Life in Hell (Livet i helvede) var en tegneserie, der blev offentliggjort ugentligt i aviser mellem 1977 og 2012 af Matt Groening. Hovedpersonerne i serien er antropomorfe kaniner og et homoseksuelt par. Hans sorthumoristiske serie om Binky, hans eks-kæreste Sheba, deres illegitime søn Bongo og bøsse/brødre-parret Jeff og Akbar startede i 1978 og var en af de første virkeligt populære "alternative avistegneserier". Seriens temaer er kærlighed, sex, arbejde og død og udtrykker angst, social udstødelse, selvafsky og frygt for undergang. I tv-serien The Simpsons er referencer fra serien blevet brugt flere gange. 1986 udkom den første bogudgivelser.

Historie
Matt Groening opfandt Life in Hell i 1977. Oprindelig var serien kun bestemt til at beskrive livet i Los Angeles, som en fotokopieret tegneserie beregnet til vennerne, og solgte den for to dollar per kopi

Life in Hell debuterede 1978som en tegneserie i det avantgardistiske tidsskrift Wet Magazine,  Den første serie, "Forbidden Words" udkom i september/oktober. Fra 1980 udkom serien i det alternative ugeblad Los Angeles Reader.

1984 foreslog Deborah Caplan, Groenings daværende veninden, at udgive, Life in Hell som en bog. Det første bind, Love is Hell (1986), en samling af tegneserier med temaet kærlighed, udkom i omkring 22.000 eksemplarer.

Et år senere blev Hollywood-producenten James L. Brooks opmærksom på tegneserien og bestilte Groening til at udvikle den. I frygt for mulig fiasko og miste sine rettigheder til serien besluttede Groening sig imod en tegneserieversion af Life in Hell og oprettede i stedet Simpsons.

Tegneserien optrådte i omkring 380 aviser overalt i verden, Den 15. juni 2012 var 1669. strip foreløbig den sidste i serien.

Serien blev i en dansk version bragt i Dagbladet Information i sidste halvdel af 1990'erne.

En enkelt samling af Life in Hell er udgivet på dansk af forlaget Rosenknop i 1993 med titlen Kærligheden er et helvede, oversat af Søren Kuhn Larsen. Samlingen handler om alle alle de helvedes kvaler og problemer, der opstår hos både mænd og kvinder i forbindelse med kærlighed og sex.

Udgivelser på engelsk
1986 - Love is Hell - ()
1986 - Work is Hell - ()
1987 - School is Hell - ()
1988 - Box Full of Hell - ()
1988 - Childhood is Hell - ()
1989 - Greetings from Hell - ()
1989 - Akbar and Jeff's Guide to Life - ()
1990 - The Big Book of Hell - ()
1991 - With Love From Hell - ()
1991 - How to Go to Hell - ()
1992 - The Road to Hell - ()
1994 - Binky's Guide to Love - ()
1994 - Love is Hell: Special Ultra Jumbo 10th Anniversary Edition - ()
1997 - The Huge Book of Hell - ()
2007 - Will and Abe's Guide to the Universe - ()

Tegneseriefigurer
Tegneserier fra USA

Life in Hell


An Hippocephala proxima in uska species han Coleoptera nga ginhulagway ni Stefan von Breuning hadton 1940. An Hippocephala proxima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hippocephala, ngan familia nga Cerambycidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hippocephala

Hippocephala proxima


Miheil Gelovani (gruzijski: მიხეილ გელოვანი, ruski: Михаи́л Гео́ргиевич Гелова́ни), 6. januara 1893. - 21. decembra 1956.) bio je gruzijski i sovjetski glumac, najpoznatiji po tumačenju uloge Josifa Staljina u nizu historijskih i propagandnih filmova.

Rodio se u gruzijskoj plemićkoj porodici Gelovani, a karijeru započeo 1913. godine na pozornici u Tbilisiju. Svoj je filmski debi imao u nijemom filmu Tri života 1924. godine. Godine 1938. je nastupio u ulozi Staljina u gruzijskom filmu Velika zora iz 1938. godine, sa kojom je privukao pažnju drugih sovjetskih sineasta. To mu je omogućilo da Staljina tumači na filmu još dvanaest puta, te se smatra kako je svojim nastupom značajno pridonio izgradnji Staljinovog kulta ličnosti. Iako mu je to donijelo niz prestižnih nagrada i povlastica, tokom Staljinovog života mu je bilo zabranjeno tumačiti bilo koju drugu ulogu na filmu.

Vanjski linkovi

 Mikheil Gelovani. kino-teatr.ru.
 Mikheil Gelovani. russiancinema.ru
 Mikheil Gelovani. kinosozvezdie.ru.

Gruzijski glumci
Sovjetski glumci
Biografije, Lasuria
Rođeni 1893.
Umrli 1956.

Miheil Gelovani


An Parus holsti in uska species han Aves nga ginhulagway ni Henry Seebohm hadton 1894. An Parus holsti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Parus, ngan familia nga Paridae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Parus

Parus holsti


Conophytum hyracis is 'n sukkulent wat deel is van die Aizoaceae familie. Die spesie is endemies aan Suid-Afrika en kom in die Wes-Kaap in suidelike Namakwaland voor. Daar is slegs een populasie in 'n voorkomsgebied van kleiner as 5 km² wat uit minder as 500 plante bestaan.

Bronne
 REDLIST Sanbi
 Plants of the World Online

hyracis
Flora van Suid-Afrika
Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika

Conophytum hyracis


Una magnetar (contrazione dei termini inglesi magnetic star, letteralmente "stella magnetica") è una stella di neutroni che possiede un enorme campo magnetico, miliardi di volte quello terrestre, il cui decadimento genera intense ed abbondanti emissioni elettromagnetiche, in particolare raggi X, raggi gamma e (molto raramente) anche radiofrequenze.  La teoria riguardante tali oggetti fu formulata da Robert Duncan e Christopher Thompson nel 1992. Nel decennio seguente l'ipotesi della magnetar è stata largamente accettata come una possibile spiegazione fisica per particolari oggetti conosciuti come soft gamma repeater (sorgenti ricorrenti di raggi gamma morbidi) e pulsar anomale a raggi X.

Formazione
Quando durante un'esplosione di supernova una stella collassa in una stella di neutroni, il suo campo magnetico cresce in potenza (mentre la dimensione viene dimezzata, la potenza quadruplica). Duncan e Thompson hanno calcolato che il campo magnetico di una stella di neutroni, normalmente di circa , può, tramite un effetto simile alla dinamo, diventare ancora più grande, superiore a ; una simile stella di neutroni è detta per l'appunto magnetar.

Una supernova, durante l'esplosione, arriva a perdere il 10% della sua massa. In particolare,  stelle molto grandi () che, a seguito dell'esplosione, non si trasformano in buchi neri, perdono circa l'80% della propria massa.

Si ritiene che circa 1 supernova su 10 degeneri in una magnetar anziché in una più comune stella di neutroni o in una pulsar: accade quando la stella ha già una veloce rotazione ed un forte magnetismo. Si ritiene che il campo magnetico di una magnetar sia il risultato di un moto convettivo ad effetto dinamo di materiale caldo nel nucleo della stella di neutroni, che intercorre nei primi  circa di vita della stella; se la stella stessa ruota inizialmente alla stessa velocità del periodo di convezione, circa , le correnti convettive sono in grado di operare globalmente sull'astro, e di trasferire una quantità significativa della loro energia cinetica nella forza del loro campo magnetico. Nelle stelle di neutroni che ruotano meno rapidamente, le celle convettive si formano solo in alcune regioni della stella.

Una breve vita
Negli strati esterni della magnetar le tensioni che si originano dalle torsioni delle linee di forza del campo magnetico stellare possono provocare uno "stellamoto" (starquake), ovvero la crosta della stella di neutroni viene spaccata dall'intenso magnetismo e sprofonda nello strato interno in modo molto simile a ciò che accade alla crosta terrestre durante un terremoto. Queste onde sismiche sono estremamente energetiche e causano una forte emissione di raggi X e gamma; gli astronomi definiscono questo oggetto soft gamma repeater.

La vita attiva di una magnetar è abbastanza breve: i forti campi magnetici decadono dopo circa , dopo di che cessano sia l'attività che l'emissione di raggi X. Molto probabilmente la Via lattea è piena di magnetar spente.

Effetti del fortissimo campo magnetico
Un campo magnetico di circa  è in grado di smagnetizzare una carta di credito da metà della distanza tra la Terra e la Luna. Un piccolo magnete costituito dal lantanide neodimio ha un campo di circa 1 tesla, la Terra ha un campo geomagnetico di , e gran parte dei sistemi di conservazione dei dati possono essere gravemente danneggiati da breve distanza da un campo di .

Il campo magnetico di una magnetar può essere letale da una distanza di , poiché in grado di strappare i tessuti per via del diamagnetismo dell'acqua. Le forze di marea di una magnetar di  sono altrettanto letali alla stessa distanza, in grado di fare a pezzi un uomo di corporatura media con una forza di oltre  (oltre ).

Nel 2003 nella rivista scientifica Scientific American fu descritto ciò che accade nel campo magnetico di una magnetar: i fotoni X si scindono in due parti o si fondono insieme, mentre i fotoni della luce polarizzata, quando entrano nel campo magnetico, cambiano velocità e, talvolta, lunghezza d'onda. Finché il campo riesce ad evitare che gli elettroni vibrino, come farebbero normalmente in risposta alla sollecitazione della luce, le onde luminose "scivolano" oltre gli elettroni senza perdere energia. Ciò avviene più facilmente nel vuoto, dove è possibile dividere la luce in differenti polarizzazioni (come in un immateriale cristallo di calcite).

Un simile campo magnetico "stira" gli atomi in lunghi cilindri. In un campo di circa 105 tesla, gli orbitali atomici si deformano sino alla forma di un sigaro. A 1010 tesla, un atomo di idrogeno si allunga sino a diventare 200 volte più stretto del suo diametro normale.

A fine 2017 è stato effettuato un censimento degli Outburst (eventi durante i quali le magnetar aumentano di luminosità sino a migliaia di volte) con la creazione di un catalogo che analizza le proprietà di emissione di tutti gli outburst osservati dalle magnetar, dalle prime fasi attive sino al loro decadimento.

Magnetar conosciute
Alcuni esempi di magnetar conosciute:
 4U 0142+61, situata ad una distanza di  circa dalla Terra, nella costellazione di Cassiopea; è circondata da un disco circumstellare
 SGR 0418+5729 si trova a  dalla Terra e il suo campo magnetico è di un milione di miliardi di G.
 SGR 1806-20, situata a  dalla Terra, nella parte opposta della Via lattea nella costellazione del Sagittario.
 1E 1048.1-5937, situata a  nella costellazione della Carena. La stella da cui si è originata la magnetar aveva una massa 30-40 volte quella solare.
 SGR 1935+2154 è una magnetar da cui sono state rilevate potenti emissioni di raggi x e raggi gamma, affiancate per la prima volta da un'emissione ritenuta fast radio burst.
 Swift J1818.0−1607, con un'età stimata di 240 anni, è considerata, al momento della sua scoperta nel 2020, la più giovane radio-pulsar delle sole 5 conosciute che siano simultaneamente radio-pulsars  e magnetars.In questo caso le emissioni radio sono costanti e durevoli a differenza dei fast radio burst.
 GPM J1839-10, magnetar a periodo ultra lungo.

A fine giugno 2012, il numero è salito a 20 riconosciute e altre 3 candidate.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Campo magnetico stellare
 Supernova
 Stella di neutroni

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 Recording  (and animation) of XTE J1810-197.
 Creation of magnetars solved Formed when the biggest stars explode
 NASA: "Magnetar" discovery solves 19-year-old mystery Citat: "...suggested a magnetic field strength of about 800 trillion [g]auss...").

 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS): Duncan & Thompson, Ap.J. 392, L9) 1992
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS): Katz, J. I., Ap.J. 260, 371 (1982)

 Chryssa Kouveliotou, Robert Duncan, and Christopher Thompson, "Magnetars," Scientific American, Feb. 2003, pp. 34-41  (PDF)

 Strange Pulsing Star Puzzles Astronomers - A magnetar found to emit radio waves, contrary to previous theories.

Evoluzione stellare

Magnetar


Karpacz là một thị trấn thuộc huyện Jeleniogórski, tỉnh Dolnośląskie ở miền tây nam Ba Lan. Thị trấn có diện tích 39 km². Đến ngày 1 tháng 1 năm 2011, dân số của thị trấn là 4932 người và mật độ 130 người/km².

Tham khảo
 www.karpacz.net

Thành phố và thị trấn ở Dolnośląskie
Thành phố ở Silesia

Karpacz


Cua cạn hay Cua đất là tên gọi chỉ chung cho một số giống cua đã tiến hóa để sống chủ yếu trên đất liền. Những loài đặc trưng của cua đất gồm họ Gecarcinidae và Gecarcinucidae, cũng như một số loài cua từ các họ cua khác, chẳng hạn như Sesarma. Mặc dù thuật ngữ cua đất thường được sử dụng để có nghĩa là chỉ các loài trong họ Gecarcinidae. Cua đất thường phát triển từ cua nước ngọt, kể từ khi thay đổi sinh thái cần thiết để sống trong nước ngọt trước sự thích nghi cho cuộc sống trên cạn

Tổng quan
Không có sự phân biệt rõ ràng giữa của thuộc nhóm sống trên "mặt đất" và "bán mặt đất" cũng không thể phân biệt giữa cua "bán mặt đất" và cua "thủy sản". Đây vẫn là những con cua thật sự, mặc dù ngay cả khi hầu hết cua đất thích nghi với môi trường sống trên mặt đất nhưng nó vẫn phải quay trở lại biển để đẻ trứng, hàng năm nó phải di cư hàng năm ra biển. Sau gió mùa Ấn Độ Dương, cua đỏ đảo Christmas (Gecarcoidea natalis) di cư hàng loạt tạo thành một "thảm sống" cua. Các con cua có di chuyển lên đến 1,46 km (0.91 dặm) trong một ngày, và lên đến 4 km (2.5 dặm) tính chung.

Xem thêm
 Họ Cua đồng
 Cua nước ngọt
 Cua bể

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Phân thứ bộ Cua

Cua cạn


Muara Library () is a public library located in Muara in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. Officially known in Malay as , it is one of the public libraries operated by .

History
The laying of foundation stone for the library building was held in a ceremony on 13 May 2004, which was officiated by the then Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports, . Its construction was completed by the following year, and the library was inaugurated on 8 December 2005 by the succeeding Minister, .

References

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Library
Libraries in Brunei
Brunei-Muara District
Libraries established in 2005
2005 establishments in Brunei

Muara Library


Phan Thanh là một xã thuộc huyện Lục Yên, tỉnh Yên Bái, Việt Nam.

Địa lý
Xã Phan Thanh cách trung tâm huyện Lục Yên 30 km, có vị trí địa lý:
Phía bắc giáp xã Tân Lập và xã Liễu Đô
Phía nam giáp huyện Yên Bình
Phía đông xã Minh Tiến và xã An Phú
Phía tây giáp xã Trung Tâm.

Xã Phan Thanh có diện tích 36,30 km², dân số năm 2019 là 2.257 người, mật độ dân số đạt 62 người/km².

Hành chính
Xã Phan Thanh được chia thành 8 thôn: Bản Kè, Bản Năn, Bản Chang, Bản Thủy Văn, Bản Hốc, Bản Xả, Bản Ro, Bản Rầu.

Lịch sử
Sau Cách mạng tháng 8 năm 1945, chính quyền mới đặt tên xã là Cát Khánh.

Năm 1949, chia xã Phan Thanh thành hai xã, phía bắc là xã Tô Hiệu, phía nam là xã Phan Thanh.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Phan Thanh, Lục Yên


Parchi (, ) is a 2018 Pakistani Urdu-language crime comedy film directed by Azfar Jafri and produced by Imran Kazmi and Arif Lakhani under the banner IRK Films. The film stars Hareem Farooq, Ali Rehman Khan and Shafqat Cheema, with Ahmed Ali Akbar, Faiza Saleem, Shafqat Khan and Usman Mukhtar in supporting roles. Khan also wrote film whilst Usman Mukhtar managed cinematography; Farooq also produced the film. It was released and distributed by ARY Films on 5 January 2018.

Plot
"Parchi" is a Pakistani comedy film that follows the misadventures of a group of friends in Karachi. The plot revolves around a prank gone wrong, which leads to a series of chaotic events. The friends accidentally cross paths with a local gangster, and their lives take unexpected turns.

Eman, played by Hareem Farooq, and her friends, including Bash (Ali Rehman Khan) and Saqlain (Ahmed Ali Akbar), become embroiled in a world of crime, extortion, and danger. They must find a way to navigate this treacherous situation and outsmart the gangster who is after them.

As the story unfolds, "Parchi" combines elements of comedy, suspense, and action to depict the challenges and predicaments the friends face as they attempt to escape the consequences of their actions. The film explores themes of friendship, redemption, and the unexpected twists life can take when a seemingly harmless prank spirals out of control.

Cast
Hareem Farooq as Eman
Ali Rehman Khan as Bash
Shafqat Cheema as Zodiac
Ahmed Ali Akbar as Saqlain
Usman Mukhtar as Bilal
Shafqat Khan as Bhola
Faiza Saleem as Sumera
Faizan Shaikh as Biscuit
Mahenur Haider as Natasha
Mojiz Hasan as Virgo

Cameo Appearance

Syra Shehroz

Production

Development and casting
In March 2016; producer Imran Kazmi in an interview with The Express Tribune revealed that his production team had begun with the film's pre-production, and with the intention to begin shooting for the film in October 2016. He confirmed that the script had been finalised. He also told that he would be co-producing with Hareem Farooq who will also play as one of the leads in the film alongside Ali Rehman and Usman Mukhtar.

Filming
Some of the filming for the film was done in Islamabad in the outskirts of the city. A night scene was shot in an old factory of an industrial zone, in very late hours of the night. Usman Mukhtar who in addition plays one of the lead characters in the film, managed the cinematography of the film.

Release
The film's trailer was released on 2 December 2017 and the film released across Pakistan on 5 January 2018. Parchi was the first Pakistani movie to be released in Saudi cinemas.

Box office
The film opened in Pakistan to about  in its first day, made up to  in its first weekend, and managed to collect up to  within a week. Per reports, The film grossed  nationwide, making the total gross figures up to  in a month.
The film ended its run at  worldwide.

Reception

Critical reception
The film was premiered in Karachi on 3 January 2018. Iman Zia of MangoBaaz said, "while it isn't an entire failure, the film is not as forgettable as I had expected". Shahjehan Saleem of Something Haute rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Sadly its shortcomings let it down […] If the film has one thing going for it, it's the acting." Sonia Ashraf of DAWN Images and said, "Parchi is not a film without flaws but it has some redeemable qualities that make it worth a watch." Shahjahan Khurram of Samaa TV rated 2 out of 5 stars and said, "there were flashes of commendable performance in the flick but by and large, it failed to fire on all cylinders." Buraq Shabbir of The News International said, "The good thing is that Parchi has been shot very well, with good camera work and an exciting cast but unfortunately it falls flat in terms of plot and character development."

Rahul Aijaz of The Express Tribune rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Even with a lot going on in its favour, it's a forgettable film." For Daily Times, Haider Rifaat rated 4 out of 5 stars and praised it, "The fun driven film is a family entertainer for sure and manages to tease and thrill simultaneously." Saira Agha praised its cinematography but said, "Good actors cannot save a bad film and the same fate is met by Parchi." Ally Adnan praised only 3 actors, while he wrote that "Parchi will not blow anyone's mind"; adding "the 'Mummy Daddy Burger Film' genre does not consider originality and innovation to be a virtue" and it too borrows the ideas from "more than 20 films". Umair Sohail of Dunya News rated 3 out of 5 stars and said that it is "a full-on comedy movie".

Music

References

External links

Soundtrack on Saavn

2010s crime comedy films
Pakistani adventure comedy films
2010s adventure comedy films
Films scored by Manj Musik
2018 comedy films
Films directed by Azfar Jafri

Parchi (film)


This is a list of yearly Triangular Football League standings.

Triangular Football League standings

Northern Intercollegiate Football Association

Eastern Intercollegiate Football Association

New England Intercollegiate Football Association / Triangular Football League

References

Triangular Football League
Standings

List of Triangular Football League standings


Os Campeonatos da Eslovénia de Ciclismo em Estrada são organizados anualmente desde 1997 para determinar o campeão ciclista da Eslovénia de cada ano, na modalidade.

O título é outorgado ao vencedor de uma única prova, na modalidade de em linha. O vencedor obtêm o direito de usar a maillot com as cores da bandeira da Eslovénia até ao campeonato do ano seguinte, unicamente quando disputa provas em linha.

Palmares

Palmares feminino

Ver também
 Campeonato da Eslovénia de Ciclismo Contrarrelógio

 Palmares da corrida em linha masculina em cqranking.com
 Palmares da corrida em linha feminina em cqranking.com

Eslovenia
Estrada
Eslovenia

Campeonato da Eslovénia de Ciclismo em Estrada


Tra i maggiori statisti della Baviera del suo tempo, tra le prime mosse come principe giunto al governo, a differenza del suo predecessore, concluse una riappacificazione con l'imperatrice Maria Teresa. Durante la guerra dei sette anni si alleò con Austria e Francia cercando di lasciare il conflitto nel più breve tempo possibile per limitare i danni al proprio stato. Sul piano della gestione interna, promosse una nuova codificazione della legge bavarese e perseguì una politica di sviluppo economico del paese. Come sovrano assolutista, cercò inoltre di limitare l'influenza della chiesa negli affari di stato, mantenendola saldamente sotto il proprio controllo. Morto senza eredi, dopo di lui si scatenò la guerra di successione bavarese.

Biografia

I primi anni

Nato a Monaco nel 1727, Massimiliano era il figlio primogenito dell'allora principe ereditario Carlo Alberto di Baviera (futuro imperatore Carlo VII) e di sua moglie Maria Amalia d'Asburgo. I suoi nonni materni erano l'Imperatore Giuseppe I e Guglielmina Amalia di Brunswick-Lüneburg.

Trascorse la gioventù a Francoforte dove suo padre si era esiliato con la propria corte imperiale dopo aver perso la Baviera nello scontro diretto con Maria Teresa d'Austria per la successione al Sacro Romano Impero. Grande impatto sulla sua educazione ebbero il gesuita Daniel Stadler che per diversi anni fu il suo confessore e consigliere, oltre all'avvocato costituzionale Johann Adam von Ickstatt. Studiò quindi presso l'Università di Ingolstadt e coltivò sempre una grande passione per la musica come molti altri principi del suo tempo.

Il regno
Alla morte del padre, nel 1745, in virtù delle leggi di famiglia, ereditò la successione al trono della Baviera, in procinto di essere invasa dalle armate austriache nell'ambito della guerra di successione austriaca, barcamenandosi tra il partito pacifista guidato da sua madre Maria Amalia d'Austria e il comandante dell'esercito bavarese, Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff, e il partito interventista guidato dal suo ministro degli esteri, il generale Ignaz von Törring, e dall'inviato francese Chavigny.

Abbandonò presto le pretese al trono imperiale in nome del padre, sottoscrivendo una pace con Maria Teresa con il trattato di Füssen, in cui garantì il proprio voto per l'elezione a Imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero al di lei marito, Francesco I di Lorena, che assurgeva così al titolo imperiale.

Politica estera

Dopo la morte del padre, come si è detto, Massimiliano III Giuseppe ereditò il proprio paese nel bel mezzo della guerra di successione austriaca. Massimiliano pensò sicuramente per qualche tempo di poter succedere al padre nella pretesa del trono imperiale e quindi proseguire la guerra contro l'Austria ma vide coi propri occhi che la disponibilità della Francia a sostenere la politica bavarese era di molto calata negli anni e senza questo sostegno la situazione si poneva per lui profondamente critica. Dopo che le truppe austriache attaccarono la Baviera varcando il confine il 23 marzo 1745 e la Baviera del nord il 15 aprile successivo, con la sconfitta dei bavaresi nella battaglia di Pfaffenhofen, l'elettore si dichiarò disposto a deporre le proprie ambizioni ed a concludere con Maria Teresa un trattato di pace, ma gli venne riconosciuta la piena sovranità su tutta la Baviera con la restituzione delle aree occupate, col pagamento della somma di 40.000 fiorini a vantaggio dell'impero, somma di cui evidentemente la martoriata Baviera non disponeva e che si impegnò a versare gradualmente con sovvenzioni provenienti da Austria, Inghilterra e Paesi Bassi. Questo fatto costrinse la politica nazionale bavarese a rimanere orientata interamente verso l'Austria ed i suoi alleati, oltre alla fornitura di un corpo ausiliario per la pace di Aquisgrana che venne impiegato nel 1748 nei Paesi Bassi.

A partire dal 1754, Massimiliano perseguì con la Baviera una politica di riavvicinamento alla Francia in coincidenza con la scadenza dei debiti accumulati. Anche nella guerra dei sette anni la Baviera si mantenne cauta e cercò di non favorire eccessivamente l'indebolimento della Prussia che vedeva come l'unico contrappeso alla monarchia asburgica. Cercò, per quanto possibile, di rimanere fuori delle ostilità. Un ulteriore avvicinamento alla politica dell'Austria si ebbe nel 1767 quando Massimiliano diede in sposa sua sorella Maria Giuseppa all'imperatore Giuseppe II, fatto che tra l'altro aumentò la quota legittima di successione degli Asburgo in caso di estinzione dei Wittelsbach nella successione al trono bavarese.

Politica interna

Massimiliano fu un monarca illuminato ed attuò gran parte delle riforme per il consolidamento della propria politica interna dopo la guerra dei sette anni.

Di grande importanza sotto il suo governo fu lo sviluppo del primo codice di diritto civile e penale, sviluppato sotto la direzione del cancelliere di stato Wiguläus von Kreittmayr. L'auspicio di questa riforma era quello di ridurre notevolmente i costi della giustizia di stato e garantire procedure più brevi ed una maggiore certezza del diritto. Il prodotto fu nel 1756 il Codex Maximilianeus Bavaricus Civilis che ad ogni modo apparve piuttosto retrogrado rispetto alle riforme illuministe varate da stati all'avanguardia come Austria e Prussia nella medesima epoca. La tortura non venne abolita né misconosciuti crimini come la stregoneria o l'eresia, per i quali tra l'altro continuava ad utilizzarsi la pena di morte nelle forme di crudeli modalità di esecuzione come il rogo.

Vista la situazione di tracollo finanziario che lo stato bavarese stava attraversando, Massimiliano Giuseppe si impegnò da subito per risollevare le sorti dell'economia nazionale. Già dal 1747 aveva promosso la fondazione di una fabbrica di porcellana finissima presso il castello di Nymphenburg, diretta da Franz Anton Bustelli, che in breve tempo divenne uno dei centri di produzione del settore più rinomati al mondo. Incoraggiò notevolmente l'agricoltura, le industrie in generale e l'esplorazione del sottosuolo nazionale per la ricerca e l'utilizzo di minerali.

Oltre a queste riforme, promosse una politica demografica ben pianificata che comprendeva il divieto di emigrazione, oltre alla popolazione di nuove aree ottenuta dal prosciugamento di zone paludose e stagnanti. Il primo censimento di stato venne fatto nel 1771. Il suo attaccamento alla religione cattolica e la sua fede incrollabile, non gli impedirono ad ogni modo di emanare decreti che richiamavano le istituzioni ad una maggiore sobrietà, in aperto contrasto con la pomposità del cattolicesimo rococò. Accolse il decreto papale del 1773 per la soppressione dell'ordine dei gesuiti, di cui aveva già abolito la censura sulla stampa. Giunse quasi contemporaneamente a proibire anche la Oberammergau Passion, una rappresentazione teatrale della passione eseguita appunto nella località di Oberammergau, in Baviera, perché giudicata da lui una "ridicola messa in scena del mistero più grande della nostra religione".

Durante la carestia del 1770 Massimiliano vendette la propria corona ed i gioielli di stato per pagare il rifornimento di grano per venire in soccorso alla popolazione della Baviera, gesto che gli attirò le simpatie di molti. Nel 1771 si occupò della riforma scolastica.

Patrono delle arti e delle scienze

Massimiliano III fu un grande patrono delle arti e delle scienze, contribuendo notevolmente allo sviluppo culturale del proprio paese. A lui si deve infatti la prima istituzione accademica di Monaco di Baviera, l'Accademia Bavarese delle Scienze, che venne da lui fondata nel 1759. Poco dopo fondò l'Accademia delle Belle Arti Bavarese. Entrambe queste istituzioni si dimostrarono fondamentali nella creazione e nella diffusione della cultura di stampo illuminista in Baviera e a farne un centro di studio e sviluppo: già dal 1771, sotto l'influsso del riformatore dell'educazione nazionale Heinrich Braun fu tra i primi sovrani al mondo a proporre per i suoi sudditi l'istruzione obbligatoria.

Grande amante dell'opera, del teatro e della musica, fu lui a ordinare nel 1751 a François de Cuvilliés la costruzione dello splendido teatro rococò che da lui prese il nome, oltre a ricostruire il palazzo di Schleissheim. I problemi finanziari che attanagliavano le sue casse, però, gli impedirono di assumere come musicista di corte Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart che pure aveva fatto domanda per essere assunto alla sua corte. Malgrado ciò, la prima de La finta giardiniera, opera in italiano dello stesso Mozart, venne rappresentata per la prima volta nel 1775 al Salvatortheater di Monaco.

Come tutti i Wittelsbach, anche il giovane Massimiliano Giuseppe dovette compiere un apprendistato di natura tecnica che completasse i suoi studi ed egli optò per la tornitura del legno, concentrandosi poi in particolare sulla lavorazione dell'avorio. Alcune delle opere da lui realizzate sono ancora oggi conservate nelle collezioni di stato.

La morte e la guerra di successione bavarese

Negli ultimi anni della sua vita, Massimiliano Giuseppe continuò a portare avanti le riforme iniziate anni prima, sino al 1777. Nel dicembre di quell'anno, Massimiliano stava attraversando la città di Monaco con la propria carrozza quando, lungo il percorso, incrociò uno dei campanili di cui la città era dotata. Il meccanismo della torre campanaria si inceppò e l'orologio batté per 77 volte. Secondo i racconti dell'epoca, Massimiliano commentò col suo seguito che questo evento era da lui interpretato come un fosco presagio e che la sua fine era ormai vicina. Nel giro di pochi giorni, infatti, iniziò a soffrire di uno strano male. Nessuno dei suoi 15 dottori di corte, tra i migliori di tutto l'elettorato, riuscì ad emettere una diagnosi definitiva ed a proporre quindi una cura efficace. Passato il Natale in famiglia, il principe continuava a stare male ed era ormai divenuto chiaro che la causa del suo malessere era una forma particolarmente virulenta di vaiolo, chiamata dai contemporanei col nome di vaiolo viola.

In breve tempo Massimiliano Giuseppe morì senza eredi. Come ultimo erede della propria famiglia, formatasi dopo la decisioni del trattato di Pavia (1329), che derivava da Luigi IV del Sacro Romano Impero e che aveva governato la Baviera sin dai primi decenni del XIV sec., la sua morte diede origine alla guerra di successione bavarese. La consorte di Massimiliano, Maria Anna Sofia di Sassonia si accordò con la Prussia per assicurare alla Baviera l'indipendenza contro l'Austria. Infine, il suo successore risultò un suo lontano cugino, Carlo Teodoro del ramo principale della dinastia, che assunse il nome di Carlo IV.

La salma di Massimiliano III Giuseppe è sepolta nella cripta della chiesa dei Teatini di Monaco, ma il suo cuore è conservato in una teca argentata presso la Gnadenkapelle di Altötting.

Ascendenza

Onorificenze

Bibliografia
 Karl Theodor von Heigel, Maximilian III. Joseph, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), Band 21, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885, pp. 27–30.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Duchi di Baviera
Elettori di Baviera
Casato di Wittelsbach
Cavalieri del Toson d'oro
Compositori tedeschi del XVIII secolo
Illuminismo
Sepolti nella chiesa di San Gaetano (Monaco di Baviera)

Massimiliano III di Baviera


Gościniec – część wsi Piotrkowice w Polsce położona w województwie świętokrzyskim, w powiecie kazimierskim, w gminie Bejsce.

W latach 1975–1998 Gościniec należał administracyjnie do województwa kieleckiego.

Przypisy

Piotrkowice (powiat kazimierski)

Gościniec (Piotrkowice)


Zofia Czarnecka (ur. 4 listopada 1897 w Warszawie, zm. 8 lutego 1926) – polska zakonnica i mistyczka.

Była najstarszą z czwórki rodzeństwa Stefana Czarneckiego i Marii z Jasińskich. W 1917 ukończyła szkołę Cecylii Plater-Zyberkówny. W 1919 podjęła decyzję o wstąpieniu na drogę życia zakonnego. 1 listopada 1920 wstąpiła do Zgromadzenia Sióstr Zmartwychwstanek (nowicjat w Kętach). 15 sierpnia 1921 lub 1922 złożyła pierwsze śluby zakonne. W okresie junioratu mieszkała w Warszawie w Domu św. Józefa na Sewerynowie. Wykazywała się wtedy dużymi umiejętnościami pedagogicznymi, jako wychowawczyni w seminarium nauczycielskim prowadzonym przez zmartwychwstanki. Uczyła historii i języka polskiego. Opiekowała się Sodalicją Mariańską. Zmarła związana ślubami czasowymi w opinii świętości (ulegała silnym przeżyciom mistycznym, nocom ciemności). Kościół katolicki zbierał potrzebną do beatyfikacji dokumentację (inicjatorką postępowania była Teresa Kalkstein - przełożona zakonu zmartwychwstanek w Polsce), sprawa została jednak wyciszona i w 1990 nie prowadzono już żadnych działań w tym zakresie.

Przypisy

Absolwentki Gimnazjum Żeńskiego im. Cecylii Plater-Zyberkówny
Polskie zmartwychwstanki
Mistycy chrześcijańscy
Ludzie urodzeni w Warszawie
Urodzeni w 1897
Zmarli w 1926

Zofia Czarnecka


Nemopistha remipennis là một loài côn trùng trong họ Nemopteridae thuộc bộ Neuroptera. Loài này được Kolbe miêu tả năm 1900.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Nemopistha

Nemopistha remipennis


DEAH-kujtijska helikaza  8, jest protein/enzim koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom DHX8  sa hromosoma 17. Ovaj protein je član porodice polipepti  DEAH-kutije. Glavna karakteristika ove grupe je njihov konzervirani motiv DEAH (Asp- Glu- Ala- His). Širok spektar RNK-helikaza pripada ovoj porodici. Konkretno, DHX8 djeluje kao ATP-zavisna RNK-helikaza, uključena u splajsing i regulaciju oslobađanja prerađenih iRNK iz splajsosoma iz jedra. Objavljene studije su pokazale posljedice mutacija DHX8, aneke od njih su kritične za biološke procese kao što je hematopoeza i povezane su s nekim bolestima..

Aminokiselinska sekvenca
Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je  1.220 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina  139.315 Da.

Struktura

Protein DHX8 je dio proteinskog kompleksa zvanog splajsosom, koji je zadužen za preradu pre-iRNK. Splajsosom ima osam glavnih funkcionalnih stanja, svako sa različitim sastavom i strukturom; pet od osam stanje je strukturno okarakterisano.

DHX8 ima različite domene: S1-RNK vezujući domen (DEAD/DEAH kutija), helikazni konzervirani C-terminalni domen, domen povezan s helikazom (HA2) i oligonukleotid/oligosaharid-vezujući OB)- preklopni domen (svaki prerađen sa unutrašnje poremećenim regijana).

Postoje neke regije proteina koji su veoma važne za njegovu aktivnost, kao što je R620 i regioni sa kukom i zaokretom. Također, DHX8Δ547 je katalitskki aktivno jezgro proteina DHX8. Sastoji se od dva RecA domena i C-terminalnog WH, ustavljački OB-nabrani domena i N-terminalnu regiju.

Ukupna težina DHX8 strukture je 156580,13 Da.

Sekundarna struktura:
 36% alfa-heliksa: 26 heliksa i 246 ostataka
 16% beta-listova: 29 lanaca i 110 ostataka.

Funkcija
DHX8 je lokalizovan u ćelijskom jedu i stimuliran prisustvom RNK. Ovaj protein je komponenta splajsosoma, tako da učestvuje u pereradipre-iRNK. Splajsing je proces spajanja egzona iz primarnih transkripata iRNK i eliminacije intronskih sekvenci, pomoću splajsosomnog mehanizma, tako da je proizvedena iRNK bez introna, koja se sastoji isključivo od spojenih egzona. Prerada se završava rastavljanjem splajsosomnog kompleksa i oslobađanjem rezultirajućih zrelih RNK-a do vanjskog dijela jedra, ovisno o ATP-u. Splajsosom zahtijeva konformacijske promjene da bi mogao katalizirati reakcije spajanja i kasnije zrelih iRNK koje se oslobađaju na vanjski dio jedra. Jedna od ATP-ovisnih helikaza potrebnih za ove konformacijske promjene je DHX8. Nadalje, DHX8 ima ključnu ulogu u oslobađanju, olakšavanju jedarnog  eksporta prerađene iRNK. Karakterizacija proteina je pokazala da DHX8 ima prednost vezanja za RNK bogate adeninom. Ovo vezivanje je praćeno hidrolizom ATP-a i time oslobađanjem ADP-a.

Reference

Vanjski linksovi

Geni na hromosomu 17
Enzimi
Ljudski proteini
Proteomika

DEAH-kutijska helikaza 8


Island se takmičio na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1984 u Sarajevu, Jugoslavija.

Sudionici po sportovima

Alpsko skijanje

Muškarci

Žene

Skijaško trčanje

Muškarci

Reference
Službeni olimpijski izvještaji
 Svi rezultati sa ZOI 1984

Države na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1984.
1984
Zimske olimpijske igre

Island na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1984.


This is a Timeline of second-wave feminism, from its beginning in the mid-twentieth century, to the start of Third-wave feminism in the early 1990s.

Timeline

1960s

1960
 Enovid is approved for sale in the United States 9 May 1960 as a contraceptive pill by the Food and Drug Administration. (It had been approved three years earlier for menstrual symptoms.) Within three years, 2.3 million women are using "The Pill", as it became known, in the United States.  The arrival of the pill ushered in and coincided with the second wave of feminism.

1961
 The [American] Presidential Commission on the Status of Women was created; its report found discrimination against women in every aspect of American life and outlined plans to achieve equality. Specific recommendations for women in the workplace included fair hiring practices, paid maternity leave, and affordable childcare.

1962
 The non-fiction book Sex and the Single Girl was released in the U.S. and sold two million copies in three weeks. Author Helen Gurley Brown encouraged women to become financially independent, and to become sexually active before marriage.

1963

Twenty years after it was first proposed, the Equal Pay Act became law in the U.S., and it established equality of pay for men and women performing equal work. However, it did not originally cover executives, administrators, outside salespeople, or professionals. In 1972, Congress enacted the Education Amendments of 1972, which (among other things) amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to expand the coverage of the Equal Pay Act to these employees, by excluding the Equal Pay Act from the professional workers exemption of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
 Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique was published, became a best-seller, and laid the groundwork for the second-wave feminist movement in the U.S.
 Alice S. Rossi presented "Equality Between the Sexes: An Immodest Proposal" at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences conference.
 Gloria Steinem went undercover as a Playboy bunny in a New York Playboy Club, and published the exposé "A Bunny's Tale" in Show magazine in two installments in May and June, 1963.

1964
 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law in the U.S., and it barred employment discrimination on account of sex, race, etc. by private employers, employment agencies, and unions. However, the Bennett Amendment, a US labor law provision in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, §703(h) was passed to limit sex discrimination claims regarding pay to the rules in the Equal Pay Act of 1963. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act.
 The [U.S.] Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established; in its first five years, 50,000 complaints of gender discrimination were received.
 Haven House, the first "modern" women's shelter in the world, opened in California.

1965

 Casey Hayden and Mary King published "Sex and Caste: A Kind of Memo", detailing women's inequality within the civil rights organization SNCC.
 The U.S. Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut struck down the only remaining state law banning the use of contraceptives by married couples.
 The "Woman Question" was raised for the first time at a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) conference.
 EEOC commissioners were appointed to enforce the Civil Rights Act. Among them there was only one woman, Aileen Hernandez, a future president of the National Organization for Women.
 The term "sexism" was most likely coined November 18, 1965, in a report by Pauline M. Leet during the "Student-Faculty Forum" at Franklin and Marshall College.

1966
 Twenty-eight women, among them Betty Friedan, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) to function as a civil rights organization for women. Betty Friedan became its first president. The group is now one of the largest women's groups in the U.S. and pursues its goals through extensive legislative lobbying, litigation, and public demonstrations.
 Barbara Jordan was elected to the Texas Senate. She was the first African-American woman in the Texas legislature.
 Flight attendants filed Title VII complaints about being forced to quit when they married, got pregnant or reached age 35.

1967

 Due to the Abortion Act 1967, abortion in Britain was made legal under certain criteria and with medical supervision.
 In 1967, "The Discontent of Women", by Joke Kool-Smits, was published; the publication of this essay is often regarded as the start of second-wave feminism in the Netherlands.
 American feminist Valerie Solanas wrote and published SCUM Manifesto.
 Executive Order 11375 expanded President Johnson's 1965 affirmative action policy to cover discrimination based on sex, resulting in federal agencies and contractors taking active measures to ensure that all women as well as minorities have access to educational and employment opportunities equal to white males.
 Women's liberation groups sprang up all over America.
 The pill made the cover of TIME magazine.
 NOW began petitioning the EEOC to end sex-segregated want ads and adopted a Bill of Rights for Women.
 Senator Eugene McCarthy introduced the Equal Rights Amendment in the U.S. Senate.
 Seattle Radical Women, a socialist feminist organization, formed in November by a combination of New Left and Old Left women.
 New York Radical Women was formed by Shulamith Firestone and Pam Allen.
 Anne Koedt organized American "consciousness raising" groups.
 The [American] National Welfare Rights Organization was formed.

1968
 Robin Morgan led members of New York Radical Women to protest the Miss America Pageant of 1968, which they decried as sexist and racist.
 The first American national gathering of women's liberation activists was held in Lake Villa, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois.
 The EEOC issued revised guidelines on sex discrimination, making it clear that the widespread practice of publishing "help wanted" advertisements that use "male" and "female" column headings violates Title VII.
 New York feminists buried a dummy of "Traditional Womanhood" at the all-women's Jeannette Rankin Brigade demonstration against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C.
 For the first time, feminists used the slogan "Sisterhood is Powerful".
 The first public speakout against abortion laws was held in New York City.
 Notes from the First Year, a women's liberation theoretical journal, was published by New York Radical Women.
 NOW celebrated Mother's Day with the slogan "Rights, Not Roses".
 Mary Daly, professor of theology at Boston College, published a scathing criticism of the Catholic Church's view and treatment of women entitled "The Church and the Second Sex".
 850 sewing machinists at Ford in Dagenham, which is in Britain, went on strike for equal pay and against sex discrimination. This ultimately led to the passing of the Equal Pay Act 1970, the first legislation in the United Kingdom aimed at ending pay discrimination between men and women.
 The term "second-wave feminism" itself was brought into common parlance by journalist Martha Lear in a New York Times Magazine article in March 1968 titled "The Second Feminist Wave: What do These Women Want?" She wrote, "Proponents call it the Second Feminist Wave, the first having ebbed after the glorious victory of suffrage and disappeared, finally, into the great sandbar of Togetherness."

1969
 The case Weeks v. Southern Bell marked a major triumph in the fight against restrictive labor laws and company regulations on the hours and conditions of women's work in the U.S., opening many previously male-only jobs to women.
 The American radical organization Redstockings organized.
 Members of Redstockings disrupted a hearing on abortion laws of the New York Legislature when the panel of witnesses turned out to be 14 men and a nun. The group demanded repeal, not reform, of laws restricting abortion.
 NARAL Pro-Choice America, then called The National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws (NARAL), was founded.
 California adopted a "no fault" divorce law, allowing couples to divorce by mutual consent. It was the first state to do so; by 2010 every state had adopted a similar law. Legislation was also passed regarding equal division of common property.

1970s

1970
 American feminist Kate Millett published her book, Sexual Politics.
 Australian feminist Germaine Greer published her book, The Female Eunuch.
 In Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co., a U.S. Court of Appeals ruled jobs held by men and women must be "substantially equal" but not "identical" to fall under the protection of the Equal Pay Act, and that it is therefore illegal for employers to change the job titles of women workers in order to pay them less than men.
 Sisterhood Is Powerful, An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement edited by the American feminist Robin Morgan, is published.
 The American women's health book Our Bodies was first published as a newsprint booklet for 35 cents.
 The Canadian parliament's Royal Commission on the Status of Women (established 1967) produced its report, leading to the establishment of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women.
 A Ladies' Home Journal sit-in protested "women's magazines" as sexist.
 The North American Indian Women's Association was founded.
 Chicana feminists founded Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional.
 In Italy, Rivolta Femminile ("Women's Revolt") formed and published a manifesto.
 American feminist Toni Cade Bambara published The Black Woman.
 On August 26, 1970, the 50th anniversary of woman suffrage in the U.S., tens of thousands of women across the nation participated in the Women's Strike for Equality, organized by Betty Friedan and thought up by Betty Jameson Armistead to demand equal rights.
 Feminist leader Bella Abzug was elected to the U.S. Congress, famously declaring "A woman's place is in the House".
 President Richard Nixon vetoed the Comprehensive Child Development Act, which would have established federally funded childcare centers throughout the U.S.
 The AFL–CIO met to discuss the status of women in unions. It endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment and opposed state protective legislation.
 The Lutheran Church in America and the American Lutheran Church allowed women to be ordained.
 The U.S. Congress enacted Title X of the Public Health Service Act, the only American federal program—then and now—devoted solely to the provision of family planning services nationwide.
 The first national meeting of the women's liberation movement in Britain took place at Ruskin College.
 Coretta Scott King expanded the Civil Rights Movement platform to include women's rights following the death of her husband, Martin Luther King Jr. She previously served as a Women Strike for Peace delegate to the World Disarmament Conference in 1962.
 The Equal Pay Act 1970 became law in the United Kingdom, although it did not take effect until 1975.
 The Miss World contest in London was disrupted by feminist protesters armed with flour bombs, stink bombs, and water pistols.
 The Red Stocking Movement () in Denmark was established in 1970 and was active until the mid-1980s. Inspired by the Redstockings founded in 1969 in New York City, it brought together left-wing feminists who fought for the same rights as men in terms of equal pay but it also addressed treatment of women in the workplace as well as in the family.

1971
 Switzerland allowed women to vote in national elections. However, some cantons did not allow women to vote in local elections until 1994.
 Jane O'Reilly's article "The Housewife's Moment of Truth" was published in the first edition of Ms. Magazine, which appeared as an insert to New York Magazine. The O'Reilly article introduced the idea of "Click!", which O'Reilly described as the following: "The women in the group looked at her, looked at each other, and ... click! A moment of truth. The shock of recognition. Instant sisterhood... Those clicks are coming faster and faster. They were nearly audible last summer, which was a very angry summer for American women. Not redneck-angry from screaming because we are so frustrated and unfulfilled-angry, but clicking-things-into-place-angry, because we have suddenly and shockingly perceived the basic disorder in what has been believed to be the natural order of things."
 Linda Nochlin's essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" was published in ARTnews. This essay is largely considered a pioneering text of the [[Art history#Feminist Art History|feminist art ed in Idaho in 1864—required that when the father and mother of a deceased person both sought appointment as administrator of the estate, the man had to be preferred over the woman.
 The Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective was founded in New York. It was one of the first feminist theater groups formed to write and produce plays about women's issues and to provide work experience in theatrical professions which had been dominated by men.
 The song "I Am Woman" was published. It was a popular song performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy, which became an enduring anthem for the women's liberation movement.
 A Women's Equality Day resolution was passed in 1971 designating August 26 of each year as Women's Equality Day.

1972

 Britain's first second-wave feminist magazine, Spare Rib, was launched by Marsha Rowe and Rosie Boycott.
 The Equal Pay Act of 1963 did not originally cover executives, administrators, outside salespeople, or professionals. In 1972, Congress enacted the Education Amendments of 1972, which (among other things) amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to expand the coverage of the Equal Pay Act to these employees, by excluding the Equal Pay Act from the professional workers exemption of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
 Egyptian feminist Nawal El-Saadawi published her book Women and Sex.
 Ms. magazine  began. It was the first national American feminist magazine.
 In February 1972, the US Government Printing Office approved using Ms. in official government documents.
 The National Action Committee (NAC) was established to spur action by the Canadian government to implement recommendations made by the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1970). Funded in part by the federal government and founded as a wide coalition of women's groups, NAC was seen as the voice of Canadian women.
 The Equal Rights Amendment was sent to the U.S. states for ratification. The amendment reads: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex".

 In Eisenstadt v. Baird the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that unmarried couples have a right to use contraception.
 The International Feminist Collective was founded in 1972 in Italy by Selma James, Brigitte Galtier, Mariarosa Dalla Costa, and Silvia Federici, to promote political debate and action around the issue of housework; the International Wages for Housework Campaign, which grew out of the Collective, was a feminist global social movement founded in 1972 in Padua, Italy. The Campaign was formed to raise awareness of how housework and childcare are the base of all industrial work and to stake the claim that these unavoidable tasks should be compensated as paid wage labor. The demands for the Wages for Housework formally called for economic compensation for domestic work but also used these demands to call attention to the affective labors of women, the reliance of capitalist economies on exploitative labor practices against women, and leisure inequality.
 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, became law. It is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. The Educational Amendments of 1972 also amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to expand the coverage of the Equal Pay Act to executives, administrators, outside salespeople and professionals, by excluding the Equal Pay Act from the professional workers exemption of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
 The [American] National Women's Political Caucus was founded.
 Gloria Steinem delivered her Address to the Women of America.
 New York Radical Feminists held a series of speakouts and a conference on rape and women's treatment by the criminal justice system.
 The Feminist Women's Health Center was founded in Los Angeles by Carol Downer and Lorraine Rothman.
 In San Francisco, California, Margo St. James organized Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE) to improve the working conditions of prostitutes.

1973
 Women were allowed on the floor of the London Stock Exchange for the first time.
 American tennis player Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match in 1973.  This match is remembered for its effect on society and its contribution to the women's movement.

 The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Roe v. Wade that laws prohibiting abortion are unconstitutional. States are constitutionally allowed to place regulations on abortion which fall short of prohibition after the first trimester.
 The U.S. Supreme Court held that sex-segregated help wanted ads are illegal in Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, 413 U.S. 376.
 AT&T agreed to end discrimination in women's salaries and to pay retroactive compensation to women employees.
 The [American] National Black Feminist Organization was formed.
 The term "sexual harassment" was used in 1973 in "Saturn's Rings", a report authored by Mary Rowe to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues. Rowe has stated that she believes she was not the first to use the term, since sexual harassment was being discussed in women's groups in Massachusetts in the early 1970s, but that MIT may have been the first or one of the first large organizations to discuss the topic (in the MIT Academic Council), and to develop relevant policies and procedures. MIT at the time also recognized the injuries caused by racial harassment and the harassment of women of color which may be both racial and sexual.

1974
 Five all-male colleges at University of Oxford opened admissions to women.
 Contraception became free for women in the United Kingdom.
 Virago Press, a British feminist press, was set up by the publisher Carmen Callil. Its first title, Life As We Have Known It, was published in 1975.
 The Women's Aid Federation was set up to unite battered women's shelters in Britain.

 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act became law in the U.S. It prohibits discrimination in consumer credit practices on the basis of sex, race, marital status, religion, national origin, age, or receipt of public assistance.
In Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that employers cannot justify paying women lower wages because that is what they traditionally received under the "going market rate". A wage differential occurring "simply because men would not work at the low rates paid women" is unacceptable.
 The U.S. First Lady Betty Ford was pro-choice. A moderate Republican, Ford lobbied to ratify the ERA, earning the ire of conservatives, who dub her "No Lady".
 The Mexican-American Women's National Association was founded.
 The American Coalition of Labor Union Women was founded.
 The Women's Educational Equity Act (WEEA) of 1974 was enacted in 1974 to promote educational equity for American girls and women, including those who suffer multiple discrimination based on gender and on race, ethnicity, national origin, disability, or age, and to provide funds to help education agencies and institutions meet the requirements of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.
 Dell Williams founded the first feminist sex toy business in the United States, Eve's Garden, in New York City in 1974. Eve's Garden was also the first woman-owned and woman-operated sex toy business in America.

1975
 The Equal Pay Act 1970 took effect in the UK.
 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 became law in the UK, making it illegal to discriminate against women in education, recruitment, and advertising.
 The Employment Protection Act 1975 became law in the UK, introducing statutory maternity provision and making it illegal to fire a woman because she is pregnant.

 In Taylor v. Louisiana, the U.S. Supreme Court held that women could not be excluded from a venire, or jury pool, on the basis of having to register for jury duty, thus overturning Hoyt v. Florida, the 1961 case that had allowed such a practice.
 The U.N. sponsored the First International Conference on Women in Mexico City.
 U.S. federal employees' salaries could be garnished for child support and alimony.
 Tish Sommers, chairwoman of NOW's Older Women Task Force, coined the phrase "displaced homemaker".
 American feminist Susan Brownmiller published the landmark book Against Our Will, about rape. She later became one of TIME'''s "Women of the Year" (see below).
 NOW sponsored "Alice Doesn't" Day, asking women across the country to go on strike for one day.
 Joan Little, who was raped by a guard while in jail, was acquitted of murdering her offender. The case established a precedent in America for killing as self-defense against rape.
 In New York City, the first women's bank opened.
 The United States armed forces opened its military academies to women.
 Time declared: "[F]eminism has transcended the feminist movement. In 1975 the women's drive penetrated every layer of society, matured beyond ideology to a new status of general—and sometimes unconscious—acceptance." The Time Person of the Year award goes to American Women, celebrating the successes of the feminist movement.
 The Equal Opportunities Commission came into effect in the UK (besides Northern Ireland, where it came into effect in 1976) to oversee the Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts.
 The first "Take Back the Night" march was held. It was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in October 1975, after the murder of a microbiologist, Susan Alexander Speeth, who was stabbed to death while walking home alone.

1976
 The Equal Opportunities Commission came into effect in Northern Ireland to oversee the Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts.

 The Domestic Violence Act became law in Britain, enabling women to obtain a court order against their violent husband or partner.
 The first marital rape law was enacted in Nebraska, making it illegal for a husband to rape his wife.
 Congresswoman Barbara Charline Jordan of Texas, the first African-American congresswoman to come from the Deep South and the first woman ever elected to the Texas Senate, who had received widespread recognition as a key member of the House Judiciary Committee during President Nixon's impeachment, delivered the keynote address to the Democratic National Convention. She was the first black person and first woman to address the convention as a keynote speaker, declaring that "My presence here ... is one additional bit of evidence that the American dream need not forever be deferred".
 The Organization of Pan Asian American Women was formed for women of Asian and Pacific American Islander descent.
 A "Take Back the Night" march was held in Belgium in March 1976 by the women attending the International Tribunal on Crimes against Women.
 In the state of Wisconsin, Susan B. Anthony Day is an established state holiday, which was enacted into law April 15, 1976, from the 1975 Laws of Wisconsin, Chapter 307, section 20. It is also a state holiday in West Virginia and Florida.

1977
 The Canadian Human Rights Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination based on characteristics including sex and sexual orientation, and requiring "equal pay for work of equal value".

 In the U.S., the first National Women's Conference in a century was held in Houston, Texas. Women from all over the country, 20,000 in all, gathered to pass a National Plan of Action.
 The first women pilots of the United States Air Force graduated.
 International Women's Day was formalized as an annual event by the U.N. General Assembly.
 The first Rape Crisis Centre opened in London.
 A landmark ruling on January 7, 1977, by Washington Supreme Court in State of Washington v. Wanrow set a precedent about jury instructions in a criminal trial of a woman that a jury should ask "what a reasonably prudent woman... would have done," overturning the prudent man rule which had been used previously for both men and women.

1978
 Marilyn Loden invented the phrase "glass ceiling", during a 1978 speech.
 The Oregon v. Rideout jury decision, in which Rideout was acquitted of raping his wife, led many American states to allow prosecution for marital and cohabitation rape.
 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act banned employment discrimination against pregnant women in the U.S., stating a woman cannot be fired or denied a job or a promotion because she is or may become pregnant, nor can she be forced to take a pregnancy leave if she is willing and able to work.
 The Equal Rights Amendment's deadline arrived with the ERA still three states short of ratification; there was a successful bill to extend the ERA's deadline to 1982, but it was still not ratified by then.

1979
 The feminist art piece The Dinner Party, by American feminist artist Judy Chicago, was first put on display at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
 Duren v. Missouri'', 439 U.S. 357 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the exemption on request of women from jury service under Missouri law, resulting in an average of less than 15% women on jury venires in the forum county, violated the "fair-cross-section" requirement of the Sixth Amendment as made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth.

1980s
 In the U.S., the early 1980s were marked by the end of the second wave and the beginning of the feminist sex wars. Many historians view the second-wave feminist era in America as ending in the early 1980s with the intra-feminism disputes of the feminist sex wars over issues such as sexuality and pornography, which ushered in the era of third-wave feminism in the early 1990s.
 The Guerrilla Girls formed in the early 1980s as a response to sexism and racism in the art world. Known for their protest art and their usage of gorilla masks to remain anonymous, the group actively calls out issues within the contemporary art world.
 In the 1980s the second wave spread to Turkey and to Israel.

1982
 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was enacted by the Canada Act of 1982, and it declares (among other things), "15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. (2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.... 28. Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female persons."

1983
 In 1983, the women's minister of France, Yvette Roudy, passed a law obliging all companies with more than 50 employees to carry out a comparative salary survey between men and women.

1985
 The Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law of 1985, effective in April 1986, prohibits gender discrimination with respect to recruitment, hiring, promotion, training, and job assignment.

See also

 First-wave feminism
 List of American women's firsts
 Third-wave feminism
 Timeline of women in the United States
 Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1900 to 1949
 Timeline of women's education
 Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
 Timeline of women's suffrage
 Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States

References

External links

Second-wave feminism
Society-related timelines
feminism second-wave

Timeline of second-wave feminism


Geografia
 Eke – frazione di Nazareth, comune delle Fiandre Orientali (Belgio)
 Eke – nome fiammingo di Eecke, comune del Nord (Francia)

Sigle
 Encrypted Key Exchange – protocollo di autenticazione con cifratura

Codici
 EKE – codice aeroportuale IATA dell'aeroporto civile di Ekereku (Guyana)
 eke – codice ISO 639-3 della lingua ekit

Eke


Stratis Haviaras (June 28, 1935 – March 3, 2020) was a bilingual writer of literary works in English and Greek, known in the U.S. for his novels When the Tree Sings (shortlisted for the Natiοnal Book Award and named an ALA Notable book), and The Heroic Age. Both were critically acclaimed in the American press, and were translated into many languages. He also founded and edited the literary journals Arion's Dolphin, Erato and Harvard Review.

Early life and education
Haviaras's parents were refugees from Asia Minor who settled in Nea Kios (Argos) when it was founded in 1927. As a child he experienced the horrors of World War II. When he was 9, the Nazis executed his father, Christos, for his participation in the resistance, while his mother, Georgia Hatzikyriakos, was sent to a concentration camp in Germany. Subsequently the family house was demolished by the occupying forces. After finishing grammar school, Haviaras started working in the construction trades. In battling the twin obstacles of Attention Deficit Disorder and dyslexia, his love for writing found ways to persevere. He began to write poems and plays at age 13.

A milestone in his engagement with the literary world was his acquaintance, starting in 1957, with Kimon Friar, a distinguished translator into English of The Odyssey: a Modern Sequel by Nikos Kazantzakis, whom he met in Athens. Recognizing Haviaras's passion for literature and writing, Friar invited him to travel to the United States to assist him in the translation of Kazantzakis's Salvatores Dei: Spiritual exercises, and reading of essays on US arts over The Voice of America radio, and in the typing of archival material. Through Friar, Haviaras met Arthur Miller and Marilyn Monroe, Tennessee Williams, William Inge, among others. During his stay in the U.S. he also studied mechanical drawing at the Manhattan Technological Institute in New York, and machine design at the Jefferson School of Commerce in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he lived with relatives, working in the evenings in a Greek restaurant. At the University of Virginia, he met William Faulkner and worked with the young writer Richard Fariña, three years before his death.

Career

First publications in Greek
Haviaras first appeared in the Greek letters with the dramatic monologue "The Rusty Nail" (Kainouria Epochi, Summer 1959), later performed in The Actors Studio in New York. Upon his return to Greece in April 1961, he found work in the US Airbase in Athens. That same year he met the author, Katerina Plassara, with whom he traveled to France, Germany and Scandinavia, writing plays. In 1963 he published his first collection of poems, Η κυρία με την πυξίδα (Lady with a Compass) and for the next few years he worked as a supervising engineer in the construction of the Achelous River hydroelectric dam. His second book of poetry, Βερολίνο (Berlin), was published in 1965. During Greece's political turmoil, which culminated in the military takeover of the government in April, 1967, Haviaras participated in pro-democracy rallies in Athens (and later in Cambridge, Massachusetts). His next collection of poems Η νύχτα του ξυλοπόδαρου (Night of the Stiltwalker), amply reflects his opposition to totalitarian rule – it was confiscated by the police soon after it appeared in the bookstores. In Athens, in the autumn of 1966 Haviaras found work as a draftsman in The Architects Collaborative (TAC), founded by Walter Gropius. There he met the architect Gail Flynn, whom he married in 1967. That year he moved with her to the United States.

Harvard
In Cambridge, Massachusetts, Haviaras worked as a clerk at Harvard's Widener Library and joined The Committee for the Restoration of the Democratic Government in Greece, founded by members of the academic community. Soon he became editor and one of the speakers of its Sunday program, The Voice of Greece, broadcasting over WILD Radio Boston against the military dictatorship in Greece. Following a complaint by "Twenty Greek-American businessmen," the Federal Communications Commission imposed the submission of translated texts from Greek to English and vice versa 96 hours before broadcasting, in essence silencing the program. The Committee continued its activities with Eleutheria, a monthly publication. In 1971 Haviaras joined a think tank formed in Cambridge by members of the organization Δημοκρατική Άμυνα (Democratic Defense), which operated underground in Greece. As its representative from America, Haviaras travelled to Bonn, Germany in August of that year to participate in an international conference aimed at the restoration of democracy in Greece. While working at Harvard, Haviaras attended courses in literature and history at the university's evening and summer programs. He completed his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in literature and creative writing respectively (BA 1973, MFA 1976) at the low residency program of Goddard College in Vermont. At Goddard he met many writers, including Raymond Carver, John Irving, and Richard Ford, and he launched Arion's Dolphin, a hand-stitched poetry journal.

1973 was a landmark year for his literary career. He began writing in English, and many of his poems appeared in literary journals such as Iowa Review, Ploughshares, Dickinson Review, and Kayak. In 1976 his first poetry collection in English, Crossing the River Twice was published by the Cleveland State University Poetry Center.

At Harvard he was successively promoted to positions of greater responsibility until in 1974 he was appointed Curator of the Woodberry Poetry Room and the Henry Weston Farnsworth Room,  two specialized collections in the Harvard College Library system. In 1976 Haviaras began to live with Heather Cole, a librarian at Harvard. The couple was married in 1990 at the suggestion of their daughter, Elektra Haviaras (b. 1981).

In 1979, Simon & Schuster published his novels When the Tree Sings and in 1984, The Heroic Age.

As Curator of the Poetry and Farnsworth Rooms, Haviaras was responsible for selecting works of poetry from the English-speaking world and making studio recordings of poets reading from their own work. Equally importantly, he organized weekly gatherings, book presentations, poetry readings and publications. In 1984 and for the next 24 years he taught a successful novel-writing workshop at Harvard's summer program, and with his assistant, the poet Michael Milburn, he edited and published large selections from sound recordings (Vladimir Nabokov at Harvard and Seamus Heaney at Harvard), and the literary magazine ERATO. In 1992 he launched Harvard Review, a major publishing effort, now edited by Christina Thompson and associates.

After completing 40 years of service at the University, a fund for an annual poetry lecture to honor Stratis Haviaras was established in the Department of English and American Literature and Language by a grant from film maker Robert Gardner and a donation from the poet Elizabeth Gray.

Return to Greece and the Greek language

Haviaras retired from the library at Harvard in the year 2000 but continued to teach in the Summer Program until 2008, completing 40 years of service, when he took up permanent residence in Athens. As a writer, he returned to the Greek language with AXNA, a novel (Kedros, 2014) and the teaching of creative writing at the European Center for the Translation of Literature (EKEMEL), of which he was President in 2000, and the National Book Center of Greece (EKEBI). He also served as Vice President of the Greek Authors Society (2011–2013), and since 2015 he coordinated a creative writing workshop at the Center for Hellenic Studies of Harvard University in Nafplion, Greece. Since 2013 he had been publishing poems and translations of poetry in the Athens journal Ta Poetika and his short stories and memoires in oanagnostis.gr an e-magazine for the book, of whose editorial board he was a member.

Haviaras was the translator into English of C.P. Cavafy The Canon (Hermes Publishing 2000, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University Press, 2007) and collaborated with others in the translation of works by Seamus Heaney and Charles Simic into Greek.

Works

Poetry
 Η κυρία με την πυξίδα, privately published, 1963
 Βερολίνο, Fexis, 1965
 Η νύχτα του Ξυλοπόδαρου, privately published, 1967
 Νεκροφάνεια, Kedros, 1972
 Crossing the River Twice, Cleveland State University, 1976
 Millennial Afterlives, a retrospective, Wells College Press, 2000
 Duty Free Desiderata, Siera Press, 2000

Novels
 When the Tree Sings, Simon & Schuster 1979, Ballantine 1980, Sidwick & Jackson U.K. 1979, Picador U.K. 1980
 Όταν τραγουδούσαν τα δέντρα (When the Tree Sings in Greek), Hermes 1980, Kastaniotis 1999
 The Heroic Age, Simon & Schuster 1984, Penguin 1985, Methuen U.K. 1984, King Penguin U.K. 1985
 Τα ηρωικά χρόνια (The Heroic Age in Greek) Bell 1984, Kastaniotis 1999
 Πορφυρό και μαύρο νήμα (The Telling), Kedros, 2007
 Άχνα (Ahna), Kedros, 2014

Translations – Collaborations
 Into English: C.P. Cavafy, The Canon, Hermes 2004, CHS Harvard 2007
 Into Greek: Seamus Heaney, Το Αλφάδι (The Spirit Level), with Manolis Savvidis, Theodosis Nikolaou and Soti Triantafillou, Hermes, 1999
 Seamus Heaney, Αλφάβητα (Alphabets), with Giorgos and Manolis Savvidis, engravings by Dimitri Hatzi, ISTOS, 2000
 Charles Simic, The Music of the Stars, with Dino Siotis, The Society of Dekata, 2010.

Editor
 Eleutheria, 1970–1973
 Arion's Dolphin, 1971–1976
 35 Post-War Greek Poets, Arion's Dolphin (special issue), 1973
 Kiss; a collaboration, with Paul Hannigan, John Batki and William Corbett (special issue), Arion's Dolphin 1976
 Sylvia Plath Reading her Poetry (audio), Caedmon 1980
 Ploughshares, International Writing Issue, 1985
 ERATO, 1986–1991, with Michael Milburn
 Harvard Review,1991-2000
 The Poet's Voice; Poets Reading and Commenting Upon their Works (audio), Harvard University Press, 1978
 Vladimir Nabokov at Harvard (audio), with Michael Milburn, Poetry Room 1987
 Seimus Heaney at Harvard (audio), with Michael Milburn, Poetry Room 1987
 Seimus Heaney; a Celebration, a Harvard Review Monograph, 1995
 Charlie Simic at Large, (special Issue) Harvard Review, 1997

Interviews in newspapers and periodicals
 Dan Georgakas, «An Interview with Stratis Haviaras." Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 8, no. 4 (Winter 1981): 73-82.
 Patrick Skene Catling, "Poetic Fruits of War" The Sunday Telegraph

Distinctions
 When the tree sings, Short List, US National Book
 When the tree sings & The Heroic Age, Notable books, American Library Association
 The newspaper Guardian selected the novel When the Tree Sings as one of the 10 most important political novels of the 20th century.
 Literary Award for Stratis Haviaras Services to Other Poets at Harvard, PEN New England Award.
 Robert Gardner's Funding of The Annual Stratis Haviaras Lectures at the English Dep., Harvard

Sources
 Harvard Library
 Harvard Review
 Ploughshares
 oanagnostis.gr
 Theodora D. Patrona, (2017). Return Narratives: Ethnic Space in Late-Twentieth-Century Greek American and Italian American Literature, Rowman & Littlefield
 Stratis Haviaras interviews in Greek newspapers and books' periodicals

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
People from Argos-Mykines
Anatolian Greeks
Greek–English translators
Greek translators
Greek expatriates in the United States

Stratis Haviaras


Covasna là một thị xã thuộc hạt Covasna, România. Dân số thời điểm năm 2002 là 11204 người.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Xem thêm

Khu dân cư ở hạt Covasna
Thị trấn Romania

Covasna


Nasljedni nepolipozni kolorektumski karcinom (HNPCC) ili Linchov sindrom je autosomno dominantna genetička bolest, povezana s visokim rizikom od raka debelog crijeva kao i drugih karcinoma uključujući rak endometrija (drugi najčešći), jajnika, želuca, tankog crijeva, hepatobilijarnog trakta, gornjih mokraćnih puteva, mozga i kože. Povećani rizik od ovih karcinoma je zbog naslijeđenih mutacija koje oštećuju popravak neusklađenosti DNK. To je tip sindroma raka. Budući da pacijenti s Lynchovim sindromom mogu imati polipe, termin HNPCC je nestao.

Znakovi i simptomi

Rizik od raka
Životni rizik i srednja dob pri postavljanju dijagnoze za karcinome povezane s Lynchovim sindromom '''Osim tipova karcinoma koji se nalaze u gornjoj tabeli, podrazumijeva se da Lynchov sindrom također doprinosi povećanom riziku od raka tankog crijeva, karcinom gušterače, karcinoma mokraćovoda/bubrežne karlice, raka žučnih puteva, raka mozga i lojne neoplazme. Povećan rizik od karcinoma prostate i raka dojke takođe je povezan sa Lynchovim sindromom, iako ta veza nije potpuno razumljivo.

Dvije trećine karcinoma debelog crijeva javlja se u proksimalnom dijelu crijeva, a uobičajeni znakovi i simptomi uključuju krv u izmetu, proljev ili zatvor i nenamjeran gubitak težine. Prosječna starost pri dijagnoz kolorektumskog karcinoma je 44 godine za članove porodica koje ispunjavaju amsterdamske kriterijume. Prosječna starost dijagnoze raka endometrima je oko 46 godina. Među ženama sa HNPCC koje imaju i karcinom debelog crijeva i endometrija, otprilike polovina je prvo sa karcinomom endometrija, što čini rak endometrija najčešćim karcinomom kod Lynchovog sindroma. Najčešći simptom raka endometrija je abnormalno vaginsko krvarenje. U HNPCC, prosječna dob za dijagnozu karcinoma želuca je 56 godina, a adenokarcinom crijevnog tipa je najčešća prijavljena patološka promjena. Karcinomi jajnika povezani s HNPCC imaju prosječnu starost dijagnoze od 42,5 godina; približno 30% je dijagnosticirano prije 40. godine života.

Utvrđene su značajne varijacije u stopi raka u zavisnosti od uključene mutacije. Do navršenih 75 godina, rizik od raka debelog crijeva, raka endometrija, karcinoma jajnika, gornjeg gastrointestinalnog trakta (želuca, dvanaestopalačnog crijeva, žučnih kanala ili gušterače), raka mokraćnih puteva, karcinoma prostate i tumora mozga je bio kako slijedi za MLH1 mutacije rizik bio je (prema pomenutom redoslijedu): 46%, 43%, 10%, 21%, 8%, 17% i 1% respektivno: za MSH2 mutacije rizici su bili 57%, 17%, 10%, 25%, 32%, odnosno 5%: za mutacije MSH6 rizici su bili 15%, 46%, 13%, 7%, 11%, 18% i 1% .

Genetika

HNPCC se nasljeđuje na autosomno dominantani način. Obilježje HNPCC-a je neispravan popravak neslaganja DNK, što uzrokuje povećanu stopu promjena pojedinačnih nukleotida i mikrosatelitske nestabilnosti, također poznat kao MSI-H (H je "visok"). MSI se može identifikovati u uzorcima karcinoma u histopatološkoj laboratoriji. Većina slučajeva rezultira promjenama u dužini dinukleotidnih ponavljanja citozinskih i adeninskih nukleobaze (sekvenca: CACACACACA...).

Četiri glavna gena uključena u HNPCC normalno kodiraju funkcionisanje proteina koji formiraju dimere:
 MLH1 protein dimerizira sa PMS2 proteinom da formira MutLα, koji koordinira vezivanje drugih proteina, uključenih u popravku neusklađenosti kao što je DNK-helikaza, jednolančani DNK vezujući protein (RPA) i DNK-polimeraza.
 MSH2 protein dimerizira sa MSH6 proteinom, koji identifikuje nepodudarnosti putem modela kliznih stezaljki DNK, za skeniranje grešaka.

Oštećenje bilo kojeg gena za proteinski dimer narušava funkciju proteina. Ova 4 gena su uključena u ispravljanje grešaka (popravak neusklađenosti, "mish-mach model"), tako da disfunkcija gena može dovesti do nemogućnosti popravljanja grešaka u replikaciji DNK i uzrokovati HNPCC. Poznato je da je HNPCC povezan s drugim mutacijama gena uključenih u popravak neusklađenosti DNK puta:

Za ljude sa mutacijama MSH6 vjerovatnije je da će biti negativni po Amsterdamskom kriteriju II. Prezentacija sa MSH6 se malo razlikuje od MLH1 i MSH2, a ekspresija "MSH6 sindroma" je korišten za opisivanje ovog stanja. U studiji Bethesda vodiča blio je senzitivnije nrgo po Amsterdamskim kriterijima detekcije.

Do 39% porodica sa mutacijama u HNPCC genu ne ispunjava Amsterdamske kriterijume. Stoga treba uzeti u obzir porodice za koje je utvrđeno da imaju štetnu mutaciju u HNPCC genu imati HNPCC bez obzira na obim porodične anamneze. To takođe znači da Amsterdamski kriteriji ne uspevaju da identifikuju mnogo ljudi koji su u riziku od Lynchovog sindroma. Poboljšanje kriterijia za skrining je aktivna oblast istraživanja, kao što je detaljno opisano u odeljku Strategije skrininga u ovom članku.

Većina ljudi s HNPCC nasljeđuje stanje od roditelja. Međutim, zbog nepotpune penetracije, promjenjive dobi dijagnoze raka, smanjenja rizika od raka ili rane smrti, nemaju svi ljudi s mutacijom gena HNPCC roditelja koji je imao rak. Neki ljudi razvijaju HNPCC de novo u novoj generaciji, bez nasljeđivanja gena. Ovi ljudi se često identifikuju tek nakon što razviju rak debelog crijeva u ranom životnom dobu. Roditelji sa HNPCC imaju 50% šanse da prenesu gensku mutaciju na svako dijete. Također je važno napomenuti da štetna mutacija u jednom od MMR gena sama po sebi nije dovoljna da izazove rak, već da se prije moraju pojaviti daljnje mutacije u drugim genima za supresiju tumora.

Dijagnoza
Dijagnoza Lynchovog sindroma primjenjuje se na osobe sa  mutacijama zametne linije u jednom od MMR gena (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 i PMS2) ili EPCAM gena, identifikovanom genetičkim testiranjem.
Klasifikacija
Tri glavne grupe MSI-H (mikrosatelitna nestabilnost – MSI) karcinoma mogu se prepoznati histopatološkim kriterijumima:
 desnostrani slabo diferencirani karcinomi
 desnostrani sluznički karcinomi
 adenokarcinomi na bilo kojoj lokaciji koja pokazuje bilo koji mjerljivi nivo unutarepitelnih limfocita (TIL)

Histopatološki kriteriji nisu dovoljno osjetljivi da otkriju MSI prema histološkon nalazu, ali se pokušavaju koristiti vještačka inteligencija da predvide MSI iz histologije.

Osim toga, HNPCC se može podijeliti na Lynchov sindrom I (porodični rak debelog crijeva) i Linčov sindrom II'' (HNPCC povezan s drugim karcinomima gastrointestinalnog trakta ili reproduktivnog sistema).

Liječenje
Hirurška operacija ostaje kao glavna terapija za HNPCC. Pacijenti s Lynchovim sindromom koji razviju kolorektumski karcinom mogu se liječiti ili parcijalnom ili potpunom kolektomijom  s ileorektumskom anastomozom. Zbog povećanog rizika od raka debelog crijeva nakon djelimične kolektomije i sličnog kvaliteta života nakon obje operacije, totalna kolektomija može biti poželjan tretman za HNPCC, posebno kod mlađih pacijenata.

Trajne su kontroverze oko prednosti adjuvantnih terapija zasnovanih na 5-fluorouracilu za kolorektumske tumore povezane s HNPCC, posebno one u stadijima I i II.

Može biti djelotvorna i terapija anti-PD-1 antitijelima.

Blokada kontrolne tačke sa anti-PD-1 terapijom sada je poželjna terapija prve linije za uznapredovalu mikrosatelitsku nestabilnost – visoki stadij kolorektumskog karcinoma.

Epidemiologija
Iako tačna prevalencija mutacija koje izazivaju Lynchov sindrom u općoj populaciji ostaje nepoznata, nedavne studije procjenjuju da je oko 1/279 ili 0,35% osoba. Poznato je da određene populacije imaju veću prevalenciju mutacija osnivača, uključujući, ali ne ograničavajući se na, Francuske Kanađane, Islanđane, Afroamerikance i Aškenazi Jevreje. Mutacije koje uzrokuju Lynchov sindrom nalaze se u otprilike 3% svih dijagnostificiranih karcinoma debelog crijeva i 1,8% svih karcinoma endometrija. Prosječna starost dijagnoza raka kod pacijenata sa ovim sindromom je 44 godine, u poređenju sa 64 godine starosti kod osoba bez sindroma.

Reference

Dopunska literatura
  Paperback version retitled Before My Time.

Vanjski linkovi
 FAQs on HNPCC  from the National Institute of Health
 GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Lynch syndrome

 National Cancer Institute: Genetics of Colorectal Cancer information summary

Geni na hromosomu 2
Replikacija DNK
Kanceri debelog crijeva
Nasljedni karcinomi
Sindromi s tumorima
Sindromi koji utiču na probavni trakt

Nasljedni nepolipozni kolorektumski kancer


An Gastromyzon stellatus in uska species han Actinopterygii nga ginhulagway ni Tan hadton 2006. An Gastromyzon stellatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gastromyzon, ngan familia nga Balitoridae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gastromyzon

Gastromyzon stellatus


An Moolgarda in uska genus han Actinopterygii. An Moolgarda in nahilalakip ha familia nga Mugilidae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Moolgarda

Moolgarda


Magdolna "Magda" Paulányi (née Vidos; born 19 June 1945) is a Hungarian athlete. She competed in the women's javelin throw at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Hungarian female javelin throwers
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Athletes from Budapest
Universiade silver medalists for Hungary
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)

Magda Paulányi


Kahenera sa mga alasiwsiw ang Gomphocerippus. Ang Gomphocerippus sakop sa kabanay nga Acrididae.

Ang kladogram matud sa Catalogue of Life mao:

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Insekto
Gomphocerippus

Gomphocerippus


An Echiomima fabulosa in uska species han Lepidoptera nga ginhulagway ni Edward Meyrick hadton 1915. An Echiomima fabulosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Echiomima, ngan familia nga Oecophoridae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Echiomima

Echiomima fabulosa


Tales of the Unexpected foi um série de quadrinhos de ficção científica, fantasia e horror publicada pela DC Comics de 1956 a 1968 com 104 edições. Mais tarde, foi rebatizada como The Unexpected, continuando a numeração e encerrando na edição #222 em 1982. A série foi renascida como uma minissérie em 2006.

Publicação original

Série original
Em resposta às restrições impostas pelo Comics Code Authority, a DC iniciou uma nova série de ficção-científica em 1956. A série trazia arte de Murphy Anderson, Gil Kane, e muitos outros, com histórias de John Broome, Gardner Fox, e outros. Foi uma antologia de quadrinhos por muitos anos, publicando uma variedade de histórias de ficção científica. A série apresentou o Ranger do Espaço (Space Ranger) a partir da edição #40 até a #82 (Abril–Maio de 1964). Outros personagens, entre eles, o "Green Glob" (edições #85–98, 100, 102, 103) e "Automan" (edições #91, 94, 97). A última edição como Tales of the Unexpected foi #104 (Dezembro de 1967–Janeiro de 1968). A partir da edição #105 (Fevereiro–Março de 1968), o título foi encurtado para The Unexpected.

Série limitada de 2006
A DC ressuscitou o título como uma minissérie de oito edições em 2006, focado na encarnação de Crispus Allen do Espectro, junto com uma série de back-up com o Doutor Treze.

O back-up tinha no papel principal uma equipe composta pelo Dr. Treze e sua filha Traci, Eu o Vampiro, Gênio Jones, Capitão Temor, Moça Infecciosa, Anthro, o Primate Patrol, e o Tanque Mal-Assombrado. Foi escrita por Brian Azzarello, com arte de Cliff Chiang.

Coletâneas
 Showcase Presents: Tales of the Unexpected reúne Tales of the Unexpected #1–20, 512 páginas, Agosto de 2012, (ISBN 1401235204)
 The Jack Kirby Omnibus inclui histórias da Tales of the Unexpected #13, 15–18, e 21–24, 304 páginas, Agosto de 2011, (ISBN 1401231071)
 Crisis Aftermath: The Spectre inclui histórias do Espectro da Tales of the Unexpected vol. 2 #1–3, 144 páginas, Maio de 2007, (ISBN 1401213804)
 Spectre: Tales of the Unexpected inclui histórias do Espectro da Tales of the Unexpected vol. 2 #4–8, 128 páginas, Dezembro de 2007, (ISBN 1401215068)
 Doctor 13: Architecture and Mortality inclui as histórias backup do Doutor 13 da Tales of the Unexpected vol. 2 #1–8, 144 páginas, Setembro de 2007, (ISBN 1401215521)

Ligações externas
 Tales of the Unexpected no Comic Book DB
 Tales of the Unexpected vol. 2' no Comic Book DB
 Tales of the Unexpected no Cover Browser
 Tales of the Unexpected no Mike's Amazing World of Comics

Publicações da DC Comics
Histórias em quadrinhos de terror
Revistas extintas dos Estados Unidos

Tales of the Unexpected (DC Comics)


Esta é uma lista que contém as 14 emissoras próprias e afiliadas que retransmitem a programação da Rede Transamérica. Consta também as emissoras que eram afiliadas as antigas vertentes Transamérica Pop, Transamérica Hits e Transamérica Light, criadas em 1999 a partir da divisão da antiga rede Transamérica FM e encerradas entre 2018 e 2019. Estão listadas emissoras da Transamérica Internacional, projeto que contou com afiliadas nos Estados Unidos e no Japão.

Emissoras próprias

Geradora

Filiais

Emissoras afiliadas

Alagoas

Bahia

Minas Gerais

Rondônia

Santa Catarina

São Paulo

Sergipe

Antigas emissoras

Rede Transamérica

Transamérica Hits

Transamérica Pop

Transamérica Light

Transamérica Internacional

Transamérica FM

Ligações externas
 Anatel – Sistema de Controle de Radiodifusão
 Anatel – Sistema de Informação dos Serviços de Comunicação de Massa

Transamérica

Lista de emissoras da Rede Transamérica


Kaliwatan sa alasiwsiw ang Typhoptera obliquevenosa. Una ning gihulagway ni Max Beier ni adtong 1954. Ang Typhoptera obliquevenosa sakop sa kahenera nga Typhoptera, ug kabanay nga Tettigoniidae.

Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
 Viyetnam

Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Insekto
Insekto sa Viyetnam
Typhoptera

Typhoptera obliquevenosa


Kaliwatan sa alibangbang ang Narycia euctena. Una ning gihulagway ni Turner ni adtong 1927. Ang Narycia euctena sakop sa kahenera nga Narycia, ug kabanay nga Psychidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Insekto
Narycia

Narycia euctena


Jenotajefka-rajon (Russies: Енотаевский район) is 'n administratiewe rajon van Astrachan-oblast, Rusland. Dit lê op die regteroewer van die Wolgarivier in die westelike deel van die oblast en grens aan die Republiek van Kalmikië, 'n ander federale deelgebied van Rusland. Die rajon se setel is die gelyknamige dorp Jenotajefka.

Demografie
Volgens Sensus 2010 het Jenotajefka-rajon 26 786 inwoners gehad. Etniese Russe vorm die meerderheid van die rajon se bevolking.

Verwysings

Astrachan-oblast

Jenotajefka-rajon


Jacob Ilive (1705 – 1763) was an English type-founder, printer and author. He was a religious radical, who developed neognostic views based on deism. He spent time in prison, convicted of blasphemy.

Life
He was the son of Thomas Ilive (died 1724), a London printer of Aldersgate Street, and his wife Jane James (1669–daughter of Thomas James, another printer. Two brothers, Abraham and Isaac, were also printers. He was apprenticed to his father, and freed from the bond in 1726, by his mother.

Around 1730, Ilive carried on both a type foundry and a printing business. In 1734 he lived by Aldersgate coffee house. From January 1736 to 1738 he published a rival to Edward Cave's Gentleman's Magazine. He sold the foundry in 1740, but kept the printing side going for the rest of his life. He went to live in "London House", the former residence of Christopher Rawlinson.

Ilive died in 1763, aged 58. The printer John Nichols considered him "somewhat disordered in his mind".

Views and gaol sentence
Ilive delivered at Brewers' Hall on 10 September 1733, and at Joiners' Hall two weeks later, an Oration on the plurality of worlds and against the doctrine of eternal punishment. He hired Carpenters' Hall, London Wall, and lectured there on the natural religion.  In 1738 he brought out another Oration, for which the venue was Trinity Hall, in Aldersgate Street, on 9 January 1738; it was directed against Henry Felton's True Discourses, on personal identity in the resurrection of the dead.

In 1751 Ilive printed anonymously the Book of Jasher, a purported translation by Alcuin. It was reissued with additions by Rev. Charles Rogers Bond, Bristol, 1829. Behind unconvincing stories of its origin, the book contained naturalistic explanations of Old Testament miracles.

On 20 June 1756 Ilive was sentenced to three years' imprisonment with hard labour in the House of Correction at Clerkenwell, for writing, printing, and publishing an anonymous pamphlet in 1754. Aimed at Thomas Sherlock, it was entitled Some Remarks on the excellent Discourses lately published by a very worthy Prelate by a Searcher after Religious Truth. It was rewritten and enlarged as Remarks on the two Volumes of excellent Discourses lately published by the Bishop of London, 1755. It was declared to be "a most blasphemous book" denying the divinity of Jesus Christ as well as revealed religion. He remained in gaol until 10 June 1758, spending time writing.

The sceptical line Ilive took towards the Genesis creation account had something in common with ideas found earlier in Charles Blount and Charles Gildon. A strong influence came from the writings of William Derham, in particular Astro-Theology (1715). In what was a tolerant epoch of the Church of England, Ilive was in a select group, with Peter Annet and Thomas Woolston, of those against whom blasphemy charges were successfully brought. Sherlock, by legal action, sought to discourage Ilive from publishing other deist writers.

Works
In 1730 Ilive printed his major book, The Layman's Vindication of the Christian Religion, in 2 pts. The parts were

 The Layman's general Vindication of Christianity
 The Layman's Plain Answer to a late Book, a reply to the Grounds and Reasons of Anthony Collins.

His Oration was written in 1729, and published in 1733 (2nd edit. 1736), at the wish of his mother Jane. A Dialogue between a Doctor of the Church of England and Mr. Jacob Ilive upon the subject of the Oration spoke at Joyners' Hall, wherein is proved that the Miracles said to be wrought by Moses were artificial acts only, followed in the same year, in support of the Oration.

In relation to his profession, Ilive wrote:

Speech to his Brethren the Master Printers on the great Utility of the Art of Printing at a General Meeting 18th July 1750, London, no date.
The Charter and Grants of the Company of Stationers, with Observations and Remarks thereon, 1762, a pamphlet. It dealt with Ilive's grievances against the management of the Stationers' Company, and he called a meeting on 3 July. A committee was appointed to inquire into the state of the company, and a new master and wardens elected.

Two further pamphlets were:

 Reasons Offered for the Reformation of the House of Correction in Clerkenwell ... To which is Prefixed, a Plan of the Said Prison, ... (1757)
 A Scheme (1759) for the employment of persons sent to prison as disorderly.

Notes

External links
Attribution

1705 births
1763 deaths
18th-century English writers
18th-century printers
English printers
English prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
People convicted of blasphemy
English pamphleteers
Gnostics
British deists

Jacob Ilive


For alle de syv vinde () er en sovjetisk spillefilm fra 1962 af Stanislav Rostotskij.

Medvirkende
 Larisa Luzjina som Svetlana Ivasjova
 Sofija Piljavskaja
 Vjatjeslav Tikhonov som Suzdalev
 Klara Lutjko som Natalja Guseva
 Vladimir Zamanskij

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sovjetiske film fra 1962
Dramafilm fra Sovjetunionen

For alle de syv vinde


A NASCAR Pinty's Series (anteriormente conhecida como NASCAR Canadian Tire Series) é uma série de corrida nacional da NASCAR no Canadá, com uma corrida nos Estados Unidos a partir de 2018, que deriva da antiga CASCAR Super Series, que foi fundada em 1981.

Lista de campeões da série

Vitórias em todos os tempos

Ligações externas
 Página oficial

Competições de automobilismo
NASCAR

NASCAR Canada Series


Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Trioza anceps. Una ning gihulagway ni Leonard D. Tuthill ni adtong 1944. Ang Trioza anceps sakop sa kahenera nga Trioza, ug kabanay nga Triozidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Insekto
Insekto sa Belize
Insekto sa Estado de Morelos
Trioza

Trioza anceps


Die Antarktiese Verdrag en verwante ooreenkomste, gesamentlik bekend as die Antarktiese Verdragstelsel, reguleer internasionale betrekkinge met betrekking tot Antarktika, die Aarde se enigste vasteland sonder 'n inheemse menslike bevolking. Dit was die eerste wapenbeheerooreenkoms wat tydens die Koue Oorlog tot stand gebring is, wat die vasteland as 'n wetenskaplike bewaringsgebied opsy gesit, vryheid van wetenskaplike ondersoek ingestel en militêre aktiwiteite verbied het.

Vir die doeleindes van die verdragstelsel word Antarktika gedefinieer as al die land- en yspakke suid van 60°S breedtegraad. Sedert September 2004 is die Antarktiese Verdragsekretariaat, wat die verdragstelsel implementeer, se hoofkwartier in Buenos Aires, Argentinië gesetel.

Verwysings

Verdrae van Frankryk
Verdrae van Nederland
Verdrae van Spanje
Verdrae van Suid-Afrika
Verdrae van Swede
Verdrae van die Verenigde Koninkryk

Antarktiese Verdrag


La battaglia di Caldiero ebbe luogo il 30 ottobre 1805. Il maresciallo di Francia Andrea Massena, alla testa di circa 37 000 francesi, affrontò un esercito austriaco forte di ben 50 000 uomini, guidato dall'Arciduca Carlo, posizionato nel villaggio di Caldiero e sulle colline circostanti.

Massena attaccò e prese le colline, mentre il villaggio resistette sino al cadere della notte. Nel corso della notte l'Arciduca Carlo fece muovere salmerie ed artiglieria, lasciando a coprire la ritirata circa 5 000 uomini, al comando del generale Hillinger. Questa retroguardia venne catturata il giorno successivo. Gli austriaci registrarono circa 3 000 fra morti e feriti, oltre 8 000 prigionieri, inclusa la retroguardia dell'Hillinger, contro circa 4 000 morti e feriti da parte francese.

Altri progetti

Guerra nel 1805
Caldiero

Battaglia di Caldiero (1805)


An Embrikstrandia inexpectata in uska species han Coleoptera nga ginhulagway ni Cenek Podany hadton 1968. An Embrikstrandia inexpectata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Embrikstrandia, ngan familia nga Cerambycidae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Myanmar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Embrikstrandia

Embrikstrandia inexpectata