Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness,  injury, or condition.

Signs are objective and externally observable; symptoms are a person's reported subjective experiences. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showing on a medical scan. A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pains in the body.

Signs and symptoms

Signs
A medical sign is an objective observable indication of a disease, injury, or medical condition that may be detected during a physical examination. These signs may be visible, such as a rash or bruise, or otherwise detectable such as by using a stethoscope or taking blood pressure. Medical signs, along with symptoms, help in forming a diagnosis. Some examples of signs are nail clubbing of either the fingernails or toenails, an abnormal gait, and a limbal ring a darkened ring around the iris of the eye.

Indications

A sign is different from an "indication" – the activity of a condition 'pointing to' (thus "indicating") a remedy, not the reverse (viz., it is not a remedy 'pointing to' a condition) – which is a specific reason for using a particular treatment.

Symptoms
A symptom is something felt or experienced, such as pain or dizziness. Signs and symptoms are not mutually exclusive, for example a subjective feeling of fever can be noted as sign by using a thermometer that registers a high reading. The CDC lists various diseases by their signs and symptoms such as for measles which includes a high fever, conjunctivitis, and cough, followed a few days later by the measles rash.

Cardinal signs and symptoms
Cardinal signs and symptoms are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic. A cardinal sign or cardinal symptom can also refer to the major sign or symptom of a disease. Abnormal reflexes can indicate problems with the nervous system. Signs and symptoms are also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, or the symptoms of dehydration. Sometimes a disease may be present without showing any signs or symptoms when it is known as being asymptomatic. The disorder may be discovered through tests including scans. An infection may be asymptomatic which may still be transmissible.

Syndrome

Signs and symptoms are often non-specific, but some combinations can be suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. A particular set of characteristic signs and symptoms that may be associated with a disorder is known as a syndrome. In cases where the underlying cause is known the syndrome is named as for example Down syndrome and Noonan syndrome. Other syndromes such as acute coronary syndrome may have a number of possible causes.

Terms
When a disease is evidenced by symptoms it is known as symptomatic. There are many conditions including subclinical infections that display no symptoms, and these are termed asymptomatic. Signs and symptoms may be mild or severe, brief or longer-lasting when they may become reduced (remission), or then recur (relapse or recrudescence) known as a flare-up. A flare-up may show more severe symptoms.

The term chief complaint, also "presenting problem", is used to describe the initial concern of an individual when seeking medical help, and once this is clearly noted a history of the present illness may be taken. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom.Some symptoms can be misleading as a result of referred pain, where for example a pain in the right shoulder may be due to an inflamed gallbladder and not to presumed muscle strain.

Prodrome
Many diseases have an early prodromal stage where a few signs and symptoms may suggest the presence of a disorder before further specific symptoms may emerge. Measles for example has a prodromal presentation that includes a hacking cough, fever, and Koplik's spots in the mouth. Over half of migraine episodes have a prodromal phase. Schizophrenia has a notable prodromal stage, as has dementia.

Nonspecific symptoms
Some symptoms are specific, that is, they are associated with a single, specific medical condition.

Nonspecific symptoms, sometimes also called equivocal symptoms, are not specific to a particular condition. They include unexplained weight loss, headache, pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, night sweats, and malaise. A group of three particular nonspecific symptoms – fever, night sweats, and weight loss – over a period of six months are termed B symptoms associated with lymphoma and indicate a poor prognosis.

Other sub-types of symptoms include:

 constitutional or general symptoms, which affect general well-being or the whole body, such as a fever;
concomitant symptoms, which are symptoms that occur at the same time as the primary symptom;
prodromal symptoms, which are the first symptoms of an bigger set of problems;
delayed symptoms, which happen some time after the trigger; and
objective symptoms, which are symptoms whose existence can be observed and confirmed by a healthcare provider.

Vital signs
Vital signs are the four signs that can give an immediate measurement of the body's overall functioning and health status. They are temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.  The ranges of these measurements vary with age, weight, gender and with general health.

A digital application has been developed for use in clinical settings that measures three of the vital signs (not temperature) using just a smartphone, and has been approved by NHS England.  The application is registered as Lifelight First, and Lifelight Home is under development (2020) for monitoring-use by people at home using just the camera on their smartphone or tablet. This will additionally measure oxygen saturation and atrial fibrillation. Other devices are then not needed.

Syndromes

Many conditions are indicated by a group of known signs, or signs and symptoms. These can be a group of three known as a triad: a group of four known as a tetrad, and a group of five known as a petrad. An example of a triad is Meltzer's triad presenting purpura a rash, arthralgia painful joints, and myalgia painful and weak muscles. Meltzer's triad indicates the condition cryoglobulinemia. Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric signs and symptoms. A large number of these groups that can be characteristic of a particular disease are known as a syndrome. Noonan syndrome for example, has a diagnostic set of unique facial and musculoskeletal features. Some syndromes such as nephrotic syndrome may have a number of underlying causes that are all related to diseases that affect the kidneys.

Sometimes a child or young adult may have symptoms suggestive of a genetic disorder that cannot be identified even after genetic testing. In such cases the term SWAN (syndrome without a name) may be used. Often a diagnosis may be made at some future point when other more specific symptoms emerge but many cases may remain undiagnosed. The inability to diagnose may be due to a unique combination of symptoms or an overlap of conditions, or to the symptoms being atypical of a known disorder, or to the disorder being extremely rare.

Positive and negative
Sensory symptoms can also be described as positive symptoms, or as negative symptoms depending on whether the symptom is abnormally present such as tingling or itchiness, or abnormally absent such as loss of smell. The following terms are used for negative symptoms – hypoesthesia is a partial loss of sensitivity to moderate stimuli, such as pressure, touch, warmth, cold. Anesthesia is the complete loss of sensitivity to stronger stimuli, such as pinprick. Hypoalgesia  (analgesia) is loss of sensation to painful stimuli.

Symptoms are also grouped in to negative and positive for some mental disorders such as schizophrenia.

Positive symptoms are those that are present in the disorder and are not normally experienced by most individuals and reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions. Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.

Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found but that are diminished or absent; for example, the negative symptoms of schizophrenia include apathy and anhedonia.

Dynamic and static
Dynamic symptoms are capable of change depending on circumstance, whereas static symptoms are fixed or unchanging regardless of circumstance. For example, the symptoms of exercise intolerance are dynamic as they are brought on by exercise, but alleviate during rest. Fixed muscle weakness is a static symptom as the muscle will be weak regardless of exercise or rest.

A majority of patients with metabolic myopathies have dynamic rather than static findings, typically experiencing exercise intolerance, muscle pain, and cramps with exercise rather than fixed weakness. Those with the metabolic myopathy of McArdle's disease (GSD-V) and some individuals with phosphoglucomutase deficiency (CDG1T/GSD-XIV), initially experience exercise intolerance during mild-moderate aerobic exercise, but the symptoms alleviate after 6–10 minutes in what is known as "second wind".

Neuropsychiatric
Neuropsychiatric symptoms are present in many degenerative disorders including dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Symptoms commonly include apathy, anxiety, and depression. Neurological and psychiatric symptoms are also present in some genetic disorders such as Wilson's disease. Symptoms of executive dysfunction are often found in many disorders including schizophrenia, and ADHD.

Radiologic
Radiologic signs are abnormal medical findings on imaging scanning. These include the Mickey Mouse sign and the Golden S sign. When using imaging to find the cause of a complaint, another unrelated finding may be found known as an incidental finding.

Cardinal
Cardinal signs and symptoms are those that may be diagnostic, and pathognomonic – of a certainty of diagnosis. Inflammation for example has a recognised group of cardinal signs and symptoms, as does exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and Parkinson's disease.

In contrast to a pathognomonic cardinal sign, the absence of a sign or symptom can often rule out a condition. This is known by the Latin term sine qua non. For example, the absence of known genetic mutations specific for a hereditary disease  would rule out that disease.  Another example is where the vaginal pH is less than 4.5, a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis would be excluded.

Reflexes
A reflex is an automatic response in the body to a stimulus. Its absence, reduced (hypoactive), or exaggerated (hyperactive) response can be a sign of damage to the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. In the patellar reflex (knee-jerk) for example, its reduction or absence is known as Westphal's sign and may indicate damage to lower motor neurons. When the response is exaggerated damage to the upper motor neurons may be indicated.

Facies
A number of medical conditions are associated with a distinctive facial expression or appearance known as a facies An example is elfin facies which has facial features like those of the elf, and this may be associated with
Williams syndrome, or Donohue syndrome. The most well-known facies is probably the Hippocratic facies that is seen on a person as they near death.

Anamnestic signs
Anamnestic signs (from anamnēstikós, ἀναμνηστικός, "able to recall to mind") are signs that indicate a past condition, for example paralysis in an arm may indicate a past stroke.

Asymptomatic
Some diseases including cancers, and infections may be present but show no signs or symptoms
and these are known as asymptomatic. A gallstone may be asymptomatic and only discovered as an incidental finding. Easily spreadable viral infections such as COVID-19 may be asymptomatic but may still be transmissible.

History

Symptomatology
A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling. Symptomatology (also called semiology) is a branch of medicine dealing with the signs and symptoms of a disease. This study also includes the indications of a disease. It was first described as semiotics by Henry Stubbe in 1670 a term now used for the study of sign communication.

Prior to the nineteenth century there was little difference in the powers of observation between physician and patient. Most medical practice was conducted as a co-operative interaction between the physician and patient; this was gradually replaced by a "monolithic consensus of opinion imposed from within the community of medical investigators". Whilst each noticed much the same things, the physician had a more informed interpretation of those things: "the physicians knew what the findings meant and the layman did not".

Development of medical testing

A number of advances introduced mostly in the 19th century, allowed for more objective assessment by the physician in search of a diagnosis, and less need of input from the patient. During the 20th century the introduction of a wide range of imaging techniques and other testing methods such as genetic testing, clinical chemistry tests, molecular diagnostics and pathogenomics have made a huge impact on diagnostic capability.
 In 1761 the percussion technique for diagnosing respiratory conditions was discovered by Leopold Auenbrugger. This method of tapping body cavities to note any abnormal sounds had already been in practice for a long time in cardiology. Percussion of the thorax became more widely known after 1808 with the translation of Auenbrugger's work from Latin into French by Jean-Nicolas Corvisart.
 In 1819 the introduction of the stethoscope by René Laennec began to replace the centuries-old technique of immediate auscultation – listening to the heart by placing the ear directly on the chest, with mediate auscultation using the stethoscope to listen to the sounds of the heart and respiratory tract. Laennec's publication was translated into English, 1824, by John Forbes.
 The 1846 introduction by surgeon John Hutchinson (1811–1861) of the spirometer, an apparatus for assessing the mechanical properties of the lungs via measurements of forced exhalation and forced inhalation. (The recorded lung volumes and air flow rates are used to distinguish between restrictive disease (in which the lung volumes are decreased: e.g., cystic fibrosis) and obstructive diseases (in which the lung volume is normal but the air flow rate is impeded; e.g., emphysema).)
 The 1851 invention by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) of the ophthalmoscope, which allowed physicians to examine the inside of the human eye.
 The () immediate widespread clinical use of Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt's (1836–1925) six-inch (rather than twelve-inch) pocket clinical thermometer, which he had devised in 1867.
 The 1882 introduction of bacterial cultures by Robert Koch, initially for tuberculosis, being the first laboratory test to confirm bacterial infections.
 The 1895 clinical use of X-rays which began almost immediately after they had been discovered that year by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923).
 The 1896 introduction of the sphygmomanometer, designed by Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863–1937), to measure blood pressure.

Diagnosis
The recognition of signs, and noting of symptoms may lead to a diagnosis. Otherwise a physical examination may be carried out, and a medical history taken. Further diagnostic medical tests such as blood tests, scans, and biopsies, may be needed.  An X-ray for example would soon be diagnostic of a suspected bone fracture. A noted significance detected during an examination or from a medical test may be known as a medical finding.

Examples

 Ascites
 Nail clubbing (deformed nails)
 Cough
 Death rattle (last moments of life)
 Hemoptysis (blood-stained sputum)
 Jaundice
 Organomegaly an enlarged organ such as the liver (hepatomegaly)
 Palmar erythema (reddening of hands)
 Hypersalivation excessive (saliva)
 Unintentional weight loss

See also

 Biomarker (medicine)
 Focal neurologic signs

References

Signs and symptoms


La ligne 9 du métro de Nankin (chinois traditionnel : 南京地鐵九號線 ; chinois simplifié : 南京地铁九号线)  est une ligne qui est en construction du métro de Nankin. C'est une ligne sud-nord qui relie le district de Xuanwu avec le district de Jianye au sud. De Nouvelle ville de Hongshan à Grand-Théâtre de Jiangsu, la ligne comporte 16 stations et  en longueur.

Histoire

Caractéristiques

Liste des stations

Exploitation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Nankin

Liens externes

Nankin, 9
9

Ligne 9 du métro de Nankin


Lucian-Ovidiu Heiuș (n. , Orăștie, România) este un deputat român, ales în 2016.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Național Liberal

Lucian-Ovidiu Heiuș


Colima getur átt við:

Colima, fylki í Mexíkó.
Colima, eldfjall í sama fylki.
Colima, höfuðborg samnefnds fylkis.

Aðgreiningarsíður

Colima


Glaucon (/ˈɡlɔːkɒn/; Γλαύκων; c. 445 Î. hr. – al 4-lea Î. hr.), fiul lui Ariston, a fost un atenian antic și fratele mai mare  al  filosofului Platon. El este în primul rând cunoscut ca un conversant major cu Socrate în Republica, și interlocutorul din Alegoria Peșterii. El este, de asemenea, menționat pe scurt la începuturile a două dialoguri ale lui Platon, Parmenide și Simpozion.

Biografie
Glaucon a fost fratele mai mare al lui Platon și, ca și fratele său, a fost în cercul de tineri bogați elevii lui Socrate. Deși se cunosc puține lucruri despre viața lui, unele informații pot fi extrapolate din scrierile lui Platon și de la biografii platonieni mai târzii.

Dialogurile lui  Platon
Glaucon este prezentat în mai multe dintre dialogurile lui Platon ( Parmenide, Republica și Simpozion) și este considerat a fi unul dintre cei mai  sofisticați interlocutori ai lui Socrate.

A vedea  de asemenea
 Lista de vorbitori în dialogurile lui Platon
 Platon
 Platon, Republica
 Platon, Simpozion
 Platon, Parmenide

Note

Linkuri externe

 "Glaukon Provocare" discursul lui Glaucon din Republica carte 2. Tradus de Cathal Pădure (2010).
 Republica Traduse de Paul Shorey (1935); adnotat și hyperlink text, engleză și greacă.
 Republica Tradus de către Benjamin Jowett (1892); cu funcționare comentarii și Stephanus numere
 Republica Tradus de către Benjamin Jowett; cu introducere
Nașteri în anii 440 î.Hr.
Decese în secolul al IV-lea î.Hr.
Greci din secolul al V-lea î.Hr.
Atenieni antici

Glaucon


Michel Alary est un médecin, chercheur et épidémiologiste canadien né en 1954.

Biographie
Michel Alary a obtenu un doctorat en médecine à l'Université de Sherbrooke en 1974 ainsi qu'une maîtrise en 1987 et un doctorat en 1991 en médecine expérimentale à l'Université Laval. Il est professeur d'épidémiologie à l'Université Laval. Ses activités de recherche se focalisent sur l'épidémiologie et la prévention des infections sexuellement transmissible, notamment le VIH, chez les populations les plus vulnérables.

Distinctions
Prix du Chercheur émérite du Réseau de recherche en santé des populations du Québec (2016)
Conférence Mark Wainberg (2008)
Prix du pionnier de l'Institut de la santé publique et des populations des IRSC (2019)
Grand diplômé de l'Université Laval

Références

Liens externes

Professeur à l'Université Laval
Étudiant de l'Université de Sherbrooke
Épidémiologiste canadien
Étudiant de l'Université Laval

Michel Alary


El Puente del Velero está en la localidad de Guayaquil (Ecuador).

En el año 1998, se inauguró el puente sobre el Estero Salado, prolongación de la calle Aguirre, y la Avenida Marginal del Salado (hoy Avenida Barcelona), conocido como "El Velero", obra diseñada por CPR Asociados C. Ltda.; llegó a representar un hito en la estética urbana de Guayaquil, destacándose como "El Puente más bonito del país".

El 27 de julio de 2005 fue la fecha en que Guayaquil inauguró el nuevo Puente El Velero, que fue regenerado por la compañía Técnica de Montaje y Construcciones Mecánicas C.T.M.C.M. C. Ltda. quién firmó contrato el 27 de abril de 2005 con Guayaquil , Fundación Municipal para la Regeneración Urbana, por la Adecuación de pasarela Sur Puente El Velero – Malecón del Estero Salado, Etapa 2.

El valor de la ejecución de esta obra fue de US $ 194,193.78 más IVA, con una duración de noventa (90) días calendarios.

La provisión e instalación de iluminación del Puente El Velero – Malecón del Estero Salado, Etapa 2, fue ejecutada por la compañía Marriott S.A., contrato que fue firmado el 11 de abril de 2005 por una valor de US $ 30,319,35 más IVA, con una duración de 8 semanas.

Luego se contrató a la compañía High Lights Ilumination del Ecuador C. Ltda. el suministro de 92 luminarias empotrables tipo Walky para la pasarela peatonal del Puente El Velero – Malecón del Estero Salado, Etapa 2, firmando contrato el 16 de mayo de 2005.

Para poder cumplir con los objetivos de Regeneración Urbana, Guayaquil  contrató al Ing. Domingo Yépez Cárdenas como fiscalizador de la Adecuación de la Pasarela Sur y la Iluminación del Puente "El Velero", quién firmó contrato el 27 de abril de 2005.

Véase también
 Estero Salado
 Malecón del Salado

Puentes de Guayaquil

Puente del Velero


The Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF), located in New Haven, Connecticut, US, is an international nonprofit membership organization with over 500 member institutions in more than 20 countries. A financially autonomous research agency based at Yale University since 1949, its mission is to promote understanding of cultural diversity and commonality in the past and present. To accomplish this mission, the Human Relations Area Files produces scholarly resources and infrastructure for research, teaching and learning, and supports and conducts original research on cross-cultural variation.

HRAF produces two flagship databases accessible by its members: eHRAF World Cultures and eHRAF Archaeology. HRAF also sponsors and edits the quarterly journal, Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science. Expanded and updated annually, eHRAF World Cultures includes ethnographic materials on cultures, past and present, all over the world. Also expanding annually, eHRAF Archaeology covers major archaeological traditions and many more sub-traditions and sites around the world. Documents in both eHRAF databases are subject-indexed at the paragraph level by HRAF anthropologists.

In addition, HRAF offers several open-access resources. Explaining Human Culture is a database with standardized summaries that provides a searchable way for researchers to find out what has been learned from previous cross-cultural research about cultural universals and differences. Explaining Human Culture also features topical articles on cross-cultural insights (e.g., cross-cultural perspectives on childhood, dwellings, and sports). Introducing Cross-Cultural Research is a series of PDFs constituting a "crash course" in cross-cultural methods. Finally, Teaching eHRAF is a library of teaching exercises and syllabi (many designed by professors at member institutions) that use eHRAF to explore cultural diversity.

History
On February 26, 1949, delegates from Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Oklahoma, the University of Washington, and Yale University met in New Haven, Connecticut to pledge their membership in a new nonprofit research consortium to be based at Yale. The plan was to "develop and distribute files of organized information related to human societies and cultures." The name of the new inter-university corporation was the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF). It is an ever-growing catalogue of cross-indexed ethnographic data, sorted and filed by geographic location and cultural characteristics.

The name came from the Institute of Human Relations, an interdisciplinary program at Yale at the time. The Institute of Human Relations had sponsored HRAF's precursor, the Cross-Cultural Survey (see George Peter Murdock), as part of an effort to develop an integrated science of human behavior and culture. On May 7, 1949, the HRAF consortium was formally established with three additional universities—the University of Chicago, the University of North Carolina, and the University of Southern California. As of 2018, there are 21 sponsoring members and hundreds of associate members. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography (the pre-electronic precursor to eHRAF World Cultures) was originally distributed as paper files. From the early 1960s until 1994, most members received their annual installments on microfiche. Since 1994, the annual installments have been in electronic form, first on CD-ROM and later online.

Distinctiveness of the databases

The HRAF databases were developed to foster comparative research on humans in all their variety, from small-scale hunting and gathering societies to complex states. This provides a contrast to databases that focus solely on countries. In addition, the databases, in contrast to bibliographic ones that provide pointers to materials, actually contain those materials. Searching across cultures for particular kinds of information is facilitated by the unique ethnographic subject classification system that HRAF has developed and refined over more than 60 years, the Outline of Cultural Materials or OCM. In contrast to most subject-indexing which is done at the document level, HRAF has its indexers subject index at the paragraph level.

For example, suppose users are interested in assessing the degree to which various cultures depend on stored foods. They would discover that there is an index subject category called "Preservation and Storage of Food" (OCM 251). Searching by that subject category would retrieve all of the paragraphs that describe dried, smoked, pickled, refrigerated, frozen, and canned foods, and whatever other ways the people of the given culture store or preserve food. The analysts at HRAF, who have read through and indexed every page of every text that goes into the HRAF files, have made it possible to find the relevant information, even when the user does not know in advance which particular words (including untranslated native words) the original authors may have used. It is also possible to search the eHRAF texts by the words that actually appear in them. The most efficient searches may use a combination of OCM subject categories and keywords, using Boolean operators. But, if there is no standard vocabulary for the subject matter of interest, the user can always use the OCM subject categories to get to the particular kinds of information sought.

Uses of the eHRAF collections

The eHRAF Collections can be used for teaching and research on any aspect of cultural and social life. The collections are primarily organized by major geographical region, and then by culture or archaeological tradition, so researchers can access information about particular cultures, particular regions of the world, or do a worldwide or regional cross-cultural comparison. See Cross-cultural studies.

Cross-cultural research
Although the HRAF collections can be used for many purposes, they were primarily designed to enable researchers to find information quickly across a broad range of cultures so that societies could be compared on particular dimensions of variation. Most cross-cultural researchers test hypotheses on worldwide samples with the aim of arriving at valid generalizations about human behavior and social and cultural life. But smaller-scale comparisons are also possible, such as regional comparisons, or comparisons of particular types of societies (such as hunter-gatherers or prehistoric states). While passages in ethnographies or archaeological reports are readily found using HRAF's subject-indexing system, there are few pre-coded variables in eHRAF. Therefore, researchers need to develop nominal, ordinal, or interval coding scales to measure the particular types of variation.

For example, the subject category "Techniques of Socialization" (OCM 861) will find passages that deal with cultural ideas about childtraining or general methods of discipline, but coding schemes need to be developed to measure dimensions of variation, such as "degree to which corporal punishment is employed," "degree to which threatening is employed," or "degree to which children are praised." It is not difficult, after a little practice, to develop ordinal scales that can allow for the coding of words into quantitative measures, and once that is done it is easy to use available software to test hypotheses, and compare, combine, and model the results. The indexed texts in HRAF are also amenable to qualitative cross-cultural comparisons.

The HRAF databases were built somewhat opportunistically, so for hypothesis-testing research it is best to use a sub-sample within eHRAF that was designed to be representative. There are two main representative sub-samples within eHRAF World Cultures and one within eHRAF Archaeology. eHRAF World Cultures contains 1) a 60-culture sample known as the Probability Sample Files (PSF); and 2) most of the societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (expected to be completely included by 2020). Researchers can use the PSF to test hypotheses on a fairly large and unbiased sample of the world's cultures. Because the PSF sample includes only one culture (that met data quality criteria) randomly selected from each of 60 macro-culture areas around the world, correlations and other statistical results are likely to be trustworthy and functional, not due to duplications in the sample because of random diffusion or common ancestry. From 2000 on, eHRAF World Cultures has included additional randomly selected cases that may be added to the PSF for scientific sampling (called the Simple Random Sample). The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample of 186 societies also stratified the world into culture areas and then chose one society per culture area, but it differs from the PSF in that 200 culture areas were used and the choice of a society was based on judgmental rather than random selection. eHRAF Archaeology includes an annually-growing Simple Random Sample (SRS) of archaeological traditions drawn from the Outline Of Archaeological Traditions that can be used for hypothesis-testing. In addition, eHRAF Archaeology contains complete tradition sequences.

The results of cross-cultural studies using ethnography are usually correlational. But it would be informative to go beyond cross-sectional validation, in particular to see if temporal sequences validate causal theories. The eHRAF World Cultures database often contains information from more than one time period, so while not often done, it is possible to measure ethnographic cases for two different points in time. But for many questions about cultural evolution, the ethnographic (or ethnohistorical) record is not likely to provide enough of the necessary time-series data for statistical analysis.

This dilemma particularly applies to the classical questions about human cultural evolution, including the emergence of agriculture, the rise of social inequality and the first cities, and the origins of the state.  Investigators of cultural evolution can use the eHRAF World Cultures and eHRAF Archaeology databases to study and model causal sequences. Cross-cultural (comparative ethnographic) studies can provide archaeological indicators of cultural and other (e.g., physical and social environmental) features. Using those indicators, researchers could test many causal ideas about the major events in cultural evolution and devolution on the time-series data in the archaeological record. Thus, the data in eHRAF Archaeology can allow researchers to determine whether evolutionary patterns in one region are repeated in others, and to determine whether the presumed causal factors in one region are important, and antecedent, in other world regions too. Comparative ethnography can tell us about cultural statics, what predicts cross-cultural variation in recent times. Comparative archaeology can tell us about cultural dynamics, what comes first and what follows what in prehistory.

See also
Coding (social sciences)
Standard cross-cultural sample
Transcription (linguistics)

References

Ember, Carol R. and Ember, Melvin. 2001. Cross-Cultural Research Methods. (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press).
Ember, Melvin. 1997. Evolution of the Human Relations Area Files. Cross-Cultural Research 31:3-15.
McGee, Jon R. 2004. Anthropological Theory: an Introductory History, 3rd ed. (Boston:  McGraw-Hill)
Murdock, George Peter, Clellan S. Ford, Alfred E. Hudson, Raymond Kennedy, Leo W. Simmons, John W. M. Whiting (and other collaborators). 2006. Outline of Cultural Materials, 6th ed. (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files.)
Naroll, Raoul. 1967. The Proposed HRAF Probability Sample. Behavior Science Notes 2: 70-80.

External links
Human Relations Area Files
User's Guide: HRAF Collection of Ethnography. A Basic Guide to Cross-Cultural Research
eHRAF World Cultures
eHRAF Archaeology
Introducing Cross-Cultural Research
Explaining Human Culture
Teaching eHRAF

Anthropology organizations
1949 establishments in the United States
Cross-cultural studies
Yale University

Human Relations Area Files


فتحي عبد الوهاب (21 أغسطس  1971 -)، ممثل مصري.

عن حياته

استطاع خلال سنوات قليلة أن يخلق لنفسه مكانة بين نجوم جيله.. رغم أن فتحي عبد الوهاب لايعترف اصلا بفكرة الجري وراء بريق الشهرة ولاتؤرقه مسألة البطولة المطلقة التي يسعي إليها الجميع. بدأ فنيًا من الجامعة وبالتحديد من كلية التجارة، وكان ذلك على مستوى الهواية، وعندما وصل للسنة النهائية بالكلية، ذهب أحد أصدقائه للينين الرملي ومحمد صبحي، وقدم أوراقهم، وبالفعل نجح في الاختبار، مبتدئاً «بالعربى الفصيح» التي عرضت لثلاثة مواسم متصلة، لينطلق بعدها إلى سماء النجومية.

افلامه
 الكاهن (2021)
 ثانية واحدة (2021)
 لص بغداد (2020)
 حرب كرموز (2018)
 الديزل (2018)
 مولانا (2017)... الأنبا باخوم
 هروب اضطراري (2017)
 كلام جرايد (2014)
 ساعة ونص (فيلم) (2012)
 زهايمر (2010)
 عزبة آدم (فيلم) (2010)
 خلطة فوزية (2009)
 عصافير النيل (2009)
 كباريه (2008).... شعلان
 أحلام حقيقية (2007).... عماد
 البلياتشو (2007)
 قص ولصق (2007).... سامى
 دنيا (2005).... ممدوح
 عودة الندلة (2006)
 فرحان ملازم آدم (2005)
 سهر الليالي (2004)
 بحبك وأنا كمان (فيلم) (2003)
 فرار مومياء (فيلم) (2003)
 رانديفو (فيلم) (2001)
 فيلم ثقافي (فيلم) (2000)
 شجيع السيما (2000)
 صعيدى في الجامعة الأمريكية (1998)
 طيور الظلام (1995)

مسلسلات
 بيت فرح 2022
 جزيرة غمام 2022
 خارج السيطرة 2021
 الأختيار 2 ( مسلسل) 2021  القاهرة كابول (مسلسل) 2021
 لمس أكتاف (مسلسل) 2019
 عوالم خفية (مسلسل) 2018
 ممنوع الاقتراب أو التصوير 2018
 أبو عمر المصري 2018
 الطوفان (مسلسل) 2017
 لا تطفئ الشمس (مسلسل) 2017
 مسلسل الخانكة 2016
 مسلسل دهشة 2014
 مسلسل الإخوة الأعداء 2012
 العائد (مسلسل) (2008)
 عائلة مجنونة جدا (مسلسل) (2007).... حب
 جريمة في الساحل الشمالي (مسلسل) (2005)
 قلب حبيبة (مسلسل) (2005).... مواس
 تعالى نحلم ببكره (مسلسل) (2004)
 قلبي يناديك (مسلسل) (2004)
 وحلقت الطيور نحو الشرق (مسلسل) (2002)....أدون فلاديمير
 أميرة في عابدين (مسلسل) (2002)
 الناس في كفر عسكر (مسلسل)
 نظرية الجوافة (مسلسل)
 ريا وسكينة (مسلسل)
 مسلسل الدم والنار (ياسين ابن محمد الطيب )

المراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1391 هـ
مواليد 1971
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون

فتحي عبد الوهاب


() est un film dano-franco-islandais réalisé par Hlynur Pálmason, sorti en 2022.

Synopsis
À la fin du , Lucas, prêtre danois, arrive en Islande, avec pour missions de construire une église et de photographier la population. Mais plus il s'enfonce dans le paysage impitoyable, plus il est livré aux affres de la tentation et du péché...

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre islandais :
 Titre français et international :
 Réalisation et scénario : Hlynur Pálmason
 Costumes :
 Photographie : Maria von Hausswolff
 Montage : Julius Krebs Damsbo
 Musique : Alex Zhang Hungtai
 Sociétés de production :
 Société de distribution : Jour2Fête
 Pays de production : , ,
 Langues originales : danois et islandais
 Format : couleur —  — 1,33:1 avec coins arrondis
 Genre : drame
 Durée : 138 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (Festival de Cannes) ;  (réseau Utopia) ;  (sortie nationale)
 Danemark :
 Islande :

Distribution
 Elliott Crosset Hove : Lucas
 Ingvar E. Sigurðsson : Ragnar
 Jacob Lohmann : Carl
 Vic Carmen Sonne : Anna
 Ída Mekkín Hlynsdóttir : Ida
 Hilmar Guðjónsson : le traducteur
  : Vincent

Production

Accueil

Accueil critique
En France, le site Allociné propose une excellente moyenne de , fondée sur  de presse.

Distinctions

Récompense
 Festival de Cannes 2022 : Palme Dog : Grand Prix du Jury pour Sheepdog

Sélection
 Festival de Cannes 2022 : sélection Un certain regard

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film danois sorti en 2022
Film français sorti en 2022
Film islandais sorti en 2022
Film dramatique danois
Film dramatique français
Film dramatique islandais
Film tourné en Islande
Film se déroulant en Islande
Film en danois
Film en islandais
Film sur le christianisme

Godland


O Draft da NBA de 1951 foi o quinto draft anual da National Basketball Association (NBA). O draft foi realizado em 25 de abril de 1951, antes da temporada de 1951-52. Neste draft, dez equipes da NBA se revezaram na seleção de jogadores amadores de basquete universitário dos EUA. Em cada rodada, as equipes selecionam na ordem inversa de seu recorde de vitórias e derrotas na temporada anterior. O Tri-Cities Blackhawks participou do draft, mas se mudou para Milwaukee e se tornou o Milwaukee Hawks antes do início da temporada. O draft consistiu em 12 rodadas com 87 jogadores selecionados.

Seleção e carreira dos selecionados
Gene Melchiorre da Bradley University foi selecionado em primeiro lugar geral pelo Baltimore Bullets. No entanto, ele nunca jogou na NBA devido ao seu envolvimento em um escândalo enquanto jogava basquete universitário. Myer Skoog, da Universidade de Minnesota, foi selecionado antes do draft como a escolha territorial do Minneapolis Lakers.

Draft

Outras escolhas
A lista a seguir inclui outras escolhas de draft que jogaram em pelo menos um jogo da NBA.

Ver também

 Lista das primeiras escolhas gerais do Draft da NBA

Listas da National Basketball Association
National Basketball Association Draft

Draft da NBA de 1951