Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source.

The broad meaning of the term, such as in the history of technology, economic history, and economic development, usually applies to a region or national economy.  Broadly speaking, electrification was the build-out of the electricity generation and electric power distribution systems that occurred in Britain, the United States, and other now-developed countries from the mid-1880s until around 1950 and is still in progress in rural areas in some developing countries. This included the transition in manufacturing from line shaft and belt drive using steam engines and water power to electric motors.

The electrification of particular sectors of the economy is called by terms such as factory electrification, household electrification, rural electrification, aviation electrification or railway electrification.  It may also apply to changing industrial processes such as smelting, melting, separating or refining from coal or coke heating, or chemical processes to some type of electric process such as electric arc furnace, electric induction or resistance heating, or electrolysis or electrolytic separating.

Electrification was called "the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century" by the National Academy of Engineering, and it continues in both rich and poor countries.

History of electrification

The earliest commercial uses of electricity were electroplating and the telegraph.

Development of magnetos, dynamos and generators

In the years 1831–1832, Michael Faraday discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators.  The principle, later called Faraday's law, is that an electromotive force is generated in an electrical conductor that is subjected to a varying magnetic flux, as for example, a wire moving through a magnetic field. He also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk, a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage.

Around 1832, Hippolyte Pixii improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the extra coils of conductor generating more current, but it was AC. André-Marie Ampère suggested a means of converting current from Pixii's magneto to DC using a rocking switch. Later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current.

William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone developed a telegraph around 1838-40. In 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using a battery-powered electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet, which they patented in 1845. The self-excited magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets. This type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866.

The first practical generator, the Gramme machine, was made by Z. T. Gramme, who sold many of these machines in the 1870s. British engineer R. E. B. Crompton improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved the operating characteristics of generators.

The improvements in electrical generation technology in the 19th century increased its efficiency and reliability greatly. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of mechanical energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%.

Electric lighting

Arc lighting

Sir Humphry Davy invented the carbon arc lamp in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light arc with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any great extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed.

Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two carbon electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted. Several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc. A common approach was to feed a carbon electrode by gravity and maintain the gap with a pair of electromagnets, one of which retracted the upper carbon after the arc was started and the second controlled a brake on the gravity feed.

Arc lamps of the time had very intense light output – in the range of 4,000 candlepower (candelas) – and released a lot of heat, and they were a fire hazard, all of which made them inappropriate for lighting homes.

In the 1850s, many of these problems were solved by the arc lamp invented by William Petrie and William Staite. The lamp used a magneto-electric generator and had a self-regulating mechanism to control the gap between the two carbon rods. Their light was used to light up the National Gallery in London and was a great novelty at the time. These arc lamps and designs similar to it, powered by large magnetos, were first installed on English lighthouses in the mid 1850s, but the power limitations prevented these models from being a proper success.

The first successful arc lamp (the Yablochkov candle) was developed by Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov using the Gramme generator. Its advantage lay in the fact that it did not require the use of a mechanical regulator like its predecessors. It was first exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1878 and was heavily promoted by Gramme. The arc light was installed along the half mile length of Avenue de l'Opéra, Place du Theatre Francais and around the Place de l'Opéra in 1878.

R. E. B. Crompton developed a more sophisticated design in 1878 which gave a much brighter and steadier light than the Yablochkov candle. In 1878, he formed Crompton & Co. and began to manufacture, sell and install the Crompton lamp. His concern was one of the first electrical engineering firms in the world.

Incandescent light bulbs
Various forms of incandescent light bulbs had numerous inventors; however, the most successful early bulbs were those that used a carbon filament sealed in a high vacuum. These were invented by Joseph Swan in 1878 in Britain and by Thomas Edison in 1879 in the US. Edison's lamp was more successful than Swan's because Edison used a thinner filament, giving it higher resistance and thus conducting much less current. Edison began commercial production of carbon filament bulbs in 1880. Swan's light began commercial production in 1881.

Swan's house, in Low Fell, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in Newcastle, was the first public room lit by electric light, and the Savoy Theatre was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.

Central power stations and isolated systems

The first central station providing public power is believed to be one at Godalming, Surrey, U.K. autumn 1881. The system was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. The system lit up arc lamps on the main streets and incandescent lamps on a few side streets with hydroelectric power. By 1882 between 8 and 10 households were connected, with a total of 57 lights. The system was not a commercial success and the town reverted to gas.

The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at Holborn Viaduct in London in 1882. Equipped with 1000 incandescent lightbulbs that replaced the older gas lighting, the station lit up Holborn Circus including the offices of the General Post Office and the famous City Temple church. The supply was a direct current at 110 V; due to power loss in the copper wires, this amounted to 100 V for the customer.

Within weeks, a parliamentary committee recommended passage of the landmark 1882 Electric Lighting Act, which allowed the licensing of persons, companies or local authorities to supply electricity for any public or private purposes.

The first large scale central power station in America was Edison's Pearl Street Station in New York, which began operating in September 1882. The station had six 200 horsepower Edison dynamos, each powered by a separate steam engine. It was located in a business and commercial district and supplied 110 volt direct current to 85 customers with 400 lamps. By 1884 Pearl Street was supplying 508 customers with 10,164 lamps.

By the mid-1880s, other electric companies were establishing central power stations and distributing electricity, including Crompton & Co. and the Swan Electric Light Company in the UK, Thomson-Houston Electric Company and Westinghouse in the US and Siemens in Germany. By 1890 there were 1000 central stations in operation. The 1902 census listed 3,620 central stations. By 1925 half of power was provided by central stations.

Load factor and isolated systems

One of the biggest problems facing the early power companies was the hourly variable demand. When lighting was practically the only use of electricity, demand was high during the first hours before the workday and the evening hours when demand peaked. As a consequence, most early electric companies did not provide daytime service, with two-thirds providing no daytime service in 1897.

The ratio of the average load to the peak load of a central station is called the load factor. For electric companies to increase profitability and lower rates, it was necessary to increase the load factor. The way this was eventually accomplished was through motor load. Motors are used more during daytime and many run continuously. Electric street railways were ideal for load balancing. Many electric railways generated their own power and also sold power and operated distribution systems.

The load factor adjusted upward by the turn of the 20th century—at Pearl Street the load factor increased from 19.3% in 1884 to 29.4% in 1908. By 1929, the load factor around the world was greater than 50%, mainly due to motor load.

Before widespread power distribution from central stations, many factories, large hotels, apartment and office buildings had their own power generation. Often this was economically attractive because the exhaust steam could be used for building and industrial process heat, which today is known as cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP). Most self-generated power became uneconomical as power prices fell. As late as the early 20th century, isolated power systems greatly outnumbered central stations. Cogeneration is still commonly practiced in many industries that use large amounts of both steam and power, such as pulp and paper, chemicals and refining. The continued use of private electric generators is called microgeneration.

Direct current electric motors

The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. The crucial advance that this represented over the motor demonstrated by Michael Faraday was the incorporation of a commutator. This allowed Sturgeon's motor to be the first capable of providing continuous rotary motion.

Frank J. Sprague improved on the DC motor in 1884 by solving the problem of maintaining a constant speed with varying load and reducing sparking from the brushes. Sprague sold his motor through Edison Co. It is easy to vary speed with DC motors, which made them suited for a number of applications such as electric street railways, machine tools and certain other industrial applications where speed control was desirable.

Alternating current

Although the first power stations supplied direct current, the distribution of alternating current soon became the most favored option. The main advantages of AC were that it could be transformed to high voltage to reduce transmission losses and that AC motors could easily run at constant speeds.

Alternating current technology was rooted in Faraday's 1830–31 discovery that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit.

The first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily who gave a workable demonstration of his battery-operated polyphase motor aided by a commutator on June 28, 1879 to the Physical Society of London. Nearly identical to Baily's apparatus, French electrical engineer Marcel Deprez in 1880 published a paper that identified the rotating magnetic field principle and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it.  In 1886, English engineer Elihu Thomson built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion principle and his wattmeter.

It was in the 1880s that the technology was commercially developed for large scale electricity generation and transmission. In 1882 the British inventor and electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti, working for the company Siemens collaborated with the distinguished physicist Lord Kelvin to pioneer AC power technology including an early transformer.

A power transformer developed by Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs was demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of Westinghouse. They also exhibited the invention in Turin in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. Many of their designs were adapted to the particular laws governing electrical distribution in the UK.

Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti went into this business in 1882 when he set up a shop in London designing various electrical devices. Ferranti believed in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts in this system in the UK. With the help of Lord Kelvin, Ferranti pioneered the first AC power generator and transformer in 1882. John Hopkinson, a British physicist, invented the three-wire (three-phase) system for the distribution of electrical power, for which he was granted a patent in 1882.

The Italian inventor Galileo Ferraris invented a polyphase AC induction motor in 1885. The idea was that two out-of-phase, but synchronized, currents might be used to produce two magnetic fields that could be combined to produce a rotating field without any need for switching or for moving parts. Other inventors were the American engineers Charles S. Bradley and Nikola Tesla, and the German technician Friedrich August Haselwander. They were able to overcome the problem of starting up the AC motor by using a rotating magnetic field produced by a poly-phase current. Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky introduced the first three-phase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the U.S. By 1895 GE and Westinghouse both had AC motors on the market. With single phase current either a capacitor or coil (creating inductance) can be used on part of the circuit inside the motor to create a rotating magnetic field. Multi-speed AC motors that have separately wired poles have long been available, the most common being two speed. Speed of these motors is changed by switching sets of poles on or off, which was done with a special motor starter for larger motors, or a simple multiple speed switch for fractional horsepower motors.

AC power stations
The first AC power station was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti. In 1887 the London Electric Supply Corporation hired Ferranti for the design of their power station at Deptford. He designed the building, the generating plant and the distribution system. It was built at the Stowage, a site to the west of the mouth of Deptford Creek once used by the East India Company. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000 V) AC current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in 1891 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use today around the world.

In the U.S., George Westinghouse, who had become interested in the power transformer developed by Gaulard and Gibbs, began to develop his AC lighting system, using a transmission system with a 20:1 step up voltage with step-down. In 1890 Westinghouse and Stanley built a system to transmit power several miles to a mine in Colorado. A decision was taken to use AC for power transmission from the Niagara Power Project to Buffalo, New York. Proposals submitted by vendors in 1890 included DC and compressed air systems.  A combination DC and compressed air system remained under consideration until late in the schedule.  Despite the protestations of the Niagara commissioner William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) the decision was taken to build an AC system, which had been proposed by both Westinghouse and General Electric. In October 1893 Westinghouse was awarded the contract to provide the first three 5,000 hp, 250 rpm, 25 Hz, two phase generators. The hydro power plant went online in 1895, and it was the largest one until that date.

By the 1890s, single and poly-phase AC was undergoing rapid introduction. In the U.S. by 1902, 61% of generating capacity was AC, increasing to 95% in 1917. Despite the superiority of alternating current for most applications, a few existing DC systems continued to operate for several decades after AC became the standard for new systems.

Steam turbines

The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations.  Early projects used reciprocating steam engines, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally changed the economics of central station operations. Steam turbines could be made in larger ratings than reciprocating engines, and generally had higher efficiency. The speed of steam turbines did not fluctuate cyclically during each revolution; making parallel operation of AC generators feasible, and improved the stability of rotary converters for production of direct current for traction and industrial uses.  Steam turbines ran at higher speed than reciprocating engines, not being limited by the allowable speed of a piston in a cylinder. This made them more compatible with AC generators with only two or four poles; no  gearbox or belted speed increaser was needed between the engine and the generator. It was costly and ultimately impossible to provide a belt-drive between a low-speed engine and a high-speed generator in the very large ratings required for central station service.

The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by British engineer Sir Charles Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parson's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible. Parsons turbines were widely introduced in English central stations by 1894; the first electric supply company in the world to generate electricity using turbo generators was Parsons' own electricity supply company Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company, set up in 1894. Within Parson's lifetime, the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times.

The first U.S. turbines were two De Leval units at Edison Co. in New York in 1895. The first U.S. Parsons turbine was at Westinghouse Air Brake Co. near Pittsburgh.

Steam turbines also had capital cost and operating advantages over reciprocating engines. The condensate from steam engines was contaminated with oil and could not be reused, while condensate from a turbine is clean and typically reused.  Steam turbines were a fraction of the size and weight of comparably rated reciprocating steam engine. Steam turbines can operate for years with almost no wear. Reciprocating steam engines required high maintenance.  Steam turbines can be manufactured with capacities far larger than any steam engines ever made, giving important economies of scale.

Steam turbines could be built to operate on higher pressure and temperature steam. A fundamental principle of thermodynamics is that the higher the temperature of the steam entering an engine, the higher the  efficiency. The introduction of steam turbines motivated a series of improvements in temperatures and pressures. The resulting increased conversion efficiency lowered electricity prices.

The power density of boilers was increased by using forced combustion air and by using compressed air to feed pulverized coal. Also, coal handling was mechanized and automated.

Electrical grid

With the realization of long distance power transmission it was possible to interconnect different central stations to balance loads and improve load factors. Interconnection became increasingly desirable as electrification grew rapidly in the early years of the 20th century.

Charles Merz, of the Merz & McLellan consulting partnership, built the Neptune Bank Power Station near Newcastle upon Tyne in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. In 1905 he tried to influence Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until World War I that Parliament began to take this idea seriously, appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the Williamson Report of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system in the UK.

The more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, led to the setting up of the National Grid. The Central Electricity Board standardised the nation's electricity supply and established the first synchronised AC grid, running at 132 kilovolts and 50 Hertz. This started operating as a national system, the National Grid, in 1938.

In the United States it became a national objective after the power crisis during the summer of 1918 in the midst of World War I to consolidate supply. In 1934 the Public Utility Holding Company Act recognized electric utilities as public goods of importance along with gas, water, and telephone companies and thereby were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.

Household electrification

The electrification of households in Europe and North America began in the early 20th century in major cities and in areas served by electric railways and increased rapidly until about 1930 when 70% of households were electrified in the U.S.

Rural areas were electrified first in Europe, and in the U.S. the Rural Electric Administration, established in 1935 brought electrification to rural areas.

Historical cost of electricity
Central station electric power generating provided power more efficiently and at lower cost than small generators. The capital and operating cost per unit of power were also cheaper with central stations. The cost of electricity fell dramatically in the first decades of the twentieth century due to the introduction of steam turbines and the improved load factor after the introduction of AC motors. As electricity prices fell, usage increased dramatically and central stations were scaled up to enormous sizes, creating significant economies of scale.  For the historical cost see Ayres-Warr (2002) Fig. 7.

Benefits of electrification

Benefits of electric lighting
Electric lighting is highly desirable. The light is much brighter than oil or gas lamps, and there is no soot. Although early electricity was very expensive compared to today, it was far cheaper and more convenient than oil or gas lighting. Electric lighting was so much safer than oil or gas that some companies were able to pay for the electricity with the insurance savings.

Pre-electric power
In 1851, Charles Babbage stated:One of the inventions most important to a class of highly skilled workers (engineers) would be a small motive power - ranging perhaps from the force of from half a man to that of two horses, which might commence as well as cease its action at a moment's notice, require no expense of time for its management and be of modest cost both in original cost and in daily expense.

To be efficient steam engines needed to be several hundred horsepower.  Steam engines and boilers also required operators and maintenance.  For these reasons the smallest commercial steam engines were about 2 horsepower. This was above the need for many small shops.  Also, a small steam engine and boiler cost about $7,000 while an old blind horse that could develop 1/2 horsepower cost $20 or less.  Machinery to use horses for power cost $300 or less.

Many power requirements were less than that of a horse.  Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank.  Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a line shaft.  Dogs were sometimes used on machines such as a treadmill, which could be adapted to churn butter.

In the late 19th century specially designed power buildings leased space to small shops.  These building supplied power to the tenants from a steam engine through line shafts.

Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation was more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.

Electric motors were more efficient than human or animal power.  The conversion efficiency for animal feed to work is between 4 and 5% compared to over 30% for electricity generated using coal.

Economic impact of electrification

Electrification and economic growth are highly correlated. In economics, the efficiency of electrical generation has been shown to correlate with technological progress.

In the U.S. from 1870-80 each man-hour was provided with .55 hp.  In 1950 each man-hour was provided with 5 hp, or a 2.8% annual increase, declining to 1.5% from 1930-50.  The period of electrification of factories and households from 1900 to 1940, was one of high productivity and economic growth.

Most studies of electrification and electric grids focused on industrial core countries in Europe and the United States. Elsewhere, wired electricity was often carried on and through the circuits of colonial rule. Some historians and sociologists considered the interplay of colonial politics and the development of electric grids: in India, Rao  showed that linguistics-based regional politics—not techno-geographical considerations—led to the creation of two separate grids; in colonial Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Chikowero  showed that electrification was racially based and served the white settler community while excluding Africans; and in Mandate Palestine, Shamir  claimed that  British electric concessions to a Zionist-owned company deepened the economic disparities between Arabs and Jews.

Current extent of electrification

While electrification of cities and homes has existed since the late 19th century, about 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.

Most recent progress in electrification took place between the 1950s and 1980s. Vast gains were seen in the 1970s and 1980s—from 49% of the world's population in 1970 to 76% in 1990. Recent gains have been more modest; by the early 2010s, 81–83% of the world's population had access to electricity.

Electrification for sustainable energy

As clean energy is mostly generated in the form of electricity, such as renewable energy or nuclear power, a switch to these energy sources requires that end uses, such as transport and heating, be electrified for the world's energy systems to be sustainable. Recent work has shown that in the U.S. and Canada the use of heat pumps (HP) is economic if powered with solar photovoltaic (PV) devices to offset propane heating in rural areas and natural gas heating in cities. A 2023 study investigated: (1) a residential natural gas-based heating system and grid electricity, (2) a residential natural gas-based heating system with PV to serve the electric load, (3) a residential HP system with grid electricity, and (4) a residential HP+PV system. It found that under typical inflation conditions, the lifecycle cost of natural gas and reversible, air-source heat pumps are nearly identical, which in part explains why heat pump sales have surpassed gas furnace sales in the U.S. for the first time during a period of high inflation. With higher rates of inflation or lower PV capital costs, PV becomes a hedge against rising prices and encourages the adoption of heat pumps by also locking in both electricity and heating cost growth. The study concludes: "The real internal rate of return for such prosumer technologies is 20x greater than a long-term certificate of deposit, which demonstrates the additional value PV and HP technologies offer prosumers over comparably secure investment vehicles while making substantive reductions in carbon emissions." This approach can be improved by integrating a thermal battery into the heat pump+solar energy heating system.

Transport electrification

It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels. Therefore, adoption of electric vehicles is a way to make transport more sustainable. Hydrogen vehicles may be an option for larger vehicles which have not yet been widely electrified, such as long distance lorries. Many of the techniques needed to lower emissions from shipping and aviation are still early in their development.

Heating electrification
A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling for their homes. In addition to air conditioning, which requires electrification and additional power demand, passive building design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. Similarly, many households in the developing and developed world suffer from fuel poverty and cannot heat their houses enough. Existing heating practices are often polluting.

A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (heat pumps, or the less efficient electric heater). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and water heating requirements globally, but could provide over 90%. Use of ground source heat pumps not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements. However, heat pumps and resistive heating alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the chemical industry with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.

Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements. The UK government is experimenting with electrification for home heating to meet its climate goals. Ceramic and Induction heating for cooktops as well as industrial applications (for instance steam crackers) are examples of technologies that can be used to transition away from natural gas.

Energy resilience

Electricity is a "sticky" form of energy, in that it tends to stay in the continent or island where it is produced. It is also multi-sourced; if one source suffers a shortage, electricity can be produced from other sources, including renewable sources. As a result, in the long term it is a relatively resilient means of energy transmission. In the short term, because electricity must be supplied at the same moment it is consumed, it is somewhat unstable, compared to fuels that can be delivered and stored on-site. However, that can be mitigated by grid energy storage and distributed generation.

Managing variable energy sources
Solar and wind are variable renewable energy sources that supply electricity intermittently depending on the weather and the time of day. Most electrical grids were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, changes have to be made to the energy system to ensure that the supply of electricity is matched to demand. In 2019, these sources generated 8.5% of worldwide electricity, a share that has grown rapidly.

There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar production are complementary on a daily and a season scale: There is more wind during the night and in winter, when solar energy production is low. Linking different geographical regions through long-distance transmission lines allows for further cancelling out of variability. Energy demand can be shifted in time through energy demand management and the use of smart grids, matching the times when variable energy production is highest. With storage, energy produced in excess can be released when needed. Building additional capacity for wind and solar generation can help to ensure that enough electricity is produced even during poor weather; during optimal weather energy generation may have to be curtailed. The final mismatch may be covered by using dispatchable energy sources such as hydropower, bioenergy, or natural gas.

Energy storage

Energy storage helps overcome barriers for intermittent renewable energy, and is therefore an important aspect of a sustainable energy system. The most commonly used storage method is pumped-storage hydroelectricity, which requires locations with large differences in height and access to water. Batteries, and specifically lithium-ion batteries, are also deployed widely. They contain cobalt, which is largely mined in Congo, a politically unstable region. More diverse geographical sourcing may ensure the stability of the supply-chain and their environmental impacts can be reduced by downcycling and recycling. Batteries typically store electricity for short periods; research is ongoing into technology with sufficient capacity to last through seasons. Pumped hydro storage and power-to-gas with capacity for multi-month usage has been implemented in some locations.

As of 2018, thermal energy storage is typically not as convenient as burning fossil fuels. High upfront costs form a barrier for implementation. Seasonal thermal energy storage requires large capacity; it has been implemented in some high-latitude regions for household heat.

See also

GOELRO plan
Mains electricity by country - Plugs, voltages and frequencies
Renewable electricity
Renewable energy development

References

Citations

General and cited references

External links

 The Truth of Lightning 01 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone
 The Truth of Lightning 01 (Japanese)2-An`s Safe Zone
 The Truth of Lightning 02 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone
 Zambesi Rapids - Rural electrification with water power.

Electric power
Energy development

Electrification


Die Radrennbahn Stellingen befindet sich im Hamburger Stadtteil Stellingen.

Die Radrennbahn wurde 1961 erbaut. Sie ist 250 Meter lang, aus Beton und war zunächst offen. 1995 erhielt die Bahn ein einteiliges Zeltdach, das mit 7000 Quadratmetern Fläche das größte Zelt Europas ist, und ein neuer Belag aus Kunstharz wurde aufgetragen. Das 250 Meter lange Oval ist sechs Meter breit und hat eine Kurvenüberhöhung von 38 Grad. Sie ist die einzige überdachte Radrennbahn Norddeutschlands. 2000 und 2005 fanden auf der Radrennbahn in Stellingen die deutschen Bahnmeisterschaften statt.

Die Anlage liegt inmitten einer Kleingartenkolonie. In unmittelbarer Nähe befinden sich weitere Sportstätten: Die Squashanlage Sportwerk Hamburg, der Sportpark Eimsbüttel mit mehreren Fußballplätzen sowie die Tennisanlage des Vereins Grün-Weiss Eimsbüttel.

Die Bahn gehört der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg. Im Sommer ist sie unter anderem die Heimspielstätte der WET Hamburg Hawks, welche in der Regionalliga Nord, sowie der Landesliga Hamburg in der Sportart Inline-Skaterhockey antreten. Im Winter wird sie als Eisbahn genutzt. Dort tragen zum Beispiel die HSV Young Freezers ihre Heimspiele in der Deutschen Nachwuchsliga, der höchsten Juniorenspielklasse im deutschen Eishockey, aus.

Im Rahmen der gescheiterten  Bewerbung von Hamburg für die Olympischen Sommerspiele 2024 standen Überlegungen im Raum, die etwas in die Jahre gekommene Stellinger Radrennbahn grundlegend zu sanieren, um sie olympiareif zu machen. Alternativ wurde der Bau einer temporären Halle für rund 5000 Zuschauer angedacht.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Radrennbahn Stellingen auf radsport-hh.de

Radrennbahn in Deutschland
Eishockeystadion in Deutschland
Stellingen, Radrennbahn
Radrennbahn
Stadion in Hamburg
Bauwerk im Bezirk Eimsbüttel

Radrennbahn Stellingen


Fischer's chameleon (Kinyongia fischeri), also known commonly as  the Nguru blade-horned chameleon and the Nguru two-horned chameleon, is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Tanzania.

Etymology
The specific name, fischeri, is in honor of German herpetologist Johann Gustav Fischer.

Geographic range
K. fischeri is restricted to the Nguru and Nguu Mountains of Tanzania. Chameleons found in other parts of the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tazania as well as Kenya are now classified as separate species.

Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of K. fischeri is forest, at altitudes up to .

Taxonomy
A number of other species (K. boehmei, K. matschiei, K. multituberculata, K. tavetana, K. uluguruensis, and K. vosseleri) have formerly been included as subpopulations of K. fischeri or classified as its subspecies. In 1991, it was recommended that K. tavetana (including K. boehmei) should be recognized as a species distinct from K. fischeri, and in 2008 it was shown that all the remaining also should be recognized as their own, distinct species. This means that the true Fischer's chameleon has a far more restricted distribution than previously believed and it does not overlap with the distributions of any of the other species in this group.

Reproduction
K. fischeri is oviparous.

In captivity
Although formerly considered common in captivity, virtually all "Fischer's chameleons" historically exported out of Tanzania were instead its close relatives (especially K. multituberculata, but also K. matschiei and K. vosseleri, and possibly a couple of other species). As of 2013, only three true K. fischeri were confirmed to have ever been exported in the captive trade.

References

Further reading
Nečas P (1999). Chamaeleons—Nature's Hidden Jewels. Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimaira. 348 pp.  (Europe),  (USA, Canada). (Bradypodion fischeri, new combination, p. 191).
Reichenow A (1887). "Neue Wirbelthiere des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin ". Zoologischer Anzeiger 10: 369–372. (Chamaeleon fischeri, new species, pp. 371–372). (in German).
Tilbury CR, Tolley KA, Branch WR (2006). "A review of the systematics of the genus Bradypodion (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) with the description of two new genera". Zootaxa 1363: 23–38. (Kinyongia fischeri, new combination).

Kinyongia
Lizards of Africa
Reptiles of Tanzania
Endemic fauna of Tanzania
Taxa named by Anton Reichenow
Reptiles described in 1887

Fischer's chameleon


إلكترونك غيمينغ مونثلي  هي مجلة أمريكية لألعاب الفيديو التي تتم إعادة إصدارها كـ « EGM Media, LLC ».

تركز موضيع المجلة على الألعاب الفيديو و أجهزة الألعاب بشكل عام.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1988 في إلينوي
تأسيسات سنة 1988 في الولايات المتحدة
مجلات ألعاب فيديو
مجلات الحاسوب
مجلات أسست في 1988
مجلات شهرية أمريكية
منشورات أسست في 1989
مجلات ألعاب فيديو باللغة الإنجليزية
مجلات نشرت في إلينوي

إلكترونك غيمينغ مونثلي


قاعدة شيف  (أو أساس شيف)، وذلك نسبة للكيميائي الألماني هوغو شيف، عبارة عن إيمينات تكون فيها ذرة النيتروجين مرتبطة بأريل أو ألكيل، ولكن ليس بذرة هيدروجين.

لقاعدة شيف الصيغة العامة R1R2C=N-R3. يكون لارتباط الباقي العضوي بذرة النيتروجين تأثيراً مثبتاً للإيمين.

في حال اشتقاق قاعدة شيف من الأنيلين، حيث تكون R3 عبارة عن مجموعة فينيل، أو فينيل مستبدل، فإن المركب الناتج يمكن أن يطلق عليه اسم أنيل.

يمكن لمركبات قاعدة شيف أن تحضر من تفاعل الأمينات العطرية مع مركبات حاوية على مجموعة كربونيل، حيث تحدث عملية إضافة محبة للنوى ويتشكل أولاً هيميأمينال hemiaminal، يتبعه تفاعل بلمهة ليعطي الإيمين (قاعدة شيف).

في أحد التفاعلات النمطية يتفاعل 4,4'-ثنائي أمينو ثنائي فينيل الإيثر مع أورثو فانيلين:

المراجع

إيمينات
ربيطات
كيمياء عضوية فلزية
مجموعات وظيفية

قاعدة شيف


Herleva, også kendt som Herleve, Arlette, Arletta Arlotte, og Harlette, ca. 1003 - ca. 1050 var en normannisk kvinde, der levede i 1000-tallet, der fik tre sønner; Vilhelm 1. af England, hvis far var Robert 1. af Normandiet, en uægte søn, Odo af Bayeux, og Robert, greve af Mortain, som Herluin de Conteville var far til. Alle tre blev prominente personer i Vilhelms rige.

Referencer

Normannere
Personer i 1000-tallet

Herleva


Veghea este un film românesc din 2004 regizat de Dinu Petrescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2004 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2004
Filme de acțiune

Veghea


Andreas Joachim Krell (1º de agosto de 1962, Berlim -) é um jurista alemão com atuação no Brasil. Em 2017, recebeu o título de "Cidadão honorário de Alagoas". É Professor Titular de Direito Ambiental e Constitucional da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL, Maceió - desde 1995), onde leciona nos Cursos de Graduação e Mestrado em Direito. Desde 1996, é professor colaborador permanente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito (Mestrado/Doutorado) da Faculdade de Direito do Recife (UFPE).

Em 2022, atuou como um dos especialistas em defesa da preservação ambiental na Comissão de Meio Ambiente do Senado Federal.

Na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) foi citado repetidamente pelos ministros Celso de Melo, Gilmar Mendes e Eros Grau.

Biografia
Em 1986 graduou-se em Ciências Jurídicas, pela Universidade Livre de Berlim (Freie Universität Berlin). Pela mesma Universidade, concluiu o doutorado em Ciências Jurídicas em 1993, tendo como orientador Christoph Müller. Em sua tese de doutorado, Andreas Krell analisou a estrutura normativa do Brasil sobre a proteção ambiental e urbanística na competência dos municípios brasileiros. Na fase final de seu doutorado, Andreas Krell foi contratado como Assistente Científico na Universidade Livre de Berlim (1992-1993).

Com interesse pelas discussões jurídicas brasileiras, Andreas Krell passou a atuar como Professor Visitante em Dedicação Exclusiva na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) entre 1994 e 1995. Nesta fase, lecionou matérias de Direito Ambiental e Direito Municipal, produzindo pesquisas relevantes nestas áreas.

Em 1996, Andreas Krell foi convidado a participar como Professor Colaborador do Programa de Pós-graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal - função que desempenha até os dias atuais.

Entre 1995 e 1999, também atuou como Professor Visitante da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Alagoas. E, a partir de 1999, na mesma instituição, passou a atuar como Professor Adjunto. Em 2008, foi promovido ao cargo de Professor Associado. Em 2019, tornou-se o Professor Titular de Direito Ambiental e Constitucional da UFAL, cargo máximo da carreira do magistério superior.

Suas pesquisas iniciais converteram-se em diversos artigos e três livros: "Direitos Sociais e Controle Judicial no Brasil e na Alemanha - os (des)caminhos de um Direito Constitucional "comparado" (Editora Sergio Fabris, 2002); O Município no Brasil e na Alemanha: Direito e Administração Pública comparados (Edições Loyola, 2003); Discricionariedade administrativa e proteção ambiental (Livraria do Advogado, 2004).

Andreas Krell foi o primeiro Coordenador do Curso de Mestrado em Direito da UFAL (2004/06), voltando ao cargo no mandato 2019/2023. Foi eleito também duas vezes Diretor da Faculdade de Direito da UFAL (2006-2014), tornando-se o primeiro europeu a ocupar tais funções.

Atualmente é consultor da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e pesquisador bolsista do CNPq (PQ - nível 1A). É autor de diversos livros e artigos de direito ambiental, constitucional, administrativo e em Teoria do Direito.

Obras
Andreas Krell é autor de diversas obras publicadas, notoriamente no campo do Direito Ambiental e Constitucional, além de Teoria do Direito. Em 09 de março de 2023, consta no Google Acadêmico que os trabalhos acadêmicos de Andreas Krell foram referenciados em cerca de 1.954 citações em outras publicações - sendo um dos juristas mais citados atualmente. Dentre suas principais produções, destacam-se:

Livros

 KRELL, Andreas J.; LINS JR., G. S. (Org.) ; DANTAS, J. J. (Org.) . A pandemia do Coronavírus sob a ótica do Direito: desafios e transformações em pauta. 1. ed. Maceió: EdUfal, 2021. v. 1. 104p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.; et al (Org.) . Código Florestal comentado: doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência à luz da Lei federal n. 12.651/12. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2020. v. 1. 232p.
 KRELL, Andreas J.; BAGGENSTOSS, G. A. (Org.) ; PESSANHA, V. V. (Org.) . Hermenêutica jurídica. 1. ed. Florianópolis: CONPEDI, 2018. v. 1. 322p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.; BASTOS, D. A. (Org.) . A Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos: eficácia e efetividade de suas normas no direito brasileiro. 1. ed. Maceió: Edufal, 2018. v. 1. 212p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.; SANTOS, G. F. (Org.) ; TEIXEIRA, J. P. A. (Org.) ; ARAUJO, M. L. C. (Org.) . A interpretação/aplicação do Direito no Brasil: em busca de um padrão hermenêutico para a Constituição de 1988. 1. ed. Recife: APPODI, 2017. v. 1. 1200p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.. Discricionariedade administrativa e conceitos jurídicos indeterminados - Limites do controle judicial no âmbito dos interesses difusos. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2013. v. 1. 200p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.. Desenvolvimento sustentável às avessas nas praias de Maceió: a liberação de espigões pelo novo Código de Urbanismo e Edificações. 1. ed. Maceió: edUFAL, 2008. v. 1. 155p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.. Leis de normas gerais, regulamentação do Poder Executivo e cooperação intergovernamental em tempos de Reforma Federativa. 1. ed. Belo Horizonte: Fórum, 2008. v. 1. 155p .
 KRELL, Andreas J.; et al (Org.) . A aplicação do Direito Ambiental no Estado federativo. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2005.
 KRELL, Andreas J.. Discricionariedade administrativa e proteção ambiental. 1. ed. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2004. v. 1.
 KRELL, Andreas J.. O Município no Brasil e na Alemanha: Direito e Administração Pública comparados. 1. ed. Sao Paulo: Oficina Municipal/ Edicoes Loyola, 2003. v. 1.
 KRELL, Andreas J.. Direitos Sociais e Controle Judicial no Brasil e na Alemanha - os (des)caminhos de um Direito Constitucional "comparado". 1. ed. Porto Alegre: Sergio Antonio Fabris Editor, 2002.
 KRELL, Andreas J.. "Kommunaler Umweltschutz In Brasilien - Juristische Rahmenbedingungen Und Praktische Probleme". Frankfurt am Main - Alemanha: Peter Lang, 1993.

Artigos (selecionados)

 (com Pedro de Oliveira Alves). Zonas de autarquia na argumentação jurídica do STF. REVISTA DIREITO E PRÁXIS, v. 13, p. 2444-2470, 2022.
 Superação da divisão rígida entre as dimensões do Ser e do Dever-ser no Direito através da ressignificação dos valores. RECHTD - REVISTA DE ESTUDOS CONSTITUCIONAIS, HERMENÊUTICA E TEORIA DO DIREITO, v. 13, p. 211-226, 2021.
 (com Carlos Henrique Gomes da Silva). Por uma concepção neoconstitucional da cidadania: da cidadania política à cidadania social e jurídica. Revista Direitos Sociais e Políticas Públicas - UNIFAFIBE,  v. 9, p. 103-135, 2021.
 The reduced normative programming of environmental protection laws in Brazil and their poorly organized methodically interpretation. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE DIREITO ANIMAL (ONLINE), v. 15, p. 3-17, 2020.
 (com Pedro de Oliveira Alves). Responsabilidade democrática como pressuposto de uma teoria da interpretação: discussão em torno da ADI 4983/CE. Revista Estudos Institucionais, v. 4, p. 672-699, 2018.
 (com Raíi Moraes Sampaio de Paiva) Hermenêutica jurídica e uso deficiente de métodos no contexto da aplicação do Direito no Brasil. DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS & JUSTIÇA, v. 37, p. 185-218, 2017.
 (com Douglas de Assis Bastos). O Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional como ativismo dialógico-estrutural para concretização de direitos fundamentais: limites para o controle judicial de políticas penitenciárias. Revista Direito & Paz, v. 37, p. 293-308, 2017.
 A hermenêutica ontológica de Martin Heidegger, o seu uso da linguagem e sua importância para a área jurídica. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ESTUDOS POLÍTICOS, v. 113, p. 101-147, 2016.
 Die normative Ausgestaltung des brasilianischen Umweltrechtes und die Hauptprobleme seiner methodisch abgesicherten Anwendung: auf dem Weg zu einer produktiveren Dogmatik. Jahrbuch des Offentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, v. 62, p. 693-712, 2014.
 Entre desdém teórico e aprovação na prática: os métodos clássicos de interpretação jurídica. Revista Direito GV, v. 19, p. 295-320, 2014.
 "As dificuldades de teorias pré-hermenêuticas com o Direito do Estado Social moderno". Revista do Mestrado em Direito (UFAL), v. 3, p. 11-48, 2008.
 "A recepção das teorias alemãs sobre `conceitos jurídicos indeterminados´ e o controle da discricionariedade no Brasil". Interesse Público, porto Alegre, v. 23, p. 21-49, 2004.
 "Concretização do Dano Ambiental - Algumas Objeções À Teoria do Risco Integral". Revista de Informação Legislativa, Brasília - Senado Federal, v. 139, p. 23-37, 1998.
 "Diferenças do Conceito, Desenvolvimento e Conteúdo da autonomia municipal na Alemanha e no Brasil". Revista de Informação Legislativa, Brasília - Senado Federal, v. 128, p. 107-125, 1995.

Referências

Alemães expatriados no Brasil
Docentes de Direito do Brasil
Naturais de Berlim
Juízes estrangeiros radicados no Brasil
Juristas de Alagoas
Filósofos do direito do Brasil
Ambientalistas do Brasil
Alunos da Universidade Livre de Berlim

Professores da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Professores da Universidade Federal de Alagoas

Andreas Krell


Film History from 1895 to 1906 - Film continuity
අඛණ්ඩතාව (සිනමා ඉතිහාසය)

චිත්‍රපටයක් තුල දක්නට ලැබෙන අඛණ්ඩතාවය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබන්නේ එක් රෑප රාමුවකින් අනෙක් රෑප රාමුවට මාරැවිමේදි පියවි ඇසට අඛණ්ඩ සිදුවිමක් ලෙස පන්වනු ලැබිමයි. 1898 දී රෝබට් ඩබ්. පොල් විසින් නිපදවන ලද Come along, Do! චිත්‍රපටය උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ගනිමු. මෙහි පළමු රෑපරාමුවේදි මහලු යුවලක් කලා ප්‍රදර්ශණයක් පැවැත්වෙන ස්ථානයක පිටත සිටින දර්ශණයක් පෙන්වයි. දෙවන රෑප රාමුවේදි ඔවුන් දෙපල කලා ප්‍රදර්ශණය තුලදි ක්‍රියාකරන ආකරය පෙන්වයි.

	බහුරෑප රාමු සහිත චිත්‍රපට වලදි මෙම අඛණ්ඩතාවය යන සිද්ධාන්තය භාවිතා කරනු ලැබුවේ 1879 සිට ය. එම වර්ෂයේ අගභාගයේ දී ජෝජ් ඇල්බට් ස්මිත් විසින් " The kids in the tunnel' නිපදවන ලදි. එම චිත්‍රපටියේ ආරම්භක රෑප රාමුවේ 'Phinatm ride' එකක් පෙන්නයි. මෙහිදි දුම්රියක් උමගක් තුලට ගමන් කරයි. පසු දර්ශණයේදි කාන්තාවක් සහ පුරැෂයෙකු දුම්රිය තුළදි සිපගන්නා දර්ශණයක් පෙන්වයි. ඉන්පසු නැතත් දුම්රිය උමගෙන් පිටතට එන අවස්ථාවේ 'Phinatm ride' එක නැවත පෙන්වයි. ඊට මසකට පසු යොක්ෂර් වල පිහිටි බැමිෆොක් වෙළද සමාගම මගින් එම චිත්‍රපටයම නැවත රෑගත කරන ලදි. මෙහිදි දුම්රිය උමගට ඇතුලුවන හා පිටවන රෑපරාමු එම දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ පසකින් සිට රෑගත කරන ලද අතර පසුව එම දර්ශණ දෙක අතර‍ට සිප ගැනිමේ දර්ශණයක් ඇදන ලදි.

	1900 දී සාර්ථකව අඛණ්ඩතාවය භාවිත කිරීමේ ගෞරවය හිමිවනුයේ ජෝජ් ඇල්බට් ස්මිත් සහ ජෙම්ස් බිලියන්සමන් හට ය. එම වර්ෂයේදි ස්මිත් විසින් "seen through the tekescope' නිපදවන ලදි මෙම චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන රෑපරාමුව පෙන්වුයේ මහා මාර්ග‍යක සිටින තරැණයෙකු සපත්තු බදින පටියක් ගැට ගසන ආකාරයත් පසුව ඔහු තම පෙම්වතියගේ පාද වැලද ගන්නා ආකාරයත් මහල්ලකු මේ සියල්ල දුරදක්නයකින් නිරික්ෂණය කරන ආකාරයත්ය. පසුව මෙ දර්ශණය කළු පැහැ පසුබිමක් මැද ඇති රවුම් දර්ශණයකින් පෙම්වතිවය පාද මත ඇති අත්වල දර්ශණයකට මාරැවේ. පසුව නැවත කළු රෑපරාමුවලට මාරැවේ.

අඛණ්ඩතාව (සිනමා ඉතිහාසය)


Kuratowski-Zornova lema, Zornova lema je lema iz teorije skupova koja se zove po matematičarima Kazimierzu Kuratowskome i Maxu Zornu.

Lema glasi da ako je skup A neprazan parcijalno uređen skup svojstva da svaki neprazan lanac u A ima gornju među u A. Tada skup A ima barem jedan maksimalni element. Važno: samo je jedan najveći element u parcijalno uređenom skupu i on je uvijek maksimalan, ali nije svaki maksimalan element najveći.

Izvori

Teorija skupova
Matematički poučci

Kuratowski-Zornova lema


Samac (1x) je čamac za natjecateljsko veslanje na mirnim vodama čiju posadu čini jedan skul veslač koji ima dva vesla kojima pokreće čamac, jedno u desnoj a drugo u lijevoj ruci. Čamac nema kormilo. Skreće se jačim ili slabijim povlačenjem jedne ruke ovisno na koju stranu se želi skrenuti. Duljina suvremenog samca za elitno veslanje je oko 8 m, a masa 14 kg. Građen je od kompozitnih materijala. Stariji čamci građeni su od drveta i osjetno su teži.

Oznaka za samac je "1x", pri čemu broj 1 označava ukupan broj veslača u čamcu, a "x" označava da je riječ o tzv. skul veslanju tj. da svaki veslač ima jedan par skul vesala. U hrvatskom veslačkom žargonu koristi se izraz "skif". Postoje inačice samca s kormilarom, ili GIG-a kao u slučaju četverca. Nisu česte, i koriste se za školu veslanja i rekreativno veslanje, ili egzibicije.

Na Olimpijskim igrama, svjetskim i europskim prvenstvima natječu se posade muških (M1x) i ženskih (W1x) samaca, a natječu se i lake kategorije (LM1x, LW1x).

Veslačke discipline

Samac (veslanje)


جلقموس  قرية تتبع محافظة جنين في الضفة الغربية التي احتلتها اسرائيل في حرب 1967، وتقع في موقع يربط بين قرى المغير والمطلة وأم التوت والجامعة العربية الأمريكية، ويبلغ عدد سكانها 2824 حسب معطيات العام 2021 الإحصائية. يقع بالقرب منها مناطق سياحية مثل قرية حداد السياحية، ومواقع عسكرية قديمة كانت تتبع للجيش الأردني قبل حرب عام 1967م.

في القرية مسجدان، الأول القديم ويسمى الرباط والثاني يسمى ياسر عرفات.و تحتوي على أربع مدارس أساسية وثانوية. وتحتوى على حدائق عامة، وتحيط بها أراضي زراعية سهلية خصبة، ويعمل جزء من السكان بالزراعة وتربية المواشي والطيور.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 فلسطين في الذاكرة/ جلقموس

بلديات فلسطين
قرى الضفة الغربية
قرى وبلدات محافظة جنين
محافظة جنين
بلديات دولة فلسطين

جلقموس


Kristus er en statue af Jesu opstandelse fra det 19. århundrede i Carrara-marmor af Bertel Thorvaldsen. Den var oprindelig bestilt af Slotsbygningskommissionen til at stå i Slotskirken ved Christiansborg Slot, men senere – mens Thorvaldsen var i København i 1819-20 – blev det besluttet, at den i stedet skulle stå i apsis, den østligste ende, af Vor Frue Kirke ved højalteret. I det 20. århundrede blev billeder og kopier af statuen antaget af lederne af Jesu Kristi Kirke af Sidste Dages Hellige i Kirkens lærdomme for at understrege Jesu Kristi centralitet i kirkens lære. Også Carl Blochs malerier af Frelseren og hans liv er verdenskendte af Sidste Dages Hellige.  I 2020 blev Kristus statuen også en del af kirkens opdaterede symbol.

Original skulptur
Thorvaldsen blev bedt om at fremstille statuer af Jesus og apostlene til Vor Frue Kirke i København. Jesu statuen blev færdiggjort i 1821. Kristus var ikke kendt uden for Danmark indtil 1896, da en amerikansk lærebogsforfatter skrev, at statuen blev betragtet som "den mest perfekte statue af Kristus i verden." Statuen er 345 centimeter høj. Påskriften i bunden af skulpturen er "Kommer til mig" med en henvisning til bibelverset fra Matthæusevangeliet:

Replikaer og parafraser

Danmark

Udlandet

Referencer

Værker af Bertel Thorvaldsen

Kristus (statue)


Conform dreptului internațional, un stat sau o regiune se bucură de o deplină autonomie politică dacă nu depinde de nici o legislație, putere executivă și putere judiciară decât acelea care îi sunt proprii. Statele sau teritoriile au mai fost numite autonome (anterior au fost numite ocazional chiar suverane) dacă se pot guverna singure pe plan intern, chiar dacă pe plan extern sunt reprezentate de alte state.

Teritorii autonome
Teritoriile autonome se găsesc adesea între granițele unui stat în care trăiesc minorități puternice.

Exemple:
 Azad Jammu și Cașmir (Pakistan)
 Kurdistanul Irakian (Irak)
 Åland (Finlanda)
 Găgăuzia (Moldova)
 Republica Autonomă Naxcivan (aparține de Azerbaidjan)
 Karakalpakstan (în Uzbekistan)
 Insulele Feroe și Groenlanda (aparțin de Danemarca)
 multe republici ale Federației Ruse (vezi și Subiectele federale ale Rusiei)
 uneori fostele colonii, de exemplu cele ale Regatului Unit (Imperiul colonial britanic) și ale Franței (Imperiul colonial francez)
 Voivodina și Kosovo (aparțin de Serbia) – dintre care Kosovo și-a declarat independența pe 17 februarie 2008, ceea ce, la nivel internațional, este disputat până în prezent
 Republika Srpska și Federația Bosniei și Herțegovinei (aparțin de Bosnia și Herțegovina)

Autonomie parțială

În anumite arii de competență, o unitate administrativă sau un stat federat care intră în componența unui stat poate lua decizii în privința propriului interes în mod complet independent. De exemplu, cantoanele Elveției au libertate de decizie în toate domeniile care nu sunt în mod expres delegate la nivelul confederației și atâta vreme cât respectivele decizii nu contrazic Constituția Elveției. Printre aceste domenii se găsesc părți ale sistemului de educație, ale securității interne, ale sistemului de asistență socială și ale sistemului de sănătate publică.

Anumite unități administrative ale unui stat centralizat au anumite domenii de competență în care sunt libere să decidă în privința propriilor interese. De exemplu, regiunea franceză Alsacia are o autonomie parțială în privința sistemului de învățământ, care altfel este centralizat. Astfel, Alsacia poate decide asupra proporției și a structurii orelor de germană precum și a utilizării limbii germane în cadrul lecțiilor.

Cazul Italiei
În ultimii ani, printr-un proces de devoluție, statul italian a transferat unele dintre competențele sale la nivelul regiunilor. În urma transferului de autoritate, acestea se bucură de o certă autonomie. Spre exemplu, sănătatea publică și turismul cad acum mai degrabă în zona de responsabilitate a regiunilor.

Insulele Sicilia și Sardinia precum și zonele de graniță locuite de minorități (Friuli-Veneția Giulia, Valle d'Aosta și Trentino-Tirolul de Sud) au la dispoziție o formă de autonomie reglementată de un statut special (o lege cu valoare constituțională). În Italia, aceste regiuni sunt numite autonome. În fapt, autonomia financiară a acestor regiuni merge chiar mai departe decât aceea a land-urilor (statelor federate) din Germania și Austria, celor cinci regiuni italiene fiindu-le permis să folosească între 60% și 100% din taxele pe care le colectează.

Cazul Spaniei
După 1978, în Spania au apărut 17 regiuni autonome. Constituția le garantează în mod expres autonomia. Însă legea fundamentală fixează doar un cadru flexibil al statutului de autonomie al fiecăreia, ceea ce permite pentru fiecare regiune în parte o autonomie mai largă sau mai strâmtă. În acest context, Țara Bascilor, Navarra și Catalonia, cu statutul autonomiei Cataloniei, iau o poziție specială. Cele trei regiuni au propriile lor corpuri de poliție, Ertzaintza în Țara Bascilor, Policía Foral în Navarra și Mossos d'Esquadra în Catalonia. Aceste roluri excepționale își au rădăcinile în istoria fiecărei regiuni, dat fiind că fiecare dintre ele s-a aflat, vreme de sute de ani, sub presiunea guvernului central de la Madrid care încerca să le remodeleze.

Vezi și
 Suveranitate
 Autonomie
 Listă de teritorii dependente după continent

Legături externe
 Jane Dryden — Autonomy: Overview
 Mark Piper — Autonomy: Normative

Științe politice

Autonomie (politică)


එස්. එල්. ඒ. එෆ්. - කොළඹ යනු කොළඹ පිහිටි ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදා මූලස්ථානයයි. මේ අනුව එහි ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාවේ ගුවන් හමුදාපති, මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානී, කළමනාකරණ මණ්ඩලය (BOM) සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂ මණ්ඩලයේ (BOD) කාර්යාල ඇත. සියලුම ගුවන් හා භූමි මෙහෙයුම් මෙහෙයවනු ලබන්නේ SLAF - කොළඹ සිට යි.

මූලස්ථානයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කිරීමට අමතරව, එය හෙලිකොප්ටර් මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සීමිත ගුවන් කඳවුරකි. පෙර පැවති සිලෝන් රයිෆල් රෙජිමේන්තුවේ රයිෆල් ග්රීන්හි පැවති නිලධාරීන්ගේ භෝජනශාලාව තිබුණු ස්ථානයේ 1951 දී රාජකීය සිලෝන් ගුවන් හමුදාව පිහිටුවීමෙන් පසු වහාම මෙය පිහිටුවන ලදී.

භාහිර සබැඳි
 SLAF කොළඹ යාත්‍රා කිරීම
 2006_01_01 දින එස්එල්එන්එස් පරාක්‍රම දිවුරුම් දීමේ උත්සවයට CofN සහභාගී වේ

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුරු
කොළඹ පිහිටි රජයේ ගොඩනැඟිලි

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදා මූලස්ථානය


La batalla de Tondibi fue un decisivo encuentro ocurrido en Marruecos a finales del . Se debió a la invasión de las fuerzas de Yuder Pachá del Imperio songhay y llevó al colapso de este Estado.

Antecedentes
El Estado de los songhai había sido la fuerza dominante en África occidental por más de un siglo y había controlado un territorio desde el Sudán occidental hasta el río Senegal entre los actuales Nigeria y Níger. Sin embargo, una feroz lucha sucesoria por el trono vacante tras la muerte de Askia Daoud —una más de las habituales disputas internas en el imperio— había debilitado mucho aquel Estado. El imperio, aparentemente pujante y poderoso, en realidad se hallaba muy debilitado.

Mientras, en Marruecos la dinastía saadí alcanzaba la cúspide de su poder tras aniquilar un ejército portugués en la batalla de Alcazarquivir. Buscando nuevos recursos para engrandecer su Estado, el sultán Ahmad I se empezó a interesar en las minas de oro de los songhái. Los motivos principales de la expedición al sur fueron tanto el deseo de extender el sultanato —incapaz de expandirse al norte y al este— como el de apoderarse del famoso oro que provenía del sur del Sáhara. El armamento portugués capturado en Alcazarquivir y la formación de un ejército formado por inmigrantes andalusíes y mercenarios le permitieron acometer la empresa. El sultán deseaba controlar la fuente de oro para poder aumentar la acuñación de ducados de oro y facilitar la financiación de sus planes en el Mediterráneo contra los otomanos. Al conquistar los territorios songhái, esperaba reavivar el comercio transahariano, amenazado por las nuevas rutas  mercantiles europeas que unían Europa por mar con el golfo de Guinea.

La imposibilidad de someter mediante la diplomacia a los soberanos songhái y la llegada de un proscrito desde Taghaza que se presentó como legítimo monarca desposeído del trono por Askia Ishaq II y dispuesto a convertirse en vasallo de al-Mansur si este le devolvía el trono decidieron al sultán a emprender una gran expedición al sur para apoderarse del Sudán y de sus minas de oro.

Campaña marroquí y travesía del Sáhara
Aunque muchos de sus asesores advirtieron al sultán de los peligros de cruzar el Sáhara, Ahmad I sostuvo que cualquier ruta que utilizaran los comerciantes para atravesar el desierto era perfectamente válida para el uso de un ejército.

Tras meses de cuidadosos preparativos, el ejército partió de Marrakech el 29 de octubre de 1590. Contaba entonces con cinco mil seiscientos soldados, aunque se desconoce cuántos sobrevivieron a la travesía del desierto. Se entregó el mando a Yuder Pachá, eunuco morisco capturado cuando era niño y que se había criado en el palacio del jerife marroquí. La fuerza marroquí incluía también ocho mil camellos, mil caballos de carga, mil mozos, seiscientos trabajadores y ocho cañones ingleses. La mayor parte de los soldados en realidad no era de origen marroquí, sino europeo: dos mil arcabuceros de a pie y quinientos de a caballo. Aunque la mayoría de ellos eran renegados españoles, también había cristianos de orígenes diversos: españoles, franceses, ingleses, griegos, italianos, etc. El contingente principal originario de Marruecos consistía en mil quinientos lanceros.

El ejército siguió el curso del río Draa, cruzó Lektana y llegó a Tinduf, donde comenzaba la parte más complicada para la expedición: el cruce del Sáhara hasta el Níger. La hueste, después de la ardua travesía del desierto que duró cinco meses, alcanzó el gran río el 30 de marzo de 1591. Para entonces había recorrido unos mil doscientos kilómetros y se calcula que había perdido a la mitad de los hombres.

Tras apoderarse de las minas de sal de Taghaza, avanzó hacia Gao, capital imperial.

Situación en vísperas del combate
Aunque las fuerzas de Yuder habían quedado diezmadas por la travesía del desierto, una vez alcanzado el Níger contaba con dos ventajas fundamentales frente al enemigo: la superioridad de su armamento y la desunión en las filas enemigas, ya que algunos notables songhái se pasaron a su bando.

Por su parte, los songhái se hallaban divididos sobre la mejor forma de afrontar la invasión y las medidas defensivas que aplicaron resultaron escasas e ineficaces. Ni siquiera se cegaron los pozos saharianos, medida habitual para estorbar el avance enemigo por el desierto. Tras descansar a orillas del Níger, las fuerzas marroquíes reanudaron su avance hacia Gao.

En respuesta a la incursión marroquí el monarca songhái reunió un gran ejército de 9700 a 30 000 infantes y 12 500 a 18 000 jinetes. Convencido de que los marroquíes perecerían en el desierto, Ishaq había tardado en reunir su ejército que era, sin embargo, mucho más numeroso que el del enemigo. Los songhái gozaban además de dos ventajas añadidas: su conocimiento del territorio y la posibilidad de retirarse a zonas seguras en caso de contratiempos.

Yuder trató de que Ishaq se sometiese sin recurrir a las armas, pero el intento fracasó, lo que precipitó el choque.

La batalla
El ejército songhai esperó a las fuerzas marroquíes en Tondibi, una aldea cerca de Gao. Askia llevó consigo una fuerza de mil cabezas de ganado que planeaba usar para cargar contra el enemigo. La táctica pretendía anular la ventaja marroquí debida a las armas de fuego mediante una carga de los animales, que debía proteger el avance de los infantes songhái. El plan songhái consistía en que los animales les permitiesen acercarse al enemigo y enfrentarse a él cuerpo a cuerpo.

Aunque los songhai poseían una poderosa caballería, carecían de armas de fuego y pólvora, lo que determinaría el curso de la batalla. Los marroquíes, por el contrario, iban provistos de arcabuces y pedreros, fabricados principalmente en España y Portugal.

En marzo de 1591 —probablemente el 12 del mes—, ambos ejércitos se encontraron. Después de una escaramuza inicial entre ambas caballerías, Pachá llevó al frente a sus arcabuceros y cañones, que abrieron fuego; el ruido de sus disparos causó la estampida del ganado ubicado en la vanguardia de los songhái. Las bestias, en vez de avanzar contra las líneas marroquíes, se lanzaron en parte contra los propios songhái, desbaratándolos. Los marroquíes abrieron sus filas para permitir el paso de los animales que los acometían y sufrieron escasos daños por la carga.

Entonces, en medio de la confusión por el fallido plan songhái, uno de los consejeros de Ishaq le impidió lanzarse al ataque y le aconsejó, casi a la fuerza, que huyese del campo de batalla. La retirada forzada del soberano y de su guardia suscitó el pánico en el resto de fuerzas del gran ejército songhái, que resultó derrotado en medio de una gran confusión. El efecto de las armas de fuego, a las que los songhái se enfrentaban por primera vez y la traición causaron la derrota de Ishaq. El denuedo con que había combatido el ejército songhái no evitó la derrota.

Los restos del ejército songhái huyeron hacia Gao; los marroquíes, extenuados, renunciaron a perseguirlos inmediatamente. Ishaq ordenó la evacuación de la ciudad y que la población pasase al sur del Níger; cuando los marroquíes se apoderaron de ella, la encontraron casi desierta. El aspecto de la ciudad disgustó a los conquistadores, que prefirieron fijar su centro de actividades en Tombuctú; esta ciudad devino la sede de los bajás de la región y la base de las sucesivas campañas militares.

Consecuencias
Tras el choque, Pachá entró en Gao y la saqueó; las rutas comerciales pasaron a centrarse entonces en Tombuctú y Djenné. El saqueo de las tres ciudades marco el fin del Imperio songhay, que desapareció como poder efectivo en la zona. Sin embargo, Marruecos, debido a la falta de líneas de comunicación y lejanía del territorio, empezó e retirarse a inicios del  de ella y dejó la región dividida entre una serie de pequeños reinos.

Las esperanzas marroquíes de obtener fabulosas riquezas al conquistar el Estado songhái resultaron vanas: la pujanza de este no se debía a sus grandes minas de oro —como creían los sultanes marroquíes—, sino a su abundante comercio con el sur (de donde obtenía el oro), el desierto (de donde obtenía la sal) y los territorios de más allá del Sáhara (de donde provenían los productos manufacturados). Ahmad, convencido por el escaso botín obtenido por Yuder de que esto lo había traicionado, lo destituyó el 17 de agosto de 1591, a pesar la gran victoria que había obtenido en Tondibi. La guerra y la ocupación desbarataron el comercio y con su mengua desapareció la prosperidad de la región.

Aunque derrotados, los Askia no abandonaron la lucha contra los marroquíes, que se centró en Dendi, su región de origen. La batalla sí marcó, sin embargo, el fin del apogeo songhái y con él del último gran imperio africano de la región. La incapacidad marroquí para controlar por completo el territorio y el continuo hostigamiento songhái condujeron además, a la larga, a la decadencia de la dinastía saadí.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Davidson, Basil. Africa in History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

 Thornton, John K. Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500-1800. Routledge, 1999.
 Velton, Ross. Mali: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 2000.

Enlaces externos

Tondibi
Tondibi
Historia militar de Malí
Imperio songhai
Marruecos en el siglo XVI
Conflictos en 1591
Malí en el siglo XVI

Batalla de Tondibi


Kožany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Bardejov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 109 locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Kučín.

Istoric
Localitatea Kožany este atestată documentar din 1350.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Kožany


Eastern Kentucky University (Eastern or EKU) is a public university in Richmond, Kentucky. As a regional comprehensive institution, EKU also maintains branch campuses in Corbin, Hazard, Lancaster, and Manchester and offers over 40 online undergraduate and graduate options.

History

Founding
Central University was founded in 1874 in Richmond, Kentucky. Beset with financial difficulties and small enrollment, Central University consolidated with Centre College in 1901.

On March 21, 1906, the Governor signed legislation which established the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1. On May 7, 1906, the Normal School Commission selected the site of the former Central University campus as the location of the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1; the site continues to serve as the location of EKU.

Renaming
In 1922, "Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1" changed its name to "Eastern Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College"; the college awarded its first degrees under that name in 1925. In 1930, "Eastern Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College" changed its name to "Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College". In 1948, the General Assembly removed the word "Teachers" from the school's name. In 1966, the institution was officially renamed Eastern Kentucky University.

Campus revitalization
The years since 2012 have been marked by a building campaign that has altered the campus layout and improved aesthetics. Funding for the multimillion-dollar project has relied heavily on public-private partnerships (P3) under the leadership of then-President Michael T. Benson. The recent construction efforts at the university mark the most significant period of campus facility development since President Robert R. Martin's tenure in the 1960s. Among the renovations and additions are:

Powell Student Center (2019–20)
New Rec Center (2019–20)
Case Dining Hall (2018)
New Science Building (Phase II) (2017)
New Earle Combs Stadium (Baseball Field) (2017)
New Gertrude Hood Stadium (Softball Field) (2017)
Carloftis Garden (2017)
New Martin Hall (2017)
North Hall (previously known as New Hall B) (2017)
Scholar House (2017)
Parking Garage (2017)
Turner Gate (2016)
John Grant Crabbe Main Library's Noel Reading Porch (2015)
Lancaster Avenue Pedway (2015/2017)
Hummel Planetarium upgrades (2015)
1971 Verdin Carillon bells (Keen Johnson Building) (2014)
New Hall 2013
New Science Building (Phase I) (2012)

Academics

Accreditation and academic charge
In 1922, it became a four-year institution.

In 1928, the college received its initial accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. As of 2022, the university is accredited.

In 1935, Eastern added graduate studies. In 1948, the state legislature granted the college the right to award nonprofessional degrees.

In 2010, the university awarded its first doctoral degree through its Educational Leadership and Policy Studies program.

EKU serves its service region by offering adult degree completion options and online degree programs in addition to its traditional on-campus offerings.

Rankings and outcomes
Eastern Kentucky University has achieved national recognition, including mostly recently by the U.S. News & World Report 2022 Rankings:
 #52 (tie) in Regional Universities South (51st in 2021)
 #29 Best Graduate School – Occupational Therapy (29th in 2021)
 #170 (tie) Best Graduate School – Public Affairs (166th in 2021)
 #189 Best Graduate School – Speech-Language Pathology (189th in 2021)
 #74 (tie) Best Online Bachelor's Programs (58th in 2021)
 #24 Best Colleges for Veterans (32nd in 2021)

EKU was also ranked by the 2019 Forbes Magazine America's Top Colleges:

 #641 Top Colleges (637 in 2017 and 647 in 2018)
 #248 in Public Colleges (249 in 2017 and 250 in 2018)
 #160 in the South (172 in 2017 and 167 in 2018)
According to 2022 data from College Scorecard, Eastern Kentucky University graduates earn a median salary of $42,000 ten years after their entry into the institution. The median salaries of graduates vary across disciplines, with criminal justice majors earning around $33,000, biology $40,000, psychology $35,000, nursing $65,000, and Computer and Information Science $72,000. 61% of EKU graduates earn higher than a typical high school graduate of the corresponding area.

Honors program
In 1987, the faculty senate voted to approve an honors program to attract high-achieving students primarily from Kentucky. The Board of Regents approved the proposal on January 16, 1988. The first 34 students entered the program in the fall semester of 1988 under the direction of Dr. Bonnie Gray, a professor of philosophy. The curriculum is interdisciplinary and capped by a senior thesis project. Students who complete all program requirements receive the "Honors Scholar" designation on their diplomas.

Each year, the honors program sends the largest delegation to the annual National Collegiate Honors Council Conference to present their research.  Additionally, students in the program have received awards, including the Fulbright. Truman, Mitchell, and Phi Kappa Phi.

In 2020, the program consisted of five full-time staff and approximately 496 students.

Student life
There are more than 230 registered, active student organizations on campus including the Student Government Association (SGA) and numerous fraternities and sororities.

Student Government Association
The SGA is the formal student governing body of the university. Founded in 1954, the organization consisted of the Student Council (which became the Student Senate in 1971). Currently, the SGA consists of three independent and equal branches: the Student Court, Executive Branch, and Campus Activities Board. Additionally, an Advisory Board of university employees provides advice and oversight.

Every student enrolled in classes at the university is considered a member of the SGA.

Greek life

Traditions
Among EKU's most prominent traditions is the rubbing of Daniel Boone's left foot for good luck; the statue features prominently in front of the Keen Johnson Building.

More recently, former President Benson initiated the Welcome Walk at the beginning of the fall semester; first-year students gather in front of Keen Johnson Building with the President before walking along University Drive and passing through the new Turner Gate.

Athletics

The Eastern Kentucky (EKU) athletic teams are called the Colonels (formerly known as the "Maroons" until the mid-1960s). The university is a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the ASUN Conference since the 2021–22 academic year; while its football team competes in the United Athletic Conference (UAC), with the conference having aspirations to go to the FBS level. The Colonels previously competed in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) from 1948–49 to 2020–21. EKU competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis, and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Accomplishments
The school is best known for its Football Championship Subdivision football team, which has captured 22 OVC conference titles and two Division I-AA National Championships in 1979 and 1982. Much of the success came during the long tenure of head coach Roy Kidd from 1964 to 2002. Kidd, with a career coaching record of 314-124-8, is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame. Now led by first-year coach Walt Wells, the Colonels returned to the national FCS playoffs in 2011.

The Eastern Kentucky University men's basketball team won the Ohio Valley Conference tournament championship and its automatic bid to the NCAA basketball tournament in 2005, 2007, and 2014.

The men's and women's cross-country team has also been a staple of success over the recent decade. The men's team has won all ten of the last ten OVC Championships, and the women have won nine of the last ten. In 2011 the men's cross country team qualified for NCAA National Cross Country Meet for the first time in school history. Since 2011, the team has qualified for the NCAA National Cross Country Meet five consecutive times.

Media

WEKU

Launched in 1968, WEKU is a charter member of the educational radio network, National Public Radio (NPR). WEKU features NPR news and talk programming in addition to locally produced news, arts and cultural programming.

WEKU broadcasts across nine FM stations in Central and Eastern Kentucky:

 88.9 FM Richmond /Lexington
 90.9 FM Hazard
 88.5 FM Corbin
 90.1 FM Pineville
 106.7 FM Frankfort
 96.3 FM Harlan
 96.9 FM Barbourville
 95.1 FM Pikeville
 102.5 FM Middlesboro
WEKU also has a 24-hour classical musical channel which can be accessed via its website and mobile app.

The Eastern Progress
The Eastern Progress, also known as The EP, began in February 1922 and serves as the official student newspaper.

Notable alumni

References

External links

 Official athletics website
 Ellis, William E., "A History of Eastern Kentucky University: The School of Opportunity" (2005). Higher Education. 10.

Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges established in 1906
1906 establishments in Kentucky
Public universities and colleges in Kentucky
Richmond, Kentucky
Education in Madison County, Kentucky
Aviation schools in the United States

Eastern Kentucky University


Esta é a lista de deputados estaduais de Mato Grosso para a legislatura 2023–2027. Nas eleições estaduais em Mato Grosso em 2022, em 2 de outubro de 2022, foram eleitos 24 deputados estaduais.

Composição das bancadas

Deputados estaduais eleitos

Esses são os 24 deputados federais eleitos pelo estado de Mato Grossoː
Representação eleita

Ver também
 Mato Grosso
 Assembleia Legislativa de Mato Grosso
 Governo de Mato Grosso
 Lista de governadores de Mato Grosso
 Deputado estadual

Ligações externas
 Sítio oficial

Listas de deputados estaduais de Mato Grosso

Lista de deputados estaduais de Mato Grosso da 20.ª legislatura


Glenea citrina é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por James Thomson em 1865. É conhecida a sua existência em Laos, Java, Bornéu, Malásia, e Sumatra.

Variedades
 Glenea citrina var. anthyllis Pascoe, 1866
 Glenea citrina var. griseoapicalis Breuning, 1958
 Glenea citrina var. plurisignata Breuning, 1958

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

citrina
Coleópteros descritos em 1865

Glenea citrina


Stirton est un patronyme pouvant désigner:

Patronyme
Brent Stirton (né en 1969), photo-journaliste sud-africain
David Stirton (1816-1908), homme politique canadien de l'Ontario
 (1833-1917), médecin écossais expert en botanique
 (1863-1936), homme politique canadien du Manitoba
 (1901-1966), paléontologue américain

Toponyme

, communauté rurale de l'Ontario

Stirton with Thorlby, paroisse civile du Yorkshire du Nord

Autre
 (1926-2010), joueur écossais de football

Homonymie de patronyme
Homonymie de toponyme

Stirton


Lake Placid is a 1999 American comedy horror film written by David E. Kelley and directed by Steve Miner. It is the first installment in the Lake Placid film series and stars Bill Pullman, Bridget Fonda, Brendan Gleeson, Oliver Platt, Betty White, Meredith Salenger, and Mariska Hargitay. In the film, a giant crocodile terrorizes the fictional location of Black Lake, Maine, while a dysfunctional group of police and scientists attempt to capture or kill the beast.

Lake Placid was produced by Fox 2000 Pictures and Stan Winston Studios (which did the special effects for the creatures) and principal photography was shot in British Columbia, Canada. The film was distributed by 20th Century Fox and released in theatres in the United States on July 16, 1999, and in the United Kingdom on March 31, 2000. It grossed $56.9 million worldwide and was followed by five low-budget made-for-television sequels, starting with Lake Placid 2 in 2007.

Plot

In Aroostook County, Maine, Fish and Game officer Walt Lawson is scuba diving with Sheriff Hank Keough in Black Lake when he is suddenly attacked and bitten in half by an unknown creature, despite Hank's best efforts to save him.

The next day, Fish and Game officer Jack Wells, American Museum of Natural History paleontologist Kelly Scott and Hank go to the lake to investigate the incident with mythology professor and crocodile enthusiast Hector Cyr joining them. After Kelly and Hank's canoe is flipped over, they discover a severed human toe and a moose head. Meanwhile, Hank's deputy, Burke, has his head bitten off when his boat is attacked while Wells and Cyr are diving.

The following day, as Hank and Hector argue, a large American black bear arrives, but a gigantic  long saltwater crocodile leaps out of the water, snatches the animal in its jaws, and drags it into the lake. After finding Burke's severed head, Jack, Kelly, and Hank witness Delores Bickerman, an elderly hermit living near the lake, feeding a blindfolded dairy cow to the giant crocodile. She reveals that she has been feeding the reptile for years after the crocodile followed her husband Bernie home and eventually killed him two years ago when he got between the croc and a runaway horse. Afterwards, she was placed under house arrest for initially lying to the police.

Hector decides to take Deputy Sharon Gare on a trip in his helicopter and unexpectedly lands it in the crocodile's territory. While he is scuba diving, he is confronted by the creature, but he and Gare escape after distracting it with an inflatable raft. Later, Jack and Hank plan to allow Florida Fish and Game to kill the crocodile when they arrive, but Hector suggests instead that he should lure it out of the water and tranquilize it into unconsciousness. Jack reluctantly accepts the proposal and they use one of Bickerman's cattle, dangled from the helicopter, as bait.

After a few hours, the crocodile appears. Hector pulls up as the crocodile lunges at its prey, and Jack fires a tranquilizer dart into its neck. Hector loses control of the helicopter and crashes into the lake. The crocodile comes on land and begins to pursue Jack, Kelly, and the group. Kelly is knocked into the lake by the crocodile's tail, but she makes it into the helicopter in time. The crocodile catches up to Kelly and prepares to make its move, but becomes trapped in the helicopter. As the tranquilizer kicks in and the crocodile appears to be pacified, Jack, Hector, and Hank argue about whether or not to kill it. Jack eventually grabs Hank's gun and shoots it, but the firearm turns out to be another tranquilizer rifle. As Hector comes out of the water, another crocodile attacks and bites him, but Hank blows it up with his grenade launcher. Soon after, Florida Fish and Game officers arrive, where they load the neutralized crocodile onto a truck and take it to Portland, Maine to figure out what to do with it.

One week later, Bickerman is shown feeding bread crumbs to many baby crocodiles, revealing the two adults were actually a mating pair. The surviving adult crocodile is later seen tied to the back of a flatbed trailer, speeding down a road somewhere.

Cast

 Bill Pullman as Jack Wells
 Bridget Fonda as Kelly Scott
 Brendan Gleeson as Sheriff Hank Keough
 Oliver Platt as Hector Cyr
 Betty White as Mrs. Delores Bickerman
 Meredith Salenger as Deputy Sharon Gare
 David Lewis as Walt Lawson
 Tim Dixon as Stephen Daniels
 Natassia Malthe as Janine
 Mariska Hargitay as Myra Okubo
 Jed Rees as Deputy Burke
 Richard Leacock as Deputy Stevens
 Jake T. Roberts as Officer Coulson
 Ty Olsson as State Trooper
 Adam Arkin as Kevin (uncredited)
 Steve Miner as Airplane Pilot

Production
Lake Placid was produced by Fox 2000 Pictures, Phoenix Pictures, and Rocking Chair Productions. The  long crocodile was created by Stan Winston Studios.

Some of the film's scenes were shot in Vancouver and Surrey, British Columbia. Three different lakes in British Columbia stood in for the fictional "Black Lake": Shawnigan Lake, Buntzen Lake and Hayward Lake.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for the film was composed and conducted by John Ottman, and released by Varèse Sarabande.

 Track listing
 Main Title (2:25)
 Hector's Here (1:11)
 Close Call (3:59)
 Udder Preparations (4:02)
 Love Games (2:25)
 Reluctant Passengers (1:46)
 Morgue / Scary Beaver (4:11)
 Scouting (2:22)
 Here He Comes! (4:57)
 Making a Move /Jack (2:11)
 Swimming With Croc (3:36)
 Hector's Mind (2:48)
 Weird Things / Dinner Time (2:51)
 Ground Rules (1:43)
 Trapping Croc / Resolution (5:30)
 The Lake / Hitching a Ride (1:03)

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 47% based on 95 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Betty White's delightful supporting turn may be worth the price of admission alone, but Lake Placid is swamped by a smarmy script and inability to deliver on the creature feature mayhem". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one out of four stars, describing it as "completely wrong-headed from beginning to end". He put it on his list of the 10 Worst Films of the Year. Andrew Collins of Empire gave the film four out of five stars, writing that "you can enjoy Placid as a straightforward camping-holiday nightmare, or as a sly, ironic take on the same. It works deliciously as both".

See also
 List of killer crocodile films

References

External links

1999 films
1999 comedy horror films
American comedy horror films
American natural horror films
1990s English-language films
Films about crocodilians
Films directed by Steve Miner
Films scored by John Ottman
Films set in 1999
Films set in Maine
Films shot in Vancouver
Films shot in Maine
Giant monster films
Lake Placid (film series)
Phoenix Pictures films
20th Century Fox films
1990s American films
Films set on lakes

Lake Placid (film)


شركة أم أو كونغلوميريت  هو مصطلح مشابة للشركة القابضة، لكن الكونغلوميريت هي شركة أم لشركات في نفس الاختصاص بينما الشركة القابضة قد تمتلك شركات أخرى ذات اختصاصات مختلفة.

أكبر الشركات الأم في العالم
  ثري إم
  أي بي بي
  أبيرتيس
  أكسيونا
  مجموعة أديتيا بيرلا
  شركة أفريقيا إسرائيل للاستثمارات
  مجموعة أجو
  ألستوم
  شركة الأنجلو أمريكية
  رليانس جروب
  آرافا
  شركة أيالا
  بي إيه إي سيستمز
  بيركشير هاثاواي
  بومباردييه
  بويج
  بروكفيلد لإدارة الأصول
  شركة برونزويك
  بانج المحدودة
  كان ويست
  سنترال جروب
  شاروين بوكفاند
  شركة كباري وحديد شيكاغو
  تشيونغ كونغ القابضة
  سي جي قروب
  دي أل القابضة
  شركة داناهر
  داسو جروب
  دوغان القابضة
  مجموعة دوسان
  شركة دوفر
  إي إيه دي إس
  اي بي اكس جروب
  إمبراير
  إمرسون إلكتريك
  إني
  مجموعة يوجين
  فيات سينا
  فينميكانيكا
  فورتيس
  فورتون براندز
  مجموعة فوستر
  جنرال إلكتريك
  جروبو أبريل
  جروبو كارسو
  جي أس جروب
  جروب إمبريسيال أنتيكينو
  هانوا
  هانجين
  هانسول
  هيتاشي
  هانيويل
  هاجيسون وامبو
  هيوسونج
  مجموعة متاجر هيونداي
  هيونداي للصناعات الثقيلة
  مجموعة هيونداي كيا للمركبات
  ITT
  إمبريسا
  إيسو جروب
  جيه جي سوميت القابضة
  جونسون آند جونسون
  كيرلوسكر جروب
  Kiswel Group
  كوتش القابضة
  إيستمان كوداك
  KT
  كوموهو أسيان جروب
  لاجاردي جروب
  لارسن أند توبرو
  مجموعة جفيريز المالية
  مجموعة إل جي
  لوت جروب
  أل في أم أش - مويت هنسي لوي فيتون
  ميديا كابيتال
  ميديا بريما
  ميتسوبيشي
  مجموعة ميتسوي
  موتورولا
  ميرسك سيلاند
  نيوز كوربوريشن
  نينتندو
  نوكيا
  نونغ شيم
  نورسك هايدرو
  Nuqul Group
  أودربرجت
  أون ميديا
  أوراسكوم كونستراكشون
  أوراسكوم للاستثمار القابضة
  باناسونيك
  بنتاير
  فيليبس
  PPR
  بروكتر وغامبل
  كويبكور
  رايثيون
  رليانس للصناعات المحدودة
  روجرز للإتصالات
  سابانجي القابضة
  زعفران
  أس بي سي جروب
  Samsung Group
  شينسيغاي
  سيمنز
  سايم داربي
  اس كيه جروب
  أس أم برايم
  سوني
  SPX
  سانج يونج جروب
  شركة أس تي أكس
  Suez
  مجموعة سوميتومو
  تايكوانج جروب
  مجموعة تاتا
  تيليدين للتقنيات
  تيكسترون
  شركة والت ديزني
  تيسين كروب
  تايم وارنر
  تومكينز
  توشيبا
  تايكو الدولية
  يونيليفر
  يونايتد تكنولوجيز
  Canal 10
  Vale
  فيفاندي
  ويست فارمرز
  شركة ياماها
  واي تي أل
  واي تي أن جروب

مراجع

شركات متعددة النشاطات
قوائم متعلقة بشركات

قائمة الشركات الأم


Helleland Station (Helleland stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Sørlandsbanen, der ligger bygden Helleland i Eigersund kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede 1. november 1904 som en del af Flekkefjordbanen, der var blevet taget i brug en måned før mellem Egersund og Flekkefjord. I 1944 indgik strækningen mellem Egersund og Sira, hvor Helleland ligger, i Sørlandsbanen. Stationen blev fjernstyret 22. maj 1966, og 2. juni 1991 fik den status som fjernstyret krydsningsspor.

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Sørlandsbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1904
Jernbanestationer i Rogaland

Helleland Station


بدر مولى عبد الرحمن الداخل هو صاحب عبد الرحمن الداخل، ورفيقه ووزيره فيما بعد. إلتحق بدرٌ بخدمة عبد الرحمن قبيل سقوط الدولة الأموية بفترة، وحين سقوط الدولة الأموية، هرب عبد الرحمن فراراً من العباسيين ورافقه بدر في رحلته من الشام إلى الأندلس، وأرسله عبد الرحمن بعد ذلك إلى الأندلس ليخبر موالي بني أمية هناك بأن يمهدوا لعبد الرحمن دخول الأندلس.

نبذة وتعريف
كان بدر يجيد ركوب الخيل والرماية وكان أصلعاً ووسط الطول وقوي البنية، صحب عبد الرحمن الداخل من بداية ثورة العباسيين في المشرق حتى ذهب معه للمغرب حيث ساعده على دخول الأندلس بعد رحلة دامت 4 سنوات ، فاستحق أن يجعله عبد الرحمن الداخل وزيراً وأميراً للجيش وتزوج من مصرية التقى بها في مصر في الفسطاط.

قيل عنه
قال عنه لسان الدين بن الخطيب في الإحاطة في أخبار غرناطة: .

وقال عنه صاحب المقتبس: .

وفاته
وكان بدر من أكبر من أمضى عليه الأمير عبد الرحمن الداخل لما حفظه له من صنائع ولأنه خاض معه الأهوال والغمرات المرهوبة، إلا أن بدراً أسرف في التبسط مع الأمير وأكثر من تذكير الأمير بما بذله من أجله في محنته وتشرده من المشرق وكان الأمير عبد الرحمن يكبح عنان غضبه إلى أن أنتهى الامر إلى عقابه وسلب نعمته وانتزاع دوره وأملاكه ونفيه إلى الثغر الأقصى فأقصاه عن قربه إلى أن توفي وصار خبره مثلاً وعبرة للناس.

المصادر

 كتاب المقتبس من أنباء الأندلس
 كتاب الإحاطة في أخبار غرناطة

قادة عسكريون أندلسيون
موالي

بدر مولى عبد الرحمن الداخل


Semën Moiseevič Krivošein (russo: Семён Моисе́евич Кривоше́ин; 28 de novembro de 1899 em Voronezh, Império Russo - 16 de setembro de 1978 em Moscou, União Soviética) foi um general soviético.

Vida e Guerra Civil Russa
Krivošein nasceu em uma família judia rica que possuía uma loja de artesanato e em 1917 se formou em um ginásio, uma escola secundária russa para a elite educada. Como muitos judeus russos de sua geração, ele ficou fascinado pelas promessas bolcheviques de um mundo ideal de justiça social, levando-o em 1918 a se alistar no Exército Vermelho para combater os brancos na Guerra Civil Russa. Ele serviu no famoso e temido Primeiro Exército de Cavalaria de Semën Budënnyj. O exército tornou-se um importante centro de poder durante a ditadura de Stalin que, no entanto, por medo de possíveis golpes militares, realizou repressões implacáveis contra os oficiais mais respeitados do Exército Vermelho. Durante os Grandes Expurgos de 1936-1938, o serviço de Krivošein no primeiro exército de cavalaria (considerado confiável por Stalin e com oficiais seguros e leais) o salvou da repressão, apesar de suas origens burguesas.

Comandante de tanques soviéticos, que desempenhou um papel vital na preparação durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial das forças de tanques do Exército e no confronto entre tanques alemães e soviéticos na Batalha de Kursk.

Generais da União Soviética
Heróis da União Soviética

Semyon Krivoshein


نوميا  عاصمة كاليدونيا الجديدة التابعة لفرنسا، تقع جنوبي الجزيرة الرئيسية. عدد سكانها 91,386 نسمة (إحصاء 2004) وسكانها خليط من الأعراق من أوروبيين، سكان محليين، إندونيسيين، وفيتناميين. يعود تأسيسها لعام 1851 من قبل البريطانيين، ما لبث الفرنسيون أن احتلوها عام 1854، وكانت تُدعى بورت دي فرانس (ميناء فرنسا) قبل أن تغيّر اسمها إلى نوميا، تتطورت كمركز تصدير الذهب والنيكل.
 الموقع الرسمي للمدينة

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لنوميا:

توأمة
لنوميا اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 نيس
 غولد كوست
 تاوبو

أعلام

 فريدريك بيكيون
 ميشيل مي
 رودلف بيتري
 أندريه فرنك
 هارولد مارتن
 روجر فراي

مراجع

عواصم أوقيانوسيا
مدن موانئ في أوقيانوسيا
بلديات كاليدونيا الجديدة

نوميا


Olga Vladimirovna Skabeïeva (ou Olga Skabeyeva, en  Ольга Владимировна Скабеева), née le  à Voljski (Oblast de Volgograd), est une personnalité de la télévision d'État russe et propagandiste, présentatrice de l'émission « 60 minutes » () avec son mari Evgueni Popov.

En 2018, Olga Skabeyeva participe à une tentative de discrédit de l'enquête britannique sur l'empoisonnement de Sergueï et Ioulia Skripal, décrit comme « un complot britannique élaboré pour salir la Russie » dans son émission.

Selon une enquête de la Fondation anti-corruption publiée en 2021, Olga Skabeyeva et son mari Yevgeny Popov possèdent des biens immobiliers à Moscou d'une valeur totale de plus de 300 millions de roubles (4 millions de dollars).

Une enquête menée en 2020 par The Insider révèle qu'Olga Skabeyeva gagne officiellement 12,8 millions de roubles par an, et son mari 12,9 millions. Leurs seules sources de revenus déclarées sont les médias d'État qui détiennent la société de radiodiffusion et de télévision d'État de toute la Russie et sa filiale, la chaîne de télévision Russia-1.

Olga Skabeyeva est deux fois lauréate du prix TEFI de la télévision russe, recevant la distinction en 2017 et 2018.

Lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022, elle affiche ouvertement son soutien à la politique étrangère de Vladimir Poutine, dont elle fait la propagande. Elle qualifie l'agression russe d'effort « pour protéger les habitants du Donbass d'un régime nazi », propage des théories complotistes à propos du massacre de Boutcha qui n'ont aucune base.

Selon The Insider, Olga  Skabeyeva est « une des nombreuses voix des médias d'État russes qui ont déformé les faits et induit le public en erreur au sujet de la guerre en Ukraine ».

En mars et avril 2022, elle est placée sous sanctions internationales.

Références

Liens externes

  Russie : le chaos de Trump signifie "Nous vaincrons enfin l'Amérique"

Animatrice russe de télévision
Naissance en décembre 1984
Propagande de la Russie
Personne sous sanctions internationales

Olga Skabeïeva