A temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1961 não teve limites oficiais; durou o ano todo em 1961, mas a maioria dos ciclones tropicais tende a se formar no noroeste do Oceano Pacífico entre junho e dezembro. Essas datas delimitam convencionalmente o período de cada ano em que a maioria dos ciclones tropicais se forma no noroeste do Oceano Pacífico.

O escopo deste artigo é limitado ao Oceano Pacífico, ao norte do equador e a oeste da Linha Internacional de Data. As tempestades que se formam a leste da linha de data e ao norte do equador são chamadas de furacões; veja a temporada de furacões de 1961 no Pacífico. As tempestades tropicais formadas em toda a bacia do Pacífico Ocidental receberam um nome do Joint Typhoon Warning Center. As depressões tropicais nesta bacia tiveram o sufixo "W" adicionado ao seu número.

Resumo da temporada

Sistemas

Tempestade Tropical Rita

Uma baixa tropical se desenvolveu a partir da ITCZ cerca de 140 milhas ao sul de Eauripik em 8 de janeiro. A baixa se aprofundou gradualmente à medida que se movia para oeste-noroeste durante os dias seguintes. Na madrugada de 14 de janeiro, o sistema se organizou o suficiente para ser classificado como uma depressão tropical. No dia seguinte, a depressão se transformou em uma tempestade tropical e foi batizada de Rita pelo Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Rita atingiu um pico de intensidade de  e uma pressão superficial mínima de  em 16 de janeiro. Neste momento, uma frente fria ao norte e uma cordilheira subtropical posicionada atrás dela forçaram a tempestade a virar bruscamente para norte-nordeste. Rita começou, nessa época, a enfraquecer, e entrou em depressão no dia 17 de janeiro. Permaneceu em depressão pelos três dias seguintes. Em 19 de janeiro, Rita enfraqueceu para uma baixa remanescente e ficou presa no final de uma frente de passagem. Até ao dia 21 o que restava de Rita foi totalmente absorvido pela referida frente.

Rita permaneceu em grande parte no mar com poucos ou menores efeitos para Palau ou para as Ilhas Marianas, além de alguma chuva e mau tempo.

Depressão Tropical Susan

Tufão Tess

Depressão Tropical Viola

Tufão Alice

O tufão Alice formou-se a leste das Filipinas no dia 17 de maio. Alice rapidamente se fortaleceu e passou direto sobre Hong Kong com rajadas de 85 mph no dia 18 antes de retornar à China Continental. O sinal do furacão foi novamente como Mary em 1960, não estritamente justificado, pois os ventos sustentados estavam longe da força do furacão. Os ventos sustentados em Hong Kong nunca atingiram a força do furacão; ventos máximos de 60 minutos atingiram 90 km/h na Ilha Waglan e 83 km/h no RHKO. 4 pessoas foram mortas e 20 pessoas ficaram feridas em Hong Kong.

Tufão Betty

Tufão Cora

Tempestade Tropical 13W

Tempestade Tropical Doris

Tufão Elsie

Tempestade Tropical Flossie

Depressão Tropical Grace

Tufão Helen

Tufão Ida

Tufão June

20  pessoas forma mortas pelas chuvas fortes e deslizamentos de terra, quando o tufão de  atingiu o sudeste do Taiwan em 6 de agosto.

Tempestade Tropical JMA Catorze

Tufão Kathy

Tufão Lorna

Tempestade Tropical Marie

Em 29 de setembro, formou-se uma depressão tropical com ventos de 30 nós. O sistema seguiu para o oeste, intensificando-se brevemente em uma tempestade tropical. O sistema atingiu a ilha japonesa de Shikoku, uma depressão tropical.

Tempestade Tropical Olga

Em 4 de setembro, uma baixa se desenvolveu na costa leste das Filipinas. Ao cruzar para o Mar da China Meridional, a baixa tornou-se mais organizada e começou a diminuir a pressão. Em 8 de setembro, o sistema foi atualizado para uma tempestade tropical. O sistema continuou a se fortalecer e, em 9 de setembro, foi classificado como tufão pelo JTWC. O tufão Olga atingiu a costa 50 km a nordeste de Hong Kong, matando 7 pessoas, principalmente devido a deslizamentos de terra. O sistema se deteriorou rapidamente sobre a terra e se dissipou 180 km a noroeste de Hong Kong.

Tufão Pamela

O Tufão Pamela, que se formou em 8 de setembro, intensificou-se rapidamente para um pico de 180 km/h no dia 11. Pamela enfraqueceu para tufão de  no momento em que atingiu o leste de Taiwan no final do dia 11, e depois de cruzar a ilha e o Estreito de Taiwan, a tempestade atingiu o leste da China como um 65 mph tempestade tropical. Pamela se dissipou no dia 12, após causar 98 mortes (com 27 desaparecidos), $ 5 milhões em danos (1961 USD) e deixando 50.000 desabrigados.

Tufão Nancy

A tempestade tropical Nancy, tendo se desenvolvido em 7 de setembro no Pacífico Oeste aberto, intensificou-se rapidamente para atingir o status de super tufão no início do dia 9. Nancy continuou a se fortalecer e atingiu ventos de pico de 215 mph (187 nós) no dia 12. Tal intensidade é especulativa, já que o Avião de Reconhecimento estava em sua infância e a maioria das intensidades eram estimativas. Além disso, análises posteriores indicaram que o equipamento provavelmente superestimou a velocidade do vento de Nancy; se as medições estivessem corretas, Nancy estaria empatado com o furacão Patricia nas maiores velocidades de vento para um ciclone tropical na Terra. Independentemente disso, Nancy foi um tufão formidável e manteve o status de supertufão até o dia 14, quando se aproximou de Okinawa. O tufão virou para nordeste e atingiu o sul do Japão no dia 16 com ventos de 100 mph. Ele continuou rapidamente para o nordeste e tornou-se extratropical no dia 17 no Mar de Ocótsqui. Avisos bem executados diminuíram o grande impacto potencial de Nancy, mas o tufão ainda causou 172 mortes e danos generalizados.

Tempestade Tropical Ruby

Tufão Sally

Tufão Tilda

A circulação foi relatada pela primeira vez a partir de um navio 300 milhas a oeste de Guam em 26 de setembro. O sistema então se intensificou rapidamente em um tufão e fez uma curva para o norte diretamente em direção ao Japão. Durante este período, um ambiente favorável permitiu que o tufão se intensificasse para ventos máximos de 160 mph. A tempestade então virou para o oeste, passando 15 milhas sob Okinawa. A cidade de Naha, Okinawa recebeu ventos sustentados de 85 km/h com rajadas de 120 mph. O tufão, muito enfraquecido, atingiu o continente chinês 160 quilômetros ao sul de Xangai em 4 de outubro. Causou 11 mortes, mais de $ 6 milhões em danos às colheitas, e o navio mercante libanês Sheik encalhou em Kitadaitōjima, matando 2. O exercício militar taiwanês Sky Soldier foi cancelado devido ao tufão. O sistema então recurvou para fora devido aos ventos de oeste no Mar do Japão com ventos sustentados de 30 mph. Os remanescentes iniciaram uma transição extratropical e se dissiparam no Mar de Okhotsk.

Tufão Violet

Violet foi observada pela primeira vez como uma pequena circulação a sudoeste da Ilha Marcus. Em 2 de outubro, o sistema havia organizado o suficiente para justificar uma investigação mais aprofundada. Após alguns dias de observação, um relatório de ventos com força de tempestade tropical foi retransmitido ao JTWC e, em 4 de outubro, foi atualizado para a tempestade tropical Violet. Violet tomou uma trilha incomum, movendo-se na direção sul após a formação. Isso se deveu à sua localização a oeste de um sistema de alta pressão, que a tempestade lutou para contornar. Depois de completar uma curva ao sul do cume, Violet rapidamente se intensificou em um tufão. O movimento da cordilheira subtropical para o leste resultou em Violet virando abruptamente para o noroeste. O violeta continuou a se intensificar e logo atingiu seu pico de intensidade, em 7 de outubro, com ventos sustentados de  e uma pressão superficial mínima de  ; no entanto, as leituras do vento durante esta era de reconhecimento foram erroneamente altas. Violet moveu-se em um caminho suave para o norte e cortou a área da Península de Bōsō no Japão, perto de Tóquio. Após o landfall, Violet começou a transição para um ciclone extratropical e continuou a se mover para o norte. Em 10 de outubro, Violet tornou-se totalmente extratropical.

Violet foi uma tempestade intensa, mas não impactou nenhuma massa de terra no pico de intensidade ou próximo a ele. Em Guam, os danos foram leves, consistindo principalmente em danos às plantações. Os efeitos no Japão foram geralmente mínimos devido em parte à preparação inicial. Um cargueiro de 9.124 toneladas, The Pioneer Muse, ficou encalhado nas Ilhas Daitō durante a passagem do tufão em 9 de outubro. Todos os homens a bordo foram salvos e posteriormente a carga de material militar foi retirada. Outro navio, o Sheik, também estava encalhado a alguns quilómetros do The Pioneer Muse, mais tarde ele se partiria em dois devido ao mar agitado. Duas mortes foram relatadas no Japão devido à passagem de Violet.

Tempestade Tropical Wilda

Wilda foi gravada pela primeira vez em 5 de outubro sobre o Mar da China Meridional, perto da costa ocidental de Lução. O sistema moveu-se para o sudoeste, aproximando-se da costa do Vietnã, mas virou abruptamente na direção oposta em outubro. 8. A depressão completou um loop alongado no sentido horário e continuou para o sudeste. A depressão se aprofundou gradualmente e em 11 de outubro Wilda tornou-se uma tempestade tropical enquanto se curvava na direção oeste. Wilda atingiu um pico de intensidade de  e uma pressão superficial mínima de  antes de atingir o Vietnã. Wilda começou a se dissipar pouco tempo depois.

Wilda contribuiu para uma área já encharcada de chuva do Camboja e do Vietnã. A chuva extra fez com que o nível de inundação atingisse o nível mais alto desde 1937 ao longo do rio Mekong.

Depressão Tropical Anita

Depressão Tropical Anita
Anita se formou pela primeira vez ao norte da Ilha de Busuanga em 18 de outubro. Ele viajou geralmente na direção oeste sobre o Mar da China Meridional e se intensificou em uma tempestade tropical mais tarde naquele dia. Em 19 de outubro, a tempestade enfraqueceu ligeiramente antes de atingir o Vietnã. Anita enfraqueceu rapidamente para uma baixa remanescente em 20 de outubro. A baixa rastejou sobre a Indochina antes de emergir sobre a Baía de Bengala e se dissipou completamente em 22 de outubro. A umidade restante pode ter ajudado no desenvolvimento de uma depressão tropical, em 22 de outubro, perto da atual Rakhine.

O impacto, se houver, foi mínimo ou discernível do sistema tropical Wilda anterior, que havia ocorrido uma semana antes.

Tufão Billie

Billie originou-se de uma extensa área de baixa pressão perto de Pohnpei. A Agência Meteorológica do Japão detectou o sistema pela primeira vez em 18 de outubro enquanto seguia para o oeste. A organização, a princípio, era ruim, pois vários vórtices estavam presentes na circulação. Um desses vórtices separou-se da circulação principal e tornou-se uma depressão tropical fraca enquanto se movia para sudoeste. Nos dias seguintes, uma circulação tornou-se dominante e todo o sistema começou a se fortalecer. O primeiro aviso foi emitido pelo JTWC em 23 de outubro, nessa época o raio ciclônico se estendia por mais de 1.000 milhas náuticas do centro. Rapidamente, o sistema se fortalece em uma tempestade tropical e, por volta do meio-dia de 24 de outubro, tornou-se um tufão. Billie começou a fazer uma curva para o norte durante esse tempo; passando para o sul de Guam. O raio de Billie também diminuiu para 750 milhas náuticas, que permaneceram constantes durante o resto de sua vida. O tamanho do olho de Billie era comparável ao extenso raio da circulação. Às vezes, o olho media mais de 180 milhas de diâmetro, um tamanho de olho não igualado por nenhum dos outros tufões durante esta temporada. Por esta altura, 26 de outubro, Billie atingiu um pico de intensidade de  e uma pressão superficial mínima de . O grande tufão continuou quase direto para o norte, mantendo sua intensidade, antes de encontrar uma frente polar. Ele se fundiu com a área de baixa pressão associada perto das Ilhas Curilas em 30 de outubro. Neste ponto, Billie havia se traduzido completamente em uma baixa extratropical e passou sobre a Península de Camecháteca.

Apesar do tamanho bastante grande de Billie, ele não passou por nenhuma massa de terra significativa. O maior impacto em terra foi em Iwo Jima, onde ocorreram ventos fortes e chuva em excesso. Nenhum dano; no entanto, foi relatado. Billie contribuiu para o naufrágio de um cargueiro japonês, o Fukazan Maru. Um vazamento no porão do navio fez com que o navio afundasse lentamente. Todos os 47 tripulantes foram resgatados e transportados com segurança para Guam.

Tufão Clara

Clara formou-se a partir de um vórtice embutido no ITCZ perto do Atol de Enewetak. A circulação foi puxada para o norte pela influência do tufão Billie. A tempestade havia se organizado o suficiente para que em 25 de outubro foi classificada como depressão tropical pela JMA. Intensificando-se gradualmente à medida que se movia para o nordeste, o primeiro aviso foi emitido pelo JTWC em 26 de outubro como relatórios da superfície do mar indicaram que Clara era uma tempestade tropical. até 27 de outubro Clara se intensificou em um tufão e iniciou um pequeno loop no sentido horário que foi concluído em 28 de outubro. Logo depois que Clara atingiu um pico de intensidade de  e uma pressão superficial mínima de . Movendo-se na direção oeste, Clara enfraqueceu para uma tempestade tropical. Clara continuou a enfraquecer gradualmente nos dias seguintes, realizando movimentos oscilantes em sua trilha. Em 1 de novembro Clara virou para o norte e fez a transição para uma baixa extratropical após encontrar uma frente polar.

Clara permaneceu principalmente sobre o oceano aberto durante sua vida; no entanto, seu caminho passou perto de algumas ilhas menores. Nenhum dano foi relatado, mas havia a possibilidade de ocorrerem danos ao transporte marítimo ou a pequenas ilhas.

Tufão Dot

A origem de Dot remonta a um centro compacto de baixa pressão sobre águas abertas a leste de Guam em 7 de novembro. Movendo-se em zigue-zague, o sistema rapidamente se organizou em um tufão no final de 8 de novembro. Inicialmente, não foi até 9 de novembro que quando os pilotos que atravessavam o Pacífico relataram a existência de uma área de mau tempo a nordeste de Guam. A investigação de reconhecimento da tempestade encontrou um tufão totalmente desenvolvido. Era provável, devido ao pequeno tamanho de Dot, que não teria sido descoberto antes de chegar às Ilhas Marianas, caso não tivesse passado por uma rota utilizada por aeronaves transpacíficas. Dot moveu-se quase na direção oeste depois de ser descoberto, passou pelas Ilhas Marianas e gradualmente se intensificou em um supertufão de categoria cinco a noroeste de Guam. Em 11 de novembro Dot atingiu uma intensidade de pico de  e uma pressão superficial mínima de . Durante esse tempo, Dot começou a se curvar para o nordeste, enfraquecendo gradualmente devido à influência de um vale ao norte. até novembro No dia 13, o tufão havia enfraquecido para a categoria três e estava acelerando para o nordeste. Esse movimento durou três dias antes de Dot fazer a transição para uma baixa extratropical em 15 de novembro. A baixa extratropical atravessou o resto do Oceano Pacífico e atingiu o sul da Califórnia em 20 de novembro. A baixa continuou sobre as Montanhas Rochosas, enfraqueceu e depois se regenerou sobre os estados ocidentais do Golfo do México. De lá, cruzou para o Oceano Atlântico e foi finalmente absorvido por outra área de baixa pressão na costa leste em 26 de novembro.

Os impactos de Dot foram principalmente confinados à sua passagem pelas Ilhas Marianas. Os danos a Alamagan foram substanciais. A baixa extratropical de Dot despejou uma a cinco polegadas de chuva sobre o sudoeste dos Estados Unidos e contribuiu para chuvas excessivas na área da Nova Inglaterra.

Tufão Ellen

Ellen se originou de uma área de baixa pressão perto da Lagoa Chuuk, onde os dados sustentavam uma circulação fechada; No entanto, logo se mudou para um vazio de dados ao sul de Guam no início de dezembro. A baixa evoluiu para uma depressão tropical com bandas de tempestade em espiral bem definidas e uma circulação fechada no início de 5 de dezembro. A depressão moveu-se para o oeste e passou para o norte de Palau. Organizou-se em tempestade tropical em 7 de dezembro e sofreu rápida intensificação. até 8 de dezembro, o ciclone havia se tornado um tufão intenso com ventos de  e uma pressão na superfície do mar de . Uma parede do olho foi observada durante este tempo. até 9 de dezembro, Ellen atingiu um pico de intensidade de  e uma pressão mínima de . Durante esse tempo, Ellen fez sua maior aproximação à terra. Ellen começou a enfraquecer em 10 de dezembro enquanto se curvava para o nordeste. até 11 de dezembro, o tufão atingiu o pico de intensidade secundário e um pequeno granizo foi observado dentro do olho durante esse período. Em 13 de dezembro, a circulação tornou-se mal definida e Ellen enfraqueceu de volta para uma tempestade tropical. Ellen se dissipou em 14 de dezembro enquanto se move na direção nordeste para o oceano aberto.

Ellen foi o tufão mais destrutivo de 1961 para as Filipinas. Os impactos de Ellen foram mais severos na ilha de Catanduanes, quando o centro passou a menos de dez milhas do ponto norte da ilha. O olho durante este tempo tinha cerca de trinta e seis milhas de diâmetro e ventos de  dentro da parede do olho. Os danos foram estimados em cerca de $ 500.000 na Estação Loran da Guarda Costeira enquanto os danos em outros lugares são estimados em $ 2 milhões. Várias pessoas foram dadas como desaparecidas ou mortas. Um cargueiro panamenho transportando toras para Hong Kong afundou no Mar da China Meridional, perto das Ilhas Spratly, devido ao mau tempo em 9 de dezembro. Trinta e três dos membros da tripulação foram perdidos no mar turbulento.

Nomes de tempestade

Ver também

 Temporada de furacões no Pacífico de 1961
 Temporada de furacões no oceano Atlântico de 1961
 Temporada de ciclones no Índico Norte de 1961
 Ciclone na região da Austrália: 1961–62 1961–62
 Temporadas no Pacífico Sul: 1961–62 1961–62
 Temporada no Oceano Índico Sudoeste: 1961–62 1961–62

Referências

Ligações externas

1961
1961
1961 WPAC

Temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1961


Limnocharis flava, Vodena trajnica iz porodice žabočunovki, rasprostranjena od Meksika do tropske Amerike. Jedna je od dviju priznatih vrsta u rodu močvarna draga.

L. flava je rizomski hidrogeofit. Iz Amerike je uvezena u tropsku Aziju gdje je koriste kao hranu, juhe, salate i drugo.

Sinonimi
 Alisma flavum L.
 Damasonium flavum (L.) Mill.
 Damasonium maximum Burm. ex Steud., publ. nije validna
 Limnocharis emarginata Humb. & Bonpl.
 Limnocharis flava var. indica Buchenau
 Limnocharis plumieri Rich.

Izvori

Močvarna draga

Limnocharis flava


Neîncrederea Sfântului Toma, cunoscut și ca Tripticul Rockox, este un triptic pictat de Peter Paul Rubens între 1613 și 1615. Acesta este conservat în prezent în Muzeul Regal de Arte Frumoase din Anvers, Belgia.

Tripticul a fost comandat de cavalerul Nicolaas Rockox, primarul orașului Anvers, și de soția lui, Adriana Perez, pentru Capela Sfintei Fecioare Maria din biserica fraților minori din acest oraș în care a ales să fie înmormântat. Panoul central reprezintă episodul neîncrederii lui Toma din Evanghelia după Ioan XX/27; panourile laterale îl reprezintă pe solicitant și pe soția lui. Pictorul englez Joshua Reynolds a constatat că, în timp ce urechea și fruntea primarului sunt executate remarcabil, portretul soției sale nu are valoare, nu este în valoare de faptul că pentru culori.

Note

Picturi cu Iisus
Picturi realizate de Peter Paul Rubens

Neîncrederea Sfântului Toma (Rubens)


Familia Na Champassak (în ; în ) a fost o importantă familie regală laoțiană, descendentă a lui Chao Yuttithammathon (Kham Souk), al XI-lea rege al Regatului Champassak ai cărei membri importanți îi include pe Prințul Boun Oum na Champassak și pe Prințul Sisouk na Champassak. Familia Na Champassak a fost dinastia conducătoare din fostul regat Champassak, cu teritorii care ajungeau pe ambele maluri ale râului Mekong.

Istorie
Pentru a respinge încercările lui Setthathirath al II-lea, nepotul regelui Suliyavongsa, de a unifica Regatul Lan Xang prin includerea Vientiane și Loung Prabang, regele Loung Prabangului a cerut ajutor din Siam. Prin urmare, regele Siamului a acordat independența Loung Prabang față de Lan Xang. Ca și vărul său, regele Loung Prabangului, prințul Nokasat Song a refuzat să recunoască domnia lui Setthathirath II. Nepot al regelui Suliyavongsa, prințul a plecat din Vientiane spre sudul Laosului după întoarcerea Setthathirath II. El a cerut regelui Siamului să recunoască independența Champassakului față de Lan Xang. Lan Xang a fost astfel împărțită încă și mai mult în trei regate mici.

În timpul domniei regelui Anouvong al regatului Vientiane, Anouvong l-a pus pe fiul său prințul Nyô pe tronul Champassakului. În timpul rebeliunii regelui Anouvong împotriva Siamului, fosta familie regală a Champassak a început o răscoală împotriva prințului Nyô în timp ce acesta lupta împotriva forțelor siameze în Issan. Întorcându-se în Champassak, prințul Nyô a a scăpat cu greu din orașul rebel. Această fugă nu a durat prea mult întrucât foștii conducători l-au urmărit și l-au predat Siamului. Regele Siamului a decis ca fosta familie regală să revină să domnească peste Champassak.

Numele Champassak a fost dat de Vajiravudh, regele Siamului, descendenților lui Chao Yuttithammathon (Kham Souk), cel de-al XI-lea rege al regatului Champassak. Ei și-au luat numele de la orașul Champassak, la care s-a adăugat prefixul particulei nobiliare na care semnifică a unui fost regat sau al unui stat subordonat Siamului.  Aceștia sunt descendenți din conducătorii regatului Champassak și sunt și membri ai dinastiei Khun Lo, care a fost înființată de Khun Lo, legendarul fondator al orașului Luang Prabang. Inițial, a fost transliterat în limba engleză ca Na Champasakdi. În timpul celei mai mari părți a secolului al XIX-lea regatul Champassak a fost vasal Bangkokului, dar nu a fost o parte integrantă din Siam.

Putere și bogăție
Familia Champassak a fost una dintre cele mai importante și mai bogate familii din Laos. Împreună cu alte familii conducătoare din sudul Laosului și de oameni de afaceri chinezi care făceau comerț cu opiu, au dominat viața politică și economică în sudul Laosului. La un moment dat au fost un simbol național și s-au grupat în jurul prințului Boun Oum na Champassak.

Membri importanți
Regele Ratsadanay, ultimul rege al regatului Champassak. A decedat în iunie 1946.
Chao Boun Oum na Champassak, Prim Ministru al Laosului. A decedat în 1981 în Franța
Prințul Sisouk na Champassak -fost ministru de Finanțe și al Apărării, Secretar General al Guvernului Regal al Laosului. Autor al cărții Furtună peste Laos. A decedat în 1985, în Santa Ana, California, SUA.

Referințe

Familii regale
Istoria Laosului

Dinastia Na Champassak


Paul Panzer – Stars bei der Arbeit (bis einschließlich Staffel 2 Kaya Yanar und Paul Panzer – Stars bei der Arbeit) ist eine deutsche Comedy-Sendung mit Paul Panzer und vormals auch Kaya Yanar. Die Erstausstrahlung war am 8. Januar 2011 beim Sender RTL. Produziert wird die Show von Endemol.
Vom 15. März bis zum 19. April 2014 sendete RTL die vierte Staffel der Sendung.

Konzept

Staffel 1 und 2
Kaya Yanar und Paul Panzer testen als Prominente die schönsten und schlimmsten Berufe. Yanar schlüpft in seine bekannten Rollen und kommt beispielsweise als Ranjid als Zahnarzt und Tierpfleger zum Einsatz, während er in der Rolle des Hakan als Museumsführer und als Grundschullehrer arbeitet. Paul Panzer versucht sich unterdessen als Helfer auf einem Krabbenkutter, Pilot und Eishockeyprofi. In jeder Show werden sie von einem Prominenten unterstützt.

Ab Staffel 3
Ab 2013 moderiert Paul Panzer alleine durch die Sendung. Dabei wurde das Konzept der Sendung leicht von der der ersten beiden Staffeln verändert. Jetzt sind immer zwei Stars zu Gast, die in verschiedenen Berufen arbeiten. Außerdem neu in der Sendung ist, dass es eine Showeinlage gibt.

Produktion
Es gab bisher zwei Staffeln. Diese enthielten sechs Sendungen à ca. 60 Minuten. Im Dezember 2012 wurde bekannt, dass in der dritten Staffel, die ab Januar 2013 auf RTL zu sehen ist, Kaya Yanar nicht mehr dabei ist und Paul Panzer alleine durch die Sendung führen wird.

Teilnehmer
In den ersten beiden Staffeln nahm pro Sendung eine prominente Person teil, ab Staffel 3 pro Sendung zwei prominente Personen, da es nur noch einen Moderator gibt. Folgende Personen liefen schon dort vor:

DVD-Veröffentlichung
Die erste Staffel erschien am 1. Juli 2011. Die zweite Staffel wurde am 5. Oktober 2012 veröffentlicht.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehsendung (RTL)
Comedy-Fernsehsendung
Fernsehsendung der 2010er Jahre

Paul Panzer – Stars bei der Arbeit


The magisterium of the Catholic Church is the church's authority or office to give authentic interpretation of the word of God, "whether in its written form or in the form of Tradition". According to the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church, the task of interpretation is vested uniquely in the Pope and the bishops, though the concept has a complex history of development. Scripture and Tradition "make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church", and the magisterium is not independent of this, since "all that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed is derived from this single deposit of faith".

Solemn and ordinary

The exercise of the Catholic Church's magisterium is sometimes, but only rarely, expressed in the solemn form of an ex cathedra papal declaration, "when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, [the Bishop of Rome] defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church," or of a similar declaration by an ecumenical council. Such solemn declarations of the church's teaching involve the infallibility of the Church.

Pope Pius IX's definition of the Immaculate Conception of Mary and Pope Pius XII's definition of the Assumption of Mary are examples of such solemn papal pronouncements. Most dogmas have been promulgated at ecumenical councils. Examples of solemn declarations by ecumenical councils are the Council of Trent's decree on justification and the First Vatican Council's definition of papal infallibility.

The Catholic Church's magisterium is exercised without this solemnity in statements by popes and bishops, whether collectively (as by an episcopal conference) or singly, in written documents such as catechisms, encyclicals, and pastoral letters, or orally, as in homilies. These statements are part of the ordinary magisterium of the church.

The First Vatican Council declared that, "all those things are to be believed with divine and Catholic faith which are contained in the Word of God, written or handed down, and which the Church, either by a solemn judgment or by her ordinary and universal teaching magisterium, proposes for belief as having been divinely revealed."

The Second Vatican Council declared further that not everything contained in the statements of the ordinary magisterium is infallible, but the Catholic Church holds that the Church's infallibility is invested in the statements of its universal ordinary magisterium: "Although the bishops, taken individually, do not enjoy the privilege of infallibility, they do, however, proclaim infallibly the doctrine of Christ on the following conditions: namely, when, even though dispersed throughout the world but preserving for all that amongst themselves and with Peter's successor the bond of communion, in their authoritative teaching concerning matters of faith or morals, they are in agreement that a particular teaching is to be held definitively and absolutely."

Such teachings of the ordinary and universal magisterium are obviously not given in a single specific document. They are teachings upheld as authoritative, generally for a long time, by the entire body of bishops. Examples given are the teaching on the reservation of ordination to males and on the immorality of procured abortion.

Even public statements by popes or bishops on questions of faith or morals that do not qualify as "ordinary and universal magisterium" have an authority that Catholics are not free to merely dismiss. They are required to give that teaching religious submission:

Etymology
The word "magisterium" is derived from Latin magister, which means "teacher" in ecclesiastical Latin. (It originally had a more general meaning, and could designate president, chief, director, superintendent, etc., and was only rarely a tutor or instructor of youth.) The noun magisterium refers to the office of a magister. Thus the relationship between magister and magisterium is the same as the relationship in English between "president" and "presidency".

Since the time of Pope Pius XII, the word "magisterium" has also been used to refer to the persons who hold this office.

Source and criteria
The Catholic Church teaches that Jesus Christ is the source of divine revelation. The Catholic Church bases all of its teachings on sacred tradition and sacred scripture. The Magisterium consists of only all the infallible teachings of the Church, "Wherefore, by divine and Catholic faith all those things are to be believed which are contained in the word of God as found in Scripture and tradition, and which are proposed by the Church as matters to be believed as divinely revealed, whether by her solemn judgment or in her ordinary and universal Magisterium." (First Vatican Council, Dei Filius, 8.) However, the criteria for the infallibility of these two functions of the sacred Magisterium are different. The sacred magisterium consists of both the extraordinary and dogmatic decrees of the Pope and ecumenical councils, and the Ordinary and Universal Magisterium.

The Second Vatican Council states, "For this reason Jesus perfected revelation by fulfilling it through His whole work of making Himself present and manifesting Himself: through His words and deeds, His signs and wonders, but especially through His death and glorious resurrection from the dead and final sending of the Spirit of truth." (Dei verbum, 4). The content of Christ's divine revelation, as faithfully passed on by the Apostles, is called the Deposit of Faith, and consists of both Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition.

The infallible teachings of the ecumenical councils consist of the solemn dogmatic, theological or moral definitions as contained in declarations, decrees, doctrines and condemnations (traditionally expressed in conciliar canons and decrees) of councils consisting of the pope and the bishops from all over the world.

A teaching of ordinary and universal magisterium is a teaching on which all bishops (including the Pope) universally agree, and is also considered infallible. Such a teaching must also be a part of the sensus fidelium.

Levels
Only the Pope and bishops in communion with him make up the magisterium; theologians and schismatic bishops do not.

Historical development

Early Church

Bishops as authority
The most basic foundation of the Magisterium, the apostolic succession of bishops and their authority as protectors of the faith, was one of the few points that was rarely debated by the Church Fathers. The doctrine was elaborated by Ignatius of Antioch (and others) in the face of Gnosticism, expounded by others such as Irenaeus, Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose, and Augustine, and by the end of the 2nd century AD was universally accepted by the bishops.

Some of the first problems began to arise, however, with the increasing worldliness of the clergy. Criticism arose against the bishops, and an attempt was made to have all bishops drawn from the ranks of monastic communities, whose men were seen as the holiest possible leaders. However, there had also developed in the Church a Roman sense of government, which insisted upon order at any cost, and this led to the phenomenon of the "imperial bishops," men who had to be obeyed by virtue of their position, regardless of their personal holiness, and the distinction between "man" and "office."

Early disagreements
This understanding was not universally accepted. According to Robert B. Eno, Origen was one of the most famous critics of the episcopal corruption. He says that throughout Origen's life, many of his writings were considered to be questionably orthodox, and he seemed to espouse the idea of a teaching authority based on theological expertise alone rather than, or at least along with, apostolic succession.

Another early disagreement in the Church surrounding the issue of authority manifested itself in Montanism, which began as a movement promoting the charism of prophecy. Montanism claimed, among other things, that prophecies like those found in the Old Testament were continuing in the Church, and that new prophecies had the same authority as apostolic teaching. The Church, however, ruled that these new prophecies were not authoritative, and condemned Montanism as a heresy. Other times, private revelations were recognized by the Church, but the Church continues to teach that private revelations are altogether separate from the deposit of faith, and that they are not required to be believed by all Catholics.

Era of the ecumenical councils
The first seven ecumenical councils, presided over by the emperor with representatives from all important metropolitan sees including Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Rome among others, exercised an important authority to define doctrine seen as essential to most contemporary Christians, including the divinity of Christ and the two natures of Christ. These councils also produced various creeds, including the Nicene Creed. The official language of these councils, including all authoritative texts produced, was Greek. The relation between the councils and patriarchal authority was complex. For example, the sixth council, the Third Council of Constantinople, condemned both monoenergism and monothelitism and included those who had supported this heresy, including Pope Honorius I and four previous patriarchs of Constantinople.

Medieval period
Perceptions of teaching authority in the Middle Ages are hard to characterize because they were so varied. While there arose a keener understanding and acceptance of papal primacy (at least after the Great Schism), there was also an increased emphasis placed on the theologian, and there were numerous dissenters from both views.

Era of Charlemagne
As part of the flourishing of culture and renewal under his reign, the Emperor Charlemagne commissioned one of the first major church-wide studies of the patristic era. This "golden age" or Carolingian Renaissance greatly influenced the identity of the Church. New texts were being discovered and disseminated at rapid pace in the late 700s and early 800s and patristic authorship became important for establishing a text's authority in Catholic theology. Unfortunately also at this time, a series of power struggles emerged between diocesan bishops and their metropolitans. As part of this struggle, a series of elaborate forgeries were produced, capitalizing on the cultural renaissance of the time and eagerness to discover new texts. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals asserted Roman papal power to depose and appoint bishops for the first time by deriving this power from forgeries of texts of the fathers of early church, interlaced with texts already known to be legitimate. These decretals had an enormous influence on concentrating the teaching power of the pope, and were not uncovered as forgeries until the 1500s or universally acknowledged to be forgeries until the 1800s.

Theologians
Many concepts of teaching authority gained prominence in the Middle Ages, including the concept of the authority of the learned expert, an idea which began with Origen (or even earlier) and still today has proponents. Some allowed for the participation of theologians in the teaching life of the church, but still drew distinctions between the powers of the theologian and bishops; one example of this view is in the writing of St. Thomas Aquinas, who spoke of the "Magisterium cathedrae pastoralis" ( of the pastoral chair) and the "Magisterium cathedrae magistralis" (Magisterium of a master's chair). The highest order of the Magisterium cathedrae pastoralis mentioned is the episcopacy itself, and at the top the pope: "Magis est standum sententiae Papae, ad quem pertinet determinare de fide, quam in iudicio profert, quam quorumlibet sapientum hominum in Scripturis opinioni." Others held more extreme views, such as Godefroid of Fontaines, who insisted that the theologian had a right to maintain his own opinions in the face of episcopal and even papal rulings.

Until the formation of the Roman Inquisition in the 16th century, the central authority to discover the norm for Catholic truth by means of the study and commentary on scripture and tradition was universally seen as being the role of the theology faculties of universities. The Paris faculty of theology at the Sorbonne rose in prominence to be the most important in the Christian world. A common act of kings, bishops, and popes in matters of church or state with regard to religion was to poll the universities, especially the Sorbonne, on theological questions so as to obtain opinions from the masters before making their own judgment. In the Catholic Church today, this custom is still observed (at least pro forma) in the retention of an official Theologian of the Pontifical Household, who often advises the pope on matters of controversy.

Papal primacy and teaching authority
Throughout the Middle Ages, support for the primacy of the pope (spiritually and temporally) and his ability to speak authoritatively on matters of doctrine grew significantly as the Decretals of Isadore became widely accepted. Two popes, Innocent III (1198–1216) and Boniface VIII (1294–1303), were especially influential in advancing the power of the papacy. Innocent asserted that the pope's power was a right bestowed by God, and developed the idea of the pope not only as a teacher and spiritual leader but also a secular ruler. Boniface, in the papal bull Unam Sanctam, asserted that the spiritual world, headed on earth by the pope, has authority over the temporal world, and that all must submit themselves to the authority of the pope to be saved.

Papal infallibility
In the Decretum of Gratian, a 12th-century canon lawyer, the pope is attributed the legal right to pass judgment in theological disputes, but he was certainly not guaranteed freedom from error. The pope's role was to establish limits within which theologians, who were often better suited for the full expression of truth, could work. Thus, the pope's authority was as a judge, not an infallible teacher.

The doctrine began to visibly develop during the Reformation, leading to a formal statement of the doctrine by St. Robert Bellarmine in the early 17th century, but it did not come to widespread acceptance until the 19th century and the First Vatican Council.

Council of Constance (1414–1418)
A significant development in the teaching authority of the Church occurred from 1414 to 1418 with the Council of Constance, which effectively ran the Church during the Great Schism, during which there were three men claiming to be the pope. An early decree of this council, Haec Sancta, challenged the primacy of the pope, saying that councils represent the church, are imbued with their power directly by Christ, and are binding even for the pope in matters of faith. This declaration was later declared void by the Church because the early sessions of the council had not been confirmed by a pope, but it demonstrates that there were still conciliar currents in the church running against the doctrine of papal primacy, likely influenced by the corruption seen in the papacy during this time period.

Council of Basle (1439)
The theologian continued to play a more prominent role in the teaching life of the church, as "doctors" were called upon more and more to help bishops form doctrinal opinions. Illustrating this, at the Council of Basle in 1439, bishops and other clergy were greatly outnumbered by doctors of theology.

Despite this growth in influence, popes still asserted their power to crack down on those perceived as "rogue" theologians, through councils (for example, in the cases of Peter Abelard and Beranger) and commissions (as with Nicolas of Autrecourt, Ockham, and Eckhart). With the coming of the Reformation in 1517, this assertion of papal power came to a head and the primacy and authority of the papacy over theologians was vigorously re-established. However, the Council of Trent re-introduced the collaboration between theologians and council Fathers, and the next centuries leading up to the First and Second Vatican Councils were generally accepting of a broader role for the learned in the Church, although the popes still kept a close eye on theologians and intervened occasionally.

Late medieval period
In the late medieval period, statements of this papal power were common in the works of theologians as well. For example, Domingo Bañez attributed to the Pope the "definitive power to declare the truths of the faith," and Thomas Cajetan, in expanding the distinction made by St. Thomas Aquinas, drew a line between personal faith manifested in theologians and the authoritative faith presented as a matter of judgment by the pope.

Vatican councils and their Popes

Pius IX and Vatican I

In the late Middle Ages, the concept of papal infallibility came to fruition, but a definitive statement and explanation of these doctrines did not occur until the 19th century, with Pope Pius IX and the First Vatican Council (1869–1870). Pius IX was the first pope to use the term "Magisterium" in the sense that it is understood today, and the concept of the "ordinary and universal Magisterium" was officially established during Vatican I. In addition, this council defined the doctrine of papal infallibility, the ability of the pope to speak without error "when, acting in his capacity as pastor and teacher of all Christians, he commits his supreme authority in the universal Church on a question of faith or morals." This declaration wasn't without some controversy; the bishops of Uniate Churches walked out en masse rather than voting against the declaration in session, and the resulting declaration also had a great deal to do with the finalization of the Old Catholic Church schism that had been festering for some time. John Henry Newman accepted the Council's authority, but questioned whether the Council was truly an "ecumenical" council.

Pius XII and Paul VI
Later, Pope Pius XII (reigned 1939-1958) authoritatively stated the scope of the Magisterium further, stating that the faithful must be obedient to even the ordinary Magisterium of the Pope, and that "there can no longer be any question of free discussion between theologians" once the Pope has spoken on a given issue.

Pope Paul VI (reigned 1963-1978) agreed with this view. Theology and the magisterium have the same source, revelation, and closely cooperate: the Magisterium does not receive a revelation to resolve disputed questions. The theologian, in obedience to the magisterium, tries to develop answers to new questions. The magisterium in turn needs this work in order to authoritatively give solutions to modern problems in the area of faith and morals. Theology again, accepts these answers and serves as a bridge between the magisterium and the faithful, explaining the reasons behind the teaching of the magisterium.

Postconciliar era
The debate concerning the Magisterium, papal primacy and infallibility, and the authority to teach in general has not lessened since the official declaration of the doctrines. Instead, the Church has faced contrary arguments; at one end there are those with the tendency to regard even technically non-binding papal encyclicals as infallible statements and, at the other, are those who refuse to accept in any sense controversial encyclicals such as Humanae Vitae. There are also those who, like John Henry Newman, question whether the First Vatican Council was itself an ecumenical council, and as a result whether the dogma of papal infallibility itself as defined at that council was a fallible pronouncement. The situation is complicated by changing attitudes toward authority in an increasingly democratic world, the new importance placed on academic freedom, and new means of knowledge and communication. In addition, the authority of theologians is being revisited, with theologians pushing past the structures laid out by Pius XII to claim authority in theology in their own right such as was the case in the middle ages. Others simply regard themselves purely as academics not in the service of any institution.

In September 2018, the Synod of Bishops was granted Magisterium over documents which are approved at their Synods.

See also
 Sacred Tradition
 Catechism of the Catholic Church
 Roman Curia

References

Sources

Books

Articles
 Thomas Storck, "What Is the Magisterium" in Catholic Faith magazine, July/August 2001

 John Young, "The Magisterium: A Precious Gift" in Homiletic & Pastoral Review (1 November 2008)
 Austin B. Vaughan, "The Role of the Ordinary Magisterium of the Universal Episcopate" in Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America
 Roger Mahony, "The Magisterium and Theological Dissent" in Dissent in the Church (Paulist Press 1988)

Papal declaration
 Pope John Paul II, "The Roman Pontiff Is the Supreme Teacher"

Catholic theology and doctrine
Catholic ecclesiology
Episcopacy in the Catholic Church

Magisterium


…A svemir miruje je sedmi album bosanskohercegovačkog pjevača Željka Bebeka. Album sadrži 11 pjesama od kojih su hitovi naslovna skladba, Il' me ženi, il' tamburu kupi, Šta je meni ovo trebalo i Idu dani. Izašao je 1992. godine u izdanju Croatia Recordsa.

O albumu
Album je sniman u ožujku i travnju 1992. godine u Zagrebu jer se tamo doselio iz Sarajeva početkom ratova na tlu SFRJ.

Na ovom albumu surađivao je s Đorđem Novkovićem, Arsenom Dedićem, Zrinkom Tutićem, Alkom Vuicom, Gibonnijem itd.

Ovo je Bebekov prvi album objavljen na CD-u i posljednji album objavljen na vinilu.

Album je pratio i spot za pjesmu Il' me ženi, il' tamburu kupi.

Sastav

 Ksenija Erker, Maja Blagdan - prateći vokali
 Nikša Bratoš - klavijature, programiranje i produkcija

Izvori

Albumi iz 1992.

...A svemir miruje


جامعة بريمن  هي جامعة ألمانية، تأسست عام 1971، يبلغ عدد طلاب الدراسات العادية بها قرابة 18,000 طالب وطالبة وأكثر من 3.500 من العلماء، وهي أكبر جامعة في بريمن البلاد. صنفتها التايمز كواحدة من أفضل 200 جامعة على مستوى العالم. بلغت ميزانية الجامعة الإدارية في عام 2007 ما يقارب الربع مليار يورو

مصادر

جامعة بريمن
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
تأسيسات سنة 1971 في ألمانيا
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1971

جامعة بريمن


Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground, reclaimed land, or land fill.

In some jurisdictions, including parts of the United States, the term "reclamation" can refer to returning disturbed lands to an improved state. In Alberta, Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the provincial government as "The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses." In Oceania, it is frequently referred to as land rehabilitation.

History
One of the earliest large-scale projects was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding  of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added  of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever taken during the Colonial Hong Kong era.  Some 20% of land in the Tokyo Bay area has been reclaimed, most notably Odaiba artificial island.	Le Portier, Monaco and Gibraltar are also expanding due to land reclamation. The city of Rio de Janeiro was largely built on reclaimed land, as was Wellington, New Zealand.

Methods
Land reclamation can be achieved by a number of different methods. The simplest method involves filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called "infilling" and the material used to fill the space is generally called "infill". Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated and hence needs to be contained. Land dredging is also another method of land reclamation. It is the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of a body of water. It is commonly used for maintaining reclaimed land masses as sedimentation, a natural process, fills channels and harbors.

Notable instances

Africa
 The Foreshore in Cape Town, South Africa
 The Hassan II Mosque in Morocco is built on reclaimed land.
The Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria.
Gracefield Island in Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria.

Asia
 The whole  business district of Cebu South Road Properties in Cebu City, Philippines
 Some of the coastline of Saadiyat Island, in the UAE. Used for commercial purposes.
 Much of the coastline of Mumbai, India. It took over 150 years to join the original Seven Islands of Bombay. These seven islands were lush, green, thickly wooded, and dotted with 22 hills, with the Arabian Sea  washing through them at high tide. The original Isle of Bombay was only  long and  wide from Dongri to Malabar Hill (at its broadest point) and the other six were Colaba, Old Woman's Island, Mahim, Parel, Worli and Mazgaon. (See also Hornby Vellard).
 Parts of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and South Korea. It is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed.
 Inland lowlands in the Yangtze valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Shanghai and Wuhan.
 Much of the coastline of Karachi, Pakistan.
 The shore of Jakarta Bay. Land is usually reclaimed to create new housing areas and real estate properties, for the rapidly expanding city of Jakarta. So far, the largest reclamation project in the city is the creation of Golf Island, north of Pantai Indah Kapuk.
 A part of the Hamad International Airport in Qatar, around .
 The entire island of The Pearl Island situated in West Bay (Doha), Qatar.
 Haikou Bay, Hainan Province, China, where the west side of Haidian Island is being extended, and off the coast of Haikou, where new land for a marina is being created.
 The Cotai area of Macau, where many casinos are located
 Nagoya Centrair Airport, Japan
 Incheon International Airport, South Korea
 Beirut Central District, Lebanon
 The southern Chinese city of Shenzhen
 The shore of Manila Bay in the Philippines, especially along Metro Manila, has attracted major developments such as the Mall of Asia Complex, Entertainment City and the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex.
 The city-state of Singapore, where land is in short supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation.
 The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates
 The Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
 Hulhumalé Island, Maldives. It is one of the six divisions of Malé City.
 Giant Sea Wall Jakarta
 Colombo International Financial City, Sri Lanka
 Kansai International Airport, Osaka, Japan
 Forest City, an integrated residential and tourism district in Johor, Malaysia, was controversial due to its reclamation of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in a designated Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) Rank 1 area.

Europe
 The entire waterfront area of Dundee, Scotland
 Samphire Hoe in Kent, United Kingdom was created using 4.9 million cubic metres of chalk marl from the nearby Channel Tunnel excavations from 1988 to 1994
 Airport of Nice, France
 Large parts of the Netherlands
 Almost all of the Thames estuary including large parts of London
 Almost half of the microstate of Monaco
 Most of Fontvieille, Monaco
 Parts surrounding Port Hercules in La Condamine, Monaco
Pier Head in Liverpool, England
 Parts of Dublin, Ireland including the North Wall, East Wall, Grand Canal Dock and Bull Island
 Parts of Bryggen, Bergen, Norway including the Dreggekaien cruise terminal and other ship services
 Most of Belfast Harbour and areas of Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 Parts of Saint Petersburg, Russia, such as the Marine Facade
 Helsinki (of which the major part of the city center is built on reclaimed land)
 Barceloneta area, Barcelona, in Spain
 The port of Zeebrugge in Belgium
 The southwestern residential area in Brest, Belarus
 Majority of left-bank and some right-bank residential areas of Kyiv were built on a reclaimed fens and floodplains of the Dnieper river.
 The airport peninsula, the industrial area of Cornigliano, the PSA container terminal and other parts of the port in Genoa, Italy
 The Fens in East Anglia
 Venice, Italy
 Rione Orsini, part of Borgo Santa Lucia, Naples
 A big part of Kavala, city in Greece
 Fucine Lake, Italy
 Waterfront Centre, St. Helier, Jersey
 Airports of Trabzon, Giresun and Rize
 Coastal parks and streets of Istanbul
 Yenikapı, Turkey
 Lake Copais, Greece
 Certain areas of Denmark

North America
 Notre Dame Island in Montreal (Quebec, Canada). In the Saint Lawrence River, 15 million tons of rock excavated from the Montreal Metro underground rail in 1965 to form an artificial island.
 The Chicago shoreline
 The Northwestern University Lakefill, part of the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois
 Several neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts are the result of landfill.
 Battery Park City, Manhattan
 Several islands in Biscayne Bay in the Miami metropolitan area, including the  Venetian Islands, are the result of landfill.
 Brooklyn Bridge Park, Brooklyn
 Liberty State Park, Jersey City
 Leslie Street Spit, the downtown waterfront south of Front Street, and sections of the Toronto Islands in Toronto.
 Part of Nuns' Island in Montreal
The Potter's Cay in Nassau, The Bahamas was connected to the island of New Providence
The shore of Nassau, The Bahamas especially along East Bay street.
 Parts of New Orleans (which is partially built on land that was once swamp)
 Much of the urbanized area adjacent to San Francisco Bay, including most of San Francisco's waterfront and Financial District, San Francisco International Airport, the Port of Oakland, and large portions of the city of Alameda has been reclaimed from the bay. The entirety of Treasure Island was also reclaimed to cover over the shallow waters north of Yerba Buena Island that presented a navigational hazard.
 Large hills in Seattle were removed and used to create Harbor Island and reclaim land along Elliott Bay. In particular, the neighborhoods of SoDo, Seattle and Interbay are largely built on filled wetlands.
 Mexico City (which is situated at the former site of Lake Texcoco); the chinampas are a famous example.
 Much of Bermuda's St David's Island are reclaimed; the island, the site of Bermuda's international airport, was formerly several smaller islands.

Oceania
 Most of Barangaroo, a current commercial and residential suburb in the central business district of Sydney, New South Wales.
 Parts of Darling Harbour, a locality west of the Sydney central business district.
 A large portion of the southern suburb of Sylvania Waters in Sydney, Australia.
 The southernmost portions of runways at Sydney Airport.
 Large portions of Port Botany in metropolitan Sydney.
 Large amounts of the Melbourne Docklands.
 Portions of the Swan River foreshore adjoining the Perth central business district in Western Australia, including the entirety of Mounts Bay (pictured above).
 Considerable areas of Dunedin, New Zealand, including the "Southern Endowment", stretching from the central city to the southeastern suburbs along the shore of Otago Harbour.
 Prior to the Napier earthquake of 1931, significant reclamation of the then-lagoon was undertaken in areas of Napier South and Ahuriri. There were also minor reclamation works undertaken after 1931 on the new low-lying lands brought up by the earthquake.
 Areas around Wellington and Auckland's harbours have also been reclaimed.
 My Suva park (Fiji), a recreation park for the Greater Suva area.

South America
 Parts of Panama City urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, using material extracted from Panama Canal excavations.
The Cinta Costera, in Panama City, Panama
 The entire riverfront of Buenos Aires, Argentina including the port and an airport
 Large parts of Rio de Janeiro, most notably several blocks in the new docks area, the entire Flamengo Park and the neighborhood of Urca
 Parts of Florianópolis.
 Parts of the Historic District of Porto Alegre, including the docks of Port of Porto Alegre and the Beira-Rio Stadium, were built on reclaimed lands of Lake Guaíba between the end of the 19th century and the 1970s.
 Santa Cruz del Islote, in the Caribbean Sea of Colombia, one of the most densely populated islands in the world, was built in an artificial way gaining land from the sea.
 Parts of the Vargas State in the north of Venezuela, parts of Los Monjes Archipelago, the Isla Paraíso (paradise island) in the Anzoátegui State and the La Salina island in the Zulia State, were built with land reclaimed from the sea.
 Parts of Montevideo, Uruguay, Rambla Sur and several projects still going on in Montevideo's Bay.
 Parts of Valparaíso, Chile.

Agriculture

Agriculture was a driver of land reclamation before industrialisation.  In South China, farmers reclaimed paddy fields by enclosing an area with a stone wall on the sea shore near a river mouth or river delta.  The species of rice that are grown on these grounds are more salt tolerant. Another use of such enclosed land is the creation of fish ponds. It is commonly seen on the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. These reclaimed areas also attract species of migrating birds.

A related practice is the draining of swampy or seasonally submerged wetlands to convert them to farmland. While this does not create new land exactly, it allows commercially productive use of land that would otherwise be restricted to wildlife habitat. It is also an important method of mosquito control.

Even in the post-industrial age, there have been land reclamation projects intended for increasing available agricultural land. For example, the village of Ogata in Akita, Japan, was established on land reclaimed from Lake Hachirōgata (Japan's second largest lake at the time) starting in 1957. By 1977, the amount of land reclaimed totalled .

Artificial islands
Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. It is often considered in places with high population density and a scarcity of flat land. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates are other examples of artificial islands (although there is yet no real "scarcity of land" in Dubai), as well as the Flevopolder in the Netherlands which is the largest artificial island in the world.

Beach restoration

Beach rebuilding is the process of repairing beaches using materials such as sand or mud from inland. This can be used to build up beaches suffering from beach starvation or erosion from longshore drift. It stops the movement of the original beach material through longshore drift and retains a natural look to the beach. Although it is not a long-lasting solution, it is cheap compared to other types of coastal defences. An example of this is the city of Mumbai.

Landfill
As human overcrowding of developed areas intensified during the 20th century, it has become important to develop land re-use strategies for completed landfills.  Some of the most common usages are for parks, golf courses and other sports fields. Increasingly, however, office buildings and industrial uses are made on a completed landfill. In these latter uses, methane capture is customarily carried out to minimize explosive hazard within the building.

An example of a Class A office building constructed over a landfill is the Dakin Building at Sierra Point, Brisbane, California. The underlying fill was deposited from 1965 to 1985, mostly consisting of construction debris from San Francisco and some municipal wastes. Aerial photographs prior to 1965 show this area to be tidelands of the San Francisco Bay. A clay cap was constructed over the debris prior to building approval.

A notable example is Sydney Olympic Park, the primary venue for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games, which was built atop an industrial wasteland that included landfills.

Another strategy for landfill is the incineration of landfill trash at high temperature via the plasma-arc gasification process, which is currently used at two facilities in Japan, and will be used at a planned facility in St. Lucie County, Florida.

Environmental impact

Draining wetlands for ploughing, for example, is a form of habitat destruction. In some parts of the world, new reclamation projects are restricted or no longer allowed, due to environmental protection laws. Reclamation projects have strong negative impacts on coastal populations, although some species can take advantage of the newly created area. A 2022 global analysis estimated that 39% of losses (approximately ) and 14% of gains (approximately ) of tidal wetlands (mangroves, tidal flats, and tidal marshes) between 1999-2019 were due to direct human activities, including conversion to aquaculture, agriculture, plantations, coastal developments and other physical structures.

Environmental legislation

The State of California created a state commission, the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, in 1965 to protect San Francisco Bay and regulate development near its shores.  The commission was created in response to growing concern over the shrinking size of the bay.

Hong Kong legislators passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance, proposed by the Society for Protection of the Harbour, in 1997 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened Victoria Harbour against encroaching land development. Several large reclamation schemes at Green Island, West Kowloon, and Kowloon Bay were subsequently shelved, and others reduced in size.

Dangers
Reclaimed land is highly susceptible to soil liquefaction during earthquakes, which can amplify the amount of damage that occurs to buildings and infrastructure. Subsidence is another issue, both from soil compaction on filled land, and also when wetlands are enclosed by levees and drained to create Polders. Drained marshes will eventually sink below the surrounding water level, increasing the danger from flooding.

Land amounts added

Asia

Europe
 Netherlands
about 1/6 (almost 17%) of the entire country, or about  in total, has been reclaimed from the sea, lakes, marshes and swamps. The province of Flevoland has almost completely been reclaimed from the Zuiderzee.
 Monaco
 –  out of , or one fifth of Monaco comes from land taken from the sea, mainly in the neighborhoods of Fontvieille, La Condamine, and Larvotto/Bas Moulins.

Others
 Eko Atlantic, Lagos, Nigeria—25 square kilometers
 New Zealand – significant areas of land totalling several hundred hectares have been reclaimed along the harbourfronts of Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin. In Dunedin – which in its early days was nicknamed "Mudedin" – around , including much of the inner city and suburbs of Dunedin North, South Dunedin and Andersons Bay is reclaimed from the Otago Harbour, and a similar area in the suburbs of St Clair and St Kilda is reclaimed swampland. The international airports serving Auckland and Wellington have had significant reclamation for runway use.

See also
 Artificial island
 Great wall of sand
 Marine regression – the formation of new land by reductions in sea level
 Drainage system (agriculture) – drainage for land reclamation
 Land improvement
 Land recycling
 Hong Kong Society for Protection of the Harbour
 Mine reclamation
 Polder – low-lying land reclaimed from a lake or sea
 Reclamation of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
 River reclamation
 Water reclamation
 Rainbowing

Notes

References

 http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-parliament-wants-solution-to-land-reclamation-issue-1.567052

External links

 The Cape Town Foreshore Plan 1947
 The Canadian Land Reclamation Association
The case for offshore Mumbai airport

Coastal construction
Riparian zone
Environmental issues with water
Environmental soil science

Land reclamation


Kripan  İspanya'nın kuzeyinde otonom bölgelerinden biri olan Bask Özerk Bölgesi'ninAlava eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. Nüfusu  186 kişidir. (2002)

Álava'nın belediyeleri

Kripan


Kompromat (russo: компромат, abreviação de "material comprometedor" (компрометирующий материал)) é a informação prejudicial sobre um político, um empresário ou outra figura pública, que pode ser usada para criar publicidade negativa, bem como para chantagem, muitas vezes para exercer influência em vez de ganho monetário, e extorsão. O Kompromat pode ser adquirido de vários serviços de segurança, ou totalmente falsificado, e então divulgado por meio de um funcionário de relações públicas. O uso generalizado do kompromat tem sido uma das características da política da Rússia e de outros estados pós-soviéticos.

Etimologia
O termo kompromat é um empréstimo da gíria do KGB компромат da era Stalin, que é a abreviação de "material comprometedor" (em russo: компрометирующий материал, romanizado: komprometiruyushchy material). Refere-se a informações depreciativas que podem ser coletadas, armazenadas, comercializadas ou usadas estrategicamente em todos os domínios: político, eleitoral, jurídico, profissional, judicial, de mídia e de negócios. As origens do termo em russo remontam ao jargão da polícia secreta da década de 1930.

Técnicas
Nos primeiros dias, o kompromat apresentava fotografias adulteradas, drogas plantadas, vídeos granulados de ligações com prostitutas contratadas pela KGB e uma ampla gama de outras técnicas primitivas de aprisionamento. Formas mais contemporâneas de kompromat aparecem como uma forma de cibercrime. Um aspecto do kompromat que resiste ao teste do tempo é que a informação comprometedora é muitas vezes de natureza sexual.

Uso
O Kompromat faz parte da cultura política na Rússia, com muitos membros da elite empresarial e política tendo coletado e armazenado material potencialmente comprometedor sobre seus oponentes políticos. O Kompromat não necessariamente tem como alvo indivíduos ou grupos, mas coleta informações que poderiam ser úteis posteriormente. Vídeos comprometedores são frequentemente produzidos com muita antecedência de quando é necessário alavancar as pessoas.

A pesquisa de oposição é conduzida nos EUA para encontrar material comprometedor sobre oponentes políticos, de modo que tal material possa ser liberado para enfraquecer esses oponentes. Alguns afirmam que o Kompromat difere da pesquisa da oposição, na medida em que tais informações são usadas para exercer influência sobre as pessoas, em vez de simplesmente ganhar eleições. No entanto, o material comprometedor descoberto pela pesquisa da oposição não precisa ser usado apenas de forma legal ou ética. Ele pode ser usado para exercer influência sobre os líderes ocidentais tão certamente quanto pode ser usado para exercer influência sobre os líderes russos.

História
Na década de 1950, o funcionário público britânico John Vassall foi vítima de uma operação de armadilha sexual gay, produzindo kompromat que podia ser usado contra ele, já que a homossexualidade era ilegal na Grã-Bretanha na época. Durante uma visita a Moscou em 1957, o jornalista americano Joseph Alsop também foi vítima de uma operação de armadilha sexual gay conduzida pela KGB.

Em 1997, Valentin Kovalyov foi removido como Ministro da Justiça russo depois que fotografias dele com prostitutas numa sauna controlada pela organização criminosa Solntsevskaya Bratva foram publicadas em um jornal. Em 1999, um vídeo exibido com um homem parecido com Yury Skuratov na cama com duas mulheres, que mais tarde levaria à sua demissão como Procurador Geral da Rússia. Foi divulgado depois que ele começou a investigar acusações de corrupção pelo Presidente Boris Yeltsin e seus associados.

Em abril de 2010, o político Ilya Yashin e o comediante Victor Shenderovich estiveram envolvidos em um escândalo sexual com uma mulher que alegou ter agido como uma armadilha sexual do Kremlin para desacreditar as figuras da oposição. O vídeo foi lançado apenas dois dias antes do casamento da filha de Shenderovich.

Em casos de kompromat durante o início do século 21, agentes russos foram suspeitos ou acusados de colocar pornografia infantil nos computadores pessoais de indivíduos que estavam tentando desacreditar. Em 2015, o Crown Prosecution Service do Reino Unido anunciou que processaria Vladimir Bukovsky por "imagens proibidas" encontradas em seu computador; no entanto, o caso contra Bukovsky foi suspenso enquanto os investigadores tentavam determinar se as imagens pornográficas foram plantadas. Bukovsky morreu em outubro de 2019.

Antes das eleições legislativas russas de 2016, uma fita de sexo de Mikhail Kasyanov foi exibida na NTV.

Durante as eleições presidenciais americanas de 2016, agências de inteligência dos EUA estavam investigando informações pessoais e financeiras possivelmente comprometedoras sobre o presidente eleito Donald Trump, levando a alegações de que ele e membros de sua administração poderiam estar vulneráveis à manipulação pelo governo russo.

O deputado do Partido Trabalhista britânico Chris Bryant, um ex-presidente do grupo parlamentar de todos os partidos da Rússia, que alega que o governo russo orquestrou uma campanha homofóbica para retirá-lo deste cargo, alegou que o governo russo adquiriu a kompromat em deputados de alto nível do Partido Conservador, incluindo Boris Johnson, Liam Fox, Alan Duncan e David Davis. Após um telefonema de 2016 entre Michael Flynn, Conselheiro de Segurança Nacional dos EUA, e o embaixador russo Sergey Kislyak, Flynn supostamente mentiu para a Casa Branca sobre a extensão desses contatos o colocando em uma posição vulnerável à chantagem. De acordo com o depoimento do congresso prestado pela ex-Procuradora-Geral Sally Yates, o Departamento de Justiça acreditava que "o General Flynn estava comprometido", e colocou Flynn em "uma situação onde o conselheiro de segurança nacional essencialmente poderia ser chantageado pelos russos".

Ver também

 Medidas ativas
 Ciberguerra
 Difamação
 Jeffrey Epstein
 Caso de Ibiza

Ligações externas

  (Website russo)
  (Website ucraniano)

Relações públicas
Política da Rússia
Palavras, frases e expressões em russo
Política da Ucrânia

Kompromat


المعهد الوطني للإحصاء والاقتصاد التطبيقي، المتواجد بمدينة العرفان في الرباط، هو معهد مغربي عال لتكوين المهندسين. أسس في عام 1961م، ليحل محل مركز تكوين المهندسين في الأشغال الإحصائية بظهير ملكي سنة 1967م بدعم من المفوضية الاقتصادية لإفريقيا.

تقديم
يوفر المعهد الوطني للإحصاء والاقتصاد التطبيقي تكوينا يجمع ما بين الإحصاء والتحليل الاقتصادي، ويمكن من تخصصات في ميادين: المعلوماتية، والتمويل، والعلوم الاكتوارية، والديمغرافيا، والبحث العملياتي. وتعتبر هي المدرسة الأولى التي تقدم التدريب في مجال الحواسيب على الصعيد الوطني، وقد وضعت الكمبيوتر الأول للمملكة في عام 1974م.

يتوفر خريجو المعهد على مهارات تمكنهم من ممارسة التحليل والتنبؤ الاقتصادي، وهندسة نظم المعلومات والخبرات الإحصائية، ولكنهم قادرون أيضأ على وضع نماذج متطورة لتحسين تحليل السوق، وبناء استراتيجيات تسويق مستهدفة، وقياس المخاطر في مجموعة متنوعة من المجالات.

علاوة على ذلك فإن التكوين في المعهد لا يقتصر على الجوانب التقنية والتصميم، ولكن يمتد أيضا لتشمل الإدارة والاتصالات والمعرفة الجيدة للوضعية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية، ويعول على خريجي المعهد أن يلعبوا دورا استراتيجيا في مراحل مختلفة من عملية التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، ويشغلون وظائف متعددة في القطاع العام والمجتمعات المحلية والقطاع الخاص : البنوك وشركات التأمين الوطنية والشركات المتعددة الجنسيات.

التخصصات ومجالات العمل
 مهندس دولة في الإحصاء
 مهندس دولة في الاقتصاد التطبيقي
 مهندس دولة في المعلوميات
 مهندس دولة في الاكتوارية المالية
 مهندس دولة في البحث العملياتي

الحياة داخل المعهد

الانشطة الطلابية

منتدى المدارس العليا الوطنية للمهندسين

الشراكات

مديرو المعهد
 عبد العزيز المعلمي 2008-2012
 عبد العزيز الشاعوبي (مدير بالنيابة) 2012-2013
 عبد السلام فزوان 2013-...

خريجون معروفون
 الطيب الفاسي الفهري، مستشار الملك محمد السادس ووزير الخارجية والتعاون سابقا
 محمد حوراني، المدير العام ل ه.ب.س. ورئيس الاتحاد العام لمقاولات المغرب بين 2009 و2012
 أنيس بيرو، كاتب الدولة المكلف لدى وزير السياحة والصناعة التقليدية.
 عبد العزيز الرباح، عمدة مدينة القنيطرة ووزير التجهيز والنقل منذ 3 يناير 2012 في حكومة بنكيران. ثم انتقل في سنة 2017 لمنصب وزير الطاقة والمعادن والتنمية المستدامة.
 خديجة الرياضي، الرئيسة السابقة للجمعية المغربية لحقوق الإنسان
 الحسن عاشي، نائب مدير بصندوق النقد الدولي ( مركز الشرق الأوسط).

جمعيات ذات علاقة بالمعهد

مراجع

جامعات وكليات أسست في 1961
التركيبة السكانية في المغرب
التعليم في المغرب
الرباط
تأسيسات سنة 1961 في المغرب
جامعات المغرب
جامعات وكليات في المغرب
مبان ومنشآت في الرباط
مدارس المهندسين في المغرب
مدارس في المغرب
معاهد
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1961
عمارة القرن 20 في المغرب


සුසාන භූමියක තිබූ ද්විත්ව මිහිදන් කිරීමක්

ලෝතල් ජනපදයේ මිනිසුන් මුද්‍රාමත අං සහිත දෙවියෙකු ලෙස අනුමාණ කළ අතාර් හෝ අර්කා යන නම්වලින් හැඳින් වූ ගිනි දෙවියෙකු වන්දනාමාන කළහ. තවද එය සතුන් හා වසු පැටියන් බිලි දීම සිදුකළ පුද්ගලික හා පොදු අල්තාරවල පැවතීම මගින් ඔප්පු වේ. පුරා විද්‍යාඥයන් විසින් රන් පෙන්ඩන , පිඟන් බඩු හා දම්මැටි භාජනවල අළු , ගව වර්ගයේ අවශේෂ , පබළු හා ඉපැරණි වේද ආගම හා සම්බන්ධ ගව මානය බිලි පූජා දීම සිදුකළ බව පෙන්වන අනෙකුත් සාක්ෂි සොයා ගත්හ. සතුන් වන්දනා කිරීමද සාක්ෂි සහිතව සොයාගත් නමුත් අනෙකු හරප්පානු ශිෂ්ටාචාරවල තිබූ මවු දේවතාව ඇදහීම මෙහි දක්නට නොතිබුණි. විශේෂඥයන් මෙය සලකන්නේ ආගමික සම්ප්‍රධායයන්වල විවිධත්වයක් පැවතුණු බවට සළකුණක් ලෙසය. එ‍සේ නමුත් සමහර විට හින්දු යුගයේ මව් දේවතාව සමග සමිබන්ධ මුහුදු දේවතාවක් වන්දනාමානයට ලක් වුණි. වර්තමානයේදී දේශීය ගම්මාන වාසී මුහුදු දේවතාවියක් වන්දනාමාන කළහ. වනුවතී ,සිකොටරිමාටා පෞරාණික වරාය සම්ප්‍රධාය හා ඓතිහාසික අතීතයක් සමග සම්බන්ධයක් යෝජනා කරයි. නමුත් පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයන් සොයාගෙන ඇත්තේ කි පූ 2000 පමණ වෙද්දී මෙම ක්‍රමය අත්හැර ඇති බවයි. (එය නිර්ණය කර ඇත්තේ ආදාහන කාළවල වෙනස හා අවශේෂවල කාබන් දින නියම කරණයෙනි) එමගින් යෝජනා කර සිටින්නේ මෙය සිදුකර ඇත්තේ යම් යම් අවස්ථාවලදී බවයි. සොයා ගෙන ඇති අඩු සොහොන් කොත් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් එය වඩාත් සැලකිල්ලට භාජනය වේ. 15000 ක පමණ දළ ජනගහණයකින් සොහොන් සොයාගෙන ඇත්තේ 17 දෙනෙකුගේ පමණි. ලෝතල් ජනපද වාසීන් මරණ ආදාහනය සිදු කිරීම සිදු කරන ලදී. ආදාහනයෙන් පසු සිදු කළ මිහිදන් කිරීම් හරප්පා , මෙහි හා ඩෑම් බුටි තිබී සොයාගෙන ඇත. පස්ගොඩවල්වල තිබී ඇසිරියානුවන්ගේ හා ඊජිප්තුවන්ගේ මමී ගත කරන ලද අවශේෂ ද සොයාගෙන ඇත.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal#Religion_and_disposal_of_the_dead

ලෝතල්

ලෝතල් ජනපද-ආගම හා මරණ මිහිදන් කිරීම


Altered Carbon is a 2002 cyberpunk novel by the English writer Richard K. Morgan. Set in a future in which interstellar travel and relative immortality is facilitated by transferring consciousnesses between bodies ("sleeves"), it follows the attempt of Takeshi Kovacs, a former U.N. elite soldier turned private investigator, to investigate a rich man's death. It is followed by the sequels Broken Angels and Woken Furies.

The book was adapted as a Netflix television series, also titled Altered Carbon, in 2018. In 2019 a graphic novel was created with Dynamite Comics.

Premise

In the future, humans have achieved virtual immortality. Most people have cortical stacks in their spinal columns that store their consciousness. If their body dies, their stack can be stored indefinitely. Their stacks can be downloaded into new bodies, or "sleeves", after death. Roman Catholics do not allow their stacks to be re-sleeved after death, as they believe that the soul goes to Heaven when they die, and so would not pass on to the new sleeve. This makes Catholics easy targets for murder, since killers know their victim may not be re-sleeved to testify. At the start of the novel, UN Resolution 653 is being debated. This proposition reverses precedent and would allow authorities to temporarily re-sleeve a deceased Catholic woman to testify in a murder trial. Dual-sleeving, or controlling two bodies with one personality, is strictly prohibited by U.N. law.

While most people can afford to get resleeved at the end of their lives, they are unable to update their bodies and most go through the full aging process each time, which discourages most from resleeving more than once or twice. Thus, while people can live indefinitely in theory, most choose not to. Only the wealthy are able to acquire replacement bodies on a continual basis. Those who have lived for multiple lifespans are called Meths, a reference to the Biblical figure Methuselah. The very rich are also able to keep copies of their minds in remote storage, which they update regularly. This ensures that even if their stack is destroyed, they can be re-sleeved. People who commit serious crimes are imprisoned "on stack". Their consciousness is preserved and stored virtually, sometimes for decades, while their body is sold to the highest bidder to be used for re-sleeving another person.

Numerous colony planets exist apart from Earth; many were previously inhabited by an extinct alien civilization referred to as the Elders. In order to deal with the challenges of interspace warfare, the U.N. created the Envoys. They are an elite military group with extensive training in re-sleeving and psychological modification, as well as combat. Envoys are so successful and dangerous that they are generally prohibited from holding elected office on any world.

Plot summary

On the colony planet of Harlan's World, Takeshi Kovacs and his partner Sarah Sachilowski, former Envoys who had returned to a life of crime, are killed by a U.N. colonial commando unit. Kovacs is sentenced to a long term in stack storage. On Earth, a Meth named Laurens Bancroft has died in mysterious circumstances in Bay City (formerly San Francisco). The re-sleeved Bancroft has no memories of the previous two days, including his own death. Though police officer Kristin Ortega believes he committed suicide, Bancroft is convinced he was murdered. He hires Kovacs to investigate. Kovacs discovers that Bancroft has been involved with numerous prostitutes, including recent murder victim Elizabeth Elliot. Elizabeth's mother Irene was imprisoned for illegally hacking Bancroft's memories. Elizabeth's father is too poor to re-sleeve Elizabeth or to free his wife from the stacks.

Laurens' wife, Miriam, seduces Kovacs and bribes him to end the investigation. A high-level Russian operative named Kadmin tries to assassinate Kovacs, but fails and is captured. Kovacs investigates the brothel where Elizabeth worked. He learns he is wearing the sleeve of Elias Ryker, a corrupt police officer and Ortega's lover. He is tortured by physicians from the Wei Clinic, who deal in black market sleeve theft. He tells his interrogators that he is an Envoy and they release him. A mysterious woman named Trepp says she will bring Kovacs to Ray, who is behind the clinic's operations. Kovacs escapes, destroys the brothel and clinic, and murders the employees in the process.

Kovacs and Ortega are injured in an explosion orchestrated by Kadmin, who has escaped police custody. Trepp brings Kovacs to "Ray", or Reileen Kawahara. Kawahara is a Meth mob boss with whom Kovacs has dealt in the past. He had rejected her offers of partnership, believing her to be cruel and manipulative. Kawahara orders Kovacs to end his investigation, or she will torture Sarah, who is currently in virtual storage.

Kovacs and Ortega begin sleeping together and form a partnership. Kovacs agrees to convince Bancroft he committed suicide. His version of the story is as follows. Bancroft contracted the Rawlings virus from a brothel. The Rawlings virus is designed to scramble cortical stacks and prevent re-sleeving, causing permanent death. To prevent it from contaminating his clones, Bancroft committed suicide. Kawahara agrees to procure a copy of the virus for Kovacs. With Kawahara's help, he retrieves Irene Elliot from stack, and hires her to implant the Rawlings virus into a brothel.

Kovacs learns that Bancroft went to an airship-turned-brothel named Head in the Clouds on the night he died. This establishment is run by Kawahara. Kadmin kidnaps Ortega and threatens to kill her unless Kovacs trades himself for her. Ortega is released, and Kovacs is forced to fight in a duel against Kadmin. Trepp and the police arrive, killing Kadmin. Kovacs destroys Kadmin's stack.

Kovacs double-sleeves, controlling both Ryker and a second body simultaneously. The copy in Ryker's sleeve leaves with Miriam to draw away surveillance. Ortega and Kovacs infiltrate Head in the Clouds. Irene spikes Kawahara's personality backup with the Rawlings virus, destroying all of her clones. Kovacs forces a confession from Kawahara. After a Catholic prostitute was murdered at Head in the Clouds, her resurrection would have revealed Kawahara's illegal activity. As part of her cover-up, Kawahara framed Ryker for corruption, since he was investigating the murder. She asked Bancroft to help her kill Resolution 653 to prevent the prostitute from testifying, but he refused. Kawahara and Miriam had Bancroft drugged; out of his mind, he killed a prostitute and then killed himself in order to erase the memory out of guilt and self-preservation. With his memories gone, Kawahara's involvement could not be traced.

Assisted by Trepp, Kovacs blows out the side of the airship. As he and Kawahara fall to the ocean below, he uses a grenade to destroy Kawahara's stack, ensuring her permanent death.

In the aftermath, Bancroft is cleared by the U.N. for his involvement with Kawahara. The copy of Kovacs that stayed with Miriam is erased, as double sleeving is illegal, but he makes the surviving copy of Kovacs promise to cover up Miriam's involvement. Irene Elliot gets her body back, Elizabeth and Ryker are freed from the stacks, Resolution 653 passes, and Kovacs is freed and returned to Harlan's World.

Reception
Describing the book, Kirkus Reviews said that "The body count is high, the gadgetry pure genius, the sex scenes deliriously overwrought, and the worn cynicism thoroughly distasteful: a welcome return to cyberpunk's badass roots."

The book won the Philip K. Dick Award for Best Novel in 2003.

In other media

Television

A television adaptation was announced in 2016. An initial 10-episode season had been ordered by Netflix. The first season premiered on Netflix on 2 February 2018.

Extensive and significant changes to the source material were made in the adaptation.

In the series Envoys are presented as having been trained, deployed and led by Quellcrist Falconer as part of a revolution (called "the Uprising") that she leads on Harlan's World (Kovacs' home planet). Kovacs is shown as having been trained as an Envoy by, and serving as a revolutionary under, Falconer. The Quellist Revolution is crushed by the Protectorate (the established, inter-planetary government) in an apocalyptic assault. Kovacs, the only survivor, is presented as the last Envoy.
In the books, Envoys were and are the elite forces of the Protectorate (which would have been fighting against the revolution); Falconer did lead a revolution but died long before Kovacs was born; Kovacs trained as an Envoy under a different woman; and the Envoy Corps is still very much in use by the Protectorate and remains widely feared, although Kovacs is no longer a member of Corps.

The makers of the show have also chosen to expand the roles of many characters, particularly female characters.

In the book, the hotel in which Kovacs stays while investigating Bancroft's murder is themed after Jimi Hendrix. Since the Hendrix estate does not approve of licensing his image for anything they consider violent, the show instead chose the figure of Edgar Allan Poe and named the hotel The Raven.

Film
On 8 November 2018, Netflix announced an animated companion film, Altered Carbon: Resleeved, set in the same universe and exploring new elements of the story mythology. On 10 February 2020, it was unveiled that the exclusive Netflix "anime featured" spin-off would debut on 19 March 2020. The film was directed by Jo Nakajima at Anima; Yoshiyuki Okada designed the characters, Ren Kikuchi supervised the CG animation, and MONACA composed the music. The Japanese cast includes Tatsuhisa Suzuki as Takeshi Kovacs, Rina Satou as Gina, Ayaka Asai as Holly Togram, Jouji Nakata as Ogai, Kenji Yamauchi as Hideki Tanaseda, Kanehira Yamamoto as Shinji, and Kōji Ishii as Genzo.

References

External links

 Altered Carbon at goodreads.com
 Interview with author Richard K. Morgan about writing the trilogy series

2002 British novels
2002 science fiction novels
Fiction about artificial intelligence
Fiction about consciousness transfer
Postcyberpunk novels
Cyberpunk novels
Dystopian novels
Novels about reincarnation
British novels adapted into television shows
Brain–computer interfacing in fiction
Debut science fiction novels
Novels by Richard Morgan
2002 debut novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Novels set in the future

Altered Carbon


An Tainia marmorata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jeffrey James Wood och Anthony L. Lamb. An Tainia marmorata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tainia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tainia

Tainia marmorata


مجدل بلحيس هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء راشيا في محافظة البقاع.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء راشيا
مدن لبنان

مجدل بلحيس


Rachael (Rachel) Finch (Townsville, Queensland, 8 de julio de 1988) es una modelo australiana, mayormente conocida por ser la tercera finalista de Miss Universo 2009.

Biografía
Es mitad de ucraniana del lado de su madre.

Rachael comenzó a salir con el bailarín Michael Miziner, la pareja se casó en el 2013 y le dieron la bienvenida a su primera hija Violet Rachael Miziner el 24 de septiembre del 2013.

Carrera como modelo
Finch fue coronada Miss Universo Australia el 22 de abril del 2009 y posteriormente representó a Australia en el certamen de Miss Universo 2009 celebrado en las Bahamas el 23 de agosto del 2009. Fue compañera de habitación de Miss Estados Unidos, Kristen Dalton, durante la campaña de Miss Universo.

El 14 de noviembre del 2009 Finch junto con una serie de otras celebridades participaron en el "Día McHappy" actividad para recaudar fondos. Ella sigue utilizando su creciente estatus de celebridad para contribuir a causas benéficas después de posar desnuda en la revista australiana de estilo de vida de lujo, compartimiento de la caja, en el año 2010 para recaudar fondos para la Infancia ToyBox caridad.

Carrera en la televisión
Finch fue una de las concursantes en celebridades del programa "MasterChef Australia" en el 2009, avanzó a las semifinales, donde ella y Biggest Loser entrenador Michelle puentes se realiza a través de la siguiente etapa. Que llegaron con éxito a la gran final, en la que llegó tercera en la general.

Finch compitió en la serie "Dancing With The Stars", pero fue eliminada el 1 de agosto de 2010.

Bailando con las Estrellas - Actuaciones
A finales de 2010, Rachael Finch se unió al elenco de la décima temporada de Dancing With The Stars. Finch es socio de Michael Miziner, el socio para el ganador original de Bailando con las Estrellas, Bec Cartwright. A pesar de recibir algunos comentarios negativos del juez Todd McKenney por la falta de contenido con sus coreografías, Finch y Miziner han sido nombrados la pareja caballo negro por los jueces. A pesar de mantener altos puntajes, Finch y Miziner eran la pareja quinto eliminado el 1 de agosto de 2010

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Official Website
 Official Blog
 Miss Australia Universe 2009 Profile
 IMG Talent - Bookings

Delegadas de Miss Universo 2009
Candidatas de Miss Universo

Rachael Finch


Hardy may refer to:

People
 Hardy (surname)
 Hardy (given name)
 Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter

Places

Antarctica
 Mount Hardy, Enderby Land
 Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island
 Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands

Australia
 Hardy, South Australia, a locality
 Cape Hardy, a headland in South Australia
 Hardy Inlet, Western Australia

Canada
 Hardy Township, Ontario, Canada, administered by the Loring, Port Loring and District, Ontario, services board
 Port Hardy, British Columbia
 Hardy, Saskatchewan, Canada, a hamlet

United States

 Hardy, Arkansas, a city
 Hardy, California, an unincorporated community
 Hardy, Iowa, a city
 Hardy, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 Hardy, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 Hardy, Montana, an unincorporated community
 Hardy, Nebraska, a village
 Hardy, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 Hardy County, West Virginia
 Hardy Dam, Michigan
 Hardy Lake, Indiana, a state reservoir
 Hardy Pond, Massachusetts
 Hardy Toll Road, Texas
 Hardy Township, Holmes County, Ohio

Elsewhere
 Hardy Peninsula, Chile
 Hardy River, Mexico
 Hardy Town, Gibraltar, a temporary civilian settlement during a Napoleonic Wars siege
 Hardy Way, a long-distance footpath in southern England
 Hardy Point, Bellingshausen Island in the South Sandwich Islands
 2866 Hardy, an asteroid

Ships
 Hardy class destroyer, a Royal Navy class of two ships in commission from 1895 to 1912
 HMS Hardy, various Royal Navy ships

Businesses
 Hardy Oil and Gas, a British company
 The Hardy Wine Company, an Australian wine company

Other uses
 The Hardy Boys, a detective series about two teenage brothers and amateur detectives
 The Hardy Boyz, a professional wrestling tag team consisting of real-life brothers Matt and Jeff Hardy
 Hardy baronets, two titles in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, both extinct
  Hardy Fishing Rods, a brand of fishing rods owned by Newell Brands
 Hardy (hill), a category of hill in the United Kingdom
 Hardy Monument, Dorset, United Kingdom
 Hardy Memorial Tower, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States
 Hardy Cup, a Canadian ice hockey trophy
 Hardy tool, a type of accessory tool used with an anvil
 Hardy (locomotive), a locomotive at the Dinorwic quarry

See also
 Hardee (disambiguation)
 Hardiness (disambiguation)
 Hardys (disambiguation)

Hardy