James Jesse Strang (March 21, 1813 – July 9, 1856) was an American religious leader, politician and self-proclaimed monarch. He served as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1853 until his assassination.

He claimed in 1844 to have been appointed to be the successor of Joseph Smith as leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), a faction of the Latter Day Saint movement. Strang testified that he had possession of a letter from Smith naming him as his successor, and furthermore reported that he had been ordained to the prophetic office by an angel. His organization is claimed by his followers to be the sole legitimate continuation of the Church of Christ founded by Joseph Smith fourteen years before.

A major contender for leadership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints during the 1844 succession crisis after Smith's killing, Strang urged other prominent LDS leaders like Brigham Young and Sidney Rigdon to remain in their previous offices and to support his appointment by Joseph Smith. Brigham and the members of the Twelve Apostles loyal to him rejected Strang's claims, as did Rigdon, the highest-ranking officer of the church. This divided the Latter Day Saint movement. During his 12 years tenure as Prophet, Seer and Revelator, Strang reigned for six years as the crowned "king" of an ecclesiastical monarchy that he established on Beaver Island in the US state of Michigan. Building an organization that eventually rivaled Young's in Utah, Strang gained nearly 12,000 adherents at a time when Young claimed 50,000. After Strang was killed in 1856 most of his followers rallied under Joseph Smith III and joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The Strangite church has remained small in comparison to other branches.

Similar to Joseph Smith, who was alleged by church opponent William Marks to have been crowned King in Nauvoo prior to his death, Strang taught that the chief prophetic office embodied an overtly royal attribute. Thus its occupant was to be not only the spiritual leader of his people, but their temporal king as well. He offered a sophisticated set of teachings that differed in many significant aspects from any other version of Mormonism, including that preached by Smith. Like Smith, Strang published translations of two purportedly ancient lost works: the Voree Record, deciphered from three metal plates reportedly unearthed in response to a vision; and the Book of the Law of the Lord, supposedly transcribed from the Plates of Laban mentioned in the Book of Mormon. These are accepted as scripture by his followers, and the Church of Jesus Christ in Christian Fellowship , but not by any other Latter Day Saint church. Although his long-term doctrinal influence on the Latter Day Saint movement was minimal, several early members of Strang's organization helped to establish the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which became (and remains) the second-largest Mormon sect. While most of Strang's followers eventually disavowed him due to his eventual advocacy of polygamy, a small but devout remnant carries on his teachings and organization today.

In addition to his ecclesiastical calling, Strang served one full term and part of a second as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives, assisting in the organization of Manitou County. He was also at various times an attorney, educator, temperance lecturer, newspaper editor, Baptist minister, correspondent for the New York Tribune, and amateur scientist. His survey of Beaver Island's natural history was published by the Smithsonian Institution, remaining the definitive work on that subject for nearly a century, while his career in the Michigan legislature was praised even by his enemies.

While Strang's organization is formally known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the term "Strangite" is usually added to the title to avoid confusing them with other Latter Day Saint bodies carrying this or similar names. This follows a typical nineteenth-century usage where followers of Brigham Young were referred to as "Brighamites," while those of Sidney Rigdon were called "Rigdonites," followers of Joseph Smith III were called "Josephites", and disciples of Strang became "Strangites".

Childhood, education and conversion to Mormonism
James Jesse Strang was born March 21, 1813, in Scipio, Cayuga County, New York. He was the second of three children, and his parents had a good reputation in their community. James' mother was very tender with him as a consequence of delicate health, yet she required him to render an account of all his actions and words while absent from her. In a brief autobiography he wrote in 1855, Strang reported that he had attended grade school until age twelve, but that "the terms were usually short, the teachers inexperienced and ill qualified to teach, and my health such as to preclude attentive study or steady attendance." He estimated that his time in a classroom during those years totaled six months.

But none of this meant that Strang was illiterate or simple. Although his teachers "not unfrequently turned me off with little or no attention, as though I was too stupid to learn and too dull to feel neglect," Strang recalled that he spent "long weary days ... upon the floor, thinking, thinking, thinking ... my mind wandered over fields that old men shrink from, seeking rest and finding none till darkness gathered thick around and I burst into tears." He studied works by Thomas Paine and the Comte de Volney, whose book Les Ruines exerted a significant influence on the future prophet.

As a youth, Strang kept a rather profound personal diary, written partly in a secret code that was not deciphered until over one hundred years after it was authored. This journal contains Strang's musings on a variety of topics, including a sense that he was called to be a significant world leader the likes of Caesar or Napoleon and his regret that by age nineteen, he had not yet become a general or member of the state legislature, which he saw as being essential by that point in his life to his quest to be someone of importance. However, Strang's diary reveals a heartfelt desire to be of service to his fellow man, together with agonized frustration at not knowing how he might do so as a penniless, unknown youth from upstate New York.

At age twelve, Strang was baptized a Baptist. He did not wish to follow his father's calling as a farmer, so he took up the study of law. Strang was admitted to the bar in New York at age 23 and later at other places where he resided. He became county Postmaster and edited a local newspaper, the Randolph Herald. Later, in the midst of his myriad duties on Beaver Island, he would find time to found and publish the Daily Northern Islander, the first newspaper in northern Michigan.

Strang, who once described himself as a "cool philosopher" and a freethinker, became a Baptist minister but left in February 1844 to join the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He quickly found favor with Joseph Smith, though they had known each other only a short time, and was baptized personally by him on February 25, 1844. On March 3 of that year he was ordained an Elder by Joseph's brother Hyrum and sent forthwith at Smith's request to Wisconsin, to establish a Mormon stake at Voree. Shortly after Strang's departure, Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in Carthage, Illinois.

Succession claim and notable early allies

After Smith's assassination, Strang claimed the right to lead the Latter Day Saints, but he was not the only claimant to Smith's prophetic mantle. His most significant rivals were Brigham Young, president of Smith's Twelve Apostles, and Sidney Rigdon, a member of Smith's First Presidency. A power struggle ensued, during which Young quickly disposed of Rigdon in a Nauvoo debate. Young would reject offers to debate with Strang for the next three years before leading his followers to Utah while Rigdon led a smaller group to Pennsylvania. As a newcomer to the faith Strang did not possess the name recognition, more prominence in calling, enjoyed by his rivals, so his prospects of assuming Smith's prophetic mantle appeared shaky at first. But this did not dissuade him. Though the Quorum of Twelve quickly published a notice in the Times and Seasons of Strang's excommunication, Strang insisted that the laws of the church prevented excommunication without a trial. He equally asserted that the Twelve had no right to sit in judgment on him, as he was the lawful President of the church. He began to attract several Mormon luminaries to his side, including Smith's brother William Smith (an Apostle in Smith's church), Smith's mother Lucy Mack Smith and William Marks, president of the Nauvoo Stake.

Strang rested his claim to leadership on an ordination by an angel at the very moment Joseph Smith died (similar to the ordination of Smith), requirements that he claimed were set forth in the Doctrine and Covenants that the President had to be appointed by revelation and ordained by angels, and a "Letter of Appointment" from Smith, carrying a legitimate Nauvoo postmark. This letter was dated June 18, 1844, just nine days before Smith's murder. Smith and Strang were some 225 miles (362 km) apart at the time, Strang offered witnesses to affirm that he had made his announcement before news of Smith's demise was publicly available. Strang's letter is held today by Yale University. Every aspect of the letter has been disputed by opposing factions, including the postmark and the signature  however the postmark is genuine and at least one firm (Tyrell and Doud) hired to analyse the document and compare it to Smith's known letters concluded that it was likely to have been authored by Smith. They concluded "A brief observation of these four documents indicates that the education and word usage was consistent with the theory that all four documents were authored by one individual."

There have been several conflicting claims about the authenticity of the letter. One disaffected member of Strang's church claimed to have received a confession from Strang's law partner, C. P. Barnes, that he had fabricated the Letter of Appointment and the Voree Plates. Another member of the Brighamites claimed years after Strang's death to have forged the letter himself and mailed it to Strang as a prank. There are no reliable first hand statements, however, by witnesses or insiders that question the validity of the letter.

Strang's letter convinced several eminent Mormons of his claims, including Book of Mormon witnesses John and David Whitmer, Martin Harris and Hiram Page. In addition Apostles John E. Page, William E. M'Lellin, and William Smith, together with Nauvoo Stake President William Marks, and Bishop George Miller, accepted Strang. Joseph Smith's mother, Lucy Mack Smith, and three of his sisters accepted Strang's claims. According to the Voree Herald, Strang's newspaper, Lucy Smith wrote to one Reuben Hedlock: "I am satisfied that Joseph appointed J.J. Strang. It is verily so." According to Joseph Smith's brother William, all of his family (except for Hyrum and Samuel Smith's widows), endorsed Strang.

Also championing Strang was John C. Bennett, a physician and libertine who had a tumultuous career as Joseph Smith's Assistant President and mayor of Nauvoo. Invited by Strang to join him in Voree, Bennett was instrumental in establishing a so-called "Halcyon Order of the Illuminati" there, with Strang as its "Imperial Primate." Eventually, as in Nauvoo, Bennett fell into disfavor with the church and Strang expelled him in 1847. His "order" fell by the wayside and has no role in Strangism today, though it did lead to conflict between Strang and some of his associates.

From monogamist to polygamist

About 12,000 Latter Day Saints ultimately accepted Strang's claims. A second "Stake of Zion" was established on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan, where Strang moved his church headquarters in 1848. Strang's church had a high turnover rate, with many of his initial adherents, including all of those listed above (with the exception of George Miller, who remained loyal to Strang until death), leaving the church before his demise. John E. Page departed in July 1849, accusing Strang of dictatorial tendencies and concurring with Bennett's furtive "Illuminati" order. Martin Harris had broken with Strang by January 1847, after a failed mission to England. Hiram Page and the Whitmers also left around this time.

Many defections, however, were due to Strang's seemingly abrupt "about-face" on the turbulent subject of polygamy. Vehemently opposed to the practice at first, Strang reversed course in 1849 and became one of its strongest advocates, marrying five wives (including his original spouse, Mary) and fathering fourteen children. Since many of his early disciples viewed him as a monogamous counterweight to Brigham Young's polygamous version of Mormonism, Strang's decision to embrace plural marriage proved costly both to him and his organization. Strang defended his new tenet by claiming that, far from enslaving or demeaning women, polygamy would liberate and "elevate" them by allowing them to choose the best possible mate based upon any factors which were deemed important by them. Rather than being forced to wed "corrupt and degraded sires" due to the scarcity of more suitable men, a woman could marry the man who she believed was most compatible to her, the best candidate to father her children and give her the finest possible life, even if he had multiple wives.

At the time of his death, all four of Strang's current wives were pregnant, and he had four posthumous children.

Strang and his first wife Mary Perce separated in May 1851, though they remained legally married until Strang's death. His second wife, Elvira Eliza Field disguised herself at first as "Charlie J. Douglas," Strang's purported nephew, before revealing her true identity in 1850. Ironically, decades after Strang's death, Strang's fourth wife, Sarah Adelia Wright, divorced her second husband, Dr. Wing, due to Wing's interest in polygamy. Strang's last wife was Phoebe Wright, cousin to Sarah.

Sarah Wright described Strang as "a very mild-spoken, kind man to his family, although his word was law." She wrote that while each wife had her own bedroom, they shared meals and devotional time together with Strang and life in their household was "as pleasant as possible." On the other hand, Strang and Phoebe Wright's daughter, Eugenia, wrote in 1936 that after only eight months of marriage, her mother had "begun to feel dissatisfied with polygamy, though she loved him [Strang] devotedly all her life."

Theological contributions

Publications
Like Joseph Smith, James Strang reported numerous visions, unearthed and translated allegedly ancient metal plates using what he said was the Biblical Urim and Thummim, and claimed to have restored long-lost spiritual knowledge to humankind. Like Smith, he presented witnesses to authenticate the records he claimed to have received. Unlike Smith, however, Strang offered his plates to the public for examination. The non-Mormon Christopher Sholes—inventor of the typewriter and editor of a local newspaper—perused Strang's "Voree Plates", a minuscule brass chronicle Strang said he had been led to by a vision in 1845. Sholes offered no opinion on Strang's find, but described the prophet as "honest and earnest" and opined that his followers ranked "among the most honest and intelligent men in the neighborhood." Strang published his translation of these plates as the "Voree Record," purporting to be the last testament of Rajah Manchou of Vorito, who had lived in the area centuries earlier and wished to leave a brief statement for posterity. Strangites assert that two modern scholars have affirmed that the text on the plates appears to represent a genuine, albeit unknown, language. This assertion has not been verified by independent sources, however. The Voree Plates disappeared around 1900, and their current whereabouts are unknown.

Strang also claimed to have translated a portion of the "Plates of Laban" described in the Book of Mormon. This translation was published in 1851 as the Book of the Law of the Lord, said to be selected from the original Law given to Moses and mentioned in . Republished in 1856, expanded with inspired notes and commentary, this book served as the constitution for Strang's spiritual kingdom on Beaver Island, and is still accepted as scripture by Strangites. One distinctive feature (besides its overtly monarchial tone) is its restoration of a "missing" commandment to the Decalogue: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Strang insisted that versions of the Decalogue found in Bibles used by other churches—including other Latter Day Saint churches—contain only nine commandments, not ten.

Strang received several other revelations, which while never formally added to his church's Doctrine and Covenants, are nevertheless accepted as scripture by his followers. These concerned, among other things, Baptism for the Dead, the building of a temple in Voree, the standing of Sidney Rigdon, and an invitation for Joseph Smith III, eldest son of Joseph Smith, to take a position as Counselor in Strang's First Presidency. "Young Joseph" never accepted this calling and refused to have anything to do with Strang's organization. Strang also authored The Diamond, an attack on the claims of Sidney Rigdon and Brigham Young, and The Prophetic Controversy, ostensibly for Mrs. Martha Coray, co-author with Lucy Mack Smith of The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother. Coray, a partisan of Brigham Young's, had challenged "the vain usurper" to provide convincing evidence of his claims, and Strang obliged in this open letter addressed to her. Coray's reaction has not been preserved.

Distinctive dogmas
Some of Strang's teachings differed substantially from those of other Latter Day Saint leaders, including Joseph Smith. For instance, Strang rejected the traditional Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ, together with the Mormon doctrine of the "plurality of gods." A monotheist, he insisted that there was only one eternal God in all the universe, Father, and that "progression to godhood" (a doctrine allegedly taught by Joseph Smith toward the end of his life) was impossible. God had always been God, said Strang, and He was only one Person, not three persons, according to the doctrine of the traditional Christian Trinity. Jesus Christ was presented as the natural-born son of Mary and Joseph, who was chosen from before all time to be the Savior of mankind but he had to be born as an ordinary mortal from two human parents (rather than being the offspring of either the Father or the Holy Spirit) in order to fulfill his Messianic role. In essence, Strang claimed that the earthly Christ was "adopted" as God's son at birth, and he was fully revealed to be such during the Transfiguration. After proving himself to God by living a perfectly sinless life, he was enabled to provide an acceptable sacrifice for the sins of men, prior to his resurrection and ascension.

Furthermore, Strang denied the belief that God could do all things, and he insisted that some things were as impossible for Him as for us. Thus, he saw no essential conflict between science and religion, and while he never openly championed evolution, he did state that God's ability to use His power was limited by the matter which He was working with and it was also limited by the eons of time which were required to "organize" and shape it. Strang spoke glowingly about a future generation of people who would "make religion a science," to be "studied by as exact rules as mathematicks." "The mouth of the Seer will be opened," he prophesied, "and the whole earth enlightened."

Musing at length on the nature of sin and evil, Strang wrote that of all of the things that God could give to man, He could never give him experience. Thus, if "free agency" was real, said Strang, humanity must be given the opportunity to fail and learn from its own mistakes. The ultimate goal for each human being was to willingly conform oneself to the "revealed character" of God in every respect, preferring to do good rather than preferring to do evil not out of fear of punishment and not out of any desire for rewards, but preferring to do good solely "on account of the innate loveliness of undefiled goodness; of pure unalloyed holiness."

Practices
Strang strongly believed in the sanctity of the seventh-day Sabbath, and he enjoined it in lieu of Sunday; the Strangite church continues to observe this tradition. He advocated baptism for the dead, and practiced it to a limited extent in Voree as well as on Beaver Island. He also introduced animal sacrifice–not as atonement for sin, but as a part of Strangite celebration rituals. Animal sacrifices and baptisms for the dead are not currently practiced by the Strangite organization, but belief in each is still required by it. Strang attempted to construct a temple in Voree, but he was prevented from completing its construction due to the poverty and lack of cooperation which existed among his followers. No "endowment" rituals which are comparable to those in the Utah LDS and the Cutlerite churches appear to have existed among his followers. Eternal marriage formed a part of Strang's teaching, but he did not require it to be performed in a temple (as is the case in the LDS church). Thus, such marriages are still contracted in Strang's church in the absence of any Strangite temple or any "endowment" ceremony. Alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea were all prohibited, just as they were in many other Latter Day Saint denominations. Polygamy is no longer practiced by Strang's followers, but belief in its correctness is still affirmed by them.

Strang allowed women to hold the Priesthood offices of Priest and Teacher, unique among all Latter Day Saint factions during his lifetime. He welcomed African Americans into his church, and he ordained at least two of them to its eldership. Strang also mandated the conservation of land and resources, requiring the building of parks and the retention of large forests in his kingdom. He wrote an eloquent refutation of the "Solomon Spalding theory" of the Book of Mormon's authorship, and defended the ministry and teachings of Joseph Smith.

Coronation and troubled reign on Beaver Island
Strang claimed that he was required to occupy the office of king as it is described in the Book of the Law of the Lord. He insisted that this authority was incumbent upon all holders of the prophetic office from the beginning of time, in similar fashion to Smith, who was secretly crowned as "king" of the Kingdom of God before his murder. Strang was accordingly crowned in 1850 by his counselor and Prime Minister, George J. Adams. About 300 people witnessed his coronation, for which he wore a bright red flannel robe which was topped by a white collar with black speckles. His crown was made of tin, rather than gold, and it is described in one account as being "a shiny metal ring with a cluster of glass stars in the front." Strang also sported a breastplate and carried a wooden scepter. His reign lasted six years, and the date of his coronation, July 8, is still mandated as one of the two most important dates in the Strangite church year (the other being April 6, the anniversary of the founding of Joseph Smith's church).

Strang never claimed to be the king of Beaver Island itself, nor did he claim to be the king of any other geographical entity. Instead, he claimed to be king of his church, which he considered the true "Kingdom of God" which was prophesied in Scripture and destined to spread itself over all the earth. Nor did Strang ever say that his "kingdom" supplanted United States sovereignty over Beaver Island. However, since his sect was the main religious body on the isle, claiming the allegiance of most of its inhabitants, Strang often asserted his authority on Beaver, even over non-Strangites—a practice which ultimately caused him and his followers a great deal of grief. Furthermore, he and many of his disciples were accused of forcibly appropriating property and revenue on the island, a practice which earned him few friends among the non-Mormon "gentiles."

On the other hand, Strang and his people lived in apprehension of what their non-member neighbors might do next. Some Strangites were beaten up while they were going to the post office in order to collect their mail, and some of their homes were robbed and even seized by "gentiles" while Strangite men were away. On July 4, 1850, a drunken mob of fishermen vowed to kill the "Mormons" or drive them out, only to be awed into submission when Strang fired a cannon (which he had secretly acquired) at them. Competition for business and jobs added to tensions on the island, as did the increasing Strangite monopoly on local government, made sure after Beaver and adjacent islands were first attached to Emmet County in 1853, then later organized into their own insular county of Manitou in 1855.

As a result of his coronation, along with lurid tales which were being spread by George Adams (who had been excommunicated by Strang a few months after the ceremony), Strang was accused of treason, counterfeiting, trespassing on government land, and theft, along with other crimes. He was brought to trial in Detroit, Michigan, after President Millard Fillmore ordered US District Attorney George Bates to investigate the rumors about Strang and his colony. Strang's successful trial defense brought him considerable favorable press, which he used as leverage when he ran for, and won, a seat on the Michigan state legislature as a Democrat in 1853. Facing a determined effort to deny him this seat due to the hostility of his enemies, he was permitted to address the legislature in his defense, after which the Michigan House of Representatives voted twice (first unanimously, then a second time by a 49–11 margin) to allow "King Strang" to join them.

In the 1853 legislative session, Strang introduced ten bills, five of which passed. The Detroit Advertiser, on February 10, 1853, wrote of Strang: "Mr. Strang's course as a member of the present Legislature, has disarmed much of the prejudices which have previously surrounded him. Whatever may be said or thought of the peculiar sect of which he is the local head, I take pleasure in stating that throughout this session he has conducted himself with the degree of decorum and propriety which have been equaled by his industry, sagacity, good temper, apparent regard for the true interests of the people, and the obligations of his official oath." He was reelected in 1855, and did much to organize the upper portion of Michigan's lower peninsula into counties and townships. Strang ardently fought the illegal practice of trading liquor to local Native American tribes due to the common practice of selling them diluted liquor mixed with various contaminants at a high price. This made him many enemies among those non-Strangite residents of Beaver and nearby Mackinac Island who profited mightily from this illicit trade.

Assassination
As with Joseph Smith before him, James Strang had problems with excommunicated or disaffected members who often became anti-Mormons and/or even conspired against him. One of the latter, Thomas Bedford, who had been flogged for engaging in adultery with another member's wife, blamed Strang for the flogging and sought revenge. Another, Dr. H.D. McCulloch, had been excommunicated for drunkenness and other alleged misdeeds, after previously enjoying Strang's favor and several high offices in local government. These men conspired against Strang along with the Mormons' enemies who were living in Mackinac, two of whom were Alexander Wentworth and Dr. J. Atkyn. Pistols were procured, and the four conspirators began several days of target practice while they finalized the details of their murderous plan.

Although Strang apparently knew that Bedford and the others were gunning for him, he openly challenged them in his newspaper, The Northern Islander, writing, "We laugh with bitter scorn at all these threats," just days before his murder. Strang refused to employ a bodyguard or carry a firearm or any other type of weapon.

On Monday, June 16, 1856, Strang was waylaid around 7:00 PM on the dock at the harbor of St. James, the chief city on Beaver Island, by Wentworth and Bedford, who shot him in the back. All of this was carried out in full view of several officers and men who were stationed on the , a US Naval vessel which was docked in the harbor. Nobody aboard the ship made any effort to either warn or aid the intended victim.

Strang was hit three times: one bullet grazed his head, another bullet lodged in his cheek and a third bullet lodged in his spine, paralyzing him from the waist down. One of the assassins then savagely pistol-whipped the victim before running aboard the nearby vessel with his companion, where both claimed sanctuary. Some accused Captain McBlair of the Michigan of being complicit in, or at least of having foreknowledge of, the assassination plot, though no hard evidence to support their accusation was ever forthcoming. The "King of Beaver Island" was taken to Voree, where he lived for three weeks, dying on July 9, 1856, at the age of 43. After refusing to deliver Bedford and Wentworth to the local sheriff, McBlair transported them to Mackinac Island, where they were given a mock trial, fined $1.25, released, and then feted by the locals. None of the plotters was ever punished for his crimes.

Death of a kingdom
While Strang lingered on his deathbed in Voree, his enemies in Michigan were determined to extinguish his Beaver Island kingdom. On July 5, 1856, on what Michigan historian Byron M. Cutcheon later called "the most disgraceful day in Michigan's history," a drunken mob of "gentiles" from Mackinac and elsewhere descended upon the island and forcibly evicted every Strangite from it. Strang's subjects on the island—approximately 2,600 persons—were herded onto hastily commandeered steamers, most after being robbed of their money and other personal possessions, and unceremoniously dumped onto docks along the shores of Lake Michigan. A few of them moved back to Voree, while the rest scattered across the country.

Strang refused to appoint a successor, telling his apostles to take care of their families as best they could, and await divine instruction. While his supporters endeavored to keep his church alive, Strang's unique dogma which required his successor to be ordained by angels made his church unappealing to Latter Day Saints who were expecting to be led by a prophet. Lorenzo Dow Hickey, the last of Strang's apostles, emerged as an ad-hoc leader until his death in 1897, followed by Wingfield W. Watson, a High Priest in Strang's organization (until he died in 1922). However, neither of these men ever claimed Strang's office or authority.

Left without a prophet to guide them, most of Strang's followers (including all of his wives) departed from his church in the years after his murder. Most of them later joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which was established in 1860. However, a few Latter Day Saints continue to carry on Strang's mission. Strang's last and most important revelation, The Book of the Law of the Lord states that a prophet president is "...only necessary for the establishment of the rest of God, and bringing everlasting righteousness on earth. A lesser degree of the Priesthood has frequently stood at the head of the people of God on earth" (p. 251). Consequently, instead of believing that Strang's demise and his refusal to appoint a successor are failures, they believe that they are maintaining the pure faith and awaiting the appearance of a new successor who will take the place of their fallen founders. They believe that their position is bolstered by revelations which were given by Smith and Strang in which they stated that the condemnation of the church is prophetic and a sign of general apostasy.

Today, there are several groups and individual Strangite disciples who operate autonomously. One of these groups is a corporate church which is led by a Presiding High Priest, Bill Shepard, who claims that he does not have Joseph Smith or James Strang's authority or priesthood office. Another group, which is led by Samuel West, claims that the first faction is in error, and it also claims that by incorporating in 1961, it lost its identity as a faithful continuation of Strang's organization. This second group claims that it is the sole true remnant of James Strang's church. Missionary work is no longer emphasized by Strangites (as it is by the LDS and many other Latter Day Saint sects), because they tend to believe that after the murder of three prophets (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith and James Strang) God closed His dispensation to the "gentiles" of the West. Consequently, Strang's church has continued to dwindle until the present day. The current membership of the corporate church comprises around 300 persons, while the Samuel West group claims to have several thousand members in the US and Africa.

While proving to be a key player in the 1844 succession struggle, Strang's long-term influence on the Latter Day Saint movement was minimal. His doctrinal innovations had little impact outside his church, and he was largely ignored until recent historians began to reexamine his life and career. Even the county (Manitou) which he had fought to establish was abolished by the Michigan legislature in 1895, removing the last tangible remnant of Strang's temporal empire. Of all of his efforts, Strang's most vital (albeit unintended) one was his contribution to the Latter Day Saint religion which turned out to provide some of the impetus behind the creation of the Reorganized Church, which became a major rival of the Utah-based LDS Church and other Latter Day Saint groups—including his own.

See also
 List of homicides in Michigan
List of assassinated American politicians

Footnotes

Citations

References
Fitzpatrick, Doyle C. (1970). The King Strang Story: A Vindication of James J, Strang, the Beaver Island Mormon King. National Heritage. .
Foster, Lawrence (1981). "James J. Strang: The Prophet Who Failed". Church History, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 182–192.
Jensen, Robin Scott (2005). "Gleaning the Harvest: Strangite Missionary Work, 1846–1850". BYU Thesis. Retrieved on 2016-02-09.

Palmer, Grant H. (2002). An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Signature Books. . Excerpt at SignatureBooks.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
Quinn, D. Michael (1994). The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. .
Silitto, John and Staker, Susan (eds.). (2002). Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters. Signature Books. .
Speek, Vickie Cleverley, (2006). God Has Made Us a Kingdom: James Strang and the Midwest Mormons. Signature Books. .
Strang, Mark (1961). The Diary of James J. Strang: Deciphered, Transcribed, Introduced, and Annotated. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Strang, James J. (1854a, Reprinted 2005). Ancient and modern Michilimackinac, including an account of the controversy between Mackinac and the Mormons. Reprint by the University of Michigan Library. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
Strang, James J. (1848). The Diamond: Being the Law of Prophetic Succession and a Defense of the Calling of James J. Strang as Successor to Joseph Smith. Voree, Wisconsin. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
Strang, James J. (1854b). The Prophetic Controversy: A Letter from James Strang to Mrs. Corey. St. James, Michigan. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
Strang, James J. (1856). Book of the Law of the Lord, Being a Translation From the Egyptian of the Law Given to Moses in Sinai. St. James: Royal Press. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
van Noord, Roger (1988). King of Beaver Island: The Life and Assassination of James Jesse Strang. University of Illinois Press. .

External links

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) Official website of the Strangite Church.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Official website of the other Strangite group.
Strangite Mormon Beliefs Another Strangite website containing extensive material on his life, death and teachings.
Book of the Law of the Lord Edition of 1856, containing Strang's extensive notes (which do not appear in the original 1851 edition).
Revelations of James J. Strang Website containing texts of several revelations issued by James J. Strang.
James J. Strang newspapers Excellent site containing reprints of Strangite newspapers, including the Northern Islander.
Assassination of a Michigan King Allows purchase of Strang biography of this title by Roger Van Noord.
An account of Dr. J. Atkyn, Strang's photographer and later one of his assassins
Society for Strang Studies Website of non-sectarian group dedicated to studying Strang's life and work.
Michigan History: Moore, Charles. History of Michigan. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1915. Vol. 1, pp. 374–376. Briefly mentions Strang as part of a larger collection on important Michigan figures.
Clarke Historical Library: Strangite Mormons – Brief biography from Central Michigan University, which has a collection of letters and diaries written by Strang and his followers.
Articles about Wingfield Watson and James Strang, Wisconsin State Historical Society
A True History of the Rise of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, of the Restoration of the Holy Priesthood and the Late Discovery of Ancient American Records; MSS SC 756; 20th Century Western and Mormon Manuscripts; L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.
James Jesse Strang Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1813 births
1856 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century Christian mystics
1850s assassinated politicians
American Latter Day Saint leaders
American city founders
American monarchists
Assassinated American politicians
Assassinated religious leaders
Burials in Wisconsin
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) members
Crimes in Michigan
Deaths by firearm in Michigan
Deaths by firearm in Wisconsin
Democratic Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus
Editors of Michigan newspapers
Editors of New York (state) newspapers
Founders of new religious movements
Latter Day Saint leaders
Latter Day Saint martyrs
Latter Day Saints from Michigan
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Wisconsin
Michigan lawyers
Mormon mystics
Mormonism and polygamy
Mormonism and violence
New York (state) lawyers
People from Charlevoix County, Michigan
People from Hancock County, Illinois
People from Scipio, New York
People from Spring Prairie, Wisconsin
People murdered in Michigan
Prophets in Mormonism
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
Self-proclaimed monarchy
Theocrats
Victims of religiously motivated violence in the United States
Wisconsin lawyers
19th-century American newspaper editors
New York (state) postmasters
Assassinated subnational legislators

James Strang


Place-d'Armes ist eine U-Bahn-Station in Montreal. Sie befindet sich im Arrondissement Ville-Marie, an der Kreuzung von Rue Saint-Urbain und Avenue Viger. Hier verkehren Züge der orangen Linie 2. Im Jahr 2019 nutzten 6.986.287 Fahrgäste die Station, was dem 11. Rang unter den insgesamt 68 Stationen der Metro Montreal entspricht.

Bauwerk

Die von J. Warunkiewicz entworfene Station liegt am Rande der Montrealer Altstadt. Ihre Verteilerebene befindet sich unter dem Palais des congrès de Montréal. Der westliche Ausgang führt direkt ins Erdgeschoss dieses Kongresszentrums, der östliche ins Freie. 4,6 Meter unter der Erdoberfläche liegt die in offener Bauweise entstandene Bahnsteigebene mit zwei Seitenbahnsteigen. Die Entfernungen zu den benachbarten Stationen, jeweils von Stationsende zu Stationsanfang gemessen, betragen 356,60 Meter bis Square-Victoria–OACI und 370,60 Meter bis Champ-de-Mars.

Es bestehen Anschlüsse zu zwei Buslinien und drei Nachtbuslinien der Société de transport de Montréal. Die Station Place-d'Armes ist in die weitläufige Montrealer Untergrundstadt integriert. Fußgängertunnel führen zum Complexe Guy-Favreau (Verwaltungszentrum der kanadischen Bundesregierung) und zum Wolkenkratzer Complexe Desjardins. Ebenfalls unterirdisch zu Fuß erreichbar sind die Metrostationen Square-Victoria–OACI und Place-des-Arts. Zu den Sehenswürdigkeiten in der Nähe gehören die Basilika Notre-Dame de Montréal, die Place d'Armes mit dem Maisonneuve-Denkmal, das Vieux Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice und die Chinatown.

Kunst
Der Stationsbereich ist eher schmucklos, sieht man von den Wandplatten aus gewelltem rostfreiem Stahl ab. Künstlerisch gestaltet ist hingegen der Verbindungstunnel in Richtung der Metrostation Place-des-Arts. Christian Kiopini gestaltete 2002/03 die Wände mit Sperrholzplatten, Glas und Acryl. Es handelt sich um drei Flächen, die durch ihre Farben und die geologische Formation, an die sie erinnern, miteinander in Verbindung stehen. Chambre secrète ("geheime Kammer") am westlichen Ende bezieht die Tür zum Tresorraum einer ehemaligen Bank mit ein. Darauf reflektiert das Licht des mittleren Werks Contreforts ("Vorgebirge"). Inmitten einer Rotunde steht Rayons ("Strahlen"), dessen Linien zu einem Kegel zusammenlaufen, der auf einen imaginären Punkt an der Oberfläche zeigt.

Geschichte
Die Eröffnung der Station erfolgte am 14. Oktober 1966, zusammen mit dem Teilstück in Richtung Henri-Bourassa. Place-d'Armes gehört zum Grundnetz der Metro und war für einige Monate Endstation der orangen Linie. Diese wurde am 6. Februar 1967 südwestwärts nach Square-Victoria–OACI verlängert, eine Woche später nach Bonaventure. Namensgeber der Station ist der rund 250 Meter südöstlich gelegene Place d'Armes, der ehemalige Montrealer Paradeplatz.

Weblinks

 Seite der STM über die Station Place-d'Armes (französisch)
 Detaillierte Informationen zur Station Place-d'Armes (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Station der Metro Montreal
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren

Place-d’Armes (Metro Montreal)


The NCAA Division III women's basketball championship is the annual tournament to determine the national champions of women's NCAA Division III collegiate basketball in the United States. It was held annually from 1982, when the NCAA began to sponsor women's sports at all three levels, through 2019. No championship was held in 2020 or 2021 due to COVID-19 issues.

Washington University in St. Louis is the most successful program with five national titles. The most recent champion is Transylvania.

History

1982 Final Four
Held in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, the 1982 Women's Final Four Basketball Tournament was the first sponsored by the NCAA.  Featuring host Elizabethtown College, Clark University (Massachusetts), Pomona College  and the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, the tournament was played in a classic field house over a three-day period.  In the first game of the National Semi-Final Elizabethtown took control right from the tip-off against Clark and easily cruised to a 71–51 victory.  In the second game of the Final Four Pomona took the lead early in the game, but UNC Greensboro battled back to tie the game at 56 with six minutes to play. UNC Greensboro then went on a run and pulled away for a 77–66 win.  Elizabethtown and UNC Greensboro turned the championship game into an epic battle of lead changes and shifts in momentum.  Last second heroics by UNC Greensboro sent the game into overtime, but Elizabethtown came up with the final stop in overtime to win 67–66 in overtime.  Television coverage was provided by a fledgling ESPN while exclusive radio coverage was provided by KSPC Radio - Pomona College's tiny KSPC sports broadcasting group with Geoff Willis (Pomona '83) and James Timmerman (Pomona '82) providing the play by play and color.  ESPN was so embryonic that the game was broadcast multiple times during the following two weeks and ESPN hired the KSPC Radio staff to help with background and color research about the players and the teams.

Results

Championships

 Schools in italics no longer compete in NCAA Division III.

Final Fours
Schools in italics no longer compete in NCAA Division III.

See also
 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament
 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
 NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament
 NAIA Women's Basketball Championships
 NAIA Division II Women's Basketball Championship

Footnotes

References

External links
 D3 Hoops.com Womens' Tourney History
 Attendance history (Archived)
 Division III Women's Basketball Championships Records Books (Through 2021) (Archived)

Recurring sporting events established in 1982

NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament


මාලිගාවත්ත යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, කොළඹ පිහිටි, නගරෝපාන්තයකි. කොළඹ ප්‍රදේශයෙහි කේන්ද්‍රය වූ, කොළඹ කොටුවෙහි සිට  දළවශයෙන් කිලෝමීටර 3 ක් ඊසාන දෙසින් මාලිගාවත්ත පිහිටා ඇත. මාලිගාවත්ත නම් මෙම නාමයෙහි   සිංහල භාෂාමය අර්ථය 'මාලිගාවේ උද්‍යානය' යන්නයි.

ආර්. ප්‍රේමදාස ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාංගණය පිහිටා තිබෙන්නේ මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ඛෙත්තාරාම පාරෙහිය.

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ

මාලිගාවත්ත


Zita Šličytė (* 7. August 1943 in Skuodas) ist eine litauische Juristin, Rechtsanwältin und Politikerin von Klaipėda.

Leben
1967 absolvierte Šličytė das Diplomstudium der Rechtswissenschaft an der Vilniaus universitetas und 1979 promovierte zum Thema "Verwenden der viktimologischen Daten in der Tätigkeit des Rechtsanwalts im sowjetischen Strafprozess" (lit. Viktimologinių duomenų panaudojimas advokato veikloje tarybiniame baudžiamajame procese).

Von 1961 bis 1963 war sie Korrespondentin der Rajongemeinde Tauragė und seit 1968 ist sie Rechtsanwältin.
Von 1990 bis 1992 und von 1992 bis 1996 war sie Mitglied des Seimas und danach arbeitet sie als Anwältin in Klaipėda und lehrt an zwei Hochschulen der Stadt. Von 2011 bis 2015 ist sie Mitglied im Rat der Stadtgemeinde Klaipėda (bei Tėvynės sąjunga - Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai).

Šličytė hat zwei Töchter, Daiva und Milda.

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Ausschusses für nationale Sicherheit und Verteidigung (Litauen)
Politiker (Klaipėda)
Hochschullehrer (Klaipėda)
Rechtsanwalt (Litauen)
Mitglied des Seimas (Sąjūdis)
Viktimologe
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Person (Rajongemeinde Skuodas)
Sowjetbürger
Litauer
Geboren 1943
Frau

Zita Šličytė


Takao may refer to:

Geography
 Mount Takao, a mountain in Tokyo, Japan
 Mount Takao, a mountain in Kyoto, Japan, location of the Jingo-ji temple
 Takao, the Japanese name for Kaohsiung, a municipality in Taiwan
 Takao Prefecture, an administrative division of Taiwan during the Japanese rule

Ships

Other uses
 Takao (name), Japanese given name and surname (including a list of people with the name)
 Takao, the given name of the character Tyson Granger in the original Japanese version of the Beyblade manga series
 Takao (wrestler), is a Canadian professional wrestler

See also
 Takao Station (disambiguation)
 高雄 (disambiguation)

Takao


Der Guiting-guiting ist der höchste Gipfel der philippinischen Provinz Romblon. Er erreicht eine Höhe von  und liegt im Zentrum der Insel Sibuyan, die auch als Perle der Sibuyan-See bekannt ist. Der Name Guiting-guiting bedeutet in der Sprache der Einheimischen Sägezahn. Die erste dokumentierte Besteigung fand erst im Mai 1982 statt.

Der Gipfel des Guiting-guiting liegt an dem Punkt, an dem die Grenzen der Gemeinden Cajidiocan, Magdiwang und San Fernando zusammentreffen. Das gesamte Inselgebirge, in dem der Guiting-guiting liegt, steht seit der Einrichtung des Mount Guiting-guiting Natural Parks im Jahre 1996 unter Naturschutz.

Weblinks
 Der Guiting-guiting auf Pinoymountaineer.com

Berg in Asien
Berg auf den Philippinen
Provinz Romblon

en:Mount Guiting-Guiting

Guiting-guiting


Yamamoto Tsunetomo (山本常朝; 11 Haziran 1659 Saga- 30 Kasım 1719 Saga) Japon samuray.

Yamamoto Tsunetomo, 18. yüzyılda, efendisi Mitsushige Nabeshima'nın buyruğu altında Japonya'da yaşamış bir samuraydır. Efendisinin ölümünden sonra her samuray gibi tsuifuku yapmak istemiş fakat efendisi bunu ölmeden önce yasakladığı ve kendisi de efendisiyle aynı kaderi paylaşmaktansa onun vasiyetini yerine getirmenin daha doğru olacağını düşündüğü için bundan vazgeçmiştir. Zaten bir yıl sonra da samurayların tsuifuku yapması shogunluk tarafından da yasaklanmıştır. Efendisinin ölümünden sonra samuraylığı bırakan Yamamoto eşiyle beraber yarı-inzivaya çekilmiş ve saçlarını kazıtarak Budist rahibi olmak üzere bir kulübede yaşamaya başlamıştır.

Bu dönemde kendisini ziyaret eden genç bir samurayla, samuraylık ve felsefesi üzerine yaptığı sohbetler genç samuray tarafından not edilerek ölümünden yaklaşık üç yıl önce derlenerek Hagakure adıyla kitaplaştırılmıştır.

Yamamoto Tsunetomo yaklaşık 20 yıl samuraylık yapmasına rağmen hiçbir savaşa katılmamıştır. Hagakure'de anlattığı düşünceleriyse neredeyse yüzyıl öncesine ait düşüncelerdi ve Japon düşünce tarihine belirgin bir etki yaptıkları söylenemez.

Kaynakça

1659 doğumlular
1719 yılında ölenler
Samuraylar
Kurgusal olmayan eserler veren Japon yazarlar
Askerî yazarlar

Yamamoto Tsunetomo


Hayfield est une ville américaine située dans le Comté de Dodge, dans le Minnesota. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Minnesota
Comté de Dodge (Minnesota)

Hayfield (Minnesota)


En royaume de Prusse, le ministre de la Maison royale est responsable de l'administration des domaines de la couronne et de la protection des autres droits royaux.

Statut juridique de l'État
Le ministère de la Chambre fait officiellement partie du  jusqu'à la révolution de mars. En raison de sa tâche particulière, les titulaires respectifs assistent rarement aux réunions du gouvernement. Après 1848, le ministre de la Chambre est officiellement une autorité judiciaire liée au bureau du trésorier en chef. Il ne fait plus partie du ministère d'État prussien.

Tâches
Les entités subordonnées au ministère sont , entre autres, le bureau du héraut, les archives de la Maison royale, l'administration des biens familiaux et le fidéicommis de la famille. En plus du cabinet secret, il est également utilisé pour traiter les questions de clémence et est chargé d'exécuter les ordres royaux qui ne sont pas de la responsabilité du gouvernement.

Ministres de la Maison royale

Bureau
Pendant longtemps, le ministre réside au château de Berlin, l'administration est temporairement répartie entre d'autres propriétés royales ou autres. Avec le , acheté en 1858, le ministère se dote pour la première fois d'un bâtiment administratif d'un seul tenant.

Références

Ministre prussien

Ministre prussien de la Maison royale


William Cornysh the Younger (also spelled Cornyshe or Cornish) (1465 – October 1523) was an English composer, dramatist, actor, and poet.

Life
In his only surviving poem, which was written in Fleet Prison, he claims that he has been convicted by false information and thus wrongly accused, though it is not known what the accusation was. He may not be the composer of the music found in the Eton Choirbook, which may alternatively be by his father, also named William Cornysh, who died c. 1502. The younger Cornysh had a prestigious employment at court, as Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal; and being responsible for the musical and dramatic entertainments at court and during important diplomatic events such as at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520; and visits to and from the courts of France and the Holy Roman Empire, which he fulfilled until his death. He died in 1523, his birth date unknown.

Musical works
The Eton Choirbook (compiled c. 1490–1502) contains several works by Cornysh: Salve Regina (found in several other sources as well), Stabat mater, Ave Maria mater Dei, Gaude virgo mater Christi, and a lost Gaude flore virginali. The Caius Choirbook (c. 1518–1520) contains a Magnificat. Other sources refer to lost works: three Masses, another Stabat mater, another Magnificat, Altissimi potentia, and Ad te purissima virgo. He also produced secular vocal music and the notable English sacred anthem Woefully arrayed. There is also an extended and somewhat erudite three-part instrumental work based on steps of the hexachord and its mutations, Fa la sol, and another untitled piece. These secular works are found in the so-called Fayrfax Book (copied in 1501).

If all the earlier sacred music is by the same Cornysh (junior) as the secular music then he was a composer of some breadth, although not without parallel. The works by "Browne" in the Fayrfax Book display a similar difference in style to those by the John Browne of the Eton Choirbook, but are probably the same composer nonetheless. The occurrence of Cornysh's Magnificat (in the same style as the Eton works) falls nearly two decades after the death of the older Cornysh, and thus is far more likely the work of the younger Cornysh, by then by far one of the country's most important musicians. Furthermore, the works by Cornysh in the Eton Choirbook seem to be amongst the most "modern" in that collection. While they do not pursue the simplifying approach of Fayrfax (an almost exact contemporary of Cornysh junior, and fellow at Court and Chapel), and remain in a more old-fashioned florid melodic style, they adopt proto-madrigalian manners (for example in the setting of words like "clamorosa", "crucifige" and "debellandum" in the Stabat mater) and have a particularly developed sense of tonal movement (for example, in the Stabat mater, the closing "Amen" features deliberate use of F sharps as leading notes to give a sense of tonal cadence into G, or employing E flats at "Sathanam" to give a tonal cadence onto B flat, emphasizing the "strong" nature of the text at that moment, employing the bass-movement V-I), as well as adopting a more modern sense of the expressive appoggiatura in melodic shapes and in bringing out the stresses of the Latin by such devices (for example, again the Stabat mater, the use of appoggiaturas in the Bassus part to express "ContriSTANtem et doLENtem" in the first few measures, and again at "Contemplari doLENtem cum filio?"), and the use of purely rhetorical gestures (such as the exclamation "O" by full choir in the middle of the soloists' section starting the Stabat mater). It is not impossible to see in these mannerisms the work of a great dramatist.

The works of John Browne are given pride of place in the Eton manuscript. It seems that in the examples given above that Cornysh may have been emulating Browne (his own Stabat mater features a celebrated madrigalian setting of "crucifige", and his O Maria salvatoris Mater features the exclamation "En" (="Oh") in a similar way to Cornysh's interjection in his Stabat mater).

Thus it seems that the Eton Cornysh was writing after Browne, and this would place his work amongst the later ones of the Eton Choirbook: additionally the approaches do not seem to be those of an older man, being much more suggestive of a young and original composer. The traditional ascription of all the works to Cornysh junior is the one more generally accepted. However, the possibility that the Eton works are the works of a generation earlier remains, and has interesting implications if true.

The musicologist David Skinner, in the booklet to The Cardinall's Musick's CD Latin Church Music, puts forward the proposition that the pre-Reformation Latin church music (including the works in the Eton manuscript) was composed by the father, whilst the son is the composer of the pieces in English and the courtly songs.

References

Further reading
Scholes, Percy (1970) The Oxford Companion to Music; 10th ed. Oxford University Press; pp. 259

External links

1465 births
1523 deaths
Renaissance composers
English classical composers
16th-century English composers
15th-century musicians
16th-century English musicians
16th-century English male actors
English male stage actors
15th-century English poets
16th-century English poets
15th-century dramatists and playwrights
16th-century English dramatists and playwrights
15th-century English writers
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male poets
English male classical composers
Masters of the Children of the Chapel Royal

William Cornysh


Dolgu flaş (fotoğrafçılık), Konuyu aydınlatmak ya da gölgelerini doldurmak amacıyla ana ışık kaynağına ilave olarak kullanılan flaş.

Fotoğrafçılık terimleri

Dolgu flaş


Stapedectomy is a surgical procedure in which the stapes bone is removed from the middle ear and replaced with a prosthesis.

If the stapes footplate is fixed in position, rather than being normally mobile, the result is a conductive hearing loss. There are two major causes of stapes fixation. The first is a disease process of abnormal mineralization of the temporal bone called otosclerosis. The second is a congenital malformation of the stapes.

In both of these situations, it is possible to improve hearing by removing the stapes bone and replacing it with a micro prosthesis –  creating a small hole in the fixed stapes footplate and inserting a tiny, piston-like prosthesis. The results of this surgery are generally most reliable in patients whose stapes has lost mobility because of otosclerosis. Nine out of ten patients who undergo the procedure will come out with significantly improved hearing while less than 1% will experience worsened hearing acuity or deafness. Successful surgery usually provides an increase in hearing acuity of about 20 dB. However, most of the published results of success fall within the speech frequency of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz; poorer results are typically obtained in the high frequencies, but these are normally less hampered by otosclerosis in the first place.

Stapedectomy process and results
Stapedectomy has success rates ranging from 80% to 95%.

Stapedectomy closes what is called the "air bone gap" very efficiently, meaning it restores efficient conduction of sound coming through the air close to the level of the best ability of the nerve cells to perceive the sound.

It takes 30 minutes to 90 minutes depending on skills and experience of the surgeon and the presence of difficult or easy anatomical access to the stapes.

Stapedectomy is performed under either local or general anesthesia depending on the preference of the surgeon.

Most surgeons do not make any skin incisions, especially when the surgery is performed with an endoscope. However, sometimes the ear canal is so small that an incision is needed.

Indications
Indications of stapedectomy:
 Conductive hearing loss (due to fixation of stapes).
 Air bone gap of at least 30 dB.
 Presence of Carhart's notch in the audiogram of a patient with conductive hearing loss (relative)
 Good cochlear reserve as assessed by the presence of good speech discrimination.

Contraindications
Contraindications for stapedectomy:
 Poor general condition of the patient.
 Only hearing ear.
 Poor cochlear reserve as shown by poor speech discrimination scores
 Patient with tinnitus and vertigo
 Presence of active otosclerotic foci (otospongiosis) as evidenced by a positive flemmingo sign.
 Conductive deafness due to Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS)

Complications
Complications of stapedectomy:
 Facial palsy
 Vertigo in the immediate post op period
 Vomiting
 Perilymph gush
 Floating foot plate
 Tympanic membrane tear
 Dead labyrinth
 Perilymph fistula
 Labyrinthitis
 Granuloma (Reparative)
 Tinnitus
When a stapedectomy is done in a middle ear with a congenitally fixed footplate, the results may be excellent but the risk of hearing damage is greater than when the stapes bone is removed and replaced (for otosclerosis). This is primarily due to the risk of additional anomalies being present in the congenitally abnormal ear. If high pressure within the fluid compartment that lies just below the stapes footplate exists, then a perilymphatic gusher may occur when the stapes is removed. Even without immediate complications during surgery, there is always concern of a perilymph fistula forming postoperatively.

In 1995, Glasscock et al. published a 25-year single-centre review of over 900 patients who underwent stapedectomy and stapedotomy and found complications rates as follows:  reparative granuloma 1.3%, tympanic membrane perforation 1.0%, total sensorineural hearing loss 0.6%, partial sensorineural hearing loss 0.3%, and vertigo 0.3%.  In this series, there was no incidence of facial nerve paralysis or tinnitus.

Stapedotomy
A modified stapes operation, called a stapedotomy, is thought by many otologic surgeons to be safer and reduce the chances of postoperative complications. In stapedotomy, instead of removing the whole stapes footplate, a tiny hole is made in the footplate – either with a microdrill or with a laser, and a prosthesis is placed to touch this area, oval window. This procedure can be further improved by the use of a tissue graft seal of the fenestra, which is now common practice.

Laser stapedotomy is a well-established surgical technique for treating conductive hearing loss due to otosclerosis. The procedure creates a tiny opening in the stapes (the smallest bone in the human body) in which to secure a prosthetic. The CO2 laser allows the surgeon to create very small, precisely placed holes without increasing the temperature of the inner ear fluid by more than one degree, whilst decreasing the risk of footplate fracture, making this an extremely safe surgical solution. The hole diameter can be predetermined according to the prosthesis diameter. Treatment can be completed in a single operation visit using anesthesia, normally followed by one or two nights' hospitalization with subsequent at-home recovery time a matter of days or weeks.

Stapedectomy vs. stapedotomy
Comparisons have shown stapedotomy to yield either as good or better results than stapedectomy (measured by hearing improvement and reduction in the air-bone hearing gap, and especially at higher sound frequencies), and to be less prone to complications. In particular, stapedotomy procedure greatly reduces the chance of a perilymph fistula (leakage of cochlear fluid).

Stapedotomy, like stapedectomy, can be successful in the presence of sclerotic adhesions (tissue growths abnormally linking the bones to the tympanic cavity), provided the adhesions are removed during surgery. However, the adhesions may recur over time. The stapedotomy method is not applicable in those relatively rare cases that involve sclerosis of the entire ossicular chain.

Because it is a simpler and safer procedure, stapedotomy is normally preferred to stapedectomy in the absence of predictable complications. However, the success rate of either surgery depends greatly on the skill and the familiarity with the procedure of the surgeon. Furthermore, a major success factor in both surgeries is correctly determining the length of the prosthesis.

Endoscopic Stapedotomy
In 1999, Professor Tarabichi described his experience with stapedotomy performed using the endoscope without the need for bone removal or skin incision (endaural approach).  Since then, endoscopic stapedotomy has been gaining popularity especially amongst younger endoscopically trained surgerons. It allows for better view of the footplate of the stapes without the need to remove bone which is very common when doing the procedure with microscope. Professor Patel and his Australian team published a relatively large cohort of patients undergoing endoscopic stapedotomy procesure with closure of air-bone gape within 20 dB in 98.6%.

History
The world's first stapedectomy is credited to Dr. John J.Shea Jr. who performed it in May 1956 on a 54-year-old housewife who could no longer hear even with a hearing aid. Significant contributions to modern stapedectomy techniques were then made by the late Dr. Antonio De La Cruz of the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles; by the late Professor Henri André Martin of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot in Lyon, France, including calibrated platinotomy (stapes footplate rather than whole surgery) and trans-footplate piston surgery that also paved the way for modern stapedotomy; and by the late Dr. Jean-René Causse of the eponymous clinic in Béziers, France, who pioneered the use of Teflon piston prostheses (also critical progress for stapedotomy) and, with his late son Dr. Jean-Bernard Causse, the reattachment of the stapedius muscle alongside the use of veinous grafts. in 1999, Professor Tarabichi of the Tarabichi Stammberger Ear and Sinus Institute, reported his experience performing the surgery using endoscope which lessens the need to remove bone to obtain access to the stapes.

Anatomy gallery

See also
 List of surgeries by type

Footnotes

External links
 The LION Foundation's Live International Otolaryngology Network offers annual symposia geared for continuing education of practicing surgeons, and subsequently available via streaming internet.
 Overview of Otosclerosis and Stapedectomy
  - details of the procedure with pictures
 Amanda Jenner, Lynne Shields PhD ccc-slp "Speech and Language Issues"
 M. Hawthorne, FRCS-ENT Surgeon. "Hearing Impairment and EDS"

Ear surgery
Ear procedures

Stapedectomy


BrancheFællesskaberne for Arbejdsmiljø (BFA) (tidl. BrancheArbejdsmiljøRådene) er en aktør på arbejdsmiljøområdet på det danske arbejdsmarked.
I BFA samarbejder arbejdstager- og arbejdsgiverorganisationer om at fremme et godt arbejdsmiljø i Danmark.

Branchefællesskaberne er opdelt i fem branchespecifikke fællesskaber:
 BFA Velfærd og Offentlig administration
 BFA Bygge & Anlæg
 BFA Industri
 BFA Handel, Finans og Kontor
 BFA Transport, Service, Turisme og Jord til Bord
De fem branchefællesskaber støtter arbejdspladserne med branchespecifik information og råd om arbejdsmiljø ved blandt andet at lave vejledninger, konferencer og uddannelse.

Dialogforum
Som et supplement til den arbejdsmiljøindsats, der foregår i de enkelte branchefælleskaber, er der nedsat et Dialogforum for tværgående indsatser med repræsentanter fra branchefællesskaberne og Arbejdsmiljørådet.
Dialogforummets formål er at styrke samarbejdet og koordineringen mellem Arbejdsmiljørådet og branchefællesskaberne. Forummet er med andre ord en metode til at myndigheds- og partsindsatserne på arbejdsmiljøområdet arbejder tættere sammen om politiske prioriteringer og aktuelle arbejdsmiljøudfordringer.

I Dialogforum fremsættes forslag til tværgående aktiviteter, som Arbejdsmiljørådet derefter prioriterer, godkender og iværksætter.

Eksterne henvisninger
BrancheFællesskaberne for Arbejdsmiljø En samlet oversigt over de fem BrancheFællesskaber for Arbejdsmiljø
 BFA Velfærd og Offentlig Administration
 BFA Bygge & Anlæg
 BFA Industri
 BFA Handel, Finans og Kontor
 BFA Transport, Service, Turisme og Bord til Jord

Kildehenvisninger

Brancheforeninger i Danmark

Branchefællesskaberne for Arbejdsmiljø


Opatijština (Opatija, Lovran, Mošćenička Draga i Matulji), zemljopisno-povijesni dio za sjeveroistočni dio Istre između masiva Učke i mora od Preluka do Zagora/Brseča, tj. uski obalni pojas s brdovitim zaleđem. Ponekad se ovaj dio Istre naziva Liburnijom, prema Liburnima, premda je to znatno šire područje Hrvatske koje se prostire daleko prema jugu.

Geološka podloga Opatijštine su vapnenci. Brojni su bujični klanci i povremeni vodotoci. Za velikih kiša voda se s masiva Učke slijeva u more. Obala pred Opatijštinom na par mjesta ima i vrulje.

Vegetacija je izrazito mediteranska, ali jako bujna zbog obilnih oborina, u današnjim turističkim naseljima flora je kultivirana i uzgajaju se mnoge egzotične biljne sorte (palme, magnolije i dr.).

Klima je blaga sredozemna jer je Opatijština (-istarski otoci) zaštićena masivima Učke. Tijekom cijele godine Opatijština ima više oborina od ostalih područja Istre.

Sva veća naselja i većinu manjih povezuje obalna cesta koja je probijena početkom 20. stoljeća. Glavnina prometa odvija se na sjevernom rubu Opatijštine i to pravcima iz Rijeke prema Trstu i Ljubljani te iz Rijeke tunelom Učka prema Pazinu i Buzetu. U povijesti je glavnina prometa išla morem. Posebice su bili važni Volosko i Preluk kao izlazne luke Kastva.

Na Opatijštini su postojala samo manja ribarska naselja stanovnici kojih su se bavili i sitnim poljodjelstvom i stočarstvom. Iznimka je bila Opatija, nastala oko samostana sv. Jakova. Prekretnica u razvoju ovog kraja bila je spoznaja o blagotvornu utjecaju klime i vegetacije, pa se od sredine 19. stoljeća stanovništvo intenzivnije bavi turizmom. Posebice se razvio poslije gradnje željezničke pruge Rijeka–Pivka. Od onda se grade hoteli, pansioni i vile u Opatiji i Lovranu. Danas je za gospodarstvo Opatijštine turizam je najvažnija djelatnost na cijeloj Opatijštini te na istarskim otocima Cres-Lošinj.

Literatura
Istrapedia

Istra

Opatijština


Barnstaple Castle var en borg, der lå tæt ved det nuværende centrum i byen Barnstaple i Devon i Sydengland. Da den blev bygget, var den den vestlige del af den befæstede by, og derfra var der et godt overblik over byen og de vigtige floder.

Historie
Den første borg var af træ og opført i 1000-tallet af Geoffrey de Mowbray, der var biskop af Coutances. Han fik flere huse og bygninger revet ned for at gøre plads til borgen. Juhel af Totnes (Judhael) boede senere på borgen og etablerede kloster lige uden for murene. Borgens første stenbygning blev sandsynligvis opført af Henry de Tracey, der var en af kong Stefan af Englands trofaste støtter. I 1228 fik Devons sheriff reduceret murenes højde til 3 m. Omkring tidspunktet for den sidste Henry de Tracey i 1274, var fæstningen allerede begyndt at forfalde. Mange af stenene fra borgen blev brugt til at opføre andre bygninger, og i 1326 var den en ruin. De resterende mure væltede under en storm i 1601. I dag er der kun tre motter tilbage.

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Yderligere læsning
Oliver, Bruce W. The Castle of Barnstaple, Transactions of the Devon Association, vol. 60, (1928) pp.217-223.

Referencer

Slotte i Devon
Borgruiner i Storbritannien

Barnstaple Castle


غلطة أب فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1952، من إخراج هنري بركات و بطولة محسن سرحان و شادية و فريد شوقي.

فريق العمل

تمثيل
 محسن سرحان
 شادية
 شريفة ماهر
 فريد شوقي
 محمود المليجي
 عزيز عثمان
 عزيزة حلمي
 دولت أبيض
 علي الكسار
 عايدة كامل
 كيتي
 هدى شمس الدين

الفريق الفني
 إخراج: هنري بركات
 تألبف:
 محمد مصطفى سامي (قصة وحوار)
 هنري بركات (سيناريو)

أغاني الفيلم
 اللي بنيته إتهدم
 ياعشره هوني
 ياأول لحن غنيته
 ماتشيل ايدك من خدك
 معرفش إن كان مشغول بي
 ندرت أغنيلك غنوة

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام دولت أبيض
أفلام شادية
أفلام عايدة كامل
أفلام عزيزة حلمي
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام محسن سرحان
أفلام محمود المليجي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1952
أفلام هنري بركات

غلطة أب (فيلم)


Les Bahamas participent aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1964 à Tokyo au Japon du 10 octobre au 24 octobre 1964. Il s'agit de sa  à des Jeux d'été en tant que colonie britannique.

Lors de cette olympiade, le pays décroche son premier titre olympique en voile avec Durward Knowles et Cecil Cooke en catégorie Star.

Liste des médaillés français

Médailles d'or

Résultats par événement

Athlétisme

Hommes
Courses

Concours

Voile

Références

Liens externes
 Les Bahamas sur le site du CIO

Bahamas
1964
Olympiques 1964
Jeux

Bahamas aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1964


«Loco» es el título de la canción de la banda estadounidense de nu metal Coal Chamber. Es su sencillo debut incluido en su álbum homónimo lanzado en 1997. Es considerado como la canción más emblemática de la banda.

Video musical
El video fue dirigido por Nathan "Karma" Cox. Comienza mostrando la escena en que aparece un camión de helados (el mismo que aparece en la portada del álbum debut) manejada por un conductor desquiciado interpretado por Ozzy Osbourne. El conductor del camión sale enloquecido de su camioneta y se dirige a una casa cercana, donde sorprende a su primera víctima, Rayna Foss jugando a las canicas, y ahí dentro, se encuentran los demás miembros de Coal Chamber, donde irrumpe cuando Fafara pronuncia la palabra Pull. Uno por uno, el conductor los persigue y los obliga a fijar la vista sobre un visualizador de imágenes, que muestra a Coal Chamber interpretando la canción. El cantante Dez Fafara es su próxima víctima, cuando es aprehendido mientras está cosiendo la cabeza de un animal de peluche. El guitarrista Miguel «Meegs» Rascón es el siguiente, este es atrapado por el conductor cuando estaba observando una mecedora vacía. El baterista Mikey «Bug» Cox es su última víctima, donde es sometido mientras estaba sentado en un colchón viendo la televisión. Al final del video, el conductor deja maniatados a los miembros de la banda en las sillas en el sótano y escapa de la casa.

Listado de canciones

Posicionamiento en listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 «Loco» en Discogs

Sencillos debut de 1997
Sencillos de nu metal
Sencillos de heavy metal

Loco (canción de Coal Chamber)


Skúli Magnússon (født 12. december 1711, død 9. november 1794) var en islandsk landfoged.

Tidlige år

Han spillede en større rolle i Islands politiske historie i det 18. århundrede end nogen anden. Han søgte under de usleste forhold i den af monopolhandelen mest udarme tid ad en helt ny vej at ophjælpe landets befolkning. I 1731 kom han som en fattig student til Københavns Universitet. I 1734 blev han sysselmand i Austur-Skaptafellssyssel, 1737 i Skagafjarðarsyssel. Her administrerede han med stor dygtighed den i nogle år ledigstående bispestol med tilhørende bogtrykkeri. I 1749 blev han landfoged og flyttede da til Sydlandet, hvor han snart fik øen Viðey som embedsgård. Som landfoged havde han hele oppebørselsvæsenet, der dengang var meget indviklet, under sig, og ligeledes skulde han administrere det offentlige jordegods i Gullbringusysla og Mosfellssveit.

Fabriksprojektet

Da han i 1751 kom til København, indgav han til regeringen en beretning om næringsvejenes uheldige tilstand, hvori han foreslog at anlægge fabrikker til at forarbejde landets råprodukter, indføre kornavl, begynde træplantning, anskaffe fiskefartøjer med mere. Inden sin afrejse fra Island havde han fået nogle af embedsmændene til at interessere sig for denne sin plan, og nu lykkedes det ham at vinde regeringen for den. Reykjavik, dengang en bondegård, blev tillige med en betydelig pengesum skænket til foretagendet, og det følgende år fik Magnússon i spidsen for et interessentskab, hvis rettigheder han havde fået stadfæstede af regeringen, anlagt de såkaldte "Nye Indretninger". Da fabrikkerne begyndte deres virksomhed, lagde de københavnske hørkræmmere, som dengang havde forpagtet handelen på Island, dem straks forskellige hindringer i vejen, og fra nu af blev Magnússon optagen af kamp og processer for Indretningerne, først mod hørkræmmerne og senere mod Det Almindelige Handelsselskab, der i 1763 overtog monopolhandelen på Island, indtil forlig endelig blev sluttet i 1778 efter, at regeringen havde overtaget handelen. I april 1764 blev fabrikkerne mod Magnússons vilje af regeringen forenede med Det Almindelige Handelsselskab, som med flid forsømte fabrikkerne for ved deres ødelæggelse at blive fri for dem. For om muligt at redde fabrikkerne fik Magnússon ved forliget 1778 regeringen til at overtage dem; sin egen formue satte han til på dette foretagende. Regeringen støttede ham kraftig i hans stræben for at ophjælpe landets næringsveje, men tiden var ikke moden for hans planer. Fabriksvirksomhed kunne ikke trives under den strenge monopolhandel. Magnússon indgav flere forslag om handelens frigivelse og mente, at ikke alene fabrikkernes, men også hele landets velfærd ville fremmes derved. Men først i 1787 fik de allerværste bånd på handelen lov at briste. Magnússon mente, at de ny indretninger som en slags industriel skole ville gøre stor nytte, og således fik han også indført en ny og bedre vævestol i stedet for den gamle islandske; også rokken fik han indført, bedre fiskeriredskaber, og han lod folk lære tilvirkning af klipfisk og andet.

Senere virke

Magnússon tog 1793 afsked fra sit embede. For Rentekammeret udarbejdede han 1760 ff. en voluminøs jordebog over Island. Han skrev nogle økonomiske afhandlinger, trykte i det islandske litteraturselskabs skrifter ("Lærdómslista fjelagsrit"). I håndskrift findes en udførlig beskrivelse af Gullbringusysla og Kjósarsysla samt en Islandsk beskrivelse.

Eksterne henvisninger
 B.Th. Melsted: "Magnússon, Skúli" (Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2. udgave, bind XVI, s. 416f)

Embedsmænd fra Island

Skúli Magnússon


Project Blue Book este un serial TV american istoric dramatic science fiction care a avut premiera pe canalul History la 8 ianuarie 2019. Rolul principal Josef Allen Hynek este interpretat de Aidan Gillen. Serialul este format din 10 episoade. Este bazat pe  Project Blue Book, o serie de studii ale armatei americane despre OZN-uri.

Cadru
Seria prezintă evenimentele din jurul investigațiilor secrete ale U.S. Air Force despre presupuse nave zburătoare necunoscute și fenomene inexplicabile, investigații întreprinse de astrofizicianul și, eventual, ufologul, Josef Allen Hynek în anii 1950- anii 1960.

Distribuție și personaje
 Aidan Gillen - Josef Allen Hynek
 Michael Malarkey - Căpitan Michael Quinn
 Laura Mennell - Mimi Hynek
Michael Harney - General Hugh Valentine
 Ksenia Solo - Susie Miller
Neal McDonough - General James Harding

Episoade

Sezonul 1 (2019)

Sezonul 2 (2020)

Producție
Serialul a fost filmat în Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Este co-produs de History Channel și A&E Studios.

Primire
Pe site-ul Rotten Tomatoes, are un rating de 67% bazat pe 15 recenzii, cu un scor mediu de 6.31/10. Pe Metacritic are un scor de 56 din 100 pe baza a 10 comentarii.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de seriale științifico-fantastice

Seriale de televiziune științifico-fantastice
Seriale de televiziune americane
Seriale de televiziune din 2019

Project Blue Book (serial TV)


Le Rayon mortel (titre original : ) est un film muet américain réalisé par Bernard J. Durning, sorti en 1923.

Synopsis
Stefan de Bernie, un prince dément et diabolique souhaite conquérir le monde en complotant pour obtenir un nouvel explosif construit dans une usine appartenant à Barbara Hackett.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Bernard J. Durning
 Scénario : Louis Sherwin d'après la pièce de Lincoln J. Carter
 Directeur de la photographie : Don Short
 Pays : États-Unis
 Son : muet
 Couleur : noir et blanc
 Format : 1.33 : 1
 Date de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Shirley Mason : Barbara Hackett
 Charles Jones : Brick McDonald
 Richard Tucker : Herbert Glenville
 Alan Hale : Prince Stefan de Bernie
 Walter McGrail : Dick Manley
 June Elvidge : Estelle Hackett
 Fred Kelsey	: Commandant du sous-marin
 Nigel De Brulier : Mordecai Newman
 Fred Kohler : l'oncle de Barbara
 Bernard Siegel : non crédité

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1923
Film d'action américain
Film dramatique américain
Film muet américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre américaine au cinéma

Le Rayon mortel


سَفُويَا سلالة ملكية أوروبية حكمت عام 1003م في أراضي مملكة بورغونيا. حيث أُقطعت كونتية سافويا التي رُقّيت إلى دوقية في القرن الخامس عشر. من خلال التوسع التدريجي، نمت الأسرة في السلطة من حكم مقاطعة صغيرة في جبال الألب شمال غرب إيطاليا إلى الحكم المطلق لمملكة صقلية في 1713م حتى 1720م. من خلال فرعها الصغير، بيت سافوي-كارينيانو، قادت الأسرة توحيد إيطاليا في عام 1861 وحكمت مملكة إيطاليا من عام 1861 حتى عام 1946، وحكمت مملكة إسبانيا لفترة وجيزة في القرن التاسع عشر في عهد الملك أماديو الأول. كان ملوك سافوي في إيطاليا هم فيكتور إيمانويل الثاني وأومبرتو الأول و فيكتور إيمانويل الثالث وأومبرتو الثاني الذي حكم كآخر ملك لعدة أسابيع قبل أن يخلع بعد الاستفتاء الدستوري لعام 1946م، والذي أعلنت فيه الجمهورية الإيطالية.

في بداية القرن الثامن عشر، في أعقاب حرب الخلافة الإسبانية نالت الصفة الملكية أولًا على مملكة صقلية (1713م) ثم على مملكة سردينيا (1720م).

مراجع

تأسيسات عقد 1000 في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة
سفويا
عائلات كاثوليكية
عائلات مالكة أوروبية
قوالب تصفح دين
كفن تورينو
تأسيسات سنة 1003 في أوروبا

آل سافوي


Zgrada Barok je građevina u Tuzli.

Povijest
Izgrađena je oko 1900. godine. Razlog izgradnje bila je najavljena posjeta austro-ugarskog prijestolonasljednika Franje Ferdinanda Bosni i Hercegovini. Tuzla je bila među planiranim mjestima posjete. Stoga su gradska vlast i trgovci su odlučili sazgraditi reprezentativnu lijepu zgradu prema austrijskom projektu. Odredili su da to bude na ondašnjem Appel Platz-u, današnjem Trgu slobode, na kojem su bile brojne trgovačke radnje. Zgrada je izgrađena a namjena je bila da to bude prvenstveno mjesto gdje bi trebao boraviti Franjo Ferdinand sa svojom suprugom Sofijom Chotek kad bude posjetio Tuzlu. Nije se dogodila planirana posjeta i ne zna se zašto. Prijestolonasljednik zbog terorističkog napada u Sarajevu nikad nije posjetio Soli ni vidio što su mu građani izgradili u čast. Osamdesetak godina zgrada je trpila sve vremenske utjecaje i slijeganje tla. Zbog tih čimbenika i višegodišnjeg neodržavanja zgrada je propadala te je postala pravo ruglo. Na mjestu propala krova niklo je drvo. Vlasti su odlučile srušiti zgradu, što je izazvalo dugotrajno negodovanje građana i kritiku javnosti i struke. Srušena je 1983. godine. 25 godina od rušenja vlasti su odlučile na istom mjestu izgraditi novu zgradu prema starom nacrtu. 2009. godine vjerna replika stare zgrade bila je gotova. Uz zgradu je obnovljen i sadašnji Trg Slobode, mjesto sastajanja mnogih građana uz popularnu poštapalicu "kod velike fontane".

Opis
Radi dekoriranja fasade, iz središta Monarhije donesena je gipsana ornamentika. Zgrada je sagrađena u baroknom stilu. Po tom stilu su je građani prozvali i ime je ostalo - Barok. Zgrada je bila prva ovakve vrste u gradu i širem susjedstvu. Bila je u etažnom vlasništvu. Izgrađena je obrtno-trgovački centar, preteča današnjih trgovačkih centara. Zbog povoljna prometnog položaja, bogatom trgovačkom, obrtničkom i uslužnom ponudom, isplatio se kao ulaganje, jer je bio na korist ulagača, vlasnika, potrošača i kupaca.

Izvori

Unutarnje poveznice
Zgrada Barok, fotografija na bs.wikipedia

Građevine u Tuzli
Barokne građevine

Zgrada Barok u Tuzli


O Dicionário de Favelas Marielle Franco, ou Wikifavelas, é um website em formato wiki cujo objetivo é a construção coletiva de conhecimento sobre favelas e periferias do Brasil. Foi lançado em 16 de abril de 2019 com apoio do CNPq e da Fiocruz, no 33º aniversário do Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde da entidade, com a coordenação geral de Sônia Fleury.

História

As favelas sempre foram tratadas de formas homogêneas e periféricas no Brasil. Por isso, o projeto nasceu como uma maneira dos moradores agregarem conhecimento de diversos pontos de vista. O projeto já havia ganhado o apoio de Marielle Franco, que escreveu uma proposta de verbete e uma ementa sobre sua monografia sobre as UPPs. O site ganhou nome em sua homenagem após seu assassinato, em 2018.

Estreou no dia 16 de abril de 2019, com 155 artigos. Entre eles, estão Baile Funk, Museologia Social e Literatura de favela.

O projeto foi tema de um estudo intitulado "Wikifavelas: a tecnologia da informação na descolonização do conhecimento" e recebeu uma menção honrosa na categoria apresentação de pôster do prêmio Lévi-Strauss em 2020 que é entregue pela Associação Brasileira de Antropologia.

Coordenação

 Sonia Fleury
 Palloma Valle Menezes
 Marcelo Fornazin
 Clara Polycarpo

Ligações externas

 Site do Wikifavelas
Construindo a PERUSPÉDIA - Jornada do Patrimônio 2021

Wikis
Websites do Brasil
Enciclopédias online
Favelas do Brasil
Marielle Franco

Wikifavelas


O Grimório do Papa Leão ou Enquirídio do Papa Leão é um grimório francês (um livro de magia) que é pseudepigraficamente atribuído ao Papa Leão III. O livro afirma ter sido publicado em 1523, mas a versão mais antiga conhecida do texto é de 1633. Ele foi listado em registros policiais em associação com o Caso dos Venenos, e uma cópia foi de propriedade de Marc Antoine René de Voyer.

Este grimório, junto com outros grimórios Bibliothèque bleue tais como o Grimório do Papa Honório e Petit Albert, foram levados para as colônias do Caribe francês, se tornando a fundação da tradição mágica literária da região.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas
 The Enchiridion of Pope Leo - A.E. Waite's description of the Enchiridion of Pope Leo, from Waite's Book of Ceremonial Magic

Grimórios
Ocultismo
Livros de não ficção

Grimório do Papa Leão


Colette Duck est une artiste peintre belge née le , de parents belgo-allemands (Dresde).

Artiste multidisciplinaire (peinture, dessin, gravure, photographie, vidéo, effets sculpturaux, installation), le travail de Colette Duck s'est développé autour du thème de la transformation physique, chimique et physiologique. Cela s'est cherché d'abord dans les Ondes, tableaux virant au bleu et au rouge selon les longueurs d'onde de la lumière ambiante. Ensuite, les Cobalts virant également du bleu au rouge selon le degré d'hygrométrie et la température ambiante. Après un détour par les Thermographies du corps propre (gestation et allaitement), le sujet dominant devint la montagne germano-autrichienne Zugspitze - Wetterstein singulière par ses propriétés atmosphériques infiniment changeantes, explorée jusque dans ses réalisations en verre dans les forges de Murano sous la conduite du maître verrier Egidio Costantini.

Biographie

Formation
De 1968 à 1972, Colette Duck étudie la peinture à l'ESA École supérieure des arts Saint-Luc de Bruxelles, sous la conduite de Jean Guiraud, de Camille De Taeye et de Gaston Bertrand.

Parcours artistique
De 1972 à 1977, elle séjourne dans les montagnes de Carrare en Italie. Elle y fréquente entre autres les artistes Silvio Santini et Dominique Stroobant à la S.G.F, atelier de sculpture du marbre de Carrare à Torano.

En 1977, Colette Duck est nommée professeur à l'École supérieure des arts Saint-Luc de Bruxelles.

En 1981, son travail sert de référence à Henri Van Lier lors de ses conférences à la Sorbonne - Paris  et à l' ISELP Bruxelles.

En 1981, Colette Duck reçoit le Prix de la Critique Belge (Association Belge des Critiques d'Art - Palais des Beaux-Arts de Charleroi).

En 1983, le Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles et le tournoi de Tennis de l'European Champions' Championship 83 d'Anvers ont réuni le sport et l'art sous un même chapiteau lors de Artennis au Sportpaleis d'Anvers. Colette Duck y est invitée à dessiner sur le vif les joueurs de tennis en action lors du tournoi. Une exposition se tiendra au Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles rassemblant les artistes ayant créé une œuvre autour du tennis tels que Valerio Adami, Pat Andrea, Pierre Cordier, Pol Mara, Jean Tinguely, Philippe De Gobert, Elias et Wittevrongel.

De 1985 à 1988, Colette Duck reprend la direction de l'atelier de peinture de l'École supérieure des arts Saint-Luc de Bruxelles après Marthe Wéry.

De 1988 à 1991, Colette Duck est soutenue par la Fondation Médicis de Bruxelles et elle séjourne en Autriche et à Venise. Commence alors l'aventure vénitienne, où Colette Duck rencontre et se lie d'amitié avec le maître verrier Egidio Constantini, qui a notamment créé des œuvres en symbiose avec Pablo Picasso, Jean Arp, Georges Braque, Marc Chagall, Jean Cocteau, Max Ernst, Lucio Fontana, Paul Jenkins, Oskar Kokoschka, Le Corbusier, Roberto Matta, Mark Tobey et André Verdet.

Avec Egidio Costantini, Colette Duck expérimentera la lumière et le verre en entrant dans la Fucina degli Angeli, la Forge des Anges, ainsi dénommée par Jean Cocteau. Ensemble, ils créeront deux séries de sculptures en verre dans les forges de Murano. Ces œuvres feront partie de la grande rétrospective consacrée au Maître vénitien "Egidio Costantini, Il Maestro dei Maestri", organisée en avril 1990 à l'Hôtel de Ville de Bruxelles sur la Grand Place.

En 1991, elle effectue sa première grande rétrospective à l'Espace Médicis de Bruxelles.

Principales expositions

 1971 : Bruxelles, J.W. Thompson Gallery
 1973 : Knokke, Belgique - Walt Gallery - Solo
 1975 : Olloy-sur-Viroin, Belgique - European center - Travelling exhibition in Belgique - CACEF - Jeunes peintres de Wallonie et de Bruxelles
 1976 : Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - XI Salon Triennal des Beaux-Arts des Artistes du Hainaut
1977 : - Tokyo, Japan - Gallery Dainana - G777
 Brussels, Belgique - Galerie Anne Van Horenbeeck - Solo
 1978 : - Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux- Arts - Connaissance et Vie d'Aujourd'hui
 Tokyo, Japan - Gallery Dainana - G778
 1979 : - Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Connaissance et Vie d'Aujourd'hui
 Brussels, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Œuvres acquises par le Ministère de la Culture  Française
 Brussels - Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Cabinet des Arts Graphiques -  Sous le signe
 Namur, Belgique - Maison de la Culture (actuel Delta)- Abstraction Sensorielle
 1980 : Brussels, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Galerie Anne Van Horenbeeck - Foire d'Art  Actuel, Solo
 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique - Musée de l'Institut Supérieur d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de  l'Art de l'Université - Abstraction Sensorielle - Solo
 Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Connaissance et Vie d'Aujourd'hui
 Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Lions Club - Grand Prix des Arts Plastiques et Visuels
 Brussels, Belgique - Banque Bruxelles Lambert - Europalia - Vies de Femmes 1830-1980
 1981 : Brussels, Belgique - Galerie Michèle Lachowsky - Solo
 Brussels, Belgique - Espace Photographique Contretype - Photo Fiction
 Knokke Casino, Belgique - Galerie Michèle Lachowsky - Confrontation - Solo
 Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Biennale de la Critique - Prix de la Critique
 Sorbonne Paris et ISELP Bruxelles, conférences par Henri van Lier
 1982 : Antwerp, Belgique  - Centre Culturel International - ICC - Biennale de la Critique
 Nürnberg, Allemagne - Germanisches Nationalmuseum - Internationale Jugendtriennale -  Zeichnung heute
 1983 : Lausanne, Switzerland - Musée Cantonal des Beaux-Arts - Triennale Internationale de  dessin
 Charleroi, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Art vidéo - Rétrospectives et Perspectives
 Brussels, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Galerie Michèle Lachowsky - Foire d'Art Actuel, Solo
 Brussels, Belgique - Musée d'Ixelles - La Grande Absente
 Bâle, Switzerland - Salon International d'Art 14'83 - Galerie Lachowsky - Stampa
 RTBF  Liège, Zugspitze- Wetterstein video
 Brussels, Belgique - Palais des Congrès - Lecture by Henri Van lier - L'Enjeu des Médias
 Antwerp, Belgique - European Champions' Championship  (ECC, Arttennis, Sportpaleis), en collaboration la Société des Expositions du Palais  des Beaux-Arts of Brussels, Solo  exhibition
 1984 : Brussels, Belgique - Atelier Sainte Anne - Groupe Echange - 10 regards sur l'Art  Contemporain
 Brussels, Belgique, Palais des Beaux-Arts - Arttennis
 Paris, France - Sorbonne - Lecture by Henri Van Lier - La photographie dans le concert des  Médias
 Brussels, Belgique - Palais des Beaux-arts - L'Art et le Temps. Regards sur la  -  Travelling exhibition in Europe 1985
 Paris, France - Grand Palais - Signes - Ecritures dans l'Art Actuel
 Genève, Switzerland, Rath Museum - L'Art et Le Temps: Regards sur la
 Humlebaek, Denmark - Louisiana Museum of Modern Art - L'Art et Le Temps: Regards sur  la
 Tournai, Belgique, - Maison de la Culture - Lecture by Henri Van Lier - La Photographie  dans le concert des Médias
 Mannheim, Allemagne - Städtische Kunsthalle - L'Art et Le Temps: Regards sur la
 Vienna, Austria - Museum Moderner Kunst - L'Art et Le Temps: Regards sur la
 1986 : Villeurbanne, Belgique - Nouveau Musée - L'Art et Le Temps: Regards sur la
 London, UK - Barbican Center - L'Art et Le Temps: Regards sur la
 Knokke, Belgique  - Casino - Galerie Lachowsky - Made in Belgique  - Solo exhibition
 Tournai, Belgique - Maison de la Culture - Les Traces de Tintin dans L'Imaginaire
 Gent, Belgique - Vooruit - Initiative d'Amis
 Antwerp, Belgique - Sportpaleis - European Champions' Championship (ECC) - Solo exhibition
 Brussels, Belgique - Galerie Isy Brachot - Paysages Contemporains
 1987 : Paris, France - Galerie Isy Brachot - Paysages Contemporains
 Brussels, Belgique - Le Botanique - Les Traces de Tintin dans l'Imaginaire
1990 : Brussels, Belgique - Hôtel de ville - De Picasso à Fontana: les sculptures en verre du  - Egidio Costantini : Il Maestro dei Maestri Brussels, Belgique
 Paris, France - Arche de la Défense - Cent ans d'Art belge - The Crédit Communal Bank Collection
 ISELP - Ministère de la Communauté Française: Les Acquisitions
1991 : Brussels, Belgique - Espace Médicis - Rétrospective 1970-1991 - Solo exhibition
1992 : Charleville-Mézières, France - Arts Rencontres Créations Corps
1994 : Brussels, Belgique - Goethe Institut - Aspekte Sachsen - Dresden - Solo exhibition
1996 : Ehrwald, Austria, Tiroler Zugspitzbahn: Sommet Austro-Allemand du Wetterstein () - Gipfel Galerie - Die Zugspitze ais Kunst - Solo
 1997 : Reutte, Austria, - Wirtschafskammer - 5 Künstler Atelier Bucher
 1998 : Brussels, Austria - Chapelle de Boendael - Paysages - Solo exhibition
 1999 : Ehrwald, Austria - Raiffeisen galerie - Colette Duck und die Natur - 20 jahre am fusse des  Wettersteins - Solo exhibition
 2000-2001 : Brussels, Belgique - Grand Sablon - Galerie Monika Blum - Permanent exhibition
 2002 : Ehrwald, Austria, Tiroler Zugspitzbahn - Gipfel Galerie - Sommet Austro-Allemand du  Wetterstein () - 2002 Jahr der Berge - Rund um den Wetterstein - Solo exhibition
 2003 : Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Allemagne - Galerie Pritschow - Rund um den  Wetterstein - Solo exhibition
 2006 : Brussels, Belgique - Galerie de Muelenaere & Lefevere - Solo exhibition
 2007 : Villefranche de Lonchat, France - Festival international de peinture - Factura 2007 - Nature contre nature
 2009 : Brussels, Belgique - Show Point Art Gallery - Women Art Show - for the benefit  of Médecins Sans Frontières
 2014 : Brussels, Belgique - Out of the Box - organised by the Boghossian Foundation

Collections
Des œuvres de Colette Duck sont acquises par :
 Le Ministère de la Communauté française de Belgique
 Les Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
 Le Crédit communal (actuel Belfius banque)
 La Banque nationale de Belgique
et se trouvent dans des collections privées en Belgique, Allemagne, Autriche, France, Italie, Espagne, États-Unis, Hong-Kong.

Publications
L'œuvre de Colette Duck a été commentée et est référée dans les ouvrages suivants (sélection)

 Colette Duck, Rétrospective 1970-1990, Espace Medicis, 1990
 L'Art et le temps: regards sur la quatrième dimension, Michel Baudson, Palais des beaux-arts (Brussels, Belgique), Société des expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts, 1984,
 Egidio Costantini, Il Maestro dei Maestri, De Picasso à Fontana, les sculptures en verre des plus grands artistes du XXe siècle, Bruxelles, Espace Médicis et Espace Kiron, 1990

Notes et références

Liens externes

Femme peintre belge
Peintre belge du XXe siècle
Peintre belge du XXIe siècle
Artiste contemporain belge
Plasticien belge contemporain
Naissance en novembre 1949

Colette Duck


Le Lac Walyormouring (Walyormouring Lake) est un lac d'Australie-Occidentale.

Géographie

Situé à  d'altitude, à  au nord-ouest de Perth, il constitue une réserve naturelle.

Histoire

James Drummond en explore la botanique en 1844.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Lac en Australie-Occidentale

Lac Walyormouring


ගෞරව් චොප්රා යනු ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නළුවෙකි. ඔහු බිග් බොස් 10වන වාරයේ තරගකරුවෙකි.

වෘත්තිය
2003දී, චොප්රා දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටයක් වූ ඕට්ට්‍ර්න්හි පෙනී සිටි අතර 2004දී ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් නාළිකාවේ කර්ම රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ ද පෙනී සිටියේ ය. 2006දී, ඔහු රියැලිටි නර්තන වැඩසටහනක් වූ නච් බලියේ 2 සඳහා තරගකරුවකු ලෙස ඉදිරිපත් විය. 2008දී ඔහු තවත් නර්තන වැඩසටහනක් වූ සාරා නච්කේ දිඛාහි ප්‍රථම වාරයට ඉදිරිපත් විය. 2006දී ඔහු බ්ලඩ් ඩයමන්ඩ් නම් හොලිවුඩ් චිත්‍රපටයේ චරිත නිරූපණය කළ අතර ඒසා දේස් හේ මේරාහි සමේ ඛුරානාගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළේ ය.

ඔහු කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාවේ සෝප් ඔපෙරාවක් වූ උත්තරන්හි රඝුවේන්ද්‍ර ප්‍රතාප් රථෝර්ගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළ අතර ඒ වෙනුවෙන් ඔහු 2012 කලර්ස් රන් පත් සම්මාන් උළෙලේ දී වඩාත් දම්දාර් පෞරුෂත්වයට හිමි සම්මානය හිමි කරගත්තේ ය. 2013 අප්‍රේල් මස මුදාහැරුණු රංග්ධාරී චිත්‍රපටයට ද ඔහු සම්බන්ධ විය.

2016දී ඔහු බිග් බොස්හි 10වන වාරයට සහභාගී විය.

නිරූපණයන්
 සද්දා හක් - මහාචාර්ය අභේ සිං රනාවත්
 ඩෝලි අර්මානෝ කි - ආකාශ්
 ගුල්මෝහර් ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් - එම්ඩී අනිරුධ් දත්
 රුබි ඩුබි හබ් ඩබ් - බල්ලු (භූතයා)
 ලාවන්‍යා - සැන්ඩි
 පියා කා ඝාර් - ප්‍රේම්
 කභි හාන් කභි නා - කබීර් ජයිරාට්
 කර්ම - ගන්ෂොට්
 ලෙෆ්ට් රයිට් ලෙෆ්ට් - කපිතාන් අභිමන්‍යු රායි චෞහාන්
 ඝාර් කි ලක්ෂ්මි බේටියාන් - කපිල් සිංහානියා
 ඝූම් - බල්බ්
 සෝර් කා ජාට්කා: ටෝටල් වයිප්අවුට් - තරගකරු
 උත්තරන් (2010-2014) - රඝුවේන්ද්‍ර ප්‍රතාප් රඨෝර්
 සෝල්හා සිංගාර් - ශිව් චොප්රා
 ඒසා දේස් හේ මේරා - සමයි
 අදාලත් - විශ්වජිත් රනාවත්
  C.I.D. - අපහරණ්හි වික්‍රම්ජීත් (කථාංගය 624)
 බ්ලඩ් ඩයමන්ඩ් - ප්‍රංශ මාධ්‍යවේදී
 නච් බලියේ 2 - තරගකරු
 පති පත්නි ඕර් වෝහ් - මෞනි රෝයි සමග තරගකරුවකු ලෙස
 සාව්ධාන් ඉන්ඩියා (2017-වර්තමානය) - ඔහු ලෙසම

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ඉන්දියානු වේදිකා නළුවෝ
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නළුවෝ
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
1979 උපත්
21වන සියවසේ ඉන්දියානු නළුවෝ
නව දිල්ලියේ නළුවෝ
පන්ජාබි ජනයා
බිග් බොස් සහභාගීවූවෝ

ගෞරව් චොප්රා


Die Buchlaufkarte wird von Buchhandlungen zur Kontrolle des Lagerbestandes verwendet. Sie wird in Buchexemplare eingelegt, die in der Buchhandlung z. B. als Verkaufsexemplare ausliegen. Beim Verkauf wird sie an der Kasse entnommen und zur Ergänzung aus dem Lager bzw. zur Nachbestellung benutzt. Die Buchlaufkarten können sich, je nach Firma oder Organisation, in Aufmachung, Inhalt und Notierungen unterscheiden.

Um die erforderlichen Informationen über die Gängigkeit eines Buchtitel zu erhalten und den Bestellvorgang zu vereinfachen, sind neben den üblichen bibliografischen Angaben (Verlag, Reihentitel und Reihennummer, ISBN, und Kurztitel) oftmals auch einkaufsbezogene Daten wie Bestellnummer des Barsortiments, Verlagsnummer sowie Angaben über Mindestlagerbestand, Anzahl der ergänzten Exemplare, Bestelldatum und Lieferant eingetragen. Sollte eine Karte verloren gehen, weil sie beim Verkauf nicht entnommen oder das Buch gestohlen wurde, wird eine neue Karte angelegt.

Mit der Einführung von geschlossenen Warensystemen erübrigen sich manuell geführte Karteikarten, da alle Ein- und Ausgänge im Computer erfasst werden und die Lagerkontrolle somit lückenlos durchführbar ist.

Literatur
 Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (Hrsg.) / Karl Ruf (Bearb.): Die Standard-Buchlaufkarte (SBK) im Sortimentsbuchhandel. Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels, Frankfurt 1972, ISBN 3-87318-533-4.

Weblink
 Buchlaufkarte in buchmarkt-college.de

Buchhandel
Lagertechnik
Dokumentation

Buchlaufkarte


La paradisul femeilor (în , 1883) este un roman de  Émile Zola, al 11-lea din ciclul de romane Les Rougon-Macquart.

Serialul italian din 2015-2017 Il paradiso delle signore - Paradisul femeilor este bazat pe acest roman.

Note

Bibliografie
 Émile Zola - "La paradisul femeilor", Biblioteca pentru toți, nr. 455 - 456. Editura pentru Literatură, 1968-1969

Romane din 1883
Romane de Émile Zola

La paradisul femeilor