Point Park University is a private university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Formerly known as Point Park College, the school name was revised in 2004 to reflect the number of graduate programs being offered. In 2021, it had a total undergraduate enrollment of 2,575 students.

History

Beginnings
The university began in 1933 as a one-room business school called Business Training College with an initial enrollment of 50 students, under the direction of Dorothy Finkelhor, a New York native, and her husband, L. Herbert Finkelhor. At the time, it was notable for a woman to found such an institution. Finkelhor provided her students with business and secretarial skills. At the same time, she served in multiple roles as teacher, the dean of women, social chairman, janitor, telephone operator, admissions and finance director, and registrar.

Becoming a college

By 1960, the business school had grown to nearly 880 students and moved to the university's current academic center, Academic Hall, on Wood Street in central Downtown Pittsburgh. The Finkelhors' small secretarial school became Point Park Junior College, named for the city's historic Point State Park. The junior college added two-year programs in engineering technology, education and journalism. It also acquired performing arts space at The Pittsburgh Playhouse in the Oakland neighborhood. Five years later, the college was granted four-year status, officially becoming Point Park College. Dance and theatre programs were introduced. These programs laid the groundwork for Point Park's current Conservatory of Performing Arts.

Thirty-four years after forming the college, Dorothy Finkelhor retired in 1967. The school's reins remained within the family as son-in-law Arthur M. Blum assumed the presidency. Blum purchased the Sherwyn Hotel, a 20-story building across from Academic Hall, which became David L. Lawrence Hall. The hall currently contains most of the school's social and entertaining facilities, as well as classrooms, offices and residential facilities.

Blum's Lawrence Hall investment continues to benefit the school. Blum also established a campus in Lugano, Switzerland. A gift from Lester Hamburg brought the school a conference center in Portersville, Pennsylvania.

In the early 1970s, John V. Hopkins succeeded Blum, and in time enrollment grew beyond 1,000 students. Eventually, the school introduced its first postgraduate degree, a master's degree in journalism and mass communication.

J. Matthew Simon became the college's next president in 1986, overseeing the acquisition of a new library, program growth and the school's largest endowment. Simon retired in 2007, having taught at Point Park as a professor in the Department of Natural Sciences and Engineering Technology after his tenure as president.

A crisis came with the election of James Hunter as president in the mid-1990s. Hunter, Point Park's most controversial leader, served for a little over a year but managed to garner outcry for an admissions scandal and a breakdown of communication within the school.

At the same time, growth remained slow in the city, and Pittsburgh's economy still had not recovered from the collapse of the steel industry. The college's finances suffered, and Point Park again neared bankruptcy. Negotiations began with Duquesne University to sell what remained of Point Park College to the larger school.

Hunter resigned amidst the melee, and Katherine Henderson was appointed president by the board of trustees soon after.

Growth and change
Henderson implemented a strategic plan to revive the college. Plans to sell the school were abandoned as Henderson began another procedural overhaul.

Henderson's tenure became the most successful for Point Park. During the late 1990s, budget woes disintegrated as enrollment rose to over 3,000 students and the endowment grew by over 200 percent. Point Park finished major renovations of its existing buildings soon after the turn of the century.

By 2004, the college was officially renamed Point Park University and the administration began an aggressive $1 million branding campaign to attract more enrollment. Two years later, Henderson retired while on a self-imposed sabbatical.

The board of trustees officially named Paul Hennigan as Henderson's permanent successor at the beginning of the 2006 fall term. Hennigan has continued the process of creating a new strategic plan. As part of the plan, the university has purchased several Downtown properties for development. Point Park is also poised to become a key player in the city's efforts for Downtown revitalization, owning properties along the coveted Fifth and Forbes corridor.

A $16 million  state-of-the-art dance complex opened in 2007. The complex includes five rehearsal and performance studios, and recently received Gold LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council. Located in the heart of Downtown Pittsburgh, the complex is home to the George Rowland White Performance Studio, a 188-seat convertible performance space.

Point Park purchased the building occupied by the YMCA of Greater Pittsburgh on the Boulevard of the Allies in the spring of 2008. In September 2010, the newly renovated former YMCA building reopened as the interim Student Center with exercise and fitness facilities and equipment, a gymnasium, meeting space and much more.

In 2015, the university began creating a "New Academic Village" that will make the school, and downtown, a vibrant area for students. With the introduction of this initiative, Point Park has evolved into one of the largest investors in Downtown Pittsburgh real estate development. The following year, Point Park University added a new center for journalism at the former location of Nathan's Famous hot dogs.

In the Fall of 2018, a coffee shop opened on campus and named Point Perk in a student naming contest. This new coffee shop came after the Starbucks that was previously on campus closed its doors in 2017. While the new coffee shop is not an official corporate Starbucks, it is considered a "We Proudly Brew" location, giving campus food provider CulinArt full control over menu items while still serving Starbucks beverages.

Academics
Point Park University offers more than 90 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, and is divided into five schools: School of Arts & Sciences, School of Business, School of Communication, School of Education, and Conservatory of Performing Arts.

Campus

Point Park is situated about half a mile from Point State Park, the university's namesake, in the city's Golden Triangle. The school is in the midst of the business district, near both PPG Place (one of the most recognizable buildings in the city's skyline) and the relatively new LEED Platinum Certified headquarters of PNC Financial Services. The physical campus is mostly vertical, with buildings scattered among non-school structures. Point Park owns the Pittsburgh Playhouse in the Oakland neighborhood, but has replaced it with a new complex in downtown Pittsburgh; demolition of Oakland's Pittsburgh Playhouse was scheduled to start in June 2019. Since the campus is not contiguous, the school used the phrase "Pittsburgh is our campus" in its literature.

Because of its downtown locale, the school is within walking distance of the Cultural District and the city's sports facilities, PNC Park, PPG Paints Arena, and Heinz Field. It is also close to Pittsburgh's major nightlife areas on the Southside, in Station Square, and in the Strip District. Nearly 1,000 full-time undergraduate students live on campus. The majority of Point Park students commute to campus.

With 15 buildings and other properties that run from the Monongahela River to Forbes Avenue, the university has one of the largest footprints in downtown Pittsburgh.

Department of Public Safety
The Campus is covered by the Point Park University Department of Public Safety, a campus police agency which provides patrol and crime prevention services to the university. Point Park University was cited in 2017 as having the highest campus crime rate per student in Pittsburgh. The department, and in particular the Police Division, have been recognized for innovation in campus law enforcement, for example having become the first campus police agency in Pennsylvania to issue body-worn cameras to officers, and the creation of an anonymous tip app.

The executive of the Point Park University Department of Public Safety is the Assistant Vice President of Public Safety and Chief of Police, currently Jeff Besong, and is appointed by Point Park University. The department consists of two divisions: The Police Division provides patrol and crime scene interaction, while the Public Safety Division provides dispatch and security monitoring services. The Police Division was established in 2011 with five officers, and was initially limited to bike and foot patrol, and became accredited by the Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police Association in March 2013.

Student life

Student government
The Student Government Association (SGA), formerly known as the United Student Government (USG) is the representative student government of Point Park University. SGA comprises two entities, the Executive Cabinet and the Legislative Body.

WPPJ
WPPJ (670 AM) is Point Park University's campus radio station. This unlicensed carrier-current station was established in 1967 and is known as "The Voice of Point Park". It is a co-curricular activity for students with an interest in radio, news, sports, contemporary/popular music, media sales and promotions. WPPJ also serves as a training facility for students of any major who desire a career in professional broadcasting. The station is an open-format college radio station, playing primarily indie rock and hip-hop, with a fair number of sports and talk radio shows. The music department charts independent artists with CMJ.

Athletics
The Point Park athletic teams are called the Pioneers. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the River States Conference (RSC; formerly known as the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) until after the 2015–16 school year) since the 2012–13 academic year. The Pioneers previously competed in the defunct American Mideast Conference from 1999–2000 to 2011–12 (when the conference dissolved).

Point Park competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include competitive cheer, competitive dance and eSports. Baseball is the dominant sport of the university, bringing home the most championships.

Pioneers logo
The Point Park Pioneers logo prominently displays the school name as well as the nickname for the sports teams – Pioneers. A central figure is the bison, which has long been a mascot for the school. The bison was first used as a school mascot in the 1967–68 school year, the first year of intercollegiate competition versus four-year institutions.

The bison became a mascot for the school in 1967 when the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity teamed with the Varsity Club to acquire a live bison. The bison was named Black Diamond II in reference to the Black Diamond bison on the reverse side of the U.S. nickel at the time. It was kept at South Park and was a featured attraction at parades on the Boulevard of the Allies as well as at sporting events.

Black Diamond II was widely popular at Point Park and was a source of pride for the entire school. Although Black Diamond II eventually died, it remains a fixture at the school at present day.

Also prominently displayed is the Downtown Pittsburgh environment of which Point Park is a part. In the back left are iconic pieces of the Pittsburgh skyline, and in the back right are two central pieces to the Point Park campus – Lawrence Hall and Academic Hall. Included is the pedestrian bridge above Wood Street that connects the two Point Park buildings. The shape at the bottom of the logo is representative of the bastions of Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt, which were once located in the area now known as Point State Park. Point Park University derives its name from Point State Park, which is located at the meeting place of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. Point State Park is just a few blocks from the university's campus.

The head men's basketball coach is Joe Lewandowski. The head coach of the women's basketball team is Tony Grenek.

Notable alumni

 Rob Ashford – Won the Tony Award in 2002 for his choreography for Broadway's Thoroughly Modern Millie
 Panther Bior – One of the Lost Boys of Sudan, featured in the award-winning documentary film God Grew Tired of Us
 Gerald M. Feierstein – U.S. ambassador
 Paul Costa – Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 Billy Hartung – Broadway/TV actor and dancer, played Chuck Cranston in Footloose and appeared in the 2002 film Chicago
 Michael Holley – Sports journalist
 Melina Kanakaredes – TV actress and Daytime Emmy Award nominee
 Alicia Kozakiewicz, Television Personality and child Internet safety advocate
 Dennis Miller – Comedian
 Jimmy Miller – Film producer, credits include She's Out Of My League, Step Brothers, and The Other Guys
 Matthew Noszka – Model
 Gino Anthony Pesi – Actor, producer, director, and writer, known for his role on Shades of Blue
 Megan Sikora – Broadway performer & Dancer, appeared as Lorraine/Ensemble in 42nd Street
 Paige Spara – Actress known for her work in The Good Doctor and Kevin from Work
 Jaquel Spivey - Tony Award Nominee for A Strange Loop and Damian in the upcoming film version of Mean Girls
 Fred McLeod – Sportscaster
 Charles Sheedy - Member of the West Virginia House of Delegates

International Summer Dance alumni
 Josefina Scaglione – Broadway actress and dancer

References

External links

 Official athletics website

Universities and colleges established in 1960
Dance in Pennsylvania
Performing arts education in the United States
Universities and colleges in Pittsburgh
1960 establishments in Pennsylvania
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania

Point Park University


Pimentel (sardinski: Pramantèllu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 154 metra i ima 1 171 stanovnika. Prostire se na 14,97 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 78 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Barrali, Guasila, Ortacesus i Samatzai.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Pimentel


Školjkasta spojka ili oklopna spojka sastoji se od dviju međusobno (s 4 do 8 vijaka) stegnutih polovina. Glave i matice vijaka postavljaju se naizmjenično radi smanjenja duljine spojke. Vijci su tako upušteni da ne prelaze rotacijsku konturu spojke. Zbog sigurnosti na radu, spojka se oblaže limenom oblogom. Između polovina spojke mora i nakon pritezanja ostati stanovita zračnost (od 0,5 do 1 mm) kako ne bi nalegla jedna polovina na drugu, jer spojka prenosi zakretni moment trenjem (oblikom), a klin služi samo kao osiguranje. Dvodijelna izvedba omogućava ugradnju i skidanje (montažu i demontažu) bez pomicanja vratila.

Spojke

Spojke su strojni dijelovi koji se upotrebljavaju za međusobno spajanje vratila ili osovina, kao i dijelova koji su ugrađeni (montirani) na tim dijelovima (na primjer zupčanika remenica). Pri tome svrha tih spojeva može biti prenošenje momenta okretanja Mo ili uvijanja (torzije) Mt, što je zapravo jedno te isto, s pogonskog na vođeni stroj, ali i neka druga, kao na primjer zaštita pogonskog stroja od mogućeg preopterećenja, prigušenje torzijskih vibracija spojenih vratila (na primjer onih s dužinama većim od uobičajenih).

Osnovna jednadžba za proračunavanje spojke pokazuje, koji maksimalni moment sile okretanja ona može prenositi u radu:

gdje je: Mo - normalni (nominalni) moment okretanja, φ - takozvani faktor nejednoličnosti ili faktor udara, P - snaga koja se prenosi, n - broj okretaja vratila, ω - kutna brzina. Za određivanje momenta potrebno je, osim snage koja se prenosi, poznavati još i veličinu φ, koja se obično uzima iz priručnika, a na osnovi podataka stečenih iskustvom. U njima se φ daje u zavisnosti od vrste vodećeg i vođenog stroja, odnosno od načina njihovog rada. Pri konstantnim snagama i brojevima okretaja agregata (na primjer kod vodnih turbina i električnih generatora) faktor nejednoličnosti (udara) vrlo je blizak jedinici, a u drugom slučaju (na primjer kod stapnih pumpa, stapnih kompresora i valjaoničkih strojeva) razmjerno je velik. Raspon za vrijednosti φ općenito je od 1,1 do 5.

Sposobnost neke spojke da može sa sigurnošću prenositi snagu putem momenta vrtnje izražava se obično takozvanim momentom spojke Ms. Maksimalni moment Mo max koji može nastupiti u radu, mora biti manji od momenta spojke Ms i samo u krajnjem slučaju smije biti njemu jednak.

Materijal spojke
Materijal spojke najčešće je čelik, lijevani čelik, lijevano željezo, a ponekad i drugi metali. Osim da spojke budu lako rastavljive, od njih se još traži da budu što laganije i da nemaju dijelova koji strše. Ako se konstrukcijom ne mogu izbjeći stršeći dijelovi spojke, na nju se postavlja zaštitno limeno kučište, što je određeno propisima zaštite na radu. Radi smanjenja progiba i vibracija, vratila spojke smještaju se što bliže ležajima. Pri većim se brojevima okretaja traži od spojke da budu statički i dinamički izbalansirana.

Način rada
Načini djelovanja spojka ne samo da su brojni, nego se i međusobno kombiniraju. Zbog toga su njihove konstrukcije vrlo brojne, što otežava njihovu podjelu. Obično se dijele na neelastične, elastične, isključne i specijalne.

Neelastične spojke
Kako se prenošenje momenta vrtnje neelastičnih spojka obavlja bez prigušivanja i potpuno kruto, njihova upotreba ograničena je na slučajeve u kojima nema promjena tog momenta ili su promjene toliko male da ih se može zanemariti. Osim spojka koje pri tome ne omogućavaju pomake vratila (krute spojke), u ovu skupinu ubrajaju se i one koje, iako su neelastične, mogu kompenzirati bilo uzdužno toplinsko istezanje (dilatacijske spojke), bilo poprečne i kutne pomake (pokretljive spojke), odnosno i jedne i druge (kutnopokretljive i uzdužnopokretljive, pokretljivodilatacijske spojke).

Krute spojke
Iz potpune krutosti ovih spojka slijedi zahtjev da središnjice s njima spojenih vratila budu koaksijalne. Te spojke mogu djelovati ili naponom ili svojim oblikom. U prvom slučaju one prenose momente vrtnje između dvije svoje polovice obično trenjem, a u drugom obično vijcima. Klinovi koji se pri tome upotrebljavaju služe samo za osiguranje spojke od klizanja po vratilu. Najpoznatije krute spojke jesu školjkasta, kolutna, spojka Sellers i spojka Hirth.

Čahurasta spojka
Čahurasta spojka ima oblik čahure i izrađena je od sivog lijeva ili čelika. Konstrukcija čahuraste spojke je jednostavna i najčešće se primjenjuje za spajanje vratila promjera du = 10 – 100 mm i čija je poravnatost osi unaprijed osigurana, dok orijentacijske mjere za čahurastu spojku iznose:
 vanjski promjer čahuraste spojke d = (1,4 – 1,8) du i
 dužina čahuraste spojke l = (2,5 – 3,5) du.

Čahurasta spojka je navučena na krajeve vratila s kojima može biti spojena klinovima, perima, vijkom za pričvršćivanje ili poprečnim zaticima. Ako se za spajanje primjenjuju klinovi treba predvidjeti povećanu dužinu utora na vratilima koja će omogućiti umetanje klina, te radi toga čahurasta spojka ne može biti postavljena neposredno pored ležaja. Čahurastom spojkom se mogu spojiti i nazubljena vratila, ali je tada nazubljen i provrt spojke.

Postavljanje i skidanje čahurastih spojki je složeno, jer je potrebno pomaknuti jedno vratilo ili spojku za polovinu njene dužine. Ako pri ugradnji spojke uzdužni pomak vratila ili spojke nije moguć umjesto čahuraste spojke može se ugraditi školjkasta spojka.

Izvori

Strojarstvo

Školjkasta spojka


النهائي
 جون هارتلي هزم  فرانك هادو. بسبب الإهمال وعدم حضور المباراة.

الجُدد
 جون هارتلي هزم  فيري سانت ليجر جوولد. النتيجة: 6-2 6-4 6-2

النهائي الزوجي (في أكسفورد)
 ل.ر. إيرسكين و جون هارتلي هزما  ف.دورانت و ج.إ.تابور.

مراجع

رياضة إنجليزية في 1879
لندن في 1879
أحداث يوليو 1879 الرياضية
كرة المضرب في 1879
كرة مضرب إنجليزية في 1879
أحداث 1879 الرياضية في لندن

بطولة ويمبلدون 1879


Das Haus Breite Straße 31 ist ein ehemals denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lage
Das Gebäude befindet sich nördlich des Marktplatzes der Stadt, auf der Ostseite der Breiten Straße.

Architektur und Geschichte
Der im Denkmalverzeichnis Quedlinburgs als Kaufmannshof bezeichnete Bau entstand in massiver Bauweise im Stil des Klassizismus. Besonders markant ist dabei die von Pilastern eingerahmte Toreinfahrt. Die Füllungen des Tors sind mit Schnitzereien verziert.

Auf der Hofseite befinden sich zwei in Fachwerkbauweise errichtete Flügel. Der nördliche Flügel entstand 1691, der südliche 1709. Am Südflügel wird als Baumeister C. Zimmermann angegeben. Es wird vermutet, dass es sich hierbei möglicherweise um den unter dem Signum LZM bekannten Zimmermeister handelt. Am Gebäude befindet sich ein Gurtprofil. Mit dem Entstehungsjahr 1709 ist es das früheste Auftreten dieses Gestaltungselements in Quedlinburg.

Ein zum Grundstück gehöriger Speicher ist auf der Stadtmauer errichtet.

Während das Anwesen im 1998 veröffentlichten Denkmalverzeichnis noch aufgeführt war, findet es dort zumindest ab 2015 keine Erwähnung mehr.

Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 98.

Einzelnachweise

Breite Strasse 31
Quedlinburg, Breite Strasse 31
Erbaut im 17. Jahrhundert
Erbaut im 18. Jahrhundert
Breite Straße (Quedlinburg)

Breite Straße 31 (Quedlinburg)


The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge in New York City across the East River connecting the Lower East Side of Manhattan at Delancey Street with the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn at Broadway near the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278). Completed in 1903, it was the longest suspension bridge span in the world until 1924.

The bridge is one of four toll-free vehicular bridges connecting Manhattan Island and Long Island. The others are the Queensboro Bridge to the north, and the Manhattan and Brooklyn bridges to the south. The Williamsburg Bridge once carried New York State Route 27A and was planned to carry Interstate 78, though the planned I-78 designation was aborted by the cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway and Bushwick Expressway.

History

Construction

Construction on what was then known as the "East River Bridge", the second to span it, began in 1896 after approval by the Governor of New York on May 27, 1895. The new bridge was to be built north of the Grand Street Ferry, terminating at Delancey and Clinton Streets on the Manhattan side and at South Fifth Street and Driggs Avenue on the Brooklyn side. Leffert L. Buck was the chief engineer, Henry Hornbostel was the architect, and Holton D. Robinson was the assistant engineer.

Engineers first constructed caissons on either side to support the future bridge. The caisson on the Manhattan side was completed in May 1897, upon which time the caisson on the Brooklyn side was launched. The caissons were manufactured in a shipyard in Williamsburg. In January 1898, Mayor Robert Anderson Van Wyck removed the members of the East River Bridge Commission due to "charges of extravagance". A commission of six people appointed by the state was proposed, but the bill was rejected.

As part of the Williamsburg Bridge's construction, the section of Delancey Street between the bridge's western end and the Bowery was widened. The portion of Spring Street between the Bowery and Lafayette Street was also expanded. This was the third plan for the bridge's western approaches that was publicly announced. Public opposition had caused the cancellation of previous proposals, which included a wide street extending from the end of the bridge to either Cooper Square or the intersection of Houston Street and Second Avenue. To accommodate the bridge's approaches, 600 houses were demolished in total, including 330 on the Manhattan side and 270 on the Brooklyn side. More than 10,000 people were evicted from these houses during construction.

The bridge's supporting wires were manufactured by the Roebling Company in Trenton, New Jersey and ready to be installed by February 1901. The first temporary wires between the East River Bridge's two towers were strung on April 9, 1901. They were to be replaced later with permanent  main cables made up of 7,696 smaller cables twisted together. The pair were fully strung by April 16, and work on the bridge's pedestrian deck begun soon afterward. The pedestrian path on the East River Bridge was completed in June 1901. Afterward, construction progressed at a fast pace, owing to the ease of manufacturing the steel. Ornamental lights were also placed on the bridge. The East River Bridge was renamed the "Williamsburg Bridge", after its Brooklyn terminus, in 1902.

There were several deaths during construction, including a worker who fell from the Manhattan approach in May 1900; the main steelwork engineer, who fell from the Brooklyn approach in September 1900; and a foreman who drowned in March 1902. Additionally, a fire occurred on the Brooklyn side's tower in November 1902, which nearly severed the bridge's cables.

The bridge opened on December 20, 1903, at a cost of $24.2 million ($ million in ). At the time it was the longest suspension bridge span in the world, and remained so until the opening of the Bear Mountain Bridge in 1924.

20th century
Originally, the Williamsburg Bridge was used mainly by trolley lines and railways (see ). In January 1932, it was agreed to convert a pair of abandoned trolley tracks on the south side of the bridge that had been deemed unsafe to an  roadway. Three more concrete roadways were added in 1941 as part of a Works Progress Administration project.

Rehabilitation
Decades of deferred maintenance caused the Williamsburg Bridge to deteriorate significantly. This was worsened by a design flaw during construction: instead of galvanizing the main cables to prevent their corrosion, workers placed a mixture of "slushing oil" as a cost-saving measure. By 1912, some of the smaller cables in the bridge's anchorages had already snapped. In 1922, a galvanized sheath was placed around each of the main cables. However, damage still occurred, and in 1934, water in the main cables caused the wires to rust. In 1944 and again in 1963, workers poured oil treatments onto the cables in attempts to prevent the corrosion. Workers later added several support towers on either side of the main span to supplement the suspension towers. In 1969, inspectors found varying degrees of corrosion under the bridge's outer roadways. A 1978 study of the Williamsburg Bridge, as well as of five other bridges in New York City, found that there were varying degrees of corrosion on the main cables' individual strands. Cracks were also found in the bridge structure itself. Out of the six bridges examined in 1978, the Williamsburg Bridge was the only crossing that was found to have corroded suspension cables.

A subsequent study concluded that the bridge needed either new cables or a replacement. It was decided to replace the cables because that cost less than a wholesale replacement. However, engineers also considered the option of replacing the bridge if the cable replacement project became too expensive. The cable replacement was also complex, since the process had to occur while the bridge was still in operation.

The bridge continued to decay: in May 1987, two support bars fell from the outer roadway. By January 1988, it was determined that the four main suspension cables were only two-thirds as strong as they were supposed to be. Without any maintenance, the main cables would only be able to hold up the span until 1995. The New York State Department of Transportation applied for funding to rebuild the bridge, which was projected to cost $250 million and take ten years. Every third rope in the suspension had already been replaced in 1985. However, more than 200 cables in the suspension had snapped, and pieces of concrete were falling from the bridge. The bridge's structural integrity was rated as 1.6 out of a scale of 1 to 7.

Inspectors were appointed to monitor the bridge's status and make temporary bridge closures based on the amount of stress placed on the bridge. The bridge was closed to motor vehicle traffic and subway trains on April 11, 1988, after a painter noticed a large hole in a girder; upon further review, inspectors also discovered severe corrosion in a floor beam. An inspection in May 1988 found 290 "flag conditions" where the steelwork of the bridge could malfunction, potentially causing the bridge to collapse. Most of these "flags" were limited to the approaches, but one flag condition was found in the elevated subway structure within the suspension span. The Williamsburg Bridge was partially reopened at the end of May, in time for the Memorial Day holiday. Mayor Ed Koch decided that it would cost less to rebuild the bridge than to replace it. To alleviate the loads on the bridge, it was reopened in three phases: first to cars, then to subways, and finally to trucks.

The bridge was rebuilt through much of the 1990s and 2000s. The cast iron stairway on the Manhattan side, and the steep ramp from Driggs Avenue on the Williamsburg side, were replaced to allow handicapped access in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A decrepit walkway on the Williamsburg Bridge was closed in June 1991, and it reopened as a bike path in March 1992. Since the new bike path opened, the bridge has become the most heavily bicycled span in North America. Cable replacement started in April 1992. The subway tracks along the bridge were closed in April 1999 to allow the reconstruction of the subway structure. The tracks reopened in September of that year. Also in 1999, Gandhi Engineering designed and rebuilt the other pedestrian pathway along the Williamsburg Bridge. The rebuilt walkways carried both pedestrian and bike traffic because the pathways were only  wide, and were too narrow to carry segregated traffic. The final two vehicular lanes on the renovated span were reopened in 2002.

21st century

A celebration was held on June 22, 2003, to mark the bridge's 100th anniversary.  The area surrounding Continental Army Plaza was filled with musical performers, history exhibits, and street vendors. Dignitaries marched across the bridge carrying the 45-star American flag used in a game of capture the flag played by workers after the placement of the final cable in June 1902. A truck-sized birthday cake was specially made for the event by Domino Sugar, which had a factory on the East River waterfront near the bridge. The ornamental lights on the bridge were re-lighted in November of that year after being turned off for eight months due to a lack of funds.

The bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2009.

In 2016, a local resident launched a campaign to rename the bridge for jazz musician Sonny Rollins, who practiced on the bridge almost every day from 1959 to 1961, while he was living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His 1962 album The Bridge, produced on his return from his 3-year sabbatical, was named in its honor.

In 2017, it was announced that between April 2019 and June 2020, during the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown, traffic restrictions would be implemented on the Williamsburg Bridge during the daytime. The restrictions would take place seven days a week between 5 a.m. and 10 pm. The bridge would be restricted to buses, trucks, and vehicles with more than 3 passengers during these times. The peak-hour high-occupancy vehicle restriction would allow the Williamsburg Bridge to accommodate three Select Bus Service bus rapid transit routes between Brooklyn and Manhattan. It was projected that during the shutdown, 70 buses in each direction would travel across the Williamsburg Bridge every hour. This was later revised upward to 80 buses per hour. However, in January 2019, it was announced that the 14th Street Tunnel would not completely shut down. As a result, New York City Transit Authority head Andy Byford stated that the Williamsburg Bridge's HOV lanes were no longer needed.

The New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) contracted Skanska to renovate the bridge in November 2022. The project, budgeted at $167 million, was partially funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Work began in late 2022 and is expected to be complete in 2025.

Description
The bridge, including approaches, is  long, its main span is , and its deck is  wide. Measured from high water, the height at the center of the bridge is  above the river and each tower is  tall. The structure is unconventional among suspension bridges in having its main span hanging from cables in the usual manner but its side spans being supported entirely by their trusswork.

The Brooklyn landing is between Grand Street and Broadway, which both had ferries prior to the bridge's construction. The five ferry routes operated from the landings went out of business by 1908.

The bridge once carried New York State Route 27A. Had the Lower Manhattan Expressway been built, the Williamsburg Bridge would have been designated Interstate 78.

In reference to the area's large Yiddish-speaking population, a sign on the westbound approach to the bridge reads, "Leaving Brooklyn: Oy Vey!" Another sign says "Leaving Brooklyn, Fuhgeddaboudit!" The two signs were proposed by former Brooklyn borough president Marty Markowitz in the early 2000s.

Rail tracks
The Williamsburg and Manhattan bridges are the only suspension bridges in New York City that still carry both automobile and rail traffic. The Williamsburg once held four trolley tracks in addition to the two subway tracks currently on the bridge that connect the New York City Subway's BMT Nassau Street Line and BMT Jamaica Line.

Two tracks on the south side carried streetcars from the Brooklyn side:
 Williamsburg Bridge Local, 1904–1948
 Nostrand Avenue Line, 1904–1923 and 1931–1948
 Ralph Avenue Line, 1905–1908; Ralph and Rockaway Avenues Line, 1908–1923 and 1931–1948
 Tompkins Avenue Line, 1906–1923 and 1931–1947
 Reid Avenue Line, 1904–1923 and 1931–1937
 Broadway Line, 1904–1923
 Franklin Avenue Line, 1904–1923
 Grand Street Line, 1904–1923
 Sumner Avenue Line, 1904–1923
 Wilson Avenue Line, 1904–1923
 Bushwick Avenue Line, 1904–1921
 Nostrand-Culver Line and Nostrand-Prospect Line, 1906–1919

Two north-side tracks carried Manhattan streetcars:
 Grand Street Line, 1904–1932
 Post Office Line, 1919–1932
 Seventh Avenue-Brooklyn Line, 1911–1919
 8th Street Crosstown Line, 1904–1911
 14th Street-Williamsburg Bridge Line, 1904–1911
 Fourth Avenue and Williamsburg Bridge Line, 1904–1911

The rapid transit tracks in the center of the bridge were initially used by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) elevated railroad.  Today, the New York City Subway's , successors to the BRT/BMT lines, use these tracks at the following times:

In 1995, a collision between a J train and an M train occurred on the bridge tracks, killing the J train's motorman. The crash led to widespread changes in the subway's signaling system.

Pedestrian and bicycle paths
From the Manhattan end the pathway begins in the median of Delancey Street at Clinton Street. On the western third of the bridge the pathway is shared by bicycles and pedestrians. This section of the path runs directly above the subway tracks. On the remaining two thirds of the bridge the pathway splits with the bicycle pathway running on the north side and the pedestrian path on the south side. The bicycle pathway ends on South 5th Street at Continental Army Plaza. The pedestrian pathway ends at Bedford Avenue.

Plazas

At the foot of the bridge in Williamsburg between South 5th place and Havemeyer Street in Brooklyn are three public areas that, collectively, comprise the Williamsburg Bridge Plaza, also known as Washington Plaza or George Washington Monument Park. It contains Continental Army Plaza and LaGuardia Playground, both operated by the Parks Department, as well as the Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Bus Terminal, which serves numerous bus lines to Brooklyn and Queens. The plaza is named after the large statue of George Washington in Continental Army Plaza erected in 1906.

In popular culture
 The 1928 Edward Hopper painting From Williamsburg Bridge depicts a building as seen from the bridge's walkway. The building has since been demolished, and the walkway has been reconstructed.
 The bridge appears in both The Crew and its 2018 sequel as a driveable bridge.
 The Williamsburg Bridge appears in the films Fighting Death (1914); a lost film, City for Conquest (1940), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945), The Naked City (1948), The French Connection (1971), Serpico and Live and Let Die (both 1973), Once Upon a Time in America (1984), Johnny Suede (1991), Scent of a Woman (1992), American Gangster (2007), The Siege (1998), Léon (1994), The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie (2005), and The Dark Knight Rises and The Amazing Spider-Man (both 2012).
 The bridge is mentioned several times in the novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943) by Betty Smith. It is also referenced in the novels The Alienist (1994) by Caleb Carr and City of Bones, the first book of The Mortal Instruments. A scene in the book The Last Olympian takes place on the bridge.
 It is mentioned in several songs as well. East Bay rockers Black Cat Music have a song titled "Williamsburg Bridge Song". The song "True Dreams of Wichita", by Soul Coughing, includes the lyric "And you can stand on the arms of the Williamsburg Bridge crying 'Hey man, well this is Babylon'" The area by the bridge was the location for Depeche Mode's 1990 single "Policy Of Truth". It was also used as cover art for their following song "World in My Eyes". The Korean group BIGBANG filmed their "Bad Boy" music video on and around the bridge in 2012. Finally, Grammy-winning singer-songwriter Susan McKeown's 2012 album Belong opens with a duet with fellow Irish singer-songwriter Declan O'Rourke entitled "On The Bridge to Williamsburg".
 From 1959 to 1961, during a sabbatical from performing, American jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins would go to the Williamsburg Bridge for practice sessions to spare a neighboring expectant mother the noise. His 1962 album The Bridge, produced on his return from retirement, was titled after the bridge.
 In 1996, artist Chris Doyle gilded the steps to the pedestrian walkway of the bridge.  The project, known as "Commutable", was sponsored by the Public Art Fund, and transformed the decrepit and dangerous stairway into a monument to the thousands of everyday bicycle and walking commuters.
 In Alex Scarrow's popular sci-fi series, the TimeRiders, an archway under the bridge has been featured.
 In N.K. Jemisin's novel, The City We Became, the bridge is destroyed by the giant tentacle of an inter-dimensional entity attacking New York.

See also

Lists of crossings of the East River
List of bridges and tunnels in New York City
List of bridges in the United States
List of longest suspension bridge spans

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 Williamsburg Bridge info from NYCDOT

 nycroads.com
 NYCsubway.org – Williamsburg Bridge

1903 establishments in New York City
Articles containing video clips
Bike paths in New York City
Bridges completed in 1903
Bridges in Brooklyn
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Bridges over the East River
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Double-decker bridges
Henry Hornbostel buildings
Historic American Engineering Record in New York City
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Interstate 78
Metal bridges in the United States
Pedestrian bridges in New York City
Railroad bridges in New York City
Rapid transit bridges
Road bridges in New York City
Road-rail bridges in the United States
Suspension bridges in New York City
Truss bridges in the United States
Williamsburg, Brooklyn

Williamsburg Bridge


Lančanik je posebna vrsta kolotura koji služi za prijenos sile s vratila na lanac. Za člankaste lance kolotur je užlijebljen, s gnijezdima za karike, a za zglobne je lance nazubljen. Lančanik je dio lančanog prijenosa, uz zglobni lanac, u strojevima i mehanizmima, za prijenos kružnoga gibanja i momenta sile s jednoga vratila na drugo. Primjenjuje se, na primjer, u bicikala, motocikala, u nekih motora s unutarnjim izgaranjem i drugih strojeva i industrijskih postrojenja, kada prijenos zupčanicima zbog udaljenosti vratila nije moguć, a prijenos remenom nije učinkovit.

Objašnjenje
Ozubljenja zupčanika za valjkaste i zupčane lance razlikuje se i od ozubljenja čelnika i međusobno. Bok je profila zuba lančanika za valjkaste lance linija koja je u gornjem dijelu luk kružnice s polumjerom r, a u donjem dijelu ima oblik prilagođen promjeru valjka, odnosno tuljka lanca. Korak t ozubljenja mjeri se kao tetiva dodirne kružnice između presjecišta tetive s polumjerima završne kružnice koji su istovremeno osi zuba. Za izračunavanje promjera Dt dodirne kružnice može se iz geometrijskih odnosa izvesti izraz:

pri čemu se broj zuba izračunava iz izraza za prijenosni omjer jednako kao kod čelnika. Obično se ovdje prijenosni omjer nalazi unutar granica od 6 do 8, a najviše može biti 10. Preporučljivo je tamo gdje se traži veći od 7 upotrijebiti dvostepeni lančani prijenos. Najmanji broj zuba lančanika koji još dolazi u obzir jest zmin = 7. Razmak vratila ovih lančanika obično je od 4 do 6 metara, a najmanji mora biti 1,5 puta veći od promjera većeg lančanika. Valjci, odnosno tuljci lanaca moraju pristajati uz korijen zuba, a lamele ne smiju nalijegati na vijenac, da se ne bi savijale.

Kao i bokovi profila zuba lamela i bokovi profila zuba lančanika za zupčaste lance moraju biti ravne linije zakošene tako, da se one na kojima se odvija sprezanje s jednim člankom lanca sijeku pod kutom od 60°. Osim toga, zubi lančanika za zupčaste lance s unutrašnjim vođenjem moraju imati utor u koji mogu nesmetano zalaziti lamele za vođenje. I ovdje vrijedi gornji izraz za promjer dodirne kružnice. Također je i područje prijenosnih omjera kao i u prijenosima s valjkastim lancima, s time da je zmin = 13, a međusobna udaljenost vratila zupčanika obično od 4 do 8 metara.

Za bolju kakvoću lančanih prijenosa sa zupčastim, u usporedbi s onima s valjkastim lancima, među ostalim bitne su i posljedice izlizavanja dodirnih površina zuba lančanika i zuba lamela u zupčastim lancima, odnosno dodirnih površina tuljaka i valjaka (sa zubima i među njima samima) u valjkastim lancima. U oba slučaja to povećava korak, to jest produžuje lanac. Međutim, dok se pri tome u valjkastim lancima pojavljuju još i razlike između koraka susjednih članaka, u zupčanim lancima korak sviju članaka i dalje ostaje međusobno jednak. Zbog toga se u zahvatu lančanika s valjkastim lancima pojavljuju sve veće smetnje što izlizavanje više napreduje, a zahvat lančanika sa zupčastim lancima nije time ometen.

Pod utjecajem izlizavanja istegnutog zupčanog lanca na lančaniku zahvat je i dalje nesmetan, prijenos i dalje radi mirno i skoro potpuno tiho, uz neznatno međusobno klizanje dodirnih površina zuba, čak i kad su obodne brzine lanca velike (obično su te brzine od 7 do 25 m/s).

Za izradu lančanika najviše se upotrebljava lijevano željezo, a za veća opterećenja ugljični i legirani lijevani čelici. Za manja opterećenja (ispod 4,5 kW) izrađuju se lančanici i od tekstolita. Najnoviji materijal za izradu lančanika, koji sve više prodire u praksu, jest takozvani mihanit, ili modificirano bijelo željezo (posebni kovkasti lijev pronađen u SAD).

Izvori

Strojarstvo

Lančanik


The Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) is a relief service, and peace agency representing fifteen Mennonite, Brethren in Christ and Amish bodies in North America. The U.S. headquarters are located in Akron, Pennsylvania; the Canadian headquarters is located in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

History

Founded in Chicago, Illinois, MCC held its first meeting on September 27, 1920. Its original goal was to provide food for Mennonites starving in Ukraine.  MCC soon realized that it could not help only their Mennonite brothers and sisters and began to help anyone in need. MCC (Canada) was founded in 1963.

The initial work of MCC focused on:
1920–1925: famine relief work in Ukraine.
1925–1930: inactive
1930–1937: colonization of Russian Mennonite and Bruderhof refugees in Paraguay and Brazil.
1939–present: relief work; initially in Poland, then (1940) England and France.
1941–1947: administration of Civilian Public Service (CPS) as part of National Service Board for Religious Objectors.
1950s: administration of 1-W service, the replacement of CPS, for draftees classified as conscientious objectors.

Famine in Ukraine
The Mennonites of Molotschna sent a committee to North America in the summer of 1920 to alert American Mennonites of the dire conditions in war-torn Ukraine. Their plight succeeded in uniting various branches of Mennonites to form Mennonite Central Committee in an effort to aid these Russian Mennonites. P. C. Hiebert of the Mennonite Brethren Church initially chaired the organization, with secretary Levi Mumaw of the (Old) Mennonite Church and attorney Maxwell Kratz of the General Conference Mennonite Church. Other Mennonite conferences joined later.

The new organization planned to provide aid to Ukraine via existing Mennonite relief work in Istanbul. The Istanbul group, mainly Goshen College graduates, produced three volunteers, who at great risk entered Ukraine during the ongoing Russian Civil War. They arrived in the Mennonite village of Halbstadt just as General Wrangel of the White Army was retreating. Two of the volunteers withdrew with the Wrangel army, while Clayton Kratz, who remained in Halbstadt (Molotschna) as the Red Army  overran the village, was never heard from again.

A year passed before official permission was received from the Soviet government to do relief work among the villages of Ukraine. Kitchens provided 25,000 people a day with rations over a period of three years beginning in 1922, with a peak of 40,000 servings during August of that year. Fifty Fordson tractor and plow combinations were sent to Mennonite villages to replace horses that had been stolen and confiscated during the war. This relief effort cost $1.2 million.

Voluntary service
Lois Gunden volunteered for the Mennonite Central Committee in 1941 and established an orphanage for refuge children of the Spanish Civil War and Jewish children from Rivesaltes internment camp. The children that she rescued were malnourished, in poor health, and had lice. She was awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem for her efforts to care for and protect children.

As Civilian Public Service started to wind down in 1946, MCC began exploring a peacetime service program that would continue the types of projects performed by CPS. The new program, Voluntary Service, had several aims.
It would provide young people with a way to voluntarily perform Christian service for up to a year as a means of testifying more widely to the gospel and its way of love and nonresistance. Projects were to help alleviate human need in a culturally sensitive manner. The program would operate as an internship in Christian service, developing the workers' service motivation, witness and religious conviction. It would provide Mennonite young people with an opportunity to express appreciation for the material blessings, religious and other national liberties and to contribute to the well-being of the nation. Finally, it was hoped that some individuals would decide to devote their careers to full-time ministry or missionary service.

The first Voluntary Service unit started during the summer of 1946 in association with the CPS unit at Gulfport, Mississippi .

Activities

MCC was an early proponent of fair trade through its Ten Thousand Villages program.

Funds for MCC's worldwide relief and service projects are raised through independent Mennonite relief sales. Around 45 sales are held throughout the United States and Canada, raising US$5 million annually. Many of these sales feature quilts handmade by Mennonite and Amish volunteers, auctions, artwork, crafted woodwork, homemade foods, antiques, crafts, plants, children's activities, and musical programs. Most of the goods and labor are donated, and 78.2% of the funds raised go directly into the field.

MCC focuses its development efforts in areas such as health, education, peace and justice, and fair trade. It responds to disaster situations, as well as focusing its efforts on the longer-term issues of economic and social policy.

MCC maintains offices in both Washington, D.C., and Ottawa to advocate to the American and Canadian federal governments, respectively. MCC also has an international advocacy office at the United Nations in New York City. As of 2015, Ewuare Osayande served as the group's Anti-Oppression Coordinator.

Peacemaking
MCC also takes an active role in advocating for peace both in North America and around the world, seeking "to be a witness against forces that contribute to poverty, injustice and violence." In North America, MCC established the Mennonite Conciliation Service (MCS) in 1979 to encourage Mennonites and others to actively pursue peaceful resolution of conflicts. MCS was a pioneer in the burgeoning field of conflict resolution in the 1980s and director Ronald S. Kraybill led early mediation workshops in Northern Ireland which eventually led to the establishment of the Northern Ireland Mediation Network. John Paul Lederach took over MCS in 1989 when Kraybill moved on to South Africa, and in the years following, MCC moved active peace building into  the forefront of its work abroad.

Responding in part to the establishment of active Mennonite-led peace centers that had emerged in the 80s and 90s, such as the Conflict Transformation Program at Eastern Mennonite University, the Lombard Mennonite Peace Center in Lombard, Illinois, a group of peace builders at Fresno Pacific University, the Peace and Justice Network of the Mennonite Church and other activities, MCS was discontinued in 2004. But the Peace Office of MCC continues to advocate peace interests broadly in the US and in MCC programming abroad.  Internationally, MCC partners with local organizations to reduce violence in the aftermath of conflict or war.

MCC advocates for exemption from military service.  Alternative service for conscientious objectors is promoted as their witness to New Testament Scriptures.  MCC keeps a "conscientious objector registry" in Canada, taking statements from Canadians in the hope that they will be recognized by the Canadian government should the government restart drafting citizens into the military.

Affiliated organizations
Beachy Amish Mennonite Churches
Brethren in Christ Church
Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
Mennonite Church Canada
Mennonite Church USA
Mennonite Disaster Service
U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
Rosedale Network of Churches

See also
 More-with-Less Cookbook

Notes

References

Gingerich, Melvin (1949), Service for Peace, A History of Mennonite Civilian Public Service, Mennonite Central Committee.
Haury, David A. (1979), The Quiet Demonstration: The Mennonite Mission in Gulfport, Mississippi, Faith and Life Press.

External links

Mennonite Central Committee in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

Christian nonviolence
Foreign charities operating in Ukraine
International charities
Mennonitism in Canada
Mennonitism in Manitoba
Mennonitism in the United States
Peace organizations based in Canada
Peace organizations based in the United States
Religious service organizations
Anabaptist organizations
Russian Mennonite diaspora in Canada
Russian Mennonite diaspora in the United States
Russian Mennonite diaspora in Manitoba
Companies based in Winnipeg

Mennonite Central Committee


Cojedes () je jedna od 23 savezne države Venezuele, koja se nalazi na sjeverozapadu zemlje.

Karakteristike

U Cojedesu živi 323,165 stanovnika na površini od 14,800 km²

Cojedes sa sjevera graniči sa saveznim državama Yaracuy i Carabobo, s istoka s Državom Guárico, s juga s Državom Barinas, sa zapada s Državom Portuguesa i sa sjeverozapada s Državom Larom.

Još od kolonijalnih vremena stočarstvo dominira lokalnom privredom, ali je danas i ratarstvo vrlo važno. Uglavnom se sadi riža, jam, sirak i duhan. Cojedes se uglavnom prostire po ravničarskom Llanosu, tako da mu brda ne prelaze visinu od 210 metara n/m.

Vodotoci mu većinom pripadaju slijevu rijeke Orinoca, to je kraj tropske klime, velikih ekstrema, u kojem tijekom kišne sezone (od svibnja do rujna) padne oko 1270 mm kiše, ali vrlo malo nakon toga. Zbog toga se njegovi stočari često moraju boriti i s poplavama i sa sušama.

Najveći urbani centri su Tinaquillo i San Carlos, koji je i administrativno središte države.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Directorio de Alcaldías del Estado Cojedes na portalu Notilogia
  Cojedes na portalu Encyclopedia Britannica

Savezne države Venezuele

Cojedes (država u Venezueli)


Sarah Marie Weiland (* 13. August 1986 in Leicestershire, Großbritannien) ist eine ehemalige deutsch-amerikanische Volleyballspielerin.

Karriere
Weilands Eltern, ein deutscher Bundeswehr-Pilot und eine mexikanische Krankenschwester der US Air Force, lernten sich in Arizona kennen und gingen nach Deutschland. Während eines Aufenthalts in Großbritannien kam Sarah Weiland zur Welt. Sie begann ihre Volleyball-Karriere an der Pflugerville High School. 2004 begann sie ihr Studium an der Tulane University und spielte im Universitätsteam. Ein Jahr später wechselte die auf der Diagonal- und Außenposition einsetzbare Angreiferin zur University of Oklahoma, wo sie im Team der Sooners aktiv war. 2010 verpflichtete der finnische Verein Pieksämäki Volley die Deutsch-Amerikanerin. 2011 kam sie für ein Jahr in die deutsche Bundesliga zum Köpenicker SC. Nach der Saison beendete Weiland ihre Volleyballkarriere und ging zurück in die USA.

Weblinks
 Profil bei der University of Oklahoma (englisch)
 Profil bei der Tulane University (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Volleyballspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Volleyballspieler (Köpenicker SC)
Geboren 1986
Frau
US-Amerikaner

Sarah Weiland


Ainslie est un patronyme porté notamment par :

 Ben Ainslie (1977-), marin britannique ;
 Charlotte Ainslie (1863-1960), éducatrice et directrice d'école écossaise ;
 Robert Ainslie (1730-1812), diplomate et homme politique britannique d'origine écossaise ;
 Scott Ainslie (1968-), acteur et homme politique britannique ;
  (1767-1837), chirurgien britannique et écrivain sur la matière médicale.

Ainslie


Pico Mwanda es el punto topográfico más alto en la frontera del país africano de Zambia con 2.148  Se encuentra cerca de la frontera con Malaui en el parte noreste de la provincia oriental (Eastern Province), y se asienta sobre la meseta de Nyika (Nyika Plateau) en las coordenadas geográficas

Véase también
 Pico Palomas
 Pico Ruby
 Pico Redondo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Información sobre la Montaña

Montañas de Zambia

Pico Mwanda


Vidin (Bulgarca: Видин), Bulgaristan'ın kuzeybatı ucunda Tuna nehri kıyısında yer alan bir şehirdir.

Tarih
Vidin, Dunonia olarak bilinen bir Kelt yerleşimi çevresinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bilinen yerleşimin, stratejik konumu nedeniyle MS 1. yüzyılda kurulduğu düşünülmektedir. Romalılar döneminde, Bononia adıyla etrafı surlarla çevrili bir kasaba konumuna yükseldi. Konumu itibarıyla, Yukarı Moesia eyaletinin önemli şehirlerinden biri olmuş ve yerleşimin korunması için burada bir kale inşa edilmiştir.

Antik yerleşim 4. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Hun saldırıları sırasında yağmalandı. İmparator Justinianus (527-565) döneminde yeniden imar edilen ve piskoposluk merkezi olan yerleşim, 6. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru yaşanan Avar istilasında büyük oranda tahrip oldu. Avarların denetiminde 7. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Slav yerleşimine sahne oldu.

Slavlar burayı Badin veya Bdin olarak adlandırırken, Bizanslılarda bu isimden esinlenerek şehirden Vidynē olarak bahsetmeye başladı. 8. yüzyıl başlarında Asparuh Han tarafından Birinci Bulgar İmparatorluğu topraklarına katıldı. Bulgar Krallığının genişlemesinden sonra "comitatus" olarak adlandırılan eyalet merkezi olmuştur. Ticaret merkezi olması nedeniyle şehir gelişme dönemine girdi. Bulgar Kralı I. Boris'in Hristiyan olmasından sonra piskoposluk, 919 yılında da başpiskoposluk merkezi konumuna yükseldi. Ancak Bulgar Krallığının zayıflamasından sonra sık sık Macar saldırılarına maruz kalan şehir, 1002 yılında başlayan ve 8 ay kadar süren kuşatmadan sonra Bizans kuvvetlerince ele geçirildi. Konumu nedeniyle Bizanslılar tarafından imparatorluğun kuzeybatı sınırında önemli bir üs merkezi oldu.

I. Manuel Komnenos'un ölümünden sonra başlayan Bulgar isyanı sonucu 1185 yılında İkinci Bulgar İmparatorluğu kurulmuş, bir süre sonra da Vidin bu imparatorluğun topraklarına katılmıştır. 13. yüzyıl başlarında Kumanlar'ın ayaklanmasına sahne olan yerleşim, Çar Boril tarafından yardıma çağrılan Macarlar tarafından ele geçirilerek yeniden Bulgar hâkimiyetine girmiştir. 1232 yılında Macarlarca ele geçirilen ve yağmalanan yerleşim kısa süre sonra yeniden Bulgarlar'ın eline geçti. 1257'de Macar kralının üvey oğlu Rotislav, Vidin'in merkezi olduğu prensliğini kurdu. Konstantin Tih, 1260'ta Bulgaristan'ın yeni çarı olup Vidin'i zaptettiyse de bir süre sonra tekrar Macarlar'a bıraktı. Ancak Macar hakimiyeti de uzun sürmemiş, 1263-65 yılları arasında da sonradan kendini Bulgar Çar'ı ilan eden Rus asıllı Despot Jacob Svetoslav'ın hakimiyetine girmiştir. Yerleşim 1266 yılı Haziran ayında Macar ordusunca ele geçirilerek yağmalandı. Jacob Svetoslav'ın Macarlar tarafından Bulgar çarı olarak tanınmasıyla, Macar Krallığı'nın vasalı olarak 1272'ye kadar Vidin'de idarede kaldı. 1277'de Kuman asıllı bir boyar olan Şişman, Vidin'in hakimi oldu. Bulgar çarıyla kurduğu akrabalık bağıyla da Vidin merkezli prensliğini kurdu. Oğlu Mihail Şişman'ın Bulgar Çar'ı olmasıyla Vidin Prensliği yeniden bu krallığın topraklarına katıldı. Bulgar Çarı İvan Aleksandr 1360 yılı civarında krallığını ikiye bölerek Vidin'in merkez olduğu prensliği büyük oğlu İvan Sratsimir'e bıraktı. 1365 yılında I. Louis tarafından düzenlenen seferde İvan Sratsimir esir alınmış, ele geçirilen yerleşimde 1369 yılına kadar Macar Krallığı hakimiyetinde kalmıştır. İvan Sratsimir, kayınbiraderi Eflak voyvodası I. Vladislav'ın Macarları Vidin'den kovmasından sonra yeniden Vidin'e dönmüş ve babasının ölümünden sonra da prensliğini tam bağımsız olarak idare etmiştir.

14. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru Bulgar topraklarında Osmanlı etkisi yoğun olarak görülmeye başlamış ve Niğbolu Muharebesinde Haçlı ordusunun aldığı yenilgi sonrası Vidin şehri tam olarak Osmanlı hakimiyetine katılmıştır. Osmanlı hâkimiyetine giren Vidin yeni oluşturulan sancağın merkezi oldu. 1402 yılında yaşanan Ankara Muharebesinden sonra Osmanlı Devletinin Fetret Devrine girmesinden faydalanan İvan Sratsimir'in oğlu Konstantin, 1408 yılında isyan hareketi başlatmış ve Vidin'i ele geçirmiştir. 1413'de Musa Çelebi tarafından kuşatılan şehir, I. Mehmed'in Rumeli seferi esnasında 1417 yılında yeniden Osmanlı hakimiyetine katılmıştır. 1442/43 kışında Erdel Voyvodası János Hunyadi komutasındaki birleşik Macar-Leh kuvvetlerince kuşatılsa da ele geçirilememiştir. Şehir 1444 yılında, III. Władysław komutasındaki Haçlı ordusu tarafından ele geçirilerek yakılmıştır. Ancak Varna Muharebesinde Haçlıların yenilgiye uğratılmasıyla yeniden Osmanlı hakimiyetine girmiştir. Vidin, bir uç şehri olması nedeniyle Osmanlı-Macar mücadelesinde önemli bir konumda bulunmuştur. 1451/52 senesinde János Hunyadi tarafından ele geçirilen yerleşim yine bir yakıma uğramıştır.

Osmanlı idaresinde yerleşimin ilk tahriri 1454/55 yılında yapıldı. Tahrir kayıtlarına göre yerleşimde 154 Müslüman, 187 Gayrimüslim hane yaşamaktaydı. 1502 yılında Macarlar ile onlara tabi Despot Radič Božić komutasındaki Sırp güçlerince dış mahalleleri yağma edilip yakıldı. Vidin şehrinin Osmanlı döneminde gelişimi, 16. yüzyıldan itibaren artarak devam etti. 1530 yılı kayıtlarına göre Vidin'de; 308 Müslüman, 246 Hristiyan, 7 Yahudi ve 5 Latin olmak üzere toplam 561 hane bulunmaktaydı. 1585 tarihli tahrir defterinde ise şehirde 669 Müslüman, 269 Hristiyan, 31 Yahudi, 27 Roman olmak üzere toplam 996 hane kayıt edilmişti.

Vidin; 1595'te Eflak Voyvodası Mihai Viteazul, 1596'da ise Erdel kumandanı Farkas tarafından kuşatılsa da ele geçirilemedi. 1598'de Mihai Viteazul, Vidin şehrini ele geçirip şehri büyük oranda yaksa da kale Osmanlı güçlerinin elinde kalabilmişti. Bu yıkımdan sonra şehir yeniden imar edilerek gelişimine devam ettirdi. Uzun bir süre sakin bir dönem geçiren Vidin, II. Viyana Kuşatmasında alınan ağır mağlubiyet sonrasında 1689 yılı Ekim ayında savaşmadan Habsburg güçlerince ele geçirildi. Ancak ertesi yıl yeniden Osmanlı kuvvetlerince ele geçirildi ve 1699 Karlofça Antlaşması ile de Osmanlı hakimiyetinin devamı sağlanabildi. 1715-1718 Osmanlı-Avusturya-Venedik Savaşı sonucunda imzalanan barış antlaşması ile Belgrad, Kuzey Sırbistan, Eflak'ın batısının Habsburg denetimine girmesiyle Vidin şehri stratejik yönden de önemli bir şehir konumu aldı. 1720-24 yılları arasında Vidin kalesi ile şehrin istihkamları güçlendirildi.

Vidin, 1795-1807 yılları arasında güçlü bir Ayan olan Pazvandoğlu Osman tarafından yönetildi. 1798 yılında Osmanlı ordusu, isyancı ilan edilen Pazvandoğlu'nun yaşadığı Vidin'i yaklaşık sekiz ay süreyle kuşatsa da ele geçirememiştir. Osmanlı döneminde uzun süre Vidin sancağının merkezi olan yerleşim, 1846 yılında Vidin Eyaleti'nin kurulmasıyla da paşa sancağı konumuna yükseldi. Ancak 1864 yılında Tuna Vilayeti'nin kurulmasıyla kaza merkezi oldu.

Vidin, Osmanlı döneminde başpsikoposluk merkezi pozisyonunda olan yerleşim konumundaydı. 11 Mart 1870'de Osmanlı hükûmeti tarafından Bulgar Eksarhlığı'nın onaylanması sonucu Vidin Başpiskopos'u olan Anthimos'un Eksarhlığı ilan edilmişti.

19. yüzyılda Vidin ekonomisi; gümüş ve altın işlemeciliğinin ön plana çıktığı el sanatları, ticaret ile balıkçılık üzerine kuruluydu. 1873 yılı Tuna Vilâyeti Salnâmesine göre Vidin'de; 2129 Müslüman ve 1399 Gayrimüslim hane bulunmaktaydı. Bu nüfus artışında Kırım'dan göç eden yerleşimcilerin de katkısı bulunmaktaydı. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşında Vidin, Rus ordusuna karşı dirense de, ağır bombardıman sonucu büyük hasar gördü. Kale, Ayastefanos Antlaşması'ndan sonra Rus kuvvetlerine teslim olmuş ve yerleşim de yeni kurulan Bulgar Prensliği'ne bağlanmıştı. Vidin'in Osmanlı hakimiyetinden çıkmasıyla şehirden Anadolu'ya doğru önemli bir nüfus göçü yaşanmıştır.

18. yüzyıl ve 19. yüzyıl başında zamanla derebeyleşen ayanlardan Pazvantoğlu hâkimiyetinin merkezi olan Vidin'de hâlen Pazvantoğlu Sarayı kalıntıları ve Pazvantoğlu Camii bulunmaktadır.

İklim

Kardeş şehirler
  Hodmezovasarhely, Macaristan
  West Carrollton, Ohio, ABD
  Zaječar, Sırbistan
  Rivne, Ukrayna
  Demre, Türkiye
  Calafat, Romanya
 Bolu,Türkiye

Partner şehirler
  Deggendorf, Almanya
  Lecco, İtalya
  Ulm, Almanya
  Debre, Makedonya

Ayrıca bakınız
 Vidin Eyaleti
 Vidin Sancağı
 Vidin Destanı

Kaynakça

Vidin


Prosimians are a group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms), as well as the haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i.e. all primates excluding the simians. They are considered to have characteristics that are more "primitive" (ancestral or plesiomorphic) than those of simians (monkeys, apes, and humans).

Simians emerged within the Prosimians as sister group of the haplorhine tarsiers, and therefore cladistically belong to this group. Simians are thus distinctly closer related to tarsiers than lemurs are. Strepsirrhines bifurcated some 20 million years earlier than the tarsier - simian bifurcation. However, simians are traditionally excluded, rendering prosimians paraphyletic. Consequently, the term "prosimian" is no longer widely used in a taxonomic sense, but is still used to illustrate the behavioral ecology of tarsiers relative to the other primates.

Prosimians are the only primates native to Madagascar, but are also found throughout Africa and in Asia.

Characteristics

Being an evolutionary grade rather than a clade, the prosimians are united by being primates with traits otherwise found in non-primate mammals. Their diets typically are less dominated by fruit than those of the simians, and many are active arboreal predators, hunting for insects and other small animals in the trees. All prosimians outside Madagascar are nocturnal, meaning that no prosimian competes directly with simian primates (the only nocturnal simians are New World monkeys of genus Aotus).

Related to their frequently nocturnal lifestyle, prosimians lack the colour vision of higher primates. Like most placental mammals, they are in effect red–green colour blind. This allows for more rod cells in the retina, which may enhance vision under low-light conditions. Except in tarsiers, the nocturnal vision is further augmented by a reflective tapetum lucidum behind the retina, similar to that found in other nocturnal mammals. This layer reflects the light that passes through the retina, increasing the photoreceptors exposure to the light. It is however not well developed in diurnal forms like many lemurs.

All prosimians possess two laterally flattened toilet claws, used for grooming. These are found on the second toe in lemurs and lorises, and the second and third in tarsiers. Aye-ayes have functional claws on all other digits except the hallux, including a toilet claw on the second toe. Clawlike nails are however also found in the small-bodied callitrichids, a group of New World monkeys, though none of them have a toilet claw.

The prosimians have retained the primitive mammalian condition of a bicornuate uterus, with two separate uterus chambers. In the simians, the uterus chambers have fused, an otherwise rare condition among mammals. Prosimians usually have litters rather than single offspring, which is the norm in higher primates.

While primates are often thought of as fairly intelligent animals, the prosimians are not very large-brained compared to other placental mammals. Their brain-cases are markedly smaller than those of simians of comparable sizes. In the large-eyed tarsiers, the weight of the brain is about the same as that of a single eye. Prosimians generally show lower cognitive ability and live in simpler social settings than the simians. The prosimians with the most complex social systems are the diurnal lemurs, which may live in social groups of 20 individuals. The nocturnal prosimians are mainly solitary.

Classification

The prosimians were once a group considered a suborder of the primate order (suborder Prosimii - Gr. pro, before, + Latin simius/simia, ape), which was named in 1811 by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger. They have been shown, however, to be paraphyletic - that is, their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendants (i.e. monkeys and apes). This relationship is shown by the ranks (prosimians in bold) in the list below of the current primate classification between the order and infraorder level. The term "prosimian" is considered taxonomically obsolete, although it is used to emphasize similarities between strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and the early primates.

 Order Primates
 Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
 Infraorder Adapiformes: extinct "lemur-like" primates
 Infraorder Lemuriformes: lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies
 Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
 Infraorder Omomyiformes: extinct "tarsier-like" primates
 Infraorder Tarsiiformes: tarsiers
 Infraorder Simiiformes: New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

See also

 Evolution of mammals
 List of primates

Notes

References

Literature cited

Obsolete primate taxa
Paraphyletic groups
Taxa named by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger

Prosimian


La Playa de Beihai (en chino tradicional: 北海海灘; en chino simplificado: 北海海滩; en pinyin: Běihǎi hǎitān) es una playa en un pueblo de la región autónoma de Guangxi situado en una de las regiones más al sur del país asiático de China, es conocida como "playa de plata". Esta no es la única playa de Beihai, pero sin embargo si es la más conocida.
La temperatura media anual del mar es de alrededor de 23 °C, es una playa conocida por los amantes del mar y cada vez más popular entre los turistas.

Véase también
Playa Crash Boat
Playa de Alappuzha
Playa de Arnao de Figueras
Playa de Ballenita

Referencias

Playas de China

Playa de Beihai


|- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align=center
! colspan="4" | Natjecatelj za  Hrvatska

Jurica Grabušić (Zagreb, 28. ožujka 1983.), hrvatski atletičar. Aktualni je hrvatski rekorder na 60 i 110 metara s preponama.

Natjecao se na Olimpijskim igrama 2004. u utrci na 110 metara s preponama, a osvojio je 43. mjesto. Na OI 2008. u istoj je disciplini osvojio 39. mjesto.

Na Mediteranskim igrama 2005. i 2009. je osvojio brončane medalje u utrci na 110 metara s preponama.

Bio je član zagrebačke Mladosti.

Izvori

Hrvatski atletičari olimpijci
Atletika u Zagrebu
Hrvatski sprinteri

Jurica Grabušić


Le château de Jours-en-Vaux  est une place forte du  remaniée jusqu'au , située à Jours-en-Vaux dans la commune nouvelle de  Val-Mont (Côte-d'Or) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté .

Localisation
Le château est situé à côté de l'église de l'Assomption de Jours-en-Vaux sur la pointe d'un petit éperon qui domine le village à l'est.

Historique

La "forteresse de Jorsavias" tenue en 1255 par Pierre de Mont-Saint-Jean passe ensuite à la maison de Clugny.

En 1662, mention d'une maison forte achetée par Hélie de Hugon, seigneur de Visagent, à Hérard Bouton. En 1774 l'abbé Courtépée décrit un château ancien dont l'église du village était la chapelle castrale.

Architecture
Le château est formé de plusieurs de bâtiments au sein d'une cour presque circulaire ceinte d'un mur en pierre présentant les restes d'anciennes fortifications. Accessible à l'est par une porte charretière protégée par une tour carrée il comprend un bâtiment au sud-ouest flanqué d'une tour carrée, une autre tour carrée au sud et deux bâtiments accolés au nord et à l'est. Au sud, à cheval entre la muraille et l'église, une autre tour carrée est défendue par deux bretèches.

L'église paroissiale accolée au château semble être l'ancienne chapelle castrale incluse dans l'enceinte primitive du château.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Jours-en-Vaux

Château de Jours-en-Vaux


Edward Roland Noel "Bunny" Harriman (December 24, 1895 – February 16, 1978) was an American financier and philanthropist.

Early life
Harriman was born on December 24, 1895, in New York City. He was the youngest of five surviving children of Mary Williamson Averell and Edward Henry Harriman. Among his siblings was W. Averell Harriman, the financier and government official, four years his senior. Edward H. Harriman's estate was substantial, variously estimated between $70 million and $100 million upon his death in 1908, leaving his wife and children well provided for.

Roland, whom friends and family sometimes called "Bunny," was educated at Groton School, from which he graduated in 1913, and Yale University (B.A., 1917), where he was a member of Psi Upsilon fraternity.  He was also a member of Skull and Bones with his classmate and friend Prescott Bush. During World War I he served for 10 months as an inspector with the rank of lieutenant in the United States Army Ordnance Department; stricken with pneumonia and influenza, he was honorably discharged in January 1919.

Career
After regaining his health in California, in November 1919, Harriman joined the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation, a firm in which his brother W. Averell Harriman had an interest.

In 1922 Harriman joined W. A. Harriman Company, investment bankers in New York City, and in 1923 he became its vice president.  In 1927 the two brothers formed the banking firm Harriman Brothers and Company.  In 1931 the firm was merged with Brown Bros. & Co., with Roland as vice president.  Headquartered on Wall Street, Brown Brothers Harriman started with nine partners and about 200 employees, performing specialized banking services for customers, mainly medium-sized corporations; it was not a member of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

In 1968 Harriman and three other senior partners at Brown Brothers (Robert A. Lovett, secretary of defense under President Harry Truman; Prescott Bush, former senator from Connecticut; and Knight Woolley — all Yale men) moved "upstairs," literally and figuratively, to make way for the younger partners, one of whom was Robert Roosa, former undersecretary of the U.S. Treasury.  In 1975 a few years prior to Harriman's death, there were 29 partners and approximately 1,000 employees.

Harriman served as the chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad for 23 years.

Union Bank
Harriman was one of the seven directors of the Union Banking Corporation (along with Prescott Sheldon Bush, father of future U.S. president George H. W. Bush), which financed Fritz Thyssen a donor to the Nazi Party and whose assets were seized by the United States government during World War II under the Trading with the Enemy Act and Executive Order No. 9095.

Personal life
On April 12, 1917, he married Gladys Fries (1896–1983). They resided in Arden, New York and were listed in the Social Register.  Together they had two children:
Elizabeth Harriman, who was married to Alexander C. Northrop, then Maximillian Bliss, Jr.
Phyllis Harriman, a landscape painter, who was married for several years to fellow artist Frank Herbert Mason

Harriman died on February 16, 1978, in Arden, New York, and his wife died in 1983, also in Arden, New York.

Philanthropy
With his wife, Harriman established the Irving Sherwood Wright professorship in geriatrics at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, and provided funds for cardiovascular research at the hospital.

After World War II, Harriman joined the American Red Cross as a member of the board of governors in 1947 and helped reorganize it, serving as manager for the organization's North Atlantic area from 1944 to 1946, as vice-president and national annual fund appeal chair in 1949, and was appointed its president by President Truman to succeed General George Marshall in 1950. President Dwight Eisenhower reappointed him president in 1953.

Harriman's other philanthropic board memberships included that of the American Museum of Natural History, for which he was also treasurer. He was also the chairman of the U.S. Trotting Association. He was also president and chairman of the Boys' Club of New York.

Bibliography
I Reminisce (1975).

References

1895 births
1978 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Orange County, New York
Groton School alumni
Yale University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Harriman family
Members of Skull and Bones

E. Roland Harriman


Cock's & Cows er en dansk restaurant-kæde, der fokuserer på servering af burgere og cocktails. Kæden har primært restauranter i Storkøbenhavn, men har dog også en enkelt restaurant i Aarhus.

Historie
Cock's & Cows har eksisteret siden 2010, hvor kæden åbnede sin første restaurant  i det centrale København. Siden har kæden løbende åbnet nye filialer, og Cock's & Cows har i dag ni restauranter samt en mobil food truck. Cock's & Cows' restauranter er fordelt på otte lokationer i Storkøbenhavn, samt en enkelt i Aarhus.

Referencer

Etableret i 2010
Restaurantkæder i Danmark

Cock's & Cows


El Ungmennafélagið Víkingur, también conocido como Víkingur Ólafsvík es un club de fútbol de Islandia, de la ciudad de Ólafsvík. Fue fundado en 1928 y juega en la 1. deild karla.

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales
 2. deild karla (2): 1974, 2010.
 3. deild karla (1): 2003.

Jugadores

Equipo 2019

Enlaces externos

Equipos de fútbol de Islandia
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1928

Víkingur Ólafsvík


Brøndby IF sæson 2017-18 er Brøndby IF's 37. sæson i træk i den bedste danske fodboldrække, den 28. i træk i Superligaen, og den 52. som fodboldklub. Udover Superligaen, deltog klubben i DBU Pokalen og UEFA Europa League. Det er den anden sæson med cheftræner Alexander Zorniger. I løbet af sæsonen slog klubben sin egen rekord for fleste kampe uden nederlag i Superligaen, med 27 kampe, mod tidligere 21.

10. maj 2018 vandt Brøndby IF deres syvende pokaltitel, efter en 3-1-sejr over Silkeborg IF. Derudover blev det til sølv i Superligaen med fire point til førstepladsen, efter at have haft et forspring til de senere vinder, FC Midtjylland på fem point med fire runder igen. Afgørende var 0-1-nederlaget på hjemmebane til førnævnte, samt 2-2-kampen i Horsens få dage senere.

Klub

Førsteholdets trænerstab

Klubadministration

Sponsorere
Brøndby IF startede sæsonen med Arbejdernes Landsbank som hovedsponsor på brystet. Fra 1. januar 2018 kom NTG i nakken.

Spillere

Førstehold

Transferer

Ind

Ud

Hæderskåringer
Forårets profil i Superligaen: Kamil Wilczek
Årets profil i Superligaen: Hany Mukthar

Månedens spiller
Juli: Jan Kliment
August: Svenn Crone
September: Christian Nørgaard
Oktober: Besar Halimi
November: Christian Nørgaard
December: Paulus Arajuuri
Februar: Simon Tibbling
Marts: Hany Mukhtar
April: Kamil Wilczek
Maj: Benedikt Röcker

Turneringer

Samlet

Superligaen

Grundspil

Resultatoverblik

Resultater efter hver runder

Grundspilskampe
Brøndby IF's kampe i grundspillet i sæsonen 2017-18.

Mesterskabsslutspil

Stilling

Mesterskabsslutspilskampe
Brøndby IF's kampe i mesterskabskabsslutspillet i sæsonen 2017-18.

DBU Pokalen

UEFA Europa League

Anden runde

Tredje runde

Træningskampe

Statistik

Antal kampe

Topscorer

Assist

Rent Bur

Kort

Noter

Referencer

Brøndby IF sæsoner
Danske fodboldklubbers sæson 2017-18

Brøndby IF sæson 2017-18


Cesare Gaetani, comte della Torre, né le  à Syracuse et mort dans cette même ville le , est un poète et antiquaire italien.

Biographie
Cesare Gaetani nait en 1718, à Syracuse, d'une ancienne famille. Après avoir terminé ses études littéraires sous la direction des jésuites, il se rend à Naples, puis à Rome, où il passe plusieurs années fréquentant les bibliothèques et les cours publics et visitant les musées et les galeries. De retour en Sicile au moment où le prince Gabriele di Torremuzza donne une impulsion si vive à la recherche des antiquités de la Sicile, le comte Gaetani tente d'éclaircir l'histoire de Syracuse. Des fouilles qu'il dirige lui-même lui procurent bientôt une foule de médailles, de vases, de lampes et de statuettes en terre ou en bronze dont il forme un musée. En 1756, il découvre dans les ruines de l'ancien théâtre l'inscription de la reine Philistis, qui, depuis, a fourni le sujet d'un grand nombre de dissertations. En même temps, Gaetani recherche dans les archives de Syracuse les documents propres à répandre du jour sur les phases plus récentes de son histoire. À la suppression de la Compagnie de Jésus, le comte Gaetani ne croit pas déroger en acceptant la chaire de philosophie morale à l'université de Syracuse. Il choisit pour base de ses leçons le traité De officiis de Cicéron ; la lecture assidue de cet ouvrage lui fit naître l'idée de son poème I doveri dell'uomo (1790, in-8°), inconnu en France, mais dont les journaux italiens dans le temps, et plus récemment Antonio Lombardi (Storia della letterat. italiana, ), parlent avec éloge. Cesare Gaetani mourut à Syracuse, au mois d'août 1808, âgé de 90 ans.

Œuvres
Toutes les recherches de Gaetani sur les monuments, les inscriptions et les franchises de Syracuse forment plusieurs volumes in-folio, qui sont conservés dans la bibliothèque de cette ville. Indépendamment d'une foule de dissertations insérées dans les Opuscoli di autori siciliani, recueil dans le genre du Magasin encyclopédique, il a publié plusieurs petits poèmes de circonstance.

Ses principaux ouvrages sont :

 Dissertazione istorico-apologetico-critica intorno all'origine e fondazione della chiesa di Siracusa, Rome, 1748, in-4° ;
 Dialoghi sacri, 1748-49, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Opticarum quæstionum dissertationes, Palerme , 1754, in-8° ;
 Piombi antichi mercantili dissert., 1775, in-8°, fig. ; c'est une suite à l'ouvrage de Ficoroni ;
 Odi di Anacreonte e gl'idilli ed epigrammati di Teocrito, Mosco e Bione, trad. in versi italiani, 1776, in-4°. Gamba cite une édition in-8° de la traduction de Théocrite, qu'il nomme gracieuse ;
 Osservazioni sopra un antico cammeo, 1778, in-8° ;
 Egloghe pescatorie, 1787, in-8°.

Sources

Liens externes

Archéologue italien du XVIIIe siècle
Archéologue italien du XIXe siècle
Antiquaire (sens ancien)
Naissance en août 1718
Décès en août 1808
Décès à 90 ans

Cesare Gaetani


Flaine es una estación de esquí situada en la región de Alta Saboya en los Alpes franceses, perteneciente a las comunas francesas de Magland y Arâches. Es parte del dominio vinculado al Grand Massif, con 267 km de pistas esquiables en total.

En ella se construyó el primer telesilla de alta velocidad de 8 plazas, el Les Grands Vans, y fue la primera estación de esquí europea que dispuso de un sistema de innivación artificial; inauguró su primera red de cañones de nieve en 1973.

Enlaces externos

 Web oficial de Flaine

Estaciones de esquí en los Alpes de Francia
Alta Saboya
Estaciones de esquí de la región de Ródano-Alpes
Arquitectura de 1968
Francia en 1968

Flaine


Stephen Baynes (born 1956 in Adelaide, South Australia) has been Resident Choreographer with The Australian Ballet since 1995. He trained with Joanne Priest and graduated from The Australian Ballet School in 1975. He has danced with the Australian Ballet (1976–81, 1985 and promoted to Soloist in 1992), the Stuttgart Ballet (1981–84) and worked with choreographers such as Kenneth MacMillan, John Neumeier, William Forsythe and Hans van Manen.

He has also created works for La Scala Ballet, Sydney Dance Company, West Australian Ballet, the Queensland Ballet, Pacific Northwest Ballet and New York City Ballet's Diamond Project.

Choreography

 Strauss Songs (1986)
 Ballade (for The Australian Ballet's 25th Anniversary Choreographic Competition, 1988–1989)
 Catalyst (1988)
 Andante (1990)
 Four Reflections of a Quintet (1993, The Dancers Company)
 Souvenirs (1994)
 Episodes (for La Scala Theatre Ballet)
 Beyond Bach
 Into the Darkness (for the West Australian Ballet)
 At the edge of night

 Into Dharma (1986, Sydney Dance Company)
 Shadow in the Facet (1986)
 1914 (1997)
 The Fold (1999, The Queensland Ballet)
 Lachrimae (2000, West Australian Ballet)
 Molto Vivace (2003)
 Unspoken dialogues (2004, to the music of Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano by Alfred Schnittke
 restaged "Raymonda (2006)
 Constant Variants (2007)
 Night Path (2008)

notes

Awards
1988 Qantas Youth Award
1995 Kelvin Coe Memorial Scholarship

References

External links

Resident Choreographers at The Australian Ballet (source of choreography)

Ballet choreographers
Australian male ballet dancers
Australian choreographers
Living people
New York City Ballet Diamond Project choreographers
1956 births
Australian Ballet School alumni
Helpmann Award winners

Stephen Baynes


Ignatius Gottfried Kaim () a fost un chimist austriac. În disertația sa De metallis dubiis publicată în 1770, Kaim descrie reducerea oxidului de mangan cu carbon și formarea unui metal fragil. Aceasta este prima descriere a metalului managan, cu câțiva ani înainte de mult mai cunoscuta sinteză a elementului, realizată de Johan Gottlieb Gahn în 1774.

Note

Nașteri în 1746
Decese în 1778
Chimiști austrieci
Descoperitori de elemente chimice
Chimiști din secolul al XVIII-lea

Ignatius Gottfried Kaim


En sporfemkant er et sporforløb med form som et pentagram, der benyttes til at vende rullende materiel, især damplokomotiver med tender. Det blev især benyttet i Italien på steder, hvor vedligeholdelse af drejeskiver blev anset for problematisk.

Opbygning

En sporfemkant består af fem sporskifter (heraf to til ind- og udkørsel), tre sporkryds og tre blindspor anlagt i stjerneform.

I forhold til en sportrekant, der især blev benyttet af amerikanske jernbaner, er en sporfemkant en betydeligt mere omfattende konstruktion med to ekstra sporskifter og tre sporkryds, men da kurverne til gengæld ikke behøver svinge så meget, er pladsforbruget markant mindre.

Lokomotiverne vendes ved at køre flere gange frem og tilbage, idet de først kører ind i det ene blindspor, så til det andet og til sidst til det tredje, før de forlader sporfemkanten til den anden side. Især for damplokomotiver kan denne proces godt være ret omstændelig, idet der skal skiftes retning fire gange undervejs, før man kan komme tilbage til udgangspunktet. Til gengæld behøver man ikke stille sporskifterne, idet de automatisk falder på plads.

Brug

Sporfemkanter kendes fra Norditalien og Sardinien, fra Brenner, Mals og Innichen i Sydtyrol samt fra Predazzo og Verona Porta Nuova. Eksemplaret i Mals er stadig fuldstændig intakt og bruges siden Vinschgaubahns genåbning i 2005 til veterantog. Kollegaen i Innichen er derimod fjernet, men dens placering i landskabet kan stadig ses.

På Sardinien er to sporfemkanter bevaret i Carbonia og Oristano.

Historie

Det komplicerede og kuriøst forekommende koncept med sporfemkanter har givet anledning til gentagne spekulationer i jernbanetidsskrifter.

En tese, der har været fremsat flere gange, men som har vist sig uholdbar, går på, at de skulle være beregnet til brug for jernbaneskyts fra første verdenskrig. Alle sporfemkanter hvis datering kendes er imidlertid anlagt i mellemkrigstiden, den i Mals for eksempel ved udvidelsen af stationen i 1930. Faktisk blev det først nødvendigt at vende lokomotiver med tender i Mals, Brenner og Innichen efter første verdenskrig. Før da var Brenner og Innichen relativt betydningsløse gennemkørselsstationer, der først efter Tyrols deling som følge af Saint-Germain-traktaten blev grænsestationer. Og i Mals betød den nye grænse, at den oprindeligt planlagte forlængelse af Vinschgaubahn over Reschenpass til Landeck åbenlyst ikke ville blive realiseret.

Byen Carbonia på Sardinien blev først grundlagt i 1937, og jernbanen blev først åbnet i 1956. Stationen i Oristano har eksisteret siden 1872, og den tilhørende bane, Ferrovia Cagliari-Golfo Aranci blev optaget af Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane i 1920. Det vides imidlertid ikke hvornår og hvorfor stationens sporfemkant blev bygget.

Der er dog ingen tvivl om, at det lavere pladsbehov i forhold til en sportrekant, for ikke at tale om en vendesløjfe, har været en speciel fordel i bjergområder. En almindelig drejeskive havde dog været mere pladsbesparende, men den ville næppe kunne drives sikkert i vintre med meget sne og is.

Modeljernbaner

Sporfemkanter forekommer også på modeljernbaner men er trods deres fascinerende opbygning sjældne. Det skyldes dels, at der kun er få konkrete forbilleder, og dels at de professionelle fabrikanter ikke fremstiller de nødvendige krydsspor, der ligger i kurver. Ved kørsel med toskinnesystem forstærkes desuden de problemer, der i forvejen kendes fra vendesløjfer og sportrekanter, betydeligt med de tre krydsninger. Under vendingen må de to skinners elektriske polarisering således byttes et eller andet sted, uden at det medfører kortslutninger før eller efter. Til trods for det er det dog lykkedes at frembringe succesfulde og driftssikre sporfemkanter også i model.

Weblinks
 Video kørsel gennem Sporfemkant i Carbonia

Noter

Jernbaneanlæg
Modeljernbane

Sporfemkant


Bruno Eichgrün (né le  à Berlin, mort le  à Berlin-Schöneberg) est un acteur et réalisateur allemand.

Biographie
Eichgrün fait ses débuts sur scène à Berlin en 1897, s'installe brièvement à Zurich l'année suivante et revient à Berlin en 1899. Jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale, les théâtres de Berlin et de province alternent, Eichgrün se produit notamment dans les théâtres municipaux de Lübeck et de Göttingen, où il est aussi metteur en scène.

Pendant la guerre, il se lance dans le cinéma, ses premiers partenaires devant la caméra sont sa future épouse Mia Cordes et la star du cinéma muet Asta Nielsen. En quelques années, Eichgrün devient un acteur de caractère recherché avec des seconds rôles et quelques rôles principaux. Peu de temps après la fin de la guerre, il s'essaie également à la réalisation de thrillers policiers et de mélodrames peu élaborés, qu'il réalise pour la société berlinoise Althoff & Co.

En 1922, Bruno Eichgrün se retire largement de la réalisation cinématographique, mais fonde en  avec les hommes d'affaires Georg Moritz von Wedel et Fred Schropp jr. la Deupa Deutsche Propaganda-Film GmbH (1925-1930) pour la production de films publicitaires pour le transport, l'industrie et le commerce. Il continue à jouer des rôles sur les scènes berlinoises (de 1928 à 1931 sous la direction de Max Reinhardt) et n'apparaît à nouveau plusieurs fois devant la caméra que dans les premières années du cinéma sonore pour quelques apparitions groupées.

Eichgrün meurt des suites d'une grave maladie intestinale à l'hôpital de Berlin-Schöneberg.

Filmographie partielle

Comme acteur

Comme réalisateur
 1919 : Der Vampir von St. Louis
 1920 : Die Rache des Mestizen
 1920 : Die Hand des Würgers
 1920 : Das Gasthaus von Chicago
 1920 : Das Geheimnis der Gladiatorenwerke
 1920 : Der Geistertanz
 1920 : Der falsche Baronet
 1920 : Weiße Liebe, roter Haß
 1920 : Der Komplize von Cincinnati
 1920 : Der Todesbote
 1921 : Die Apotheke des Teufels
 1921 : Das Mädchen aus dem Sumpf
 1921 : Die drohende Faust
 1921 : Erzgauner
 1921-1922 : Das goldene Haar
 1922 : Die Kartenlegerin

Notes et références

Liens externes

Crédit d'auteurs

Naissance à Berlin
Naissance dans l'Empire allemand
Acteur allemand de cinéma
Acteur allemand du muet
Réalisateur allemand de cinéma
Réalisateur du muet
Naissance en janvier 1877
Décès en juin 1937
Décès à 60 ans
Décès à Berlin

Bruno Eichgrün


Dracaena subspicata (Sansevieria subspicata) es una especie de Dracaena Sansevieria perteneciente a la familia de las asparagáceas, originaria de  África.

Ahora se la ha incluido en el gen de Dracaena debido a los estudios moleculares de su filogenia.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea geófita sin tallo, con	rizoma de 0.5-1 cm de espesor, con numerosas raíces en el subsuelo y hojas escamosas membranosas en las bases de las hojas. Las hojas ascendentes, estrechamente lanceoladas, de 23-27  ≈  3-5  cm, 0,2 cm de espesor, coriáceas, suaves, agudas, limbo algo doblado longitudinalmente, con los márgenes verdes. La inflorescencia es  racemosa, de 15-30 cm de largo, con las flores en la mitad superior, 1-2 por racimo. Perianto con tubo cilíndrico, de 4,4 cm de largo, hinchado en la base, lóbulos de color blanco-verde, 2 cm de largo, 0,2 cm de ancho, más ancho cerca del ápice, estrechándose ligeramente en la base. El fruto es una baya globosa.

Distribución
Se distribuye por Mozambique.

Taxonomía
Sansevieria subspicata fue descrita por John Gilbert Baker y publicado en Garden Club Exchange ii 436, en el año 1889.

Taxonomía
El género fue descrito por Zucc.) Rose   y publicado en Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 8(1): 14. 1903.
Etimología
Sansevieria nombre genérico que debería ser "Sanseverinia" puesto que su descubridor, Vincenzo Petanga, de Nápoles, pretendía dárselo en conmemoración a Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, duque de Chiaromonte y fundador de un jardín de plantas exóticas en el sur de Italia. Sin embargo, el botánico sueco Thunberg que fue quien lo describió, lo denominó Sansevieria, en honor del militar, inventor y erudito napolitano Raimondo di Sangro (1710-1771), séptimo príncipe de Sansevero.

subspicata: epíteto latino que significa "menos altos".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

subspicata
Flora de África tropical austral
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1903
Plantas descritas por Baker

Sansevieria subspicata


Julius Washington Wilcke (født 24. oktober 1875, død 16. marts 1951) var en dansk embedsmand og numismatiker.

Wilcke var kontorchef og senere departementschef i Landbrugsministeriet (1934-45), 1943-45 for landbrugsministeriet i Departementschefstyret. Wilcke blev formand for Statens Landvindingsudvalg ved dets oprettelse i 1940 og sad også i bestyrelsen for Det danske Hedeselskab.

I 1919 blev Wilcke dr.polit. på en afhandling om Christian IV's Møntpolitik 1588—1625. 1916 blev han fuldmægtig i landbrugsministeriet og i 1922 kontorchef. I 1924 fortsattes denne påbegyndte gennemgang af møntvæsenets historie med Møntvæsenet under Christian IV og Frederik III, omfattende tidsrummet 1625—70, og i 1927 udkom Kurantmønten, der behandler perioden 1726—88. Wilcke har således gennem disse arbejder med supplement af Axel Nielsens afhandling Specier, Kroner, Kurant, der redegør for perioden 1671—1726, leveret en sammenhængende historisk behandling af danskt møntvæsens historie i to århundreder, nemlig fra 1588 til 1788.

Kilder

Departementschefer i Landbrugsministeriet
Numismatikere fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Danskere i 1900-tallet

Julius Wilcke


لويس مورينو أوكامبو  (4 يونيو 1952 في بوينس آيرس، الأرجنتين) هو المدعي العام للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية الحالي، وهو مسؤول عن التحقيق والملاحقة القضائية لمرتكبي جرائم الحرب والجرائم المرتكبة ضد الإنسانية والإبادة الجماعية.
أرجنتيني الجنسية، حصل على سمعة حسنة خلال ملاحقته كبار المسؤولين العسكريين وعلى جهوده في مكافحة الفساد في بلاده.

تخرج في عام 1987 من جامعة بوينس آيرس، كلية القانون، عمل ملازم قضائي من عام 1980 إلى عام 1984 قبل أن يذاع صيته بوصفه مساعد المدعي العام للجنة الوطنية المسؤولة عن اختفاء الأشخاص في الأرجنتين بين العامين 1984-1985 التي قامت بمحاكمة 9 من كبار المسئوليين الأرجنتينيين من ضمنهم ثلاثة رؤساء دولة سابقين وعدد من الدكتاتوريين العسكريين الذين اتهمو بعمليات قتل جماعي.

ترك مورينو أوكامبو في عام 1992 موقعه الرئيسي كمدعي عام للمحكمة الاتحادية الأرجنتينية حيث قام بافتتاح مكتب محاماة متخصص في القانون الجنائي وقانون حقوق الإنسان وفي نفس الوقت عمل أستاذًا مساعدًا في القانون الجنائي في جامعة بوينس آيرس وكان أيضا أستاذ زائر في جامعة هارفارد وجامعة ستانفورد في الولايات المتحدة.

المؤلفات
لأوكامبو العديد من المؤلفات في هذا المجال أبرزها: "في الدفاع عن النفس.. كيف نحارب الفساد" 1993، "وعندما تفقد القوة المحاكمة، كيف نفسر الديكتاتورية لأطفالنا" 1996، كما نشرت له بعض الدراسات في دوريات متخصصة، أشهرها دراسة نشرت في عام 1999 بدورية "جورنال أوف إنترناشيونال أفيرز تحت عنوان: "ما وراء العقوبة.. العدالة في ظل صحوة الجرائم في الأرجنتين".

محكمة الجنايات الدولية
انتخب مورينو اوكامبو كمدعي عام لمحكمة الجنايات الدولة بواقع 70 صوت من أصوات الدول الأعضاء، وأدى اليمين في عام 2003.

اتهامات مورينو أوكامبو ضد الرئيس السوداني
في 14 تموز/يوليو عام 2008 اتهم مورينو أوكامبو الرئيس السوداني عمر البشير بعشر تهم تتعلق بجرائم حرب وإبادة وجرائم ضد الإنسانية. تطعن السودان في الأهلية الأخلاقية لأوكامبو على خلفية اتهام سابق له بالتحرش الجنسي حيث اتهم بأخذ مفاتيح سيارة تخص صحفية جنوب أفريقية واشترط ممارسة الجنس معها كي تستعيدها، وهذا ما نفاه أوكامبو بشدة.

في 4 مارس 2009 وافقت المحكمة الجنائية الدولية على طلب المدعي العام أوكامبو إصدار مذكرة اعتقال لعمر البشير بتهمة تصفية مدنيين وتهجير قسري وتعذيب واغتصاب. يذكر أن أوكامبو دعا مجلس الأمن إلى الإسراع في تنفيذ أمر القبض.

أثارت هذه المذكرة ردود فعل متباينة تجاه المحكمة والمدعي العام في الأوساط العربية والأفريقية والعالمية. يطعن الكثيرون في عدالة أوكامبو بسبب تواطؤه مع جرائم إسرائيل ضد الإنسانية وانحيازه للأجندة الأمريكية التي تسعى لخلق التوتر في المناطق التي يتزعمها من لهم توجهات مناهضة للمشاريع الغربية حيث يصفونها بالمشاريع الاستعمارية.

مواضيع ذات صلة
 المحكمة الجنائية الدولية.
 جرائم الحرب.
 جرائم ضد الإنسانية.
 الإبادة الجماعية.
 قائمة مجرمي الحرب.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بوينس آيرس
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية هارفارد للحقوق
خريجو جامعة بوينس آيرس
سياسيون أرجنتينيون
محامون أرجنتينيون
محامون أرجنتينيون في القرن 20
محامون أرجنتينيون في القرن 21
محامون من بوينس آيرس
مواليد 1952

لويس مورينو أوكامبو