painter
 Văn Cao (1923–95) musician, poet, painter and composer of the national anthem of Vietnam Tiến Quân Ca
 Ngọc Sơn (born 1970) singer, songwriter
 Trà Giang (born 1942) film actress (born in Quảng Ngãi Province, grew up and schooled in Haiphong)
 Wong Kwok-hing (born 1949) Hong Kong trade unionist and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (2004-2016)
 Phan Thị Hà Thanh (born 1991) artistic gymnast, first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam gymnastics (2011)
 Thu Phương (born 1972) famous pop singer and Haiphong native; she now lives in the U.S.

Twin towns – sister cities

 Da Nang, Vietnam
 Incheon, South Korea
 Kitakyushu, Japan
 Livorno, Italy
 Nanning, China
 Saint Petersburg, Russia
 Seattle, United States
 Tianjin, China

Gallery

See also
 List of East Asian ports
 Haiphong Road

References

Notes

External links

 Official Website of Haiphong City
 Official Website of Haiphong Tourism.
 History of Haiphong Vietnam: DanDuongDi Review- interactive Google Map with specific sites and historic views of the city from French colonial times.

Populated places in Haiphong
Hong River Delta
Gulf of Tonkin
Port cities in Vietnam
Cities in Vietnam

Haiphong


Iraca es el nombre genérico de las hierbas alimenticias dado por indígenas precolombinos del Caribe y tierra firme de Colombia a la llegada de los conquistadores españoles en el .

Don Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, en su Historia general y natural de las Indias (1535 - 1557), dice:

Referencias

Historia precolombina de Colombia

Iraca (etno-botánica)


An Zygosepalum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Zygosepalum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zygosepalum

Zygosepalum


1998-99 කොකාකෝලා ශූරයන්ගේ කුසලානය යනු 1998 නොවැම්බර් 6 සිට 13 දක්වා එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යයේ සාජා හි පැවති තුන්කොන් එක්දින ක්‍රිකට්  එයට ඉන්දියාවේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ හි ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම් ඇතුළත් විය. එහි නිල අනුග්‍රහකයා වූයේ කොකාකෝලා ය . අවසන් තරඟයේදී සිම්බාබ්වේ පරාජය කළ ඉන්දියාව මෙම තරඟාවලිය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.

ප්‍රසාද ලකුණු වගුව

කණ්ඩායම් අදියර

1 වන එක්දින තරගය

2 වන එක්දින තරගය

3 වන එක්දින තරගය

4 වන එක්දින තරගය

5 වන එක්දින තරගය

6 වන එක්දින තරගය

අවසාන තරගය

යොමුව

ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

කොකා-කෝලා කුසලානය 1998


NGC 6957 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Dupinu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6957
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6957 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6957  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6950 - 6999

6957

NGC 6957


Yapılandırmacılık ya da İnşacılık'ın (Konstrüktivizm'in) farklı kullanımları mevcuttur:

 Konstrüktivizm (sanat) : Rusya'da 1914 ilerleyen sanatsal akım
 İnşacılık : Uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden birisidir.
 Konstrüktivizm (matematik) : Matematiksel kanıtlamalarının görünümü
 Konstrüktivizm (mimarlık): Mimarlık akımı
 Konstrüktivizm (öğrenme teorisi)
 Konstrüktivist epistemoloji : Psikolojik görünümü

Konstrüktivizm


L'Independence Stadium, également connu sous le nom de Gambia Banjul Football-Stadium, est un stade omnisports gambien (servant principalement pour le football) situé dans la ville de Bakau.

Le stade, doté d'une capacité de  places et inauguré en , sert de domicile pour l'équipe de Gambie de football, ainsi que pour l'équipe de football du Wallidan Football Club.

Le stade sert aussi pour des concerts (Youssou N'Dour y a donné un concert géant), meetings politiques et célebrations nationales.

Histoire

Le stade ouvre ses portes en , pour un coût total de construction de 29 millions $. Il est inauguré le  lors d'un match nul 1-1 entre le Hawks FC et les Starlight Gunners.

Le , des chefs d'État et des dignitaires de plusieurs nations africaines et le premier ministre taïwanais Yu Shyi-kun assistent à un grand défilé pour marquer le 10 anniversaire de l'accession au pouvoir du président Yahya Jammeh.

Lifeline Expedition
En , Andrew Hawkins (un descendant du premier marchand anglais d'esclaves, Sir John Hawkins) et 20 membres de l'organisation caritative chrétienne Lifeline Expedition se sont agenouillés au milieu du stade enchaînés devant 25 000 personnes pour demander pardon pour l'implication de son ancêtre dans la traite des esclaves.

La vice-présidente Isatou Njie-Saidy lève symboliquement les chaînes dans un esprit de réconciliation et de pardon.

Événements

Galerie

Notes et références

Équipement sportif achevé en 1984
Stade multifonction en Gambie
Stade de football en Gambie
Stade d'athlétisme en Gambie
Salle de concert en Gambie

Independence Stadium (Bakau)


Olaylar
 622 - Muhammed ve beraberindeki ilk Müslümanlar, Mekke'den Medine'ye hicret ettiler. Bu olay Hicrî takvimin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmiştir.
 1212 - Las Navas de Tolosa Muharebesi: Reconquista döneminde, Papa III. İnnocentius'in çağrısı üzerine bir araya gelen İspanya'daki Hristiyan Krallıklar, Muhammed Nasır komutasındaki Müslüman Muvahhidler'i yendi.
 1394 - Fransa Kralı VI. Charles, Yahudilerin Fransa'dan kovulması için emir verdi.
 1661 - Avrupa'da ilk banknot, "Stockholms Banco" adlı bir İsveç bankası tarafından bastırılarak tedavüle verildi.
 1782 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart'ın, Saraydan Kız Kaçırma adlı operası ilk kez sahnelendi.
 1880 - Emily Stowe, Kanada'da lisanslı ilk kadın hekim oldu.
 1912 - Stockholm Olimpiyat Oyunları başladı.
 1921 - Acara Özerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti kuruldu. 1991'de yerine Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.
 1935 - Dünyanın ilk parkmetresi, Oklahoma City'de bir caddeye yerleştirildi.
 1942 - Fransa'daki en büyük Yahudi tutuklaması: 12884 Yahudi Auschwitz'e gönderilmek üzere tutuklandı.
 1945 - Manhattan Projesi: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin New Mexico Eyaleti, Alamogordo şehri yakınlarında ilk atom bombası denemesi (Trinity testi) yapıldı.
 1965 - Fransa ve İtalya'yı birbirine bağlayan "Mont Blanc Tüneli" açıldı.
 1969 - Apollo 11, Kennedy Uzay Üssü'nden fırlatıldı.
 1979 - Saddam Hüseyin, Irak Devlet Başkanı oldu.
 1990 - Filipinler'de deprem: 1450 ölü.
 1994 - Shoemaker-Levy 9 kuyrukluyıldızının parçaları, Jüpiter gezegenine çarptı.
 1999 - Eski ABD Başkanı John F. Kennedy ve Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis'in oğulları John F. Kennedy, Jr.'ın kullandığı küçük uçak, Atlantik Okyanusu'na düştü. Kennedy, uçakta bulunan karısı ve baldızıyla birlikte hayatını kaybetti.
 2005 - Irak'ın Musayyib kentinde bir intihar eylemcisi, kullandığı patlayıcı yüklü tanker kamyonu, benzin istasyonuna sürdü: 98 ölü, 100 yaralı.
 2008 - Irak'ın Telafer kentindeki bir pazar yerinde, bomba yüklü bir araç infilâk etti: 7'si çocuk 11 kişi öldü, 90 kişi yaralandı.
 2016 - Türkiye'de Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri bünyesinde kendilerini Yurtta Sulh Konseyi olarak tanımlayan bir grup asker tarafından 15 Temmuz'da başlatılan askerî darbe teşebbüsü bastırıldı.

Doğumlar
 1486 - Andrea del Sarto, İtalyan ressam (ö. 1531)
 1517 - Frances Brandon, 1. Suffolk Dükü Charles Brandon ile Mary Tudor'un ikinci çocukları ve ilk kızlarıdır (ö. 1559)
 1723 - Joshua Reynolds, İngiliz ressam (ö. 1792)
 1796 - Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Fransız izlenimci ressam (ö. 1875)
 1872 - Roald Amundsen, Norveçli kâşif (ö. 1928)
 1888 - Frits Zernike, 1953 yılında Faz kontrast mikroskobu ile Nobel Fizik Ödülü'nü kazanan Hollandalı fizikçi (ö. 1966)
 1896 - Trygve Lie, Norveçli siyaset adamı, diplomat (ö. 1968)
 1902 - Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Türk şair ve edebiyat tarihi ve dil araştırmacısı (ö. 1994)
 1906 - Halide Pişkin, Türk tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 1959)
 1907 - Barbara Stanwyck, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö 1990)
 1911 - Ginger Rogers, Amerikalı aktris ve dansçı (ö. 1995)
 1915 - Cihat Arman, Türk futbolcu (Fenerbahçe ve Millî Takım'ın kalecisi) (ö. 1994)
 1918 - Müzeyyen Senar, Türk ses sanatçısı (ö. 2015)
 1919 - Choi Kyu-ha, Güney Koreli siyasetçi (ö. 2006)
 1925 - Rosita Quintana, Arjantinli-Meksikalı aktris, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (ö. 2021)
 1926 - Irwin Rose, Amerikalı biyolog (ö. 2015)
 1930 - Guy Béart, Fransız şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (ö. 2015)
 1930 - Bert Rechichar, Eski profesyonel Amerikan futbolcusu (ö. 2019)
 1934 - Tomás Eloy Martínez, Arjantinli gazeteci ve yazar (ö. 2010)
 1936 - Yasuo Fukuda, Japon siyasetçi
 1939 - Ali Hamenei, İran'ın Türk asıllı dini ve siyasi yüce lideri.
 1939 - Denise LaSalle, Amerikalı blues şarkıcısı ve şarkı sözü yazarı (ö. 2018)
 1939 - Corin Redgrave, İngiliz oyuncu ve aktivist (ö. 2010)
 1942 - Margaret Court, Avustralyalı tenis oyuncusudur
 1943 - Reinaldo Arenas, Kübalı şair, romancı ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1990)
 1945 - Çetin Tekindor, Türk oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1948 - Lars Lagerbäck, İsveçli teknik direktör
 1952 - Stewart Copeland, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1954 - Betül Arım, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1956 - Lutz Eigendorf, Alman eski futbolcu (ö. 1983)
 1956 - Tony Kushner, Amerikalı oyun yazarı
 1957 - Włodzimierz Smolarek, Polonyalı eski millî futbolcu (ö. 2012)
 1959 - Jürgen Ligi, Estonyalı siyasetçi, bakan
 1959 - James MacMillan, İskoç bir klasik besteci ve orkestra şefidir
 1963 - Phoebe Cates, Amerikalı film oyuncu
 1963 - Srečko Katanec, Sloven millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1963 - Nina Petri, Alman oyuncu
 1964 - Aşot Anastasyan, Ermeni Dünya şampiyonu satranç oyuncusu (ö. 2016)
 1964 - Costance Adams, Amerikalı mimar ve yazar (ö. 2018)
 1964 - Nino Burcanadze, Gürcü siyasetçi ve Gürcistan Parlamentosu başkanı
 1964 - Miguel Indurain, Emekli İspanyol yol bisikleti yarışçısı
 1966 - Yıldız Tilbe, Türk şarkıcı, besteci ve şarkı sözü yazarı
 1967 - Will Ferrell, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen, yapımcı ve yazar
 1968 - Larry Sanger, Amerikalı internet proje / yazılım geliştiricisi, Wikipedia'nın kurucularından ve Citizendium'un kurucusu
 1971 - Bibiana Beglau, Alman oyuncu
 1974 - Ryan McCombs, ABD'li şarkıcı, söz yazarı
 1976 - Carlos Paredes, Paraguaylı eski millî futbolcudur
 1976 - Elsa Pataky, İspanyol model ve oyuncu
 1976 - Michael Petkoviç, Hırvat kökenli Avustralyalı eski Kaleci
 1976 - Anna Smashnova, İsrailli profesyonel tenis oyuncusu
 1978 - Gülhan Şen, Türk sunucu
 1979 - Jayma Mays, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1979 - Kim Rhode, Amerikalı atıcı
 1980 - Svetlana Feofanova, Rus eski sırıkla atlayıcı
 1980 - Jesse Jane, Amerikalı pornografik film oyuncusu ve model
 1980 - Adam Scott, Avustralyalı golfçü
 1981 - Zach Randolph, Amerikan profesyonel basketbolcudur
 1981 - Vicente Rodríguez, İspanyol futbolcu
 1981 - Maher Zain, Lübnan asıllı İsveçli müzisyen
 1982 - André Greipel, emekli Alman profesyonel yol bisikleti yarışçısıdır
 1982 - Carli Lloyd, Amerikalı kadın millî futbolcudur
 1982 - Michael Umaña, Kosta Rikalı futbolcudur
 1983 - Katrina Kaif, İngiliz sinema oyuncusu ve model
 1984 - Franco Dario Cangele, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1987 - Annalynne McCord, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1987 - Mousa Dembélé, Belçikalı futbolcu
 1988 - Sergio Busquets, İspanyol millî futbolcu
 1989 - Gareth Bale, Galli millî futbolcu
 1991 - Andros Townsend, İngiliz futbolcudur
 1993 - Alpaslan Öztürk, Türk asıllı Belçikalı futbolcu
 1994 - Koki Tsukagawa, Japon futbolcu
 1996 - Nathaël Julan, Fransız futbolcu (ö. 2020)

Ölümler
 1060 - Çağrı, Oğuzlar'ın Kınık boyundan Selçuklu hükümdarı Selçuk Bey'in torunu, Mikail'in oğlu, Tuğrul Bey'in ağabeyi ve Alp Arslan'ın babası (d. 989)
 1216 - III. Innocentius, 8 Ocak 1198 ile 16 Temmuz 1216 arasında papalık yapmıştır (d. 1161)
 1324 - Go-Uda, Japonya'nın 91. İmparatoru (d. 1267)
 1342 - I. Károly, 1308'den ölümüne kadar Macaristan ve Hırvatistan Kralı (d. 1288)
 1344 - I. Ahmed,  Mısır'da 1342 yılında hüküm sürmüş on beşinci Türk asıllı Bahri hanedanından Memluk Sultanıdır (d. 1318)
 1557 - Clevesli Anne, VIII. Henry'nin dördüncü karısı (d. 1515)
 1612 - Leonardo Donato, Venedik Cumhuriyeti'nin 90'ıncı dükası (d. 1536)
 1664 - Andreas Gryphius Alman barok edebiyatı şairi (d. 1616)
 1764 - VI. İvan, 1740-1741'de Rus çarı (d. 1740)
 1857 - Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Fransız söz yazarı ve şair (d. 1780)
 1882 - Mary Ann Lincoln, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 16. başkanı olan Abraham Lincoln (d. 1818)
 1889 - Michele Amari, Sicilyalı tarihçi ve oryantalist (d. 1806)
 1910 - Albert Anker, İsviçreli ressam (d. 1831)
 1915 - Ellen G. White, Yedinci Gün Adventistleri Kilisesi'nin kurucu ve liderlerinden (d. 1827)
 1920 - Gyula Benczúr, Macar ressam (d. 1844)
 1945 - David Lindsay, İngiliz yazar (d. 1876)
 1959 - Henri Prost, Fransız mimar ve şehir plancısı (d. 1874)
 1960 - Albert Kesselring, Alman asker ve Nazi Almanyası'nda Luftwaffe mareşali (d. 1885)
 1960 - John P. Marquand, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1893)
 1963 - Nikolay Aseyev, Rus şair (d. 1889)
 1964 - Rauf Orbay, Türk asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1881)
 1969 - Vecihi Hürkuş, Türk pilot, mühendis ve müteşebbis (Türk havacılık önderi) (d. 1896)
 1982 - Charles Robberts Swart, Güney Afrikalı hukukçu ve siyasetçi (d. 1894)
 1985 - Heinrich Böll, Alman yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (d. 1917)
 1989 - Herbert von Karajan, Avusturyalı orkestra yönetmeni (d. 1908)
 1990 - Miguel Muñoz, İspanyol eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1922)
 1994 - Julian Schwinger, Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi Amerikalı teorik fizikçi (d. 1918)
 1999 - John F. Kennedy Jr., Amerikalı avukat, gazeteci ve dergi yayıncısı (d. 1960)
 2001 - Morris (Maurice de Bevere), Belçikalı çizer (çizgi roman Red Kitin yaratıcısı (d. 1923)
 2003 - Celia Cruz, Kübalı şarkıcı (d. 1925)
 2003 - Carol Shields, Kanada asıllı Amerikalı roman ve öykü yazarı (d. 1935)
 2005 - Camillo Felgen, Lüksemburglu şarkıcı (d. 1920)
 2006 - Güzin Sayar, Türk gazeteci ve Güzin Abla isimli köşesi ile ünlü olmuş köşe yazarı (d. 1921)
 2008 - Çetin Özek, Türk hukukçu, yazar ve gazeteci (d. 1934)
 2012 - Stephen Covey, Eğitmen, kurumsal danışman ve yazar (d. 1932)
 2012 - Jon Lord, İngiliz besteci, org ve piyano müzisyeni (d. 1941)
 2012 - Kitty Wells, Amerikalı country müzik şarkıcısı (d. 1919)
 2013 - T-Model Ford, Amerikalı gitarist ve blues şarkıcısı (d. 1924)
 2014 - Karl Hans Albrecht, Alman girişimci ve iş insanı (d. 1920)
 2014 - Faruk Ilgaz, Türk spor adamı (d. 1922)
 2014 - Johnny Winter, Amerikalı blues gitaristi, şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı (d. 1944)
 2015 - Alcides Ghiggia, Uruguaylı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1926)
 2015 - Brian Hall, Eski İskoç futbolcu (d. 1946)
 2015 - Ali Nar, Türk şair ve yazar (d. 1938)
 2016 - Ömer Halisdemir, Türk astsubay (d. 1974)
 2016 - Nate Thurmond, Amerikalı siyahi efsanevi basketbolcu (d. 1941)
 2017 - Trevor Baxter, İngiliz oyuncu ve oyun yazarı (d. 1932)
 2017 - Régis Gizavo, Madagaskar asıllı Malezyalı akordiyon sanatçısı ve müzisyen (d. 1959)
 2017 - George A. Romero, Amerikalı yönetmen, yazar, editör ve aktör (d. 1940)
 2018 - Jerzy Piskun, Polonyalı eski basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1938)
 2019 - Rosa María Britton, Panamalı hekim ve roman yazarı (d. 1936)
 2019 - Ernie Broglio, Amerikalı eski profesyonel beyzbolcu (d. 1935)
 2019 - Sonia Infante, Meksikalı film yapımcısı, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1944)
 2020 - Patrick Ellis, Amerikalı radyo şovu sunucusu ve yapım direktörü (d. 1943)
 2020 - Cornelius Mwalwanda, Malavili kalkınma ekonomisti (d. 1944)
 2020 - Neela Satyanarayanan, Hint yazar (d. 1948)
 2020 - Phyllis Somerville, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1943)
 2020 - Víctor Víctor, Dominikli gitarist, şarkıcı ve besteci (d. 1948)
 2021 - Biz Markie, ABD'li rap müzisyeni, beatbokxçı, DJ, yapımcı, komedyen, aktör ve televizyon kişiliği (d. 1964)
 2021 - Yves Boutet, Fransız eski profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1936)
 2021 - Roger Fauroux,' Fransız bürokrat (d. 1926)
 2021 - Surekha Sikri, Hint aktris (d. 1945)
 2022 - Vira Vovk, Ukraynaca yazan Brezilyalı yazar, şair, eleştirmen ve çevirmen (d. 1926)
 2023 - Jane Birkin, İngiliz şarkıcı, oyuncu ve yönetmen (d. 1946)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0716
16

16 Temmuz


Polímeros absorvíveis são polímeros que podem ser absorvidos pelo corpo humano sem oferecer algum dano ou malefício à saúde, podendo ser utilizado para tratamentos de saúde no corpo humano.

É incorreto dizer que este tipo de polímero é também conhecido como biopolímero, pois biopolímeros são aqueles polímeros que foram produzidos através de organismos vivos, como proteínas.

Os polímeros absorvíveis mais conhecidos são o Poliácido Lático (PLA), Poliácido Glicol (PGA) e Poliprolactona (PCL)

Utilização
Os polímeros absorvíveis são muito utilizados na medicina de forma geral, podendo ser utilizados para suturas, implantes ou até fixações ósseas. Mas é importante saber que estes polímeros devem ser absorvidos pelo organismo na mesma escala de tempo em que o tecido é regenerado, já que estes são degenerados por hidrólise.

Cuidados e precauções
É extremamente importante a confecção correta destes polímeros para que não afetem o corpo humano, ainda que estarão em um ambiente com variação de temperatura, umidade e ph, com isso, muita pesquisa é necessária. Ainda mais, são necessários que os materiais atendam requisitos como: biocompatibilidade, alta massa molar, resistência mecânica, além de obviamente, uma degradação previsível.

POLÍMEROS Bioabsorvíveis: o que são e como ensaiá-los. [S. l.], 1 nov. 2018. Disponível em: https://afinkopolimeros.com.br/polimeros-bioabsorviveis/. Acesso em: 3 out. 2022.

Polímeros
Química

Polímero bioabsorvível