Louis Jourdan (born Louis Robert Gendre; 19 June 1921 – 14 February 2015) was a French film and television actor. He was known for his suave roles in several Hollywood films, including Alfred Hitchcock's The Paradine Case (1947), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), Gigi (1958), The Best of Everything (1959), The V.I.P.s (1963) and Octopussy (1983). He played Dracula in the 1977 BBC television production Count Dracula.

Early life
Jourdan was born Louis Robert Gendre in Marseille, France, in 1921, one of three sons of Yvonne (née Jourdan) and Henry Gendre, a hotel owner. He was educated in France, Turkey, and the UK, and studied acting at the École Dramatique. While there, he began acting on the professional stage, where he was brought to the attention of director Marc Allégret, who hired him to work as an assistant camera operator on Entrée des Artistes (The Curtain Rises).

Allegret then cast Jourdan in what should have been his first movie, Le Corsaire in 1939 opposite Charles Boyer. Filming was interrupted by the Second World War and was never resumed.

World War II
During the war he was hired by Marcel L'Herbier to appear in La Comédie du bonheur (1940) in Rome.  He was making Untel Père et Fils in that city when Italy declared war on France.
He returned to France, and appeared in Premier rendez-vous (1941) with Danielle Darrieux, shot in Paris. He spent a year on a work gang. Jourdan was ordered to make German propaganda films, which he refused to do, and fled to join his family in unoccupied France.

There he started making movies again, ten films in two years. They included several for Allegret:  Parade en sept nuits (1941); L'Arlésienne (1942) with Raimu, The Beautiful Adventure (1942); Les Petites du quai aux fleurs (1944); Twilight (1944). He was in The Heart of a Nation (1943) with Raimu; La Vie de Bohème (1945).

His father was arrested by the Gestapo; months later he escaped, and joined the French Resistance, along with his family. "I was given work to do and I did it", said Jourdan later of his time in the resistance. "I worked on illegal leaflets, helping to print and distribute them." After the liberation of France in 1945, he returned to Paris with his childhood sweetheart, Berthe Frédérique (nicknamed "Quique"). They married in 1946.

Hollywood career

David O. Selznick
Cited by author James McKay as the "epitome of the suave Continental", Jourdan was spotted in a French film by a talent scout working for David O. Selznick, who offered the actor a contract in March 1946.

His first American film was The Paradine Case (1947) starring Gregory Peck. The movie is a drama directed by Alfred Hitchcock, who did not want Jourdan cast as the valet in the film. He appeared in a theatre production of Ghosts in Los Angeles.

Jourdan frequently argued with Selznick, who put him on suspension a number of times for refusing roles.

Selznick announced Jourdan and Alida Valli for Rupert of Hentzau but the film was not made. Neither was Trilby which Selznick said Jourdan would appear in with Valli and Rossano Brazzi or If This Be My Heart with Valli and Robert Mitchum.

With Joan Fontaine, Jourdan starred  in the Max Ophüls film Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948). David Thomson in 2010 observed how his performance as Stefan Brand altered as the character aged over the extended period of the film's narrative: "I notice how his way of talking has changed. The younger Stefan was boyish, eager and open. Ten years later, the man is filled with self-loathing and fake ironies." It was a "signature performance" from Jourdan, Thomson wrote in Have You Seen?, he was "handsome yet a touch empty; romantic yet not entirely there." John Houseman, the film's producer, "felt he lacked sex appeal, but that shortcoming serves very well as his defect of memory," a significant element of the film's plot. In Hollywood, Jourdan became friends with several stars who shared his love of the game of croquet.

Enterprise borrowed him for No Minor Vices (1948), a box office flop. It was released by MGM, who borrowed Jourdan to appear in Madame Bovary (1949).

Selznick announced him for The Frenchman and the Bobbysoxer a sequel to The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer but it was not made. Selznick sold his interest in Jourdan for one film to Warner Bros.

All Jourdan's Hollywood films had lost money. He decided to buy out his contract with Selznick for $50,000.

Post-Selznick

At 20th Century Fox, Jourdan played the lead in a remake of Bird of Paradise (1951). The studio kept him on to appear in Anne of the Indies (1951), directed by Jacques Tourneur. He was announced for the romantic male lead in the Fox remake of Les Miserables but ended up not appearing in the film.

He was in a comedy, The Happy Time (1952). He was reunited with Joan Fontaine for Decameron Nights (1953) then returned home to France to make  Rue de l'Estrapade (1953).

After appearing in Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), Jourdan made his Broadway début in the lead role in the Billy Rose stage adaptation of André Gide's novel, The Immoralist.

He returned to Broadway for a short run in 1955, and also that year he made his American TV début as Inspector Beaumont in the TV series Paris Precinct. In 1956, he appeared in the film The Swan playing the role of "Dr Nicholas Agi" along with Grace Kelly and Alec Guinness for MGM. This was Kelly's last film, and lost money at the box office. More popular was Julie (1956) a thriller where Jourdan tormented Doris Day.

He returned to France to play the male lead in The Bride Is Much Too Beautiful (1956) with Brigitte Bardot as the lead actress, and Escapade (1957). In Britain he appeared in a swashbuckler, Dangerous Exile (1957).

Jourdan appeared in his biggest hit playing the romantic lead alongside Leslie Caron and Maurice Chevalier in the film version of the novella by Colette, Gigi (1958). This film won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He enjoyed another hit with The Best of Everything (1959), an all star romance in the vein of Three Coins in the Fountain. He also appeared in a variety show on TV, An Evening with Louis Jourdan.

Jourdan was going to follow it in a remake of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in England for Terence Fisher. "It's a terrific change of pace for me," he said. However he did not appear in the final film, The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll.

Jourdan co-starred with Frank Sinatra, Chevalier and Shirley MacLaine in the musical Can-Can (1960). He travelled to Italy to appear in a peplum film, Amazons of Rome (1961). Then it was back to France to star in a version of The Count of Monte Cristo (1961), a massive hit in France. Disorder (1962) was an Italian-French comedy, Mathias Sandorf (1963) was based on a novel by Jules Verne.

For MGM, he made The V.I.P.s (1963), another all star melodrama, and a big hit.

Jourdan also sang in the Alan Jay Lerner/Barton Lane stage musical, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1965), at least during its out-of-town tryout at the Colonial Theatre in Boston.  He was replaced as leading man by John Cullum before the show reached Broadway.

He supported Ann-Margret in Made in Paris (1966) for MGM, then returned to Europe: The Sultans (1967), To Commit a Murder (1967), Cervantes (1967). To Die in Paris (1968) was a US TV movie and A Flea in Her Ear (1968) a Hollywood financed farce.

There were more TV movies: Fear No Evil (1969), Run a Crooked Mile (1970), Ritual of Evil (1970), The Great American Beauty Contest (1973). In later years, Jourdan also appeared on television, including 1977's Count Dracula for the BBC and as a murderous food critic in the 1978 Columbo episode "Murder Under Glass".

Later career
Jourdan later played Anton Arcane in the movie Swamp Thing (1982) and in its sequel The Return of Swamp Thing (1989).

During the 1970s, Jourdan recorded a series of spoken word albums of the Babar the Elephant books that were released by Caedmon Records.

In 1983, Jourdan played the villainous Kamal Khan in the James Bond movie Octopussy. He said at the time he earned most of his money over the past ten years doing commercials:
 I take them so seriously that I participate in the original concept and the actual writing. After all, whatever an actor is doing, he's a salesman, so why not commercials? I must confess I love the theater best, though. I've never done a play I didn't like, but one often does movies just to keep functioning. They're less important to me than plays.
In 1985, he appeared in a stage revival of Gigi.

He played the role of French educator, historian and Baron, Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937), in The First Olympics: Athens 1896, a May 1984 NBC TV (2-part) mini-series about the 1896 Summer Olympics and the American team member/discus thrower from Baltimore, Robert Garrett (1875–1961). His last film role was eight years later in Year of the Comet (1992).

Personal life
On  Jourdan married his childhood sweetheart, Berthe Frédérique.  The marriage produced one child, Louis Henry Jourdan, born on 6 October 1951, and lasted until her death in 2014.  Louis Henry Jourdan died of a narcotics overdose at the age of 29 on 12 May 1981;  his body was buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

After his retirement from acting in 1992 Jourdan lived in Los Angeles.  In July 2010 he was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, an honor that he received accompanied by friends, including Sidney Poitier and Kirk Douglas.

Jourdan has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6153 and 6445 Hollywood Boulevard.

Death
Jourdan died at his home in Beverly Hills on 14 February 2015 at the age of 93. His body was buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Filmography

Selected theatre credits

Serena Blandish by S.N. Behrman – La Jolla Playhouse, La Jolla, California (8–15 August 1948; with Jennifer Jones, Constance Collier, Mildred Natwick)
The Immoralist – Royale Theatre, New York (8 February 1954 – 1 May 1954; with James Dean and Geraldine Page)
Tonight in Samarkand – Morosco Theater, New York (16 February 1955 – 12 March 1955; with Pernell Roberts and Theodore Bikel)
Caprice adapted by Jean Pierre Aumont – pre Broadway tryouts (spring 1959; with Claude Dauphin)
On a Clear Day You Can See Forever – Colonial Theater, Boston (October 1965)
The Marriage-Go-Round by Leslie Stevens – national tour (1970; with Vivian Blaine)
Private Lives by Noël Coward – national tour (1973; with Barbara Rush)
The Pleasure of His Company – Arlington Park Theater, Chicago (1975; with Lana Turner)
13 Rue de l'Amour – Arlington Park Theater, Chicago (with Leslie Caron); Phoenix Theatre London (1976; with Glynis Johns), Circle in the Square Theater, New York City (16 March 1978 – 21 May 1978; with Patricia Elliott) and Westport Country Playhouse (1978; with Taina Elg)
Present Laughter – John Drew Theater, East Hampton, New York (July 1979)
12 Rue de l'Amour – Melbourne and Sydney Australia (July–August 1980; with Leslie Caron)
Gigi – road tour (1984–85)

References

Sources

External links

1921 births
2015 deaths
20th-century French male actors
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Caedmon Records artists
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French Resistance members
French expatriate male actors in the United States
French male film actors
French male musical theatre actors
French male stage actors
French male television actors
Male actors from Marseille
French expatriates in Turkey
French expatriates in the United Kingdom

Louis Jourdan


The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit is a 1956 American drama film starring Gregory Peck and Jennifer Jones, with Fredric March, Lee J. Cobb, Keenan Wynn and Marisa Pavan in support. Based on the 1955 novel by Sloan Wilson, it was written and directed by Nunnally Johnson, and focuses on Tom Rath, a young World War II veteran trying to balance the pressures of his marriage to an ambitious wife and growing family with the demands of a career while dealing with ongoing after-effects of his war service and a new high-stress job.

The film  was entered at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
Ten years after the end of World War II Tom Rath (Gregory Peck) is living in suburban Connecticut with his wife Betsy (Jennifer Jones) and three children. He is having difficulty supporting his family and his wife's ambitions on his writer's salary at a Manhattan nonprofit foundation. In addition to a troubled marriage, Tom is also dealing with post-traumatic stress syndrome in the form of frequent and disquieting flashbacks from his combat service as an Army captain in the European and Pacific theaters. These include actions where he killed men in combat (including, by accident, his best friend), and a brief affair with a young Italian girl named Maria (Marisa Pavan) while involved with Betsy.

When a hoped-for inheritance from Tom's recently deceased grandmother turns out to have been depleted, leaving only her large and unsaleable estate, Betsy pressures Tom to seek a higher-paying job. Acting on a tip from a fellow train commuter, he applies for an opening in public relations at television network United Broadcasting Company (UBC). Asked to write his autobiography as part of the interview process, he defers in favor of a simple declaration that he wants the job, expects he can grow into it, and will be happy to answer any questions directly related to his application. His forthrightness catches the attention of founding network president Ralph Hopkins (Fredric March), who seeks his help in launching a national mental health campaign Hopkins holds dear. Hopkins is powerful and highly respected, but a workaholic whose success has been at the expense of his family life, leaving him estranged from his wife and rebellious daughter, who soon elopes with an unsuitable man. He is drawn to Tom's frankness and physical traits that remind him of the beloved son he lost in World War II.

Tom is initially supervised by Bill Ogden (Henry Daniell), an oily micromanager and office politician who rejects Tom's drafts of an important speech Hopkins intends to launch the campaign with, substituting his own platitude-filled draft of what Ogden thinks Hopkins wants to hear. Aware the impetus for that pitch came from Hopkins himself, and dangerously pressured by Ogden, Tom plans to play along and accept that draft, but, coaxed by Betsy, presents his original ideas to Hopkins instead. Hopkins is both stunned and intrigued by Tom's incisive approach and naked candor, but their meeting at Hopkins' city suite is interrupted by the unwelcome news that his daughter has eloped. Deeply disturbed, Hopkins becomes reflective, and relates to Tom that his son "did the right thing" and refused a commission in World War II and was subsequently killed in action as an enlisted man. Hopkins now regrets having ignored his family and advises Tom not to make the same mistake.

Betsy abruptly sells the family's modest suburban home and moves them into Tom's late grandmother's mansion, which she chides as "Dragonwyck". Complications immediately ensue when Edward (Joseph Sweeney), the old woman's longtime caretaker, claims that Tom's grandmother had bequeathed him the estate. Judge Bernstein (Lee J. Cobb) intercedes and presents evidence which suggests that not only did Edward forge the bequest letter, but he also padded his bills, thus depleting the estate and accumulating a large fortune that he could not otherwise explain. The Raths are able to keep the house.

At his new job, Tom runs into elevator operator Caesar (Keenan Wynn), his sergeant in Italy. Caesar is married to the cousin of his Italian flame Maria, and tells Tom that Maria and her son by Tom are desperate for money in their still war-ravaged country. Tom has kept his affair and possible child a secret from Betsy, but, goaded that evening by her admonition to always tell the truth, he now tells her. Betsy reacts angrily and speeds away recklessly in the family car.

The following morning, South Bay police call to tell Tom that they have Betsy, who ran out of gas during her flight. Hopkins then calls to ask Tom to accompany him on a trip to California in support of the new campaign. Tom declines, saying that he just wants to "work 9 to 5 and spend the rest of the time with my family", a decision Hopkins respectfully but ruefully accepts.

Tom retrieves Betsy and they reconcile. The couple then go to Judge Bernstein to set up a third-person conduit for sending funds to Tom's son in Italy. They leave together, embrace, and kiss.

Cast

 Gregory Peck as Tom Rath
 Jennifer Jones as Betsy Rath
 Fredric March as Ralph Hopkins
 Marisa Pavan as Maria Montagne
 Lee J. Cobb as Judge Bernstein
 Ann Harding as Helen Hopkins
 Keenan Wynn as Sgt. Caesar Gardella
 Gene Lockhart as Bill Hawthorne
 Gigi Perreau as Susan Hopkins
 Portland Mason as Janey Rath
 Arthur O'Connell as Gordon Walker
 Henry Daniell as Bill Ogden
 Connie Gilchrist as Mrs. Manter
 Joseph Sweeney as Edward M. Schultz
 Sandy Descher as Barbara Rath

Reception

Box office
The film, like the novel on which it was based, became hugely popular with the public.

Produced on a budget of $2,670,000 it grossed $4,350,000 in U.S. rentals alone in 1956.

Theatrical reviews
Contemporary reviews of the film were somewhat mixed. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times declared it "a mature, fascinating and often quite tender and touching film." Variety wrote that the film "often seems episodic and it's over-long," finding Johnson's direction "uneven" and holding him "responsible for the fact that the picture so determinedly misses the point of the book which made the flannel suit a symbol rather than just a garment." Harrison's Reports called it "one of the most absorbing pictures of the year," with "exceptionally fine" acting. John McCarten of The New Yorker thought the film was too long and suggested that the flashbacks should have been trimmed, concluding that "if it were an old-fashioned serial, I'm sure we might have been able to tolerate it. In one massive dose, though, it's just too damned much, and I think you'd be better off taking a tranquilizer pill than going through all this for the sake of escaping the world and its woes." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "As a sociological document, a particular view of the contemporary American middle-class scene, the film is uneasily fascinating. Otherwise, this is a characteristic best-seller adaptation, over-long, over-loaded with 'production values', padded out with flashbacks to the war years, and efficiently impersonal in its approach."

Social critique
Historian Robert Schultz argues that the film and the novel are cultural representations of what Adlai Stevenson had described in 1955 as a "crisis in the western world", "collectivism colliding with individualism," the collective demands of corporate organizations against traditional roles of spouse and parent. That increased corporate organization of society, Schultz notes, reduced white-collar workers' (represented by Tom Rath and the other gray-suited "yes men") control over what they did and how they did it as they adapted to the "organized system" described and critiqued by contemporary social critics such as Paul Goodman, C. Wright Mills, and William H. Whyte.

See also
 List of American films of 1956

References

External links

1956 drama films
1956 films
20th Century Fox films
American business films
American drama films
Films scored by Bernard Herrmann
Films about advertising
Films about businesspeople
Films about veterans
Films set in 1955
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Nunnally Johnson
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Films set in Connecticut
Films with screenplays by Nunnally Johnson
Westport, Connecticut
CinemaScope films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit


2S22 Bohdana (ukrajinski 2S22 Bogdana) samohodna je haubica na kotačima kalibra 155 mm razvijena i proizvedena u Ukrajini. Do sada je samo jedan primjerak izgrađen i predan ukrajinskoj vojsci, koja ga je uspješno koristila tijekom ruske invazije na Ukrajinu 2022. godine.

Razvoj
2S22 Bohdana je haubica od 155 mm montirana na kamion koju je razvila tvornica traktora u Harkovu. Prvi prototip 2S22 predstavljen je javnosti tijekom parade povodom 27. Dana neovisnosti Ukrajine održane u Kijevu u kolovozu 2018. Ovaj je primjerak zatim prošao intenzivnu procjenu, koja je trajala do siječnja 2022. na poligonu Ukrajinskih oružanih snaga u oblasti Odesa. Masovna proizvodnja još nije započela, a jedini proizvedeni primjerak, predstavljen 2018., došao je u upotrebu. Odmah nakon ruske invazije 24. veljače 2022. prototip je trebao biti uništen kako bi se spriječilo Ruse da ga zarobe, što je na kraju izbjegnuto.

Tehnologija

Vozilo
Šasija haubice 2S22 Bohdana temelji se na modelu kamiona 6×6 KrAZ-63221. Motor s vozačkom kabinom nalazi se na prednjem dijelu vozila. Kao motor koristi se zrakom hlađeni dizelski motor snage cca 400 KS. Zbog nelikvidnosti poduzeća KrAZ razmatra se daljnja proizvodnja kod drugih proizvođača vozila. Kamion ima sustav kontrole tlaka u gumama, a vozačeva kabina zaštićena je od šrapnela i vatrenog oružja. Kabina s četvera vrata ima dva reda sjedala, dizajnirana za peteročlanu posadu.

Naoružanje
2S22 Bohdana naoružana je topom od 155 mm/L52 postavljenim na stražnjoj strani šasije kamiona. Top se može pomicati pod kutom elevacije između +5° i +65°. Haubica bi trebala biti u stanju ispaljivati sve standardne NATO-ove vrste streljiva kalibra 155 mm. Ima minimalni domet djelovanja od 780 m i može ispaljivati oklopno streljivo na udaljenosti do 42 km, kao i projektile na raketni pogon (RAP) na udaljenosti do 50 km. Topnički sustav ima najveću brzinu paljbe od šest projektila u minuti. Pištolj je proizveo Kramatorsker Heavy Machine Tool Plant (KZTS), navodi Defense Express. 2S22 se može postaviti za nekoliko minuta. U tu svrhu spušta se kombinacija potporne ploče i repnog klizača. U vozilu se može transportirati 20 metaka gotovog streljiva i pripadajućih pogonskih punjenja.

Upotreba
2S22 Bohdana koristile su ukrajinske oružane snage u lipnju 2022. za granatiranje ruskih jedinica na okupiranom Zmijskom otoku iz kopnene Ukrajine. Ovo granatiranje dovelo je, među ostalim, do povlačenja ruskih snaga s otoka 30. lipnja. Prema ukrajinskim vlastima, dronovi Bayraktar TB2 korišteni su za korekciju točnosti pogotka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Analiza na Armyrecognition.com

Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima
Samohodne haubice
Ukrajinska vojna vozila
Ukrajinsko topničko oružje

2S22 Bohdana


Dan Tătaru ()  un politician român, ales senator în legislatura 2012-2016 pe listele PSD și secretar de stat în MApN, în două mandate, 2009 și 2012. În 2015, Dan Tătaru a devenit neafiliat.

Studii
Dan Tătaru a absolvit Facultatea de management a Universității "George Bacovia", în 2003, și un master în Managementul afacerilor, în 2005. În 2009, a urmat Cursul pentru generali și ambasadori la  de la Roma și pe cel de nivel înalt "Securitate și bună guvernare, România în NATO și UE", la Colegiul Național de Apărare din București.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Note

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Nașteri în 1969
Decese în 2020
Nașteri pe 9 mai
Decese pe 2 august
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat
Politicieni independenți din România
Secretari de stat ai României
Senatori români 2012-2016

Dan Tătaru


Alexander Wiktorowitsch  Uwarow (; * 13. Januar 1960 in Orechowo-Sujewo, RSFSR, UdSSR) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetischer Fußballtorwart und ein aktueller Fußballtrainer.

Uwarow spielte seit der Saison 1981 für die erste Mannschaft von Dynamo Moskau, mit diesem Team wurde er im Jahr 1984 sowjetischer Pokalsieger. 1991 wechselte er nach Israel zu Maccabi Tel Aviv. Mit Maccabi wurde er dreimal israelischer Meister und zweimal Pokalsieger.

Uwarow spielte zwischen April 1990 und Mai 1991 insgesamt elfmal für die sowjetische Nationalmannschaft. Er nahm an der Weltmeisterschaft 1990 in Italien teil und kam während dieses Turniers zu Einsätzen in den Vorrundenbegegnungen gegen Argentinien und gegen Kamerun. Aktuell ist er der Torwarttrainer von Maccabi Tel Aviv und der israelischen Nationalmannschaft.

Weblinks
 Biografie bei rusteam (russisch)
 Vorstellung auf der Webseite von Maccabi Tel Aviv

Fußballnationaltorhüter (Sowjetunion)
Israelischer Meister (Fußball)
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft (Sowjetunion)
Fußball-Torwarttrainer (Israel)
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1960
Mann

Alexander Wiktorowitsch Uwarow


El Papiro 38 (en la numeración Gregory-Aland), designado como 38, es una copia antigua de una parte del Nuevo Testamento en griego. Es una manuscrito en papiro de los Hechos de los Apóstoles, contiene únicamente Hechos 18:27-19:6.12-16. El manuscrito ha sido asignado paleográficamente a principios de .

Descripción
Solo se conservan fragmentos del códice de los textos de Hechos 18,27-19,6.12-16. Las hojas eran aproximadamente de 14 a 27 cm y el texto escrito en una columna por página, 36 líneas en la columna. El texto tiene los nombres sagrados con abreviaturas.

Texto

Aunque el texto es muy corto, el texto griego de este códice ha sido denominado como una representación del tipo textual occidental. Aland lo llamó como un Texto libre y lo ubicó en la Categoría IV. El texto de este manuscrito se relaciona con el Códice de Beza.

Historia
El manuscrito fue comprado en El Cairo en 1924. Aunque su origen es desconocido, es probable que venga del Fayum, porque muchos de los manuscritos adquiridos en El Cairo provienen de allí. El texto del manuscrito fue publicado por Henry A. Sanders en 1927, seguido por Schofield. Ernst von Dobschütz lo ubicó en la lista de los manuscritos del Nuevo Testamento, en el grupo de los papiros, dándole el número 37.
Actualmente está guardado en la Universidad de Míchigan (Inv. 1571) en Ann Arbor.

Véase también
 Lista de papiros del Nuevo Testamento

Referencias

Lectura adicional
 Henry A. Sanders, A Papyrus Fragment of Acts in the Michigan Collection, Harvard Theological Review. vol.20. 1927, pp.1-19.
 A. C. Clark, The Michigan Fragment of Acts, JTS XXIX (1927), pp.18-28.
 Silva New, The Michigan Papyrus Fragment 1571, en Beginnings of Christianity V (1933), pp.262-268.
 M.-J. Lagrange, Critique textuelle II, La Critique rationelle (París, 1935), pp. 402-405.
 Henry A. Sanders, Michigan Papyri, University of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series, XL (Ann Arbor, 1936), pp. 14-19.

Papiros del Nuevo Testamento
Manuscritos bíblicos del siglo IV
Manuscritos del Nuevo Testamento en griego antiguo
Egipto en el siglo IV

Papiro 38


د. مدحت العدل هو كاتب وشاعر ومؤلف وطبيب مصري شهير له العديد من الأعمال التليفزيونية والسينمائية الشهيرة. و هو شقيق الممثل سامي العدل

الأفلام

 الديلر (2009)
 إوعى وشك (2003)
 مافيا (2002)
 شورت وفانلة وكاب (2000)
 همام في امستردام (فيلم) (1999)
 صعيدى في الجامعة الأمريكية (1998)
 قشر البندق (1995)
 أمريكا شيكا بيكا (1993)
 حرب الفراولة (1993)
 آيس كريم في جليم (فيلم) (1992)
 أصحاب ولا بزنس (فيلم) (2001)
 بليه ودماغه العالية (فيلم) (2000)
 البطل (1998)

المسلسلات

 محمود المصري (مسلسل) (2005)
 العندليب حكاية شعب (مسلسل) (2006)
 الشوارع الخلفية (2011)
 الداعية (مسلسل)  (2013)
 حارة اليهود (مسلسل)  (2015)
 صفحته على موقع قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

وصلات خارجية

أطباء مصريون
شعراء مصريون
كتاب سيناريو مصريون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد في المنصورة (مصر)

مدحت العدل


An Hierochloe australis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Adolph Schrader, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johann Jakob Roemer och Schult.. An Hierochloe australis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hierochloe, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hierochloe

Hierochloe australis


Jette Ryde Gottlieb (nascida a 23 de setembro de 1948, em Copenhaga) é uma política dinamarquesa, membro do Folketing pelo partido político Aliança Vermelha e Verde. Ela foi eleita para o parlamento nas eleições legislativas dinamarquesas de 2019 e já tinha passado anteriormente pelo Folketing de 1994 a 2001.

Carreira política
Gottlieb já foi membro dos Socialistas de Esquerda. Ela estava entre as pessoas que fizeram parte da fundação da Aliança Vermelha e Verde em 1988-1989.

Gottlieb foi eleita pela primeira vez para o parlamento nas eleições de 1994 e foi reeleita nas eleições de 1998. Ela não voltou a concorrer ao parlamento nas eleições de 2001. Ela concorreu novamente nas eleições de 2015, onde foi eleita como membro suplente da Aliança Vermelha e Verde pelo distrito eleitoral de Copenhaga. Ela serviu como substituta de Finn Sørensen de 17 de abril a 10 de junho de 2018. Nas eleições de 2019, ela foi eleita para o parlamento pela Aliança Vermelha e Verde.

Vida pessoal
Gottlieb é carpinteira de profissão.

Nascidos em 1948
Pessoas vivas
Mulheres da Dinamarca na política
Carpintaria
Naturais de Copenhague
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Jette Gottlieb


Fasolasuchus es un género de rauisuquios. Sus fósiles han sido hallados en Argentina y datan de la etapa del Rhaetiense del Triásico Superior, lo que lo hace uno de los últimos rauisuquios que existieron antes de que el orden entero se extinguiera al final del Triásico.

Toponimia

El nombre genérico fue dedicado a Tomás H. Fasola, quien halló el espécimen y colaborara en las expediciones de Bonaparte al Triásico de Argentina.

Generalidades

Es muy probable que sea el miembro de mayor tamaño de Rauisuchia, con una longitud estimada de entre 8 a 10 metros, incluso mayor que el prestosúquido Saurosuchus de 7 metros de largo. Esto haría a Fasolasuchus el mayor depredador terrestre que haya existido, hasta la aparición de los grandes dinosaurios carnívoros. Como Saurosuchus, tenía una única fila de osteodermos caudales, algo inusual entre los rauisuquios. También tenía una articulación hiposfeno-hipántrica que le daba a la columna vertebral mayor rigidez. Esta característica ha sido vista en varios otros rauisuquios como Postosuchus así como los dinosaurios saurisquios.

Filogenia
Cladograma según un estudio de Nesbitt en 2011:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Fasolasuchus en Paleobiology Database

Rauisuchia
Megafauna
Fósiles de Argentina
Fósiles del Triásico

Fasolasuchus


An Scutachne amphistemon in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Wright, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock och Mary Agnes Chase. An Scutachne amphistemon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scutachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scutachne

Scutachne amphistemon


Nesta página estão apontados os resultados do Carnaval de São Paulo no ano de 2022. Os desfiles foram realizados entre os dias 16 e 29 de abril de 2022.

O evento aconteceu fora da tradicional semana do Carnaval, com os desfiles do Acesso 2 ocorrendo no Sábado de Aleluia, o Acesso 1 na quinta-feira e os do Grupo Especial na sexta-feira e no sábado, uma vez que as apresentações aconteceriam em julho de 2021, sendo ocasionadas pelo estado crítico da Pandemia de COVID-19, forçando o adiamento dos desfiles para fevereiro de 2022 e mais tarde para abril, ocorrendo nos feriados de Semana Santa e Tiradentes, com as apresentações do Grupo Especial sendo simultâneas com o Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro, através de uma reunião com o prefeito da megalópole brasileira, Eduardo Paes, e equipes técnicas e sanitárias das duas cidades.

Em 2020, a Liga-SP anunciou algumas mudanças no documento que baseia o trabalho dos jurados. Entre as principais alterações está a exigência de "performace musical" das baterias. A partir deste ano, a nota da bateria partirá de 9,8 e poderá evoluir para 10, conforme o desempenho da escola ao apresentar bossas, paradinhas ou algumas novidades para conseguir ganhar mais pontos.

Ao final da apuração, quatro escolas somaram 269,9 pontos. Pelos critérios de desempate, a Mancha Verde conquistou seu segundo título no Grupo Especial. A escola falou sobre a importância da preservação da água e sua presença nas religiões através do enredo "Planeta Água", baseado na canção homônima do cantor Guilherme Arantes. A Mocidade Alegre foi vice-campeã com um desfile que homenageou a cantora Clementina de Jesus, falecida em 1987. Terceira colocada, o Império de Casa Verde falou sobre as múltiplas formas de comunicação dos primórdios até a era digital, homenageando o influenciador digital e humorista Carlinhos Maia. Quarta colocada, a Tom Maior fez um desfile que levou personagens da obra "O Pequeno Príncipe" ao universo dos cordelistas nordestinos. Campeã do ano anterior, o Águia de Ouro terminou em 6° lugar.

Conforme o regulamento, antes da abertura das primeiras notas durante a apuração dos resultados. Penalizada por conta do uso de maquinário da infraestrutura da Liga-SP em uma alegoria, o Acadêmicos do Tatuapé ficou com o 12° lugar. A Colorado do Brás também recebeu uma penalidade, de 0,5 pontos, devido a merchandising em uma camiseta usada por uma composição de uma alegoria, o que causou seu rebaixamento. A outra escola rebaixada foi o Vai-Vai ao terminar em 14° lugar.

Aos 24 anos de existência, a Estrela do Terceiro Milênio venceu o Grupo de Acesso 1 e garantiu o acesso ao Grupo Especial pela primeira vez em sua história. Vice-campeã, a Independente Tricolor também conquistou vaga na elite, onde desfilou anteriormente em 2018. Última colocada, a Leandro de Itaquera foi rebaixada para o Grupo de Acesso 2. A tradicional Nenê de Vila Matilde venceu o Grupo de Acesso 2 reeditando "Narciso Negro", seu enredo de 1997, e garantiu vaga no Acesso 1 após uma apuração acirrada com a Unidos do Peruche, que ficou em segundo lugar pelo critério de desempate. A Tradição Albertinense ficou na décima segunda colocação e foi rebaixada para o Grupo Especial de Bairros da Uesp com um desfile em homenagem aos 30 anos do Sambódromo do Anhembi.

Escolas de samba

Grupo Especial - LigaSP - Sambódromo do Anhembi
Notas

Classificação
Falando da importância da preservação e valorização da água, a Mancha Verde conquistou seu segundo título do carnaval paulistano.  Sob o comando de uma comissão de carnaval, que deram segmento ao trabalho iniciado por Jorge Freitas, a agremiação venceu a Mocidade Alegre no quesito desempate (Alegoria), já que as duas terminaram a apuração com o mesmo número de pontos (269,9).

A escola do bairro do Limão homenageou a cantora Clementina de Jesus e após uma leitura de notas apertada, acabou ficando com o vice-campeonato, o terceiro desde 2015. Falando do tema da comunicação, o Império de Casa Verde ficou com o terceiro lugar e terminou empatada com a campeã e a vice-campeã, perdendo no desempate do quesito Comissão de Frente. A escola causou polêmica no pré-carnaval com as notícias de que seu desfile seria uma homenagem ao humorista Carlinhos Maia.. A Tom Maior escolheu carnavalizar o livro "O Pequeno Príncipe do Cordel", de Josué Limeira e o mundialmente conhecido "O Pequeno Príncipe" de Antoine de Saint-Exupéry e ficou com o quarto lugar. Assim como as três primeiras, também teve o mesmo número de pontos e perdeu no desempate com o mesmo quesito que o Império. A apuração deste ano foi a segunda a ter as quatro primeiras colocadas empatadas com a mesma pontuação. A primeira foi em 2018. Fechando o grupo de escolas que fariam parte do Desfile das Campeãs, a Unidos de Vila Maria, que falava sobre a união dos povos e o amor ao próximo.

Inspirando-se na música do pesquisador, escritor e compositor carioca Luiz Antônio Simas, Águia de Ouro foi a sexta colocada. A agremiação da Zona Oeste contou a história da mitologia do orixá da paz, com mensagens de fé, amor, respeito e esperança por dias melhores. Foi o primeiro enredo essencialmente afro da história da Águia de Ouro, que também levantou a bandeira do combate à intolerância religiosa no Anhembi. A sétima colocada, Dragões da Real, pretendia incialmente trazer a pandemia para o Sambódromo do Anhembi e chegou até a anunciar o enredo "O Dia Em Que a Terra Parou", desenvolvido por Jorge Silveira e que também se inspirava na música de Raul Seixas. No entanto, a diretoria da escola decidiu mudar o tema e anunciaram pouco tempo que o novo enredo seria sobre Adoniran Barbosa, lendário cantor e compositor paulistano. Falando sobre a desigualdade social, a Gaviões da Fiel apresentou o enredo "Basta!" e ficou em oitavo lugar. Causou polêmica a notícia de que a escola levaria para a avenida uma caricatura do então Presidente da República Jair Bolsonaro. Tratando da cura como mote principal de seu desfile, Rosas de Ouro acabou em nono lugar. Assim como a Gaviões, a escola da Freguesia do Ó também não poupou críticas ao presidente em exercício. Trazendo o enredo "A evolução está na sua fé… Saravá Seu Zé!", a décima colocada, Barroca Zona Sul, tinha como proposta levar para o público a história e as particularidades de Zé Pilintra, malandro boêmio cultuado como entidade nas religiões de matriz africana. Marcando seu retorno à elite da folia paulistana, o Acadêmicos do Tucuruvi trouxe uma reflexão sobre o passado, presente e o futuro do carnaval e ficou num temeroso décimo primeiro lugar. Tendo o Preto Velho, entidade da Umbanda, como narrador, a Acadêmicos do Tatuapé falava sobre a saga do café. Cercada de expectativas, a escola da Zona Leste viu suas chances de título se esvaindo após problemas com o seu gigantesco abre-alas, o que acabou comprometendo todo o resto do desfile. Os dirigentes da agremiação já sabiam que começariam a apuração com cinco décimos a menos por usar um trator para manobrar seu carro alegórico por toda a pista do Anhembi. Com a perda e despontuada em Evolução, a escola passou perto de cair para o Grupo de Acesso, mas acabou ficando em 12º lugar.

Homenageando a escritora Carolina de Jesus, a Colorado do Brás também foi penalizada por fazer merchandising em uma de suas alas, o que é proibido pelo regulamento. Além disso, também perdeu pontos em Fantasia, Alegoria e Comissão de Frente, terminando em 13º lugar, marcando sua volta ao Grupo de Acesso 1 em 2023. Tratando dos povos negros africanos, o tradicional Vai-Vai, que havia acabado de voltar ao Grupo Especial, terminou em último lugar, o que fez com que a agremiação do bairro do Bixiga caísse mais uma vez, marcando sua segunda queda em quatro anos.

Grupo de acesso 1 - LigaSP - Sambódromo do Anhembi

Notas

Classificação

Grupo de acesso 2 - LigaSP - Sambódromo do Anhembi

Classificação

Grupo Especial de Bairros - UESP - Butantã
Classificação

Grupo de Acesso de Bairros 1 - UESP
Classificação

São Paulo
2022
2022 em São Paulo

Resultados do Carnaval de São Paulo em 2022


Laurent Patrick Fignon (; 12 August 1960 – 31 August 2010) was a French professional road bicycle racer who won the Tour de France in 1983 and 1984 and the Giro d'Italia in 1989. He is former FICP World No. 1 in 1989. He nearly captured the Tour de France for a third time in 1989 before being edged by Greg LeMond by 8 seconds, the closest margin ever to decide the Tour. Fignon won many classic races, including taking Milan–San Remo back-to-back in 1988 and 1989. He died from cancer in 2010.

Early life and amateur career
Fignon was born in Montmartre, Paris. His family moved to Tournan-en-Brie in 1963, where he lived until he left for Paris at age 23.

His first sport was football and he got as far as playing for his  or area. Friends encouraged him into cycling and he rode his first official race in 1976, which he won. Fignon's parents did not want him to race, and he raced without them knowing. He won four more races in his first year, but only one in his second year. In this third year, he won 18 out of 36 races. Fignon's parents allowed him to race, but still thought that he should study. Fignon entered the University of Villetaneuse, studying Structural and Materials Science. Fignon was not interested in his studies, and was an indifferent student.  His chief desire was to pursue cycling. He told his parents that he was leaving the university and would join the army at the end of the year to do his military service.  He was posted at the Bataillon de Joinville, known for its sporting reputation. After this, Fignon was sure he wanted to pursue a professional career.

In 1981, Fignon rode the Tour of Corsica which allowed amateur cyclists to ride along with professional riders. Fignon rode an early stage attempting to hold the wheel of Bernard Hinault, the top professional cyclist, and succeeded for much of the race. Cyrille Guimard observed the young cyclist a few days later at the national 100 km team time trial.Fignon did win on tenth of April 1981 the second stage during  Tour du Vaucluse. In May 1981 he offered him a place on his Renault–Elf–Gitane professional team from the following year.  Fignon joined the team in 1982, along with longtime friend and fellow junior rider Pascal Jules.  Fignon was 21 years of age.

Professional career

1982: first professional season
In 1982, Fignon rode the 1982 Giro d'Italia. After Fignon broke away in the second stage, he became the leader of the race, and got to wear the pink jersey. He lost the lead in the next stage, but became Hinault's most trusted teammate in the mountains.
In Paris–Tours, Fignon had escaped and made a break of 40 seconds, when his crank broke.
During this first year as a professional, Fignon won the Critérium International.

1983: first Tour victory
In 1983, Fignon was a part of the team that helped Bernard Hinault to win the 1983 Vuelta a España. Guimard did not want to send Fignon to the Tour de France, because two grand tours could be too much for a 22-year-old rider. When Hinault, winner of four of the five previous Tours, announced that he would not start due to injury, the Renault team was without a leader. Fignon was added to the 1983 Tour de France selection for the Renault team, and the team decided to go for stage wins, with hopes of having Fignon or Marc Madiot compete for the best debutant category. After stage nine, the first mountain stage, Fignon was in second place, behind Pascal Simon, and he was allowed to be team leader. On the tenth stage, Simon crashed and broke his shoulder blade. Simon continued, and only lost a little time on the next stages. On the fifteenth stage, a mountain time trial, Fignon was able to win back so much time that he was within one minute of Simon.
On the seventeenth stage, Simon had to give up, and Fignon became the new leader. On the next stages, Fignon was able to answer all attacks from his opponents, and he won the time trial on the 21st stage. At 22 years old, Fignon was the youngest man to win the Tour since 1933.

Fignon later said that he was lucky to have won the 1983 Tour: if Hinault had been present Fignon would have helped him, as Hinault was the team leader.

With his round glasses and sophisticated, urbane ("debonaire") demeanor, Fignon was a contrast to Hinault's hard-knocks image. He earned the nickname "The Professor", not only because of these glasses, but also because he was one of the few cyclists who had passed his baccalaureat exams.

Early in his broadcasting career broadcaster and former TDF rider Paul Sherwen referred to Fignon with an alternate version of his nickname during telecasts which into English approximately translates 'The Stern Professor'.

1984: second Tour victory
In 1984, Hinault moved to the new La Vie Claire team, established by the French entrepreneur Bernard Tapie and directed by Swiss coach Paul Koechli. Fignon stayed with the Renault team, and became team leader.
In the 1984 Giro d'Italia, Fignon was in the lead near the end of the race, with Italian Francesco Moser in second place. The highest mountain stage, where Fignon could have extended his lead as the better climber, was cancelled by race organizers "due to bad weather". In one of the more outrageous actions of a major tour, on the final stage, an individual time trial, camera helicopters flew in front of Fignon, creating a headwind, and behind Moser, creating a tailwind. Though Fignon repeatedly shook his fists at the obstructing aircraft, they refused to move off.  Moser ended up gaining enough time to take the overall race lead, with Fignon being moved back to second place.  He later said the experience made him tougher, and prepared him for the hardships to come.

The 1984 Tour de France was a battle between Fignon and his former team leader Hinault. Hinault won the prologue, but Fignon won back time when his team won the team time trial in stage three. After a large escape in the fifth stage, Fignon's teammate Vincent Barteau was leading the race. In the seventh stage, Fignon won the time trial, beating Hinault by 49 seconds. Barteau was still leading the race, and remained the leader after the Pyrenées.

In the sixteenth stage, Fignon again beat Hinault in a time trial, this time winning 33 seconds. In the seventeenth stage, Hinault attacked five times on the penultimate climb, but every time Fignon was able to get back. Then, Fignon left Hinault behind, and won almost three more minutes on Hinault. Barteau was so far behind in this stage, that Fignon became the new leader. Fignon won three more stages, for a total of five that year, and won the Tour with a ten-minute margin.

Had it not been for the questionable incidents which occurred at the Giro Fignon would have ended the year having won the Giro-Tour double. With his air of indifference in interviews and his crushing dominance, he was hailed as France's newest superstar.

1985 and 1986: injury years
Coming into the 1985 season Fignon felt stronger than ever, but two achilles tendon operations caused him to miss the 1985 Tour.  The following season his team took on a new sponsor, and became the Système U cycling team.  In 1986 Fignon won La Flèche Wallonne and he entered the 1986 Tour de France, but placed poorly in the first individual time trial and retired on stage 12 to Pau.

1987 and 1988: return to the top
Fignon returned to near his full strength in 1987, when he finished third in the 1987 Vuelta a España, behind Luis Herrera. Later that year, he finished 7th overall in the 1987 Tour de France, taking another victory at La Plagne (stage 21).
In 1988, Fignon won Milan–San Remo, but had to abandon the 1988 Tour.

1989: losing by 8 seconds

In 1989, Fignon overtook Sean Kelly as leader of the UCI Road World Rankings. That season included a win at Milan–San Remo and the Giro d'Italia. During the Giro he defeated Flavio Giupponi, Erik Breukink and defending champion Andrew Hampsten. Fignon seized the Maglia Rosa on stage 14 and held it for the remainder of the race; he also won stage 20.

In the 1989 Tour de France, 1988 winner Pedro Delgado was the big favourite, with Fignon, Stephen Roche, and Erik Breukink listed together as top contenders. After Delgado inexplicably was nearly three minutes late for the start of the prologue time trial, the race was open to all contenders, and ended up a battle between Greg LeMond and Fignon. LeMond won a minute in the time trial in stage five, using aerobars which enabled a new and more aerodynamic riding position (also known as tri-bars as they had previously only been used in triathlons), a new type of teardrop-shaped aerodynamic helmet in the time trials and a rear disc wheel, Fignon used normal road handlebars and a bicycle with both front and rear disc wheels, which left him more affected by cross winds. LeMond led the general classification after that stage by 5 seconds. In the tenth stage, Fignon beat LeMond by 12 seconds, and became the new leader, 7 seconds ahead of LeMond. In the time trial of stage 15, LeMond again won time on Fignon, and took back the leading position. Fignon came back by dropping LeMond on Alpe d'Huez, taking back the lead, and after he won alone at Villard-de-Lans the next day, the margin was 50 seconds.
Before the final stage, a short time trial of 24.5 km, the time difference between LeMond and Fignon was 50 seconds, a seemingly insurmountable amount. To win, LeMond would have to take two seconds a kilometer on one of the fastest time trialists in the Tour. French newspapers prepared special editions, with Fignon's picture on the front page, in preparation for his victory. Although it was considered unlikely that LeMond would be able to win back 50 seconds on the 24.5 km, LeMond gave his best, and rode the fastest time trial until 2015. Fignon had developed saddle sores in stage 19, which gave him pain and made it impossible to sleep in the night before the time trial. Fignon, who rode after LeMond, lost 58 seconds during the stage.  Fignon rode a very fast time trial, and came in third for the stage, but still ended up losing the overall lead to LeMond.
It was suggested afterwards that if Fignon had cut off his ponytail, the reduction in drag might have been sufficient for him to have won the Tour. Had Fignon held on to win the Tour it would have been the first time he completed the Giro-Tour Double.

During that Tour, he was on bad terms with the journalists.  He often refused to smile for photographs, and at one point spat into the lens of a cameraman who asked for an interview.  For his efforts the press awarded Fignon the "Prix Citron" ("Lemon Prize"), a prize the press awarded to whom they thought the least likable rider. The loss of the 1989 Tour was a heavy burden for Fignon, and in his autobiography he said "you never stop grieving over an event like that".

He came back after the Tour de France that year to win decidedly the Grand Prix des Nations time trial, an event that was considered at the time to be the world championships of time trials. This time he used aero handlebar extensions.  He also showed his versatility winning the Polynormande, Critérium des As (a race in which each rider motorpaces behind a derny), and the two-man Trofeo Baracchi (which he won with teammate and fellow Frenchman Thierry Marie).

1990–1993: later years
Fignon withdrew from the 1990 Tour, but finished 6th in 1991. Following this Fignon moved over to the Italian Gatorade team to act as co-captain and advisor to promising young talent Gianni Bugno. After a dramatic 1992 Giro d'Italia, in which he was in heavy crisis during mountain stages, he rode his last Tour that same year, finishing 23rd overall.  The race saw an angered Fignon take his ninth stage win, holding off a series of attacks by Guimard's Castorama team before winning at Mulhouse during stage 11. Fignon's last victory as professional cyclist was in the early-season Ruta Mexico in 1993, after a tight duel with Francisco Villalobos and surviving a massive collision that saw the group hit by a tow truck driven by a drunken man. Fignon retired as a professional cyclist late 1993.

Doping
Fignon tested positive for amphetamines at the Grand Prix de Wallonie, in 1987, where he finished third. He was subsequently disqualified from the final result but claimed, in his autobiography, that the positive test was the result of a commercial dispute between two Belgian companies.

Fignon tested positive for amphetamines a second time, at the Grand Prix de la Liberation, on 17 September 1989.

In his autobiography, Fignon admitted to using recreational drugs, and occasionally using stimulants in the 1980s.  He noted this was widespread, and that the practice would not dramatically change the capabilities of a rider. He noted major changes in the sport in the early 1990s with the onset of routine use of Human Growth Hormone and the blood-booster, EPO. Fignon stated he was revolted by the idea of taking hormones to enhance performance, and the mere suggestion he refused out of hand.  He retired from competition in 1993 when he realized that cycling had changed, and that he no longer had a place in it.

After retirement
In 1995, Fignon founded the "Laurent Fignon organisation", to organize races, notably Paris–Nice, from 2000 until it was taken over by Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), the organiser of Tour de France, in 2002. Fignon remained an organiser for races such as Paris–Corrèze.

In response to assertions that French riders were less successful over recent years due to the tight doping controls that French riders are subject to, Fignon responded frankly: "The sports directors don't do a good job any more. They lack competence and don't have authority over their riders. The non-results of French teams are not only the consequences of doping."

On his relationships with Cyrille Guimard and Bernard Hinault, Fignon said that with Bernard Hinault, Guimard already found a champion, whereas with himself, Guimard made him a champion. Therefore, his bond with Guimard was stronger than Hinault's bond with Guimard.

Fignon wrote an autobiography entitled Nous étions jeunes et insouciants ("We were young and carefree"), which was released in June 2009.

Death
In June 2009, Fignon revealed that he was undergoing chemotherapy for metastatic cancer. He noted that early in his career he had dabbled with recreational drugs, amphetamines and cortisone, but did not believe they played a role in his illness.  Amphetamine use during the criterium portion (late summer/early fall) of the cycling season was commonplace in the seventies and eighties. Fignon's cancer was diagnosed in April 2009 after metastatic tumors were found in his digestive system.

In January 2010, his doctors discovered that the cancer had originated in his lungs.  Fignon died at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital on 31 August 2010, at 12.30 pm. He was 50 years old. Fignon was survived by his wife and both of his parents. He was also survived by his son and daughter from his first marriage.

His funeral took place on 3 September 2010 at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, where he was later cremated.

Former fellow champion Greg LeMond said:
"It's a really sad day. He had a very, very big talent, much more than anyone recognised. We were teammates, competitors, but also friends. He was a great person, one of the few that I find was really true to himself. He was one of the few riders who I really admired for his honesty and his frankness. We talked about a lot of different things outside of cycling and I was fortunate to really get to know him when my career stopped. I believe he was also one of the generation that was cut short in the early nineties because he was not able to fulfill the rest of his career. But he was a great rider."
His ashes were placed in the columbarium of the Père Lachaise cemetery.

Career achievements

Major results

1981
 1st Stage 2 Tour du Vaucluse
1982
 1st  Overall Critérium International
 1st Flèche Azuréene
 1st Garancières-en-Beauce
 1st GP de Cannes
 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro d'Italia
 2nd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
1st Stage 1
 3rd Overall Étoile des Espoirs
1983
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st   Young rider classification
1st Stage 21 (ITT)
 1st Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
 1st Grand Prix Le Télégramme de Brest
 1st Prologue Tour d'Armorique
 1st Stage 3 Tour du Limousin
 1st Stage 1 Critérium International
 3rd Polynormande
 7th Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stage 4
 7th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Stage 4
1984
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 3 (TTT), 7 (ITT), 16 (ITT), 18, 20 & 22 (ITT)
 1st Stage 9 Clásico RCN
 2nd Overall Giro d'Italia
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stages 1 (TTT) & 20
 3rd Grand Prix de Fourmies
 4th Grand Prix Le Télégramme de Brest
 7th Overall Tour de Romandie
1st Prologue & Stage 4
 8th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1985
 1st  Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
1st Stage 4a
 1st Prologue Étoile de Bessèges
 2nd Overall Route du Sud
1st Prologue
 3rd La Flèche Wallonne
 3rd Brabantse Pijl
 5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1986
 1st Stage 2 (TTT) Tour de France
 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 1st Bol d'Or des Monédières
 1st Stage 2 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 2nd Overall Escalada a Montjuich
 2nd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
 2nd Grand Prix des Nations
 2nd Paris–Camembert
 7th Overall Vuelta a España
 7th Overall Three Days of De Panne
 8th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
 10th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
1987
 1st Stage 6 Ronde van Nederland
 2nd Overall Tour de Luxembourg
 2nd Overall Étoile de Bessèges
1st Stage 3a (ITT)
 3rd Overall Paris–Nice
1st Stages 5 & 7a
 3rd Overall Vuelta a España
1st  Combination classification
1st Stage 19
 3rd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
 3rd Grand Prix Le Télégramme de Brest
 5th Overall Critérium International
 6th Overall Volta a Catalunya
 6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 7th Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 21
1988
 1st Milan–San Remo
 1st Paris–Camembert
 2nd Overall Critérium International
1st Stage 2
 2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
 2nd Paris–Brussels
 2nd Grand Prix des Nations
 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 4th Overall Route du Sud
1st Prologue & Stage 1
 5th Overall Paris–Nice
 6th Overall Étoile de Bessèges
 9th Overall Ronde van Nederland
1989
 1st UCI World Ranking
 1st  Overall Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 20
 1st  Overall Ronde van Nederland
 1st Milan–San Remo
 1st Grand Prix des Nations
 1st Polynormande
 1st Critérium des As
 1st Trofeo Baracchi (with Thierry Marie)
 2nd Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 2 (TTT) & 18
Held  after Stages 10–14 & 17–20
 Combativity award
 3rd Grand Prix Le Télégramme de Brest
 4th Overall Tour de Romandie
 6th Overall Critérium International
 6th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
 6th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 7th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1990
 1st  Overall Critérium International
 3rd Critérium des As
 4th Overall Paris–Nice
 8th Overall Route du Sud
1991
 1st Stage 5 Giro di Puglia
 6th Overall Tour de France
 10th Overall Paris–Nice
1992
 1st Stage 11 Tour de France
 8th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
1993
 1st  Overall Ruta Mexico
1st Stage 6

Grand Tours general classification results timeline

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 McGann, Bill and Carol McGann  The Story of the Tour de France, Vol 2. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing, 2008. .

External links

 Official Tour de France results of Laurent Fignon

1960 births
2010 deaths
Cycling announcers
Deaths from lung cancer in France
Doping cases in cycling
French sportspeople in doping cases
French Tour de France stage winners
French Vuelta a España stage winners
French Giro d'Italia stage winners
Giro d'Italia winners
Cyclists from Paris
Tour de France winners
UCI Road World Rankings winners
Sorbonne Paris North University alumni

Laurent Fignon


Hess may refer to:

People
 Hess (surname), a list of people with the surname Hess or  or Heß
 Hess, nickname of Raymond Hesselyn (1921–1963), New Zealand Second World War fighter ace
 Germain Henri Hess, a Swiss-Russian chemist and physician who invented Hess's Law.

Businesses
 Hess Corporation, an American integrated oil and gasoline company
 Hess Educational Organization, the largest private provider of English instruction in the Republic of China
 Hess Oil and Chemical, an American oil company
 Hess Shoe Store, a defunct American chain of shoe stores
 Hess's, a defunct American department store chain
 Carrosserie Hess AG, a Swiss commercial vehicle manufacturer

Places
 Hess, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community in the United States
 Hess Mountain, Alaska, United States
 Hess Lake, Michigan, United States
 Hess Mesa, Victoria Land, Antarctica
 Hess (crater), an impact crater on the far side of the Moon

Other uses
 HESS, an experiment in gamma-ray astronomy
 Hess: A Biography, a 1971 biography of Rudolf Hess
 Hess Catalogue of compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven

See also
 Hess v. Indiana, a United States Supreme Court case
 Hess House (disambiguation)
 The Hess Homestead, a historic Mennonite farmstead near Lititz, Pennsylvania, United States
 Hess Tower, an office building in Houston, Texas, United States
 Hess's law, a law in chemistry
 Hesse (disambiguation)

Hess


The Bruisers were a punk band that pioneered the American streetpunk/oi! movement, formed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1988. The original lineup included: Al Barr (vocals, now the lead singer of the Boston punk band Dropkick Murphys), Scotty Davies (bass), Jeff Morris (guitar) and Rodger Shosa (drums). Morris is now a guitarist and lead vocalist for Death & Taxes, and a former guitarist for Mark Lind & the Unloved. Former guitarist Rick Wimert died 1995.

The first band members were skinheads (although not white power skinheads). After a few years and lineup changes, the band and their style changed slightly. By 1996, Al Barr was the only remaining original member of The Bruisers. One notable release by the band was a 7" split with Barr's future band Dropkick Murphys in 1997. After 10 years, the band broke up in 1998. The Bruisers had a reunion concert on September 14, 2005 at The Roxy in Boston. The bill included local acts The Ducky Boys and Tommy & The Terrors, as well as The Casualties from New York City. The Bruisers played a second reunion show on August 31, 2012 headlining the first night of the 2000 Tons of TNT Fest at the Webster Theater in Hartford, CT.

Former members
 Al Barr – vocals (1988–1998, 2005)
 Jeff Morris – guitar (1988–1996, 2005)
 Scotty Davies – bass (1988–1990)
 Rodger Shosa – drums (1988–1989)
 Dan Connors – drums (1989–1997, 2005)
 Crash – guitar (1989–1990)
Rick Wimert – guitar (1990–1995)
 Todd Seely – bass (1990–1991), guitar (1996–1997)
 Keith "Ritchie" Richards – bass (1991–1996, guitar (1997–1998, 2005)
 Robert Garceau – guitar (1995–1996)
 Scott Vierra – guitar (1996–1998, 2005)
 Johnny Rioux – bass (1996–1998)
 John Dicicco – drums (1997–1998)
 Mike Savitkas – bass (2005)

Discography

Albums
 Cruisin' for a Bruisin' (1993)
 Up in Flames (1996)

EPs/singles
 Intimidation (1989)
 Independence Day (1990)
 American Night (1991)
 Gates of Hell (1994)
 Clobberin' Time (1995)
 Mad Parade/Bruisers (1995)
 Still Standing Up (1997)
 The Bruisers/Charge 69 (1998)
 Molotov (1997)
 Bruisers/Randumbs (1998)
 The Bruisers/Dropkick Murphys (1998)

Compilation albums
 Society's Fools (1996)
 Anything You Want It's All Right Here...: The Authorized Bruisers 1988–1994 (1998)
 One Law For Them...Another One For Us (1999)
 In The Pit - Live And Rare (2000)
 Better Days (2000)
 Singles Collection 1989–1997'' (2004)

References

Rock music groups from New Hampshire
American punk rock groups
Street punk groups

The Bruisers


Eskalonija (lat. Escallonia), rod listopadnog i vazdazelenog grmlja i manjeg drveća iz porodice eskalonijevki, kojem je kao i redu ( Escalloniales) dao svoje ime. Ovaj rod raširen je po Južnoj Americi, a pripada mu 38 vrsta.

Vrste

 Escallonia alpina Poepp. ex DC.
 Escallonia angustifolia C.Presl
 Escallonia bifida Link & Otto
 Escallonia × bracteata Phil.
 Escallonia callcottiae Hook. & Arn.
 Escallonia chlorophylla Cham. & Schltdl.
 Escallonia cordobensis (Kuntze) Hosseus
 Escallonia × demissa Eastw.
 Escallonia discolor Vent.
 Escallonia farinacea A.St.-Hil.
 Escallonia florida Poepp. ex DC.
 Escallonia gayana Acevedo & Kausel
 Escallonia herrerae Mattf.
 Escallonia hispida (Vell.) Sleumer
 Escallonia hypoglauca Herzog
 Escallonia illinita C.Presl
 Escallonia laevis (Vell.) Sleumer
 Escallonia ledifolia Sleumer
 Escallonia × lepidota Killip
 Escallonia leucantha Remy
 Escallonia megapotamica Spreng.
 Escallonia micrantha Mattf.
 Escallonia millegrana Griseb.
 Escallonia × mollis Phil.
 Escallonia myrtilloides L.f.
 Escallonia myrtoides Bertero ex DC.
 Escallonia obtusissima A.St.-Hil.
 Escallonia paniculata (Ruiz & Pav.) Schult.
 Escallonia pendula (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
 Escallonia petrophila Rambo & Sleumer
 Escallonia piurensis Mattf.
 Escallonia polifolia Hook.
 Escallonia × promaucana Phil.
 Escallonia pulverulenta (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
 Escallonia × rebecae Kausel
 Escallonia resinosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
 Escallonia reticulata Sleumer
 Escallonia revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
 Escallonia × rigida Phil.
 Escallonia rosea Griseb.
 Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.
 Escallonia salicifolia Mattf.
 Escallonia schreiteri Sleumer
 Escallonia serrata Sm.
 Escallonia × stricta Remy
 Escallonia tucumanensis Hosseus
 Escallonia virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.

Sinonimi
 Blakwellia Gaertn.
 Palladia Lam.
 Stereoxylon Ruiz & Pav.
 Vigieria Vell.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Eskalonijevke

Eskalonija


Irene Oldfather (* 6. August 1954 in Glasgow) ist eine schottische Politikerin und Mitglied der Labour Party.

Leben
Oldfather besuchte die Irvine Royal Academy und begann anschließend ein Politikstudium an der Universität von Strathclyde, das sie als Master abschloss. Sie war dann mehrere Jahre als Dozentin an der Universität von Arizona tätig und arbeitete dann als freie Journalistin und Politikdozentin an der Universität Paisley.

1978 heiratete Oldfather einen US-amerikanischen Staatsbürger. Sie ist Mutter von zwei Kindern.

Politischer Werdegang
Zwischen 1990 und 1997 beriet Oldfather den Labourabgeordneten im Europäischen Parlament, Alex Smith. 1995 wurde sie in den Regionalrat von North Ayrshire gewählt. Bei den ersten Schottischen Parlamentswahlen im Jahre 1999 trat sie erstmals zu Wahlen auf nationaler Ebene an. Mit deutlichem Vorsprung vor dem SNP-Kandidaten Michael Russell errang sie das Direktmandat ihres Wahlkreises Cunninghame South und zog erstmals in das Schottische Parlament ein. Bei den folgenden Parlamentswahlen 2003 und 2007 verteidigte sie ihr Mandat. Schließlich unterlag sie bei den Schottischen Parlamentswahlen 2011 der SNP-Kandidatin Margaret Burgess und schied aus dem Parlament aus.

Weblinks
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish Labour Party
Politiker (North Ayrshire)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1954
Schotte
Brite
Frau

Irene Oldfather


Regimentul 10 Vânători a fost o unitate de nivel tactic, care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916, prin mobilizarea unităților și subunităților existente la pace aparținând de Batalionul 10 Vânători din armata permanentă, dislocat la pace în garnizoana Tulcea.
Regimentul a făcut parte din organica Diviziei 10 Infanterie. La intrarea în război, regimentul a fost comandat de locotenent-colonelul Petre Lolescu. Regimentul 10 Vânători a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.
Drapelul de luptă al regimentului fost decorat cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III:
"Pentru vitejia și avântul cu care au luptat ofițerii, subofițerii și soldații acestui eroic regiment, în aprigele lupte de la Babovo, de la Muntele Susai, unde au respins toate crâncenele atacuri ce inamicul a dat între 29 septembrie și 10 octombrie, precum și în luptele din regiunea Panciului ce s-au dezlănțuit în august 1917. În ziua de 1 august 1917 o divizie rusă a fost nevoită a se retrage spre Valea Zăbrăuțului, din cauza unui puternic atac german. Regimentul 10 Vânători, a plecat din proprie inițiativă la contraatac și trecând printr-un extraordinar bombardament de artilerie și printr-un teren cu totul nefavorabil, reușește să respingă cu baionetele pe inamic și să ocupe poziția de la P.T. 334 Chicera. A doua zi, pornind din Valea Stâlpului, restabilește din nou, în mod glorios, o situație cu totul critică; ilustrându-se după  aceasta, prin înverșunarea cu care și-a apărat poziția ce luase în stăpânire de la inamic."
Înalt Decret no. 902 din 16 aprilie 1918

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

În campania anului 1916 Regimentul 10 Vânători a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 10 Infanterie, participând la Operația de la Flămânda, Bătălia de pe Valea Prahovei și Bătălia de la Râmnicu Sărat.

Campania anului 1917

În campania anului 1917 Regimentul 10 Vânători a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 10 Infanterie, participând la Bătălia de la Mărășești . În această campanie, regimentul a fost comandat de locotenent-colonelul Constantin Oprescu.

Campania anului 1918

În anul 1918 Regimentul 10 Vânători a făcut parte din Brigada 3 Vânători, din organica Diviziei 2 Vânători.

Comandanți
 Locotenent-colonel Petre Lolescu
 Locotenent -colonel Constantin Oprescu

Decorații
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III, 30 februarie 1917

Note

Bibliografie
 Dabija, Gheorghe (general), Armata română în răsboiul mondial (1916-1918), vol.I-IV, Tipografia "Lupta" N. Stroilă, București, 1932-1936
 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial, Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1918)
Divizia 10 Infanterie

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 10 Vânători (1916-1918)


A temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1978 foi uma temporada muito ativa que produziu 31 tempestades tropicais, 16 tufões e um tufão intenso. Não tem limites oficiais; durou o ano todo em 1978, mas a maioria dos ciclones tropicais tende a se formar no noroeste do Oceano Pacífico entre junho e dezembro. Essas datas delimitam convencionalmente o período de cada ano em que a maioria dos ciclones tropicais se forma no noroeste do Oceano Pacífico.

O escopo deste artigo é limitado ao Oceano Pacífico, ao norte do equador e a oeste da linha internacional de data. As tempestades que se formam a leste da linha de data e ao norte do equador são chamadas de furacões; veja a temporada de furacões de 1978 no Pacífico. As tempestades tropicais formadas em toda a bacia do Pacífico Ocidental receberam um nome do Joint Typhoon Warning Center. As depressões tropicais nesta bacia têm o sufixo "W" adicionado ao seu número. As depressões tropicais que entram ou se formam na área de responsabilidade das Filipinas recebem um nome da Administração de Serviços Atmosféricos, Geofísicos e Astronômicos das Filipinas ou PAGASA. Muitas vezes, isso pode resultar na mesma tempestade com dois nomes.

Resumo sazonal

33 depressões tropicais se formaram este ano no Pacífico Ocidental, das quais 29 se tornaram tempestades tropicais. 15 tempestades atingiram intensidade de tufão, das quais 1 atingiu força de supertufão. Muitas das tempestades permaneceram no mar ou não causaram nenhum dano.

Sistemas

Tempestade tropical severa Nadine

Nadine permaneceu no mar e foi a primeira tempestade tropical severa da temporada. Viveu pelo menos 1 semana.

Tufão Olive (Atang)

Nas Filipinas, o tufão Olive (Atang) matou 3 pessoas e deixou 3.500 desabrigados. Um ex-navio "FS" alongado da Compania Maritima foi capturado nele, o MV Leyte. Ela naufragou na parte sudoeste da Ilha Sibuyan tentando encontrar um abrigo. Ela estava então em uma viagem Manila-Cebu.

Tempestade tropical Polly (Bising)

Polly foi o primeiro de três sistemas de junho de curta duração.

Tempestade tropical Rose (Klaring)

Rose foi o segundo de três fracos sistemas de junho.

Tempestade tropical Shirley (Deling)

Shirley atingiu o Vietnã como uma tempestade tropical.

Tufão Trix

Trix fez um loop.

Tufão Virginia

Virginia manteve-se em grande parte no mar.

Tufão Wendy (Emang)

Wendy finalmente atingiu o Japão.

Tempestade tropical severa Agnes

Agnes se formou em 24 de julho, fez um loop completo e atingiu a China em 29 de julho com ventos de  depois de atingir o pico de . Ele dissipou o 30º. Em Hong Kong, a tempestade tropical Agnes matou 3 pessoas.

Tempestade tropical Bonnie

Bonnie atingiu o Vietnam.

Tufão Carmen (Iliang)

Carmen foi de duração curta.

Tempestade tropical Della (Heling)

Della desembarcou em Taiwan e China.

Depressão tropical Loleng

Apenas reconhecido pela PAGASA.

Tempestade tropical 13W

13W foi fraco e atingiu o Japão.

Tufão Elaine (Miding)

Elaine atingiu o norte das Filipinas e a província chinesa de Guangdong.

Tufão Faye

Faye manteve-se no mar.

Tempestade tropical Gloria (Norming)

Gloria manteve-se no mar.

Tempestade tropical Hester

Hester manteve-se longe de terra.

Tufão Irma (Ruping)

Irma, o oitavo tufão da temporada de 1978, desenvolveu-se na depressão das monções a sudeste de Taiwan. Chegou a terra em Honshu, Japão. Com ventos de até 120 km/h, o tufão Irma matou pelo menos 6 pessoas e deixou cerca de 3.000 desabrigados. Quatro pessoas estão desaparecidas e cerca de 100 ficaram feridas por enchentes e deslizamentos de terra no sudoeste do Japão. Destruiu ou danificou  e deixou  inundadas. Irma quebrou janelas, capotou carros e virou vários barcos de pesca. Vários atletas do Encontro de Atletismo da Amizade Japão-China em Kitakyushu ficaram feridos quando uma rajada de vento os jogou a três metros de altura. Um navio-tanque registrado na Libéria foi arrastado de suas amarras ao largo do porto de Kure e à deriva por quase 5 quilômetros antes de encalhar em uma pequena ilha no Mar Interior. Irma permaneceu um tufão por apenas 12 horas, tornando-se o tufão de menor duração da temporada.

Tufão Judy

Judy não impactou terra.

Tempestade tropical severa Kit (Uding)

Kit atingiu o Vietname e as Filipinas.

Tufão Lola (Weling)

Lola atingiu a China e as Filipinas.

Tufão Mamie

Mamie fez um loop para o mar.

Tempestade tropical severa Nina (Yaning)

Segundo os relatórios oficiais, 59 pessoas morreram e mais de 500.000 estavam em centros de evacuação nas Filipinas.

Tufão Ora (Aning)

Ora escovou o Taiwan.

Depressão tropical 25W

25W não afetou a terra.

Depressão tropical 26W (Bidang)

26W segui 25W.

Tufão Phyllis

Phyllis fez um loop desde o Japão.

Tufão Rita (Kading)

A depressão tropical 28 se desenvolveu em 15 de outubro. Três dias e meio depois, tornou-se uma tempestade tropical. Rita se tornou um tufão no final de 19 de outubro. Rita alcançou Categoria 5 em 23 de outubro, atingindo uma pressão central mínima de 878 milibares em 25 de outubro, apenas 8 milibares acima do recorde do Typhoon Tip estabelecido em 1979. Depois de passar mais de três dias consecutivos nessa intensidade, Rita enfraqueceu para uma categoria 4 e desembarcou em Luzon. Rita permaneceu um tufão durante toda a sua passagem pelas Filipinas e emergiu no Mar da China Meridional como um tufão mínimo. Rita então decaiu lentamente e se dissipou como uma depressão perto da costa do Vietnã. O tufão causou danos consideráveis e perda de vidas nas Filipinas, embora os números exatos sejam desconhecidos.

Tempestade tropical Vinte e sete

A Tempestade tropical 27 foi fraca e de duração curta.

Tempestade tropical severa Tess

Uma depressão tropical se desenvolveu em 31 de outubro. A depressão foi atualizada para uma tempestade tropical em 2 de novembro. Tess continuou a se intensificar e atingiu seu pico de intensidade em  tempestade; pouco antes do status de tufão. A tempestade tornou-se extratropical em 7 de novembro.

Depressão tropical 30W (Delang)

30W chegou perto da terra.

Tufão Viola (Esang)

O aumento da atividade convectiva no vale das monções foi notado pela primeira vez em dados de satélite em 14 de novembro de cerca de 690 mi (1110 km) a sudeste de Truk. Em 16 de novembro, o distúrbio foi atualizado para depressão tropical 33. Com base em uma assinatura de satélite aprimorada, o TD 33 foi atualizado para a tempestade tropical Viola às 12:00 UTC de 17 de novembro Viola continuou a se intensificar à medida que a tempestade avançava na direção noroeste. No final de 19 de novembro, aeronaves de reconhecimento confirmaram que a pressão de superfície de Viola havia caído para 977 mb; e que um olho estava começando a se formar. No início de 20 de novembro, Viola foi atualizado para um tufão. Viola então começou a se intensificar rapidamente e atingiu o pico de intensidade em 21 de novembro com ventos de . Viola recuperou de Lução em 22 de novembro No dia seguinte, a tempestade já havia enfraquecido para categoria 1 e ainda mais enfraquecida para uma tempestade tropical. Viola se dissipou em 24 de novembro.

Tempestade tropical severa Winnie

Uma depressão tropical se desenvolveu em 25 de novembro. Começou a se intensificar enquanto se movia em uma pista norte-noroeste. Em 28 de novembro, foi atualizado para uma tempestade tropical e recebeu o nome de Winnie. No dia 29, Winnie atingiu seu pico de intensidade como forte tempestade tropical com ventos (10 min) de . Winnie tornou-se extratropical no início de 30 de novembro.

Depressão tropical Garding

O último sistema da temporada, depressão tropical 63W (Garding) foi nomeado pela PAGASA.

Nomes das tempestades
Durante a temporada, 28 ciclones tropicais nomeados se desenvolveram no Pacífico Ocidental e foram nomeados pelo Joint Typhoon Warning Center, quando foi determinado que eles haviam se tornado tempestades tropicais. Esses nomes foram contribuídos para uma lista revisada no final de 1950. No entanto, o JTWC mudou seu esquema de nomenclatura no ano seguinte, agora incluindo nomes femininos e masculinos.

Um nome, Susan, desenvolveu-se no Pacífico Central e foi nomeado a partir desta lista. A tempestade nunca se tornou parte da bacia do Pacífico Ocidental.

Filipinas

A Administração de Serviços Atmosféricos, Geofísicos e Astronômicos filipinos usa seu próprio esquema de nomenclatura para ciclones tropicais em sua área de responsabilidade. A PAGASA atribui nomes às depressões tropicais que se formam dentro de sua área de responsabilidade e a qualquer ciclone tropical que possa se mover para dentro de sua área de responsabilidade. Caso a lista de nomes para um determinado ano se revele insuficiente, os nomes são retirados de uma lista auxiliar, os primeiros 6 dos quais são publicados todos os anos antes do início da temporada. Os nomes não retirados desta lista serão usados novamente na temporada de 1982. Esta é a mesma lista usada para a temporada de 1974. A PAGASA usa seu próprio esquema de nomenclatura que começa no alfabeto filipino, com nomes femininos filipinos terminando com "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc. ). Os nomes que não foram atribuídos/vão ser usados são marcados em .

Aposentadoria
Devido aos danos extremos e ao número de mortos causados pelo tufão Rita (Kading), a PAGASA retirou o nome Kading de sua lista auxiliar. O nome substituído foi Katring.

Efeitos sazonais
Esta tabela listará todas as tempestades que se desenvolveram no noroeste do Oceano Pacífico a oeste da Linha Internacional de Data e ao norte do equador durante 1978. Incluirá sua intensidade, duração, nome, áreas afetadas, mortes, pessoas desaparecidas (entre parênteses) e totais de danos. Os valores de classificação e intensidade serão baseados em estimativas realizadas pela JMA. Todos os números de danos serão em 1978 USD. Danos e mortes de uma tempestade incluirão quando a tempestade foi uma onda precursora ou uma baixa extratropical.

|-
|Nadine ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Marshall Islands ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Olive (Atang) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Filipinas, Taiwan ||  Desconhecido ||  ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Polly (Bising) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu, Japão ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Rose (Klaring) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Shirley (Deling) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, Vietname, Camboja ||  Desconhecido ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japão ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Trix ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu, China ||  Desconhecido ||  Desconhecido ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Wendy (Emang) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu, Japão ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Virgínia ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japão ||  Nenhum || Nenhum ||
|-
|Agnes ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || China meridional ||  Nenhum ||  ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Gading ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Bonnie ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || China meridional, Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Carmen (Iliang) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu, China Oriental, Korea ||  Desconhecido ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Della (Heling) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, Taiwan, China ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Loleng ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, China meridional ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|13W ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japão ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Elaine (Miding) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, China meridional ||  Desconhecido ||  Desconhecido ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Península da Coreia ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Faye ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Marianas, Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Gloria (Norming) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Hester ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japão ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Oyang ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu, Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Irma (Ruping) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ilhas Ryukyu, Japão||  Nenhum ||  ||
|-
|Pasing ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Judy ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Susang ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Filipinas, Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Kit (Uding) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, China meridional, Vietname ||  Desconhecido ||  Desconhecido ||
|-
|Tering ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Ryukyu ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Lola (Weling) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, China meridional ||  Desconhecido ||  Desconhecido ||
|-
|Mamie ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Nina (Yaning) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, China meridional, Vietname ||  Desconhecido ||  ||
|-
|Ora (Aning) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Taiwan, Ilhas Ryukyu ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|25W ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|26W (Bidang) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Carolinas, Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Phyllis ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Rita (Kading) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Carolinas, Ilhas Marianas, Filipinas || $ || > ||
|-
|Twenty-seven ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Tess ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas, China meridional, Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietname ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|30W (Delang) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Viola (Esang) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Carolinas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Malásia ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Winnie ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Marianas ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Garding ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  Desconhecido ||  Nenhum ||
|-

Ver também

 Temporada de furacões no Pacífico de 1978
 Temporada de furacões no oceano Atlântico de 1978
 Temporada de ciclones no Índico Norte de 1978
 Ciclone na região da Austrália: 1977–78 1979–80
 Temporadas no Pacífico Sul: 1977–78 1979–80
 Temporada no Oceano Índico Sudoeste: 1977–78 1979–80

Referências

Ligações externas

1978
1978
1978 WPAC

Temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1978


Muelleranthus, biljni rod iz porodice mahunarki smješten u tribus Bossiaeeae. Postoje četiri vrste, grmovi i zeljasto bije, australski endemi.

Vrste
 Muelleranthus obovatus I.Thomps.
 Muelleranthus parvalatus I.Thomps.
 Muelleranthus stipularis (J.M.Black) A.T.Lee
 Muelleranthus trifoliolatus (F.Muell.)
A.T.Lee

Izvori

Bossiaeeae

Muelleranthus


Air India Flight 855 was a scheduled passenger flight from Bombay (now Mumbai), India, to Dubai, United Arab Emirates. On 1 January 1978, the Boeing 747 operating the flight crashed about  off the coast of Bandra, less than two minutes after take-off. All 213 passengers and crew on board died. An investigation into the crash determined the most likely probable cause was the captain becoming spatially disoriented and losing control of the aircraft after the failure of one of the flight instruments. It was the deadliest air accident both in Air India's and India's history until Flight 182 and Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision in 1985 and 1996.

Aircraft and crew
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 747-237B, registration  named Emperor Ashoka. It was the first 747 delivered to Air India, in April 1971.

The flight crew consisted of the following persons:
 The captain was 51-year old Madan Lal Kukar. He had joined Air India in 1956, and was experienced, having almost 18,000 flight hours.
 The first officer was 43-year-old Indu Virmani, a former Indian Air Force commander who joined Air India in 1976. He had more than 4,500 flight hours.
 The flight engineer was 53-year-old Alfredo Faria, who joined Air India in 1955 and had 11,000 flight hours, making him one of Air India's most senior flight engineers at the time of the accident.

History of the flight
The aircraft departed from Bombay's Santa Cruz Airport (later Sahar Airport, now called Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport). The destination was Dubai International Airport in Dubai.

Approximately one minute after takeoff from runway 27, Captain Kukar made a scheduled right turn upon crossing the Bombay coastline over the Arabian Sea, after which the aircraft briefly returned to a normal level position. Soon it began rolling to the left, and never regained level flight.

The cockpit voice recorder recovered from the wreckage revealed that Captain Kukar was the first to notice a problem, when he said, "What's happened here, my instruments ..." The captain was explaining that his attitude indicator (AI) had "toppled", meaning that it was still showing the aircraft in a right bank. First Officer Virmani, whose presumably functional AI was now showing a left bank (and not noticing the captain's concern), said, "Mine has also toppled, looks fine." It is believed that the Captain mistakenly took this to mean that both primary AIs were indicating a right bank, in effect confirming what he believed he was seeing. It was after sunset and the aircraft was flying over a dark Arabian Sea, leaving the aircrew unable to visually cross-check their AI instrument readings with the actual horizon outside the cockpit windows.

The Boeing 747 had a third backup AI in the center instrument panel between the two pilots, and the transcripts of the cockpit conversation showed Flight Engineer Faria telling the captain, "Don't go by that one, don't go by that one..." trying to direct his attention towards that third AI, or perhaps to another instrument called the turn and bank indicator, just five seconds before the aircraft impacted the sea.

The captain's mistaken perception of the aircraft's attitude resulted in him using the aircraft flight control system to add more left bank and left rudder, causing the Boeing 747 to roll further left into a bank of 108 degrees and rapidly lose altitude. Just 101 seconds after leaving the runway, the jet hit the Arabian Sea at an estimated 35-degree nose-down angle. There were no survivors among the 190 passengers and 23 crew members.

Investigation
The partially recovered wreckage revealed no evidence of explosion, fire, or any electrical or mechanical failure; and an initial theory of sabotage was ruled out.

The investigation concluded that the probable cause was "due to the irrational control inputs by the captain following complete unawareness of the altitude as his AI had malfunctioned. The crew failed to gain control based on the other flight instruments."

US Federal District Judge James M. Fitzgerald, in a 139-page decision issued 1 November 1985, rejected charges of negligence against the Boeing Company,  Lear Siegler Inc, the manufacturer of the attitude   director indicator, and the Collins Radio division of Rockwell International, which manufactured the backup system in a suit related to the crash. Steven C. Marshall, the attorney for Boeing asserted that the crash had been caused by Captain Madan Kukar, who he said was "flying illegally under the influence of diabetic drugs, a condition compounded by his alcoholic intake and dieting in the 24 hours before the flight," and not due to equipment malfunctions. The suit was dismissed in 1986.

See also
Sensory illusions in aviation
 List of aircraft accidents and incidents resulting in at least 50 fatalities

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Design Induced Errors, which includes a discussion of the crash. (Archive)
Pre-crash photos of 747 VT-EBD at airliners.net
 from Associated Press Archive

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by instrument failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Aviation accidents and incidents in India
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747
855
1978 in India
January 1978 events in Asia
History of Mumbai (1947–present)

Air India Flight 855


Pauli Bekehrung ist eine römisch-katholische Kapelle im oberschwäbischen Hohenreuten, einem Ortsteil von Oberrieden im Landkreis Unterallgäu.

Baugeschichte
Die Kapelle wurde um 1700 erbaut und wurde, einer Tradition folgend, von kinderlosen Geschwistern gestiftet. Diese lebten auf dem jetzigen Steidelschen Hof. Die Kirche ist der Bekehrung des Apostels Paulus geweiht.

Der Dachreiter wurde 1865 nach einem Sturmschaden erneuert. Eine völlige Instandsetzungsmaßnahme fand 1937 statt.

Baubeschreibung
Der schlichte Barockbau ist im Süden des Ortes gelegen. Der flachgedeckte Raum besitzt drei Achsen mit einem dreiseitigen Schluss. Die Wandgliederung wird durch toskanische Pilaster mit gemalten Gebälkstücken und gemaltem Gesims erreicht. In den Chorecken sind die Pilaster schräggestellt. In der kürzeren Westachse befindet sich eine gefelderte, mit marmorierten Feldern bemalte Holzempore. Im Norden befindet sich eine Stichbogentür. In den östlichen Achsen befinden sich Rundbogenfenster, in den Schrägachsen sind Kreisfenster in die Wand eingelassen. Die über den Fenstern gemalte Profilierung mit Muscheln, lediglich im Scheitel befinden sich Engelsköpfe, sind wohl neubarock oder bei einer Renovierung erneuert worden. Das Äußere besitzt eine Achsenweise Gliederung, welche durch toskanische Pilaster, welche an den Chorecken geknickt sind erreicht. Die Kapelle besitzt ein reich profilierte Traufgesims. Die Westseite wird von Pilastern begrenzt, in der Mitte befindet sich eine Lisene bis zum dünnen Giebelsohlgesims. Der Giebel wird von einem dünnen Gesims gerahmt und quergeteilt. Darauf befindet sich ein Dachreiter mit einem quadratischen Sockelgeschoss und einem achteckigen Oberteil. Dieses ist mit stichbogigen Schlitzen an den Hauptseiten versehen. Der Spitzhelm ist blechgedeckt.

Ausstattung
Das Deckengemälde wurde 1949 von Georg Schwank aus Mindelheim gemalt. Es zeigt ein Christusmonogramm, das von den Evangelistensymbolen umgeben ist. Der aus der Zeit um 1690 stammende, marmorierte Holzaltar wurde 1846 von Maler Moser aus Bedernau renoviert, zum Teil um 1900 erneuert. Der zweisäulige Aufbau zeigt eine Pietà, der Altarauszug  ein rundbogiges Gemälde der Taufe Jesu. Beiderseits der Säulen befinden sich Statuen der hll. Petrus und Paulus aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Aus dieser Zeit stammen auch die am Gebälk sitzenden Putten.

Der Schrein stammt aus der Zeit von 1720 bis 1730. Er besitzt ein viersäuliges Gehäuse mit Rundbogenöffnung, einem gesprengten Giebel und Akanthusverzierungen am Schweifaufsatz. Er enthält eine neuere Figur der Muttergottes von Altötting. Die hölzernen Statuen der hll. Franziskus und Antonius stammen aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, das Vortragekreuz aus dem späten 18. Jahrhundert. Der Schrank mit neuerer Bemalung aus dem 18. Jahrhundert.

Weblinks

Literatur

Pauli Bekehrung
Kapelle im Bistum Augsburg
Erbaut im 17. Jahrhundert
Pauli-Bekehrungs-Kirche
Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Unterallgäu
Bauwerk in Oberrieden (Schwaben)
Kirchengebäude in Europa

Pauli Bekehrung (Hohenreuten)


نعمان الأعظمي هو فقيه وداعية وواعظ ديني ومؤسس مدرسة أبي حنيفة المعروفة باسم كلية الإمام الأعظم، وكان معلما ومديرا فيها وسماها دار العلوم العربية والدينية.

ولادته ودراسته

وهو الشيخ أبو يحيى نعمان بن أحمد بن إسماعيل بن أحمد بن محمود بن محمد بن ملا صالح العبيدي الأعظمي، ولد في محلة الشيوخ بالأعظمية، في بغداد عام 1293هـ/1874م، وأشتغل في صباه وشبابه في السوق، وهو من عشيرة العبيد المعروفة في الأعظمية، وكان والده يرغب في أن يجعله في سلك العلماء، فمهّد له السبل وأعد له اللوازم، فجعله مجداً في طلب العلم على أفاضل علماء عصره، ومنهم العلامة الشيخ المحدث السلفي عبد الرزاق الجلبي الأعظمي، ثم انتسب إلى مدرسة الإمام أبي حنيفة، ودرس على الشيخ أحمد السمين الألباني، والشيخ سعيد النقشبندي، والشيخ عبد الوهاب النائب، وأجازه الشيخ حسن الخانبوري، وكان قد عين معلماً في المدرسة عام 1317هـ/1899م، وواصل دراسته على الإمام العلامة الشيخ المحدث عبد الرزاق الجلبي، ونال إجازته العلمية عام 1326هـ/1908م، وعين مدرساً في المدرسة الرشدية في الكرخ.

ولقد ذهب إلى أداء فريضة الحج عام 1341هـ/1923م، واجتمع بالشيخ شعيب اليماني، والشيخ محمد الشنقيطي، والشيخ إبراهيم بن جاسر، والشيخ عبد الله بن عمر وغيرهم من شيوخ الحجاز، وأجازوه.

أعماله وإنجازاته
 في عام 1328هـ/1910م، أصدر مجلة (تنوير الأفكار) في الأعظمية مع الأستاذ عبد الهادي الأعظمي، والشيخ حمدي الأعظمي.
 في عام 1333هـ/1915م، أرسلته الدولة العثمانية لمفاوضة الأمير عبد العزيز آل سعود للوقوف إلى جانب الدولة العثمانية في الحرب العالمية الأولى. وكان الوفد يضم معه الشيخ محمود شكري الآلوسي، وعلي علاء الدين الآلوسي، والضابط بكر أفندي. وعند عودة الوفد إلى بلاد الشام ذهب نعمان الأعظمي لمقابلة الوالي جمال باشا في القدس وقد اصطحب معه الدكتور عبد الرحمن الشهبندر وعبد الكريم قاسم الخليل.
 طالب السلطان العثماني بما لجامع أبو حنيفة من حقوق مغدورة، وكانت مجلته (تنوير الأفكار) تنطق بلسانه فحصل بجده وسعيه على موافقة السلطان لإنشاء كلية في الجامع تسمى بكلية الإمام الأعظم، تدرس فيها العلوم الشرعية الإسلامية، وكان له فضل السعي في إنشائها وبنائها، وتعتبر من مآثره وجليل أعماله.
 في عام 1334هـ/ 1916م، عُين واعظاً عاماً للعراق براتب شهري قدره 25 ليرة ذهبية. وطلبه القائد العسكري التركي نور الدين إلى جبهة الكوت لوعظ المتطوعين للجهاد من أبناء العشائر، وبعد احتلال الجيش البريطاني لمدينة بغداد اُعتقل وأخذوه من مدرسته يوم 31 مايس 1917م، واعتقله الإنكليز شهراً في خان كبة ثم نقل إلى مركز أم العظام شهراً آخر ثم نفي إلى الهند، وبقي أسيراً في الهند لمدة عامين وثمانية أشهر. وكان في معتقله في الهند يعظ الأسرى ويعلمهم اللغة العربية، ويدرس طلاب العلوم منهم فأفادهم كثيراً، ودرس عليه ثلاثون طالباً في الهند من الأفغان والتتار والهنود، وأطلق سراحه عام 1337هـ/1919م، وأعيد تعيينهُ مدرساً في كلية الإمام الأعظم في الأعظمية.
 في عام 1924م، عُيِّن مديراً لكلية الإمام الأعظم في الأعظمية، وقد أبدل اسمها إلى (دار العلوم العربية والدينية).
 في عام 1349هـ/1930م، شارك في المؤتمر الإسلامي الكبير الذي انعقد في مدينة القدس في فلسطين

لقد كان الحاج نعمان شعلة وقادة من الذكاء والحمية، طبقت شهرته الآفاق وكان له صلات حميدة مع كثير من علماء الأمصار كالشيخ عبد الله بن خلف الكويتي، ومحمد بهجة البيطار، والشيخ العليمي، وجمال الدين القاسمي، وعبد القادر المغربي، ومفتي فلسطين الحاج أمين الحسيني، وغيرهم. وكانوا معجبين بعلمه وأدبه ووعيه السياسي واهتمامه بشؤون الأمة الإسلامية، وصلاته مع المسلمين في البوسنة والهرسك ومفتي المسلمين في فينا، وإرساله الكتب والمجلات الإسلامية لهم ورعاية طلاب العلم منهم في بغداد، وكان كثير التجوال في المدن العراقية يعظ المسلمين ويذكرهم ويدعوهم إلى التمسك بآداب الإسلام.

وكان نعمان الأعظمي يأمر الطلاب في كلية الإمام الأعظم بالسفر إلى شمال العراق والقيام بالوعظ والتدريس في القرى والأرياف الكردية ثم يكتب الرسائل إلى بعض علماء الأكراد للقيام بضيافة الطلاب وتهيئة أمورهم للوعظ والتوعية.

ولقد أقامت جمعية الشبان المسلمين في البصرة حفلة تكريم له عند زيارته للبصرة في شهر رمضان عام 1350هـ/1932م، وألقى الشاعر محمد صالح بحر العلوم قصيدة للترحيب به منها:

وكان يلقي الدروس والمواعظ في شهر رمضان في مساجد بغداد ومنها جامع القبلانية، وجامع السراي، وتحتشد تحت منبره طلاب العلم، وكان له مجلس يقيمه في دار العلوم ويتردد عليه الناس.

من مؤلفاته
ترك الكثير من المؤلفات المخطوطة والمطبوعة، وله تعليقات على هوامش الكتب المحفوظة في مكتبته، ومن مؤلفاته الكتب التالية:

 إرشاد الناشئين.
 التاريخ العام /الجزء الأول.
 المواعظ الدينية الصحيحة.
 شقائق النعمان في مواعظ رمضان.
 أغاريد الهزار في الأناشيد والأشعار.
 مجموعة كبيرة من المقالات والمؤلفات نشرتها الصحف العراقية والمجلات العربية في التفسير والتاريخ وعلم الاجتماع وكان له أسلوب ممتع وساحر ومؤثر في الخطابة والكتابة.

وفاته
توفي نعمان الأعظمي يوم الأثنين 15 جمادى الثانية عام 1355هـ/2 أيلول 1936م، وتأثرت الأوساط الثقافية في بغداد لوفاته حيث شيع بموكب كبير مشى فيه العلماء والأدباء والأعيان وأغلقت الأعظمية أسواقها ودفن في مقبرة الخيزران إلى جانب قبر أحمد عزة الأعظمي.

مصادر

أشخاص من الأعظمية
دعاة عراقيون
علماء دين سنة عراقيون
فقهاء عراقيون
مواليد 1293 هـ
مواليد 1874
كتاب عرب
وفيات 1355 هـ
وفيات 1936
مدفونون في مقبرة الخيزران

نعمان الأعظمي