Jürgen Klinsmann (, born 30 July 1964) is a German professional football manager and former player who is currently manager of the South Korea national football team. Klinsmann played for several prominent clubs in Europe including VfB Stuttgart, Inter Milan, Monaco, Tottenham Hotspur, and Bayern Munich. He was part of the West German team that won the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the unified German team that won the UEFA Euro 1996. As a manager, he managed the German national team to a third-place finish at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and was subsequently coach of a number of other teams including, notably, Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and the United States national team.

Considered one of Germany's premier strikers during the 1990s, he scored in all six major international tournaments he participated in, from the UEFA Euro 1988 to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. In 1995, he came in third in the FIFA World Player of the Year award; in 2004 he was named in the FIFA 100 list of the "125 Greatest Living Footballers". On 3 November 2016, he became the fifth player to be named as honorary captain of Germany.

Club career

1972–1981: Youth career
Klinsmann is one of four sons of master baker Siegfried Klinsmann (died 2005) and his wife Martha (died 2021). At age eight, he began playing for TB Gingen, an amateur soccer club in Gingen an der Fils. Six months later, he scored 16 goals in a single match for his new club. At age ten, he moved to SC Geislingen. When he was 14 years old, his father bought a bakery in Stuttgart, the state capital. After the family relocated there, Klinsmann continued to play for SC Geislingen, even after he was spotted in a Württemberg youth selection. In 1978, aged 14, he signed a contract with Stuttgarter Kickers, the club where he would turn professional two years later. His parents decided he should first finish his apprenticeship as a baker in their family business, which he completed in 1982.

1981–1989: Stuttgarter Kickers and VfB Stuttgart

Klinsmann began his professional career in 1982 at the then-second division side Stuttgarter Kickers. By 1982–83, he was already a regular starter and by the end of the 1983–84 season, he had scored 19 goals for the club. Horst Buhtz, a Stuttgarter Kickers former coach, recalls Klinsmann benefited from intensive training from Horst Allman, who was one of the best sprint coaches in Germany at that time. At the beginning of the new season, he managed to improve his 100 m dash from 11.7 to 11.0 seconds.

In 1984, Klinsmann moved to first division rivals VfB Stuttgart. In his first season at the club, he scored 15 goals and was the team's joint top scorer with Karl Allgöwer. Despite his goal scoring efforts, he could not prevent his new club from finishing tenth in the league. During each of the 1985–86 and 1986–87 seasons, he scored 16 goals and reached the 1986 final of the DFB-Pokal, losing against Bayern Munich 2–5, but scoring the last goal of the match. In the 1987–88 season, he scored 19 goals – including a legendary overhead kick against Bayern – and was the Bundesliga's top goalscorer.

In 1988, the 24-year-old Klinsmann was named German Footballer of the Year. After reaching the 1988–89 UEFA Cup final with Stuttgart (eventually losing to Diego Maradona's inspired Napoli 5–4 on aggregate), Klinsmann moved to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract, joining two other German internationals, Lothar Matthäus and Andreas Brehme.

1989–1992: Inter Milan
In spite of the heavily defensive orientated tactics of head coach Giovanni Trapattoni, Klinsmann scored 13 goals as the Nerazzurri finished third in Serie A. He became one of the most popular foreign players in Italy, mostly because he had learnt Italian and earned himself the respect of the fans with his appearance and language skills.

During the next season, Klinsmann won the UEFA Cup with Inter (2–1 on aggregate against Roma) and repeated his previous performance in the league with 14 goals; his contract was extended until 1994. A disastrous 1991–92 season caused all plans to fall through. Inter never managed to gain any momentum under coach Corrado Orrico and finished eighth in the league, with Klinsmann only scoring seven goals and the team being divided and fragmented into groups. It was clear for Klinsmann this would be his last season at the San Siro.

1992–1994: AS Monaco
After UEFA Euro 1992, Klinsmann moved to Monaco and catapulted the club to a second-place finish in the league in his first season. After the bribery scandal by Marseille and their subsequent disqualification as league winners, Monaco replaced them in the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League, reaching the semi-final before finally losing to eventual winners Milan. The following season, Monaco only managed a ninth-place finish in the league. Klinsmann, who had missed two months due to a torn ligament, was mostly deployed as a lone-striker and started criticizing the attitude of his teammates. In 1994, he left the club early, with one more year remaining on his contract.

1994–1995: Tottenham Hotspur
Klinsmann moved to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League for the 1994–95 season, where the fans and media were very critical of the German because of his reputation as a diver. He was signed by Spurs in July 1994 from Monaco for £2 million. On his debut against Sheffield Wednesday, he scored the winning header and immediately won over fans with his goal celebration by self-deprecatingly diving to the ground. A Guardian journalist who had written an article called "Why I Hate Jürgen Klinsmann", wrote another two months later called "Why I Love Jürgen Klinsmann". Klinsmann went on to win the 1995 Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year.

Because of his humour, but also because of his athletic achievements and his combative playing style, Klinsmann quickly became extremely popular in England; over 150,000 of his shirts were sold. He now holds legendary status at Spurs and was inducted into Madame Tussauds Wax Museum.

Klinsmann scored 21 goals in the 1994–95 season for Spurs and a total of 30 in all competitions, including a late winner against Liverpool in the quarter-final of the FA Cup. He also found the net in the semi-final, but Spurs missed out on a place in the final by losing 4–1 to Everton.

1995–2003: Final years
Klinsmann then had a successful spell at Bayern Munich during the 1995–96 and 1996–97 season. He was the club's top goalscorer during both seasons, and won the 1995–96 UEFA Cup, setting a new goalscoring record of 15 goals in 12 matches during the competition (a record that stood until 2011). A year later, he also became German champion as he won the Bundesliga.

He then briefly moved to Italy for Sampdoria, but left the team in the winter and returned to Tottenham Hotspur. During his second stint at Tottenham in the 1997–98 season, his goals saved the club from relegation, particularly the four goals he scored in a 6–2 win at Wimbledon. He played the last match of his high-level club career in 1998 on the final day of the Premier League against Southampton.

After retiring and moving to the United States, in 2003 Klinsmann played for Orange County Blue Star, an amateur team in the fourth-tier Premier Development League.

International career
Klinsmann made his first international appearance for West Germany in 1987 and ultimately collected 108 caps, making him the country's fourth-most capped player behind Lothar Matthäus, Miroslav Klose and Lukas Podolski. Klinsmann scored 47 goals for West Germany in top-level international matches, sharing the all-time fourth place with Rudi Völler, and only surpassed by Klose's record of 71 goals for the national team, Gerd Müller's 68 goals and Podolski's 49. Klinsmann scored 11 goals in the FIFA World Cup, ranking sixth all-time.

In 1987, Klinsmann made his debut for Germany against Brazil in a 1–1 draw. He participated in the 1988 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal; the 1988, 1992 and 1996 UEFA European Championships, reaching the final in 1992 and becoming champion in 1996. Klinsmann was the first player to score in three different European Championships. Five other players – Vladimír Šmicer, Thierry Henry, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Nuno Gomes and Cristiano Ronaldo – have since equalled this record.

Klinsmann was an important part of the West German team during the 1990 FIFA World Cup. After qualifying for the round of 16, Germany was to play the Netherlands, against whom they had lost two years earlier in Euro 88. After Rudi Völler was sent off in the 22nd minute, Klinsmann was forced to play as a lone striker. He scored the 1–0 opener and his performance received considerable praise. German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung wrote that "In the last decade, not a single forward of a DFB team has offered such a brilliant, almost perfect performance." After further victories over Czechoslovakia (1–0) and England (1–1 after extra time, 4–3 on penalties), he became a world champion after beating Argentina 1–0 in the final. Klinsmann is remembered for being fouled by the Argentinian Pedro Monzón, who was subsequently sent off, reducing Argentina to ten men. Many critics called the incident a prime example of Klinsmann's diving, a claim he contradicted. In an interview in 2004, he noted that the foul left a 15 cm gash on his shin.

Klinsmann also competed for the unified Germany team at the 1994 (five goals), and 1998 (three goals), World Cups. He became the first player to score at least three goals in three consecutive World Cups, later joined by Ronaldo of Brazil and compatriot Miroslav Klose. Klinsmann is currently the sixth-highest goalscorer at World Cups overall and the third-highest goalscorer for Germany in this competition, behind Klose (16 goals) and Gerd Müller (14).

Coaching career

Germany
On 26 July 2004, Klinsmann returned to Germany as the new head coach of the national team, succeeding former teammate and strike partner Rudi Völler. Klinsmann subsequently embarked on an aggressive program to revamp the management of the team. Bringing fellow German striker Oliver Bierhoff on board helped diffuse public relations duties of the previous combined post away from the actual coaching aspect of the position. Furthermore, he created a youth movement to breathe life into an aging squad on the heels of a disastrous showing at Euro 2004. In the run-up to the 2006 World Cup, Klinsmann attracted criticism from German fans and the media following poor results, such as the 4–1 loss to Italy. A particular subject of criticism was that Klinsmann commuted to Germany from the U.S., which was the target of a campaign by the tabloid Bild. Klinsmann previously eliminated some privileges Bild traditionally had with the national team, such as receiving the team lineup the day before a match and 24/7 exclusive access to the team. His largely offensive tactics have irritated some, who complained he ignored defensive football. He announced a squad of young players for the 2006 World Cup, basing his selection policy on performance, not reputation.

During the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, he regularly rotated his goalkeepers regardless of their performances, which drew the ire of Bayern Munich's Oliver Kahn. On 7 April 2006, Klinsmann finally decided to relegate Kahn to the bench and designated Arsenal's Jens Lehmann as his first choice goalkeeper. This choice followed Lehmann's performances in the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League in which his Arsenal team bowed out in the final against Barcelona.

In the 2006 World Cup, Germany's performances silenced Klinsmann's critics, which included the form of an English song: "Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Jurgen Klinsmann?" The team recorded three-straight wins against Costa Rica, Poland and Ecuador in the group stage, earning Germany first place in Group A. The first match of the knockout stage was a 2–0 victory over Sweden, and in the quarter-finals, Klinsmann's team defeated Argentina, winning 4–2 on penalties. The teams drew 1–1 after 120 minutes after an equalising goal from Miroslav Klose in the 80th minute.

In the semi-final on 4 July, Germany lost a close match with Italy 2–0 after goals in the final minutes of extra time from Fabio Grosso and Alessandro Del Piero. After the match, Klinsmann praised the performance of his young team. They beat Portugal 3–1 in the third place play-off, where he played Kahn instead of Jens Lehmann. The victory triggered a massive parade in Berlin the following day where Klinsmann and the team were honoured by the public.

Afterward, Franz Beckenbauer, previously a strident critic of Klinsmann's, declared his desire to see Klinsmann continue as coach. There was also widespread public support for Klinsmann due to his team's spirit and attacking style of play. The team's strong performance is thought by some to have renewed national pride and restored Germany's reputation as a top soccer nation. Due to his success coaching the national team, Klinsmann was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz.

Despite the highly acclaimed performance at the World Cup and the praise earned, Klinsmann declined to renew his contract, informing the German Football Association (DFB) of his decision on 11 July 2006. The decision was officially announced by the DFB on 12 July 2006. Klinsmann's assistant, Joachim Löw, was appointed as the new head coach at the same press conference. Klinsmann said, "My big wish is to go back to my family, to go back to leading a normal life with them... After two years of putting in a lot of energy, I feel I lack the power and the strength to continue in the same way."

Bayern Munich

In July 2008, Klinsmann took over as coach of Bayern Munich, succeeding Ottmar Hitzfeld. Klinsmann helped design a new player development and performance center for Bayern and then launched into molding the team for the Bundesliga and 2008–09 Champions League campaigns. Under his guidance, Bayern reached the quarter-final of the Champions League, losing to eventual champion Barcelona. Klinsmann was sacked on 27 April 2009 with five matches remaining. His final match was a 1–0 loss to Schalke 04. Bayern were in third-place at the time of the sacking. Klinsmann finished with a record of 25 wins, nine draws, and 10 losses in all competitions.

Following Klinsmann's time with Bayern, Bayern team captain Phillip Lahm wrote in his autobiography that Klinsmann's tenure with the club was a "failure" and that Klinsmann's lack of tactical instruction required the players to meet before kickoff to discuss strategy.

Toronto FC
In November 2010, Klinsmann was hired as a technical consultant for Major League Soccer (MLS) club Toronto FC to advise on an overhaul of the club's coaching and playing personnel, leading the club to hire Aron Winter as head coach and Paul Mariner as technical director the following year. Both Winter and Mariner would later be fired by the club during a last place finish in the 2012 season.

United States

On 29 July 2011, Klinsmann was named the 35th head coach of the United States national team, replacing previous manager Bob Bradley, who had been fired following a 4–2 loss to Mexico in the final of the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

The U.S. struggled in friendly games early in Klinsmann's tenure, losing four matches and drawing one before ending the 2011 season with a victory over Slovenia. On 29 February 2012, the U.S. national team recorded a historic 1–0 victory in a friendly match away against Italy, its first win against the four-time World Cup champions. On 15 August 2012, Klinsmann coached the U.S. to a historic 1–0 win against long time rivals Mexico in a friendly held at the Estadio Azteca, giving the U.S. its first victory in the stadium.

In 2013, Klinsmann led the U.S. team into the final round of qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, beginning with a 2–1 loss at Honduras before earning a point with a scoreless draw against Mexico in the Azteca. On 2 June 2013, the United States played their centennial celebratory game against Germany, where Klinsmann coached them to a 4–3 win over his native country. On 28 July, Klinsmann coached the U.S. team to their fifth CONCACAF Gold Cup title, defeating Panama 1–0 in the final. On 10 September 2013, following a 2–0 win over Mexico, the United States secured qualification for the World Cup. On 12 December 2013, Klinsmann signed a new contract extension with the United States Soccer Federation (USSF), lasting until 2018.

2014 World Cup

Klinsmann surprised the U.S. football world in May 2014 by selecting five so-called "Jurgen Americans", players with American serviceman fathers and German mothers who had all been born and professionally trained in Germany, to the 23-men squad in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. His selection particularly received criticism when he cut all-time leading U.S. scorer Landon Donovan from the final roster for the 2014 World Cup following the team's preliminary training camp. Klinsmann described it as "the most difficult decision of [his] coaching career" but that he sees other players "slightly ahead of [Donovan]". Klinsmann faced further controversy after his son Jonathan posted a comment on Twitter ridiculing Donovan, causing some to speculate that the decision was influenced by personal animosity between Klinsmann and Donovan.

On 16 June, Klinsmann guided the United States to a 2–1 win over Ghana in their first match of the 2014 World Cup, behind an early strike from captain Clint Dempsey and a dramatic 86th-minute header from substitute John Brooks. On 22 June, his side drew 2–2 against Portugal in the second group match. A defensive miscue early in the game led to an easy Portugal goal, but Jermaine Jones equalized with a strike from 30 yards out in the second half. Then, in the 81st minute, Dempsey scored to give the U.S. a 2–1 lead. The score remained 2–1 until the final seconds of stoppage time where Cristiano Ronaldo sent a cross that was headed past U.S. goalkeeper Tim Howard by Silvestre Varela. On 26 June, the U.S. faced Germany. With possible elimination looming again as their round of 16 spot hung in the balance, the U.S. fell to the Germans, 1–0, but the hope of surviving the "group of death" remained alive in the Portugal–Ghana game in which Portugal defeated Ghana, 2–1, sending the U.S. to the round of 16.

The U.S. drew Belgium in the round of 16. After spending much of the match defending against Belgium's potent attack, with goalkeeper Tim Howard setting a World Cup finals record for saves in a match, the U.S. survived with a 0–0 score after 90 minutes, sending the match to extra time. After quickly falling behind 2–0 to Belgium in extra time, the U.S. cut the deficit in half in the 107th minute when substitute Julian Green volleyed in a lobbed through ball from Michael Bradley, but were unable to score a second and were eliminated.

2018 World Cup cycle
Klinsmann led the U.S. to a 1–0 win over Czech Republic to open the new 2018 World Cup cycle on 3 September, its first win over the Czechs. On 5 June 2015, Klinsmann guided the U.S. to a dramatic 4–3 win over the Netherlands in a friendly in Amsterdam and another friendly victory over Germany five days later.

The U.S. under Klinsmann finished fourth in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup following losses to Jamaica in the semi-finals and Panama in the third place match, the team's worst performance in the tournament since 2000. In 2016, Klinsmann successfully advanced the U.S. through its first round of World Cup qualification out of a group containing Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

The U.S. opened the final World Cup qualification round in November 2016 with a 2–1 home defeat to Mexico and a 4–0 away defeat to Costa Rica. Following the losses, which left the U.S. at the bottom of the qualification table, Klinsmann was fired by the USSF on 21 November 2016, being replaced by LA Galaxy manager Bruce Arena, who had previously coached the team from 1998 to 2006. Ultimately, the U.S. failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Hertha BSC
On 27 November 2019, Klinsmann became the new manager of Hertha BSC, replacing Ante Čović.
On 11 February 2020 he announced via Facebook that he would step down as coach after having been in this position for just ten weeks. Despite stating his intention of remaining part of the club's supervisory board, he was ultimately barred from doing so as Hertha's investor Lars Windhorst publicly criticized his behavior, calling the manner of his departure "unacceptable".

South Korea
On 27 February 2023, Klinsmann was announced as the head coach of South Korea, replacing Paulo Bento on a contract until the conclusion of the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

Charity work and social engagements

In 1995, Klinsmann and some of his close friends founded the children charity foundation Agapedia, which stems from the Greek language and translates to "Love for Children". In 1997, Klinsmann, acting as the captain of the Germany national team, visited the Holocaust memorial place Yad Vashem in Israel alongside his coach Berti Vogts. This visit was televised around the globe and drew worldwide attention. Klinsmann is also a board member of the German Initiative Für die Zukunft lernen, which means "Learning for the future", and supports the education of young people about the Holocaust. In May 1999, Klinsmann donated all the proceeds from his farewell match (more than US$1 million) to different children's charity organizations. The match was a sell-out with 54,000 fans in Stuttgart's Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion. Famous personalities such as Bryan Adams, Boris Becker and many others contributed to this event.

Personal life

Klinsmann was born in Göppingen. His family moved to Stuttgart when he was a teenager. Klinsmann's family operates a bakery in Stuttgart's Botnang district and consequently he is sometimes affectionately referred to as the "baker's son from Botnang". Klinsmann is in fact a journeyman baker, having served an apprenticeship. He is married to Debbie Chin, an American former model of Chinese descent, and lives in Huntington Beach, California. Klinsmann and his wife have two children, Jonathan and Laila. Jonathan, a goalkeeper, has been capped at age group level for the United States U-20 team. Aside from German, Klinsmann is fluent in English, Italian and French, and is a certified commercial helicopter pilot. He is a naturalized U.S. citizen. Klinsmann has also worked as a pundit, working with ESPN for the 2010 World Cup, and with BBC Sport at the 2018 World Cup and 2020 European Championship. He works on ESPN FC as of 2021. He wrote the daily email newsletter from Qatar for BBC Sport during the World Cup 2022.

On 25 November 2022, following Iran's 2–0 victory over Wales in the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Klinsmann received backlash after his controversial comments made on BBC. Klinsmann claimed that the reason Iran won was because they used dirty tactics to manipulate Guatemalan referee Mario Escobar and that it was a part of Iranian football culture to play dirty. He then went on to claim that Head Coach Carlos Queiroz was a failure during his stint at Colombia and Egypt, stating "This is not by coincidence, this is all [done] purposely ... This is just part of their culture." Carlos Queiroz responded inviting Klinsman to the Iran camp to show him what Iranian football culture truly is, and petitioned FIFA to remove him as a member of the Qatar 2022 Technical Study Group.

In April 2023, Klinsmann was one of the 22 personal guests at the ceremony in which former Chancellor Angela Merkel was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit for special achievement by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at Schloss Bellevue in Berlin.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list West Germany's and Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Klinsmann goal.

Managerial

Honours

Player
Inter Milan
UEFA Cup: 1990–91

Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 1996–97
UEFA Cup: 1995–96

West Germany and Germany
FIFA World Cup: 1990
UEFA European Championship: 1996; runner-up: 1992
Summer Olympic Games: 1988 Bronze medal
U.S. Cup: 1993

Individual
Goal of the Year (Germany): 1987
Bundesliga top scorer: 1987–88
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1987–88
Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1988, 1994
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1990
Premier League Player of the Month: August 1994
Tottenham Hotspur Club Player of the Year: 1994
FWA Footballer of the Year: 1994–95 (Tottenham Hotspur)
Premier League PFA Team of the Year: 1994–95
ESM Team of the Year: 1994–95
IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer: 1995
Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1995
FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze award: 1995
UEFA Cup Top Scorer: 1995–96
FIFA XI: 1996, 1999
FIFA 100

Manager
Germany
FIFA World Cup third place: 2006
FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2013
CONCACAF Cup runner-up: 2015

Individual
German Football Manager of the Year: 2006
CONCACAF Coach of the Year: 2013

Literature
 Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling: Strategen des Spiels – Die legendären Fußballtrainer, Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2005, , S. 332ff.
 Jens Mende: Jürgen Klinsmann – Wie wir Weltmeister werden, Südwest-Verlag, München 2006, .
 Michael Horeni: Klinsmann. Stürmer Trainer Weltmeister. Scherz, Frankfurt/Main 2005, .

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
People from Göppingen
Footballers from Stuttgart (region)
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup managers
2006 FIFA World Cup managers
AS Monaco FC players
FC Bayern Munich managers
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Inter Milan players
FIFA 100
FIFA Men's Century Club
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Bundesliga managers
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning managers
Men's association football forwards
Footballers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Expatriate football managers in South Korea
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Italy
German expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
German expatriate sportspeople in England
German expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
German expatriate sportspeople in the United States
German men's footballers
German football managers
Germany men's international footballers
Germany national football team managers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Kicker-Torjägerkanone Award winners
Ligue 1 players
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Orange County Blue Star players
Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany
Olympic footballers for West Germany
Sportspeople from Newport Beach, California
Premier League players
Serie A players
Stuttgarter Kickers players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
UC Sampdoria players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
UEFA Euro 1992 players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
United States men's national soccer team managers
Hertha BSC managers
South Korea national football team managers
USL League Two players
VfB Stuttgart players
West German men's footballers
Olympic medalists in football
German expatriate football managers
2014 FIFA World Cup managers
Copa América Centenario managers
UEFA Cup winning players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup managers
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Naturalized citizens of the United States
West German expatriate men's footballers
West German expatriate sportspeople in Italy

Jürgen Klinsmann


Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (,  – 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 24 February 715 until his death. He began his career as governor of Palestine, while his father Abd al-Malik () and brother al-Walid I () reigned as caliphs. There, the theologian Raja ibn Haywa al-Kindi mentored him, and he forged close ties with Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, a major opponent of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, al-Walid's powerful viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate. Sulayman resented al-Hajjaj's influence over his brother. As governor, Sulayman founded the city of Ramla and built the White Mosque in it. The new city superseded Lydda as the district capital of Palestine. Lydda was at least partly destroyed and its inhabitants may have been forcibly relocated to Ramla, which developed into an economic hub, became home to many Muslim scholars, and remained the commercial and administrative center of Palestine until the 11th century.

After acceding as caliph, Sulayman dismissed his predecessor's governors and generals. Many had been handpicked by al-Hajjaj and had led the war efforts which brought the Caliphate to its greatest territorial extent. Among them were the conqueror of Transoxiana (Central Asia), Qutayba ibn Muslim, who was killed by his own troops in an abortive revolt in anticipation of his dismissal, and the conqueror of Sind (the western Indian subcontinent), Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, who was executed. In the west, Sulayman deposed Musa ibn Nusayr, the conqueror of the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) and governor of Ifriqiya (central North Africa), and had his son Abd al-Aziz, governor of al-Andalus, assassinated. Although he continued his predecessors' militarist policies, expansion largely stopped under Sulayman, partly due to effective resistance along the Central Asian frontiers and the collapse of Arab military leadership and organization there after Qutayba's death. Sulayman's appointee over the eastern Caliphate, his confidant Yazid, invaded the southern Caspian coast in 716, but withdrew and settled for a tributary arrangement after being defeated by the local Iranian rulers. Sulayman intensified the war with the Byzantine Empire, the primary focus of his war efforts, culminating in the 717–718 siege of Constantinople, which ended in a disastrous Arab defeat.

Sulayman died in Dabiq during the siege. His eldest son and chosen successor, Ayyub, had predeceased him. Sulayman made the unconventional choice of nominating his cousin, Umar II, as caliph, rather than a son or a brother. The siege of Constantinople and the coinciding of his reign with the approaching centennial of the Hijrah (start of the Islamic calendar), led contemporary Arab poets to view Sulayman in messianic terms.

Early life
The details about Sulayman's first thirty years of life in the medieval sources are scant. He was likely born in Medina around 675. His father, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, belonged to the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe, while his mother, Wallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz, was a great-granddaughter of Zuhayr ibn Jadhima, a prominent 6th-century chieftain of the Arab tribe of Banu Abs. Sulayman was partly raised in the desert by his Banu Abs kinsmen.

At the time of his birth, the Caliphate was ruled by Sulayman's distant cousin, Mu'awiya I, who had founded the ruling Umayyad dynasty in 661. Following the deaths of Mu'awiya I's successors, Yazid I and Mu'awiya II, in 683 and 684, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and most provinces recognized the non-Umayyad, Mecca-based, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, as caliph. The Umayyads of Medina, including Sulayman, were therefore expelled from the city and became refugees in Syria, where they were supported by loyalist Arab tribes. These tribes elected Sulayman's grandfather, Marwan I, as caliph and formed the Yaman confederation in opposition to the Qaysi tribes, who dominated northern Syria and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) and supported Ibn al-Zubayr. By 685, Marwan had reestablished Umayyad control over Syria and Egypt. Abd al-Malik, who succeeded him, had by 692 reconquered the rest of the Caliphate.

Governorship of Palestine

At an unknown date, Abd al-Malik appointed Sulayman governor of Jund Filastin (the military district of Palestine), a post Abd al-Malik formerly held under Marwan. Sulayman's appointment followed stints by the Caliph's uncle, Yahya ibn al-Hakam, and half-brother, Aban ibn Marwan. In 701, Sulayman led the Hajj rituals in Mecca. Before Abd al-Malik died in 705, he nominated his eldest son, al-Walid I, as his successor, to be followed by Sulayman. Sulayman remained governor of Palestine throughout al-Walid's reign, which lasted until 715. His governorship likely brought him in close contact with the Yamani chieftains who dominated the district. He established a strong relationship with Raja ibn Haywa al-Kindi, a local, Yamani-affiliated religious scholar who had previously supervised the construction of Abd al-Malik's Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Raja became Sulayman's tutor and senior aide.

Sulayman resented the influence of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, the viceroy of Iraq and the eastern parts of the Caliphate, over al-Walid, and cultivated ties with his opponents. In 708 or 709, he gave refuge to the fugitive and former governor of Khurasan, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, and his family, the Muhallabids. Al-Hajjaj had dismissed and imprisoned Yazid but he had escaped to Palestine. There, Yazid used his tribal connections with the district's large Yamani Azdi population to gain Sulayman's protection. Al-Walid was angered with Yazid's defiance of al-Hajjaj, so Sulayman offered to pay the fine al-Hajjaj had imposed on Yazid. He also sent the latter and his own son, Ayyub, in shackles to the Caliph, with a letter pleading for the Muhallabids' pardon, which the Caliph granted. Yazid became a close confidant of Sulayman, who held him in "the highest regard", according to a report by the historian Hisham ibn al-Kalbi (737–819). Hisham further noted "Yazid ... stayed with him [Sulayman], teaching him how to dress well, making delicious dishes for him, and giving him large presents". Yazid remained with Sulayman for nine months, or until al-Hajjaj died in 714, and highly influenced and prejudiced him against al-Hajjaj.

Foundation of Ramla

As governor, Sulayman founded the city of Ramla as the seat of his administration, replacing Lydda, the Muslims' original provincial capital and Sulayman's first residence in Palestine. Ramla remained the capital of Palestine through the Fatimid period (10th–11th centuries). His motives for founding Ramla were personal ambition and practical considerations. The location of Lydda, a long-established and prosperous city, was logistically and economically advantageous. Sulayman established his capital outside of the city proper. According to the historian Nimrod Luz, this was likely due to a lack of available space for wide-scale development and agreements dating to the Muslim conquest in the 630s that, at least formally, precluded him from confiscating desirable property within the city. In a tradition recorded by the historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari (d. 1347), a determined local Christian cleric refused Sulayman's requests for plots in the middle of Lydda. Infuriated, he attempted to have the cleric executed, but Raja dissuaded him and instead proposed building a new city at a superior, adjacent site. The historian Moshe Sharon holds that Lydda was "too Christian in ethos for the taste of the Umayyad rulers", particularly following the Arabization and Islamization reforms instituted by Abd al-Malik. According to al-Jahshiyari (d. 942), Sulayman sought a lasting reputation as a great builder following the example of his father and al-Walid, the respective founders of the Dome of the Rock and Great Mosque of Damascus. The construction of Ramla was his "way to immortality" and "his personal stamp on the landscape of Palestine", according to Luz. In choosing the site, Sulayman utilized the strategic advantages of Lydda's vicinity while avoiding the physical constraints of an already-established urban center.

The first structure Sulayman erected in Ramla was his palatial residence, which dually served as the seat of Palestine's administration (). At the center of the new city was a congregational mosque, later known as the White Mosque. It was not completed until the reign of Caliph Umar II (). From early on, Ramla developed economically as a market town for the surrounding area's agricultural products, and as a center for dyeing, weaving and pottery. It was also home to many Muslim religious scholars. Sulayman built an aqueduct in the city called al-Barada, which transported water to Ramla from Tel Gezer, about  to the southeast. Ramla superseded Lydda as the commercial center of Palestine. Many of Lydda's Christian, Samaritan and Jewish inhabitants were moved to the new city. Although the traditional accounts are in agreement that Lydda almost immediately fell into obscurity following the founding of Ramla, narratives vary about the extent of Sulayman's efforts to transfer Lydda's inhabitants to Ramla, some holding that he only demolished a church in Lydda and others that he demolished the city altogether. Al-Ya'qubi (d. 839) noted Sulayman razed the houses of Lydda's inhabitants to force their relocation to Ramla and punished those who resisted. In the words of al-Jahshiyari, Sulayman "founded the town of al-Ramla and its mosque and thus caused the ruin of Lod [Lydda]".

Jerusalem, located  southeast of Ramla, remained the region's religious focal point. According to an 8th-century Arabic source, Sulayman ordered the construction of several public buildings there, including a bathhouse, at the same time that al-Walid was developing the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif). The bathhouse was used for ablution by Muslims worshipping at the Dome of the Rock. Sulayman is further credited by an anonymous 13th-century Syriac chronicler for building arches, mills and gardens in Jericho, but these were later destroyed by floods. He also maintained an agricultural tract near Qutayfa, in the environs of Damascus, that was called "al-Sulaymaniyya" after him.

Caliphate

Accession
In 714, al-Walid, encouraged or supported by al-Hajjaj, attempted to install his son Abd al-Aziz as his successor, voiding the arrangements set by Abd al-Malik, which made Sulayman heir apparent. According to the historian Umar ibn Shabba (d. 878), al-Walid offered Sulayman generous financial incentives to agree to the change, but he refused. Al-Walid, nonetheless, issued requests to his provincial governors to recognize Abd al-Aziz, but only received favorable responses from al-Hajjaj and Qutayba ibn Muslim, the governor of Khurasan and conqueror of Transoxiana. An adviser of al-Walid, Abbad ibn Ziyad, counseled the Caliph to pressure Sulayman by summoning him to the Caliph's court in Damascus, and then, after Sulayman stalled in his response, to mobilize his  (select troops) and move against Sulayman in Ramla. Al-Walid died shortly after, on 24 February 715. Sulayman received the news at his estate in al-Sab' (Bayt Jibrin), and acceded to the caliphate unopposed.

Sulayman obtained oaths of allegiance in Ramla, and in Damascus during his only recorded visit to that city. He continued to govern from Palestine, where he "was much beloved", in the words of the historian Julius Wellhausen, instead of Damascus, the Umayyads' traditional administrative capital. The historian Reinhard Eisener asserted that the medieval "Syrian sources prove he obviously chose Jerusalem as his principal seat of government", while Wellhausen and the historian Hugh N. Kennedy held that he remained in Ramla.

Provincial politics

In his first year in office, Sulayman replaced most of al-Walid's and al-Hajjaj's provincial appointees with governors loyal to him. It is unclear whether these changes were the result of resentment and suspicion toward previous opponents of his accession, a means to ensure control over the provinces by appointing loyal officials, or a policy to end the rule of strong, old-established governors. While Eisener argued Sulayman's "choice of governors does not give the impression of bias" toward the Yaman faction, Kennedy asserted that the Caliph's reign marked the political comeback of the Yaman and "reflected his Yamani leanings". One of his immediate decisions was to install his confidant, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, as governor of Iraq. According to the historian Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban, Sulayman considered Yazid to be his "own al-Hajjaj". Yazid acted with a staunch preference for the Yaman,  but according to Wellhausen, there is no indication that Sulayman favored one faction over the other. Wellhausen held that Sulayman, from the time he was governor of Palestine, "may have been persuaded" that the rule of al-Hajjaj engendered hatred among the Iraqis toward the Umayyads rather than fostering their loyalty. Sulayman thus opposed him and his influence and deposed his appointees and allies, not because of their Qaysi affiliation, but because of their personal connection with al-Hajjaj. Sulayman kept close ties with the Qaysi troops of the Jazira.

A protege of al-Hajjaj, Qutayba ibn Muslim, whose relations with Sulayman had been antagonistic, was confirmed in his post by the Caliph, but remained wary that his dismissal was pending. At the time of Sulayman's accession, he had been leading his troops on an expedition toward the Jaxartes valley in Transoxiana. While stopping in Ferghana, he declared a rebellion against Sulayman, but most of his troops, exhausted by the constant campaigns into distant lands, turned against him. Qutayba was killed by an army faction led by Waki ibn Abi Sud al-Tamimi in August 715. Waki declared himself governor of Khurasan, and was confirmed by Sulayman, but the latter restricted his authority to military affairs. Sulayman was concerned that Waki's nomination by the tribal factions of the Khurasani army (rather than by his own initiative) would lead to instability in the province. Meanwhile, al-Hajjaj's kinsman and leader of the conquest of Sind, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, did not revolt against Sulayman, but was nonetheless dismissed, summoned to Wasit, and tortured to death.

Waki's provisional governorship lasted nine months, ending in mid-716. Yazid had persuaded Sulayman that Waki was a troublesome Bedouin (Arab nomad) lacking administrative qualities. Khurasan, along with the other eastern parts of the Caliphate, were attached to Yazid's Iraqi governorship. The Caliph directed Yazid to relocate to Khurasan and leave lieutenant governors in the Iraqi garrison towns of Kufa, Basra and Wasit, while entrusting Iraq's fiscal affairs to his own appointee, a  (pl. ; non-Arab freedman or client) with lengthy experience in the province, Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman.

Between 715 and 716, Sulayman dismissed Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri and Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri, the respective governors of Mecca and Medina, both of whom owed their appointments to al-Hajjaj. Khalid, later considered a champion of the Yaman, was replaced by an Umayyad family member, Sulayman's brother-in-law Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid.

In the west, Sulayman dismissed Musa ibn Nusayr, the Yamani-affiliated governor of Ifriqiya and conqueror of Hispania (al-Andalus), and his son Abd al-Aziz, the governor of al-Andalus. Musa was imprisoned by Sulayman upon his accession and Abd al-Aziz was assassinated on Sulayman's orders in March 716. The assassination order was carried out by some of the leading Arab commanders in al-Andalus, including Abd al-Aziz's top lieutenant Habib ibn Abi Ubayd al-Fihri. Al-Tabari held that Habib delivered Abd al-Aziz's head to the Caliph. Sulayman installed a  of the Quraysh in place of Musa, and under his order, the new governor confiscated the wealth of Musa's family in Ifriqiya and had them tortured and killed. Musa had a history of embezzling funds during his career and Sulayman extorted considerable sums from him during his imprisonment.

War efforts

Although he largely replaced their governors, Sulayman maintained his predecessors' militarist policies. Nonetheless, during his relatively short reign, the territorial expansion of the Caliphate that occurred under al-Walid virtually came to a halt.

Transoxiana
On the eastern front, in Transoxiana, further conquests were not achieved for a quarter century after Qutayba's death, during which time the Arabs began to lose territory in the region. Sulayman ordered the withdrawal of the Khurasani army from Ferghana to Merv, and its subsequent disbandment. No military activity was carried out under Waki. Under Yazid's deputy in Transoxiana, his son Mukhallad, expeditions were limited to summertime raids against Sogdian villages. The historian H. A. R. Gibb attributed the Arab military regression in Transoxiana to the void in leadership and organization left by Qutayba's death. Eisener partly attributed it to more effective resistance along the frontiers. The halt in the conquests was not an indication that "the impulse of expansion and conquest slackened" under Sulayman, according to Eisener.

Jurjan and Tabaristan
In 716, Yazid attempted to conquer the principalities of Jurjan and Tabaristan, located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Ruled by local Iranian dynasties and shielded by the Alborz Mountains, these regions had remained largely independent of Muslim rule, despite repeated attempts to subdue them. The campaign lasted for four months and involved a 100,000-strong army derived from the garrisons of Kufa, Basra, Rayy, Merv and Syria. It marked the first deployment of Syrian troops, the elite military faction of the Caliphate, to Khurasan. Yazid defeated the Chöl Turks north of the river Atrek, and secured control of Jurjan by founding a city there (modern Gonbad-e Kavus). In a letter, Yazid congratulated Sulayman on the conquests of the two territories, which had eluded previous caliphs until "God made this conquest on behalf" of Sulayman. Yazid's initial success was reversed by Tabaristan's ruler, Farrukhan the Great, and his coalition from neighboring Daylam, Gilan, and Jurjan in later confrontations that year. Afterward, Yazid withdrew Muslim troops from the region in return for a tributary arrangement with Farrukhan. Tabaristan remained independent of Arab rule until 760, when it was conquered by the Abbasids, the successors of the Umayyads, but remained a restive province dominated by local dynasts.

Siege of Constantinople

The Caliph's principal military focus was the perennial war with Byzantium, which was not only the largest, richest, and strongest of the Caliphate's enemies, but also directly adjacent to Syria, the center of Umayyad power. The Umayyads' first attack on the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, under Mu'awiya I had failed. Nevertheless, from 692 onwards, the Umayyads had been on the offensive, secured control of Armenia and the Caucasian principalities, and gradually encroached upon the borderlands of the empire. Umayyad generals, often members of the ruling family, raided Byzantine territory every year, capturing towns and fortresses. Aided by a prolonged period of instability in Byzantium, by 712, the Byzantine defensive system began to show signs of collapse, as Arab raids penetrated ever deeper into Asia Minor.

Following the death of al-Walid I, Sulayman took up the project to capture Constantinople with increased vigor. In late 716, upon returning from the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Sulayman encamped and mobilized his army in Dabiq in northern Syria. From there, he oversaw the massive war effort against the Byzantines. Being too ill to lead the campaign in person, he dispatched his half-brother Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik to besiege the Byzantine capital from the land, with orders to remain until the city was conquered or he was recalled by the Caliph. Already from early 716, the Arab commander Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari had launched a parallel naval campaign against Constantinople. While many troops were dispatched toward the Byzantine capital, Sulayman appointed his son Dawud to lead a summer campaign against the Byzantine frontier in 717, during which he captured Hisn al-Mar'a ("the Woman's Fortress") near Malatya.

Sulayman's efforts ultimately failed. The Byzantines repulsed the Umayyad fleet from Constantinople in the summer of 717, while Maslama's army maintained its siege of the city. Umayyad fleets sent in the summer of 718 to aid the besiegers were destroyed by the Byzantines, while an Umayyad relief army was routed and repulsed in Anatolia. Having failed in the siege, Maslama's army withdrew from Constantinople in August 718. The massive losses incurred during the campaign led to a partial retrenchment of the Umayyad forces from the captured Byzantine frontier districts, but already in 720, Umayyad raids against Byzantium recommenced. Nevertheless, the goal of conquering Constantinople was effectively abandoned, and the frontier between the two empires stabilized along the line of the Taurus and Anti-Taurus Mountains, over which both sides continued to launch regular raids and counter-raids during the next centuries.

Death and succession
Sulayman died in Dabiq in September 717, and was buried there. The 11th-century Nestorian Christian chronicler Elias of Nisibis dated his death to 20 September or 21 September, while the 8th-century Muslim historian Abu Mikhnaf placed it on 23 September or 24 September. He fell ill after returning from the Friday prayers and died a few days later.

Sulayman designated his eldest son Ayyub as his successor in 715 or 716, after the death of his brother and potential successor, Marwan al-Akbar. The order is partly corroborated by an ode from the contemporary poet Jarir: The Imam, whose gifts will be hoped for, after the Imam [Sulayman], is the chosen successor, Ayyub ... You [Ayyub] are the successor to the merciful one [Sulayman], the one whom the people who recite the Psalms recognize, the one whose name is inscribed in the Torah.

But Ayyub died in early 717, succumbing to the so-called   ("plague of the Notables"), that afflicted Syria and Iraq. The same plague may have caused Sulayman's death. On his deathbed, Sulayman considered nominating his other son Dawud, but Raja advised against it, arguing that Dawud was away fighting in Constantinople and that it was unclear if he was still alive. Raja counseled Sulayman to choose his paternal cousin and adviser, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, describing him as a "worthy, excellent man and a sincere Muslim". To avoid potential intra-dynastic strife between Umar and Sulayman's brothers, Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik was appointed Umar's successor. Sulayman's nomination of Umar over his own brothers defied the general assumptions among the Umayyad family that the office of the caliph would be restricted to the household of Abd al-Malik. Raja was chosen to execute Sulayman's will and secured allegiance to Umar from the Caliph's brothers by threatening them with the use of force, following their protestations at being bypassed. According to Eisener, Raja's personal connections to the traditional Muslim reports about Sulayman's nomination of Umar render Raja's role in the succession arrangements as "likely ... exaggerated". According to Shaban, Sulayman nominated Umar because he was the contender "most sympathetic to his policies".

Assessment
According to Eisener, it is challenging "to form an appropriate picture of Sulayman's reign", due to its short duration. Shaban held that Sulayman's short rule would "permit more than one interpretation", which is the reason "he is such an ambiguous figure for the historian." Shaban has noted that the "importance of Sulayman's reign does not seem to have been realized" due to the medieval sources' "overwhelming emphasis" on the reign of his successor, Umar II. While Shaban and Kennedy have emphasized Sulayman's championing of the Yaman faction and opposition to the Qays, Eisener has viewed his provincial and military appointments as motivated by a desire to consolidate his control over the Caliphate by installing loyalists in positions of power, factional affiliations notwithstanding. Eisener and Shaban have noted that Sulayman generally maintained the expansionist policies of al-Walid and Abd al-Malik.

While Shaban has highlighted Sulayman's attempts to further integrate the  into the military hierarchy, the historian Patricia Crone has rejected that Sulayman oversaw any policy change regarding their integration. Several Islamic traditional sources credited Sulayman for reversing al-Hajjaj's measures against non-Arab, Muslim converts by allowing the return to Basra of either the urban  who had supported the anti-Umayyad revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath in 700–701, or the Iraqi peasants who converted to Islam and moved to Basra to avoid the  (poll tax designated for non-Muslims). Crone has viewed the traditional accounts of Sulayman's policies regarding the runaway peasant converts as "badly attested".

In the panegyrics of Sulayman's contemporary poets, al-Farazdaq and Jarir, Sulayman is viewed in messianic terms as the Mahdi ("rightly guided one") sent to restore justice after a period of oppression. Al-Farazdaq praised Sulayman for addressing all grievances and heralded him as the one "predicted by priests and rabbis". The messianic views of Sulayman may have been connected to the approaching centennial of the Hijrah and the associated Muslim hopes for the conquest of Constantinople during his reign. Several hadiths (sayings or traditions attributed to Muhammad) associated the conquest of the city with the Mahdi and Sulayman entered the role in his attempt to conquer it. "Sensibly", according to Crone, Sulayman did not publicly reference the widespread belief among Muslims that their community or the world would be destroyed on the centennial.

Sulayman was known to lead a licentious life and the traditional sources hold that he was gluttonous and promiscuous. Al-Ya'qubi described him as "a voracious eater ... attractive and eloquent ... a tall man, white, and with a body that could not bear hunger". He was highly skilled in Arabic oratory. Despite his lifestyle, his political sympathies laid with the pious, chiefly evidenced by his deference to Raja's counsel. He also cultivated ties to the religious opponents of al-Hajjaj in Iraq. He was financially generous toward the Alids (the closest surviving kinsmen of the Islamic prophet Muhammad). He installed as governor of Medina Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Ansari, a member of the city's pious circles, despite his family's role in the fatal rebellion against the early clansman and patron of the Umayyads, Caliph Uthman (), revenge for whom had served as an ideological rallying point and foundational event for the Umayyad dynasty. In contrast to contemporary poetry, the Islamic tradition considers Sulayman to have been cruel and unjust, his overtures to the pious stemming from the guilt of his immoral conduct.

Family
Sulayman had four wives from different branches of the Umayyad family. Among them was Ayyub's mother, Umm Aban bint Aban, a granddaughter of al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As, the father of Marwan I. Another of his Umayyad wives was Umm Yazid bint Abd Allah, a granddaughter of Caliph Yazid I and sister of the future pretender to the caliphate, Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani. She was the mother of Sulayman's sons Yazid, al-Qasim, and Sa'id. Sulayman's wife A'isha bint Abd Allah ibn Amr was a great-granddaughter of Caliph Uthman () and mother to Sulayman's sons Yahya and Abd Allah. He was also married to Umm Amr, a daughter of Abd Allah ibn Khalid ibn Asid, from whom he had his sons Abd al-Wahid, the future governor of Medina and Mecca under Caliph Marwan II (), and Abd al-Aziz.

Among his other wives were Su'da bint Yahya, a granddaughter of Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, who was a senior companion of Muhammad and an early Muslim leader, and A'isha bint Asma bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith, a member of the prominent Qurayshite clan of Banu Makhzum, who bore him two sons. From his slave concubines, Sulayman had his sons Dawud, Muhammad, al-Harith, Umar, and Abd al-Rahman, the last of whom died a child. In all, Sulayman had fourteen sons. Muhammad, who was twelve years old at the time of his father's death, was the eldest to have survived him and lived to the reign of Caliph al-Walid II ().

Sulayman's sons remained in Palestine and maintained strong ties with the district's Yamani tribal nobility. The Arab tribes which formed Palestine's garrison were committed to the family. In 744, they unsuccessfully attempted to install its head, Sulayman's son Yazid, as caliph. Sulayman's property in Palestine remained in his family's possession until the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty in 750, after which they were confiscated by the Abbasid family. Some of his descendants, from the lines of Dawud and Abd al-Wahid, were recorded by the sources living in the Umayyad emirate (756–929) and caliphate (929–1031) of al-Andalus.

Notes

References

Bibliography

670s births
717 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
8th-century deaths from plague (disease)
8th-century Umayyad caliphs
8th-century monarchs in Asia
8th-century monarchs in Africa
8th-century monarchs in Europe
City founders
History of Ramla
People from Medina
Umayyad governors of Palestine
One Thousand and One Nights characters

Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik


La villana es una zarzuela en tres actos, divididos en siete cuadros, con música de Amadeo Vives y libreto de Federico Romero y Fernández-Shaw, basado en Peribáñez y el Comendador de Ocaña de Lope de Vega. Se estrenó en el Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid, el 1 de octubre de 1927.

Historia
La villana es una zarzuela muy ambiciosa. Romero y Shaw basaron el libreto en el clásico de Lope de Vega Peribáñez y el Comendador de Ocaña. El proyecto era tan ambicioso y la música de Vives de tal calidad que los libretistas pensaron que la obra sería más adecuadamente una ópera, pero Vives se ciñó a su costumbre de una zarzuela en tres actos, manteniendo diálogo hablado, si bien la parte hablada no llega a los veinte minutos. Se cuenta la anécdota de que los libretistas ofrecieron cobrar sólo la tercera parte de los derechos de autor, pero Vives insistió en que cobrasen a medias, como era habitual en la zarzuela.

Se estrenó el 1 de octubre de 1927, en el Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid. Como en el estreno de Doña Francisquita, dirigió la orquesta el maestro Juan Antonio Martínez. La obra tuvo gran éxito entre el público y la crítica. Con el tiempo, sin embargo, desapareció del repertorio, quizá por la propia complejidad de la partitura, con exigencias propias de cantantes de ópera que al mismo tiempo tienen que ser buenos actores que sean capaces de interpretar largos pasajes de diálogo.

Personajes

Argumento
Época: principios del
Lugar: Castilla

Acto I
En el patio de una granja, una tarde de verano.

Miguel Ángel, su esposa Juana Antonia y los granjeros se alegran por las bodas de su amo, Peribáñez (D. y C. "Mi amo Peribáñez presto bajará". Llega Peribáñez, quien canta una romanza dedicada a la maravillosa uva que se produce en sus tierras: "Tengo un majuelo". Loas campesinos homenajean a Peribáñez. Entre ellos está el astuto Olmedo, que canta una canción de siega para tenor y coro "Segador: este anochecido vase a desposar". Aparece una procesión de mujeres que traen a la novia (C. "Ya suenan los campanillos"). Le sigue un alegre dúo entre Casilda y Peribáñez "Jamás soñé la dicha que logré…..¡Miradla! ¡Miradla! Ni en la parva del trigo blanco".

Miguel Ángel alaba las cualidades de Peribáñez, mientras que Olmedo flirtea con su esposa. Roque y Blasa, un viejo matrimonio que trabaja en la granja, relatan los felices acontecimientos que están ocurriendo dentro de la iglesia (Introducción coral "Nostrama ya se ha casado. Nostramo ya es su marido"). Salen los recién casados.

Un desafortunado incidente lleva al Comendador de Ocaña al pueblo. Se ha caído del caballo después de ser golpeado por un toro. Llevan al noble al patio. Peribáñez prepara su casa, dejando al herido en manos de su esposa Casilda. Le sigue un lírico dúo entre Casilda y Don Fadrique "Caballero bien portado". El noble se sorprende que sea simplemente la esposa de un granjero.

Vuelve Peribáñez y Don Fadrique lo ennoblece, sin sospechar que pueda haber algo detrás de ello (Dúo de Peribáñez y Don Fadrique "Señor, feliz me hiciste en un momento"). Cuando se marchan tanto Don Fadrique como los campesinos, quedan a solas los recién casados, quienes cantan su dúo "Ya estamos en casa…..Ven Casilda conmigo porque quiero que veas". Se marchan. Se encuentran Olmedo y Don Fadrique, quien manifiesta sin rebozo lo mucho que admira a la esposa del granjero. Olmedo intenta advertirlo, pero Don Fadrique canta una serenata o endecha, "Tus ojos me miraron", a la bella esposa del granjero.

Acto II
Escena 1

La cocina de la granja de Peribáñez

Empieza este acto con Preludio, pregones y coro interno. Peribáñez, ennoblecido, será capitán de campesinos reclutados para ir contra los moros de Jerez. Todos felicitan a Peribáñez. Casilda canta una sentida romanza de despedida: "La capa de paño pardo no es prenda de caballero guerrero".

Llaman a la puerta, aunque es bastante tarde. Es un viejo comerciante judío de Toledo, David, pidiendo hospitalidad. Trae una bella piedra (R. "Allá en la judería toledana"). Está dispuesto a regalar la joya a Casilda sin pedir, aparentemente, nada a cambio; esto hace nacer las sospechas en Olmedo y en su amigo Chaparro. Le sigue un breve dúo de despedida entre los esposos: "Me guarda la sombra que dejas aquí….Tu propio albedrío será tu guardián".

Roque y Blasa sospechan de David, pensando que Don Fadrique está detrás de su extemporánea llegada. Blasa aconseja a Casilda que tranque la puerta. Llega Don Fadrique, disfrazado de granjero, e intenta llegar a la habitación de Casilda, pero se encuentra la puerta cerrada. Casilda se resiste a sus ruegos y amenazas. Olmedo y Chaparro ensalzan la virtud de su ama.

Escena 2

Al día siguiente, en las afueras de una taberna en la carretera entre Toledo y Ocaña.

Miguel Ángel y otros reclutas están bebiendo. Llega David, y los granjeros lo insultan. Aparece Peribález, y habla del lío entre Casilda y el Comendador. Dúo de Peribáñez y David "¡Malvado! ¡Calma, calma tus iras!....Si mi mujer le obedeció, si su deber sacrificó". Aunque Peribáñez defiende a su esposa, al final queda tan alterado que se va a casa a descubrir la verdad.

Escena 3

Granero de Peribáñez.

Olmedo ha conseguido eludir el reclutamiento y canta una escena de transición, la Copla "A las fuentes de la Zarza, a beber van las mujeres". Peribáñez oye a Olmedo a lo lejos, cantando las hazañas amorosas del Comendador en un segundo verso de su Copla: "La mujer de Peribáñez hermosa es a maravilla". Casilda sale y saluda a su marido, relatándole los acontecimientos de la noche. Esto reafirma a Peribáñez y renuevan su amor en el dúo  "Ah! Sosiégate, corazón…Yo volveré para quererte con más fe….Dulce amor vuelve a mi….Escúchame esposo, nací labradora y villana….Creo en ti dulce bien".

Se marchan los reclutas, saludados por sus paisanas y alabados por Don Fadrique. El Comendador nombra formalmente caballero a Peribáñez. Éste pone a su esposa bajo la protección de Don Fadrique durante su ausencia, una forma de recordarle sutilmente el honor del noble. Se produce un concertante "Señor, pediros querría…Honrado Peribáñez: agora vas a ser….Yo dejo por vos mi casa y mi mujer….A la guerra ballesteros por Castilla y por el Rey"; expresa la decisión de don Fadrique de volver en cuanto pueda, mientras que Casilda teme por su esposo.

Acto III
Escena 1

El patio de la granja por la noche.

Juana Antonia rechaza de nuevo a Olmedo. Éste decide unirse a sus compañeros en su lucha contra los moros. Introducción y coro interno "Ram ram rataplan plam plam". Casilda teme por su esposo, rezando a la Virgen en la romanza "¡Se fue! ¡Se fue! El alma mía va con él….Quisiera que en mi pecho….Virgen santa bendita".

Casilda se despierta y ve a don Fadrique, que de nuevo quiere seducirla. Ella se resiste, marcha dentro y se encierra en su habitación (dúo "¡Casilda! ¡Señor!....Si llenárais mis campos…."). Don Fadrique está dispuesto a recurrir a la fuerza, si es necesario. Salta por la ventana (romanza: "Oh villana orgullosa").

Peribáñez regresa  ("¡De nuevo mis pasos me vuelven aquí!") y descubre la capa del Comendador afuera de la ventana. Oye a Casilda, que grita pidiendo ayuda. Entonces Peribáñez desenvaina la espada y sigue al noble a la casa.

Escena 2

La plaza en la parte exterior de la catedral de Toledo

Hay un intermedio en el que se presentan a damas y caballeros entrando a la catedral con el rey. El pueblo los admira (Preludio y coro con la jota castellana: "Vengo de despedida".) Se oye la noticia de que el comendador de Ocaña ha sido asesinado. El rey ofrece mil escudos por la captura del asesino. Olmedo y los demás temen por Peribáñez. Cuando el rey sale de la catedral, Peribáñez ofrece la espada al tiempo que confiesa el crimen. Canta la romanza del perdón "Señor, aunque villano tengo sangre cristiana", en el que defiende lo que hizo, en nombre de la ley y de la moral. Casilda se une a los ruegos por el perdón. El rey acaba perdonando a Peribáñez (final "¡Villano: te perdono! ¡Viva el Rey!").

Referencias

Historia y sinopsis en Zarzuela!, con letra de la romanza: "Se fue ..."
Historia, análisis y discografía en lazarzuela.webcindario.com

Zarzuelas de Amadeo Vives
Zarzuelas de 1927
Óperas en español
Óperas ambientadas en España
Obras de ficción ambientadas en Castilla-La Mancha
Obras de ficción ambientadas en Toledo

La villana


Nicos Anastasiades (født 27. september 1946) er en cypriotisk politiker, der har været Cyperns præsident siden 2013. Han er medlem af Demokratisk samling (DISY), som er et kristendemokratisk og konservativt parti i Cypern.

I anden valgrunde af Cyperns præsidentvalg i 2018 blev Anastasiades genvalgt til en ny femårig præsidentperiode.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Cyperns præsidenter
Politikere fra Cypern

Nicos Anastasiades


Crkva Presvetog Trojstva  je rimokatolička crkva u općini Donja Stubica, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Trobrodna crkva smještena u centru naselja, pravilno orijentirana, glavnim pročeljem okrenuta prema parku. Sjeverno od svetišta nalazi se sakristija, a na zapadnom dijelu cijelom širinom proteže se pjevalište. Poligonalno svetište iz 15. st. najstariji je dio crkve, a na trijumfalnom luku otkrivene su i gotičke freske. U središnjoj osi klasicističkog pročelja nalazi se masivni zvonik s neorenesansnom kapom. Inventar crkve sastoji se od glavnog oltara, dva bočna oltara, dviju propovjedaonica, klupa, klecala i orgulja. Osim što pripada najkvalitetnijim zagorskim gotičkim crkvama, jedan je od rijetkih primjera baroknih trobrodnih crkava SZ Hrvatske.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2360 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Donjoj Stubici
Crkve Presvetog Trojstva

Crkva Presvetog Trojstva (Donja Stubica)


Son Dans, Funda Arar'ın 3 Mart 2006 tarihinde yayınlanan dördüncü solo albümüdür. Bu albümün çıkış parçası olarak "Karartma Günleri" adlı parça seçilmiştir. Ayrıca Bergen'in "Benim İçin Üzülme" adlı şarkısının cover versiyonuda Funda Arar'ın yorumuyla dinleyenlerle buluşarak, nostalji geleneğinide bir bakıma devam ettirmiş olan sanatçının albümünde dikkat çeken diğer parçalar; "Karaya Vuran Gemiler Gibi", "Gurbet Kuşu", "Bu Sabah Güneş Doğmuyor", "Camdan Kalp", "Beni Benle Böyle" ve albüme adını veren "Son Dans".

Parça listesi

 Karartma Günleri
 Benim İçin Üzülme
 Karaya Vuran Gemiler Gibi
 Dua
 Savur
 Gurbet Kuşu
 Skandal
 Bu Sabah Güneş Doğmuyor
 Camdan Kalp
 Yasak Elma
 Beni Benle Böyle
 Son Dans

Künye
 Yapım: TMC Film Müzik
 Yapımcı: Mustafa Karahan
 Prodüktör, Düzenlemeler: Febyo Taşel
 Kayıt: Soner Çorak, Hasan Umut Önder
 Mastering: Çağlar Türkmen
 Stüdyo: MİAM (İTÜ Dr. Erol Üçer Kayıt Stüdyosu)
 Kayıt - Mix Asistanı: Soner Çorak
 Tasarım: BİS
 Fotoğraflar: Zeynel Abidin Ağgül
 İllüstrasyonlar: Fulya Arar
 Baskı: FRS Matbacılık

Dış bağlantılar

Funda Arar albümleri
2006 albümleri

Son Dans


256795 Suzyzahn este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
256795 Suzyzahn este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Saint-Sulpice de Bernard Christophe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,79 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 0,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 256001-257000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

256795 Suzyzahn


Alin Cârstocea ()

Note

Legături externe

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști internaționali români
Fotbaliști ai ACS Poli Timișoara

Alin Cârstocea


Aventurile lui Babușcă este un film românesc din 1973 regizat de Gheorghe Naghi în colaborare cu Geta Doina Tarnavschi, după romanul Ostrovul Lupilor al lui Petre Luscalov. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Horia Zugrăvescu, Gabriel Nacu și Lazăr Vrabie.

Rezumat

Distribuție

 Horia Zugrăvescu — pionierul "Scatiu", fiul căpitanului portului Pradina
 Gabriel Nacu — pionierul "Babușcă", prietenul lui "Scatiu"
 Annelise Dan — pioniera Ioana, vecina lui "Babușcă"
 Amza Pellea — "Chiorul", fratele "Profesorului", un bandit periculos
 Lazăr Vrabie — maiorul Vlad, ofițer la Miliția jud. Tulcea
 Ion Marinescu — Max, banditul bărbos care lucrează cu "Vânătorul"
 Mircea Anghelescu — "Vânătorul", banditul înarmat cu o pușcă
 Paul Ioachim — "Profesorul" Freddy, banditul care a furat marfa de contrabandă
 Nucu Păunescu — nea Onufrie, marinar bătrân din Pradina, căpitanul barjei
 Mihai Mereuță — "Ciupitu", banditul cu fața ciupită de vărsat
 Constantin Rauțchi — "Murfatlar", pilotul remorcherului, complice al bandiților
 Emanoil Petruț — nea Panait, zis "Râma de mare", pilotul elicopterului, șeful bandei de contrabandiști
 Gheorghe Naghi — tatăl lui "Babușcă", pescar
 Ioana Ciomîrtan — Celestina, o infractoare bătrână care lucrează cu contrabandiștii
 Emil Hossu — lt. Marinică, ofițer la Miliția jud. Tulcea

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.843.152 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Vezi și
 1973 în film

Legături externe

Filme din 1973
Filme regizate de Gheorghe Naghi
Filme regizate de Geta Doina Tarnavschi
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme pentru copii
Filme cu acțiunea în Delta Dunării
Ecranizări de romane românești

Aventurile lui Babușcă


Simon Wiesenthal (1. janúar 1909 – 20. september 2005) var austurrískur Gyðingur sem lifði af Helförina. Í kjölfar seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar varð Wiesenthal virkur nasistaveiðari sem vann að því að draga fremjendur Helfararinnar til ábyrgðar.

Æviágrip
Simon Wiesenthal fæddist í kringum áramótin 1908-09 í bænum Buchach, sem þá tilheyrði Austurríki-Ungverjalandi. Ólíkt flestum öðrum byggðum í landinu voru Gyðingar meirihlutahópur þar. Hann lauk námi í byggingarlist í Prag árið 1932 og opnaði síðan teiknistofu í Lemberg, sem þá var hluti af Póllandi. Hann varð að hætta rekstri stofunnar eftir að Sovétríkin hertóku þennan hluta Póllands árið 1939 samkvæmt samkomulagi þeirra við Þjóðverja. Stjúpfaðir og hálfbróðir Wiesenthals voru í kjölfarið drepnir í "hreinsunum" sovéska hernámsliðsins.

Í kjölfar Barbarossa-aðgerðarinnar tóku þýskir nasistar yfir þennan hluta Póllands. Wiesenthal var handtekinn og dvaldi að mestu í þrælkunarbúðum nasista frá 1941 til 1945. Honum tókst að flýja úr fangavistinni og var á flótta í nokkra mánuði en náðist síðan aftur. Alls 89 ættingjar Wiesenthals og konu hans voru drepin í Helförinni á styrjaldarárunum.

Wiesenthal var staðsettur í Mauthausen-fangabúðunum í Austurríki þegar her Bandaríkjamanna frelsaði hann þann 5. maí 1945. Hann var þá illa haldinn vegna misþyrminga og sjúkdóma en strax og hann náði heilsu hóf hann að afla sönnungargagna um grimmdarverk nasista fyrir stríðsglæpadeild bandaríska hersins. Sönnunargögn Wiesenthals voru lögð fram í stríðsglæparéttarhöldum á hernámssvæðum Bandaríkjamanna eftir lok styrjaldarinnar.

Wiesenthal lauk störfum hjá bandaríska hernum árið 1947 en stofnaði í kjölfarið Hið sögulega heimildasafn Gyðinga í Linz til þess að afla frekari gagna til notkunar við komandi réttarhöld gegn stríðsglæpamönnum. Áhugi bandamanna á því að rétta yfir nasistum minnkaði hins vegar þegar kalda stríðið hófst og því afhenti Wiesenthal skjalasafni í Ísrael flest skjöl heimildasafns síns.

Wiesenthal hélt eftir gögnum sem tengdust Adolf Eichmann, einum helsta skipuleggjanda "lokalausnarinnar við Gyðingavandanum". Wiesenthal átti þátt í því að finna og handsama Adolf Eichmann þar sem hann faldi sig í Argentínu og afla sönnunargagna sem leiddu til þess að réttað var yfir Eichmann í Ísrael árið 1961 og hann tekinn af lífi.

Eitt af áhersluefnum Wiesenthal var að handsama Fritz Stangl, sem hafði verið yfirmaður útrýmingarbúða nasista í Treblinka og Sobibor í Póllandi. Wiesenthal tókst eftir þriggja ára leynilega vinnu að hafa uppi á Stangl í Brasilíu og fá hann framseldan.

Wiesenthal einbeitti sér jafnframt að því að finna Gestapo-foringjann sem hafði handtekið Önnu Frank og fjölskyldu hennar. Wiesenthal komst svo að orði að Dagbók Önnu Frank hefði haft meiri áhrif á mannkynið en Nürnberg-réttarhöldin. Honum var því mjög í mun að sporna við áróðri nýnasista, sem héldu því fram að dagbókin væri fölsuð og að Anna Frank hefði jafnvel aldrei verið til, með því að draga sögulegt vitni til ábyrgðar. Wiesenthal varði fimm árum í að leita að manninum sem handtók Frank-fjölskylduna og hafði loks upp á honum árið 1963 þar sem hann vann hjá lögreglunni í Austurríki.

Wiesenthal tók þátt í stofnun Simon Wiesenthal-miðstöðvarinnar í Los Angeles árið 1977. Árið 1986 var reiknað með því að um 1.100 manns hefðu verið dæmdir fyrir stríðsglæpi fyrir tilstuðlan Wiesenthal.

Eftir því sem lengra leið frá lokum styrjaldarinnar fór að bera nokkuð á mótlæti gegn starfi Wiesenthal þar sem margir eftirlifandi stríðsglæpamenn nasista voru komnir til ára sinna og glæpir þeirra sums staðar taldir fyrndir. Wiesenthal lagði engu að síður áherslu á að ef ekki væri refsað fyrir glæpi nasista yrðu það skilaboð til framtíðarinnar um að hægt væri að komast upp með sams konar glæpi. Hann barðist gegn því að stríðsglæpamönnum úr röðum nasista yrði gefin sakaruppgjöf í Vestur-Þýskalandi.

Á áttunda áratugnum átti Wiesenthal í deilum við Bruno Kreisky, kanslara Austurríkis, vegna fyrirhugaðs samstarfs Kreisky við Friedrich Peter, leiðtoga Frelsisflokksins, sem Wiesenthal benti á að hefði átt feril innan SS-sveitanna á stríðsárunum. Wiesenthal sakaði Peter um að hafa tekið þátt í morðum á óbreyttum borgurum á bak við víglínurnar í stríðinu en Kreisky (sem var sjálfur einnig Gyðingur) brást ókvæða við og sakaði Wiesenthal um að vera "spæjara" sem beitti "mafíuaðferðum". Ummæli Kreisky leiddu til þess að Wiesenthal fór í mál gegn honum fyrir meiðyrði.

Wiesenthal hlaut riddaranafnbót í Bretlandi fyrir störf sín árið 2004. Hann lést þann 20. september næsta ár, 96 ára að aldri.

Tilvísanir

Austurrískir rithöfundar
Fólk sem lifði af helförina
Nasistaveiðarar

Simon Wiesenthal


Potencijal (prema kasnolatin. potentialis: moguć) može značiti:
 potencijal je općenito ukupnost snage, moći, mogućnosti, sposobnosti (na primjer umni potencijal).
 potencijal, u fizici, u najširem smislu, je funkcija poopćenih koordinata i poopćenih količina gibanja. S pomoću potencijala moguće je kvantitativno opisati djelovanje neke sile na neko tijelo. Prva derivacija potencijala s obzirom na bilo koji smjer u bilo kojoj točki prostora jednaka je iznosu komponenti jakosti polja u tom smjeru i u toj točki. U fizici se razlikuju električni, nuklearni, gravitacijski i drugi potencijali.
 električni potencijal (oznaka V, φ) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje kolika je potencijalna energija jediničnoga električnoga naboja u nekoj točki električnoga polja. Definira se obično kao rad W koji bi trebalo izvršiti da se jedinični električni naboj Q dovede iz područja izvan toga polja u tu točku: V = W/Q. Mjerna jedinica električnog potencijala je volt (V).
 nuklearni potencijal je fizikalna veličina koja služi za opisivanje uzajamnoga djelovanja nukleona i djelovanja između nukleona i atomske jezgre, a izražava se s nekoliko oblika matematičkih izraza (potencijalna jama, Yukawin potencijal, Gaussov potencijal i drugo). Kod velikih udaljenosti uzajamno je djelovanje nukleona (na primjer protona) prikazano električnim potencijalom koji je pozitivan i raste kako se udaljenost smanjuje. U udaljenosti reda veličine nekoliko femtometara (1 fm = 10–15 m) nuklearne sile prevladavaju, a potencijal postaje negativan, to jest sile su privlačne. Kod još manjih udaljenosti (0,5 fm) potencijal opet raste, a sile su odbojne.
 elektrodni potencijal je električni potencijal elektrokemijske ćelije u kojoj je ispitivana elektroda spojena kao katoda, a standardna vodikova elektroda (E = 0,000 V) kao anoda. Na katodi se uvijek događa redukcija a na anodi oksidacija. Elektrodni potencijal je po definiciji redukcijski potencijal.
 gravitacijski potencijal, geopotencijal ili potencijal sile teže je potencijalna energija jedinice mase u polju sile teže. Sve točke jednakoga geopotencijala u atmosferi leže na geopotencijalnoj plohi. To su zatvorene plohe koje okružuju Zemlju; na ekvatoru su nešto više nego na polovima. Visina geopotencijalnih ploha izražava se geopotencijalnim metrom, koji je definiran tako da približno odgovara potencijalu sile teže na visini 1 metar nad tlom, pa gotovo i nema razlike između geometrijskog i geopotencijalnoga metra. U meteorologiji geopotencijal ima važnu ulogu jer se stanje strujanja u atmosferi prikazuje plohama jednakoga tlaka, takozvarnim izobarnim plohama, kojima se visina izražava geopotencijalnim metrima, a prikazuje se na zemljopisnim kartama, uglavnom većega područja (kontinenti), izohipsama geopotencijala. Tako se izobarne plohe, kojima se visina računa od srednje visine mora, nazivaju plohama apsolutne topografije (u praksi su to plohe 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150 i 100 hPa), a ako se visine računaju od neke referentne plohe (na primjer 1 000 hPa), onda su to plohe relativne topografije (najčešće plohe 500/1000 hPa). Karte apsolutne topografije pokazuju polje strujanja u danom trenutku u slobodnoj atmosferi, i to tako da pravac vjetra približno odgovara izohipsama geopotencijala, a njegov smjer na Sjevernoj polutki položen je tako da je polje snižena tlaka zraka na lijevo od vektora vjetra (na Južnoj polutci na desno). Karte relativne topografije pokazuju područja relativno toplijeg odnosno hladnijega zraka.

Izvori

Potencijal


RP-3 var et britisk raketvåben, der blev konstrueret under Anden Verdenskrig. RP-3 står for Rocket Projectile 3-inch. RP-3 var hovedsageligt et flyvåben, men det anvendtes også til søs og til lands under navnene Sea Mattress respektive Land Mattress.

Da RAF blev indsat mod Afrikakorpset i Libyen 1941, savnede man effektive våben mod kampvogne, primært Panzer III og Panzer IV. Maskinkanoner var kun effektive mod lettere panserkøretøjer, og bomber var vældigt svære at ramme med, selv om man tillempede styrtbombefly. Ivor Bowen foreslog derfor, at man skulle prøve at anvende finnestabiliserede raketter, noget som Sovjetunionen allerede havde prøvet med en vis succes på østfronten. I september 1941 fandtes to forskellige alternativer at vælge mellem. Dels en 2-tommers (51 mm) raket med 10,5 kg sprængladning, dels en 3-tommers (76 mm) raket med en 9 kg panserbrydende granat. 2-tommersraketten viste sig ikke at være mere effektiv end maskinkanoner, så man valgte at satse på 3-tommersraketten. Den blev afprøvet på Hawker Hurricane i sommmeren 1942 og i løbet af efteråret Lockheed Hudson, Fairey Swordfish og Douglas Boston.

Da RP-3 kom i kamp, dukkede et nyt problem op i form af den tunge kampvogn Tiger I. Den oprindelige 9-kilos ladning kunne ikke nedkæmpe en Tiger, så man konstruerede en ny, større ladning baseret på granaten fra en 25-punds kanon. Den nye ladning vejede 27 kg og kunne sagtens nedkæmpe selv tungere kampvogne.

Fleet Air Arm og RAF Coastal Command brugte også RP-3 imod uddykkede ubåde. Raketter kunne hurtigere sættes ind mod en dykkende ubåd end bomber og fra en større afstand, hvilket gjorde flyene mindre sårbare overfor antiluftskyts. Raketter som detonerede mod formskroget havde dog svært ved at trænge igennem trykskroget. Derfor anvendte man en særlig udgave mod ubåde, som kaldtes for Rocket Spear (raketspyd). Her var sprængladningen erstattet af en massiv stålspids, der var i stand til at trænge igennem både det tynde formskrog og det betydeligt hårdere trykskrog.

Selvom RP-3 hovedsageligt blev udviklet til at anvendes fra fly, fik det også andre anvendelsesområder. Under D-dagen bombarderedes stranden og området bag med tusinder af RP-3-raketter affyret fra landgangsfartøjer, som var ombygget til flydende artilleriplatforme i stand til at affyre op til 1.066 raketter i en salve (Sea Mattress). RP-3 anvendtes i slutningen af krigen også til lands som raketkaster (Land Mattress) og som forstærkningsvåben på Sherman-kampvogne, som kunne medtage en raket på hver side af tårnet. Eftersom raketter affyret fra jorden ikke stabiliseredes af nogen luftstrømme i affyringsøjeblikket var præcisionen ikke speciel god, men det opvejedes i mange tilfælde af rakettens sprængkraft.

Billedgalleri

Kilder

Raketter
Royal Air Force
Panserværnsvåben
Våben fra Storbritannien

RP-3


Mads Mikkelsen (f. 22. nóvember 1965) er danskur leikari. Hann er einna þekktastur fyrir hlutverk sitt í James Bond: Casino Royale (2006).

Mikkelsen var dansari og fimleikamaður áður en hann hóf feril í kvikmyndum. Í Danmörku varð hann fyrst frægur fyrir hlutverk í glæpamyndum og þáttum: Pusher-myndunum (1996, 2004) og Rejseholdet-þáttunum (2000–2004).

Mikkelsen lék aðalhlutverk í myndinni Arctic (2018) sem tekin var upp á Íslandi. Hann lék í myndbandi við Djákninn (2011) fyrir íslensku hljómsveitina Sólstafi.

Ferill í kvikmyndum og sjónvarpsþáttum
1996	Blomsterfangen
1996	Pusher
1996	Café Hector
1998	Vildspor
1998	Nattens engel
1999	Tom Merritt
1999	Bleeder	Lenny
2000	Blinkende lykter
2001	Monas verden
2001	Shake It All About
2002	I Am Dina
2002	Open Hearts
2002	Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself
2003	Nu
2003	The Boy Below
2003	The Green Butchers
2003	Torremolinos 73
2004	King Arthur
2004	Pusher II
2005	Adam's Apples
2006	After the Wedding
2006	Cars
2006	Prague
2006	Exit
2006	Casino Royale
2008	Flame & Citron
2009	Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky
2009	Valhalla Rising
2009	The Door
2010	Clash of the Titans
2010	Moomins and the Comet
2011	The Three Musketeers
2012	A Royal Affair
2012	The Hunt
2012	Move On	Mark
2013	Charlie Countryman
2013	Michael Kohlhaas
2014	The Salvation
2015	Men & Chicken
2016	Doctor Strange
2016	Le Fantôme
2016	Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
2018	Arctic
2018	At Eternity's Gate
2019	Polar
2020	Another Round
2020	Riders of Justice
2021	Chaos Walking
2022	Fantastic Beasts 3

Sjónvarp
2000–2004	Rejseholdet
2005	Julie
2005	Klovn
2013–2015	Hannibal

Tölvuleikir
2008	007: Quantum of Solace
2019	Death Stranding	Clifford Unger

Tónlistarmyndbönd
2009	Jokeren	"Sig Ja"
2011	Sólstafir	"Djákninn"
2015	Rihanna	"Bitch Better Have My Money"

Tengill

Danskir leikarar

Mads Mikkelsen


Uvećanje leće ili povećanje leće m je količnik udaljenosti slike b i predmeta a:

minusom se naglašava suprotna orijentacija slike i predmeta (obrnuta slika). Iz gornjeg izraza razabiremo da povećanje ovisi o udaljenosti predmeta od leće. Što je udaljenost predmeta od leće manja, veće je povećanje slike. Međutim, povećanje ovisi također i o žarišnoj daljini. Što je žarišna daljina veća, veća je udaljenost slike, a time je i veće povećanje. Prema tome, leće veće žarišne daljine daju i veće stvarne (realne) slike.

Jednadžba optičke leće

Jednadžba leće povezuje položaj slike s položajem predmeta u odnosu na leću. U Gaussovoj aproksimaciji jednadžba glasi:

gdje su a i b udaljenosti predmeta i slike od središta leće, a f je žarišna daljina leće. Udaljenost predmeta je uvijek pozitivna, a udaljenost slike može biti pozitivna (kad je slika stvarna ili realna) i negativna (kad je slika prividna ili virtualna). Jednadžba leće vrijedi samo za tanke leće (kojima je debljina u usporedbi s promjerom mala) i za zrake svjetlosti koje se prelamaju u neposrednoj blizini optičke osi leće. U realnim se uvjetima pri nastanku slike prolaskom svjetlosti kroz leću pojavljuju aberacije.

Objašnjenje

Uzmimo debelu bikonveksnu leću kojoj su O1 i O2 središta zakrivljenosti njezinih sfernih ploha, a r1 i r2 polumjeri zakrivljenosti. Iz točkastog izvora B pada zraka svjetlosti na leću u točku A1. Djelić te plohe na koju pada zraka svjetlosti može se smatrati djelićem ravnine koja se podudara s tangencijalnom ravninom na tu plohu. Zraka svjetlosti prolazeći kroz leću lomi se u točki A1 prema okomici O2A1, a u točki A2 od okomice O1A2. Lom se zbiva na isti način kao kad bismo dio leće kod A1 i A2 zamijenili prizmom lomnog kuta ρ. Ako je leća vrlo tanka, onda oba loma možemo spojiti zajedno tako da leću zamijenimo ravninom. U tom slučaju projekcije M1 i M2 točaka A1 i A2 padaju zajedno u točku M. Devijacija zrake, prolazom kroz leću, iznosi:

Kako zraka prolazi kroz leću kao kroz prizmu, to je iz trokuta O1O2A vanjski kut (lomni kut):

a devijacija kroz prizmu:

odnosno:

Budući da su α1, α2, β1 i β2 vrlo mali kutovi, to možemo uzeti da je:

gdje je: a - udaljenost predmeta od leće, b - udaljenost slike od leće. Uvrstimo li ove vrijednosti u gornji izraz, dobivamo:

skraćivanjem jednadžbe s m dobivamo:

To je jednadžba tanke bikonveksne leće. Ako je a = ∞, to jest izvor svjetlosti nalazi se u neizmjernoj daljini, onda je 1/a = 0, pa je b = f, a gornja jednadžba prelazi u:

gdje je:

Zbroj recipročnih udaljenosti predmeta i slike od leće jednak je recipročnoj vrijednosti žarišne daljine.

Kod simetrične bikonveksne leće r1 = r2 = r, pa njenu žarišnu daljinu dobijemo iz izraza:

Kod plankonveksne leće je r2 = ∞, 1/r2 = 0, pa izlazi, da je:

Konveksne leće imaju pozitivnu, a konkavne negativnu žarišnu daljinu. Jednadžbu konkavne leće dobijemo iz jednadžbe konveksne leće ako uzmemo polumjere zakrivljenosti s negativnim predznacima. Prema tome je jednadžba leće:

odnosno:

Žarišna daljina

Žarišna daljina, žarišna duljina ili žarišna udaljenost je udaljenost između središta leće i žarišta, ovisi o obliku leće i o tvari od koje je leća napravljena:

gdje su r1 i r2 polumjeri zakrivljenosti leće (negativni ako je površina leće konkavna, beskonačni ako je površina leće ravna), n1 indeks loma optičkoga sredstva u kojem se leća nalazi, n2 indeks loma optičkoga sredstva od kojeg je leća načinjena. Žarišna udaljenost konvergentnih leća je pozitivna, a žarišna udaljenost divergentnih leća je negativna.

Jakost leće

Jakost leće j je recipročna vrijednost žarišne udaljenosti f:

Leća to jače lomi zrake što ima manju žarišnu daljinu. Zastarjela mjerna jedinica za jakost leće je 1 dioptrija, a danas je to 1/m ili m-1. Leća ima jakost od 1 dioptrije ako joj je žarišna daljina 1 metar, odnosno broj dioptrija kazuje koliko se puta žarušna daljina nalazi u 1 metar. Sabirne leće imaju jakost označenu s plus, a rastresne s minus. Na primjer ako je žarišna daljina sabirne leće 25 cm = 0,25 m, onda je njena jakost 1/0,25 = + 4 dioptrije. Rastresna leća jakosti - 2 dioptrije ima žarišnu daljinu 1/- 2 = - 0,5 m = - 50 cm, to jest žarište se nalazi 50 cm ispred leće.

Izvori

Optika

Uvećanje leće


An Neoregelia burlemarxii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert William Read. An Neoregelia burlemarxii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neoregelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 N. b. burlemarxii
 N. b. meeana

Mga kasarigan

Neoregelia

Neoregelia burlemarxii