The Melbourne gangland killings were the murders of 36 underworld figures in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, between January 1998 and August 2010. The murders were retributive killings involving underworld groups. The deaths caused a power vacuum within Melbourne's criminal community, and rival factions fought for control and influence. Many of the murders remain unsolved, although detectives from the Purana Taskforce believe that Carl Williams was responsible for at least ten of them. The period culminated in the arrest of Williams, who pleaded guilty on 28 February 2007 to three of the murders.

Since the confession of Williams, the ultimate source of the violence has become public knowledge. On his 29th birthday, while meeting with Jason Moran and his half brother Mark Moran on 13 October 1999 at a suburban park in Gladstone Park, Jason Moran shot Carl Williams in the stomach over a dispute about money relating to their amphetamine trade. Through the period after his run-in with the Moran family, Williams commenced a war with the aim of killing all members of the 'Carlton Crew'.

The murder of former lawyer Mario Condello on 6 February 2006 caused speculation of a possible resurgence in the killings, although this was denied by police.

On 19 April 2010, Carl Williams was murdered by fellow inmate Matthew Johnson while incarcerated at Barwon Prison. Williams would have been 71 before becoming eligible for parole.

Background

The majority of underworld crime figures and major incidents can be traced back to the Painters and Dockers Union that existed on Melbourne's waterfront after the Second World War. The Union had a Mafia-like structure, and most criminal activity was centred around control of the Union, and the cut associated with the drugs (primarily heroin and cocaine) that passed through the port. The Melbourne Markets was used as a distribution point for the illegal drugs, because of its close proximity to the docks.

By 1990 the local manufacture of amphetamines had increased to the point where the police described Melbourne as the "amphetamine capital of Australia". As well as drug dealing, criminals received income through protection rackets in King Street nightclubs, as well as in prostitution, illegal gambling, and armed robbery.

The genesis of the underworld conflict can be traced to the 1996 arrest of John Higgs, then Australia's number one trafficker of amphetamines. Higgs was a well-connected criminal with a wide network of contacts both in the underworld and among corrupt police, and it took several years in one of the country's most expensive criminal investigations to finally convict him of drug trafficking charges. The case was controversial and included a major cache of drugs linked to Higgs and his syndicate mysteriously vanishing in the storage depots of Melbourne's drug squad, almost certainly thanks to corrupt police involvement. The downfall of Higgs and his closest associates meant younger criminals became keen to enter the drug trade and fill the vacuum left by Higgs' arrest. This included underworld figures such as Jason Moran and Carl Williams who would become key figures in the Melbourne gangland killings.

The catalyst that ignited the conflict was the 1998 murders of Melbourne gangsters Alphonse Gangitano, shot dead in his own home on 16 January 1998, and Charles Hegyalji known as "Mad Charlie", murdered in front of his house on 23 November of that same year. Both Gangitano and Hegyalji had been major figures in the Melbourne underworld, and Gangitano in particular had been a close ally of Higgs. Following these two deaths many of Gangitano and Hegyalji's former associates suddenly rose to positions of importance in the underworld, and it was several of these figures, such as Vince Mannella and Dimitrios Belias, who became the next victims in Melbourne's underworld war as the fight for power escalated. The conflict was further exacerbated by the 1999 shooting of Carl Williams, who was shot in the stomach by the Moran brothers, Jason and Mark, over a drug-related debt. Williams, who survived the shooting, vowed to exterminate the Moran family and in doing so became the most infamous criminal involved in the killings, as he arranged the murders of most of the Moran family and several of their allies in the Carlton Crew.

Groups and factions
The following groups of people were connected to the murders. A number of those named below were members of more than one group at the same time.

The Honoured Society
A Calabrian 'Ndrangheta group that has long been linked with control of Melbourne's fruit and vegetable markets.

The Painters and Dockers / Moran family
A loose association of Irish waterfront workers and ex-members of the Painters and Dockers Union. Brian, Les & Ray Kane, Graham Kinniburgh, Victor Peirce, and Lewis, Mark, and Jason Moran were all associated with 'the Dockers'. The Moran family operated jointly with the mostly Italian Carlton Crew.

The Carlton Crew
An independent 'Ndrangheta group created by Alphonse Gangitano. Domenic "Mick" Gatto and Mario Condello were also members. Gatto succeeded Gangitano as leader of the organization after the latter's death in 1998.

Radev Gang
Led by Nikolai "The Russian" Radev, a convicted drug dealer and career criminal who was shot in Queen Street, Coburg in 2003. No killer has been formally identified, although several possibles have been named.

The Sunshine Crew
Led by Paul "PK" Kallipolitis. Dino Dibra, Andrew "Benji" Veniamin, Rocco Arico, Mark Mallia, Bluey Watkins, Johnny Auciello, Mark Morrison, Michael Dewhirst, Terrence Chimmiri and Jason Kontek were also known associates. All had been friends since childhood. Veniamin took over the group after Kallipolitis was murdered; Veniamin was himself assassinated in 2004.
The Williams Family
Led by Carl Williams, and his father, George Williams. Antonios Mokbel, Andrew Veniamin, and Dino Dibra were known associates.

Investigation
The Purana Task Force was established by Victoria Chief Commissioner of Police Christine Nixon in 2003 to investigate the Melbourne gangland killings and major drug syndicates. The taskforce enjoyed success in investigating and halting the killings, despite initially being pushed for staff. In 2008, following the halt in killings, the purview of the task force was expanded.

Investigations were initially hampered by a "code of silence", with few organised crime figures willing to risk their lives to provide details to state and federal authorities but they were able to cultivate informers and protected witnesses from within the criminal community although Victoria's state police have lamented the death of gang figures who were killed before they were able to aid their investigation. The use of one of those informers, barrister Nicola Gobbo, led to multiple court cases including the High Court of Australia decision AB v CD, a Royal Commission and placing hundreds of convictions in doubt.

During the existence of the Purana taskforce it was led by a number of different officers including:
 Jim O'Brien
 Andrew Gustke

In the first three years of the Purana taskforce
316 people were investigated
6000 hours of recordings were made from 328,000 telephone conversations
39 tracking devices were used which helped the taskforce spend 22,000 hours following suspects
These efforts helped taskforce Purana which was praised for their efforts to stop the killings.

Detective Inspector Andrew Gustke was head of the taskforce in 2016 and stated that if groups like Purana were successful then there would be a reduction in the level of general crime. At the same time it was announced that they would begin investigating firearms trafficking which had caused an increase in shootings in Melbourne. Gustke also wanted international taskforces to be set up to stop drug trafficking before it reaches Australia.

In 2019 it was revealed that, in 2006, Purana detectives hid from the court the fact that they paid money into the prison account of a crown witness. The Court of Appeal ruled this to be a miscarriage of justice and quashed the conviction.

The Purana taskforce was closed after a 2021 review found that the taskforce had achieved what it was set up to do, but a change was required to enable detectives to respond more quickly to changing threats, with a spokesperson saying that whilst "highly successful during this time, the criminal landscape has changed significantly since its inception, which is why we have recommended the operation closes". Whilst the taskforce was in operation it was responsible for the laying of charges in 15 murders with 11 convictions, as well as intervening to prevent six murders. It also seized $70 million in assets information and assisted the Australian Tax Office in issuing around 1000 tax demand notices which recouped more than $15 million.

Timeline of events

1995
7 February 1995 – Greg Workman shot dead by Alphonse Gangitano over a $50,000 debt in Wando Grove, St Kilda.

1996
15 August 1996 – Tim Richards and Les Knowles, two mechanics who also dealt in drugs, were shot dead in their auto-shop by Gerald David Preston. A third mechanic, Kym Traeger, was wounded but survived. The killing was related to drugs and is believed to have been ordered by the Hell's Angel outlaw motorcycle club, of which Preston was an associate. Preston was convicted in 1998 and given a life sentence with a 32-year non-parole period, and the driver for the murder, Kevin Wayne Gillard, was also given a life sentence.

1998
16 January 1998 – The Melbourne gangland killings are believed to have begun with the murder of 40-year-old Alphonse Gangitano. He was shot and killed in the laundry of his own home, while wearing only his underwear. A coroner's report into his death directly implicated Jason Moran and Graham Kinniburgh. They were both found to be in Gangitano's home in Templestowe when the murder took place; however, it could not be established who pulled the trigger. Kinniburgh's blood was found on a banister inside the house, and his skin was found on a dent on the front security door. Both were excused from giving evidence to the coroner on the grounds they might incriminate themselves. It is widely believed that Jason Moran was the one who shot Gangitano.
3 August 1998 – John Furlan, a 48-year-old motor mechanic from Coburg, was killed by a car bomb in his Subaru Liberty in Lorensen Avenue, Merlynston. Domenic "Mick" Gatto was initially treated as a suspect since he had been involved in a payment dispute with the deceased; however, no one has been arrested in connection with his death.
23 November 1998 – 42-year-old stand-over man Charles Hegyalji, known as "Mad Charlie", was killed at his Caulfield home. He was an acquaintance of Chopper Read and had been associated with the amphetamine industry.

1999
9 January 1999 – Vince Mannella, a former associate of Victor Peirce and Alphonse Gangitano, was ambushed and killed outside his home in North Fitzroy in the evening. Media suspected his death was debt-related or part of an underworld power struggle but no suspects were ever named.
21 February 1999 – Phong Dui Nguyen, a heroin dealer, was shot six times with a .357 magnum as he exited his car on Gray Street, Yarraville. The gunman was Tom Scarborough, a major Melbourne heroin trafficker.
24 February 1999 – Damian Catania was the victim of a drive-by shooting at about 6.00 am. Catania was waiting outside his home in Hoppers Crossing in Melbourne's western suburbs for a regular lift to work when a white Holden Commodore slowed as it cruised by. A gunman in the car, (suspected to be Andrew Veniamin) opened fire, hitting Catania at least four times in the legs and groin. Catania, a mid-level "player" in the underworld was an ex-boxer who had a string of minor convictions, mostly for violence. Catania almost lost a leg as a result of the shooting and spent 12 months in hospital recovering. Those in the car were never caught. On Monday 22 May 2006 Catania, then 30, was sentenced to a minimum of six years jail for pouring petrol over a man who had annoyed him and setting the victim alight, causing horrific burns. Catania told the court that on his eventual release from jail, he wanted to "pack up and travel out of Melbourne".
28 May 1999 – Joseph Quadara, a 57-year-old greengrocer, was ambushed by two people and killed in a Toorak carpark in the early hours as he was about to start work at a Safeway supermarket. The former millionaire was declared bankrupt in 1994. Police believed that his killing was a horrible case of mistaken identity, due to the existence of another Giuseppe "Joe" Quadara involved in Melbourne's fruit and vegetable industry with underworld connections, although Joe himself had connections to the Melbourne's fruit and vegetable markets and it is conspired that the Markets God-Father; Frank Benevenuto hired Andrew "Benji" Veniamin to perform the hit.
12 June 1999 - Vicki Jacobs who previously testified against her husband Gerald David Preston in the murder of Tim Richards and Les Knowles was shot dead in her home.
9 September 1999 – 38-year-old Brighton businessman Dimitrios Belias was killed with a single shot to the back of the head in an underground carpark on St Kilda road. He had been an associate of Charles Hegyalji and was believed to be heavily in debt. In 2002, a coroner reported that Belias had been trying to use fake diamonds to clear his underworld debts. Police have posted a $100,000 reward for information leading to apprehending Belias's killers. On 22 December 2011, Michael John Henderson was sentenced to 7 and a half years in prison for having stolen more than a million dollars through a fraud scheme, in an effort to help settle the debt owed by Belias prior to his murder.
14 September 1999 – 47-year-old criminal Milorad Dapcevic, a friend and business associate of Belias, was last seen alive on the night that he made a statement in the police station at St Kilda Road. He had prior criminal convictions for armed robbery and was suspected to be involved in heroin trafficking prior to his disappearance. He has never been found, and as of 2014 police investigators believed he had been murdered, possibly by the same people that killed Dimitrios Belias.
13 October 1999 – Drug dealer Carl Williams, who was 29 at the time, was shot in the stomach and survived in Gladstone Park. Williams told the police he blacked out and could not identify the shooter. Known underworld figures Mark and Jason Moran were present at the time, and police believe there was a dispute related to a failed amphetamines batch and ownership of a pill press. A woman told police she heard a man cry "No, Jason!" moments before a shot was fired.
20 October 1999 – Vince Mannella's brother, 31-year-old Gerardo Mannella, was ambushed and killed outside his brother's home, after attempting to flee from two men. The killers of Mannella are also believed to have shot his brother Vince as well as Dimirtrios Belias.
25 November 1999 – George and Carl Williams were charged with multiple drug offences after police raided an alleged amphetamine factory in Broadmeadows. Police seized around 25,000 amphetamine tablets, a pill press, a loaded pistol and 6.95 kg of powders containing methamphetamine, ketamine, and pseudoephedrine with a street value up to A$20 million. These charges were never brought to trial because of corruption allegations against former drug squad detectives involved in the raid.

2000–2002
8 May 2000 – 52-year-old fruiterer Francesco "Frank" Benvenuto, was fatally shot while sitting in his car in the driveway of his Beaumaris home. Benvenuto was a major underworld figure in Melbourne and the son of Liborio Benvenuto (died 1988), considered to be at one time the "Godfather" of the city's mafia. Phone records show that as Benvenuto lay dying he managed to ring ex-employee and associate Victor Peirce on his mobile phone. Mick Gatto was suspected by some to have ordered the assassination, whereas others suggested the murder could be retribution for the death of Alfonso Muratore, a high ranking Mafia member shot dead on 4 August 1992. Police initially treated Gatto as a suspect but later offered a $100,000 reward for information leading to an arrest. Mark Moran and Andrew Veniamin were later named as chief suspects.
16 May 2000 – Richard Mladenich, a 39-year-old parolee, career criminal, and associate of Mark Moran, was killed with a single bullet in the St Kilda Esquire Hotel. He had recently been released from jail where he once shared a cell with Chopper Read. Police named Rocco Arico as a suspect but were unable to interview him whilst he was in prison. They later named Dino Dibra as their primary suspect Mark Moran was also named as a suspect. It has also been reported that Carl Williams was the getaway driver.
15 June 2000 – Mark Moran (then 35 years old) was shot and killed by Carl Williams as he was getting out of his white Holden Ute outside his luxury home in Aberfeldie. Moran's murder was initially thought of as retribution for the death of Frank Benvenuto. Some underworld rumours suspected Rodney "The Duke" Collins as one of his killers. Dino Dibra and Rocco Arico were also thought to have carried out the killing. Mark Moran had been under close police surveillance but the surveillance was mysteriously switched off hours before he was shot dead.
14 October 2000 – Dino Dibra (25) was killed after leaving his house in West Sunshine. At the time he was facing charges relating to kidnap and assault. At a police press conference, Detective Inspector Andrew Allen said "We are confident that this gunman is a hired hitman and that he, along with another person, ambushed Mr Dibra that night about 9:16 pm and shot him a number of times ... this is not the only murder (the gunman) has committed". This police profile strongly suggested that 'Benji' Veniamin was one of the gunmen. A $100 000 reward was offered by police for information.
22 March 2001 – 41 year-old George Germanos, a part-time security guard and nightclub bouncer was found with three bullets in his head and one in his chest at an Armadale park. Germanos had been fearing for his life, and only two weeks prior to his murder he had tried to borrow $5000 from a relative in order to purchase a handgun. It is stated that the reason for his killing had to do with an incident where he bashed Ray Mather, son of prominent underworld figure Robert "Bluey Bob" Mather, at a St Kilda nightclub on October 21, 2000. Robert Mather and his gang were believed to be involved in a series of vicious armed robberies as well as considered suspects in the shooting of Dimitrios Belias in 1999, and the murder of Maryanna Lanciana, wife of convicted bank robber Pasquale 'Percy' Lanciana, who was shot dead in her home in 1984. Robert Mather remained a person of interest to police for the three murders but he died of natural causes in 2014.
1 May 2002 – 43-year-old Victor Peirce was killed while in a car parked opposite the Coles supermarket in Bay Street, Port Melbourne. A white Holden Commodore pulled up beside Peirce, who exchanged words with the occupants inside the car before being shot four times at close range. Although Pierce was officially employed as a waterfront worker, police believed he was the leader of various drug syndicates in Melbourne and heavily involved with drug trafficking. Peirce was considered a true underworld heavy-weight; he was born into the notorious Pettingill family. It is suspected that this contract killing was organized by Mick Gatto and Vince Benvenuto and executed by Andrew Veniamin; Faruk Orman was initially convicted of the murder, but was acquitted in 2019.
10 July 2002 – Alexander Kudryavstev was shot by Michael Goldman. Goldman, 55, said he shot to miss a wounded acquaintance on a suburban nature strip despite orders from psychotic criminal, Nik Radev to "finish him". Goldman said he was "under the gun" and terrified of Radev. Goldman lured Kudryavstev to his Hampton flat and told a Supreme Court jury he was acting like a robot when he shot Kudryavstev in the stomach at the flat. He said Radev told him earlier the same day: "Give him one in the head and I take care of the body." Goldman, of Highett Road, plead not guilty to the attempted murder of Kudryavstev. The jury heard Kudryavstev, a police informer, was wearing a concealed tape recorder when shot in the abdomen and in the head. He secretly recorded his terrifying brush with death. Goldman shot Kudryavstev in the abdomen as he greeted him at the front door. Kudryavstev said he moved his head when Goldman fired at him on a nature strip near Highett Road. Goldman denied during cross-examination that he knew at the time Kudryavstev was a police informer. He said an angry Radev wanted to meet Mr Kudryavstev over a burglary at a friend's warehouse. On 27 May 2004, Goldman was jailed for 14 years. Supreme Court judge Justice Robert Redlich ordered Goldman to serve a minimum non-parole term of 11 years. "Your anger and desire to kill him (Mr Kudryavstev) is evident on listening to the tape recording," said the judge.
16 October 2002 – 31 year old drug dealer Paul Kallipolitis was shot dead in his West Sunshine home. He was lying on his bed and had one gunshot wound to the head. Police publicly suspected that his friend Andrew Veniamin was the killer. Veniamin and Kallipolitis had been friends for many years, since they were kids. Kallipolitis shot and killed a man in Deer Park almost a decade earlier after having a gun pulled on him. Angelo Mario Venditti was arrested for this murder on 29 July 2008.
28 December 2002 – At approximately 8.30 AM, while under police surveillance, Mark Anthony Smith, returned to his home after dropping his daughter off at work. Smith parked the car, and as he was getting out was shot in the neck and hand in the driveway of his Keilor home. Recognizing the gunmen, Smith sprinted after the shooter, Victor Brincat, but upon realising he was losing a lot of blood, turned back to wait for medical assistance. A convicted murderer, he had been sentenced to 13 years in prison for the murder of a man, John Anset, who was undertaking community service at the local high school in Craigieburn during 1987. Rumours surfaced that the hit against Smith was ordered after he accepted the job to kill Jason Moran. But instead of shooting Jason, he went halves in the cash with Moran. Victor Brincat, after turning on his crew and becoming an informant, revealed that Carl Williams had ordered the killing and had not paid him for the hits that had already taken place. Smith survived the assassination attempt, subsequently moving his family to Queensland and away from the violence before returning to Melbourne.

2003
15 April 2003 – 44-year-old Nik Radev, known as "The Bulgarian" (alternately reported as "The Russian" by media outlets, though he was never known by this name. This is suspected to be due to Russia's known links to underworld figures.), was killed in Queen Street Coburg. The known drug dealer and standover man was shot seven times in the head and chest as he sat in his Mercedes-Benz coupé. Victoria Police told The Age that they believed his death was planned by a father and son drug manufacturing team, and a hitman suspected of four other murders carried out the killing in a red sedan. Andrew Veniamin met Radev on the day of the murder and unambiguously fitted the police description of the prime suspect, along with George and Carl Williams. Radev had been warned that he was a marked man but ignored the warnings refusing to believe his friends would turn on him. Damien Cossu and Alfonso Traglia were with Radev at the time of the murder but claimed they could not identify the gunman, and were subsequently named by police as 'persons of interest'
June 2003 – Taskforce Purana was set up by Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner Simon Overland to investigate Melbourne's underworld.
4 June 2003 – 28-year-old male prostitute Shane Chartres-Abbott was fatally shot outside his Reservoir home on his way to a County Court trial for raping and bashing a female client in 2002. In 2007, underworld assassin Keith Faure (known as JP) confessed to this murder and said two corrupt detectives were linked to the murder. The murder sparked a media frenzy. The Briars Task Force was formed to investigate the murder.
21 June 2003 – 35-year-old Jason Moran, and his minder, 40-year-old Pasquale Barbaro were fatally shot as they sat in a parked blue van outside an Auskick football clinic in Essendon. Five children were witness to the murder including Moran's six-year-old twin boy and girl. The gunman Victor Brincat ran away across the football oval and over a Moonee Ponds Creek footbridge to a waiting vehicle containing Thomas Hentschel.
21 July 2003 – 39-year-old major drug dealer Willie Thompson was killed while sitting in his car after leaving a mixed martial arts club in Chadstone. He had been a close associate of the Moran family. Police say the gunman strolled up to the car and shot Thompson dead before escaping with a second person in a stolen Ford sedan. Some bullets were lodged in nearby shops. Thompson's official occupation was a lollipop vendor inside nightclubs, and a police report said he had recently developed an enmity with Nik Radev. In many rumors Hizir Ferman and Robert Musso are thought to have done this shooting. According to criminals turned testifying witnesses, Carl Williams ordered the death of Thompson to steal a large quantity of drug chemicals from him.
18 August 2003 – 36-year-old Mark Mallia's burnt body was found in a suburban storm drain packed inside a green wheelie-bin. Before his murder, Mallia was kidnapped by drug-boss Carl Williams and a team of 7 men (including Benji Veniamin, Damien Cossu, Chris Orfandis, Hizir Ferman and Alfonso Traglia), the 7 men took Mallia back to a warehouse where they tortured him into confessing where some laundered money was buried. Little details are known if the torture was successful or not, but not long after Mark Mallia was murdered.
9 September 2003 – 32-year-old Housom Zayat was run off the road, forced from his car and repeatedly shot in the head before being found in a paddock in Tarneit with multiple bullet wounds. Zayat was also a close associate of Nik Radev. Nicholas Ibrahim charged with his murder.
20 October 2003 – 49-year-old Istvan "Steve" Gulyas and his de facto wife were found executed in their Sunbury home. Together they ran a dating agency, Partner Search Australia, which police suspected was a front for a brothel. Gulyas was also a friend of Nik Radev.
25 October 2003 – 38-year-old Michael Ronald Marshall was shot four times in the head outside his luxury South Yarra home in front of his five-year-old son. He was a hot-dog salesman but also sold ecstasy at the street level. He had been suspected by some, including major crime lord Tony Mokbel, of being the one responsible for Willie Thompson's death. Carl Williams, eager to frame Marshall for the Thompson killing, ordered his murder. Victor Brincat and Thomas Hentschel were convicted of killing Michael Marshall. The killing became controversial as Brincat and Hentschel had actually been closely followed and monitored by police, who however at the last minute could not or would not prevent Marshall's murder.
17 November 2003 – Carl Williams was arrested and charged with making threats to kill a Purana Taskforce detective and the investigator's girlfriend. The alleged threats were made in a taped phone conversation to Victor Brincat in Barwon Prison. Carl was bailed two weeks later. The arrest was dramatically captured on film by The Age photographer Angela Wylie.
13 December 2003 – 61-year-old Graham Kinniburgh, known as "The Munster", was ambushed and shot outside his home in Kew just after midnight. Police said he had been killed in front of family members soon after parking his car. Kinniburgh was carrying a gun and managed to return one shot before being killed. He was considered Melbourne's most influential criminal at the time of his death. Kinniburgh was also a ring leader in the notorious Drill-bit gang that specialised in safe breaking. Mick Gatto was a pallbearer at his funeral, Lewis Moran and many other underworld figures also attended. Andrew Veniamin was treated as a suspect in his murder, and Carl Williams was also questioned. Stephen John Asling was charged with The Munster's murder in 2015.

2004
February 2004 –  Carl Williams went on the record with the news magazine The Bulletin with a denial that he had paid Andrew "Benji" Veniamin A$100,000 for five of the murders.
March 2004 – Federal Justice Minister Chris Ellison announced the Australian Crime Commission would be investigating the murders.
23 March 2004 – Andrew Veniamin (28) was fatally shot by Mick Gatto in the Carlton pizza restaurant "La Porchella" after an argument. Gatto was arrested and charged with his murder, with police alleging that Gatto had set a trap for Veniamin. Veniamin was a close associate of Carl Williams and was suspected of being a hitman involved in as many as seven underworld murders. Gatto was later acquitted on the grounds of self-defence.
31 March 2004 – Lewis Moran (62), father of Jason Moran and stepfather of Mark Moran, was shot and killed in broad daylight by two balaclava-clad men in the front bar of the Brunswick Club in Brunswick. Lewis had only recently been released on bail for drug trafficking charges, and police had warned him that his life was in danger. His close friend and fellow Painter and Docker, Bert Wrout, sustained injuries but survived. Graham Kinniburgh and Lewis Moran were notorious for their work on the Melbourne docks. It was later proven that Carl Williams paid for the hit and known hard-man Keith Faure was the driver. His brother Noel Faure and Evangelos Goussis were the executioners.
12 April 2004 – Terrence Blewitt, a hitman connected with the Williams syndicate, and believed to be the one who shot Graham Kinniburgh in 2003, disappeared without a trace. He was last seen walking towards a blue Hyundai Excel, the same car model that was used as a getaway car in the Kinniburgh murder. His remains were found over a decade later during a search of a scrapyard in Pelmet Crescent, Thomastown in Melbourne's north with tests determining that he had been shot.
8 May 2004 – The body of Lewis Caine was found dumped in Brunswick, after being shot at close range with a shotgun. He was a friend of Carl Williams and had been seen dining with him two nights earlier. This murder was a paid hit by Mario Condello, allegedly in reprisal for the killing of Lewis Moran. In May 2008, Evangelos Goussis was convicted of killing Lewis Moran in March 2004. Goussis was sentenced to a minimum of 15 years for the Caine murder, and in February 2009 he was sentenced to life in prison for the Moran killing. He will be eligible for parole in 2039.
16 May 2004 – Terrence and Christine Hodson were found executed in their home in Kew. Terrence Hodson was revealed to be a police informant. A week before the bodies were found ABC radio reported that a leaked document revealing Hodson as an informant was doing the rounds in certain underworld circles. It is also reported that an associate of Lewis Moran hired Hodson to murder Carl Williams in 2001. Police drug squad detective Paul Dale allegedly paid Carl Williams $150,000 to organize the hit, who used gunman Rodney "The Duke" Collins for the murders.
9 June 2004 – Purana Taskforce detectives arrested Carl Williams for conspiracy to murder. His associates Sean Sonnet and Gregg Hildebrandt were arrested only metres from the home of Mario Condello. Victoria Police said the raids had "absolutely" saved Mario Condello from becoming the 28th gangland victim.

2006
6 February 2006 – On the eve of his murder trial, Mario Condello was shot and killed in his driveway at around 10 pm. Condello had dined with Mick Gatto earlier that night and police warned Gatto that he was under increased risk as this was possibly the resumption of the gangland war. The killer is known to police as Rodney "The Duke" Collins.
20 March 2006 – Melbourne business man Tony Mokbel failed to appear in Court during his trial for the importation of cocaine from Mexico in 2000. Mokbel had been granted bail by Magistrate Phillip Goldberg, despite protests from Police. Goldberg had previously dismissed drug cases brought against Mokbel and his brother. A warrant was issued for his arrest, but Mokbel had not been seen since 5 pm on 19 March 2006. His defence team feared for his life. The week before this date, Mokbel raised concerns for his safety, after an incident not related to this case. He was eventually arrested by Greek police in Athens, Greece on 5 June 2007. Mokbel was successfully extradited to Australia on 17 May 2008.
26 March 2006 – Lee Patrick Torney's body was found dumped down a mineshaft. He was a violent Melbourne criminal and drug trafficker connected to the Williams family and suspected of being involved in several murders, including the 1982 shooting of his former associate Sidney James Graham. Torney had been killed several months earlier with a shovel by Graham John Holden, following an argument.
27 April 2006 - 31-year-old Michael Phillip Dewhirst died after being stabbed following an altercation with two other men in Palmerston St, Melton. Dewhirst had been a close associate of Dino Dibra, Andrew Veniamin and Paul Kallipolitis, all of whom had previously been murdered in the gangland war. He had been present at the 1998 Dome nightclub shooting in Prahran, where two bouncers were shot, with Dibra and Dewhirst being suspects in the attack. A day after Dewhirst's death, Craig Vella was arrested for the fatal stabbing.
14 October 2006 – Michael "Eyes" Pastras was shot once in the buttocks and once in the thigh at a house in Albion St, Brunswick. Pastras gave evidence at Mick Gatto's murder trial that he spoke to Andrew Veniamin on 23 March 2004, the day Veniamin was killed by Gatto. He said that Veniamin never mentioned anything to him about wanting to harm Mr Gatto. But after testifying, he approached the Purana gangland killing taskforce and made a statement refuting what he said in the witness box. Pastras told Purana detectives he saw Veniamin with a gun when he went to meet Mr Gatto in Carlton's La Porcella restaurant and that Veniamin told him he wanted Mr Gatto dead. He claimed Veniamin told him: "I'm fucking dirty on Mick Gatto. He's gotta go." That evidence was not presented to the jury in the Gatto murder trial. Pastras was named in a confidential Victoria Police document that was blamed for prompting the executions of police informer Terrence Hodson and his wife, Christine in 2004. It contained details of what Hodson told police and was leaked to Melbourne's underworld shortly before the Hodsons were fatally shot in their Kew home in 2004. His brother Savas Pastras was an associate of Lewis Moran. Pastras, 39, turned up at Moran's Essendon unit on 25 October 2002, not knowing police were inside raiding it. One of the detectives asked Moran's partner, Virginia Strazdas, who was the man walking up the driveway, and she said he was a friend. Moran's partner ignored a police command not to warn the man and managed to slightly open the door and tell him to go away. A detective, Senior Constable Victor Anastasiadis, said he opened the door, recognised Pastras and said, "Sav, come in." He was taken into Moran's house and a search discovered he had $44,000 in $100 and $50 notes hidden under his jacket in a green plastic bag. After removing the bag, Pastras hunched over and began to shake, he said. Detective Senior Sergeant Marty Allison told the court that Pastras had a look of shock and horror on his face when police confronted him. "He looked as though he had seen a ghost; he couldn't speak. He opened his mouth but words weren't coming out," Senior Sergeant Allison said. Forensic tests revealed the cash showed traces of heroin and cocaine. Savas Pastras was charged with possessing the proceeds of crime. Police alleged the $44,000 was to be paid to Lewis Moran to settle a drug debt. Pastras's lawyer, Stephen Shirrefs, SC, told the court that the warrant used to conduct the raid on Moran's home was illegal. "The search of Mr Pastras and the seizure of the money on him only arose because he was invited into the house by police," Shirrefs said. He said the money could not be deemed proceeds of crime because Moran had not touched the cash and police said it was related to a drug deal "purported to have occurred". Magistrate Ann Collins ruled in April 2004 that Savas Pastras had no case to answer because police could not prove the money was derived from a crime. Collins cleared Pastras in the Broadmeadows Magistrates Court after finding that police could not prove that the money, stashed in a green plastic shopping bag, had anything to do with the sale of drugs. She also found that police could not prove that traces of heroin and cocaine found on the cash did not come from other sources.

2009
15 June 2009 – Underworld identity Desmond Moran was shot and killed at Ascot Vale in Melbourne's north-west. Des Moran was the brother of slain underworld figure Lewis Moran, who was murdered in 2004 during Melbourne's gangland war, and uncle to Mark and Jason Moran, who were also killed in gangland disputes. Des Moran originally escaped serious injury in March 2009 when shots were fired outside his Ascot Vale home. He was in his car with a friend when one shot was fired through the front windscreen, narrowly missing the pair. At the time, a Purana Task Force detective said police did not believe that incident was related to the Gangland war. On Tuesday 16 June 2009, his sister-in-law Judy Moran was arrested and charged as the driver, along with two other people in relation to the murder. Judy Moran's house was coincidentally damaged by fire while she was in custody.

2010
 19 April 2010 – Carl Williams was bashed to death by fellow inmate Matthew Charles Johnson (37) at HM Barwon Prison Johnson was already serving multiple life sentences for unrelated gangland murders.

Arrests and sentencing
Carl Williams was later charged along with Victor Brincat and Thomas Hentschel. He pleaded guilty to drug trafficking charges relating to his arrest in 2001 and in October 2004 was given a seven-year jail sentence, which he was serving in the maximum security Acacia unit of Barwon Prison at the time of his death.

17 September 2004, Alfonso Traglia, Victor Brincat and Carl Williams were charged with the murders of Jason Moran and Pasquale Barbaro. In May 2005 Carl Williams was additionally charged with the murder of Mark Moran, after a former employee agreed to testify that he was Carl's driver on the day of the incident, and drove him to a location near Mark's house at the time of the murder. Zarah Garde-Wilson, the widow of Lewis Caine, is defending all of the men in their court cases.

In May 2005, Keith Faure, brother Noel Faure, 50, and Evangelos Goussis, 37, all of Geelong were charged with the murder of Lewis Moran and the attempted murder of Bert Wrout. Security footage from Moran's murder showed that one of the gunmen had a tattoo identical to one of the accused. Previously Keith and Evangelos been charged with the murder of Lewis Caine. Faure and associate, Evangelos Goussis became the first convicted of murder related to the gangland killings on 3 November 2005.

Known underworld figure Nicholas Ibrahim and Abraham Mokdessi was charged with the murder of Housam Zayat. During the trial in June 2005 an eyewitness to the shooting refused at the last minute to testify against Ibrahim, and was charged with contempt of court.

In June 2005, Mick Gatto was found not guilty of the murder of Andrew Veniamin. During the trial, he claimed he had acted in self-defence after Veniamin pulled out a .38 calibre handgun and threatened to kill him. Gatto claims that during a struggle he was able to turn the gun around on Veniamin and fire one shot into his neck, and one shot in the eye. He also claimed that during the argument, Veniamin had implicated himself in the deaths of Dino Dibra, Paul Kallipolitis and Graham Kinniburgh.

On 3 November 2005, Keith Faure and Evangelos Goussis became the first convicted with murder related to the Melbourne gangland killings. Both have appealed their conviction.

On 14 July 2006, Damien Cossu was arrested at gunpoint while driving in Sydney. He was charged with the murder of Mark Mallia whose tortured body was stuffed in a wheelie bin, dumped in a stormwater drain and set alight. Cossu was also present at the murder of Nik Radev.

On 28 February 2007, Carl Williams pleaded guilty to murdering Jason Moran in June 2003 and his father Lewis Moran in March 2004. He also pleaded guilty to a third murder, but the name of that victim was suppressed until recently when it was announced that it was Mark Mallia.

On 6 June 2007, it was announced that Tony Mokbel had been arrested in a café in Athens. At the time of his arrest, his appearance had changed significantly from when he went missing. Wearing a brown stuff wig and having grown a beard, Mokbel was found carrying a fake Australian passport and driver's licence in the name of Stephen Papas. Mokbel was finally extradited back to Melbourne (and Barwon Prison) on 17 May 2008, from Athens via a heavily guarded, private charter plane. His flight path included refuelling in the Maldives and Port Hedland, before landing at Tullamarine. He was then flown in a police helicopter to Barwon Prison. He appeared via video link to the Melbourne Magistrates Court on 20 May 2008.

On the same night Mokbel was arrested, police carried out a raid on an underworld gang calling themselves 'The Company'. Fourteen other underworld figures were arrested in Melbourne. Drugs, weapons and $790,000 in cash were seized.

Purana Taskforce detectives arrested Angelo Mario Venditti for the murder of Paul Kallipoitis on 29 July 2008.

On 9 March 2011, Judy Moran, the mother of slain sons, Mark and Jason Moran and also the ex-de facto partner of Lewis Moran (who was murdered in 2004) was found guilty of the murder of her brother-in-law Desmond "Tuppence" Moran. Moran claimed that she was visiting her son, Mark's grave at Fawkner cemetery at the time as the date of the murder was also the ninth anniversary of Mark's death. But the real motive for the crime was on ongoing dispute between Judy and Des over the money remaining after the murders of three family members. Judy Moran drove the shooter, Geoffery Armour and also accomplice Michael Farrugia to and from the Ascot Vale deli where Des was eventually shot and killed. It was then revealed that Armour pleaded guilty to the murder of Des Moran with Farrugia pleading guilty to manslaughter months earlier before becoming the prosecution's star witness in the case against Judy Moran in which the jury took seven days to deliberate before finally finding Moran guilty of murder. She will be eligible for parole in 2032 at the age of 88.

2019 Royal Commission

In December 2018, it was revealed that one of the defence lawyers involved in the prosecutions had become a police informant, prompting a royal commission. The defence lawyer was known by the pseudonym Lawyer X or Informer 3838. On 1 March 2019, the Court of Appeal revealed that former defence barrister Nicola Gobbo was Lawyer X. The Royal Commission into the Management of Police Informants will examine the extent to which cases may have been affected by the conduct of Gobbo, who was registered as an informant with Victoria Police from 1 January 1995 to 13 January 2009.

In popular culture
A drama series detailing the gangland war and the efforts made by the Purana taskforce to contain it, Underbelly, premiered on the Australia local television Nine Network on 13 February 2008. Ongoing legal proceedings in Victoria made Justice Betty King prohibit the Nine Network from airing the show in Victoria and from providing access to the show via their website. An edited version commenced screening in Victoria on 14 September 2008. In 2011, the ban was lifted, and the series aired in an unedited version in Victoria.

The drama series Fat Tony & Co., which detailed the crimes of and specifically the manhunt to catch Tony Mokbel, made regular references to the gangland killings. It aired on the Nine Network from 23 February to 6 April 2014.

In 2020, the mini-series Informer 3838 dramatised how Nicola Gobbo was a police informant through the latter stages of her career as a criminal defence barrister. It focuses on Gobbo informing on her high-profile client Carl Williams.

See also

 Crime in Melbourne
 List of unsolved murders
 Underbelly
Sydney gangland war - A similar series of gangland killings that took place in Sydney during the 1980s.

References

Notes:
:  The names listed here are limited to those people who are deceased or have been charged with a murder, have identified themselves as a member of a particular group, or have been publicly identified by Police and multiple news reports. During this period various factions formed alliances with each other, as well as fought amongst themselves. Some characters mentioned in this article have not been associated with any groups.

Sources

External links
Melbournecrime.com Crime Scene – Melbourne Underworld (An online guide to the Melbourne Underworld)
Melbourne's Underworld Walkley award-winning flash-based segment from The Age website
The Age: Features: Gangland Killings (all articles relating to the murders up until 3 June 2004) The Age
The Age: Features: Crime & Corruption (recent archive of crime-related articles in Melbourne) The Age
Melbourne Underworld News News, links, analysis and comments on Melbourne's Underworld Anonymous Blog.
 Filthy Rat by Simon Illingworth – an insight into Melbourne's gangland killings and police corruption.

2000s crimes in Australia
1998 crimes in Australia
1999 crimes in Australia
2000 crimes in Australia
2003 crimes in Australia
2004 crimes in Australia
1990s crimes in Australia
1990s in Melbourne
2000s in Melbourne
1990s murders in Australia
2000s murders in Australia
1998 murders in Australia
1999 murders in Australia
2000 murders in Australia
2003 murders in Australia
2004 murders in Australia
2010 murders in Australia
Conflicts in 1998
Conflicts in 1999
Conflicts in 2000
Conflicts in 2003
Conflicts in 2004
Conflicts in 2010
Mass murder in 2004
Organised crime events in Australia
Organised crime in Melbourne
People murdered by Australian organised crime
Organised crime conflicts in Australia

Melbourne gangland killings


نهارك سعيد هو فيلم كوميدي مصري أبيض وأسود، تصل مدة عرضه إلى 105 دقيقة، وهو بطولة منير مراد وسعاد ثروت ومن إخراج فطين عبد الوهاب ويدور حول شاب ابن عائلة أرستوقراطية يتجه للعمل في مجال التمثيل بالرغم من معارضة والده وطرده من منزل الأسرة فيعمل في تياتيرو مع صديقه فيسعى إلى صنع استعراض راقص وتحقيق النجاح الفني بالرغم من ضعف الإمكانيات المادية وقد عرض الفيلم أول مرة في 10/1/1955.

والفيلم يعد رقم 4 في ترتيب الأفلام التي قام بالعمل فيها «منير مراد» بعد (ليلى بنت الأغنياء) 1946 ثم (ابن عنتر) 1947 ثم بطولته المطلقة مع شادية في فيلم (أنا وحبيبي) 1953.

فريق العمل

 إخراج: فطين عبد الوهاب
 قصة: إبراهيم مراد
 إنتاج: أفلام الكواكب، إبراهيم مراد
 سيناريو: فطين عبد الوهاب
 حوار: السيد بدير
 مونتاج: سعيد الشيخ)، حسين عفيفي
 مناظر: عبد الفتاح البيلي
 منفذ مناظر: عبد المنعم شكري
 موسيقى تصويرية: منير مراد، أندريا رايدر
 صوت: شارل فوسكلو، عزيز فاضل
 ماكياج: يوسف محمود
 ملابس: محمد مرعي
 تم التصوير والطبع والتحميض:استوديو الأهرام

شخصيات الفيلم
 منير مراد
 سعاد ثروت
 مختار عثمان
 سراج منير
 عبد السلام النابلسي
 كوثر شفيق
 شفيق نور الدين
 ثريا حلمي
 زينات صدقي
 زينات علوي
 رياض القصبجي
 ماري عز الدين
 محمد الديب
 زكي كاريوكا
 مونا فؤاد
 عبد العزيز حمدي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام زينات صدقي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1955
أفلام رياض القصبجي
أفلام سراج منير
أفلام عبد السلام النابلسي
أفلام شفيق نور الدين
أفلام ثريا حلمي
أفلام زينات علوي
أفلام محمد الديب

نهارك سعيد (فيلم)


Henry Sopkin ( - ) est un chef d'orchestre américain. Il a fondé et dirigé pendant 21 ans, de 1945 à 1966, l'Orchestre symphonique d'Atlanta.

Biographie
Henry Sopkin nait le 20 octobre 1903 à New York. Il étudie le violon dans sa jeunesse. Il entre à le  de Chicago, où il a grandi, et il en sort avec un bachelor et un master en musique.

Dans les années 1920 et 1930, il enseigne à l'American Conservatory (direction d'orchestre), dans les lycées de la région de Chicago et au  avant que l'Atlanta Music Club ne l'engage en 1944. Sous le patronage de l'Atlanta Music Club, fondé en 1915, l'Orchestre symphonique d'Atlanta nait en 1947 à partir d'un orchestre de jeunes d'Atlanta dirigé par Sopkin. Lorsqu'il prend sa retraite en 1966, l'Orchestre symphonique devient pleinement professionnel.

Il meurt le  mars 1988 à Palo Alto.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Site Web de l'Orchestre symphonique d'Atlanta
 Collection Henry Sopkin, 1940-1975 à la Bibliothèque du Congrès

Naissance en octobre 1903
Naissance à New York
Décès en mars 1988
Décès à 84 ans
Décès à Palo Alto
Chef d'orchestre américain

Henry Sopkin


ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාව යනු විවිධ ජන වර්ග පිළිබඳව කරන ලද සත්‍ය පර්යේෂණවල ලිඛිත එකතුවකි.  යම්කිසි පද්ධතියක පවතින කොටස් වෙන් වෙන්ව ගෙන ඒවායේ හැසිරීම අධ්‍යයනය කළ නොහැකියි.  යන මතය ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාවේදී පාවිච්චි කෙරේ.  ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාව අතීතයේ පටන්ම සංචාරක ලේඛන හා අධිරාජ්‍යවාදී කාර්යාලීය ලේඛන සම්බන්ධ කොට ගනී. බොහෝ සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් තම විෂය සඳහා මූලාශ්‍ර කොට ගන්නේ ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාවයි.

සංස්කෘතික හා සමාජයීය මානව විද්‍යාව

සංස්කෘතික හා සමාජයීය මානව විද්‍යාව මූලිකවම පදනම් වන්නේ ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ මතය.

සංස්කෘතික හා සමාජයීය මානව විද්‍යාඥයින් වර්තමානයේදී ඉතා දැඩි පරිශ්‍රමයක් යොදා ගෝත්‍රවාදී අධ්‍යයන ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ හා ගෝත්‍ර අතර පවතින අන්තර් සබදතා පිළිබඳ පර්යේෂණ සිදුකරති.  ගෝත්‍ර වාදයේ මූලික  අංශ කිහිපයකි. 1950 හා 60 දශක වලදී පර්යේෂණ කෘති වල අඩංගු වූයේ පර්යේෂණය සිදුකළ ආකාරය සහ ප්‍රතිඵල මත පදනම් වූ කරුණුය. උදා: මඳක් කථා රසය ගැබ්කළ- නමුත් පසුව පළ වූ කෘති වල අඩංගු වූයේ පර්යේෂණයට බඳුන් කළ ගෝත්‍ර වලින් කර්තෘට ඇතිවූ බලපෑම මත පදනම් වූ කරුණුය.

ක්ලිෆර්ඩ් ගීර්ට්ස් සහ ෂේවියර් අන්දාදි යන සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාඥයින් තම ලේඛනවලට ඇතුලත් කර ගත්තේ ඔවුන්ගේ ම අත්දැකීම්ය.  ඔවුන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් වසරක පමණ කාලයක් යම් ගෝත්‍රයක් සමඟ වාසය කරමින්, ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියාකලාපයන් ට සහාය වෙමින් එම අධ්‍යයනයන් සිදු කළහ.

සටහන්

ගෝත්‍ර විද්‍යාව


Ghōr (Pashto/Dari: ), also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in the western Hindu Kush in central Afghanistan, towards the northwest. The province contains eleven districts, encompassing hundreds of villages, and approximately 764,472 settled people. Firuzkoh (known as "Chaghcharan" until 2014) is the capital of the province.

Etymology
The ancient Indo-European, Sogdian gor-/gur- ("mountain"-) is well preserved in all Slavic gor-/gór- (goor-/gur-), e.g.: Gorals, Goran, Goranci, Góra, Gora..., in Iranian languages, e.g.: Gorani language, Guran (Kurdish tribe). The Polish notation using gór- ("ó" stands for a sound between English "oo" and "u") instead of the popular gur- or ghur- preserves the ancient orthography.

History

The inhabitants of Ghor were completely Islamized during the Ghurids era. Before the 12th century, the area was home to Hindus, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, and a small number of Jews. Remains of the oldest settlements discovered by Lithuanian archaeologists in 2007 and 2008 in Ghor date back to 5000 BC. Ruins of a few castles and other defense fortifications were also discovered in the environs of Chaghcharan. A Buddhist monastery hand-carved on the bluff of the river Harirud existed in the first centuries during the prevalence of Buddhism. The artificial caves revealed testimony of the daily life of the Buddhist monks.

Various scholars and historians such as John McLeod attribute the conversion of the Ghauri's to Islam to Mahmud Ghazni after his conquest of Ghor.

Traditional Muslim historians such as Estakhri and Ibn Haukal attest to the existence of the non-Islamic enclave of Ghor before the time of Ghazni, which is attributed to converting its population to Islam.

Minhaju-S-Siraj recorded strife between the non-Muslim and Muslim populations:

According to Minhahu-S Siraj, Amir Suri was captured by Mahmud of Ghazni, made prisoner along with his son, and taken to Ghazni, where Amir Suri died.

In 1011, 1015 and 1020, both Mahmud and Mas'ud I led expeditions into Ghur and established Islam in place of indigenous paganism. After this, Ghur was considered a vassal state of the Ghaznavid empire. During the reign of 'Abd ar Rashi and the usurper Toghrul, Ghur and Gharchistan gained autonomy.

Ghor was also the center of the Ghurid dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries. The remains of their capital Firozkoh, which was sacked and destroyed by the Mongols in 1222, includes the Minaret of Jam, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Karzai and Ghani administrations

In June 2004, hundreds of troops of Abdul Salaam Khan, who had rejected the Afghan government's plan to disarm regional militias, attacked Chaghcharan and took over the city in an afternoon-long siege. Eighteen people were killed or wounded in the fighting, at which point Governor Mohammed Ibrahim fled. Three days later the Afghan government announced that it would not retake Chaghcharan. Khan and Ibrahim began negotiations soon after but reached no agreement. Khan's troops left Chaghcharan on June 23, a day ahead of when an Afghan National Army battalion, led by Lieutenant-General Aminullah Paktiyanai, arrived with the support of about twenty U.S. soldiers.

Taliban administration (2021-present)

In 2021, the Taliban regained control of Ghor after the 2021 Taliban offensive.

Transportation

As of September 2014, Chaghcharan Airport, located at the provincial capital of Chaghcharan, had regularly scheduled flights to Kabul and Herat.

Ghor province has a significant number of female drivers compared to the other provinces.

As of 2013, roads in the province remained largely undeveloped, unpaved and often lacked bridges over rivers.

Economy

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities in Ghor Province. According to the United Nations, many young men were forced to leave the province to find work in Herat or Iran and a small percentage of the population were teachers, government officials, carpet weavers, carpenters and tailors. Over half of the population could not cover their basic needs with their level of income. Opium production had returned to the region following the Taliban's departure as locals attempted to increase their incomes by farming a more economically lucrative crop.

Healthcare

The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 14% in 2005 to 9% in 2011.
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant fell from 9% in 2005 to 3% in 2011.

Education

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 19% in 2005 to 25% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 28% in 2005 to 47% in 2011.

Ghor University that first established as Ghor Higher Education Institute and then promoted to Ghor University has around 500 students with a significant number of girls. There are also some Teacher Training Institutes in the Firuzkoh, Taywara and Lal districts. The number of high schools increased in last the 10 years and attendance in university entrance exams (Kankor) jumped from hundreds to thousands of students. Several agriculture and mechanical schools were also established. There is only one nursing school that trains young female high school graduates for midwifery and nursing that is part of the Ministry of Public Health and run by an NGO in association with Ghor provincial hospital.

Demographics

As of 2020, the total population of Ghor province is about 764,472.

Geography

Ghor occupies the end of the Hindu Kush mountains. Ghor is 2,500 meters above sea level and heavy snowfalls often block many of its rugged passes from November to April. It is also a drought-prone area in the summer.

Districts

Sports

Football, volleyball, basketball, tennis, taekwondo and karate are all official sports of the province.  In July 2010, the Ghor Province cricket team was founded and will represent the province in future domestic tournaments.

See also
 Mandesh
 Hazarajat
 Provinces of Afghanistan

References

Further reading
 The Places in Between by Rory Stewart, 2005, Picador Publishers,

External links
 World Food Programme, Ghor Provincial Profile (accessed 11 February 2013)

Buddhism in Afghanistan
Hazarajat
Provinces of Afghanistan
Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Ghor Province


Un fachir (/fəˈkɪər/; فقیر), derivat din faqr (فقر, "sărăcie") este o persoană care este autosuficientă și are doar nevoia spirituală de Dumnezeu. Fachirii sunt asceți musulmani (cunoscuți ca adepți ai sufismului) care au depus jurăminte de sărăcie și de credință, renunțând la toate relațiile interumane și posesiunile materiale.

Fachirii sunt caracterizați prin atașamentul lor față de dhikr (o practică de a repeta numele lui Dumnezeu, efectuată de multe ori după rugăciuni) și ascetism. Sufismul a câștigat aderenți în rândul unui număr mare de musulmani ca o reacție împotriva secularismului de la începutul Califatului Omeiad (661-750). Termenul se poate referi la un ascet musulman sufit din Orientul Mijlociu și Asia de Sud. Totuși, sufiții s-au răspândit pe mai multe continente și au influențat mai multe culturi timp de peste un mileniu, exprimându-și inițial convingerile lor în limba arabă, înainte de a le răspândi în persană, turcă, limbile indiene și o duzină de alte limbi.

Termenul a fost, de asemenea, folosit în mod eronat pentru a se referi la asceți hinduși și budiști (de exemplu, sadhu, guru, swami și yoghini). Aceste utilizări au apărut mai întâi în perioada dominației mogule de pe subcontinentul indian.

Există, de asemenea, un clan distinct de fachiri în India de Nord, proveniți din comunitățile de fachiri care au locuit în altarele sufi.

Istoric

În cursul secolului al XVII-lea, un alt nobil, cercetător religios și sfânt musulman, Sultan Bahoo, a revoluționat sufismul și a repus în drepturi (împrospătându-le proprietățile) definițiile termenilor faqr și faqir.

Din punct de vedere istoric, termenii tasawwuf, faqr și faqer (substantivul lui faqr) au fost folosiți mai întâi (cu definiție completă) de Husayn ibn Ali, care era nepotul lui Mahomed. El a scris o carte, Mirat ul Arfeen, pe acest subiect, care este considerată a fi prima carte despre sufism și tasawwuf. Cu toate acestea, sub domnia omeiazilor, această carte nu a putut să fie publicată și nici nu s-a permis să se discute în mod deschis despre tasawwuf, sufism sau faqr. Pentru o lungă perioadă de timp, după Husayn ibn Ali, învățăturile faqr, tasawwuf și sufiste au fost transmise prin viu grai.

În secolul al X-lea, învățatul musulman Abdul-Qadir Gilani, fondatorul Qadri silsila, care are cei mai mulți adepți ai sufismului musulman, a elaborat doctrinele sufistă, tasawwuf și faqr.

În secolul al XIII-lea, Ibn Arabi a fost primul învățat musulman care nu numai că a început public această discuție, ci a scris, de asemenea, sute de cărți despre sufism, tasawwuf și faqr.

În limba engleză, faqir sau fakir însemna inițial un cerșetor derviș. În uzul mistic, cuvântul fachir se referă la nevoia spirituală a omului de Dumnezeu, care este singur autosuficient. Deși de origine musulmană, termenul a ajuns să fie folosit în India pentru hinduși, înlocuind în mare măsură termenii gosvamin, sadhu, bhikku etc. Fachiri sunt considerați în general oameni sfinți care au puteri miraculoase. Printre musulmani, principalele ordine sufi de fachiri sunt Chishtiyah, Qadiriyah, Naqshbandiyah și Suhrawardiyah.

Cambridge English Dictionary definește faqir-ul ca "un membru al unui grup religios islamic sau un om sfânt".
Winston Churchill este cunoscut că s-a referit la conducătorul mișcării pentru independență a Indiei, Mahatma Gandhi, ce promova rezistență pașnică (satyagraha), ca la un "fachir răzvrătit".

Atribute
Atributele unui fachir au fost definite de către mulți învățați și mistici musulmani.

Învățatul musulman din vremurile îndepărtate Abdul-Qadir Gilani a definit sufismul, tasawwuf și faqr într-o manieră concludentă. Explicând atributele unui fachir, el a spus: "fachirul nu este cel care nu poate face nimic și nu este nimic în sine. Dar fachirul are toate puterile de comandă (dăruite de Alah) și ordinele sale nu pot fi revocate."

Ibn Arabi a explicat sufismul, inclusiv faqr, în mai multe detalii. El a scris mai mult de 500 de cărți pe acest subiect. El a fost primul învățat musulman care a introdus deschis (prima dată în mod deschis) ideea de Wahdat al-wujud. Scrierile sale sunt considerate o sursă solidă, care a depășit timpul.

Un alt învățat musulman, Sultan Bahoo, descrie un fachir ca pe unul "care a fost încredințată cu autoritate deplină de Alah (Dumnezeu)". În aceeași carte, Sultan Bahoo spune: "fachirul atinge eternitatea prin dizolvarea sa în unicitatea lui Alah. Atunci când el se golește de orice altceva decât Alah, sufletul lui ajunge la divinitate". El spune într-o altă carte: "fachirul trece prin trei pași (etape). Primul pas pe care îl face din eternitate (fără început) în această lume muritoare, al doilea pas din această lume finită în lumea de apoi și ultimul pas pe care îl face din lumea de apoi către Alah".

Gurdjieff
În învățătura A patra cale a lui G. I. Gurdjieff cuvântul fachir este folosit pentru a desemna calea fizică specifică de dezvoltare, spre deosebire de cuvintele yogi (pe care Gurdjieff o consideră calea mentală de dezvoltare) și călugăr (folosită pentru calea emoțională de dezvoltare).

Referințe

Legături externe
 List of Books of Sultan Bahoo
 Ibn Arabi Books

Cuvinte și expresii în limba arabă
Asceză
Sufism

Fachir


Franconia–Springfield es una estación en la línea Azul del Metro de Washington, administrada por la Autoridad de Tránsito del Área Metropolitana de Washington. La estación se encuentra localizada en 6880 Frontier Drive en Springfield, Virginia. La estación Franconia–Springfield fue inaugurada el 29 de junio de 1997.

Descripción
La estación Franconia–Springfield cuenta con 1 plataforma central y 2 plataformas laterales. La estación también cuenta con 5,069 de espacios de aparcamiento y 36 espacios para bicicletas con 20 casilleros.

Conexiones
La estación cuenta con las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del MetroBus

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 WMATA: Estación Franconia–Springfield
 Línea Azul del Metro de Washington

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1997
Estaciones de la línea Azul (Metro de Washington)
Terminales del Metro de Washington
Condado de Fairfax

Franconia–Springfield (Metro de Washington)


الحب الاسير هو مسلسل مكسيكي درامي رومنسي دو طابع تاريخي عرض في عدة دول عالمية قام بدور البطولة الممثلة الفنزويلية سوزانا كونزاليس الاسم الاصلي للمسلسل هو Pasion عرض المسلسل أول مرة عام 2007 ويعرض هذا المسلسل المكسيكي على قناة 2M أولا وفي عرض حصري وتدور القصة في جزر الكاريبي.

فريق العمل
 المنتجة: Carla Estrada
 تكييف: María Zarattini وGuenia Argomedo
 مدير مسرح: Mónica Miguel
 مدير الدوائر: Alejandro Frutos
 نائب المدير: Arturo Lorca
 معاون المنتج: Guillermo Gutiérrez
 منسق الإنتاج: Lili Moyers
 الطبعة: Juan José Franco وLuis Horacio Valdés
 مدير الإنتاج: Graciela Valdivia
 موسيقى: Jesús Blanco
 كلمـات أغنية: Jorge Avendaño
 المترجمون: Sarah Brightman و Fernando Lima
 الأسلوب: Manuel Domínguez وLizbeth Silva
 تصميم ازياء: Cecilia García Molinero وCielo Espinoza وLorena Pimentel وLuis Enrique Rivas وPablo Montes Heredia
 مشـا هد: Alejandro García Chavarría وJuan Manuel Hernández وMiguel Ángel Medina وTeresa Ortiz
 صورة التصميم: María Teresa Rivera وLuz Adriana Llamas وDulce Velázquez وKarina Romero
 ماكيـاج: Blanca Villegas وGuadalupe Herrera وMaribel Pérez وRaquel Hernández وYeni Vázquez وMaría Eugenia Valencia وJuan Pablo Aquino وEmma Luna وTeresa Rodríguez
 مصفف الشعـر: Tere Islas وGabriela Sotelo وJaneth Remigio وJulieta Mauricio وRebeca Ramos
 وصف: Raúl Baños Zárraga وArturo Aguilera Sanjuanero
 إضاءة: Raúl Baños Zárraga وArturo Aguilera Sanjuanero
 الاستشارة النفسية: Dra. Judith Zerman
 مساعدي إنتاج: Luz María Zapata وMaricruz Castañón وRaúl Hernández وGuadalupe Cuevas وSandra Téllez وLupillo González وJulio Blanco وDavid Marcelino Domínguez وLiliana Martínez Europa وNury Salgado Jardón
 العلاقات العامة والصحافة: Arabella Del Toro وJuan Moreno وOlivia Flores
 الاستمرارية: Lucero Osorio Rojas وDalupe Moreno
 ممثلون: Lorca Arturo Guizar
 مساعد مدير: Jorge Robles

القصة

لطالما انتظرت كاميلا يوم زفافها من سانتياغو الذي ربطتها به علاقة حب. إلا أن القدر سيشاء أن يفرق بينهما مرة أخرى حيث سيتعرضان يوم زفافهما لهجوم من طرف الدوق جورج الذي سيتشاجر مع ساتياغو والذي سيخطف كاميلا للنوم معها.

وبعد الشجار الذي دار بين الدوق وسانتياغو جرح سانياغو جرح جعل حياته مهدده بالخطر وبعد أن فرق كاميلا من قبضه الدوق وذهبت لترى حبيبها سانتياغو رأتهم يدهنونه بالزيت المقدس والذي يدهن به الموتى وذهبت تركض بعيده وتبكي وقد تعرضت للخطف من قبل تجار العبيد الذين خطفوها إلى جزر الكاريبي عن طريق سفينه قراصنه وما ان وقعت عيني القرصان على كاميلا إلا أن بدا المحاولة في كسبها وانقاذها لكنه لم يستطع.

وتم شراؤها من قبل رجل غني عجوز تزوجها وجعلها في بيته كالسجينه لا تخرج ولا ترا أحد، وبعد اربع سنوات عذاب مات الرجل العجوز ورجعت كاميلا لقيطة إلى بلدتها غنية محمله بثروة طائله لتتفاجا أن حبيبها سانتياغو قام بالزواج من اختها، لم تتحمل كاميلا هذه الصدمة وبقت تبكي، ثم استاجرت بيت وسكنت فيه هي وصديقتها.

و تبدا الاحداث... عندما تأتي ابنة العجوز الغني العمياء وعمتها العانس إلى القرية ليستردوا مالهم الذي ورثته من زوجها وتطلب العمياء المساعدة من ابن عمها الوريث لهذا المال وهو بحد ذاته القرصان الذي أراد مساعدتها فيقوم بتغير اسمه وكنيته بتزوير سيرتة حتى لايعلم أحد به فيتعرف على أهل البلدة ويقابل كاميلا التي وقع في حبها من أول نظره في بادر بمساعدتها عندما سمع قصتها ويقدم لها الحماية والأمن والحب فنشب الغيرة في قلب سنتياغو خطيبها السابق بعدها تكتشف كاميلا انه هو القرصان وان عمله كله لصالح الدولة ولي قبضوا على لصوص البحار من القراص نه والنبلاء اللصوص فتقوم مغامرتهما في التمسك بحبهم العميق في ضل كل المواقف التي تمر عليهما ومن كل الاشخاص اللذين حاولوا تفرقنهم.

الممثلين
 Fernando Colunga - Ricardo de Salamanca y Almonte*
 Susana González - Camila*
 Sebastián Rulli - Santiago Marquez*
 Daniela Castro - Lisabeta de Salamanca*
 Rocío Banquells - Ofelia Marquez*
 Kika Edgar - Inés Marque*

قصـة الأبطـال
 كاميلا

Susana Gonzalez

Camila فتاة جميتلة وهي الأجمـل من بين كـل البنات، وCamila لديـها قلب طيب وكبيـر والكتل يحبـها ولكـن حاولت مـرة التحرش بـها Jorge ولكنها هربت وطلبت المساعدة.

Camila بـعد مرور تقـع بحـب Ricardo وهذا الحب لديـه عقبـات كثيـرة وسوف يعانون الكثير من أجـل هذا الحب المحـرم.
 ريكاردو

fernando Colungo

رجـل شهتم ويحب مساعدة الجميــع وهو لديـه قلـب طيب وشخصيتـه قويـة ويحب الدفاع عن اللآخرين وحقـهم

و Ricardo يتعرف على Camila من خلال سفره مع عمتــه وسوف يحبـها وأعطـها قلبـها ولكن هذا الحب لم يتكمل فـ Jorge يفعـل أي شيء من أجـل أن يسـعد حـب Camila.

Ricardo، Jorge سوف ينافسـان على حب الذي هـو حب Camila.
 سنتياغو

Sebastian Rulli

سنتياغو Santiago رجـل متزوج وهـو متزوج من إخــت Camila وهـو يعاني الكثير في حياته بسبب زوجته الشريرة والمجنونة.

سنتياغو Santiago يتحمـلها من أجـل أن لا يثر مشاكـل بيـهما وهـي دائما تحاول أن تعثر على سبب صغير من أجـل الشجار.

و تتحول حياتـه إغلى كبوس وجحيـم وهـو يحاول أن يصـل إلى الحل وهو الطلاق ولكنه لا يريد أن يجرح مشاعـرها.
 الدوق وخس

Juan Ferrara

Jorge رجـل شرير وهو شرير ويحـب Camila وهذا الحب من طرف واحد ويحاول أن يفعل أي شيء من اجلها ومن أجل أن تحبـه.

و بـعد وقت يعلم أنها مغرمة وعلى علاقة حب يحاول أن يفرق بينـهما وهذا بمساعدة شقيقة Camila وهي Rita التي تغار عليها وعلى حبـها.

Jorge وRita سوف يخططان من أجـل أن يفرقان Ricardo وCamila وحتى يصلان إلى حلا.
 اخت كلميلا

Maite EmbilRita وهي

الشريرة التي تحب أن يـكون كـل شيء لـها وهـي شقيقة Camila وتحاول أن تفعل أي شيء من أجل أن تفرق بين Camila وRicardo.

و تصل إلى قرار وهو أن يكون لـها شريـك وهو Jorge الذي يحـب شقيــتها وهـي تكره كـل يقف في طرقها وأن ترى السعادة على وجه الآخرين على عكس شقيتـها Camila الطيبة.
 اورسولا

وهي Maya Mishalska

ÚRSULA MANCERA إبـنة Sofía وJorge وهـي أرمـلة منذ 7 سنوات وإبنـتها Tita التي تتجاهملها تماما.

و هـي إمرآة خفيفة تحب الشباب، الوسيم والقو تزوجت رجـل كبيـرا عليـها وهـو توفي، وتغرم مرة آخـرى بـ Vasco شقيـق Camila وعندما تجتمـع بـ Ricardo تحبـه وتعشقـه.
 الدوق هووبا

Juan Ferrara

زوج وأب Sofía وÚrsula أسرته تلقت ملك أسبانيا مهمة من الأراضي وممتلكات القرويين ويجمع الضرائب ويوفر العادالـة.

و هـو لا يهـه أحتد سوف ما يمتلـكه فقـط وما يحبـه لنفسـه وهو رجـل غامض ويحـب المـال.
 صوفيا

Mariana Karr

SOFÍA MENDOZA زوجـة والأم والجدة لـ Úrsula وTitaتزوجت Jorge من أجـل الإكشتاقف أسرار تتعلـق بالماضي

و تلقت صعوبـة في اكتشاف عمـا تريـده ولم تجـده في نفس الوقت، شعرت بارتياح أكبر من أهالي البلدة مع أصدقاء زوجهـا.

مواقع خارجية

 الصفحة على قناة 2M
 [www.pasiontelenovela.com الموقع الرسمي]

مراجع

القرصنة في الأعمال الخيالية
تيلينوفيلا 2007
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في المكسيك
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بالإسبانية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مكسيكية انتهت في 2008
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مكسيكية بدأ عرضها في 2007
مسلسلات تيلونوفيلا مكسيكية
مسلسلات مدبلجة

الحب الأسير (مسلسل)


Epigenetica este ramura geneticii care studiază variația trăsăturilor fenotipice care sunt cauzate de aspecte ale mediului înconjurător, acestea schimbând comportarea genelor și afectând modul în care celulele le decodifică.  Astfel, studiul epigenetic are ca scop descrierea alterărilor dinamice din potențialul de transcripție al unei celule. Aceste alterări pot sau nu să fie ereditare, deși folosirea termenului de "epigenetică" pentru a face referire la procese neereditare este controversată.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Epigenetica - știința care ne dezvăluie secretele vieții, ascunse în ADN

Epigenetică


Jorge Arbeleche (* 23. Oktober 1943 in Montevideo, Uruguay) ist ein uruguayischer Schriftsteller, Essayist und Dozent.

Leben
Arbeleche schloss 1969 eine Literatur-Ausbildung am Instituto de Profesores Artigas (IPA) erfolgreich ab. Dort war er ab 1985 auch als Dozent für Spanische Literatur tätig und seit 1988 auch als Lehr-Inspektor (inspector docente) für Literatur der Sekundarstufe angestellt. Sein Debütwerk als Dichter erschien 1968 mit dem Titel Sangre a la luz. In der Folgezeit publizierte er zahlreiche Bücher, von denen Übersetzungen auf Englisch, Portugiesisch, Russisch, Französisch und Italienisch erfolgten. Auch sein essayistisches Werk, das sich beispielsweise auf Juana de Ibarbourou, Gabriel García Márquez und Sara de Ibáñez erstreckt, ist umfangreich.

Für sein literarisches Schaffen wurde er mit diversen Preisen und Auszeichnungen versehen. Seine Werke verhalfen ihm auch zu  Einträgen in verschiedenen Literaturlexika und Anthologien wie beispielsweise 1993 dem Diccionario de Literatura Española e Hispanoamericana, dem Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya, 1989 in der in Havanna erschienenen Antología de la Poesía Uruguaya und 1987 in Historia de la Literatura Hispanoamericana.

Seit 1996 ist er Mitglied der Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay. Der Real Academia Española gehört er seit 2001 als korrespondierendes Mitglied ebenso an, wie auch der Real Academia Galega.

Arbeleche, der der "Generación del 60" zugerechnet wird, nahm an Literaturkongressen, Seminaren und Festivals in Nord- und Südamerika, Europa und Indien teil.

Arbeleche war zudem als Berater des Uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums tätig.

Auszeichnungen
 1970: Auszeichnung für La novela hispanoamericana de hoy seitens des Instituto de Cultura Hispánica, Madrid
 1987: Auszeichnung für Federico García Lorca: una poesía hacia la livertad seitens der Botschaft Spaniens in Montevideo
 wohl 1993: Zweiter Preis der mexikanischen Zeitschrift Plural für Agape
 1999: Zweiter Preis des uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums (MEC) für El hilo de la lumbre
 2001: Erster Preis des uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums (MEC) für Para hacer un pradera

Veröffentlichungen (Auszug)
 1968: Sangre a la luz
 1976: Los ángeles oscuros
 1979: Alta noche
 1983: La casa de la piedra negra (erneut 1989)
 1993: Agape
 1996. Alfa y Omega
 1997: Responsabilidad de la poesía
 1998: El hilo de la lumbre
 2000: Para hacer un pradera
 2001: El velo de los dioses, Anthologie

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 28f

Weblinks
 Biographie (spanisch) auf www.caratula.net, abgerufen am 14. Mai 2012
 Biographie (spanisch) auf www.mec.gub.uy, abgerufen am 14. Mai 2012

Autor
Mitglied der Real Academia Española
Uruguayer
Geboren 1943
Mann

Jorge Arbeleche


Nukumi (Nogami, Nogumee, Nokumi, Noogumee, Nukumij, Noogume, Nogumich, Noogumich), Kod Micmac Indijanaca Nukumi je mudra stara baka heroja kulture Glooskapa. Ime Nukumi znači "baka" na Mi'kmaqu. U nekim legendama se kaže da je Nukumi podigao heroja nakon majčine smrti pri porodu, ali u većini tradicija, Nishkam ju je stvorio od stijene i usvojila Glooskapa kao svog unuka.

Izvori

Micmac mitologija

Nukumi


Fertőszéplak (em : Schlippach am See) é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Győr-Moson-Sopron. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 1.312 habitantes.

Localidades de Győr-Moson-Sopron

Fertőszéplak


النظام الرئاسي هو نظام حكم يقوم على فصلٍ صارم بين السلطات التنفيذية (الرئيس) والتشريعية (البرلمان) والقضائية ويمنح صلاحيات واسعة للرئيس، في حين يتميز النظام شبه الرئاسي بانتخاب الرئيس لكن الحكومة تنبثق من البرلمان وتكون مسؤولة أمامه وأمام الرئيس.

تتمركز السلطة التنفيذية في يدي الرئيس الذي يُنتخب عن طريق الاقتراع العام المباشر، ويُشكل حكومة لتنفيذ برنامجه السياسي تكون مسؤولة أمامه وليس أمام البرلمان كما هو الحال في النظام البرلماني. وبحكم الفصل الصارم بين السلطات فإن البرلمان ليست له صلاحية إسقاط الحكومة كما أنها في المقابل لا تملك صلاحية حله.

تتجمع السلطة التنفيذية في يد واحدة؛ وهي يد رئيس الدولة وحده، الذي يجمع بين صفتي رئيس الدولة ورئيس الحكومة، ويملك اختصاصات وصلاحيات الصفتين. ويساعد الرئيس في القيام بمهامه مجموعة من المعاونين أو المساعدين ؛ يأتي في مقدمتهم الأمناء أو السكرتاريون، وليسوا وزراء.

يُؤخذ على هذا النظام قصوره في تسيير الخلاف السياسي المؤسساتي، فنشوب أي خلاف بين الرئيس والبرلمان قد يؤدي بالبلاد إلى أزمة شاملة تشل أجهزة الدولة وتعطل الاقتصاد، كما يُؤخذ عليه مركزية منصب الرئيس، الذي يهمش دورَ حزبه.

تاريخ
تعود أصول النظام الرئاسي إلى النظام الملكي في العصور الوسطى في فرنسا، بريطانيا واسكتلندا التي كانت فيها السلطات التنفيذية تصدر أوامرها من التاج الملكي وليس من اجتماعات مجلس الأعيان (البرلمان).

رأى مونتسكيو أن تداخل السلطات يُؤثر سلبا على النظام الديمقراطي دافعا في ذلك بأن تناغم البرلمان والحكومة (الأغلبية والحكومة المنبثقة عنها) قد يكون عامل تواطئ في التسيير، كما أنَّ الحكومة قد تُحكم قبضتها على البرلمان نتيجة الولاء السياسي لأعضائه، مما يُفرغ مهمته الرقابية من مضمونها ويقضي عليه كسلطة ضامنة للتوازن. سادت نماذج هذا النظام في الغرب بريادة تاريخية للولايات المتحدة التي أخذت بالنظام الرئاسي عام 1787م، وقد أثرت أفكار لوك ومونتسكيو على الجمعية التأسيسية التي انعقدت في فيلاديلفيا في تلك السنة.

ورغم النجاح الباهر لهذا النظام في الولايات المتحدة، فإن تجربة النظام الرئاسي في الديمقراطيات الأوروبية والأمريكية اللاتينية كانت مريرة، مما أجبرها على اعتماد نظام مختلط أو شبه الرئاسي. ففي أوروبا، تسبب الصراع المتواصل بين السلطات التنفيذية والتشريعية في أزمات عدم استقرار سياسي مزمنة. وفي أميركا اللاتينية، تحولت هذه الصراعات إلى انقلابات عسكرية، أو إصدار الرئيس لمراسيم تنفيذية متجاوزا البرلمان. وقد أوجد هذا الواقع بيئة سياسية غير صحية وتسبب في انتكاسة كبرى للديمقراطية.

أقرت فرنسا النظام الرئاسي في دستور 1848 لكن الصراع السياسي بين السلطة التنفيذية والتشريعية أنهى تلك التجربة بانقلاب عسكري قاده لويس نابليون بونابارت. ونص دستور الجمهورية الفرنسية الخامسة (1958) على اعتماد النظام المختلط، وتكرس ذلك بانتخاب رئيس الجمهورية عبر الاقتراع العام المباشر منذ 1962. تعتمد فنلندا وإيرلندا والنمسا النظام المختلط، كما طبقته غالبية دول أوروبا الشرقية بعد سقوط الاتحاد السوفياتي عام 1990.

الخصائص
في نظام رئاسي مكتمل، يُختار السياسي ليكون رئيسًا للحكومة، على نحو مباشر، من قبل الجمهور، أو على نحو غير مباشر، عبر الحزب الفائز. رئيس الحكومة هذا، باستثناء بيلاروس وكازاخستان، هو أيضًا رأس الدولة، ولذلك فهو يدعى رئيسًا. قد يكون منصب رئيس الوزراء قائمًا أيضًا في النظام الرئاسي، ولكن على خلاف النظم شبه الرئاسية أو النظم البرلمانية، يكون رئيس الوزراء مسؤولا أمام الرئيس وليس أمام الهيئة التشريعية.

تنطبق الخصائص التالية، على نحو عام، على الحكومات الرئاسية العديدة في جميع أنحاء العالم:

 بوسع السلطة التنفيذية استخدام حق النقض ضد القوانين التشريعية، في المقابل، يجوز لغالبية ساحقة من المشرعين إبطال حق النقض. يُستمد حق النقض، على نحو عام، من تقليد الموافقة الملكية البريطاني الذي لا يمكن بموجبه سن قانون برلماني إلا بموافقة الملك.
 للرئيس ولاية محددة. تُجري الانتخابات في أوقات منتظمة، ولا يمكن البدء فيها عبر التصويت بسحب الثقة أو بإجراءات برلمانية أخرى، على الرغم من وجود استثناء في بعض البلدان ينص على عزل الرئيس الذي يتبين أنه خالف أحد القوانين.
 تتمثل السلطة التنفيذية في شخص واحد. يعمل أعضاء مجلس الوزراء وفقًا لمشيئة الرئيس ويجب عليهم تنفيذ سياسات السلطتين التنفيذية والتشريعية. الوزراء أو رؤساء الإدارات التنفيذية ليسوا أعضاء في الهيئة التشريعية. غير أن النظم الرئاسية تحتاج، في كثير من الأحيان، إلى موافقة تشريعية على الترشيحات التنفيذية لمجلس الوزراء والهيئة القضائية ومختلف المناصب الحكومية الدنيا. يمكن للرئيس، على نحو عام، توجيه أعضاء مجلس الوزراء أو الجيش أو أي مسؤول أو موظف في السلطة التنفيذية، ولكنه لا يستطيع توجيه القضاة أو يعزلهم.
 يمكن للرئيس في كثير من الأحيان أن يعفو عن المجرمين المدانين أو يخفف من أحكام عقوبتهم.

الحكومات دون الوطنية في العالم
يمكن تشكيل الحكومات دون الوطنية، وعادة الدول، كنظم رئاسية. جميع حكومات الولايات في الولايات المتحدة تستخدم النظام الرئاسي، حتى وإن لم يكن ذلك مطلوبًا دستوريًا. على الصعيد المحلي، تستخدم مدن كثيرة نظام حكومة مدير المجلس، وهو ما يعادل النظام البرلماني، على الرغم من أن منصب مدير المدينة عادة ما يكون منصبًا غير سياسي. تستخدم بعض البلدان، التي لا يكون نظامها على الصعيد الوطني نظامًا رئاسيًا، شكلًا من أشكال هذا النظام على الصعيد دون الوطني أو الصعيد المحلي. من الأمثلة على ذلك اليابان، حيث تستخدم الحكومة الوطنية النظام البرلماني، ولكن حكومات المحافظات والبلديات بها حكام وعُمد يُنتخبون بصورة مستقلة عن الجمعيات والمجالس المحلية.

المزايا
يدعي المؤيدون، على نحو عام، أن الأنظمة الرئاسية تتمتع بأربع مزايا أساسية:

 الانتخابات المباشرة ـــــــــ في النظام الرئاسي، غالبًا ما ينتخب الشعب الرئيس مباشرة. هذا من شأنه أن يجعل سلطة الرئيس أكثر شرعية من سلطة زعيم عُين على نحو غير مباشر. غير أن هذه ليست سمة ضرورية من سمات النظام الرئاسي. بعض الولايات الرئاسية لديها رئيس دولة منتخب على نحو غير مباشر.
 الفصل بين السلطات ــــــــ ينشئ النظام الرئاسي الرئاسة والهيئة التشريعية بوصفهما هيئتين متوازيين. يسمح ذلك لكل هيئة برصد الآخر ومراقبته، ومنع إساءة استخدام السلطة.
 السرعة والحسم ــــــــ عادة ما يكون بوسع رئيس يتمتع بسلطات قوية أن يشرع في إحداث تغييرات سريعة. غير أن الفصل بين السلطات يمكن أن يبطئ النظام أيضًا.
 الاستقرار ـــــــــ قد يوفر الرئيس، المنتخب لفترة ولاية محددة، قدرًا من الاستقرار أكبر من ذلك الذي قد يمنحه رئيس الوزراء، الذي يمكن عزله في أي وقت.

جمهوريات بنظام رئاسي
الخط المائل  يشير للدول ذات الاعتراف المحدود.

أنظمة رئاسية بمنصب رئيس وزراء

المراجع

نظم الحكومات
أنظمة سياسية
جمهورياتية
رؤساء
فصل السلطات

نظام رئاسي


مونت كارلو أو مونتي كارلو  هي إحدى المناطق الإدارية الموجودة في إمارة موناكو على ساحل البحر المتوسط. العاصمة الرسمية لموناكو هي موناكو فيل "Monaco-Ville".

تعتبر مونت كارلو واحدة من أهم وأفخم المنتجعات السياحية العالمية. وتشتهر مونت كارلو بكازينوهاتها الشهيرة، كما تعرف بالمقامرة وكذلك بالحياة المترفة، وتوافد الأثرياء والمشاهير إليها من أماكن مختلفة حول العالم.

يقدر عدد السكان المقيمين بشكل مستمر في دائرة «حي» مونتي كارلو بنحو 3500 نسمة. مونت كارلو لاتحوي فقط الكازينو الكبير «كازينو مونتي كارلو» ولكن تحوي أحياء مثل سان ميشيل وسان رومان إضافة للارفوتو تيرانو.

تأسست مونت كارلو في العام 1866 ومعنى الاسم بالإيطالية «جبل كارلو» والذي سمي تيمنا باسم شارل الثالث أمير موناكو بين عامي 1856 - 1889. والجبل يقع على حافة سلسلة جبال الألب البحرية حيث تقع المدينة.

تعتبر مونت كارلو مقر جميع مراحل سباقات حلبة موناكو "Circuit de Monaco"، حيث تقام سباقات الفورملا ون لجائزة موناكو الكبرى، كذلك رالي مونتي كارلو الذي يعتبر أولى السباقات السنوية للراليات العالمية. كما تستضيف المدينة كذلك مباريات دولية في الملاكمة وكذلك بطولات مونتي كارلو للماسترز وبطولات جولة البوكر الأوروبية، إضافة لعروض أزياء ونشاطات أخرى.

مربع مونت كارلو الإداري كان مربوطا بشبكة ترام مدينة نيس الفرنسية بين عامي 1900 حتى 1953.

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 بوابة الإمارة بـ5 لغات
 دليل السياحة لمونت كارلو وموناكو
 بوابة موناكو

ربيعات موناكو
مدن متوسطية
مدن موناكو
منتجعات سياحية عالمية

مونت كارلو


Axel Delmar, né Alexander Hans Waldemar von Demandowsky, né le  à Berlin et mort le  à Gorden, est un acteur, réalisateur et dramaturge allemand.

Biographie
Axel Delmar grandit à Berlin et devient acteur.

En 1911 il fonde le "Heimatspiele" à Potsdam, qu'il dirige jusqu'en 1918. Dans les années qui précèdent la Première Guerre mondiale, le metteur en scène de théâtre Axel Delmar fonde un théâtre en plein air, le "Heimatspiele", pour les "Jeux de la patrie allemande" au Brauhausberg à Potsdam. En effet, il fait de plus en plus figurer au répertoire des pièces patriotiques, comme la tragédie populaire « Glaube und Heimat » de Karl Schönherr le 1er mars 1911 et qui est l'un des plus grands succès scéniques de cette année. Ce théâtre en plein air permet aux personnes à faible revenu d'assister à un spectacle. Après 1918, le théâtre est repris par la Volksbühne de Berlin. En 1927, le théâtre devient la propriété de l'État prussien.

Axel Delmar écrit des pièces patriotiques telles que "Der eiserne Heiland" oder "Marschall Vorwärts" (Maréchal en avant).

Son fils Ewald von Demandowsky, né en 1906, est Reichsfilmdramaturge et directeur de production de la société des films sonores Tobis pendant le régime nazi et est exécuté par la justice soviétique à Berlin en 1946.

Œuvres
    Die Ahrenshooper. Vaterländisches Schauspiel, UA 1893 Berlin
    See. Drama in zwei Aufzügen. Reclam, Leipzig 1895
    Haschisch. Opéra. Musique: Oskar von Chelius (1859–1923). UA 1896 Dresde
    Heimatspiel: Alt-Potsdam oder Die erste Eisenbahn oder Dem Vergnügen der Einwohner. Musique: Walter von Simon
    Heimatspiel Marschall vorwärts.
    König Drosselbart. Opéra. Musique: Gustav Kulenkampff. UA 31.12.1899 Berlin
    Marschall Vorwärts. Heimatspiel en 2 actes. Musique: Walter von Simon. Hayn, Potsdam 1913.
    An mein Volk. Ein Zeitbild aus dem Jahre 1813. Leipzig 1914.
    Das Ostpreusslein mit seinem Dukatenmännchen. Ein Weihnachtsmärchen für gross und klein. Musique: Rudolf Kaiser. Potsdam, 1916.
    Luther. Mysterium in fünf Gesichten. Berlin 1917.

Liens externes

Fiche IMDb Axel Delmar
Fiche signalétique Axel Delmar

Metteur en scène prussien
Metteur en scène allemand
Librettiste prussien d'opéra
Librettiste allemand d'opéra
Dramaturge prussien
Dramaturge allemand du XXe siècle
Naissance en avril 1867
Naissance à Berlin
Décès en avril 1929
Décès dans le Brandebourg

Axel Delmar


Los siete pecados capitales (título original en alemán, Die sieben Todsünden) es un ballet chanté "ballet cantado" satírico en siete escenas (nueve movimientos) compuesto por Kurt Weill con un libreto en alemán de Bertolt Brecht en 1933 por encargo de Borís Kojnó y Edward James. Fue traducido al inglés por W. H. Auden y Chester Kallman. Sería la última gran colaboración entre Weill y Brecht.

Los siete pecados capitales fue representado por vez primera en el Teatro de los Campos Elíseos en París el 7 de junio de 1933. Fue producido, dirigido y coreografiado por George Balanchine con mise en scène de Caspar Neher. Esta obra se representa poco; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece la n.º 175 de las obras representadas en 2005-2010, siendo la 28.ª en Alemania y la tercera de Weill, con 17 representaciones en el período.

Personajes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Libreto (español/alemán en kareol.es
Amadeus Almanac, acceso 26 de octubre de 2008
 "Los siete pecados capitales" en el país de la Los Angeles Philharmonic Association
 Discografía

Óperas de Kurt Weill
Óperas en alemán
Óperas de 1933
Obras de teatro de Bertolt Brecht
Ballets de George Balanchine
Ballets de Kurt Weill
Óperas estrenadas en París
Literatura del siglo XX
Literatura en alemán
Obras de teatro en alemán
Óperas en un acto
Composiciones musicales para danza
Pecados capitales en la cultura popular

Los siete pecados capitales (ópera)


محمد ولد الشيخ محمد أحمد ولد الغزواني (1956 في بومديد -)؛ المعروف اختصارًا بـولد الغزواني، أو غزواني، هو الرئيس الحالي والعاشر للجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية، يتولى منصب الرئيس منذ شهر أغسطس 2019، وقد سبق له أن شغل منصب وزير الدفاع في حكم سلفه محمد ولد عبد العزيز، كما كان قائدا عاما للجيوش لمدة عشر سنوات.

في الفاتح من مارس 2019 أعلن محمد ولد الغزواني ترشّحه للرئاسة خلفًا للرئيس المنتهية ولايته محمد ولد عبد العزيز، وفي يونيو 2019 أعلنت لجنة الانتخابات المركزية فوزه برئاسة الجمهورية بنسبة 52%. وقد سبق له أن شغل مناصب عسكريّة وأمنيّة رفيعة من بينها: الإدارة العامّة للأمن الوطني، قيادة الأركان، وقيادة الأركان العامّة للجيوش التي استمرّ فيها إلى أن عُيِّن وزيرًا للدفاع في أكتوبر 2018، أسابيع قليلة قبل تقاعده. بنى موريتانيا وأسّس السياسة الدفاعية الموريتانية التي جعلت من البلاد استثناءً في منطقة الساحل، حيث لم تتعرض لأي هجوم منذ عام 2011.

السيرة الذاتية

الأصول

وُلد غزواني بمدينة بومديد (108 كلم شمال مدينة كيفة، عاصمة ولاية لعصابة) وسط البلاد لأسرة من مشيخات الصوفية التقليدية، لها نفوذ روحي وصلات اجتماعية قوية مع حضور اقتصادي خاصة في ولايات أدرار ولعصابة وتكانت والحوض الغربي، وتلقى تعليمه المحظري بين ذويه حتى حفظ القرآن الكريم ودرس نصوصا فقهية ولغوية.

المسار في الخدمة العسكرية
حصل محمد ولد الغزواني على البكالوريا عام 1977 في مدينة روصو (موريتانيا) ثم التحق بالجيش الوطني في العام التالي.

تلقى تدريبا في صفوف ضباط الأكاديمية العسكرية الملكية بمكناس بالمغرب. وأنهى دراسته بدرجة الماجستير في العلوم الإدارية والعسكرية والعديد من المؤهلات والتدريبات العسكرية. وهو أول رئيس موريتاني يحمل شهادة ماجستير، ويتحدث ثلاث لغات العربية والإنجليزية والفرنسية

من 1987 إلى 1991، كان الغزواني مساعدًا للرئيس معاوية ولد سيد أحمد الطايع.

ثم في أوائل التسعينيات سافر إلى العراق للتدرب على سلاح الفرسان قبل أن يعود لقيادة الكتيبة المدرعة. ثم تولى رئاسة المكتب الثاني للجيش الموريتاني المسؤول عن المخابرات العسكرية.

في 6 أوت 2008، تم تعيين الغزواني رئيسًا لأركان القوات المسلحة. ثم بعد أشهر قليلة، مديرا عاما للأمن القومي في حكومة عبد العزيز.

الحياة السياسية

وزيرا للدفاع
قاد محمد ولد الغزواني الجيش الموريتاني لمدة 10 سنوات قبل أن يصبح وزيرا للدفاع من 2018 إلى 2019.

انتخابات 2019
يعتبر محمد ولد الغزواني المرشح المدعوم من قبل رئيس الجمهورية المنتهية ولايته محمد ولد عبد العزيز في الانتخابات الرئاسية لشهر يونيو 2019، انتخب في الجولة الأولى بنسبة 52.01٪ من الأصوات، متقدما على بيرام داه عبيد الذي حصل على 18.59٪. ثم بدعم من المجلس الدستوري وتم تنصيبه في غرة جويلية 2019 وأدى اليمين في 11 أوت 2019.

حضر خلال حفل تنصيبه، 11 رئيس دولة أفريقي، من بينهم ماكي سال والحسن واتارا، الذين حضروا ليشهدوا أول انتقال ديمقراطي في موريتانيا، حيث تكررت الانقلابات العسكرية المتعاقبة. أعلن رئيس كوت ديفوار، الحسن واتارا، بهذه المناسبة: «إن نقل السلطة من رئيس منتخب إلى رئيس منتخب آخر هو أمر مهم للغاية للديمقراطية في أفريقيا» في إشارة إلى الجانب الواعد لهذا الانتقال السلمي للسلطة.

وهو كرئيس الأركان السابق من 2008 إلى 2018، يعتبر شخصية توافقية والفاعل الرئيسي لنجاحات الجيش الموريتاني حيث يعود تاريخ الهجوم الإرهابي الأخير في موريتانيا إلى جويلية 2011. وبحسب آلان أنتيل الخبير بالمعهد الفرنسي للعلاقات الدولية، فإن ولد الغزواني "منظم للغاية ويحظى بتقدير كبير في الجيش الموريتاني.

وبعد فترة وجيزة من وصوله إلى السلطة، بدأ سلسلة من المشاورات مع جماعات المجتمع المدني والمعارضة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، عاد بعض الفنانين الموريتانيين ورجال الأعمال المهمين مثل محمد ولد بوعماتو إلى البلاد وكذلك بيرام داه عبيد وهو شخصية  معروفة في محاربة العبودية وخصم سابق للانتخابات الرئاسية، الذي أعلن بعد ذلك أنه «لاحظ الكثير من الاعتدال والتوازن» في الرئيس الجديد.

رئاسة الجمهورية
بعد انتخابه رئيسا، نصّب الوحدة الوطنية والحوار في المقدمة، وتمنى «تحقيق توافق وطني حول القضايا الجوهرية التي تواجه البلاد، وإجراء إصلاحات من أجل سيادة القانون، بما يؤدي إلى تطوير الحياة السياسية».

وقد روّج للدبلوماسية السلمية مع شركائه الدوليين معتبرا نفسه كشريك متميز للغربيين في مكافحة الإرهاب في منطقة الساحل، حيث تواصل موريتانيا تقديم نموذج لاستقرارها في المنطقة.

تمكن الغزواني من تحقيق تقدم اجتماعي كبير من خلال إنشاء تأمين صحي شامل للموريتانيين ذوي الدخل المنخفض.

من حيث التعليم، تحتل موريتانيا مكانة رائدة في المنطقة وسيترأس الغزواني قمة G5 الساحل التعليمية بالساحل.

العائلة
محمد ولد الغزواني متزوج من مريم بنت محمد فاضل ولد الداه، دكتورة في جراحة الأسنان بسلك الجيش الموريتاني. ولهما ثلاثة أولاد وثلاث بنات.

مريم بنت محمد فاضل ولد الداه، من مواليد 1980، درست طب الأسنان بدمشق، قبل أن تعود إلى موريتانيا. أثناء استعدادها للتجنيد في هيئة الأركان العامة للجيوش الموريتانية، التقت محمد ولد الغزواني، قائد الكتيبة المدرعة آنذاك. ثم بعد ولادة ابنهما الثاني، المصاب بالتوحد، التزمت بالعناية بالأطفال من ذوي الاحتياجات الخصوصية. وهي داعمة الاتحاد الموريتاني للمعاقين وساهمت في افتتاح مركز زايد في نواكشوط، وهو أول مركز دعم أطفال المصابين بالتوحد في غرب إفريقيا.

الحياة خاصة

ينحدر محمد ولد الغزواني من سلالة صوفية مسلمة عريقة في موريتانيا وينتمي إلى قبيلة إديبوسات الثرية وذات النفوذ  ومثله مثل مختار ولد داده، أول رئيس لموريتانيا المستقلة، فإن أصوله تؤهله لتسميته «المرابط الحكيم».

و يعرّف نفسه بأنه مسلم متمسك بقيم الإسلام والطقوس المالكية التي تترجم إلى ترسيخ قيم مثل الاعتدال والتضحية والتواضع والشعور بالمشاركة والتضامن. وبحسب محمد فال ولد عمير باي، المدير العام لوكالة الإعلام الموريتانية، فقد تلقى تعليمًا دينيًا في أكبر المدارس ومن قبل كبار العلماء  في تلك الفترة.
الغزواني هو حافظ القرآن.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ولاية العصابة
أعلام موريشيوسيون في القرن 20
رؤساء موريتانيا
سياسيون موريتانيون
سياسيون موريتانيون في القرن 21
صوفيون موريتانيون
عسكريون موريتانيون
قادة حاليون على سدة الحكم
قادة حاليون للدول الأعضاء في جامعة الدول العربية
مسلمون موريتانيون
مواليد 1376 هـ
مواليد 1379 هـ
وزراء دفاع موريتانيا
وزراء موريتانيون

محمد ولد الغزواني


Mohammed Hassan Kakar (Laghman, 1935) es un historiador afgano.

Vida

Licenciado en la Universidad de Kabul y doctorado en la Universidad de Londres, era profesor de Historia en la primera al producirse la intervención soviética de 1979. Debido a su prominencia internacional (dio clases en Boston y Harvard), se libró de la represión a pesar de su oposición al régimen de entonces. En 1981 obtuvo la cátedra de Historia de dicha Universidad. Sin embargo, en 1982 fue finalmente arrestado, acusado de dar cobijo y auxilio a disidentes pertenecientes a la facción Parcham. Condenado en un juicio sumario, sin abogado, fue sentenciado a 18 años de prisión.

Las presiones de Amnistía Internacional, otras asociaciones en defensa de los derechos humanos, diversos profesores universitarios, y, en especial, del informador de las Naciones Unidas en el país, Felix Ermacora, lograron su puesta en libertad en 1987, momento que aprovechó para huir junto con su familia a Peshawar, en Pakistán.

Miembro de la Unión de Escritories del Afganistán Libre, la Asociación de Profesores Universitarios de Afganistán, y del Movimiento para un Gobierno Representativo en Afganistán, actualmente vive en San Diego, California, y es profesor de la UCSD.

Obras

 Afghanistan. A Study in International Political Developments, 1880–1896''''. Lahore, Punjab Education Press, 1971.
 Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Abd Al- Bahman Khan. Austin, University of Texas Press, 1979.
 The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995.
 A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863-1901. Brill, Leiden, 2006.

 Referencias

 BOULOUQUE, S. (1998) "El comunismo en Afganistán". En COURTOIS, S., et al. (eds.), El libro negro del comunismo. Barcelona: Planeta, p. 808.
 HASSAN KAKAR, M. (1995). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982''. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 379.

Enlaces externos
 About the Author (en inglés).

Historiadores de Afganistán
Afganos del siglo XX
Alumnado de la Universidad de Kabul

Mohammed Hassan Kakar


The Institute of Technology, Sligo (ITS; ) was an institute of technology, located in Sligo, Ireland. In April 2022, it was formally dissolved, and its functions became part of Atlantic Technological University (ATU).  the institute had three faculties and nine departments.

History
The institute opened in 1970 as a Regional Technical College, and adopted its present name on 7 May 1997. The first students graduated with degrees from Sligo RTC in 1986.

Con Power served as principal of the college from its foundation in 1972 until 1979. Prof. Terri Scott was the institute's first female president, serving from 2008 until 2014. She was succeeded by Prof. Vincent Cunnane in October 2014. Dr. Brendan McCormack was appointed president of the institute in September 2016.

Development

IT Sligo developed a number of distance learning options, and as of 2016 reportedly had 1,800 online learners registered on various online programmes. This subsequently increased to approximately 3000 online learners.

In sports, the college has both ladies' soccer and men's Gaelic football teams, the latter winning the Sigerson Cup three times during the six years up to 2005.

In technology, IT Sligo's "Team Hermes" won the software design category of the 2011 Microsoft Imagine Cup (a world student technology competition, held in 2011 in New York).

Atlantic Technological University

As of October 2018, Sligo IT was reportedly working with GMIT and Letterkenny IT to potentially form a Technological University for the West/North-West of Ireland. In October 2020, the constituent IT's were allocated over €5.5 million towards transformation.

Formal approval was granted in October 2021. Atlantic TU began formal operations in April 2022.

Gallery

References

External links
Official site - Institute of Technology, Sligo (as ATU)
Official site - Atlantic Technological University
Official site - I.T. Sligo Students' Union

Atlantic Technological University
Institute Of Technology, Sligo
Institute Of Technology, Sligo
Universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
Institutes of technology in the Republic of Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1970
Educational institutions disestablished in 2022
Former universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
Institute Of Technology, Sligo
Institute Of Technology, Sligo

Institute of Technology, Sligo


Chris J. L. Doran este un fizician din Marea Britanie, director de studii în Științe naturale la Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. El a fondat și conduce compania <<Geometrics>>.
Doran este PhD din anul 1994 cu un subiect de geometrie algebrică și aplicații în fizica matematică.
A fost bursier  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), care este fundația guvernamentală a Marii Britanii ( British Research Council), în domeniul științelor inginerești și fizice între anii 1999-2004. În anul 2004 a fost bursier Enterprise al Fundației regale din Edinburgh. Împreună cu  Anthony N. Lasenby, Joan Lasenby și Steve Gull au contribuit la sporirea interesului din partea comunității de fizicieni pentru metodele matematice, ale geometriei algebrice  și ale geometriei. Aceste metode au fost rediscoperite ulșterior de către David Hastenes, care s-a bayat pe lucrările clasice ale lui  William Kingdon Clifford și Hermann Grassmann. În anul 1998 acesta a propus în colaborare cu  Anthony N. Lasenby și Steve Gull o teorie gauge (de calibrare) a gravitației.
În anul 2005 a creat o companie de software <<Geometrics>>.
Interesele sale '
științifice converg spre matematica aplicată, fizica teoretică și, în particular, a gravitației, teoriei cuantice și a geometriei computaționale.
Doran este coautorul a circa 50 de articole științifice și a câtorva monografii.

Note
Monografii și doctorat

Chris J. L. Doran, Anthony N. Lasenby: Geometric Algebra for Physicists, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-48022-1
Leo Dorst, Chris J. L. Doran, Joan Lasenby: Applications of geometric algebra in computer science and engineering, Birkhäuser, 2002, ISBN 0-8176-4267-6
 Chris J. L. Doran: Geometric Algebra and its Application to Mathematical Physics[permanent dead link], Sidney Sussex College, Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, February 1994

Selecție de articole

C. J. L. Doran, A. N. Lasenby, S. F. Gull, S. Somaroo, A. D. Challinor: Spacetime algebra and electron physics, Measurement, vol. 5, 2005, arXiv: quant-ph/0509178, abstract
Timothy F. Havel, Chris J. L. Doran: Geometric algebra in quantum information processing, American Mathematical Society, 2002
Timothy F. Havel, Chris J. L. Doran: Geometric algebra in quantum information processing. In: Samuel J. Lomonaco, Jr., and Howard E. Brandt (eds.): Quantum Computation and Information, Contemporary Mathematics, American Mathematical Society, AMS Special Session Quantum Computation and Information, January 19–21, 2000, pp. 81–100

Fizicieni englezi

Chris J. L. Doran


O GP Viscaya (G.P. Biscaia) foi uma competição de ciclismo espanhola que se disputava em Biscaia.

Disputou-se durante 32 edições: nove de 1925 a 1935, dez de 1940 a 1949, e treze de 1965 a 1977.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Notas e referências

Ligações externas
 GP Biscaia (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 GP Biscaia (memoire-du-cyclisme.net)

Biscaia
Biscaia
Desporto na Espanha em 1925

GP Vizcaya


Huronlar ya da Vyandotlar, Kuzey Amerika' da yaşayan bir kızılderili topluluğu. Huronlar bugünkü Ontario sınırında balıkçılık, avcılık ve özellikle ticaret yaparak yaşamlarını sürdürüyorlardı. 17. yüzyılda sömürgeleşme geliştikçe samur kürklerine olan talebin artması, bu kürklerin ticaretini yapan Huronlar ile İroquoilar arasında kanlı bir savaş çıkmasına yol açtı. Kürk rezervleri tükendikçe savaş şiddetlendi. Bu savaştan sağ kurtulabilen Huronlar Quebec'e çekildiler.

Büyük Göller Kızılderilileri

Kolomb öncesi Amerika
Oklahoma'daki Kızılderili kabileleri

Huronlar