Maroon is the fifth full-length studio album by Barenaked Ladies. The album was the follow-up to 1998's Stunt, the band's most successful album in the United States. Maroon debuted at No. 1 in Canada (their second to reach No. 1 after their 1992's debut Gordon) and No. 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200. In its first week, the album sold 17,800 copies in Canada and just under 128,000 in the U.S. It has sold at least 1 million copies in the U.S. alone. The album spawned three hit singles : "Pinch Me", "Too Little Too Late" and "Falling for the First Time".

Unlike past albums, the songs came almost entirely from the pairing of Page/Robertson. One track, "Baby Seat", was written by Page with longtime songwriting partner, Stephen Duffy. This was the last Page/Duffy track that Barenaked Ladies would release, starting a policy of keeping the writing within the band on their next album. "Hidden Sun", written while Hearn was in the hospital, appears as a hidden track on most copies of the album. As with each of their early albums, the band recorded one song, "Humour of the Situation", completely naked.

The band recorded 17 tracks for the album; Tracks recorded for this album but omitted from the finished record include: "Powder Blue" (appears on the US "Pinch Me" single), "Inline Bowline" (appears as an extra track on some international versions, and is on the Australian "Pinch Me" single), "Born Human" (appears on the Australian "Pinch Me" single, re-recorded for Hearn's album Night Light) and "Half a Heart" (re-recorded for the Barenaked Ladies Are Me sessions before the Maroon sessions version was later released on Stop Us If You've Heard This One Before!). "That's All, That's All" was also written for the album, and was later recorded for Page's The Vanity Project.

The album was the first Barenaked Ladies album released on DVD-Audio in a 5.1 surround sound mix. In 2020, a 20th Anniversary Edition was released digitally, and was announced for a vinyl release in early 2021. The 20th Anniversary Edition includes contains the three contemporary B-sides recorded for the album (not including "Half a Heart") as well as a demo version of "Falling for the First Time", and an "alternate" version of "Green Christmas" previously . Also, "Hidden Sun" is separated into its own track.

Track listing

Personnel

Barenaked Ladies
 Jim Creeggan – electric bass (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11), background vocals (1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12), handclaps (1, 4), violin (3, 11), viola (3, 7, 11, 12), baritone guitar (4), glockenspiel (4), electric double bass (6, 12), double bass (4, 6, 7, 11), arco double bass (12)
 Kevin Hearn – organ (1, 2, 3, 8, 9), synthesizer (5, 6, 10, 12), piano (2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10), accordion (2), glockenspiel (7), electric piano (3, 4), background vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12), clavinet (1, 2), handclaps (1) , sampling (1, 2, 7, 9, 12), baritone guitar (7), vocoder (8), electric guitar (11), keyboards (7, 11), melodica (11), lead vocals  (13)
 Steven Page – lead vocals (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), background vocals (1, 3, 5, 6), electric guitars (all), acoustic guitar (11), flute (12), recorder (11)
 Ed Robertson – lead vocals (3, 5), background vocals (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), acoustic guitar (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), electric guitar (all), tambourine (10), 12-string guitar (11), handclaps (1, 4), wah-wah guitar (6), cabasa (10), mandolin (11), banjo (12)
 Tyler Stewart – castanets (7), drums (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11), tambourine (1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11), bells (11), handclaps (1), timpani (7, 12), cowbell (6), wah wah shaker (6), background vocals (4, 5), 808 drums (10), drum kit (10), shaker (11), snare drum (12), cymbal (12)

Additional personnel
 Jim Scott – vocals
 Roberto "Tiny" Menegoni – percussion
 Party in Studio 3 – Sweet Pea Atkinson, Jane Oppenheimer, Jen Hilliard, and Jim Scott (track 2)
 Sean Cullen and the male cast of "Shave It" (track 7)
 Major Scale courtesy of Chris Brown (track 9)
 Jono Abrams – Faxed thumbs-up (track 12)

Production
 Don Was – producer
 Jim Scott – engineer
 Jen Hiller - assistant engineer
 Katy Teasdale – assistant engineer
 Michael Scotella - additional engineer
 Brian Gardner - mastering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Singles

References

2000 albums
Barenaked Ladies albums
Albums produced by Don Was
Reprise Records albums
Juno Award for Album of the Year albums
Juno Award for Pop Album of the Year albums

Maroon (Barenaked Ladies album)


An Masdevallia triangularis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Masdevallia triangularis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Masdevallia

Masdevallia triangularis


මාතර බලකොටුව 1560 වර්ෂයේදී පෘතුගීසීන් විසින් ඉදිකරන ලද්දකි. ලන්දේසින් විසින් ගාල්ල අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් අනතුරුව 1640 වසරේදීද බලකොටුව යලි ගොඩනැංවුණි.

බලකොටු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

මාතර බලකොටුව


La gaviota de Bonaparte (Chroicocephalus philadelphia) es una especie de ave charadriforme de la familia Laridae. Anida en Alaska y Canadá. Pasa el invierno en áreas más templadas de América del Norte, México, América Central y las Antillas. En dos ocasiones se ha registrado un ejemplar en Chile. No tiene subespecies reconocidas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

philadelphia
Aves de América del Norte
Aves de América Central
Animales descritos en 1815

Chroicocephalus philadelphia


An Gongora superflua in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Gongora superflua in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gongora, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Gongora

Gongora superflua


La cathédrale Saint-Pantaléon est une cathédrale orthodoxe située dans le quartier de Feofaniya à Kiev, en Ukraine.

Elle partage des similitudes avec la cathédrale Alexandre-Nevski de Tallinn.

Elle a été construite selon une conception néo-russe par Yevgeny Yermakov entre 1905 et 1912.

Les bâtiments qui l'entourent sont un couvent rattaché à la cathédrale.

Elle est consacrée à Pantaléon de Nicomédie.

Notes et références

Édifice religieux à Kiev
Patrimoine classé d'Ukraine
Kiev, Saint-Pantaléon

Cathédrale Saint-Pantaléon de Kiev


Die Vierfibeltracht war ein frühmittelalterlicher Bekleidungsstil, der von westgermanischen Frauen zwischen dem 5. und dem 7. Jahrhundert getragen wurde. Ihren Namen verdankt diese Tracht der Tatsache, dass sie gewöhnlich mit zwei in ihrer Form unterschiedlichen Fibelpaaren getragen wurde.

Entwicklung
Im Laufe des 5. Jahrhunderts wandelte sich die Tracht der westgermanischen Frauen von einem einfachen Schlauchkleid (peplos) hin zu einem tunikaähnlichen Gewand. Beeinflusst wurden sie dabei vom Kleidungsstil der romanischen Frauen in den von Germanen besetzten ehemaligen römischen Territorien. Die westgermanische Tunika war an den Schultern vernäht und wurde mit einem Gürtel (cingulum) getragen. Dennoch behielten die germanischen Frauen ihre Tradition bei, auffallend große Fibeln als Standessymbol offen sichtbar zu tragen. Damit grenzten sie sich deutlich von den mit ihnen lebenden Romaninnen ab, deren Oberkleidung meist ohne Fibeln auskam. Trotz der modischen Annäherung an die Romaninnen blieben die Fibeln für die westgermanischen Frauen weiterhin ein deutlich sichtbares Zeichen ihrer ethnischen Zugehörigkeit.

Am Übergang vom 6. zum 7. Jahrhundert verschwinden die Bügelfibeln dann allmählich wieder aus dem Inventar der germanischen Gräber und werden durch große Scheibenfibeln abgelöst. Darin spiegelt sich ein erneuter Wandel der Frauentracht. Die Vierfibeltracht gerät aus der Mode.

Trageweise

Das Tunikakleid wurde über ein langärmeliges Unterkleid gezogen und mit einem Gürtel über der Hüfte getragen.
Die paarig getragenen Bügelfibeln, die ursprünglich die Frauenoberkleidung an den Schultern zusammenhielten, verloren in der Vierfibeltrachtzeit ihre praktische Funktion. Das neue Tunikakleid war an den Schultern vernäht. Dennoch wurden sie von den westgermanischen Frauen als Standessymbol beibehalten und weiterhin paarig, aber nun parallel zur Körperachse unterhalb des Beckens bzw. zwischen den Oberschenkeln angebracht. Dabei wurden sie in den Saum der Tunika oder auf eine Schärpe gesteckt, die über dem Gürtel getragen wurde. Im Verlauf der Vierfibeltrachtperiode werden die Bügelfibeln größer und von ihren Trägerinnen immer tiefer Richtung Knie getragen.

Von der unteren Fibel des Paares geht das Gehängeband ab, ein magisches Amuletband an dessen unterem Ende z. B. ein Tierzahn oder ein Schlüssel, eine Zierscheibe aus Metall, eine große Millefioriperle oder ähnliches zur Beschwerung hing. In einigen Gräbern finden sich hier auch kleine Messer. Das Gehängeband selbst bestand aus Stoff oder Leder, das bei reicher Ausstattung mit Silberblech beschlagen gewesen sein konnte.

Über dem Tunikakleid trug die Westgermanin ein über die Schultern gelegtes Tuch bzw. einen Mantel, der von einem Kleinfibelpaar gehalten wurde, das in Brusthöhe angebracht war. Es kommen kleine almandinbesetzte Scheibenfibeln, aber auch Vogel- oder S-förmige Gewandschließen vor. Die beiden Fibeln konnten durch eine Glasperlenkette verbunden sein. Im 7. Jahrhundert, nach der Vierfibeltrachtzeit, wird dieses Kleinfibelpaar durch eine auffallend große Scheibenfibel ersetzt.

Komplettiert wurde die Vierfibeltracht durch individuellen Schmuck wie beispielsweise Fingerringe, Glasperlenketten, Ohrringe und Haarnadeln.

Von der Vierfibeltracht bleiben im Inventar westgermanischer Frauengräber meist nur noch die zwei Kleinfibeln in Brusthöhe, das Bügelfibelpaar im Beckenbereich und die anorganischen Bestandteile des Gürtels und des Gehänges überliefert.

Quellenlage
Die Vierfibeltracht ist eine Rekonstruktion nach archäologischen Quellen. Zeitgenössische Bilddokumente oder Beschreibungen der Vierfibeltracht sind nicht erhalten. Lediglich der byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber Agathias erwähnt, dass sich fränkische Frauen aufgrund ihrer barbarischen Tracht von den Romaninnen unterscheiden. Ebenso unbekannt ist ihre fränkische oder lateinische Bezeichnung.

Als Quellen müssen folglich archäologische Ausgrabungen von germanischen Gräberfeldern herhalten. Nach germanischer Tradition wurden die Toten in ihrer Tracht bestattet. Daher wären die Gräber ein aussagefähiges Zeugnis, jedoch sind gerade die reich ausgestatteten Frauengräber meist beraubt, so dass wichtige Objekte fehlen und die verbliebenen Funde häufig nicht mehr in ihrer Originallage vorliegen. Auch spielt die Erfahrung und die Genauigkeit des Ausgräbers bei den diffizilen Fragen zur Trageweise der Fibel eine wichtige Rolle. Hier bleibt naturgemäß allzu oft Raum für Zweifel und Spekulation. Ein weiterer Nachteil bei archäologischen Quellen ist die spärliche Publikationslage der bisher untersuchten Gräberfelder. So stützten sich alle Darstellungsvorschläge auf einige wenige archäologische Befunde.

Besonders zur Trageweise der Bügelfibeln werden in der Fachliteratur abweichende Möglichkeiten diskutiert. Diese beziehen sich jedoch meist auf Einzelbefunde und nicht auf eine allgemeine Untersuchung.

Eine der maßgebendsten Quellen stellt in diesem Zusammenhang die Grablege im Kölner Dom einer mutmaßlichen fränkischen Prinzessin, das sogenannte Wisigarde-Grab, aus der ersten Hälfte des 6. Jahrhunderts dar. Dieses Grab wurde bei seiner Entdeckung 1959 ungestört angetroffen. Die guten Erhaltungsbedingungen in der Gruft und die qualitativ hochwertigen Grabbeigaben lassen eine genaue Rekonstruktion der Tracht der Toten zu. Sie war bereits in eine Vierfibeltacht gekleidet.

Dagegen fehlen bei dem 1959 in der Basilika Saint-Denis bei Paris gefundenen Grab der Arnegunde, das ebenfalls ungestört war und um 570 datiert, im Befund die für die Vierfibeltracht typischen Bügelfibeln und das Amulettgehänge.

Eine weitere wichtige Quelle ist ein reich ausgestaltetes Frauengrab des frühen 6. Jahrhunderts im Gräberfeld von Köln-Müngersdorf (Grab 91b). Auch hier fanden sich Hinweise auf Amulettbänder und die Lage der Fibeln.

Literatur
Carl Dietmar, Marcus Trier: COLONIA – Stadt der Franken: Köln vom 5. bis 10. Jahrhundert. DuMont Buchverlag, Köln 2011. S. 91–93.
Karin Krapp: Die Alamannen: Krieger – Siedler – frühe Christen. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007. ISBN 3-8062-2044-1. S. 118ff.

Ulrike Müssemeier: Tracht und Schmuck der Frauen. In: Gehard Bauchhenß: Die Franken in Wesseling. Rheinland-Verlag, Köln 1997. S. 54–69.
Helga Schach-Dörges: Zur Vierfibeltracht der älteren Merowingerzeit. In: Claus Dobiat (Hrsg.): Reliquiae gentium. Festschrift für Horst Wolfgang Böhme zum 65. Geburtstag. Rahden 2005. S. 349–357.
Mechthild Schulze: Einflüsse byzantinischer Prunkgewänder auf die fränkische Frauentracht. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 6, 1976, S. 149–161.
Frank Siegmund: Merowingerzeit am Niederrhein. Rheinland-Verlag GmbH Köln, 1998, S. 55f.
Gudula Zeller: Tracht der Frauen. In: Alfried Wieczorek, Patrick Périn, Karin von Welck, Wilfried Menghin: Die Franken – Les Francs. Band 2. Zabern, Mainz 1996. S. 673ff.

Anmerkungen

Kleidung (Germanen)
Modestil

Vierfibeltracht


Sobibor İmha Kampı, Polonya'nın güney doğusunda bir Nazi Almanyası'nın imha kampı. Burada II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Mayıs 1942'den 1943'ün yazına kadar 250.000 Yahudi öldürülmüştür. Kamp Reinhardt aksiyonu adlı proje kapsamında Belzec Toplama Kampı'nın genişletilmesi bağlamında oluşturulmuştur.

Kamp, birçok alanda Belzec tesisi ile benzerlikler gösterir. Kamp komutanı Franz Stangl, daha önce o kampta komutan olup, oradan birçok olağan yok etme tekniğini Sobibor'a nakletmiştir. Yahudiler Sobibor'da gaz odalarında öldürülmüşlerdir. 1942'nin sonları 1943'ün başlarında kamp günlük 1300 kurbanlık gazla zehirleme kapasitesine ulaşmıştır. Yahudilerin yanında, tüm Avrupa'dan getirilen bazı Romanlar ve bazı Yahudi olmayan Polonya vatandaşları da kurbanlar arasında yer almaktadır.

Sovyet Yahudileri Nazilerin Sovyet savaş esirlerine karşı işledikleri suçlar kapsamında bu kampta infaz edildi.

Aleksandr Peçerskiy önderliğinde bir grup Sovyet esir bu kamptan kaçmayı başardı. Ardından Naziler bu toplama kampını kapattılar.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Holokost
 Nazi toplama kampları

Kaynakça

Nazilerin Sovyet savaş esirlerine karşı suç işledikleri yerler

Sobibor imha kampı


Istriotska književnost, naziv za sva književna djela nastala na istriotskom jeziku, skupinu predmletačkih autohtonih romanskih govora istarskog poluotoka, a čini jezični otok na jugu Istre. Premda je dosta sužen, dosta ga potiskuje istromletački te je dosta venecijaniziran, i današnji broj govornika je sužena na samo mahom starijih 3000 govornika u samo šest mjesta - Rovinju, Vodnjanu, Fažani, Galižani, Balama i Šišanu, postoji nekoliko rječnika istriotskih govora i vrijedna književna produkcija na istriotskom. Na rovinjskome su pisali Ligio Zanini i Giusto Curto, na vodnjanskome piše Loredana Bogliun, a na balskome Romina Floris. Istriotski je podrijetlom izravno od srednjovjekovnog latinskog, pa pravi početci istriotske književnosti počinju u vremenskom pojasu u kojem je srednjovjekovni latinski prešao u istriotski.

Izvori

Hrvatska umjetnost
Talijanska umjetnost

Istriotska književnost


Palavrões, também conhecidos como profanidade, xingamentos,  obscenidades, ou vulgarismo, é um uso socialmente ofensivo da linguagem. Da mesma forma, palavrões são o uso de linguagem que às vezes é considerado rude, obsceno ou culturalmente ofensivo; em certas religiões, é um pecado . Pode causar uma degradação de alguém ou algo, ou ser considerada uma expressão de forte sentimento em relação a algo Algumas palavras também podem ser usadas como intensificadores .

Em seu sentido mais antigo e literal, "palavrões" refere-se à falta de respeito por coisas que são consideradas sagradas, o que implica qualquer coisa inspiradora ou merecedora de reverência, bem como comportamento que mostra desrespeito semelhante ou causa ofensa religiosa .

Referências

Palavrões


În teoria grafurilor, un ciclu este un drum format din muchii și noduri, în care de la un nod se ajunge la el însuși.

Un ciclu orientat într-un graf orientat este un drum orientat nevid în care se repeta doar primul și ultimul nod.

Un graf fără cicluri se numește graf aciclic. Un graf orientat fără cicluri orientate se numește . Un graf conex fără cicluri se numește arbore.

Definiții
Un drum închis constă dintr-o secvență de noduri care pornește și se termină în același nod, cu fiecare două noduri consecutive din secvență fiind adiacente reciproc în graf. Într-un graf orientat, fiecare muchie trebuie să fie parcursă în direcția sa: muchia trebuie să fie orientată de la primul din cele două noduri consecutive la al doilea. Alegerea nodului de început nu este importantă: dacă se parcurge aceeași secvență ciclică pornind din noduri diferite, rezultă același drum închis.

Un ciclu simplu poate fi definit fie ca un drum închis în care nu se acceptă repetiții de noduri sau muchii, altele decât repetarea la sfârșit a nodului de început, sau ca o mulțime de muchii într-un astfel de drum. Cele două definiții sunt echivalente în grafurile orientate, unde ciclurile simple se numesc și cicluri orientate: secvența ciclică de noduri și muchii într-un drum este complet determinată de mulțimea muchiilor pe care le folosește. În grafurile neorientate, mulțimea muchiilor unui ciclu poate fi parcursă cu un drum în oricare dintre cele două direcții, oferind două cicluri orientate posibile pentru fiecare ciclu neorientat. (Pentru drumurile închise în general, în grafuri orientate sau neorientate, multimulțimea muchiilor nu determină fără echivoc ordonarea nodurilor.) Un circuit poate fi un drum închis ce permite repetări de noduri, dar nu de muchii; cu toate acestea, acesta poate fi tot un ciclu simplu, astfel că la orice folosire a noțiunii, este necesară o definiție explicită.

Pentru a menține o terminologie coerentă, în restul acestui articol, "ciclu" înseamnă ciclu simplu, cu excepția cazului în care se spune altfel.

Cicluri induse
Un  (numit și ciclu cu coardă) într-un graf este un ciclu astfel încât nu există două noduri conectate printr-o muchie dacă muchia respectivă nu face parte din ciclu. Ciclurile induse pot fi utilizate pentru a caracteriza : conform , un graf este perfect dacă și numai dacă niciunul dintre ciclurile induse și complementele lor nu au un număr impar de noduri mai mare ca trei. Un , un tip special de graf perfect, nu are cicluri induse de dimensiune mai mare ca trei.

 unui graf este lungimea celui mai scurt ciclu al său; acest ciclu este obligatoriu indus.  sunt definite ca cele mai mici grafuri regulate cu o anumită combinație de grad și calibru.

Un ciclu periferic este un ciclu care are proprietatea că orice două muchii care nu sunt în ciclu pot fi conectate printr-un drum ale cărui noduri interioare evită ciclul. Într-un graf care nu este format prin adăugarea unei muchii la un ciclu, un ciclu periferic este obligatoriu indus.

Spațiul ciclurilor
Termenul de ciclu se poate referi și la un element al  unui graf. Există multe spații de cicluri, câte unul pentru fiecare corp sau inel. Cel mai frecvente este spațiul binar al ciclurilor (numit  de regulă spațiu de cicluri), care este format din mulțimile de muchii ale căror noduri au grad par; mulțimea formează un spațiu vectorial peste corpul cu două elemente. Conform , fiecare element al spațiului ciclurilor poate fi format ca o reuniune cu muchii disjuncte a ciclurilor simple. O  a grafului este o mulțime de cicluri simple ce formează o bază în spațiul ciclurilor.

Folosind idei din , spațiul binar al ciclurilor se generalizează la spații vectoriale sau  peste alte inele, cum ar fi numerele întregi, numerele raționale sau reale etc.

Detecția ciclurilor
Existența unui ciclu în grafuri orientate și neorientate poate fi determinată prin efectuarea unei căutări în adâncime (DFS), verificând dacă se găsește o muchie care duce la un strămoș al nodului curent în arborele de căutare (adică acesta conține o muchie înapoi). Într-un graf neorientat, găsirea oricărui nod deja vizitat indică o muchie înapoi.
Toate muchiile înapoi peste care DFS sare fac parte din cicluri. În cazul grafurilor neorientate, este necesar doar un timp O(n) pentru a găsi un ciclu într-un graf cu n noduri, deoarece cel mult n − 1 muchii pot fi muchii de arbore.

Mulți algoritmi de  vor detecta ciclurile, deoarece acestea sunt obstacole față de existența ordinii topologice. De asemenea, dacă un graf orientat a fost împărțit în , există cicluri doar în cadrul componentelor și nu între ele, deoarece ciclurile sunt tare conexe.

Pentru grafuri orientate,  este un algoritm distribuit de detecție a ciclurilor. Algoritmii distribuiți de detecție a ciclurilor sunt utile pentru prelucrarea grafurilor mari folosind un sistem distribuit de prelucrare a grafurilor pe un  (sau pe un supercomputer).

Printre aplicațiile detecției ciclurilor se numără identificarea  în sistemele concurente.

Acoperirea grafurilor prin cicluri
În lucrarea sa din 1736 despre cele șapte poduri din Königsberg, considerată a fi actul de naștere a teoriei grafurilor, Leonhard Euler a demonstrat că, pentru ca un graf neorientat  finit să aibă un drum închis care vizitează fiecare muchie exact o dată, este necesar și suficient ca acesta să fie conex cu excepția nodurilor izolate (adică toate muchiile să facă parte din aceeași componentă conexă) și ca fiecare nod să aibă grad par. Caracterizarea corespunzătoare pentru existența unui drum închis ce vizitează fiecare muchie exact o dată într-un graf orientat este ca graficul să fie  și să aibă un număr egal de muchii care intră și care ies din fiecare nod. În orice caz, drumul rezultat se numește ciclu eulerian. Dacă un graf neorientat finit are grad par la toate nodurile, indiferent dacă este conex sau nu, atunci este posibil să se găsească o mulțime de cicluri simple care împreună acoperă toate muchiile exact o dată: aceasta este . Când un graf conex nu îndeplinește condițiile teoremei lui Euler, se poate găsi un drum închis de lungime minimă care acoperă fiecare muchie cel puțin o dată în timp polinomial prin rezolvarea .

Problema de a găsi un singur ciclu simplu care acoperă o singură dată toate nodurile, și nu muchiile, este mult mai grea. Un astfel de ciclu se numește ciclu hamiltonian și determinarea existenței lui este NP-completă. S-au publicat multe cercetări referitoare la clasele de grafuri care conțin în mod garantat cicluri hamiltoniene; un exemplu este teorema lui Ore, conform căreia se poate găsi întotdeauna un ciclu hamiltonian într-un graf pentru care suma gradelor oricărei perechi de noduri neadiacente este cel puțin numărul total de noduri din graf.

Conjectura dublei acoperiri cu cicluri prevede că, pentru fiecare graf fără punți, există o multimulțime de cicluri simple care acoperă toate muchiile grafului exact de două ori. Demonstrarea că acest lucru este adevărat (sau găsirea unui contraexemplu) rămâne o problemă deschisă.

Clase de grafuri definite cu ajutorul noțiunii de ciclu
Mai multe clase importante de grafuri pot fi definite prin ciclurile lor. De exemplu:
 Graful bipartit, un graf fără cicluri impare.
 , un graf în care fiecare componentă netrivială biconexă este un ciclu
 , un graf care constă dintr-un singur ciclu.
  (cordal), un graf în care orice ciclu indus este un triunghi
 , un graf fără cicluri
 , un graf în care orice ciclu impar este un triunghi
 , un graf fără cicluri induse și fără complemente de grafuri induse de lungime mai mare ca trei
 , un graf în care orice componentă conexă are cel mult un singur ciclu
 , un graf în care orice ciclu periferic este un triunghi
 , un graf orientat în care orice muchie face parte dintr-un ciclu
 , un graf fără cicluri de trei noduri

Bibliografie

Teoria grafurilor

Ciclu (teoria grafurilor)


Payamburnu, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Göksun ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Adana ilinin Saimbeyli ilçesine bağlı iken 2007 yılında Kahramanmaraş ilinin Göksun ilçesine bağlanmıştır.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 125 km, Göksun ilçesine 35 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Göksun'un mahalleleri

Payamburnu, Göksun


There are 14 open road tunnels in Iceland in the Icelandic road system. Additionally, there is one road tunnel only for use by a silicon plant in Húsavík. Tunnels in Iceland are usually built under mountains to prevent winter isolation of remote communities which would otherwise have to depend on high roads that are often closed due to snow, to shorten distance between communities, and to increase road safety by bypassing dangerous stretches of road. A tunnel under a fjord, the Hvalfjörður Tunnel, is among the longest underwater road tunnels in the world, and goes as deep as  below sea level.

Tunneling is a relatively recent trend in Icelandic road infrastructure. It started off slowly and was at first only used in extreme circumstances, such as under Arnardalshamar in 1948. The first tunnel of significant length was opened in 1967 and provided the northern town of Siglufjörður with its first year-round road link to the rest of the country. The second tunnel, opened in 1977, replaced a difficult road over the mountain pass Oddsskarð in eastern Iceland, which could only be used during the short summer and was the only road link to the town of Neskaupstaður. The third tunnel was opened in 1992 and replaced a very hazardous mountainside road to the northern town of Ólafsfjörður. All three of these tunnels were built as a single lane with widenings at regular intervals, where vehicles coming from opposite directions can pass. As improved engineering methods made tunneling cheaper and Iceland became more prosperous in the 1990s, tunnels became viable options for places where they had not been considered before. In 1996 the Vestfjarðagöng tunnel opened in the Westfjords region; it ended the winter isolation of three villages by linking them to the town of Ísafjörður. This tunnel was the last one built with single-lane segments.

In 1998 the sub-sea Hvalfjörður Tunnel opened, reducing the distance from Reykjavík to the town of Akranes by 60 kilometers and consequently abolishing the ferry service between the two. The distance between Reykjavík and other destinations on the north side of the fjord Hvalfjörður was reduced by 45 kilometers. It was the first tunnel in Iceland to have been financed, built and operated by a private entity and, as such, it was also the first tunnel where tolls were charged. The original plan assumed it would take 20 years (until 2018) to pay back the cost of building the tunnel and that the tunnel. As per the original plan, the tunnel was turned over to the state on the 30th of September 2018 when the Icelandic Road Administration took over its operation. Traffic has proved to be significantly higher than originally projected. So high in fact, that the operator of the tunnel has suggested building a new tunnel alongside the current one, since traffic is reaching the threshold mandated by European regulation (10,000 vehicles daily) where traffic in opposing directions is meant to be separated.

Nine tunnels have opened since the beginning of the 21st century. In the 2010s, Bolungarvíkurgöng on route 61 in Westfjords between Hnifsdalur and Bolungarvik, replacing the road which was often affected by rockfalls and avalanches, and Héðinsfjarðargöng I and II on route 76 in Northeastern Region between the towns Ólafsfjörður and Siglufjörður, reducing the distance between the towns to 15 km.

Tunnels

aSingle lane with widenings for passing.
bThere is a third lane for passing on the uphill side at the north end of the tunnel.
*Under construction.
**In planning.

See also
List of tunnels by location
Transport in Iceland
Vegagerðin

References

Iceland
Tunnels
Tunnels

List of tunnels in Iceland


An Stipa psittacorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlo Luigi Carlos Luis Spegazzini. An Stipa psittacorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa psittacorum


Çanakkale'ye 12 kilometre uzaklıkta bir sahil köyü. Eski çağlarda kurulan Antik bir kent. Dardanos'a adını veren kral tarafından kurulmuş. Tümülüsü şu an Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi yerleşkesinde bulunmaktadır. Hasan Mevsut Şehitliği ve Dardanos Bataryası buradadır.

Antik dönem ismi Dardanos [ Δάρδανος ] olan antik kent günümüz İzmir-Çanakkale karayolunun İntepe'den sonra gelen kıyı şeridindeki Hasan Mevsuk Şehitliği'nin bulunduğu höyüğün üzerindedir. Dardanos [ Δάρδανος ] antik kenti Troas Bölgesi'nin en erken antik sikke basan şehirlerin birisidir. M.Ö.85'de Pontos kralı Mithridates Eupator ile Romalı komutan Lucius Cornelius Sulla burada Dardanos barışını yapmışlardır.

1959 yılında Dardanos Tümülüs'ünde ortaya çıkarılan zengin buluntular Çanakkale tarihinin Troia'dan sonra en önemli keşiflerinden birisidir.

Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yerleşim yerleri

Dardanos, Çanakkale


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් එපිට ජීවත්වන ශ්‍රී ලංකා සම්භවයක් සහිත දෙමළ ජනයා ශ්‍රී ලංකා සම්භවයක් සහිත දෙමළ ඩයස්පෝරාව වේ. මොවුන් බහුතරය ක්‍රි.ව. 1983 වසරෙන් පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව හැරගිය පුද්ගලයන් හෝ ඔවුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන අතර තමන් ජීවත්වන රටේ පුරවැසිභාවය ලබාගෙන ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දෙමළ ඩයස්පෝරා

ශ්‍රී ලංකා සම්භවයක් සහිත දෙමළ ඩයස්පෝරාව


Nybegynder er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Janus Metz, Sine Plambech efter deres eget  manuskript.

Handling
Saeng er ny barpige i Pattaya. Hun drømmer om at komme til Europa med en af sine kunder, mens hendes to veninder ikke længere har nogen illusioner tilbage.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Nybegynder


Hikaru Mita (født 1. august 1981) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Albirex Niigata, Tokushima Vortis og FC Gifu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hikaru Mita


بورتولا فالي  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سان ماتيو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 14 يوليو، 1964.

سمي على اسم المستكشف الإسباني غاسبار دي بورتولا.

معرض صور

مراجع

بورتولا فالي
مدن في مقاطعة سان ماتيو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو

بورتولا فالي


Filip Wichman (født 30. januar 1994) er en polsk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Polen

Filip Wichman


ඉතිහාසය
1950 ජූලි 1 දා  පේරාදෙණිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය ආරම්භ විය. ආරම්භයේදී මෙය කොළඹ පිහිටා තිබූ අතර පසුව එය පේරාදෙණිය වෙත ගෙන යන ලදී.

දෙපාර්තමේන්තු

දැනට මෙම පීඨය සතුව දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 8ක්  ඇත. ඒවා නම්

රසායනික සහ ක්‍රියාවලි ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
සිවිල් ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
පරිගණක ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
විද්යුත් හා ඉලෙක්ටොනික ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
ඉංජිනේරු ගණිත දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
යාන්ත්‍රික ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව
නිෂ්පාදන ඉංජිනේරු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව

ඉංජීනේරු විද්‍යාව උපාදිධාරීන්

පීඨාධිපතින්ගේ නම් ලැයිස්තුව

මහාචාර්ය E.O.E. පෙරේරායි     (1950-65 & 1966-69)
මහාචාර්ය R.H. Paul          (1965–66)
මහාචාර්ය J.C.V. Chinnappa   (1969–71)
මහාචාර්ය H.B. de Silva      (1972–75)
මහාචාර්ය A. Thurairajah     (1975-77 & 1982-85)
මහාචාර්ය W.P. Jayasekara    (1977–82)
මහාචාර්ය C.L.V. Jayathilake (1985-86 & 1988-89)
මහාචාර්ය M. Amaratunga      (1986–88)
මහාචාර්ය M.P. Ranaweera     (1989–94)
මහාචාර්ය S. Ranatunga       (1994–99)
මහාචාර්ය W.J.N. Fernando    (1999–2002)
මහාචාර්ය S.D. පතිරණ     (2002–2005)
මහාචාර්ය S.B.S.අබේකෝන්(2005–2009)
මහාචාර්ය W.M.S.B.වීරකෝන්(2009–present)

පහසුකම්
මෙම විශ්ව වි‍ද්‍යාලය සතුව නොයෙකුත් ශාස්ත්‍රීය පහසුකම්ද සේවා පහසුකම්ද පවතී.

ශාස්ත්‍රීය පහසුකම්
ඉංජීනේරු පුස්තකාලය
ඉංජීනේරු වැඩ පොළ
Industrial Training and Career Guidance Uනිට්
පරිගණනක කේන්ද්‍රය
ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික වැඩ පොළ
English Language Teaching Unit (ELTU)
The Language Laboratory
Engineering Education Unit
Audio Visual Facility
Research and Development Units
Engineering Design Centre (EDC)
Centre for Engineering Research and Postgraduate Studies (CERPS)

ඉංජිනේරු ප්‍රදර්ශනය EngEx2010
60 වන සංවත්සරය වෙනුවෙන් පේරාදෙණිය විද්‍යාලය, ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද EngEx2010, 2010 සැප්තැම්බර් මස ඉමහත් ජන සහභාගීතවයක් යටතේ නිමාවිය. දින 6 ක් මුලුල්ලේ පැවති ප්‍රදර්ශනය සදහා 100,000 අධික පිරිසක් සහභාගී වූ අතර දිවයින පුරා පාසැල් දරු දැරියන් මෙය නැරඹිමට පැමිණියා.

මේවාද බලන්න
පේරාදෙණිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya official website

පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය

ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය, පේරාදෙණිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය


Hesselberghaus bei Wassertrüdingen ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Ehingen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Hesselberghaus befindet sich auf dem Hesselberg und ist der höchstgelegene Ort im Landkreis Ansbach. Westlich davon befindet sich das Evangelische Bildungszentrum, östlich die Osterwiese, auf der jährlich zu Pfingsten der Bayerische Kirchentag abgehalten wird. Die Kreisstraße AN 48 führt an Berghaus vorbei nach Gerolfingen zur Staatsstraße 2218 (2,3 südwestlich).

Geschichte
Das Hesselberghaus wurde auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Ehingen errichtet. Die erste bekannte kartografische Darstellung erfolgte 1938. In den Amtlichen Ortsverzeichnissen für Bayern wird Hesselberghaus b. Wassertrüdingen erstmals 1950 erwähnt. Das Hesselberghaus wird als Jugendhaus mit 35 Betten vom Evangelischen Bildungszentrum Hesselberg betrieben.

Religion
Der Ort ist evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Jakobus der Ältere (Ehingen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession waren ursprünglich nach Mariä Himmelfahrt (Hirschbrunn) gepfarrt, heute ist die Pfarrei Heilig Geist (Wassertrüdingen) zuständig.

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Ehingen, Mittelfranken)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung
Ersterwähnung 1938

Hesselberghaus bei Wassertrüdingen


Al Ahly Sporting Club (Arabísku:النادي الأهلي الرياضي) oftast þekkt sem Al Ahly, er egypskt knattspyrnufélag með aðsetur í Kaíró. Það spilar í egypsku úrsvalsdeildinni. Þeir eru lang sigursælasta félag Egyptalands. Það hefur unnið egypsku úrvalsdeildina 41 skipti.

Titlar
Innanlands:
 Egypska úrvalsdeildin (43):1948/49, 1949/50, 1950/51, 1985/53, 1953/54, 1955/56, 1956/57, 1957/58, 1958/59, 1960/61, 1961/62, 1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77, 1978/79, 1978/80, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1984/85, 1985/86, 1986/87, 1988/89, 1993/94, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/2000, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2013/14, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20, 2022/23
 Egypska bikarkeppnin (36): 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1937, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1966, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2017
Alþjóðlegir:
Meistaradeild Afríku(9):1982, 1987, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2020
Afríkukeppni Bikarhafa(4):1984, 1985, 1986, 1993

Egypsk knattspyrnufélög
stofnað 1907

Al Ahly SC


Randy Jackson () este un cantautor american. Este al nouălea copil al familiei Jackson.

Note

Nașteri în 1961
Pianiști americani
Cântăreți americani de muzică pop
Cântăreți de muzică rhythm and blues americani
Oameni în viață

Randy Jackson (muzician)


L'Apparition de la Vierge à l'Enfant aux saints Jean le Baptiste et l'Évangéliste (en italien, Apparizione della Madonna col Bambino ai santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista) est une peinture à l'huile sur toile () du peintre italien de l'École de Ferrare, Dosso Dossi, datable d'environ 1522-1524 et conservée au musée des Offices à Florence.

Histoire
L'œuvre provient de la cathédrale de Codigoro. Déjà en mauvais état, elle fut restauré en 1975 retrouvant ses qualités et consolidant son attribution à Dosso Dossi.

Description et style
D'un nuage, dans un halo lumineux, la Vierge à l'Enfant et quelques petits anges apparaissent aux saints Jean le Baptiste et Jean l'Évangéliste, figures monumentales dans la moitié inférieure du tableau. Les deux saints sont reconnaissables par une profusion d'attributs iconographiques : le Baptiste pour la robe de l'ermite, la croix-bâton avec le rouleau « Ecce Agus Dei » et le livre qu'il consulte, étant le Prédécesseur du Christ, comme pour lire dans les prophéties des Saintes Écritures l'arrivée imminente du Sauveur alors qu'un deuxième livre repose à ses pieds, peut-être un thème de la Contre-Réforme lié aux faux prophètes ; l'Évangéliste, quant à lui, a son propre évangile sous le bras et tient à la main un calice d'où sort un serpent, allusion à son miracle lors duquel il a découvert une boisson empoisonnée.

En arrière-plan, on aperçoit un paysage d'arbres à boules cotonneuses, élément fantastique typique de l'art de Dosso. La composition qui privilégie les figures des saints, qui possèdent une position ferme dans l'espace, une pose dynamique et une définition anatomique précise, se distingue dans l'ensemble. Ces caractéristiques, jointes à quelques vestiges du giorgionisme, datent l'œuvre de la quatrième décennie du .

L'œuvre a été endommagée par l'attentat de la Via dei Georgofili le , dont l'onde de choc a frappé la toile avec des micro-débris et a provoqué son décollement, avec un risque élevé de perte de couleur. La restauration a consolidé le support et également enlevé l'ancienne peinture jaunâtre, récupérant la qualité d'origine des pigments.

Références

Bibliographie

 Gloria Fossi, Offices, Giunti, Florence 2004 .

Articles connexes

 École de Ferrare
 Renaissance ferraraise

Liens externes

Tableau de Dosso Dossi
Tableau du XVIe siècle
Jean le Baptiste dans la peinture
Jean l'Évangéliste dans la peinture
Vierge à l'Enfant dans la peinture
Œuvre de Dosso Dossi en Italie
Œuvre conservée à la galerie des Offices


المارِمبة أو الماريمبا هي آلة موسيقية من ضمن عائلة الآلآت النقرية. المفاتيح أو القضبان (عادة يكونوا مصنوعين من الخشب) يتم نقرهم بمطارق لتوليد نغمات موسيقية. المفاتيح مرتبة كترتيب البيانو، وموضوعين بشكل مساعد للمؤدي بصرياً وطبيعياً.

آلة الحفلة الموسيقية الحديثة
استخدامات المارِمبة الحديثة تتضمن العزف الفردى، مجموعات النقر، كونشيرتوات المارِمبة، مجموعات جاز، فرقة الاستعراض (المجموعات الامامية), تشكيل الطبول والبوق.

الملحنوون المعاصرون استعملوا الصوت الفريد للمارِمبة أكثر وأكثر في السنوات الأخيرة، ومن الشائع ان نجدهم في مجموعة النفخ، على الرغم من قلتها في الاوركسترا. موسيقى المارِمبة الأفريقية تبدو مميزة بالنسبة لمستعمى شمال أمريكا لان معظم موسيقى المارِمبة التي تعزف في نصف الكرة الأرضية الغربي تكون في جنوب أمريكا.على اية حال، نشأت المارِمبة في أفريقيا منذ مئات السنين وتم تصديرها إلى أمريكا الجنوبية في القرن السادس عشر. الاصوات الأفريقية الاصلية تغيرت وتحولت بفضل موسيقى الحضارات المحلية.

القضبان (المفاتيح)
قضبان المارِمبة الغربية التجارية مثل مفاتيح الاكسلفون، تصنع عادة من خشب الورد، ومن الممكن ان تصنع القضبان أيضا من مواد صناعية أخرى. قضبان خشب الورد مفضلة في عزف الحفلات، لكن القضبان الصناعية مفضلة في الفرقة الاستعراضية لانه متين وأكثر تحملا لتغيرات الجو. القضبان اوسع وأطول في النوتات الموسيقية الاقل، وتكون رفيعة وقصيرة في النوتات العالية.

خلال عملية الضبط، يؤخذ الخشب من الجانب السفلى المتوسط للقضيب من اجل تقليل الانحدار. من اجل هذا القضبان رفيعة بالقرب من الأسفل واسمك بالقرب من القمة.

في أفريقيا، معظم المارِمبةت يصنعهم الصناع المحليون باستخدام مواد متوفرة محليا.

المدى

المارِمبة آلة غير ناقلة بدون ازاحة اوكتاف. آلالات المفاتيح الأخرى يكون مثبت بها واحدة أو اثنان اوكتاف أعلى من المكتوب. ليس هناك مدى قياسى للمارِمبةو ولكن هناك مجالات مشهورة هي 4 اوكتاف، 4.3 اوكتاف، و5 اوكتاف، أيضا 4.5 و5.5 اوكتاف متوافرين. 4 اوكتاف: من 3سى إلى 7سى. 4.3 اوكتاف: من 2ايه إلى 7سى، ال 3 تشير إلى ثلاث نوتات تحت آلة ال4 اوكتاف. هذا هو المدى الأكثر شهرة.

4.5 اوكتاف: من 2اف إلى 7سى، ال5 تشير إلى النصف وتنزل إلى الخامس تحت آلة ال4 اوكتاف. 4.6 اوكتاف: من 2اي إلى 7سى، نوتة واحدة تحت ال4.5, مفيد من اج عزف ادب الجيتار. 5 اوكتاف: من 2سى إلى 7سى، اوكتاف واحد كامل تحت آلة ال4 اوكتاف. مدى المارِمبة يستع تدريجيا، مع وجود شركات الماريبمبامثل مثل مارِمبة واحد تضيف نوتات إلى آلاف أعلى من السى العادية (7سى) إلى آلة ال5.5 اوكتاف، أو مارِمبة تونرز تضيف نوتات اقل من السى المنخفضة على ال5اوكتاف 2سى. إضافة نوتات منخفضة غير عملى بطريقة ما لان القضبان يصبحوا ارفع (هشة أكثر), الرنات تصبح أطول وأكبر، والنغمة السادسة العالية تصبح حاضرة أكثر من النغمة الأساسية.

الرنانوون
جزء من مفتاح المارِمبة الذي يصل إلى صوتها عالى هو رنان. هولاء هم انابيب معدنبية (غالبا المونيوم) التي تتدلى تحت كل قضيب، والطول يختلف تبعا للتردد الذي يصدره القضيب. الاهتزازات من القضيب تسبب رنات تمر إلى الانابيب، وهذا يضخم النغمة بطريقة تشبه كثيرا أسلوب الجبتار أو التشيلو. في الالات التي تتجاوز 4.5 اوكتاف، فإن طول الانبوبة المطلوبة من اجل توليد النغمة يتجاوز ارتفاع الاآلة. بعض الصناع، مثل ماليتش، تعوض ذلك عن طريق انحناء نهايات الانابيب. الاخرون، مثل ادامز وياماها، توسع الانابيب إلى قيعان كبيرة على شكل صناديق، هذا يؤدى إلى توليد كمية كافية من الرنين دون الحاجة إلى تمديد الانابيب. هذا أيضا يصل اليه المصنع مارِمبة وان عن طريق توسيع الرنانوون إلى اشكال بيضاوية، في الرناوون السفلية تكون على انخفاض قدم واحدة، ومضاعفة الانبيب داخل الرنانوون السفلية.

في العديد من المارِمبةت، الرنانوون التزيينين تتم اضافتهم ليملؤوا الفراغات في فراغ الرنان العرضى. إضافة إلى هذا، اطوال الرنانوون تعدل في بعض الأحيان من اجل تشكيل قوس تزيينى، مثل في موزير ام-250. هذا لا يؤثر على خصائص الرنان، لأن نهاية السدادات في الرنان تظل موضوع في اطوالها الخاصة.

المطارق
عمود الطرق يصنع غالبا من الخشب، عادة الباتولا، ولكن من الممكن ان يكون من خيزران الهند أو الالياف الزجاجية. القطر الأكثر شيوعا في العمود هو حوالي 5/16. المطارق المصنوعة من خيزران الهند تمتلك مطاطية معينة، في حين ان الباتولا تقريبا لا تعطى أي مطاطية. المحترفين يستخدموا الاثنان معتمدين على تفضيلاتهم، سواء كانوا يعزفوا باستخدام مطرقين أو أكثر، واى مقبض يستخدمونه (إذا كانوا يستخدموا مقيض رباعى المطارق). المطارق المناسبة من اجل الآلة تعتمد على المدى. المادة في نهاية المطرق تكون دائما نوعا من المطاط، وتكون ملفوفة بالغزل. المطارق الانعم تستعمل في النوتات المنخفضة، والمطارق الخشنة تستعمل في النوتات المرتفعة. المطارق التي تكون خشنة جدا تتسبب في تدمير الآلة، والمطارق التي تكون مناسبة في المدى الأعلى من الممكن ان تدمر النوتات في المدى الاقل (خصوصا في آلة خشب الورد). أيضا، في النوتات المنخفضة، القضبان تكون اوسع، وتتطلب مطرقة أثقل لكى تولد الصوت المطلوب. من اجل الحاجة إلى استخدام قسوة مختلفة من المطارق، بعض اللاعبين، خلال عزفهم باستخدام أربعة مطارق أو أكثر، من الممكن ان يستخدموا مطارق متدرجة ليتدرجوا على القضبان التي يلعبون عليها (الانعم على اليسار، والاخشن على اليمين). بعض المطارق، تسمى «مزدوجة النغمة» أو «متعددة النغمة», تحتوى على قلب خشن، مغطى بالغزل. ويكونوا مصممين ليكونوا اخشن خلال العزف العالى، وانعم خلال العزف الهادئ.

تقنية الطرق
موسيقى المارِمبة الحديثة تعزق بإٍتخدام مطرقين أو أربعة (في بعض الأحيان باستخدا ستة), ضمانا للعازف القدرة ليعزف كوردات أو موسيقات في فترات طويلة بسهولة. المطارق المتعددة يتم حملها في نفس اليد باستخدام عدد من التقنيات أو القبضات. من اجل استعمل مطرقتين في كل يد، أكثر القبضات الشائعة هي قبضة بورتون (اخترعها غارى بورتون) وقبضة موسير ستيفنز (اخترعها يغ هاورد ستيفنز). كل قبضة مصممة لتحتوى على منافعها وعوائقها الخاصة بها. على سبيل المثال، قبضة موسير ستينفز مناسبة أكثر من اجل العزف السريع، وتكون قبضة بورتون مناسبة أكثر من اجل العزف القوى أو التبديل بين الكوردات وخطوط النوتات الفردية. اختيار القبضات يتنوع حسب المنطقة (فبضة موسير ستفينز وقبضة بورتون مشهورتين في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، في خلال ان القبضة التقليدية مشهورة في اليابان), حسب الآلة (قبضة بورتون اقل استخداما على المارِمبة من استخدامها على الفيبرافون. وحسب تفضيل العازف الفردى. قبضة الست مطارق مبينة على قبضة ستيفنز. كتب كاى ستينجارد عدة مقطوعات من اجل هذه القبضة وأصبح مشهورا أكثر وأكثر للعزف باستخدام الست مطارق.

الآلة التقليدية
كلمة مارِمبة تطلق أيضاً على الآلآت شعبية تقليدية أخرى، البوادر التي قد تم تطويرها بشكل مستقل في غرب أفريقيا وفي كولومبيا. تقليد رنان القرعة والتيمبيلا الموزمبيقية هما المحاولات التطويرية، ويتم العزف عليهم في المجموعات الكبيرة مع وجود أداء رقصى متناسب. فرق المارِمبة التقليدية مشهورين في غواتيمالا وكوستاريكا، حيث أنهم يعتبروا رمز وطني ثقافي وأيضاً نجدهم في الهندوراس، السلفادور، نيكاراغوا وأجزاء من الأراضي المرتفعة في جنوب المكسيك، وتجدهم في قارة أفريقيا في غانا.

المارِمبة في مصر

عرفت مصر آلة المارِمبة على يد الفنانة نسمة عبد العزيز أول عازفة مارِمبة مصرية وهي التي ادخلتها إلى الجمهور المصري، وتعتبر من أفضل عازفات المارِمبة في الشرق الأوسط وذلك بعد تخرجها من المعهد العالي للموسيقى وسفرها لاستكمال دراستها في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، نسمة عبد العزيز بدأت حياتها بالعمل في فرقة عمر خيرت، وبعدها انتشرت بين الجمهور المصري حتى أصبحت تقدم حفلات فردية وتقابل بالترحيب من قبل الذوق المصري.

مراجع

آلات موسيقية
آلات موسيقية سالفادورية
آلات موسيقية غواتيمالية
آلات موسيقية كوستاريكية

ماريمبا


Nediljko "Ned" Budiša (Šibenik, 21. studenog 1966.) je hrvatski biokemičar, profesor kemije i vođa nacionalne katedre prve klase za kemijsku sintetičku biologiju (Tier 1 Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Chemical Synthetic Biology) na Sveučilištu u Manitobi (Winnipeg, Kanada). Budiša je pionir na području inženjerstva genetičkog koda (upute) i kemijske sintetičke biologije (Ksenobiologije). Njegovo istraživanje ima širok spektar primjena u raznim područjima počevši od bioorganske i biomedicinske kemije, strukturne biologije i biofizike, molekularne biotehnologije te inženjerstva metabolizma i biomaterijala. Autor je za sada jedinog udžbenika u svom istraživačkom području: "Engineering the genetic code: expanding the amino acid repertoire for the design of novel proteins".

Akademski razvoj

Budiša je stekao diplomu gimnazijskog nastavnika u kemiji i biologiji 1990. godine na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu (PMF) Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, diplomirao je na Molekularnoj biologiji 1993 godine kada ujedno i završava poslijediplomske studije u biofizici na PMF-u. Brani doktorski rad 1997. godine na Tehničkom sveučilištu u Münchenu pod vodstvom profesora Roberta Hubera. Na Tehničkom Sveučilištu u Münchenu uspjeva i habilitirati 2005., te iste godine preuzima vodstvo juniorske istraživačke grupe ("Molekularna Biotehnologija") na Max-Planck-Institutu za Biokemiju u Münchenu. Dobiva poziv (2008. godine) za redovitog sveučilišnog profesora na Tehničkom Sveučilištu u Berlinu (TUB) gdje je vršio znanstveno-nastavnu aktivnost u vremenu 2010-2018. godine. U listopadu 2018. je prihvatio poziv sveučilišta u Manitobi za redovitog profersora kemije i vođu nacionalne katedre prve klase za kemijsku sintetičku biologiju (Tier 1 CRC in Chemical Synthetic Biology). Istovremeno je zadržao status asociranog profesora Tehničkom Sveučilištu u Berlinu. Budiša je također član Centra izvrsnosti "Unifying Systems in Catalysis" Tehničkog sveučilišta u Berlinu (UniSysCat) a bio je i član CIPSM-Centra izvrsnosti Tehničkog sveučilišta u Münchenu u vremenu između 2007. i 2010. Godine 2014. osnovao je prvi uspješni iGEM tim u Berlinu.

Znanstvena djelatnost, otkrića i izumi

Budiša je utemeljitelj metode ugradnje aminokiselina u proteine (bjelančevine) pod selekcijskim pritiskom (Selective Pressure Incorporation, SPI) koja omogućuje pojedinačne i višestruke in vivo-ugradnje sintetičkih (ili nekanonskih) analoga prirodnih (kanonskih) aminokiselina, po mogućnosti 'tripletnom prenamjenom' (engleski: codon reassignment) smislenih (sense) kodona genetičkog koda (genske upute). Njegova metodologija omogućuje fine kemijske manipulacije aminokiselinskim pokrajnjim ostacima i to uglavnom prolina, triptofana i metionina; često se ti eksperimenti izvode u sklopu jednostavnog metaboličkog inženjerstva. Temeljni cilj njegovih istraživanja i inženjerskog pristupa biologiji jest prijenos tzv. bio-ortogonalnih fizičko-kemijskih svojstava i reakcija (npr. kemoselektivna ligacija kao što je klik-kemija) te prijenos raznih spektroskopskih svojstva (npr. 'plava' i 'zlatna' fluorescencija) u kemiju živih bića. Na taj način se također eksprimentalno sprovodi obogaćivanje biokemije života i s elementima kao što je fluor, selen ili telurij koji se javljaju samo u tragovima u metabolizmu živih stanica.

Budiša dobro je poznat po uspostavi upotrebe nekanonskih aminokiselina koje sadrže selen za kristalografiju proteina dok su se aminokiselinski analozi koji sadržavaju fluor, pokazali posebno podesnim za za 19F NMR spektroskopiju i studije proteinskog savijanja (folding). U značajne Budišine izume spadaju i prva demonstracija kako se inženjerstvo genetičkog koda može koristiti kao alat za dizajn terapijskih proteina i ribosomski sintetiziranih peptidnih lijekova. Isto tako, pošlo mu je za rukom sprovesti i inovativno inženjerstvo biomaterijala na bazi adhezivnih (ljepljivih) proteina iz školjaka. U Budišine značajne doprinose ubrajaju se i dizajn kemijskog modela kojim je objasnio ulogu oksidacije metionina u zloćudnoj agregaciji prionskih proteina te otkriće uloge endo/egzo konformacije prolinskog prstena za stabilnost, savijanje (folding) i translaciju proteina.

Zajedno s talentiranim suradnikom Vladimirom Kubiškinom sintetizirao je hidrofobni umjetni poliprolin II heliks u sklopu dugoročne istraživačke suradnje s Anne Ullrich s Tehničkog Instituta u Karlsruheu. Njegovi raniji radovi na bio-expresiji prolinskih analoga u kombinaciji s rezultatima ovog projekta pridonijeli su postavki teorije "alaninskog svijeta". Ona objašnjava zašto je priroda odabrala genetički kod (univerzalan za sva živa bića na zemlji) sa "samo" 20 kanonskih (standardnih) amino kiselina za ribosomsku sintezu proteina.

Godine 2015, Budišina grupa je uspješno provela dugoročni eksperiment mikrobne laboratorijske evolucije koji je rezultirao potpunom, proteomskom zamjenom svih 20.899 triptofanskih ostataka s tienopirol-alaninom u genetičkom kodu (uputi) bakterije Escherichia coli. Ti rezultati daju čvrstu osnovu za laboratorijsku evoluciju života s alternativnim metabolitima ili sintetičkim (umjetnim) biokemijskim sustavima. Istovremeno taj pristup omogućava razvoj zanimljive tehnologije biološke sigurnosti i bezbjednosti gdje bi sintetičke stanice bile opremljene s umjetnom genetičkom barijerom - tzv. genetička ogradnja (u engleskom govornom području koristi se izraz: genetic firewall; vidi: Ksenobiologija) te mogu preživjeti samo u neprirodom okolišu tj. antopogenim laboratorijskim uvjetima.

Budiša također je aktivno uključen u raspravu o mogućim društvenim, etičkim i filozofskim utjecajima i posljedicama radikalnog inženjerstva genetičkog koda (upute) u kontekstu nastojanja stvaranja sintetičkih stanica i života kao platformi za biotehnologiju budućnosti.

Izbor nagrada

 2004: BioFuture Award
 2017: Publication Award Fluorine Chemistry

Poveznice

 Homepage of the TU Berlin
 Centar izvrsnosti UniCat
 Talk about the future of Xenobiology
 General talk about Genetic Code Engineering Vladimir Prelog simpozij, Zagreb 2015.
 Built-in drugs could target tissues
 Genetic Code 2.0 - 3 Synthetic Amino Acids Combined Into One Protein
 Oxidation sets off fatal structural change of human prion proteins
 iGEM.Berlin Magnetic e.Coli
 Intestinal bacteria produce mussel adhesive - Crijevne bakterije proizvode samoljepljive proteine iz školjki
 Profesor i hobby boksač (članak na njemačkom)

Vidi također

 Središnja dogma molekularne biologije
 Genetički kod (uputa)
 Prošireni genetički kod
 Astrobiologija
 Biokonjugacija
 Bioortogonalna kemija
 Biosigurnost
 Biosignature
 Ciljana evolucija
 Umjetni život
 Ksenobiologija

Izvori

Hrvatski biolozi
Hrvatski kemičari
Hrvati u Njemačkoj
Hrvatski biokemičari

Nediljko Budiša


Pietralata er en spillefilm fra 2008, skrevet og instrueret af den italienske instruktør Gianni Leacche.

Filmen handler om en protestaktion mod den moderne filmindustri. Den blev optaget i 2007 i bydelen Pietralata i den østlige del af Rom.

Plot

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Italienske film fra 2008
Film i sort-hvid

Dramafilm fra Italien
Italiensksprogede film

Pietralata


Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi er et af de to primære kunstmuseer, der ejes af byen Lucca i den italienske region Toscana. Museet indeholder en samling der hovedsageligt stammer fra efter 1800-tallet, og den er indrettet i et barokpalads i det centrale Lucca, der tidligere har tilhørt familien Mansi. Mange af de originale rumdekorationer findes fortsat på deres oprindelige plads.

Paladset blev opført oven på et sted, hvor der tidligere havde ligget flere byhuse, som alle var blevet købt i 1616 af købmanden Ascanio Mansi og hans efterkommere, der handlede med silke. Mens facaden har de tidligere renæssancevinduer, så ansatte Asccanios søn, Raffaello, fra 1686 til 1691 arkitekten Raffaello Mazzanti til at renovere bygningen. Piano-rummet fik sit nuværende udseende og den store trappe blev etableret. I de kølere rum i stueetagen blev der etableret sommerlejligheder.

I den anden halvdel af 1700-tallet fortsatte Luigi Mansi med at ommøblere. Mansi-familien bibeholdt deres prestige i begyndelsen af 1800-tallet; Raffaele Mansi og Camilla Parensi var blevet udnævnt som hoffolk for Elisa Bonaparte og Felice Baciocchi. Raffaello Mansi Orsetti, der døde i 1956, var den første som fremviste kunstsamlingerne til offentligheden. I midten af 1960'erne solgte hans børn paladset til staten, som omdannede det til et kunstmuseum.

Husets interiør har bl.a. et meget dekoreret soveværelse med forgyldte karyatide-søjler der flankerer portalen.

Galleri

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Lucca
Museer i Italien
Kunstmuseer i Italien
Museer etableret i 1965

Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi


The Fiat 500 (, ) is a city car that was manufactured and marketed by Fiat Automobiles from 1957 until 1975. It was sold as a two-door semi-convertible or saloon car and as a three-door panel van or estate car.

Launched as the Nuova (new) 500 in July 1957, as a successor to the 500 "Topolino", it was an inexpensive and practical small car. Measuring  long, and originally powered by a rear-mounted 479 cc two-cylinder, air-cooled engine, the 500 was  smaller than Fiat's 600, launched two years earlier, and is considered one of the first purpose-designed city cars.

In 1959, Dante Giacosa received a Compasso d'Oro industrial design prize for the Fiat 500. It was the first time when it was awarded to an automotive industry.

In 2007, the 50th anniversary of the Nuova 500's launch, Fiat launched another new 500, stylistically inspired by the 1957 Nuova 500, featuring a front-mounted engine and front-wheel drive.

In 2017 Fiat celebrated the 60th anniversary with an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and received one of the Corporate Art Awards by pptArt at an event hosted by the President of the Italian Republic Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace.

History
In 1936, Fiat released the front engine Fiat 500 "Topolino" economy car. In 1949 to meet the demands of the post-war market, production resumed as the 500C with revised front and rear bodywork. It had a 2-door coupe body with sun-roof, which was later complemented by an Estate version. Both continued until 1957 when they were replaced by an all-new, lighter car. The new car had a rear-mounted engine, on the pattern of the Volkswagen Beetle, just like its bigger brother the 1955 Fiat 600. Several car makers followed the now uncommon rear engine configuration at the time and were quite successful. The Neckar version of the 500 was manufactured in Heilbronn under a complicated deal involving NSU, and was introduced in October 1961.  Steyr-Puch produced cars based on the Fiat 500 under licence in Graz, Austria.

Despite its very small size, the 500 proved to be an enormously practical vehicle with large sales throughout Europe. Besides the two-door coupé, it was also available as the "Giardiniera" estate; this variant featured the standard engine laid on its side, the wheelbase lengthened by  to provide a more convenient rear seat, a full-length sunroof and larger brakes from the Fiat 600.

Sports models were produced by Abarth, as well as by Giannini. An Austrian variant, produced by Steyr-Daimler-Puch, the 1957–1973 Steyr-Puch 500, had a motorcycle-derived Puch boxer twin motor, a sports model of which was the 1965–1969 Steyr-Puch 650 TR2.

Production of the 500 ended in 1975, although its replacement, the Fiat 126, was launched two years earlier. The 126 was not as successful as its predecessor in Italy, but sold well in the Eastern Bloc countries, being assembled and manufactured in Poland as a Polski Fiat. The Fiat 500 has a Cx (aerodynamic resistance coefficient) of 0,38, a very good performance for its time.

In 2006 the magazine Top Gear voted the Fiat 500 "the sexiest car"

Models

Nuova 500 (1957–1960)

The 500 features a 479 cc (500cc nominal) two-cylinder engine, hence the name, producing just 13 horsepower. This model also features a fabric roof, foldable to the rear of the vehicle, like that of a Citroën 2CV — rather than the later roof design, which only folds half way back along the roof. The Nuova 500 is one of three models featuring "suicide doors."

Including the Sport model, in total 181,036 examples of the Nuova 500 were produced from 1957 until 1960.

Nuova 500 Sport (1958–1960)
In mid-1958 Fiat introduced the Nuova 500 Sport, featuring a more powerful engine and a two-tone livery—white with a red stripe along the flanks. Unique to the Sport was an all-metal rigid roof with three longitudinal grooves. A short-open-roof model was added a year later, in 1959.

Coded type 110.004, the 500 Sport's two-cylinder engine had been bored out to 499.5 cc from the original 479 cc (bore and stroke now ), giving it a very respectable horsepower with the same block: . Top speed was over .

500 D (1960–1965)

Replacing the original Nuova in 1960, the D looks very similar to the Nuova, but there are two key differences. One is the engine size (the D features an uprated 499 cc engine producing 17 bhp as standard—this engine is used right through until the end of the L in 1973) and the other is the roof: the standard D roof does not fold back as far as the roof on the Nuova, though it was also available as the "Transformable" with the same roof as the Nuova. The D also features "suicide doors".

In New Zealand, where it was locally assembled by Torino Motors, the 500 D was sold as the "Fiat Bambina" (Italian for "baby"), a name that is still in use there to describe this car.

500 Giardiniera (1960–1968)

The 500 Giardiniera (500 K on some markets) estate version of the Fiat 500 is the longest running model. The engine is laid under the floor of the boot to create a flat loading surface. The roof on this model also stretches all the way to the rear, not stopping above the driver and front passenger as it does in other models of the same period. The Giardiniera also features "suicide doors" and was the only model to continue to use this door type into the 1970s. In 1966 production was transferred to Desio where the Giardiniera was built by Fiat subsidiary Autobianchi under their marque from 1968 to 1977. A total of 327,000 Giardinieras were produced, and from 1968 sold only as Autobianchi Giardiniera.

500 Furgoncino
A panel van variant of the Giardiniera (estate) was offered as the Furgoncino.

500 F or Berlina (1965–1972)

The F spans two periods of 500 production, the D and the L. As such, it is the most frequently misidentified model. Between 1965 and 1969 the F carried the same badging as the D, but the two models are distinguishable by the positioning of their door hinges. The D has "suicide doors": the F, produced from June 1965, at last featured front-hinged doors. Between 1969 and 1972 the F was sold alongside the Lusso model as a cheaper "base model" alternative. While the F and L are mechanically very similar, the key differences are the bumpers (the L has an extra chrome nudge bar) and the interior (the F interior is nearly identical to the original 1957 design while the L sports a much more modern look).

500 L or Lusso (1968—1972)

In September 1968 Fiat put on sale the 500 L or Lusso (tipo 110 F/L), a more richly trimmed and better appointed version of the standard 500 F. The 500 L remained on sale until 1972, when the new Fiat 126 was introduced.

Perhaps the most obvious new feature of the 500 L were tubular guards protecting the front bumper and the corners of the rear one. As a result, the car was about  longer than the 500 F at . Other model-specific exterior items were a new Fiat badge at the front, redesigned hubcaps, chrome plastic mouldings covering the roof drip rails, and bright trim around windscreen and rear window. Inside the dashboard was entirely covered in black anti-glare plastic material instead of being bare painted metal, and was fitted with a new trapezoid instrument binnacle replacing the round one used on all other 500 models. The steering wheel was black plastic with metal spokes. The door cards—upholstered in the same pleated pattern leatherette used on the seats—carried redesigned and relocated door handles and new door pockets. More storage space was provided in the form of a tray on the centre tunnel, which like the rest of the floor was covered in carpet rather than rubber mats.
Except for radial instead of bias ply tires, from a mechanical standpoint the 500 L was identical to the coeval 500 F.

500 R or Rinnovata (1972—1975)
The last incarnation of the Fiat 500 was the R model, or "Rinnovata" (Renovated). Launched alongside the new Fiat 126 in November 1972, it had the same 594 cc engine of the 126, however, the power rating is the same as the L but at lower rpm (4000 instead of 4400) and with a bit more torque; a full synchromesh gearbox is still missing. The floor-pan which was from either the 'L', or later, the new 126. It was also more comfortable, but more simply trimmed and equipped than before — the fuel gauge was omitted and only the low fuel indicator remained. The 500 R was also a stop-gap for Fiat prior to the launch of the Fiat 126, and when the new 126 was launched, sales of the old Fiat 500 R plummeted. It was sold alongside the Fiat 126 for another three years before Fiat retired the 500.

Fiat 500 America
During the years in which it was produced the 500 in Italy, Fiat designed and produced a US-market version of the car with prominent headlamps (also used on the American 500 Jolly). About 300 were made between 1958 and 1962.

Derivatives

Abarth 695 SS (1964–1971)
Of all the performance-oriented models created by Karl Abarth, later known as Carlo Abarth, perhaps the 695 esse esse is the best representation of the scorpion-branded firm's collaboration with Fiat. Around 1,000 Fiat Abarth 695 SS were produced and only 150 are believed to remain.

Abarth introduced its 695 SS version in 1966, after the previous presentation back in 1964. The rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout Fiat 500 was the basis of the project. When compared to the production version of the 500, aesthetically the 695 was virtually identical except for the logo, badge on the radiator grille and the coat of arms on both sides of the car. The 695 SS was the only version to feature flared arches and the need to raise the engine cover for extra stability and cooling.

Like all Abarths, the differences are found in the mechanical upgrades that helped to increase its top speed to around . The OHV 2 valves per cylinder inline-two engine, exhaust pipe, head and valve-springs were upgraded and specially designed pistons and camshaft fitted. It had an equal square bore and stroke ratio of  for a total displacement of  and the original single Solex 34PBIC carburetor was increased in size with a compression ratio of 9.8:1 developing  at 5200 rpm and  of torque at 4000 rpm.

Fiat 500 Jolly Ghia
Carrozzeria Ghia custom manufactured a "Jolly" variant of the 500, inspired by the limited edition Fiat 600 Jolly, and featuring an open-air, doorless design with wicker seats and a removable fabric canopy roof — similar in concept to the Citroën Méhari, BMC Mini Moke and Volkswagen Type 181.

2007 Fiat 500

First announced in May 2006, Fiat previewed an all-new four-seat three-door hatchback 500 model in March 2007 – fifty years after the first Fiat 500 was presented. The design of the 2007 Fiat 500 is based on the 2004 Fiat Trepiùno concept.

The new model features a distinctive retro style – following the pattern of the Volkswagen New Beetle and BMW MINI – as modern reinterpretation of Dante Giacosa's 1957 original rear-engined Fiat 500. Production started in mid-2007 in Fiat facilities in Tychy, Poland, and later in Toluca, Mexico. Numerous trim, equipment, and performance versions are offered with a convertible body style available starting in 2009.

The 500 is also offered in Abarth trim, with 1.4L Turbo Petrol engine, sport exhaust, suspension, and transmission.

The Fiat 500 automobile platform is the basis of the second-generation Ford Ka.

See also

Autobianchi Bianchina – based on the Fiat 500 mechanicals.
Giannini Automobili - Abarth's main competitor for selling tuned 500s.
Fiat 126 – successor to the Fiat 500 in many markets.
Zastava 750 – a similar car produced by Yugoslavia's Zastava
Fiat 500 "Topolino" – the predecessor, and "original" 500.
Fiat 600 – the model above the 500, only slightly larger in size and engine displacement.
Fiat Cinquecento – "five hundred" in Italian.
Fiat 500X – a mini SUV
Puch 500 – the Austrian licence produced version.
BMW 600 – introduced in the same year, the only four-seat car that was even shorter than the 500.

References

Sources
 Abarth 595 695, Elvio Deganello and Renato Donati, Giorgio Nada, 2002
Album Fiat 500, di J.J. Galkowsky, EPA Edition
Autopassion Hors Serie, Auto collection n. 22
 Fiat & Abarth 500-600, Malcolm Bobbit, Veloce Publishing
 Fiat 500, Elvio Deganello,  Giorgio Nada, 2002
 Fiat 500, Alessandro Sannia, Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, .
 Fiat 500 – az apró, mégis óriási legenda, Alessandro Sannia, Alexandra, 2006, .
Fiat 500 – de kleine grote mythe, Alessandro Sannia, Rebo, 2006,
 Fiat 500 fuoriserie, Alessandro Sannia, All Media, 2003
  Fiat 500 (genio di un'epoca), Ugo Castagnotto and Anna Maria Quarona, Lindau, 1992 .
 Fiat 500 – guida al restauro, Marcello Lo Vetere and Italo Grossi, Giorgio Nada, 2003 .
 Fiat 500 Gold Portfolio 1936–1972, R.M. Clarke, Brooklands
 Fiat 500: la Guida – the Guide, Alessandro Sannia, All Media, 2003
 Fiat 500 – l'evoluzione del mito, Alessandro Sannia, Gribaudo, 2007,
 Fiat 500 – piccolo grande mito, Alessandro Sannia, Gribaudo, 2005, .
   I miei 40 anni alla Fiat,  Dante Giacosa
 Il grande libro delle giardinette Fiat, Alessandro Sannia, Giorgio Nada, 2007, .
  Io Franco Giannini vi racconto, Franco Giannini
  La 500, by Romano Strizioli, pub. by Bacchetta
  La Fiat 500 – Storia di un mito, Stefano Parenti, Polo Books .
 La Fiat Nuova 500, Enzo Altorio,  Automitica, 2005
 La Fiat 500 de mon père, Lauvrey - Le Fay,  E.T.A.I. 1998
 Le Giannini, Enzo Altorio, Automitica
  "Fiat 500" Topolino, Paulo Felizes, Matosinhos: Cardume, 2016
Progetti alla Fiat prima del computer, Dante Giacosa, Automobilia .
  Revue Technique Automobile 500, D, F, L,  ì E.T.A.I.
  Fiat 500, 600 : mit Topolino, Jagst, Multipla und Weinsberg; 1936–69; eine Dokumentation, Schrader Verlag, München 1987, .

External links
FIAT 500 Models 2012-2015 - US Market
FIAT 500 Instruction Manual (1st gen.)

City cars
Sedans
Convertibles
Station wagons
Vans
500
Rear-engined vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1957
Cars powered by 2-cylinder engines
1960s cars
1970s cars

Fiat 500


Mobilul (titlu original: Cell) este un film american SF de groază din 2016 regizat de Tod Williams. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii John Cusack, Samuel L. Jackson și Isabelle Fuhrman. Filmul a fost lansat la 10 iunie 2016 ca video on demand, înainte de a fi lansat limitat cinematografic la 8 iulie 2016. Cell este a doua adaptare a scrierilor lui  King în care joacă Cusack și  Jackson, după filmul  1408 (2007). Este bazat pe romanul omonim scris de Stephen King.

Prezentare

Atunci când un semnal malefic electronic este transmis prin intermediul rețelelor mobile din întreaga lume, utilizatorii  telefoanelor mobile sunt reprogramați instantaneu și transformați în ucigași turbați. Îndreptându-se spre nord prin New England pentru a-și găsi soția și fiul înstrăinat, Clay Riddell se alătură unui grup de supraviețuitori pentru a lupta împotriva hoardei de "telefoniști" criminali, deoarece lumea lor intră într-o nebunie apocaliptică.

Distribuție
 John Cusack as Clayton "Clay" Riddell
 Samuel L. Jackson as Thomas "Tom" McCourt
 Isabelle Fuhrman as Alice Maxwell
 Stacy Keach as Charles Ardai
 Wilbur Fitzgerald as Geoff
 Alex ter Avest as Chloe
 Ethan Andrew Casto as Johnny Riddell
 Owen Teague as Jordan
 Catherine Dyer as Sally
 E. Roger Mitchell as Roscoe
 Erin Elizabeth Burns as Denise
 Tinsel Korey as Ava
 Anthony Reynolds as Ray Huizenga
 Lloyd Kaufman as Bystander

Producție
Filmările au avut loc în perioada . Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la ___ $.

Primire

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de filme bazate pe lucrările lui Stephen King

Filme din 2016
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Tod Williams
Filme SF de groază
Filme cu zombi

Cell (film)


Dani hrvatske male brodogradnje su hrvatska nacionalna nautička smotra. Na Danima se predstavlja i širem tržištu nudi najbolje od hrvatske proizvodnje plovila, nautičke i plovne i ribolovne opreme. Dio programa su premijere plovila, probne i testne vožnje, stručni skupovi, inovacije unutar hrvatske brodograđevne industrije. Smotrom Dana hrvatske male brodogradnje osnivači žele naglasiti sve prednosti kupnje domaćih hrvatskih plovila i nautičkih proizvoda. Od 2015. uz Dane se održava i Sajam turističkih atrakcija. Cilj ove manifestacije je specijalizirana promidžba i plasman cjelokupne palete tradicijskih i suvremenih plovila za sve namjene kao i nautičke opreme proizvedene na području Republike Hrvatske. Posjetiteljima je omogućen besplatan ulaz, a proizvođačima prilagođene cijene izlaganja i testne vožnje, čime je omogućen izravni dodir i znatno bolje upoznavanje s proizvodom. Po tome se razlikuju od sličnih manifestacija jer imaju pristup širem krugu kupaca i interesenata. Dok drugdje domaći proizvođači često teško se odlučuju sudjelovati zbog visokih cijena izlaganja ili nisu u mogućnosti doći do izražaja zbog jake inozemne konkurencije, a posjetitelji zbog visokih cijena ulaza. Na Danima se potiče razmjena iskustava, suradnja među proizvođačima te dijalog s državnim i financijskim ustanovama koje izlagačima mogu pripomoći unaprijediti proizvodnju i poslovanje. Dani hrvatske male brodogradnje održavaju se u travnju u marini hotela Le Meridien Lav u Podstrani. Organizator je tvrtka LIBOR, suorganizatori hotel Le Meridien Lav i marina Lav. Potporu projektu dali su i Udruga malih brodograditelja pri Hrvatskoj gospodarskoj komori koja neprekidno surađuje s organizatorima te Klaster male brodogradnje. Danas se održavaju i uz visoko pokroviteljstvo predsjednice Republike Hrvatske.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Brodogradnja u Hrvatskoj
Podstrana
Manifestacije u Hrvatskoj

Dani hrvatske male brodogradnje


En nous est un film documentaire français réalisé par Régis Sauder et sorti en 2022.

Synopsis
Rencontre à Marseille avec les anciens élèves d'un lycée des quartiers Nord de la ville qui avaient participé avec leur professeure de français, dix ans auparavant, au tournage du film de Régis Sauder Nous, princesses de Clèves.

Fiche technique
 Titre : En nous
 Réalisation :  Régis Sauder
 Photographie : Aurélien Py et Régis Sauder
 Son : Pierre-Alain Mathieu
 Montage : Agnès Bruckert
 Montage son : Nathalie Vidal
 Production : Shellac, en coproduction avec Arte France Cinéma
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Genre : documentaire
 Durée :
 Date de sortie :
 France :

Distribution

Sélection
 Cinéma du réel 2022

Accueil critique
Dans les Cahiers du cinéma, Charlotte Garson note que  : c'est, précise-t-elle, .

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Présentation du film sur le site du distributeur Shellac

Film français sorti en 2022
Film documentaire français
Film réalisé par Régis Sauder
Film de Shellac
Film d'Arte
Film documentaire sur l'éducation
Film documentaire sur la littérature
Film tourné à Marseille
Film tourné à Paris
Film tourné en 2020
Suite de film français

En nous


Gander may refer to:

 Gander (goose), an adult male goose

Places

Canada
 Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, a town in Canada
 Gander (electoral district), a provincial electoral district
 Gander Academy, an elementary school in Gander
 Gander Collegiate, a high school in Gander
 Gander International Airport, a major airport in Newfoundland and Labrador
 CFB Gander, also known as 9 Wing Gander, a Canadian air force base co-located at Gander International Airport
 Gander Bay, Newfoundland
 Gander Lake, Newfoundland
 Gander River, Newfoundland
 Gander terrane, a continental fragment in Newfoundland
 Gander Island, part of the Moore Islands, British Columbia

France/Luxembourg
 Gander (Moselle), a small river

People
 Gander (surname)
 "Gander", nickname of Monty Stratton (1912-1982), Major League Baseball pitcher

Fictional characters
 Gladstone Gander, a Walt Disney fictional character created by cartoonist Carl Barks
 Goosetave Gander, a fictional character of the Scrooge McDuck Universe, Gladstone Gander's father
 Richard Gander, in the 1972 British sitcom Alcock and Gander

Other uses
 Gander (horse), a thoroughbred race horse
 Gander Stakes, an ungraded stakes race for New York bred Thoroughbred race horses
 Gander (dog), a Newfoundland dog, recipient of the Dickin Medal for bravery
 Kokusai Ku-8, a 1940s Japanese light transport monoplane codenamed Gander by the Allies
 USS Gander, a Danube class starship in the science fiction franchise Star Trek

See also
 Gander Mountain, a hunting and fishing store
 Nicolae Dobrin (1947-2007), Romanian footballer nicknamed Gâscanul ("The Gander")
 Ganda (disambiguation)

Gander


Tonka es el nombre una familia combustibles para cohetes de origen alemán. Aunque también ha sido utilizado por Corea del Norte y (bajo el nombre de TG-02) por la Unión Soviética.

Tonka-250

La composición de la variante más utilizada, Tonka-250, se compone de aproximadamente al 50% de trietilamina y el otro 50% de xilidina. La combinación con el oxidente ácido nítrico es hipergólica. Debido a este comportamiento, también se le conoce como combustible para motores de cohetes hipergólicos (como en el cohete Cosmos 2M y el Scud B) ).

Variantes

 Tonka-500: El combustible de un 35% mezcla de octanos, 20% de benceno más xilenos , el 12% xilidinas , el 10% de anilina, el 10% de metilo, el 8% de etilamina, 5% de metilamina
 R-Stoff: 57% xilidina ( 2,4-xilidina) ) y el 43% trietilamina

Utilización

El combustible Tonka se empleó en los cohetes:

 Ruhrstahl X-4
 AS-4
 AS-5 Kelt
 AS-6 Kingfish
 SS-N-4
 Scud B
 Cosmos 2M

Precaución

No es aconsejable su empleo por aficionados, pues las proporciones exactas de los ingredientes necesarios para que la mezcla funcione como se esperaba, sin fallar catastróficamente, depende tanto de la pureza de los ingredientes como su temperatura durante el uso.

Referencias

Combustibles para cohetes
Inventos de Alemania del siglo XX

Combustible Tonka


Criconematoidele (Criconematoidea) este o superfamilia de viermi nematozi din ordinul Tylenchida care sunt ectoparaziți ai rădăcinilor plantelor. Ambele sexe au corpul cu aspect de obicei viermiform și numai în unele cazuri (femelele mature ale unor specii) este ușor saciform (dimorfism sexual).  Cuticula este mai mult sau mai puțin inelată și la majoritatea speciilor se remarcă prezența unei ornamentații; metacorpul esofagului este tipic, foarte mare și cu o valvă robustă; istmul este în mod frecvent scurt, iar glandele esofagiene sunt incluse în bulbul bazal. Femelele sunt prodelfice și au vulva în poziție posterioară. Bursa este foarte redusă sau absentă. Cuprinde 2 familii, Criconematidae și  Tylenchulidae, iar câteva specii s-au identificat  pe teritoriul României.

Note

Tylenchida

Criconematoide


Horary astrology is an ancient branch of horoscopic astrology in which an astrologer attempts to answer a question by constructing a horoscope for the exact time at which the question was received and understood by the astrologer.

The answer to the horary question might be a simple yes or no, but is generally more complex with insights into, for example, the motives of the questioners, the motives of others involved in the matter, and the options available to them.

Approach
Horary as a system of divination relies on principles and applications of astrological principles sometimes unique to the branch, though coherent in approach with broader astrological claims. The position of and aspects to the moon are of prime importance. The person asking the question, or "querent," is represented by the ruler of the sign the first house cusp falls on in the horoscope. Planetary aspects to the house cusps are considered more important than in other branches of astrology (although it is the planetary rulers of the houses in question that take precedence in analysis). Other key elements used in horary astrology include the lunar nodes, the planetary antiscia, the fixed stars and the Arabic parts.

Typically, a horary chart is read by first assigning the thing asked about, the "quesited," to a particular house in the chart. For instance, asking "Where is my lost dog?" would be represented by the sixth house, as it is the house that governs small animals (traditionally, smaller than a goat). The house cusp of the sixth house will be in a particular sign, for example Libra. Libra is ruled by Venus, so Venus is considered the "significator" of the lost dog. Venus's state in the horoscope will give clues to the animal's wellbeing, and its placement will give indications related to its location.

Assigning houses
Any house system preferred by the astrologer may be used, but commonly horary astrologers choose to divide the chart using the Regiomontanus house system as a space-based, quadrant system.

Understanding the correct house for the context of the question is pivotal to the correct interpretation of a horary question. Everything can be assigned to a house and it is to that house, and its ruler, that the assignation of the quesited is derived. Whatever planet is ruling the sign on the cusp of the house is taken to signify the quesited. The context of the horary will often determine the house. For example, if the horary is about matters pertaining to career, the ruler of the 10th House, natural house for careers and jobs, will be indicate the quesited.

A short, non-exhaustive, list of possible associations with houses follows:

The First House
The querent (person asking the question). The querent's physical appearance (hair color and body type for example) or temperament, so mental state.

The Second House
The querent's finance, wealth and general material and financial possessions. Moveable possessions as opposed to immovable possessions. Allies or supports for the querent, such as your lawyer in court cases. Any personal (moveable) goods and belongings, immovable possessions such as houses are fourth house. Questions about the value of any of your possessions.

The Third House
Siblings and neighbors. Any general concern about relatives may be considered third house. Communications and contracts. General comings and goings and short journeys and travels. Letters, emails and paperwork. (Cars may be second or third depending on the context of the question- in matters of travel, the third may be used, in matters pertaining to the value of the car, or of buying or selling a car, then the second may be used.) Lower education such as elementary, junior high/middle and high school.

The Fourth House
Parents. Immovable possessions as opposed to movable possessions, e.g. your houses, garden, orchard. Mines, oil, buried treasure and anything which comes from the 'bowels of the earth'.

The Fifth House
Children, love affairs, romance, sex (pleasure and procreation). Gambling, speculation, arguments, games and pleasure. Any venue that caters to our pleasures or provide entertainment including restaurants, clubs, bars and music venues, basically any place you go and have fun.

The Sixth House
Illness and disease or sickness. Also servants, or anyone who works for you, such as a plumber, electrician or anyone in your employ. Pets and small animals, traditionally considered smaller than a goat (larger animals are twelfth house). Work & work environment. People with whom you work together in some kind of agreement.

The Seventh House
Marriage, partners and partnerships - both business and personal. Competitors and opponents of all kinds. It is the house of open enemies, by which it is meant enemies that you are aware of. Hidden enemies are the twelfth house. If no other house suffices, use the seventh house to represent 'any old person'.

The Eighth House
Death, fears, anxiety. It is also commonly used to "the house of other people's money" . (see 'Turning the chart' below).

The Ninth House
Long distance travel, or, travel to unknown or 'exotic' locations. Foreigners and foreign lands. Universities and students of any subject of higher education such as doctors, lawyers, priests and astrologers. Visions, dreams and religion, as well as churches and philosophies. Books. Pilgrimages or journeys for spiritual or religious reasons.

The Tenth House
Career and persons of authority. Heads of state, the government generally, judges and royalty. It is also commonly used to indicate the property belonging to the partner or opponent (see 'Turning the chart' below).

The Eleventh House
Friendships or groups. Wishes, hopes and aspirations. It is considered the house of 'Good Fortune'. Most people know this as the house of friends and acquaintances. (see 'Turning the chart' below).

The Twelfth House
Secrets, hidden motives and enemies, captivity, imprisonment and self-undoing. Things not yet known to the querent. Any form of non-voluntary bondage or captivity, monasteries, being voluntary and religious are ninth house. Magick, Witchcraft or any manner of secretly undermining the querent.

Turning the chart
In addition, houses may gain extra meaning by way of 'turning the chart'. If you know that the fourth house relates to the father, and that the third house relates to siblings, you can turn the chart to get the father's sibling by taking the third house (siblings) from the fourth house (father), in other words, by counting three houses from the fourth. In this manner the sixth house (third from the fourth), in addition to its natural meaning, may also be used for any brothers and sisters of the father. In a horary question about, for example, your aunt or uncle, it would make sense to turn the chart and use the sixth house if it is your father's brother or sister, or, alternatively, to use the twelfth house (third from tenth) if it is your mother's brother or sister. Turned houses are called derived houses, as opposed to the normal radical houses. If you doubt whether the fourth or the tenth house represents the father, you can ask a horary question: Which house represents the father in horary? Look closely at the moon (co-significator of You), first (You), fourth and tenth house rulers. This will give you an answer that will work for you.

Interpretation
Fundamental to horary astrology is the concept of planetary dignity and reception. Strength is found in two forms, essential and accidental. Essential refers to the quality of a planet at a particular degree of the zodiac and its ability to express its inherent nature. Accidental fortitudes refer to the circumstances in which the planet "finds itself". That is, if the planet is in a traditionally bad house (6th, 8th, or 12th) in the chart, if it is retrograde, aspected by malefic planet (Saturn or Mars), combust, etc., then it is considered an accidental debility and circumstantially hindered.

Reception refers to how each planet in a horary question chart "view" or "receive'" each other, either favourably, unfavourably, or somewhere in between. If Mars is in Taurus, and Venus is in Scorpio, then each of the planets is in the sign the other planet rules. (Venus is ruler of Taurus, Mars of Scorpio.) This is called mutual reception by rulership, and although each planet is in its detriment, it nevertheless receives the other planet favourably. In some horary questions, a thorough understanding of receptions (and the above example skims the surface of this topic) is required to delineate the interplay of how the various significators view each other what sort of attitudesare taking place in the area of the question.

One of the critical features of horary astrology is so called radicality of the chart. It is believed, that astrologer should avoid further judgment if a horary chart does not meet specific criteria. This ancient rule is sometimes criticized by modern horary astrologers. So, for example, John Frawley in his "Horary Textbook" states that the ancient rules of radicality should be ignored, while other astrologers use the modified criteria of radicality.

See also
Electional astrology
Katarche – ancient horary

References

 William Lilly (1602-1681) Christian Astrology, An Introduction to Astrology, 1647, Astrology Classics 2004
 Marc Edmund Jones: Problem Solving by Horary Astrology, David Mc Kay, 1946
 Derek Appleby: Horary Astrology R. Reginald/Borgo Press, 1986

Astrology by type

Horary astrology


Down District Council was a Local Council in County Down in Northern Ireland. It merged with Newry and Mourne District Council in April 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.

The Council was headquartered in Downpatrick. Other towns in the Council area were Ardglass, Ballynahinch, Castlewellan, Clough, Crossgar, Dundrum, Killough, Killyleagh, Newcastle, Saintfield, Seaforde and Strangford.

The Down District Council area consisted of 4 electoral areas: Ballynahinch, Downpatrick, Newcastle and Rowallane. At the last election in 2011, 23 Councillors were elected from the following political parties: 9 SDLP, 5 Sinn Féin, 3 DUP, 3 UUP, 1 Alliance Party, 1 Green Party, 1 Independent. The Council Chairman for the 2011/2012 council term was Councillor Dermot Curran (SDLP) and the Vice Chair is Councillor Liam Johnston (Sinn Féin).

In elections for the Westminster Parliament, Down was split between the Strangford constituency and the South Down constituency.

Work of the Council
The Council periodically had to provide funding to ensure that the Saint Patrick Visitor Centre in Downpatrick remained in operation. It also funded a major promenade infrastructure regeneration in Newcastle. The new promenade has won a number of National awards including a Civic Trust Award for Excellence in the Public Realm.

Review of Public Administration
Under the Review of Public Administration (RPA) the Council was due to merge with Newry and Mourne District Council in 2011 to form a single council for the enlarged area totalling 1539 km² and a population of 150,886. The first election to the new council was due to take place in May 2009, but on 25 April 2008, Shaun Woodward, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland announced that the scheduled 2009 district council elections were to be postponed until the introduction of the eleven new councils in 2011. The planned change was abandoned in 2010 and the most recent election took place in May 2011 under the existing boundaries.

Population
The area covered by Down District Council had a population of 69,731 residents according to the 2011 Northern Ireland census.

See also
Local Councils in Northern Ireland

References

External links
 Down District Council website
Armagh and Down Tourism
Down County Museum
Down Arts Centre

Politics of County Down
Downpatrick
District councils of Northern Ireland, 1973–2015

Down District Council


أسمهان قد تشير إلى:
 أسمهان (اسم)، اسم علم مؤنث
 أسمهان (مغنية)، مغنية سورية.
 أسمهان (مسلسل)، مسلسل مصري - سوري.
 أسمهان توفيق، ممثلة فلسطينية تعمل في الكويت.

أسمهان (توضيح)


Semmeringtunnel steht für:

 Alter und Neuer Semmeringtunnel, siehe Semmeringbahn #Streckenführung und technische Eckdaten
 Semmering-Basistunnel, in Bau befindlicher Eisenbahntunnel an der Südbahn
 Semmering-Scheiteltunnel, ein Tunnel der Semmering Schnellstraße, siehe Semmering-Tunnelkette

Semmeringtunnel


Meadela Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 7,47 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 8685 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Meadela


Svjetionik Split, lukobran, glava je svjetionik na ulazu u gradsku luku Split.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Split, lukobran, glava
Građevine u Splitu
Promet u Splitu

Svjetionik Split, lukobran, glava


Mawsonia é um gênero extinto de peixes celacanto pré-históricos. É o maior dos gêneros de celacantos, variando de cerca de 3,5 metros até 6,3 metros de comprimento. Estudo em 2021 estimou que M. gigas atingiu até 5,3 metros de comprimento. Ele viveu durante os últimos períodos Jurássico a Cretáceo (andares Titoniano a Cenomaniano, cerca de 152 a 96 milhões de anos atrás) da América do Sul, leste da América do Norte e África. Mawsonia foi descrita pela primeira vez pelo paleontólogo britânico Arthur Smith Woodward em 1907.

Descoberta e taxonomia

O gênero foi nomeado por Arthur Smith Woodward em 1907, a partir de espécimes encontrados no Grupo de Ilhas do Cretáceo Inferior (Hauteriviano) da Bahia, Brasil.

Fósseis foram encontrados em três continentes; na América do Sul foram encontrados no Grupo Bahia, nas Formações Formação Santana, Alcântara, Brejo Santo e Missão Velha do Brasil, e na Formação Tacuarembó do Uruguai. Na África, eles são conhecidos do Intercalaire Continental da Argélia e da Tunísia, a Formação Ain el Guetar da Tunísia, o Grupo Kem Kem do Marrocos e a Bacia Babouri Figuil dos Camarões, abrangendo desde o Jurássico Superior até o Cretáceo Superio. Fósseis atribuídos a Mawsonia também foram encontrados na Formação Woodbine do Texas, EUA, então parte do continente insular Appalachia.

A espécie-tipo é Mawsonia gigas, nomeada e descrita em 1907. Inúmeras espécies distintas foram descritas desde então. M. brasiliensis, M. libyca, M. minor e M. ubangiensis foram todos propostos como sinônimos de M. gigas, embora a tese de Léo Fragoso de 2014 sobre mawsoniideos considere M. brasiliensis válida e adverte contra a sinonimização de M. minor sem um exame mais aprofundado. Várias publicações recentes consideram o M. brasiliensis válido também. Embora inicialmente considerado como pertencente a este gênero, "Mawsonia" lavocati provavelmente se refere a Axelrodichthys.

Descrição
O peixe tem seis barbatanas: duas na parte superior do corpo, duas nas laterais, uma na extremidade da cauda e uma na parte inferior da cauda. Em vez de ter dentes, o interior da boca era coberto por pequenos dentículos (1-2 mm).

Paleoecologia
Mawsonia era nativo de ecossistemas de água doce e salobra. A dieta de Mawsonia e seu mecanismo de alimentação é incerto. Tem sido sugerido que os dentículos foram usados para esmagar organismos de casca dura (durofagia) ou que a presa foi engolida inteira usando alimentação por sucção.

Peixes pré-históricos
Animais do Cretáceo

Mawsonia


Dreptul comparat este adesea descris ca o disciplină, sau ca o metodă de studiu, a materiei numite Drept, disciplină care se bazează pe comparația dintre diferitele modalități de rezolvare oferite de diversele sisteme juridice, asupra acelorași probleme de rezolvat (asta într-o perspectivă funcționalistă). Pentru acest motiv, rămâne de discutat dacă din asta rezulta la modul propriu o ramură a conceptului Drept,sau o metodologie de analiză juridică.

Dreptul comparat, ca metodă, poate fi aplicat în orice domeniu al conceptului Drept, realizand studii unor specifice instituții. Acest tip de analiză se numește microcomparatie. Pe de alta parte, dacă se studiază diferențele structurale între două sisteme juridice ceea ce avem in fata se denumește analiză macrocomparativa..

Utilitate
Utilitatea dreptului comparat este variata, atât in ce privește doctrina cât și in ce privește conceptul jurisprudență cât și in ce privește conceptul legiuitor.

Doctrina juridică studiază cu atenție cazuri din alte sisteme juridice realizând astfel studiul și comentarea validității logice a respectivei normative.

Jurisprudența, apelează deseori la dreptul comparat pentru a se asigura de corecta interpretare a normelor juridice. În acest sens, este vorba de aplicarea unei ample analogii, la nivel internațional, spre a interpreta (prin aceasta prisma) legislația internă.

Legislatorul tinde a avea idei și modele din exteriorul tarii sale, pentru a le implanta în acele noi legi care caută să rezolve problemele apărute la nivel local. Pot fi categorisite drept o colecționare de informații necesare pentru a face comparații atât laborale, penale, comerciale și/sau civile.

Astfel, dreptul comparat include atât procesul metodologic în sine, al comparării, precum si ca rezultante al proceselor de analiză, de echivalare și inclusiv de omologare a aspectelor comparate), ca o problemă dată, propusă a fi soluționată..

În prezent, interesul pentru dreptul comparat depășește aria (sfera) pur academică și se extinde asupra orizonturilor practice.

Drept după subiect
Sisteme juridice

Drept comparat


Vesoul er bær í Mið-Frakklandi. Hann liggur um það bil 400 km fyrir sunnan París. Vesoul er höfuðstaður sýslunnar Haute-Saône.

Árið 2020 voru íbúar bæjarins 14,866 manns.

 vesoul.fr

Bæir í Frakklandi

Vesoul


عبد الله تراوريه  من مواليد 4 مارس 1967 في أبيدجان في ساحل العاج ، لاعب كرة قدم عاجي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب ساحل العاج لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون إيفواريون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون من أبيدجان
لاعبو أسيك ميموسا
لاعبو أفينيون فوت 84
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو سبورتينغ براغا
لاعبو سيت
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1986
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1988
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1990
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1992
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1994
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1996
لاعبو كأس الملك فهد 1992
لاعبو كرة قدم إيفواريون
لاعبو كرة قدم إيفواريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو منتخب ساحل العاج لكرة القدم
لاعبو ميتز
لاعبو نادي العروبة (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي تولون
لاعبون فازوا بكأس الأمم الإفريقية
مسلمون عاجيون
مواليد 1386 هـ
مواليد 1967
مواليد في أبيدجان
لاعبو دوري كوت ديفوار الممتاز
لاعبو كرة قدم من أبيدجان

عبد الله تراوريه