Intel Arc est une série de cartes graphiques dédiées conçue par Intel, commercialisée le 30 mars 2022. Il s'agit de GPU pour le marché des jeux vidéo sur ordinateur.

Intel Arc concurrence les gammes GeForce de NVIDIA et Radeon d'AMD. La première génération, Alchemist, est disponible sur ordinateurs portables au premier trimestre 2022. Après Alchemist, trois autres générations sont en développement.

Le mercredi 27 septembre 2022, Intel a annoncé la A750 8 Go (289 $), la A770, version 8 Go (329 $) et version 16 Go (349 $). Ces cartes pour ordinateurs fixes ont été mises sur le marché le 12 octobre 2022.

Schéma de dénomination
Les générations des cartes (Alchemist, Battlemage, Celestial, Druid) font référence aux classes des personnages que le joueur peut choisir, populaires dans les jeux de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur.

Les cartes Intel Arc utilisent la même nomenclature que les processeurs Intel Core : 3, 5 et 7. 3 étant la gamme orientée vers le budget, et 7 la gamme orientée vers les performances.

Pour la carte Intel Arc A770 16 Go par exemple, « A » représente la génération de la carte (en l'occurrence A pour Alchemist), « 7 » représente la gamme de la carte (en l'occurrence la gamme orientée vers les performances), « 70 » représente le SKU et « 16 Go » représente la quantité de VRAM de la carte.

Générations

Alchemist
Développée sous le nom de code DG2, la première génération de GPU Intel Arc sort en 2022. Elle est disponible pour les ordinateurs de bureau ainsi que les ordinateurs portables. TSMC en est le fondeur, en utilisant le processus TSMC N6.

Alchemist utilise l'architecture GPU Intel Xᵉ et plus précisément la variante Xᵉ-HPG. Alchemist supporte le ray tracing et le XᵉSS. Cette technologie de suréchantillonnage utilise le machine learning pour recréer une image haute définition à partir d'une image basse-résolution. Cette intelligence artificielle tourne sur les cœurs XMX présents sur les cartes Intel Arc, mais utilise la technologie DP4a sur les processeurs intégrés Intel, et la technologie Shader Model 6.4 sur les cartes graphiques de Nvidia et d'AMD. XᵉSS est similaire au  de Nvidia. DisplayPort 2.0 et l'overclocking sont également pris en charge.

Ordinateurs de bureau

Stations de travail

Battlemage
La seconde génération des cartes Intel Arc sera basée sur l'architecture Xᵉ²-HPG.

Celestial
La troisième génération des cartes Intel Arc sera basée sur l'architecture Xᵉ³-HPG.

Druid
La quatrième génération des cartes Intel Arc sera basée sur une architecture dont le nom est pour le moment inconnu, mais est référencée en tant que « Xᵉ Next Architecture ».

Xᵉ Super Sampling
Le Xᵉ Super Sampling, plus communément écrit XᵉSS, est une technologie de suréchantillonnage qui utilise le machine learning pour recréer une image haute définition à partir d'une image basse-résolution. Cette intelligence artificielle tourne sur les accélérateurs d'IA présents sur ces cartes, les moteurs Xᵉ Matrix Extension (XMX). En partant d'une image de plus basse résolution, le jeu tournera alors de façon plus fluide, puisque le temps de traitement ajouté par le XᵉSS est beaucoup plus faible que si le jeu avait été rendu à une plus haute définition.

Pour reconstruire une image de plus haute qualité que celle rendue au départ, le XᵉSS agit de manière spatiotemporelle. Il prend en compte la dimension spatiale avec les vecteurs de mouvement 3D ainsi que l'image rendue à une plus basse résolution, mais aussi la dimension temporelle en utilisant les informations des images précédentes pour assurer une meilleure stabilité visuelle et éviter les artefacts de clignotement et de Moiré.

Le XᵉSS peut également être utilisé sur des cartes non compatibles avec les moteurs XMX, auquel cas l'IA tournera soit sur les extensions DP4a sur les processeurs Intel Core de onzième génération et ultérieures, ainsi que sur les cartes graphiques compétitrices modernes.

XᵉSS est une alternative au  de Nvidia et au FidelityFX Super Resolution (FSR) de AMD.

Préréglages de qualité XᵉSS

Pour le réglage "Performance" par exemple sur un jeu joué dans une résolution de 1920x1080, le XᵉSS fera en sorte que le jeu soit en réalité rendu à une résolution de 960x540, comblant ensuite la qualité perdue avec l'IA.

Liste des jeux compatibles XᵉSS
Au 13 juin 2023, voici la liste des jeux compatibles avec le XᵉSS :

Microarchitecture Xᵉ dans les processeurs Intel Core
Intel a annoncé que les unités graphiques des processeurs Intel Core de génération Meteor Lake et ultérieurs seront basées sur la microarchitecture Xᵉ, plus précisément Xᵉ-LP, une variante consommant moins d'énergie que Xᵉ-HPG, la microarchitecture des cartes Intel Arc.

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Intel Xe

Lien externe
 Site officiel

Carte graphique
Processeur graphique
Intel
2022 en informatique

Intel Arc


Maoriler, Yeni Zelanda anakarasının yerli Polinezya halkıdır. Maorilerin kökeni, Yeni Zelanda'ya kabaca 1320 ile 1350 yılları arasında çeşitli waka (kano) seferleri dalgasıyla gelen doğu Polinezya'dan gelen yerleşimcilere dayanır. Fiji ve Polinezya kökenlilerdir. Özgürlük düşkünlükleri ve savaşçılıkları ile ünlülerdir. Savaşa giderken tenlerini beyaza boyamaları ve de çok aç kaldıklarında insan eti yemeleri onları barbar bir kavim olarak gösterse de şartlar zorlamadıkça vahşi değildirler. Soyu tükenmekte olan kavimlerdendir. Yeni Zelanda nüfusunun %10-11'ini oluştururlar.

Etimoloji
Maori dilinde māori kelimesi "normal", "doğal" veya "sıradan" anlamına gelir. Aynı şekilde wai māori, tatlı su anlamına gelir.

Tarih

Polinezya kökenleri

Yeni Zelanda'da Maori öncesi yerleşim olduğuna dair hiçbir güvenilir kanıt yoktur. Öte yandan, arkeoloji, dilbilim ve fiziksel antropolojiden gelen ikna edici kanıtlar, ilk yerleşimcilerin Polinezya'dan göç ettiğini, sonradan Māori olduklarını gösteriyor. Kanıtlar, soylarının (daha büyük Avustronezya halklarının bir parçası olarak) Tayvan'ın yerli halklarına kadar 5000 yıl öncesine uzandığını gösteriyor. Polinezya halkı Samoa, Tahiti, Hawaiʻi, Paskalya Adası ve nihayet Yeni Zelanda'yı kapsayan geniş bir alana yerleşmiştir.

Polinezya sıçanları ve fare kemirilmiş deniz kabukları buluntularına dayanarak yaklaşık 1315'te Tarawera Dağı'nın patlamasından önce birtakım keşif ve yerleşim olmuş olabileceği tahmin edilmektedir. Ancak en son kanıtlar, ana yerleşimin 1320 ile 1350 arasında bir yerde planlı bir toplu göç olarak gerçekleştiğine işaret ediyor. Bu, Maorilerin 1350 yılında ataların okyanusa giden bir dizi büyük kanoya (waka) gelişini anlatan sözlü geleneklerinden alınan analizlerle büyük ölçüde uyumludur.

Kültür ve din
Maori kültürü, Yeni Zelanda kültürünün ayırt edici bir parçasını oluşturur. Ayrıca, büyük bir diasporaya sahip olması ve Māori motiflerinin popüler kültüre dâhil edilmesi nedeniyle dünya çapında tanınır. Çağdaş Maori kültürü hem geleneksel kültürlerini hem de 20. yüzyıl etkilerini kapsar.

İnanç ve din

Geleneksel Maori inançlarının kökenleri Polinezya kültürüne dayanır. Maori dini Maorilerin inandığı kabile dinidir ve mahalli bir özelliğe sahiptir, evrensel değildir. Maori Dini' nin kutsal bir kitabı veya yazılı bir kaynağı olmadığı gibi din kurucusu da yoktur.

Maoriler tanrılarına Lo derler. Lo'nun, her şeyden önce var ve her şeyin kaynağı olduğuna, yerde ve gökte yaşayan her şeyin içinde bulunduğuna inanırlar. Lo, bütün tanrıların en büyüğüdür. Onun adını ancak rahipler söyleyebilirler.

Maorilerde ibadet, rahiplerin onlara öğrettiği ilahi tarzındaki özel dualardan ibarettir. Bu dualar hep beraber okunur.

Dans

Haka dansı, Yeni Zelanda kültürünün önemli bir parçası olarak kabul edilir ve dünyaca bilinir.

Kaynakça

Maoriler


Dickson Kiptolo Chumba (* 27. Oktober 1986) ist ein kenianischer Marathonläufer.

Werdegang
Dickson Kiptolo Chumba arbeitete als Gärtner, bevor er 2008 unter Anleitung des italienischen Trainers Claudio Berardelli mit dem Lauftraining begann.

2010 wurde er jeweils Zweiter beim Madrid-Marathon und bei der Maratona d'Italia. Im Jahr darauf siegte er beim Rom-Marathon und wurde Siebter beim Frankfurt-Marathon.

2012 wurde er Zweiter beim Xiamen-Marathon, Neunter beim CPC Loop Den Haag und gewann den Eindhoven-Marathon in neuer persönlicher Bestzeit.

Am 23. Februar 2014 gewann der den Tokio-Marathon in 2:05:42 h, welchen er auch 2018 wieder gewinnen konnte. Ebenfalls 2014 gewann er den Chicago-Marathon in persönlicher Bestzeit von 2:04:32 h. Einen weiteren Sieg gelang ihm am 11. Oktober 2015 beim Chicago-Marathon, für den er 2:09:25 h benötigte.

Im Februar 2018 gewann der 31-Jährige in 2:05:30 h nach 2014 zum zweiten Mal den Tokio-Marathon. Beim Bogotá-Halbmarathon Ende Juli belegte er den dritten Platz und beim Chicago-Marathon im Oktober erreichte er das Ziel nicht. 2019 wurde er beim Tokio-Marathon Dritter.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 Halbmarathon: 1:01:34 h, 11. März 2012, Den Haag
 Marathon: 2:04:32 h, 12. Oktober 2014, Chicago

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Marathonläufer (Kenia)
Halbmarathonläufer (Kenia)
Leichtathlet (Kenia)
Kenianer
Geboren 1986
Mann

Dickson Chumba


Die Mole Creek Main Road ist eine Straße im Norden des australischen Bundesstaates Tasmanien. Sie verbindet die Kleinstadt Mole Creek mit Deloraine und damit mit dem Bass Highway (N1) und dem Lake Highway (A5).

Verlauf
Die Fernstraße verlässt Deloraine in westlicher Richtung und durchquert das nördliche Vorland der Great Western Tiers. Nach gut 30 km erreicht sie Mole Creek am Südufer des Mersey River. Von dort führt sie weiter nach Westen, wo bei Mayberry der Mole-Creek-Karst-Nationalpark liegt. Von dieser Stelle aus führt die Liena Road (B12) weiter bis zur Ortschaft Liena am Mersey River.

Literatur
 Steve Parish: Australian Touring Atlas. Steve Parish Publishing, Archerfield QLD 2007. ISBN 978-1-74193-232-4. S. 60 + 61

Straße in Tasmanien
Straße in Australien und Ozeanien

Mole Creek Main Road


New York Confidential este un film noir american din 1955 regizat de Russell Rouse. În rolurile principale Broderick Crawford, Richard Conte și Marilyn Maxwell.

Distribuție
 Broderick Crawford — Charile Lupo
 Richard Conte — Nick Magellan
 Marilyn Maxwell — iris Palmer
 Anne Bancroft — Katherine Lupo
 J. Carrol Naish — Ben Dagajanian
 Onslow Stevens — Johnny Achills
 Barry Kelley — Robert Frawley
 Mike Mazurki — Arnie Wendler
 Celia Lovsky — Mama Lupo
 Herbert Heyes — James Marshall
 Steven Geray — Morris Franklin
 William Bill' Phillips — Whitey
 Henry Kulky — Gino
 Nestor Paiva — Martinelli

Note

Legături externe

 New York Confidential information site and DVD review at DVD Beaver (includes images)

Filme din 1955
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme noir
Filme cu acțiunea în New York
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme produse de Edward Small

New York Confidential (film)


ديم ريجنالد بريستو (بالإنجليزية:Deem Reginald Bristow ) هو ممثل أداء صوتي أمريكي ولد 11 أبريل عام 1947 في ايتون أوهايو وهو معروف بأداء د. إغمان.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ممثلو أداء صوتي أمريكيون
مواليد 1947
وفيات 2005
وفيات في سان دييغو (كاليفورنيا)

ديم بريستو


La catastrophe de Königs Wusterhausen est l'accident aérien le plus meurtrier jamais survenu en Allemagne. Le , un Iliouchine Il-62 de la compagnie aérienne Interflug s'est écrasé peu après le décollage de l'aéroport de Berlin-Schönefeld, à la suite d'un incendie survenu dans la soute arrière de l'appareil, causant la morts des 156 personnes à bord.

Contexte
L'accident a eu lieu en République démocratique allemande. L'avion impliqué était un Iliouchine Il-62 immatriculé  DM-SEA, appartenant à la compagnie nationale est-allemande, Interflug. Le vol était un charter transportant des touristes à destination de l'aéroport de Bourgas, Bourgas étant une importante station balnéaire bulgare.

Accident

Parti de l'Aéroport de Berlin-Schönefeld, l'avion rencontre des difficultés treize minutes après le décollage, la gouverne de profondeur ne répond pas normalement. Il est décidé de procéder à un atterrissage d'urgence, ce qui implique de larguer une grande partie du carburant, l'avion ne pouvant pas atterrir à pleine charge. Peu après, un feu se déclare à l'arrière de l'appareil.

Cause

L'accident a été provoqué par une fuite sur une conduite du circuit d'air comprimé.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Vol LOT Polish Airlines 5055
 Vol South African Airways 295
 Vol Swissair 111

Accident ou incident aérien impliquant un Iliouchine
Accident ou incident aérien en 1972
Accident ou incident aérien en Allemagne
Incendie aérien

Catastrophe de Königs Wusterhausen


La Seaba's Filling Station est une ancienne station-service américaine à Warwick, dans le comté de Lincoln, en Oklahoma. Située le long de la route 66, elle a été construite en 1921. Elle est inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le .

Liens externes

Station-service le long de l'U.S. Route 66
Station-service inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques en Oklahoma
Registre national des lieux historiques en 1995
Comté de Lincoln (Oklahoma)

Seaba's Filling Station


Heiduk ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Franz Heiduk (1925–2023), deutscher Biograf, Lexikograf und Herausgeber
 Kim Heiduk (* 2000), deutscher Radrennfahrer
 Melissa Heiduk (* 1989), deutsche Popsängerin
 Petra Heiduk (* 1943), deutsche Tänzerin, Tanzsporttrainerin und Choreografin im Bereich des Formationstanzsportes (Latein)

Siehe auch:
 Werner Heiduczek (1926–2019), deutscher Schriftsteller
 Heiducken, Bezeichnung für meist bandenmäßig organisierte Gesetzlose in Südosteuropa zur Zeit der türkischen Herrschaft
 Heyduck
 Haiduc
 Haiduk
 Hajduk
 Hayduck

Heiduk


Canchy may refer to the following places in France:

Canchy, Calvados, in the Calvados département
Canchy, Somme, in the Somme département

Canchy


Margaret Patricia Munn (born 1959) works in governance and equality. Currently Interim Chair of the Board of Governors at Sheffield Hallam University , Senior Independent Director of the Phone-paid Services Authority (PSA)  and Chair of the PeerTalk charity . She is a Fellow of the Chartered Management Institute .

An international governance consultant with a focus on parliamentary processes, political party development, gender mainstreaming and women's leadership. She works with organisations such as Global Partners Governance, Inter-Parliamentary Union, OECD, United Nations Development Programme, and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE).

She was a British politician and served as a Labour MP for Sheffield Heeley from 2001 to 2015.

Before Parliament
Munn went to Mundella Primary School on Mundella Place in Norton Woodseats, then the comprehensive Rowlinson School on Dyche Lane in Jordanthorpe, Sheffield from 1970 to 1977, (the site became Norton College Campus of Sheffield College, but the old school transferred to Meadowhead School across the road in 1988).

She studied languages at the University of York receiving a BA (Hons) in 1981, later gaining an MA in social work at the University of Nottingham in 1986. Munn later gained a Certificate and Diploma in Management Studies from the Open University and in 2012 became the first MP to be awarded Chartered Manager status by the Chartered Management Institute, subsequently becoming a Fellow of the Institute.

She worked as a social work Assistant for Berkshire County Council from 1981–84; as a social worker for Nottinghamshire County Council from 1986–90, becoming a senior social worker from 1990–92; as a district manager for Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council Social Services from 1992–96, as a child services manager for Wakefield Metropolitan Borough Council from 1996–99; and assistant director of City of York Council Children's Services from 1999–2000.

She joined the Labour Party at fifteen, and was a councillor on Nottingham City Council from 1987–91. Munn was on the Barnsley Regional Board of the Co-operative Group, the UK's largest co-operative society, and the management committee of Wortley Hall, a national co-operative conference centre. She was elected President of the 2006 Co-operative Congress She is a member of USDAW, the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party.

Member of Parliament

Munn was Patron of Heeley City Farm, Patron of Home-Start Sheffield and Patron of Sheffield Young Carers.

As a backbencher, Munn served on the Education and Skills Select Committee 2001–03, and the Procedure Select Committee 2001–02. She was closely involved with the Adoption and Children Act 2002; changing national regulations to allow Local Authorities to register body-piercing studios; supporting small business, including co-operative and mutual enterprises; encouraging women to go into business; and House of Lord's reform. She also served as Chair of the Women's Committee of the Parliamentary Labour Party (2003–05) and Chair of the Parliamentary Co-operative Group (2004–05). She has been Vice-Chair of Labour Friends of Israel, a vice-chair of the group Progress and Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Voice group.

Munn served as Parliamentary Private Secretary at the Department for Education and Skills from July 2003 to 2004 and then continuing to be a PPS at the department attached to the Minister of State for Education until May 2005. She was Minister for Women and Equality, based at the Department for Communities and Local Government from May 2005 until June 2007. Munn introduced civil partnerships in the UK in December 2005. She was responsible for the Equality Act 2006, and involved in the Work and Families Act 2006. She established the Equality and Human Rights Commission). For part of this time she was not able to take a ministerial salary, as the maximum number of paid ministers had been appointed.  This was criticised by the opposition.

Munn argued strongly in support of the coalition government's plan to participate in military strikes against the Syrian Government in the wake of a chemical-weapons attack at Ghouta in the vote on 29 August 2013, contrary to the Labour Party's position. She was one of four Labour MPs who did not vote against the government motion, which the government lost. Ultimately a negotiated agreement was reached to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons.

On 29 June 2007, Munn was appointed as the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Amongst her responsibilities were Overseas Territories, South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the Caribbean and Central America. She stood down from the government in October 2008.

She was Chair of the UK government-funded Westminster Foundation for Democracy from October 2008 to July 2010, and Vice-Chair July 2010 to October 2012.
With the Foundation, Munn worked on the Middle East and North Africa, leading workshops and mentoring MPs on Egypt, the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Morocco and Jordan. The Foundation was established in 1992 to promote democracy mainly in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa. It is a cross-party political organisation that provides support and funding to establish and maintain democratic forms of government.

Munn established and was chair of the Child Protection All-Party Parliamentary Group, Chair of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq All-Party Parliamentary Group, Chair of the Methodist All-Party Parliamentary Group, Vice-Chair of the Women in Enterprise All-Party Parliamentary Group, Vice-Chair of the Engineering and Information Technology All-Party Parliamentary Group, Vice-Chair of the Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire All-Party Parliamentary Group, and Vice-Chair of the Mexican All-Party Parliamentary Group.

On 24 January 2014 she advised Heeley Constituency Labour Party that she had decided not to seek reselection to stand at the 2015 general election.

Expenses claims

On 26 May 2009, Meg Munn was criticised after The Daily Telegraph published an article reporting that her husband, who was employed part-time as her parliamentary aide, was paid more than £5,000 from public funds over four years for professional services in connection with their personal taxation affairs to at least five government ministers, and his wife. The article reported that when Munn published her receipt for these services on her website, she blacked out the portion indicating that her husband was the beneficiary of her expenses. Munn said on her website that the blacking out had been done by the House of Commons, which deleted details considered to be a personal security risk; her husband's name was deleted for one year, presumably in error, but published for three other years. Munn said that neither she nor her staff had redacted details.

Labour MPs argued that tax advice relating to their work as MPs was a legitimate expense, and the Labour Party issued a statement supporting this view. Business groups expressed concerns that MPs might be being "treated differently" to other taxpayers, saying, "If entrepreneurs sought professional tax advice, they had to pay the fee themselves and offset it against any profits on which they paid tax". Munn was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs' expense details secret.

Post-Parliamentary career
From August 2015 to July 2023, Munn served as pro-chancellor and Deputy Chair of the Board of Governors of Sheffield Hallam University and in August 2023 became Interim Chair of the Board of Governors. She is the Senior Independent Director of the Phone-paid Services Authority . and Chair of the PeerTalk charity. Previously she was Independent Chair, National Safeguarding Panel, Church of England, (2018-2023) |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U41743 |website=Who's Who 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=12 July 2023 |language=en |date=1 December 2019}}</ref>. She was Chair of the British Council's Society Advisory Group (2017–2021) and a Non-Executive Director of the Esh Group (2015–2018).

She is also an international governance consultant with a focus on parliamentary processes, political party development, gender mainstreaming and women's leadership. She works with organisations such as Global Partners Governance, Inter-Parliamentary Union, United Nations Development Programme, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, UN Women, the Kenya Women Parliamentarians' Association (KEWOPA) and the Iraq Foundation to support democracy building in a number of countries. She is author of Participatory Gender Audits of Parliaments: a Step by Step Guidance Document (2022) and Lead drafter for the Compendium of Good Practises for Advancing Women's Political Participation in the OSCE Region (2016), Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.

She supports women to consider non-traditional careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), and construction. She is Patron of the Women's Engineering Society and has edited Building the future: women in construction, Smith Institute (2014) and Unlocking Potential: perspectives on women in science, engineering & technology, Smith Institute (2011).

She was the first independent Chair of the Church of England's National Safeguarding Panel and then the acting Chair of the Independent Safeguarding Board. She resigned from both positions on 12 July 2023.

Personal life
Munn is fluent in German and French, conversational Italian and Spanish. She has long been an active member of the Methodist Church. She has been married to Dennis Bates since 1989.<ref name="WW 2020">{{cite web |title=Munn, Meg, (born 24 Aug. 1959).

Publications
Author Participatory Gender Audits of Parliaments: a Step by Step Guidance Document Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (2022).
Lead drafter "Compendium of Good Practises for Advancing Women's Political Participation in the OSCE Region", Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (2016).
Edited Building the future: women in construction, Smith Institute (2014).
Seminar series on child sexual abuse, Child Protection All-Party Parliamentary Group. NSPCC (2014).
Making care proceedings better for children, Child Protection All-Party Parliamentary Group.NSPCC (2013).
Edited Unlocking Potential: perspectives on women in science, engineering & technology, Smith Institute (2011).
Vetting and Disclosures: Getting it right in practice, Child Protection All-Party Parliamentary Group.NSPCC (2011).
An essay in Making the progressive case for Israel, Labour Friends of Israel (2011).
President's Address to the Co-operative Congress, Co-operatives UK (2006).
Foreword to Diversity and the Economy, Tony Pilch, Smith Institute (2006).
An essay in Labour Looks to Israel, ed P.Richards, Labour Friends of Israel (2005).
Co-edited Family Fortunes: the New Politics of Childhood, eds Patrick Diamond, Sunder Katwala & Meg Munn, Fabian Society (2004)

References

External links
Munn's former website Archived 12 January 2012
Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Meg Munn MP
TheyWorkForYou.com – Meg Munn MP
Voting record at the Public Whip
Women and Equality Unit
BBC Politics page

1959 births
Living people
Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Politics of Sheffield
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Alumni of the Open University
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Alumni of the University of York
Presidents of Co-operative Congress
UK MPs 2010–2015
Nottingham City Councillors
21st-century British women politicians
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women councillors in England

Meg Munn


Armagh ( ; , , "Macha's height") is the county town of County Armagh and a city in Northern Ireland, as well as a civil parish. It is the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland – the seat of the Archbishops of Armagh, the Primates of All Ireland for both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Ireland. In ancient times, nearby Navan Fort () was a pagan ceremonial site and one of the great royal capitals of Gaelic Ireland. Today, Armagh is home to two cathedrals (both named after Saint Patrick) and the Armagh Observatory, and is known for its Georgian architecture.

Although classed as a medium-sized town, Armagh was given city status in 1994 and Lord Mayoralty status in 2012, both by Elizabeth II. It had a population of 16,310 people in the 2021 Census.

History

Foundation
Eamhain Mhacha (or Navan Fort), at the western edge of Armagh, was an ancient pagan ritual or ceremonial site. According to Irish mythology it was one of the great royal sites of Gaelic Ireland and the capital of Ulster. It appears to have been largely abandoned after the 1st century. In the 3rd century, a ditch and bank was dug around the top of Cathedral Hill, the heart of what is now Armagh. Its circular shape matches the modern street layout. Evidence suggests that it was a pagan sanctuary and the successor to Navan. Like Navan, it too was named after the goddess Macha: Ard Mhacha, meaning "Macha's height". This name was later anglicised as Ardmagh, which eventually became Armagh. Navan and Armagh were linked by an ancient road which passes over Mullacreevie hill.

After Christianity spread to Ireland, the pagan sanctuary was converted into a Christian one, and Armagh became the site of an important church and monastery. According to tradition, Saint Patrick founded his main church there in the year 445, and it eventually became the head church of Ireland. Muirchú writes that a pagan chieftain named Dáire would not let Patrick build a church on the hill of Ard Mhacha, but instead gave him lower ground to the east. One day, Dáire's horses died after grazing on the church land. He told his men to kill Patrick, but was himself struck down with illness. They begged Patrick to heal him, and Patrick's holy water revived both Dáire and his horses. Dáire rewarded Patrick with a great bronze cauldron and gave him the hill of Ard Mhacha to build a church. Dáire has similarities with the Irish god the Dagda.

Medieval era
By the 7th century, Armagh had become the site of the most important church, monastery and monastic school in the north of Ireland. The Book of Armagh was produced in the monastery in the early 9th century and contains some of the oldest surviving specimens of Old Irish.

Armagh was at the heart of the kingdom of the Airthir, a part of the Airgíalla federation. The church at Armagh looked to both the Airthir and neighbouring Uí Néill for patronage. The Uí Néill High King, Niall Caille (Niall of the Callan), was buried at Armagh in 846 after drowning in the River Callan. His son, High King Áed Findliath, had a house at Armagh.

The first Viking raids on Armagh were recorded in 832, with three in one month, and it suffered at least ten Viking raids over the following century. A hoard seemingly lost by Vikings in the River Blackwater shows the high quality of metalwork being made in Armagh at this time.

Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, visited Armagh in 1004, acknowledging it as the head church of Ireland and bestowing it a large sum of gold. Brian was buried at Armagh cathedral after his death at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Armagh's claim to being the head church of Ireland was formally acknowledged at the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111. All English slaves in the island freed by the Council of Armagh.

Following the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, Armagh was attacked by Anglo-Normans led by Philip de Worcester in 1185 and by John de Courcy in 1189. It was also raided by Ruaidrí mac Duinn Sléibe of Ulaid in 1196 and 1199.

Archbishop Máel Patraic Ua Scannail rebuilt Armagh cathedral in 1268 and founded a Franciscan friary, whose remains can still be seen. There was also a small Culdee community in Armagh until the 16th century.

Early modern era
During the 16th century Tudor conquest of Ireland, Armagh suffered greatly in the conflict between the English and the O'Neills. Armagh was strategically important as it lay between the English Pale and the O'Neill heartland of Tyrone, and the town changed hands many times during the wars. In the 1560s, English troops under Thomas Radclyffe occupied and fortified the town, which was then attacked and largely destroyed by Shane O'Neill. After the Battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598, the routed English army took refuge at Armagh before surrendering to Hugh O'Neill. By the end of the Nine Years' War, Armagh lay in ruins, as shown on Richard Bartlett's 1601 map.

Following the Nine Years' War, Armagh came under English dominance and the cathedral came under the control of the Protestant Church of Ireland. The cathedral was rebuilt under Archbishop Christopher Hampton and the town began to be settled by Protestants from Britain, as part of the Plantation of Ulster. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, many British settlers fled to Armagh cathedral for safety. After negotiations with the besieged settlers, Catholic rebels under Felim O'Neill occupied the town. In May 1642, following several rebel defeats and massacres by settlers elsewhere, the rebels in Armagh seized the settlers' property and set fire to the town.

Modern era
The parliamentary borough of Armagh was a two-seat constituency in the Irish House of Commons prior to 1801. It continued as a one-seat constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons from 1801 to 1885. It had a municipal corporation which was abolished under the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840.

Armagh has been an educational centre since the time of Saint Patrick, and thus it has been referred to as "the city of saints and scholars". The educational tradition continued with the foundation of the Royal School in 1608, St Patrick's College in 1834 and the Armagh Observatory in 1790. The Observatory was part of Archbishop Lord Rokeby's plan to have a university in the city. This ambition was finally fulfilled, albeit briefly, in the 1990s when Queen's University of Belfast opened an outreach centre in the former hospital building.

The Catch-my-Pal Protestant Total Abstinence Union was founded in 1909 in Armagh by the minister of 3rd Armagh (now The Mall) Presbyterian Church, Rev. Robert Patterson.  Although relatively short-lived it was very successful for that time, attracting many tens of thousands of members. It was influential in the development of a "two-community" narrative in Ulster which was important in the Ulster Unionist campaign during the Home Rule Crisis. A blue plaque historical marker commemorating Rev. Patterson was erected on The Mall in 2019.

Three brothers from Armagh died at the Battle of the Somme during World War I. None of the three has a known grave and all are commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme. A fourth brother was wounded in the same attack.

On 14 January 1921, during the Irish War of Independence, a Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) sergeant was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Armagh. He was attacked with a grenade as he walked along Market Street and later died of his wounds. On 4 September 1921, republican leaders Michael Collins and Eoin O'Duffy addressed a large meeting in Armagh, which was attended by up to 10,000 people.

During the Troubles in Armagh, the violence was substantial enough for a stretch of road on the outskirts of the city to be referred to by one RUC officer as "Murder Mile". Over the span of 36 years, although mainly concentrated in the years from 1969 until 1994, the small city, including some outlying areas, saw 86 deaths in the Troubles, including those of a number of people from the city who died elsewhere in Troubles-related incidents. Armagh City Hall, which had been built as the Tontine Buildings in 1828 and converted into a municipal building in 1910, was badly damaged in a bomb attack on 27 September 1972 and subsequently demolished.

City status

As the seat of the Primate of All Ireland, Armagh was historically regarded as a city, and recognisably had the status by 1226. It had no charter granted but claimed the title by prescription; Acts of the Parliament of Ireland in 1773 and 1791 refer to the "City of Armagh". Armagh lost the status with the abolition of its city corporation by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 after it was deemed ineffective and unrepresentative of its population. From 1953, Armagh began to argue for the restoration of the status lost in 1840, with several applications to the Home Office being made. The council used the appellation "city" unofficially until 1994 when, at Queen Elizabeth's personal request, Armagh along with the Welsh town of St Davids was awarded the status. Charles, Prince of Wales during a visit in July 1994 announced it had been granted to mark the 1,550th anniversary of the traditional date of Armagh's foundation by Saint Patrick, and also "in recognition of [Armagh's and St Davids'] important Christian heritage and their status as cities in the last century".

The award of city status is typically granted to a local authority body, and the letters patent was initially presented to dignitaries and Armagh District Council by Queen Elizabeth during a visit on 9 March 1995. Following this, it was renamed Armagh City and District Council from 1 October 1995. Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council presently holds the status on behalf of the city as there is no localised council body since the aforementioned districts were merged in 2015 as a result of local government reform. Armagh contains the lowest population of all the cities of Northern Ireland, and is fifth smallest in the UK. Its urban area covering , makes it the smallest city by size in Northern Ireland, however several other cities are smaller when the UK is taken as a whole.

Notable buildings

Armagh is the site of two cathedrals, both on hills and both named after Saint Patrick. The Church of Ireland cathedral dates back to around 445. The present-day, post-Reformation, Roman Catholic cathedral was constructed during the latter half of the 19th century and features twin 64m spires, making it the tallest such structure in the county. Armagh is one of the few cities in the world that is home to two cathedrals of the same name.

Armagh has a Georgian area of heritage importance. Perhaps one of the more well known of the buildings is the former women's prison. The construction of Armagh Gaol began in 1780 and was extended in the 1840s and 1850s. The front façade of the prison was built in the Georgian style, while the later development, based on the design of Pentonville (HM Prison), is Victorian. For most of its working life it was a women's prison although not exclusively so.  Armagh Gaol was the primary women's prison in Northern Ireland.  In 1986 the prison closed and its prisoners were transferred to the new prison at Maghaberry.

The city is home to the Armagh Observatory, founded in 1790, and to the Armagh Planetarium, established in 1968 to complement the research work of the Observatory. The palace of the Archbishop of Armagh is now the local council offices and, along with the archbishop's private chapel, is open to the public. The Palace Stables heritage centre is a reconstructed stable block dating from the 18th century, which was once part of the Archbishop's estate.

Among the city's chief glories is Armagh Public Library on Abbey Street. It was founded in 1771 by Archbishop Richard Robinson (later created the first Baron Rokeby in 1777), using his own library as its nucleus. It is especially rich in 17th- and 18th-century books in English, including Dean Jonathan Swift's own copy of the first edition of his Gulliver's Travels with his manuscript corrections.

Armagh Market House was built in 1815 as a two-storey five-bay building, and is currently used as a library.

Armagh County Museum is the oldest county museum in Ireland. The building dates from 1833 and was originally a school house. It was opened as the County Museum in 1937.

Townlands

Armagh is within the civil parish of Armagh. Like the rest of Ireland, this parish is divided into townlands, whose names mostly come from the Irish language. When these townlands were built upon, they lent their names to various streets, roads and housing estates.
In 1830, most of Armagh's urban townlands were amalgamated for administration and became known as Corporation Lands or simply Corporation. The surrounding townlands remained as separate units and they were eventually built upon too. They are listed below alongside their likely etymologies.

Aghamoat ()
Ballynahone More (from Baile na hAbhann, "townland of the river")
Cargagh (from Cairgeach, "rocky land")
Cavanacaw (from Cabhán an Chatha, "hollow of the battle" or Cabhán na Cáithe, "hollow of the chaff")
Drumadd (formerly Drumadokeenan, from Dromad Uí Chianáin, "O'Keenan's ridge")
Drumarg (from Droim Mairge, "ridge of the boundary")
Drumman More (from Dromann, "the ridge")
Killuney (from Cill Liamhna, "Liamhain's church")
Legarhill or Mullaghcreevie (from Mullach Craoibhe, "hilltop of the branch"; legar is from an old English word for a military camp)
Longstone (named after a standing stone)
Lurgyvallen (from Lorga Uí Mhealláin, "O'Mallon's long low ridge")
Mullynure (from Mullach an Iúir, "hilltop of the yew") – part of Grange parish
Parkmore (from Páirc Mhór, "great field")
Tullyelmer (originally Tullyelmaine, possibly from Tulaigh Alúine, "hillock of the yellow clay")
Umgola (from Iomghuala, "hill-shoulder")

Some of the former townlands included:
Doonullagh (possibly from Dún Ulaidhe, "fort of the tomb")
Drumbreda (from Droim Brighde, "Brigid's hill")
Knockadrain (from Cnoc an Droighin, "blackthorn hill") – site of the Catholic cathedral
Knockamell (from Cnoc Uí Ághmaill, "O'Hamill's hill") – site of the Observatory
Knockenboy (from Cnocán Buidhe, "yellow hillock")
Lisanally (formerly Liosconalia, from Lios Chon Allaidh meaning "fort of the wolf"; "Cú Allaidh's fort")
Tullynalecky (from Tulaigh na Leice, "flagstone hill") – site of St Patrick's Catholic graveyard
Templebreed (from Teampall Brighde, "Brigid's chapel")
Templefertagh (from Teampall Fearta, "chapel of the graves or miracles")
Tullyasnagh

Demography

2021 Census
On Census day (21 March 2021) there were 16,310 people living in Armagh. Of these:
 67.3% (10,977) belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith and 23.76% (3,875) belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion. 1.35% belong to other religions and 7.59% have no religious background.
 47.93% had an Irish national identity, 20.17% indicated that they had a British national identity and 24.08% had a Northern Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).

2011 Census
On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 14,777 people living in Armagh (5871 households), accounting for 0.82% of the NI total, representing an increase of 1.3% on the Census 2001 population of 14,590. Of these:
 20.90% were aged under 16 years and 15.44% were aged 65 and over.
 52.52% of the usually resident population were female and 47.48% were male.
 68.85% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith and 26.95% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion.
 44.39% had an Irish national identity, 27.18% indicated that they had a British national identity and 26.43% had a Northern Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).
 37 years was the average (median) age of the population;
 18.76% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaelic) and 4.08% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots.

Governance
Armagh City and District Council was a single district council until 2015 when it merged with Banbridge District Council and Craigavon Borough Council under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council, sometimes colloquially referred to as the ABC council.

Armagh is part of the Newry and Armagh Assembly constituency.

Together with part of the district of Newry and Mourne, it forms the Newry & Armagh constituency for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly.

Administration

The Education Authority (Southern) and the Southern Health and Social Care Trust have their headquarters in the city, which has a long reputation as an administrative centre.

The secretariat of the North/South Ministerial Council is based in Armagh, and consists jointly of members of the civil services of both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Armagh is the seat of both the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, both of whom hold the position of Primate of All Ireland for their respective denominations.

Education

Primary
Armstrong Primary School
Christian Brothers Primary School Armagh
The Drelincourt Primary School
Dromintee Primary School
Drumhillery Primary School
Mount St Catherine's Primary School
The Royal School Preparatory School
Saints and Scholars Integrated Primary School
St. Malachy's Primary School
St. Patrick's Primary School

Post-primary
 City of Armagh High School
 St. Catherine's College, Armagh
 St. Patrick's Grammar School, Armagh
 The Royal School, Armagh
 Southern Regional College

Transport
The Ulster Railway linked Armagh with Belfast in 1848 and Monaghan in 1858. The Newry and Armagh Railway (N&A) opened in 1864 and the Castleblayney, Keady and Armagh Railway (CK&A) was completed in 1910. In 1876 the Ulster Railway became part of the new Great Northern Railway (GNR), which took over the N&A in 1879 and the CK&A in 1911.

The Armagh rail disaster, which killed 80 people, occurred on 12 June 1889 on the N&A line near Armagh.

The partition of Ireland in 1922 hastened the railways' decline, and the GNR closed the Keady – Castleblayney section of the CKA in 1923. The GNR withdrew passenger trains from the Armagh – Keady section of the CKA in 1922 and closed the Armagh – Markethill section of the N&A in 1933. The Government of Northern Ireland forced the GNR Board to close all remaining lines serving Armagh railway station on 1 October 1957: the goods branch from Armagh to Keady and the main line through Armagh from  as far as the border at Glaslough on the way to Monaghan.

Northern Ireland Railways train services run from  to Belfast Great Victoria Street and the cross-border Enterprise service runs via Newry to Dublin Connolly. Poyntzpass also has a limited service.

When he was Minister for the Department for Regional Development, then MLA Danny Kennedy had indicated plans to restore the railway from Armagh station to .

Sport

Armagh City Football Club, which plays in the NIFL Championship is the main association football club, and the City of Armagh Rugby Club is the local rugby club. Lisanally Rangers F.C. is another football team, playing in the Mid-Ulster Football League. Gaelic football is represented by Armagh Harps and Pearse Ógs. The local GAA handball club is Eugene Quinn's, named after a player from the Armagh area who died on an attempted swim from Tory Island to the coast of Donegal. The local hurling club is Armagh Cúchulainns.

In 2004 the Royal School, Armagh became only the second team in history to win both the schools' rugby and hockey cups in the same year.

The Mall in Armagh has a long association with cricket, and is the location of the Armagh Cricket Club clubhouse.

Armagh Athletics Club was founded in 1969. The club organises the Armagh International 5k Road Race annually. The race was first organised in 1980 and takes place every February with athletes coming from England, Scotland, Wales, continental Europe and the United States.

Notable people
Only people who are sufficiently notable to have individual entries on Wikipedia have been included in the list and, in each instance, their birth or residence has been verified by citations.
 Tom Boyd, Irish professional golfer, was born in Armagh in 1888
 Daragh Carville, playwright and screenwriter, whose works include Cherrybomb, was born in Armagh in 1969
 David Cunningham (born 1954), musician
 Moses Harvey, clergyman and naturalist, famous for studies of the giant squid, was born in Armagh in 1820
John Lennox (born 1943), mathematician who grew up in Armagh and attended the Royal School. He specialises in group theory, is a philosopher of science and a Christian apologist
 Patrick Magee, actor and director known for his collaborations with Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter, was born in Armagh in 1922
 Saint Malachy of Armagh was born there in 1094
 Seamus McGarvey, Academy Award-nominated cinematographer (Atonement, Anna Karenina), was born in Armagh in 1967
 Colin Morgan, actor, known for playing the lead role in Merlin, was born in Armagh in 1986
 Ian Paisley, politician, founder of the Democratic Unionist Party and First Minister of Northern Ireland, was born in Armagh in 1926
 Thomas Romney Robinson (1792–1882), astronomer, lived in Armagh
 Christopher Vokes, Major General, was born in Armagh in 1904
 William Whitford (1846 – ), physician and temperance reformer
 Charles Wood, composer, was born in Armagh in 1866

Climate
Armagh has a temperate maritime climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. The nearest Met Office standard weather station, at Armagh Observatory, provides long term weather data back to 1794. The lowest temperature was  on 7 February 1895. This is also the coldest temperature on record for February in Northern Ireland.
Armagh also holds the record for highest daily minimum temperature in Northern Ireland, at  on 31 July 1868. The lowest daily maximum temperature on record is  which occurred on 20 December 2010.

Typically, the warmest day of the year will reach , and 3.7 days a year should attain a maximum temperature of  or above.

Typically the coldest night of the year should fall to  and 40.4 nights should register an air frost. All averages refer to the 1981–2010 observation period.

Annalistic references

See Annals of Inisfallen (AI)

 AI715.2 Flann.Febla, abbot of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI729.1 Kl. Repose of Suibne, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI750.1 Kl. Repose of Congus, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI768.3 Repose of Feradach son of Suibne, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI772.2 Suibne, abbot of Ard Macha, [rested].
 AI791.1 Kl. Cú Dínisc son of Cú Ásaig, abbot of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI793.1 Dub dá Leithe, abbot of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI794.1 Kl. Airechtach, abbot of Ard Macha, [rested].
 AI795.3 Repose of Faendledach Bec, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI807.1 Kl. Connmach son of Dub dá Leithe, abbot of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI808.1 Kl. Taicthech grandson of Tigernán, lector of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI834.1 Kl. Eógan, bishop of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI845.2 Forannán, abbot of Ard Macha, was carried off by the heathens from Cluain Comarda, and the shrine of Pátraic was broken and carried off by them.
 AI846.1 Kl. Niall son of Aed, king of Temuir, was drowned in the Calann, i.e. a river beside Ard Macha.
 AI852.2 Forannan and Diarmait, abbots of Ard Macha, fell asleep.
 AI852.2 Repose of Cathasach, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI874.1 Kl. The third feria [Tuesday], ninth of the moon. Féthgna, abbot of Ard Macha, rested in Christ.
 AI883.2 Repose of Cathasach, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI888.3 Repose of Mael Coba son of Crunnmael, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI893.1 First after Bissextile. Kl. Repose of Mochta, bishop of Ard Macha.
 AI924.2 Muiredach son of Domnall, abbot of Mainister Búiti and tanist-abbot of Ard Macha, rested.
 AI927.1 Kl. Repose of Mael Brigte son of Tornán, abbot of Ard Macha and abbot of Í Coluim Chille.
 AI936.1 Kl. Repose of Ioseph, abbot of Ard Macha; and Mael Pátraic succeeded him in the abbacy.
 AI966.2 Repose of Muiredach son of Fergus, abbot of Ard Macha.
 AI973.3 Dub dá Leithe, coarb of Patrick, came to Mumu and made his visitation; and he and the coarb of Ailbe quarrelled regarding the levy, and Mathgamain, king of Mumu, made peace between them, and they agreed upon the perpetual right of [the coarb of] Patrick.
 AI996.4 Ard Macha was set on fire by lightning, which did not leave unburnt a steeple therein, nor a house, nor the house of an elder inside the fort.
 AI996.5 Dub dá Leithe, coarb of Ard Macha (or, of Patrick) and coarb of Colum Cille, rested in Christ.
 AI1001.2 Muirecán, abbot of Ard Macha, was expelled from his abbot's seat, and Mael Maire took the abbacy instead.
 AI1005.5 Repose of Eochaid ua Flannacáin, historian of Ard Macha.
 AI1020.3 Mael Muire son of Eochaid, coarb of Patrick, rested in Christ.
 AI1020.4 Ard Macha was burned, both stone-church and bellhouse, and all the buildings.
 AI1026.3 The coarb of Patrick, accompanied by his venerable clerics, and Donnchadh son of Gilla Pátraic, king of Osraige, [were] in the house of Donnchad, son of Brian, at Cenn Corad at Eastertide.
 AI1029.8 Flaithbertach Ua Néill, on his pilgrimage to Ard Macha.

See also
Book of Armagh
List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
Market houses in Northern Ireland

References

External links

Visit Armagh

Online Guide to Armagh City

457 establishments

Cities in Northern Ireland
Civil parishes of County Armagh
County towns in Northern Ireland
Georgian architecture in Ireland
Georgian architecture in the United Kingdom

Armagh


ස්ථානීය හා ක්‍රියාත්මක වීමේ නිරවද්‍යතාව

අධි ස්පන්දනය කරන ලද උපාංගයක් නිෂ්පාදකයාගේ නිර්දේශිත ක්‍රියා කිරීම් තත්ව වලින් ක්‍රියා කරන නිසා එය දෝශ සහගතව ක්‍රියා කළ හැකි අතර එමඟින් පද්ධති අස්ථායීතා ඇති විය හැක. අස්ථායී අධි ස්පන්දිත පද්ධතියක් වේගයෙන් ක්‍රියා කරන නමුත් භාවිතා කිරීමට කරදරකාරී වේ. තවත් අනතුරක් වන්නේ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අනාවරණය කළ නොහැකි නිහඬ දත්ත විනාශ වීම (silent data corruption) සිදු වීමයි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අධි ස්පන්දකරුවන් පවසන්නේ අධි ස්පන්දිත පද්ධතියක ස්ථායීතාව හා නිවැරදි ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය පර්යේෂණ මඟින් තහවුරු කළ හැකි බවයි. දෘඩාංග ස්ථායීතාව පරීක්ෂා කිරීමට මෘදුකාංග තිබුණත් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ප්‍රොසෙසරයේ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය තදින් පරීක්ෂා කිරීමට කිසිවෙකුටත් (ප්‍රොසෙසර් නිෂ්පාදකයාටවත්) නොහැකිය. විශේෂ "ස්ට්‍රෙස් පරීක්ෂණයක දී" සිදු කළ හැක්කේ දත්ත සමඟ සම්බන්ධිතව යෙදෙන විශේෂිත උපදෙස් අනුක්‍රම පරීක්ෂා කර බැලීම පමණක් අතර එමඟින් අදාල ක්‍රියාවලිවල දෝශ අනාවරණය නොවේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ගණිතමය ක්‍රියාවලියත් නිවැරදි ප්‍රතිඵල ඇති කරන මුත් වැරදි සලකුණු (flags) ඇති කළ හැක. සලකුණු පරීක්ෂා කළේ නැත්නම් දෝශය අනාවරණය නොවී පවතී. හොඳ දෝශ ආවරණයක් ඇති කිරීමට මහත් වූ ඉංජිනේරුමය පරිශ්‍රමයක් අවශ්‍ය වේ. නිෂ්පාදකයන් විසින් වලංගු කිරීම් සඳහා දී ඇති සියලු ප්‍රභව තිබියදීත් අතපසු වීම් සිදු විය හැක. වඩාත් සංකීර්ණ කරුණු වෙත පිය නැඟීමේ දී සිලිකන් වන් ඉන්සියුලේටර් වැනි සැකසුම් තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමවල දී, උපාංග හිස්ටර්සිස් (hysteresis) තත්වයක් (පරිපථයක ක්‍රියාවලිය අතීත සිදු වීම් නිසා බලපෑමට ලක්වීම) පෙන්නුම් කරයි. එම නිසා වෝල්ටීයතාව හා උෂ්ණත්වය එකම වුව ද, පරෙස්සමෙන් ඉලක්කගත පර්යේෂණවලින් තොරවම විශේෂිත තත්ව  අනුක්‍රමයකට එක් අවස්ථාවක දී අධිස්පන්දිත තත්වයේ වැඩ කරන ලෙසත් අනෙක් අවස්ථාවේ එසේ නොවන ලෙසත් වෙනස් විය හැක. බහුලව, ස්ට්‍රෙස් පර්යේෂකයන් සමත් වන අධි ස්පන්දිත පද්ධතියක් අනෙක් ක්‍රමලේඛවලදී ස්ථායී බවත් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරයි.

අධි ස්පන්දනය කිරීමේ චක්‍රවල දී "ස්ට්‍රෙස් පර්යේෂණ" හෝ "ටෝචර් පර්යේෂණ" භාවිතා වන්නේ උපාංගයක නිවැරදි ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය පරීක්ෂා කිරීමටය. මෙම වැඩ භාර තෝරාගනු ලබන්නේ ඒවා අදාල උපංගය මත අධික භාරයක් පටවන නිසාය. ප්‍රසිද්ධ ස්ට්‍රෙස් පර්යේෂණ අතරට ප්‍රයිට් 95 , සුපර් PI , සිසොෆ්ට් වෙයාර් සැන්ඩ්‍රා , BOINC , ඉන්ටෙල් තාප විශ්ලේෂණ මෙවලම් හා මෙම්ටෙස්ට් 86 ආදිය අයත් වේ. මෙහි දී බලාපොරොත්තු වන්නේ , අධි ස්පන්දිත උපාංගයේ වූ යම් කිසි නිවැරදි ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය පිළිබඳ ඕනෑම ගැටළුවක් මෙම පර්යේෂණ තුළින් පෙන්නුම් කරන බවයි. පර්යේෂණය අතරතුර දෝශ අනාවරණය නොවුනි නම් උපාංගය ස්ථායී සලකනු ලැබේ. ස්ථායීතා පර්යේෂණවල දී දෝශ ආවරණය වැදගත් නිසා මෙම පර්යේෂණ අධි කාලාන්තරයක් පුරාවට ධාවනය වේ. සමහරක් විට පැය ගණනක් හෝ නැති නම් දින ගණනක් දක්වා එම කාලාන්තරය දික් විය හැක.

අති ස්පන්දකරණයට බලපාන සාධක

අති ස්පන්දකරණ හැකියාවට යම් දුරටකට බලපාන්නේ මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකක(CPU) නිෂ්පාදන ක්‍රියාවලියේ ඇති ආර්ථික කරුණුය. බොහෝ වේලාවන්හිදී විවිධ ස්පන්ද වේග සීඝ්‍රතා සඳහා ප්‍රමිත මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකක(CPU) නිපදවන්නේ එකම ක්‍රියාවලියක් මඟිනි. මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකකයෙහි(CPU) ප්‍රමිත කර ඇති ලෙස ස්පන්ද වේගය මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකක(CPU) නිෂ්පාදකයාගේ අයහපත් තත්ව යටතේ කරන (උදාහරණ ලෙස උපරිම උෂ්ණත්ව හා අවම සැපයුම් වෝල්ටීයතාව) ක්‍රියාකාරිත්ව පරික්ෂාව සමත් වු වේගයට සමාන හෝ අඩු වේ. නිෂ්පාදකයන් විසින් පහත සඳහන් කර ඇති කරුණු සඳහා ද අතිරේක ඉඩක් තැබිය යුතුය. සමහර අවස්ථාවලදි නිෂ්පාදකයන්ට සමාන උසස් කාර්යය සාධනයක් ඇති කොටස් අතිරික්තයක් ඇති වී ඒවායේ මිලට විකිණිය නොහැකි වු විට මධ්‍ය වේගයක් ඇති ලෙස සලකුණු කර, වඩා අඩු මිලකට විකුණනු ලැබේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක් මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකකයක(CPU) අනුවාද අංකයක මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකක(CPU) වල කාර්ය සාධනය වෙළඳපොලේ ඇති ස්පන්ද මට්ටම් තරම් පුළුල්ව වෙනස් නොවේ.

නිෂ්පාදකයෙක් එක් වේගයකට ප්‍රමිතකරණය කරනවිට එය මඟින් එම චිපය එම වේගයේදී ඇති සියළු මෙහෙයුම් තත්ව වලදී ක්‍රියාකාරි වන බව සහතික කල යුතුය. පද්ධතියක් අතිස්පන්දනය කරන විට මෙහෙයුම් තත්ව දැඩිව පාලනය කරන අතර එවිට නිෂ්පාදකයාගේ ඉඩ සීමාව අතිරේකව ඉතිරිවේ. අනික් පද්ධති කොටස් ද සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සමාන හේතු නිසා ඉඩ සීමා ඇතිව සැලසුම් කරන අතර, අතිස්පන්ද පද්ධති මෙම සැලසුම් කල අතිරේක ඉඩ අන්තර් ග්‍රහණය කර අඩු සහන යටතේ ක්‍රියා කරයි. පෙන්ටියම් නිර්මාණ ශිල්පීයා වන බොබ් කොල්වෙල් අතිස්පන්දකරණය ගැන කියන්නේ, "එය ඉතා අයහපත් නොවුනත් යහපත් ද නොවන තත්වයෙන් පද්ධති මෙහෙයුමකදී කරන පාලනය නොකල පරීක්ෂණයක්" ලෙසයි.

මෙම අතිරේක සීමාවන් ලෙස පෙනෙන ඉඩ සැකසුම් ජීවිත කාලය පුරාවට ක්‍රියා කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. අර්ධ සන්නායක උපාංග පරණ වන විට උණුසුම් වාහක නික්ෂේපණය(hot carrier injection), ඍනාත්මක පක්ෂපාති තාප අස්ථායිතාව (negative bias thermal instability)  සහ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රො සංචරණය  (electro migration) වැනි කරුණු නිසා පරිපථ කාර්ය සාධනය අඩු කරයි. අළුත් චිපයක් අතිස්පන්දනය කරන විට මෙම අතිරේක සීමාවෙන් ප්‍රයෝජනය ගත හැකිය. නමුත් චිපය පරණ වන විට වසර ගණනක් අතිස්පන්දනය කල වේගයෙන් ක්‍රියා කල පසුව හදිසියේම එම වේගවල ක්‍රියා නොකරන තත්ව ඇති වේ. අතිස්පන්දකයා විසින් පද්ධතිය සක්‍රීයව, පද්ධති ස්ථායිතාව සඳහා පරීක්ෂා නොකරන්නේ නම් මෙම බලපෑම සැලකිය යුතු මට්ටමකට වැඩි වු විට ඇති වන දෝෂවලට වරද පැටවෙන්නේ අතිස්පන්දකරණයට නොව වෙනත් මූල වලටමය.

සටහන්

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclocking#Stability_and_functional_correctness

අති ස්පන්දනය කිරීම


Sudha Murty (née Kulkarni le 19 août 1950) est une femme d'affaires, éducatrice, auteure et philanthrope indienne, présidente de la Fondation Infosys. Elle est mariée au cofondateur d'Infosys, . En 2006, le gouvernement indien lui a décerné le Padma Shri pour son travail dans le domaine social.

Sudha Murty a commencé sa carrière professionnelle dans le domaine de l'informatique et de l'ingénierie. Elle préside la fondation Infosys et est membre des initiatives de soins de santé publique de la fondation Gates. Elle a fondé plusieurs orphelinats, participé aux efforts de développement dans les zones rurales, soutenu le mouvement visant à doter toutes les écoles publiques du Karnataka d'ordinateurs et de bibliothèques, et créé la Murty Classical Library of India à l'université Harvard.

Murty est surtout connue pour son engagement social et sa contribution à la littérature en kannada et en anglais. Dollar Bahu, un roman qu'elle a écrit, a été adapté en série télévisée dramatique par Zee TV en 2001. Sudha Murty a également joué dans le film marathi Pitruroon et le film kannada Prarthana.

Jeunesse
Sudha Murty est née le 19 août 1950 à Shiggaon dans le district de Haveri (Inde). Elle est la fille du chirurgien R. H. Kulkarni et de Vimala Kulkarni. Elle est élevée par ses parents et ses grands-parents maternels. Ces expériences d'enfance constituent la base historique de ses premiers ouvrages notables intitulés How I Taught My Grandmother to Read and Other Stories et Wise and Otherwise. Murty a obtenu une licence en ingénierie (Bachelor of Engineering) en génie électrique et électronique du B.V.B. College of Engineering & Technology (actuellement KLE Technological University). Elle est reçue première de sa promotion et reçoit une médaille d'or du ministre en chef de Karnataka. Elle obtient un master en informatique (Master of Engineering) à l'Indian Institute of Science .

Carrière
Sudha Murty est la première femme ingénieure embauchée par le plus grand constructeur automobile indien, TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO). Elle écrit une lettre au président de TELCO pour se plaindre du recrutement uniquement masculin dans l'entreprise. En conséquence, elle obtient un entretien et est engagée. Elle rejoint l'entreprise en tant qu'ingénieure de développement à Pune, puis travaille à Mumbai et à Jamshedpur. Elle a rejoint ensuite le Walchand Group of Industries à Pune en tant qu'analyste principale des systèmes.

En 1996, elle crée la Fondation Infosys et en devient l'administratrice. Elle est professeure invitée à l'université de Bangalore. Elle a enseigne également à l'université du Christ à Bangalore.

Sudha Murty a écrit et publié de nombreux livres, notamment des romans, des ouvrages documentaires, des récits de voyage, des livres techniques et des mémoires. Ses livres ont été traduits dans toutes les principales langues indiennes. Elle est également chroniqueuse pour des journaux en anglais et en kannada.

Philanthropie

La fondation Infosys de Murty est un organisme public de bienfaisance fondé en 1996 et Murthy en est l'un des administrateurs. Par le biais de cette fondation, elle a construit 2 300 maisons dans les zones touchées par les inondations. Le travail social de Murty couvre les soins de santé, l'éducation, l'émancipation des femmes, l'hygiène publique, l'art et la culture, et la réduction de la pauvreté. Son projet d'équiper chaque école d'une bibliothèque a permis la création de 70 000 bibliothèques. Elle aide les zones rurales en construisant 16 000 toilettes publiques et plusieurs centaines de toilettes dans la ville de Bangalore. La fondation a mené des actions de secours lors de catastrophes naturelles nationales comme le tsunami au  et à Andaman, le tremblement de terre dans le district de Kutch, l'ouragan et les inondations à Odisha et à Andhra Pradesh et la sécheresse à Karnataka et Maharashtra. Deux établissements d'enseignement supérieur, le bâtiment H.R. Kadim Diwan, qui abrite le département des sciences informatiques et de l'ingénierie (CSE) de l'IIT Kanpur et la Narayan Rao Melgiri Memorial National Law Library à la NLSIU, ont été équipés et inaugurés par la Fondation Infosys.

Vie privée
Sudha Murty a épousé N. R. Narayana Murthy alors qu'elle était employée comme ingénieur chez TELCO à Pune. Le couple a deux enfants, Akshata et Rohan. Sa fille Akshata a épousé Rishi Sunak, son camarade de classe à Stanford. Le 24 octobre 2022, Sunak devient premier ministre du Royaume-Uni. Murty se décrit comme "une cinéphile".

Notes et références

Liens externes

Romancière indienne
Métier du social
Écrivain indien d'expression anglaise
Naissance en août 1950
Informaticienne indienne

Sudha Murty


USS John S. McCain (DL-3/DDG-36) was the second Mitscher-class destroyer leader in the United States Navy. Commissioned in 1953, she was later converted into a guided missile destroyer and served until 1978.  She was sold for scrap in 1979.

Construction and commissioning
The ship was launched by Bath Iron Works Corporation, Bath, Maine, on 12 July 1952. Originally designated DD-928 she was reclassified in 1951 as a destroyer leader. She was sponsored by Roberta McCain, the daughter-in-law of Admiral John S. McCain, Sr. (born 1884), and commissioned on 12 October 1953 at the Boston Naval Shipyard.

History
USS John S. McCain spent her first year of commissioned service undergoing sea trials and shakedown training in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. One of the  of large and fast destroyer leaders, she carried the new guided-missile armament, and she embodied new ideas in hull design and construction. This warship arrived at Norfolk on 19 May 1955 to begin service with the Operational Development Force in testing new equipment and tactics. She operated out of Norfolk until 5 November 1956, when she steamed from Hampton Roads bound for the Panama Canal and San Diego, California. After her arrival on 4 December 1956, she spent five months on maneuvers in the Pacific Ocean off California.

The destroyer sailed for her first Far East cruise on 11 April 1957, and after a visit to Australia, she joined the Formosa (now called Taiwan) Patrol, helping to deter a military clash between Nationalist and Communist Chinese forces. She returned from this important duty to San Diego on 29 September 1957.

John S. McCain steamed to her new homeport, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in early 1958, and she took part in fleet maneuvers and antisubmarine training for the next eight months. In early September the ship deployed to the Formosa-South China Sea area to help the Seventh Fleet deter a possible Communist invasion of Quemoy and Matsu Islands. She remained in this region until returning to Pearl Harbor on 1 March 1959.

This warship made her third deployment to the Far East in the fall of 1959, departing on 8 September 1957 and moving directly to the coast of Southeast Asia. During October she was off Calcutta, India, carrying medicines and donating food and money to flood victims. In January 1960, this versatile ship rescued the entire 41-man crew of Japanese freighter Shinwa Maru during a storm in the South China Sea. Returning to Pearl Harbor on 25 February, she began a well-earned period of overhaul and shipboard training.

John S. McCain departed on 7 March 1961 for another deployment with Seventh Fleet, spending six months off Laos and Vietnam. She resumed operations in Hawaiian waters after her return to Pearl Harbor on 25 September With the resumption of atmospheric nuclear testing by the Soviet Union some months later, the United States went ahead with plans for her own series of Pacific tests, and John S. McCain steamed to Johnston Island on 27 April 1962 to take part in the experiments. For the next six months she operated between Hawaii and Johnston Island, departing for her next cruise to the Far East on 28 November 1962. There she returned to patrol duties in the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, aiding the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the Viet Cong. She also took part in Formosa Patrol in the Straits before returning to Pearl Harbor on 16 June 1963. Antisubmarine warfare exercises followed, and the ship got underway again on 23 March 1964 for operations with a hunter-killer group in Japanese and Philippine waters. During this cruise she took part in exercises with ships from other SEATO nations as well as units of the 7th Fleet. John S. McCain returned to Pearl Harbor on 11 August. She operated in Hawaiian waters until the spring of 1965. The destroyer returned to Pearl Harbor, and then sailed on a six-month deployment in the western Pacific. In the fall, John S. McCain steamed off South Vietnam. On 24 November 1965 she shelled Viet Cong positions. Two days later she sailed to Hong Kong and ended the year in Japan. After further operations in the Far East early in 1966, John S. McCain returned to the East Coast of the United States.

On 24 June 1966, John S. McCain was decommissioned and entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for conversion to a guided missile destroyer. She was recommissioned on 6 September 1969 and redesignated DDG-36.

Fate
USS John S. McCain was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 29–30 April 1978, and sold for scrap on 13 December 1979. Her entire class of guided missile destroyers was rather abruptly retired from service because of technical problems with their steam power plants.

References

External links
Destroyer Leader Association: USS John S. McCain, Retrieved 13 Jun 2015

Mitscher-class destroyers
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
John McCain
Ships built in Bath, Maine
1952 ships

USS John S. McCain (DL-3)


André Dahan, né le  à Saint-Eugène (Algérie), est un artiste peintre, illustrateur et auteur d'ouvrages jeunesse français.

Biographie

André Dahan suit des études à l'École nationale supérieure des arts appliqués et des métiers d'art de Paris.

Il est artiste peintre et illustrateur depuis 1962 : illustrateur de presse, puis d'ouvrages jeunesse. Il est également l'auteur de la majorité des albums qu'il illustre.

Selon le site Ricochet :  Lors de sa publication en 1987, La Revue des livres pour enfants écrit : .

Quelques publications

Auteur et illustrateur
 Zoo pour rire, Hatier, 1974
 Quand le berger dort, Hatier, 1976
 Mon amie la lune, Gallimard, 1987
 Le chat et le poisson, Duculot, 1991
 Des nouvelles du zoo , Duculot, 1992
 Série Les Quatre saisons, Casterman, 1994
 Série Hélico, Gallimard, 1989-1995
 Bonne nuit, petite lune , Gallimard jeunesse, 1996
 Le bateau du grand-père, Gallimard jeunesse, 2002
 Au jardin du Luxembourg , Gallimard jeunesse, 1998

Illustrateur
 Ali Baba et les quarante voleurs, traduit de l'arabe par Antoine Galland, illustrations de André Dahan, le Livre de poche, 1979
 François Dautré, Bleu de bleu , ill. par André Dahan, Vif argent, 1982
 Michel Grimaud, L'Enfant de la mer, ill. par André Dahan, Centurion, 1986
 Margaret Davidson, Louis Braille, l'enfant de la nuit, Gallimard jeunesse, 1983

Prix et distinctions

  Sélection Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis 1988 pour Mon amie la Lune
  Sélection Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis 1989 pour Hélico et l'oiseau
 Prix Spécial du Prix L'Attire-Lire 1990 pour Hélico et l'oiseau, durant la  biennale internationale des illustrateurs de livres d'enfants de Lannion
  Pomme d'Or de Bratislava 1991 , lors de la Biennale d'illustration de Bratislava, pour Hélico et l'iceberg

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

 Page d'André Dahan sur le site lemuz.org.

Illustrateur français du XXe siècle
Illustrateur de livres d'enfance et de jeunesse
Peintre français du XXe siècle
Dessinateur de presse
Naissance en mai 1935

André Dahan


Gara Brad este o gară care deservește municipiul Brad, județul Hunedoara, România.

Note

Brad
Monumente istorice din județul Hunedoara

Gara Brad


مخيم الجلزون للاجئين الفلسطينين تأسس عام 1949 فوق مساحة من الأرض تبلغ 0.25 كيلومتر مربع على تلة صخرية تبعد مسافة 7 كيلومترات شمال رام الله، ويقع بالقرب من قرية جفنا. وينحدر أصل سكان المخيم من 36 قرية تابعة لمناطق اللد والرملة. ومثله مثل باقي المخيمات في الضفة الغربية، فقد بني المخيم فوق قطعة من الأرض قامت الأونروا باستئجارها من الحكومة الأردنية. وأصبح المخيم تحت السيطرة الإسرائيلية الفلسطينية المشترك في أعقاب اتفاقيات أوسلو.

وتتصل كافة المساكن بالبنية التحتية لشبكتي الكهرباء والماء العامة، إلا أن العديد منها ليست متصلة بنظام الصرف الصحي، وبدلاً من ذلك فهي تلجأ لاستخدام مراحيض خاصة متصلة بحفر امتصاصية أو تلجأ بالسماح للمياه العادمة بالجريان في الطرقات.

التسمية
سمي المخيم هذا الاسم نسبة إلى عين الجلزون والتي لا زالت آثارها حية وموجودة. وأما المصدر الثاني نسبة إلى واد الحلزون الكبير ثم حرفت فيما بعد إلى الجلزون وهذه الراوية ضعيفة الآن. وأما الرواية الأخرى وهي أرض الينابيع الوافرة ويعود ذلك لكون كلمة الجلزون كلمة يونانية مكونة من مقطعين الأول (Jalaz) وتعني الينابيع الوافرة وثاني (zone) وتعني منطقة وإذا جمعنا المقطعين يصبح اسمها أرض الينابيع الوفيرة وانتشار آبار المياه الجوفية الكثيرة التي يزيد تعدادها عن (300) .

الموقع الجغرافي والتركيبة السكانية
يقع إلى الشمال من مدينة رام الله، وإلى الغرب من الطريق الرئيس، الواصل بين رام الله ونابلس، وتحيط به من الشمال أراضي جفنا، وعين سينيا، وبلدة بيرزيت. ومن الشرق قرية دورا القرع. بلغت مساحته، عند إقامته، عام 1949، حوالي 240 دونماً، ثم امتدت إلى 337 (أي 0.3 كم مربع)، عام 1988، منها 237 دونماً أراضٍ زراعية.

السكان
بلغ عدد السكان، عام 1967، حوالي 3071 نسمة، وهم موزعون على 635 أُسرة، وبلغ عدد اللاجئين لدى "الوكالة"، عام 1997، 7160 نسمة. أما غالبية السكان فهم من اللاجئين، منذ عام 1948، ويشكلون ما نسبته 99% من مجموع سكان المخيم، وغالبيتهم من قرية بيت نبالا ويشكلون ما نسبته 80%, وباقي سكانه من قرى العباسية والدوايمة وكفر عانا ومدينة اللد، بينما نزح الجزء الباقي عام 1967، من قريتي نوبا، وعمواس، بعد أن تم تدميرهما، وتشريد السكان. في مخيم الجلزون كثافة سكانية عالية، كما هي الحال في بقية المخيمات الفلسطينية في الداخل والخارج، وارتفع خلال العشر سنوات التالية إلى 15000 نسمة حسب إحصائية العام 2007.

الجلزون والاحتلال الإسرائيلي
يقع المخيم في مشاريع التوطين الإسرائيلية، ضمن البند القاضي بهدم المخيم، لوجوده في ضواحي القدس ورام الله، ونقل سكانه إلى منطقة الأغوار، ورافق هذه العملية زحف استيطاني باتجاه المخيم، فقد أُقيمت مستوطنة بيت إيل أ، في عام 1977، على أراضي قريتي بيتين ودورا القرع، القريبتين من المخيم، والواقعتين شمال رام الله، وهذه المستوطنة تابعة لحركة غوش إيمونيم الصهيونية .

التعليم في الجلزون
يوجد في المخيم مدرستين تابعتين لوكالة الغوث التابعة للأمم المتحدة، واحدة للإناث والأخرى للذكور، وكل منها أساسية للصف التاسع، كما قامت وزارة التربية بتمويل من الحكومة الألمانية ببناء مدرسة ثانوية للإناث، مجهزة بأحدث الأجهزة ومبنية على النظام الأوروبي الحديث، وتم بناء مدرسة ثانوية للذكور مجهزة أيضاً بأحدث الأجهزة .

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1949
محافظة رام الله والبيرة
مخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين
مخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين في الضفة الغربية

مخيم الجلزون


العسكري شبراوي فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه 1982، من إخراج هنري بركات وبطولة ماجدة الخطيب وسعيد صالح ويونس شلبي.

تمثيل
 ماجدة الخطيب في دور "زبيدة"
 سعيد صالح في دور "زناتي"
 يونس شلبي في دور "شبراوي"
  في دور "توحة"
 سيد زيان في دور "فوزي"
 مظهر أبو النجا
 أحمد عدوية في دور "رق"
 محمد شوقي
 يوسف عيد
 رجاء يوسف
 فاطمة محمود

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1982
أفلام سعيد صالح
أفلام يونس شلبي

العسكري شبراوي (فيلم)


Aiysha Hart, née le  à Londres en Angleterre, est une actrice et scénariste  britannique. Elle est surtout connue pour les rôles de DS Sam Railston dans Line of Duty, d'Ariane dans Atlantis, de Mona dans Honour et de Polaire dans Colette. Elle joue également Miriam dans la série A Discovery of Witches.

Biographie
Aiysha Hart est née le . Son père est originaire du Moyen-Orient et sa mère du Royaume-Uni. Ainsi, elle a grandi au Moyen-Orient et à Londres. Elle est diplômée en littérature du King's College de Londres.

Filmographie

Films

Télévision

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1990
Naissance à Londres
Étudiant du King's College de Londres
Actrice anglaise de télévision
Actrice anglaise de cinéma
Personnalité anglaise du XXIe siècle
Actrice britannique du XXIe siècle

Aiysha Hart


Buchetul stilian este format din grupul de inserții a trei mușchi și două ligamente pe procesul stiloid.

Mușchii sunt: stilofaringian, stiloglos și stilohioidian

Ligamentele sunt: stilohiodian și stilomandibular.

Buchetul stilian se mai numește și Buchetul lui Riolan, care este format din trei trandafiri roșii (mușchii) și doi trandafiri albi (ligamentele).

Craniu

Buchetul stilian


Israel-Premier Tech er et israelsk cykelhold, der har status som UCI ProTeam. Holdet blev etableret i 2015.

Sæsoner

2023

Sejre

2022

Sejre

2021

Sejre

2020

Sejre

2019

Sejre

2018

Sejre

Eksterne henvisninger

Cykelhold
Sport i Israel

Israel-Premier Tech


Aflorimentul Costești este un monument al naturii de tip geologic sau paleontologic în raionul Ialoveni, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat la nord de satul Costești, pe coasta stângă a văii râului Botna, lângă drumul spre Mileștii Mici. Are o suprafață de 1 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Primăria satului Costești și Societatea pe Acțiuni "Ialoveni".

Referințe

Legături externe

Costești, Aflorimentul
Raionul Ialoveni

Aflorimentul Costești