George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (; 1580 – 15 April 1632) was an English peer and politician. He achieved domestic political success as a member of parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I. He lost much of his political power after his support for a failed marriage alliance between Prince Charles and the Spanish House of Habsburg royal family. Rather than continue in politics, he resigned all of his political offices in 1625 except for his position on the Privy Council and declared his Catholicism publicly. He was created Baron Baltimore in the Peerage of Ireland upon his resignation. Baltimore Manor was located in County Longford, Ireland.

Calvert took an interest in the British colonization of the Americas, at first for commercial reasons and later to create a refuge for persecuted Irish and English Catholics. He became the proprietor of Avalon, the first sustained English settlement on the southeastern peninsula on the island of Newfoundland (off the eastern coast of modern Canada). Discouraged by its cold and sometimes inhospitable climate and the sufferings of the settlers, he looked for a more suitable spot further south and sought a new royal charter to settle the region, which would become the state of Maryland. Calvert died five weeks before the new Charter was sealed, leaving the settlement of the Maryland colony to his son Cecil (1605–1675). His second son Leonard Calvert (1606–1647) was the first colonial governor of the Province of Maryland.

Family and early life

Little is known of the ancestry of the Yorkshire branch of the Calverts. At George Calvert's knighting, it was claimed that his family originally came from Flanders (a Dutch-speaking area today across the English Channel in modern Belgium). Calvert's father, (an earlier) Leonard, was a country gentleman who had achieved some prominence as a tenant of Lord Wharton, and was wealthy enough to marry a "gentlewoman" of a noble line, Alicia or Alice Crossland (sometimes spelt "Crosland"). He established his family on the estate of the later-built Kiplin Hall, near Catterick in Yorkshire. George Calvert was born at Kiplin in late 1579. His mother Alicia/Alice died on 28 November 1587, when he was eight years old. His father then married Grace Crossland (sometimes spelt: "Crosland"), Alicia's first cousin.

In 1569, Sir Thomas Gargrave had described Richmond as a territory where all gentlemen were "evil in religion", by which he meant predominately Roman Catholic; it appears Leonard Calvert was no exception. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, continuing the changes wrought earlier in the century by her father King Henry VIII which made the monarch the supreme authority of the Christian Church in England, continuing the Protestant Reformation from the continent of Europe, with the political, spiritual and temporal separation from the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope/Papacy in Rome, the Royal Government exerted authority over the matters of religious faith, practices and the Church. Acts mandating compulsory religious uniformity were enacted by Parliament and enforced through penal laws. The Acts of Supremacy and the Uniformity Act of 1559 also included an oath of allegiance to the Queen and an implicit denial of the Pope's (then Pope Paul IV) authority over the English Church. This oath was required of any subject who wished to hold high office, attend university, or take advantage of opportunities controlled by the state (king/kingdom).

The Calvert household suffered the intrusion of the Elizabethan-era religious laws. From the year of George's birth onward, his father, Leonard Calvert, was subjected to repeated harassment by the Yorkshire authorities, who in 1580 extracted a promise of conformity from him, compelling his attendance at the Church of England services. In 1592, when George was twelve, the authorities denounced one of his tutors for teaching "from a popish primer" and instructed Leonard and Grace to send George and his brother Christopher to a Protestant tutor and, if necessary, to present the children before the commission "once a month to see how they perfect in learning". As a result, the boys were sent to a Protestant tutor called Fowberry at Bilton. The senior Calvert had to give a "bond of conformity"; he was banned from employing any Catholic servants and forced to purchase an English Bible, which was to "lie open in his house for everyone to read".

In 1593, records show that Grace Calvert was committed to the custody of a "pursuivant", an official responsible for identifying and persecuting Catholics, and in 1604 she was described as the "wife of Leonard Calvert of Kipling, non-communicant at Easter last".

George Calvert went up to Trinity College at Oxford University, matriculating in 1593/94, where he studied foreign languages and received a bachelor's degree in 1597. As the oath of allegiance was compulsory after the age of sixteen, he would almost certainly have pledged conformity while at Oxford. The same pattern of conformity, whether pretended or sincere, continued through Calvert's early life. After Oxford, he moved in 1598 to London, where he studied municipal law at Lincoln's Inn for three years.

Marriage and family
In November 1604 he married Anne Mynne (or Mayne), daughter of George Mynne (b. 14 February 1530) of Hertingfordbury and his wife Elizabeth Wroth, daughter of Sir Thomas Wroth. George Mynne  was the son of John Mynne (d.14 December 1542), Auditor of the Exchequer, Clerk to the Surveyor General and Master of the Woods to Henry VIII, and the grandson of Nicholas Mynne of Little Francham and London (d. 1530). George Mynne's mother was Alice (d. c. 1560), daughter of William Standish, who married secondly Francis Southwell.

The wedding was a Protestant Church of England ceremony at St. Peter's, Cornhill, Middlesex, where his address was registered as St. Martin in the Fields. His children, including his eldest son and heir Cecil, who was born in the winter of 1605–06, were all baptised in the Church of England. When Anne died on 8 August 1622, she was buried at Calvert's local Protestant parish church, St. Martin-in-the-Fields.

Calvert had a total of twelve children: Cecil, who succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Baltimore, Leonard, Anne, Dorothy, Elizabeth, Grace, who married Sir Robert Talbot, 2nd Baronet of Carton, County Kildare, Francis, George, Helen, Henry, John (died young), and Philip.

Political success
Calvert named his son "Cecilius" (1605–1675) for Sir Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury (1563–1612), spymaster to Queen Elizabeth, whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to the European mainland between 1601 and 1603, after which he became known as a specialist in foreign affairs. Calvert carried a packet for Cecilius from Paris, and so entered the service of the principal engineer of King James VI of Scotland's succession to the English throne in 1603 (when he also assumed the title of King James I of England).

King James rewarded Robert Cecil, whom he made a Privy Councillor and secretary of state, with the granting of the title of Earl of Salisbury in 1605 and Lord High Treasurer in 1608, making him the most powerful man at the royal court. As Cecil rose, Calvert rose with him. Calvert's foreign languages, legal training, and discretion made him an invaluable aide to Robert Cecil who, no lover of Catholics, seems to have accepted Calvert's conformity as beyond question. Working at the centre of court politics, Calvert exploited his influence by selling favours, an accepted practice for the times.

Calvert accumulated a number of small offices, honours, and sinecures. In August 1605, he attended the King at Oxford, and received an honorary master-of-arts degree in an elaborate ceremony at which the Duke of Lennox (Ludovic Stewart), the earls of Oxford and Northumberland, and Cecilius received degrees. Given the prestige of the other graduates, Calvert's was the last awarded, but his presence in such company signalled his growing stature.

In 1606 the king made Calvert "clerk of the Crown" and "Assizes in Connaught", County Clare, Ireland, his first royal appointment. In 1609, James appointed him a "clerk of the Signet office", a post which required the preparation of documents for the royal signature and brought Calvert into close contact with the king. Calvert also served in James's First Parliament as a member for the borough of Bossiney, in the county of Cornwall, installed there by Cecil to support his policies.

In 1610, Calvert was appointed a "clerk of the Privy Council". Each of these positions would have required an oath of allegiance.

With Robert Cecil's support, George Calvert came into his own as an adviser and supporter of King James. In 1610 and 1611, Calvert undertook missions to the continent on behalf of the King, visiting a number of embassies in Paris, Holland, and the Duchy of Cleves, and acting as an ambassador to the French Royal Court during the coronation of King Louis XIII (1601–1643) in 1610. A correspondent from France reported that Calvert gave "everyone great contentment with his discreet conversation."

In 1615, James sent him to the continental Electorate of the Palatinate (German) in the Holy Roman Empire, whose impoverished elector, Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1596–1632), had married James's daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia (1596–1662) in 1613. Calvert had to convey the King's disapproval that Elizabeth, for lack of money, had given away expensive jewels to a gentlewoman leaving her employ. Elector Frederick's decision in 1619 to accept the throne of Bohemia triggered a war with the powerful neighbouring Habsburg dynasty of Austria to the southwest in Vienna, which James attempted to end through a proposed alliance with the Kingdom of Spain.

In 1611, James employed Calvert to research and transcribe his tract against the Dutch Protestant theologian Conrad Vorstius (1569–1622). The following year, Cecil died, and Calvert acted as one of the four executors of his will. The king's favourite, Sir Robert Carr, first Earl of Somerset (1587–1645), Viscount Rochester, assumed the duties of secretary of state and recruited Calvert to assist with foreign policy, in particular the Latin and Spanish correspondence.

Carr, soon raised to the earldom of Somerset, was not a success in the job, and fell from favour partly as a result of the murder of Thomas Overbury (1581–1613), to which Carr's wife Frances, the former Countess of Essex and later Somerset (1590–1632), pleaded guilty in 1615. Carr's place as James's principal favourite was now taken by the handsome George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628), with whom James was said to have been infatuated.

In 1613 the King commissioned Calvert to investigate Roman Catholic grievances in Ireland, along with Sir Humphrey Wynch (1555–1625), Sir Charles Cornwallis (XXX?-1629) and Sir Roger Wilbraham (1553–1616). The commission spent almost four months in Ireland, and its final report, partly drafted by Calvert, concluded that religious conformity should be enforced more strictly in Ireland, Catholic schools be suppressed, and bad priests removed and punished. The King resolved not to reconvene the Parliament of Ireland until the Catholics "shall be better disciplined". In 1616 James endowed Calvert with the manor of Danby Wiske in Yorkshire, which brought him into contact with Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1593–1641), who became his closest friend and political ally. Calvert was now wealthy enough to buy the Kiplin Hall estate in his home parish. (Today, the University of Maryland operates a research centre there, while the main building is a house museum owned by the Kiplin Hall Trust.) In 1617 his social status received a further boost when he was knighted, and then became Sir George Calvert.

In 1619, Calvert completed his rise to power when James appointed him as one of the two principal secretaries of state. This followed the dismissal of Sir Thomas Lake (1567–1630) due to scandals, including his wife's indiscretions with state secrets. Not emerging as a candidate until the end of the selection process, Calvert's appointment surprised him and most observers. Assuming he owed his promotion to the king's increasingly powerful favourite George Villiers (1592–1628) (later first Duke of Buckingham), he sent him a great jewel as a token of thanks. Villiers returned the jewel, saying he had had nothing to do with the matter. Calvert's personal fortune was secured when he was additionally appointed a "commissioner of the treasury" with a pension of £1,000 pounds sterling and a subsidy on imported raw silk, which would later be converted to another £1,000 pension.

Secretary of State

In Parliament, a political crisis developed over the king's policy of seeking a Spanish wife for Charles, Prince of Wales, as part of a proposed alliance with the Habsburgs. In the parliament of 1621, it fell to Calvert to advocate the Spanish Match, as it came to be called, against the majority of Parliament, who feared an increase in Catholic influence on the state. As a result of his pro-Spanish stance and defence of relaxations in the penal laws against Catholics, Calvert became estranged from many in the Commons, who were suspicious of his close familiarity with the Spanish ambassador's court. Calvert also faced difficulties in his private life: his wife's death on 8 August 1622 left him the single father of ten children, the oldest of whom, Cecil, was sixteen years old.

King James rewarded Calvert in 1623 for his loyalty by granting him a  estate in County Longford, in the Irish province of Leinster, where his seat was known as the "Manor of Baltimore". The name Baltimore is an anglicisation of the Irish Baile an Tí Mhóir meaning "town of the big house". Calvert was increasingly isolated from court circles as the Prince of Wales, (heir to the throne) and George Villiers wrested control of policy from the ageing James. Without consulting the diplomatically astute Calvert, the prince and the duke travelled to Spain to negotiate the Spanish marriage for themselves, with disastrous results. Instead of securing an alliance, the visit provoked hostility between the two courts which quickly led to war. In a reversal of policy, Buckingham dismissed the treaties with Spain, summoned a war council, and sought a French marriage for the Prince of Wales.

Resignation and conversion to Catholicism
As the chief parliamentary spokesman for an abandoned policy, Calvert no longer served a useful purpose to the English Royal Court, and by February 1624 his duties had been restricted to placating the Spanish ambassador. The degree of his disfavour was shown when he was reprimanded for supposedly delaying diplomatic letters. Calvert bowed to the inevitable. On the pretext of ill health, he began negotiations for the sale of his position, finally resigning the secretariat in February 1625.

No disgrace was attached to Calvert's departure from office: the King, to whom he had always remained personally loyal, confirmed his place on the Privy Council and appointed him Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore, County Longford, one of his Irish manors. Immediately after Calvert resigned, he converted to Roman Catholicism.

The connection between Calvert's resignation and his conversion to Roman Catholicism was a complex one. George Cottington, a former employee of Calvert, suggested in 1628 that Calvert's conversion had been in progress a long time before it was made public. George Abbot (1562–1633), the reigning Archbishop of Canterbury (and ecclesiastical head of the independent Church of England), reported that political opposition to Calvert, combined with his loss of office, had "made him discontented and, as the saying is, "Desperatio facit monachum", so hee apparently did turne papist, which hee now professeth, this being the third time that he hath bene to blame that way [sic]". Godfrey Goodman, the Bishop of Gloucester, later claimed Calvert had been a secret Catholic all along ("infinitely addicted to the Catholic faith"), which explained his support for lenient policies towards Catholics and for the Spanish match.

No one had questioned Calvert's conformity at the time, and if he had been secretly Catholic, he had hidden it well. It seems more likely Calvert converted in late 1624. At the time, Simon Stock, a Discalced Carmelite priest reported to the Congregation Propaganda Fide in Rome on 15 November that he had converted two Privy Councillors to Catholicism, one of whom historians are certain was Calvert. Calvert, who had probably met Stock at the Spanish embassy in London, later worked with the priest on a plan for a Catholic mission in his new first Newfoundland Colony (off modern Canada).

When King James I died in March 1625, his successor Charles I maintained Calvert's barony but not his previous place on the Privy Council. Calvert then turned his attention to his Irish estates and his overseas investments. He was not entirely forgotten at court. After Buckingham's dabblings in wars against Spain and France had ended in failure, he recalled Baltimore to court, and for a while may have considered employing him in the peace negotiations with Spain. Though nothing came of Baltimore's recall, he renewed his rights over the silk-import duties, which had lapsed with the death of James I, and secured Charles' blessing for his venture in the "New Found Land".

Colony of Avalon (Newfoundland)
Calvert had long maintained an interest in the exploration and settlement of the New World, beginning with his investment of twenty-five pounds in the second Virginia Company in 1609, and a few months later a more substantial sum in the East India Company, which he increased in 1614. In 1620, Calvert purchased a tract of land in Newfoundland from Sir William Vaughan (1575–1641), a Welsh writer and colonial investor, who had earlier failed to establish a colony on the large subarctic island off the eastern coast of North America. He named the area of the peninsula as Avalon, after the legendary spot where Christianity was supposedly introduced to Roman Britain in ancient times. The plantation lay on what is now called the Avalon Peninsula and included the fishing station at "Ferryland". Calvert almost certainly had a fishery project in mind at this stage.

Calvert dispatched Captain Edward Wynne and a group of Welsh colonists to Ferryland, where they landed in August 1621, and set about constructing a settlement. Wynne sent positive reports concerning the potential for local fisheries and for the production of salt, hemp, flax, tar, iron, timber and hops. Wynne also praised the climate, declaring, "It is better and not so cold as England," and predicted that the colony would become self-sufficient after one year. Others corroborated Wynne's reports: for example, Captain Daniel Powell, who delivered a further party of settlers to Ferryland, wrote: "The land on which our Governor [Calvert and/or Wynne] planted is so good and commodious, that for the quantity, I think there is no better in many parts of England"; but he added ominously that Ferryland was "the coldest harbour in the land". Wynne and his men began work on various building projects, including a substantial house and the shoring up of the harbour. To protect them against marauding French warships, a recent hazard in the area, since the recent founding of New France in the interior (modern Lower Canada of the 18th and 19th centuries, Province of Quebec and Dominion of Canada) along the St. Lawrence River, Calvert employed the pirate John Nutt.

The settlement appeared to be progressing so well that in January 1623, Calvert obtained a concession from King James for the whole of Newfoundland, though the grant was soon reduced to cover only the southeastern Avalon peninsula, owing to competing claims from other English colonists. The final Charter constituted the province as a "county palatinate", officially titled the "Province of Avalon", under Calvert's personal rule.

After resigning the Royal secretariat of state in 1625, the new Baron Baltimore made clear his intention to visit the colony: "I intend shortly," he wrote in March, "God willing, a journey for Newfoundland to visit a plantation which I began there some few years since." His plans were disrupted by the death of King James I, and by the crackdown on Catholics with which King Charles I began his reign to appease his opponents. The new King required all privy councillors to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance; and since Baltimore, as a Catholic, had to refuse, he was obliged to step down from that cherished office. Given the new religious and political climate, and perhaps also to escape a serious outbreak of plague in England, Baltimore moved to his estates in Ireland. His expedition to Newfoundland had set sail without him in late May 1625 under Sir Arthur Aston, who became the new provincial Governor of Avalon.

A reference by David Rothe, bishop of Ossory in Ireland, to a "Joane [also recorded as Jane] Baltimore now wife" of Calvert, reveals that Baltimore had recently remarried.

From the time of his conversion in 1625 onwards, Baltimore took care to cater for the religious needs of his colonists, both Catholic and Protestant. He had asked Simon Stock to provide priests for the 1625 expedition, but Stock's recruits arrived in England after Aston had sailed. Stock's own ambitions for the colony appear to have exceeded Baltimore's: in letters to De Propaganda Fide in Rome, Stock claimed the Newfoundland settlement could act as a springboard for the conversion of natives not only in the New World but also in China, the latter via a passage he believed existed from the east coast to the Pacific Ocean.

Baltimore in Avalon
Baltimore was determined to visit his colony in person. In May 1626, he wrote to Wentworth:

Aston's return to England in late 1626, along with all the Catholic settlers, failed to deter Baltimore, who finally sailed for Newfoundland in 1627, arriving on 23 July and staying only two months before returning to England. He had taken both Protestant and Catholic settlers with him, as well as two secular priests, Thomas Longville and Anthony Pole (also known as Smith), the latter remaining behind in the colony when Baltimore departed for England. The land Baltimore had seen was by no means the paradise described by some early settlers, being only marginally productive; as the summer climate was deceptively mild, his brief visit gave Baltimore no reason to alter his plans for the colony.

In 1628 he sailed again for Newfoundland, this time with his second wife Jane, and most of his children, and 40 more settlers, to officially take over as Proprietary Governor of Avalon. He and his family moved into the house at Ferryland built by Wynne, a sizeable structure for the time, by colonial standards, and the only one in the settlement large enough to accommodate religious services for the community.

Matters connected to religion were to bedevil Baltimore's stay in "this remote part of the worlde where I have planted my selfe [sic]". He sailed at a time when English military preparations were underway to relieve the Huguenots at La Rochelle. He was dismayed to find that the war with France had spread to Newfoundland, and that he had to spend most of his time fighting off French attacks on English fishing fleets with his own ships the Dove and the Ark. As he wrote to Buckingham, "I came to builde, and sett, and sowe, but I am falne to fighting with Frenchmen [sic]". His settlers were so successful against the French that they captured several ships, which they escorted back to England to help with the war effort. Baltimore was granted the loan of one of the ships to aid in his defence of the colony, as well as a share of the prize money.

Adopting a policy of free religious worship in the colony, Baltimore allowed the Catholics to worship in one part of his house and the Protestants in another. This novel arrangement proved too much for the resident Anglican priest, Erasmus Stourton—"that knave Stourton", as Baltimore referred to him—who, after altercations with Baltimore, was placed on a ship for England, where he lost no time in reporting Baltimore's practices to the authorities, complaining that the Catholic priests Smith and Hackett said mass every Sunday and "doe use all other ceremonies of the church of Rome in as ample a manner as tis used in Spayne [sic]". and that Baltimore had the son of a Protestant forcibly baptised as a Catholic. Although Stourton's complaints were investigated by the Privy Council, due to Baltimore's support in high places the case was dismissed.

Baltimore had become disenchanted with conditions in "this wofull country", and he wrote to his old acquaintances in England lamenting his troubles. The final blow to his hopes was dealt by the Newfoundland winter of 1628–9, which did not release its grip until May. Like others before them, the residents of Avalon suffered terribly from the cold and from malnutrition. Nine or ten of Baltimore's company died that winter, and with half the settlers ill at one time, his house had to be turned into a hospital. The sea froze over, and nothing would grow before May. "Tis not terra Christianorum", Baltimore wrote to Wentworth. He confessed to the king: "I have found...by too deare bought experience [that which other men] always concealed from me...that there is a sad face of wynter upon all this land".

Baltimore solicited a new charter from the king. To found an alternative colony in a less hostile climate further south, he requested "a precinct" in Virginia, where he could grow tobacco. He wrote to his friends Francis Cottington and Thomas Wentworth enlisting their support for this new proposal, admitting the impression his abandonment of Avalon might make in England: "I shall rayse a great deal of talke and discourse and be censured by most men of giddiness and levity [sic]". The king, perhaps guided by Baltimore's friends at court, replied expressing concern for Baltimore's health and gently advising him to forget colonial schemes and return to England, where he would be treated with every respect: "Men of your condition and breeding are fitter for other imployments than the framing of new plantations, which commonly have rugged & laborious beginnings, and require much greater meanes, in managing them, than usually the power of one private subject can reach unto".

Baltimore sent his children home to England in August. By the time the king's letter reached Avalon, he had departed with his wife and servants for Virginia.

Attempt to found a Southern colony
In late September or October 1629, Baltimore arrived in Jamestown, where the Virginians, who suspected him of designs on some of their territory and vehemently opposed Catholicism, gave him a cool welcome. They gave him the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, which he refused to take, so they ordered him to leave. After no more than a few weeks in the colony, Baltimore left for England to pursue the new charter, leaving his wife and servants behind. In early 1630 he procured a ship to fetch them, but it foundered off the Irish coast, and his wife drowned. Baltimore described himself the following year as "a long time myself a Man of Sorrows".

Baltimore spent the last two years of his life constantly lobbying for his new charter, though the obstacles proved difficult. The Virginians, led by William Claiborne, who sailed to England to make the case, campaigned aggressively against the separate colonising of the Chesapeake, claiming they possessed the rights to that area. Baltimore was short of capital, having exhausted his fortune, and was sometimes forced to depend on the assistance of his friends. To make matters worse, in the summer of 1630 his household was infected by the plague, which he survived. He wrote to Wentworth: "Blessed be God for it who hath preserved me now from shipwreck, hunger, scurvy and pestilence..."

His health declining, Baltimore's persistence over the charter finally paid off in 1632. The king first granted him a location south of Jamestown, but Baltimore asked the king to reconsider in response to opposition from other investors interested in settling the new land of Carolina into a sugar plantation. Baltimore eventually compromised by accepting redrawn boundaries to the north of the Potomac River, on either side of the Chesapeake Bay. The charter was about to pass when the fifty-two-year-old Baltimore died in his lodgings at Lincoln's Inn Fields, on 15 April 1632. Five weeks later, on 20 June 1632, the charter for Maryland passed the seals.

Legacy

In his will, written the day before he died, Baltimore beseeched his friends Wentworth and Cottington to act as guardians and supervisors to his first son Cecil, who inherited the title of Lord Baltimore and the imminent grant of Maryland. Baltimore's two colonies in the New World continued under the proprietorship of his family. Avalon, which remained a prime spot for the salting and export of fish, was expropriated by Sir David Kirke, with a new royal charter which Cecil Calvert vigorously challenged, and it was finally absorbed into Newfoundland in 1754. Although Baltimore's failed Avalon venture marked the end of an early era of attempts at proprietary colonisation, it laid the foundation upon which permanent settlements developed in that region of Newfoundland.

Maryland became a prime tobacco exporting colony in the mid-Atlantic and, for a time, a refuge for Catholic settlers, as George Calvert had hoped. Under the rule of the Lords Baltimore, thousands of British Catholics emigrated to Maryland, establishing some of the oldest Catholic communities in what later became the United States. Catholic rule in Maryland was eventually nullified by the re-assertion of royal control over the colony.

One hundred and forty years after its first settlement, Maryland joined twelve other British colonies along the Atlantic coast in declaring their independence from British rule and the right to freedom of religion for all citizens in the new United States.

The World War II Liberty Ship  was named in his honour.

Notes

References

 Fiske, John (1897). Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
 Hennesey, James (1981). American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States. Oxford University Press. .
 Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. .
 Middleton, Richard (3rd ed. 2002). Colonial America: A History. 1565–1776. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. .
 Pope, Peter Edward (2004). Fish into Wine: the Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century. Chapel Hill: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press. .
 Stewart, Alan (2003). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I. London: Chatto & Windus. .

External links

 Calvert Family Tree (accessed 10 July 2013)
 Calvert, Sir George (bio), from "The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador: Government House" website.
 Calvert, Sir George (bio), from Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

 Calvert, Sir George (bio), from Encyclopædia Britannica, full-article free, latest online edition.
 Calvert, Sir George (bio), from Maryland State Archives. Includes photographs and sources.

1580 births
1632 deaths
Secretaries of State of the Kingdom of England
Clerks of the Privy Council
16th-century English nobility
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Peers of Ireland created by James I
George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Oxford
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Berik er en børnefilm fra 2010 instrueret af Daniel Joseph Borgman efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Berik, en kort film om venskab og forståelse, finder sted i Semey, Kasakhstan. Berik, 33, blind og vanskabt af radioaktiv stråling, bruger sine dage alene derhjemme, mens hans bror er på arbejde. Indtil Adil, 11, den yngste og mindst populær dreng af børnene i boligblokken, dukker op ved Beriks lejlighed, da han leder efter den lokale bølles fodbold, som han har mistet.

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Berik


Hōshōryū Tomokatsu (豊昇龍 智勝, né le 22 mai 1999 sous le nom de Byambasuren Sugarragchaa () est un lutteur de sumo professionnel de Mongolie. Il appartient à l'écurie Tatsunami. Il est reconnu pour ses projections, y compris parmi les lutteurs d'origine mongole qui ont tendance à utiliser plus de projections que leurs confrères japonais, ce qui reflète les compétences utilisées en lutte mongole. Il est le neveu de l'ancien yokozuna Asashōryū.

Parcours amateur
Deuxième fils du frère de l'ancien yokozuna Asashōryū, Sugarragchaa a commencé la lutte à 11 ans. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme du collège & avoir été repéré en Mongolie, il déménage au Japon pour fréquenter le lycée Nippon Sport Science University Kashiwa. Au cours de sa première année, il visite le Kokugikan à Ryōgoku dans le cadre d'un voyage scolaire et s'intéresse au sumo. Il s'engage à essayer le sumo au niveau lycéen après avoir consulté son oncle. Malgré son absence d'expérience antérieure, il commence rapidement à obtenir de bons résultats dans les tournois de sumo amateur et est considéré comme ayant un grand potentiel. À la sortie du lycée, il rejoint l'écurie Tatsunami. Pendant ce temps il envoie régulièrement des e-mails à son oncle qui lui donne des conseils tels que « développe tes propres forces » et « ne prend pas de poids rapidement ou tu risques de te blesser ».

Carrière
Hōshōryū est monté sur le ring au niveau professionnel pour la première fois en mars 2018, en même temps que Naya, qui attirait également l'attention en tant que petit-fils du très respecté yokozuna Taihō. Lors du tournoi de juillet 2020 (organisé à Tokyo au lieu de Nagoya en raison des inquiétudes suscitées par la pandémie de COVID-19 ), il prend part à une très rare phase finale éliminatoire à six, lors de laquelle il bat Kyokutaisei. Cette première phase aboutit à une seconde entre trois membres de la même écurie (Tatsunami), avec Akua et Meisei. Les combats entre membres d'une même écurie ne sont autorisés que dans le cas des combats éliminatoires (où deux lutteurs ou plus se retrouvent avec le même résultat, ce qui survient rarement). Il est battu par Meisei qui vainc ensuite Akua et remporte donc le championnat. Cependant sa performance est suffisante pour le propulser dans la division makuuchi pour le tournoi de septembre 2020. Il est le 50ème étranger à atteindre la première division, et le 27ème mongol.

Lors du tournoi de juillet 2021, Hōshōryū obtient son meilleur résultat à date en makuushi, remportant dix combats et le prix technique. Promu maegashira 1 pour le tournoi de septembre, il se retire le 5ème jour en raison d'une blessure, avec une seule victoire. Il revient le 8ème jour et remporte quatre de ses huit combats restants. Lors du tournoi de janvier 2022, il obtient un résultat de 11–4 , ce qui lui vaut d'être promu san'yaku pour la première fois, en tant que komusubi pour le tournoi de mars 2022.

Il est promu ōzeki après sa victoire au tournoi de Nagoya en juillet 2023 (son premier titre), cumulant un total de 33 victoires au cours des trois derniers tournois. Il devient le 7e Mongol à être promu ōzeki.

Style de combat
Sa prise préférée sur le mawashi de son adversaire est migi-yotsu, main gauche à l'extérieur & main droite à l'intérieur. Il aime utiliser shitatenage (projection par le dessous du bras) et yori kiri (poussée en tenant la ceinture). Il aime aussi le croche-pied extérieur ou sotogake, qui commence à être considéré comme une de ses marques de fabrique.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Glossaire des termes de sumo

Liens externes

 Fiche d'Hōshōryū Tomokatsu sur le site de l'Association japonaise de sumo

Naissance en mai 1999
Sumo
Lutteur de sumo

Hōshōryū Tomokatsu


İstavroz Çayı ya da İstavloz Çayı,  Havza'nın Kayabaşı ile Vezirköprü'nün Tekkekıran köylerini birbirinden ayıran akarsuyun adıdır. Tavşan Dağı'ndan doğar. Bu çay, 2001 yılında açılan Vezirköprü barajını beslemektedir. Uluçay ve Esenli Çayı gibi akarsularla birleşir ve Akçay adını alarak Altınkaya Baraj Gölüne dökülür. Üzerinde tarihi Kurt Köprüsü bulunmaktadır.   Istavloz Çayı'nın içme ve kullanım amaçlı su teminine ve iklim özelliklerine yaptığı olumlu katkılardan dolayı yukarı havzasının tarih boyunca yerleşim yeri olarak kullanıldığı bilinmektedir.

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki çaylar
Havza
Vezirköprü
Samsun'daki akarsular

İstavroz Çayı


Admiral Mikhail Petrovitj Lasarev (, ; født 3. november 1788 i Vladimir, død 11. april 1851 i Wien) var en russisk flådekommandør og en udforsker.

Uddannelse og tidlig karriere
Lasarev blev født i en slægt af den gamle russiske adel fra Vladimir guvernement. I 1800 blev han indskrevet ved Ruslands flådeakademi. Tre år senere blev han sendt til den britiske flåde, hvor han forblev i en femårig periode. Fra 1808 til 1813 tjente Lasarev i den baltiske flåde. Han deltog i den russisk-svenske krig 1808-1809 og under Napoleons invasion af Rusland i 1812.

Karriere som udforsker

Lazarev deltog i den første omsejling af kloden i 1813-1816 ombord på skibet "Suvorov". Ekspeditionen indledtes ved Kronstadt og nåede til Alaska. Under denne rejse opdagede Lasarev Suwarrow-atollen.

Som kommandør for skibet "Mirnyj" og Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausens stedfortræder på dennes verdensomsejlende togt i 1819-1821 (Bellingshausen kommanderede "Vostok") deltog Lasarev i opdagelsen af Antarktis og mange øer. Den 28. januar 1820 opdagede ekspeditionen det antarktiske fastland, da man nærmede sig Antarktis kyst ved koordinaterne  og så isbjerge der.

I 1822-1825 omsejlede Lasarev kloden for tredje gang på sin fregat "Крейсер" (), der gennemførte bred forskning inden for meteorologi og etnografi.

Kommandoer under søslag
I 1826 blev Lasarev øverstbefalende for skibet "Asov", som skulle sejle til Middelhavet som flagskib for den første middelhavskvadron under ledelse af admiral Lógin Géjden og deltage i slaget ved Navarino i 1827. Lasarev modtog rangen af kontreadmiral for sin ekspertise under kampen.

I 1828-1829 var han ansvarlig for blokaden af Dardanellerne. I 1830 vendte Lasarev tilbage til Kronstadt og blev øverstbefalende for flådeenheder i den baltiske flåde. To år senere blev han stillet stabschef i Sortehavsflåden. I februar-juni 1833 ledede Lasarev en russisk eskadron til Bosporus og underskrev Hünkâr İskelesi-traktaten med Det Osmanniske Rige. I 1833 blev Lazarev udnævnt til øverstbefalende for Sortehavsflåden, havne i Sortehavet og også militærguvernør i Sevastopol og Nikolajev.

Indflydelse og betydning
Admiral Lasarev var indflydelsesrig både i tekniske spørgsmål og som mentor for yngre officerer. Han var fortaler for oprettelsen af en dampdrevet flåde, men Ruslands tekniske og økonomiske tilbagestående stilling var en stor hindring for dette. Han instruerede også en række af de russiske flådekommandørere, herunder Pavel Nakhimov, Vladimir Kornilov, Vladimir Istomin og Grigorij Butakov.

En atol i Stillehavet, odder i Amur flodmundingen og på Unimak Island i Aleuterne, en tidligere ø i Aralsøen, en bugt og en havn i Det Japanske Hav, bugten og havet i Sydhavet, Lasarevskij rajon nær Sotji og andre steder bærer Lasarevs navn.

Flere skibe blev navngivet efter admiralen:
En let krydser bestilt til den kejserlige russiske flåde i 1914, afsluttet og omdøbt Krasnyj Kavkas efter den russiske revolution.
Admiral Lasarev var en Sverdlov-klasse krydser bygget i begyndelsen af 1950'erne.
Kirov-klassekrydseren Frunse blev omdøbt til Admiral Lasarev efter Sovjetunionens opløsning.

Lasarev er begravet med sine elever Nakhimov, Kornilov og Istomin i en begravelseskrypt i Sankt Vladimirs katedral i Sevastopol.

En mindre planet 3660 Lasarev, opdaget af den sovjetiske astronom Nikolaj Tjernykh i 1978, er opkaldt efter ham.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Vladimir
Polarforskere fra Rusland
Russere i 1700-tallet
Russere i 1800-tallet

Mikhail Lasarev


Marele Premiu al Australiei este o cursă organizată anual în Australia, care face parte din calendarul Formulei 1 până în 2025.

Deși nu a fost inclusă în Formula 1 până în 1985, Marele Premiu al Australiei a făcut parte din motorsportul australian încă din 1928. Prima cursă, organizată la Circuitul Phillip Island, a fost câștigată de Arthur Waite conducând un Austin 7 modificat. Acest eveniment sportiv a fost centrul seriei Tasman dintre 1964 și 1969 și a fost o etapă a campionatului piloților Australieni pentru mulți ani (1957-1983). De la introducerea sa în calendarul Formulei 1 în 1985, Marele Premiu al Australiei a avut doar două locuri de organizare: un circuit stradal în Adelaide și circuitul Albert Park din Melbourne.

Edițiile Marelui Premiu al Australiei (Formula 1)

Statistici
Șase piloți au obținut cel puțin câte un hat-trick (pole position, cel mai rapid tur și victorie într-o cursă): Damon Hill în 1995, Mika Häkkinen în 1998, Michael Schumacher în 2001 și 2004, Kimi Räikkönen în 2007, Lewis Hamilton în 2015 și Charles Leclerc în 2022.

Piloții și echipele îngroșate concurează în sezonul actual de Formula 1.

Multipli câștigători

Piloți

Constructori

Multipli deținători de pole position

Multipli deținători de cel mai rapid tur

Câștigătorii Marelui Premiu al Australiei (Non-Formula 1)
Câștigătorii edițiilor care nu au făcut parte din Campionatul Mondial de Formula 1.
 * Din 1932 până în 1948, câștigătorul a fost stabilit pe o bază de handicap.
 + Evenimentul din 1937 a fost organizat ca "Marele Premiu al Centenarului din Australia de Sud" la 26 decembrie 1936.
 # Evenimentul din 1928 a fost cunoscut oficial drept "Cursa de 100 de mile" (100 Miles Road Race).

Note

Legături externe

 The Australian Grand Prix official website
 Australian Grand Prix Statistics
 Melbourne Formula 1 Statistics
 Melbourne GP Circuit on Google Maps (Current Formula 1 Tracks)

Mari Premii de Formula 1

Fondări în 1928
Formula 1 în Australia

Marele Premiu al Australiei


Lögin mín er plata með íslenska tónlistarmanninum Bubba Morthens sem kom út í tilefni fimmtugsafmælis Bubba 6. júní 2006. Á plötunni söng Bubbi bestu lög sín ásamt nýjum að mestu leyti alveg akústísk. Platan var fyrsta plata Bubba undir merkinu BLCD001, eða Blindsker CD 001.

Lagalisti
 Grafir og bein
 Ísbjarnarblús
 Aldrei fór ég suður
 Blóðbönd
 Hrognin eru að koma
 Syneta
 Kveðja
 Kyrlátt kvöld
 Með vindinum kemur kvíðinn
 Segulstöðvarblús
 Afgan
 Systir minna auðmýktu bræðra
 Myrkur sjór og sandur
 Agnes og Friðrik
 Borgarbarn

Bubbi Morthens
Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 2006

Lögin mín


Fotografiske billedrytmer er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1994 instrueret af Henning Bendtsen efter manuskript af Henning Bendtsen.

Handling
158 af mine abstrakte fotografier har jeg kædet sammen i en langstrakt glidende rytme, uden dramatisk begyndelse og slutning. Kun behaget ved at beskue farvernes spil og fladernes former har jeg ønsket at fastholde og videregive. Den visuelle vision forstærkes af Gill Evans komposition LA NEVADA der spilles af hans store orkester.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1994

Fotografiske billedrytmer


මහා ගින්නක් යනු, මිනිස් ජීවිත, සත්ත්ව ජීවිත, සෞඛ්‍යය සහ/හෝ දේපළ යන්නට   තර්ජනයක් එල්ල කරන විනාශකාරී  ගින්නකි.
එය  ගිනි ජාලාවක් ලෙසින් හෝ සරල වශයෙන් විශාල ගින්නක් ලෙසින් විස්තර කල හැක. මහා ගින්නක් අහම්බෙන් ඇරඹුනු, ස්වභාවික වශයෙන් හට ගත් (ලැව්ගින්න), හෝ හිතාමතාම නිපැයුනු (ගිනි තැබීම) විය හැකිය. ගිනි තැබීම,  ප්‍රෝඩාවක් සඳහා, මිනී මැරීමට, කඩාකප්පල් කිරීමට හෝ  අවධානය වෙනතකට යොමු කිරීමට හෝ, පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ දහනෝන්මාදය නිසා හෝ විය හැකිය. ඉතා විශාල ගින්නක් විසින්  ගිනි කුණාටුවක් නිපැයිය හැකි වන අතර, එය මධ්‍යයෙහි වන ඉහළ නගින රත්වූ වාත කඳ විසින් ගින්න වෙතට දැඩි සුලං හටගන්වන අතර එය විසින් ගින්න වෙත ඔක්සිජන් සපයයි.

මහා ගින්න


Leezen er en kommune og administrationsby i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Leezen under Kreis Segeberg. Kreis Segeberg ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Leezen ligger ved vestenden af Neversdorfer See omkring syv kilometer syd for Bad Segeberg. I kommunen ligger ud over Leezen, landsbyerne Heiderfeld og Krems I.
Byen ligger ved Bundesstraße B 432 og lidt øst for kommunen går motorvejen A 21.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Segeberg

Leezen (Holsten)


Les Négresses Vertes, formed in 1987, is a French music group that combines world music  and some aspects of alternative rock. Tracks often feature acoustic guitar and accordion, with some containing other traditional instruments such as piano and brass. The group's style is fairly upbeat and energetic on the majority of its tracks, with unusual rhythms, vocals delivered with a generous dose of zeal and vibrant energy, and accompaniment melodies ranging from lilting and distant to eccentric and fast-paced. These two factors give many of the group's pieces a strong sense of direction.

History
Formed in 1987, Les Négresses Vertes arose from the alternative-music scene in Paris. The original line-up included singer Helno (also known as Helno Rota de Lourcqua, born Noël Rota), Jo Roz (also known as l'Ami Ro; real name Joe Ruffier des Aimes) (piano), Stéfane Mellino (guitar), Jean-Marie Paulus (bass), Gaby (drums), Matthias Canavese (accordion), Michel Ochowiak (trumpet), Abraham Sirinix (also known as Abraham Braham) (trombone), and Iza Mellino (backing vocals).

The original members were a group of friends, many of whom had not played their instruments before forming the band. The group's name translates as green negresses; and  arose from abuse hurled at the members at one of the group's first concerts. The insult is a comparison to the kitsch art of Vladimir Tretchikoff. The group was initially signed to the independent Off the Track label and released the punk protest song "200 Ans D'Hypocrisie" in response to its home country's French Revolution bicentennial celebrations.

In 1989, they released their first album, Mlah, to good reviews in both France and the UK, where the single "Zobi La Mouche" just failed to reach the charts. The group also toured and played the WOMAD festival. The group also made a controversial tour of Lebanon. Their second album, Famille Nombreuse, in 1991, featured new drummer Zé Verbalito.

In 1990, Les Négresses Vertes contributed the song "I love Paris" to the Cole Porter tribute album "Red Hot + Blue", which was produced by the Red Hot Organization.

Helno was by this time struggling with serious heroin addiction, and Stéfane Mellino and Canavese replaced him as the main songwriters. Helno died at his parents' house on 22 January 1993.

Several members left the band after Helno's death, but Les Négresses Vertes continued around the nucleus of Mellino, Canavese, Ochowiak, and Paulus. In 1995, the band released the album Zig-Zague, followed by the live album Green Bus. By the 2000s Trabendo, the group's style had shifted to a dub-oriented lounge style.

Discography

Albums

 Mlah (1988)
 Famille nombreuse (1991)
 An Aperitif (1994)
 Zig-zague (1994)
 Green Bus (1996), live
 Trabendo (1999)
 Acoustic Clubbing (2001)

Compilations
 10 Remixes ('87–'93) (1993)
 Le Grand Déballage (2002)
 L'essentiel (2004)
 À l'Affiche (2006)

Singles
 Il (1989)
 Zobi La Mouche (1989)
 Voila L'ete (1989)
 "I Love Paris" (1990) (Tribute album "Red Hot + Blue" produced by the Red Hot Organization)
 Face à La Mer (1991)
 Famille Heureuse (1992)
 Hou! Mamma Mia (1992)
 Sous Le soleil de bodega (1992)
 Apres La pluie (1994)
 Mambo Show (1994)
 A Quoi Bon (1995)
 Easy Girls (1999)
 Leila (1999)
 Hasta Llegar (2000) ('Promo' CD - was never released)
 Spank / Abuela (2000)

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20040325021454/http://www.negressesvertes.com/
 http://lnv.esy.es/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060221055431/http://www.mellino.org/
Concert photos by Laurent Orseau (Black Session)

French alternative rock groups
Sire Records artists
Virgin Records artists
Rhythm King artists
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
1987 establishments in France
2001 disestablishments in France
Musical groups from Paris

Les Négresses Vertes


Allen, Prison Break dizisinin ikinci bölümüdür. İlk gösterimi 29 Ağustos, 2005 tarihinde Amerikan Fox kanalında olmuştur. Türkiye'de 9 Mart 2006 tarihinde CNBC-e kanalında ilk olarak gösterilmiştir. Bölümün senaryosunu dizini yaratıcısı Paul Scheuring yazmış olup, yönetmenliğini ise Michael Watkins üstlenmiştir.

Bölüm Özeti
Michael Scofield insanları gözlemlemeye devam eder. Hücresinde bıçak bulunur. Michael hücre arkadaşını Sucre'yi korumak için bıçağı sahiplenir.Ancak hapishane müdürü Henry Pope, Michael'ın yalan söylediğini anlar ve Sucre'yi bir süreliğine tekli hücreye aldırır. Michael, dış avluda T-Bag ile tanışır. Bir süre konuşurlar, bu esnada Michael Bagwell'in bölgesindeki oturakta bir vidaya ihtiyaç duyduğundan onu gevşetmeye uğraşır. Fakat T-Bag Michael'ı orada istemez, siyahlar ve beyazlar arasında kavga çıkacağını ve onların yanında yer almasını ister. Michael reddeder.

Michael, T-Bag ve onun grubu yanına varmadan vidayı yerinden çıkarmaya çalışır, bu sırada yanına
gelen grup vidayı ondan alır. Bu sırada, Veronica Donovan Michael'in Lincoln Burrows'un masum olduğu konusunda ısrar ettiği için kanıt aramaktadır. Lincoln'nün elinde silahla arabaya doğru ateş ettiğini gösteren bir kayda ulaşır. Busırada mahkûmlar arasında, Michael C-Note'a PUGNAc'ı sorar bunun insülin bloklayıcı olduğunu belirtir. Dr. Trancedi'nin yapacağı insülin testinde şeker hastası olarak gözükmeyi istemektedir. C-Note bunu bulabileceğini söyler.

Vida Onun için çok önemliydi, Michael, T-Bag'e siyahlar ve beyazlar arasında olacak kavgada onların tarafında olduğunu söyler. Sonra bunu C-Note görür. Ve Michael'i köşeye sıkıştırarak PUGNAc'ı ona vermeyi reddeder. Aynı esnada Veronica Lincoln'ü ziyarete gelmiştir.Ona güvenlik kaydını gördüğünü söyler fakat Lincoln tetiği çekmediğini iddia eder. O anı düşünmeye başlar. Arabanın yanına gittiğinde Başkan Yardımcısının kardeşinin çoktan ölmüş olduğunu görür. Lincoln ona komplo kurulduğunu söyler ama Veronica ona inanmaz.

Herkesin hücre sayımı sırasında kavga başlar. C-Note Michael'i T-Bag'in hücre arkadaşı ile kavga ettiğini görür. Bu sırada siyahi biri Michael'in yanına gelerek onun kavga ettiği mahkûmu birkaç defa bıçaklar ve oradan kaçar. T-Bag hücre arkadaşının Michael'in önünde yattığını görünce bunu Michael'in yaptığını düşünür.

Kavga sonunda gardiyanlar tarafından bastırılır ve herkes hücresine kapatılır. Kapalı oldukları bu süre de Michael vidayı vücudundaki dövmedeki bir işarete uydurmak için zemine sürterek şekil almasını sağlar. Kapılar açıldıktan sonra, yeni kazanmış olduğu güvenle C-Note Michael'e kontrole gitmeden önce PUGNAc'ı verir. Test sonuçlanmadan önce Michael Sara'nın notlarından kaygılanır. Fakat sonuçlar açıklanınca çok rahatlar. O ayrıldıktan sonra Sara hemşireye Michael'in garip davrandığını söyler.
John Abruzzi ve adamları Michael'i depoya kapatıp ondan Fibonacci'nin yerini öğrenmek isterler. Fakat Michael direnince iki ayak parmağını keserler.

Notlar
 Sonradan ana oyuncu kadrosuna dahil olan Robert Knepper'ın ("T-Bag") bu dizide oynadığı ilk bölüm olmuştur. Bu bölümde konuk oyuncu olarak yer almıştır.
 Bu bölüm adı Michael'in bir anahtar olarak kullanmayı düşündüğü vidanın kodundan gelmiştir: Allen Schweitzer 11121147

Dış bağlantılar
 Sezon 1 Bölüm 02 - Fox TV

Büyük Kaçış bölümleri

Allen (Büyük Kaçış bölümü)


Kirada (Gupta :  ; Ki-ra-da) est le premier roi connu du royaume kidarite, des Huns rouges, créé sur le territoire de l'ancien empire kouchan, où il règne dans les environs de 335 à 345. Peroz lui succède, puis Kidara I.

Il est appelé Jiluodo dans le « Livre des Wei » (Wei shu) de la Dynastie Wei du Nord.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Histoire de l'Inde
Kidarites
Monarque du IVe siècle en Asie

Kidara


MIKTA é uma coalizão internacional composta por cinco países: México, Indonésia, Coreia do Sul, Turquia e Austrália. A coalizão foi criada em 2013 à margem da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas na cidade de Nova Iorque, como resultado de uma iniciativa do então Ministro das Relações Exteriores da Coreia do Sul, Yun Byung-se. Os países do MIKTA compartilham características comuns, como serem economias emergentes, terem uma posição geográfica estratégica e desempenharem papéis importantes em suas respectivas regiões. A criação da coalizão teve como objetivo aumentar a influência desses países no cenário internacional e promover uma maior cooperação entre eles. Os ministros das relações exteriores da MIKTA se reúnem anualmente, numa reunião em estilo de retiro, realizada no país que preside a cadeira.

Atividades
Desde a sua criação, o MIKTA tem realizado diversas atividades e iniciativas conjuntas. Os países membros realizam reuniões de alto nível anuais, conhecidas como "Encontros MIKTA Ministerial". Nessas reuniões, ministros das Relações Exteriores dos países discutem questões de interesse mútuo e buscam promover a cooperação em diversas áreas. Além disso, o MIKTA emite declarações conjuntas sobre temas relevantes, como segurança, comércio, meio ambiente, cultura e educação. A coalizão também desenvolve projetos e programas conjuntos em áreas como desenvolvimento sustentável, inovação tecnológica, diplomacia cultural e educação.

Organizações intergovernamentais

MIKTA


Jadranska straža je bio ilustrirani časopis, glasilo istoimene udruge. Prvi je broj izašao siječnja 1923. godine. Izlazio je svakog mjeseca sve do veljače 1941. godine. Tekstovi su bili na hrvatskom i na srpskom jeziku, na latinici i na ćirilici. Uređivali su ga Silvije Alfirević, Niko Bartulović, Ivo Lahman, Jakša Ravlić, Oliver Fio.
Za Jadransku stražu pisali su Vilim Bačić, Antun Milošević i dr.

Izvori

Splitski tisak
Hrvatski mjesečnici

Jadranska straža (časopis)


Leroy Sané ()  Poartă tricoul cu numărul 10.

Statistici carieră

Club

Note

Națională

Referințe

Fotbaliști germani
Nașteri în 1996
Fotbaliști ai Manchester City FC
Fotbaliști ai FC Bayern München
Fotbaliști ai FC Schalke 04

Leroy Sané


Mondamin (Mandaamin; Corn Man, Corn Father), U Chippewa i Potawatomi tradiciji, Mandaamin je duh kukuruza. Za razliku od kukuruznih duhova u većini plemena Algonquian, Mandaamin se obično prikazuje kao muškarac. U većini legendi Mandaamin se žrtvuje kako bi ljudima donio kukuruz, ali u nekim verzijama Potawatomija, on se ženi Prvom ženom i postaje otac čovječanstva. Ime Mandaamin doslovno znači "kukuruz".

Ostale varijante: Mandamin, Mondawmin, Mandamin, Mandaamin, Mon-daw-min, Monda'min, Medamin, Ndamin, Taamin, Taaman.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (duhovi kukuruza)
Chippewa mitologija
Potawatomi mitologija

Mondamin


El Tour de Camerún (oficialmente: Tour du Cameroun) es una carrera ciclista profesional por etapas que se disputa en Camerún.

Se comenzó a disputar en el 2003 como carrera amateur, si bien ya se disputó una edición aislada en 1965 también como amateur. Desde la creación de los Circuitos Continentales UCI en 2005 forma parte del UCI Africa Tour, dentro de la categoría 2.2 (última categoría del profesionalismo).

Es una de las carreras africanas con más días de competición (junto al Tour de Faso) llegando a tener hasta 13 etapas en 2004 con un mínimo de 7 disputadas en la edición del 2011.

Palmarés
En amarillo: edición amateur.

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tour de Camerún (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Tour de Camerún (cqranking.com)
 Tour de Camerún (memoire-du-cyclisme.net)

Camerún
Camerún
Camerún

Tour de Camerún


Charles Dow Richards (June 12, 1879 – September 15, 1956), was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician. He served as the 20th premier of New Brunswick from 1931 to 1933.

Early life and education
Richards was born in Southampton, New Brunswick. He attended Fredericton Normal School and later the University of New Brunswick.

Career
Richards taught school for several years. He was admitted to the bar at age 33. and practised law in Fredericton.

Richards was elected to the New Brunswick legislature in 1920. He served as Conservative house leader and then Minister of Lands and Mines under Premier John B. M. Baxter. In 1928 the University of New Brunswick conferred on him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree.

In 1931 Richards became premier of New Brunswick. His two-year administration, in the depths of the Great Depression, instituted public bidding on crown land and fishing rights.  In 1933 he left politics when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, serving as its Chief Justice from 1946 to 1955.

As Justice, Richards sentenced the last man to be executed in Charlotte County. He did not accept the jury's request "that mercy be shown to the accused," 22-year-old Thomas Roland Hutchings, and sentenced him to hang at St. Andrews, New Brunswick on Wednesday, December 16, 1942, for the rape and murder of Bernice Connors.

Personal life
Richards married Grace Bolton. The couple had one daughter, who married a descendant of Philemon Wright.

Richards died in 1956 and was buried in the Forest Hill Cemetery in Fredericton.

References

External links
 Government of New Brunswick biography (pdf)

1879 births
1956 deaths
University of New Brunswick alumni
Lawyers in New Brunswick
Judges in New Brunswick
Premiers of New Brunswick
People from York County, New Brunswick

Charles Dow Richards


ماثيو ديفيد ماكونهي  من مواليد 4 نوفمبر 1969، هو ممثل ومخرج أمريكي، حظي بالانتباه لأول مرة بعد دوره الثانوي في فيلم اليافعين الكوميدي مذهول ومحتار عام 1993، إذ اعتقد العديد من الناس بأن هذا الدور هو الذي شهره. بعد أدائه لعدد من الأدوار الثانوية في الأفلام، من ضمنها ملائكة في أقصى الملعب، ومجزرة منشار تكساس الجيل الجديد عام 1994، اشتهر بأدائه الخارق كممثل رئيسي في فيلم الدراما القانونية وقت للقتل عام 1996، وتبع ذلك أداؤه الرئيسي في عدة أدوار أخرى، مثل فيلم الخيال العلمي اتصال عام 1997 وفيلم الدراما التاريخية أميستاد عام 1997 وفيلم الدراما الكوميدية فتيان نيوتن عام 1998 وفي الفيلم الكوميدي الساخر إي دي تي في عام 1999 والفيلم الحربي يو- 571عام 2000 والفيلم النفسي المثير الضعف عام 2001.

في العقد الأول من القرن الحادي والعشرين، أصبح ماكونهي معروفًا بشكل كبير في تمثيله لأدوار البطولة في الكوميديا الرومنسية، من ضمنها فيلم منظم حفلات الزفاف عام 2001 وفيلم كيف تخسرين رجلًا في 10 أيام عام 2003 وفيلم فشل الانطلاق عام 2006 وفيلم ذهب الأبله عام 2008 وفيلم أشباح صديقات الماضي عام 2009، جاعلًا إياه رمزًا للإغراء. بعد عامين من الاستراحة من تمثيل الأفلام، بدأ ماكونهي في الظهور بأدوار أكثر درامية، كدوره في فيلم الدراما القانونية محامي عائلة لينكن عام 2011. اشتهر أيضًا بأدوار ثانوية مثل فيلم بيرني عام2011 ومايك الساحر عام 2012 وذئب وول ستريت عام 2013 وأدوار البطولة في فيلم القاتل جو عام2011 وماد عام 2012.

صوّر ماكونهي دور شخصية رون وودروف، كراعي بقر مصاب بالإيدز في فيلم السيرة الذاتية نادي دالاس للمشترين عام 2013، الذي حقق له ثناءً واسع النطاق والعديد من الجوائز وأوسمة الشرف، بما في ذلك جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثل. في عام 2014، مثّل دور شخصية روست كوهل في فيلم المحقق الفذ في الموسم الأول من سلسلة مسلسلات إنثولوجيا الجريمة التي عُرضت على الشبكة التلفزيونية الأمريكية إتش بي أو، والذي رُشِّح بسببه لجائزة إيمي لأوقات الذروة (أو جائزة إيمي برايم تايم) لأفضل ممثل بارز في المسلسلات الدرامية. كسبت أدواره التي لعبها في الأفلام في ذلك الوقت درجات متفاوتة من النجاح التجاري والنقدي، من ضمنها فيلم بين النجوم عام 2014 وبحر الأشجار عام 2015 وفيلم ولاية جونز الحرة عام 2016 وفيلم الذهب عام 2016 وفيلم برج الظلام عام 2017، إضافة لأعماله الصوتية في فيلم كوبو والسلسلتان عام 2016 وفيلم هواة الغناء عام 2017.

حياته المبكرة
ولد ماثيو ديفيد ماكونهي في 4 نوفمبر عام 1969 في مدينة أفايلد في ولاية تكساس. والدته ماري كاثلين «كاي / كي ماك» (ماكابي)، معلمة رياض أطفال سابقة، وكاتبة وناشرة مستقلة، وهي التي علمته، ويعود أصلها إلى مدينة ترينتون  عاصمة ولاية نيوجيرسي الأمريكية. والده هو جيمس دونالد «جيم» ماكونهي، ولد في ولاية مسيسيبي عام1929، ونشأ في ولاية لويزيانا التي أدار فيها عملًا في تمديدات الأنابيب النفطية، ولعب لصالح فريق كينتاكي ويلد كاتس الجامعي لكرة القدم، وفريق هيوستن كوغارس الجامعي. في عام 1953، سُحب جيم في الجولة رقم 27 من فريق غرين باي باكرز في الدوري الوطني لكرة القدم الأمريكية «إن إف إل»، وأُخرج قبل أن يبدأ الموسم، ولم يلعب بعدها أي مباراة اتحادية رسمية في الدوري الوطني لكرة القدم الأمريكية.

تزوج والدا ماكونهي ثلاث مرات بعد أن تطلقا لمرتين. لدى ماثيو شقيقان أكبر منه، هما مايكل وباتريك (الذي تبناه والداه). لُقب مايكل بلقب «روستير، أي الشخص المغرور»، وأصبح مليونيرًا بجهوده الشخصية، إذ لعب دور البطولة في المسلسل الوثائقي نادي تكساس الغربي للمُموّلين الذي عُرض على قناة «سي إن بي سي» الإخبارية، وفي عام 2018،  كان -مع الممثل واين غيليمان الذي أخذ لقب «بوتش، أي الشخص الوحشي»- أحد نجوم البرنامج التلفزيوني الواقعي روستير وبوتش الذي عُرض على قناة «إيه وإي» التلفزيونية. تعود أصول سلالة ماكونهي إلى كل من إنجلترا وألمانيا وإيرلندا واسكتلندا والسويد، وبعض الجذور الأيرلندية العائدة لمقاطعتي كافان- موناغان، وهو قريب القائد العسكري الكونفدرالي اللواء داندريدغ ماكراي. نشأ ماثيو على العقيدة الميثودية.

انتقل ماكونهي إلى مدينة لونغفيو في ولاية تكساس عام 1980، ودرس في المدرسة الثانوية الموجودة في المدينة. وعاش في مدينة وارنيرفال في ولاية نيوساوث ويلز في أستراليا لمدة عام، كطالب روتاري في برنامج التبادل الطلابي عام 1988. درس في جامعة تكساس في مدينة أوستن، حيث انضم إلى منظمة دلتا تاو دلتا الأخوية (منظمة مجتمع، أو نادي للرجال، ترتبط معا بمعتقدات دينية أو علمانية مختلفة الأهداف)، بدأ في خريف عام 1989 وتخرج في ربيع عام 1993 حاصلًا على شهادة البكالوريوس في علوم الراديو والتلفزيون والأفلام. تغيرت خطته الأساسية لارتياد جامعة ساوثرن ميثوديست منذ أن أخبره أحد أخويه بأن تكاليف محاضرات هذه الجامعة الخاصة ستكون عبئًا على ميزانية العائلة. وخطط أيضًا لارتياد كلية الحقوق بعد التخرج من كليته، إلا أنه أدرك بأنه لم يكن مهتمًا بأن يصبح محاميًا.

الحياة الخاصة

في عام 2006 التقى ماكونهي بعارضة الأزياء البرازيلية كاميلا ألفيز. أصبح الاثنان مخطوبان في 25 دسمبر 2011، وتزوجا في 9 يونيو 2012 في مدينة أوستن، تكساس. لديهما ثلاثة أبناء: ليفي ألفيز ماكونهي (ولد في 7 يوليو 2008)، ليفينغستون ألفيز ماكونهي (ولد في 28 ديسمبر 2012)، وإبنتهما فيدا ألفيز ماكونهي (ولدت في 3 يناير 2010).

الأوسكار
حاز ماثيو على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثل عام 2013 عن دوره في فيلم نادي دالاس للمشترين، واستلم جائزته في حفل توزيع جوائز الأوسكار السادس والثمانون.

الأعمال

أفلام

المراجع

مواقع خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لونغفيو
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة تكساس في أوستن
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل سويدي
خريجو جامعة تكساس في أوستن
كتاب وكاتبات سيناريو أمريكيون
مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون
مسيحيو القرن 20
مسيحيو القرن 21
مسيحيون أمريكيون
ملاك أوستن إف سي
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون حائزون على جائزة أوسكار لأفضل ممثل
ممثلون حائزون على جائزة غولدن غلوب لأفضل ممثل دراما
ممثلون من أصل ألماني
ممثلون من أوستن (تكساس)
ممثلون من ولاية تكساس
منتجو أفلام من تكساس
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من تكساس
مواليد 1969
مواليد في أفايلد
ميثوديون أمريكيون
ميثوديون في القرن 20
ميثوديون في القرن 21
ميثوديون من تكساس

ماثيو ماكونهي


Kiara Saulters (n. 24 mai 1995), cunoscută sub numele de scenă Kiiara, este o cântăreață și textieră americană originară din Wilmington, Illinois. Single-ul ei de debut, "Gold", a fost lansat în iunie 2015 și a ajuns în top 20 în multe țări din Europa și America de Nord.

"Heavy" (în colaborare cu Linkin Park) a debutat pe locul 52 în Billboard Hot 100 din SUA, cu 35.000 de descărcări vândute în prima săptămână. Cântecul a reintrat în top în august 2017, după moartea solistului Chester Bennington, și a atins locul 45. De asemenea, ea a colaborat cu Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike și David Guetta la "Complicated", ajungând pe primul loc în topul US Dance Club. În 2018, a lansat single-ul "Messy", strângând peste 60 de milioane de stream-uri.

Pe 9 octombrie 2020, Kiiara a lansat primul său album de studio "Lil Kiiwi". Albumul a apărut la patru ani după lansarea EP-ul ei de debut "Low Kii Savage", precum și după un șir de mai multe single-uri.

Discografie

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial

Cântărețe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Nașteri pe 24 mai
Nașteri în 1995

Kiiara


Mercure de France a fost inițial o gazetă și revistă literară franceză publicată pentru prima dată în secolul al XVII-lea, dar care, după mai multe reapariții, s-a transformat într-o editură ce face parte acum din grupul editorial Éditions Gallimard.

Gazeta a fost publicată din 1672 până în 1724 (cu o întrerupere în perioada 1674-1677) sub titlul Mercure galant (scris uneori scris Mercure gallant) (1672-1674) și Nouveau Mercure galant (1677-1724). Titlul a fost schimbat în cel de Mercure de France în 1724. Gazeta a fost pentru scurt timp desființată (în timpul lui Napoleon) din 1811 până în 1815 și și-a încetat apariția în 1825. Numele a fost reînviat în 1890, fiind folosit atât pentru o revistă literară, cât și (din 1894) pentru o editură asociată inițial cu mișcarea simbolistă. Începând din 1995 Mercure de France fost parte din grupul editorial Éditions Gallimard.

Mercure de France nu trebuie confundat cu o altă revistă literară, Mercure du XIXe siècle (1823-1830).

Revistele originale Mercure galant și Mercure de France
Mercure galant a fost fondat de scriitorul Jean Donneau de Visé în 1672. Numele se referă la zeul Mercur, mesagerul zeilor; titlul făcea trimitere, de asemenea, la Mercure françoys care a fost prima revistă literară a Franței, fondată în anul 1611 de către librarul parizian J. Richer.

Scopul revistei era informarea înaltei societăți cu privire la viața de la curte și la dezbaterile intelectuale și artistice; gazeta (care a apărut neregulat) conținea poezii, anecdote, știri (căsătorii, bârfe), piese de teatru și cronici artistice, cântece și comentarii de modă și a devenit un lucru la modă (și, uneori, scandalos) să fii menționat în paginile ei. Publicația și-a oprit apariția în 1674, dar a reapărut din nou ca un periodic lunar cu numele Nouveau Mercure galant în 1677.

Mercure galant a reprezentat o evoluție semnificativă în istoria jurnalismului (ea a fost prima gazetă care a prezentat știri din lumea modei) și a jucat un rol esențial în difuzarea de știri despre modă, bunuri de lux, etichetă și viața la curte în epoca lui Ludovic al XIV-lea în provinciile franceze și în străinătate. În anii 1670 articolele despre moda noului sezon au fost, de asemenea, însoțite de gravuri. Ediția din august 1697 conținea o descriere detaliată a unui nou puzzle popular, cunoscut acum sub numele de peg solitaire. Acest articol este cea mai veche referire cunoscută cu privire la peg solitaire.

Revista a fost frecvent denigrată de autorii vremii. Numele Mercure galant a fost folosit de către dramaturgul Edmé Boursault pentru una dintre piesele sale cu pretenții de critică socială; când Donneau de Visé s-a plâns, Boursault a schimbat titlul piesei lui în Comédie sans titre (Comedie fără titlu).

Gazeta a jucat un rol important în "Cearta dintre antici și moderni", o dezbatere dacă arta și literatura secolului al XVII-lea aveau mai multe realizări decât iluștrii scriitori și artiști din antichitate, dezbatere care va dura până la începutul secolului al XVIII-lea. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle și Mercure galant s-au alăturat "modernilor". Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux a fost împins în rolul de campion al "anticilor", iar Jean Racine, Jean de La Fontaine și Jean de La Bruyère (care este faimos pentru o diatribă împotriva gazetei: "le Mercure... est immédiatement au dessous de rien" ["Mercure... este chiar sub nimic"]) i-au luat apărarea.

Periodicul a devenit în cele din urmă un succes financiar și i-au adus venituri ridicate lui Donneau de Visé. Mercure de France a devenit arbitrul de necontestat al științelor umaniste și artelor din Franța și a fost considerat cel mai important jurnal literar din Franța prerevoluționară.

Thomas Corneille a fost un colaborator frecvent al gazetei. Mercure a continuat să fie publicat după moartea lui Donneau de Visé în 1710. În anul 1724 titlul a fost schimbat în Mercure de France și a dobândit un caracter semioficial, având un director numit de guvern (profiturile au fost investite în pensii pentru scriitori). Jean-François de la Harpe a fost redactor-șef timp de 20 de ani; el a colaborat, de asemenea, cu Jacques Mallet du Pan. Alți redactori și colaboratori importanți au fost Marmontel, Raynal, Chamfort și Voltaire.

În paginile ediției din mai 1734 a revistei Mercure de France a fost utilizat pentru prima dată termenul de "Baroc" (în mod peiorativ) într-o recenzie satirică anonimă a operei Hippolyte et Aricie a lui Jean-Philippe Rameau.

Chiar înainte de revoluție, conducerea a fost preluată de Charles-Joseph Panckoucke. În epocă revoluționară, titlul a fost schimbat pentru scurt timp în Le Mercure français. Napoleon a oprit publicarea revistei în 1811, dar revista și-a reluat apariția în 1815. Ultimul număr al revistei a apărut în 1825.

Revista actuală Mercure de France

Istoric
La sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, numele Mercure de France a fost reînviat de către Alfred Vallette. Vallette a fost strâns legat de un grup de scriitori asociat cu mișcarea simbolistă care s-au întâlnit regulat la cafeneaua la Mere Clarisse din Paris (din rue Jacob) și care i-a inclus pe Jean Moréas, Émile Reynaud, Pierre Arène, Remy de Gourmont, Alfred Jarry, Albert Samain și Charles Cros. Primul număr al revistei a apărut pe 1 ianuarie 1890.

În următorul deceniu, revista a avut parte de succes critic, iar poeți precum Stéphane Mallarmé și José-Maria de Heredia au publicat lucrări originale în paginile ei. Revista a devenit o publicație bilunară în 1905.

În 1889 Alfred Vallette s-a căsătorit cu scriitoarea Rachilde al cărei roman Monsieur Vénus a provocat scandal și a fost acuzat de imoralitate. Rachilde a fost membră a consiliului editorial al revistei până în 1924, iar personalitatea ei și lucrările ei au contribuit mult la creșterea renumelui revistei. Rachilde a găzduit un salon literar în zilele de marți, iar aceste "mardis du Mercure" au devenit faimoase datorită autorilor care au participat.

Ca și alte reviste ale epocii, Mercure a început, de asemenea, să publice cărți (începând din 1894). Alături de operele autorilor simboliști, Mercure a publicat primele traduceri franceze ale scrierilor lui Friedrich Nietzsche, primele opere ale lui André Gide, Paul Claudel, Colette și Guillaume Apollinaire și poemele lui Tristan Klingsor. Ulterior a publicat scrierile lui Henri Michaux, Pierre Reverdy, Pierre-Jean Jouve, Louis-René des Forêts, Pierre Klossowski, André du Bouchet, Georges Séféris, Eugène Ionesco și Yves Bonnefoy.

După moartea lui Vallette în 1935, conducerea a fost preluată de către Georges Duhamel (care a redactat revista începând din 1912). În 1938, din cauza poziției antirăzboinice a lui Duhamel, el a fost înlocuit de către Jacques Bernard (în 1945 Bernard a fost arestat și condamnat pentru colaborare cu germanii). După război, Duhamel (care era acționar majoritar al editurii) l-a desemnat pe Paul Hartman pentru a conduce revista (Hartman a vut un rol important în activitatea editorială clandestină în timpul războiului).

În 1958 grupul editorial Éditions Gallimard a cumpărat revista Mercure de France și Simone Gallimard a fost aleasă ca director. În 1995 Isabelle Gallimard a preluat conducerea editurii.

Premii literare
Printre autorii premiați care au publicat în Mercure de France se află următorii:
 Salvat Etchart (Prix Renaudot 1967)
 Claude Faraggi (Prix Fémina 1975)
 Michel Butel (Prix Médicis 1977)
 Jocelyne François (Prix Fémina 1980)
 François-Olivier Rousseau (Prix Médicis și Prix Marcel Proust 1981)
 Nicolas Bréhal (Prix Valery Larbaud 1992)
 Paula Jacques (Prix Fémina 1991)
 Dominique Bona (Prix Interallié 1992)
 Andreï Makine (Premiul Goncourt și Prix Médicis 1995)
 Gilles Leroy (Premiul Goncourt 2007)
 Romain Gary și-a publicat romanele sale sub pseudonimul Émile Ajar (cu complicitatea Simonei Gallimard) ceea ce i-a permis să câștige două premii Goncourt.

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 DeJean, Joan.  The Essence of Style: How the French Invented Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafés, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour.  New York: Free Press, 2005
 Harvey, Paul and J.E. Heseltine, eds.  The Oxford Compagnon to French Literature.  London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
 Patrick Dandrey, ed. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le XVIIe siècle. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1996.

Legături externe
 Official website
 Le Mercure de France online from 1672 to 1674, from 1678 to 1682 and from de 1890 à 1935 in Gallica, the digital library of the BnF.

Reviste literare din Franța

Mercure de France


Rejseholdet - jagten på en morder er en dramadokumentar (true crime) i otte afsnit over to sæsoner, der blev sendt på TV 2 fra seriens premiere torsdag den 11. januar 2018 og de efterfølgende tre torsdage. Serien følger Rigspolitiets Rejseafdeling kendt under navnet Rejseholdet i forbindelse med jagten på fire mordere. Sæson to havde premiere torsdag den 13. februar 2020 og bestod ligesom sæson 1 af fire afsnit.

Rejseholdet - jagten på en morder er tilrettelagt og klippet af Kristian Frederiksen, David Rue og Teddy Bruslund. Journalist og interviewer er Camilla Rytz og Sara Munch Aabenhus. Serien er filmet af bl.a. Anders Agerbo med Jesper Mauritzen som visuel chef og produceret af TV 2 Dokumentar og Aktualitet.

Afsnit
Afsnit 1 - Hvorfor skulle Tonni dø? (1987)
Afsnit 2 - Drabet på Joachim (1986)
Afsnit 3 - Kvinden, der forsvandt (2002)
Afsnit 4 - Det tilfældige offer (1990)
Afsnit 5 - Lejemordet på kreditchefen (1991)
Afsnit 6 - Drabet på millionæren (1992)
Afsnit 7 - Det mishandlede lig (1989)
Afsnit 8 - Liget i laden (1991)

Referencer

Tv-programmer fra TV 2 Danmark
Tv-programmer fra Danmark
Tv-serier fra 2010'erne

Rejseholdet - jagten på en morder


ويل وغريس  مسلسل تلفزيوني أمريكي يعتمد على كوميديا الموقف عرض على هيئة الإذاعة الوطنية من 21 سبتمبر 1998 إلى 18 مايو 2006 حيث تم تصوير 8 أجزاء بواقع 187 حلقة .

القصة
تدور أحداث المسلسل حول أربعة أصدقاء وهم ويل ترومان المحامي وهو مثلي، غريس أدلر مصممة الديكور، كارين ووكر تعمل لدى غريس أدلر وزوجة رجل أعمال غني، وجاك مكفارلاند المثلي أيضا والذي لا يستقر في عمل كثيرا .

الشخصيات

جوائز المسلسل

روابط خارجية

مراجع

برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
ثنائي خيالي
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في لوس أنجلوس
كوميديا الموقف كوميدية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية انتهت في 2020
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية أعيدت بعد إلغائها
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 1998
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 2017
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 1990
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية رومانسية كوميدية أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 1990
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2020
مسلسلات تلفزيونية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 1990
مسلسلات تلفزيونية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2020
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون وارنر برذرز
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون يونيفرسال
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يهودية
مسلسلات كوميديا رومانسية تلفزيونية أمريكية في عقد 2020
مسلسلات كوميديا موقف أمريكية

ويل وغريس


Une  (domaine agricole, en espagnol) ou  en portugais, est une ferme traditionnelle, avec son domaine agricole ou d'élevage, en Espagne et Amérique hispanique, parfois déclinée en maison de villégiature, de tourisme, ou de luxe.

Histoire
Cette forme d'architecture vernaculaire espagnole est héritière des domaines gallo-romain, villa romaine, et domus antiques, de l'Empire romain, et des haciendas espagnoles (exploitations agricoles de grande dimension) du Moyen Âge, déclinée en estancia en Amérique du Sud, ou fazenda au Brésil.

À l'image entre autres des bastides et mas provençaux et espagnols, de l'architecture cycladique des îles grecques, des riads marocains, des manoirs et cottages britanniques, ou des ranchs américains, ces constructions rurales ancestrales (ou constructions neuves) sont recherchées pour être rénovées en style rustique traditionnel local, et transformées en maison de villégiature, ou de tourisme (hôtel ou chambre d'hôtes) en particulier sur la Costa del Sol, à Ibiza, îles Baléares, ou îles Canaries…

Fincas célèbres
 La  de La Havane à Cuba, ancienne maison de l'écrivain américain Ernest Hemingway (actuel musée Ernest Hemingway de Cuba).
 Le Pikes Hotel construit à partir d'une finca abandonnée, puis rénovée et étendue.

Types de finca
  : propriété en ville
  : propriété à la campagne
  : propriété à la campagne de loisir
  : exploitation d'agriculture, maraîchage, vignoble, oliveraie…
  : exploitation d'élevage.
  : exploitation forestière.
  : domaine de chasse de gibier.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Magnanerie
 Jas (construction)
 Tourisme en Espagne

Liens externes

Style de maison
Architecture en Espagne
Architecture rurale
Bâtiment agricole
Architecture vernaculaire
Tourisme en Espagne

Finca (construction)


The Township of Wilmot is a rural township in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in southwestern Ontario, Canada.

History

Archaic and Woodland periods

The earliest concrete evidence of human activity within Wilmot dates to around 8,300 years ago, in the Early Archaic period, though some artifacts are thought to be as old as 13,000 years. Early Archaic evidence is in the form of artifacts from the Hunsberger Creek site (AiHd-83). This site on the upper part of Hunsberger Creek saw occupation during the Early and Middle Archaic periods, as well as the Middle and possibly Late Woodland periods. In one interpretation of the site, it represents a place of significant repeated short-term occupation; namely, a "headwater camp" where mobile hunter-gatherers stopped near the uppermost part of a waterway before possibly returning down the waterway or migrating to another drainage system.

Archaeological investigation in Wilmot in the 1980s uncovered the largest known historic remains of a longhouse in North America. Originally  in length, it was extended to reach a final length of  and was home to up to 120 people. Along with three smaller longhouses, it formed the core of a village which may have had up to 600 inhabitants at its peak. Dated to between 1400 and 1450 CE (falling within the Late Woodland period), it is associated with the Neutral people, an Iroquoian society.

Arrival of Europeans
Wilmot Township was a Crown Reserve by 1791. After a survey in 1824, Mennonites from Waterloo Township and Amish from Europe began to settle here. The first settlement area was prepared by Christian Nafziger, an Amish Mennonite from Pennsylvania, but originally from Germany. After 1828, Roman Catholics and Lutherans from Alsace and Germany, Anglicans from Britain and others arrived and began to develop the area and construct buildings and roads. Most settlers were farmers. Much of the area was settled by those of German heritage, but also included some of Scottish, English, and Irish origins; the latter groups owned land primarily in the southern third of the township.

Likely to have been the first settler in what has been called Hamburgh or New Hamburg since about 1840, millwright Josiah Cushman arrived from Germany in the early 1830s. He dammed Smith's Creek and built a sawmill that helped attract others. William Scott, (Lord Campfield in Scotland), now considered to be the founder of New Hamburg, arrived in 1838, after Cushman's death. He renamed Smith's Creek the Nith River, built a new dam and constructed a new lumber sawmill. The mill continued to plane lumber until 1902 when it burned down. The replacement building was a feed mill, later known as B-W Feed and Seed; that entity still exists, now as a sales outlet for feed.

Arriving in Wilmot in 1838, were John Meyer, Peter Wilker, Jacob Stoebler, Deobold Segler, and John Marteyne. In 1840, the township became part of the District of Wellington and received the right to elect officials and to tax land owners. The first Township council was elected in January 1850.

At the 1841 population count there were 2,200 people in the township, most of whom were self-described as "Germans". The post office opened in 1844.

Records from 1846 indicate that the township consisted of 51,463 acres of which 15,310 were being cultivated. Existing villages included Hamburg and Haysville, and there were two grist mills and nine sawmills on the Nith River (previously called Smith's Creek).

By 1864, the township included a Lutheran church, a tannery, one store, two hotels, two wagon makers, shoe and boot makers, as well as carpenters and mechanics. The school had about 60 students. The settlement was receiving mail daily. There were also two Roman Catholic Separate Schools in the township of Wilmot in 1864.

Some of the original settlements have Heritage signs indicating their location in the 1800s: Holland Mills, Josephsburg, New Prussia, Pinehill, Punkeydoodle's Corner, Rosebank, Victoriaburg, and Waldau.

Communities
The township comprises the communities of Baden, Berlett's Corners, Haysville, Josephburg, Luxemburg, Mannheim, New Dundee, New Hamburg, New Prussia, Petersburg, Phillipsburg, St. Agatha, Schindelsteddle and Wilmot Centre, as well as most of Punkeydoodles Corners, a crossroads which straddles the municipal boundaries of Wilmot, East Zorra – Tavistock and Perth East.

St. Agatha was initially called Wilmot and then it was renamed probably after the local Catholic church that had been built in the 1830s.
Most early settlers to this area were German: Amish Mennonites, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics. The latter were the majority, making St. Agatha the centre of Catholic community in the Township. By 1834, there were two public log schools and a Catholic log school. More modern school buildings were erected about 20 years later. The Amish Mennonites built their meeting house in 1885.

Some of the settlers moved on to other areas so the community remained small. In 1869, the population was only and by 1890 it had dropped to 200. By 1906, there was a hotel, a blacksmith shop, some stores and various tradesmen.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wilmot had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

At the time of the 2016 Canadian Census,  of the population lived in single detached houses, higher than the  in the Region of Waterloo overall, as well as the  in nearby Kitchener. The single largest self-reported ethnicity was German ();  also reported knowledge of the German language and  reported it as a mother tongue. The second-largest self-identified ethnic origin was Canadian (), followed by English (), Scottish (), and Irish ().  of people identified themselves as Eastern European, of which the largest ethnic group was Polish ().  of people identified themselves as Southern European, of which the largest ethnic group was Italian ().  of people identified themselves as Indigenous ( as First Nations and  as Métis).

Transportation

Wilmot is bisected by both a mainline railway (the CN Guelph Subdivision) and a provincial highway (dual-designated as  and  through the township), which both run east–west. The railway passes through the cores of both Baden and New Hamburg, while the highway bypasses the town centres to the south.

Passenger trains on Via Rail's Québec City–Windsor Corridor pass through Wilmot daily, but run as expresses through the township and do not stop. The nearest passenger train stations are Stratford to the west and  to the east. GO Train service on the Kitchener line is also available at Kitchener station, which is its western terminus. A GO train station and storage and maintenance yard were planned to be located near Baden, but these plans were deferred following the opening of a GO train depot on Shirley Avenue in Kitchener instead.

, Wilmot is served by a single bus route, Grand River Transit's Route 77 Wilmot. It operates on a 12-hour weekday schedule and uses "flex stops" to provide more convenient service to riders in certain areas. The route connects New Hamburg, Baden, and Petersburg to the Boardwalk bus terminal on the west end of Kitchener-Waterloo. After an initial pilot in 2016–17 which was funded by a provincial community transportation grant, the route was made a permanent part of the Grand River Transit system.

Athletics
Wilmot Aquatic Aces Swim Club
New Hamburg Firebirds (Hockey)
New Hamburg Huskies (Hockey)
Wilmot Warthogs (Rugby)

See also

 List of townships in Ontario
 List of municipalities in Ontario

References

Further reading

External links

Amish in Canada

Township municipalities in Ontario
Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario
Municipalities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Wilmot, Ontario


الحرج هو شعور عاطفي ينتج عن الانزعاج الشديد للإنسان مع نفسه، وذلك بسبب إيجاد فعل غير مقبول اجتماعيا أو غير مرغوب بكشفه من قبل الآخرين. وعادة ما يتعلق الحرج بأمور مرتبطة بالشرف أو الكرامة بأنواع مختلفة، قد يكون منها ما يمكن أن يُعبر عنه بالخزي الذي قد يخبر به من حوله ويلحظه فلا يقتصر على الشخص نفسه. وقد ينجم الحرج أيضا إثر إتيان فعل يحمل دلالة أخلاقية غير مقبولة اجتماعيا، ولكنه ليس خطأ.

العوامل
الإحراج أو الارتباك قد ينجم عن فعل شخصي أي أن المؤدي للحرج هو الانتباه لقضايا شخصية من غير المحبذ الانتباه لها، مثل عيوب معينة في الشخص أو انكشاف كذبه، أو خسارة في منافسة، أو إفراز جسدي في الأماكن العامة، أو رؤية شخص آخر يرتدي ملابس مُربكة، أو غير ذلك.

أفعال الآخرين قد تؤدي أيضاً للشعور بالحرج والارتباك أحيانا وليس فقط أفعال الشخص ذاته.

تعابير الوجه ولغة الجسد
تتمثل تعابير الوجه المرتبطة بهذا الشعور بابتسامة خاصة مختلفة عن الابتسام عند الشعور بالسرور حيث أن عضلة واحدة تشارك في عملية الابتسام فترتفع زاوية الفم نحو الأعلى وباقي أجزاء الفم تميل للأسفل بتجمد. لغة الجسد تتمثل بلمس الملابس بتوتر، إخفاء اليديين، النظر للأسفل، وإنزال الرأس والأكتاف.

تأثيرات فيزيولوجية
جفاف الفم، تعرق، إحمرار الوجه، توتر العضلات، ارتجاف غير طوعي.

سلوكيات
تكسر الصوت، التكلم بصوت منخفض أو مرتفع بتطرف، تأتأة، عدم ترابط الافكار، صعوبات لغوية، عصبية، تجنب الاتصال بالعين، أحياناَ يلجأ الشخص المرتبك أو المُحرَج لإخفاء ذلك عن طريق الابتسام أو القهقهة العصبية ومن الممكن أن يشعر بالعصبية، إذ يتعلق هذا بمدى تقييمه للوضعية التي يمر بها ومدى تأثره بالعامل المسبب وتقديره للعواقب أو كبر الكارثة. كلما كان الفرد يشعر بأنه في موقف مربك ومحرج لدرجات صعب أن يتخطاها كلما ازداد شعوره بالخوف والقلق أيضاً إذ أنه يفكر في كيفية التخلص والخروج من الوضعية التي يتواجد بها.

عندما يخالف الفرد قاعدة اجتماعية ما فهو بذلك يثير آراء وأفكار تتعلق بالموقف لدى الآخرين ويخلق نقاشات تخص ما هو متعارف عليه ومقبول وما هو غير ذلك وكنتيجة لهذا يؤدي لغضب وتقدير سلبي من قبل الآخرين.

إبداء مشاعر الارتباك والإحراج بعد خرق أو مخالفة قاعدة متعارف عليها تتخذ مكان الاعتذار والأسف غير المباشر من البيئة المحيطة. هنالك ادعاء يدعم بأن المجتمع والبيئة المحيطة تنتظر من الفرد الذي قام بمخالفة اجتماعية الشعور بالإحراج والارتباك لكي تتم مسامحته.

يدعي «سيمين ومانستد» (Semin and Manstead) أن للإحراج والارتباك وظيفة تربوية واجتماعية. الأفراد ذووا الميول القليلة للشعور بالحرج والارتباك تتواجد لديهم تصرفات غير اجتماعية، مثال على ذلك: في بحث أُجري على أولاد بسن المراهقة لوحظ أن الأولاد الذين شعروا بالإحراج كانوا ذوي ميول أكثر لتصرفات معادية للآخرين أو مخالفة للقانون.

يُمكن ان الإحراج يكون مهني أو رسمي، أي انه يُمكن أن يتعلق بأمور مهنية في أماكن العمل أو إحراج في المكاتب الحكومية أو الدوائر العامة. هذا النوع من الحرج أو الارتباك من الممكن أن يزداد في الحالات المتعلقة بمبالغ كبيرة من المال والمواد الخام أو فقدان الحياة. مثال على ذلك: سياسة أو إدارة حكومة فاشلة، اكتشاف فساد أو تصرفات غير قانونية في مكاتب حكومية.

لا تنتهي جميع الإخفاقات السياسية بالإحراج المهني، فعلى سبيل المثال: الفشل في منافسة سياسية قد يؤدي إلى إحراج شخصي خفيف ليس أكثر.

أنواع الحرج أو الارتباك في علم النفس الاجتماعي

بحسب «شاركد وستافورد» (Sharked and Stafford)، هنالك 6 أنواع من الحرج:

 إختراق أو مس الخصوصية. على سبيل المثال: الشعور بالإحراج بسبب الكشف عن جزء من الجسد بدون قصد.
 الجهل أو عدم المعرفة. على سبيل المثال: النسيان أو الفشل في إنجاز مهمة صعبة نسبياً.
 الإنتقاد والرفض.
 تصرفات محرجة. على سبيل المثال: محادثة غير لائقة، عدم التحكم بالمشاعر والتصرفات.
 مظهر غير لائق.
 البيئة المحيطة، مثل: استخدام الاجهزة التكنولوجية المتطورة بالمقارنة مع القديمة، المظهر الخارجي المحاكي للموضة.

بحسب «كوباخ وماتس» (Cupach and Metts) بالتطرق للسلوكيات الموجهة وغير الموجهة، اللائقة وغير اللائقة، هنالك أربعة أنواع أساسية من أوضاع حرجة أو مربكة:

 تصرفات اجتماعية محرجة.
 حوادث.
 أخطاء.
 إخفاق بإتمام واجبات.

بالاستناد إلى ما سبق، فإن «كوباخ وماتس» يصنفان حالات الحرج أو الارتباك بوضعين أساسيين:

 عند القيام بعمل غير لائق أو دون مستوى التوقعات.
 عند وضع شخص في مركز اهتمام الاخرين (عن طريق مدح، انتقاد، تصحيح، ذم).

الحرج في الاقتصاد

«الحرج» في الاقتصاد  يعني أن شخصا ما «مُحرجاً» أي أنه يشكو من نقص في المال، وأنه يمر في أزمة مالية.

مواضيع متعلقة

 الصّمت المحرج.
 كوميديا الإحراج
 إحراج غير مباشر

المصادر

 Withers، Lesley; Sherblom، John. "Embarrassment: The Communication of an Awkward Actor Anticipating a Negative Evaluation". Human Communication 11 (2): 237–254.
 Cupach، W. R. & Metts، S. (1992). The effects of type of predicament and embarrassability on remedial responses to embarrassing situations.Communication Quarterly، 40(2)، 149-161. Withers، L. A. & Sherblom، J. C. (2008). Embarrassment: The communication of an awkward actor anticipating a negative evaluation. Human Communication،11(2)، 237-54. Goffman، E. (1967). On face-work. Interaction ritual، 5-45. Goffman، E. (1956). Embarrassment and social organization. American Journal of sociology، 264-271.

إساءة نفسية
تنمر
مشاعر

حرج


Marie-Christine Arbour, née en 1966 à Montréal, est une poète et romancière québécoise. Elle vit à Montréal.

Biographie
Après des études en littérature et philosophie, Marie-Christine Arbour signe plusieurs textes dans des périodiques et revues littéraires.

En poésie, elle publie un titre qui s'intitule Un jeu de mord et de crache, aux Éditions du Jaspe en 1991. Comme romancière, elle fait paraître de nombreux titres dont Deux et deux (Planète rebelle, 2000), Drag (Triptyque, 2011), Schizo (Triptyque, 2014), Trans (Triptyque, 2016) ainsi que PsychoZe (Annika Parance éditeur, 2016).

En 2016, Arbour est finaliste pour le Prix d'excellence de la SODEC.

Œuvres

Poésie

Un jeu de mord et de crache, Montréal, Éditions du Jaspe, 1991, 54 p.

Romans

 Deux et deux, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2000, 115 p.
 Une mère, Lachine, Pleine lune, 2008, 119 p.
 Drag, Montréal, Triptyque, 2011, 181 p.
 Utop, Montréal, Triptyque, 2012, 200 p.
 Chinetoque, Montréal, Triptyque, 2013, 224 p.
 Schizo, Montréal, Triptyque, 2014, 287 p.
 Trans, Montréal, Triptyque, 2016, 242 p.
 PsychoZe, Montréal, Annika Parance éditeur, 2016, 263 p.
 Moi, Hercule, Montréal, Annika Parance éditeur, 2017, 277 p.

Prix et distinctions

 2016 - Finaliste : Prix d'excellence de la SODEC (pour La logicienne)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Planète rebelle
Triptyque
SODEC

Liens externes

Femme de lettres québécoise
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Marie-Christine Arbour


Uta von Uttenweiler († 722 in Uttenweiler) war eine seliggesprochene Frau.

Über das Leben der Seligen Uta ist wenig bekannt. Nach einer Legende soll sie aus adeligem Geschlecht, nach einer anderen Legende eine Dienstmagd gewesen sein. Der Name der Gemeinde Uttenweiler, unterhalb des Bussens gelegen, soll sich von der Seligen ableiten. Mehrere Quellen sprechen von einer besonderen Liebe zu Kindern. Im Jahre 1449 stiftete Berthold vom Stain, ein Verehrer der Seligen Uta, das heute nicht mehr existierende Kloster der Augustiner in Uttenweiler. Die Augustiner des Klosters hatten ein distanziertes Verhältnis zu dem Kult um die Selige. Auch findet sich in der Stiftungsurkunde kein Verweis auf Uta von Uttenweiler, wie man früher glaubte.

Eine Kapelle geweiht zu Ehren von Uta ist im Jahre 1620 nachgewiesen. Im Umfeld der Kapelle wohnte ein Einsiedler namens Bruder Klaus und später Johannes Speth, der 1737 verstarb.

Ein Grab der Seligen beim Taufstein der heutigen Pfarrkirche St. Simon und Judas in Uttenweiler war das Ziel einer jährlichen Wallfahrt, bei der um das Wohl von kranken Kindern gebetet wurde. Diese Wallfahrt wurde in der Zeit des Josephinismus verboten.

Im Jahre 1875 wurde auf dem Dautenberg bei Uttenweiler eine neue Kapelle zu Ehren der Seligen geweiht und 1950 wieder neu aufgebaut, da die alte Kapelle baufällig geworden war.

Weblinks
Uta von Uttenweiler im Ökumenischen Heiligenlexikon
Abschnitt über Uta von Uttenweiler auf der Gemeindeseite von Uttenweiler

Seliger
Geboren im 7. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 722
Frau

Uta von Uttenweiler


Mai jos se află o listă de zile care au fost recunoscute ca aniversări internaționale de către Organizația Națiunilor Unite sau de către alte organizații care declară aniversări internaționale, dar nu sunt la fel de larg cunoscute. De asemenea, în listă sunt trecute și  săptămâni sau luni cu semnificație internațională recunoscută.

Zile

Ianuarie

Februarie

Martie
{| class="wikitable"
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! Zi !! Nume !! Recunoscută de
|-
| 3 martie || Ziua Mondială a Scriitorilor ||
|-
|5 martie
|Ziua Mondială a Eficienței Energetice
|
|-
| 8 martie || Ziua Internațională a Femeii || ONU
|-
| 15 martie || Ziua Mondială a Drepturilor Consumatorilor || Consumers International
|-
| 16 martie || Ziua Internațională a Somnului |||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 20 martie || Ziua Mondială a Sănătății Orale || Federația Dentară Internațională
|-
| Ziua Internațională a Francofoniei || Organizația Internațională a Francofoniei
|-
| Ziua Internațională a Fericirii || ONU
|-
| Ziua Mondială a Vrabiei || Nature Forever Society
|-
| rowspan="7" | 21 martie || Ziua Internațională a Copiilor Străzii || ONU
|-
| Ziua Internațională pentru Eliminarea Discriminării Rasiale || ONU
|-
| Ziua Internațională a Poeziei || ONU, UNESCO
|-
| Nowruz || Popoarele iraniene
|-
| Ziua Mondială a Sindromului Down || ONU
|-
| Ziua Mondială a Marionetiștilor și Păpușarilor || UNIMA
|-
| Ziua Internațională a Pădurilor || ONU
|-
| 22 martie || Ziua Mondială a Apei || ONU
|-
| 23 martie || Ziua Mondială a Meteorologiei || ONU, Organizația Meteorologică Mondială
|-
| 24 martie || Ziua Mondială de Luptă împotriva Tuberculozei || ONU, Organizația Mondială a Sănătății
|-
| 25 martie || Ziua Internațională a Comemorării Victimelor Sclaviei și Comerțului Transatlantic cu Sclavi || ONU
|-
| 26 martie || Ziua Internațională de Luptă împotriva Epilepsiei ||
|-
| 27 martie || Ziua Mondială a Teatrului || Institutul Internațional de Teatru
|-

Aprilie

Mai

Iunie

Iulie

August

Septembrie

Octombrie

Noiembrie

Decembrie

Săptămâni

Luni

Note

Bibliografie

Calendare
Listă
Liste de evenimente

Listă de zile internaționale


Stanley "Stan" Marsh animasyon dizi South Park'taki başrollerden biridir. Dizinin yaratıcılarından Trey Parker tarafından seslendirilmektedir. Stan ve Kyle sık sık dörtlünün başları olarak görülür. Stan, dörtlüdeki en "normal" çocuktur, çoğunlukla dürüsttür, yaşına göre olgundur ve mantıklıdır. En iyi arkadaşı Kyle'dan daha çok Stan kendine güvenir. Stan'in astımı vardır. Ayrıca iki elini de aynı biçimde kullanabilir fakat, Stan sağ elini kullanmayı tercih eder. Doğum günü 19 Ekim'dir. Fiziksel görünüşte siyah ve düz saçlara sahiptir. Gruptaki dörtlüye göre daha zayıftır. Ayrıca gruptakilerden bir yaş büyüktür. 65 cm boyundadır

En sevdiği arkadaşı ise Kyle Broflovski'dir. Eric Cartman başına buyruk bir karakter olduğundan ayrı tutulursa, çoğu durumda grubun lideri konumundadır.

Yaşamı
Stan sık sık öğütler verir ve popüler akımı eleştirir. 407. bölüm olan Cherokee Hair Tampons adlı bölümde Stan, Miss Information ve onun tıbbi ilaçlar dükkanına meydan okur. Ayrıca bu bölümde Stan, bir kahramanlık yapıp Kyle'a Eric Cartman'ın böbreğini bağışlatır. Ayrıca 504. bölüm olan Super Best Friends adlı bölümde Kyle'ın hayatını kurtarmıştır. Kyle ile Stan'in davranışları biraz birbirlerine benzer.
Stan istekli bir hayvansever olarak, amcası Jimbo'nun avlanmasına karşıdır. PETA üyesidir, bir dönem vejetaryen olmuştur ancak hastalanınca vazgeçmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bir bölümde bebek buzağıların hayatını kurtarmıştır ve bir keçiyi sahiplerine geri vermiştir. İyi niyetli olması, grup içinde onu öne çıkarır ve hem kendi başını, hem de arkadaşlarının başını belaya sokar. Stan ve Kyle Meksika'ya gitmiş, orada Meksika Uzay Programı'nın Orca'ya gitmesini kontrol altına almışlardır.Bir bölümde Cartman ve Stan, yanlışlıkla gemiyi köstebeklerin olduğu baraja çarpmıştır ve Stan "Umarım köstebekleri rahatsız etmemişizdir" demiştir.
Stan çok iyi empati kurabilir. Bir bölümde kendisini Al Gore'un yerine koymuştur. Ayrıca Stan çok dürüsttür. Yine bir bölümde Mel Gibson'ın filmini beğenmediği için Kenny ile Mel Gibson'un evine, paralarını geri alabilmek için gitmişlerdir (18 dolar). Fakat Mel Gibson çocuklara silahla saldırır. O sırada Mel Gibson'ın cüzdanını bulurlar ve içinde 20 dolar bulurlar. Ama Stan dürüstlüğü gereği Kenny'den 2 dolar alır, cüzdana koyar ve 20'liği kendine alır. Stan babası Randy Marsh gibi bir alkoliktir.

Klişeler
Her bölümde Kenny öldüğünde "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!" (Aman Tanrım! Kenny'i öldürdüler!) der ve Kyle da ona eş olarak "You bastards!" (Sizi piçler!) der. Ama Kenny artık ölmediği için bu sözler duyulmaz.

Ayrıca Stan, kız arkadaşı Wendy ile konuşurken sürekli kusmasıyla da ünlüdür.

15. sezon 7. bölümden sonra hiçbir şeyden zevk almaz ve taşınmaya karar verir. Ancak verilen aradan sonra 8. bölümde tekrar South Park'a döner.

South Park karakterleri
Erkek film karakterleri
Komedi filmi karakterleri

Stan Marsh