بشير فهمي فحيمة (1907 -1972) مطرب ومؤلف وملحن ليبي، من أهالي طرابلس.

حياته
ولد سنة 1907 واسمه الفني بشير فهمي بدأ دراسته الأولى بكتاب سيدي عطية بالمدينة القديمة ثم دخل إلى مكتب العرفان، اتجه بعدها إلى عالم الفن والطرب، حيث تتلمذ على يد الفنان محمد ظافر المدني، وقد برع في العزف على العود، وكان من أشهر الفنانين في مجال كتابة وتلحين الأغنية الليبية.

عن كتاب «خرائط الروح» للروائي الليبي أحمد إبراهيم الفقيه - الجزء الأول خبز المدينة يقول فقد شاع في الأيام الأخيرة من عهد الحكم الإيطالي في ليبيا بعض الأغاني التي يقوم بتسجيلها عرب المهجر من الفنانين الليبيين، مثل المغني الشعبي الليبي بشير فهمي، المقيم بين تونس وباريس، الذي أثاره قانون الجنسية الذي أيده قبل صدوره عدد من شيوخ البلاد من بينهم مفتي الديار الليبية، فأطلق هذا الفنان عددا من الأغاني الشعبية الهجائية، التي تهاجم هذا القانون، وتهاجم الإدارة الاستعمارية الإيطالية، ورموزها مثل الحاكم العام، وأعوانه من الليبيين مثل مفتي الديار، وكانت آخر هذه الأغاني، تلك التي يقول مطلعها: ــ مبروك عليكم يا ناس قاضيكم أصبح بيباص، وبسبب سهولة ألحانها وبساطة اللغة التي كتبت بها، بالإضافة إلى مضمونها السياسي الذي يوافق هوى الناس، فقد انتشرت هذه الأغاني بين كل طبقات الليبيين، وصاروا يرددونها جهارا، بما في ذلك الأطفال أثناء لعبهم في الشارع، مما أثار غضب رجال السلطة في طرابلس أثناء الحكم الإيطالي، فوضعوا بشير فهمي وأغانيه بما في ذلك العاطفية والفكاهية في القائمة السوداء، وأصدر الرقيب الإيطالي قرارا بمعاقبة كل من يغني أو يسمع أغانيه أو يقتني أو يبيع أو يشتري إسطواناته، أو أي إسطوانة من إنتاج شركته «فهمي فون».

بعض أعماله
من الأغانى المشهورة التي لحنها أغنية «ريدي اليوم باعثلي سلامه» التي تغنى بها الفنان محمد الجزيري رغم أن كل أغانيه وألحانه لاقت رواجا كبيرا في الشارع اليبي والبلدان المجاورة عن (محطات مضيئة في تاريخ الأغنية الليبية)، قيل فيه بأنه في بداية العقد الثالث من القرن الماضي وبالتحديد عام 1924 هاجر إلى تونس، وكان في قمة عطائه الفني في بلاده ورائدا من رواد الأغنية الليبية عندما هاجر إلى تونس وبقى فيها لأكثر من ثلاثين عاما. هو صاحب أشهر أغنية تونسية لاموني اللي غاروا مني التي لحنها وغناها الهادي الجويني وأداها العديد من الفنانين بعده. من إنتاجاته التونسية أيضا «لو كنت اليوم» و«هذي الجنة» وأداهما محمد الفرشيشي و«أنا قلبي طاب» لعفيفة جمال و«يا عزيزة الروح» لعلية وهي من تلحين الهادي لجويني. وقد شارك في بعث النهضة الفنية بتونس حيث وجد الترحاب وحسن الوفادة وقام بافتتاح مؤسسة فنية لإنتاج وبيع الاسطوانات الغنائية حيث قام بطبع أعماله الناجحة التي نالت إعجاب الجماهير الفنية في كل من تونس والجزائر وليبيا.. ونقل إليها العديد من الالحان الشعبية الليبية كما رفع شأن الفن الليبي خارج البلاد وداخلها وهو أمر لم يسبقه إليه أحد من الفنانين الليبيين ولغزارة إنتاجه أقبلت عليه الإذاعات وخاصة التونسية والفرنسية على إذاعة أغانيه، وكان له الفضل باعتراف التونسيين في نشر فن الغناء في تونس. كان هذا الفنان إلى جانب ذلك زجّالاً ينُظمّ الشعر الشعبي، حيث كان يشارك في إحياء العديد من المناسبات الأدبية والفنية وعاد إلى طرابلس نهائياً واستقر بها مواصلاً نشاطه بالإذاعة الليبية حيث قدم بعض الأعمال الناجحة، أثناء توليه رئاسة القسم الموسيقي بالإذاعة الليبية. توفي بمدينة طرابلس سنة 1972.

مراجع

فنانون مغاربيون
مغنون ومغنيات ليبيون
مواليد 1907
وفيات 1972

بشير فهمي فحيمة


Le barrage de Saint-Pierre-Cognet est un barrage-voûte de France situé sur le cours du Drac, en Isère, au sud de Grenoble. Deuxième des grands barrages en travers du lit de ce cours, d'eau, il forme une retenue longue de près de sept kilomètres.

Il est situé à cheval sur les communes de Saint-Jean-d'Hérans et de Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz, et à la limite de Châtel-en-Trièves. Les installations d'exploitation et la route d'accès sont sur Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz, à proximité du hameau de Téton.

Les trois vannes du barrage ont été changées par EDF entre 2016 et 2018.

Liens externes

Références

Saint-Pierre-Cognet
Saint-Pierre-Cognet
Barrage Saint-Pierre-Cognet
Trièves

Barrage de Saint-Pierre-Cognet


Lørenbanen (under planlægningen kaldet Haslesvingen, senere Lørensvingen) er en strækning på T-banen i Oslo, der åbnede 3. april 2016, og som forbinder Sinsen på T-baneringen med Økern på Grorudbanen. Den 1,6 km lange bane går i tunnel fra Sinsen til lige før Økern med Løren Station undervejs.

Banen betjenes af T-banens linje 4, der går fra Vestli på Grorudbanen via Lørenbanen, T-baneringen, Sognsvannsbanen, Fellestunnelen og Lambertseterbanen til Bergkrystallen.

Med etableringen af banen fik man en direkte forbindelse mellem Grorudbanen og T-baneringen. Den gør det muligt at køre tog fra øst mod vest på T-banenettet og omvendt uden at tære på kapaciteten i Fellestunnelen. Byggeriet blev sat i gang 3. juni 2013. Lørenbanen har såkaldt metrostandard og universelt design, mens Løren Station er en station af høj standard.

Historie
Formålet med etableringen af Lørenbanen var at etablere en ny forbindelse for en direkte linje mellem Grorudbanen og T-baneringen mod nord. Det medførte at man kunne øge den hidtidige kapacitet på T-banen med op til 30 % og aflaste Fellestunnelen gennem Sentrum med et tog fra Grorudbanen, så Østensjøbanen i stedet kunne få øget frekvensen fra et til to tog hvert kvarter. Desuden kunne man etablere Løren Station i byudviklingsområdet ved Løren og derved give de nye boligområder adgang til T-banen.

Muligheden for Lørenbanen kom med etableringen af T-baneringen i 2000-2006. Realiseringen af Lørenbanen vil udnytte T-baneringens potentiale yderligere. Sammenlignet med T-baneringen er Lørenbanen væsentlig mindre: førstnævnte er på 5 km med tre stationer, mens Lørenbanen er på 1,6 km med kun en station. Projektet er finansieret via Oslopakke 3.

Under fastsættelsen af planlægningen kom det frem, at "Jernbaneverket er positive overfor projektet, som er et godt alternativ til persontrafik på Alnabanen. Persontrafik på Alnabanen blev undersøgt i 2006, og konklusionen var at investeringerne var alt for høje i forhold til et meget usikkert trafikgrundlag. Konklusionen blev støttet af Stortinget og ministeriet."

Planen for banen blev vedtaget 14. december 2011. Den kom på finansloven for 2013, hvor man regnede med, at den ville koste næsten en million pr. meter, inklusive stationen. Byggeriet gik i gang 3. juni 2013. Banen åbnede 3. april 2016.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Lørenbanen – Sporveien

T-banen i Oslo
Etableret i 2016

Lørenbanen


Burmannia nepalensis ist eine blattgrünlose Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Burmanniaceae. Sie ist beheimatet in den warmen Teilen Asiens.

Beschreibung
Burmannia nepalensis ist eine einjährige, blattgrünlose, durchgehend weißliche, unverzweigt bis sehr selten verzweigt wachsende krautige Pflanze, die eine Wuchshöhe von 4 bis 13 Zentimeter erreicht. Sie ist mykotroph. Ein Rhizom ist nicht vorhanden, die Wurzeln sind verdickt und kurz. Die Blätter sind 2 bis 3,3 Millimeter lang und 1 Millimeter breit. Sie fehlen am Ansatz und kommen nur vereinzelt am Stängel vor, dort sind sie schuppenartig, dreieckig spitz zulaufend, eng anliegend und gekielt.

Blütezeit ist zwischen Juli und Dezember, selten auch bis Februar. Der Blütenstand ist ein aus meist drei bis fünf, selten einer oder sieben bis neun Blüten bestehender Doppelwickel. Die stark gestielten Blüten sind 4 bis 6,9 Millimeter lang und von weißgelb bis reinweiß, dann mit gelben Blütenlappen. Die Blütenröhre ist zylindrisch-dreiwinklig und 1,5 bis 2,5 Millimeter lang, die 0,7 bis 2 Millimeter breiten Flügel sind halbiert länglich-rund, halbiert eiförmig bis halbiert umgekehrt-eiförmig und verlaufen vom Ansatz der äußeren Blütenlappen bis unterhalb des Ansatzes des Fruchtknotens. Die äußeren Blütenlappen sind länglich-rund bis eiförmig, mit eingerollten Rändern und einem zugespitzten äußeren Ende, die inneren kreisförmig und klein. Die Staubfäden sind ungestielt, das Konnektiv ist "T"- oder "Y"-förmig und weist zwei kurze, seitliche Arme auf, die die Thecae tragen sowie am Ansatz einen spitz zulaufenden Sporn hat. Der Griffel ist fadenförmig, an seinem Ende stehen die drei annähernd ungestielten Narben.

Die Fruchtknoten sind annähernd kugelförmig und 1,5 bis 3 Millimeter lang und 1,5 bis 2,5 Millimeter breit. Die annähernd kugelförmige Kapsel öffnet sich entlang von Querschlitzen. Die Samen sind zahlreich, gelb und elliptisch.

Verbreitung

Burmannia nepalensis ist beheimatet in den warmen Teilen Asiens von Nepal und Indien über Thailand und Sumatra bis nach China, Taiwan, Japan, die Ryukyu-Inseln und die Philippinen in Höhenlagen zwischen 400 und 1600 Meter. Sie findet sich auf Böden dichter Wälder in Tälern wie auf Hügelkuppen sowie auf Klippen aus Granit oder Kalkstein mit humosen Böden, vergesellschaftet mit Arten von Itea, Bambusa, Cunninghamia und Pinus.

Systematik
Die Art wurde 1841 von John Miers als Gonianthes nepalensis erstbeschrieben, durch Joseph Dalton Hooker wurde sie dann 1888 zur Gattung Burmannia gestellt.

Nachweise

Burmanniaceae
Burmanniaceen
Mykoheterotrophe Pflanze

Burmannia nepalensis


Estadio Nacional de Chile, Şili'nin başkenti Santiago'nun  Ñuñoa semtinde bulunan bir stadyumdur. İçerisinde futbol, tenis gibi birkaç saha ve bir veledromun bulunduğu kapsamlı bir spor tesisi olan Estadio Nacional de Chile, 64 hektar alanı kapsar. Ana stadyum 76.500 seyirci kapasitelidir ve 1937-38 yıllarında, Berlin Olimpiyat Stadyumu örnek alınarak inşa edilmiştir. Stad, 1962 yılındaki Dünya Kupası finaline ev sahipliği yapmıştır.

1973 Darbesi'nde tesis, üç aydan uzun süre siyasi tutuklular için toplama kampı olarak kullanıldı.

Bugün Universidad futbol takımı maçlarını bu stadyumda oynar.

Toplama kampı
Askerî darbe sonrasında, önceki hükûmet sempatizanları, sol partiler ve sendika üyeleri toplu halde tutuklanınca stadyumlar, konferans salonları ve okullar gibi resmi binalar toplama kampına dönüştürüldü. Bu şekilde sadece Estadio Nacional'de 40.000'den fazla tutuklu bir araya getirilmiştir. Ana stadyum erkek tutuklular için kullanılırken, yüzme havuzu bölümüne kadın tutuklular alındı. Soyunma odaları, tuvaletler ve veledrom sorgulama ve işkenceler için kullanıldı.

1973 Ekiminde alıkonan bir erkek tutuklu, Estadio Nacional'deki sorgusunu şu şekilde anlatır.

1973 Eylülünde alıkonan bir kadın tutuklu ise Estadio Nacional'deki sorgusunu şu şekilde anlatıyor.

Ünlü Şilili gitarist-şarkıcı Víctor Jara bu stadyumda öldürülmüştür.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ulusal
Santiago'daki yapılar
1962 FIFA Dünya Kupası stadyumları
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yapılar

Şili Ulusal Stadyumu


Wickes est une ville située dans l'État américain de l'Arkansas, dans le comté de Polk.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Ville en Arkansas
Comté de Polk (Arkansas)

Wickes


Dinastia Kantakouzenos (în ; pl. Kantakouzenoi), denumire latinizată Cantacuzenus și românizată Cantacuzin sau Cantacuzino, a fost una dintre cele mai importante familii nobiliare din Imperiul Bizantin în ultimele secole ale existenței sale. Familia a fost una dintre cele mai bogate din imperiu și a dat mai mulți guvernatori și generali importanți, precum și doi împărați bizantini. Membrii familiei Cantacuzino s-au căsătorit cu membrii altor familii nobiliare bizantine precum Paleolog, Filantropen, Asan și Tarhaneiot. Forma feminină a numelui este Kantakouzene (în ), latinizată Cantacuzena.

Etimologie
Originea numelui familiei, potrivit lui Donald Nicol, "se află între presupuneri romantice și supoziții filologice". Prințul Mihail Cantacuzino, un aristocrat din secolul al XVIII-lea care a schițat originile acestei familii bizantine, oferă exemple de primul tip, lansând teoria că familia a început cu un anumit "Lucie Cusin" care s-a căsătorit cu o oarecare "Serafina Catina", unindu-și numele de familie în cel de "Ca(n)tacuzino". Nicol preferă o explicație de al doilea tip și repetă teoria lui Konstantinos Amantos potrivit căreia Kantakouzenos derivă din , sau din localitatea Kouzenas, o denumire a părții de sud a Muntelui Sipylus din apropiere de Smirna. Nicol enumeră unele legături pe care Cantacuzinii le-au avut cu această localitate în secolele al XI-lea și al XIII-lea.

Istoric
Cantacuzinii apar pentru prima dată în timpul domniei lui Alexie I Comnenul, atunci când un membru al familiei a făcut parte din armata care a luptat împotriva cumanilor. În perioada domniei Comnenilor, membrii familiei sunt atestați documentar ca militari de rang înalt: sebastos Ioan Kantakouzenos a fost ucis în Bătălia de la Miriokefalon, în timp ce nepotul său probabil, cezarul Ioan Kantakouzenos, s-a căsătorit cu Irene Angelina, sora lui Isaac al II-lea Angelos. În perioada celei de-a Patra Cruciade, Cantacuzinii erau printre cei mai mari proprietari de pământuri din imperiu.

Ei au deținut poziții proeminente în perioada domniei Paleologilor. Mihail Kantakouzenos a fost numit guvernator al Moreei în 1308, iar fiul său, Ioan al VI-lea Kantakouzenos, a ajuns apoi megas domestikos, regent și în cele din urmă împărat (1341-1354) înainte de a abdica și a se retrage la o mănăstire, după un război civil pierdut. Fiul cel mare al lui Ioan al VI-lea, Matei, a domnit, de asemenea, în calitate de prinț asociat la domnie și pretendent la tron (1353-1357) înainte de a fi capturat și forțat să abdice. Fiul cel mic al lui Ioan, Manuel Kantakouzenos, a rămas despot al Moreei din 1349 până în 1380. Ioan al VI-lea a avut trei fiice: Helena Kantakouzene s-a căsătorit cu rivalul lui Ioan și al lui Matei, Ioan al V-lea Paleologul (1341-1391), Maria s-a căsătorit cu Nicefor al II-lea Orsini al Epirului și Teodora s-a căsătorit cu beiul otoman Orhan I.

Cei doi fii ai lui Matei, Ioan și Dimitrie, au condus pentru scurte perioade Despotatul Moreei. Se crede în general că Ioan, despre care s-au păstrat relativ puține documente, a murit fără copii și că numeroșii Cantacuzini din generația următoare, precum și istoricul Theodoros Spandounes și soția genealogistului Hugues Busac, sunt descendenții lui Matei prin Dimitrie. Urmașii posibili ai lui Dimitrie (filiația exactă este incertă) au fost Ghiorghios, numit "Sachatai"; Andronic, ultimul megas domestikos al Imperiului Bizantin; Eirene, care s-a căsătorit cu Đurađ Branković; Toma, care a activat la curtea lui Branković; Helena, care a devenit a doua soție a lui David de Trapezunt; și o fiică cu nume necunoscut, care ar fi devenit regina Georgiei.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară
 Donald M. Nicol, "The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos: Some Addenda and Corrigenda" Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 27 (1973), pp. 309-315.

Vezi și
 Cantacuzino, o familie de boieri fanarioți și români care sunt descendenți ai familiei bizantine Kantakouzenos

Cantacuzino

Dinastia Cantacuzin


روبرت سيسل أو روبرت غاسكوين سيسل ، ويعرف أيضاً بلقب ماركيز ساليسبوري الثالث ، هو سياسي بريطاني (3 فبراير 1830-22 أغسطس 1903). تولى رئاسة الوزارة في بريطانيا ثلاث مرات:
 من 23 يونيو 1885 إلى 28 يناير 1886.
 من 25 يوليو 1886 إلى 11 أغسطس 1892.
 من 25 يونيو 1895 إلى 11 يوليو 1902.

انتُخِب اللورد روبرت سيسل لأول مرة في مجلس عموم الأمم المتحدة في عام 1854؛ وشغل منصب وزير الدولة للهند في حكومة اللورد دربي المحافظة بين عامي 1866-1867. عاد ساليسبوري وزير الدولة في الهند في عام 1874 تحت قيادة دزرائيلي، وعُيِّن وزيرًا للخارجية في عام 1878، ولعب دورًا قياديًا في مؤتمر برلين. برز ساليسبوري كزعيم محافظ في مجلس اللوردات بعد وفاة دزرائيلي في عام 1881، مع قيادة السير ستافورد نورثكوت للحزب في مجلس العموم. خلف ساليسبوري وليم إيوارت غلادستون كرئيس للوزراء في يونيو عام 1885، وتولى المنصب حتى يناير عام 1886. عارض ساليسبوري غلادستون عندما أبدى اتجاهه نحو الحكم الذاتي لأيرلندا، وشكل تحالفًا مع النقابيين الليبراليين المنشقين، وفاز في الانتخابات العامة اللاحقة.

تمثل إنجازه العظيم في هذه الفترة بالحصول على غالبية الأراضي الجديدة في أفريقيا خلال الحرب من أجل أفريقيا، وتجنب الحرب أو المواجهة الجادة مع القوى الأخرى. بقي رئيسًا للوزراء حتى شكل ليبراليو غلادستون حكومة بدعم من القوميين الأيرلنديين في الانتخابات العامة لعام 1892. خسر الليبراليون في الانتخابات العامة لعام 1895، وأصبح ساليسبوري للمرة الثالثة والأخيرة رئيسًا للوزراء. قاد بريطانيا إلى النصر في حرب مريرة ومثيرة للجدل ضد البوير، وقاد الاتحاد إلى نصر انتخابي آخر في عام 1900. تنازل عن رئاسة الوزراء لابن أخيه آرثر بلفور في عام 1902 وتوفي في عام 1903. كان آخر رئيس للوزراء من مجلس اللوردات يشغل هذا المنصب.

يتفق المؤرخون على أن ساليسبوري كان زعيمًا قويًا وفاعلا في الشؤون الخارجية، ولديه استيعاب واسع للقضايا. يصف بول سميث شخصيته بأنها «عصابية للغاية، وكئيبة، ومضطربة، ومنطوية، وخائفة من التغيير وفقدان السيطرة، ومتجاهلة للذات، ولكنها قادرة على المنافسة غير العادية». حمل ساليسبوري العقيدة الرجعية بصفته ممثلًا للطبقة الأرستقراطية، وقال: «ستتحول جميع الأحداث للأسوأ، ولذلك فمن مصلحتنا عدم حدوث الكثير». قال سيرل أنه كان يتوق للعودة إلى استقرار الماضي، عندما كانت الوظيفة الرئيسية لحزبه هي تقييد الليبرالية الديماغوجية والتجاوز الديمقراطي؛ وذلك بدلًا من أن يصبح فوز حزبه في عام 1886 نذيرًا بحزب محافظ جديد وأكثر شعبية.

زعيم المعارضة: 1892-1895
رغب بلفور وتشامبرلين في أعقاب الانتخابات العامة لعام 1892 في متابعة برنامج الإصلاح الاجتماعي، الذي اعتقد ساليسبوري أنه سيعزل «عددًا كبيرًا من الأشخاص الذين كانوا دائمًا معنا»، وأن «هذه الأسئلة الاجتماعية مقدر لها بتفكيك حزبنا». استقال ساليسبوري من رئاسة الوزراء في 12 أغسطس عندما صوت الليبراليون والقوميون الأيرلنديون (الذين كانوا أغلبية في البرلمان الجديد) بنجاح ضد الحكومة. كتب سكرتيره الخاص في وزارة الخارجية أن ساليسبوري «أبدى بهجة غير لائقة بإطلاق سراحه».

قال ساليسبوري، في مقال نُشر في نوفمبر في المجلة الوطنية بعنوان «مراجعة دستورية»، إن الحكومة الجديدة، التي تفتقر إلى الأغلبية في إنجلترا واسكتلندا، لا تملك الحكم الذاتي، وجادل بأن مجلس اللوردات وحده هو الذي يمكن أن يوفر المشاورات اللازمة مع الأمة بشأن سياسات التغيير العضوي بسبب عدم وجود استفتاء. هزم اللوردات مشروع قانون الحكم الذاتي الثاني بأغلبية 419 صوت مقابل 41 في سبتمبر عام 1893، ولكن ساليسبوري منعهم من معارضة واجبات وفاة المستشار الليبرالي في 1894. أصبح ساليسبوري أيضًا رئيسًا للجمعية البريطانية لتقدم العلوم في عام 1894، وقدم خطاب تنصيب بارز في 4 أغسطس من ذلك العام. عادت الانتخابات العامة لعام 1895 بأغلبية اتحادية كبيرة.

رئيس الوزراء: 1895-1902

السياسة الخارجية
واجه ساليسبوري تحديًا في الشؤون الخارجية في جميع أنحاء العالم، فإن سياسة «العزلة الرائعة» طويلة الأمد تركت بريطانيا بلا حلفاء وقليل من الأصدقاء. كانت ألمانيا قلقة بشأن تنامي قوتها الصناعية والبحرية، وسياسة القيصر فيلهلم الخارجية غير المنتظمة، وعدم الاستقرار الناجم عن تراجع الإمبراطورية العثمانية. كانت فرنسا تهدد السيطرة البريطانية على السودان. بدأ الرئيس الأمريكي كليفلاند في الأمريكتين نزاعًا حول حدود فنزويلا مع غيانا البريطانية لأسباب سياسية داخلية. كان الصراع في جنوب أفريقيا يهدد جمهوريتي البوير. بدأ الخط الفاصل بين روسيا والهند البريطانية بالتضيق في عام 1800 في اللعبة الكبرى في آسيا الوسطى. كانت الهيمنة الاقتصادية البريطانية في الصين مهددة من قبل قوى أخرى أرادت السيطرة على شرائح من الصين.

هدأ التوتر مع ألمانيا في عام 1890 بعد صفقة تبادل المقتنيات الألمانية في شرق أفريقيا بجزيرة قبالة الساحل الألماني. تصاعدت التوترات وتعثرت المفاوضات بعد تقاعد بسمارك بسبب قيصر جديد عدواني. تراجعت فرنسا في أفريقيا بعد سيطرة البريطانيين في حادثة فشودة. هدأت أزمة فنزويلا بطريقة ودية، وأصبحت لندن وواشنطن صديقتين بعد أن أعطى ساليسبوري لواشنطن ما تريده في النزاع الحدودي في ألاسكا. أدت سياسة الباب المفتوح ومعاهدة 1902 مع اليابان إلى حل أزمة الصين. اندلعت حرب شريرة للبوير في جنوب أفريقيا في عام 1899، واستمرت علامات انتصار البوير بالظهور لبضعة أشهر.

أزمة فنزويلا مع الولايات المتحدة
اندلعت الأزمة الفنزويلية مع الولايات المتحدة في عام 1895. تسبب نزاع حدودي بين مستعمرة غويانا البريطانية وفنزويلا في الأزمة الأنجلو أمريكية الكبرى عندما تدخلت الولايات المتحدة للوقوف في صف فنزويلا. أقنعت الدعاية التي رعتها فنزويلا الرأي العام الأمريكي بأن البريطانيين ينتهكون الأراضي الفنزويلية. طالبت الولايات المتحدة بتفسير فرفض ساليسبوري ذلك. تصاعدت الأزمة عندما أصدر الرئيس غروفر كليفلاند، مستشهدًا بمبدأ مونرو، إنذارًا نهائيًا في أواخر عام 1895. عمل مجلس وزراء ساليسبوري على إقناعه بضرورة ذهابه إلى التحكيم. هدأ كلا الجانبين وحُلَّت المشكلة بسرعة من خلال التحكيم الذي أيد إلى حد كبير الموقف البريطاني بشأن خط الحدود القانونية. ظل ساليسبوري غاضبًا، ولكنهم توصلوا إلى إجماع في لندن، بقيادة اللورد لاندسداون، على السعي وراء إقامة علاقات أكثر ودية مع الولايات المتحدة. حسنت الولايات المتحدة العلاقات مع أمريكا اللاتينية من خلال الوقوف مع إحدى دول أمريكا اللاتينية ضد زحف البريطانيين؛ وحسنت أيضًا الطريقة الودية للإجراء العلاقات الدبلوماسية الأمريكية مع بريطانيا. دعمت واشنطن لندن في حرب البوير الثانية بشكل رسمي، وذلك على الرغم من شعبية البوير في الرأي العام الأمريكي.

أفريقيا
حلت اتفاقية أنجلو-ألمانية (1890) المطالبات المتضاربة في شرق أفريقيا. استلمت بريطانيا العظمى أقاليم كبيرة في زنجبار وأوغندا مقابل جزيرة هيلغولاند الصغيرة في بحر الشمال. فشلت المفاوضات مع ألمانيا بشأن القضايا الأوسع نطاقًا. صعّد القيصر الألماني المتهور فيلهلم الثاني في يناير عام 1896 التوترات في جنوب أفريقيا ببرقيته التي أرسلها إلى الرئيس كروجر من ترانسفال لتهنئته في تصديه على غارة جيمسون. تمكن المسؤولون الألمان في برلين من منع القيصر من اقتراح الحماية الألمانية على ترانسفال. جاءت البرقية بنتائج عكسية، إذ بدأ البريطانيون بالنظر إلى ألمانيا على أنها تهديد كبير. نقل البريطانيون قواتهم من مصر جنوبًا إلى السودان في عام 1898 لتأمين السيطرة الكاملة على تلك المنطقة المضطربة. واجهت قوة بريطانية قوية بشكل مفاجئ حملة عسكرية فرنسية صغيرة في فشودة. حل ساليسبوري التوترات بشكل سريع، وانتقل بشكل منهجي نحو علاقات ودية مع فرنسا. كشفت الوثائق في أرشيف وزارة الخارجية أن ساليسبوري كان على علم بالاغتصاب وغيره من الأعمال الفظيعة التي ارتكبها القنصل جورج أنيسلي وجنوده ضد النساء والأطفال في بنين في عام 1897، لكنه لم يتخذ أي إجراء ضد أنيسلي الذي «تقاعد بهدوء».

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص تلقوا تعليمهم في كلية إيتون
أشخاص متعلمون في كلية إيتون
أشخاص من العصر الفيكتوري
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1852–57
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1857–59
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1859–65
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1865–68
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
أعضاء نادي ليلي
أنجليكانيون إنجليز
خريجو كنيسة المسيح (أوكسفورد)
رؤساء مجلس اللوردات
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة القرن 19
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة القرن 20
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
زملاء كلية أول سولز (أكسفورد)
فرسان الرباط
مدفونون في هيرتفوردشاير
مستشارو جامعة أكسفورد
ملوك ونبلاء ذوو إعاقات
مواليد 1830
نواب حزب المحافظين عن الدوائر الانتخابية الإنجليزية
وزراء الدولة لشؤون الهند
وزراء خارجية بريطانيا
وزراء دولة بريطانيون
وفيات 1903

روبرت سيسل


Le Cercle saphique de Madrid (en ) est un club de femmes lesbiennes madrilènes fondé en 1916 par l'artiste d'avant-garde Victorina Durán, disparu du fait du régime de l'Espagne franquiste.

Contexte
L'Espagne du début du , après la perte de ses colonies, connaît de profonds changements dans les domaines sociaux et sociétaux. Comme partout en Europe, les mouvements des droits des femmes s'organisent, au niveau politique, avec les femmes de la Génération de 14 (Clara Campoamor, Victoria Kent, Carmen de Burgos) et bientôt artistique, avec l'avènement des Sinsombrero.

Dans ce contexte, l'artiste pionnière Victorina Durán créé le Cercle saphique en 1916, à Madrid. Bien que le terme « lesbienne » soit présent dans la langue académique espagnole depuis 1870, c'est son synonyme « saphique » qui est choisi, reprenant l'adjectif créé en relation avec la poétesse antique Sappho.

Le Cercle est féministe et se veut complémentaire des autres institutions féminines espagnoles, telles que la Residencia de Señoritas et le Lyceum Club Femenino, deux institutions créées par la Basque María de Maetzu, ou le Lyceum Club de Barcelone, fondé par la Catalane Aurora Bertrana.

Fonctionnement

L'association joue un rôle important pour les lesbiennes du Madrid des années 1920. Les membres peuvent se réunir, échanger et se rencontrer dans un espace protégé. Contrairement à d'autres institutions lesbiennes de l'époque, comme le Eve's Hangout de New York, le Cercle saphique de Madrid est exclusivement féminin et n'est pas géographiquement fixe, à la manière du Sewing Club d'Hollywood où se réunissent notamment Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich et Joan Crawford. Le club de Madrid se réunit ainsi dans différents endroits de la capitale, bien qu'en 1935, les membres ont l'habitude de se réunir plus régulièrement dans la maison de la diplomate chilienne Gabriela Mistral.

Disparition sous Franco

Lors du soulèvement nationaliste de 1936 contre la Seconde République et le déclenchement de la guerre d'Espagne, le Cercle doit fermer à Madrid. Indésirable comme les autres mouvements féminins et non toléré par la dictature franquiste, le Cercle poursuit pendant quelques années ses réunions en exil à Buenos Aires (avec Victorina Durán, Elena Fortún et Rosa Chacel) et à Lisbonne (avec Matilde Ras), avant de se dissoudre en raison de la dispersion géographique de ses membres exilées.

Membres notables

 Matilde Ras (1881-1969), graphologue
 Elena Fortún (1886-1952), écrivaine
 Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957), enseignante et diplomate
 Victoria Kent (1891-1987), avocate et ministre
 Lucía Sánchez Saornil (1895-1970), journaliste anarchiste
 Rosa Chacel (1898-1994), écrivaine
 Victorina Durán (1899-1993), artiste surréaliste
 Carmen Conde (1907-1996), poétesse
 Irene Polo (1909- 1942), journaliste

Postérité

 Rosa Chacel évoque le Cercle dans son roman Acrópolis (1984).
 La série Les Demoiselles du téléphone, sur le réseau Netflix, évoque le club à travers le personnage de Carlota, joué par Ana Fernández.

Références

Génération de 27
Féministe espagnole
Exilé du franquisme
Victime de la guerre d'Espagne
Féminisme lesbien
Association ou organisme lié au lesbianisme en Europe
Association pour la défense des droits et des libertés des LGBT disparue
LGBT en Espagne
Association ou organisme ayant son siège en Espagne
Association ou organisme lié au féminisme en Espagne
Association ou organisme LGBT en Espagne

Cercle saphique de Madrid


Apocynum pictum est une espèce de semi-arbrisseaux vivaces de la famille des Apocynaceae originaire de Chine, Mongolie et Asie centrale poussant dans les zones arides et souvent salines.

Ses tiges possèdent de solides fibres libériennes avec lesquelles sont fabriqués des cordages, du tissus et du papier de haute qualité. Les fibres sont actuellement de préférence mélangées avec des fibres de coton ou des fibres synthétiques. Les feuilles sont utilisées pour faire des tisanes contre l'hypertension.

Nomenclature et étymologie

L'espèce a été décrite et nommée par Alexander von Schrenk en 1844 dans le Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 2 :115. Schrenk est un naturaliste allemand de la Baltique, sujet de l'Empire russe, qui fit des excursions scientifiques en Dzoungarie (aujourd'hui dans le Nord du Xinjiang chinois) et dans la partie steppique du Turkestan (appartenant aujourd'hui au Kirghizistan).

Le nom générique Apocynum est un terme latin, transcription du grec ancien ἀπόκυνον apokunon attesté chez Dioscoride, « qui éloigne, qui tue les chiens ». Ce terme est formé de deux racines grecques : ἀπό (apo), « loin », et κῦνος (kûnos, latin cynum), « chien », en référence au caractère toxique de ces plantes pour les chiens.

L'épithète spécifique pictum est un adjectif latin signifiant « coloré ».

Synonymes

Selon Tropicos, les synonymes sont:

Description

Apocynum pictum est un semi-arbrisseau de  de haut, avec des ramifications pubescentes quand elles sont jeunes, qui deviennent rapidement glabres. C'est une plante géophyte c'est-à-dire une vivace à rhizomes dont les tiges meurent tous les ans mais qui réapparaissent au printemps à partir de ses racines.

Les feuilles en général alternes, comportent un pétiole de , avec des glandes à la base, un limbe oblong à ovale de 1,5 à  de long sur 0,2 à  de large, étroitement denticulé, granuleux.

La fleur comporte 5 sépales ovales ou triangulaires, une corolle rose ou rouge violacé, souvent avec des marques distinctes plus foncées, un tube en forme de cuvette, et 5 lobes largement triangulaires.

Le fruit est un long follicule grêle, pendant de  de long sur  de large.

Les tiges émergent des rhizomes en mars-avril. La saison de floraison va de juin à août, suivie de la saison de fructification de septembre à octobre. La plante peut atteindre l'âge de .

Distribution
Apocynum pictum est originaire de Chine (Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu), Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Mongolie, Tadjikistan. Dans le Xinjiang, A. pictum se restreint aux régions les plus arides (avec des précipitations annuelles inférieures à ) comme le bassin du Tarim (bassin fluvial dans le sud du Xinjiang), et le bord méridional du bassin de Dzoungarie tandis que l'espèce proche Apocynum venetum se trouve dans des régions moins arides.

Il croît souvent en communauté avec des roseaux (Phragmites australis), de la réglisse (Glycyrrhiza inflata), des arbres à manne (Alhagi sparsifolia) et du tamaris (Tamarix ramosissima) ou bien avec des halophytes sur des sols salinisés, ou comme sous-étage dans des forêts de plaine inondable, par exemple constituées par des peupliers Populus euphratica.

Il pousse dans les zones salines, les marges désertiques et les bords de rivières, de Chine, de Mongolie et du Kazakhstan.

Il est cultivé en Chine.

Utilisations

Apocynum pictum (白麻 baima) et Apocynum venetum Schrenk (罗布麻 luobuma) sont deux espèces proches qui ont été utilisées de manières identiques dans les siècles passés par les populations locales. Le caractère distinctif le plus évident pour reconnaitre les deux espèces est que A. pictum a des feuilles alternes alors que celles de A. venetum sont opposées.

Les feuilles récoltées en juin-juillet servent de matière première pour les tisanes et médicaments, alors que les tiges, récoltées en été ou en automne, servent de matière première pour l'extraction des fibres.

Cordes, filets de pêche, tissus

Les solides fibres libériennes obtenues à partir de l'écorce interne sont utilisées dans la fabrication de tissus, de cordes, de voiles et des filets de pêche.

Les fibres des tiges sont incluses dans de la pectine, de la cellulose et de la lignine qui doivent être digérées (par démucilagination) afin d'obtenir des fibres pures. Cette opération se fait soit par un procédé chimique soit par un procédé bactérien.

Les fibres d'Apocynum ressemblent à celles du coton mais sont encore plus résistantes. Elles donnent un fil blanc ressemblant au fil de Lin cultivé.

Elles peuvent aussi être mélangées avec du coton, de la laine ou de la soie pour être tissées en divers tissus.

Papier traditionnels
L'histoire du papier médiéval et prémoderne se fait en grande partie sur la base des textes écrits par des lettrés qui s'intéressaient particulièrement à des papiers apprêtés et décorés qu'ils avaient vu dans leurs hautes fonctions administratives ou qu'ils utilisaient dans leur pratique épistolaire. Mais les procédures de fabrication ne faisaient pas partie des centres d'intérêt des lettrés de cette époque. Avant le  et l'encyclopédie des techniques Tiangong Kaiwu, on ne dispose pas de texte sur les sources de fibres végétales ou sur les procédures de fabrication du papier.

En Chine, les premiers papiers ont été fabriqués avec des fibres de plantes « chanvroïdes », définies selon la classification de Yi Xiaohui comme des plantes à fibres papetières dont le nom chinois se termine par le caractère ma 麻 (chanvre).

Les fibres des deux Apocynum à fibres libériennes ont aussi servi à fabriquer du papier de haute qualité. Les noms vulgaires chinois de Apocynum pictum et Apocynum venetum étant respectivement 白麻 baima et 罗布麻 luobuma, et ces plantes contenant des fibres papetières, en feraient donc de bonnes candidates pour que le papier avec lesquelles on les fabrique appartienne au groupe des « papiers chanvroïdes », avec toutefois la difficulté qu'elles sont trop éloignées phylogénétiquement des autres chanvroïdes pour former un secteur du cladogramme comme le veut Yi Xiaohui.

L'Académie Hanlin fondée en 738 sous la dynastie Tang était composée par une élite de lettrés, chargés de la mise en forme des documents officiels et de l'interprétation des classiques confucéens. Au début les édits étaient rédigés sur du papier jaune (fait avec des fibres de jute 黄麻 huangma morph. « chanvre jaune ») puis deux systèmes de rédaction des édits ont été distingués: les systèmes interne et externe qui se distinguaient par leur mode de fonctionnement et le type d'affaires gouvernementales qu'ils devaient traiter et le type de papier utilisé, blanc ou jaune (d'Apocynum ou de jute) .

Quand les empereurs et princes des dynasties Tang et Song, nommaient et révoquaient des généraux, décidaient des grandes conquêtes et autres événements majeurs, leurs édits étaient écrits par des érudits de l'Académie Hanlin sur du papier d'Apocynum.

La catégorisation symbolique de la couleur des papiers a toujours été très marquée au cours de l'histoire chinoise. On la retrouve dans le Wenfang si pu 文房四铺  de Su Yijian (958-996), qui se présente comme un catalogue de citations d'ouvrages anciens sur les quatre objets du cabinet du lettré : le pinceau, la pierre à encre, le papier et l'encre. Il indique

  (Wenfang si pu, traduction de J-P. Drège)

J-P. Drège ne traduit pas à proprement parler le nom des plantes en chinois mais donne ce qu'en linguistique on appelle un calque lexical. Ainsi pour 白麻 baima (ou 黄麻 huangma, ou 白藤纸  baiteng etc.), il donne la traduction morphème à morphème bai.ma = blanc.chanvre « chanvre blanc » (ou huang.ma = jaune.chanvre « chanvre jaune »), mais le nom dissyllabique baima (ou huangma, ou baiteng) est un nom de plante.

L'identification du nom botanique latin de chaque nom vulgaire ancien n'est pas une mince affaire. Chaque espèce de plante a reçu au cours des siècles et sur le vaste territoire de l'empire chinois d'innombrables noms. Les synonymes (de la même espèce) en règle générale sont en grand nombre, les homonymes ou plus précisément des homographes (de plusieurs espèces différentes partageant le même nom) ne sont pas rares.

On sait qu'en Europe, ce travail d'identification des phytonymes du grec ancien et du latin, a été accompli patiemment depuis les traductions de Dioscoride et de Pline au , par Mattioli et Daléchamps, jusqu'au travail remarquable de Jacques André. En Chine, ce sont aussi les compilateurs des pharmacopées traditionnelles (en chinois bencao 本草) qui au cours d'une longue tradition ininterrompue de compilations ont assuré une continuité de travaux permettant d'assurer un fil continu d'interprétations. Le couronnement de cette méthode a été accompli par Li Shizhen (1518-1593) qui avec le Bencao gangmu (1593) assure une combinaison de la pharmacopée et de l'histoire naturelle chinoise. Mais ce qui manquait en Chine était une nomenclature de référence établie par des botanistes professionnels. Actuellement, le code international de nomenclature pour les algues, les champignons et les plantes énonce les règles qui régissent l'établissement des noms scientifiques. L'ouverture de la Chine à partir des années 1980 a grandement facilité la reconnaissance de la nomenclature linnéenne mais l'obstacle de la graphie chinoise pour rendre compte en alphabet latin des noms scientifiques constitue encore une entrave majeure pour les historiens des sciences chinois.

Actuellement, les encyclopédies en ligne Baidu Baike,  Wikipedia en chinois et surtout la version anglaise en ligne de Flora of China, donnent systématiquement le nom chinois vulgaire de tous les noms d'espèces valides. En raison du contrôle politique d'internet en Chine, ces sites peuvent être considérés comme  des instances de normalisation.

C'est pourquoi, on peut avancer que la traduction de 白麻 baima est  Apocynum pictum - une espèce riche en fibres papetières ; et celle de 黄麻 huangma Corchorus, « jute ».

Matière médicale
Une source précieuse d'informations historiques est fournie par les ouvrages de matières médicales.

Le Bencao gangmu consacre une notice au baima. Il cite le savant polymathe du   Su Song . Li Shizhen indique que pour .

Actuellement, la médecine traditionnelle chinoise considère que la fonction principale du baima est d'évacuer la chaleur et de purifier le feu (清热泻火 Qīngrè xiè huǒ), d'abaisser la tension artérielle, prévenir les vertiges et renforcer le cœur.

Une étude pharmacologique de Kim et al (2000) sur des rats hypertendus a montré que des extraits aqueux de feuilles d'Apocynum venetum pouvaient diminuer la valeur de la pression artérielle systolique. Cet effet anti-hypertenseur est probablement dû à l'amélioration des fonctions rénales, comme une augmentation des excrétions du volume d'urine et des électrolytes urinaires. Une autre étude de Kim et al (1998) a montré les extraits aqueux de A. venetum sur des rats hyper-cholestériques pouvaient diminuer les taux sériques du cholestérol total et du LDL-cholestérol mais pouvaient accroître le HDL cholestérol.
En Chine, une tisane d'Apocynum est en vente sur le marché (罗布麻茶  luobuma cha). Elle est composée de feuilles et de fleurs d'Apocynum venetum, de chrysanthème blanc et de thé vert.

Gomme
Les feuilles produisent jusqu'à  de gomme, qui est utilisée pour fabriquer du caoutchouc pour des pneumatiques.

Miel

L'espèce a des fleurs parfumées et est cultivée comme plante mellifère.

Notes

Références

Liens internes
 Apocynum venetum
 Entrées de Wikipedia traitant de la fabrication du papier. Celles marquées de ** comportent des dessins à l'encre illustrant le processus de fabrication du papier.
 1. 麻纸类 papiers chanvroïdes   Fabrication de papier = Boehmeria nivea ; Lin cultivé#Les papiers fins ; Jute (plante)=Corchorus capsularis, Fibre de jute, Apocynum pictum
 2. 桑构皮纸类 Papier d'écorce de mûrier **, Broussonetia papyrifera ** = Broussonétia à papier = Mûrier à papier ; Broussonetia kazinoki
 3. 藤皮纸类 téngpízhǐ lèi : papier d'écorce de rotinoïde: Wisteria sinensis#Fabrication de papier; Pueraria montana, la Puéraire hirsute (ou le Kudzu, la vigne du Japon (homonyme Vitis coignetiae) ; Sinomenium acutum
 4. 瑞香皮纸类 papier d'écorce de Thymelaeaceae : Edgeworthia ; Edgeworthia chrysantha = Buisson à papier ; Edgeworthia gardneri; Daphne odora ; Daphne papyracea; Wikstroemia canescens; Wikstroemia delavayi ; Wikstroemia lichiangensis ;  Papier Dongba ** ; Stellera chamaejasme **
 5. 竹纸类 zhú zhǐ lèi : papier de bambou ; Phyllostachys edulis
 6. 草类  caolei, Papier de paille, Abaca=Musa textilis
 7. 混料纸类 Papier multifibre : Papier Xuan ** ; Pteroceltis tatarinowii = Santal bleu = syn.Ulmus cavaleriei

Liens externes

Apocynoideae
Espèce d'Apocynaceae (nom scientifique)
Plante à fleurs d'Asie
Plante à fibres

Apocynum pictum


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සබරගමුව පළාතේ ඇති වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 1663 ක විශාලත්වයෙන් සහ වසර 2001 ජනගහන දත්ත වලට අනුව 785,524 ක ජනතාවක් වාසය කරන උතුරින් කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයද බටහිරින් ගම්පහ සහ කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක ද දකුණින් රත්නපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය ද නැගෙනහිරින් නුවරඑළිය සහ මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයන් ද වලින් සීමා වී විවිධ භූ විෂමතා ලක්ෂණ වලට උරුමකම් කියන  කෑගල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය පිහිටා තිබේ.

පරිපාලන ව්‍යුහය

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස

කෑගල්ල
රඹුක්කන
දැරණියගල
මාවනැල්ල
අරණායක
ගලිගමුව
වරකාපොළ
රුවන්වැල්ල
බුලත්කොහුපිටිය
යටියන්තොට
දෙහිඕවිට

ජන්ද කොට්ඨාස

කෑගල්ල
ගලිගමුව
දැදිගම
අරණායක
මාවනැල්ල
රුවන්වැල්ල
රඹුක්කන
යටියන්තොට
දැරණියගල

ජනගහනය

ප්‍රධාන භෝග
වී  , තේ , රබර් , පොල්

ප්‍රධාන සිද්ධස්ථාන

බෙලිගල රාජමහා විහාරස්ථානය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෞද්ධයන්ගේ උතුම්ම පුජනීය වස්තුව වන ශ්‍රී දන්ත ධාතුන් වහන්සේ සතුරු ආක්‍රමණ වලින් ආරක්ෂා කරගැනීම සඳහා පැරණි රජදරුවන් යම් අවස්ථා වලදී එය සඟවා තබන ලද අතර එවන් එක ස්ථානයක් වන්නේ බෙලිගල රාජමහා විහාරස්ථානයයි.

වට්ටාරම රාජමහා විහාරස්ථානය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අවසානම මහරහතන් වහන්සේ වැඩ වාසය කල විහාරස්ථානය වට්ටාරම රාජමහා විහාරස්ථානයයි.

ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
කෑගල්ල
සබරගමුව පළාත

ආශ්‍රිත

කෑගල්ල පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

කෑගල්ල පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කය


"Eddie" é uma canção da banda de rock alternativo estadunidense Red Hot Chili Peppers, lançada na madrugada de 23 de setembro de 2022, após uma prévia lançada no dia 21 de setembro. Foi lançado como um single promocional do Return of the Dream Canteen, o décimo terceiro álbum do grupo e o segundo álbum de 2022. A canção se trata de uma homenagem ao guitarrista Eddie Van Halen.

Informações
"Eddie" é a quarta faixa do álbum Return of the Dream Canteen, sendo a segunda faixa a ser disponibilizada deste álbum ao público. Apresenta uma sonoridade típica dos Red Hot Chili Peppers, com uma linha de baixo expressiva, uma guitarra elétrica marcante e a bateria consistente. Os solos de guitarra de John Frusciante são uma referência clara à técnica usada por Eddie Van Halen.

Em 21 de setembro de 2022, nas redes sociais da banda, foi lançada uma prévia da canção, de cerca de um minuto. Dois dias depois, a canção seria lançada oficialmente pela Warner Records.

Antecedentes e composição

Esta faixa começou a ser composta no fim de 2021, pouco após a morte de Eddie Van Halen, fundador e guitarrista da banda Van Halen. As letras da música fazem menção à vida do músico, que nascera em Amsterdã, nos Países Baixos: "Got hammers in both my hands, such a delicate touch/ They say I'm from Amsterdam, does that make me Dutch?". Em outros versos, há menção a David Lee Roth, conhecido por seus trabalhos na banda e também por sua relação controversa com Van Halen: "Please don't remember me, for what I did with David / You know I'm talkin' David Lee". Em outro momento, a letra referencia a Gibson Flying V, popularizada pelo mesmo.

Após o lançamento do single, em setembro de 2022, Anthony Kiedis publicou em suas redes sociais, onde afirmou que a composição de "Eddie" havia sido iniciada pelo baixista Flea:

Embora não possuísse um videoclipe oficial, o single foi acompanhado de um visualizer, caracterizado por uma estética psicodélica presente no álbum. No mesmo dia, Anthony Kiedis publicou em suas redes sociais que a canção diz sobre como Eddie não deve ser lembrado pela sua morte, mas sim, pelo que fez em vida.

Faixas

Paradas e posições

Créditos

Red Hot Chili Peppers

 Anthony Kiedis - vocais
 Flea - baixo
 John Frusciante - guitarra, vocais
 Chad Smith - bateria

Créditos adicionais

 Rick Rubin - produção
 Ryan Hewitt - engenharia de áudio

Ligações externas

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Canções de rock alternativo
Canções de 2022
Singles de 2022
Canções gravadas por Red Hot Chili Peppers

Eddie (canção de Red Hot Chili Peppers)


Ünalan, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Domalan olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Kızıllı köyüne bağlı Domalan mahallesi iken, 20 Mart 1952'de Ünalan adıyla köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 55 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Ünalan, Alaca


Ceci est une liste des législatures de l'Alberta.

Législatures

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Élections générales albertaines
 Premier ministre de l'Alberta

Liens externes

 Alberta Legislative Assembly
 Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Book
 By-elections 1905 to present

Gouvernement de l'Alberta
Alberta, Législatures
Législatures
Alberta

Liste des législatures de l'Alberta


Salvador Maidana (Melo, Uruguay; 16 de junio de 1987) es un futbolista uruguayo que juega en Cerro Largo de la Primera División de Uruguay

Clubes

Referencias

Nacidos en Melo
Futbolistas de Uruguay

Futbolistas del Cerro Largo Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Atlético River Plate (Uruguay)

Salvador Maidana


Caulochytriomycota é uma divisão monotípica de fungos quitrídios cuja única classe é Caulochytriomycetes. Contém também apenas uma ordem, Caulochytriales.

A espécie tipo é Caulochytrium gloeosporii Voos & L.S. Olive, Mycologia 60(3): 731 (1968).

Referências

Index fungorum: 550347

Fungos

Caulochytriomycota


Jet are an Australian rock band formed in 2001. Founding mainstays are brothers Nic (vocals, rhythm guitar, piano) and Chris Cester (drums, vocals) together with Cameron Muncey (lead guitar and vocals). They were joined in the following year by Mark Wilson (bass guitar). The quartet released three studio albums Get Born (2003), Shine On (2006) and Shaka Rock (2009) before disbanding in 2012. Get Born is their highest charting work, which peaked at number one in Australia, top 20 in the United Kingdom and top 30 in the United States. Its lead single "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" (2003) reached the top 20 in Australia and UK and top 30 in the US. Both Shine On and Shaka Rock are Australian top five albums, while their other top 20 singles are "Look What You've Done" (2004), "Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is" (2006) and "She's a Genius" (2009).

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 they headed the leader board with six wins: Album of the Year, Best Group, Best Rock Album and Breakthrough Artist – Album for Get Born as well as Single of the Year and Breakthrough Artist – Single for "Are You Gonna Be My Girl". At the APRA Awards that single won Most Performed Australian Work Overseas in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Jet reformed in 2016 but released no new studio albums and separated again in 2019. They reunited for a second time in 2023 and are due to be inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in November that year.

History

Formation and Dirty Sweet (2001–2003)

The Cester brothers, Nic and Chris, grew up in Dingley Village and attended St Bede's College, Mentone, Melbourne. They listened to their father John's classic rock records from the 1960s and 1970s. While still at school Nic formed a group by 1995, which Cameron Muncey joined. Jet's influences include the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Faces, AC/DC and T. Rex. According to Nic, Australian power pop band You Am I had the biggest influence on their developing musical tastes:

Nic, on lead vocals and guitar, decided to form a garage rock band, in 2001, with Muncey on lead guitar and vocals, before Chris joined on drums and vocals. Bass guitarist Doug Armstrong, who completed the line-up, had met the Cesters while working at their father's spice factory. The quartet trialled various band names, Mojo Filter, Hi-Fidelity and Duosonic, before settling for Jet in 2002 – from the song of the same name (originally by Paul McCartney and Wings). Their early repertoire was cover versions of You Am I songs and "whatever else was going 'round." "Radio Song" from their debut album Get Born was written about difficulties they had obtaining recognition at that time.

Jet supported Melbourne punk rock band the Specimens as an opening act at The Duke of Windsor hotel, Windsor. Talent manager and booking agent Dave Powell was filling-in for the venue's sound engineer, "I realised the singer could actually sing. I was blown away. They had a lot of potential and I didn't have a lot of bands coming through who were like that." Powell signed the then-unnamed group to his management firm. Nic recalled, "Duke of Windsor became our headquarters. [Powell] would be taking calls from you know, executives in Los Angeles from the keg room you know, that was his office." The members had met Mark Wilson in 2002 during his performance at that same venue and asked him to replace Armstrong on bass guitar. Wilson had been in a Geelong-based band, the Ca$inos.

Late in 2002 Jet independently issued a four-track debut extended play Dirty Sweet, with distribution by Rubber Records. Its initial pressing of 1000 copies was sold out. An NME writer had obtained a copy of the group's single "Take It or Leave It" from Dirty Sweet and described it as a mixture of the Rolling Stones and AC/DC. Elektra Records executives signed the band for a recording contract and re-released Dirty Sweet in May 2003.

Get Born (2003–2005)

Jet entered the Sunset Sound Studios, Los Angeles with Dave Sardy producing their debut album Get Born (September 2003). Sardy had produced work for Marilyn Manson and the Dandy Warhols. The Australian quartet used Billy Preston on keyboards for two tracks. Get Borns title references a lyric from Bob Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues" (1965) "Ah get born, keep warm." It reached number one in Australia and was accredited 8× platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). It peaked in the top 20 in the UK and top 30 in the US, and was certified platinum in both countries by British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), respectively.

The Rolling Stones offered Jet a support slot on the Australian leg of their 2003 tour. Including their own headlining tours, the Australian group played more than 200 shows during that 2003. Get Borns singles "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" and "Rollover DJ" were listed at number one and number nineteen, respectively, on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2003. "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" appeared on the soundtracks for the video games Madden NFL 2004, Guitar Hero: On Tour, Rock Band, and Strictly Come Dancing; the 2006 animated film Flushed Away; the live-action films Eurotrip and What Happens in Vegas; and as part of two major worldwide advertising campaigns for Vodafone and Apple's iPod and iMac.

"Rollover DJ" is used on the soundtrack of PlayStation 2 game Gran Turismo 4. Get Born also includes the song "Timothy", dedicated to Muncey's deceased brother – due to its sensitive nature the quartet rarely play the track live. In early 2004, Jet teamed up with the Vines and the Living End on The Aussie Invasion tour of US. A new Jet song, "Hold On", not included on Get Born, was used on the Spider-Man 2 soundtrack that year. TV and film producer J. J. Abrams contacted them to record a song for the Season 4 of Alias. "Cold Hard Bitch" from Get Born was used, and used during a frenetic scene of two CIA agents sprinting down a Hong Kong street, giving the band further US exposure.

Later in 2004 Jet received nominations for the annual US Radio Music Awards, including Artist of the Year: Rock Radio, Artist of the Year: Rock Alternative Radio, and Song of the Year: Rock Radio (for "Cold Hard Bitch"). They also received the 32nd Annual American Music Awards nomination as Favorite Artist – Alternative Music, as well as three nominations at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, held in Miami in August. "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" was nominated for Best Rock Video, Best New Artist and Best Editing in a video. Jet performed "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" live at the ceremony and picked up the award for Best Rock Video, dedicating it to the Cesters' late father.

Following their success in the US, back home the group headed the leader board at the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 by winning six categories: Album of the Year, Best Group,  Best Rock Album and Breakthrough Artist – Album for Get Born as well as Single of the Year and Breakthrough Artist – Single for "Are You Gonna Be My Girl". They were also nominated for Highest-Selling Album. At the ceremony in October the quartet performed "Are You Gonna Be My Girl"; while Nic provided lead vocals on a cover version of Stevie Wright's "Evie (part 1)" as a member of an Australian super-group the Wrights, with Spiderbait's Kram (drums), the Living End's Chris Cheney (guitar), Dallas Crane's Pat Bourke (bass guitar) and You Am I's Davey Lane (guitar). Get Borns "Look What You've Done" (No. 24) and "Get What You Need" (No. 89) were listed on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2004.

During a show at the MCG in October 2005, Nic declared that he considered his group to be "up there with the greatests, with fucking Lennon and the Stones." This caused controversy but was settled when Australian music magazines began publishing articles comparing Jet's albums with those of famous 1960s and 1970s bands. Get Born is listed at No. 89 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums (October 2010). The authors described it as "free of the neurotic self-examination that passes for meaningful songwriting in the post-Nirvana era."

Shine On (2006–2008)

"Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is" was released to radio as a single in August 2006 ahead of their second album, Shine On. It followed on 30 September (2 October in the UK, 3 October in the US) with a physical listing of 15 tracks. An extra track, "Coming Home Soon", was available only from the ITunes Store. Shine On debuted at No. 3 on the Australian charts and was accredited platinum by ARIA in 2006. Critical reaction to the album was mixed, with British music magazine NMEs Paul McNamee calling it "another joyfully old-fashioned rock'n'roll album immersed in the classics." US music blogger Ray Suzuki of Pitchfork gave the album 0.0 out of 10 and posted a video of a chimpanzee urinating in its own mouth instead of a written review. "Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is" appeared on the "Chuck" TV series pilot episode, "Chuck Versus the Intersect". It also was added to a compilation CD, NME: The Essential Bands – Festival Edition.

Jet played at the MTV Europe Awards in Copenhagen in early November 2006. It was their first live performance since Nic's laryngitis halted their World Tour early in the previous month. In mid-November Jet returned to Australia and performed at the Make Poverty History Concert at Sidney Myer Music Bowl, Melbourne. They also held a show on a barge floating on the Yarra River. The performance was broadcast via Triple J's radio programme Live at the Wireless.

The next singles from Shine On, "Bring It on Back" (in the UK) and "Rip It Up" (in Australia) appeared in late 2006. The album provided a five-track EP, also titled Shine On, which was issued in December. The title track, "Shine On", was released on various dates in March 2007 as a single. It is a tribute to the Cesters' father, who had died of cancer in 2004. The track was written by Nic from the perspective of his father encouraging those who outlived him to "shine on". Other songs on the album ("Come On Come On", "Bring It on Back", "Stand Up", "Holiday", "All You Have to Do") deal with overcoming adversity and challenge. Shine Ons "Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is" (No. 72) and "Rip It Up" (No. 76) were listed on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2006.

Jet co-headlined the 2007 Big Day Out festivals in Australia and New Zealand, alongside fellow headliners Tool, Muse, the Killers, and My Chemical Romance. Also in that year, they released "Falling Star" for the Spider-Man 3 soundtrack, while "Rip It Up" appeared on the TMNT soundtrack, which also was the official theme for the wrestling show WWEs 2010 SummerSlam. In June and August, they supported the Rolling Stones on the European leg of their A Bigger Bang World Tour in Lisbon, Madrid and London (O2 Arena).

In October 2007 the band returned to Australia to perform at the AFL Grand Final and to finish the rest of their world tour. In November the members announced they would take "some time off" as they needed "down time". On 24 October Chris and Wilson produced a song "I Spy I Spy", under the moniker the Vice Lords, for the Japanese former duo Superfly. They collaborated with Iggy Pop to release a joint rendition of Johnny O'Keefe's single "Wild One" as "The Wild One – A Tribute to Johnny O'Keefe" on its 50th anniversary in July 2008. It also appeared on the compilation and tribute album of the same name later that year.

Shaka Rock and disbandment (2009–2012)

In a video on their website band members talked about writing and recording songs at Atlantic Sound Studios in New York City; Chris quipped: "We've got to stop writing; we got too many songs." Jet returned to Australia to play a show in Melbourne on 17 December to debut new material, "Goodbye Hollywood", "Walk", "Start the Show", "Black Hearts", "She's a Genius", "Seventeen", and "Beat On Repeat". Muncey expressed that he "really, really loves the song 'Seventeen'... I think is sort of a step forward for us songwriting-wise. It's sorta got everything wrapped into one, a storyline, and sad to say melancholy. It's rock and roll, it's rocking, it's got all these other albums to it, you know, so I find it really interesting."

Jet played at Melbourne Cricket Ground and Sydney Cricket Ground on 14 March 2009 for Sound Relief, which was a multi-venue rock music concert in support of relief for the Victorian Bushfire Crisis. The Melbourne event was held simultaneously with a concert at the Sydney Cricket Ground. All the proceeds from the Melbourne Concert went to the Red Cross Victorian Bushfire relief. Half the proceeds from the Sydney concert went to the Victorian Bushfire relief and the other half for Queensland Flood relief. Appearing with Jet in Sydney were Coldplay, Eskimo Joe, Hoodoo Gurus, Icehouse, Josh Pyke, Little Birdy, the Presets, Wolfmother, You Am I and additional artists. Jet and Wolfmother were the only groups to perform at both venues.

Jet's song, "She's a Genius" from Shaka Rock, appeared on a NCIS Season 7 Episode 2 – "Reunion". In April 2009, "K.I.A (Killed in Action)" was made available on the band's official website. It was the 5th most added song to radio in Australia. "She's a Genius", the first single from the album, was issued in June 2009. Shaka Rock appeared Australia on 21 August 2009, which peaked at number five and was accredited platinum by ARIA in 2019.

"Black Hearts (On Fire)" was released as its second single in November 2009 with a music video provided. "Black Hearts" also appeared in the Australian film adaptation of Tomorrow, When the War Began. In November 2009 She's a Genius was certified Gold by ARIA for shipment of more than 35,000 copies. "Timothy (Where Have You Been)" was used on the album Shock Value II by US record producer Timbaland. In December the quartet were the support act for punk rock trio Green Day on the Australian leg of their 21st Century Breakdown World Tour. Shaka Rocks "She's a Genius" (No. 77) was listed on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2009.

"Seventeen" was issue as the third single in April 2010, which reached No. 31 and was certified gold by ARIA. During that month the group appeared on TV variety show Hey Hey It's Saturdays first episode since the reunion series, for performances of "She's a Genius" and "Seventeen". From September to November 2010 the rock quartet toured Australia as the support act for Powderfinger's Sunsets Farewell Tour. While Nic and Muncey were on a hiatus from performing, in early 2011 Wilson on bass guitar and Chris on lead vocals formed a doom-disco band, the DamnDogs, in Los Angeles with Louis Macklin on keyboards and electronics and Mitch McIvor (Cesters' cousin) on guitar. They released a debut EP Strange Behaviour on 9 August 2011 via iTunes. On 26 March 2012 Jet announced their "discontinuation as a group," via their official website and Facebook:

According to Infectious Magazines Rachel Schuler, "Later it was stated that personal issues and arguments were the reason for the split."

Reformations (2016–present)

Jet members announced in September 2016 that they would reform in the following year and were due to open five shows for Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band on the latter's "Summer '17" tour in February 2017. In October 2016 they announced on social media that their first headline show in 6 years was due at Sydney's Taronga Zoo also in February 2017. For the performance they were joined on stage by Macklin on keyboards and the Wolfgramm Sisters on backing vocals. The show subsequently sold out, so a second one was added. Jet had made their official live return at a one-off headlining show at Melbourne's Gasometer Hotel on 31 January 2017. They performed with Macklin and played a 23 song set-list, which drew from all three of studio albums.

While living in Italy, Nic had been invited by Simone Cogo ( the Bloody Beetroots or DJ Bob Rifo) to collaborate on "My Name Is Thunder". Once Nic's band mates were appraised they joined the project, which was issued as a single in July 2017. The track is the Australian rock group's first new song in seven years. It also appeared on the Italian artist's album, The Great Electronic Swindle (October 2017), Rifo reflected, "we had different ideas on the mixing and from that, we came up with two versions. It's the best of both our worlds!"

In 2018 the quartet announced their 15th anniversary Australian national tour for Get Born, with dates in Newcastle, Sydney, Canberra, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide and Melbourne. They issued their first live album Get Born: Live at the Forum in May to commemorate that tour. They made a brief UK visit, playing in Manchester and London. They supported Jimmy Barnes alongside Eskimo Joe in 2019, and played their final show of their reunion at the By The C open-air concert in Coffs Harbour on 26 October 2019.

Nic then resumed his solo career, releasing an album, The Skipping Girl, in 2021. It was a companion to his first children's book of the same name. Nic as a member of a supergroup the Jaded Hearts Club had issued You've Always Been Here in October 2020. Wilson performed as a member of the Australian Rock Collective (or ARC), which included Kram, Powderfinger's Darren Middleton and Davey Lane. ARC perform tribute shows of classic albums, such as the Beatles' Let It Be and Neil Young's Harvest.

At the end of 2022 Nic was interviewed on a podcast and revealed Jet were in talks to reunite in the studio. "Next year is the 20 year anniversary of the release of the first Jet album. We're actually in discussions right now, sharing musical ideas for the first time with the idea of maybe trying to release some new material next year. This is just as of 3 weeks ago, so we'll see if it happens or not. It's looking good so far." In June 2023 the quartet officially announced their reunion and shared Australian tour dates for that September where they would perform Get Born in its entirety. Shortly before the tour began, they announced that Los Angeles resident Chris would not be joining the tour due to a family emergency. Macklin had returned as touring keyboardist, while Pete Marin took on drums in place of Chris. ARIA officials announced that Jet were due to be inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in November at the 2023 ARIA Music Awards.

Activism

In 2007 Jet members joined a public campaign by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which called for an end to Canada's annual seal hunt. The petition was signed by some 150,000 names, which included fellow Australian musicians John Butler, members of Something for Kate, Red Riders and the Vines.

The Fred Hollows Foundation

In May 2008, Jet released a video clip on YouTube, which is tribute to the work of the late Fred Hollows and The Fred Hollows Foundation. Nic highlighted Hollow's work to restore sight to people blinded by cataracts in developing countries, which was ongoing 15 years after his death. "Hollows was such a big figure in Australia and he had a huge impact, but he passed away when there was still work to do," Cester said in a statement. "This clip is a bit of a reminder, hopefully it encourages people to make a donation to keep [Hollow]'s work going." The video tribute uses Jet's song "Shine On" along with images compiled by The Fred Hollows Foundation.

Band members

Current members
 Nic Cester – lead vocals, guitar, auxiliary percussion, keyboards
 Cameron Muncey – guitar, backing and occasional lead vocals
 Chris Cester – drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals, additional guitar
 Mark Wilson – bass, keyboards, harmonica, backing vocals

Current touring musicians
 Louis Macklin – keyboards, auxiliary percussion, backing vocals
 Pete Marin – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Former members
 Doug Armstrong – bass

Former touring and session musicians
 Stevie Hesketh – keyboards, auxiliary percussion
 The Wolfgramm Sisters – backing vocals

Timeline

Discography

 Get Born (2003)
 Shine On (2006)
 Shaka Rock (2009)

Awards and nominations

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

!
|-
| 2004 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" || Song of the Year ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||  || rowspan="5"|
|-
| "Cold Hard Bitch" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| "Look What You've Done" || Song of the Year ||
|-
| Most Performed Australian Work ||
|-
| Nic Cester, Cameron Muncey, Chris Cester || Songwriters of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||  || rowspan="3"|
|-
| "Cold Hard Bitch" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||
|-
| "Look What You've Done" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||  || rowspan="2"|
|-
| "Look What You've Done" || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || rowspan="3" | "She's a Genius" || Most Played Australian Work ||  ||
|-
| Rock Work of the Year ||  ||
|-
| Song of the Year ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || rowspan="2" | "Seventeen" || Most Played Australian Work ||  ||
|-
| Rock Work of the Year ||  ||
|-
|}

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.

!
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2004 || rowspan="5" | Get Born || Album of the Year ||  ||rowspan="7"|
|-
| Best Group ||
|-
| Best Rock Album ||
|-
| Highest-Selling Album ||
|-
| Breakthrough Artist - Album ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" || Single of the Year ||
|-
|  Breakthrough Artist - Single ||
|-
| 2005 || Right! Right! Right! || Best Music DVD ||  ||
|-
| 2007 || Shine On || Best Rock Album ||  ||
|-
| 2009 || Shaka Rock || Best Rock Album ||  ||
|-
| 2023 || Jet || ARIA Hall of Fame ||  ||
|-
|}

References

External links

2001 establishments in Australia
2012 disestablishments in Australia
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
Atlantic Records artists
Australian alternative rock groups
Australian hard rock musical groups
Australian musical quartets
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups reestablished in 2016
Musical groups from Melbourne
Pub rock musical groups
Sibling musical groups

Jet (Australian band)


Podul Poniatowski (în ) este un pod din Varșovia. Construit inițial între 1904 și 1914, el a fost avariat în fiecare din cele două războaie mondiale și reconstruit ulterior. Podul traversează râul Vistula, legând cartierele Powiśle și Praga aflate pe maluri opuse. Viaductul său este o prelungire a Bulevardului Jerusalem.

Istoric
Podul de oțel lung de 506 m, format din opt deschideri, a fost proiectat de Stefan Szyller (cel care a proiectat poarta de la Universitatea din Varșovia și clădirile Politehnicii din Varșovia). Construcția sa, începută în 1904, a fost executată de compania K. Rudzki i S-ka și supravegheată de inginerii Mieczysław Marszewski și Wacław Paszkowski. Kazimierz Ołdakowski a fost un alt inginer care a lucrat la pod, înainte de a deveni director la Fabryka Broni. În ciuda faptului că era considerat de multă lume ca o extravaganță (printre opozanții construcției se numărau primarul Varșoviei și scriitorul Bolesław Prus), el a fost deschis la 6 ianuarie 1914 de către guvernatorul general rus, Georgi Skalon, ca cel de-al treilea pod din Varșovia (el era cronologic al patrulea pod permanent din Varșovia, dar podul rutier și cel feroviar al Citadelei (inaugurate în 1875 și, respectiv, în 1908) erau considerate ca fiind unul singur);. prin urmare, a fost poreclit "al treilea pod" (în ) de către locuitorii orașului, deși numele său oficial a fost "Podul conducătorului nostru cel milostiv, Țarul Nicolae al II-lea" (Varșovia făcea parte atunci din Imperiul Rus, în urma împărțirii Poloniei din secolul al XVIII-lea). Podul a fost redenumit în aprilie 1917 după prințul Józef Poniatowski și a dobândit o nouă poreclă — "Poniatoszczak" — pe care o păstrează și în ziua de azi..

Podul a suferit multe avarii în timpul celor două războaie mondiale. În timpul Primului Război Mondial, la 5 august 1915, armata rusă aflată în retragere a aruncat în aer patru deschideri pentru a-i încetini unitățile militare germane care o urmăreau. Podul a fost reconstruit de către germani în grabă din lemn, dar a ars într-un accident petrecut curând după aceea. După război, structura a fost reconstruită de către noul guvern polonez pe parcursul a cinci ani, din 1921 până în 1926. În timpul Loviturii de stat din Mai podul a fost locul de întâlnire al președintelui Poloniei, Stanisław Wojciechowski, cu liderul loviturii de stat, mareșalul polonez Józef Piłsudski. În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial podul a fost distrus de trupele germane în timpul Revoltei din Varșovia, la 13 septembrie 1944. Această demolare a fost mult mai completă: toate deschiderile s-au prăbușit și doar pilele inferioare au rezistat.

Primele planuri postbelice ale noului guvern polonez (comunist) prevedeau construcția unei structuri temporare de lemn pe pilonii existenți, dar lucrul pripit a făcut ca podul să se prăbușească. Refăcut pe piloni noi după proiectul lui Stanisław Hempel, podul a fost redeschis la 22 iulie 1946 de către Bolesław Bierut. Cu toate acestea, podul redeschis acum și-a pierdut o mare parte din splendoarea sa de dinainte de război, deoarece fondurile limitate nu au permis restaurarea diferitelor caracteristici decorative neo-renascentiste poloneze precum balustradele lucrate manual sau băncile de piatră ce se sprijineau pe pilonii podului. Balustradele decorate au fost înlocuite cu un gard din oțel. Unele dintre vechile bănci de dinainte de război, precum și una dintre deschiderile vechi, pot fi văzute în apropierea podului atunci când apa scade.

Între 1963 și 1966 podul a fost lărgit, o linie de tramvai a fost separată de partea carosabilă, iar podul a fost conectat la șoseaua Wisłostrada de pe malul stâng al Vistulei prin intermediul unei lungi secțiuni carosabile în pantă lung ce amintea unor comentatori de cochilia unui melc. Cu prilejul altor lucrări de reparații și extindere desfășurate în perioada 1985-1990, când au fost lărgite drumurile de pe malul drept (Praga), a fost construit un pod temporar (podul Syrena), ce a fost folosit până când a fost înlocuit cu podul Świętokrzyski în 2000.

În anul 2004 a început un program de reconstrucție și înfrumusețare a podului. Până în 2005 au fost reconstruite turnurile mici și primele patru deschideri. Linia de tramvai a fost modernizată și reconstruită în 2007.

Imagini

Referințe

Legături externe
 Satellite view from Google Map

Poniatowski

Podul Poniatowski


Ahmed Musa (Jos, 14. listopada 1992.), nigerijski nogometaš i reprezentativac. Uglavnom igra na mjestu napadača. Trenutno je na posudbi u moskovskom CSKA.

Prvi je Nigerijac koji je zabio dva pogotka na jednoj utakmici Svjetskog prvenstva i prvi Nigerijac koji je zabijao na dvama uzastopnim svjetskim prvenstvima.

Postavio je rekord za najviše zabijenih pogodaka u jednoj sezoni Nigerijske lige, zabivši 18 pogodaka u 25 utakmica.

Upisao je 42 nastupa i 10 zgoditaka za VVV-Venlo u nizozemskoj Eredivisi. Za njega su se tada zanimali i Tottenham, Ajax i pojedine bundesligaške momčadi, no na kraju je potpisao za moskovski CSKA za koji je prvijenac zabio Romi u Ligi prvaka. Bio je najbolji strijelac CSKA u sezoni 2015./16. sa 17 pogodaka u 40 odigranih susreta.

U ljeto 2016. odlazi u Leicester City za 16 milijuna funti. Prvijenac je zabio Barceloni u prijateljskoj utakmici Međunarodnog kupa prvaka.

Za nacionalnu momčad odigrao je 73 utakmica i zabio 15 zgoditaka. Zabio je po dva pogotka Argentini na SP-u 2014. i Islandu na SP-u 2018. donijevši Nigeriji jedinu pobjedu na prvenstvu i zaradivši nadimak "Lionel Musa" (aluzija na Lionela Messija).

Izvori

Nigerijski nogometaši
Nogometaši CSKA Moskve
Nogometaši Leicester Cityja

Ahmed Musa


Lorenzo Taezaz (30 June 1900 – 23 June 1947) was an important diplomatic official for Ethiopia. He served as Emperor Haile Selassie's diplomatic representative during the Emperor's exile in Britain following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, being the permanent delegate from Ethiopia to the League of Nations. After the restoration of the Ethiopian government, Lorenzo was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Posts and Telegraph, and served in the Ethiopian Senate.

Lorenzo Taezaz was born in the Akele Guzay province of Eritrea, then an Italian colony. One source believes he received his earliest education in Italian schools in Asmara and Keren, although Bahru Zewde believes he studied at the Swedish mission school in Asmara. Following a chance meeting with Ras Taferi Makonnen (the later Emperor Haile Selassie), he received a scholarship to study in France, and spent eight years at the University of Montpellier, where he received his doctorate in Law. On returning to Ethiopia, he became the second Consul General of Ethiopia to Eritrea after Lij Seifu Mikael was recalled to takeover Hakim Workneh Eshete's job as governor of the lucrative Chercher region upon Hakim Workneh's departure to London representing Ethiopia, he then served in the Ministry of Justice, and was a member of the Anglo-Ethiopian Boundary Commission which demarcated Ethiopia's borders with former British Somaliland, and that later investigated the causes of the Walwal Incident of 1934. Lorenzo is said to have seen action at the Battle of Maychew in 1936. He literally followed Emperor Haile Selassie's departure from Ethiopia, riding on the next train to Djibouti, along with three Swedish officers, most of the ministers and other notables of the Imperial court.

After Haile Selassie addressed the League of Nations, and after Lorenzo was appointed Permanent Delegate to that body, although during the Italian occupation, he secretly entered Ethiopia on several occasions for the Emperor. One such occasion was in November 1940, when he accompanied three elders who were returning to Armachiho in northern Ethiopia after waiting in Khartoum for help from the British; another was not long after this, he travelled to Kenya where he aided in organizing Ethiopian soldiers who had been interned there for years, having fled there not long after the Italian conquest in 1937.

After Haile Selassie's return to Ethiopia, Lorenzo was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs (1941–1943), and subsequently Minister for Posts, Telephones and Telegrams (1943). According to Bahru Zewde, Lorenzo came into conflict with the powerful Tsehafi Taezaz ("Minister of the Pen") Wolde Giyorgis Wolde Yohannes, who had him appointed to the ceremonial President of the Chamber of Deputies (1943–1944), then ambassador to the Soviet Union (November 1944) -- effectively exiled from the center of power, then a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference (May 1946); after being in Sweden for only a month, he died in a hospital in Stockholm.

References

1900 births
1947 deaths
Foreign ministers of Ethiopia
Ethiopian diplomats
University of Montpellier alumni
20th-century diplomats

Lorenzo Taezaz


L'USS Biscayne (AVP-11), plus tard AGC-18, est un transport d'hydravions de la  en service dans la marine américaine en service en tant que transport d'hydravions de 1941 à 1943 et en tant que navire amiral de la force amphibie de 1943 à 1946, participant ainsi aux opérations de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Transféré dans l'United States Coast Guard après la guerre, il reprit du service dans l' sous le nom d'USCGC Dexter (WAGC-18), plus tard WAVP-385 et WHEC-385, de 1946 à 1952 et de 1958 à 1968.

Historique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des navires de l'United States Navy
 Liste des navires de l'United States Coast Guard

Bibliographie
 Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Biscayne (AVP-11, later AGC-18), 1941–1946
 NavSource Online Amphibious Photo Archive – AVP-11 / AGC-18 Biscayne – WAGC-16 / WAVP / WHEC-385 Dexter
 United States Coast Guard Historians Office: Dexter, 1946 ex-USS Biscayne WAGC-18; WAVP / WHEC-385 Radio call sign: NODC
 United States Coast Guard Historian's Office: Mackinac, 1949 WHEC-371
 Chesneau, Roger. Conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books, Inc., 1980. .
 Gardiner, Robert. Conway's All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947–1982, Part I: The Western Powers. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983. .

Liens externes
 DANFS: USS Biscayne (AGC-18/AVP-11)
 Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940–1945 – AGC-18 USS Biscayne

Navire coulé comme cible
Navire météorologique
Navire de l'United States Coast Guard
Bateau lancé en 1941
Navire coulé en 1968

USS Biscayne


Torre dei Gualandi (også kendt som Torre della Muda) er et tidligere tårn i Pisa i Toscana i det centrale Italien. Det er i dag inkluderet i Palazzo dell'Orologio.

Det er placeret i den nordlige ende af Piazza dei Cavalieri. Tårnet lå i den østlige del af den nuværende bygning.
Gualandi var navnet på den familie, der ejede tårnet i 1300-tallet.

Ugolino della Gherardesca, hans sønner og børnebørn blev muret inde i tårnet og sultede ihjel i 1200-tallet. Dante skrev om Gherardesca i Den guddommelige Komedie.

Se ogsåo
 Ugolino della Gherardesca

Eksterne henvisninger
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060720081434/http://www.sns.it/en/scuola/luoghi/palazzodellorologio/
 http://www.comune.pisa.it/turismo/itinerari/1itinerario-gb.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061110050809/http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/ltpisa/ltparticles/ltp%20rapid%201948/ltp%20rapid%201948.htm
 http://www.pisaonline.it/ulisse/eng/manoscritti.htm

Pisa
Tårne i Italien

Torre dei Gualandi


Konstantinos Sarris (Atenas, 8 de dezembro de 1997) é um ator greco-brasileiro. É mais conhecido por atuar na supersérie Os Dias Eram Assim, da Rede Globo, e no filme Benzinho, de Gustavo Pizzi.

Biografia
Nasceu em Atenas, na Grécia, mas se mudou ao Brasil com dois anos de idade. Viveu em Vitória até os 15 anos, quando se mudou para o Rio de Janeiro. Em Vitória, estudou no Centro Educacional Leonardo da Vinci, e começou sua carreira de ator em peças escolares, até protagonizar a série O Homem da Sua Vida, da HBO, aos 19 anos, e atua no filme Pedro Sob a Cama. No mesmo ano atua na superssérie da Rede Globo Os Dias Eram Assim, onde interpreta o homossexual Rudá, filho dos personagens de Marcos Palmeira e Letícia Spiller. No ano seguinte é um dos protagonistas do filme Benzinho, de Gustavo Pizzi. Na trama ele vive um jovem jogador de handebol que recebe a oportunidade de jogar na Alemanha, sendo o filho mais velho de Irene e Klaus, interpretados por Karine Teles e Otávio Müller, respectivamente. Pelo filme, foi indicado ao Prêmio Guarani de Cinema Brasileiro, na categoria de Melhor Revelação Masculina.

Filmografia

Prêmios e indicações

Atores do Brasil
Atores de cinema do Brasil
Atores de televisão do Brasil
Brasileiros de ascendência grega
Naturais de Atenas

Konstantinos Sarris


Le siège d'Enerhodar est un engagement et un siège militaire ayant opposé les forces armées russes et les forces armées ukrainiennes lors de l'offensive du Sud de l'Ukraine pour le contrôle d'Enerhodar, dans le cadre de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022. Il s'est soldé par une victoire russe.

La bataille
Le 27 février, une avancée notable des troupes russes en direction d'Enerhodar est signalée. Dans une vidéo postée sur sa chaîne Telegram, le maire de la ville, Dmytro Orlov, détaille la situation de la manière suivante :

Le 28 février, à  du matin (UTC+2), les forces russes tentent d'entrer dans la ville d'Enerhodar, mais font face à la résistance de l'armée ukrainienne et des milices citoyennes. Les combats durent environ deux heures jusqu'à ce que deux avions russes présumés soient détruits par les forces terrestres ukrainiennes. Le 28 février, le ministère de la Défense de la fédération de Russie annonce la prise de la ville et de la centrale nucléaire de Zaporijjia, la plus grande d'Europe. Ces informations sont réfutées par le maire de la ville. Une vidéo publiée ultérieurement montre des civils locaux empêchant un convoi russe d'entrer à Enerhodar en érigeant des barricades, les forçant au repli.

Le , les forces russes tiennent la ligne en périphérie de la ville et l'encerclent complètement. Selon le maire d'Enerhodar, la ville rencontre des problèmes d'approvisionnement, notamment en nourriture. De 16 h 00 à 18 h 00 environ, une manifestation longue d'un kilomètre impliquant des citoyens non armés empêche les forces russes d'entrer dans la ville.

Le 2 mars, en début d'après-midi, l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique (AIEA) annonce que la zone entourant la centrale nucléaire de Zaporijia est désormais sous contrôle russe. Vers 18 h 00, un cortège de civils empêche cependant toujours les soldats  russes d'y accéder.

Le , le siège s'intensifie. Des combats ont lieu sur les barricades érigées par les défenseurs ukrainiens. Le maire Dmytro Orlov accuse l'armée de terre russe d'avoir tiré des obus sur la ville, détruisant des bâtiments résidentiels ainsi qu'une école, et privant certains quartiers d'accès à l'eau et à l'électricité.

Le , à  (UTC+2), Andriy Touz, le représentant du service de presse de la centrale nucléaire de Zaporijjia, annonce que l'installation a été victime d'un bombardement russe, occasionnant un incendie dans un bâtiment adjacent. Ce dernier dure près de  et mobilise au total une quarantaine de pompiers ainsi qu'une dizaine de véhicules. S'il n'occasionne ni victime, ni le moindre dégât à une structure sensible, ce feu fait néanmoins ressurgir d'immenses craintes concernant la sécurité nucléaire du pays et de l'Europe dans le cadre de ce conflit armé.

Plus tard dans la matinée, les troupes russes s'emparent de la centrale et pénètrent ensuite dans Enerhodar. Selon le maire de la ville, celle-ci a perdu son approvisionnement en chauffage à la suite de la bataille.

Conséquences

Oleksandr Staroukh, gouverneur de l'oblast de Zaporijjia, déclare le 5 mars que les forces russes ont quitté la ville après l'avoir pillée, la situation étant désormais sous le contrôle des autorités locales. Selon le maire de la ville Dmitry Orlov, qui nie ces affirmations, les forces russes contrôlent toujours le périmètre de la ville et la centrale électrique de Zaporijjia, tandis que les autorités locales se doivent de faire appliquer la loi et l'ordre, les soins de santé et les activités économiques dans la ville. L'administration militaire régionale de l'oblast de Zaporijjia annonce le 7 mars qu'Enerhodar est sous le contrôle des forces russes.

Le , l'AIEA publie une déclaration indiquant l'ingérence des forces russes dans les opérations de la centrale : , ajoutant .

Le , le président de l'entreprise publique ukrainienne Energoatom, Petro Kotine, explique dans une interview télévisée que la Russie entend incorporer la centrale de Zaporijjia dans son équivalent russe, Rosatom, et que des responsables de cette entreprise ont tenté, sans succès, de prendre la direction de la centrale.

Notes et références

Siège impliquant l'Ukraine
Enerhodar
Enerhodar
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022
Mars 2022
Enerhodar
Oblast de Zaporijjia
Siège du XXIe siècle

Siège d'Enerhodar


Pletenje ili štrikanje je postupak kojim se izrađuje tzv. pletena roba kao što su čarape, puloveri, rublje i dr.

Pletena roba razlikuje se od tkanina po tome što se čitava tvorevina sastoji od očica koje se međusobno zahvaćaju, dok se u tkaninama dva sustava niti ktrižaju u pravilu pod pravim kutom.

Najjednostavniji oblik pletenja je tzv. ručno pletenje, kod kojih se očice pomoću pletaćih igala jedna za drugom oblikuju od jedne poprećno tekuće niti i nanose na jednu od igala, sve dok se ne dobije željena dubina. Smanjivanjem ili dodavanjem broja očica u pojedinom redu oblikuje se pletivo po širini.

Danas postoje strojevi kojima se plete. Osnovne vrste pletenina su kulirna (koja se izradjuje od nizova petlja) i osnovina pletenina (izradjuje se okomitim nizovima petlja, svaka nit na stroju odgovara jednom nizu petlji).

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Analuz Ailén Carol (Bahía Blanca, 30 de maio de 1984) é uma engenheira pesqueira e política argentina. Foi deputada nacional na Câmara de Deputados, entre 2015 e 2019, pela Terra do Fogo. Atualmente, é secretária de Ciência e Tecnologia de Terra do Fogo, na administração do governador Gustavo Melella.

Vida pessoal e formação acadêmica
Analuz Ailén Carol nasceu em 30 de maio de 1984, em Bahía Blanca, na província de Buenos Aires. Quando tinha dois anos, sua família se mudou para Terra do Fogo. Estudou engenharia pesqueira na Faculdade Río Grande da Universidade Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), sendo a primeira mulher a se formar neste curso da UTN.

Se casou com sua companheira, Ana Paula Cejas — então vereadora em Tolhuin, também do partido Frente para a Vitória (FPV) — em 21 de julho de 2016 — o sexto aniversário da legalização do casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo na Argentina. Foi a primeira deputada, segunda congressista e primeira congressista mulher a se casar sob a lei do Casamento Igualitário, de 2010, depois do senador Osvaldo López, também da Terra do Fogo.

Carreira política

Anos inciais
O ativismo político começou com La Cámpora.

Câmara de Deputados

Foi a segunda candidata na lista do partido Frente para a Vitória (FPV) à Câmara de Deputados da Nação Argentina, sob Matías Rodríguez. A lista recebeu 42,01 por cento dos votos e ela foi eleita. Foi empossada em 4 de dezembro de 2015.

Como deputada, votou a favor do projeto de lei de "Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez", que teria legalizado o aborto na Argentina, mas foi derrubado pelo Senado, em 8 de agosto de 2018. Em sua intervenção na sessão de votação do projeto de lei, em 13 de junho de 2018, afirmou que "[o aborto] é um direito humano". Também votou contra a reforma previdenciária do governo Mauricio Macri, em 2017.

Seu mandato na Câmara dos Deputados terminou, em 10 de dezembro de 2019, mas não buscou a reeleição.

Secretaria na Terra do Fogo
Após a eleição de Gustavo Melella como governador da Terra do Fogo, foi nomeada em seu governo como secretária de Ciência e Tecnologia, assumindo, em 2019, sob a ministra da Educação, Cultura, Ciência e Tecnologia, Analía Cubino.

Ligações externas

Ativistas dos direitos LGBT
Engenheiros da Argentina
Membros da Câmara de Deputados da Nação Argentina
Mulheres da Argentina na política
Naturais de Bahía Blanca
Pessoas LGBT da Argentina
Políticos LGBT
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (LGBTQIA+)

Analuz Carol