Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980), commonly known as Ronaldinho Gaúcho () or simply Ronaldinho, is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder, but was also deployed as a winger. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, he won two FIFA World Player of the Year awards and a Ballon d'Or. He is the only player ever to have won a World Cup, a Copa América, a Confederations Cup, a Champions League, a Copa Libertadores and a Ballon d'Or. A global icon of the sport, Ronaldinho was renowned for his technical skills, creativity, dribbling ability and accuracy from free-kicks, his use of tricks, feints, no-look passes and overhead kicks, as well as his ability to score and create goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing futsal. He is known by the nickname "O Bruxo" ("The Wizard").

Ronaldinho made his career debut for Grêmio, in 1998. At age 20, he moved to Paris Saint-Germain in France before signing for Barcelona in 2003. In his second season with Barcelona, he won his first FIFA World Player of the Year award as Barcelona won the 2004–05 La Liga title. The season that followed is considered one of the best in his career as he was integral in Barcelona winning the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League, their first in fourteen years, and another La Liga title, giving Ronaldinho his first career double, receiving the 2005 Ballon d'Or and his second FIFA World Player of the Year in the process. After scoring two solo goals in the first 2005–06 El Clásico, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player, after Diego Maradona in 1983, to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.

Following a second-place La Liga finish to Real Madrid in the 2006–07 season and an injury-plagued 2007–08 season, Ronaldinho suffered a decline in his performances—often put down to a decrease in dedication and focus having achieved so much in the sport—and departed Barcelona to join AC Milan, where he won the 2010–11 Serie A. He returned to Brazil to play for Flamengo in 2011 and Atlético Mineiro a year later where he won the 2013 Copa Libertadores, before moving to Mexico to play for Querétaro and then back to Brazil to play for Fluminense in 2015. Ronaldinho accumulated numerous other individual awards in his career: he was included in the UEFA Team of the Year and the FIFA World XI three times each, and was named UEFA Club Footballer of the Year for the 2005–06 season and South American Footballer of the Year in 2013; in 2004, he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. In 2009, Ronaldinho was voted World Player of the Decade 2000s, ahead of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo.

In his international career with Brazil, Ronaldinho earned 97 caps and scored 33 goals and represented his country in two FIFA World Cups. After debuting with the Seleção by winning the 1999 Copa América, he was an integral part of the 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning team, starring alongside Ronaldo and Rivaldo in an attacking trio, and was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Star Team. As captain, he led his team to the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup title and was named man of the match in the final. He also captained the Brazil Olympic team to a bronze medal in men's football at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Early and personal life

Ronaldo de Assis Moreira was born on 21 March 1980 in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. His mother, Miguelina Elói Assis dos Santos, was a salesperson who studied to become a nurse. His father, João de Assis Moreira, was a shipyard worker and a footballer for the local club Esporte Clube Cruzeiro (not to be confused with the larger Cruzeiro Esporte Clube). After Ronaldo's older brother Roberto signed with Grêmio, the family moved to a home in the more affluent Guarujá section of Porto Alegre, which was a gift from Grêmio to convince Roberto to stay at the club. Still, Roberto's career was ultimately cut short by injury. It was in their new home where his father hit his head and drowned in the swimming pool when Ronaldo was eight. Roberto has acted as his manager, while his sister Deisi has worked as his press coordinator.

Ronaldo's football skills began to blossom at the age of eight, and he was first given the nickname Ronaldinho –  "inho" meaning small – because he was often the youngest and the smallest player in youth club matches. He developed an interest in futsal and beach football, which later expanded to organized football. Many of his signature moves originate from futsal, especially his ball control. His first brush with the media came at the age of 13, when he scored all 23 goals in a 23–0 victory against a local team. Ronaldinho was identified as a rising star at the 1997 U-17 World Championship in Egypt, in which he scored two goals on penalty kicks.

Growing up, his idols included the World Cup winning stars; Rivelino (from 1970), Diego Maradona (from 1986), Romário (from 1994), and his two future international teammates Ronaldo and Rivaldo (which would form the attacking trio in Brazil's 2002 World Cup winning team). Ronaldinho is the father of a son, João, born on February 25, 2005, to Brazilian dancer Janaína Mendes and named after his late father. He gained Spanish citizenship in 2007. In March 2018, Ronaldinho joined the Brazilian Republican Party, which has links to the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Ronaldinho endorsed presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.

Club career

Grêmio

Ronaldinho's career began with the Grêmio youth squad. He made his senior side debut during the 1998 Copa Libertadores. 1999 saw the emergence of the 18-year-old Ronaldinho, with 22 goals in 47 matches, and he put in headlining displays in derbies against Internacional, most notably on 20 June 1999 in the Rio Grande do Sul State Championship final. In a match-winning performance, Ronaldinho embarrassed Internacional's Brazilian legend and 1994 World Cup-winning captain Dunga, flicking the ball over his head on one occasion, and leaving him flat-footed in a mazy dribble on another. Ronaldinho achieved further success with Grêmio, winning the inaugural Copa Sul.

In 2001, Arsenal expressed interest in signing Ronaldinho, but the move collapsed after he could not obtain a work permit because he was a non-EU player who had not played enough international matches. He considered playing on loan with Scottish Premier League side St Mirren, which never happened due to his involvement in a fake passport scandal in Brazil.

Paris Saint-Germain

In 2001, Ronaldinho signed a five-year contract with French club Paris Saint-Germain in a €5 million transfer. Upon his arrival in Paris, Ronaldinho was given the number 21 shirt and inserted into a lineup that included fellow Brazilian Aloísio, midfielder Jay-Jay Okocha and striker Nicolas Anelka.

2001–02 season
Ronaldinho made his league debut for the club on 4 August 2001, appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Auxerre. Ronaldinho spent the majority of the first few months of the 2001–02 season alternated between the bench and starter's role. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 October in a 2–2 draw against Lyon, converting the equalizing penalty in the 79th minute after having come on ten minutes prior. After returning from the winter break, Ronaldinho went on a tear, scoring a goal in four consecutive matches to open the new campaign. He recorded impressive goals against Monaco, Rennes, Lens and Lorient. On 16 March 2002, he recorded a double in PSG's 3–1 victory against relegation strugglers Troyes. He scored his final league goal of the season in the club's 2–0 win over Metz on 27 April.

Ronaldinho was also influential in the 2001–02 Coupe de la Ligue, helping PSG reach the semi-finals where they were eliminated by Bordeaux. In a Round of 16 match against Guingamp, Ronaldinho scored two second half goals in the game after having entered the match as a half-time substitute. Despite Ronaldinho's initial success with the club, the season was marred by controversy with Paris Saint-Germain manager Luis Fernández, claiming that the Brazilian was too focused on the Parisian nightlife rather than football, and complained that his holidays in Brazil never ended at the scheduled times.

2002–03 season
Despite repeated rifts with Fernández, Ronaldinho returned to the team for the 2002–03 season, with the player switching to the number 10 shirt. Though his performances in his second season with the club were underwhelming compared to his first, Ronaldinho performed admirably with the club. On 26 October 2002, he scored two goals in PSG's 3–1 victory over Classique rivals Marseille. The first goal was a free kick, which curled past numerous Marseille players in the 18-yard box before sailing past goalkeeper Vedran Runje. In the return match, he again scored in PSG's 3–0 victory at the Stade Vélodrome, running half the length of the field before flicking the ball over the goalkeeper. On 22 February 2003, Ronaldinho scored the goal of the season (chosen by public vote) against Guingamp — he beat one opponent before playing a one-two to beat another, then lifted the ball over a third before beating a fourth with a step over (dropping his shoulder, moving right but going left) and finished by lifting the ball over the goalkeeper.

Ronaldinho was also praised for his performance in the Coupe de France when he scored both goals in the club's 2–0 win over Bordeaux in the semi-finals, which inserted PSG into the final. After scoring his first goal in the 22nd minute, Ronaldinho capped the game in the 81st minute, accurately chipping the ball at the 18-yard box over the head of goalkeeper Ulrich Ramé, despite Ramé being in a favorable position. For his performance, Ronaldinho was given a standing ovation by the Parisian supporters. Unfortunately for the club, however, Ronaldinho and the team failed to capture the form that got them to the final as they bowed out 2–1 to Auxerre due to a last minute goal from Jean-Alain Boumsong. Despite Ronaldinho's performances, the club finished in a disappointing 11th-placed position. Following the season, Ronaldinho declared he wanted to leave the club after the capital club failed to qualify for any European competition.

Barcelona

Newly elected FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta stated, "I said we would lead Barça to the forefront of the footballing world, and for that to occur we had to sign one of these three players, David Beckham, Thierry Henry or Ronaldinho". Henry remained with Arsenal, and Laporta then promised to bring Beckham to the club, but following his transfer to Real Madrid, Barcelona entered the running for Ronaldinho and outbid Manchester United for his signature in a €30 million deal.

2003–04 season
The club where he would spend his peak years and the basis of his global fame, Ronaldinho made his Barcelona debut in a friendly against Juventus at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts on 27 July, with coach Frank Rijkaard stating post match, "He has something special every time he touches the ball." He scored his first competitive goal in La Liga on 3 September 2003 against Sevilla at 1.30 a.m. local time, in a match that kicked off at five minutes past midnight. After receiving the ball from his goalkeeper inside his own half, Ronaldinho ran through the midfield and dribbled past two Sevilla players before striking the ball from 30 yards which hammered off the underside of the crossbar and back up into the roof of the net. Ronaldinho suffered from injury during the first half of the campaign, and Barcelona slumped to 12th in the league standings midway through the season. Ronaldinho returned from injury and scored 15 goals in La Liga during the 2003–04 season, helping the team ultimately finish second in the league. His scooped pass set up the winning goal for Xavi away to Real Madrid on 25 April 2004, the club's first win at the Bernabéu in seven years, a result Xavi credits as the start of "the Barcelona rise."

2004–05 season

Ronaldinho won his first league title in 2004–05, and was named FIFA World Player of the Year on 20 December 2004. His captain at Barcelona, Carles Puyol, stated, "The greatest compliment I could give him is that he's given Barcelona our spirit back. He has made us smile again." His fame was growing with his entertaining and productive play in both the La Liga and the UEFA Champions League. On 8 March 2005, Barcelona were eliminated from the latter competition by Chelsea in the first knockout round, losing 5–4 over two legs. Ronaldinho scored both goals in the 4–2 second leg loss at Stamford Bridge in London, the second a spectacular strike where he feinted to shoot before striking the ball with little back-lift past Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Čech from 20 yards out.

On 1 May 2005, Ronaldinho made the assist for Lionel Messi's first goal for Barcelona, executing a scooped pass over the Albacete defence for Messi to finish. With his contract expiring in 2008, Ronaldinho was offered an extension until 2014 that would have net him £85 million over nine years, but he turned it down. In September 2005, he signed a two-year extension that contained a minimum-fee release clause that allowed him to leave should a club make an offer to Barcelona of at least £85 million for him.

2005–06 season

By the end of the year 2005, Ronaldinho had started to accumulate a host of personal awards. He won the inaugural FIFPro World Player of the Year in September 2005, in addition to being included in the 2005 FIFPro World XI, and being named the 2005 European Footballer of the Year. Also that year, Ronaldinho was voted the FIFA World Player of the Year for the second consecutive year. He became only the third player to win the award more than once, after three-time winners Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane. His domination as the world's best footballer was undisputed as he also won the prestigious Ballon d'Or for the only time in his career.

On 19 November, Ronaldinho scored twice as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 3–0 on the road in the first leg of El Clásico. After he sealed the match with his second goal, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance by applauding, so rare a tribute only Diego Maradona had ever been granted previously as a Barcelona player at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. Ronaldinho stated, "I will never forget this because it is very rare for any footballer to be applauded in this way by the opposition fans."

The season is considered one of the best in Ronaldinho's career as he was an instrumental part of Barcelona's first Champions League title in 14 years. After winning their group convincingly, Barcelona faced Chelsea in the round of 16 for a rematch of the previous year. Ronaldinho scored a decisive goal in the second leg, going past three Chelsea defenders on the edge of the penalty area before beating the goalkeeper, sealing Barcelona's qualification to the next round. He also contributed one goal in Barcelona's elimination of Benfica in the quarter-finals with a 2–0 home victory. After a 1–0 semi-final aggregate win over Milan, in which Ronaldinho assisted the series' only goal by Ludovic Giuly, Barcelona progressed to the Champions League Final, which they won on 17 May 2006 with a 2–1 beating of Arsenal. Two weeks earlier, Barcelona had clinched their second-straight La Liga title with a 1–0 win over Celta de Vigo, giving Ronaldinho his first career double.

Throughout the season, Ronaldinho linked up with prolific Cameroonian striker Samuel Eto'o in attack, providing a number of assists to the 34 goal striker; Ronaldinho's pass also put Eto'o through on goal in the Champions League Final from which he was brought down by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann who was sent off. Ronaldinho finished the season with a career-best 26 goals, including seventeen in La Liga and seven in the Champions League, and was chosen for the UEFA Team of the Year for the third consecutive time and was named the 2005–06 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year. He was named in the six man shortlist for the 2006 Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, and was selected in the FIFA World XI.

2006–07 season

On 25 November 2006, Ronaldinho scored his 50th career league goal against Villarreal, then scored a second time with a spectacular overhead bicycle kick; receiving  Xavi's cross, he flicked the ball up with his chest and spun 180 degrees to finish – Barcelona fans waved white handkerchiefs in admiration of the goal. Post match he told reporters that the latter was a goal he had dreamed of scoring since he was a boy. He scored once and set up two others in Barcelona's 4–0 Club World Cup win over Mexico's Club América on 14 December in Yokohama, Japan, but Barcelona were defeated 1–0 by Brazilian club Internacional in the final. Ronaldinho was the recipient of the Bronze Ball Award for the competition.

The next day, Ronaldinho finished third in the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year, behind 2006 World Cup-winning captain Fabio Cannavaro and Zinedine Zidane. In March 2007, defending champions Barcelona were eliminated from the Champions League at the last 16 stage by Liverpool. Ronaldinho was forced to miss a charity match on 13 March due to an injury he had picked up several days earlier in Barcelona's 3–3 El Clásico draw with Real Madrid. Although Ronaldinho scored his career-best 21 league goals, the team lost the title to Real with a worse head-to-head record, as both teams finished the season with the same number of points.

2007–08 season

Ronaldinho played his 200th career match for Barcelona in a league match against Osasuna on 3 February 2008. His 2007–08 campaign as a whole, however, was plagued by injuries, and a muscle tear in his right leg on 3 April prematurely ended his season. Having been a model professional and devoted himself to training during his hugely successful first three seasons at Barcelona, Ronaldinho's partying lifestyle and lack of dedication to training saw his physical condition decline, with many at the club believing he was already below his prime. On 19 May 2008, Barcelona club president Joan Laporta stated that Ronaldinho needed a "new challenge", claiming that he needed a new club if he were to revive his career.

Ronaldinho and Barcelona teammate Lionel Messi each captained a team of international stars in an anti-racism exhibition match in Venezuela on 28 June, which ended in a 7–7 draw. Ronaldinho finished with a pair of goals and two assists in what would be his last match as a Barcelona player. In preparation for the 2010 Joan Gamper Trophy, Ronaldinho sent an open letter to the fans and players of Barcelona, stating that his best years had been the five he spent in the Catalan club. It was a sad moment for him and he later said in an interview that he regretted leaving without playing long enough with Messi.

AC Milan

In July 2008, Ronaldinho turned down a £25.5 million offer from Manchester City of the Premier League, with purported wages of £200,000 per week on offer, to join Italian Serie A giants AC Milan on a three-year contract thought to be worth around £5.1 million (€6.5 million) a year, for €22.05 million plus €1.05 million bonus each season (€24.15 million in 2010). With the number 10 already occupied by teammate Clarence Seedorf, he selected 80 as his jersey number.

2008–09 season
Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Milan in a 1–0 derby victory over Inter Milan on 28 September. His first brace was in a 3–0 win over Sampdoria on 19 October. He scored a 93rd-minute match-winner against Braga in the UEFA Cup group stage on 6 November. Ronaldinho finished the 2008–09 season at Milan with 10 goals from 32 appearances in all competitions. After a good start to the season, Ronaldinho struggled with fitness, and was often played from the bench to end a disappointing first season for Milan. A perceived lack of dedication in training and a lifestyle of late night partying not befitting of an athlete saw him receive criticism, with Carlo Ancelotti, his coach at Milan in his first season in Italy, commenting, "The decline of Ronaldinho hasn't surprised me. His physical condition has always been very precarious. His talent though has never been in question."

2009–10 season

Ronaldinho's second season did not begin on a high note, but he soon rediscovered his form and was arguably Milan's best player of the season. Newly appointed coach Leonardo changed his role from a central attacking midfielder to the left side of midfield, with Alexandre Pato on the right, in an offensive 4–3–3 formation.

On 10 January 2010, Ronaldinho scored two goals against Juventus in an away match, sealing a 3–0 victory for Milan. In the following match, against Siena on 17 January, Ronaldinho scored his first hat-trick for Milan when he converted a penalty kick, scored with a header from a corner and finished with a strike into the top right corner from 20 yards out. The Estado De São Paulo newspaper declared, "Ronaldinho revives his golden years." On 16 February, Ronaldinho played against Manchester United in the Champions League. He scored early in the game at the San Siro to give Milan the lead. Milan ended up losing the game 3–2, with a goal from Paul Scholes and two goals from Wayne Rooney.

Ronaldinho finished the season as the assists leader of Serie A. On a less positive note, however, he missed three penalties in the domestic season to add to one botched kick the previous season. Ronaldinho ended the Serie A campaign scoring two goals against Juventus; Luca Antonini opened the scoring and Milan went on to win 3–0 in Leonardo's last game in charge.

2010–11 season
During the first half of the season, Ronaldinho was part of the team's attack that also included two new signings, Zlatan Ibrahimović and Robinho. Before the winter break, he made 16 appearances, scored one goal, and made several assists.

Flamengo

After being heavily linked with a move back to his childhood club Grêmio, Ronaldinho joined Flamengo on 11 January 2011 with a contract ending in 2014. During the transfer saga, many reports had linked the former World Player of the Year to joining different clubs, such as LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer, Blackburn Rovers of the Premier League, and Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Palmeiras. He was greeted by more than 20,000 fans at his unveiling at his new club on 13 January 2011.

Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Flamengo in the 3–2 victory against Boavista on 6 February 2011. On 27 February, he converted a second-half free kick for Flamengo to beat Boavista 1–0 and win his first piece of silverware with the team, the Taça Guanabara. Ronaldinho lifted his first trophy with Flamengo after curling in a right-footed shot over the wall in the 71st minute at Engenhão stadium. The goal gave Flamengo its 19th Taça Guanabara title, which earned the Campeonato Carioca title two months later, as the team also won the Taça Rio. On 27 July 2011, Ronaldinho scored a hat-trick in Flamengo's 5–4 away win against rivals Santos, after being 3–0 down inside the first 30 minutes. On 31 May 2012, after being absent for a few days, he sued Flamengo claiming lack of payment for four months and cancelled his contract with the club.

Atlético Mineiro

Ronaldinho made a move to Atlético Mineiro on 4 June 2012 in a six-month contract, just four days after leaving Flamengo. He wore number 49 in reference to his mother's birth year since his preferred number 10 was already assigned to Guilherme in the 2012 season.

Ronaldinho made his debut for Galo on 9 June 2012, playing for 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Palmeiras, and scored his first goal for the club on 23 June 2012 against Náutico, from the penalty spot. Ronaldinho led Atlético Mineiro to a good 2012 season, in which the club finished second in the 2012 Brasileirão and qualified for the 2013 Copa Libertadores. Ronaldinho won the Bola de Ouro award, selected as the best player in the league.

The following year, Ronaldinho helped Atlético win the Campeonato Mineiro and led the club to its first Copa Libertadores title. Ronaldinho scored four goals and assisted on eight occasions during Atlético's dramatic title run, which included consecutive comebacks from 0–2 first leg defeats in both the semi-finals against Argentine club Newell's Old Boys and the finals against Club Olimpia from Paraguay. Both ties were determined in Atlético's favour after penalty shootouts. Although six years past his best, Ronaldinho's displays saw him voted the 2013 South American Footballer of the Year.

At the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup held in Morocco in December, Atlético lost 3–1 to Raja Casablanca in the semi-final, with Ronaldinho scoring from a free-kick. As the final whistle blew, the Raja Casablanca team rushed to their childhood idol and stripped him down to his underpants in search of souvenirs. He renewed his contract with Atlético in January 2014. After winning the 2014 Recopa Sudamericana, Ronaldinho left the club in July, reaching an agreement to cancel his contract by mutual consent.

Querétaro
After becoming a free agent, Ronaldinho was offered contracts from English Conference South club Basingstoke Town and newly formed Indian Super League franchise Chennai Titans through their co-owner Prashant Agarwal, but eventually signed a two-year contract with Mexican club Querétaro on 5 September 2014. Ronaldinho made his debut for Querétaro in a 1–0 loss to Tigres UANL where he missed a penalty kick. In his next match, however, against Guadalajara, he had a much better game, setting up Camilo Sanvezzo to score as well as scoring himself from a penalty kick in a 4–1 win. On 30 October 2014, he scored a free kick against Atlas during an away match at the Estadio Jalisco.

On 18 April 2015, Ronaldinho scored twice against Liga MX title-holders América in an away game at the Estadio Azteca, in which his team won 4–0. All of the spectators, mostly consisting of América supporters, gave a standing ovation to Ronaldinho after his goals had brought him to tears. This was the second time in Ronaldinho's career he had received such an ovation from opposing fans (after Madrid fans had applauded his performance in a Barcelona shirt in 2005), and after the match, Ronaldinho stated in an interview, "It is an emotion to live more. I had an ovation at the Bernabéu and now here. I never imagined this. It is something that makes me like Mexico even more and I feel right at home."

Ronaldinho scored two penalties in consecutive matches, the second giving Querétaro the classification to the Liga MX playoffs. On 17 May 2015, Querétaro progressed to the semi-finals after defeating Veracruz 4–3 aggregate. In the second match, Ronaldinho scored a free kick with the help of the opponent's goalkeeper who made contact with the ball. Querétaro eventually advanced to the final after beating Pachuca on aggregate 2–2. In the final against Santos Laguna, Querétaro lost the first leg 0–5 and then won the 2nd leg 3–0 but lost 3–5 on aggregate. In June 2015, Ronaldinho, now 35, announced his departure from the club and thanked the Mexican people and fans of Querétaro: "I want to thank all the Mexican nation for all the days that I have lived with people so special, you will be forever in my heart. Thank you very much the Nation Gallos Blancos, which made me very proud to wear this shirt and defend this club."

Fluminense
On 11 July 2015, Ronaldinho announced his return to Brazil and signed an 18-month contract with Fluminense, but on 28 September, Ronaldinho reached a mutual agreement with the club to terminate the deal. He made nine appearances during his two-month stint at the club, failing to impress and being heavily criticized by the fans. Fluminense sporting director Mario Bittencourt stated, "Ronaldinho asked us for a meeting. He respectfully told us he didn't feel he was able to perform as good as he wanted and that it was a bad situation for him. He made a great gesture in saying he wasn't being the player he felt he could be right now. I'll never speak about whether or not he is retiring. That's not something you say about a player of his calibre. He was always spectacular, as player and person."

Futsal in India

In July 2016, Ronaldinho played for the Goa 5′s, a futsal team from Goa in India, together with Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes, Míchel Salgado, and Hernán Crespo as well as futsal player Falcão in the Premier Futsal League. After two games, he left India to be an ambassador of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. He was replaced by Cafu.

From September to early October 2017, Ronaldinho joined the Delhi Dragons from Delhi in the Premier Futsal League. He scored 16 goals in eight games.

Retirement
On 16 January 2018, Ronaldinho confirmed his retirement from football through his brother/agent: "He has stopped, it is ended. Let's do something pretty big and nice after the Russia World Cup, probably in August." Such a celebration was supposed to take place three years after his last appearance for Fluminense, but has not materialized. He retired as one of just eight players to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or.

Ronaldinho appeared at the closing ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 15 July, performing a few bars of the Russian folk song "Kalinka" (sung by opera singer Aida Garifullina) on an African drum.

International career

Youth teams
In 1997, Ronaldinho was part of the first Brazilian team to win the FIFA U-17 World Championship, which was held in Egypt, in which his first goal was a penalty against Austria in the first group match, which Brazil won 7–0. Ronaldinho finished with two goals and was awarded the Bronze Ball award as Brazil scored a total of 21 goals while only conceding 2.

1999 was a busy year for Ronaldinho in terms of international play. First he appeared in the South American Youth Championship, where he scored three goals in nine appearances and helped the U20s to reach third place. Then he took part in that year's FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, scoring his first goal in Brazil's last group match. In the round of 16, he scored two first-half goals in a 4–0 win over Croatia, and finished with three goals as Brazil were eliminated by Uruguay in the quarter-finals.

Early success
On 26 June, three days before the start of the 1999 Copa América, he earned his first cap for Brazil in a 3–0 win over Latvia, and he scored one goal during Brazil's victorious Copa América campaign. One week after the conclusion of the Copa América, he was called up for the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, in which he scored in every match except the final, including a hat-trick in an 8–2 semi-final rout of Saudi Arabia. In the final, Brazil lost 4–3 to Mexico. Ronaldinho won the Golden Ball award for the best player in tournament as well as the Golden Boot award for the tournament top-scorer.

In 2000, Ronaldinho participated in the Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, with the U23 national team. Earlier that year, Ronaldinho led Brazil to win the Pre-Olympic Tournament, scoring nine goals in seven matches. In the Olympics, however, Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Cameroon, who later won the gold medal. Ronaldinho appeared four times and scored only one goal, which came in the quarter-final defeat by Cameroon.

2002 World Cup glory

Ronaldinho participated in his first World Cup in 2002, as part of a formidable offensive unit with Ronaldo and Rivaldo, dubbed the "Three Rs", who were also on the 1999 Copa América winning squad. The World Cup was held in South Korea and Japan, and Ronaldinho appeared in five matches during the tournament and scored two goals, as well as contributing with three assists. His first goal came in the group stage match against China PR, which Brazil won 4–0.

The most memorable match in Ronaldinho's World Cup career took place in the quarter-final against England on 21 June. With Brazil trailing after Michael Owen's 23-minute strike, Ronaldinho turned the game around. Having received the ball inside his own half, Ronaldinho ran at the England defence and wrong footed star defender Ashley Cole with a trademark step over before passing the ball to Rivaldo on the edge of the penalty area to score the equalising goal just before half-time. Then, in the 50th minute, Ronaldinho took a free-kick from 40 yards out which curled into the top left corner of the net, completely surprising England's goalkeeper David Seaman, giving Brazil a 2–1 lead. Seven minutes later, he was sent off for a foul on England defender Danny Mills. Ronaldinho was suspended for the semi-final, but returned to Brazil's starting lineup for the 2–0 victory over Germany in the final as Brazil won its record fifth World Cup title.

2005 Confederations Cup title
Ronaldinho's next international tournament was the 2003 Confederations Cup, in which he went scoreless as Brazil were eliminated in the group stage. The following year, he was dropped from Brazil's 2004 Copa América squad, as coach Carlos Alberto Parreira decided to rest his stars and used a largely reserve squad.

After falling short in 1999 and 2003, Ronaldinho was the captain of Brazil and led his team to its second ever Confederations Cup title in 2005. He converted a penalty kick in a 3–2 semi-final win against host Germany and was named Man of the Match in a 4–1 victory over archrival Argentina in the final on 29 June. Ronaldinho scored three goals in the tournament and is tied with Mexican forward Cuauhtémoc Blanco as the tournament's all-time top goalscorer with nine goals.

2006 World Cup

For the 2006 World Cup finals, Ronaldinho was part of Brazil's much-publicized "magic quartet" of offensive players alongside Adriano, Ronaldo and Kaká, which was expected to provide the "Joga Bonito" style of play that was the focus of an extensive advertising campaign by Nike leading up to the tournament. However, deemed "top heavy and unbalanced", the team finished with ten goals in five games, with Ronaldinho himself going scoreless and finishing with only one assist (for Gilberto's goal in a 4–1 group stage victory over Japan), as he turned in his worst collective performance in his international career. Brazil endured a disappointing campaign that culminated in a 1–0 loss to France in the quarter-finals, during which the Seleção had only one shot on goal.

The team was harshly criticized by Brazilian fans and media following their return home. On 3 July, two days after Brazil's elimination, vandals immolated and destroyed a 23-foot (7.5-metre) tall fiberglass and resin statue of Ronaldinho in Chapecó. The statue had been erected in 2004 to celebrate his first FIFA World Player of the Year award. That same day, Ronaldinho, joined by Adriano, returned to the city of Barcelona and held a party at his home, which was continued into the early morning hours at a nightclub. This aggravated the hard feelings of many Brazilian fans, who believed that they were betrayed by the lack of effort from the squad. Displaying a passivity to Brazil's poor showing, the 2006 World Cup is now seen as the turning point in Ronaldinho's career, with his time at the summit of the game almost up. 1970 Brazil World Cup winner Tostão wrote in O Tempo: "Ronaldinho lacks an important characteristic of Maradona and Pelé — aggression. They transformed themselves in adversity. They became possessed, and furious."

2008 Olympic medal
On 24 March 2007, Ronaldinho scored twice in a 4–0 win over Chile, which marked his first goal since the 2005 Confederations Cup final and thus ended a scoreless streak that lasted nearly two years. He was not called up for the 2007 Copa América after asking to be excused from the tournament due to fatigue. On 18 October, he was controversially benched by Barcelona after he was late returning to Spain following Brazil's 5–0 friendly win over Ecuador. He and several Brazil players celebrated the win by partying through the night at a posh Rio de Janeiro nightclub. Ronaldinho left at 11 am the next morning, allegedly in the trunk of a car in order to avoid the media.

On 7 July 2008, Ronaldinho was named in Brazil's 2008 Summer Olympics squad as one of the overage players. Barcelona initially blocked the move because of his then-upcoming Champions League commitments with the club, but the decision was later nullified following Ronaldinho's transfer to Milan, who in turn permitted him to make the trip to Beijing, China. Ronaldinho captained the team, and he scored his only two goals in a 5–0 victory over New Zealand before Brazil were beaten by Argentina in the semi-final. Brazil finished with the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 3–0 in the third-place match.

2010 and 2014 World Cup absence
Despite having returned to good form and being named as a member of the 30-man provisional squad that was submitted to FIFA on 11 May 2010, he was not named in coach Dunga's final squad of 23 for the Brazilian squad in South Africa for the 2010 World Cup despite his deep desire to participate in the competition. Critics claimed that the exclusion of players such as Ronaldinho, Alexandre Pato, Adriano and Ronaldo signaled a move away from the classic Brazilian attacking "Joga Bonito" style of play. At the tournament, Brazil was eliminated by the Netherlands in the quarter-final.

In September 2011, Ronaldinho made his return to the national team under coach Mano Menezes in a friendly against Ghana at Fulham's Craven Cottage, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win for Brazil. He then had solid performances in back to back friendlies against Argentina in the same month. In October, he performed well against Mexico in a friendly, scoring a free kick to equalize after Dani Alves was sent off. Brazil went on to win the match with a goal from Marcelo.

Ronaldinho's good form continued in 2013, and in January he was unexpectedly called up by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari for a friendly against England played on 6 February at Wembley Stadium as part of The Football Association (FA)'s 150th anniversary. Ronaldinho started in what was his 100th cap (including non-official matches), and had a chance to score from the penalty kick, but his shot was saved by Joe Hart. Brazil lost the match 1–2. He was again called up for the Seleção, being named captain of the national team for an international friendly with Chile on 24 April 2013. However, Ronaldinho was not selected for the national team for the 2013 Confederations Cup and he was also omitted from Scolari's 2014 World Cup finals squad.

Player profile

Style of play

Ronaldinho is regarded as one of the greatest and most skilful players of all time. Due to his ability to score and create goals, he was capable of playing in several offensive positions, on either wing or in a free central role. Throughout his career, he was often deployed as a winger, although he usually played as a classic number 10 in an attacking midfielder role. While he is naturally right–footed, during his time at Barcelona, Ronaldinho was also used as an inverted winger on the left flank at times by manager Frank Rijkaard, while the left–footed Messi was deployed on the right; this position allowed him to take on defenders on the outside and cross the ball, or cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger foot. He was also capable of playing as a second striker.

Despite primarily being a creative player, who was renowned for his passing, vision, and playmaking ability, Ronaldinho was an accurate finisher with either foot, both from inside and outside the penalty area, as well as being a free-kick and penalty kick specialist. Although he was primarily known for his ability to bend the ball from set pieces, he was also capable of striking the ball with power underneath the wall, and also occasionally used the knuckleball technique, which was popularised by his compatriot Juninho Pernambucano. His versatility and prowess from set pieces made him one of the most prolific free kick takers in history, and also influenced his former teammate Messi, who went on to become a free kick specialist himself.

Throughout his career, Ronaldinho was praised by pundits in particular for his technical skills, flair, and creativity, as well as his exceptional first touch. With his pace, acceleration, athleticism, balance, ball control, and dribbling ability, he was capable of beating players when undertaking individual runs, often using an array of tricks and feints to get past opponents in one on one situations, including step overs and nutmegs. Physically strong in possession of the ball, Richard Williams writes "slender in build, the Brazilian has a strength belying the cartoonish smile". He also incorporated flashy moves such as back–heels, bicycle kicks, and no–look passes into his general gameplay. Among his repertoire of moves, is the "elastico", a move he learned by watching videos of one of his idols, the 1970s Brazilian star Rivelino.  Ronaldinho came to be known as one of the best exponents of the feint, and in parts of Africa – especially Nigeria – this move is now called 'The Gaúcho' after him, due to his role in popularising the use of this particular skill.

Reception

ESPN described Ronaldinho as being "skillful by nature, his tricks are unparalleled and he is wonderful with the ball at his feet. One of the coolest players in pressure situations" and a "fast, brash, skilful, tricky, an uninhibited playmaker" who provides "a mix of goals, assists, skills and a large repertoire of crafty moves". Zlatan Ibrahimović stated, "Prime Ronaldinho was phenomenal. He made his opponents look like children". Former Portugal midfield playmaker Rui Costa has said of his vision and passing ability: "There are not many players who can offer goal-scoring passes like he can. He is just marvellous. He is a rare case of an assist man who can provide the ball from anywhere." In 2010, his former Barcelona teammate, Edgar Davids, said of him: "For the skills and tricks, Ronaldinho was the best player that I ever played with." Another one of his former Barcelona teammate, Henrik Larsson, echoed this view. His compatriot Willian rated him as the greatest player of all time in 2019, while Juninho described him as the most skilful player he had ever seen. In 2019, FourFourTwo described him as "possibly the best technician in the history of football in Brazil," placing him at number five in their list of "The 101 greatest football players of the last 25 years." In 2006, Richard Williams of The Guardian described Ronaldinho as a "genius," while his former Barcelona teammate Sylvinho said of him: "He's so smart, so intelligent, that sometimes it's difficult to read his mind," also adding: "He's amazing. He's 100% talent. And he's a powerful player as well, so it's difficult to stop him."

In spite of his performances at his peak, a period of dedication and focus which saw him named the FIFA World Player of the Year twice and receive the Ballon d'Or, Ronaldinho was also criticised on occasion in the media for his lack of discipline in training, as well as his hedonistic lifestyle off the pitch, which some pundits believed had an impact on the overall longevity of his career. Referring to Ronaldinho as "Brazil's childlike genius who never grew up", Tim Vickery writes that it was the sudden death of his father at such a young age that may have seen Ronaldinho stop making the sacrifices needed to remain at the summit of the sport, with the attitude of "life is short and can end unexpectedly–so enjoy it while you can."

Outside football

Ronaldinho has had endorsements with many companies, including Nike, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, EA Sports and Danone. One of the world's highest paid players, in 2006 he earned over $19 million from endorsements. Having endorsed Pepsi for much of his career and appeared in commercials with David Beckham, Thierry Henry and Lionel Messi, Ronaldinho signed a deal with Coca-Cola in 2011, however this was terminated in July 2012 after he was caught drinking Pepsi in a news conference.

Ronaldinho has featured in EA Sports' FIFA video game series, appearing on the cover of FIFA Football 2004, FIFA Street, FIFA 06, FIFA 07, FIFA Street 3, FIFA 08 and FIFA 09. At the beginning of his career Ronaldinho signed a lucrative 10-year deal with sportswear company Nike (wearing Nike Tiempo R10 boots designed for him). He has appeared in Nike commercials, including the 2002 "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scorpion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam. His 2005 Nike advertisement, where he is given a new pair of boots and then proceeds to juggle a football and appears to repeatedly volley it against the crossbar of a goal and recover it without the ball touching the ground, went viral on YouTube, becoming the site's first video to reach one million views. A 2010 Nike commercial, Write the Future directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, features Ronaldinho executing a number of stepovers, which became a viral video re-enacted and shared millions of times.

A wax sculpture of Ronaldinho was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong in December 2007. Ronaldinho has had an official role with UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, since February 2006. In 2011, he was recruited by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to promote awareness among young people of the disease and how to avoid it. In March 2015, Ronaldinho was the sixth most popular sportsperson on Facebook, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Messi, Beckham, Neymar and Kaká, with 31 million Facebook fans. Ronaldinho also has over 50 million Instagram followers.

On 2 February 2017, Barcelona announced that Ronaldinho signed a 10-year deal to become an ambassador for the club at institutional events. On 6 July 2018, Ronaldinho announced a partnership with company World Soccer Coin (WSC) to develop a new cryptocurrency, the Ronaldinho Soccer Coin, with WSC claiming that the profits of the coin will be used to football projects such as "Ronaldinho Digital Stadiums."

On 29 October 2020, Ronaldinho released a statement regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Azerbaijan. He expressed solidarity with Azerbaijani people. In late July 2021, he went to Beirut, Lebanon, to lay a wreath in honor of victims of the port explosion.

In fiction, Ronaldinho features as a character in Rupert Thomson's 2021 novel Barcelona Dreaming.

Ronaldinho Gaúcho (comic strip)
Ronaldinho Gaúcho is a Brazilian celebrity comic strip by Mauricio de Sousa, syndicated by Atlantic Syndication. It features a fictionalised version of the Ronaldinho as a child. The strip was created in 2006, when the 2006 FIFA World Cup was taking place in Germany. It ran at least until 2011.

It was adapted into an animated television series as Ronaldinho Gaúcho's Team, produced by Italian studio GIG Italy Entertainment, with the coproduction of MSP (Mauricio de Sousa Produções).

In 2014, because of the FIFA World Cup held in Brazil, Ronaldinho Gaúcho's short animated series was acquired by the paid children's channel Gloob, at the same time, the Discovery Kids channel aired the series "Pelezinho in: Planet Soccer". The series "Pelezinho in: Planet Soccer" was also launched, usually passing during Discovery Kids commercials, and Neymar Jr. by Nickelodeon.

Legal troubles
In July 2019, 57 properties belonging to Ronaldinho along with his Brazilian and Spanish passports were confiscated because of unpaid taxes and fines. The judge ultimately decided to reduce the fine from R$8.5 million to R$6 million for building a fishing platform on Guaíba River in a 'heritage-protected' area. Ronaldinho and his brother would ultimately fail to pay the fines within the allotted time and have their passports suspended.

In March 2020, he was questioned by police in Paraguay after he was alleged to have used a fake passport to enter the country while coming for a charity event and book promotion, with Ronaldinho and his brother both being held in custody in the country. A lawyer representing Ronaldinho and his brother could not explain why they used fake passports to enter the country; as Brazilian nationals do not require a passport to countries that are members of the Mercosur trade bloc. While in prison he competed in a prison futsal tournament, where his team was victorious. They won 11–2 in the finals, with Ronaldinho scoring 5 goals and assisting the other 6. He attempted to appeal the detention order but was ordered to remain under house arrest with his brother. On 24 August 2020, Ronaldinho and his brother were released from Paraguayan prison after their judge agreed to a plea deal with fines of US$90,000 and US$110,000 for the brothers, respectively.

Career statistics
Ronaldinho made 853 appearances and scored 328 goals for club and country combined, with a goalscoring average of .

Club

International

Notes

Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.

Honours
Grêmio
Copa Sul: 1999
Campeonato Gaúcho: 1999

Paris Saint-Germain
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

Barcelona
La Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06
Supercopa de España: 2005, 2006
UEFA Champions League: 2005–06

AC Milan
Serie A: 2010–11

Flamengo
Campeonato Carioca: 2011

Atlético Mineiro
Campeonato Mineiro: 2013
Copa Libertadores: 2013
Recopa Sudamericana: 2014
Brazil U17
South American U-17 Championship: 1997
FIFA U-17 World Championship: 1997

Brazil U23
CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 2000
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2008

Brazil
Copa América: 1999
FIFA World Cup: 2002
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005
Individual
 Campeonato Gaucho top scorer: 1999
 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 1999
 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe: 1999
 South American Team of the Year: 1999
 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament top scorer: 2000
 Bola de Prata: 2000, 2011, 2012
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2002
 Ligue 1 Goal of The Year: 2003
 FIFA 100: 2004
 Don Balón Award: 2003–04, 2005–06
 Trofeo EFE: 2003–04
 FIFA World Player of the Year: 2004, 2005
 UEFA Team of the Year: 2004, 2005, 2006
 World Soccer Magazine World Player of The Year: 2004, 2005
 UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2004–05
 FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Ball: 2005
 Ballon d'Or: 2005
 Onze d'Or: 2005
 FIFPro World Player of the Year: 2005, 2006
 FIFPro World XI: 2005, 2006, 2007
 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2005–06
 La Liga top assist provider: 2005–06
 UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2005–06
 FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball: 2006
 FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze award: 2006
 Golden Foot: 2009
 Sports Illustrated Team of the Decade: 2009
 World Player of the Decade 2000s: 2009
 Serie A top assist provider: 2009–10
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2011, 2012
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Fan's Player: 2012
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A top assist provider: 2012
 Bola de Ouro: 2012
 Copa Libertadores top assist provider: 2012, 2013
 FIFA Club World Cup top scorer: 2013
 South American Footballer of the Year: 2013
 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (substitute; published in 2015)
 Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame
 AC Milan Hall of Fame
 Ballon d'Or Dream Team (Silver): 2020
 Globe Soccer Awards Player Career Award: 2021
Other

In 2012, two Brazilian entomologists named a new species of bee, from Brazil, Eulaema quadragintanovem, stating that "the specific epithet honors the Brazilian soccer player Ronaldo de Assis Moreira, famous worldwide as 'Ronaldinho' and in Brazil as 'Ronaldinho Gaúcho'. 'Quadraginta novem' means forty-nine in Latin, the number of Ronaldinho's jersey at Atlético Mineiro, his former team in Brazil. Ronaldinho chose the number 49 as an homage to his mother, born in 1949."

See also

List of association football families

References

Notes

External links

 Tactical Profile – Football-Lineups.com
 European Champions Cup/UEFA Champions League Winning Squads

 Ronaldinho profile at the official FC Barcelona website

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Porto Alegre
Afro-Brazilian sportspeople
1999 Copa América players
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's under-20 international footballers
Brazil men's youth international footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Ballon d'Or winners
FIFA 100
UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winners
Copa América-winning players
Copa Libertadores-winning players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
FIFA World Player of the Year winners
Men's association football forwards
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Olympic footballers for Brazil
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ligue 1 players
La Liga players
Serie A players
Liga MX players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
FC Barcelona players
AC Milan players
CR Flamengo footballers
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Fluminense FC players
Kings League players
Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
UEFA Champions League winning players
Republicans (Brazil) politicians

Ronaldinho


Der Satz von Silver, benannt nach Jack Silver, ist ein Satz aus der Mengenlehre, der sich mit möglichen Verallgemeinerungen der Kontinuumshypothese befasst.
Die verallgemeinerte Kontinuumshypothese ist von den üblichen Axiomen der Mengenlehre, das heißt von ZFC, unabhängig, man kann sie also dort weder beweisen noch widerlegen.
Der hier zu besprechende Satz liefert eine Einschränkung für die Ungültigkeit der verallgemeinerten Kontinuumshypothese; er besagt, dass die kleinste Kardinalzahl, für die die verallgemeinerte Kontinuumshypothese falsch ist, keine singuläre Kardinalzahl mit überabzählbarer Konfinalität sein kann. Dieses Resultat war überraschend, Silver selbst schreibt:

This result is contrary to the previous expectations of nearly all set-theorists, including myself. (deutsch: Dieses Ergebnis widerspricht den früheren Erwartungen fast aller Mengentheoretiker, einschließlich meiner selbst.)

Die Beweismethoden führen auch zu einem Satz über die singuläre-Kardinalzahlen-Hypothese, der ebenfalls als Satz von Silver bekannt ist.

Formulierung
Die verallgemeinerte Kontinuumshypothese besagt, dass  für alle unendlichen Kardinalzahlen  gilt. Dabei ist  die Kardinalität der Potenzmenge einer Menge der Kardinalität  und  die Nachfolgerkardinalzahl von . Der folgende Satz sagt, dass die Eigenschaft  für gewisse Kardinalzahlen erhalten bleibt, wenn sie bereits für alle kleineren gilt.

Satz von Silver: Ist  eine singuläre Kardinalzahl mit  und gilt  für alle unendlichen Kardinalzahlen , so gilt auch .

Dabei ist  die Kofinalität von  und  die erste unendliche Kardinalzahl.

Die singuläre-Kardinalzahlen-Hypothese sagt, dass  (siehe auch Gimel-Funktion) für singuläre Kardinalzahlen  mit  gilt.
Sie ist ebenfalls unabhängig von ZFC und sie folgt aus der verallgemeinerten Kontinuumshypothese, ist also schwächer als diese. Für die singuläre-Kardinalzahlen-Hypothese gilt der folgende Satz:

Satz von Silver:  Die Singuläre-Kardinalzahlen-Hypothese gilt bereits dann, wenn sie für alle singulären Kardinalzahlen mit abzählbarer Kofinalität gilt.

Zum Beweis
Beide Sätze verwenden ein Lemma über die Fortsetzung der Eigenschaft  in dem Sinne, dass wenn diese Gleichung für hinreichend viele kleinere Kardinalzahlen als  gilt, dann gilt sie auch für . Genauer wird folgende technische Aussage bewiesen:

Es seien  eine singuläre Kardinalzahl mit  und    eine mit Ordinalzahlen indizierte aufsteigende Folge von Kardinalzahlen, so dass gilt
  für alle
 (das ist äquivalent zu )
 für alle Limes-Ordinalzahlen  (solche Folgen heißen normal)
Die Menge  ist stationär in
Dann gilt .

Auf den Beweis dieses Lemmas verzichten wir, aber es soll kurz erläutert werden, wie sich daraus der Satz von Silver über die Kontinuumshypothese ergibt:

Es sei also  eine singuläre Kardinalzahl mit  und es gelte  für alle Kardinalzahlen . Zur Anwendung obigen Lemmas wählen wir eine beliebige normale Folge  mit Limes , die es nach Definition der Kofinalität gibt, und überprüfen der Reihe nach die Voraussetzungen des Lemmas.

Zu 1. beachte, dass  für alle , wobei der Reihe der Satz von König, Monotonie-Eigenschaften der Potenz von Kardinalzahlen, Kardinalzahlarithmetik und die vorausgesetzte Kontinuumshypothese für alle kleineren Kardinalzahlen verwendet wurden. Aus dieser Ungleichungskette ergibt sich  für alle Kardinalzahlen . Dann gilt auch  für alle , denn die Potenz kann wegen der vorausgesetzten Kontinuumshypothese für alle Kardinalzahlen  höchstens gleich  sein, aber Gleichheit kann nicht gelten, da  als singuläre Kardinalzahl keine Nachfolgerkardinalzahl ist.
Die Voraussetzungen 2. und 3. gelten nach Wahl der normalen Folge .
Zu 4. beachte, dass im Nachweis von 1. die Gleichung  für alle Kardinalzahlen  festgestellt wurde. Daher gilt , woraus sich die Stationarität in   ergibt.

Damit sind alle Voraussetzungen des Lemmas erfüllt, und es folgt .
Da  als singuläre Kardinalzahl eine Limes-Kardinalzahl ist, gilt  (siehe Kardinalzahlarithmetik) und wegen der Voraussetzung über  ist , insgesamt also , was den Beweis beendet.

Einzelnachweise

Silver, Satz von

Satz von Silver


Aaron John Boone (born March 9, 1973) is an American baseball manager and former infielder who is the manager of the New York Yankees in Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for 13 seasons from 1997 to 2009. As a player, Boone is most recognized for his 2003 campaign with the Yankees, during which he hit the winning walk-off home run of the 2003 American League Championship Series.

Following the conclusion of his playing career, Boone was an analyst for ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball and Baseball Tonight from 2010 to 2017. He began serving as the Yankees' manager in 2018, leading the team to two 100-win records during his first two seasons and playoff appearances in the first five.

Early life
Boone attended Villa Park High School in Villa Park, California. He batted .423 with 22 stolen bases for the school's baseball team in his senior year, and was named the Century League's co-player of the year. The California Angels selected Boone on the third day of the 1991 MLB draft, but he had no intention to sign a professional contract.

College career
He attended the University of Southern California (USC) and played college baseball for the USC Trojans. In 1993, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League, where he was named a league all-star and helped lead Orleans to the league championship.

Professional career

Cincinnati Reds (1997–2003)
The Cincinnati Reds selected Boone in the third round of the 1994 MLB draft. Boone made his MLB debut in June 1997, and was ejected from the game after being called out sliding into home. On the last day of the 1998 season, the Reds started the only MLB infield composed of two sets of brothers: first baseman Stephen Larkin, second baseman Bret Boone, shortstop Barry Larkin, and third baseman Aaron Boone.

On September 22, 2002, Boone hit the last home run in Riverfront Stadium in the eighth inning of the Reds' 4–3 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies, a solo home run off reliever Dan Plesac. Boone hit a career-high 26 home runs in 2002, playing in all 162 games. The Reds named Boone their team's most valuable player. He appeared in the 2003 MLB All-Star Game.

New York Yankees (2003)
The New York Yankees acquired Boone from the Reds for Brandon Claussen, Charlie Manning, and cash on July 31, 2003. In 54 games after the trade, he hit .254 with a .720 OPS, six home runs and 31 RBIs.

During Game 7 of the 2003 American League Championship Series (ALCS), Boone hit a walk-off home run in the 11th inning, off Tim Wakefield, which gave the Yankees a 6–5 victory over the Boston Red Sox, thus prolonging the Curse of the Bambino. The New York Daily News dubbed the play the "Curse of the Boonebino". This home run was rated the ninth-best home run of all time on Baseball Tonight. Afterward, some Red Sox fans called Boone "Aaron Fucking Boone," much as they called Bucky Dent "Bucky Fucking Dent."

In January 2004, Boone tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee during a pick-up basketball game. The game violated the standard MLB player contract, which forbids taking part in off-season basketball, skiing, and surfing. The Yankees immediately hinted that they would terminate his contract.
Soon after trading for Alex Rodriguez to play third base, the Yankees released Boone on February 27, 2004.

Cleveland Indians (2005–2006)
Boone signed a two-year contract with the Cleveland Indians in June 2004. He earned $600,000 for 2004, $3 million for the 2005 season, and a club option for the 2006 season worth $4.5 million. After missing the entire 2004 season, Boone played 154 games in 2005. He batted .243 with 16 home runs and 60 RBIs. The Indians exercised an option on Boone's contract for the 2006 season. In his second season with Cleveland, he batted .251 with seven home runs.

Florida Marlins (2007)

On December 29, 2006, Boone signed a one-year contract with the Florida Marlins worth $925,000. He batted .286 in 69 games for the Marlins in 2007.

Washington Nationals (2008)
On December 6, 2007, Boone signed a one-year, $1,000,000 contract with the Washington Nationals. In 104 games, Boone hit .241 with 6 home runs and 28 RBIs in 2008.

Houston Astros (2009)
On December 18, 2008, Boone signed a one-year $750,000, plus incentives, deal with the Houston Astros. He played in only 10 games in 2009, reaching base only once—on a hit by pitch—in 14 plate appearances.

In March 2009, Boone underwent open-heart surgery to replace a bicuspid aortic valve, a condition that he has been aware of since childhood, but which routine tests indicated had recently worsened. Boone stated that doctors told him he could play baseball when he recovered, but he was not sure if he would choose to do so. Boone returned to baseball on August 10, when he began his rehabilitation with the Corpus Christi Hooks, the Astros' Double-A minor league affiliate. He played five innings and was hitless in two plate appearances. Boone stated after the game that his goal was to return to the major leagues by September 1, the date that major league rosters expand. Boone was activated on September 1, and added to the Astros' expanded roster. On September 2, Boone made his season debut, playing at first base and going 0 for 3. On September 16, Boone stated that he was leaning towards retirement, and on October 4, he played his last game.

Broadcasting career
Boone served as a guest analyst for the MLB Network coverage of the 2009 ALCS between the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

On February 23, 2010, Boone announced his retirement and that he would become an analyst for ESPN. Boone appeared on Monday Night Baseball and for Baseball Tonights pregame show on Sunday night. Boone called the 2014 and 2015 World Series for ESPN Radio with play-by-play announcer Dan Shulman. Jessica Mendoza and he became color commentators on Sunday Night Baseball with Shulman in 2016. Boone and Shulman continued to call World Series games for ESPN Radio through 2017.

Managerial career

2018 season
After the 2017 season, the Yankees decided not to retain Joe Girardi as their manager; they hired Boone to succeed him on December 4, 2017. The Yankees started the 2018 season with a 6–1 win against the Toronto Blue Jays on March 29, 2018. On September 2, 2018, Boone was suspended for one game for making illegal contact with an umpire. He finished his first season with a 100–62 record, good for second in the American League East, and led the Yankees to the wild card game against the Oakland Athletics, despite losing star outfielder and team leader Aaron Judge for two months with a wrist injury. On October 3, 2018, the Yankees defeated the Athletics 7–2 to advance to the American League Division Series, giving Boone his first postseason win as a manager. The Boston Red Sox eliminated the New York Yankees three–games–to–one in the American League Division Series en route to a World Series victory.

2019 season

The Yankees started the 2019 season with a 7–2 win against the Baltimore Orioles on March 28, 2019. On September 19, after winning against the Los Angeles Angels 9–1, the Yankees clinched the American League East, becoming AL East Division Champions for the first time since 2012 and also earning their 100th win. Boone became the first manager in MLB history to have 100 or more wins in each of his first two seasons. The Yankees went on to lose to the Houston Astros in the American League Championship Series.

Following the 2019 season, Boone was named a finalist for American League Manager of the Year award. He finished runner-up to Minnesota Twins manager, Rocco Baldelli.

2020 season
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Yankees and the other 29 Major League Baseball teams only played a 60-game regular season. The Yankees started off the shortened season with a hot 16–6 start, but then lost 15 of their next 20 games, evening their record at 21–21. The Yankees then won 10 straight to finish the season second in their division with a 33–27 record, seven games behind the division-champion Tampa Bay Rays, who they lost eight of 10 games to in the regular season, in the AL East, but good enough for the fifth seed in the American League due to MLB's postseason expansion for the season. The Yankees swept the Cleveland Indians in a best-of-three wild card series to advance to the ALDS against the Tampa Bay Rays, but their struggles against the Rays continued, as they were eliminated in five games.

2021 season
During the 2021 season, the Yankees had what was called one of the "streakiest [teams] in recent memory. Through July 4, the team struggled to a 41–41 record with half of the season left to play, then went on a 51–29 run to end the season at 92–70. Between August 14 and 28, the Yankees won 13 consecutive games, tied for fifth-longest in franchise history. Following the winning streak, the team stumbled, going 3–12 between August 28 and September 12, and finished tied for second in the American League East behind the Tampa Bay Rays, but lost the wild card game to the Boston Red Sox 6–2.

Following the season, Boone signed a three-year contract with the Yankees with a club option for 2025.

2022 season
In 2022, he was ejected nine times, four times more than any other  MLB manager. At the end of the regular season, the Yankees finished first in the AL East and earned home-field advantage in Games 1, 2, and 5 of the ALDS. They beat the Cleveland Guardians in five games, but got swept by the Houston Astros in the ALCS, marking Boone's fifth-straight playoff exit.

2023 season
MLB suspended Boone for one game on May 26, 2023, for his conduct towards umpires after his fourth ejection of the season, and second in four days, the prior day. As of June 9, Boone has the third-highest ejection rate in MLB history among managers, behind only Paul Richards and Frankie Frisch, and ahead of Earl Weaver, Bobby Cox, and Ron Gardenhire, managers who were all known for their proclivity for getting ejected. The team was eliminated from the playoffs for the first time under his management on September 24.

Managerial record

Personal life
Boone is the son of former catcher and manager Bob Boone, the brother of All Star and four-time Gold Glove winner Bret Boone, the brother of former Cincinnati Reds minor leaguer Matt Boone, and the grandson of former major leaguer Ray Boone. As children, Aaron and Bret spent time in the Phillies clubhouse with fellow sons of other major league players, including Pete Rose Jr.  Boone is a descendant of pioneer Daniel Boone.

Boone's wife, Laura Cover, was a Playboy Playmate (Miss October 1998). Boone lived in Scottsdale, Arizona until becoming Yankees manager, when he moved to Greenwich, Connecticut. Boone and Cover have four children - two biological children and two adopted.

Boone, who had open-heart surgery in 2009, had surgery to implant a pacemaker in March 2021. Boone was quoted as feeling "awesome" after being on the bench for two weeks following the procedure.

See also
Third-generation Major League Baseball families

References

External links

, or Retrosheet

1973 births
Living people
National League All-Stars
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
New York Yankees players
Florida Marlins players
Washington Nationals players
Houston Astros players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Indianapolis Indians players
Louisville RiverBats players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Columbus Clippers players
Orleans Firebirds players
USC Trojans baseball players
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from La Mesa, California
Major League Baseball broadcasters
ESPN people
MLB Network personalities
New York Yankees managers
Billings Mustangs players
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Gulf Coast Nationals players
Round Rock Express players
Winston-Salem Warthogs players
Anchorage Glacier Pilots players
People from Villa Park, California
Baseball players from Orange County, California
People with congenital heart defects

Aaron Boone


Gamma (notat γ) unei eclipse de Soare este o valoare numerică (un număr) care descrie poziția umbrei Lunii în raport cu centrul Pământului, în timpul unui asemenea eveniment.

Definiție
Umbra Lunii, iluminate de Soare, formează un con. În timpul unei eclipse de Soare neparțiale, acest con cade pe suprafața Pământului (în timpul unei eclipse parțiale, doar penumbra atinge planeta). Atunci Gamma unei eclipse este definită ca fiind raportul dintre distanța de la axa conului umbrei Lunii la centrul Pământului și raza ecuatorială a Pământului (), când eclipsa este maximă. Semnul gamma descrie poziția conului în raport cu centrul terestru: dacă este pozitiv, el trece la Nord; dacă este negativ, el trece la Sud.

Caracteristici

Valoarea absolută a lui gamma permite să se distingă diferitele tipuri de eclipse de Soare:

 Dacă gamma este mai mic decât 0,9972, eclipsa este centrală. Axa conului umbrei cade direct pe Pământ și există locuri de pe suprafața acestuia unde centrul Lunii apare aliniat cu centrul Soarelui. Evenimentul este o eclipsă totală sau inelară centrală.
 Între 0,9972 și 1,0260, axa conului ratează Pământul. Totuși, umbra poate să fie percepută, în anumite cazuri, din regiunile polare. Evenimentul este atunci o eclipsă centrală sau inelară necentrală.
 Între 0,9972 și circa 1,55, dacă nu este îndeplinită condiția precedentă, Pământul nu traversează decât prin penumbra Lunii. Evenimentul este o eclipsă parțială.

Limita de 0,9972 pentru o eclipsă centrală provine de la forma turtită a Pământului, în care raza polară este mai scurtă decât raza ecuatorială.

Note

Vezi și
 Eclipsă de Soare
 Lista eclipselor de Soare din secolul al XX-lea
 Lista eclipselor de Soare din secolul al XXI-lea
 Magnitudine (eclipsă)

Eclipse de Soare
Eclipse de Lună

Gamma (eclipsă de Soare)


The table below lists many of the tunnels under the River Thames in and near London, which, thanks largely to its underlying bed of clay, is one of the most tunnelled cities in the world. The tunnels are used for road vehicles, pedestrians, Tube and railway lines and utilities. Several tunnels are over a century old: the original Thames Tunnel was the world's first underwater tunnel.

List of tunnels

Other tunnels

The figure and list above leaves out a tunnel to the site of the old Ferranti power station on the east side of the mouth of Deptford Creek.

There is also a tunnel between Cottons centre and the old Billingsgate Fish Market near to London Bridge. Citibank used it for cabling at one point; it was large enough for a person to walk through.

The Silvertown Tunnel is a new Thames river crossing proposed to supplement the existing Blackwall Tunnel, which will join the Greenwich Peninsula with West Silvertown.

The Thames Tideway Tunnel, due for completion in 2025, will be a  long tunnel running mostly under the tidal section of the River Thames through central London to capture, store and convey almost all the raw sewage and rainwater that currently overflows into the river.

Background

London's abundance of river tunnels has resulted from a number of factors. For historical reasons, the city centre has relatively few railway bridges. Only three railway bridges exist in central London, only one of which provides through services across the capital. Consequently, railway builders have had to tunnel under the river in the city centre rather than bridge it. By contrast, railway bridges are relatively common to the west of the inner city.

Another historical factor has been the presence of the Port of London, which until the 1980s required large ships to be able to access the river as far upstream as the City of London. Until the construction of the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge at Dartford in 1991, the easternmost bridge on the Thames was Tower Bridge in central London. Even now, the Dartford Crossing provides the only way to cross the Thames by road between London and the sea. The width of the river downstream meant that tunnels were the only options for crossings before improvements in technology allowed the construction of high bridges such as the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge.

See also
 Crossings of the River Thames
 Subterranean London

References

Tunnels underneath the River Thames


Agustín Fernández Mallo (Corunha, 1967) é um escritor, ensaísta, físico e músico espanhol. Membro da chamada Geração Nocilla.

Em sua obra poética desenvolve o que chama de Poesia Pós-Poética, pela qual investiga conexões entre poesia, outras artes e ciências. Tal conceito é teorizado em seu ensaio Postpoesía. Hacía un nuevo paradigma (2009) e praticado nas obras Yo  siempre  regreso  a  los  pezones  y  al  punto  7  del  Tractatus (2001), Creta, lateral  travelling (2004)  e Joan  Fontaine  Odisea  (mí  descontrucción) (2005).

Obras

Narrativa
 Nocilla Dream (2006)
 Nocilla Experience (2008)
 Nocilla Lab (2009)
 El Hacedor (de Borges), Remake (2011)

Poesia

 Yo  siempre  regreso  a  los  pezones  y  al  punto  7  del  Tractatus (2001)
 Creta, lateral  travelling (2004)
 Joan  Fontaine  Odisea  (mí  descontrucción) (2005)

Ensaio

 Postpoesía. Hacía un nuevo paradigma (2009)
 Teoria General de La Basura (2018)
 La Mirada Imposible (2021)
 La Forma de La Multitud (2023)

Naturais da Corunha
Romancistas da Espanha
Poetas da Galiza

Agustín Fernández Mallo


"Found That Soul" is a single by the Manic Street Preachers, released on 26 February 2001 from the Know Your Enemy album.  Writing credit was shared by all three members of the band, James Dean Bradfield, Sean Moore and Nicky Wire. The song reached number 9 in the UK Singles Chart.

Launch

Launched on the same day as "So Why So Sad", this was the first release by the Manics since the number one hit "The Masses Against the Classes" thirteen months earlier. It reached a UK chart position of number 9 on 10 March 2001, in the same week that "So Why So Sad" reached number 8. Fewer than 200 copies separated "Found That Soul" from "So Why So Sad", placing it one place lower at number 9. Despite making the top ten it wasn't included on the band's greatest hits album, Forever Delayed, making it the band's only top ten single at the time of the compilation's release not to appear.

The CD also included versions of "Locust Valley" and "Ballad of the Bangkok Novotel," whereas the 7" included a live version of "The Masses Against the Classes". "Ballad of the Bangkok Novotel" is entirely sung by Nicky Wire. In Benjamin Millar's review of Know Your Enemy for The Blurb, he described "Found That Soul" which "gets us off to a manic and electric start, a sonic attack that makes a huge noise for a three-piece."

Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Nick Jones, James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore.

CD (UK)
 "Found That Soul" – 3:05
 "Locust Valley" – 4:09
 "Ballad of the Bangkok Novotel" – 2:36

CD (AUS)
 "Found That Soul" – 3:05
 "So Why So Sad" – 3:55
 "Locust Valley" – 4:09
 "Ballad of the Bangkok Novotel" – 2:36

7"
 "Found That Soul" – 3:05
 "The Masses Against the Classes" (live at Millennium Stadium, 31 December 1999) – 3:00

Charts

References

2001 singles
Manic Street Preachers songs
Songs written by James Dean Bradfield
Songs written by Sean Moore (musician)
Songs written by Nicky Wire
Song recordings produced by Dave Eringa
2000 songs
Epic Records singles

Found That Soul


شلمبرجير  هي أكبر شركة في العالم تعمل في مجال خدمات حقول النفط، لها نشاط في حوالي 85 دولة ويعمل بها أكثر من 100 ألف شخص من 140 جنسية.

تم دمج شلمبرجير في ويلمستاد، كوراساو في شلمبرجير إن. في. ويتداول في بورصة نيويورك للأوراق المالية وبورصة يورونكست في باريس وبورصة لندن للأوراق المالية والبورصة السويسرية SIX. شلمبرجير هي شركة فورتشن جلوبال 500 ، احتلت المرتبة 287 في عام 2016،

 ومدرجة أيضًا في مجلة فوربس جلوبال 2000 ، في المرتبة 176 في عام 2016.

خلفية عامة
شلمبرجير (NYSE: SLB) هو مورد في العالم الرائدة في مجال الحلول التقنية، وإدارة المشاريع المتكاملة والمعلومات للعملاء العاملين في صناعة النفط والغاز في جميع أنحاء العالم . يعمل لدى الشركة نحو 100,000 شخص يمثلون أكثر من 140 جنسية ويعملون في أكثر من 85 بلدا ، شلمبرجير يوفر أوسع مجموعة في هذه الصناعة من المنتجات والخدمات من خلال الاستكشاف الإنتاج.

وتضم الشركة قطاعين :

شلمبرجير اللوازم طائفة واسعة من المنتجات والخدمات من خلال تقييم تشكيل الحفر الموجه، الأمر الذي عزز بشكل جيد والتحفيز، والآبار والإنتاجية إلى التشاور، والبرمجيات، وإدارة المعلومات وخدمات البنية التحتية لتكنولوجيا المعلومات التي تدعم العمليات التشغيلية الصناعة الأساسية .

سترن هي أكبر شركة الزلزالية في العالم ويوفر الاستحواذ متقدمة وخدمات معالجة البيانات.

شلمبرجير لديها مكاتب رئيسية في هيوستن، باريس ولاهاي. وبلغت ايرادات من operatons استمرار 41730000000 دولار في عام 2012. ويتم تداول أسهم شركة شلمبرجير على بورصة نيويورك، رمز السهم SLB، على يورونكست باريس، يورونكست امستردام ولندن والستة البورصات السويسرية .

التاريخ
تأسست شلمبرجير في عام 1926 من قبل كونراد ومارسيل شلمبرجير من منطقة الألزاس في فرنسا كشركة التنقيب الكهربائي . سجلت الشركة أول بئر للمقاومة الكهربائية على الإطلاق في ميركويلير بيتشيلبرون، فرنسا في عام 1927. واليوم، تزود شركة شلمبرجير صناعة البترول بخدمات مثل الاستحواذ على الزلازل ومعالجتها، وتقييم التكوين، واختبار الآبار والحفر الموجه، وتعزيز الآبار والتصديع المائي والمصاعد الاصطناعية، واستكمال الآبار، وضمان التدفق والاستشارات، وإدارة البرمجيات والمعلومات. كما تشارك الشركة في استخراج المياه الجوفية  وصناعات احتجاز وتخزين ثنائي أكسيد الكربون. كان للأخوين شلمبرجير خبرة في إجراء المسوحات الجيوفيزيائيَّة في دول مثل رومانيا وكندا وصربيا وجنوب إفريقيا وجمهوريَّة الكونغو الديمقراطيَّة والولايات المتَّحدة. باعت الشركة الجديدة خدمات رسم الخرائط للقياس الكهربائي، وسجلت أول تسجيلات آبار للمقاومة الكهربائية على الإطلاق في ميركويلير بيتشيلبرون، فرنسا في عام 1927. توسعت الشركة بسرعة، وسجلت أول بئر لها في الولايات المتَّحدة في عام 1929، في مقاطعة كيرن، كاليفورنيا. في عام 1935، تأسست شركة شلمبرجير لمسح الآبار في هيوستن، ثم تطورت لاحقًا إلى خدمات شلمبرجير للآبار، وأخيراً شركة شلمبرجير وايرلاين واختبارها. استثمرت شركة شلمبرجير بكثافة في الأبحاث، حيث افتتحت مركز أبحاث شلمبرجير دول في ريدجفيلد، كونيتيكت في عام 1948، مما ساهم في تطوير عدد من أدوات التسجيل الجديدة. في عام 1956، تمَّ تأسيس شركة شلمبرجير المحدودة كشركة قابضة لجميع أعمال شلمبرجير، والتي تضم الآن شركة الاختبار والإنتاج الأمريكيَّة جونستون تيسترز.

على مر السنين، واصلت شلمبرجير توسيع عملياتها وعمليات الاستحواذ. في عام 1960، تمَّ تشكيل شركة دويل شلمبرجير (50٪ شلمبرجير و50٪ داو للكيماويات ) المتخصصة في خدمات الضخ لصناعة النفط. في عام 1962، أصبحت شركة شلمبرجير المحدودة مدرجة في بورصة نيويورك. في نفس العام، اشترت شلمبرجير شركة دايستروم، وهي شركة مصنعة للأدوات الإلكترونية في جنوب بوسطن بولاية فيرجينيا كانت تصنع الأثاث في الوقت الذي تم فيه بيع القسم إلى سبيري وهاتشينسون في عام 1971. اشترت شركة شلمبرجير 50٪ من فوركس في عام 1964 ودمجت مع 50٪ من شركة لانغدوسين لإنشاء شركة نبتون للحفر. تم تقديم أول تحليل مكمن محوسب، سراباند، في عام 1970. تمَّ الاستحواذ على الـ 50٪ المتبقية من فوركس في العام التالي؛ تمَّ تغيير اسم نبتون إلى شركة فوركس نبتون للحفر. في عام 1979، أصبحت شركة فيرتشايلد كاميرا آند إنستريومنت (بما في ذلك فيرتشايلد سيمي كونداكتر) شركة تابعة لشركة شلمبرجير المحدودة.

في عام 1981، أنشأت شلمبرجير أول روابط بيانات دولية بالبريد الإلكتروني. في عام 1983، افتتحت شلمبرجير مركز أبحاث كامبريدج في كامبريدج بإنجلترا وفي عام 2012 تمَّ تغيير اسمها إلى مركز أبحاث شلمبرجير جولد على اسم الرئيس التنفيذيّ السابق للشركة أندرو جولد.

تم الاستحواذ على شركة الحفر سيدكو ونصف شركة دويل شمال أميركا في عام 1984، مما أدى إلى إنشاء قطاع الحفر أنادريل، وهو مزيج من قطاعات دويل وذا أناليستس للحفر. تمَّ دمج فوركس نبتون مع سدكو لإنشاء شركة سدكو فوركس ديرلينغ في العام التالي، عندما اشترت شركة شلمبرجير ميرلين و 50٪ من جيكو.

في عام 1987، أكملت شلمبرجير مشترياتها من نبتون (أمريكا الشماليَّة)، وبوسكو وكوري (إيطاليا)، وألميس (ألمانيا). في نفس العام، استحوذت شركة ناشونال سيمي كونداكتر على شركة فيرتشايلد سيمي كونداكتر من شركة شلمبرجير مقابل 122 مليون دولار.

في عام 1991، استحوذت شلمبرجير على براكلا-سيزموس، وكانت رائدة في استخدام التوجيه الجغرافي لتخطيط مسار الحفر في الآبار الأفقية.

في عام 1992، استحوذت شلمبرجير على شركة البرمجيات جيوكويست سيستمز. مع الشراء جاء تحويل إس آي نت إلى TCP / IP وبالتالي أصبح الإنترنت قادرًا. في تسعينيات القرن الماضي، اشترت شلمبرجير قسم البترول، وعداد أيه إي جي، وفريق دراسة مكامن إيكيلبس. نتج عن مشروع مشترك بين شلمبرجير وكابل آند وايرلس، إنشاء شركة أومن، التي تولت بعد ذلك جميع أعمال تقنية المعلومات الداخلية لشلمبرجير. كما تم شراء أويل فيز وكامكو الدوليَّة.

في عام 1999، أنشأت شلمبرجير وسميث إنترناشونال مشروعًا مشتركًا، M-I L.L.C.، أكبر شركة في العالم لسوائل الحفر (الطين). تتكون الشركة من 60٪ سميث انترناشيونال و 40٪ شلمبرجير. نظرًا لأن المشروع المشترك كان محظورًا بموجب مرسوم موافقة لمكافحة الاحتكار لعام 1994 يمنع سميث من بيع أو الجمع بين أعمال السوائل الخاصة به مع شركات أخرى معينة، بما في ذلك شركة شلمبرجير، فقد وجدت المحكمة الجزئية الأمريكيَّة في واشنطن العاصمة أن شركة سميث انترناشونال. و شلمبرجير المحدودة. مذنبين بتهمة الازدراء الجنائي وتغريم كل شركة 750 ألف دُولار ووضع كل شركة تحت المراقبة لمدة خمس سنوات. كما اتفقت الشركتان على دفع ما مجموعه 13.1 مليون دُولار، وهو ما يمثل إزاحة كاملة لجميع أرباح المشروع المشترك خلال الوقت الذي كانت فيه الشركات في حالة ازدراء.

في عام 2000، تم دمج قسم جيكو براكلا مع ويسترن جيوفيزيكال لإنشاء شركة المقاولات الزلزاليَّة ويستيرن جيكو، التي تمتلك شلمبرجير حصة 70٪ منها، والنسبة المتبقية 30٪ مملوكة للمنافس بيكر هيوز. تم إنشاء سدكو فوركس ودمجها مع شركة ترانس أوشن للحفر في عام 2000.

في عام 2001، استحوذت شلمبرجير على شركة استشارات تكنولوجيا المعلومات سما بي إل سي مقابل 5.2 مليار دولار. كانت الشركة شريكة في دورة أثينا للألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2004، لكن مشروع شلمبرجير في استشارات تكنولوجيا المعلومات لم يؤتي ثماره، واكتمل تجريد سما إلى أتوس أوريجن في ذلك العام مقابل 1.5 مليار دولار. تم تجريد قسم البطاقات من خلال الاكتتاب العام لتشكيل اكسالتو، والذي اندمج لاحقًا مع جيمبلس لتشكيل جيمالتو، وتم تفكيك وحدة حلول المراسلة ودمجها مع شبكات تارال لتشكيل إيروايد للحلول. في عام 2003، تمَّ تحويل مجموعة أوتوميتيد تيست إيكيوبمينت، وهي جزء من استحواذ فيرتشايلد سيمي كونداكتر لعام 1979، إلى إن بي تيست القابضة، والتي باعتها لاحقًا إلى كريدينس.

في عام 2004، تمَّ إطلاق شركة شلمبرجير للاستشارات التجاريَّة، وبعد عقد من ذلك استحوذت عليها أكسنتشر.

في عام 2005، اشترت شلمبرجير شركة واترلو هيدروجيولوجي،  والتي تبعتها العديد من الشركات الأخرى ذات الصلة بصناعة المياه الجوفيَّة، مثل ويستباي إنسترومينتز وإيسن إنسترومينتز. في ذلك العام أيضًا، نقلت شلمبرجير مكاتبها في الولايات المتحدة من نيويورك إلى هيوستن.

في عام 2006، اشترت شلمبرجير النسبة المتبقية البالغة 30٪ من ويسترن جيكو من شركة بيكر هيوز مقابل 2.4 مليار دُولار أمريكيّ. في ذلك العام أيضًا، تمَّ نقل مركز أبحاث شلمبرجير دول إلى منشأة بحثية تم بناؤها حديثًا في كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس ليحل محل مركز أبحاث ريدجفيلد، كونيتيكت. ينضم المرفق إلى مراكز الأبحاث الأخرى التي تديرها الشركة في كامبريدج، إنجلترا وموسكو، روسيا وستافنجر، النرويج؛ والظهران بالمملكة العربية السعودية. في عام 2010، تم الإعلان عن الاستحواذ على شركة سميث انترناشيونال في صفقة شاملة لجميع الأسهم بقيمة 11.3 مليار دُولار. كان سعر البيع 45.84 للسهم أعلى بنسبة 37.5 في المائة من سعر إغلاق سميث في 18 فبراير 2010. الصفقة هي أكبر صفقة استحواذ في تاريخ شلمبرجير. اكتمل الاندماج في 27 أغسطس 2010. تم الإعلان أيضًا في عام 2010 عن خطط شلمبرجير للاستحواذ على جيوسيرفسس، وهي شركة فرنسيَّة متخصّصة في خدمات الطاقة، في صفقة قيمتها 1.1 مليار دُولار، بما في ذلك الديون.

في عام 2014، أعلنت شركة شلمبرجير عن شراء الأسهم المتبقية في إس إي إس القابضة المحدودة («ساكسون»)، وهي شركة تقدم خدمات حفر برية دولية في كالجاري، من فيرست ريزيرف وبعض أعضاء إدارة ساكسون. تخضع الصفقة لشروط الإغلاق المعتادة، بما في ذلك استلام الموافقات التنظيمية. كان لشلمبرجير حصة أقلية في ساكسون سابقًا.

في عام 2015، وجهت وزارة العدل الأمريكية لائحة اتهام إلى شركة شلمبرجير لانتهاك عقوبات ممارسة الأعمال التجارية في إيران والسودان؛ تم تغريم الشركة 233 مليون دولار، وهو ما يمثل أكبر غرامة للعقوبات حتى الآن. في عام 2015، وبسبب الانكماش في صناعة النفط والغاز العالميَّة، أعلنت شركة شلمبرجير عن تسريح 21000 عامل، وهو ما يمثل 15٪ من إجمالي القوى العاملة في الشركة.

في أغسطس 2015، وافقت شركة شلمبرجير على الاستحواذ على الشركة المصنعة لمعدات حقول النفط كاميرون إنترناشونال مقابل 14.8 مليار دولار.

في يناير 2018، أعلنت شركة شلمبرجير أن ويسترن جيكو ستخرج من أعمال الاستحواذ الزلزاليّ، على الصعيدين البريّ والبحريّ، مع الاحتفاظ بقطاعات معالجة البيانات وتفسيرها متعددة العملاء. جاء هذا القرار في أعقاب ملفات إفلاس العديد من المنافسين في قطاع الخدمات الزلزاليَّة.

شؤون الشركات

فرنسا
مكاتب الشركة في منطقة لا ديفونس (الدفاع) منطقة الأعمال في بوتو وفي باريس.

الولايات المتَّحدة الأمريكيَّة
تحتفظ شلمبرجير بحرم جامعي تبلغ مساحته 33 فدانًا (13 هكتارًا) في الركن الشمالي الشرقي من طريق الولايات المتَّحدة السريع 90A وجيلينجهام لين في شوجر لاند، تكساس؛ اعتبارًا من عام 2017، تعد شركة شلمبرجير ثالث أكبر صاحب عمل في المدينة. في عام 2015، أعلنت شركة شلمبرجير أنها بصدد نقل مقر الشركة في الولايات المتَّحدة إلى منشأة شوجر لاند من مبنى مكاتبها في هيوستن. تخطط الشركة لبناء مبانٍ جديدة مع موعد الانتهاء المقرر في أواخر عام 2017. وهي تشمل ما مجموعه 250 ألف قدم مربع (23000 متر مربع) من مساحة المكاتب من الفئة أ ومبنى «المرافق» بمساحة 100 ألف قدم مربع (9300 متر مربع).

في ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي، تمَّ إنشاء مقر أمريكا الشماليَّة في هيوستن. في السبعينيَّات، تمَّ نقل كبار المديرين التنفيذيين للشركة في أمريكا الشماليَّة إلى مدينة نيويورك. بحلول عام 2006، كان لدى المكتب الرئيسي 50 من المديرين التنفيذيين وموظفي الدعم. بحلول ذلك العام كانت الشركة تنقل هذا المكتب إلى مبنى بالقرب من هيوستن جاليريا.

نقلت شلمبرجير مكاتبها في هيوستن من 5000 جلف فريواي في هيوستن إلى حرم شوجر لاند الجامعي في عام 1995.

السجل البيئي
في عام 2009، أصدرت نيوزويك «التصنيف الأخضر»  وهو تصنيف لأكبر 500 شركة في سجلات الإنجاز في عدد من القضايا البيئية. احتلت شلمبرجير المرتبة 118 من أصل 500 بشكل عام، والثالث من أصل 31 في صناعتها. أشارت مجلة نيوزويك إلى أنه من أجل التخفيف من ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري، استثمرت شركة شلمبرجير في عزل الكربون الذي يتضمن تخزينًا طويل الأجل لثاني أكسيد الكربون وأن سفن المسح السيزمي للشركة أكثر كفاءة في استهلاك الوقود بنسبة 20٪ إلى 25٪ من تلك الخاصة بمقاولي الزلازل الآخرين من استخدام الوقود الذي يصدر انبعاثات أقل معدات القطر والتلوث التي تخلق مقاومة أقل على السفن.

المصادر المشعة
في عام 2006، تم العثور على علبة مشعة استوردتها شركة شلمبرجير في صحراء غرب أستراليا النائية. وقد فقد شريك النقل التابع للشركة العلبة، عندما سقطت الحاوية المؤمنة بشكل غير صحيح من المقطورة التي كانت تُنقل عليها.

في عام 2010، فرضت محكمة الشريف في أبردين غرامة قدرها 300 ألف جنيه إسترليني على شركة شلمبرجير أويلفيلد بالمملكة المتَّحدة لفقدانها مصدرًا إشعاعيًا على أرضية منصة الحفر في منصة الحفر المتنقلة إنسكو 101 في بحر الشمال لمدة 4 ساعات.

الانسكابات
في عام 2009، فرضت وزارة حماية البيئة في ولاية بنسلفانيا غرامة على شركة تشيسابيك أبالاتشيا إل إل سي وشركة شلمبرجير للتكنولوجيا بأكثر من 15500 دولار لكل منهما بسبب تسرب حمض الهيدروكلوريك في فبراير 2009 في موقع بئر الغاز الطبيعي في تشيسابيك في بلدة اللجوء، مقاطعة برادفورد، بنسلفانيا. قال المسؤولون إن التسرب لم يلوث المياه الجوفية.

براونفيلدز
في عام 2006، بصفتها المالك الحالي لمنشأة في بيكنز بولاية ساوث كارولينا، وافقت شركة شلمبرجير على دفع 11.8 مليون دولار للوكالات الفيدرالية والولائية مقابل مشكلة سببها المالك السابق، سانغامو ويستون، وهو مصنع لتصنيع المكثفات. كان سبب المشكلة من مركبات ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور (PCB) التي تم إطلاقها في البيئة بواسطة سانجامو ويستون من 1955 إلى 1987. وفقًا لقسم البيئة والموارد الطبيعية بوزارة العدل، فإن اتفاقية إضافية من جانب شركة شلمبرجير لشراء وإزالة السدود ستحسن بشكل مباشر نظام تويلف مايل كريك بولاية ساوث كارولينا يوفر فوائد بيئية كبيرة للمجتمعات المتضررة.

ديب ووتر هورايزون
تم التعاقد مع شركة شلمبرجير لإجراء تسجيل سلكي على منصة النفط ديب ووتر هورايزون في خليج المكسيك في عام 2010. ومع ذلك، تم إلغاء سجل خط الأسلاك وتم إطلاق طاقم شلمبرجير الاحتياطي من قبل شركة بريتيش بتروليوم وترك الحفارة في وقت سابق في نفس اليوم من ديب ووتر هورايزون انفجار.

الأقسام والشركات التابعة
تقسم شلمبرجير العالم إلي خمسة أسواق:
 الشرق الأوسط
 أمريكا اللاتينية
 آسيا
 أوروبا وأفريقيا
 أمريكا الشمالية

تتكون شلمبرجير من 17 قسم لخدمة حقول النفط
ك :
Well Service
Well Test
Well Intervention
وتنقسم هذه الأقسام إلى أقسام أخرئ

كما أنها تمتلك عدة شركات أبرزها :
1- MI Swaco
2- Weastren Geco
3- ADC
4- Smith

طبيعة العمل
تعمل في مجال حفر وصيانة واختبار آبار النفط والغاز
ومجال الخدمات النفطية

انظر أيضًا
 ويستيرن جيكو
 قائمة شركات خدمات الحقول النفطية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 شلمبرجير
 بيانات الشركة المالية على الياهو

النفط في تكساس
تأسيسات سنة 1926 في فرنسا
شركات بناء وهندسة مدنية أسست في 1926
شركات أسست في 1926
شركات أسست في 1927
شركات خدمات في الولايات المتحدة
شركات خدمات مالية في الولايات المتحدة
شركات خدمات نفطية
شركات فرنسية أسست في 1926
شركات في كوراساو
شركات متعددة الجنسيات مقرها الرئيسي في فرنسا
شركات مدرجة في بورصة نيويورك
شركات مقرها في هيوستن (تكساس)
شركات نفطية في المملكة المتحدة
شركات نفطية في فرنسا
شركات هولندية أسست في 1926

شلمبرجير