Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I (Egyptian ššnq; reigned )—also known as Shashank or Sheshonk or Sheshonq I—was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Of Meshwesh ancestry, Shoshenq I was the son of Nimlot A, Great Chief of the Ma, and his wife Tentshepeh A, a daughter of a Great Chief of the Ma herself; Shoshenq was thus the nephew of Osorkon the Elder, a Meshwesh king of the 21st Dynasty. He is generally presumed to be the Shishak mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, and his exploits are carved on the Bubastite Portal at Karnak.

Chronology

The conventional dates for his reign, as established by Kenneth Kitchen, are 945–924 BC but his time-line has recently been revised upwards by a few years to 943–922 BC, since he may well have lived for up to two to three years after his successful campaign in Israel and Judah, conventionally dated to 925 BC. As Edward Wente of the University of Chicago noted (1976) on page 276 of his JNES 35 Book Review of Kitchen's study of the Third Intermediate Period, there is "no certainty" that Shoshenq's 925 BC campaign terminated just prior to this king's death a year later in 924 BC. Egyptologist Morris Bierbrier also dated Shoshenq I's accession "between 945–940 BC" in his 1975 book concerning the genealogies of Egyptian officials, who served during the late New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Bierbrier based his opinion on Biblical evidence collated by W. Albright in a BASOR 130 paper. This development would also account for the mostly unfinished state of decorations of Shoshenq's building projects at the Great Temple of Karnak where only scenes of the king's Palestinian military campaign are fully carved. Building materials would first have had to be extracted and architectural planning performed for his great monumental projects here. Such activities usually took up to a year to complete before work was even begun. This would imply that Shoshenq I likely lived for a period in excess of one year after his 925 BC campaign. On the other hand, if the Karnak inscription was concurrent with Shoshenq's campaign into Canaan, the fact that it was left unfinished would suggest this campaign occurred in the last year of Shoshenq's reign. This possibility would also permit his 945 BC accession date to be slightly lowered to 943 BC.

A 2005 study by Rolf Krauss of ancient Egyptian chronology suggests that Shoshenq I came to power in 943 BC rather than 945 BC as is conventionally assumed based on epigraphic evidence from the Great Dakhla stela, which dates to Year 5 of his reign. Krauss and David Warburton write in the 2006 book Ancient Egyptian Chronology:

The chronology of early Dyn. 22 depends on dead reckoning. The sum of the highest attested regnal dates for Osorkon II, Takelot I, Osorkon I, and Shoshenq I, added to 841 BC as year 1 of Shoshenq III, yields 938 BC at the latest for year 1 of Shoshenq I...[However] The large Dakhla stela provides a lunar date in the form of a wrš feast in year 5 of Shoshenq [I], yielding 943 BC as his year 1.

The Year 5 wrš feast is recorded to have been celebrated at Dakhla oasis on IV Peret day 25 and Krauss' exploration of the astronomical data leads him to conclude that the only 'fit' within the period of 950 to 930 BC places the accession of Shoshenq I between December 944 and November 943 BC—or 943 BC for the most part. However, Dr. Anthony Leahy has suggested that "the identification of the wrš-festival of Seth as [a] lunar [festival] is hypothetical, and [thus] its occurrence on the first day of a lunar month an assumption. Neither has been proven incontrovertibly." Thus far, however, only Dr. Kenneth Kitchen is on record as sharing the same academic view.

A 2010 study by Thomas Schneider argued that Shoshenq reigned from 962 to 941 BCE. Ido Koch in his 2021 book considered Schneider's chronology of Egyptian kings as a valuable integrative study. However, recent archaeomagnetic dating at Beth-Shean, one of three early sites that could have been destroyed by Shoshenq I, shows 68.2% probability the destruction occurred between 935 and 900 BC, and 95.4% probability it occurred between 940 and 879 BC.

Biblical Shishak

Shoshenq I is conventionally identified with the Egyptian king Shishak (שׁישׁק Šîšaq, transliterated), referred to in the Hebrew Bible at 1 Kings 11:40, 14:25 and 2 Chronicles 12:2–9. According to these passages, Jeroboam fled from Solomon and stayed with Shishaq until Solomon died, and Shishaq invaded Judah, mostly the area of Benjamin, during the fifth year of the reign of Rehoboam, taking with him most of the treasures of the temple built by Solomon. The egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen proposes that Shoshenq's successor, Osorkon I, lavished 383 tons of gold and silver on Egyptian temples during the first four years of his reign and correlate it directly to the looting, while the archaeologist Israel Finkelstein claims that the looting narrative in question "should probably be seen as a theological construct rather than as historical references".

Shishak/Sousakim was also related to Jeroboam: "the wife of Jeroboam" is a character in the Hebrew Bible. She is unnamed in the Masoretic Text, but according to the Septuagint, she was an Egyptian princess called Ano:
And Sousakim gave to Jeroboam Ano the eldest sister of Thekemina his wife, to him as wife; she was great among the king's daughters...

Origins and family

Shoshenq I was the son of Nimlot A and Tentsepeh A. His paternal grandparents were the Chief of the Ma Shoshenq A and his wife Mehytenweskhet A. Prior to his reign, Shoshenq I had been the Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Army, and chief advisor to his predecessor Psusennes II, as well as the father-in-law of Psusennes' daughter Maatkare. He also held his father's title of Great Chief of the Ma or Meshwesh, which is an Egyptian word for Ancient Libyans. His ancestors had settled in Egypt during the late New Kingdom, probably at Herakleopolis Magna, though Manetho claims Shoshenq himself came from Bubastis, a claim for which no supporting physical evidence has yet been discovered. Significantly, his uncle Osorkon the Elder had already served on the throne for at least six years in the preceding 21st Dynasty; hence, Shoshenq I's rise to power was not wholly unexpected. As king, Shoshenq chose his eldest son, Osorkon I, as his successor and consolidated his authority over Egypt through marriage alliances and appointments. He assigned his second son, Iuput A, the prominent position of High Priest of Amun at Thebes as well as the title of Governor of Upper Egypt and Commander of the Army to consolidate his authority over the Thebaid. Finally, Shoshenq I designated his third son, Nimlot B, as the "Leader of the Army" at Herakleopolis in Middle Egypt.

Foreign policy

He pursued an aggressive foreign policy in the adjacent territories of the Middle East, towards the end of his reign. This is attested, in part, by the discovery of a statue base bearing his name from the Lebanese city of Byblos, part of a monumental stela from Megiddo bearing his name, and a list of cities in the region comprising Syria, Philistia, Phoenicia, the Negev, and the Kingdom of Israel, among various topographical lists inscribed on the walls of temples of Amun at al-Hibah and Karnak. The fragment of a stela bearing his cartouche from Megiddo has been interpreted as a monument Shoshenq erected there to commemorate his victory. Some of these conquered cities include ancient Israelite fortresses such as Megiddo, Taanach and Shechem.

There are other problems with Shoshenq being the same as the biblical Shishak: Shoshenq's Karnak list does not include Jerusalem—his biggest prize according to the Bible. His list focuses on places either north or south of Judah, as if he did not raid the center. The fundamental problem facing historians is establishing the aims of the two accounts and linking up the information in them.

There have been some possible suggestions and proposals from scholars regarding this issue. Some argue that the mention of Jerusalem was erased from the list over time. Others believe that Rehoboam's tribute to Shoshenq saved the city from destruction and therefore from the Bubastite Portal's lists. Some scholars even propose that Shoshenq claimed a conquest that he did not enact and copied the list of conquered territories from an old Pharaoh's conquest list.

As an addendum to his foreign policy, Shoshenq I carved a report of campaigns in Nubia and Israel, with a detailed list of conquests in Israel. This is the first military action outside Egypt formally commemorated for several centuries. This report of conquests is the only surviving late Iron Age text concerning Canaan.

Domestic policy
Libyan concepts of rule allowed for the parallel existence of leaders who were related by marriage and blood. Shoshenq and his immediate successors used that practice to consolidate their grasp on all of Egypt. Shoshenq terminated the hereditary succession of the high priesthood of Amun. Instead he and his successors appointed men to the position, most often their own sons, a practice that lasted for a century.

Burial

Shoshenq I was succeeded by his son Osorkon I after a reign of 21 years. According to the British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson, no trace has yet been found of the tomb of Shoshenq I. The sole funerary object linked to Shoshenq I is a canopic chest of unknown provenance that was donated to the Egyptian Museum of Berlin (ÄMB 11000) by Julius Isaac in 1891. This may indicate his tomb was looted in antiquity, but this hypothesis is unproven. Egyptologists differ over the location of Shoshenq I's burial and speculate that he may have been buried somewhere in Tanis—perhaps in one of the anonymous royal tombs here—or in Bubastis. However, Troy Sagrillo in a GM 205 (2005) paper observes that "there are only a bare handful of inscribed blocks from Tanis that might name the king (i.e. Shoshenq I) and none of these come from an in situ building complex contemporary with his reign." Hence, it is more probable that Shoshenq was buried in another city in the Egyptian Delta. Sagrillo offers a specific location for Shoshenq's burial—the Ptah temple enclosure of Memphis—and notes that this king built:

Sagrillo concludes by observing that if Shoshenq I's burial place was located at Memphis, "it would go far in explaining why this king's funerary cult lasted for some time at the site after his death."

While Shoshenq's tomb is currently unknown, the burial of one of his prominent state officials at Thebes, the Third Prophet of Amun Djedptahiufankh, was discovered intact in tomb DB320 in the 19th Century. Inscriptions on Djedptahiufankh's Mummy bandages show that he died in or after Year 11 of this king. His mummy was discovered to contain various gold bracelets, amulets and precious carnelian objects, and give a small hint of the vast treasures that would have adorned Shoshenq I's tomb.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 M. Bierbrier, The Late New Kingdom in Egypt (c.1300-664 BC), Aris & Philips Ltd, (1975)
 Ricardo A. Caminos, Gebel Es-Silsilah No. 100, JEA 38 (1952), pp. 46–61
 Rupert L. Chapman III, Putting Shoshenq I in his Place, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 141, 1 (2009), pp. 4–17
 M. Georges Daressy, Les Parents de Chéchanq Ier, ASAE 16 (1916), 3
 Aidan Dodson, The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, Kegan Paul Intl, (1994)
 Erika Feucht, Zwei Reliefs Scheschonqs I. aus El Hibeh, SAK 6 (1978), 69-77
 Alan H. Gardiner, The Dakhleh Stela, JEA 19 (1933), 19-30
 Rolf Krauss, Das wrš-Datum aus Jahr 5 von Shoshenq [I], Discussions in Egyptology 62 (2005), pp. 43–48
 Yigal Levin, 'Sheshonq I and the Negev Haserim', Maarav 17 (2010), pp. 189-215.
 Yigal Levin, "Sheshonq's Levantine Conquest and Biblical History". In: Jonathan S. Greer, John W. Hilber, & John H. Walton (eds.), Behind the Scenes of the Old Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2018.
 Thomas E. Levy, Stefan Münger, and Mohammad Najjar, "A Newly Discovered Scarab of Sheshonq I: Recent Iron Age Explorations in Southern Jordan", Antiquity 88, 341 (September 2014).
 Troy Leiland Sagrillo, 'The Mummy of Shoshenq I Re-discovered?,' GM 205 (2005), pp. 95–102
 Troy Leiland Sagrillo, 'The Geographic Origins of the "Bubastite" Dynasty and Possible Locations for the Royal Residence and Burial Place of Shoshenq I.' In The Libyan period in Egypt: Historical and cultural studies into the 21st–24th Dynasties, edited by G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demarée, and O. Kaper. Egyptologische Uitgaven 23, Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters. 2009: pp. 341–359
 Troy Leiland Sagrillo, 'Šîšaq's army: 2 Chronicles 12:2–3 from an Egyptological perspective'  In The ancient Near East in the 12th–10th Centuries BCE: Culture and history; proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Haifa, 2–5 May 2010, edited by Gershon Galil, Ayelet Gilboa, Aren M. Maeir, and Dan'el Kahn. Alter Orient und Altes Testament: Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 392. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. 2012: pp. 425–450.
 Troy Leiland Sagrillo. 2015. "Shoshenq I and biblical Šîšaq: A philological defense of their traditional equation." In Solomon and Shishak: Current perspectives from archaeology, epigraphy, history and chronology; proceedings of the third BICANE colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 26–27 March 2011, edited by Peter J. James, Peter G. van der Veen, and Robert M. Porter. British Archaeological Reports (International Series) 2732. Oxford: Archaeopress. 61–81.

External links

 The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I in Palestine, by Kevin A. Wilson.
 The Palestine Campaign of Sheshonq I

10th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Chiefs of the Ma
Ancient Egyptians
Meshwesh

Shoshenq I


Aloe debrana, es una  especie de Aloe nativa de  Etiopía.

Descripción
Aloe debrana crece aisladamente  y luego forma pequeños grupos, sin tallo o de tallo corto. Unas 24 hojas lanceoladas largas y puntiagudas forman densas rosetas. Las hojas de color verde es de 25 a 60 centímetros de largo y 7,5 a 15 cm de ancho. Los dientes de color rojo-marrón, de 2 a 4 mm de longitud y a 0,8 a 15 milímetros de distancia. El jugo seco de la hoja es de color marrón. La inflorescencia consiste en ocho a doce ramas y mide 100 centímetros. Las ramas más bajas están ocasionalmente ramificadas. Las flores son de color escarlata,  de 17 a 20 milímetros (raramente hasta 35 mm) de largo en su base y se estrecha.

Taxonomía
Aloe debrana fue descrita por Hugh Basil Christian y publicado en  Fl. Pl. Africa 26: 1016, en el año 1947.
Etimología
Ver: Aloe

debrana: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Debre Berhan en Etiopía.
Sinonimia
Aloe berhana Reynolds

Referencias

debrana
Flora de África tropical del nordeste
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1947
Plantas descritas por Christian

Aloe debrana


Un aglicon (adesea denumit și genină) este o parte a unei glicozide fără conținut glucidic. Agliconul este restul ce rămâne după ce o grupă glicozidică dintr-o glicozidă este substituită cu un atom de hidrogen.

De exemplu, în glicozidele cardiotonice, agliconul este reprezentat de o moleculă steroidică.

Vezi și
 Glicozidă

Referințe

Aglicon


An Malleola constricta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Malleola constricta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Malleola, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Malleola

Malleola constricta


Le Journal intime de David Holzman () est un film américain réalisé par Jim McBride, sorti en 1967.

Synopsis
Un aspirant réalisateur, David Holzman, filme sa vie.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Le Journal intime de David Holzman
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Jim McBride
 Scénario : Jim McBride
 Photographie : Michael Wadleigh
 Montage : Jim McBride
 Production : Jim McBride
 Société de distribution : Baba Yaga Distribution (France) et Lorber Films (États-Unis)
 Pays :
 Genre : Comédie dramatique
 Durée : 74 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :  (festival international du film de Mannheim-Heidelberg)
 :
 :

Distribution
 L. M. Kit Carson : David Holzman
 Eileen Dietz : Penny Wohl
 Lorenzo Mans : Pepe
 Louise Levine : Sandra

Distinctions
Le film a été inscrit au National Film Registry en 1991.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1967
Comédie dramatique américaine
Film sur le cinéma
Faux documentaire
Film inscrit au National Film Registry

Le Journal intime de David Holzman


تأسس معهد تشاتام هاوس (Chatham House)، (والمعروف رسميا باسم المعهد الملكي للشؤون الدولية) عام 1920. وقد تأسس - على غرار مجلس العلاقات الخارجية الأميركية - عاما واحدا بعد عقد مؤتمر باريس للسلام في العام 1919. وكان أول رئيس لهذا المعهد هو روبرت سيسيل، كما احتل المؤرخ البريطاني الذائع الصيت، أرنولد توينبي، منصبَ مدير للمركز لاحقا. حصل المركز في عام 1923 على مقره المتميز في «جيميس سكوير» وسط لندن، والذي كان مقرا لسكن ثلاثة من رؤساء وزراء بريطانيا. ولأهمية هذا المبنى الذي اتخذ منه المركز مقرا له والمعروف بـ «شاثام هاوس» بدأت تغلب تسميته على تسمية المركز الرسمية، وهي المعهد الملكي للشؤون الدولية. (The Royal Institute of International Affairs).

الفائزون جائزة شاثام هاوس

التوجات والأهداف
يقدم المركز نفسه بوصفه «عبارة عن منظمة غير حكومية، محايدة مهمتها الأساسية هي تحليل الأحداث الدولية الجارية ومراقبتها وتقديم حقائق عنها لكل المهتمين مما قد يساهم إيجابا في تعميق فهم العالم لما يجري من أحداث وتطورات». وتحتل منصب رئيسة مجلس إدارة المركز الآن السيدة داني جوليز، كما يحتل منصب رئاسته روبن نوبليت منذ بداية 2007.
يقوم «شاثام هاوس» بإعداد الدراسات الرصينة في جميع المجالات الحيوية عالميا. ويصف القائمون على المؤسسة معهدهم بأنه: «تشكلة نادرة، يجتمع فيها الباحثون ومنظمات المجتمع المدني والدبلوماسيون والصحافيون والمنظمات غير الحكومية من أجل الخروج بنتائج تساعد في فهم التطورات والأحداث الجارية في أصقاع المعمورة». ويحتل المركز، بحكم سلطته المعرفية وتاريخه العريق، موقعا هاما في الوسط الأكاديمي العالمي، والبريطاني على وجه الخصوص. كما «يفتخر المركز بأنه دائما ما يُستخدَم كمصدر من أهم مصادر المعلومة من طرف الأفراد والحكومات الباحثة عن المعلومة المجردة المتعلقة بالقضايا الدولية».

الاهتمامات
يُعتبر المركز واحدا من «أهم المراكز البحثية المهتمة بالقضايا السياسية في العالم»، وتغطي اهماماته معظم أصقاع العالم. إلا أن واحدا من أهم البرامج التابعة له حساسية وأهمية هو «برنامج دراسات الشرق الأوسط». تنجز أبحاث هذا البرنامج عن طريق التعاون والتنسيق مع كل المهتمين بقضايا الشرق الأوسط، ابتداء بالصحافيين المتابعين وانتهاء بالسياسيين الممارسين. يُنتج البرنامج الدراسات المعمقة عن الوضع المتأزم في الشرق الأوسط، كما يُنظم المؤتمرات واللقاءات بهذا الخصوص. وترأس هذا البرنامج السيدة لورا كوبر.

أهم أنشطة برنامج الشرق الأوسط
تنبثق أهمية برنامج دراسات الشرق الأوسط وحيويته من الطبيعة المتأزمة للمنطقة المدروسة، فالعلاقات العربية-الإسرائيلية حبلى بالأحداث، والتطورات في الخليج ظلت متجددة خلال العقدين الماضيين. وتتمثل أهم نشاطات هذا البرنامج في النقاط التالية:
 نشر البحوث المعمقة والمقالات.
 تنظيم الملتقيات الدولية للبحث، وكان آخرها ما تم أخيرا في رام الله وبيروت ودمشق.
 الطاولات المستديرة مع الباحثين الزائرين.
 المؤتمرات
 استشارات للمعنين بقضايا الشرق الأوسط، ويتم ذلك إما مباشرة أو عن طريق إعداد نصائح أو دراسات خاصة.
 المؤتمرات الصحافية للإنارة حول نقطة معينة.
 حوارات مع السياسيين والباحثين الزائرين.
 المحاضرات.

أهم الباحثين بالمركز
 ريم علاف (Rim Allaf): مجال التخصص هو الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي، سوريا، الإسلام والغرب. من آخر دراساتها: «المرأة في الأردن: الإسلام، والعمل، ومراجعة القوانين». و«أسلحة الدمار الشامل الحقيقية».
 غورد نونمان (Gerd Noneman) يغطي مجال اختصاصه الخريطة السياسية في الخليج، والتطور السياسي داخل الأسر الخليجية الحاكمة، إضافة إلى العلاقات الأوروبية الشرق أوسطية.
 علي أنصاري (Ali Ansari): متخصص في التاريخ السياسي لإيران، وعلاقة إيران الخارجية وخاصة بالغرب. من آخر دراساته: «التصدي لإيران: أنموذج فشل السياسة الخارجية الأميركية».
 مهى عزام (Maha Azzam): متخصصة في ظاهرة «الإسلام السياسي»، و«الإسلام والعولمة». من آخر دراساتها: «الأبعاد المحلية والعالمية للتطرف الإسلامي في أوروبا».
 يوسي مكلبورغ (Yossi Mekelberg) يغطي مجال اختصاصه « تاريخ إسرائيل وسياساتها الخارجية، سياسات التنمية، العلاقات الدولية». من آخر منشوراته: «إيران وإسرائيل: من حرب الكلمات إلى كلام الحرب».

دراسات المعهد وتأثيرها
يركز المعهد في أبحاثه على أهم الإشكاليات المطروحة عالميا. كما تركز اهتمامات باحثيه على أهم المناطق فاعلية في صنع الحدث الدولي. وتتمثل في: آسيا، أوروبا، الشرق الأوسط، أفريقيا، الأمركتان، روسيا وأستراليا. كما يهتم بدراسات الإشكاليات المنضوية تحت عناوين من قبيل: الطاقة ،التنمية والبيئة، الاقتصاد الدولي، الأمن الدولي، والقانون الدولي. وتتمتع أبحاث المركز بالكثير من الأهمية والتأثير.
ففي أغسطس من عام 2006، أصدر المركز دراسة تحت عنوان: «إيران وجيرانها والمعضلة المحلية» (Iran, its Neighbours and the Regional Crises)، وخلص هذا التقرير إلى أن «تأثير إيران داخل العراق أكثر وأعمق بكثير من تأثير القوة المحتلة لها وهي الولايات المتحدة». وأكد التقرير على أن «أي فعل عسكري قد تقوم به أميركا ضد إيران سيجر إلى مشاكل حقيقة في كل المنطقة وسيهدد الاستقرار الهش في كل الشرق الأوسط. وفي نهاية العام 2006، قام المدير السابق للمركز فيكتور بولمر توماس بنشر تقرير عن سياسة بلير الخارجية خلص فيه إلى أن «بلير قد ذهب بعيدا في تأييده للولايات المتحدة مما انعكس سلبا على وضع بريطانيا في أوروبا محيطِها الطبيعي». فقد لقى هذان التقريران حفاوة وحضورا لافتين جعلت بعض المتابعين يعتبرونهما كانا من محددات السياسة الخارجية البريطانية في هذا الصدد منذ لحظة صدورهما.

الدوريات

ينشر المعهد سنويا أكثر من 50 عنوانا ما بين بحوث وكتب ومؤتمرات، ومن بين أهم الدوريات التابعة له:
 مجلة الشؤون الدولية (International Affairs): تصدر هذه المجلة 6 مرات في السنة (في: يناير/مارس/مايو/يوليو/سبتمبر/نوفمبر) وتعتبر أهم مجلة تعنى بالعلاقات الدولية في أوروبا. تتضمن المجلة مقالات وأبحاثا لأشهر الكتاب والمتعاونين مع المركز، وتعالج القضايا المطروقة عالميا.
 مجلة العالم اليوم (The world Today): تصدر هذه المجلة بشكل شهري منذ عام 1945. وقد تابعت القضايا الساخنة عاليما منذ 60 سنة، وتكتب فيها مجموعة من أكفأ باحثي المركز والمتعاونين معه، ويتوزع مشتركوها في أكثر من 80 دولة في جميع القارات. وتعتبر واحدة من أكثر المجلات الدراسية حضورا على المستوى الأكاديمي العالمي.
 المؤتمرات: ينظم المعهد بشكل دوري مجموعة من المؤتمرات والورشات بهدف إعداد تصورات عن أي موضوع يختاره القائمون على المعهد. وتشكل مثل هذه المؤتمرات فرصة لتبادل الأفكار مع مجموعة من أهم الساسة والباحثين.

آخر الدراسات
 باكستان.. هل هي نهاية الحظ؟ (Pakistan: Luck Running Out?)
هذه الدراسة منشورة بمجلة «العالم اليوم»، التابعة للمعهد، وهي معدة بقلم فرزانا شيخ. تنطلق الدراسة من فكرة طريفة. «فالرئيس الباكستاني صرح مرارا بأنه محظوظ مثل غيره من القادة المتميزين عبر التاريخ». وقد وجد أمامه الحرب على الإرهاب فركب موجتها منتهزا عبارة بوش الشهيرة «إما أن تكون معنا أو ضدنا». لكن منذ أعلن الرجل عن إخضاع دولة باكستان لحالة الطوارئ، بدأت القلاقل الحقيقية تطل برأسها في ساحة سياسية هشة، فهل ستشكل هذه القلاقل بداية نهاية «الحظ السعيد» للجنرال مشرف.. بل ولدولة باكستان من ورائه؟. والطريف كذلك أن هذا توقع هذه الدراسة كان صائبا. حيث مثلت حالة الطوارئ التي فرضها مشرف نهاية قبضته القوية على السلطة.
 أفكار عن الأمن في إفريقيا (Thinking about security in Africa)
هذه الدراسة منشورة بمجلة «الشؤون الدولية، وهي معدة بقلم: بول د وليام. وتحاول هذه الدراسة الإجابة على أهم الأسئلة المتعلقة بقضية الأمن في القارة السمراء. وتنطلق من أن أية استيراتيجية أمنية في إفريقيا لن يكتب لها النجاح ما لم تعتمد على مخطط ثلاثي الأضلاع هو: الأشخاص والعدالة والتغيير. وتحاول الدراسة الإجابة على الأسئلة التالية: ما هي أولويات الأمن في إفريقيا؟ وما مدى تأثير الأحداث الدولية على الأمن الإفريقي؟ وما هي أهم الثغرات الأمنية الجلية؟.
 دارفور وخيانة المسؤولية (Darfur and the failure of the responsibility to protect)
هذه الدراسة منشورة بمجلة «الشؤون الخارجية»، ومعدة بقلم: ألكس دي وآل. تنطلق من فكرة أن «المجتمع الدولي قد فشل في تحمل مسؤولياته تجاه دارفور نتيجة غياب الإرادة السياسية الطامحة إلى التدخل في ذلك الإقليم المنكوب. وتعالج الدراسة معظم الإشكاليات التي ما زالت حتى اللحظة تشكل عائقا أمام التغلب على مشكلة الحرب الأهلية في ذلك الإقليم».
 بريطانيا والأمن (Britain and Security)
تنطلق فكرة الدراسة من أنه «في الوقت الذي يعد فيه الخوف من غزو قوة خارجية لبريطانيا أمرا غير مطروح، فإن هناك مجموعة من التحديات الأمنية التي بدأت تفرض نفسها على صناع القرار في بريطانيا ويجب عليهم التفكير فيها. هذه التهديدات الأمنية من قبيل: الجريمة المنظمة، والأمراض المعدية، والإرهاب، وتأثيرات ما يجري من مشاكل في أنحاء أخرى من العالم على السلم الداخلي لبريطانيا. ويقدم الكتاب أسئلة أساسية عن هذه التحديات ويحاول أن يقدم مقاربات قد تفيد في التخفيف من هذه التهديدات الأمنية.

جائزة شاثام هاوس
منذ 2005، بدأ المعهد في منح جائزة سنوية لأكثر شخصية مساهمة في تطوير العلاقات الدولية إيجابيا طيلة العام. وقد وضع المعهد هذه الجائزة من أجل «المساهمة في تطوير العلاقات الدولية وبناء جسور التفاهم بين الحضارات».
الشيخة موزة.. أول امرأة تفوز بالجائزة
كانت الشيخة موزة بنت ناصر المسند، حرم سمو أمير قطر ورئيسة مجلس إدارة مؤسسة قطر للتربية والعلوم وتنمية المجتمع، قد فازت بالجائزة للعام 2007، كأول شخصية عربية وأول امرأة في العالم تقدم لها الجائزة.
وقد تسلمت الشيخة موزة هذه الجائزة من الأمير أندرو دوق يورك، الذي قام بتقديمها نيابة عن الملكة إليزابيث الثانية ملكة بريطانيا، وسط حضور كبير شمل أعضاء تشاتم هاوس وبعضاً من رجال السياسة والأكاديميين والمفكرين والإعلاميين.
وقد أعربت الشيخة موزة في كلمتها في حفل تسلم الجائزة آنذاك عن «أنها لا تعتبر الجائزة تقديرا لذاتها، وإنما تقديرا شمل جميع الذين عملوا معها بشكل متواصل لبلوغ الأهداف المشتركة لها ولزملائها وزميلاتها في كل من المجموعة رفيعة المستوى لتحالف الحضارات واليونسكو ولجميع الموظفين والمتطوعين الذين شاركوا في الرؤية وسعوا في العمل في مؤسسات الدولة المختلفة».
ونوهت الشيخة موزة إلى أن هذه الجائزة هي شهادة على مثابرة زملائها وزميلاتها وإصرارهم على العمل.
كما قالت بأن هذه المناسبة تشكل «فرصة لتقدير متبادل لما بذله تشاتم هاوس في مد الجسور بين الثقافات والحفاظ عليها فضلا عن تقديمه مساهمات في تحليل وتحسين ودعم القضايا ذات الاهتمام الدولي خلال أعوام عديدة».
وقد منح المعهد الملكي الجائزة للشيخة موزة تقديرا للدور الذي تضطلع به محليا ودوليا في مجال التعليم والتنمية الاجتماعية ومد جسور التعاون والتحالف بين الثقافات والحضارات».
كان الاختيار قد وقع على الشيخة موزة من بين خمسة مرشحين هم: كوفي عنان، الأمين العام السابق للأمم المتحدة، وآل غور، نائب الرئيس الأميركي السابق والناشط في مجال مكافحة الاحتباس الحراري، وآلن جونسون، رئيس ليبريا، وماتري آهتتساري المبعوث الخاص للأمم المتحدة في كوسوفو

انظر أيضاً
 قاعدة تشاتام هاوس
 موزة المسند.

المصادر

 جريدة العرب

تأسيسات سنة 1920 في المملكة المتحدة
تاريخ العلاقات الدولية
مبان تراثية من المستوى الأول في لندن
منازل في مدينة وستمنستر
منظمات أسست في 1920
منظمات مقرها في لندن
مؤسسات فكر ورأي سياسية خارجية وإستراتيجية مقرها في المملكة المتحدة
مؤسسات فكر ورأي سياسية واقتصادية مقرها في المملكة المتحدة
مؤسسات فكر ورأي مقرها في المملكة المتحدة

تشاتام هاوس


Mehmet Özdilek (d. 1 Nisan 1966, Samsun), Ofansif orta saha mevkiinde forma giymiş ve Şifo Mehmet lakabıyla tanınmış Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör.

13 yıl boyunca Beşiktaş'ın formasını giymiştir. 1991'de Türkiye'de Yılın Futbolcusu ödülüne layık görülmüştür. 1992'deki "Namağlup Şampiyon" olan kadroda yer almıştır. 130 gol ile tüm zamanlarda Süper Lig'in en çok gol atan yerli orta saha oyuncusudur. Ayrıca 100 golü geçerek 100'ler kulübü'ne girmiştir. 4 yıl Beşiktaş'ın kaptanlık görevini üstlenmiştir. Örnek kişiliği ile taraflı tarafsız herkesin takdirini kazanan Mehmet Özdilek 'in adına Beşiktaş tarafından Milan ile 4 Ağustos 2001 tarihinde Özel Jübile Maçı düzenlenmiştir.
BJK İnönü Stadyumu'ndaki bu maçta Beşiktaş'ın Milan'ı yenmesi ile Türk Futbol Tarihinin en görkemli jübilelerinden biri yaşandı. Maçın tüm gelirlerini bizzat Türkiye Eğitim Gönüllüleri Vakfı'na bağışlamıştır. Kariyerinde resmi maçlarda hiç kırmızı kart görmemiştir.

Kulüp takım kariyeri

İlk yıllar
Samsun'da doğan Şifo, memleketinde Samsun Ladikspor ile amatör düzeyde oynamaya başladı. Sadece 16 yaşındayken, ikinci kez Türk futboluna yükselen Kahramanmaraşspor takımı tarafından gözlemlendi. Şifo, yeni ekibinde hemen bir etki yarattı ve Kahramanmaraşspor'un ligdeki rekoru her sezon iyileşirken, lig kadrosunun düzenli bir parçası haline geldi. 1986-87 sezonunda Şifo olağanüstü bir sezon geçirdi ve ekibi zorluklara rağmen  1. Lig'in 29 gol ile en skorer ismi oldu. Sonraki sezon Kahramanmaraşspor için çok daha başarılı oldu. Kısa sürede Şifo'nun katkılarıyla takım ligin en üst noktasında yerini aldı ve ilk kez Süper Lig'e yükseldi. Sürekli olarak yüksek performansı göze çarptı ve 1987-88 sezonunun sonlarında kariyerinin kalan kısmını geçireceği Beşiktaş'a geçti.

Beşiktaş
Şifo 'nun ilk yılında Beşiktaş, Türkiye Kupasını kazandı ve ligde ikinci oldu. Takip eden yıllar takım için daha da başarılı oldu. Gordon Milne'nin yönetiminde, Beşiktaş'ın genç yıldızı, daha önce görülmemiş bir şekilde Türk futboluna hâkim olmaya başladı. 1988-89 sezonunda Beşiktaş ligde hem Türkiye Kupasında hem de ligde galibiyet aldı ve Türk futbol tarihinin en skorer oyunu olan Adana Demirspor'u 10-0 yenerek rekor kırdı. Şifo, Trabzonspor karşısında Kupa finalinde gol atarak bu görkemli sezona katkıda bulundu. Ertesi yıl Beşiktaş yine ter atmadan lig şampiyonu oldu. Takım, sezon boyunca yalnızca bir maç kaybetti ancak ekip, bir sonraki sezonda daha da iyileşme sağlamayı başardı. 1991-92 futbol sezonunda, Beşiktaş, Türk ligi organizasyonunun namağlup tek şampiyonu oldu ve Şifo 12 gol çıkardı. Rekor kıran bu sonuç dizisi, yalnızca 48. hafta sonra Beşiktaş'ın Galatasaray tarafından mağlup edildiği sonraki sezonda sona erdi. Kupa finalinde Galatasaray'a kaybettiği 1992-93 sezonunda Beşiktaş sezonunu da şiddetle sona ererken, aynı takıma 3 yıl sonra gol farkı atarak şampiyonayı kaybetti. Şifo'da 13 gol attı.
1993-94 sezonu da başarılı bir sezon değildi. 8 yıl içinde ilk kez Beşiktaş ligi ilk ikinin dışında bitirdi; Şifo'nun yüksek standartlarına kıyasla sakin bir yılı olduğu ve 8 gol attığı netleşti. Yılın tek tesellisi kulübün kupa sayısına eklenen bir başka Türkiye Kupasıydı. Gelecek sene Christoph Daum'un Milne'nin yerini alması, takımın canlandırılması ve ligin tekrar kazanılması oldu. Bu Beşiktaş ile Şifo'nun 4. şampiyonluğunu ve 8 golle sezona katkıda bulunmasını sağladı. 1995-96 sezonunda Beşiktaş ligde üçüncülükle bitiren Şifo tekrar 11 golle üst üste forma giydi. Mehmet, önümüzdeki sezon yoğun bir şekilde gol atmaya devam ederken ligde 11 gol atarken, Beşiktaş geçen sezon ile karşılaştırıldığında iyileşme sağladı ve Galatasaray'dan sonra ikinci sırada yer aldı. Bu Beşiktaş'ın en az başarılı sezonlarından birisi oldu. Takım altıncı sırada ligi bitirdi. Türkiye Kupası unvanıyla birlikte, Şifo'nun muhteşem performansı bir teselli kaynağıydı. Mehmet ligde 16 kere gol attı ve tüm oyuncular ile en skorer orta saha oyuncusu arasında en skorer üçüncü oldu. Ayrıca Galatasaray'a Kupa finalinde gol attı. Bu, Beşiktaş ile Şifo'nun 4. Kupa şampiyonluğunu aldı.
1998-99 sezonunda Beşiktaş bir kez daha 2. oldu ve Galatasaray tarafından engellendi. Kara Kartallar ligde sadece bir puan farkı ile kaybetti. Şifo da bu sezon toplam da 13 gol attı. Sonraki senaryoda aynı kaldı. Galatasaray, Beşiktaş'ın önünde dört sayı ile galibiyet alırken, Mehmet 11 gol attı. Bu sezonun Şifo için sonuncu yıl olduğu belli oldu ve 13 yıl Beşiktaş için oynadıktan sonra futboldan emekliye ayrıldı. Siyah beyaz renkler için son kez yaptığı bir değerlendirmede, İtalyan devi Milan'ın kulübü için sunduğu hizmetlerden ötürü teşekkür etti. Toplanan para, ihtiyacı olan çocuklara ücretsiz eğitim veren bir hayır kurumuna bağışlandı. Mehmet, 130 golle Feyyaz Uçar'ın ardından Beşiktaş'ın en skorer oyuncusu seçildi. Futbol kariyerinde 1990-1997 yılları arasında Türkiye millî futbol takımı için 31 maça çıktı.

Avrupa Kupaları İstatistikleri
 2000-01 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi      8 Maç
 1999-2000 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi      2 Maç
 1998-99 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası 4 Maç - 1 Gol (Spartak Trnava)
 1997-98 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi      7 Maç - 2 Gol (NK Maribor, Paris Saint-Germain)
 1996-97 UEFA Kupası                8 Maç
 1995-96 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi      2 Maç - 1 Gol (Rosenborg)
 1994-95 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası 3 Maç - 1 Gol (Auxerre)
 1993-94 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası 4 Maç - 1 Gol (Ajax)
 1992-93 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi      2 Maç
 1991-92 Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası   2 Maç - 1 Gol (PSV)
 1990-91 Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası   2 Maç
 1989-90 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası 2 Maç
 1988-89 UEFA Kupası                2 Maç

Toplam: 48 Maç

Millî takım kariyeri

31 kez A Takım, 7 kez Olimpik olmak üzere Millî formayı 38 kez giydi. 1992 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası elemeleri, 1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri ve 1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri'nde forma giymiştir.

Teknik direktör kariyeri
Uzun yıllar Beşiktaş'a kaptan olarak hizmet veren Mehmet Özdilek, futbolu bıraktıktan 10 gün sonra 1 yıl boyunca Birleşik Krallık'ta antrenörlük ve yabancı dil eğitimi aldı. Newcastle United'da sportif direktör olan Gordon Milne sayesinde önce Bobby Robson sonra ise Alex Ferguson ile tanışma fırsatı yakalamıştır. Birleşik Krallık'ta kaldığı süre boyunca kulüplerin yapılarını, sezon başı çalışmalarını ve transfer politikalarını incelemelerde bulunmuştur.

Malatyaspor
2004 yılında teknik direktörlüğe ilk adımını Malatyaspor'da attı 4 ay süren kısa deneyimi sonrası görevini bıraktı.

Millî takım
2005 Temmuz ayında Fatih Terim'in yardımcısı olarak millî takım antrenörlüğü görevine başladı. 16 Kasım 2005'te oynanan Türkiye-İsviçre maçı sonrası soyunma odasına giden İsviçreli futbolcu Valon Behrami'ye ilk çelmeyi takan Özdilek'e İsviçreli futbolcu Benjamin Huggel de bu hareketin ardından tekme attı. Özdilek, bu olay sonrasında 24 Kasım 2005 günü görevinden istifa etti.

Antalyaspor
2008-09 sezonunda Antalyaspor ile anlaştı. 2012-13 sezonunun 9. haftasında Fenerbahçe'yi Kadıköy'de 1-3'lük skorla yenerek Fenerbahçe'nin evinde 47 maçlık yenilmezlik serisine son verdi. Buna mutakiben çoğu spor yorumcusu ve eleştirmen tarafından Haftanın Teknik Direktörü seçildi.

2012-13 sezonu sonunda Antalyaspor başkanı Hasan Akıncıoğlu'nun istifa etmesinin kararı ardından teknik direktör Mehmet Özdilek de istifa ettiğini açıkladı. Mehmet Özdilek, 2008 yılından 2013 yılına kadar Antalyaspor'u çalıştırdı.

Gençlerbirliği
2012-2013 sezonunun 8. haftası sonunda ligin son sırasına yerleşen Gençlerbirliği'nin başına 9. haftadan itibaren geçen Özdilek, kırmızı siyahlı ekibin başında 26 maça çıktı. Bu maçlar sonucunda topladığı 41 puanla ekibini Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Beşiktaş ve Kardemir Karabükspor'un ardından 5. sıraya kadar çıkaran Özdilek, Gençlerbirliği ile ligi 45 puanla 9. sırada tamamladı. Kulübün transfer politikası konusunda kulüp yönetimi ile anlaşamayan Özdilek, 26 Mayıs 2014'te karşılıklı anlaşma ile sözleşmesini feshetti.

Çaykur Rizespor
2014-15 sezonu başında Uğur Tütüneker'den boşalan teknik direktörlük görevine getirildi. 11 Aralık 2014 tarihinde ligin 12.haftasının ardından karşılıklı anlaşarak takımdan ayrılmıştır. Takımın başında çıktığı 12 maçta 2 galibiyet, 4 beraberlik ve 6 mağlubiyet almıştır. Türkiye Kupasının 3. turunda ise Sebat Proje Trabzon Akcaabat'ı eleyerek gruplara kalmıştır.

Kayseri Erciyesspor
10 Ocak 2015 tarihinde Uğur Tütüneker'den boşalan Kayseri Erciyesspor teknik direktörlük görevine getirilmiştir. 24 Mart 2015 tarihinde görevinden istifa ettiğini açıklamıştır. Takımın başında çıktığı 9 maçta 2 galibiyet ve 7 mağlubiyet elde etti.

Gençlerbirliği
1 Eylül 2015'te ikinci kez Gençlerbirliği teknik direktörlüğüne getirildi. 13 Aralık 2015'te kulüpten ayrılmıştır.

Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor

27 Eylül 2018 tarihinde Mehmet Altıparmak'ın ardından BB Erzurumspor'un teknik direktörlük görevine getirildi.

Denizlispor

11 Ekim 2019 tarihinde Denizlispor teknik direktörlüğüne getirildi. 15 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kulüpten ayrılmıştır.

Kariyer istatistikleri

Kulüp takım
 Tüm maçları ve gollerini içerir. Asistleri arşivlerde yer almadığı içermez.

1Diğer müsabakaları içerir; Başbakanlık Kupası, Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası, Donanma Kupası

 Millî takım

 Teknik direktörlük

 Başarıları ve ödülleri

 Kulüp
Kahramanmaraşspor (1 Kupa)
 1. Lig: 1988

 Beşiktaş
Kazanılan (19 Kupa)
 Süper Lig: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995
 Türkiye Kupası: 1989, 1990, 1994, 1998
 Türkiye Süper Kupası: 1989, 1992, 1994, 1998
 Başbakanlık Kupası: 1997
 Atatürk Kupası: 2000
 Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1996

İkincilik (12 Kupa)
 Süper Lig: 1989, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2000
 Türkiye Kupası: 1993, 1999
 Türkiye Süper Kupası: 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995
 Başbakanlık Kupası: 1996

 Bireysel
 1986-87 Gol Krallığı 1. Lig (Kahramanmaraşspor) (29 Gol)
 1987-88 Gol Krallığı 1. Lig (Kahramanmaraşspor) (26 Gol)
 Avrupa Kupaları'nda Toplam (7 Gol)
 Türkiye Süper Ligde Toplam (130 gol)
 100'ler kulübü Üyesi (386 maçta 130 gol)
 Beşiktaş ile 16 Kasım 1991'de, Fenerbahçe'ye en erken golü atan oyuncu (37.sn)
 Beşiktaş'ın 1992'den sonra lig Derbilerinde 4 gol atan iki futbolcusundan ilki.(1991/1992 Mehmet Özdilek (4 gol))(2015/2016 Mario Gomez (4 gol))
 Beşiktaş'ın kuruluş tarihi olan 1903. gol'ünü atan oyuncu (05.04.1997 tarihinde 5-1 Beşiktaş'ın kazandığı Beşiktaş-Gaziantepspor maçında atılan ilk gol.'')
 Türkiye Liglerinde kırmızı kart görmeyen oyuncu
 Beşiktaş'ın Avrupa kupaları'nda en çok forma giyen 2. futbolcusu (48 maç)  (Rekor 56 maç ile İbrahim Üzülmez'e ait.)
 Beşiktaş formasıyla Süper Lig'de tüm zamanlarda en çok gol atan yerli orta saha oyuncusu (130 gol)
 Süper Lig'de tüm zamanlarda en çok gol atan yerli orta saha oyuncusu (130 gol)
 Türkiye Kupası Toplam 12 Gol
 Türkiye Kupası gol kralı 1990: (4 gol) (Feyyaz Uçar, Erhan Kiremitçi, Nenad Bijedić ile birlikte.)
 513 müsabakayla Beşiktaş'ın 1959'dan bu yana resmi maçlarda Rıza Çalımbay'dan sonra en çok forma giyen 2. futbolcusu
 Beşiktaş'ın Süper Lig tarihinde en çok maç oynayan 3. futbolcusu (386 maç)
 Beşiktaş'ın kuruluşundan bu yana resmi maçlarda en çok gol atan 4. futbolcusu (156 gol)
 Beşiktaş'ın Feyyaz Uçar'dan sonra Süper Lig'de en çok gol atan 2. futbolcusu (130 gol)
 Türkiye Eğitim Gönüllüleri Vakfı Yılın Başarılı Vakfı Ödülü: 2001
 Milliyet Spor Ödülleri Onur Ödülü: 2001
 Milliyet Spor Ödülleri Onur Ödülü: 2002
 Milliyet Spor Ödülleri Yılın Futbolcusu: 1991
 Milliyet Spor Ödülleri Yılın Futbolcusu: 1998
 Milliyet Spor Ödülleri Şeref Kürsüsü Ödülü: 1999
 Türkiye Millî Olimpiyat Komitesi Metin Oktay ödülü: 1998
 Memurlar Vakfı Ödül Töreni  Başarılı ve Örnek Sporcu Ödülü: 1999
 Gökçe Karataş 3. Spor, Sanat ve Eğitim Ödülleri: Yılın Eğitime Destek Ödülü: 2001
 Pertevniyal Lisesi Okul ve Öğrencileri Koruma Derneği Örnek Futbolcu Ödülü: 2001
 2. Altın Pusula Ödülleri: Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Ödülü; Şifo Mehmet Jübilesi: 2002
 Bebek Rotary Kulübü Meslek Hizmet Ödülü
 Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü Hizmet Plaketi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 BJK Profili
 FIFA Profili

  Transfermarkt T.Direktör Profili
  Transfermarkt Futbolcu Profili

 Maçkolik Antrenör Profili
 Gazetebilkent.com Mehmet Özdilek röportajı
 Mehmet Özdilek Biyografi
 Bu Formayı taşımak Disiplin ister
 Şifo Mehmet Efsanesi
 Mehmet Özdilek Listeleri
 Boyu küçük futbolu büyük efsane
 Jübile Klibi
 Mehmet Özdilek Jübilesi
 Güzel Oyun: Mehmet Özdilek
 Quiz: Mehmet Özdilek
 21 Şifo Mehmet Golü
 Şifo Mehmet En güzel golünü seçti
 Beşiktaş'ın 1. Efsane Kaptanı
 Gani Müjde ile Şifo Mehmet Röportajı

Yaşayan insanlar
1966 doğumlular
Samsun doğumlu futbolcular
Ladik doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türk teknik direktörler
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Kahramanmaraşspor futbolcuları
Antalyaspor teknik direktörleri
Malatyaspor teknik direktörleri
Gençlerbirliği SK teknik direktörleri
Sarıyer SK teknik direktörleri
Denizlispor teknik direktörleri
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig 100'ler kulübü futbolcuları
Özdilek
1. Lig gol kralları
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
1. Lig futbolcuları
Türk futbol yorumcuları
Forvet futbolcular
Beşiktaş JK kaptanları
Kanat futbolcuları
Konyaspor teknik direktörleri
Erzurumspor FK teknik direktörleri

Mehmet Özdilek


Kapucineraben (Cebus capucinus), også kaldet hvidhalset kapucinerabe, er en art blandt den nye verdens aber (vestaber). Den er hjemmehørende i skovene i Mellemamerika og den aller nordligste del af Sydamerika. Kapucineraben er blandt de bedst kendte aber. Den er mest sort, men med et lyserødt ansigt og med hvid pels på meget af kroppens forside.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Pelsaber

Kapucinerabe


The Little Miami River () is a Class I tributary of the Ohio River that flows  through five counties in southwestern Ohio in the United States. The Little Miami joins the Ohio River east of Cincinnati. It forms parts of the borders between Hamilton and Clermont counties and between Hamilton and Warren counties. The Little Miami River is one of 156 American rivers designated by the U.S. Congress or the Secretary of the Interior as a National Wild and Scenic River and lends its name to the adjacent Little Miami Scenic Trail.

Hydrography

The Little Miami River is a tributary of the Ohio River. It is part of a watershed that drains a  area in 11 southwestern Ohio counties: Clark, Montgomery, Madison, Greene, Warren, Butler, Clinton, Clermont, Brown, Hamilton, and Highland. The river discharges on average  into the Ohio River. An average of  flow through the river proper; after heavy rains, the river flow may rise to .

Tributaries of the Little Miami include Beaver Creek, Sugar Creek, the East Fork Little Miami, North Fork, Todd's Fork, Duck Creek, Caesar Creek, Massie Creek, and Turtle Creek.  Yellow Springs Creek, fed in part by its tributary Birch Creek, join the Little Miami within the boundary of the Glen Helen Nature Preserve.  The river's main tributary, the East Fork of the Little Miami, was dammed in 1977 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to create Harsha Lake, located in East Fork State Park. Similarly, in 1973, the Army Corps dammed Caesar Creek to create Caesar Creek Lake, located in Caesar Creek State Park.

The river's headwaters, considered part of the North Fork, are located about  from South Charleston in Clark County, near Plattsburgh. The river empties into the Ohio River at California, a neighborhood of Cincinnati in Hamilton County. Between the headwaters and the mouth, there is a  decrease in elevation.

History
The Little Miami River is named for the Miami, an Algonquian-speaking Native American people who lived in the region during the early days of white settlement. Historically, the river formed the eastern boundary of the Symmes Purchase and the western boundary of the Virginia Military District.

In 1967 The Ohio University Development Planning Institute (Athens, Ohio) published "The Little Miami of Ohio; A Study of a Wild and Scenic River". This 56-page booklet, illustrated with maps and black and white photographs, first presented the idea of a corridor of parks and natural areas along the river.

In June 1967 Dayton newspaper editor Glenn Thompson would bring together educator Arthur Morgan, business leader Charles Sawyer, and outdoor enthusiast Corwin Fred to form Little Miami Incorporated, dedicated to the preservation of the Little Miami River. Mr. Thompson was the editor of the Dayton Journal-Herald in the late 1950s, and a strong advocate for the preservation of green space in the Miami Valley. The members of the newly formed Little Miami Incorporated would convince Ohio Congressman Clarence Brown to ask for inclusion of the Little Miami in the final list of 27 rivers to be studied for a proposed Scenic Rivers Bill.

The 1968 Wild and Scenic River Act designated portions of the Little Miami National Scenic River as Ohio's first National Wild and Scenic River. On April 23 of following year, the Little Miami State Scenic River from Milford to the headwaters became Ohio's first State Scenic River, due to legislation that predated the national act by a few months. The remainder of the river was added to the State Scenic River in 1971.

Hydropower of the Little Miami River was developed into the largest privately owned ammunition manufacturing center between New England and the Mississippi River. Company towns for the Miami Powder Company and Peters Cartridge Company were built at Goes Station and Kings Mills, respectively. The portion of Peters Cartridge Company factory on the opposite side of the river from Kings Mills in Hamilton Township, which closed in 1944 and is now owned by DuPont, was declared a Superfund site in 1996. Since then, studies by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency have established that the site no longer poses an environmental hazard to the nearby river. Even so, the site was listed as a Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) site by the Environmental Protection Agency in April 2012 for copper, lead and mercury soil contamination. In September 2018, 15 acres of the 71-acre site was removed for the NPL after successful cleanup goals were achieved.

Ecology

The Little Miami River is home to at least 87 species of fish, as well as many species of turtles, frogs, water snakes, birds, mammals and invertebrates. The river contains 36 species of mussels, including two threatened species, one of which is endangered. Ohio considers five of the species to be endangered. Recently, zebra mussels and Asiatic clams have crowded out native species.

The river is protected by a number of nature preserves owned by Little Miami Inc., as well as by state and local parks (see below).

Recreation
The Little Miami River is a National Scenic River. A series of state and county parks and bike trails have been built along the river, primarily the Little Miami Scenic Trail, which is concurrent with the Buckeye Trail and Little Miami Scenic State Park. Most of these trails have been built along the abandoned rail grades that run along the river (see Rail trail). The Ohio to Erie Trail project, under construction, aims to link these trails to other trails statewide to create a single bike trail from Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

The Little Miami is also popular among canoers and anglers.  There are several canoe liveries along its course and the smallmouth bass fishing in the river is among the best in the state. For a river its size and considering that it drains mainly agricultural land, the water quality of the Little Miami River is excellent. Visitors may see a variety of wildlife including several varieties of turtles, mallards, and other ducks, Canada geese and blue herons.

Places and point of interest
The following places, towns, and points of interest are located on the Little Miami starting at the headwaters in Clark County and proceeding down the river to its mouth on the Ohio River.

 Clark County – Headwaters of river
 Greene County, Ohio
 Clifton and Clifton Mill
 John Bryan State Park and Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve
 Yellow Springs and Glen Helen Nature Preserve
 Beavercreek Township
 Sugarcreek Township
 Bellbrook
 Spring Valley
 Warren County
 Waynesville
 Corwin
 Caesar Creek Gorge – mouth of Caesar Creak leading to Caesar Creek Gorge and Lake.
 Oregonia
 Mathers Mill – canoe livery, public access
 Jeremiah Morrow Bridge – Interstate 71 bridge crossing over the river valley
 Fort Ancient – canoe livery, public access
 Morrow – canoe livery, mouth of Todds Fork tributary
 South Lebanon
 Kings Mills – historic Peters Cartridge factory
 Fosters – historic settlement & public access
 Clermont County east side of river, Hamilton County west side of river
 Chateau LaRoche Museum, also known as Loveland Castle (Hamilton County)
 Loveland – canoe livery (Hamilton and Clermont County)
 Lake Isabella, Ohio – (Hamilton County Park)
 Milford – (Clermont County)
 Hamilton County
 Terrace Park
 Mariemont
 Cincinnati
 Lunken Field – Cincinnati Municipal Airport is along the bank of the river
 Ohio River – mouth of the Little Miami River

See also
 Great Miami River
 List of rivers of Ohio
 Little Miami Railroad
 Little Miami Bike Trail

References

External links

 Buckeye Trail
 Loveland Bike Trail
 Ohio to Erie Trail
 Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve
 Little Miami, Inc. (LMI), a non-profit conservation group

Rivers of Ohio
Tributaries of the Ohio River
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States
Rivers of Clark County, Ohio
Rivers of Clermont County, Ohio
Rivers of Hamilton County, Ohio
Rivers of Greene County, Ohio
Rivers of Warren County, Ohio

Little Miami River


شعب ال دهمي إحدى قرى مركز القفل التابع لمحافظة صامطة الواقعة في منطقة جازان جنوب غرب السعودية.

نبذة
شعب آل دهمي عبارة عن قرية صغيرة تقع بين وادي ليه ووادي المغياله من الجنوب، وهي منطقة خصبة صالحة للزراعة. أول من سكنها هو دهمي علي أبوعقيل وسبب تسميتها بآل دهمي نسبة إلى دهمي شيخ القرية في حينه، عمرها يقارب مئة وخمسين عام تقريباً. تعداد سكانها لايتجاوز الالف نسمه ويتواجد فيها عدد من القبائل أبرزها أبو عقيل والمحنشي والعكور والعريشي السلامي والشبيلي والنجمي وبعض الجاليات اليمنية القدماء وتلك القبائل تتواجد بنسب متفاوتة.

مصادر

قرى منطقة جازان

شعب آل دهمي


Walter Hadye Lin̄i (1942 – 21 February 1999) was a Raga Anglican priest and politician who was the first Prime Minister of Vanuatu, from independence in 1980 to 1991. He was born at Agatoa village, Pentecost Island. On his mother's side, he was a descendant of the high chief Virasangvulu, while on his father's side, he was descended from the famous weaver, Nuenue, as well as from the high chief Viralalau.

Lini was a key figure in Vanuatu's struggle for independence. He was a key proponent of Melanesian socialism.

Early life
Lin̄i started school at the age of five when he attended the Australian Missionary Sunday School at Lamalanga on North Pentecost. In 1950, he began attending Nazareth School at Agatoa.  From there, he attended Vureas School on Aoba. After finishing school, Lin̄i worked in the Anglican Diocesan office at Lolowai, before undertaking theological training at St Peter's College in Siota, Solomon Islands and St John's College, Auckland.

After returning from  his studies in New Zealand, Lin̄i, along with Donald Kalpokas and John Bani, formed the New Hebrides Cultural Association and launched its mouthpiece newspaper, New Hebrides Viewpoint. At that time, New Hebrides was a condominium ruled by the United Kingdom and France. Soon after the formation of the New Hebrides Cultural Association, Lin̄i and others formed the New Hebrides National Party (NHNP), with Lin̄i responsible for publishing the newspaper as well as recruiting party members on Aoba, North Pentecost and Maewo. In 1974, the Party Congress elected Lin̄i as full-time national president of the party, with Fred Timakata vice-president. In May, 1974, Lin̄i addressed the United Nations Committee of 24 on decolonisation, and called for independence for the New Hebrides by 1977.

Political career
Lin̄i was instrumental in the NHNP changing its name to the Vanua'aku Pati (VP). He was elected Chief Minister following the VP's victory in the 1979 New Hebridean general election, and ascended to the position of Prime Minister upon Vanuatu's independence on July 30, 1980.

Lin̄i went on to lead the VP to victory in the 1983 and the 1987 general elections.

Lini suffered a stroke in 1987 but subsequently remained active in politics.

Lin̄i's administration was very controversial in because of its ties with the Eastern Bloc, Libya, and other communist and socialist countries viewed with disdain by the United States and its staunch opposition to nuclear testing in the region. He was the primary advocate of Melanesian socialism. Lini was a critic of Western market economies, arguing that they caused poverty in the Third World. Vanuatu was a part of the non-aligned movement. Vanuatu provided support to the Kanak indigenous independence movement in New Caledonia and was the only country in the region to support the independence of East Timor, then under Indonesian occupation, to self-determination.

In 1988, President Ati George Sokomanu sought unsuccessfully to remove Lini from office.

His term ended in 1991, due to factionalism within his party. He joined the National United Party, of which he was leader at the time of his death.

He died of an illness in Vanuatu's capital Port Vila.

Personal life
His sister, Hilda Lin̄i, and brother, Ham Lin̄i, are also politicians in Vanuatu. His sister Heather Lin̄i-Leo Matas was the first indigenous female lawyer in the country.

See also
 Coconut War
 Melanesian socialism

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Stuart, Andrew.  Of Cargoes, Colonies and Kings: Diplomatic and Administrative Service from Africa to the Pacific, Radcliffe Press, 2009.
 Robie, David.  Blood on their Banner : Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific, Zed Books, 1990.
 Premadas, Ralph R.  Melanesian socialism: Vanuatu's quest for self-definition (Discussion paper series / Centre for Developing-Area Studies), McGill University, 1986.
 Lin̄i, Walter.  Beyond pandemonium: From the New Hebrides to Vanuatu.  Asia Pacific Books, 1980.
 Lin̄i, Walter, ed.  Vanuatu: Twenti Wan Tingting Long Team Blong Independents, Institute of Pacific Studies, 1980.
 Shears, Richard. The Coconut War: The Crisis on Espiritu Santo, Cassel, 1980.
 Tabani, Marc. 2000. "Walter Lin̄i, la coutume de Vanuatu et le Socialisme Mélanésien". Journal de la Société des Océanistes 111(2): 173–195.

Prime Ministers of Vanuatu
Presidents of Vanuatu
Vanuatuan Anglican priests
Vanua'aku Pati politicians
Vanuatuan socialists
1942 births
1999 deaths
History of Vanuatu
People from Penama Province
1970s in Vanuatu
1980s in Vanuatu
Anglican socialists
Oceanian Christian socialists
Members of the Parliament of Vanuatu

Walter Lini


Ayôdélé, de son nom civil Gloria Jemima Lawson, est une chanteuse, interprète et percussionniste bénino-togolaise née le .

Biographie

Enfance et études
Ayôdélé est née le 27 août 1997 au Bénin d'une mère béninoise et d'un père togolais compositeur et guitariste.  Elle baigne dès son enfance dans le monde musical en chantant à ses cinq ans dans l'orchestre de son père ainsi qu'à la messe. À huit ans elle écrit ses propres textes qui parlent d'enfants, d'amitié et d'amour du prochain. À treize ans, elle compose un titre en hommage à sa mère, qu'elle a perdu plus jeune à la naissance de sa sœur cadette.

Ayôdélé, après son baccalauréat fait une année d'étude en linguistique à  l'Université d'Abomey Calavi et s'inscrit ensuite en Marketing et Communication digitale à l'Institut Cerco.

Carrière
Ayôdélé commence par la création avec son directeur artistique Edison Konfo d'une ONG qui s'oriente vers la promotion de l'art et la culture et au soutien aux personnes défavorisées. Elle la baptise Ayôdélé (la joie est venue à la maison), qui devient son nom de scène. Elle joue des instruments de percussion, en particulier l'Ogbon, un instrument initialement réservé aux hommes et dont la percussion provoque la transe chez les adeptes du vaudou.

Elle reçu le deuxième prix Découvertes RFI en 2017, pour son titre Kpakpato et depuis, sa carrière s'accélère. Elle a à son actif de nombreux singles et prestations sur scènes. Elle est l'auteure de plusieurs autres titres notamment Fimilè, Partagez, Chéco, Ifèmi.  Son art bénéficie d'une richesse linguistique à savoir le fon, le mahi, l'idaasha, le yorouba, le français, l'anglais.

Elle est nommée en Janvier 2020 jeune ambassadrice de la paix par le Youth and Students for Peace et représente l'Afrique en Corée du sud. Elle se produit en Côte d'Ivoire lors de la 12ème édition du Marché des Arts du Spectacle d'Abidjan (MASA 2022); et est reçue après sa performance par A'salfo, le leader du groupe Magic System.

En 2022 Ayôdélé prépare la sortie de son premier album.

Prix et distinctions
 Deuxième prix Découvertes RFI, 2017.
 Nominée jeune ambassadrice de la paix par le Youth and Students for Peace, 2020.

Notes et Références

Naissance en août 1997
Chanteuse béninoise
Percussionniste
Étudiant de l'université d'Abomey-Calavi

Ayôdélé


Cloud Nothings ist eine US-amerikanische Lo-Fi-Band aus Cleveland, Ohio. Sie wird auch dem Indie-Rock zugerechnet.

Geschichte
Der Frontmann der Band, Dylan Baldi, gründete die Band im Jahr 2009, um sich seine Zeit an der Case Western Reserve University zu "versüßen". Zu ihm stießen bald die übrigen Mitglieder Joe Boyer, TJ "Juck" Duke und Jayson Gerycz.

Das erste Album von Cloud Nothings wurde am 12. Oktober 2010 unter dem Namen Turning On veröffentlicht und erhielt positive Bewertungen. So bewertete es unter anderem das Musikportal Pitchfork mit einer 7,9.

Die Veröffentlichung des zweiten Albums Cloud Nothings folgte bereits am 25. Januar 2011. Dieses wurde in Baltimore aufgenommen und ebenfalls positiv bewertet.

Fast auf den Tag genau ein Jahr später, am 24. Januar 2012, wurde das dritte Album der Band mit dem Namen Attack On Memory veröffentlicht. Dieses wurde auch in Deutschland wahrgenommen, sodass unter anderem der Bayerische Rundfunk einen Artikel über das Werk schrieb und den Sound der Band darin mit Kurt Cobain verglich. Als Produzent des Albums heuerte die Band den Nirvana-Produzenten Steve Albini an.

Alle drei Alben wurden bei Carpark Records veröffentlicht.

Diskografie

Alben
 Turning On (12. Oktober 2010)
 Cloud Nothings (25. Januar 2011)
 Attack on Memory (24. Januar 2012)
 Here and Nowhere Else (1. April 2014)
 Life Without Sound (27. Januar 2017)
 Last Building Burning (19. Oktober 2018)
 The Black Hole Understands (2020)
 The Shadow I Remember (2021)

Singles
 Play Didn't You (2010)
 Leave You Forever (2010)
 No Future/No Past (2012)
 I'm Not Part of Me (2014)

Trivia
 Ein Großteil der Songs des ersten Albums wurde an Baldis Computer in seinem Haus in Westlake aufgenommen.
 Attack on Memory wurde als erstes Album 2012 in die "Best New Music"-Kategorie bei Pitchfork eingeordnet.
 Der Bandname entspringt einer Liste von Fake-Bands, für die Dylan Baldi während seines Saxophon-Studiums wahllos Myspace-Seiten erstellt hatte.

Quellen

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

 Cloud Nothings bei Facebook
 Cloud Nothings bei Pitchfork

US-amerikanische Band
Indie-Band
Rockband

Cloud Nothings


RationalWiki (RW) este o enciclopedie wiki online implicată în studiul și furnizarea de articole privind o serie de subiecte legate de știință, scepticism, gândire critică. În același timp, RationalWiki critică știința marginală, pseudoștiința, fundamentalismul și autoritarismul politic. Creat în anul 2007, RationalWiki a devenit treptat un amplu proiect wiki. RW are în prezent 6,752 de articole și versiuni principale în engleză și rusă.

Scopul creării proiectului a fost o contrapondere wiki-ului Conservapedia, care a interzis accesul mai multor utilizatori de a edita sau publica articole pe site.În 2010 a fost fondată organizația non-profit RationalWiki Foundation Inc, pentru  gestionarea cheltuielilor de funcționare ale site-ului. În iulie 2013, numele a fost schimbat în Fundația RationalMedia.

Obiective
 Crearea unei liste complete a teoriilor marginale
 Studii de autoritarism și fundamentalism
 Analiza religiei și a fundamentalismului
 Furnizarea de informații privind cercetarea avansată
 Analiză a modului în care aceste subiecte sunt prezentate în mass-media.

Din perspectivă ideologică, RationalWiki susține libertatea religioasă, ateismul, feminismul și drepturile LGBT și critică conservatorismul și libertarianismul drept. RationalWiki folosește deseori sarcasm și umor brut în articolele sale.

O parte semnificativă a activității RationalWiki este dedicată criticii și monitorizării Conservapedia.

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de Wikiuri
 Citizendium
 Everipedia

Legături externe
 Pagina web oficială
 RationalMedia Foundation

Wikiuri
Enciclopedii online
Site-uri web din Statele Unite ale Americii
Proiecte pe software MediaWiki
Comunități Wiki
Enciclopedii din domeniul public
Liberalism
Secularism
Scepticism
Enciclopedii din secolul al XXI-lea
Fondări în 2007

RationalWiki


حاوي الهوى قرية سورية تتبع ناحية مركز الرقة في منطقة مركز الرقة في محافظة الرقة. بلغ عدد سكانها 1651 نسمة في عام 2004 حسب إحصاء المكتب المركزي للإحصاء.

حاوي الهوى تقع في الجهة الغربية لمحافظة الرقة، وتبعد عنها حوالي 10 كم، يعمل أغلب سكانها في الزراعة وتتميز بهوائها العليل وتقع إلى جانبها آثار قلعة هرقلة.

مراجع

حاوي الهوى

حاوي الهوى


RFA Bayleaf (A109) was a Leaf-class support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Construction
Bayleaf was one of four ships ordered from Cammell Laird at Birkenhead in 1973, and laid down in 1975 as the Hudson Sound. When the ordering company ran into financial difficulties, the ships were laid up, and later were offered for sale or charter. The ship was finally launched on 27 October 1981, and when completed on 25 March 1982 she was then bareboat chartered to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and renamed Bayleaf.

Service history
She was almost immediately put into active service, and sailed to Gibraltar and Ascension Island en route for service in "Operation Corporate" – the Falklands War – in company with . She arrived in the Total Exclusion Zone on 9 June 1982, finally returning to Devonport on 31 August.

In January 1991 she sailed from the UK to relieve  during "Operation Granby" – the First Gulf War.

On 1 March 1997 she collided with the Royal Yacht  while carrying out a replenishment at sea (RAS) off Karachi.

In 2001 Bayleaf was purchased outright by the MoD.

From January 2003 to April 2003 she was deployed for "Operation Telic" – the Second Gulf War.

Following the reductions to the Royal Navy fleet outlined in the 2010 "Strategic Defence and Security Review" it was decided that Bayleaf would be paid off in April 2011. The RFA Ensign was scheduled to be lowered for the final time on 20 April 2011 at HMNB Devonport. Following this, the ex-RFA Bayleaf was towed out of Portsmouth on 2 August 2012 to Aliaga in Turkey where the ship was broken up.

See also
 Bristol Group

References

Ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
Leaf-class tankers
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1981 ships

RFA Bayleaf (A109)


South of Hell este un serial TV american din 2015 de ficțiune supranaturală și de groază. În rolul principal joacă actrița Mena Suvari. Serialul a fost comandat de WE tv care a făcut o cerere de opt episoade pentru un prim sezon care a avut premiera TV la 27 noiembrie 2015. Episoadele sunt disponibile online pe iTunes.

Prezentare

În Charleston, Carolina de Sud, Maria și David Abascal sunt doi frați care lucrează ca vânători de demoni. În corpul Mariei se află un demon numit Abigail, care se hrănește cu Răul pe care Maria îl exorcizează din alte persoane. În timp ce  Maria duce lupta sa împotriva demonilor,  ea trebuie să găsească o cale de a o exorciza pe Abigail din trupul ei. A scăpa de Abigail nu este o sarcină ușoară deoarece ea consideră că este extrem de atrăgător să locuiască adânc într-un suflet aflat în conflict, așa cum este cel al Mariei.

Distribuție

Mena Suvari ca Maria Abascal, vânător de demoni
Zachary Booth ca David Abascal, fratele Mariei
Bill Irwin ca Enos Abascal, tată lui Grace, Maria și al lui David și conducător de cult
Drew Moerlein ca Dusty,  om bun la toate, fost militar, vecinul Mariei
Lamman Rucker ca Rev. Elijah Bledsoe, un preot
Paulina Singer ca Grace, fiica reverendului
Lydia Hearst ca Charlotte Roberts
Slate Holmgren ca Sweetmouth, distribuitorul local de droguri
Lauren Velez ca Tetra, un informator spiritual

Episoade

Producție
Ti West, Rachel Talalay, Jennifer Lynch și Jeremiah Chechik au regizat episoade diferite. Tema muzicală de deschidere a serialului este cântecul "Wild Side" al trupei Cross My Heart Hope To Die.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Supernatural

Seriale de televiziune americane
Seriale de televiziune din 2015
Seriale de televiziune de groază
Seriale thriller
Seriale supranaturale

South of Hell


Kimwaua Makin (rođen 8. kolovoza 1997.) je kiribatski sprinter. Natjecao se na utrci na 100 metara na Svjetskom prvenstvu u atletici 2015. u Pekingu u Kini, zauzevši sedmo mjesto u svojoj utrci. Na Ljetnim olimpijskim igrama mladih 2014. ostvario je svoj osobni rekord od 11,77.

Povezani članci
 Kiribati na Svjetskom prvenstvu u atletici 2015.

Izvori

Sprinteri
Šport na Kiribatiju
Životopisi, Kiribati

Kimwaua Makin


I nordisk mytologi var Gjuke en sagnkonge, stamfar til "gjukungerne", dvs. modsvarigheden til den sydgermanske æt nibelungerne. Han var gift med den troldkyndige Grimhild. De mest kendte medlemmer af ætten er Gunnar Gjukeson og Gudrun Gjukedotter. Desuden sønnerne Høgne og Guttorm. De er nogle af hovedpersonerne i sagnkredsen om Vølsungeætten, Vølsungerne.

Gjuke har muligvis sin oprindelse i en historisk person burgunderkongen Gibica i begyndelsen af folkevandringstiden, omkring 400 e.Kr.

Se også
 Völsungasaga − Sigurd Fafnersbane, gift med Gudrun Gjukadotter
 Gundahar (†436) efterfølger som burgundisk konge
 Richard Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 'Gjuke' af Finn Stefánsson i DSD, Den Store Danske

Mennesker i nordisk mytologi

Gjuke


Thirsk is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England known for its racecourse; quirky yarnbomber displays, and depiction as local author James Herriot's fictional Darrowby.

History

Archeological finds indicate there was a settlement in Thirsk around 500–600 BC. The town's name is derived from the Old Norse word þresk meaning fen or lake.

Thirsk is mentioned twice in the 1086 Domesday Book as Tresche, in the Yarlestre wapentake, a village with ten households. At the time of the Norman invasion the manor was split between Orm and Thor, local Anglo-Saxon landowners. Afterwards, it was split between Hugh, son of Baldric and the Crown.

House of Mowbray
Most of Thirsk was granted to a Robert from Montbray for whose descendant House of Mowbray the vale of Mowbray is named.

By 1145, what is now Old Thirsk, gained a Market charter giving it town and borough status. The remaining land in the parish was still under manorial rights.

The Mowbray family built a castle on the north side of Castlegate. It is not mentioned in the Domesday Book and an exact date is not recorded for construction but it was known to be completely destroyed by 1176 following an uprising against Henry II.

William de Mowbray, 6th Baron of Thirsk, 4th Baron Mowbray, was one of the 25 executors of the Magna Carta in 1215. The Mowbrays built a manor house on the old castle site, this was destroyed by the Scots in 1322. The manor itself continued to be in the Mowbrays possession, despite several claims, until the death of the 16th Lord Mowbray in 1476.

Berkeley and Derby
After the War of the Roses, Henry VII raised taxes, and that caused uprisings in the north. This led to the murder of Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, on The Little Green, where he was sent to collect taxes, or in nearby South Kilvington.

With no direct succession, the daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk inherited the manor, who had married into the Berkeley family. Her son William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley inherited it on her death. For some years, the manor was held by Thomas Stanley Earl of Derby, whose successors held it after William's death until 1723.

Bell, Industrial Revolution and modern
In that year, it was sold by James Earl of Derby to Ralph Bell (MP) of Sowerby, "whose descendants thereafter held the manor". It remained in the Bell family into the 20th century.

Thirsk Hall in Kirkgate is a grade II* listed three-storey town house built in 1720 and extended in 1770 by York architect John Carr.

A 1767 Act of Parliament provided for building a navigable waterway to the town from the River Swale along Cod Beck. The project ran out of funds and was never completed, although remains can be seen of the wharf and a lock near Lock Bridge. The Thirsk Poor Law Union was formed in 1837 and covered a large part of the North Riding of Yorkshire. A workhouse was erected in Sutton Road in 1838.

A rail crash occurred at Manor House signal box on 2 November 1892, on the North Eastern Railway about  north of Thirsk railway station, when an express train collided with the back of a goods train, both heading south in fog. There were 10 people killed and 43 injured. Another took place on 31 July 1967 on the East Coast Main Line. On that occasion an express train travelling north collided with a derailed freight train. Seven people were killed and 45 injured.

Governance

Thirsk has been in the Thirsk and Malton Parliamentary constituency since its creation for the 2010 general election. Kevin Hollinrake was elected MP at the 2015 UK general election.

The town was a parliamentary borough that had representation in 1295 and then from 1547 to 1885. For the majority of the latter period, it was represented by two members until 1882 when it was reduced to one member.

The constituency of Thirsk and Malton was originally created for the 1885 General Elections by the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 and existed until 1983. During that period it returned six Conservative party members to parliament, which included one by-election in 1915.

The Civil Parish of Thirsk was created by the Local Government Act 1894. The Local Government Act 1972 afforded Parish Councils the opportunity to change titles. Thirsk renamed itself a Town Council. In so doing, the Chairman was also renamed as Mayor. The council is represented by eleven Councillors. The town council meets at Thirsk and Sowerby Town Hall.

Geography

Thirsk is in the Vale of Mowbray and situated around the Cod Beck. Within Thirsk, Norby lies to the north-west, and Old Thirsk to the north-east. The separate parish of Sowerby abuts to the south.

Nearby villages with names of Danish origin, identified by the suffix by meaning village or farmstead, include Thirlby, Boltby and Borrowby.

Demography

The 1881 UK Census recorded the population of the parish as 3,337.

The parish had a population of 4,703 according to the 2001 Census.

The 2011 UK Census recorded the population as 4,998, an increase of 33% over the past 120 years, with a density of 3.9 people per hectare. Of the total population, 48.9% were male and 51.1% were female. The ethnic make up of the town was 94.3% White British, 3.0% Other White, 0.9% Asian British and 0.2% Black/Mixed and other Ethnic Groups. The religious composition of the town was 71.7% Christian, 27.4% None or no religion stated, 0.3% Muslim, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Jewish and 0.0% Sikh.

Economy

Thirsk's medieval market place in the town centre hosts an open-air market each Monday and Saturday. The market was established in 1145 and remains a focal point for traders and visitors. Tourism and hospitality are major parts of the town's economy.

Severfield plc based on nearby former RAF Dalton, and VetUK are significant employers in the area.

Thirsk has a livestock auction market to the south-east of the town.

The town had a reputation for its leather tanning and saddlery trade, but by the 19th century was better known for the production of agricultural implements.

Culture

Thirsk Museum is operated by a team of volunteers in the house where Thomas Lord was born.

Ritz Cinema opened in 1912 and may be one of Britain's oldest operating cinemas.

The town's former courthouse has been an arts space since 1992.

The World of James Herriot is a visitor attraction in the former home and veterinary surgery of author James Herriot.

Photography for Pulp's Different Class album art was taken around Thirsk and includes shots of Thirsk Market Place, Hambleton Estate, Tesco's supermarket on Station Road, and  Ripon Way in nearby Carlton Miniott. Local children feature in pictures accompanying the work known for its track, Common People.

Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and BBC North East and Cumbria on BBC One & ITV Yorkshire and ITV Tyne Tees on ITV1. Television signals can be received from either Emley Moor or Bilsdale TV transmitters.

Thirsk's local radio stations are BBC Radio York on 104.3 FM. Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire (formerly Minster FM) on 102.3 FM, and YO1 Radio on 102.8 FM.

The town is served by these local newspapers:
The Thirsk Weekly News
Darlington & Stockton Times
The Northern Echo

Transport

Thirsk railway station is  north of York on the East Coast Main Line and situated  from the centre of Thirsk, in Carlton Miniott.

Bus services for York, Ripon, Northallerton and local villages stop in Thirsk market place.

The A61, passes through Thirsk market place. Since 1972 the A19 has bypassed Thirsk to the east of the town.

Education

The town has many primary schools, Thirsk Community Primary, the others being in adjoining Sowerby and All Saints RC Primary  School. It is within the catchment area of Thirsk School and Sixth Form College for secondary education. The current primary school was opened in 1979 with an extension added in 1991 to house extra classrooms, nursery section and medical facilities. Due to rises in the school population, some temporary build classrooms have also been erected on site. It is a mixed gender school catering for pupils between the ages of 3 and 11. It has a student capacity of 315 and as of 2013 was at 90.5% of that.

Religion

St Mary's Church is a Grade I listed, 15th-century church. There are gouges created by sharpening arrows and knives in the porch, and by the altar in the chancel.

The Friends Meeting House on Kirkgate that has been on that site since at least 1799.

In 1861 the Wesleyan Chapel on St James' Green was built.

A Roman Catholic Church dedicated to All Saints was added in 1867 on Castlegate.

Sport

Horse racing

Thirsk Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue consisting of a left handed oval of about one mile and two furlongs. The present course opened in 1923, but racing had taken place on the old course at nearby Black Hambleton over 200 years earlier. The racecourse serves flat racing in the spring and summer months.

Athletic Club

Thirsk Cricket Club was founded in 1851 and play in the middle of Thirsk Racecourse. The club was a founder member of the York & District League in which they still compete.

Thirsk Hockey Club have been affiliated to the Yorkshire Hockey Association since 1923. Until Thirsk School laid a floodlit, artificial pitch they played on grass pitches on the out field of the Cricket Club. They still share the Cricket Clubhouse for social facilities.

Football

Thirsk Falcons FC compete in the Teesside Football League, which is at the 13th level of the English football league system.

Rugby

Thirsk RUFC is a Rugby Union Club which competes in the Yorkshire Division 4 North West league.

Cycling

Thirsk was on the route of the Tour de Yorkshire in 2016 and 2018.

People

Mary Bateman (1768–1809), murderer and alleged witch

 John Bell (1809–1851), politician and lord of the manor who thought he was a bird.

 James Herriot , pen name of Veterinary surgeon James Alfred Wight (1916–1995), author of semi-autobiographical books based on his career.

 Jay Jopling (born 1963), art dealer credited with popularising the Young British Artists

 Thomas Lord (1755–1832), founded Lord's Cricket Ground

 Keith Robinson (born 1933), cricketer

 Georgia Steel (born 1998), television personality

See also

 Sowerby

 South Kilvington

 Carlton Miniott

References

External links

Thirsk Town Council website
Visit Thirsk website

Market towns in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Hambleton District
Towns in North Yorkshire

Thirsk


Argalastí, en , est un village et un ancien dème du district régional de Magnésie, en Thessalie, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème du Pélion-du-Sud.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte  tandis que celle du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Thessalie
Village en Thessalie
Ancien dème en Grèce

Argalastí


الأوتوترونكس هو تخصص هندسة يهتم في مجال هندسة السيارات الحديثة وإلكترونياتها ويعتبر تخصص من تخصصات الهندسة الميكانيكية ولكنه يختص بمكانيك السيارات الحديثة وكهربائها، ويهتم بالجانب التكنولوجي للسيارات بشكل مباشر وقد تم طرحه نتيجة احتياج السوق المحلي والعالمي وذلك لسد حاجة السوق بشكل أساسي من المهندسين المختصين بتكنولوجيا السيارات المتطورة.

كهروضوئيات

الأوتوترونكس


L'ajaeng est un instrument à cordes coréen.

Description
Il s'agit d'une cithare assez large (son corps en bois de paulownia mesure 160 cm sur 25 cm, avec une profondeur d'une dizaine de cm) dont les cordes sont en soie torsadée et sont soutenues par des ponts mobiles séparés. On en joue avec une fine baguette de bois fabriquée à partir d'une branche de forsythia pelée qui a été durcie avec de la résine de pin, que l'on frotte sur les cordes à la manière d'un archet.

Rôle
L'ajaeng joue principalement la partie basse dans la musique d'ensemble.

Types
Il y a deux types de ajaeng. Celui utilisé dans la musique de cour est appelé jeongak ajaeng ou daeajaeng , et celui utilisé dans la musique traditionnelle populaire est appelé sanjo ajaeng ou soajaeng. La version originale de l'instrument, et celle utilisée dans la musique de cour a sept cordes, tandis que lajaeng utilisé pour le sanjo et le sinawi  en a huit. Certains instruments ont jusqu'à neuf ou douze cordes.

 Jeu
L'''ajaeng est généralement joué en position assise sur le sol. Sa sonorité est similaire à celle du violoncelle, mais en plus rauque. Certains joueurs contemporains préfèrent utiliser un véritable archet en crin de cheval plutôt qu'un bâton, estimant que le son est plus doux. L'instrument est utilisé dans la musique de cour, aristocratique et populaire, ainsi que dans la musique classique contemporaine et les musiques de films.

Parfois, lajaeng peut être pincé comme le gayageum.

 Origine

L'ajaeng est dérivé du '' chinois ().

Instrumentistes
 Kim Ju-hyun

Références

Liens externes

Instrument de la musique coréenne
Instrument à cordes frottées
Instrument à cordes pincées

Ajaeng


NGC 6286 est une galaxie spirale située dans la constellation du Dragon. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 6286 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Lewis Swift en .

La galaxie NGC 6286 renferme également des régions d'hydrogène ionisé et c'est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés. C'est aussi une galaxie lumineuse dans l'infrarouge (LIRG).

Galaxies en interaction

En compagnie de NGC 6285, NGC 6286 forment une paire de galaxies en interaction gravitationnelle qui figure dans l'atlas des galaxies particulières de Halton Arp sous la désignation Arp 293. Arp mentionne la présence d'un arc diffus depuis la galaxie la plus brillante.

Comme on peut l'observer sur l'image prise par , les deux galaxies sont entourées de nuages de gaz et d'étoiles qui s'étendent au sud-ouest de NGC 6286, entre les deux galaxies puis autour et au nord de NGC 6285 sur au moins 3,15" ce qui équivaut à environ 245 années-lumière.

Selon une étude réalisée en 2004, la masse de NGC 6285 est de  et celle de NGC 6286 est de . Les auteurs de l'étude n'ont trouvé aucune évidence supportant l'hypothèse que NGC 6286 est une galaxie à anneau polaire en voie de formation. Les structures autour des deux galaxies proviennent d'un  comme celui de la galaxie M82. Une rencontre rapprochée entre ces deux galaxies est probablement responsable de sursauts de formation d'étoiles et de l'éjection de gaz chaud de la région centrale de NGC 6286.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 6286 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

6286
Constellation du Dragon
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie lumineuse en infrarouge
Galaxie en interaction
Galaxie LINER
Objet de l'atlas Arp
Objet céleste découvert en 1885
Objet céleste découvert par Lewis Swift

NGC 6286


Micro je drugi EP ukrajinskog heavy metal sastava Jinjer. Diskografska kuća Napalm Records objavila ga je 11. siječnja 2019. godine.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Jinjer
Tetjana Šmajljuk – vokali
Roman Ibramhalilov – gitara
Jevgen Abdjuhanov – bas-gitara
Vladislav Ulasevič – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Max Morton – snimanje, miksanje, masteriranje, produkcija
Oleg Rooz – dizajn
Riley Schmitz – ilustracije

Izvori

EP
Albumi sastava Jinjer
Albumi iz 2019.

Micro


Războiul civil din Sierra Leone (1991–2002) a fost un război civil din Sierra Leone care a început pe 23 martie 1991 când Frontul Revoluționar Unit (RUF), cu susținere din partea forțelor speciale ale Frontului Național Patriotic din Liberia (NPFL) al lui Charles Taylor, a intervenit în Sierra Leone într-o încercare de a răsturna guvernul lui Joseph Momoh. Războiul civil a durat 11 ani, a cuprins țara și a lăsat peste 50,000 de morți.

În timpul primului an de război, RUF a preluat controlul unor zone largi din estul și sudul Sierrei Leone, care erau bogate în diamante aluviale. Reacția ineficientă a guvernului în fața RUF și întreruperea producției de diamante dirijată de guvern a precipitat o lovitură de stat militară în aprilie 1992 înfăptuită de Consiliu Național de Conducere Provizorie (NPRC). Spre sfârșitul lui 1993, Armata Sierrei Leone (SLA) a reușit să împindă rebelii RUF înapoi la hotarul liberian, dar RUF s-a refăcut și lupta a continuat. În martie 1995, Executive Outcomes (EO), companie militară privată cu baza în Africa de Sud, a fost angajată să combată RUF. Sierra Leone a instalat un guvern civil ales în martie 1996, iar RUF aflat în retragere a semnat acordul de pace de la Abidjan. Sub presiunea ONU, guvernul și-a terminat contractul cu EO înainte ca acordul să poată fi implemental și ostilitățile au reînceput.

În mai 1997, un grup de funcționari SLA nemulțumiți au aranjat o lovitură de stat și au înființat Consiliul Revoluționar al Forțelor Armate (AFRC) ca nou guvern al Sierrei Leone. RUF s-a alăturat AFRC pentru a captura Freetown with cu puțină rezistență. Noul guvern, condus de Johnny Paul Koroma, a declarat războiul încheiat.  Un val de jafuri, violuri și ucideri au urmat anunțului. Oglindind consternarea internațională în legătură cu răsturnarea guvernului civil, forțele ECOMOG au intervenit pentru a relua Freetownul în numele guvernului, dar au găsit regiunile îndepăratate de capitală mai dificil de pacificat.

În ianuarie 1999, liderii lumii au intervenit diplomatic pentru a promova negocieri între RUF și guvern. Acordul de Pace de la Lome, semnat pe 27 martie 1999, a fost rezultatul. Lome a dat lui Foday Sankoh, comandantul RUF, vice-președinția și controlul asupra minelor de diamant din Sierra Leone în schimbul încetării luptelor și a punerii în acțiune a forțelor de menținere a păcii ale ONU pentru a monitoriza procesul de dezarmare. Conformarea RUF la procesul de dezarmare a fost inconsistentă și leneșă, iar prin mai 2000, rebelii se îndreptau din nou spre Freetown.

Referințe

Surse

 AFROL Background: The civil war in Sierra Leone

 U.S. Dept. of State Background Note: Sierra Leone

Războaiele Marii Britanii
Războaie civile
Sierra Leone

Războiul civil din Sierra Leone


Dick Shawn (Búfalo, Nueva York; 1 de diciembre de 1923-San Diego, California; 17 de abril de 1987) fue un actor y comediante estadounidense.

Biografía
Shawn se casó con Rita Bachner en 1946, y tuvieron cuatro hijos: Amy, Wendy (casada con Joey Travolta), Adam y Jennifer. Tuvo un nieto, Rachel Travolta. Fue un residente de Englewood, Nueva Jersey.

Fallecimiento
El 17 de abril de 1987, mientras actuaba en el escenario, Shawn comenzó una comedia sobre él mismo y la audiencia sobreviviendo la guerra nuclear. En un punto del acto, Shawn interpretó a un político recitando clichés de campaña, incluyendo: «Si salgo electo, no dejaré el trabajo»; luego, cuando colapsó boca abajo en el escenario, la audiencia pensó que era parte del acto, sin darse cuenta de que de hecho había sufrido un masivo ataque al corazón.

Después de un rato, hubo silbidos. Finalmente, alguien apareció en el escenario, se arrodilló para examinar a Shawn, se paró y preguntó: «¿Hay un doctor?» Otra persona fue al escenario, lo dio la vuelta y comenzó a administrar RCP. Al público se le dijo que se fuera, pero casi nadie se fue ya que parecía ser un acto de Shawn. Cuando llegaron los paramédicos, la audiencia desconcertada comenzó a irse, todavía no seguros de lo que habían presenciado. Una noticia en el diario San Diego Union aclaró que Shawn había muerto durante la actuación. Dick Shawn murió a los 63 años. Está enterrado en el Cementerio Hillside Memorial Park, un cementerio judío, en Culver City, California.

Filmografía

 The Opposite Sex (1956)
 Wake Me When It's Over (1960)
 The Wizard of Baghdad (1960)
 It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
 A Very Special Favor (1965)
 What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966)
 Way... Way Out (1966)
 Penelope (1966)
 The Producers (1967)
 The Happy Ending (1969)
 Evil Roy Slade (1972)
 The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974)
 Looking Up (1977)

 Love at First Bite (1979)
 Good-bye Cruel World (1983)
 Young Warriors (1983)
 The Secret Diary of Sigmund Freud (1984)
 Angel (1984)
 Water (1985)
 Beer (1985)
 The Check Is in the Mail... (1986)
 The Perils of P.K. (1986)
 Captain EO (1986)
 Amazing Stories (1987)
 Maid to Order (1987)
 Rented Lips (1988)

Referencias

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Judíos de Estados Unidos
Actores judíos
Humoristas de Estados Unidos
Fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio
Actores del siglo XX
Actores de Nueva York
Nacidos en Búfalo

Dick Shawn


La gaviota groenlandesa (Larus glaucoides) es una especie de ave caradriforme de la familia Laridae. Es propia de América y Europa.

Descripción
Es de aspecto muy semejante al gavión hiperbóreo (Larus hyperboreus). Mide entre 58 y 65 cm. Su coloración es blanca y gris azulada, aunque el plumaje invernal suele presentar unas manchas longitudinales gris parduscas o difusas en cabeza y cuello. Las patas son rosas y los ojos normalmente amarillo pálido, en ocasiones cafés. Los ejemplares inmaduros muestran un plumaje pardo muy claro.

Distribución y hábitat
Nidifica en Canadá y Groenlandia, e inverna en el este de Estados Unidos, en Islandia, Irlanda, el Reino Unido, Países Bajos, Escandinavia y el extremo norte de Alemania, siendo una especie divagante en gran parte de Europa, incluida España, y en Marruecos y Japón. Habita en costas rocosas y escarpadas, encontrándose frecuentemente en puertos. Rara en el interior.

Comportamiento

Reproducción
La hembra suele poner de 2 a 3 huevos de unos 68 mm de longitud, teniendo lugar la época de incubación entre mayo y junio. Las colonias de cría se encuentran habitualmente resguardadas en bahías o fiordos, en acantilados a gran altura.

Alimentación
Al igual que otras especies de gaviotas de gran tamaño, la gaviota groenlandesa es omnívora. Su alimentación se compone principalmente de peces de pequeño tamaño, invertebrados marinos, huevos de otras aves, así como de frutos y semillas.

Subespecies
Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:
 Larus glaucoides kumlieni
 Larus glaucoides glaucoides
 Larus glaucoides thayeri

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Aves de Europa
Aves de América
Aves del Neártico
glaucoides

Larus glaucoides


Blocajul scriitorului este o situație asociată în primul rând cu scrisul, în care un autor își pierde capacitatea de a produce noi creații sau suferă o încetinire a activității de creație. Această situație variază ca gravitate de la dificultatea de a avea idei originale până la imposibilitatea de a crea o lucrare timp de ani de zile. De-a lungul istoriei, blocajul scriitoricesc a fost documentat în numeroase lucrări.

Printre creatorii care au suferit o astfel de stare s-au aflat scriitorii F. Scott Fitzgerald și Joseph Mitchell, desenatorul de benzi desenate Charles M. Schulz, compozitorul rus Serghei Rahmaninov și compozitoarea britanică Adele. Cercetări cu privire la acest subiect au fost făcute la sfârșitul anilor 1970 și în anii 1980. În acest timp, cercetătorii au fost influențați de mișcările culturale ale vremii și s-au axat, prin urmare, în mod special pe procesele de creație. Această situație a fost descrisă pentru prima dată în 1947 de către psihanalistul Edmund Bergler. Cu toate acestea, este posibil ca unii mari scriitori să fi suferit de pe urma blocajului scriitoricesc cu mulți ani înainte ca Bergler să fi descris această situație, precum Herman Melville, care a renunțat să mai scrie romane la câțiva ani după ce a scris Moby Dick.

Cauze
Blocajul scriitoricesc poate avea mai multe cauze. Unele sunt probleme creative care își au originea chiar în opera unui autor. Un scriitor poate rămâne fără inspirație sau poate fi distras de alte evenimente. Un exemplu fictiv poate fi găsit în romanul Keep the Aspidistra Flying al lui George Orwell, în care protagonistul Gordon Comstock se luptă în zadar să finalizeze un poem epic ce descrie o zi în Londra: "Era prea mare pentru el, acesta era adevărul. Nu a progresat niciodată foarte mult, s-a dezagregat pur și simplu într-o serie de fragmente."

Alte blocaje pot fi produse de circumstanțe nefavorabile în viața sau cariera unui scriitor: o boală fizică, o depresie, sfârșitul unei relații, presiuni financiare sau senzația de eșec. Presiunea de a crea poate contribui ea însăși la blocajul scriitorului, mai ales dacă el este obligat să lucreze într-un mod care este împotriva înclinației sale naturale (de exemplu, având impus un termen sau trebuind să abordeze un gen sau stil literar nepotrivit). Blocajul scriitorului se poate datora, de asemenea, sentimentului de intimidare în fața unor succese anterioare. Scriitoarea Elizabeth Gilbert, reflectând asupra viitoarelor ei bestselleruri, a sugerat că o astfel de presiune ar putea fi contracarată prin considerarea scriitorilor creativi ca "având" geniu mai degrabă decât "a fi" genii.

S-a sugerat că blocajul scriitorului este mai mult decât doar o mentalitate. În condiții de stres, creierul uman va "transfera control din cortexul cerebral în sistemul limbic". Sistemul limbic este asociat cu procesele instinctuale, cum ar fi răspunsul "luptă sau fugi", și cu un comportament bazat pe obiceiurile înrădăcinate profund. Reducerea activității cortexului cerebral împiedică procesele creative ale unei persoane, care sunt înlocuite de comportamente asociate cu sistemul limbic. Persoana nu este adesea conștientă de această schimbare, ceea ce o poate determina să creadă că are un blocaj creativ. În cartea ei The Midnight Disease: The Drive to Write, Writer's Block, and the Creative Brain () din 2004, scriitoarea și neuroloaga Alice W. Flaherty a susținut că creativitatea literară este o funcție realizată de anumite zone ale creierului, iar blocajul ar putea fi rezultatul perturbării activității creierului în acele zone.

Pentru o perspectivă a compoziției, Lawrence Oliver spune, în articolul său, "Helping Students Overcome Writer's Block", că "elevii primesc puțin sau deloc sfaturi despre cum să genereze idei sau să-și exploreze gândurile și de obicei trebuie să treacă prin procesul scriitoricesc fără îndrumări sau feedback corectiv de la profesor, care își păstrează comentariile și criticile până la definitivarea produsului final". El spune că studenții "învață să scrie scriind" și de multe ori ei sunt nesiguri și/sau paralizați de reguli.

Phyllis Koestenbaum a scris în articolul "The Secret Climate the Year I Stopped Writing" despre emoțiile ei cu privire la scris, susținând că erau legate de răspunsul profesorului ei. Ea spune: "Aveam nevoie să scriu pentru a simți, dar fără să simt nu puteam scrie." În contrast cu experiența lui Koestenbaum, Nancy Sommers și-a exprimat convingerea că scrierea nu este finalizată atunci când elevii termină de scris. Ea propune un "parteneriat" între scriitori și instructori, astfel încât răspunsurile să devină o conversație.

James Adams notează în cartea sa, Conceptual Blockbusting, că motivele blocajelor includ frica de asumare a unui risc, "haosul" din etapa anterioară scrierii, incapacitatea de a genera idei sau o lipsă de motivație.

Tratament
Irene Clark enumeră ca strategii de contracarare a blocajului scriitorului: discuțiile în clasă și în grupuri, ținerea unui jurnal, scrierea liberă și brainstormingul, alcătuirea de planuri și implicarea în text. Pentru a depăși blocajul scriitoricesc, Oliver sugerează ca scriitorii să-și pună întrebări pentru a înțelege procesul de scriere. Atunci el recomandă soluții, cum ar fi chestionare sistematică, scrierea liberă și încurajarea. Un studiu recent la care au participat 2500 de scriitori a avut scopul de a găsi tehnicile pe care scriitorii le folosesc pentru a depăși blocajul scriitoricesc. Cercetarea a evidențiat o serie de soluții de la modificarea timpului zilnic pentru scriere, stabilirea de termene limită pentru a reduce așteptările și folosirea meditației conștiente.

Sindromul paginii goale
Sindromul paginii goale este similar cu blocajul scriitorului, dar nu este un termen psihologic. I se poate întâmpla unui scriitor în orice moment, indiferent de succesul obținut în carieră. Acest sindrom poate fi foarte supărător pentru autori și duce adesea la o lungă perioadă de timp în care ei nu pot veni cu ceva nou. Strategiile de contracarare a acestui sindrom includ: distragerea de la scris pentru o vreme, citirea unei cărți și forțarea de a scrie ceva chiar dacă nu are sens. Pentru a evita sindromul paginii goale, cel mai bine este să ai o idee atunci când te așezi la masa de scris și să te ferești de amânări deoarece stresul agravează sindromul paginii goale.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Ledoux, Denis, Don't Let Writer's Block Stop You
 What is Writers Block
 Cartoon strip Writer's Block at FLIP Animation Magazine Retrieved January 2013
 101 Techniques to Overcome Writer's Block Used by Writers.

Scriere

Blocaj scriitoricesc


Ave ! : Latince selamlaşma sözü.
 AVE : Hızlı tren.
 Ave : Portekiz'in Norte bölgesinde bulunan alt bölge.

Ave


Pandora: Beneath the Paradise (; ) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana estrelada por Lee Ji-ah, Lee Sang-yoon, Jang Hee-jin, Park Ki-woong e Bong Tae-gyu. Ela estreou na tvN em 11 de março de 2023, indo ao ar todos os sábados e domingos às 21h10 (KST). Também está disponível para streaming no Disney+ em regiões selecionadas.

Sinopse
A série conta a história de Hong Tae-ra (Lee Ji-ah) subindo ao cargo de primeira-dama para proteger sua amada família, depois de esquecer completamente sua memória do passado, e para punir aqueles que assumiram o controle de seu destino e a abalaram.

Elenco

Principal
 Lee Ji-ah como Hong Tae-ra / Mun Ha-gyeong / Nº 50
 Chaerin como jovem Hong Tae-ra / Oh Young
 Esposa de Pyo Jae-hyun, uma mulher de primeira classe que não se arrepende de riqueza e fama. Ela perdeu os pais em um infeliz acidente na França e perdeu as memórias como resultado do acidente. Irmã de Mun Ha-jun.
 Lee Sang-yoon como Pyo Jae-hyun
 Marido de Hong Tae-ra, que é o presidente da empresa de TI Hatch e um forte candidato para a próxima eleição presidencial.
 Jang Hee-jin como Go Hae-soo
 Ha Yul-ri como jovem Go Hae-soo
 Esposa de Jang Do-jin e a principal âncora da YBC.
 Park Ki-woong como Jang Do-jin
 Marido de Go Hae-soo e representante da administração da empresa de TI Hatch.
 Bong Tae-gyu como Gu Sang-chan
 Diretor de pesquisa da empresa de TI Hatch.

Coadjuvante

Pessoas ao redor de Hong Tae-ra e Pyo Jae-hyun
 Han Soo-yeon como Hong Yu-ra
 Uma empresária de moda e CEO da marca de moda Lapin, que é a irmã mais velha e único membro da família de Hong Tae-ra.
 Kim Si-woo como Pyo Ji-woo
 Filha de Pyo Jae-hyun e Hong Tae-ra.

Pessoas ao redor de Go Hae-soo e Jang Do-jin
 Cha Kwang-soo como Go Tae-seon
 O falecido pai de Go Hae-soo, que foi o 25ª presidente eleito e ex-ministro de Estratégia e Finanças.
 Kim Su-jeong como Gong Ja-young
 Mãe de Go Hae-soo.
 Kim Ra-on como Jang Leo
 Filho de Jang Do-jin e Go Hae-soo.

Pessoas no Hospital Psiquiátrico de Hanul
 Shim So-young como Kim Seon-deok
 Diretor do Hospital Psiquiátrico de Hanul.
 Gong Jeong-hwan como Jo Gyu-tae
 Chefe do Hospital Psiquiátrico Hanul.

Pessoas no Grupo Keumjo
 Ahn Nae-sang como Jang Geum-mo
 Pai de Jang Do-jin e presidente do Grupo Keumjo.
 Kyeon Mi-ri como Min Young-hwi
 Mãe de Jang Do-jin e a anfitriã do Grupo Keumjo.
 Hong Woo-jin como Jang Gyo-jin
 Irmão mais velho de Jang Do-jin e sucessor do Grupo Keumjo.
 Seong Chang-hoon como Eom Sang-bae
 O braço direito de Jang Geum-mo.
 Song Ah-kyung como Eun Yon-sil
 Um mordomo que ajuda Min Young-hwi.

Outros
Jung Jae-seong como Han Kyung-rok
 Líder do Partido Popular e 29º candidato presidencial.
 Kwon Hyun-bin como Cha Pil-seung / Mun Ha-jun / Nº 105
 Um guarda-costas que auxilia Hong Tae-ra. Irmão de Mun Ha-gyeong.
 Go Yun-bin como Yang Se-jin
 O pesquisador-chefe da Hatch.
 Heo Jae-ho como Oh Young-guk
 O chefe da campanha eleitoral de Pyo Jae-hyun do quartel-general das contramedidas eleitorais.
 Han Kang-ho como Chairman Chung
 Presidente do comitê de campanha eleitoral de Pyo Jae-hyun.
 Jang Won-young como Bong Woo-ri
 Chefe da campanha eleitoral de Pyo Jae-hyun do departamento responsável pela roupa e imagem de Tae-ra no campo eleitoral.
 Ahn Tae-hwan como Park Jun-ho
 Jornalista na YBC.
 Go Han-min como Song PD
 PD do departamento de imprensa da YBC.

Episódios

Lançamento
Em 16 de fevereiro de 2023, a tvN lançou as fotos de Lee Ji-ah. Em 21 de fevereiro, as fotos de Lee Sang-yoon foram lançadas. Um dia depois, as fotos da família com Lee Ji-ah, Lee Sang-yoon e Kim Si-woo foram lançadas. Os vídeos teaser foram lançados em 27 de janeiro, 2 de fevereiro, 10 de fevereiro e 17 de fevereiro. A série foi lançada em 12 de abril de 2023 no Star+ na América Latina, no Hulu nos Estados Unidos, e no Disney+ através do hub Star em territórios internacionais selecionados.

Audiência

Referências

Ligações externas

  no Studio Dragon

Programas de televisão da Coreia do Sul que estrearam em 2023
Programas de televisão da Coreia do Sul encerrados em 2023
Séries de televisão de suspense da Coreia do Sul
Séries de televisão sobre vingança
Programas de televisão em língua coreana
Telenovelas da TVN (Coreia do Sul)
Programas de televisão produzidos pelo Studio Dragon

Pandora: Beneath the Paradise