Batman Beyond is a American superhero animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. Created and developed by Paul Dini, Bruce Timm, and Alan Burnett and produced by Warner Bros. Animation, the series began airing on January 10, 1999 on Kids' WB, and ended on December 18, 2001. In the United Kingdom, it began airing on September 4, 2000. After 52 episodes spanning three seasons and one direct-to-video feature film, the series was brought to an end in favor of the Justice League animated series. Depicting a teenaged Batman (Terry McGinnis) in a futuristic Gotham City under the tutelage of an elderly Batman, Batman Beyond is the third series (chronologically the final series) of the DC Animated Universe, and serves as the sequel to both Batman: The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures.

Though the initial announcement of the series drew mixed reactions, Batman Beyond was well-received and gained a cult following. Despite being conceived as a kid-friendly Batman cartoon by Warner Brothers Animation, it ended up being darker than its predecessor Batman: The Animated Series.

Plot

The story begins in the-then distant year of 2019 (20 years following Batman: The Animated Series, Superman: The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures, and about 16 years following Justice League and Justice League Unlimited). An aging Bruce Wayne, despite being in his 50s, continues to fight crime as Batman in a new high-tech Batsuit, although he has increased difficulty in handling criminals he could once subdue with finese and they are not afraid of him anymore as he has lost his mystique. In what was supposed to be a routine mission, the rescue of a kidnapped heiress and daughter of an old socialite friend of his, he suffers a mild heart attack and, at risk of being beaten to death by one of the kidnappers, is forced to betray a lifelong principle and his paramount rule by threatening the criminals at gunpoint, mirroring the actions of the mugger who killed his parents. Bruce is ashamed and, knowing his frailty and fearing that he eventually will surrender to his murderous temptation if continuing crime-fighting, decides to retire from being Batman for good. By this point in his life, his butler, father figure and close confidant Alfred Pennyworth has died and his close allies Commissioner James Gordon, Dr. Leslie Thompkins, Hamilton Hill, Harvey Bullock, Renee Montoya, Lucius Fox and Summer Gleeson have all either retired or died of natural causes. His crime-fighting partners Dick Grayson, Barbara Gordon, Tim Drake and Selina Kyle are still alive and are now estranged from him following their retirements from their alter-egos and possible falling outs with him. His rogues' gallery, consisting of Joker, Harley Quinn, Two-Face, Penguin, Riddler, Scarecrow, Poison Ivy, Man-Bat, Mad Hatter, Bane, Clayface, Ra's al Ghul and his daughter Talia, Phantasm, Ventriloquist, Scarface, Firefly, Mr. Freeze, Hugo Strange, Rupert Thorne, Deadshot, Baby-Doll and Killer Croc are all either in prison, institutionalized, in exile, on the lam, reformed, have disappeared or are dead. He has also severed his ties with Superman and the Justice League.

The story moves ahead 20 years later in Neo-Gotham, a futuristic version of Gotham City, a megalopolis featuring staggering high rises and flying vehicles driven by upper class society. Bruce is now a man in his 70s, living in solitary isolation in Wayne Manor, with no other companion but his guard dog Ace. It is implied by his virtue of continuing to fight crime for as long as possible and ignoring his aging and deteriorating health (he had retained his former partner's costumes) in addition to his obsessiveness that he had suffered a tragic event years prior to his retirement, which is revealed in Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker. Terry McGinnis is an athletic 16-year-old high school student and reformed juvenile delinquent with a deeply ingrained sense of personal justice. Living on difficult terms with his divorced father Warren McGinnis, Terry disobeys his curfew one night to meet up with his girlfriend Dana Tan, only to be harassed by a criminal gang called the Jokerz, who have seemingly modeled themselves after the original Batman's archenemy Joker. A high-speed motorcycle chase between him and the Jokerz ends in the grounds of Wayne Manor, where they run into Bruce Wayne. Bruce and Terry fend off the gang side-by-side, but the exertion aggravates Bruce's heart condition. Terry helps him back to the manor and, while exploring the mansion, stumbles upon the entrance to the Batcave and thus discovers Bruce's secrets, only to be chased out by an angered Bruce.

Terry returns home to discover that his father has been murdered, apparently by the vengeful Jokerz. Soon after moving in with his mother Mary and younger brother Matt, he discovers that his father had stumbled onto information about the production of illegal chemical weapons by Derek Powers through Wayne-Powers (Wayne Enterprises had merged with Powers' company long ago around the time of and following Bruce's retirement as Batman) and that the man actually responsible for his father's murder is Powers' personal assistant/bodyguard Mr. Fixx. Terry goes to Bruce who tells Terry to take the evidence to Barbara Gordon, the current Police Commissioner. After the evidence of the illegal weapon production is forcibly taken from Terry by Derek Powers, Terry subsequently steals the Batsuit, intending to bring Powers to justice. Bruce initially opposes all of Terry's efforts and demands that he return the suit, but Terry convinces Bruce to let him take on the Batman mantle and subsequently defeats Mr. Fixx. During the battle, Powers is exposed to the chemical and forced to flee into hiding to receive treatment, which subsequently mutates him into a radiation-emitting entity, though he uses artificial skin to hide the accident. Realizing that crime and corruption are running rampant in Gotham without Batman's presence, Bruce offers Terry the chance to assume the role of Batman, with Bruce himself mentoring Terry and in addition to working as Bruce's chauffeur and assistant so that Terry can support his family.

The new Batman soon develops his own rogues gallery, such as Powers himself who adopts the name Blight; the seductive shapeshifter Inque; the hypnotist Spellbinder; the sound weaponizer Shriek; the deadly assassin Curaré; the insane terrorist Mad Stan; the cybernetically enhanced African big-game hunter Stalker; nerdy psychokinetic Willie Watt; and a new version of the Royal Flush Gang. Terry often also clashes with some of his mentor's old foes, such as a rejuvenated Mr. Freeze, Bane, who has become a shell of his former self due to his overuse of venom, which is now being used as slap on patches by corrupt athletes, the longevous Ra's al Ghul, and somewhat inevitably, the Joker himself, reborn via a microchip he inserted into the brain of Batman's former partner, Tim Drake.

Terry also makes allies in Neo-Gotham, including computer genius Maxine "Max" Gibson, who discovers Batman's secret identity but helps him with everything from computer hacking to babysitting. Police Commissioner Barbara Gordon, Bruce's former partner Batgirl, also occasionally works with Terry. Though initially unhappy about another person following in Bruce's dangerous footsteps and at first vehemently opposed to his efforts to help, she admits that the city needs Batman, but neither uses the Bat-Signal nor has a very close working relationship with him, unlike her father during Bruce's time as Batman. He also has a brief relationship with Melanie Walker, who was forced to do the bidding of her family, the new Royal Flush Gang, under the codename Ten. Bruce sympathizes with Terry and tells him of his own relationship with Selina Kyle/Catwoman. Terry also later encounters Superman and a future incarnation of the Justice League (Kai-Ro/Green Lantern, Aquagirl, Warhawk and Big Barda) and helps them fight an alien threat, although he does not join the group until adulthood where he presumably like his mentor only operates as a part-timer.

Voice cast

 Will Friedle as Terry McGinnis / Batman:The second Batman, he is a high school student and former delinquent. Under the pretense of doing errands for Bruce, Terry fights crime as the new Batman. Terry was chosen to be the new Dark Knight as he shared a similar loss as Bruce had; that being the death of a parent.
 Kevin Conroy as Batman: The original Batman, although initially reluctant he later becomes Terry's employer, mentor, and predecessor who guides Terry through the Batcomputer but also occasionally ventures into the field to help his successor if the situation demands it, despite the risks associated with his age. During his final mission as the Dark Knight twenty years prior to the events of the main story, Bruce suffered a heart attack that nearly cost him his life, forcing him to break his primary moral principle by threatening to kill a criminal with a gun in self-defense. Abhorred that he nearly used the type of weapon that took his parents' (Thomas and Martha) lives and the very thing that drove him to become a vigilante, and afraid of what he might do next, Wayne reluctantly hung up his cape and cowl.
 Cree Summer as Maxine "Max" Gibson: A genius high schooler and friend of Terry's. She discovers his secret identity, and from then on occasionally helps Batman in a type role, though she is considered a nuisance to his predecessor (but less so as time went on). Her parents are divorced and she has an unnamed sister.
Lauren Tom as Dana Tan: Terry's on and off girlfriend in high school who is initially and formerly unaware of his secret identity as the new Dark Knight, and thus surprised or upset by his frequent absences which she only knows due to him working as a personal assistant for Bruce Wayne, to support his family financially following his father's death. She also has a father who is disapproving of Terry because of the latter's past as an irresponsible delinquent, which serves as a reminder and another motivation for Terry being Batman.
 Frank Welker as Ace:Bruce Wayne's pet dog and his sole companion in Wayne Manor, the billionaire rescued and took in the stray Great Dane after the canine defended him from a Jokerz thug during one of Wayne's annual visits in memory of his parents to Crime Alley. Fiercely loyal to Bruce, he eventually develops a bond with Terry as well.
 Stockard Channing (1999–2000) and Angie Harmon (2000) as Barbara Gordon: The new Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, having succeeded her father Jim and one of Bruce's former crime-fighting partners, Batgirl and was at one point in her younger years romantically involved with him which ended badly. Unlike her father, Barbara initially has a rocky relationship with the new Batman, being aware of his criminal record and showing resentment towards Bruce for dragging him into this life and is at first against him intervening in police duty. Though this is revealed to have been due to a long standing grudge towards Bruce for how he treated his former partners and also because of what happened years ago, the night the Bat-family splintered as she later gains respect for Terry after he helps her in several sticky situations and begins acknowledging his help whenever needed, though does not use a Bat-Signal unlike her father, presumably because she has direct access to the Batcave from the office and because of her past as Batgirl. She is married to Sam Young, the District Attorney of Neo-Gotham.

Episodes

Crossovers
The third season of Batman Beyond featured the two-part episode "The Call" with (for the first time) a futuristic Justice League, a springboard for the Justice League animated series. The setting and characters of Batman Beyond were also briefly revived in Static Shock during the episode "Future Shock" in which Static is accidentally transported 40 years into the future.

Justice League Unlimited revisited the Batman Beyond world twice in 2005. The first was in "The Once and Future Thing" (Part 2), which featured Batman, Wonder Woman and Green Lantern transported 50 years into the future to stop a time-travelling villain with the help of the future Justice League (Batman II, Static and Warhawk).

The second time was meant to be the de facto series finale for Batman Beyond: the episode "Epilogue" reveals that Bruce Wayne is actually Terry McGinnis's biological father. The story, set 15 years after Batman Beyond, centers on Terry (now in his early 30s) tracking down an elderly Amanda Waller. She explains through flashbacks that, even though she grew to trust and respect Batman, she was aware of him aging, thus accepting the idea of either Bruce retiring or being killed at some point. Finding the idea of a world without Batman unacceptable, Waller used her Project Cadmus connections to gather the technology for "Project Batman Beyond", whose goal was to physically create a new Batman, starting with a secretly collected sample of Bruce Wayne's DNA. Some years after Bruce retired, Waller found a young Neo-Gotham couple—the McGinnises—with psychological profiles nearly identical to those of Bruce's parents, a nanotech solution was injected into Warren McGinnis to rewrite his reproductive material with that of Bruce. The eventual result was his wife Mary McGinnis giving birth to Terry, a child sharing the genetic traits of his mother and Bruce Wayne. When Terry was eight years old, Waller employed an elderly Andrea Beaumont in her Phantasm alias as an assassin to kill Terry's family, hoping the trauma would put him on the path to becoming Batman. However, Beaumont could not commit the act, arguing that she would be doing something against what Bruce stood for. Waller eventually conceded that Beaumont had been right and abolished the project altogether. Eight years afterward, Warren would be murdered, and Terry would meet Bruce by happenstance—resulting in Terry becoming Batman's successor. Waller concludes by reminding Terry that he is Bruce's son, not his clone, and that, despite the circumstances of his existence, he still has free will to live out his own life; Terry comes to terms with his revelations, and continues in being Batman. With a new sense of purpose, Terry plans to propose to Dana, while continuing his life of crimefighting.

Animation
In order to complete the series, Warner Bros. Animation outsourced Batman Beyond to Dong Yang Animation, Koko Enterprises and Seoul Movie (a subsidiary of TMS) in Seoul, South Korea. While the South Korean studios animated the series' episodes, the feature film Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker was animated by TMS Entertainment in Tokyo, Japan.

Spin-off

A spin-off from Batman Beyond, an animated series called The Zeta Project, featured a revamped version of the synthoid Zeta from the Batman Beyond episode "Zeta". Batman would guest star in the episode "Shadows". The super villain Stalker was to have appeared in The Zeta Project episode "Taffy Time", but ultimately did not do so. The second-season episode "Ro's Gift" has an appearance by the Brain Trust from the Batman Beyond episode "Mind Games". Terry McGinnis/Batman was originally slated to appear in this episode as well, but was cut since Bruce Timm and company were working on Justice League.

Reception
While the idea of Batman Beyond seemed as if it were "not a proper continuation of the legacy of the Dark Knight", the series received critical acclaim and a cult following after its release. It has been praised for its dark and cyberpunk storytelling. The show was nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, two of which it won in 2001 for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program and Outstanding Music Direction and Composition. In addition, the show was nominated for five Annie Awards and won two of those nominations in 1999 and 2001. In 2009, IGN.com named Batman Beyond the 40th-best animated television series of all time.

Den of Geek, when listing the best episodes of the series, wrote that "Batman Beyond's first year on the air represents the show at its most realized form. It's the only season of the show that's written at the same level of quality as Batman: The Animated Series. Not to say that later seasons don't have their moments, but it seemed like the writers approached Beyond as a Saturday morning cartoon during seasons two and three, whereas during season one, they most certainly did not." Creator Bruce Timm has stated Batman Beyond is the most uneven series of the main DC Animated Universe shows, particular in regards to the latter two seasons.

Home media

VHS
Some episodes of the series were released on VHS from 1999 to 2000, including the series' premiere (as Batman Beyond: The Movie), and select episodes as five VHS volumes containing three episodes per tape (the same contents as the individual DVD volume releases, see below), and the direct-to-video film Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (edited version).

Season DVDs

Individual DVDs

 *Note: The audio commentaries for both the edited and uncut versions of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker were provided by the same contributors; however, both versions are slightly different from each other.

Blu-ray
Batman Beyond was released on Blu-ray on October 29, 2019. The four-disc set includes all 52 episodes and the uncut version of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker. Forty-one of the episodes and Return of the Joker were remastered. The remaining 11 episodes were an upconversion.

In other media

Comics

Books
Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, a novelization of the feature film written by Michael Teitelbaum, was released on November 1, 2000.

Two Batman Beyond books for young readers were released on November 14, 2000: Batman Beyond: New Hero in Town and Batman Beyond: No Place Like Home, followed by two more, released on May 28, 2002: Batman Beyond: Hear No Evil and Batman Beyond: Grounded.

Music

Released on August 31, 1999, the soundtrack to Batman Beyond features many of the same composers who worked on the previous animated Batman shows. The music style is more industrial, with some metal influence, to tie in with the show's futuristic cyberpunk genre.

Toys
in 1999, Hasbro had released a Batman Beyond Toyline with sub-lines, In 2000, Burger King included Batman Beyond toys in their kids' meals.

Films

A direct-to-video feature film, Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, was released on December 12, 2000. The original release was censored for elements of violence and death following the Columbine High School massacre, though a second, uncensored version was later released. Nevertheless, it received critical acclaim for its story, voice acting, animation and score. A second Batman Beyond film, focusing on the origins of Terry McGinnis, multiple clones of Bruce Wayne and the appearance of an elderly Selina Kyle, was planned by Bruce Timm and Glen Murakami, though it was never scripted, as it never went beyond a 45-minute impromptu plotting session between the two. The project was scrapped due to the dark tones and controversies surrounding Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker. Despite this, the plot elements were eventually reworked into the second-season finale of Justice League Unlimited titled "Epilogue" (which was intended to be the series finale until the show was renewed for a third and final season) where Terry discovers his genetic origins from Amanda Waller and Selina Kyle is briefly mentioned in passing.

Among the live action films proposed between the critical failure of Batman & Robin and the reboot of the Batman franchise was Batman Beyond. In August 2000, Warner Bros. announced that it was developing a live-action film adaptation with Boaz Yakin attached to co-write and direct. The TV series' creators, Dini and Alan Burnett, were hired to write a screenplay for the feature film, with Neal Stephenson as consultant. Yakin hoped to cast Clint Eastwood as the retired Batman. By July 2001, a first draft was turned in to the studio, and the writers were waiting to see if a rewrite would be needed. The studio, also exploring other takes of Batman in development eventually placed Batman Beyond on hold in August 2001, but ultimately canceled the proposal. Yakin reportedly wanted the film to be dark, nihilistic, and with swearing and violence, and not the PG-13 film the studio wanted.

In January 2019, rumors began to circulate that Warner Animation Group was developing an animated Batman Beyond film following the critical and commercial success of Sony Pictures Animation's Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, but was later reported that no such film was in the works. In the later August interview with DC Universe, Paul Dini revealed that Warner Bros. continues to express interest in a film adaptation but have put emphasis on other projects. Actor Tyler Posey has expressed interest in playing Terry McGinnis in the possible film adaptation. In June 2020, Michael Keaton entered talks to play an elderly Bruce Wayne, reprising his role from Tim Burton's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992), in the DCEU film, The Flash, which was set for release in 2023. According to The Hollywood Reporter, Warner Bros. hopes for Keaton to return for multiple DCEU films in a way "akin to the role played by Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, something of a mentor or guide or even string-puller". Keaton was officially confirmed to return in August of the same year. In December 2022, it was announced that Christina Hodson, writer of The Flash and the cancelled Batgirl film, had been hired to write a script for a live-action Batman Beyond film. The plot would have involved an aged Bruce Wayne, continuing the plot threads from his appearance in The Flash, and would have included the return of Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman. Development on the film was shelved after James Gunn and Peter Safran were appointed as co-heads of DC Studios. In January 2023, Gunn and Safran stated that there is potential for a future multiverse project in which they may incorporate Keaton's incarnation of Batman.

In March 2023 it was reported that an animated Batman Beyond film had been put into development, written by Daniel Casey and serving as WB's answer to Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. However, the project was put into commission under the leadership of Walter Hamada, who served as DC Films president from 2018-2022, and it is currently unknown if it is still happening under Gunn and Safran's direction, though Jeff Sneider of The Hollywood Reporter noted that nobody who was working on the project was told it was cancelled.

Video games
The first appearance of the Terry McGinnis version of Batman in a video game is in the Nintendo 64, PlayStation, and Game Boy Color video game Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker.

The Batman Beyond Batsuit appears as an alternate costume in Justice League Heroes and as downloadable content in Batman: Arkham City and Injustice: Gods Among Us.

A Batman Beyond DLC was included in the third Lego Batman video game.

A "Batman of the Future" character pack featuring the Terry McGinnis Batman with all its trademark gadgets (such as the flying suit and the ability to turn invisible) and other Batman Beyond-era characters were revealed to be PS3/PS4-exclusive DLC for Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham.

Rocksteady Studios created their own unique take on the Batman Beyond Batsuit for Batman: Arkham Knight as a pre-order bonus along with The Dark Knight Returns Batsuit titled "Gotham's Future Pack".

Batman Beyond appears in the mobile games Teeny Titans! And Teen Titans Go! Figures.

Animation
In April 2014, a Batman Beyond short by Darwyn Cooke premiered at WonderCon. The short, which saw Will Friedle and Kevin Conroy reprise their roles, sees Batman (Terry McGinnis) battle a Batman android (resembling the design from The New Batman Adventures) in the Batcave with help from the elderly Bruce Wayne and the Batmobile (resembling the design from Batman: The Animated Series). Once defeated, Batman and Bruce look out to see and prepare to fight seven additional invading androids resembling the designs from Beware the Batman, The Batman, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, The Dark Knight Returns, Batman (1989 film), Batman (1960s TV series), and the original design by Bill Finger. Though the androids' source is unstated, they are reminiscent of the story arc from Batman: The Animated Series involving the computer program HARDAC.

Batman Beyond is alluded in Teen Titans Go!. In the episode "Sandwich Thief", Robin travels to the future to his father Nightwing's apartment where a poster of the Batman Beyond Batman can be seen, indicating that Nightwing admires this incarnation of Batman.

References

External links

 DC page
 Warner Bros. site

 Batman Beyond at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018.

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Batman Beyond


Das Concert champêtre FP 49, ist ein Cembalokonzert des französischen Komponisten Francis Poulenc.

Entstehung

Das Werk entstand 1927 bis 1928 und wurde für die polnische Cembalistin und Pianistin Wanda Landowska geschrieben, die er bei seiner Mäzenin Prinzessin Edmond de Polignac kennengelernt hatte. Poulenc hatte sich zuvor auf Anregung Nadia Boulangers mit den Werken der alten Meister beschäftigt, was in ihm die Idee weckte, ein Konzert für das Cembalo zu schreiben. Dies war ein seit dem Barock ungebräuchliches Instrument für Solokonzerte, da schon seit Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart das Nachfolgeinstrument Klavier zum bestimmenden und aktuellen Instrument für Solokonzerte geworden war. In gewisser Weise stellt das Konzert eine Hommage an den französischen Barockkomponisten Louis Couperin dar.

Zur Musik

1. Satz: Allegro molto
Der Satz beginnt mit einer Akkordfolge im Orchester, welche von den Hörnern beantwortet wird. Anschließend setzt das Cembalo mit einigen dissonanten Akkorden ein, was für den gewohnten Cembaloklang aus dem Barock höchst ungewöhnlich ist. Nach diesem langsamen Satzbeginn, stellt das Cembalo ein sprunghaft-vergnügtes Thema im barocken Duktus vor: dieses wird kurz darauf vom Orchester mit moderner Harmonik begleitet, womit sich ein ungewöhnliches und interessantes Klangbild ergibt. Auch diese Passage ist schnell vorüber und der Satz wird durch ein Fanfaren-Motiv der Trompeten fortgesetzt. Das Cembalo antwortet mit einigen rhythmisch verschobenen Akkorden und entwickelt aus dem Fanfarenmotiv ein Chaconnethema im Stile Couperins. Poulenc stellt in diesem freigestalteten Satz weitere Themen verschiedener Charaktere vor, bevor das freudige Hauptthema erneut erklingt.

2. Satz: Andante
Das Hauptthema des Andantes erinnert, ebenso wie das Larghetto aus dem Konzert für zwei Klaviere, an Mozart. Das zarte Thema wird im Orchester vorgestellt und bei seiner Wiederkehr feierlich vom Cembalo umspielt. Ein heftiger Paukenschlag unterbricht die lyrische Stimmung. Das Cembalo antwortet solo mit einem Unisonomotiv, welches kurz darauf von den Flöten begleitet wird. Hieraus entwickelt sich die Rückkehr des Hauptthemas, welches nun gar in Dur erklingt.

3. Satz: Finale
Der Finalsatz wird vom Cembalo solo eröffnet. Es erklingt ein barocker Tanz, der kurz darauf vom Orchester aufgenommen wird. Schnell entwickelt sich ein bewegtes und aufgeregtes Treiben, welches durch eine zeitgemäße Harmonik angereichert wird. Viele Tempiwechsel sind charakteristisch für den Satz. In der Mitte des Satzes taucht das Anfangsmotiv des ersten Satzes wieder auf, welches von einem unruhigen Akkordmotiv ergänzt wird. Der Satz endet im piano des Cembalos.

Wirkung
Poulenc schrieb mit dem Cembalokonzert ein frisches, mondänes und in gewisser Weise freches Werk. Der für Werke des 20. Jahrhunderts ungewohnte Klang des Cembalos wird sowohl mit der teilweise scharfen Harmonik der Zeit, als auch mit barocken Tonfiguren verbunden. Das Konzert wurde am 3. Mai 1928 in Paris mit Wanda Landowska am Cembalo uraufgeführt und wurde auf Grund seines frischen und ungewohnten Klangs zu einem der größten Erfolge des Komponisten.

Werk von Francis Poulenc
Instrumentalkonzert
Musik 1928
Musik für Cembalo

Concert champêtre (Poulenc)


غراتشيوفكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة أورنبرغ أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 6348 نسمة.

مدن مقاطعة أورنبرغ

غراتشيوفكا


295299 Nannidiana este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
295299 Nannidiana este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Charleston, Illinois de Robert Holmes (astronom). Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,56 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 14,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 295001-296000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

295299 Nannidiana


Talinaceae er en familie af to slægter og 28 arter i Nellike-ordenen omfattende buske, slyngplanter og urter, hjemmehørende i Mellemamerika, Sydamerika og Afrika inkl. Madagascar.

Se også
 Talinum fruticosum

Referencer

Nellike-ordenen

Talinaceae


Capitalismul afro-american este o mișcare politică în rândul afro-americanilor, care are ca scop acumularea de avere prin dobândirea de proprietăți și dezvoltarea afacerilor. Capitalismul afro-american s-a concentrat, inițial, pe afacerile afro-americane, deși unii critici și activiști au cerut, de asemenea, și o creștere a reprezentării afro-americanilor în corporațiile americane, în general.

Origine
Bazele capitalismului afro-american au fost puse odată cu mișcarea "Negri Liberi" din perioada sclaviei din Statele Unite ale Americii. Există numeroase înregistrări care arată că acești "Negri Liberi" și-au îmbunătățit situația economică.

Primele mențiuni scrise despre ascensiunea economică a afro-americanilor stimulată de un afro-american aparțin lui Lewis Woodson, sub pseudonimul "Augustin", în ziarul Coloured American. Woodson a ajutat la înființarea Universității Wilberforce și a primului seminar teologic al Bisericii episcopale metodiste afro-americane, Seminarul Teologic Payne, fiind printre primii profesori și mentori ai lui Martin Delany.

Demn de menționat este , un afro-american înstărit din sudul Statelor Unite, care a avut un rol esențial în mișcarea pentru drepturile civile ale persoanelor de culoare. Gaston a fost inspirat de către Booker T. Washington, unul dintre primii lideri ai Institutului Tuskegee. Alt afro-american înstărit a fost , care a înființat prima bancă deținută de către un cetățean de culoare, Solvent Savings, în anul 1906.

În istoria și prezentul Statelor Unite există numeroase exemple de cartiere cu o populație afro-americană bogată și înstărită. Astfel de cartiere existau în trecut în , Maryland și, mai recent, în  din Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Comitatul Prince George's, Maryland și Comitatul DeKalb, Georgia. Mass-media menționează acest lucru cu un oarecare interes.

Mai multe detalii despre mișcarea axată pe capitalismul afro-american se regăsesc în faimoasa revistă .

Direcții ale capitalismului afro-american
Există două direcții ale capitalismului afro-american: prima se concentrează asupra atingerii succesului ca grup, iar a doua, asupra succesului ca individ.

Succesul ca grup
O ramură a capitalismului afro-american se bazează pe etica afro-americanilor de a acumula averi ca grup, așa cum este exemplificat în principiul "ujamaa" al sărbătorii Kwanzaa, însemnând "economie cooperativă". Un susținător și exemplu important al acestei economii cooperative este , care a pledat nu doar pentru înființarea de afaceri afro-americane, ci și pentru comunități de afaceri afro-americane. Simmons a afirmat că studenții și absolvenții de la studiile de master din domeniul Administrarea Afacerilor își doresc să dețină propriile afaceri, nu doar să fie angajați în firma altcuiva.

Eforturi actuale de a standardiza capitalismul afro-american ca mișcare se regăsesc în două cărți: Black Labor: White Wealth și recenta Powernomics de Dr. Claud Anderson. În aceste două cărți, Dr. Anderson prezintă o schemă prin intermediul căreia averea afro-americanilor poate fi coordonată și dezvoltată cu ajutorul unui plan care presupune nouă pași.

Unii percep acest tip de capitalism afro-american bazat pe succesul în grup ca pe o formă de antreprenoriat social care are drept scop înființarea de afaceri care se ocupă cu prestarea de servicii și bunuri de care se pot bucura membrii societății în care au fost inițiate.

În decursul ultimilor treizeci de ani, capitalismul afro-american a fost adus în prim-plan de către industria de divertisment. Însă, precum a fost scris și într-un articol denumit "The Decadent Veil: Black America's Wealth Illusion" publicat de către Antonio Moore pe site-ul de știri Huffington Post, acest tip de abordare limitată ridică întrebări cu privire la măsura în care aceasta este sau nu de ajutor. "Pe măsură ce celebrități afro-americane au fost afișate în fața a milioane de oameni de nenumărate ori, adevăratele povești de viață s-au pierdut, și odată cu ele, sursa care motivează oamenii să ceară drepturi sociale. Esența acțiunii sociale este recunoașterea modului precar în care a fost tratat cineva și curajul de a milita pentru o situație mai bună. Cu fiecare anunț privind contractele de zeci de milioane de dolari pe an încheiate de Kobe Bryant sau cu fiecare știre despre faptul că Oprah Winfrey este singura miliardară de origine afro-americană din SUA, mentalitatea economică a populației se complace sub impresia unui echilibru fals privind discrepanța la nivel de bogăție.

Succesul individual
Un tip paralel, eventual opus, al capitalismului afro-american provine din idealul american bazat pe acumularea unei averi individuale. Printre exemplele vizibile ale acestuia pot fi observate celebrități precum Oprah Winfrey și . Nemulțumirile susținătorilor succesului în grup aduse adepților succesului individual sunt legate de faptul că indivizii afro-americani înstăriți au câștigat milioane de dolari și că acest fapt în sine a adus puține contribuții situației generale a afro-americanilor.

În general, afro-americanii și mass-media se referă la fenomenul în care afro-americanii înstăriți din cartiere în care predomină o populație afro-americană se mută în cartiere în care predomină o populație înstărită de albi prin "zborul clandestin" sau "epuizarea de stoc". Relatări istorice în legătură cu acest fenomen se găsesc în cartea Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class, scrisă de Otis Graham.

Problemele cu care se confruntă capitalismul afro-american

Deosebirea față de integrarea rasială
Noțiunea de integrare rasială presupune ca persoanele afro-americane să aibă posibilitatea de a-și desfășura activitățile în siguranță într-o societate cu membri predominant albi. Acest efort de integrare rasială reprezintă un punct de interes în ceea ce privește spațiile publice și procedeele de angajare din instituțiile private. Se consideră că încercările și acțiunile care susțin integrarea rasială sunt eforturi spre nediferențierea afro-americanilor în instituții cu populație preponderent caucaziană.

Capitalismul afro-american reprezintă un efort spre a-i desemna pe afro-americani drept proprietari de pământ, mijloace de producție și afaceri care dețin oricare dintre acestea sau pe amândouă. Scopul capitalismului afro-american este acela de a consolida autonomia, atât pe plan individual cât și comun.

Anti-capitalismul afro-american
De asemenea, există și două direcții de gândire în rândul persoanelor afro-americane, în mod special naționalismul afro-american, care este împotriva capitalismului ca sistem economic în toate formele sale. Una dintre direcții este împotriva capitalismului din cauza comportamentului precar față de africani și diaspora africană de-a lungul timpului, și anume sclavia, subjugarea și colonizarea. Altă direcție este împotriva capitalismului strict datorită criticilor politice, și anume cele socialiste. Mulți critici ai capitalismului care provin din comunități afro-americane îmbină cele două poziții, deși motivele care stau la baza acestui fapt sunt diferite. Un important critic politic de origine afro-americană a fost . Două dintre cele mai populare cărți anti-capitaliste scrise de afro-americani sunt , scrisă de  și How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, scrisă de . Aceste cărți oferă o analiză a modului în care capitalismul ca sistem economic nu a îmbunătățit modul de trai al diasporei africane.

Violența asupra capitalismului afro-american
Cazurile de opoziție publică și explicită față de succesul economic al afro-americanilor s-au diminuat odată cu începerea mișcării drepturilor civile. Cu toate acestea, înaintea acestei perioade a tranziției americane, există câteva cazuri semnificative de atacuri violente asupra unor comunități afro-americane prospere, printre care masacrele din Tulsa și null.

Discrepanțe economice
În medie, afro-americanii din America au o avere mai scăzută decât americanii albi. Acest lucru este relevant în mod special pentru înființarea de noi afaceri. Una dintre cele mai comune forme de garanție pentru împrumuturi în scopul înființării de afaceri este împrumutul pentru nevoi personale. Din cauza deosebirilor actuale dar și din trecut dintre modelele de acordare de credite către afro-americani și cele acordate americanilor albi, șansele de a beneficia de un împrumut pentru nevoi personale în scopul înființări unei afaceri sunt reduse considerabil.

Articolul "America's Financial Divide" a oferit un context discrepanței dintre câștiguri, afirmând că...aproximativ 96,1 la sută din cele 1,2 milioane de familii din topul celor unu la sută ca venit erau americani albi, dintr-un total de 1.150.000 de familii. În plus, s-a constatat că aceste familii aveau o medie a valorii nete a activelor în valoare de 8,3 milioane de dolari. În opoziție clară, în același articol familiile afro-americane se aflau în doar 1,4 la sută din topul celor 1 la sută ca venit, asta însemnând 16.800 de familii. În plus, media valorii nete a activelor acestora era de doar 1,2 milioane de dolari. Folosind aceste informații ca un indice, doar 8.400 de familii afro-americane din cele peste 14 milioane au mai mult de 1,2 milioane de dolari la activele nete... Bazându-se pe informațiile de la banca Credit Suisse și de la Institutul de Active și Politici Sociale al Universității Brandeis, revista Harvard Business Review a mers mai departe cu această analiză în articolul "How America's Wealthiest Black Families Invest Money". În articol, autorul precizează "Dacă ești alb și ai un venit net de aproximativ 356.000 de dolari, e destul de bine ca să te situeze în procentul de 72 la sută din familiile de americani albi. Dacă ești afro-american, ești deja situat în procentul de 95 la sută." Acest lucru înseamnă că 28 la sută din totalul de 83 de milioane de locuințe ale americanilor albi, sau din cele peste 23 de milioane de familii de americani albi au mai mult de 356.000 de dolari la activele nete, în timp ce doar 700.000 de familii afro-americane din cele 14 milioane au mai mult de 356.000 de dolari la totalul activelor nete.

Vezi și

 Mișcarea pentru drepturile civile ale afro-americanilor (1865-95)
 Mișcarea pentru drepturile civile ale afro-americanilor (1896-1954)
 Istoria afacerilor afro-americanilor
 Cronologia mișcării pentru drepturile civile ale afro-americanilor (1954-68)
 Experimentul emancipării

Cărți și reviste asociate

 Black Enterprise Magazine

Referințe

 Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class by Otis Graham
Istorie afro-americană
Capitalism

Capitalismul afro-american


Dina Ayman (nascida em 9 de janeiro de 1994) é uma engenheira de computação e defensora da diversidade e inclusão na engenharia. Ela é natural do Egito e se mudou para os Estados Unidos quando tinha dez anos. Trabalhou na Intel e para a cidade de Austin, Texas, antes de se tornar gerente de programa na Microsoft na equipe do Windows. Atua também como professora adjunta de engenharia elétrica e computação no Instituto de Tecnologia de Nova Jérsei. Foi reconhecida pela revista Forbes como uma das trinta pessoas com menos de trinta anos mais influentes em 2023 na categoria Ciência e Educação.

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Dina Ayman


STS-52 was a Space Transportation System (NASA Space Shuttle) mission using Space Shuttle Columbia, and was launched on October 22, 1992.

Crew

Backup crew

Mission highlights

Primary mission objectives were deployment of the Laser Geodynamics Satellite 2 (LAGEOS-2) and operation of the U.S. Microgravity Payload-1 (USMP-1). LAGEOS 2, a joint effort between NASA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI), was deployed on day 2 and boosted into an initial elliptical orbit by ASI's Italian Research Interim Stage (IRIS). The spacecraft's apogee kick motor later circularized LAGEOS 2 orbit at its operational altitude of . The USMP-1, activated on day one, included three experiments mounted on two connected Mission Peculiar Equipment Support Structures (MPESS) mounted in the orbiter's cargo bay. USMP-1 experiments were: Lambda Point Experiment; Matériel pour l'Étude des Phénomènes Intéressant la Solidification sur eT en Orbite (MEPHISTO), sponsored by the French agency Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES); and Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS).

Secondary payloads: (1) Canadian experiment (CANEX-2), located in both the orbiter's cargo bay and middeck and which consisted of Space Vision System (SVS); Materials Exposure in Low-Earth Orbit (MELEO); Queen's University Experiment in Liquid-Metal Diffusion (QUELD); Phase Partitioning in Liquids (PARLIQ); Sun Photospectrometre Earth Atmosphere Measurement-2 (SPEAM-2); Orbiter Glow-2 (OGLOW-2); and Space Adaptation Tests and Observations (SATO). A small, specially marked satellite, the Canadian Target Assembly (CTA), was deployed on day nine, to support SVS experiments. (2) ASP, featuring three independent sensors mounted on a Hitchhiker plate in the cargo bay - Modular Star Sensor (MOSS), Yaw Earth Sensor (YES) and Low Altitude Conical Earth Sensor (LACES), all provided by the European Space Agency (ESA).

Other middeck payloads: Commercial Materials Dispersion Apparatus Instrument Technology Associates Experiments; Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment; Chemical Vapor Transport Experiment Heat Pipe Performance Experiment (CVTEHPPE); Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE) (involving 12 rodents); and Shuttle Plume Impingement Experiment (SPIE). The orbiter also was used as a reference point for calibrating an Ultraviolet Plume Instrument on an orbiting Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) satellite.

The Tank Pressure Control Experiment/Thermal Phenomena (TPCE/TP) was contained in a Getaway Special (GAS) canister in the orbiter's cargo bay.

Some of the ashes of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry were also carried aboard the orbiter for the duration of the mission.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. A special musical track is chosen for each day in space, often by the astronauts' families, to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or in reference to the day's planned activities.

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-52 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft launched in 1992

STS-52


An Carex viridimarginata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal. An Carex viridimarginata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex viridimarginata


NB-IoT () est un protocole de communication radio dédié aux réseaux étendus à faible consommation et à l'Internet des objets.

NB-IoT privilégie couverture, capacité, faible coût en composants et basse consommation électrique au prix d'un débit de transmission réduit. Contrairement à d'autres protocoles similaires comme LoRaWAN ou Sigfox, il utilise le réseau cellulaire.

Développée par le 3GPP, la spécification NB-IoT est finalisée en  et implémentée dans sa  13, en même temps que LTE-M (eMTC) et EC-GSM-IoT.

Description

Exemple d'applications

 Industrie pharmaceutique : Surveillance de la température d'un réfrigérateur pour le stockage des médicaments. L'utilisateur configure des seuils sur lesquels il souhaite surveiller la température. Si l'un des deux seuils est dépassé, une alerte par E-mail ou par SMS peut être envoyé au propriétaire du lieu ou à une personne tierce. Ce type d'application est réalisable grâce à un petit boitier nommé le NB-2x1Wire. Il est possible de brancher sur celui-ci plusieurs capteurs (température, humidité, CO2, électricité, ...) et jusqu'à 5 valeurs. Il se connecte sur une plateforme cloud nommé Sensdesk. Elle permet de créer les alertes en cas de dépassement de seuil et de créer des graphiques pour suivre l'évolution des données capteurs.
 IT / Datacenter : Pour surveiller l'apparition de fuites d'eau. En effet, une fois un boitier comme le NB-WLD installé dans une salle de serveur, la détection d'une fuite d'eau sera immédiate si cela se produit.
 Contrôler l'arrosage via une interface WEB : Lorsqu'un boitier comme le NB-2xOut est allumé et connecté au réseau NB-IoT, l'utilisateur peut envoyer des commandes via Sensdesk ou via SMS pour changer l'état d'un relai et ainsi activer un arrosage automatique.

Pour faire simple, le réseau NB-IoT permet aux industries ou aux particuliers de suivre des valeurs en temps réel, d'effectuer une maintenance préventive, d'être alerté en cas de problème, d'étudier des tendances et tellement d'autres choses.

Notes et références

Réseau sans fil

NB-IoT


Sir Mark Trevor Phillips  (born 31 December 1953) is a British writer, broadcaster and former politician who served as Chair of the London Assembly from 2000 to 2001 and from 2002 to 2003. He presented Trevor Phillips on Sunday, a Sunday morning talk show on Sky News, from 2021 to 2022, and Sunday Morning on Sky News from 2023

Phillips was appointed head of the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) by Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2003 and was the chairman of its successor, the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), from 2007 to 2012. He has been a television presenter and executive.

After retirement, he continued to chair numerous corporate and social boards. Phillips was the President of the Partnership Council of the John Lewis Partnership from 2015 to 2019 and was the first external appointment for the role since 1928.

Early life and education
Mark Trevor Phillips was born in Islington, London, the youngest of ten children. His parents emigrated from then British Guiana in 1950. He spent his childhood partly in British Guiana, and partly in Wood Green, north London; he attended Wood Green County Grammar School (which became Wood Green Comprehensive in 1967) on White Hart Lane, but took his A-levels at Queen's College in Georgetown, Guyana. He returned to England to study at Imperial College London, where he obtained a BSc degree in chemistry in 1975.

Broadcasting and writing career
Phillips worked initially as a researcher for London Weekend Television (LWT), before being promoted to head of current affairs in 1992, remaining in the post until 1994. He produced and presented The London Programme for LWT and has worked on projects for the BBC and Channel 4. With his brother, the crime writer Mike Phillips, he wrote Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-racial Britain (1998, HarperCollins, ). He has won three Royal Television Society (RTS) awards, including Documentary Series of the Year for Windrush in 1999. He is a Vice President of the RTS.

In March 2015, Channel 4 aired Things We Won't Say About Race (That Are True), a feature-length documentary written and presented by Phillips and co-produced by Pepper Productions and Outline Productions. Phillips was invited to analyse and interpret the survey for the documentary What British Muslims Really Think aired April 2016, which followed similar themes to Things We Won't Say About Race (That Are True) relating to exploring racial truths through statistics.

From 2021 to 2022, Phillips covered for Sophy Ridge's Sky News Sunday morning programme Sophy Ridge on Sunday whilst she was on maternity leave. His programme was temporarily rebranded as Trevor Phillips on Sunday.

Political activity
As a student at Imperial he became president of its students' union.  In 1978 he was elected president of the National Union of Students as a candidate for the Broad Left.

Phillips was served as chairman of the Runnymede Trust, a think-tank promoting ethnic equality, from 1993 to 1998, and as a commissioner for a number of other charities. He also served as chairman of the London Arts Board. His long-standing friendship with Peter Mandelson (who worked with Phillips at LWT and was best man at his first wedding) brought him close to the New Labour project and he became friendly with Tony Blair. Phillips joined the Labour Party in London in 1996.

Later in 1999, Phillips ran to be Labour's candidate for Mayor of London. Phillips was initially reported to be Blair's preferred choice for the role, and when Blair called for the party to swiftly unite behind one candidate, Ken Livingstone, a left-winger and favourite to win the nomination, offered to form a joint ticket with Phillips as his running mate. Phillips described Livingstone's offer as "patronising" in a response that was seen as an accusation of racism, though Phillips later denied this. Following this and other controversies, including his decision to send his children to a private school, Phillips withdrew from the race a few months later and was not on the final shortlist of candidates. Instead, he accepted an offer to be running mate to Frank Dobson.

Although Dobson won the nomination, his candidature was harmed by the perception that the contest was "fixed" by the use of an electoral college. Livingstone ran as an independent and won. The Labour Party designated Phillips as a member of the London Assembly on 4 May 2000 as one of its "top-up" candidates. Phillips served as chairman of the Assembly until February 2003, resigning his seat to take up his appointment at the Commission for Racial Equality.

In March 2020, Phillips was suspended from Labour following allegations of Islamophobia. Following the suspension, Phillips defended his comments about British Muslims on BBC Radio 4's Today programme. The suspension was lifted in July 2021.

Multiculturalism: disagreements with Ken Livingstone
Phillips and Livingstone had a frosty relationship throughout Phillips's time on the London Assembly, and Phillips's opposition to multiculturalism saw them clash time and again during his tenure at the CRE. In a Times interview in April 2004, Phillips said the government should stop supporting multiculturalism, claiming it was out of date and legitimised "separateness" between communities, and instead should "assert a core of Britishness".

In 2006, Livingstone accused Phillips of "pandering to the right" so much that he "would soon join the BNP". Phillips replied that his views had been "well documented" and "well supported". Phillips has made speeches stating that "it was right to ask hard questions about multicultural Britain". Although he apologised for his presentation of research by the Australian academic Michael Poulsen of statistics on levels of segregation, which had led to some controversy, he welcomed the focus on integration of different communities after the launch of A Commission for Integration and Cohesion. Phillips has subsequently cited recent work by, amongst others, Professor Eric Kaufmann of Birkbeck College, London showing that white and non-white segregation in London and Birmingham has increased during the census period to 2011.

After the 2005 riots in France, Phillips warned that "inequality, race and powerlessness" can be "incendiary". He was invited to advise the French government and in September 2007 was awarded the Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur.

Phillips wrote in May 2016: "Rome may not yet be in flames, but I think I can smell the smouldering whilst we hum to the music of liberal self-delusion" by ignoring the effects of mass immigration to the United Kingdom, explicitly comparing his warning to Enoch Powell's 1968 Rivers of Blood speech.

Views on free speech
Phillips has spoken on the need for free speech to "allow people to offend each other". These comments came after the protests against the Danish cartoons satirising the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which sparked protests in the Muslim community. He stated in an ITV interview: "One point of Britishness is that people can say what they like about the way we should live, however absurd, however unpopular it is."

While supporting free speech, Phillips has spoken out against providing the far-right with a platform. Discussing the Oxford Union's invitation to BNP leader Nick Griffin and Holocaust denier David Irving, he told the BBC's Andrew Marr Show: "As a former president of the National Union of Students, I'm ashamed that this has happened. This is not a question of freedom of speech, this is a juvenile provocation." Griffin has since hit back at Phillips by declaring him a "black racist" in an interview given to Channel 4.

Opposition to 42-day detention
In early June 2008 Phillips as EHRC head said that he "remain[ed] unpersuaded that the government has yet provided compelling evidence for what our legal advice shows would be an effective suspension of some human rights". Phillips was responding to the growing uproar surrounding proposals to amend counter-terrorism legislation to permit 42 days' detention without charge. He raised the possibility of the EHRC legally testing the legislation by judicial review. In the event, the Brown government maintained the limit on detention without charge at 28 days (although in practice a 14-day limit was observed). Following the installation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government, the limit was in January 2011 allowed to revert to 14 days.

Views on Islam
In 1996 Phillips initiated and sat on the Runnymede Trust's Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, whose report Islamophobia: a challenge for us all reviewed the state of anti-Muslim prejudice in the UK. The report helped establish the term "Islamophobia" in UK discourse and it noted that abuse against Muslims was often racialised therefore "a legal term such as 'religious and racial violence' is required". It also stated that Islamophobia stemmed from closed views seeing British Muslims as monolithic, separate, and different.

The Commission's proposals were in part implemented in UK legislation in the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 and the Equality Act 2010, both of which he influenced as Chair of the EHRC. Phillips later developed his views and in 2016, as part of his Channel 4 documentary What British Muslims Really Think, he said that the commission had correctly recognised the existence of incidents of abuse against British Muslims "but we got almost everything else wrong". Phillips's own analysis for The Sunday Times asserted that the reference to the creation of a "nation within a nation" is not to Muslims as a whole, but to a significant minority and that the documentary acknowledged the diversity among British Muslims.

He went on to say that far from suggesting that Muslims as a group are in some way at fault, he questioned whether the rest of Britain needed to re-examine its own norms and behaviours.

Responses to the documentary were mixed. In The Spectator, political commentator Douglas Murray praised Phillips's ability to "break taboos which too many liberals in the UK are keen to continue enforcing", calling Islamophobia a "fraudulent concept", while his colleague James Delingpole said it was a "brave and honest programme", and the British public knew "large numbers of Muslims don't want to integrate, that their views aren't remotely enlightened". Simon Woolley, founder of Operation Black Vote, said the documentary pandered to prejudice, treated Muslims as a monolithic group and gave "no historical or social/political context". Writing for the Middle East Eye, Peter Oborne said Phillips had employed a double standard to attack social conservatism by comparing British Muslim views against Britain as a whole, rather than against other UK religious groups. In terms of views on homosexuality, religious devotion, and the role of women, Oborne said "Phillips could have carried out a similar poll of Conservative Party activists, of Roman Catholics, of orthodox Jews, or many other religious minorities and come up with something roughly similar."

In August 2017, following the conviction of 17 men and one woman in Newcastle for child sex abuse offences Phillips wrote that the description of the men as simply "Asian" was an injustice to the majority of the UK's Asian population, including many Muslims. A Home Office report subsequently showed child sexual abuse gangs were typically divided on race lines, but more widely that the majority of child sex offenders were made up of white men under the age of 30.

Phillips was suspended from the Labour Party pending investigation into alleged Islamophobia based on his past statements, a move which he called "Corbynista payback" and "pure political gangsterism". Labour MP Khalid Mahmood defended Phillips saying the "charges are so outlandish as to bring disrepute on all involved in making them". Phillips defended his statements on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, reiterating his view that Muslims should not be treated as a racial group and saying "Muslims are different, and in many ways I think that's admirable". Asked about his generalisations about British Muslims he said "if you do belong to a group...you identify with a particular set of values, and you stand for it. And frankly you are judged by that". Conservative Member of the House of Lords Sayeeda Warsi responded that "Phillips cannot treat Muslims as a homogenised group when it suits him, then later deny they are racialised".

Phillips has pointed out that his actual remarks were reported by The Times on 27 January 2016.

Phillips's suspension from the Labour Party was lifted in June 2021, though investigations had not concluded.

Boards and appointments
Phillips is chairman of Green Park Interim and Executive Recruitment, director of WebberPhillips, a data analytics provider. He was the cofounder and director of Pepper Productions, an independent television production company, now dormant following the demise of co-founder Charles Armitage. He has been a member of the board of the Barbican Arts Centre, the Council of Aldeburgh Music, and a trustee of the Social Mobility Foundation, among other charities.

Equality and Human Rights Commission
Phillips became head of the Commission for Racial Equality in 2003, and on its abolition in 2006 was appointed full-time chairman of its successor, the EHRC (initially called the Commission for Equality and Human Rights), which had a broader remit of combating discrimination and promoting equality across other grounds (age, disability, gender, race, religion and belief, sexual orientation and gender reassignment). The EHRC also had the role of promoting and defending human rights, and secured recognition as the national human rights institution for England and Wales (alongside separate commissions in Northern Ireland and Scotland). Phillips's tenure as EHRC chairman (which at his request became a part-time position in 2009) was at times controversial.

Phillips's tenure as EHRC chairman is the longest for any individual in any similar position in the UK. It was said to be dogged by controversies and internal dissent. Under his leadership, six of the body's commissioners departed after expressing concerns about his leadership and probity and others were reported to be considering their position. However, they were replaced and Phillips later completed his term in September 2012.

In 2010 Phillips was investigated regarding alleged attempts to influence a Parliamentary committee (the Joint Committee on Human Rights) writing a report on him. He would have been the first non-politician in over half a century to be convicted of contempt of Parliament, but the Lords Committee found that the allegations were "subjective, and that no firm factual evidence is presented in their support; nor are they borne out by the submissions by individual members of the JCHR." He was cleared of contempt of Parliament and the House of Lords recommended that new and clearer guidance about the conduct of witnesses to Select Committees be issued. However, he was told his behaviour was "inappropriate and ill-advised".

Phillips completed his second term of office in September 2012, which, together with his term at the CRE made him the longest serving leader of any UK equality commission.

In 2006 Phillips said that Britain's current approach to multiculturalism could cause Britain to "sleepwalk towards segregation". He expanded on these views in 2016 in a publication by Civitas entitled Race and Faith: the Deafening Silence, in which he said that "squeamishness about addressing diversity and its discontents risks allowing our country to sleepwalk to a catastrophe that will set community against community, endorse sexist aggression, suppress freedom of expression, reverse hard-won civil liberties, and undermine the liberal democracy that has served this country so well for so long."

Comparisons between Britain and the United States
In an article published in 2003, Phillips stated that "from Rome, through Constantinople to Venice and London, our (European) nations have a history of peacefully absorbing huge, diverse movements of people, driven by war, famine and persecution; and there is no history of long-term ethnic segregation of the kind one can see in any US city".

In a March 2008 article for Prospect magazine, Phillips supported Barack Obama as a potential Presidential candidate, and speculated that if he did become President it might "postpone the arrival of a post-racial America". Following Obama's election, in an interview for The Times on 8 November 2008, Phillips said that he believed it would be impossible for a black candidate in the United Kingdom to rise to the top in politics because of institutional racism within the Labour Party, saying:
If Barack Obama had lived here I would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the Labour party.
The comments received support and criticism from members of ethnic communities in the UK.

Honours
Phillips was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 New Year Honours for services to broadcast journalism.

He received a knighthood in the 2022 New Year Honours in recognition of his services to equality and human rights.

Personal life
Phillips married Asha Bhownagary, a Parsi child psychotherapist with Indian ancestry, in 1981 and they had two daughters, one of whom, Sushila, died in April 2021 due to anorexia.

References

External links

Official website

Further reading
BBC website profile
Observer report on Phillips

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Imperial College London
Associates of the Royal College of Science
Black British politicians
Black British writers
British broadcasters
Commissioners for Racial Equality
English people of Guyanese descent
English television producers
Fellows of the Royal Institute of Chemistry
John Lewis Partnership people
Knights Bachelor
Labour Members of the London Assembly
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Wood Green
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)

Trevor Phillips


Vitalia Anatólievna Diachenko (en ruso: Виталия Анатольевна Дьяченко; Sochi, Rusia, 2 de agosto de 1990) es una tenista rusa. En noviembre de 2014 llegó a ser la número 71 en el ranking de la WTA. En dobles, en 2011, llegó a ser la 60 jugadora del ranking mundial.

Títulos WTA (1, 0+1)

Dobles (1)

Finalista (6)

Títulos WTA 125s

Individual (3)

Dobles (0)

Finalista (1)

Títulos ITF

Individual: 18

Actuación en torneos Grand Slam

Individual

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Rusia
Nacidos en Sochi

Vitalia Diachenko


වක්වැල්ල පාලම ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ තෙලිකඩ ඉදිකොට තිබේ. අඩි 500 පමණ දිගැති පාලම ගිං ගඟ හරහා ඉදි කොට තිබේ. පාලම මගින් කුඩාගොඩ හා ගෝනපුර ගම්මාන යා කරනු ලබයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාලම් ලැයිස්තුව

වක්වැල්ල පාලම


Oddlaug Vereide (10 de abril de 1933 - 4 de agosto de 2021) foi uma política norueguesa do Partido Democrata Cristão. Foi eleita deputada e reuniu-se regularmente no Storting em 1989 e 1990.

Carreira política
Vereide foi eleita deputada representante no Storting pelo círculo eleitoral de Sogn og Fjordane para o período 1989-1994, pelo Partido Democrata Cristão. Ela substituiu Lars Gunnar Lie no Storting de 1989 a 1990, enquanto Lie era ministra do governo, e foi membro do de um comité de 1989 a 1990.

Ela também foi membro do conselho municipal de Gloppen de 1979 a 1995. Foi também membro do conselho de várias organizações locais e membro do conselho do capítulo Sogn og Fjordane do Partido Democrata Cristão.

Vida pessoal
Vereide nasceu em Gloppen no dia 10 de abril de 1933, filha dos agricultores Elias Eimhjellen e Maria O. Solheim.

Ela faleceu no dia 4 de agosto de 2021.

Mulheres da Noruega na política
Membros do Parlamento da Noruega
Mortos em 2021
Nascidos em 1933
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Oddlaug Vereide


O Campeonato Brasileiro de Ginástica Artística de 2022 foi realizado de 9 a 14 de agosto de 2022, nas categorias adulto e infantil, em Lauro de Freitas, na Bahia. O evento adulto e infantil, teve um formato diferente das edições anteriores, onde no lugar das eliminatórias e finais, cada atleta fez duas apresentações em dois dias, com o resultado final sendo a somatória das duas notas.

Calendário
 Terça-feira, 9 de agosto
 08:00 - 19:30 Treinamento
 Quarta-feira, 10 de agosto
 08:00 - 21:40 Treino de pódio
 Quinta-feira, 11 de agosto
 07:50 - 11:50 Competição 1ª subdivisão GAM adulto
 08:00 - 11:25 Competição 1ª subdivisão GAF adulto
 13:00 - 16:40 Treinamento infantil
 17:00 - 21:50 Competição 2ª subdivisão GAM adulto
 17:10 - 20:35 Competição 2ª subdivisão GAF adulto
 Sexta-feira, 12 de agosto
 09:00 - 21:20 Treinamento adulto
 13:00 - 18:40 Competição Séries Obrigatórias infantil
 Sábado, 13 de agosto
 07:50 - 11:50 Competição 1ª subdivisão GAM adulto
 08:00 - 11:25 Competição 1ª subdivisão GAF adulto
 13:00 - 16:10 Treinamento infantil
 17:00 - 21:50 Competição 2ª subdivisão GAM adulto
 17:10 - 20:35 Competição 2ª subdivisão GAF adulto
 Domingo, 14 de agosto
 08:00 - 12:50 Competição Séries Livres infantil
 13:00 - 14:00 Cerimônia de premiação

Medalhistas

Adulto

Fonte:

Infantil

Fonte:

Referências

2022
Brasileiro
Esporte no Brasil em 2022


Tyr er en dansk kortfilm fra 2002 instrueret af Anders Morgenthaler efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En dybt ensom mand lever i sin lejlighed i et indbildt mareridt. En aften redder han ved et tilfælde sin kvindelige overbo. Hun føler, hun står i gæld til den plagede mand og beslutter sig for at redde ham.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

Tyr (film)


Public Relations Global Network (PRGN), é uma rede internacional de agências relações públicas independentes, fundada em 1992 em Phoenix, Arizona, Estados Unidos. Com mais de 50 agências, a rede opera em mais de 30 países ao redor do mundo e assessora mais de mil clientes em seis continentes. A rede foi registrada no estado de Delaware em 2003.

História
Em 1992, a rede PRGN foi fundada em Phoenix, Arizona, sob o nome de The Phoenix Network (na época os membros eram apenas agências que operavam nos Estados Unidos). Entre 2001 e 2002, juntou-se às primeiras agências europeias (da França, da Alemanha e do Reino Unido). Em 2002, a rede foi renomeada para Public Relations Global Network (PRGN).

Em 2015, identificou 45 agências membros operando em 6 continentes e em 2017 chegou a 50 agências. Em 2013, a PRGN adicionou à sua rede de associados a Global Press, com sede em Lisboa. Em 2021, a PRGN também passou a ser representada em Goiânia, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro pela agência Race Comunicação.

Ver também
Relações públicas

Ligações externas

Agências de publicidade
Empresas fundadas em 1992
Relações públicas

Public Relations Global Network


En Dag i København I-III er en dansk turistfilm fra 1940 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Lyntoget "Nordjyden" ankommer til Københavns Hovedbanegård. Filmen følger et ægtepar på deres rundtur i hovedstaden: Lurblæserne, Rådhuset og Rådhuspladsen, Glyptoteket, Politigården, Christiansborg med Marmorbroen, Tøjhusmuseet og Det kongelige Bibliotek, Christiansborg Slotsplads og Børsen, Det kongelige Teater, Nyhavn, Amalienborg, Kongen på morgentur, Gefionspringvandet, Kastellet, Langelinie med Den lille Havfrue, Frihavnen, Nyboder, Statens Museum for Kunst, Thorvaldsens Museum, Botanisk Have, Ørstedsparken, Frederiksberg Have, Vor Frelsers Kirke med 400 trin op i tårnet, et panorama over byens mange kirketårne, Søpavillonen, Boulevardbanen, omkring Vesterport Station, Gammel Strand, De Små Haver på Pile Allé.

Sport og fritidsliv i hovedstaden: K.B. Hallen, Bellevue Strandbad. Tivoli - også i aftendragt. Klampenborg: stationen, Bellevueteatret, Øresund i vinterdragt, en familie i deres sommerhus "Solhytten". Isvinteren 1939-40 bl.a. med billeder fra Søerne, hvor der køres bilrace på isen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1940
Turistfilm fra Danmark
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

En Dag i København I-III


Walk off the Earth es un grupo canadiense de rock alternativo, formado en la ciudad de Burlington, Ontario.

Fundada en 2006, la banda se dio a conocer al hacer versiones de las canciones de The Gregory Brothers.  Sin embargo, su mayor éxito sucedió al hacer la versión del tema "Somebody That I Used to Know" de Gotye, con la participación de Sarah Blackwood del grupo The Creepshow. Rápidamente la versión obtuvo más de 48 millones de visitas en YouTube durante el primer mes de su publicación, y recibió respuestas positivas tanto de Gotye como de Kimbra, su acompañante en el tema original.

En el video, los cinco músicos aparecen ejecutando una sola guitarra.  Ellos aseguran que usaron la misma guitarra porque solo tenían una guitarra en ese momento.  El sábado 7 de enero de 2012 el actor Russell Crowe escribió un mensaje en su cuenta de Twitter luego de ver el video, invitando a ver a la banda, y les escribió también en Twitter para que escucharan sus propias composiciones. Alyssa Milano y Troian Bellisario son otros famosos entre sus fanes. Bellisario compartió el video en su cuenta de Tumblr el 20 de enero de 2012.  Ellen DeGeneres les hizo una aparición en su show el 23 de enero de 2012, donde interpretaron en vivo «Somebody That I Used to Know», de nuevo con una sola guitarra, a pesar de que uno de ellos, Gianni, estaba enfermo.

El grupo también hizo el cover de «Someone like You» de Adele, «Party Rock Anthem» de LMFAO, y una docena de canciones más.

El 7 de febrero de 2012 la editora de la industria de la música, Crazy Hits, informó que la banda había firmado un contrato de grabación con Columbia Records.
Los integrantes Sarah Blackwood y Gianni Luminati tuvieron a su primer hijo.

Miembros

Gianni Luminati – Voz, Guitarra, Bajo, Ukelele, Banjo, Kazoo, Batería, Teclado, Theremín, Beatbox, Xilófono.
Sarah Blackwood – Voz, Guitarra, Bajo, Kazoo, Ukelele, Banjo, Glockenspiel, Pandereta, Xilófono, Teclado, Percusión.
Joel Cassady – Voz, Batería, Percusión, Samples, Piano, Bajo, Ukelele , pandereta.

Miembros para las giras
 Lee Bolt - Guitarra, Banjo.

Antiguos miembros

 Mike "Beard Guy" Taylor – Voz, Teclado, Xilófono, Trompeta, Tuba, Melódica. (Fallecido siendo miembro del grupo, el 30 de diciembre de 2018)

Ryan Marshall – Voz, Guitarra, Bajo, Trompeta, Ukelele, Teclado, Armónica,  Cigar box guitar. (Abandona la banda para perseguir una carrera como solista)

 Pete Kirkwood – Batería.

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio
2007: Smooth Like Stone on a Beach
2010: My Rock
2013: R.E.V.O.
2015: Sing It All Away
2019: Here We Go!
2021: Meet You There
2023: Stand By You

Recopilatorios y EP
2012: Vol.1
2012: Vol.2
2012: R.E.V.O. EP
2013: iTunes Session
2014: A Walk off the Earth Christmas EP
2015: Under The Covers
2017: Beard Ballads, Vol.1
2017: Holiday Beard Ballads, Vol.1
2018: Subscribe to the Holidays
2020: The Journey Starts Today (From Pokémon Journeys)

Listas de popularidad

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Official Walk off the Earth website

Grupos de música formados en 2006
Cuartetos de música de Canadá
Grupos de rock de Canadá
Personalidades de Internet de Canadá

Walk off the Earth


Nonscience is a 1971 book which claims to have the longest and most complex title in publishing history.

Its full title is , London: Wolfe Publishing (). The book was updated and reissued in 2020 as Nonscience Returns by the Curtis Press.

Its author Brian J. Ford pokes fun at those who conceal their lack of real expertise by using long and complicated words, whilst making the serious point that many people are fooled by these so-called experts. Some consider the book prescient, thinking that modern society, where decisions are taken by unseen experts, is much as Ford predicted.

Spanish edition
In the Spanish edition the title was rendered as  [translation by Oscar Muslera], Libertad y Cambio, Buenos Aires: Granica Editor.

Reviews
In Britain, the book was reviewed in the following publications:
The Times Higher Educational Supplement, October 22, 1971
Atticus Column, Sunday Times, October 24, 1971
Irish Press, October 30, 1971
Time Out magazine, November 12, 1971.
New Statesman, November 12, 1971.
Nature: 234, December 3, 1971
The Times Educational Supplement, December 3, 1971
Times Literary Supplement, January 21, 1972
Mensa Journal, January 22, 1972

The book was also featured on the BBC television show Tomorrow's World.

See also
 Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science

References

External links
The author's website page on this book

1971 non-fiction books

Nonscience


Der Thessaloniki World Grand Prix 2005 im Badminton fand vom 26. September bis zum 2. Oktober 2005 in Thessaloniki, Griechenland, statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 50.000 US-Dollar.

Finalresultate

Weblinks
 http://www.badminton.de/13-05-GRE-Open.612.0.html

World Badminton Grand Prix 2005
Sportveranstaltung in Thessaloniki
Greece International

Thessaloniki World Grand Prix 2005


Dinamometre, cisimlerin kuvvetlerini ölçmede kullanılan ölçü aleti.

Dinamometre (ya da kuvvetölçer) en çok, bir enerji motorunun ya da bir otomobil motorunun beygir gücünü ölçmede kullanılır. Döner parçaya uygulanan burma kuvveti (moment) ile açısal hızın çarpımı, gücü verir. Kuvvet ölçen dinamometrelerden en yaygın kullanılanı, esnek bir metal halkadan oluşur. Bu halkayı sıkıştıracak biçimde bir kuvvet yüklendiğinde halka burulur ve burulma miktarına göre kuvvet ölçülür. Cismin uyguladığı kuvvet ne kadar büyükse yay o kadar gerilir. Dinamometrede ölçülen değerler, Newton birimiyle (N) gösterilir.

Dinamometreler yayların esneklik özelliğinden yararlanılarak yapılmıştır. İç içe geçmiş iki borudan oluşur. İçteki boruda yay asılıdır. İçteki borunun üzeri eşit olarak bölmelendirilmiştir. Cisim içteki borunun ucundaki çengele takılır. Yer cismi ne kadar kendine doğru çekebilirse o cismin ağırlığı o kadardır.Aynı zamanda bu Dinamometrelerin küçüğü de vardır.Bunlar ise daha küçük birimli kuvvetleri ölçer.

Kaynakça

Ölçü aletleri
Fransız icatları

Dinamometre


Süleymanlı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Onikişubat ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Maraş'ın batısında, Ceyhan nehri ile Göksun Çayı arasında ve yüksek dağlar arasında dar bir vadi içindeki Zeytun çayı üzerinde kurulmuş eski bir yerleşim merkezidir. Bölgenin yüzeyi suyu bol ve şiddetli akışa malik birçok dereler ile kesildiği için çok girintili ve çıkıntılı bir yapısı vardır. Bu nedenle evler dik yamaçlara yaslanmış düzensiz bir görünüm arz etmiştir.

Süleymanlı'nın eski adı Zeytun idi.  "Zeytin" diye geçmektedir. Bu ad, Cumhuriyet döneminde, Zeytun Ermeni Fedai Alayıyla savaşırken ölen Maraş Jandarma Bölük Komutanı Binbaşı Süleyman Bey'in ismine izafeten değiştirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş merkezinin kuzeyinde  69 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Onikişubat'ın mahalleleri

Süleymanlı, Onikişubat


Le viol pornographique est un sous-genre de film pornographique qui met en scène la description voire la perpétration d'un viol. Ce type de film peut présenter un viol simulé, dans lequel des adultes consentants imitent un viol, ou bien un viol réel. Les victimes de viol réel peuvent être contraintes de simuler un consentement afin que le film apparaisse, de façon frauduleuse, comme une simulation de viol ou comme une pornographie sans viol. La représentation du viol dans des médias non-pornographiques n'est pas considérée comme relevant du viol pornographique. Le cinéma comporte depuis longtemps des scènes de simulation du viol ou d'autres violences sexuelles apparaissent dans des films à grande diffusion, y compris dans le genre rape and revenge.

La légalité de la pornographie montrant un viol simulé varie selon les juridictions. Ce type de film soulève des polémiques car il pourrait inciter des gens à commettre des agressions sexuelles. Néanmoins, les études sur les effets de la pornographie quand elle représente des violences sexuelles conduisent à des conclusions contradictoires. La création de films pornographiques montrant un viol réel est une infraction sexuelle dans les pays où le viol est illégal. C'est l'intention d'engranger des bénéfices, ou d'autres motifs, qui président à la création de films pornographiques basés sur des viols réels, y compris le viol sur mineurs et la pédopornographie. Le viol pornographique, de même que le revenge porn et d'autres catégories similaires représentant des violences, est corrélée à la culture du viol.

Légalité du viol pornographique

Royaume-Uni
La détention de films pornographiques montrant un viol est illégale en Écosse, en Angleterre et au pays de Galles.

En Écosse, la loi Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 pénalise la possession de pornographie « extrême ». La loi englobe les représentations de viol et « les autres activités sexuelles avec pénétration non consentie, que le film soit violent ou non », y compris quand les personnes impliquées sont des adultes consentants et si les scènes sont factices. La peine maximale est une amende non plafonnée ainsi qu'un emprisonnement de trois ans. Cette loi est rarement appliquée : il n'y a eu qu'une seule poursuite au cours des quatre premières années après son entrée en vigueur.

En Angleterre et au pays de Galles, la loi s'est alignée cinq ans plus tard sur l'Écosse pour interdire la pornographie qui représente le viol (y compris les simulations entre adultes consentants). La  punissait déjà la possession de « pornographie extrême » mais sans y inclure explicitement les représentations du viol. À cette époque, les autorités pensaient que la vente de viol pornographique était déjà illégale en Angleterre et au pays de Galles à cause de la loi , or, en janvier 2012, l'arrêt  a contredit cette supposition. Le projet de loi est annoncé pour la première fois par David Cameron en 2013. Dans un discours devant la , il déclare que la pornographie montrant un viol simulé , même si le ministère de la Justice avait auparavant annoncé qu'il « ne possède aucune preuve étayant l'idée que la création d'images montrant un viol simulé ait lésé les droits des participants ni de la société dans son ensemble ».

En février 2015, le chapitre 16 de la loi  établit une modification du  et pénalise la détention d'images pornographiques montrant un viol. La loi ne s'applique qu'à du matériel consenti, simulé et fictif. La possession d'une image montrant un viol réel, par exemple un extrait d'une caméra de surveillance, n'est pas illégale ; ce sont les images « réalistes » créées par et pour des adultes qui sont passibles de poursuites.

Allemagne

En Allemagne, il est illégal de distribuer des images pornographiques montrant un viol réel ou simulé.

États-Unis

Il existe peu de restrictions légales sur le viol pornographique aux États-Unis. Les organismes chargés de l'application de la loi se concentrent sur des affaires dans lesquelles elles pensent qu'un crime a été commis pendant la production. La pornographie « fantasmée » montrant une simulation de viol entre adultes consentants n'est pas une priorité pour la police.

Après le verdict  au sujet d'une agression sexuelle, xHamster a établi la « règle Brock Turner », qui interdit les vidéos montrant un viol, y compris celles où un partenaire est inconscient ou sous hypnose.

France

Affaires de viol réel

Hors Internet

L'actrice américaine de film X Linda Lovelace, dans son autobiographie Ordeal, écrit qu'elle a subi la coercition et des viols dans des films pornographiques au cours des années 1970.

Sur Internet

Les enquêtes sur Internet concernant un crime réel deviennent de plus en plus difficiles car les sites proposant des viols pornographiques sont gérés de façon anonyme, sans respecter les règles de l'Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers et en fournissant des données fausses auprès de la base Whois database.

De 2009 à 2020, la société pornographique GirlsDoPorn a créé des centaines de films montrant des femmes sous l'influence de manipulations, de contraintes, de mensonges, de marijuana ou d'autres drogues, ou physiquement forcées d'exécuter des actes sexuels, d'après les récits des victimes et les documents saisis dans le cadre d'une poursuite judiciaire contre l'entreprise. En novembre 2019, six personnes participant au site web sont accusées de trafic sexuel par la force, la fraude ou la coercition. Les vidéos officielles de cette société ont été visionnées plus d'un milliard de fois, y compris par un abonnement payant et, selon une estimation, elles ont fait l'objet de 680 millions de visionnages sur Pornhub, où la chaîne officielle était parmi les plus suivies. Des copies pirates de ces vidéos circulent encore. D'après le dossier déposé au tribunal, en décembre 2020 ces vidéos sont encore distribuées sur des sites pornographiques largement consultés.

Des films de viols réels contre des femmes et des jeunes filles ont été tournés dans le cadre de Doctor's Room et Nth Room en Corée du Sud entre la fin des années 2010 et le début des années 2020.

Des films montrant des viols réels sont hébergés sur des sites populaire de partage de vidéos pornographiques, ce qui leur a valu des critiques.

Traite sexuelle sur Internet

Des victimes de traite sexuelle par Internet sont forcées de figurer dans des vidéos où elles subissent des viols et qui sont diffusées en direct sur Internet ; ces vidéos peuvent faire l'objet d'un enregistrement afin d'être ensuite vendues. Les victimes subissent des viols aux mains des trafiquants devant une webcam ou elles sont forcées d'exécuter des actes sexuels, soit sur elles-mêmes, soit sur d'autres victimes. Les trafiquants filment et diffusent le crime en temps réel. Souvent, les victimes sont obligées de regarder les clients sur un écran partagé et de suivre leurs ordres. Ces crimes sont perpétrés dans des lieux surnommés les « antres du cybersexe », qui peuvent être des domiciles, des hôtels, des bureaux, des cybercafés et d'autres bâtiments commerciaux.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Diffusion de crime en direct sur Internet

Bibliographie

 Abstract.
 Abstract.
 Abstract.
 Abstract.

 Abstract.
 Abstract.

 Lorraine de Foucher, Samuel Laurent et Nicolas Chapuis, « L'enquête tentaculaire qui fait trembler le porno français », Le Monde, décembre 2021.

Abus sexuel sur mineur
Pornographie
Viol
Cybercriminalité
Film sur le viol
Infraction sexuelle
Industrie du sexe
Violence contre les femmes
Violences sexuelles
Agression sexuelle collective
Viol collectif

Viol pornographique