Campbell Kevin Thomas Newman  (born 12 August 1963) is an Australian former politician who served as the 38th Premier of Queensland from 26 March 2012 to 14 February 2015. He served as the member for Ashgrove in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland between 24 March 2012 and 31 January 2015. He was LNP Leader from 2 April 2011 to 7 February 2015; Newman previously served as the 15th Lord Mayor of Brisbane from 27 March 2004 to 3 April 2011.

Newman was elected to the lord mayorship as a member of the Liberal Party. He became a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland following the July 2008 merger of the Queensland Liberals and the Nationals. In March 2011, Newman announced that he would challenge opposition leader John-Paul Langbroek for the leadership of the LNP. Langbroek resigned, and Newman was elected his successor. As Newman was not a member of the Legislative Assembly, former state Nationals' leader Jeff Seeney was elected interim opposition leader while Newman headed the party's election team from outside the legislature.

Newman led the LNP in the 2012 state election, winning 78 of 89 seats from a 44-seat two-party swing, the first time LNP had formed a majority government. At the same time, he was elected to the seat of Ashgrove in western Brisbane. He was sworn in as premier two days later, becoming the first Brisbane-based non-Labor premier in 97 years. At the 2015 state election, the Newman-led LNP suffered a 14.0-point two-party swing, resulting in a hung parliament—of 89 seats, Labor won 44 seats and the statewide two-party vote while the LNP were reduced to 42 seats. Newman himself lost his own seat to his Labor predecessor, Kate Jones. On 10 February 2015, Newman submitted his resignation and he was replaced as premier by Annastacia Palaszczuk four days later as Labor formed a minority government.

In July 2021, Newman resigned from the LNP, and in August 2021 announced he had joined the Liberal Democrats and would be standing as the party's lead Senate candidate in Queensland at the 2022 Australian federal election. To date, Newman remains the only premier of Queensland from the Liberal National Party.

Early life and military career
Campbell Newman was born on 12 August 1963 in Canberra, to parents who later both represented Tasmania in the federal parliament and were both ministers in Liberal–National coalition governments. His father, Kevin, represented the federal seat of Bass from 1975 to 1984, and was a minister in the Fraser government. His mother, Jocelyn Newman (née Mullett), was a Senator for Tasmania (1986–2002) and a minister in the Howard government. Campbell Newman was raised in Tasmania, attending Launceston Church Grammar School, then returned to Canberra.

He joined the Australian Army as a staff cadet at the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1981, graduating as a lieutenant in 1985. He spent 13 years in the army, resigning in 1993 with the rank of major. He has an honours degree in civil engineering from the University of New South Wales.

He moved to Queensland, where he graduated with an MBA from the University of Queensland, then worked as a consultant for PA Consulting Group, and subsequently for the agricultural storage company Grainco, before deciding to stand for election as lord mayor of Brisbane.

Lord Mayor of Brisbane

In the 2004 election, Newman narrowly defeated Labor incumbent Tim Quinn. However, a majority of wards returned Labor councillors, meaning Newman had to work with a Labor-dominated civic cabinet and a Labor deputy mayor.

The most significant infrastructure item initiated or delivered during this first term was the TransApex package of bridge, traffic and tunnel projects.

In the 2008 election, Newman was re-elected and the Liberals took control of the council by taking at least six wards from Labor.

Newman was selected as one of 25 mayors from across the world shortlisted for the 2010 World Mayor Prize, an online competition aimed at raising the profile of civic leaders. When the results were announced, Newman was declared the fifth-best mayor in the world.

State-level politics

Election to parliament
On 18 March 2011, Nine News Queensland Spencer Jolly reported that the LNP's organisational wing was engineering a plan to make Newman the leader of the LNP. According to Jolly, party president Bruce McIver was trying to arrange for Bruce Flegg, the former leader of the Queensland Liberals and the MP for Moggill, the only safe LNP seat in Brisbane at the time, to resign and hand his seat to Newman. Under this plan, once Newman was safely in the legislature, he would have challenged Opposition Leader John-Paul Langbroek—who, like Newman, is from the Liberal side of the LNP merger—for the leadership of the LNP. Newman subsequently acknowledged he had been approached about moving up to state politics. Although he did not rule out running in the next state election he stated that, for the time being, he was committed to serving out his term as lord mayor and running for re-election in 2012.

However, on 22 March, Newman announced that he was seeking the LNP preselection for the west Brisbane seat of Ashgrove, held by Labor's Kate Jones, in the election due for 2012. If he won preselection, Newman said, he would then make a bid for the LNP leadership. According to ABC News, the LNP's organisational wing wanted Newman to run for a state seat and the leadership when polls showed he was the only non-Labor politician who matched Premier Anna Bligh's popularity during the 2010–11 Queensland floods.

Jones held Ashgrove with a margin of 7.1 points, making it a "fairly safe" Labor seat, on paper. However, according to Australian Broadcasting Corporation elections analyst Antony Green, Newman carried The Gap ward, which contains the bulk of Ashgrove (Brisbane City Council wards are almost as large as state electorates), with 56 per cent of the two-party vote in 2004 and almost 70 per cent in 2008. According to Green, if Newman repeated his past performance in The Gap, he would be able to take Ashgrove off Labor.

Within hours of Newman's announcement, Langbroek and deputy leader Lawrence Springborg both resigned their posts. Langbroek had been under growing pressure from the LNP's organisational wing to stand down after Labor's polling numbers rebounded in the wake of the floods. However, as late as a day before Newman's announcement, Langbroek insisted he would not do so. On 2 April 2011, Newman was elected as the leader of the LNP. The next day he won the LNP preselection for Ashgrove, unopposed.

Normal practice in a Westminster system would have called for an LNP member of parliament from a safe seat to resign so that Newman could enter parliament via a by-election. However, it became apparent that a by-election could not be arranged. To solve this problem, former state Nationals leader Jeff Seeney, who had been elected deputy leader of the LNP, was named as the party's interim parliamentary leader—and hence Leader of the Opposition—while Newman led the LNP election team from outside the legislature. Seeney agreed to cede the post of parliamentary leader to Newman should Newman win election to the legislature. Newman's ascent to the role of leader outside of Parliament led Bligh to briefly consider breaking her previous vow to let the legislature run full-term. She had promised to focus exclusively on recovery in 2011, but was concerned that the LNP's leadership situation could make the co-operation necessary for the recovery effort impossible. Bligh also accused Newman of "abandoning" the lord mayor's post, saying that Newman should not have "cut and run" while the recovery effort was still underway.

The first Newspoll taken after Newman assumed the leadership showed that the LNP had regained the lead in opinion polling; it had led most polls from July until the floods. Newman had also consistently led Bligh as preferred premier.

Soon after Newman became leader of the LNP, Labor state treasurer Andrew Fraser used parliamentary privilege to claim he had received information from within the LNP that Flegg had been given an inducement to resign and allow Newman to run for his seat in a by-election. On 18 July 2011, the Crime and Misconduct Commission announced that the investigation found no evidence to support Fraser's allegations and all parties were cleared.
Billionaire and LNP benefactor Clive Palmer said the "CMC [was] colluding with the government" while the LNP accused Fraser of "knowing too much about the investigation".

Newman made it clear that when he took over the LNP leadership, all policies previously announced would be scrapped and essentially become "null and void" with new policy announcements to be made. In an attempt to win voter support in regional Queensland, Newman's first official LNP policy announcement was that he would not support daylight saving in Queensland or South East Queensland, even though as Brisbane's Lord Mayor he had been a vocal advocate for daylight saving.

Newman stated his support for same-sex marriage. The LNP, however, stated prior to the 2012 election that if they win government they may move to repeal such laws.

On 30 May 2021, Newman was made one of the LNP's trustees, a party elder position that is involved in finances and has a seat on the state executive. It is understood that the acting LNP President, Cynthia Hardy, approached Newman about the role, to which he was then elected in a vote of state executive.

Election victory
On 25 January 2012, Bligh announced that a state election would be held in Queensland on 24 March, but that she would not formally ask the Governor to dissolve parliament until 19 February. For Newman to unseat Bligh as premier, he needed not only to win Ashgrove, but also lead the LNP to at least an 11-seat gain. However, the LNP were unbackable favourites to win the election; as mentioned above they had been leading in opinion polling for all but a few months since July 2011.

On 15 March 2012, Bligh referred to the Crime and Misconduct Commission material concerning an office in a building owned by interests associated with Newman's family. Despite allegations of inappropriate dealings for personal benefit, a week before the election the CMC finalised its assessment that there was no evidence of official misconduct by Newman while he was Lord Mayor of Brisbane. Consequently, no further investigation was warranted nor would be conducted by the CMC concerning Newman.

In the election, Newman led the LNP to a comprehensive victory. The LNP won 78 seats against only seven for Labor, taking 44 seats on a swing of 14.5 points. That was largely because Brisbane, Labor's power base for more than 20 years, swung over dramatically to support Newman. The LNP won an unheard-of 37 seats in Brisbane, in many cases on swings of 10 points or more. By comparison, it had gone into the election holding only six of the capital's 40 seats; Labor had held power mostly on the strength of winning at least 30 seats there in every election since 1989. It was easily the worst defeat a sitting government has ever suffered in Queensland, and one of the most lopsided election results ever recorded at the state level in Australia. Newman himself won a convincing victory in Ashgrove, taking 51 per cent of the primary vote and 54 per cent of the two-party vote on a swing of 13.8 points—almost double the swing needed.

Newman formally claimed victory at 8:45 pm Queensland time, saying he had received a mandate to make Queensland "a can-do place once more." The LNP had run on the slogan "Can Do Queensland" (stylised as "CanDoQLD")—derived from his mayoral campaign slogan, "Can Do Campbell".

Premier

Newman government

Normal practice in Australia calls for a defeated government to stay in office on a caretaker basis until the final results are in. However, the day after the election, with the LNP's victory beyond doubt even though counting was still under way in several seats, Bligh announced she was resigning as premier and retiring from politics. An hour later, Newman announced that he intended to advise Governor Penny Wensley that he was able to form a government. He also announced that he intended to have himself and his top two shadow ministers, Seeney and Tim Nicholls, sworn in as an interim three-man government until a full ministry could be named, with Seeney as deputy premier and Nicholls as treasurer. Newman was formally sworn in as Queensland's 38th premier on 26 March. His interim government remained in office until the full ministry was sworn in a week later. Upon swearing-in, he became the first non-Labor premier from the Brisbane area, as well as the first non-interim premier aligned federally with the Liberals (or their predecessors) since Digby Denham left office in 1915. The last Liberal premier of Queensland, Gordon Chalk, served as a caretaker between the death of Jack Pizzey in 1968 and the election of Joh Bjelke-Petersen later that year. He is also the first person since Federation to lead a party to victory while not himself serving in the legislature at the time of the election. Newman entered office with the largest majority government in Queensland history, and percentage-wise the largest legislative majority in any Australian state or federal election in history at the time. He announced that he would focus on rebuilding Queensland's economy and setting its finances in order. He also asked his large party room to put together plans to "deliver their promises" in their own seats.

On 29 March, Newman announced his support for newly elected Labor leader Annastacia Palaszczuk's proposal to extend the parliamentary term in Queensland to four years, as is the case in the other states. He also promised that Labor would have the full rights and privileges entitled to the Official Opposition, even though at the time it was two seats short of official status in the legislature (Labor subsequently took two seats off the LNP in by-elections). In January 2013, Newman announced plans to push for Queensland to allow optional preferential voting in federal elections.

Privatisation
Newman government supported privatisation.

Law and order
In October 2013 the Newman government passed new legislation which handed discretionary powers to the state Attorney-General to indefinitely extend the detention of sex offenders. The legislation was criticised by the Law Society of Queensland, the Bar Association of Queensland, the Australian Council for Civil Liberties and retired judges. Newman responded by describing opponents of the law as "apologists for sex offenders and paedophiles". In addition to targeting sex offenders, other legislation aims to imprison members and associates of "outlaw motorcycle clubs", naming 26 clubs. The bill attracted a large amount of criticism from law professionals to Amnesty International. In particular, the bill was criticised by Amnesty International for sweeping so broadly that innocent conduct may be caught and infringing the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, although Newman claimed that Queenslanders wanted the tough new laws.

By September 2013, Newman's government had cut 12,282 public service jobs in Queensland.

On 7 April 2014, the NSW Independent Commission Against Corruption heard that Newman wanted $5,000 to meet Sydney businessman Nick Di Girolamo when he was the Lord Mayor of Brisbane.

On 21 July 2014, Newman was forced to withdraw a very small part of the controversial biker laws following a landslide defeat in a by-election in the seat of Stafford (itself following a huge swing and loss for the government in a by-election in the seat of Redcliffe) and rapidly decaying public approval across the state. The government also promised to reinstate bipartisan support and the previous parliamentary estimates.

2015 election

On 5 January 2015, media organisations reported that Newman intended to announce the election date the next day. On 6 January, Newman confirmed on Twitter that he had visited acting governor Tim Carmody and writs had been issued for an election on 31 January. During the election campaign there was speculation that Newman, sitting on a two-party margin of 5.7 points in his seat of Ashgrove, was at risk of being rolled in his own seat, drawing into question his ability to remain as Premier even if the LNP won another term.

At the election Newman lost Ashgrove to his Labor predecessor, Kate Jones, on a swing of nearly 10 points. With his defeat in Ashgrove beyond doubt even though counting had not been finalised, Newman announced his retirement from politics on election night. He immediately resigned as both premier and LNP leader, though he remained as caretaker premier for nearly two weeks while the overall result was in doubt. Newman was the second sitting Queensland premier to lose his own seat, the first being Digby Denham. Ultimately, in a shock result, Labor came up just one seat short of the 36-seat swing it needed to win back government in its own right, and was able to form a minority government with the support of independent Peter Wellington.

Newman's defeat triggered an unsuccessful party room challenge to then Northern Territory Chief Minister Adam Giles, whose leadership style was reported to be similar to Newman's.

Having entered Parliament at the same time he became Premier and then losing his seat at the same time he lost the premiership meant that Newman is only person to serve the entirety of his time in the Queensland Parliament as Premier.

Move to federal politics
A week after his 2015 state election defeat it was revealed that Newman, while still caretaker premier, was approached to stand for Liberal preselection for the federal seat of Indi in Victoria. It was reported that Newman's army background may possibly sit well with the 10 per cent of Australia's army that is stationed in the electorate. However, Newman declined to run for the Indi preselection.

2021 resignation from the LNP
Newman announced his resignation from the LNP on 25 July 2021 along with his wife, saying the LNP candidate in the 2021 Stretton state by-election was "let down by a party and leadership that never stands up for anything". Newman hinted at plans to return to politics at a federal level and was yet to decide whether to run in a party or as an independent but said if he did run, it would be for the Australian Senate.

Joining the Liberal Democrats
On 8 August 2021, Newman announced his candidacy for the federal Senate representing Queensland at the 2022 federal election with the Liberal Democrats. Newman criticised the major parties for the use of "heavy-handed" measures he says are responsible for "the destruction of people's livelihoods, jobs and freedoms" during the COVID-19 pandemic. Newman was not elected to the Senate.

Personal life and family
Newman lives in Brisbane with his wife Lisa. They have two daughters, Rebecca and Sarah. In February 2020, in an online interview, Campbell Newman described his political philosophy as being Libertarian. Campbell and Lisa Newman announced their resignations from the LNP on 25 July 2021.

See also

 2015 Queensland state election

References

External links

 Queensland premier's official profile
 LNP profile
 City Mayors profile
 Interview with Newman discussing life after politics

1963 births
Living people
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Brisbane
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Liberal National Party of Queensland politicians
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Premiers of Queensland
Australian Army officers
Australian Anglicans
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Australian civil engineers
Australian military engineers
Australian monarchists
University of New South Wales alumni
University of Queensland alumni
People educated at Launceston Church Grammar School
People from Canberra
21st-century Australian politicians
Officers of the Order of Australia

Campbell Newman


A língua russina da Panônia (Pannonian Rusyn: руски язик , romanizado:  ruski jazik ), também historicamente referido como russino iugoslavo, é uma variedade da língua russina, falada pelos russinos da Panônia, principalmente nas regiões da Província Autônoma da Voivodina (parte norte da atual Sérvia) e Eslavônia (parte oriental da atual Croácia), e também na diáspora russina da Panônia nos Estados Unidos e Canadá. Como os russinos são oficialmente reconhecidos como minoria nacional tanto na Sérvia quanto na Croácia, sua língua também é reconhecida como língua minoritária e, na Voivodina é empregada como uma das seis línguas provinciais oficiais.

Ligações externas
 National Council of the Rusyn National Minority in Serbia

Línguas da Sérvia
Línguas da Croácia
Línguas eslavas ocidentais
Grupos étnicos da Ucrânia
Língua russina

Língua russina da Panônia


was the fourth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan who was in office from 1651 to 1680. He is considered the eldest son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, which makes him the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Early life (1641–1651)
Tokugawa Ietsuna was born in 1641, allegedly the eldest son of Tokugawa Iemitsu with his concubine, Oraku no Kata later Houjuin. Later Ietsuna was raised with his sister, Chiyohime (born by Ofuri) by Iemitsu's concubine, Oman no kata (later Eikoin) and Iemitsu's wife, Takatsukasa Takako later Honriin. After Eikoin retired, Senhime (also called Tenjuin) raised him with Honriin. At that time his father was shogun in his own right and had enacted several anti-Christian measures after the bloody Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. Though the suppression of this rebellion quelled all serious threats to Tokugawa rule, it was nonetheless an unsure era. Ietsuna was a frail child, and this carried over into his adult years. Nothing else is known of his youth. His childhood name was Takechiyo (竹千代).

Family
Parents
 Father: Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光, August 12, 1604 – June 8, 1651)
 Mother: Hōjuin (1621–1653)
 Adopted mother: Eiko'in (1624–1711)
 Consorts and Issue:
 Wife: Asa no Miya Akiko (1640–1676) later Koge'in
 Concubine: Ofuri no Kata (1649–1667) later Yoshun'in
 son (died in womb in 1667)
 Concubine: Mitsuru no Kata (1660–1690) later Enmyō'in
daughter (died in womb in 1678)
 Concubine: Yoshino no Kata (d. 1680)
 son (died in womb in 1680)
 Concubine: Oyo no Kata (d. 1657)
 Concubine: Oshima no Kata (d. 1660)
 Concubine: Onatsu no Kata (d. 1680) later Honjuin
 Concubine: Okiku no Kata
 Concubine: Ofuji no Kata later Jokkoin
 Concubine: Okoto no Kata later Zumnyoin
 Concubine: Oran no Kata
 Concubine: Omino no Kata (d. 1679)
 Concubine: Osumi no Kata
Adopted daughter:
 Naohime, daughter of Tokugawa Mitsutomo

Shogunal regency (1651–1663)
Tokugawa Iemitsu died in early 1651, at the age of forty-seven. After his death, the Tokugawa dynasty was at major risk. Ietsuna, the heir, was only ten years old. Nonetheless, despite his age, Tokugawa no Ietsuna became shogun in Kei'an 4 (1651). Until he came of age, five regents were to rule in his place, but Shogun Ietsuna nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the bakufu bureaucracy.

In this period, regents exercised power in the shoguns name.  These were Sakai Tadakatsu, Sakai Tadakiyo, Inaba Masanori, Matsudaira Nobutsuna (a distant member of the Tokugawa), and one other. In addition to this regency, Iemitsu handpicked his half-brother, Hoshina Masayuki.

The first thing that Shogun Ietsuna and the regency had to address was the rōnin (masterless samurai). During the reign of Shogun Iemitsu, two samurai, Yui Shōsetsu and Marubashi Chūya, had been planning an uprising in which the city of Edo would be burned to the ground and, amidst the confusion, Edo Castle would be raided and the shōgun, other members of the Tokugawa and high officials would be executed. Similar occurrences would happen in Kyoto and Osaka. Shosetsu was himself of humble birth and he saw Toyotomi Hideyoshi as his idol.

Nonetheless, the plan was discovered after the death of Iemitsu, and Ietsuna's regents were brutal in suppressing the rebellion, which came to be known as the Keian Uprising or the "Tosa Conspiracy". Chuya was brutally executed along with his family and Shosetsu's family. Shosetsu chose to commit seppuku rather than being captured.

In 1652, about 800 rōnin led a small disturbance on Sado Island, and this was also brutally suppressed. But for the most part, the remainder of Ietsuna's rule was not disturbed anymore by the rōnin as the government became more civilian-oriented.

In Meireki 3 (1657), on the 18th–19th days of the 1st month, when Ietsuna was almost 20 years old, a great fire broke out in Edo and burned the city to the ground.  Ietsuna's concubine Oyo burned to death in the fire. It took two years to rebuild the city and bakufu officials supervised the rebuilding of the city. In 1659, Ietsuna presided over the opening ceremonies. In the 11th month he married Asa no Miya Akiko, daughter of Fushimi no Miya Sadakiyo. It is said that his relationship was quite good with Asa no Miya, though they didn't have a child; they adopted Naohime, daughter of Tokugawa Mitsutomo.

Bakufu power struggle (1663–1671)

In 1663, the regency for shōgun Ietsuna ended, but the regents still held power for him, the first time that the power behind the bakufu was not a former shōgun. Ietsuna's chief advisors were now Hoshina Masayuki, Ietsuna's uncle (whom he had deep regard for) Itakura Shigenori, Tsuchiya Kazunao, Kuze Hiroyuki, and Inaba Masanori. Even though Ietsuna was now ruling in his own right, these former regents now became his official advisors, and in some cases, acted for him. In some cases, however, Ietsuna acted upon his own accord, as when he came up with the idea of abolishing junshi, where a samurai follows his lord into death.

 1663 (Kanbun 3). The shogunate banned suicides due to fidelity (junshi).
 1669 (Kanbun 9). An Ainu rebellion broke out in Hokkaido.

Another example of this is in 1671 when the Date family of Sendai was involved in a succession dispute. The bakufu intervened and prevented another rendition of the Ōnin War. By 1671, however, many of the former regents were either dead or retired, and Ietsuna began to rule in his own right.

Shōgun (1671–1680)

Following the succession dispute of the Date, very few disturbances occurred for the remainder of Ietsuna's reign, except some defiant daimyōs.

In 1679, shōgun Ietsuna fell ill. His succession began to be discussed, in which Sakai Tadakiyo took an active role. He suggested that a son of Emperor Go-Sai become the next shogun, following the precedent of the later Kamakura shoguns, who in reality were members of the blood royal. Tadakiyo probably saw himself as becoming powerful like the Hōjō regents, and thus many members of the Tokugawa blood preferred Shogun Ietsuna's younger brother Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, also a son of Shogun Iemitsu, to become shōgun.

 June 4, 1680 (Enpō 8, 8th day of the 5th month): Shōgun Ietsuna dies; and he is succeeded as shogun by Tsunayoshi.

Tadakiyo retired, embarrassed, and shortly after, Tokugawa Ietsuna died in 1680.  His posthumous name was Genyū-in (厳有院) and was buried in Kan'ei-ji. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Tsunayoshi.

Though Ietsuna proved to be an able leader, affairs were largely controlled by the regents his father had appointed, even after Ietsuna was declared old enough to rule in his own right.

Eras of Ietsuna's bakufu
The years in which Ietsuna was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Keian                 (1648–1652)
 Jōō      (1652–1655)
 Meireki               (1655–1658)
 Manji    (1658–1661)
 Kanbun  (1661–1673)
 Enpō            (1673–1681)

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999). Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed.  Honolulu:  University of Hawaii Press . ; ;   OCLC 246417677
 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ; OCLC 65177072
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou,  Annales des empereurs du Japon.  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
 Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 279623

1641 births
1680 deaths
17th-century shōguns
Tokugawa shōguns
Tokugawa clan
Child monarchs from Asia
People of Edo-period Japan

Tokugawa Ietsuna


The Lost Road and Other Writings – Language and Legend before 'The Lord of the Rings' is the fifth volume of The History of Middle-earth, a series of compilations of drafts and essays written by J. R. R. Tolkien in around 1936–1937. It was edited and published posthumously in 1987 by Christopher Tolkien.

Book

Inscription

The title page of each volume of The History of Middle-earth has an inscription in Tengwar, written by Christopher Tolkien and describing the contents of the book. The inscription in Volume V reads "Herein are collected the oldest Tale of the Downfall of Númenor, the story of the Lost Road into the West, the Annals of Valinor and the Annals of Beleriand in a later form, the Ainulindalë, or Music of the Ainur, the Lhammas, or Account of Tongues, the Quenta Silmarillion or History of the Silmarils, and the history of many words and names."

Contents

The Lost Road and Other Writings contains the following pieces:

 The Early History of the Legend — an introduction to the following two pieces, detailing how Tolkien's correspondence with C. S. Lewis led to the writing of The Lost Road.
 The Fall of Númenor — an early draft of what would become the Akallabêth.
 The Lost Road — an unfinished time-travel story written in late 1936 that connects Tolkien's other tales to the 20th century.
 The later Annals of Beleriand.
 The later Annals of Valinor.
 The Ainulindalë — an early version of the Ainulindalë (the Music of the Ainur).
 The Lhammas ("Account of Tongues") — an overview of the various languages of Middle-earth.
 Quenta Silmarillion — a draft of the Quenta Silmarillion.
 The Etymologies — an etymological dictionary of the Elvish tongues, contemporary with writings up to that time.
 Appendix
 The Genealogies
 The List of Names
 The Second Silmarillion Map

Approach

The Lost Road itself was the result of a joint decision by Tolkien and C. S. Lewis to make attempts at writing science fiction. Lewis ended up writing a story about space travel, which eventually became The Space Trilogy, and Tolkien tried to write something about time travel, but never completed it. The Lost Road is a fragmentary beginning of a tale, with a rough outline and several pieces of narrative, including four chapters dealing with modern England and Númenor, from which the entire story may be glimpsed. The scheme was for time travel by means of "vision" or being mentally inserted into what had been so as to experience that which had happened. In this way the tale links the 20th century first to the Saxon England of Alfred the Great, then to the Lombard king Alboin of St Benedict's time, the Baltic Sea during the Viking Age, Ireland at the time of the Tuatha Dé Danann's coming (600 years after Noah's Flood), the prehistoric North in the Ice Age, a "Galdor story" of Middle-earth in the Third Age, and finally the Fall of Gil-galad, before recounting the prime legend of the Downfall of Númenor and the Bending of the World.

The story starts with Alboin, a child in 20th century Britain who has strange visions referencing the First and Second Ages of Middle-Earth after talking to his father Oswin about his 6th century namesake, where he sees the clouds coming westwards over the Atlantic as resembling the great eagles of Manwë traveling to Númenor. Many years later as an adult, the dreams return to him as he starts to realize that they are actual memories from his ancestors, which he wishes he could see for himself. Fulfilling this wish, Elendil appears to him in another one of his dreams, offering to take him and his son Audoin to some time from the 3260s to the 3310s of the Second Age, which he accepts. The view of the distant past begins with Elendil having a conversation with one of his unspecified sons on the shores of Númenor discussing the state of the kingdom. Elendil reveals to his son Herendil that he is a member of the faithful who still support the Valar, trying to convince him of Sauron's corruption and negative influence over the king Tarkalion (Ar-Pharazôn). Herendil argues that Sauron has enlightened the Númenorians after his imprisonment and ascension to being the king's advisor, portraying the Valar as villains for keeping immortality from the species of men.

Elendil tells him the true history of Arda up until that point where mortality was a gift rather than a curse, and discusses how militaristic Númenor is becoming despite not having any enemies to foreshadow the attempted invasion of Aman. However, once Herendil agrees to join the rebellion against Sauron in the safety of their house, the story is discontinued with the conclusion of the fourth chapter. The novel explores the theme of the "Straight Road" into the West, now open only in memory because the world has become round.

Tolkien reworked and expanded some of the ideas in The Lost Road in The Notion Club Papers, which was also left unfinished.

References

External links
More in-depth information on The Lost Road by JRR Tolkien

Middle-earth books
05
1987 books
Unfinished books
History of Middle-earth Vol V: Lost Road and Other Writings, The
Books published posthumously

The Lost Road and Other Writings


En el ámbito de los negocios se denomina paracaídas de oro o contrato blindado a un acuerdo entre una empresa y un empleado, por lo general ejecutivo superior, especificando que el empleado va a recibir ciertos beneficios significativos en caso de rescisión del contrato que lo vincula con la empresa. A veces deben cumplirse ciertas condiciones para que el empleado tenga derecho a dichos beneficios, por lo general un cambio en la propiedad de la compañía, pero a menudo la causa de extinción no se especifica. Estos beneficios pueden incluir indemnizaciones, bonos en efectivo, opciones sobre acciones, u otros beneficios.

Argumentos a favor y en contra
Los defensores de los paracaídas de oro argumentan que los mismos proporcionan tres ventajas:
 Hacer que sea más fácil contratar y retener a los ejecutivos, especialmente en los sectores más proclives a las fusiones.
 Ayuda a un ejecutivo a ser objetivo sobre la compañía durante el proceso de toma de posesión.
 Sirve para disuadir en cierta medida los intentos de toma de poder a causa de aumentar el costo de una adquisición.

Los críticos han respondido a lo anterior señalando que:
 El despido es un riesgo en cualquier ocupación, y a los ejecutivos ya se les compensa así.
 Los ejecutivos ya tienen una responsabilidad fiduciaria de la empresa, y no debería necesitar incentivos adicionales para mantenerse motivados.
 Los costos del paracaídas de oro son un porcentaje muy pequeño de los costos de una adquisición y no afectan el resultado.

El uso de los paracaídas de oro ha causado cierta preocupación a los inversores, ya que no especifica que el ejecutivo tenga que desempeñarse con solvencia.

De acuerdo con un estudio realizado en 2006 por el Hay Group, firma de gestión de recursos humanos, los paracaídas de oro a los ejecutivos franceses son las más altos en Europa, y equivalente a los fondos recibidos por el 50% de los ejecutivos estadounidenses. En contraste, los ingresos de los ejecutivos franceses se encuentran dentro de la media europea.

Términos utilizados según países

España
En España se conoce como contrato blindado aquel que incluye cláusulas o acuerdos similares al paracaídas de oro. Estas prácticas son comunes en contratos laborales que vinculan a los altos ejecutivos, deportistas de élite, asesores, etc. con entidades públicas y privadas, ya sean empresariales o de otro tipo. Estos contratos en España están regulados por normas específicas al margen de los trabajadores comunes.

Historia
El primer uso conocido del término "paracaídas de oro" se remonta a cuando los acreedores trataron de derrocar a Howard Hughes del control de la compañía aérea TWA.

El uso del término "paracaídas de oro" se ha incrementado significativamente a partir del 2008 debido a la recesión económica mundial, siendo utilizado principalmente por los medios de comunicación y en los debates de las elecciones presidenciales de 2008 en Estados Unidos.

El uso de los paracaídas de oro tuvo una gran expansión en la década de 1980 en respuesta al gran aumento en el número de adquisiciones y fusiones empresariales y bancarias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 El paracaídas de oro de los altos directivos en los tiempos de crisis

Términos de comercio
Extinción de la relación laboral

Paracaídas de oro


La Provincia fitogeográfica Insular Subantártica, o simplemente Provincia fitogeográfica Insular, es una de las secciones en que se divide el Dominio fitogeográfico Subantártico. Se ubica en el archipiélago de las islas Malvinas, las islas Georgias del Sur, las Sandwich del Sur, y otros pequeños archipiélagos australes del océano Atlántico Sur, siempre sobre el paralelo 60°S. Incluye formaciones esteparias, praderas, y turberas, con total ausencia de elementos arbóreos.

Sinonimia

También fue denominada de manera más ambigua Provincia fitogeográfica Insular.

Distribución

Según la clasificación de Ángel Lulio Cabrera, este Distrito fitogeográfico comprende la totalidad de las islas Malvinas, desde las costas oceánicas bañadas por el mar Argentino hasta las cumbres de sus modestas sierras. Este archipiélago se ubica al este de la Patagonia Argentina. Se compone de dos islas mayores separadas por el estrecho de San Carlos: Soledad, y Gran Malvina, amén de una numerosa cantidad de islas menores y pequeños islotes.

También corresponde a dicha provincia la vegetación de otros dos archipiélagos más orientales: las islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur, y otros pequeños archipiélagos australes del océano Atlántico Sur, siempre sobre el paralelo 60°S.

Algunos autores, también incluyen en esta provincia a las islas de Año Nuevo, un archipiélago al norte de la isla de los Estados, al sudeste de la isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.

La altitud de la provincia fitogeográfica va desde el nivel del mar hasta los 550  en Malvinas, y un poco mayor en los archipiélagos orientales, aunque en estos últimos la vegetación sólo se presenta en las altitudes inferiores.

Afinidades florísticas

Esta Provincia fitogeográfica guarda estrecha relación con el Distrito fitogeográfico Subantártico Magallánico de la Provincia fitogeográfica Subantártica, con el cual comparte muchos géneros y especies en común.
También se relaciona con la vegetación de la Provincia fitogeográfica Antártica, presente en dicho continente y en sus islas al sur del paralelo 60 S.

Características

Esta Provincia fitogeográfica se caracteriza por presentar formaciones esteparias, praderas, y turberas, con total ausencia de elementos arbóreos.

Suelos

Los suelos se presentan turbosos. Su conformación geológica es semejante a la de la isla de los Estados, y a la del este de la isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.

Relieve

El relieve es rocoso, ondulado, con colinas, suaves sierras y dilatados valles. En algunos sectores se forman agrupaciones rocosas conocidas como mares de piedra. En los archipiélagos orientales también se presentan conos volcánicos, altas montañas, y glaciares eternos.

Clima

El clima de las islas Malvinas es el Patagónico húmedo. Los vientos fuertes y constantes del cuadrante oeste generan una evapotranspiración elevada, la cual se ve atemperada por la influencia oceánica y la elevada latitud. Los vientos del sur, en cambio, provocan los frecuentes días nublados y lluviosos.

En las islas Georgias del Sur el clima es Marítimo Polar; el verano es muy frío, y el clima es siempre húmedo. En las islas Sandwich del Sur el clima es Desértico subglacial; el verano es aún más frío, y el clima es siempre húmedo.

Especies principales

La comunidad climáxica de este distrito se caracteriza por presentar formaciones esteparias, praderas, y turberas de musgos y juncáceas, siempre con total ausencia de elementos arbóreos en tiempos modernos, aunque si están presentes en el registro fósil. En las costas la especie dominante es el enorme pasto tusok (Poa flabellata), mientras que tierra adentro abundan los matorrales de mutilla (Empetrum rubrum), Hebe elliptica, y Pernettya pumila, pajonales de Cortaderia pilosa, etc.

La flora es pobre. En las Malvinas sólo habitan 163 especies nativas de helechos y fanerógamas, cifra que baja a apenas 20 en las Georgias del Sur, y aún menos en las Sandwich del Sur.

Distritos fitogeográficos

A esta Provincia fitogeográfica es posible subdividirla en Distritos fitogeográficos.

 Distrito fitogeográfico Malvinense
 Distrito fitogeográfico de las Georgias del Sur
 Distrito fitogeográfico de las Sandwich del Sur
 Distrito fitogeográfico de las islas de Año Nuevo (si es que este archipiélago es también incluido)

Bibliografía

 Cabrera, Luis Ángel. 1958. Fitogeografía. En La Argentina Suma de Geografía. ed. Peuser. Buenos Aires.
 Cabrera, A. L.; 1976. Regiones fitogeográficas argentinas. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería, Tomo II Fs. 1. Ed. ACME. Bs. As. Argentina. 1-85 pp.
 Cabrera, A. L. y Willink, W.;. Biogeografía de América Latina, OEA, Ser. Biol., Monogr. 3:, 1980.
 Chébez, J.C.;. Los que se van. Especies argentinas en peligro, Editorial Albatros, 1994.
 Chébez, J.C.; Guía de las Reservas Naturales de la Argentina. Volumen 2: Patagonia Austral. pp 192.Editor: Editorial Albatros, 2005. ISBN: 9502410572.
 Frenguelli, J. (1941). Rasgos principales de fitogeografía Argentina.. Rev. Mus. La Plata (Nueva Serie), 3, Sec. Bot.. pp. 65-181.
 Moore, D.M. 1983. Flora of Tierra del Fuego. Oswestry, Saint Louis. ix, 396 pp., 8 lám.
 Pisano, E. 1977. Fitogeografía de Fuego-Patagonia chilena. I. Comunidades vegetales entre las latitudes 52 y 56° S. Anales Inst. Patagonia 8: 121-250, 1 mapa.
 Pisano, E. 1980. Distribución y características de la vegetación del archipiélago del Cabo de Hornos. Anales Inst. Patagonia 11: 191-224.
 Pisano, E. 1984. Relaciones circumantárticas de la flora vascular del archipiélago del Cabo de Hornos. Anales Inst. Patagonia 15: 5-24, 1 tabla.
 Pisano, E. y R.P. Schlatter. 1981. Vegetación y flora de las islas Diego Ramírez (Chile). I. Características y relaciones de la flora vascular. Anales Inst. Patagonia 12: 183-194.
 Wace, N. M. 1965. Vascular Plants. pp. 201-266 in Biogeography and Ecology in Antarctica, van Dye, P. and van Mieghem, J. (Eds.). Junk.
 Walton, D.W.H & S.W. Greene. 1971. The South Georgia species of Acaena and their probable hybrid. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 25: 29-44.

Referencias

Fitogeografía de Argentina

Provincia fitogeográfica insular subantártica


The March 19 shooting incident (), also known as the 319 incident, was an assassination attempt on President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu while they were campaigning in Tainan, Taiwan on 19 March 2004, the day before Taiwan's presidential election. Their injuries were not life-threatening, and both Chen and Lu were released from Chi-Mei Hospital on the same day without losing consciousness or undergoing surgery.

The attack provoked shock and unease in Taiwan, where political violence of this kind was commonplace against non-KMT members 40 years earlier. The Taiwan dollar fell by 0.2 percent but quickly recovered.

Reaction to the incident divided along partisan lines. Some including Lu pointed to Beijing and the People's Republic of China for orchestrating the attack because of her and Chen's stance supporting Taiwanese independence from the mainland. By contrast their election opponent, Lien Chan, supported by the Pan-Blue Coalition, was a supporter for integration with the mainland. The opposing Pan-Blue supporters believed that the incident was faked in order to win the sympathy of voters in the upcoming election, which Chen and Lu won by 29,500 votes. However several forensic studies, including one conducted by an American team, showed that the gun wounds are indeed real.

In August 2005, the case was officially closed with all evidence pointing to a single deceased suspect, Chen Yi-hsiung.

Sequence of events
President Chen and Vice President Lu were standing in the back seat of an open convertible Jeep moving slowly through a crowded street when around 1:45 pm, a bullet penetrated the windshield of the vehicle, grazed Chen's stomach, and was stopped in his clothes. Chen received a flesh wound  long and  wide. The other bullet penetrated the windshield and hit a cast on Lu's knee which she was wearing due to an earlier injury and was later found in the vehicle. Wang Hsin-nan, a lawyer traveling with Chen, also confirmed the shots.

At first both believed that they had been hit by firecrackers, which are common in Taiwanese political parades and rallies. Chen realized that it was something more serious when he noticed that he was bleeding from the abdomen and that there was a bullet hole in the window. Chen reported pain in his abdomen and Lu reported pain in her knee and they were taken to the Chi-Mei Hospital. At 3:30 pm, the spokesperson for the president, Chiou I-jen, announced that the "National Security Mechanism" had been activated. By 5:30 pm, both the Pan-Blue and Pan-Green coalitions announced that they would cease all scheduled campaigning activities.

At 5:45 pm, the hospital announced that the president had suffered an  long and  wide gash across his abdomen. Around 6:00 pm, two shells were found on the campaign route where the shooting took place. Pictures of Chen's scars were also displayed publicly.

The president returned to his official residence by 9:00 pm and, in a video released to the public, he urged the Taiwanese people to remain calm and indicated that neither his health nor the security of Taiwan was threatened.

The next day's election was not postponed, as Taiwanese law only allows for suspension of an election on the death of a candidate. Chen's opponent, Lien Chan, and Lien's campaign manager Wang Jin-pyng tried to visit Chen on the night of the incident, but were unable to see the president because he was resting. Chen appeared in public the next day when he turned out to cast his vote.

Investigation
Within hours, police announced that the crime was not political, and that the People's Republic of China was not involved. Some Pan-Blue supporters theorized that the incident was staged in order for Chen to gain sympathy votes, while some Pan-Green supporters theorized that the assassination was a plot of China.

These speculations were considered highly offensive by both camps and were not condoned by the leaderships of the two sides until after Chen had already won the election.

Two bullet casings were found by a civilian under a police car after it was driven away. The casings found suggested that only two shots were fired at the motorcade. Their assembly also suggested that they were fired from home-made guns. It is unclear as to whether they were fired from the same gun, or from different guns.

The police did not find or identify any suspect involved in the shooting. There were several people the police wanted to question based on erratic behavior, such as leaving the scene in a hurry as recorded by surveillance camera. A few people showed up after they recognized themselves on the broadcast footage, but these proved to be inconclusive.

The bullet trajectory proposed by the police suggested that a bullet struck the windshield, entered Lu's knee, and then fell out. Another bullet fired from the Jeep's side struck Chen's stomach and traveled through his jacket and lodged in the rear of the jacket until recovered by the hospital staff.

Conclusion
On 29 March 2004 three American forensic scientists arrived in Taiwan to help with the investigation. They were Cyril Wecht, a forensic expert, Michael Haag, an expert on bullet trajectory, and Timothy Palmbach, an expert on crime scene integrity. Wecht personally examined Chen's belly and concluded it was consistent with a gunshot wound.

They were followed by Henry C. Lee on 9 April 2004. After examining the Jeep, he deduced that the shots were fired from the outside because there were shards of glass on the Jeep's floor. But due to the incompleteness of evidence preservation, and the lack of an accurate record on the Jeep's speed at the day of procession, he pointed out that it might be impossible to determine from which direction the bullets entered the Jeep.

Interior Minister Yu Cheng-hsien announced his resignation on 4 April 2004, and National Security Bureau director Tsai Chao-ming stepped down the week before to take responsibility for the shooting, in keeping with the Taiwanese tradition that government officials take responsibility for perceived or implied dereliction of duty.

On 24 August 2004, the Pan-Blue controlled Legislative Yuan approved legislation setting up the "3–19 truth investigative commission" to probe the shooting. Members of the commission were selected to reflect the political composition of the Fifth Legislative Yuan. The commission had the right to interview government officials and demand documents, and later presented its findings to the legislature. The law suspended the right to silence and forbid influencing the commission's investigation. The commission was also authorized to command a government prosecuting attorney, to unilaterally utilize the disaster reserve funds from the Executive Yuan, and to override court verdicts. Because such a law was suspected unconstitutional, the Pan-Green Coalition opposed the commission.

Forensic scientist Henry Lee submitted a 130-page report and a CD containing 150 photos to Andrew Hsia, director general of Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York on 29 August 2004. He concluded that the incident was not a political assassination attempt because "a more powerful weapon than a homemade pistol would have been used." He was unable to make a conclusive report, but indicated his findings would help locate the gun and its factory. Lee's findings prompted immediate outrage from conspiracy theorists as it did not fit well with either side.

On 9 September 2004, three men – Yeh Ho-chiang, 37, Chen Ching-hung, 33, and Huang Chin-shou, 43 – were arrested at an illegal weapons factory near Tainan possessing bullets matching those found at the crime scene.

On 7 March 2005, Taiwanese police held a conference about the shooting incident. Two suspects were named; Chen Yi-hsiung and Huang Hung-Ren. Both of them were found dead shortly after the 3–19 incident. Chen was living in the vicinity and resembled one of the unknown persons shown on police tapes in the hot zone (the "yellow coat bald guy"). The tape was released by the police on 26 March 2004, and Chen was found drowned in a harbor on March 28. The connection between Chen and the weapon maker was established by confirming Chen as being the 5th hand of a possible weapon; additionally family members of Chen stated that he left suicide notes, which according to the Taiwanese police's interpretation hinted that he committed the crime, although the notes had been burned by the family, and the interpretation held by the police is at best tenuous. Additionally the family members were reported to have recalled strange behavior of Chen following the 3–19 shooting. On the other hand, Huang also committed suicide with a gun that was made from the same manufacturer as that of the incident, and the bullet found shared traits with the one that hit the Vice-President.

A fisherman reported to have seen Chen "with the suspected agents near Anping Harbor on March 26 and 27, 2004 — a few days prior to Chen Yi-hsiung's death — seeking to rent a boat from the fisherman, possibly to use it to escape."

On 17 August 2005, the case was officially closed after the investigators concluded that Chen acted alone. However, there continue to be lingering doubts among a substantial part of the population of both sides. Lien, who happened to be leaving office as KMT chairman on the same day, publicly expressed disbelief. A China Times poll purportedly showed that only 19% of the surveyed persons believe that there had been a sufficiently thorough investigation. Pan-Blue legislators have called for continued investigation of the case, as has Vice President Lu.

Aftermath
Lu "cited exiled Chinese academic Yuan Hongbing as saying that Beijing might have plotted the assassination to polarize Taiwan as part of its scheme to annex the nation." Allegedly, Hu Jintao and PLA officer Xin Qi plotted to injure Chen and Lu without fatally wounding them. Moreover, it was aimed "at damaging Taiwan's democracy and making Taiwanese believe that elections were rigged, but it had to see Chen Shui-bian and Lu re-elected so that the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), losing power and authority, would be willing to succumb to China."

Some pan-Blue supporters painted the incident as a sham staged to boost sympathy for Chen and win the election, arguing that the wounds inflicted upon the President and Vice President were improbably light and citing various perceived irregularities in the chronology of events and the physical and photographic evidence.

The Pan-Blue claimed the activation of National Security Mechanism after the incident recalls military and police personnels on leave, which may have affected the election's outcome as the recalled personnels were not able to vote. The court refuted the claim because the military and police said the number of staying personnel was not affected.

Legacy
The incident was dramatized in the film  (2019), directed by Fu Changfeng.

References

External links
 Taiwan Assassin 3/19

2004 crimes in Taiwan
Taiwan under Republic of China rule
Failed assassination attempts in Asia
Violence in Taiwan
March 2004 events in Asia
History of Tainan
Non-fatal shootings

March 19 shooting incident


Die Friedrich Hesser, Maschinenfabrik (später: Fr. Hesser Maschinenfabrik AG) war ein Maschinenbauunternehmen, das auf die Produktion von Verpackungsmaschinen spezialisiert war und sich dabei zu einem führenden Unternehmen entwickelte. Firmensitz war Cannstatt, heute Stadtbezirk der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart.

Geschichte

1861 gründeten Modellschreinermeister Friedrich Hesser und Mechaniker Karl Geiger (Schwager) eine Werkstätte in der Falzmaschinen zur Produktion von Briefumschlägen hergestellt wurden. Der Betrieb firmierte zunächst als "Geiger & Hesser", ab 1862 als "Hesser". Der ursprünglich als Flaschner im Stuttgarter Westen tätige Hesser erhielt die Anregung zum Falzmaschinenbau von Eugen Lemppenau, einem Briefbögen- und Umschlägehersteller. Diesem waren die Gummierungskosten zu kostspielig geworden, weshalb er Hesser zur Herstellung einer Falzmaschine beauftragte. 1868 zog der Betrieb nach Bad Cannstatt (Gegend des heutigen Cannstatter Carrés). 1878 schied Karl Geiger aus, weshalb der Betrieb nunmehr als "Friedrich Hesser, Maschinenfabrik" fortbestand.

Ab 1882 wurde das Produktionssortiment auf Hülsenmaschinen für Zichorien sowie Tüten- und Beutelmaschinen erweitert, um sich auf neue Marktgegebenheiten einzustellen. Die Wirtschaftsflaute des Jahres 1885 erforderte erneutes Umdenken, weshalb automatische Paketiermaschinen in Produktion gingen. Dies machte das Unternehmen unanfälliger für Krisensituationen, zudem lag darin eine Marktinnovation. Ab 1899 wurden Doppelpaketmaschinen produziert, bis 1911 die erste vollautomatische Verpackungsmaschine Marktreife erlangte. Wirtschaftlicher Erfolg stellte sich durch die Produktion einfacher und gefütterter Kreuzbodenbeutel ein. Otto Hesser, Sohn des Gründers, firmierte im gleichen Jahr zu einer AG um. Mit dem Beteiligungskapital konnte 1934 die in Stuttgart-Münster ansässige Maschinenfabrik Carl Drohmann aufgekauft werden, womit die Produktion um kleinere, einfachere Verpackungsmaschinen erweitert werden konnte. Spezialität der Firma Drohmann war die Herstellung von "Blockbeutelmaschinen", die die Notwendigkeit der Handarbeit bei Beutelfutter- und bodenbearbeitungen zurückzudrängen vermochte. Zur Produktionspalette gehörten fortan noch Abfüllmaschinen.

Die Umstellung auf elektronisch gesteuerte Produktion führte zu einer Mehrheitsbeteiligung durch Bosch, die das Unternehmen 1974 vollends übernahm. Der Geschäftsbereich für Verpackungsmaschinen wurde 1982 von Bad Cannstatt nach Waiblingen verlegt, da die von der Vernickelungsfirma "Zeitler & Missel" erworbenen Fabrikhallen den Ansprüchen an die Herstellung moderner Maschinen nicht mehr entsprachen. Das Unternehmen Syntegon, hervorgegangen aus der Bosch-Gruppe, produziert heute an mehr als 30 Standorten im In- und Ausland Verpackungs- und Prozesstechnik und hat seinen Hauptsitz noch immer in Waiblingen.

Literatur
 Rudolf Hundhausen: Fr. Hesser Maschinenfabrik AG Stuttgart-Cannstatt. In: Die deutsche Industrie (1913), S. X60.
 Jürgen Hagel: Cannstatt und seine Geschichte. Silberburgverlag, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-87407-529-X.
 Die Werkzeugmaschine. Zeitschrift für Metallbearbeitung und Maschinenbau. Jg. 37 (1933).
 Werner Buthge: Vom Feuersee zum Birkenkopf, Streifzüge durch den Stuttgarter Westen. Schmetterling Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-89657-129-X.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Stuttgart)
Maschinen- und Gerätehersteller
Gegründet 1861
Bad Cannstatt
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Stuttgart)
Ehemalige Aktiengesellschaft in Deutschland

Friedrich Hesser, Maschinenfabrik


An Nervilia shirensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Nervilia shirensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nervilia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nervilia

Nervilia shirensis


«Eenie Meenie» es una canción interpretada por el cantante jamaiquino Sean Kingston y el cantante canadiense Justin Bieber. Fue lanzada en el octavo lugar en su álbum My World 2.0 y escrita por Justin Bieber, Carlos Battey, Steven Battey y Kisean Anderson.

Lista de canciones
 Descarga digital (sencillo)
 "Eenie Meenie" - 3:21

 CD sencillo
 "Eenie Meenie" - 3:21
 "Eenie Meenie" (Video) - 3:30

Posicionamiento en listas

Referencias

Canciones de Justin Bieber
Canciones de 2010
Canciones de Sean Kingston
Vídeos musicales certificados por VEVO

Eenie Meenie


Noma eller cancrum oris er en type koldbrand i munden og ansigtet som særligt rammer børn. Der var omkring 140.000 tilfælde årligt i 2003 med 90 % dødelighed. Noma skyldes en polymikrobiel infektion. Sygdommen har tidligere optrådt i mange områder af verden, men findes i dag stort set kun i ulande, særligt i Afrika.

Det er oftest børn under seks år med svækket immunsystem på grund af underernæring som angribes, tit i forbindelse med mæslinger. Det begynder med et åbent sår i munden som vokser og ødelægger knoglerne og vævet i ansigtet. Derved efterlades vansiringer og huller i ansigtet, som giver store både fysiske og psysiske men.

Referencer

Børnesygdomme
Infektionssygdomme

Noma (sygdom)


ආර්ඩියුනෝ කියන්නේ ක්ෂුද්‍ර පාලක නිර්මාණය කරන සමාගමක් වගේම ප්‍රජාවක්. ඒ වගේම ලංකාව තුළ ඉක්මණින්ම ජනප්‍රිය වුණ උපාංගයක්. මෙච්චර කාලයක් ලංකාවේ Advance Electronic කටයුතු වලට පාවිච්චි වුණේ PIC ක්ෂුද්‍ර පාලක (PIC Microcontrollers). PIC Programming ඉගෙනගත්ත අය දන්නවා ඒක ඉගෙනගන්න විඳපු දුක. Registers කටපාඩම් කරන්න, Timers, Interrupts හසුරවන්න කොච්චර මහන්සි වෙන්න ඕනද කියලා. ආර්ඩියුනෝ වලදී නම් මේ දුක විඳින්න ඕන නෑ.

ආර්ඩියුනෝ ගැන කෙටි හැඳින්වීමක් කළොත්, මේක open-source platform එකක්. ඒ කියන්නේ  Linux වගේ. අපිට ඔනම විදිහකට ආර්ඩියුනෝ පද්ධති වැඩිදියුණු කරන්න, හදලා විකුණන්න වුණත් අවසර තියෙනවා. ආර්ඩියුනෝ පුවරු (Arduino Boards) සදහා පාවිච්චි කරන්නේ Atmel සමාගමේ ATmega වර්ගයේ ICs. මේවා PIC වලට වඩා මිලෙන් අඩුයි වගේම කාර්යක්ෂමතාවයෙනුත් ඉහළයි. (ඒත් ලංකාවේ වෙළඳපොලේ තවමත් මේවා හොයාගන්න අමාරුයි.)

ආර්ඩියුනෝ එක්ක වැඩ කරන්න අපි සපයාගන්න ඕන දේවල් කිහිපයක් තියෙනවා.
 ආර්ඩියුනෝ පුවරුවක් (Arduino Board)
 ආර්ඩියුනෝ මෘදුකාංගය

1. ආර්ඩියුනෝ පුවරුවක් (Arduino Board)
ආර්ඩියුනෝ වැඩසටහන් සියල්ල ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ මේ බෝඩ් එක මගිනුයි. දැනට එකිනෙක වෙනස්කම් තියෙන ආර්ඩියුනෝ බෝඩ් වර්ග ගණනාවක් තියෙනවා. Arduino Uno, Arduino Due, Arduino Mega, Arduino Diecimila, Arduino Leonardo කියන්නේ ඒවා අතරින් කිහිපයක් විතරයි. මේ අතරින් වඩාත් ම ජනප්‍රිය Arduino Uno බෝඩ් එක.

ආර්ඩියුනෝ ඔරිජිනල් බෝඩ් එකක් නම් ටිකක් ගණන්. පොඩිම බෝඩ් එක 30$ විතර වෙනවා.

=== ඩ
2. ආර්ඩියුනෝ මෘදුකාංගය  ===
ආර්ඩියුනෝ ප්‍රෝග්‍රෑමින් සදහා Arduino IDE මෘදුකාංගය අවශ්‍ය වෙනවා. මේ මෘදුකාංගය Arduino.cc නිල වෙබ් අඩවියෙන් නොමිලේම ලබාගත හැකියි.

Useful Links

 https://nuwanjaliyagoda.blogspot.com/2016/01/arduino.html
 http://apps.ceykod.com/arduino

ආර්ඩියුන‌ෝ


Grupul plastic 1934 a fost o organizație artistică care s-a înființat în anul 1934 ca o continuare a activității Grupului plastic Criterion. Astfel, Grupul plastic Criterion a organizat o a doua expoziție în luna februarie a anului 1934 schimbându-și titulatura în Grupul plastic 1934. Singura diferență a fost că locul sculptorilor Ion Jalea și Mac Constantinescu a fost luat de către Aurel Kessler și Vasile Popescu.

Noua denumire
Noua denumire a organizației a fost luată sub imperiul presiunilor ostile din presa timpului și pe de altă parte pentru a sublinia mărețele idealuri artistice ale membrilor ce se autointegrau în mișcarea avangardistă a artei plastice din România. Expoziția din anul 1934 a fost organizată în Sala Ileana și participanții au fost doar o mică parte din membrii grupării, majoritatea celor absenți făcând doar act de prezență. Au fost expuse 62 de lucrări de către zece pictori, pornind de la constructivismul lui Marcel Iancu, M. H. Maxy, Corneliu Mihăilescu și până la pointilismul lui Aurel Kessler și fovismul lui Vasile Popescu.

Referințe

Bibliografie
Petre Oprea: Societăți artistice bucureștene, Editura Meridiane, București, 1969, pag. 99 - 100

Legături externe

1934 în România
Fondări în 1934
Desființări în 1934
^
Organizații de artă din România

Grupul plastic 1934


Pyry Niemi (1965)  é um político sueco.  que tem servido como membro do Riksdag em representação do círculo eleitoral do condado de Uppsala.

Ele também serve como presidente da Conferência Parlamentar do Mar Báltico 2020-2021.

Anteriormente, Niemi trabalhou como gerente de vendas.

Nascidos em 1965
Pessoas vivas
Políticos da Suécia

Pyry Niemi


José Carlos Ferreira Filho (født 24. april 1983) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

José Carlos Ferreira Filho


Carmona (Tagalog: Bayan ng Carmona) ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Cavite, in der Verwaltungsregion IV, Calabarzon. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 14 Barangays lebten. Sie wird als Gemeinde der ersten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als urbanisiert eingestuft.

Carmona liegt im Osten der Provinz, an der Grenze zur Provinz Laguna. Die Topographie der Gemeinde ist gekennzeichnet durch das flachwellige Terrain der Ausläufer der Zentralen Luzon-Ebene. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Biñan City im Osten, General Mariano Alvarez im Nordwesten und Silang im Süden.

Baranggays
 Bancal
 Cabilang Baybay
 Lantic
 Mabuhay
 Maduya
 Milagrosa
 Barangay 1 (Pob.)
 Barangay 2 (Pob.)
 Barangay 3 (Pob.)
 Barangay 4 (Pob.)
 Barangay 5 (Pob.)
 Barangay 6 (Pob.)
 Barangay 7 (Pob.)
 Barangay 8 (Pob.)

Weblinks

Ort auf den Philippinen
Cavite

Carmona (Cavite)


Peter Giles ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Peter de Giles (* 1927), britischer Ruderer
 Peter Giles (Sänger) (* 1939), britischer Sänger (Countertenor) und Musikwissenschaftler
 Peter Giles (Rockmusiker) (* 1944), britischer Rockmusiker
 Peter Giles (Kanute) (* 1970), kanadischer Kanute
 Peter Giles (Schauspieler) (* 1971), kanadischer Schauspieler

Siehe auch:
 Peter Gilles

Peter Giles


A prova do salto em altura masculino do Campeonato Mundial Sub-20 de Atletismo de 2021 ocorreu no dia 21 de agosto de 2021 no Centro Esportivo Internacional Moi, em Nairóbi, no Quênia.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+3).

Resultado final
A prova final foi realizada no dia 21 de agosto às 15:55.

Ligações externas

 Site da World Athletics

Campeonato Mundial Sub-20 de Atletismo de 2021

Campeonato Mundial Sub-20 de Atletismo de 2021 - Salto em altura masculino


Die Saison 2001/2002 ist die 27. Spielzeit der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga. Die reguläre Saison begann am 3. Oktober 2001 und endete am 20. April 2002.

Modus
Die Liga war vor Saisonbeginn in zwei Staffeln (Nord und Süd) von jeweils sechzehn Mannschaften aufgeteilt. Die Saison wurde in der jeweiligen Staffel im Modus "Jeder gegen Jeden" mit Hin- und Rückspiel gespielt. Die Meister der beiden Staffeln stiegen in die Basketball-Bundesliga 2002/03 auf, während die beiden jeweils schlechtesten Mannschaften der Abschlusstabelle in die jeweiligen Regionalligen abstiegen.

Saisonnotizen
 Absteiger aus der Basketball-Bundesliga 2000/01 in die Nordgruppe war der BCJ Hamburg und in der Südgruppe ratiopharm Ulm. Neben WiredMinds Tübingen als Südmeister war der SER Rhöndorf als Nordmeister 2001 aufgestiegen. Die Rhöndorfer verzichteten aber zugunsten des Regionalliga West-Meisters Köln 99ers auf ihr Aufstiegsrecht. Während die Erstligavereine der Übertragung der Rhöndorfer Erstliga-Lizenz zustimmten, verweigerten die Zweitligavereine zunächst die Übertragung der Kölner Zweitliga-Lizenz auf Rhöndorf und drohten Mitte Juli durch den Sprecher der AG 2. Basketball-Bundesliga den Erstligavereinen rechtliche Schritte an. Auf einer weiteren Sitzung des Lizenzierungsausschusses der Zweitliga-Arbeitsgemeinschaft zwei Wochen später wurde dann dem Lizenzantrag der Rhöndorfer für die 2. Liga Gruppe Nord entsprochen.
 Aufsteiger aus den Regionalligen waren in der Gruppe Nord TSV Lesum Bremen und der ETB SW Essen. Für den Meister und weiteren Aufsteiger der Regionalliga West Köln 99ers erhielt der SER Rhöndorf in einem Lizenztausch die Spielberechtigung.
 In die Gruppe Süd stiegen TuS Jena und der TSV Crailsheim auf.
 In der Gruppe Nord spielte der OBC Wolmirstedt als OSC Magdeburg weiter in der Gruppe Nord, während die BG Wolfenbüttel und der SVD 49 Dortmund sich vom Spielbetrieb zurückzogen, so dass die Gruppe Nord schließlich nur mit 15 Mannschaften spielte.
 Meister der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga wurden am Saisonende: BCJ Hamburg (Nord) und BSG Ludwigsburg (Süd).

Nord

Tabelle

1 Dem BCJ Hamburg wurde als Aufsteiger sowohl die Lizenz für die erste wie für die zweite Basketball-Bundesliga verweigert und musste in der Folgesaison in der Regionalliga weiterspielen.
2 Der SC Rist zog am Saisonende seine Mannschaft aus der zweiten Liga zurück und stieg damit ab.

Süd

Tabelle

Siehe auch
 Basketball-Bundesliga
 Liste von deutschen Basketballmannschaften

Weblinks
 2. Basketball-Bundesliga

Einzelnachweise

2001/02
Basketballsaison 2001/02

2. Basketball-Bundesliga 2001/02


Dracaena braunii (Sansevieria braunii) es una especie de Dracaena Sansevieria  perteneciente a la familia de las asparagáceas, originaria de  África oriental en Tanzania.

Ahora se la ha incluido en el gen de Dracaena debido a los estudios moleculares de su filogenia.

Descripción
Sansevieria braunii es una planta suculenta, perennifolia que crece sin tallo con rizomas de 3 cm de espesor, de color naranja pardusco. Tiene habitualmente dos hojas oblongas-lanceoladas de 50 a 70 centímetros de largo y 7-11 cm de ancho. Se estrechan en la base, y son de color verde con unas bandas blancas o parches, con la edad se endurece y tornan de color marrón rojizo.

Las inflorescencias, con un tallo cilíndrico, de color rojizo son de hasta 45 centímetros de altura. Los 15 centímetros de diámetro de las grandes panículas están densamente cubiertas de flores.

Taxonomía
Sansevieria braunii fue descrita por Engl. & K.Krause y publicado en Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 45: 153, en el año 1910.
Etimología
Sansevieria nombre genérico que debería ser "Sanseverinia" puesto que su descubridor, Vincenzo Petanga, de Nápoles, pretendía dárselo en conmemoración a Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, duque de Chiaromonte y fundador de un jardín de plantas exóticas en el sur de Italia. Sin embargo, el botánico sueco Thunberg que fue quien lo describió, lo denominó Sansevieria, en honor del militar, inventor y erudito napolitano Raimondo di Sangro (1710-1771), séptimo príncipe de Sansevero.

braunii: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico alemán Carl Philipp Johann Georg Braun (1870–1935), que trabajó muchos años en Tanzania.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

braunii
Flora de África tropical oriental
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1910
Plantas descritas por Engler
Plantas descritas por K.Krause

Sansevieria braunii


Valdemaras Stančikas (* 25. August 1979 in Šalčininkai, Litauische SSR) ist ein litauischer Rechtsanwalt, ehemaliger Politiker und litauischer Vizeminister für Umwelt.

Biografie
Von 1997 bis 2000 absolvierte Stančikas das Bachelorstudium, von 2000 bis 2004 das Masterstudium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Mykolo Romerio universitetas und von 2001 bis 2006 das Bachelorstudium der Wirtschaft an der Vilniaus universitetas. Ab 2001 war er Anwaltsgehilfe der Anwaltskanzlei der Rajongemeinde Vilnius und ab 2004 Anwalt. Ab 2005 arbeitete er als Anwalt in der Rechtsanwaltskanzlei "KSP GROUP". Von 2007 bis 2010 war er Mitglied im Rat der Rajongemeinde Šalčininkai. Von Juni 2009 bis Juli 2009 war Stellvertreter des Umweltministers Gediminas Kazlauskas (* 1959).
Ab Juli 2009 ist er Leiter des "Teisingumo institutas". Seit 2015 leitet er die Anwaltskanzlei ZETA LAW advokatų profesinė bendrija.

Stančikas nahm an der Kommunalwahl 2011 mit Nepartinių kandidatų koalicija "Vilnius – mūsų reikalas" teil.

Stančikas ist verheiratet mit Jurga Stančikienė, UAB VOX stellv. Direktorin.

Quellen

Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Stellvertretender Umweltminister (Litauen)
Politiker (Rajongemeinde Šalčininkai)
Rechtsanwalt (Litauen)
Verwaltungsjurist
Tautos-prisikėlimo-partija-Mitglied
Absolvent der Mykolas-Romeris-Universität
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Litauer
Geboren 1979
Mann

Valdemaras Stančikas


Die St.-Pauls-Kathedrale, vollständiger Name Cathédrale de la Conversion de Saint-Paul et de l'Assomption de Marie (Kathedrale der Bekehrung des Paulus und der Aufnahme Marias in den Himmel), im belgischen Lüttich ist die Bischofskirche des römisch-katholischen Bistums Lüttich. Die gotische Basilika wurde vom 13. bis 15. Jahrhundert als Kollegiatstiftskirche erbaut und 1804 in Nachfolge der zerstörten St.-Lamberts-Kathedrale zur Domkirche erhoben.

Geschichte und Architektur
Bischof Ebrachar gründete das Paulsstift im Jahr 966 auf einer – damaligen – Insel zwischen zwei Maasarmen. Über das Aussehen der vorromanischen Stiftskirche gibt es nur Vermutungen.

Baubeginn der heutigen Kirche war 1240. In der ersten Phase wurden der Chor (mit flachem Abschluss), das Querhaus und die beiden Joche des östlichen Langhauses errichtet. Die Kirchweihe erfolgte am 11. April 1289.

Die zweite, hochgotische Bauphase begann nach 1333 und umfasste die vier westlichen Joche des Langhauses, das Seitenportal, die Kapellen der Seitenschiffe, die polygonale Apsis und schließlich den Turm (ab 1390).

Ab 1445 entstand der bis heute erhaltene Kreuzgang an der Südseite der Kirche, zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts das Westportal neben dem Turm.

Nach der Erhebung zur Kathedrale 1804 wurde der Turm um ein Glockengeschoss und den Spitzhelm erhöht; Vorbild waren die Westtürme der zerstörten Lambertskathedrale. 1850–75 fand eine große Restaurierung im Geist der Neugotik statt. Der Chor erhielt zwei zusätzliche Seitenschiffe, und der gesamte Außenbau wurde mit Statuen und Zierelementen ausgestattet.

Inneres und Ausstattung

Trotz der langen Bauzeit wirkt der Innenraum harmonisch und geschlossen. Dazu trägt besonders die vom Chor bis zum Turm gleich bleibende Gewölbehöhe bei. Reizvoll wirken der Kontrast von blauem Maasländer und gelblichem Lothringer Kalkstein, die Triforien sowie der skulpturale Schmuck.

Aus der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts stammen die bedeutendsten Buntglasfenster. Zur selben Zeit wurde ein Teil der Gewölbe ausgemalt; die übrigen im 19. Jahrhundert. Im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts entstanden der Hochaltar und weitere Skulpturen.

Gottfried Honegger entwarf achtzehn Oberfenster für Mittel- und Querschiff zum Thema Die sieben Tage der Schöpfung. Die Fenster wurden als Glasmosaik in Kupferfassung im Atelier von Gabriel Loire in Chartres gefertigt und 2013 und 2014 in der Kirche angebracht.

1992 wurde die Schatzkammer der Kathedrale mit den erhaltenen Schätzen der zerstörten Kathedrale Saint-Lambert eröffnet. Sie beherbergt auf drei Etagen mehrere herausragende Werke des Lütticher Kulturguts. Neben dem größten spätgotischen Büstenreliquiar Europas von St. Lambert (Höhe 159 cm, Breite 107 cm) werden der Reliquienschrein von Karl dem Kühnen und zahlreiche liturgische Geräte und Gewänder gezeigt.

Eine vollständige Außenrenovierung (Dächer und Fassaden) wurde zwischen Mai 2016 und Dezember 2021 durchgeführt.

Orgel
Die Orgel auf der Westempore wurde 1870 von dem Orgelbauer Merklin-Schütze erbaut. Das Instrument hat 30 Register, darunter zwei Transmissionen in das Pedal, und fünf Register auf Wechselschleifen, auf drei Manualen und Pedal.

 Koppeln: II/I, III/I, III/II, I/P, II/P, II/P

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Netzpräsenz der Kathedrale (französisch)
 Kurzbeschreibung mit Grundriss (französisch)

Paulskathedrale
Römisch-katholische Kathedrale in Belgien
Gotisches Bauwerk in Wallonien
Pauli-Bekehrungs-Kirche
Kollegiatstiftskirche in Belgien
 Kathedrale
Luttich, Paul
Luttich
Mariä-Himmelfahrt-Kirche

St.-Pauls-Kathedrale (Lüttich)


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනපියතම පැස්ටල් වර්ගයයි. ක්‍රි.ව. 1959දී ආරම්භකර ඇත.

නිශ්පාදක

ක්‍රි.ව. 1959 - 2013
සී/ස කල' ප්‍රඩක්ට්ස් (පුද්) සමාගම

ක්‍රි.ව. 2013 - අද දක්වා
සී/ස ලංකා පෙන්සිල්ස් (පුද්) සමාගම

හොම්රන් පැස්


.ug ist die länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain (ccTLD) von Uganda. Sie existiert seit dem 8. März 1995 und wird vom Unternehmen Uganda Online Ltd. mit Hauptsitz in Kampala verwaltet.

Eigenschaften
Insgesamt darf eine .ug-Domain zwischen drei und 63 Zeichen lang sein, wobei nur alphanumerische Zeichen verwendet werden können. Sonderzeichen im Punycode-Verfahren sind nicht möglich. Die Vergabe einer Adresse erfolgt in Echtzeit und benötigt in der Regel nur einen Tag. Registrierungen werden sowohl auf zweiter, als auch auf dritter Ebene durchgeführt. Es stehen folgende Second-Level-Domains zur Verfügung:

 ac.ug – akademische Institutionen
 co.ug – kommerzielle Organisationen
 or.ug – gemeinnützige Organisationen
 org.ug – gemeinnützige Organisationen
 ne.ug – Internet Service Provider
 sc.ug – Bildungsbranchen
 go.ug – Regierung
 com.ug – Wirtschaft

Seit dem Jahr 2004 kann jede natürliche oder juristische Person weltweit eine .ug-Domain bestellen. Ein Wohnsitz bzw. eine Niederlassung in Uganda sind nicht mehr notwendig.

Verbreitung
Der höchste bekannte Handelspreis in Höhe von 2600 US-Dollar wurde 2007 für die Adresse casino.ug erzielt.

Einzelnachweise

Länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain
Medien (Uganda)

.ug


Per Magnus Herman Schultz () a fost un astronom suedez.

Biografie și carieră
În anul 1878 Schultz a devenit profesor la Universitatea Uppsala și director al Observatorului Astronomic Uppsala. În 1873 a devenit membru al Societății Regale de Științe din Uppsala iar în anul 1875 s-a alăturat Academiei Regale Suedeze de Științe.

În anul 1860, el s-a căsătorit cu Charlotte Klara Amlie Steinheil, fiica astronomului Carl August von Steinheil. În decursul carierei sale Herman Schultz a descoperit 13 obiecte astronomice, care au fost introduse în New General Catalogue de către John Louis Emil Dreyer.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 18

Nașteri în 1823
Decese în 1890
Astronomi suedezi
Astronomi din secolul al XIX-lea

Herman Schultz


Pușca automată este un tip de pușcă cu auto-încărcare, care este capabilă să execute foc complet automat. Puștile automate se deosebesc de puștile semi-automate prin capacitatea lor de a trage mai multe focuri succesive la o singură apăsare pe trăgaci. Majoritatea puștilor automate sunt dotate cu mecanisme de selectare a regimului de executare a focului: semi-automat (foc cu foc) sau complet automat. Cele mai multe puști automate din prezent sunt cele din categoria puștilor de asalt.

Istoric

Cei-Rigotti
Prima pușcă automată din lume a fost modelul italian Cei-Rigotti. Fabricată pentru prima dată în anul 1900, aceasta utiliza muniție de calibrul   6,5 mm (ca și carabina Carcano sau de calibrul 7,65 x 53 mm. Executarea focului era selectivă (foc automat sau foc-cu-foc), cel automat fiind acționat de energia cinetică a gazelor produse de explozia încărcăturii cartușului. Magazia (încărcătorul) era detașabilă, fiind folosite modele cu 10, 20 sau 50 de cartușe. Arma a avut mai multe deficiențe, printre care blocarea frecventă și tir neregulat. În cele din urmă, nicio armată nu și-a manifestat interesul de a o achiziționa și proiectul a fost abandonat.

Browning Automatic Rifle

Browning Automatic Rifle (prescurtat BAR) a fost una dintre primele puști automate utilizate efectiv în luptă. BAR a fost folosită cu succes de Armata Statelor Unite ale Americii în Primul Război Mondial, aproximativ 50.000 de astfel de arme fiind fabricate înainte de terminarea războiului. Proiectul BAR a fost inspirat de conceptul , americanii observând și modul în care francezii foloseau în ofensivă pușca-mitralieră "Chauchat".

Pușca automată BAR a fost apreciată pentru fiabilitatea sa și puterea de foc. Forțele armate americane au abandonat BAR la mijlocul anilor 1950, deși acest modal a mai fost reținut în stocurile de rezervă mai mulți ani; de asemenea, BAR a mai fost folosită în unele țări mai mici, până la sfârșitul anilor 1970.

Ribeyrolles 1918

Pușca automată Ribeyrolles 1918 a fost un model de pușcă automată creat pentru forțele armate franceze în timpul Primului Război Mondial. Nu a intrat însă în producția de masă, fiind folosit de francezi, în număr limitat, doar în câteva operațiuni de pe frontul de vest al Primului Război Mondial.

FG 42

FG 42 este o pușcă automată  produsă în Germania în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Arma a fost dezvoltată special pentru utilizarea de către Forțele aeropurtate (Fallschirmjäger) în 1942 și a fost folosită, în număr limitat, până la sfârșitul războiului. A fost o  pușcă automată având în mare același rol ca și Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), combinând puterea de foc a unei puști-mitraliere cu precizia tirului unei puști cu repetiție (Karabiner 98k în acest caz). A fost considerată una dintre cele mai avansate arme din Al Doilea Război Mondial, iar designul ei a fost copiat de către Armata SUA, atunci când aceasta a dezvoltat .

Puști de asalt
Derivând din pușca automată clasică, pușca de asalt (numită uneori și armă de asalt) este în prezent principala armă de foc individuală a infanteriștilor din majoritatea armatelor contemporane. A fost utilizată pentru prima dată în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, iar până la sfârșitul secolului XX a devenit arma de serviciu standard pentru cele mai multe dintre armate din lume.

Se deosebește de pistolul-mitralieră prin muniția utilizată și distanța de tragere maximă ("bătaia"), iar de pușca-mitralieră prin dimensiuni și capacitatea magaziei (încărcătorului).

Sturmgewehr 44

Dezvoltată în timpul celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial de către inginerii și armurierii Wehrmachtului, Sturmgewehr 44 (abreviat StG 44) a combinat caracteristicile de carabină, pistol-mitralieră și pușcă automată.

Având o greutate de 4,62 kg (sau 5,13 kg cu încărcătura), utiliza muniția de calibru 7,92 x 33 mm, cu o cadență de 600 gloanțe/minut. Încărcătorul avea 30 cartușe. Viteza inițială a proiectilelor era de 685 m/s, asigurând o bătaie maximă de 600 m.

Deși Sturmgewehr 44 și-a dovedit eficiența, în special pe Frontul de Răsărit, oferind un volum mai mare de foc în comparație cu puștile standard ale infanteriei germane, apariția sa a venit prea târziu pentru a avea un efect semnificativ asupra rezultatului războiului.

AK-47

AK-47 (prescurtarea denumirii din limba rusă Автомат Калашникова образца 1947 года, "Automat Kalașnikov model 1947") este o pușcă de asalt creată în 1947 de Mihail Kalașnikov, acesta inspirându-se de la modelul german Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44).

După mai multe modernizări, AK-47 a fost adoptată la scară largă de Armata Roșie și, ulterior, a fost folosită în timpul Războiului Rece ca armă standard de armatele statelor din Blocul Estic.

Are o greutate de 4,3 kg (cu încărcătorul gol) și utilizează muniția de calibru 7,62 x 39 mm, cu o cadență de 600 gloanțe/minut. Încărcătorul are 30 cartușe. Viteza inițială a proiectilelor este de 715 m/s, asigurând o bătaie eficace de circa 400 m.

AK-47 are costuri foarte mici și se întreține foarte ușor. Este ușor de demontat și rămâne funcțională chiar și după ce este scufundată în apă sau îngropată în nisip. Aceste avantaje tehnice s-au dovedit decisive în timpul războiului din Vietnam și i-au sporit popularitatea, îndeosebi în rândul forțelor de gherilă. Oficial, între 70 și 100 de milioane de exemplare au fost fabricate până acum în întreaga lume, AK-47 fiind cea mai răspândită armă de foc din lume.

M16

M16 este o pușcă de asalt americană folosită pentru prima dată în operațiunile militare de către forțele terestre ale Statelor Unite ale Americii în timpul luptelor de junglă din Vietnamul de Sud, începând cu anul 1964. Până în 1969, M16 a devenit principala armă de foc folosită de trupele americane din Războiul din Vietnam, înlocuind pușca M14.

Are o greutate de 2.89 kg (cu încărcătorul gol) și folosește muniție de calibru 5,56x45 mm, cu o cadență de 700 gloanțe/minut. Încărcătoarele sunt de două tipuri: cu 20 sau cu 30 de cartușe. Viteza inițială a proiectilelor este de 960 m/s, asigurând o bătaie eficace de circa 550 m.

Această armă utilizează muniție de calibrul 5,56x45 mm, care poate produce răni adânci și în momentul impactului cu corpul uman. Din cauza vitezei mari a glonțului și a continuării rotirii acestuia după pătrunderea în corp, țesutul uman este fragmentat, fiind realizat un transfer rapid de energie prin interacțiune mecanică.

Încă din timpul Războiului din Vietnam, seria de arme M16 a devenit pușca standard a armatei americane. Împreună cu variantele sale, este folosită de armatele a 15 țări membre ale NATO, precum și ale altor 80 de țări și este cea mai produsă armă de foc care folosește calibrul 5,56×45mm NATO.

Muniție

La început, puștile automate foloseau aceeași muniție ca puștile cu repetiție și puștile-mitralieră. Odată cu apariția puștilor de asalt s-a răspândit utilizarea cartușelor mai scurte decât cele precedente (mai lungi însă decât cele ale pistoalelor-mitralieră), care duc la o greutate mai mică a armei, asigurând totuși o distanță de tragere maximă ("bătaie") suficientă, de circa 600 m.

În prezent, cele mai răspândite tipuri de muniție pentru puștile automate sunt cartușele  (utilizate la pușca de asalt AK-47 și derivatele acesteia) și 5,56×45mm NATO.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ian V. Hogg, John S. Weeks, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 7th Edition Krause Publications, 2000, ISBN 978-0873418249

Vezi și
 Pușcă de asalt
 Pușcă-mitralieră

Pușcă automată


The Opel Zafira is a car manufactured and marketed across three generations between 1999 and 2019 by Opel. Based on the Opel Astra platform, it is developed to occupy the multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) segment.

The Zafira was also marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom until June 2018, the Holden marque in Australia until June 2005, and under a number of other market-specific brands and names.

The name "Zafira" derives from the Arabic word meaning to succeed. Since 2011, it received an additional moniker as the Zafira Tourer.

Zafira A (1999)

The first generation Zafira was internally designated as the Zafira A. Co-developed with Porsche, it debuted in concept form at the 1997 Frankfurt Auto Show and entered series production in January 1999, with sales beginning in April of that year.

The Zafira shared the T platform with the 1998 Astra G, sharing much commonality with that car. The Zafira seated seven passengers in three rows. Using a system marketed as Flex 7, the split back seat could fold into the floor to increase cargo space, without requiring removal.

Offered with a series of petrol engines and initially a single diesel offering, the "X" engines were replaced by the newer "Z" engine generation in 2000. These featured variable intake manifolds and were able to meet Euro 3 emissions standards. The 2.0-litre turbodiesels were complemented by a  2.2-litre option in January 2002.

The Zafira A body was used in GM/Opel's concept hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle the GM HydroGen3.

A facelift was launched in February 2003 at the Geneva Motor Show.

The Zafira ranked third in the European Car of the Year for 2000, behind only the Fiat Multipla and Toyota Yaris. In TüV's ranking of the quality of three year old cars, the Zafira was by far the best Opel; only slightly behind the winning Ford Focus.

Zafira A production ended on 25 May 2005, in Bochum. It was replaced by Zafira B in Europe, but was still sold in most other markets until 2012 (albeit that its cousin the Chevrolet Astra was discontinued in 2011), except for Australia and New Zealand, where the model was cancelled altogether.

Markets
The Zafira was marketed in the Philippines from 2001 to 2005, as the last Europe-based Opel marketed in the Philippines after they stopped selling the Opel Astra in 2003. Although sold as the Chevrolet Zafira, it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Philippine-market by its distributor, GM Philippines.

The Zafira was produced and sold in the Thailand from 2000 to 2005. it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Thai-market by its distributor, GM Thailand. Thailand's domestic family wagon segment with 3,946 units sold.

The Zafira A was sold in Malaysia as the Chevrolet Nabira.

Zafira OPC
Introduced at Geneva in February 2001, the turbocharged Zafira OPC went on sale in October 2001. With , this was the fastest minivan on sale in Europe. Only available with a five speed manual transmission, 0–100 km/h (62 mph) can be reached in 8.2 seconds and the top speed is .

Subaru Traviq
The Zafira was sold in Japan from August 2001 through to November 2004 as the Subaru Traviq alongside the standard Opel vehicle. In exchange, Subaru supplied the Subaru Forester as the Chevrolet Forester in India since 2003.

According to Subaru, the Traviq name was a combination of the words "travel" and "quick". Imported from Thailand, the Traviq was originally only available with the bigger 2.2 litre engine, although a 1.8 L, lower priced alternative was added in July 2003. The engines used were not Subaru supplied boxer engines, but were conventional in line units that were uncharacteristic to market recognised Subaru products, and all-wheel drive was also not available.

The sale of the Zafira as a Subaru created a conflict with previously established Yanase Co., Ltd. retail dealerships, in that Yanase was already selling Opel products, like the Zafira. When production of the Traviq ended, Yanase continued to import Opel products into Japan until 2006. It was replaced later in 2008 by the Subaru Exiga – developed from the Subaru Legacy platform.

Zafira B (2005)

The second generation Zafira, internally designated Zafira B, debuted in Europe on 12 February 2005, with sales starting on 9 June 2005. It shared the platform and mechanical parts with the Opel Astra H. In February 2007, the Zafira B was launched in Singapore. By March 2007, the model had only been introduced in Europe and Singapore.

It went on sale in Mexico in April 2006, and Chile in September 2007. In both countries, it was branded as the Chevrolet Zafira. Although this generation was replaced in the end of 2011 by the Zafira C, this model remained in production until May 2014 as the Zafira Family. This name change occurred in markets including Germany.

Names and markets
 Vauxhall Zafira – United Kingdom
 Chevrolet Zafira – Chile and Mexico
 Opel Zafira – Europe (except for United Kingdom), Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan & South Africa

In Mexico the Chevrolet Zafira was discontinued after the 2006 model year, and replaced by the five-passenger Chevrolet HHR.

Engines
The Zafira B's engine line was partly carried over from the previous Astra/Zafira generation. Opel replaced the 2.0 and 2.2 turbodiesel I4 engines with 1.9 L common rail turbodiesels developed by Fiat (Multijet). Opel Performance Center developed a turbocharged  2.0 L performance version of the Zafira B as well. A CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) version of the new Zafira with a 1.6 L engine is also available.

Known issues and recall
In December 2015, safety officials in the United Kingdom asked Vauxhall to initiate a full safety recall of the model Zafira B, due to a worrying level of car fires apparently or alleged to have been caused by 'Improper Repairs'.

The fires continued, even those recalled, and a second full safety recall was announced in May 2016, with all owners advised not to use the fan in speeds regulated by the "resistor pack" which contained a solder based unreliable safety critical thermal fuse, until the second recall, starting August 2016, had been carried out.

On 3 May 2018, a criminal investigation into Vauxhall's handling of the fires of the Zafira B and recalls was launched in the United Kingdom.

On 31 August 2019, major damage occurred in a parking garage in Cork, Ireland when an Opel Zafira caught fire.

On 7 January 2020, there was a spontaneous fire in an Opel Zafira, which caused over 200 to 300 cars in a parking garage at Stavanger Airport, Sola to be destroyed. No people were harmed.

Zafira Tourer C (2011)

The third generation of the Zafira, called the Zafira Tourer, was previewed in concept form at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show, as the 'Zafira Tourer Concept'.

It was largely based on the Opel Astra J, and when the Zafira Tourer C went on sale, the Zafira B remained on sale from 2011 up to 2014, albeit in facelifted form as the "Zafira Family", to act as a smaller and cheaper version, as the Zafira Tourer C increased in size, to act as a proper rival to the Ford C-Max.

A hybrid/electric version was expected to follow during 2012. This car indirectly replaced the Opel Sintra, the only previous full sized Vauxhall/Opel MPV in Europe, which was discontinued in May 1999 after just three years on sale, as a slow selling product built in the United States. The production version debuted at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show in September, and went on sale November 2011.

A natural gas version of the Zafira Tourer was announced in December 2011. A dual fuel vehicle, its CNG tank driving the car 530 kilometres, and a 14-litre petrol tank provided additional range or operation when a CNG filling station was not available.

In June 2016, a facelift was unveiled for 2017 (with sales starting at the end of 2016), dropping 'Tourer' from the name when sold as an Opel. As part of the upgrade, new front and rear bumpers and new interior brought styling in line with the Opel Astra K. OnStar navigation was also introduced as part of an updated IntelliLink infotainment system, complete with 4G LTE hotspot, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility.

Other new options for MY2017 included adaptive LED headlights, "Opel Eye" front camera, high beam assist, traffic sign assist, forward collision warning, lane departure warning and adaptive cruise control.

In June 2018, the Vauxhall Zafira Tourer was discontinued from the United Kingdom, citing the rise of SUV and crossover vehicles.

In 2019, it was replaced by LCV-based Zafira Life.

Engines
All engines had a six speed manual gearbox as standard, bar the 1.8 petrol, which had a five speed manual gearbox as standard. An automatic gearbox was available as an option on the 1.4T and 2.0 CDTI (165 PS), both without S/S.

An EcoFLEX version went on sale in 2012, equipped with the 2.0 CDTI (130PS) engine and it gained a Start/Stop system to make it more economical, emitting 119g/km of , as for petrol variants they were 1.4T ecoFLEX with a Start/Stop system with same amount of power (120 and 140 PS) like standard versions but with lower  emissions – 144g/km and better fuel efficiency.

In 2013, two all new engines were introduced: 1.6 SIDI Turbo petrol engine with 170 PS and 200 PS, and newly developed 1.6 CDTI diesel engine with 136 PS. In September 2014, Opel introduced its all new generation of engines – Large Diesel engines, starting with 2.0 CDTI engine with 170 PS and 400 Nm, which is a part of new strategy in which Opel will introduce seventeen new engines, in a period from 2014–2018.

Awards
 The Zafira Tourer was awarded "Best Estate" at the German Car of the Year awards of 2012.
 The Zafira Tourer scored a five star rating in Euro NCAP.
 The Opel Zafira Tourer won the prestigious "Golden Steering Wheel 2012" award from German publications Auto Bild, Bild am Sonntag and twenty six European partner magazines.

Notes

References

External links

 Official Opel Zafira Tourer website (Ireland)

Zafira
Cars introduced in 1999
Cars of Germany
Compact MPVs
Euro NCAP small MPVs
Latin NCAP small MPVs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles

Opel Zafira


Helena Matos (4 de Junho de 1961) é uma jornalista, escritora, consultora histórica e professora portuguesa. Trabalha actualmente no jornal Observador, já tendo passado pelo Público, Tvi24 e Diário Económico.

Licenciada em Estudos Portugueses pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, começou por ser professora do ensino secundário e depois entrou no jornalismo.

Foi consultora histórica das séries Conta-me Como Foi (RTP) e Depois do Adeus (RTP).

Jornalistas de Portugal
Professores de Portugal
Escritores de Portugal do século XXI

Helena Matos


Requiem 2031 er en kortfilm fra 2011 instrueret af Rutger Hauer, Sil van der Woerd efter manuskript af Dylan Ekren.

Handling
Filmen fortæller historien om den sidste tilbageværende hval i verdenshavene, der søger nåde hos dens største fjende, mennesket, spillet af Rutger Hauer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2011

Requiem 2031


Charles François Joseph Dugua (1740, em Toulouse ou, 1774, em Valenciennes – 16 de outubro de 1802 em Crête-à-Pierrot), foi um general da Revolução Francesa, presente na Campanha Francesa no Egito e na Síria. Seu é um dos nomes inscritos sob o Arco do Triunfo.

Carreira militar

Distinguiu-se na Batalha das Pirâmides, onde comandou a divisão de reserva, e decidiu, por sua audácia e intrepidez, a derrota dos mamelucos (no entanto, lemos na biografia do general Lannes que a divisão Dugua não interveio na Batalha das Pirâmides). Antes de sua partida para a Síria, Bonaparte confiou-lhe o comando do Cairo. Dugua conseguiu, com seus arranjos, abafar os fermentos de revolta que se manifestavam nas províncias vizinhas, frustrar as tentativas dos ingleses e manter constantemente a calma entre as populações sujeitas à sua autoridade. Dugua estava no comando da quinta divisão de Napoleão na Campanha do Egito, substituindo o general ferido Kléber. Ele foi enviado por Napoleão para El Rahmaniya (Rahmanié) com Joachim Murat, parando em Rosetta no caminho. Mais tarde, durante a revolta no Cairo, Dugua foi responsável pela execução e decapitação de mais de 3 000 egípcios.

Ele morreu durante a Batalha de Crête-à-Pierrot, que foi uma grande batalha da Revolução Haitiana.

Referências

Generais da França

Charles Dugua


Franciszek Jop (* 8. Oktober 1897 in Stara Słupia, Polen; † 24. September 1976 in Oppeln) war Bischof von Opole ( Oppeln).

Leben
Der Sohn von Jan und Rozalia Jop besuchte die russische Schule in Warschau und trat im Juni 1914 in das Priesterseminar in Sandomierz ein. 1919 ging er zum Studium des Kirchenrechts an die Päpstliche Universität Gregoriana nach Rom. Am 29. August 1920 empfing er in der Kathedrale von Sandomierz durch Bischof Marian Józef Ryx das Sakrament der Priesterweihe. Er schloss seine Studien in Rom ab und promovierte am 17. Juli 1922. Im Herbst desselben Jahres wurde er Professor am Priesterseminar in Sandomierz.

Am 24. Oktober 1945 ernannte ihn Papst Pius XII. zum Weihbischof in Sandomierz und gleichzeitig zum Titularbischof von Daulia. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 19. Mai 1946 Jan Kanty Lorek, der Bischof von Sandomierz; Mitkonsekratoren waren Czesław Kaczmarek, Bischof von Kielce, und Franciszek Sonik, Weihbischof in Kielce.

Papst Pius XII. ernannte Franciszek Jop zum Apostolischen Administrator von Oppeln. Die staatlichen Behörden verhinderten aber seine Amtsausübung. Er wurde am 13. Dezember 1952 Domkapitular in Krakau und konnte dann Ende Dezember 1956 in Oppeln sein Administratorenamt wahrnehmen. Am 25. Mai 1967 ernannte ihn Papst Paul VI. zum Weihbischof in Breslau. Am 28. Juni 1972 wurde er erster Bischof der von Papst Paul VI. neu errichteten Diözese Opole in der Kirchenprovinz Breslau.

Seine letzte Ruhestätte fand er in der Krypta der Heiligkreuz-Kathedrale von Oppeln.

Weblinks

  (polnisch)

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Bistum Opole
Pole
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1976
Mann

Franciszek Jop


යම් රටක සන්නද්ධ හමුදා යන්නෙන් අදහස්කරන්නේ එරට ආණ්ඩුවේ අනුග්‍රහය ලබන අරක්‍ෂාව සදහා සටන්වදින හමුදා සහ සංවිධානවේ.

බොහොවිට සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සහ මිලිටරි යන වදන් සමානාර්ථ සේ යොදාගත්තද තාක්‍ෂණීකව සන්නද්ධ හමුදා යන්නට මිලිටරි සහ පැරාමිලිටරි දෙකම අයත්වේ.

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