John Charles Harsanyi (; May 29, 1920 – August 9, 2000) was a Hungarian-American economist and the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.

He is best known for his contributions to the study of game theory and its application to economics, specifically for his developing the highly innovative analysis of games of incomplete information, so-called Bayesian games. He also made important contributions to the use of game theory and economic reasoning in political and moral philosophy (specifically utilitarian ethics) as well as contributing to the study of equilibrium selection. For his work, he was a co-recipient along with John Nash and Reinhard Selten of the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

He moved to the United States in 1956, and spent most of his life there. According to György Marx, he was one of The Martians.

Early life
Harsanyi was born on May 29, 1920, in Budapest, Hungary, the son of Alice Harsányi (née Gombos) and Károly Harsányi, a pharmacy owner. His parents converted from Judaism to Catholicism a year before he was born. He attended high school at the Lutheran Gymnasium in Budapest. In high school, he became one of the best problem solvers of the KöMaL, the Mathematical and Physical Monthly for Secondary Schools. Founded in 1893, this periodical is generally credited with a large share of Hungarian students' success in mathematics. He also won the first prize in the Eötvös mathematics competition for high school students.

Although he wanted to study mathematics and philosophy, his father sent him to France in 1939 to enroll in chemical engineering at the University of Lyon. However, because of the start of World War II, Harsanyi returned to Hungary to study pharmacology at the University of Budapest (today: Eötvös Loránd University), earning a diploma in 1944. As a pharmacology student, Harsanyi escaped conscription into the Royal Hungarian Army which, as a person of Jewish descent, would have meant forced labor.

However, in 1944 (after the fall of the Horthy regime and the seizure of power by the Arrow Cross Party) his military deferment was cancelled and he was compelled to join a forced labor unit on the Eastern Front. After seven months of forced labor, when the German authorities decided to deport his unit to a concentration camp in Austria, John Harsanyi managed to escape and found sanctuary for the rest of the war in a Jesuit house.<ref>"John Harsanyi (1920–2000)" by Ariel Scheib, Jewish Virtual Library</ref>

Postwar
After the end of the war, Harsanyi returned to the University of Budapest for graduate studies in philosophy and sociology, earning his PhD in both subjects in 1947. Then a devout Catholic, he simultaneously studied theology, also joining lay ranks of the Dominican Order. He later abandoned Catholicism, becoming an atheist for the rest of his life. Harsanyi spent the academic year 1947–1948 on the faculty of the Institute of Sociology of the University of Budapest, where he met Anne Klauber, his future wife. He was forced to resign the faculty because of openly expressing his anti-Marxist opinions, while Anne faced increasing peer pressure to leave him for the same reason.

Harsanyi remained in Hungary for the following two years attempting to sell his family's pharmacy without losing it to the authorities. After it became apparent that the communist party would confiscate the pharmacy in 1950, he fled with Anne and her parents by illegally crossing the border into Austria and then going to Australia where Klauber's parents had some friends.

Australia
The two did not marry until they arrived in Australia because Klauber's immigration papers would need to be changed to reflect her married name. The two arrived with her parents on December 30, 1950, and they looked to marry immediately. Harsanyi and Klauber were married on January 2, 1951. Neither spoke much English and understood little of what they were told to say to each other. Harsanyi later explained to his new wife that she had promised to cook better food than she usually did.

Harsanyi's Hungarian degrees were not recognized in Australia, but they earned him credit at the University of Sydney for a master's degree. Harsanyi worked in a factory during the day and studied economics in the evening at the University of Sydney, finishing with a M.A. in 1953. While studying in Sydney, he started publishing research papers in economic journals, including the Journal of Political Economy and the Review of Economic Studies. The degree allowed him to take a teaching position in 1954 at the University of Queensland in Brisbane. While in Brisbane, Harsanyi's wife became a fashion designer for a small factory.

Later years
In 1956, Harsanyi received a Rockefeller scholarship that enabled him and Anne to spend the next two years in the United States, at Stanford University and, for a semester, at the Cowles Foundation. At Stanford Harsanyi wrote a dissertation in game theory under the supervision of Kenneth Arrow, earning a second PhD in economics in 1959, while Anne earned an MA in psychology. Harsanyi's student visa expired in 1958 and the two returned to Australia.

After working for a short time as a researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra, Harsanyi became frustrated with the lack of interest in game theory in Australia. With the help of Kenneth Arrow and James Tobin, he was able to move to the United States, taking a position as professor of economics at the Wayne State University in Detroit between 1961 and 1963. In 1964, he moved to Berkeley, California; he remained at the University of California, Berkeley, until retiring in 1990. Shortly after arriving in Berkeley, he and Anne had a child, Tom.

While teaching at Berkeley, Harsanyi did extensive research in game theory. Harold Kuhn, who had been John von Neumann's student in Princeton and already had games theory publications encouraged him in this. The work for which he won the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics was a series of articles published in 1967 and 1968 which established what has become the standard framework for analyzing "games of incomplete information", situations in which the various strategic decisionmakers have different information about the parameters of the game. He resolved the problem of how players could make decisions while not knowing what each other knows by modelling the situation with initial moves by Nature using known probabilities to choose the parameters, with some players observing Nature's move but other players just knowing the probabilities and the fact that some players have observed the actual realized values. This relies on assuming that all players know the structure of the game, which means they all have "common priors", knowing the probabilities Nature uses in selecting parameters values, an assumption known as the Harsanyi Doctrine.

From 1966 to 1968, Harsanyi was part of a team of game theorists tasked with advising the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in collaboration with Mathematica, a consulting group from Princeton University led by Harold Kuhn and Oskar Morgenstern.

John Harsanyi died on August 9, 2000, from a heart attack in Berkeley, California, after developing Alzheimer's disease.

Tribute

On 29 May 2010, Google celebrated John Harsányi's Birthday with a doodle.

Publications
Harsanyi began researching utilitarian ethics in the mid-fifties at the University of Queensland in Brisbane. This led to two publications explaining why, before understanding moral problems, the difference between people's personal and moral preferences must be distinguished. As he says at the beginning of his essay included in the book edited by A. Sen and B. Williams (see below), he tries to reconcile three traditions of Western moral thinking, those of Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant and the utilitarians (Bentham, Mill, Sidgwick and Edgeworth). He is considered one of the most important exponents of the "rule utilitarianism".

After moving to the USA on a Rockefeller Fellowship where he was supervised by Kenneth Arrow, Harsanyi was influenced by Nash's publications on game theory and became increasingly interested in the topic.
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See also
 List of economists
The Martians (scientists)
Veil of ignorance
List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

External links

 IDEAS/RePEc
 News article remembering Harsanyi's life and career
 Obituary in The Independent (London)

 Kenneth J. Arrow, "John C. Harsanyi", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2001)

1920 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Hungarian economists
American atheists
American Nobel laureates
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Consequentialists
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Fasori Gimnázium alumni
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Former Roman Catholics
Game theorists
Hungarian atheists
Hungarian emigrants to Australia
Hungarian Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary
Jewish American atheists
Jewish American economists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Stanford University alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
University of Sydney alumni
Utilitarians
Wayne State University faculty
Writers from Budapest
20th-century American economists
20th-century American philosophers

John Harsanyi


Doğu Konferansı (NBA) NBA'deki konferanslardan biri
 Doğu Konferansı (NHL) NHL'deki konferanslardan biri
 Doğu Konferansı (2005) Kasım 2005'te gerçekleştirilmiş bir etkinlik

Doğu Konferansı


Atelier TAG est une firme d'architecture canadienne basée à Montréal, Québec, spécialisée en architecture, design d'intérieur et design urbain. La firme est fondée en 1997 par Manon Asselin et Katsuhiro Yamazaki, diplômés de l'. Son nom fait référence à l'interdisciplinarité de la pratique, « TAG » étant l'acronyme de « technique + architecture + graphisme ».

La firme a reçu plusieurs prix tels que le Prix d'excellence de l'Ordre des architectes du Québec, Médaille du Gouverneur général en architecture, le Prix de Rome du Conseil des Arts du Canada, les Grands Prix du Design et le Emerging Voices Award de l'.

Histoire
Le premier projet de l'entreprise, la Bibliothèque de Châteauguay, est sélectionné et réalisé dans le cadre d'un concours provincial en 1997. Le design est exécuté en 2003 en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte (JLP) architectes, une firme également basée à Montréal. Le projet reçoit une grande reconnaissance et propulse TAG sous les projecteurs après avoir reçu sa première Médaille du Gouverneur général en architecture en 2006.

Au cours des années suivantes, l'entreprise continue à se concentrer sur les bâtiments institutionnels et culturels, après avoir travaillé plus tard sur le Théâtre du Vieux-Terrebonne (2004) et la Bibliothèque Raymond-Lévesque (2011) qui ont tous deux reçu la Médaille du Gouverneur général. En 2008, la firme obtient le prestigieux Prix de Rome en architecture, qui lui a accordé  « pour voyager à travers le monde afin de perfectionner ses compétences, développer sa pratique créative et renforcer sa présence dans la culture architecturale internationale. »

TAG reçoit le prix d'excellence de l'Ordre des architectes du Québec à deux reprises, en 2013 et 2017. Le Pavillon pour la paix Michal et Renata Hornstein au sein du Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal (2016) leur procure leur quatrième Médaille du Gouverneur général en architecture en 2018.

Parmi leur réalisations plus récentes, on compte le Centre culturel de Chambly (2019).

Récompenses

 Prix d'excellence, Ordre des architectes du Québec, 2005.
 Médaille du Gouverneur général en architecture, Institut royal d'architecture du Canada, en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte architectes, 2006.
 Prix de Rome, Conseil des arts du Canada, 2008.
 Grands Prix du Design, 2011.
 Prix Emerging Voices, The Architectural League of New York, 2012.
 Prix d'excellence, Ordre des architectes du Québec, 2013.
 Prix d'excellence, architecte canadien, 2013.
 Prix international Iakov Chernikow, 2013.
 Prix d'excellence, architecte canadien, 2014.
 Médaille du Gouverneur général en architecture, Institut royal d'architecture du Canada, en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte architectes, 2014.
 Grands Prix du Design pour La Fondation Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 2015.
 Pôle du savoir, d'histoire et de la culture, en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte architectes, 2016.
 Prix d'excellence, Ordre des architectes du Québec, 2017.
 Prix d'excellence, CISC-ICCA, 2017.
 Grands Prix du génie-conseil québécois, Association des firmes de génie-conseil, en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte architectes, 2018.
 Médaille du Gouverneur général en architecture, Institut royal d'architecture du Canada, en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte architectes, 2018.
 Prix d'excellence, Canadian Architect, en consortium avec Architecture49, 2018.
 Prix d'excellence, Cecobois, pour le Théâtre Gilles-Vigneault, en consortium avec Jodoin Lamarre Pratte architectes, 2019.

Voir aussi

 Architecture de Montréal

Références

Liens externes

Entreprise ayant son siège à Montréal
Agence d'architecture ayant son siège au Canada
Architecture du XXIe siècle au Canada

Atelier TAG


A razee or razée  is a sailing ship that has been cut down (razeed) to reduce the number of decks.  The word is derived from the French vaisseau rasé, meaning a razed (in the sense of shaved down) ship.

Seventeenth century
During the transition from galleons to more frigate-like warships (1600 – 1650) there was a general awareness that the reduction in topweight afforded by the removal of upperworks made ships better sailers; Rear Admiral Sir William Symonds noted after the launch of Sovereign of the Seas that she was "cut down" and made a safe and fast ship.  In 1651 Sovereign of the Seas was again made more manoeuvrable by reducing the number of cannon.  Ships were razeed not only by navies but also by pirates – Charles Johnson's A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates describes George Lowther refitting Gambia Castle in 1721:

This did not reduce the number of gun decks, but had the effect of making the razee ship much handier, since the forecastle and aftcastle no longer created windage, top weight was reduced, and the ship was made lighter overall.

Eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

Royal Navy

In the Royal Navy, the razee operation was typically performed on a smaller two-deck ship of the line, resulting in a large frigate. The rationale for this apparent reduction in gun power was that the smaller ships-of-the-line could no longer be used safely in fleet actions as the overall size and armament of opposing ships increased. The resulting razeed ship was classed as a frigate; it was stronger than the usual run of purpose-built frigates.

In similar fashion, three-decked ships of the line were sometimes razeed, either to become flush-decked (with the quarterdeck and forecastle removed) or cut down to become two-deckers.

 was a 90-gun second rate launched in 1756.  She was razeed as a 74-gun third rate in 1805.

Three 64-gun ships were cut down (razeed) in 1794 into 44-gun frigates. The most successful was HMS Indefatigable which was commanded by Sir Edward Pellew.
 HMS Magnanime of 1780
 HMS Anson of 1781
 HMS Indefatigable of 1784

Towards the close of the Napoleonic Wars, three elderly 74-gun ships were razeed into 58-gun fourth rates (not losing a complete deck, so remaining a two-decker, but having the quarterdeck removed). Two more followed immediately post-war, although the second never completed conversion.
 HMS Goliath of 1781 (razeed 1813)
 HMS Majestic of 1785 (razeed 1813)
 HMS Saturn of 1786 (razeed 1813)
 HMS Elephant of 1786 (razeed 1817-18)
 HMS Excellent of 1787 (began razee 1825)

Another eleven more-recent 74s were razeed in 1826-1845, in this case being fully reduced to 50-gun heavy frigates; three others were scheduled for similar conversion, but this was never completed.
 HMS Barham of 1811 (razeed 1826)
 HMS Dublin of 1812 (razeed 1826)
 HMS Asia of 1811 (renamed HMS Alfred 1819 and razeed 1826-28)
 HMS Cornwall of 1812 (razeed 1827-30)
 HMS America of 1810 (razeed 1827-28)
 HMS Conquestador of 1810 (razeed 1827-31)
 HMS Rodney of 1809 (renamed HMS Greenwich 1826 and began razee conversion 1827, but never completed it)
 HMS Clarence of 1812 (renamed HMS Centurion 1826 and began razee conversion 1827, but never completed it)
 HMS Cressy of 1810 (began razee conversion 1827, but never completed it)
 HMS Vindictive of 1813 (razeed 1828-32)
 HMS Eagle of 1804 (razeed 1830-31)
 HMS Gloucester of 1812 (razeed 1831)
 HMS Warspite of 1807 (razeed 1837-40)
 HMS Tremendous of 1784 (renamed HMS Grampus 1845 on completing razee conversion)

French razée warships (Revolutionary War conversions)
In the French navy, a number of 74-gun two-deckers were similarly razeed into 54-gun ships:
 Diadème (renamed Brutus in September 1792 and razeed between December 1793 and May 1794)
 Hercule of 1778 (razeed between February and June 1794, then renamed Hydre in May 1795)
 Argonaute of 1781 (razeed between December 1793 and March 1794, then renamed Flibustier in June 1794)
 Illustre of 1781 (razeed between August 1793 and February 1794, renamed Mucius Scevola in January 1794, name shortened to Scevola in February 1794)
 Brave of 1781 (razeed between April 1793 and January 1794, without change of name)
 Borée of 1785 (renamed Ça Ira in April 1794, then again Agricola in June 1794 and razeed between April and July 1794)
 Agamemnon of 1812

United States razee warship
 USS Independence of 1814

Late nineteenth century

In the United States Navy, several of the final generation of sailing frigates launched in the 1840s were cut down to become large sloops-of-war. Advances in metallurgy and artillery in the 1850s allowed the casting of guns that fired substantially heavier shot than had previously been in use, as well as exploding shells. Thus, when the decision was made to rearm these frigates with heavier but fewer guns, the reduction in crew size allowed the ships to be razeed. Their sail plan and size made them superb sailers. Although these ships carried a heavier broadside as 20 gun sloops-of-war than they did as 40 gun frigates, they were rerated as nominally smaller sloops-of-war because they mounted fewer guns. Such ships include USS Macedonian and USS Cumberland.

References

Naval sailing ship types
Nautical terminology
Naval warfare
History of the Royal Navy

Razee


මේඝ දූතය, සන්දේශ කාව්‍යය කි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත
 කාලිදාස (කවියා)

සන්දේශ කාව්‍ය

මේඝ දූතය


Das Rintgen ist ein Stadtteil der Kreisstadt Viersen, die Sitz des gleichnamigen Kreises im Westen des deutschen Bundeslandes Nordrhein-Westfalen ist. Innerhalb des Viersener Stadtgebiets gehört der Stadtteil Rintgen zum Stadtbezirk Alt-Viersen. Das Rintgen umfasst die südliche Altviersener Innenstadt sowie Wohn- und Gewerbegebiete, die in westlicher, östlicher und südlicher Richtung daran anschließen. Innerhalb Nordrhein-Westfalens gehört das Rintgen zur Region Niederrhein und zur Metropolregion Rhein-Ruhr, die sich in Viersen gegenseitig überlappen.

Frühere Bezeichnungen für den heutigen Stadtteil waren zunächst Rinneke, später u. a. Rincken, Reindtgen, Reyntgen oder Rindtgen. In jüngerer Zeit wird der Name Rintgen in zunehmendem Maße durch den Begriff Südstadt Viersen verdrängt.

Etymologie und Geschichte

Rintgen und Viersen im Mittelalter

Das Dorf Rintgen war, gemeinsam mit dem eigentlichen Dorf Viersen, der zweite Hauptsiedlungskern der heutigen Altviersener Innenstadt. Die älteste bekannte urkundliche Erwähnung des Rintgen stammt aus dem Jahre 1250, damals wurde die Ansiedlung Rinneke genannt. Diese Bezeichnung wird mit dem Wort Rinne in Verbindung gebracht und bezieht sich wohl auf den Bachlauf, der das Dorf Rintgen noch im 19. Jahrhundert oberirdisch durchfloss, den heutigen Rintger Bach (für kleinere Fließgewässer wurde in Viersen früher oft der Ausdruck Waterrinne gebraucht). Noch um 1955 gab es Reste des Klosterweihers des um 1825 abgerissenen Klosters und Beginenkonventes "St. Pauli Bekehrung". Als 1976 die Wohnanlage "Beghinenhof" gebaut wurde, waren die Sedimentschichten des Klosterweihers zu erkennen. Von dort strömte eines der Rinnsale nach Osten, "ett Rinnken" (= die kleine Rinne). Es war allerdings so groß, dass es 60 Meter weiter östlich eine Mühle antreiben konnte, die sogenannte "Klostermühle". Neubauarbeiten Ende der 1970er Jahre legten Reste dieser hochmittelalterlichen Bauten frei, sicherten sie aber nicht.

Schon im Mittelalter war das Rintgen als eine von ursprünglich sieben (später acht) historischen Honschaften, aus denen sich das Altviersener Territorium neben dem namensgebenden Dorf Viersen damals zusammensetzte, ein Teil der seinerzeit so genannten "Herrlichkeit Viersen". Ablesbar ist die Bedeutung und Größe des Ortsteiles "das Rintgen" noch auf den preußischen Landeskarten von ca. 1899, dort ist der Name "Rintgen" gleich groß wie der Name "Viersen" geschrieben.

Jene Herrlichkeit Viersen war jedoch kein eigenständiges Gebiet, sondern befand sich im klerikalen Grundbesitz des Kölner Stiftes St. Gereon. Nach einer auf Karl den Großen zurückgehenden Vorschrift mussten die kirchlichen Grundherren kleinerer Herrschaftsgebiete einen weltlichen Schutzherrn, einen sog. Schutzvogt, über das jeweilige Territorium bestimmen, der aus den Adelsgeschlechtern der regionalen Umgebung des betreffenden Gebiets auszuwählen war. Nach verschiedenen Vorgängern erhielten so zunächst die Grafen von Jülich im Jahr 1227 die Schutzherrschaft über die Herrlichkeit Viersen, um 1294/95 sind dann die Grafen von Geldern, die sich ab 1339 Herzöge von Geldern nannten, Schutzvögte über Viersen und gliedern bis spätestens 1340 das Gebiet der Herrlichkeit Viersen als Exklave dem geldrischen Amt Krickenbeck an.

Rintgen und Viersen in der frühen Neuzeit
Die Schutzvogtei des Herzogtums Geldern brachte das Altviersener Gebiet ab dem 16. Jahrhundert unter die Herrschaft verschiedener Europäischer Mächte: Durch den Vertrag von Venlo verlor das Herzogtum Geldern im Jahr 1543 seine Selbständigkeit und wurde zunächst Teil der Burgundischen Niederlande, die damals der direkten Herrschaft des habsburgischen Kaisers Karl V., der gleichzeitig Herzog von Burgund war, unterstanden. Nach der Abdankung Karls V. im Jahr 1556 ging die Herrschaft über das Herzogtum Geldern auf dessen Sohn Phillip, der als Philipp II. König von Spanien war, über. So wurde das Rintgen als Teil der Herrlichkeit Viersen schließlich zu einem Dorf der Spanischen Niederlande.

In der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts erfuhr die Herrlichkeit Viersen schwere Heimsuchungen. Zunächst fielen einer ab 1618 zwei Jahre lang wütenden Pestepidemie fast tausend Menschenleben zum Opfer, im Rahmen des gleichfalls 1618 begonnenen 'Dreißigjährigen Krieges drang im Jahr 1642 ein französisch-weimarisch-hessisches Heer in die spanische Exklave Viersen ein, wobei hessische Soldaten fast alle Häuser im Rintgen niederbrannten. Die spanische Herrschaft über das sog. geldrische Oberquartier, zu dem Viersen gehörte, blieb jedoch auch nach Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges 1648 weiter bestehen. Noch unter spanischer Herrschaft, wurde 1690 im Rintgen mit der katholischen Elementarschule die erste Schule eröffnet, Unterrichtssprache war Niederländisch.

Nachdem im Jahr 1700 mit König Karl II. der letzte habsburgische Herrscher auf dem spanischen Thron gestorben war, kam es ab 1701 zum Ausbruch des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges. Im Rahmen dieser Auseinandersetzung wurde das Gebiet von Viersen ab 1705 von den nördlichen Niederlanden (auch "Generalstaaten" genannt) militärisch besetzt. Unter dem Wohlwollen der neuen niederländischen Verwaltung kam es noch im selben Jahr zur Gründung der evangelisch-reformierten Kirchengemeinde Viersens. Außerdem wurde nun auch eine reformierte Elementarschule gegründet, die im Rintgen angesiedelt wurde, aber für die reformierten Schüler zunächst aus ganz Viersen zuständig war. Nach dem Ende des spanischen Erbfolgekrieges wurde 1713 das frühere Spanisch-Geldrische Oberquartier im Frieden von Utrecht zwischen Österreich, Preußen, den nördlichen Niederlanden ("Generalstaaten") und dem Herzogtum Jülich aufgeteilt. Dabei fiel das Gebiet von Alt-Viersen einschließlich des Rintgen, wiederum als Exklave, ab 1713 an Preußen. Unter der neuen preußischen Obrigkeit wurde im Jahr 1718 von der bereits bestehenden evangelisch-reformierten Kirchengemeinde im nördlichen Teil des Rintgen die erste Evangelische Kirche errichtet, ungefähr dort, wo heute die Evangelische Kreuzkirche an der Hauptstraße steht.

Rintgen und Viersen von der Franzosenzeit bis heute
Ab 1795 wurde Alt-Viersen dann von französischen Revolutionstruppen besetzt und schließlich von Frankreich annektiert. Da Frankreich damals das gesamte linksrheinische Gebiet (des heutigen Deutschlands) vereinnahmte, wurde unter der Französischen Verwaltung das Alt-Viersener Gebiet nun wieder mit seinem Umland unter einer einheitlichen Herrschaft verbunden, und der jahrhundertelange Viersener Exklaven-Zustand war hierdurch beendet. Auf Veranlassung von Napoleon Bonaparte, der seit 1804 französischer Kaiser war, wurde 1809 mit dem Bau des Nordkanals begonnen, der in Viersen u. a. über das Gebiet des Rintgen verlief und das Dorf von seinen nordöstlichen Ansiedlungen (Hülsdonk und Robend) abtrennte. In nordwestlicher Richtung entlang der heutigen Hauptstraße gab es zur Franzosenzeit zwischen dem Rintgen und dem namensgebenden Viersener Hauptdorf, etwa auf Höhe der jetzigen Sparkassengeschäftsstelle, noch ein Stück freien Feldes, das die beiden Viersener Kerndörfer voneinander trennte.

Nach Napoléons Niederlage in der Schlacht bei Waterloo kam Viersen, wie weite Teile des Rheinlandes überhaupt, im Jahr 1815 erneut unter die Herrschaft von Preußen, das damals zu den Siegermächten der Napoleonischen Kriege gehörte. Eine bessere medizinische Versorgung und die zunehmende Industrialisierung verursachten im 19. Jahrhundert auch in Viersen eine starke Bevölkerungszunahme und eine damit einhergehende Verdichtung der allgemeinen Bebauung. Knapp dreißig Jahre nach dem Ende der französischen Herrschaft gab es die zuvor noch bestehende Lücke zwischen den Dörfern Viersen und Rintgen nicht mehr, auf einer 1844 aufgezeichneten preußischen Landkarte zeigt sich die heutige Hauptstraße vollständig bebaut, womit die beiden Viersener Kerndörfer nun zusammengewachsen waren, Alt-Viersen hatte inzwischen über 10.000 Einwohner. Bereits 1849 kam es dann im östlichen Rintgen zur Eröffnung des ersten Viersener Bahnhofs an der damals noch nicht ganz fertiggestellten Eisenbahnstrecke von Duisburg-Ruhrort nach Mönchengladbach, zunächst verkehrten die Züge nur zwischen Viersen und Homberg.

Zwischen 1877 und 1879 errichtete die evangelische Gemeinde einen Kirchenneubau im nördlichen Rintgen an der Hauptstraße, die dort bereits befindliche Vorgängerkirche wurde abgerissen. Etwa zwölf Jahre später erhielt das Rintgen auch eine "eigene" katholische Kirche, die von 1889 bis 1891 erbaute St.Josephs-Kirche. 1895 spaltet sich das Rintgen als eigene katholische Pfarrgemeinde St.Joseph von der Altviersener Hauptpfarre St.Remigius ab. Im Jahre 1906 folgte die Inbetriebnahme einer Straßenbahnstrecke durch das Rintgen, die zunächst von Mönchengladbach über Viersen nach Dülken, ab 1907 dann nach Süchteln führte. 2006 wurde durch das Diakonische Werk Krefeld-Viersen auf der Großen Bruchstraße im Rintgen das Stadtteilbüro Südstadt eröffnet. Im Jahr 2008 ordnete das Bischöfliche Generalvikariat des katholischen Bistums Aachen die Wiederangliederung der Pfarre St.Joseph an die Altviersener Hauptpfarre St.Remigius zum 1. Januar 2009 an.

Die Südstadt Viersen

Der Stadtteil Rintgen wird in der allgemeinen Wahrnehmung, auch seitens der Viersener Stadtverwaltung, offenbar als der unattraktivere Teil der Altviersener Innenstadt empfunden, beispielsweise hört die Fußgängerzone auf der Hauptstraße ziemlich genau dort auf, wo das Rintgen anfängt. Vor diesem Hintergrund bemühen sich verschiedene Initiativen in den letzten Jahren um eine Verbesserung der Situation. Dabei wurde für die südliche Innenstadt und die umliegenden Wohngebiete der Begriff Südstadt Viersen eingeführt, um das Gebiet auch dem Namen nach etwas aufzuwerten. Die Bezeichnungen Südstadt Viersen und Rintgen werden nun mitunter einander gleichgesetzt, wobei vernachlässigt wird, dass zum Rintgen auch noch Bereiche zählen, die zweifellos nicht Teil der Südstadt sind wie z. B. das Gebiet Krefelder Straße/Alte Bruchstraße östlich des Bahndamms.

Verkehr

Straßenverkehr
Der Stadtteil Rintgen wird von den folgenden vier nordrhein-westfälischen Landesstraßen durchquert bzw. berührt:
 : Von Nettetal über Boisheim, Dülken nach Viersen (Freiheitsstraße), im Rintgen über die Alte Bruchstraße bis an den Antwerpener Platz zwischen Hülsdonk und dem Stadtpark Robend, von dort aus weiter Richtung Autobahnanschlussstelle Neersen an der A 44. Dies ist die frühere Bundesstraße 7.
 : Von Mönchengladbach-Hardt via Rasseln, Bockert und Hoser über die Hardter Straße bis auf den Willy-Brandt-Ring im westlichen Rintgen. Von hier aus weiter verlaufend bis an die Freiheitsstraße (L29) nordwestlich der nördlichen Innenstadt, schließlich über die Süchtelner Straße via Rahser und Süchteln nach Grefrath.
 : Von Mönchengladbach via Ummer und Beberich über die Gladbacher Straße bis ins Rintgen und weiter über die Große Bruchstraße und die Krefelder Straße bis an die Gabelung mit der Alten Bruchstraße (L29) am Wegekreuz. Dies ist die frühere Bundesstraße 59.
 : Von Mönchengladbach vierspurig über die Autobahnanschlussstelle Mönchengladbach Nord an der A 52, via Heimer/Helenabrunn, Ummer und Hamm, im östlichen Rintgen über die Freiheitsstraße verlaufend, nördlich der Kreuzung Freiheitsstraße/Alte Bruchstraße/Lindenstraße Fortsetzung als L29 Richtung Nettetal (siehe oben!).

Schienenverkehr

Personenverkehr
Die Bahnstrecken von Mönchengladbach nach Duisburg bzw. von Mönchengladbach nach Venlo verlaufen auf gemeinsamem Bahndamm im Osten des Rintgen, wo sich auch der Bahnhof Viersen befindet. Dort bestehen Zustiegsmöglichkeiten in eine Regionalbahn- und zwei Regionalexpress-Linien: ,  bzw. .

Güterverkehr
Neben dem Durchgangsgüterverkehr, der über die auf dem Bahndamm verlaufenden Eisenbahnstrecken abgewickelt wird, bestand bis in die 1980er Jahre ein Güteranschlussgleis, das am südlichen Rand des Rintgen verlief, überwiegend neben der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Straße. Diese Güterstrecke zweigte etwas nordöstlich von Hamm von der dort verlaufenden Eisenbahn-Hauptstrecke ab und endete schließlich im Bereich des Gewerbekomplexes der Firma Kaiser's in Hoser.

Straßenbahn
Bis Ende der 1950er Jahre gab es im Rintgen einen Straßenbahnbetrieb auf zunächst noch zwei Streckenästen. Zum einen verkehrte am nördlichen Rand des Rintgen eine Straßenbahnlinie vom Bahnhofsvorplatz über die Bahnhofstraße bis zum heutigen Sparkassenvorplatz (und weiter über die Hauptstraße durch die heutige Fußgängerzone hindurch Richtung Dülken); diese Strecke wurde 1955 stillgelegt. Die andere Strecke führte von Mönchengladbach nach Süchteln und verlief im Rintgen über die Gladbacher Straße und die Hauptstraße. 1955 wurde erst der nördliche Streckenteil dieser Linie zwischen Remigiusplatz und Süchteln stillgelegt, so dass der durch das Rintgen verlaufende Streckenteil zunächst noch in Betrieb blieb (Richtung Mönchengladbach), ab 1959 wurde dann der Straßenbahnverkehr durch das Rintgen ganz eingestellt.

Busverkehr
Als Ortsteil von Viersen zählt das Rintgen zum Tarifgebiet des Verkehrsverbunds Rhein-Ruhr. Die NEW AG (Niederrhein Elektrizität und Wasser) sowie der BVR Busverkehr Rheinland bedienen das Rintgen mit insgesamt zwölf Buslinien. Hierdurch gibt es von Rintgen aus direkte Verbindungen mit fast allen anderen Viersener Stadtteilen, mit verschiedenen Stadtteilen der Nachbarstädte Mönchengladbach und Willich sowie mit den Viersener Nachbargemeinden Grefrath und Schwalmtal. Die Schnellbuslinie SB88 führt darüber hinaus ins Gebiet der Gemeinden Niederkrüchten und Brüggen nahe der niederländischen Grenze, die beiden BVR-Linien 071 und 094 verbinden das Rintgen außerdem mit den Düsseldorfer Vororten Meerbusch und Kaarst, wo jeweils Anschluss an das Stadtbahn- oder S-Bahn-Netz besteht. Zentrale Haltestelle ist der Gereonsplatz, wo das Rintgen bis in die 1980er Jahre sogar seinen eigenen Busbahnhof hatte, bevor der jetzige Viersener Busbahnhof am Rathausmarkt in Betrieb genommen wurde.

Radwanderwege
Zwei Themenrouten des nordrhein-westfälischen Radwegenetzes verlaufen auf gemeinsamem Fahrweg ein kurzes Stück am nordöstlichen Rand des Rintgen, im Wesentlichen entlang der Bahnhofstraße zwischen dem Viersener Bahnhof und der Freiheitsstraße:
 Die Deutsche Fußballroute NRW, hier speziell zwischen den Erlebnis-Städten Krefeld und Mönchengladbach.
 Der Hauptfahrweg der NiederRheinroute auf dem Weg von Mönchengladbach-Donk in die Viersener Innenstadt und weiter Richtung Dülken.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Evangelische Kreuzkirche Viersen
 Die Kirche der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Viersen befindet sich im Rintgen auf Höhe der Hauptstraße Nr. 120a. Das Gebäude wurde 1877–1879 nach Entwurf von August Hartel errichtet und steht mit der Listen-Nr. 391 seit dem Jahr 2000 unter Denkmalschutz. Das evangelische Kirchengebäude hatte zunächst keinen besonderen Namen und erhielt erst 1994, also mehr als hundert Jahre nach der Errichtung, offiziell den Namen Kreuzkirche.
 St.-Josephs-Kirche
 Die katholische St.-Josephs-Kirche findet sich im Rintgen unter der Anschrift An der Josefskirche 15. Das Kirchengebäude wurde zwischen 1889 und 1891 erbaut, ab 1895 wurde es dann zur Pfarrkirche der seinerzeit im Rintgen neu gegründeten Pfarrgemeinde St. Joseph. Seit dem Jahr 2000 steht der Kirchenbau mit der Listen-Nr. 378 unter Denkmalschutz. Durch die Wiedereingliederung der Pfarrgemeinde St. Joseph in die katholische Alt-Viersener Hauptpfarre St. Remigius hat die St.-Josephs-Kirche seit dem Jahr 2009 ihren Status als Pfarrkirche verloren.
 Empfangsgebäude des Bahnhofs Viersen
 Das Empfangsgebäude des Viersener Bahnhofs befindet sich am östlichen Rand des Stadtteils Rintgen. Das im Jahr 1917 errichtete Gebäude steht mit der Listen-Nr. 440 seit dem Jahr 2002 unter Denkmalschutz.

 Viersener Festhalle
 Etwas westlich der Hauptstraße befindet sich am Hermann-Hülser-Platz 2 die Viersener Festhalle. Das zu verschiedenen Zwecken nutzbare Veranstaltungsgebäude wurde zwischen 1911 und 1913 errichtet und steht mit der Listen-Nr. 361 seit 1996 unter Denkmalschutz.

Die nähere Umgebung

Weblinks

 Stadtteilbüro Südstadt Viersen
 Offizielle Website der Stadt Viersen
 Offizielle Website des Kreises Viersen
 Verein für Heimatpflege e. V. Viersen

Einzelnachweise

Ortsteil von Viersen

Rintgen


Global Heart Cirkulation er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 2002 instrueret af Bjarne v. H.H. Solberg.

Handling
Filmen viser et pumpende menneskehjerte, klippet sammen med det hektiske pulserende univers, hvor blod og floder smelter sammen i hvirvlende billeder. Organisk liv veksler med billeder af det teknologiske univers med atomenergi og kemiske væsker.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

Global Heart Cirkulation


Mihăiță Vasile Țigănescu, né le 4 février 1998 à Horodnic de Jos, est un rameur d'aviron roumain.

Carrière
Mihăiță Țigănescu est médaillé d'or en quatre sans barreur aux Championnats d'Europe d'aviron 2018 à Glasgow. Il est ensuite médaillé d'argent aux Championnats du monde d'aviron 2019 à Ottensheim, aux Championnats d'Europe d'aviron 2021 à Varèse et aux Jeux olympiques de 2020, reportés à 2021, à Tokyo.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Rameur roumain (aviron)
Rameur (aviron) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Champion d'Europe d'aviron
Médaillé d'argent olympique roumain
Naissance en février 1998
Naissance dans le județ de Suceava

Mihăiță Țigănescu


Suprnova.org var en slovensk-baseret hjemmeside, som distribuerede torrents af forskellige musik og videofiler, computerprogrammer og spil. Hjemmesiden blev etableret i slutningen af 2002 af Andrej Preston (kendt som Slonček, slovensk for "lille elefant") og for en stund blev siden betragtet som den mest populære BitTorrent-søgemaskine. Suprnova.org lukkede i slutningen af 2004 efter trusler om en retssag. Sidens operatører støttede udviklingen af eXeem BitTorrent-klient, som anser en fast hjemmeside for vanskelig at operere i den nuværende juridiske klima. 2. august 2007 blev domænenavnet doneret til The Pirate Bay, der relancerede hjemmesiden på 21. august 2007.

Historie 2002-2004
Sitet kørte først fra Slončeks (sidens grundlægger) hjem. Da siden voksede hurtigt, blev den flyttet til professionelle servere. Suprnova var ikke vært for nogle af de delte filer, og hostede ikke BitTorrent-trackers for længe. Det, der tilbydes ".torrent" meta-filer, som ville fortælle en BitTorrent-klient, hvor den kan finde en BitTorrent-tracker, samt torrent-filer, der var et sæt af fora for de besøgende, hvor folk kommunikerede om forskellige emner, og anmodede om forskellige filer, de gerne vil se folk uploade.

Suprnovas popularitet inspirerede lignende sider som Suprnova.kom og Suprnova.netto. Disse havde samme layout som Suprnova.org, men anmodede om en brugsafgift, mens Suprnova.org var gratis.

For en kort tid i 2004 og igen i 2007 havde Suprnova indgået et samarbejde med en amatør internet-baseret radio station, Suprnova Radio.

19. december 2004 blev en besked vist på Suprnovas forside med en udtalelse om, at siden officielt var lukket ned. Nogle mente, at det var på grund af dens dårlige server og konstante nedetid, men andre bemærkede, at Suprnova havde fået juridiske advarsler. Senere afslørede Slonček på Suprnovas IRC-kanal, at han og de andre administratorer ikke var villige til at fortsætte kampen på grund af de juridiske advarsler, som de havde modtaget. Suprnova-siden dukkede op igen og opfordrede besøgende til at besøge eXeem projektets webside. Andre årsager til lukning blev indsendt af LivingWithTrolls på slyck.com:Værten af serverne anbefalede Slonček, at han skulle lukke nova og i stedet koncentrere sig om Exeem: enten det eller også ville serverne blive trukket tilbage af den omtalte vært, hvilket ville resultere i, at siden ville være nede. Værten ville ikke tillade nogen, der linkede til hans andre anliggender (flere andre P2P-foreninger), som vil forårsage større tab. Slonček besluttede at lukke nova (han havde ikke rigtigt noget valg) og fokusere på Exeem.

Henvisninger

BitTorrent

Suprnova.org


The small arms trade (also called small arms proliferation and the small arms market) is the markets of both authorized and illicit small arms and light weapons (SALW), as well as their parts, accessories, and ammunition.

Definition
The arms trade, or small arms market, includes both authorized transfers of small arms and light weapons (and their parts, accessories, and bullets) and illicit transfers of such weapons. Small arms and light arms are those that can be transported by one or two people, or carried by pack animal or vehicles, ranging from firearms like pistols and light machine guns to man-portable air-defense systems (MPADS), mortars, and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). The trade occurs globally, but is concentrated in areas of armed conflict, violence, and organized crime. In terms of actions that are illicit, this trade involves the illegal trafficking of small arms and the exchange of money and drugs for small arms, which are all commodities that cross borders around the globe. These weapons are not only the choice for a majority of regional conflicts today, but also for many terrorist groups operating around the world. Legal transfers are generally defined as those approved by the involved governments and in accordance with national and international law. Black market (illegal) transfers violate either national or international law and take place without official government authorization. Gray market transfers are those of unclear legality that do not belong in either of the other categories.

In 2003, various international organizations (including Amnesty International, Oxfam International, IANSA), and domestic groups (e.g. the Small Arms Working Group in the U.S.) committed themselves to limiting the trade in and proliferation of small arms around the world. They said that roughly 500,000 people are killed each year by the use of small arms.

Scope

Main small arms exporters
The Small Arms Survey, an independent research project based in Switzerland, said in its 2003 report that at least 1,134 companies in 98 countries worldwide are involved in some aspect of the production of small arms and ammunition. The largest exporters of small arms by value are the European Union and the United States.

In 2010, the number of countries exporting at least $100 million of small arms annually rose from 12 to 14. The exporters' list was led by the U.S., followed by Italy, Germany, Brazil, Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Russia, South Korea, Belgium, China, Turkey, Spain and the Czech Republic. Sweden dropped off the list because its exports fell from $132 million in 2010 to $44 million in 2011.

In addition, massive exports of small arms by the U.S. (M16), the former Soviet Union (AKM), People's Republic of China (Type 56), Germany (H&K G3), Belgium (FN FAL), and Brazil (FN FAL) during the Cold War took place commercially and to support ideological movements. These small arms have survived many conflicts and many are now in the hands of arms dealers or smaller governments who move them between conflict areas as needed.

Main small arms importers
The eight countries that imported at least $100 million of small arms in 2011 were the United States, Canada, Germany, Australia, Thailand, United Kingdom, France and Italy. South Korea dropped from the list because its imports fell from $130 million in 2010 to $40 million in 2011.

United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms
The United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects was held in New York City from 9–20 July 2001 as decided in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 54/54 V. Preceded by three preparatory committee sessions, the two-week Conference resulted in the adoption of the 'Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.' States are required to report to the United Nations on the progress of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action, commonly known as the PoA.

The extent to which illicit trade in small arms is a primary cause of armed conflict and other serious humanitarian and socioeconomic issues has drawn controversy. The extremely high incidence of small arms violence and the presence of illicitly obtained weapons, especially in areas of turmoil and armed conflict, is undisputed. Because other societal factors play a strong role in creating armed conflict, however, the role of such weapons as a driver of continued violence and disruption has been called into question. Recent scholarship has focused on the root societal causes for violence in addition to the enabling tools. Another target of criticism is the ability to regulate illicit trafficking through international means, since it is unclear exactly what proportion of the weapons are trafficked across borders. The nature of the trafficking enterprise makes exact statistics difficult to determine. Recently, however, researchers have had some success establishing hard numbers within limited parameters.

According to a 2012 Routledge Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution publication, "the relative importance of diversion or misuse of officially authorised transfers, compared to international entirely illegal black market trafficking has been thoroughly confirmed." The authors go on to elaborate that..."For most developing or fragile states, a combination of weak domestic regulation of authorised firearms possession with theft, loss or corrupt sale from official holdings tends to be a bigger source of weapons concern than illicit trafficking across borders."

The United Nations General Assembly scheduled a review conference in New York which was held from 26 June to 7 July 2006. The Review Conference was plagued by disagreements and states were unable to agree on a substantive outcome document. There have also been four Biennial Meetings of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action, in 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2010. The 2008 Biennial Meeting of States resulted in the adoption, by vote, of an Outcome Document focusing on three main issues: international assistance, cooperation and capacity-building; stockpile management and surplus disposal; and illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons. The Fourth Biennial Meeting in 2010 was able to adopt, for the first time by consensus, a substantive Outcome Document which addresses the issue of illicit trade across borders.

A second conference convened from 27 August to 7 September 2012 in New York.

Data issues
Perhaps the greatest barrier to resolving debates over gun policy is the lack of comprehensive data. Although the UN Arms Register tries to keep track of major weapons holdings, there is no global reporting system for small arms. Gathering data for Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) can be difficult, considering the transparency of some countries and lack of an organized system within countries. However, as pointed out by the Small Arms Survey, in the past ten years twenty-nine countries have made available a national arms export report. Twenty-five of these countries being European, while only four countries being non-European which include Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United States. While some countries make information available about the small arms of their armed forces and law enforcement agencies; others release estimated data on public ownership. Most refuse to release anything, release rough estimates or simply do not know. Fortunately, to address these issues, the Small Arms Survey's contributors have devised a transparency barometer allowing them to consider each country's cooperation and credibility on shared information.

According to the 2007 edition of the Small Arms Survey, there are at least 639 million firearms in the world, although the actual total is almost certainly considerably higher. This number increases by approximately 8 million every year, for a total economic impact of about US$7 billion annually.

The Small Arms Survey figures are estimates, based on available national figures and field research in particular countries. They give a general sense of trends and the scale of the number of small arms.

Gun rights issues
There is tremendous variability in the adoption of gun control with respect to individual civilian ownership, and international arms control, in different regions across the globe. The right to bear arms is a right guaranteed under the Constitution of the United States and gun ownership for purposes other than hunting is prevalent and socially acceptable. Non-governmental organisations such as IANSA argue that the prevalence of small arms contributes to the cycle of violence between governments and individuals. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled (most notably in Antonin Scalia's majority opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller) that due to the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, the legislative and executive branches of both the federal and state governments are limited in their abilities to regulate gun ownership.

U.S. gun rights lobby groups, most notably the National Rifle Association of America and Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, assert that access to gun ownership is often necessary for self-defence, including defence against government intrusion into private citizen's lives. The JPFO asserts that confiscation of private firearms is a necessary but not sufficient condition for tyranny, and draws parallels between contemporary efforts to register and confiscate guns and the actions of the National Socialist German Workers Party during the lead up to the Second World War (see: Nazi gun control argument). Similarly, gun ownership is widely held by many in Pakistan to be a necessary protection against crime as well as a way through which citizens can participate in law enforcement.

Stephen Halbrook, a Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute and an author and lawyer known for his litigation on behalf of the National Rifle Association, proposed that disarming citizens leaves them defenseless against totalitarian governments (such as Jews in Nazi Germany).

Impact on Africa
The persistence and the complication of wars in Africa is sometimes blamed on small arms proliferation. A comparison between the murder rates in pre- and post-colonial would help determine the impact of small arms proliferation. Africa Researchers for the Small Arms Survey estimate that approximately 30 million firearms are being circulated throughout Africa. This number is much less than the total number of small arms in Europe, estimated to be 84 million. However, the number of small arms isn't as important in comparison to how they are being used. The Small Arms Survey reports that at least 38 different companies are producing small arms in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet indigenous companies are not fulfilling the demands. South Africa is the largest exporter of small arms in the region, but only $6 million in small arms were exported out of the country, while $25 million in small arms were imported into the continent in 2005. Beyond legal trade, the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons also has a great effect on Africa. Many of the illicit trade among small arms in Africa can be attributed to post-conflict removal and movement of weapons. This illegal transfer of weapons from country-to-country has been seen to incite conflict in bordering regions by the same armed groups. An example of this can be seen in the conflicts ranging from Liberia, moving towards Sierra-Leone, the Ivory Coast, and finally to Guinea. Another illicit trade of small arms is seen in craft production. Reports from arms analysts Matt Schroeder and Guy Lamb suggest that the country Ghana has the potential to yield 200,000 new weapons every year.

The consequences of small arms on African people due to international conflicts within Africa, rebel group activities, mercenary groups, and armed gang activities have yet to be fully measured, although Stockholm Peace Research Institute means transparency and information-sharing regarding arms transfers in the region will build trust and confidence. The International Action Network on Small Arms, Saferworld, and Oxfam International put it in perspective when they reported that armed conflict cost Africa $18 billion each year and about US$300 billion between 1990 and 2005. During this period, 23 African nations experienced war: Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, and Uganda.

See also
 Arms control
 Arms industry
 Arms Trade Treaty
 Arms trafficking
 Gun control
 Gun ownership
 Gun shop
 IANSA
 International security
 Organized crime
 Pablo Dreyfus
 Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)
 Small Arms Survey
 List of most-produced firearms

References

Further reading

External links
Organisations advocating small arms control:
 Control Arms - Amnesty International, International Action Network on Small Arms and Oxfam
 Norwegian Institute on Small Arms Transfers
 The Small Arms Survey (Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva)
 Arms Sales Monitoring Program - Federation of American Scientists
 Small Arms Working Group
 List of Arms Trade related organizations
Organisations advocating to exclude small arms from trade control:
 National Rifle Association (NRA)
 Keep and Bear Arms (KBA)
 Our Nation (Our Nation USA)
 Swiss gun owners association (ProTell)
 Council of Licensed Firearms Owners (COLFO)
 Jews for the Preservation of Gun Ownership
 Individual opinions on small arms control:
 "Score One for Bush: A U.N. conference concludes without too much permanent damage" by Dave Kopel in the National Review, a U.S. conservative journal

Arms control

Firearms
Gun politics
Organized crime activity
Small arms
Smuggling
Weapons trade

Small arms trade


An Cyrtochilum pozoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Willibald Königer. An Cyrtochilum pozoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtochilum

Cyrtochilum pozoi


Éric Decroix (født 7. marts 1969 i Croix, Frankrig) er en fransk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Decroix startede sin karriere hos Lille, og skiftede i 1994 til FC Nantes. Her var han året efter med til at vinde det franske mesterskab, mens det i 1999 blev til triumf i pokalturneringen Coupe de France, efter finalesejr over Sedan. Senere i karrieren spillede han også for Olympique Marseille, Montpellier og belgiske Germinal Beerschot.

Titler
Ligue 1
 1995 med Nantes

Coupe de France
 1999 med Nantes

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra FC Nantes
Fodboldspillere fra Olympique Marseille
Fodboldspillere fra Montpellier HSC
Fodboldspillere fra Lille OSC
Fodboldspillere fra Germinal Beerschot

Éric Decroix


Giovanni Boccaccio (16 Haziran 1313 - 21 Aralık 1375), İtalyan bir yazar ve şairdir.

Rönesans hümanizmi için oldukça önemli bir isimdir. Eserleri arasında Decameron en fazla tanınanıdır. Döneminde realizmi, hisleri ve zekasıyla kullandığı için önemli bir kişilik olmuştur.

Biyografi

Floransalı bir bankacının; evlilik dışı bir ilişkisinden doğan Boccaccio, önceki bir biyografisinde annesinin Parisli bir kadın olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Floransa'da büyümüş; ve Dante'den esinlenmiştir. Babasının Napoli'ye taşınması üzerine; O da taşınır ve 6 yıl burada yaşar. Studium'da hukuk eğitimi aldıktan sonra; bankacılık yerine hukuka yönelir. 1330 yılında Mario ve Giulio isminde iki de evlilik dışı çocuğu olur.

Bu dönemde Filostrato ve Teseida şiir çalışmalarına da başlar ve Fransız edebiyatından esinlenir. Floransa'ya veba salgını sonrasında 1341'de geri döndükten sonra; Ameto'yu yazar. 1344'te tekrar evlilik dışı bir çocuğu Violante doğar.

1348'deki kara veba Floransa'yı da oldukça etkiler –ki bu salgında dünya nüfusunun %30 ila %60'ı ölmüştür– ve Boccaccio bunu daha sonra Decameronda kullanmıştır. Decameronu yazmaya 1349 yılında başlayan Boccaccio, 1352'de eserini bitirmesine rağmen, 1370-1371 yıllarında da eserini tekrar yazar. Yazıtları günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır.

Boccaccio, (Decameron adlı eseriyle) dünya edebiyatının ilk hikâyecisi olarak sayılmaktadır. Boccaccio aynı zamanda, tartışmalara neden olsa da, ilk roman yazarı olarak da kabul edilir.

Obezite sorunları da yaşayan Boccacio, son yıllarını hastalıkla geçirir ve 21 Aralık 1375'te ölür.

Eserleri
 Rime (1914, Büyük yaşamı boyunca yazdığı şiirlerin sadeleştirilmiş ve açıklamalı basımı) Filocolo (Düzyazı)
 Filostrato (Şiir)
 Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (Roman)
 Decameron (Öyküler)
 Commento alla Commedia (Dante'nin Tanrısal Komedya'sının yorumu)
De Casibus Virorum Illustrium

Ayrıca bakınız
 İtalyan Edebiyatı

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

14. yüzyıl İtalyan yazarları
İtalyan şairler
1313 doğumlular
1375 yılında ölenler

Giovanni Boccaccio


Broadway Journal a fost un ziar cu apariție scurtă din New York, fondat de Charles Frederick Briggs și John Bisco în 1844. Un an mai târziu, publicația a fost cumpărată de Edgar Allan Poe, devenind singurul periodic pe care acesta l-a deținut vreodată, deși a eșuat după numai câteva luni sub conducerea sa.

Istoric

Briggs, cunoscut anterior ca romancier satiric sub pseudonimul "Harry Franco", i-a scris o scrisoare lui James Russell Lowell pe 7 decembrie 1844, anunțându-și intențiile de a începe publicarea unei reviste. "Numele va fi, de dragul individualității și mai ales al altor persoane, Broadway Journal, sau Review, sau Chronicle, sau ceva cu Broadway". La fondarea sa ca Broadway Journal, Briggs a preluat sarcinile redactoriale și a solicitat colaboratori, în timp ce partenerul său de afaceri John Bisco s-a ocupat cu publicarea și cu activitățile financiare.

Pe 21 februarie 1845, Edgar Allan Poe a semnat un contract pe un an pentru a deveni redactor al publicației. De asemenea, el a fost de acord să scrie un material original de cel puțin o pagină în fiecare săptămână. Pentru aceasta a primit o treime din câștiguri. În curând, cu toate acestea, reputația caustică de critic a lui Poe a început să-l deranjeze pe Briggs, iar acesta din urmă a intenționat să scape și de Poe și de Bisco. Nu a avut însă succes să găsească noi finanțatori atunci când Bisco a crescut prețul solicitat pentru partea sa. Poe, pentru un timp, s-a gândit să-și vândă propria sa parte lui Evert Augustus Duyckinck sau lui Cornelius Mathews. Briggs a încercat să cumpere partea lui Bisco, care a cerut mai mulți bani decât era dispus Briggs să plătească. Până în luna iunie, cu toate acestea, Briggs a demisionat din cauza dificultăților financiare și, în octombrie, Bisco și-a vândut partea sa lui Poe pentru 50 de dolari (Poe a plătit cu un instrument de plată andosat de Horace Greeley). Poe a dobândit control editorial deplin și drept de proprietate asupra Broadway Journal.

Poe a publicat versiuni noi ale mai multora dintre operele sale, inclusiv "Masca Morții Roșii", "Portretul oval" și altele. El și-a continuat, de asemenea, rolul său de critic literar, inclusiv acuzațiile de plagiat la adresa lui Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. El a folosit, de asemenea, Broadway Journal pentru un flirt public cu Frances Sargent Osgood și pentru a strânge bani pentru o nouă revistă la care visa de multă vreme ce urma să poarte numele The Penn.

Poe nu a reușit să aducă ziarului un succes financiar, deși a sperat să rezolve situația dificilă a publicației. Un împrumut de 50 de dolari de la Rufus Wilmot Griswold în octombrie 1845 l-a ajutat să o susțină pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp. Într-o scrisoare din 15 noiembrie 1845 către poetul și prietenul său Thomas Holley Chivers a promis, "voi face o avere din asta". Chiar și așa, publicația și-a încetat apariția în mod oficial cu un ultim număr publicat în 3 ianuarie 1846, care a inclus o declarație de rămas bun:
 Angajamente nebănuite îmi solicită întreaga mea atenție, iar obiectivele pentru care a fost înființat Broadway Journal fiind neîndeplinite până în prezent în ceea ce mă privește, eu, în calitate de editor, îmi iau acum rămas bun - la fel de cordial prietenilor, ca și dușmanilor. - Edgar A. Poe

După ce a preluat controlul deplin al Broadway Journal, Poe a cerut sprijinul prietenilor săi. Referindu-se la acest aspect după încetarea apariției ziarului, Cornelia Wells Walter de la Boston Evening Transcript a scris un poem:
To trust in friends is but so so
Especially when cash is low;
The Broadway Journal's proved "no go" —
Friends would not pay the pen of POE.

Conținut
Broadway Journal a încercat să fie un ziar intelectual mai grave în comparație cu alte ziar din acea vreme. Din aceasta cauză, el a avut un public mai redus și mai puțin succes financiar. A publicat recenzii literare, dar și critică de artă, de teatru și de muzică, precum și poezie și articole despre politică.

Vezi și
Printre alte reviste americane în care Edgar Allan Poe a fost implicat se numără:
 American Review: A Whig Journal
 Burton's Gentleman's Magazine
 Godey's Lady's Book
 Graham's Magazine
 Southern Literary Messenger
 The Stylus

Referințe

Legături externe
Poe's writings in The Broadway Journal at the Edgar Allan Poe Society

Reviste din Statele Unite ale Americii
Edgar Allan Poe

Broadway Journal


Sepia es un género de pulpos cefalópodos de la familia de los sepíidos que agrupa algunas de las especies más comunes y comercializadas.

Clasificación

Género Sepia
Subgénero indeterminado
? Sepia bartletti
? Sepia baxteri *
? Sepia dannevigi *
? Sepia elliptica
Sepia filibrachia
Sepia mira
Sepia plana
Sepia senta
Sepia subplana
? Sepia whitleyana
Subgénero Acanthosepion
Sepia aculeata
Sepia brevimana
Sepia esculenta
Sepia lycidas
Sepia prashadi
Sepia recurvirostra
Sepia savignyi
Sepia smithi
Sepia stellifera
Sepia thurstoni
Sepia vecchioni
Sepia zanzibarica
Subgénero Anomalosepia
Sepia australis
Sepia omani
Sepia sulcata
Subgénero Doratosepion
Sepia adami
Sepia andreana
Sepia appellofi
Sepia arabica
Sepia aureomaculata
Sepia bathyalis
Sepia bidhaia
Sepia braggi
Sepia burnupi
Sepia carinata
Sepia confusa
Sepia cottoni
Sepia elongata
Sepia erostrata
Sepia foliopeza
Sepia incerta
Sepia ivanovi
Sepia joubini
Sepia kiensis *
Sepia kobiensis
Sepia koilados
Sepia limata
Sepia longipes
Sepia lorigera
Sepia mascarensis
Sepia mirabilis
Sepia murrayi
Sepia pardex
Sepia peterseni
Sepia rhoda
Sepia saya
Sepia sewelli
Sepia sokotriensis
Sepia subtenuipes
Sepia tala
Sepia tanybracheia
Sepia tenuipes
Sepia tokioensis
Sepia trygonina
Sepia vercoi
Sepia vietnamica
Subgénero Hemisepius
Sepia dubia
Sepia faurei
Sepia pulchra
Sepia robsoni
Sepia typica
Subgénero Rhombosepion
Sepia acuminata
Sepia cultrata
Sepia elegans
Sepia hedleyi
Sepia hieronis
Sepia madokai
? Sepia opipara
Sepia orbignyana
Sepia reesi
Sepia rex
Sepia vossi
Subgénero Sepia
Sepia angulata *
Sepia apama
Sepia bandensis
Sepia bertheloti
Sepia chirotrema
Sepia dollfusi
Sepia elobyana
Sepia gibba
Sepia hierredda
Sepia insignis
Sepia irvingi
Sepia latimanus
Sepia mestus
Sepia novaehollandiae
Sepia officinalis
Sepia papillata
Sepia papuensis
Sepia pharaonis
Sepia plangon
Sepia plathyconchalis
Sepia ramani
Sepia rozella
Sepia simoniana
Sepia tuberculata
Sepia vermiculata

Las especies marcadas con asterisco (*) son nombres no aceptados como válidos por todos los autores. Los signos de interrogación (?) indican una ubicación cuestionable dentro del género.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Tree of Life web project: Sepia

Sepiidae

Sepia (género)


Amilaza je enzim koji katalizira hidrolizu škroba u šećere. Tako iz amilopektina, amiloze, glikogena i njihovih hidroliziranih produkat nastaju jednostavniji šećeri (disaharidi, trisaharidi).

U ljudskom tijelu amilaze nastaju u acinusnim stanicama gušterače i žlijezda slinovnica. Iz žlijezda amilaze se luče u probavni sustav gdje razgrađuju složene spojeve u jednostavne kako bi se mogli apsorbirati iz probavnog sustava u krvotok. Određen vrste biljaka, gljiva i bakterija proizvode amilaze.

Amlilaze se klasificiraju u:
 alfa-amilaze - α-amilaze razgrađuju dugolančane ugljikohidrate pri čemu iz amiloze nastaju maltotrioza i maltoza, a iz amilopektina glukoza. Ljudske amilaze stvorene u slinovnicana i gušterači spadaju u alfa-amilaze. Alfa-amilaze nalazimo kod životnja te nekih biljaka, gljiva i bakterija.
 beta-amilaze - β-amilaze s nereducirajućeg kraja molekula polisaharida, hidrolizira drugu α(1-4)glikozidnu vezu, pri čemu nastaju dvije molekule maltoze; nalazimo je kod bakterija, gljiva i biljaka; tijekom dozrijevanja polodova, β-amilaza razgrađuje škrob u maltozu (zbog čega zrelo voće ima slatki okus)
 gama-amilaze - γ-amilaze razgrađuju α(1–6)glikozidnu vezu kao i α(1–4)glikozidnu vezu na nereducirajućem kraju amiloze i amilopektina, pri čemu nastaje glukoza.

Upotreba

Fermentacija
Alfa i beta amilaze važnu su proizvodnji piva i alkoholnih pića nastalih fermentacijom iz šećera hidroliziranih od škroba.

Medicina
U medicini vrijednosti amilaza u krvi pomažu u dijagnosticiranju bolesti. Vrijednosti amilaza u krvotoku mogu biti povišene u slučaju bolesti kao što su npr. upala gušterače (pankreatitis), ulkusna bolest, opstrukcija crijeva, tromboza mezenterijalnih krvnih žila, zaušnjaci (mumps).

Povijest
Godine 1831., Erhard Friedrich Leuchs (1800–1837) opisao je hidrolizu škroba slinom zbog prisutnosti enzima kojeg je nazvao ptijalin (amilaza). Moderna povijest enzima započela je 1833. kada su francuski kemičari Anselme Payen i Jean-François Persoz izolirali kompleks amilaza iz ječma i nazvali ga dijastaza.
Godine 1862. Alexander Jakulowitsch Danilewsky (1838–1923) odvojio je u gušteračinom soku amilaze od tripsina.

Izvori
Članak o amilazama na internet stranici Medscape, pristupljeno 04.02.2018.

 Enzimi

Amilaza


Le Club Egara est un club sportif espagnol basé à Terrassa, Catalogne. Elle a été fondée en 1935 sous le nom de «CD Armonia Egara». Il est surtout connu pour son département hockey sur gazon mais il possède également des sections tennis, padel et golf.

Il joue dans les installations du Pla del Bon Aire. C'est l'une des meilleures équipes d'Espagne, ayant remporté 15 titres de champion d'Espagne.

Honneurs

Hommes
División de Honor
 Champions (15): 1970–1971, 1971–1972, 1972–1973, 1973–1974, 1974–1975, 1978–1979, 1991–1992, 1992–1993, 1995–1996, 1997–1998, 1998–1999, 1999–2000, 2000–2001, 2015-2016, 2018-2019
Copa del Rey
 Champions (18): 1921, 1952, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2009, 2018, 2021
Coupe d'Europe des clubs champions
 Vice-champions (2): 1993, 1999

Lien exterme
 Site officiel

Références

Club de hockey sur gazon en Espagne
Club sportif fondé en 1935
Terrassa

Club Egara


Insulele Poreci au fost două insule situate în Clisura Dunării, la mică distanță în aval de fosta cataractă Greabăn, în dreptul localității Svinița din județul Mehedinți. Insulele au dispărut în 1970, fiind inundate odată cu scufundarea insulei Ada Kaleh (care se găsea la aproximativ 40 de kilometri distanță în aval), pentru construcția hidrocentralei Porțile de Fier I.

Pe cea mai mare dintre insule erau ruinele unei cetăți și ale unei biserici, precum și ale localității Poreci, distrusă de turci în 1831. Populația din localitate a fost strămutată după 1831 în orășelul  (Milanovățul de Jos), astăzi port sârbesc situat la cca. 6 km în aval, pe malul drept al fluviului. În satul Poreci s-a născut în jurul anului 1530 Baba Novac, haiduc mercenar timocean, luptător consecvent contra Imperiului Otoman, căpitan al oștii de haiduci din armata lui Mihai Viteazul. Orașul întemeiat de Miloș Obrenovici, prinț al Serbiei, cu populația strămutată de pe insule, a fost încă odată mutat în 1970.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de insule în România

Legături externe
 Poziția pe hartă - wikimapia.org

Insulele României
Insule de pe Dunăre

Insulele Poreci


The Ma'alot massacre was a Palestinian terrorist attack that occurred on 14-15 May 1974 and involved the hostage-taking of 115 Israelis, chiefly school children, which ended in the murder of 25 hostages and six other civilians. It began when three armed members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) infiltrated Israel from Lebanon. Soon afterwards they attacked a van, killing two Israeli Arab women while injuring a third, and entered an apartment building in the town of Ma'alot, where they killed a couple and their four-year-old son. From there, they headed for the Netiv Meir Elementary School in Ma'alot, where in the early hours of 15 May 1974 they took hostage more than 115 people including 105 children. Most of the hostages were 14- to 16-years-old students from a high school in Safad on a pre-military Gadna field trip spending the night in Ma'alot. The hostage-takers soon issued demands for the release of 23 Palestinian militants and 3 others from Israeli prisons, or else they would kill the students. The Israeli side agreed, but the hostage-takers failed to get an expected coded message from Damascus. On 15 May, minutes before the 18:00 deadline set by the DFLP for killing the hostages, the Sayeret Matkal commandoes stormed the building. During the takeover, the hostage-takers killed children with grenades and automatic weapons. Ultimately, 25 hostages, including 22 children, were killed and 68 more were injured.

Attack
Ma'alot, located on a plateau in the hills of the Galilee region of Israel,  south of the Lebanese border, is a development town founded in 1957 by Jewish immigrants, mainly from Morocco and Tunisia. The attack was carried out by three members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) dressed in Israel Defense Forces uniforms.

The DFLP terrorists infiltrated through the Nahal Mattat Nature Reserve from south of the Lebanese village of Rumaysh. The group entered Israel near Moshav Zar'it on Sunday night, 13 May. They were armed with AK-47 assault rifles, grenades, and plastic explosives of Czechoslovakian manufacture. They hid until the next night in the orchards near the Druze village of Hurfeish. A border patrol unit discovered their footprints but could not track them down.

Proceeding to Ma'alot up the winding road, they encountered a van driven by a Druze resident of Hurfeish bringing Christian Arab women from the village of Fassuta home from work at the ATA Textile Works in the Haifa Bay area. The leader of the operation, Linou, stood on the roadway and opened fire on the vehicle, instantly killing one woman, and wounding both the driver and other workers, one of whom later died of her wounds. The driver turned off the headlights and drove backwards up the hill towards Moshav Tzuriel. Israeli soldiers were called to the scene but failed to catch them.

Reaching Ma'alot, the militants knocked on the doors of several homes. When they came to the home of Fortuna and Yosef Cohen, two of them who were Israeli-Arabs said in Hebrew that they were police searching for terrorists. When the door opened the militants burst in and killed the couple, their 4-year-old son Eliahu and wounded their 5-year-old daughter Miriam. Fortuna, seven months pregnant, tried to flee the intruders, but she was also shot. The only one in the family who survived unhurt was 16-month-old Yitzhak, a deaf-mute. From there, the militants headed for the Netiv Meir Elementary School where students on a school trip were lodged. On the way, they met Yaakov Kadosh, a sanitation worker, and asked for directions to the school. They then shot and injured him.

Netiv Meir Elementary School was a three-story concrete building with apartment buildings under construction nearby. The militants entered the building at 4 am, taking all 102 students hostage. The teenagers spending the night in the school building were out on a three-day trip. They were students from a high school in Safad. Allegedly one of the parents of the slain teenagers had begged the headmaster to cancel the trip after learning that militants had entered the area. By then it was considered too late to cancel the trip because all the arrangements had been made. The militants had intended to lie in wait for children arriving the next day and had not expected to find so many students lodging there. Three of four teachers escaped by jumping through the window, abandoning their 90 pupils to their fate, which created a great deal of bitterness among the parents. The teachers were immediately suspended from their posts by local authorities. 85 students and several teachers were held hostage. The students were forced to sit on the floor at gunpoint, with explosive charges between them.

In the morning, the militants demanded the release from Israeli prisons of 23 Arab and three other prisoners, including Kozo Okamoto – a Japanese national involved in the 1972 Lod Airport Massacre. Unless these conditions were met, they declared that they would kill the students. The deadline was set for 6:00 pm the same day.

At 10 am, 27-year-old Sylvan Zerach, at home on leave from the army, stood near the base of the tall concrete water tower not far from the school building to get a closer view of what was going on. One of the terrorists opened fire on him, hitting Zerach in the neck. Zerach later died in the hospital.

At an emergency session of the Knesset, a decision was reached to negotiate, but the hostage-takers turned down a request for more time.

Takeover operation

At 17:25, the commander of the elite Sayeret Matkal special forces group was given the 'green light' to storm the building. The assault force was divided into three units; two to break in from the entrance while a third was to climb a ladder and enter from a window facing north. The squads moved into position from the blind side to the east, from the frames of some apartment buildings under construction. The operation was to have been coordinated with simultaneous sniper fire on the three hostage-takers. At 17:32 the first squad entered the building through the main entrance on the first floor, which was blocked with tables and chairs. The first three-man team, led by Yuval Galili of Kibbutz Geva, was hit by gunfire on the stairs leading to the second floor. Galili threw a phosphorus grenade into the second floor hallway to create a smokescreen. The smoke from the explosion blinded the second team led by Amiran Levine, which had been ordered to take out Linou, at that time posted at the third floor window where he had shot Zerach.

When they broke into the classroom where the students were being held, Harbi grabbed a student, Gabi Amsalem, and held him at gunpoint on the floor. Rahim was shot dead but Linou managed to reach the classroom, grab several magazines from the teacher's desk and reload his weapon. He then sprayed the students with machinegun fire and tossed grenades out the window. When a burst of fire broke his left wrist, he threw two grenades at a group of girls huddled on the floor. Several students leaped from the windows to the ground, some  below.

Beside the three DFLP militants, twenty-two high school students were killed in the attack and over fifty were wounded. The student victims were buried in their hometown, Safed. Some of the 10,000 mourners who attended the funerals chanted "Death to the terrorists".

Victims

 Ilana Turgeman of Safed
 Rachel Aputa of Safed
 Yocheved Mazoz of Safed
 Sarah Ben-Shim'on of Safed
 Yona Sabag of Safed
 Yafa Cohen of Safed
 Shoshana Cohen of Safed
 Michal Sitrok of Safed
 Malka Amrosy of Safed
 Aviva Saada of Safed
 Yocheved Diyi of Safed
 Yaakov Levi of Safed
 Yaakov Kabla of Safed
 Rina Cohen of Safed
 Teacher of Safed
 Teacher of Safed
 Teacher of Safed
 Ilana Ne'eman of Safed
 Sarah Madar of Safed
 Tamar Dahan of Safed
 Sarah Sofer of Safed
 Lilly Morad of Safed
 David Madar of Safed
 Yehudit Madar of Safed
 Sylvan Zerach of Ma'alot
 Fortuna Cohen (seven months pregnant) of Ma'alot
 Yosef Cohen of Ma'alot
 Eliahu Cohen, 4, of Ma'alot
 One unknown of Safed
 Unnamed Arab-Israeli woman of Fassuta
 Unnamed Arab-Israeli woman of Fassuta

Killed terrorists

Ali Ahmad Hasan al-Atmah (Linou), 27, of Haifa
Ziyad Abdar-Rahim Ka'ik (Ziyad), 22, of Tayiba
Muhammad Muslih Salim Dardour (Harbi), 20, of Beit Hanina

Israeli response
The next day Israel Defense Forces planes bombed offices and training bases of the DFLP and PFLP. According to a BBC report, the bombing inflicted damage in seven Palestinian refugee camps and villages in southern Lebanon killing at least 27 people and leaving 138 injured.

After an investigation Attorney General Meir Shamgar decided that the three teachers who escaped and abandoned their students had done no wrong. Parents of the victims angrily rejected the report.

The massacre led to the creation of the Yamam special police unit.

Amos Horev, President of Haifa's Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, headed a Commission of Inquiry in May 1975 that investigated the massacre. The subsequent Commission Report listed a number of mistakes made by the government and security forces, and made several recommendations.

The DFLP tried a second time to take hostages at a hotel in Ma'alot in 1979, but were killed by Israeli soldiers.

Commemoration
In 2007, American filmmakers visited Ma'alot to film a documentary on the massacre. A memorial corner in the library of the Netiv Meir school displays photographs of the victims and archival footage on the massacre. A feature movie, Their Eyes Were Dry, retells the story of the massacre.

A Reform synagogue in southern California is named Shir Ha-Ma'alot ("Song of Ascent") in memory of the victims.

See also
 Avivim school bus attacks
 Beslan school hostage crisis 2004 hostage crisis in Russia by Islamic militants
 Israeli casualties of war
 List of massacres in Israel

References

External links

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine attacks
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1974
1974 crimes in Israel
Massacres in 1974
Spree shootings in Israel
Hostage taking in Israel
School killings in Israel
Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Operations involving Israeli special forces
School massacres in Asia
Child murder in Israel
Massacres in Israel
May 1974 events in Asia
School bombings
Terrorist incidents in Israel in the 1970s
Massacres committed by the Palestine Liberation Organization

Ma'alot massacre


Oordt ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Gabriel van Oordt (1757–1836), niederländischer reformierter Theologe
 Johan Frederik van Oordt (1794–1852), niederländischer reformierter Theologe

Siehe auch:
 Oord
 Oort

Oordt


Triptyque russe est un film documentaire français en trois volets réalisé par François Caillat et sorti en 2018.

Synopsis
L'histoire de la construction par les prisonniers du Goulag (les zeks), au début des années 1930 et au prix de vingt mille morts, du Belomorkanal (« Canal Staline ») reliant la mer Blanche à la mer Baltique.

Les trois volets :
 Vive le Canal Staline
 Yurii Alekseïevitch Dmitriev
 Le bruit de la terre

Fiche technique
 Titre : Triptyque russe
 Réalisation : François Caillat
 Scénario : François Caillat
 Photographie : François Caillat, Laure Chichmanov, Jacques Besse et David Rodes
 Son : François Caillat, Laure Chichmanov et Stephan Bauer
 Montage : Marine Benveniste et Sophie Brunet
 Musique : Frédéric Boulard
 Production : Tempo Films / Le Fresnoy - Studio national des arts contemporains / Pictanovo
 Pays d'origine :
 Durée :
 Date de sortie : France -  (Festival international du film d'histoire de Pessac)

Distinctions

Récompenses
 Prix Bernard-Landier du jury lycéen au Festival international du film d'histoire de Pessac 2018

Sélections
 Festival Traces de vies 2019
 Rencontres du cinéma documentaire (association Périphérie) 2019
 Rencontres cinématographiques de Cerbère / Port-Bou 2020

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Extrait de Triptyque russe sur le site de François Caillat

Film français sorti en 2018
Film documentaire français
Film en français
Film documentaire sur la prison
Film documentaire sur un cours d'eau
Film documentaire sur la Russie

Triptyque russe


Eyjahjálmur  (fræðiheiti: Aconitum sachalinense) er fjölært jurt af sóleyjaætt sem er upprunnin frá Japan og Sakalíneyjum.

Undirtegundir

 A. s. nemurense
 A. s. neokurilense
 A. s. sachalinense
 A. s. yezoense - Lensuhjálmur

Eyjahjálmur er eitraður og skal gæta varúðar við meðhöndlun hans, sérstaklega rætur og stöngla.

Tilvísanir

Eiturplöntur
Sóleyjaætt

Eyjahjálmur


Zanthoxylum delagoense, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es nativa Mozambique.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 4 m de altura, la corteza con espinas; las ramitas jóvenes de color marrón rojizo, glabras, poco espinosas, con espinas recurvadas de 4-10 mm de largo, las hojas de 5-18 cm de largo,  coriáceas, glabras, con espinas en el raquis recurvado, foliolos 2-4 pares.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en la dunas costeras en forma de matorrales, en el bosque seco de la costa sur de Mozambique.

Taxonomía
Zanthoxylum delagoense fue descrita por P.G.Waterman y publicado en Taxon 23: 365, en el año 1975.
Sinonimia
Zanthoxylum capense auct.
Fagara capensis I.Verd.
Fagara schlechteri Engl. (1911)

Referencias

delagoense
Flora endémica de Mozambique

Zanthoxylum delagoense


Racing Club de Strasbourg, kısaca RC Strasbourg, 1906 yılında kurulmuştur, Strazburg kentinin takımıdır. Maçlarını Stade de la Meinau'da yapmaktadır. Kulüp başkanlığını Marc Keller, takımın antrenörlüğünü ise Julien Stéphan yürütmektedir.

Başarıları
 Ligue 1
 Şampiyon (1): 1979
 Coupe de France
 Şampiyon (3): 1951, 1966, 2001
 Coupe de la Ligue
Şampiyon (4): 1964, 1997, 2005, 2019

Oyuncular

Kadro

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kulübün Resmî Ağ Sayfası

1906'da kurulan futbol kulüpleri
Fransa'daki futbol kulüpleri

RC Strasbourg Alsace


اكسونومتري- 'axonometric (من اليونانية áxon =محور وقياس = métron، ان يجري قياسها من خلال المحاور) هو إحدى طرق الاظهار الهندسي التي تعاملت معها الهندسة الوصفية. وقد اُدخل من قبل العالم الفرنسي غاسبار مونج في نهاية القرن الثامن عشر.
المميزة الأساسية لطريقة الأكسونومتري هي القدرة على تمثيل، في نفس المستوى π، ثلاثة وجوه لحجم K ثلاثي الأبعاد ,هذا صحيح إذا اعتبرنا K متوازي متوازي السطوح أو ان K أي نوع من الحجوم ولكنه مغلف افتراضيا بمتوازي السطوح.

الأكسونومتري تسمى عمودية أو مائلة, اعتمادا على اتجاه الإسقاط بالنسبة لمستوى الإسقاط π.

الرسم بشكل عام يعني قراءة وكتابة الواقع المحيط بنا، أو نقل للآخرين ما يدور في أذهاننا.
وعندما نرسم بأي أداة ولأي غرض ، فنحن نتذكر ما رأيناه ونترجمه من خلال الآثار التي تتركها حركة اليد على الورقة.
ومن المهم تذكر أنه قبل الرسم على الورق ، يجب تخيل الأشكال في الفراغ ثلاثي الابعاد. وبهذه الطريقة فقط يمكنك القول أنه يمكنك الرؤية من خلال الرسم.

ملاحظات هامة

من المهم معرفة أن جميع انواع الاكسنومتري ليست سوى تمثيل تقريبي للواقع ولا يمكن أن تحل محل المنظور. ومع ذلك، بفضل سهولة تنفيذها فهي أداة مفيدة للمعماريين والمهندسين لإظهار تكوينات ثلاثية الأبعاد بطريقة واضحة وسريعة.
ووفقًا لاتجاه مركز الإسقاط بالنسبة لمستوى الإسقاط ، يتم تقسيم الاكسنومتري إلى فئتين: عمودية (ايزومترك ديمتريك و تريمترك) ومائلة (plan oblique, elevation oblique and generic).
وبما ان سبب استخدام الاكسنومتري سهولة تنفيذها مقارنة بالمنظور، فمن المنطقي استخدام الأنواع الأسهل من الاكسنومتري، مثل ال PLAN OBLIQUE أو ال ELEVATION OBLIQUE. وذلك لانه في ال plan oblique تبقى إسقاطات الاشكال التي تنتمي إلى مستويات أفقية بشكلها الحقيقي، بينما تتشوه لأشكال التي تنتمي إلى مستويات أخرى. ومع ذلك يمكن أن تظل قياسات الخطوط الرأسية (موازية للمحور z) مساوية للقياسات الحقيقية ، عندما يكون اتجاه مركز الإسقاط 45 درجة بالنسبة لمستوى الاسقاط.
وبالمثل ، في ال elevation oblique, تكون الاشكال التي تنتمي للمستوى zx او (yz) بالشكل الحقيقي وكذلك قياسات خطوط العمق (الموازية للمحور x ، أو y) يمكن ان تكون بلا تشوه، إذا كان اتجاه الاسقاط 45 درجة بالنسبة لمستوى الاسقاط.

مقارنة بين الاكسنومتري الايزومترية والكافاليرا الافقية (plan oblique)
فيما يلي تم إرفاق صورتين لنوعين من الاكسنومتري لحل مشكلة تحديد مستوى في وضع عام معلومة ثلاث نقاط. حيث يمكن ملاحظة أن الإنشاءات في الاكسنومتري الايزومترية (على اليمين) أكثر بكثير من تلك المستخدمة لحل المشكلة المطلوبة. وبدلاً من ذلك في الاكسنومتري بلان اوبليك (على اليسار) تم تكريس كل الجهد لحل المشكلة لأن هناك الحد الادنى من الخطوط الانشائية.
وآمل من أولئك الذين يصرون على طلب الاكسنومتري الايزومترية معرفة ان الاكسنومتري ليست الهدف بل الأداة للتفكير وحل المسائل المختلفة.

ملاحظة: في الاكسنومتري الايزومترية تم استخدام العلاقة التقابلية بين القاعدة وصورتها الاكسنومترية

تاريخ
أول مساهمات نظرية لدراسة الإظهار الاكسنومتري كانت لعالم الرياضيات الفرنسي جيرار ديزارغ (1593-1661) نحو 1630. ولكن هذه الدراسات لم تكن مفهومة كاملا من قبل معاصريه, وأعماله بقيت غير معروفة حتى أواخر القرن الثامن عشر تقريبا، عندما قام غاسبار مونج بالتعمق في هذه الدراسة. على الرغم من أن عمل مونج كان أساسي لجميع طرق التمثيل الهندسي، لكنة لم يتعمق في الإسقاط الاكسونومتري، بشكل نهائي. المساهمة الكبيرة اتت من الراهب الإنجليزي دبليو فاريش (W. Farish) فاريش (1759-1839)، بعد عامين من وفاة مونج، في 1820. وفي بيان تلي في كمبردج، وُضع الأساس النظري النهائي للاكسونومتري متساوية القياس (ايزومترك). تمثيل الاكسنومتري وجد تعريفا كاملا بعد بضع سنوات، عندما أساليب الإسقاط المتعامدة أصبحت أساليب علمية دقيقة في الوصف والتطبيق.

الجدارة العلمية لتدوين الاكسنومتري النهائي، يعود إلى العالم الألماني ول. ج. ويسباخ Weisbach ((1806 - 1871Ì، إضافة إلى أعمال بولك (Pohlke K. 1850)

معرض صور

مصادر

طالع أيضا
 اكسنومتري كافاليرا

وصلات خارجية
 أنواع الاكسنومتري (بالإيطالية)
 Axonometry and New Design of Bauhaus. Therearetwo kindsof axonometrywhich diÆerin their projection method:oblique axonometry and orthogonal axonometry. The former consists projection(axonometric top view)where a top views undistorted and cavalier projection(axonometric front view)where the front viewis undistorted of two subdivisions:military

طرق الاظهار الهندسي
هندسة وصفية

أكسونومتري


Viscount Dunrossil, of Vallaquie in the Isle of North Uist in the County of Inverness, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 12 November 1959 for the Conservative politician William Morrison upon his retirement as Speaker of the House of Commons. His son, the second Viscount, notably served as High Commissioner to Fiji and as Governor of Bermuda.  the title is held by the latter's son, the third Viscount, who succeeded in 2000.

The viscountcy is the most recently created hereditary peerage created for a former Speaker which is still extant; all Speakers of the Commons after the 1st Viscount either received life peerages, died in office, or, having received a hereditary peerage, died without issue.

The family seat is Dunrossil House, near Lochmaddy, Isle of the North Uist.

Viscounts Dunrossil (1959)
William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil (1893–1961)
John William Morrison, 2nd Viscount Dunrossil (1926–2000)
Andrew William Reginald Morrison, 3rd Viscount Dunrossil (born 1953)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Callum Alasdair Brundage Morrison (born 1994)

Line of succession

  William Shepherd Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil (1893–1961)
  John William Morrison, 2nd Viscount Dunrossil (1926–2000)
  Andrew William Reginald Morrison, 3rd Viscount Dunrossil (born 1953)
 (1) Hon. Callum Alasdair Brundage Morrison (born 1994)
 (2) Hon. Ranald John Morrison (born 1956)
 (3) Richard Donald Morrison (born 1983)
 (4) Alexander Thomas Morrison (born 1988)
 (5) Hon. Alasdair Godfrey Morrison (born 1962)
 Hon. Alasdair Andrew Orr Morrison (1929–2009)
 (6) William Alasdair Ewing Morrison (born 1960)
 Rev. Hon. Nial Ranald Morrison (1932–1991) (7) Neil William Alexander Morrison (born 1961)
 (8) Alexander Morrison (born 1997)
 (9) Cade Morrison (born 2001)
 (10) John Forbes Morrison (born 1963)
 (11) Niall Morrison (born 2002)
 (12) Hugh Robert Shepherd Morrison (born 1965)

Arms

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1959
Peerages created for speakers of the House of Commons
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Dunrossil


كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم 2011 هي المسابقة الرابعة عشر من كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم. أقيمت في المكسيك في 2011.

أكد من قبل مؤتمر الفيفا الثامن والخمسون في سيدني، أستراليا بأن المكسيك سوف تكون المضيف، بذلك هزمت عروض أخرى من جمهورية التشيك وإيران.

اللاعبين المؤهلين
فقط اللاعبين المولودون في أو بعد 1 يناير، 1994 هم وحدهم المؤهلون للمنافسة في كأس العالم للناشئين تحت 17 2011.

الأماكن

الفرق

بالإضافة إلى الدولة المضيفة المكسيك، 23 دولة سوف تتأهل من 6 اتحادات قارية منفصلة.

1.فرق سوف تشارك لأول مرة.

حكام المباريات

آسيا
  علي حمد البدواوي
 حكام مساعدون:  حمد سليمان المياهي،  رضا شوخندان
  نواف غياث شكر الله
 حكام مساعدون:  ياسر عبد الله تلفت،  خالد العلان

أفريقيا
  نيانت أليوم
 حكام مساعدون:  جبريل كامارا،  زاكيلي سيويلا
  هيلدر مارتنس دي كارفالهو
 حكام مساعدون:  فيليسيين كاباندا،  أدين رانج ماروا

أوروبا
  توني تشابرون
 حكام مساعدون:  إيمانويل بويسدينهيين،  فريدجي هارتشاي
  بافل كرالوفيتش
 حكام مساعدون:  مارتن فيلتسيك،  ميروسلاف زلامال
  سفين أودفار موين
 حكام مساعدون:  فرانك أنداس،  كيم هاغلوند
  باس نيجهايس
 حكام مساعدون:  أنغيلو بونمان،  أيروين زينسترا
  أليكسي نيكولاييف
 حكام مساعدون:  أنتون أفيريانوف،  تيخون كالوغين
  ستيفين ستودر
 حكام مساعدون:  ساندرو بوزي،  رافاييل زيدر

شمال أمريكا، وسط أمريكا والكاريبي
  رايمون بوجل
 حكام مساعدون:  ستيفين براون،  ديون نيل
  روبرتو غارثيا أوروزكو
 حكام مساعدون:  أليخاندرو أيالا،  فيكتور كالديرون

أوقيانوسيا
  نوربيرت هاواتا
 حكام مساعدون:  ديفيد تشارلز،  مارك رول

أمريكا الجنوبية
  دييغو آبال
 حكام مساعدون:  أليغو كاستاني،  غوستافو إيسكيفيل
  فيكتور كاريو
 حكام مساعدون:  جوني باسيو،  سيسار إسكانو
  أومار بونس
 حكام مساعدون:  كارلوس هيريريا،  كريستيان ليسكانو

قائمة احتياطية
  إلمير بونيا
 حكام مساعدون:  كيتزيل كورايس،  أوكتافيو جارا
  باول ديلغاديو
 حكام مساعدون: ماركوس كينتيرو، سالفادور رودريغيز
  جافيث بيريا
 حكام مساعدون:  ريكاردو دانييل أك،  خوان أنتونيو روداس

مرحلة المجموعات
قرعة مرحلة المجموعات أقيمت في يوم 17 مايو 2011 في مكسيكو سيتي.

الفائزون والوصيفين من كل مجموعة، فضلاً عن الأفضل أربعة فرق المركز-الثالث، سوف يتأهلون إلى الدور الأول من دور خروج المغلوب (دور الستة عشر).

؛معايير كسر التعادل

حين اثنين أو فرق أكثر ينهون دور المجموعات مع نفس العدد من النقاط، ترتيبها يحدد من المعايير التالية:
 فرق الأهداف في كل مباريات المجموعة؛
 عدد الأهداف المسجلة في كل مباريات المجموعة؛
 نقاط كسبت في المباريات بين الفرق المعنية؛
 فرق الأهداف في المباريات بين الفرق المعنية؛
 عدد الأهداف المسجلة في مباريات المجموعة بين الفرق المعنية؛
 سحب القرعة من قبل اللجنة المنظمة.

ترتيب فرق مركز ثالث في كل مجموعة يحدد من المعايير التالية، أفضل أربعة فرق يتأهلون إلى دور الستة عشر:
 عدد النقاط
 فرق الأهداف في كل مباريات المجموعة؛
 عدد الأهداف المسجلة في كل مباريات المجموعة؛
 سحب القرعة من قبل اللجنة المنظمة.

جميع أوقات المباريات محلية (ت ع م-05:00).

المجموعة أ

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المجموعة ب

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المجموعة ج

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 كان هدف روبرتس لصالح لكندا المرة الأولى التي يسجل فيها حارس مرمى في أي مسابقة نهاية للفيفا.

المجموعة د

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Drawing of lots was used to determine the final positions of the United States and New Zealand, as the two teams finished level on points, goal difference, goals scored, and head-to-head record.

المجموعة ر

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المجموعة س

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دور خروج المغلوب

انظر أيضا
 كأس العالم للناشئين تحت 17 سنة
 كأس العالم للشباب تحت 20 سنة 2011

المصادر

وصلات خارجية
 فيفا كأس العالم للناشئين تحت 17 سنة المكسيك

المكسيك في 2011
أحداث يوليو 2011 الرياضية في أمريكا الشمالية
أحداث يونيو 2011 الرياضية في أمريكا الشمالية
كرة القدم المكسيكية في 2010–11
كرة قدم للشباب في 2011
مسابقات كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها المكسيك
أحداث يوليو 2011 في المكسيك
أحداث يونيو 2011 في المكسيك
أحداث يوليو 2011 الرياضية في المكسيك
أحداث يونيو 2011 الرياضية في المكسيك

كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم 2011


Ghost Town est le quinzième album du groupe américain de country rock, Poco. Il sort en 1982 chez Atlantic Records.

Liste des pistes

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Ghost Town sur Discogs.

Album de country rock
Album de musique américain
Album publié par Atlantic Records
Album musical sorti en 1982

Ghost Town (album de Poco)


Bürger in Wut (BIW) (dansk: Vrede borgere) er en tysk vælgerforening, der har hovedkontor i Berlin, men som siden starten i 2004 især har været aktiv i Bremen.

Politik
Vælgerforeningen er borgerlig-konservativ med højrepopulistiske træk. BIWs mærkesager er forsvar af retsstaten, lov og orden, bekæmpelse af kriminalitet og kritik af indvandring. Vælgerforeningen opfattes som en enkeltsagsbevægelse, der ikke er ekstremistisk.

I en kort periode sad Torsten Gross fra BIW i bestyrelsen for en stærkt højreorienteret sammenslutning af europæiske partier. Vælgerforeningen har senere meddelt, at den ikke støtter denne sammenslutning.

Folkevalgte
Ved alle Bremens landsdagsvalg i 2007, 2011 og 2014 fik BIW valgt et medlem ind i landdagen (Bremische Bürgerschaft (Bremens Borgerrepræsentation)). Ved de kommunale valg i de samme år fik BIW valgt tre medlemmer ind i kommunalbestyrelsen i Bremerhaven (Bremerhavener Stadtverordnetenversammlung).

Noter

Politiske partier i Tyskland
Etableret i 2004
Bremen

Bürger in Wut


කේ.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව් පෙරේරා ශ්‍රී ලාංකික අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකි.

අධ්‍යක්‍ෂණයන්
පිරිමියෙක් නිසා (1960)
සුහද සොහොයොරෝ (1963)
සැනසුම කොතනද (1966)
කපටිකම (1966)
බයිසිකල් හොරා (1968)
පේනව නේද (1970)
කතුරු මුවාත් (1971)
සීයෙ නෝට්ටුව (1971)
ලොකුම හිනාව (1972)
ඉහත ආත්මය (1972)
අපරාධය හා දඬුවම (1973)
ළසඳා (1974)
දුලීකා (1974)
වාසන (1976)
නෑදෑයෝ (1976)
ජනක සහ මංජු (1978)
සසර (1978)
හිඟන කොල්ලා (1979)
ආදර රත්නේ (1980)
බංගලි වළලු (1981)
වතුර කරත්තය (1982)
රැලි පාර (1982)
දුර්ගා (1988)
ධවල පුෂ්පය (1994)
මධුරී (1996)
උණ්ඩය් (2000)
සුමේධා (2004)

කේ.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. පෙරේරා


Sustav socijalnog kreditiranja (kineski: 社会信用体系, engleski: Social Credit System), projekt je kineske vlade osmišljen s ciljem bodovanja građana ovisno o njihovom društvenom i financijskom ponašanju.Podaci potrebni za bodovanje prikupljaju se pomoću nazdornih kamera, društvenih mreža i ostalih baza podataka. Pokretanje sustava je najavljeno 2014. godine, a prema pisanjima medija, trebao bi ući u stalnu uporabu do 2020. godine. Prema pisanju kineske novinske agencije Xinhua, iz 2017. godine, testna faza implementacije sustava pokrenuta je u gradu Šangaju te potom u provincijama Jiangsu, Anhui i Zhejiang.

Stimulacija i destimulacija ponašanja
Građani mogu skupiti između 350 i 950 bodova koje dobivaju na temelju kriterija poput primjerice broja prometnih prekršaja, švercanja u javnom prijevozu, ponašanja na internetu, igranja igrica ili tome tko su im prijatelji na društvenim mrežama. Kao posljedica nepoželjnog ponašanja dobivanju se kazne poput primjerice zabrane putovanja, kupovanja željezničkih karata, gubitka zdravstvenog osiguranja, nemogućnost bukiranja soba u luksuznim hotelima, dok bi poduzetnici i individualci s dobrim rejtingom trebali biti nagrađivani.

Izvori

Politika Kine

Društveni rejting građana (Kina)