Harpagofitum (lat. Harpagophytum), biljni rod iz porodice sezamovki. Pripadaju mu dvije vrste, među kojima se u alternativnom liječenju proslavila ljekovita biljka vražja kandža (H. procumbens) s juga Afrike (pustinja Kalahari, i drugdje).

Druga vrsta H. zeyheri također raste po jugu Afrike, od Namibije do Zambije, i na jug do Botsvane i Zimbabvea

Vrste
 Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn.
 Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne.

Izvori

Sezamovke

Harpagofitum


Nankin ya da Nanjing (; "Güneyin Başkenti"), Çin'in Jiangsu eyaletinin başkenti ve Çin kültüründe önemli bir yer tutan şehirdir. Nankin, tarih boyunca çeşitli zamanlarda Çin'in başkenti olmuştur ve Çin'in dört büyük başkentlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Nankin aynı zamanda göreceli olarak yasal ve ekonomik bir otonomiye sahip on beş şehirden biridir. Bütün bunlara ek olarak Tayvan'ı ve onu çevreleyen adaları kontrol eden Çin Cumhuriyeti Nankin'i başkenti olarak kabul etmektedir.

Yangtze Nehri yatağında olmasının avantajıyla Nankin her zaman Çin'in en önemli şehirlerinden biri olagelmiştir. Altı hanedanlık boyunca başkent ve hâlen Çin Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti olması dışında Nankin aynı zamanda tarih boyunca Çin'in eğitim, araştırma, ulaşım ve turizm merkezi olmuştur. Nankin aynı zamanda Şangay'ın ardından Doğu Çin'deki ikinci en büyük ticaret merkezidir. Şehir, 11 semte ayrılmaktadır.

Tarihçe

Modern Zamanlar

Ocak 1912'deki Çin Devrimi Çin Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulmasına, Sun Yat-sen'in ilk başkanı olması ve Nankin'in de başkent seçilmesine neden oldu. Ama, Qing Hanedanlığı hâlen kuzeydeki birçok bölgeyi kontrol altında tutuyordu, bu yüzden devrimciler Yuan Shikai'den Sun'un yerine geçmesini İmparatorun tahttan çekilmesine karşılık istediler. Yuan başkentin güçlerine daha yakın olan Pekin'in başkent olmasını emretti.

Chiang Kai-Shek komutasındaki Kuomintag ordusu 1927'de Nankin'i tekrar Çin Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti ilan etti. KMT güçleri Pekin'i 1928 yılında ele geçirince Nankin uluslararası kabul gördü.

1937 yılında Japon ordusu o zamanlar Çin'in başkenti olan Nankin'i işgal etti. İşgal sırasında Nankin Katliamının Japon ordusu tarafından yapıldığı bugün kabul edilmektedir. Tam ölü sayısı resmî kayıtlar tutulmadığı için bilinmemektedir ama çoğu araştırmacı ölü sayısını 300.000 civarında tahmin etmektedir. Yahudi soykırımından farklı olarak bu olay dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde fazla bilinmemektedir. 1985'te Nankin Anıtı inşa edilmiştir.

Chiang hükûmetine karşı Japon işbirlikçisi Wang Jingwei tarafından Nankin'de yeni bir yönetim kuruldu ve II. Dünya Savaşından sonra KMT merkezi hükûmeti Nankin'e taşıdı. 23 Nisan 1949'da Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ordusu Nankin'i işgal etti ve anakıtadaki Çin Cumhuriyeti yönetimi fiilen sona erdi.

2002 yılına kadar Çin Cumhuriyeti İç İşleri Bakanlığı ve Tayvan'da basılan ders kitapları Nankin'i Çin Cumhuriyeti başkenti olarak göstermekteydi.

Coğrafya

Nankin toplam 6598 km² alanı ile Çin'in en büyük ekonomi bölgesinde, Yangtze Nehri vadisinde yer alır. Yangtze Nehri, şehrin batısında yer alırken Ningzheng Tepeleri şehrin doğu, kuzey ve güneyini çevreler. Şehir, Şangay'dan 300 km, Pekin'den 1200 km ve Chongqing'den 1400 km uzaklıktadır.

Nankin doğal kaynaklar bakımından oldukça zengin sayılmaktadır, şehirde 40'tan fazla çeşitte maden bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında demir ve kükürt Jiangsu bölgesinde bulunanın %40'ını karşılık gelmektedir. Şehrin Strontium kaynakları Doğu Asya'da birinci sıradadır. Nankin aynı zamanda oldukça iyi su kaynaklarında sahiptir. Yangtse nehri ve çeşitli yeraltı suyu kaynakları bu durumu sağlamıştır.

Yangtse nehri ile ve dağlarla çevrili olması sayesinde Nankin şehri aynı zamanda harika doğal güzelliklere de sahiptir. Xuanwu Gölü ve Mochou Gölü gibi doğal göller insanların rahatlıkla ulaşabilecekleri şehir merkezindeyken çeşitli tepeler ve dağlar da yeşil alanlara sahiptirler ve tarihi ve kültürel alanlar içermektedirler.

İklim

Nankin kenti ılıman bir iklime sahiptir ve Doğu Asya Muson rüzgârları etkisi altındadır. Nankin'de dört mevsim de yaşanmaktadır; yazları genelde oldukça sıcak ve tüm yıl yağışlıdır. Yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 15.7 °C'dir, bugüne kadar kaydedilen en yüksek sıcaklık 13 Temmuz 1934'te kaydedilen 43 °C ve en düşük sıcaklık ise 6 Ocak 1955'te kaydedilen -16.9 °C'dir. Yılın ortalama 117 günü yağışlı geçmektedir ve yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı 1106.5mm'dir. Haziranın ortalarından Temmuzun sonuna kadar Meiyu mevsimidir, bu dönemde şehir yağışlı ve oldukça nemlidir. Şehrin resmî ağ sayfasına göre en iyi hava Eylül ile Aralık ayları arasındadır.

Hükümet

Nankin hükümetinin tam adı "Nankin Şehri Halk Hükümeti"dir. Şehir, şehrin fiilen valisi ve belediye başkanı ve hükümetin icra başkanı olan ÇKP Nanjing Komitesi Sekreteri ile ÇKP'nin tek parti yönetimindedir.

İdari bölümler
Nankin Eyalet altı şehri, 11 semt'e bölünmüştür.

Ekonomi

İlk gelişmeler
Üç Krallık döneminden beri Nankin avantajlı yeri ve ulaşım olanakları sayesinde tekstil ve darphane merkezi olagelmiştir. Ming hanedanlığı döneminde Nankin sanayisi daha da gelişti ve Çin'in hatta dünyanın en gelişmiş şehirlerinden biri haline geldi. Tekstil, para basımı, matbaacılık, gemi yapımı ve başka pek çok sektörde Nankin lider oldu ve Uzak Doğu'nun en işlek merkezi haline geldi.

20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Nankin üretim merkezi olma durumundan giderek tüketim merkezi olmaya doğru yol aldı. Bunun nedeni Nankin'in tekrar Çin'in gündemine gelmesi ile birlikte Nankin'de yaşayan zengin kesimin hızlı artışıdır. Birçok mağaza Nankin'de ürünlerini satmaya başladılar. 1933'te Nankin'deki gıda ve eğlence sektörünün cirosu üretim ve tarım sektörünün cirosunu çoktan geçmişti. Şehir nüfusunun üçte biri hizmet sektöründe çalışıyordu ve aynı zamanda fuhuş, uyuşturucu ve kumar da yaygınlaşmıştı.

1950'lerde ÇKP ulusal hızlı sanayileşme planına uygun olarak Nankin'de birçok devlet yatırımı yapıldı. Elektrik, mekanik, kimya ve çelik fabrikaları ardı ardına kuruldu ve Nankin'i Doğu Çin'in ağır sanayi şehrine çevirdi. Nankin'i "dünya sınıfı" bir sanayi kentine dönüştürmeye fazlasıyla hevesli liderler birçok hatalar da yaptılar, örneğin kömürün olmamasına rağmen yüz milyonlarca Yuan'ın kömür bulunması için harcanması 1960'larda ekonomik gelişime kötü etki yaptı.

Bugün
Şehirdeki şu anki sanayi temel olarak geçen yüzyılın 60'larının özelliklerini gösterir; elektronik, otomotiv sanayi, petrokimyasallar, çelik ve enerji sektörü "beş temel sanayi" olarak bilinmektedir. Devletin sahip olduğu bazı büyük firmalara örnek olarak Panda Elektronik, Jincheng Otomotiv ve Nankin Çelik verilebilir. Birçok uluslararası firma da Nankin'e doğrudan yabancı yatırım yapmıştır, örneğin Fiat, A. O. Smith, Sharp gibi. Nankin'in DTÖ'ye girişinin ardından şehre yabancı yatırımcı ilgisi artmıştır ve günde ortalama iki firma şehirde bürolarını açmaktadırlar.

Şehir yönetimi büyük sanayi merkezleri kurarak yatırım ortamını iyileştirmeyi amaçlamaktadırlar. Şehirde şu anda beş tane sanayi merkezi bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu yapılanlara rağmen Nankin komşu şehirlere göre daha az yabancı yatırımcı çekebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte birçok devletin sahip olduğu sanayi kuruluşu uluslararası firmalarla rekabet edememekte ve sonuç olarak özelleştirilmekte veya iflas etmekte, borca batmaktadırlar.

Son yıllarda, Nankin'in ekonomisi ticaret ve sanayinin yanı sıra şehir inşaatı ile de gelişmektedir. 2013 yılı itibarı ile kentin GSYİH'i 801 milyar RMB olup kişi başına düşen GSYİH'i ise 98,174 RMB olmuştur.

Ulaşım
Nankin, doğu Çin'in ve aşağı Yangtse Nehri alanının ulaşım merkezi konumundadır. Şehir çeşitli ulaşım olanaklarıyla kara, hava ve su yollarını kullanan üç boyutlu bir ulaşım ağına sahiptir. Diğer Çin şehirlerinde olduğu gibi toplu taşıma halkın çoğunluğunun kullandığı ulaşım seçeneğidir. Nankin Metrosu, 2005 yılında açılmış olup 225 km uzunluğa ve 6 hata sahiptir. Nankin Lukou Uluslararası Havalimanı, hem ulusal ve hem de uluslararası uçuş hizmeti vermektedir.

Demiryolu

Nankin, Çin'in doğusunda önemli bir demiryolu merkezidir.
Pekin-Şangay (Jinghu) (eski Jinpu ve Huning Demiryollarından oluşan), Nankin-Tongling Demiryolu (Ningtong), Nankin-Qidong (Ningqi) ve Nankin-Şi'an ( Ningxi), Hefei-Nankin demiryolunu kapsar. Nankin, ulusal yüksek hızlı demiryolu ağına Pekin-Şangay Yüksek Hızlı Demiryolu ve Şanghay-Wuhan-Chengdu Yolcu Tahsisli Hattı ile ve yapım aşamasındaki birkaç yüksek hızlı demiryolu hattıyla bağlanır.

Nankin'deki ana istasyonlar Nankin İstasyonu, Nankin Güney İstasyonu, Jiangning İstasyonu, Lishui İstasyonu, Xianlin İstasyonu, Jiangning Batı İstasyonu, Nankin Doğu İstasyonu, Nankin Yolcu ve Teknik İstasyonu ile yeni Nankin Kuzey İstasyonu ve ve Lukou Air-Rail Intermodal Taşıma Merkezi İstasyonu planlama aşamasındadır. Bunlar arasında, Nankin Tren İstasyonu ulusal demiryolu merkez istasyonu ve Çin'in ilk on demiryolu merkezidir, Nankin Güney Tren İstasyonu ulusal demiryolu merkez istasyonu ve Asya'nın en büyük yüksek hızlı tren istasyonudur ve Nankin Doğu Tren İstasyonu Doğu Çin ve ülkenin en büyük 15. demiryolu ağı sıralama istasyonudur. Nankin Yolcu Teknoloji İstasyonu, tren teknoloji istasyonudur.

Nankin'deki 17 tren istasyonunun tamamı arasında, yolcu demiryolu hizmeti esas olarak Nankin Tren İstasyonu ve Nankin Güney Tren İstasyonu tarafından sağlanırken, Nankin Batı Tren İstasyonu, Zhonghuamen Tren İstasyonu ve Xianlin Tren İstasyonu gibi diğer istasyonlar küçük roller üstlenir. Nanjing Tren İstasyonu ilk olarak 1968'de inşa edildi. 12 Kasım 1999'da istasyon ciddi bir yangında yandı. İstasyonun yeniden inşası 1 Eylül 2005'te tamamlandı. Pekin-Şanghay Yüksek Hızlı Demiryolu üzerindeki 5 aktarma istasyonundan biri olan Nanjing Güney Tren İstasyonu'nun resmi olarak Asya'daki en büyük ve GFA (Brüt Kat Alanı) açısından dünyadaki ikinci en büyük tren istasyonu olduğu iddia edildi. Nanjing Güney İstasyonu'nun inşaatı 10 Ocak 2008'de başladı. İstasyon 2011 yılında kamu hizmetine açılmıştır.

Havacılık
Nankin, Çin'de sivil havacılığın ilk kurulduğu şehirlerden biridir ve burada 13 havalimanı inşa edilmiştir. İlk havalimanı 1912'de Milliyetçi Hükümet tarafından yaptırılan Xiaoying Havalimanı'ydı. 1927'de Ming Palace Havalimanı askeri-sivil havalimanı olarak Ming Palace sitesinde inşa edildi. Daxiaochang Havaalanı 1929'da tamamlandı. Çin Hava Kuvvetleri için bir eğitim sahası olarak, o sırada ülkenin en büyük atış poligonunu oluşturdu. Çin tarihinin en büyük havacılık üslerindendi. Aynı zamanda dönemin en iyi tesislerine sahip havalimanıydı. Anti-Japon Savaşı Terminus'tan önce Çin'deki havacılığın en yüksek seviyesi olarak belirlenmişti. Nisan 1931'de Üniversite Sahasında kurulan Merkezi Havacılık Okulu, Çin Hava Kuvvetlerinin beşiği olarak bilinir. 1934 yılında Dajiaochang Havaalanı resmi askeri havaalanı olarak açıldı ve Ming Palace Havaalanı da sivil bir havaalanıydı. Temmuz 1956'da Nanjing Sivil Havacılık Dajiaochang Havaalanına taşındı ve Dajiaochang hem askeri hem de sivil kullanım için kullanıldı.
Temmuz 1997'de Nankin Lukou Uluslararası Havalimanı açıldı, sivil havacılık Lukou Havaalanına taşındı ve Dajiaochang Havaalanı askeri havaalanı olarak kaldı. Nankin Ma'an Uluslararası Havaalanı Temmuz 2015'te açıldı ve tüm Daxiaochang Havaalanı yeniden buraya taşındı. Dajiaochang Havaalanı askeri havaalanı olarak tutuldu.

Nankin Lukou Uluslararası Havalimanı, Jiangsu Eyaleti ve Nankin Şehri'nin ağ geçit havaalanıdır. Büyük bir ulusal ana hava limanı, birinci sınıf bir havacılık limanı ve Doğu Çin'deki büyük bir kargo havalimanıdır. Şanghay Hongqiao Havaalanı ve Pudong Havaalanı ile alternatif bir havaalanıdır. 10.000 sınıfı büyük ölçekli havalimanı, büyük bir ulusal merkez havalimanı, Çin'in hava kargo merkezi, ekspres posta dağıtım merkezi ve ulusal bir bölgesel ulaşım merkezi konumundadır. Asya'dan yayılan, Avrupa ile Amerika'yı birbirine bağlayan ve Avustralya'ya ulaşan bir rota ağı kurmuştur.

Ayrıca Nankin'de Nankin Ma'an Uluslararası Havaalanı (askeri ve sivil kullanım için), Tushan Havaalanı (askeri kullanım için) ve Ruohang Nankin Laoshan Havaalanı (Çin'in ilk özel helikopter pisti) bulunmaktadır.

Denizcilik
Nankin, Çin'de önemli bir gemi trafik merkezidir. Üç Krallık'ın Dong Wu'su, askeri ve ticari limanlara sahipti ve denizaşırı yerlere sefer yapardı. Doğu Jin ve Güney Hanedanlıkları sırasında, "beş kıtaya uzanan bir nehirdi". Yuan Hanedanlığında Nankin, tahılın güneyden kuzeye taşındığı limanlardandı. Ming Hanedanlığında Nankin Limanı, Zheng He'nin seferleri için ana liman ve sefere çıkış limanı oldu.

Çağdaş Nankin Limanı, Çin'de önemli bir ana liman ve dış dünyaya açık birinci sınıf bir limandır. Yeniden yükleme, kara ve su transferi, kargo dağıtımı ve dış dünyaya açılan Doğu Çin ve Yangtze Nehri Havzasında çok işlevli bir nehir-deniz limanıdır. Yangtze Nehri Deltası'ndaki tek konteyner demiryolu ve su yoludur. Nankin'deki Yangtze Nehri'nin altındaki 12,5 metrelik derin su kanalı projesinin tamamlanması, Nankin Limanı'nı iç kesimlerdeki en derin uluslararası derin su limanı yaptı ve Çin'in nehirden denize küresel nakliyesi için kapsamlı bir merkez oldu.

Karayolu

Yangtze Nehri Deltası'nda önemli bir bölgesel merkez olan Nankin 60'tan fazla eyalet ve taşra otoyoluyla Çin'in tüm bölgelerine iyi bağlantıları vardır.

Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang gibi otoyollar, yolcuların Şanghay, Hefei, Hangzhou ve diğer önemli şehirlere hızlı ve rahat bir şekilde seyahat etmelerini sağlar. Nanjing şehrinin içinde,  otoyol vardır ve otoyol kapsama yoğunluğu yüz kilometrekare başına 3,38 kilometredir (5,44 mil/100 mil kare). Şehrin toplam yol kapsama yoğunluğu yüz kilometre karede 112,56 kilometredir (181,15 mi/100 sq mi).[126] Nanjing'deki iki arter yolu Zhongshan Yolu ve Hanzhong Yolu da şehir merkezi Xinjiekou'da birbirini kesen iki ana yoldur. Nankin'deki iki arter yolu Zhongshan Yolu ve Hanzhong Yolu da şehir merkezi Xinjiekou'da birbirini kesen iki ana yoldur.

Otobanlar {G+XXxx (Ulusal Otobanı, ), S+XX ())}:
G25 Changchun–Shenzhen Otobanı
G36 Nanjing–Luoyang Otobanı
G40 Şanghay–Şi'an Otobanı
G42 Şanghay–Çengdu Otobanı
G4211 Nankin–Wuhu Otobanı, batıya Wuhu, Anhui'ye uzanan bir G42 çıkıntısıdır
S55 Nankin–Gaochun(Xuancheng)Otobanı ()
S38 Yanjiang Otobanı ()
G2503 Nankin Çevre Otobanı ()
S001 Nankin Çevre Yolu ()

Ulusal Otoban

Nankin, ulusal kapsamlı bir ulaşım merkezidir ve otoyol ağı yoğunluğu, ülkedeki en önemli şehirler arasındadır. 2019 yılı itibarıyla Nanjing otoyollarının trafiğe açılan toplam kilometresi 630 kilometreye, karayolu ağ yoğunluğu ise 100 kilometre karede 9,56 kilometreye ulaşarak ülkede ilk sıradadır.

Merkez olarak Nankin, Ninghu, Ninggao, Ningzhen, Ningyang, Ningchu, Ninglian, Ningtong, Ningchao, Ninghe, Ningluo, Ningma, Ningxuan, Ningyan, Ninghuai, Ningmu, Ningchang, Ninghang ve diğer kaliteli otoyollar, Jiang'ı çevreleyen illere ve şehirlere radyal düzende çıkar. Bunların arasında ulusal otoyollar arasında G25 Changshen Otoyolu (Ninghang Otoyolu), G36 Ningluo Otoyolu, G40 Şanghay-Shaanxi Otoyolu (Ninghe Otoyolu), G42 Şanghay-Rongming Otoyolu (Şanghay-Nankin Otoyolu), G4211 Ningwu Otoyolu (Ningma Otoyolu) ve G2501 Nankin Çevre Otoyolu, ulusal yollardan 104 ulusal karayolu, 205 ulusal karayolu, 312 ulusal karayolu ve 328 ulusal karayolu vardır.

Ana uzun mesafe otobüs terminalleri: Nankin Otogarı, Nankin Güney Otogarı, Nankin Kuzey Otogarı, Nankin Doğu Otogarı, Jiangning Otogarı, Lishui Otogarı, Gaochun Otogarı, Nankin Getang Otogarı.

G1xx (Pekin'den başlar), G2xx (kuzey-güney), G3xx (batı-doğu):
Çin Ulusal Karayolu 104—sürücüler ya kuzeybatıya Pekin'e ya da güneye Fuzhou, Fujian'a gidebilir.
Çin Ulusal Karayolu 205—sürücüler ya kuzeye Shanhaiguan, Hebei'ye ya da güneye Shenzhen, Guangdong'a gidebilir.
Çin Ulusal Karayolu 312—sürücüler ya doğuda Şanghay'a ya da batıda Kazak sınırındaki Korgas, Sincan'a gidebilirler.
Çin Ulusal Karayolu 328—Nankin, G328'in batı terminalidir ve sürücüler, doğu Jiangsu'daki Hai'an İlçesi'ne kadar gidebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Nankin Olimpik Spor Merkezi
 Nankin Üniversitesi
 Wutaisha Stadyumu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Resmî site

Nankin


Yutaka Kurita (栗田 豊; Tokyo, 20. travnja 1940. − Mexico City, 8. ožujka 2022.), japanski majstor borilačkih vještina. Izravni je učenik Moriheija Ueshibe. Nositelj je 8. Dana u aikidu.

Životopis
Yutaka Kurita je rođen u Tokyo 1940. godine. U Hombu dojo je ušao 1956. godine i nakon godinu dana vježbanja kao redoviti učenik aikida bio je prihvaćen kao uchi-deshi Moriheija Ueshibe. S Ueshibom je otišao živjeti, raditi i vježbati u Iwama dojo-u. Jedan je od posljednjih uchi-deshija osnivača aikida. Zvanje 3. Dan primio je izravno od O-Senseija, kojem je služio kao pomoćnik, prepisivač i asistent (uke), te mu pomagao u podučavanju kada su ljudi dolazili iz Tokija u Iwamu da uče aikido.

Nakon smrti Moriheija Ueshibe, Kurita je prestao vježbati aikido. Stanka je trajala devet godina, sve do 1978. godine, kada je Kurita pozvan da se vrati u aikido od svojih kolega Mitsunari Kanaija i Kazuo Chibe. Poslan je u Sjedinjene Američke Države, a zatim ga je Yoshimitsu Yamada uputio u Mexico City, da bude službeni predstavnik Aikikaija u Mexicu.

U Mexico City stigao je 14. svibnja 1979. godine. Godine 1980. godine osnovana je Asociacion Mexicana de Aikido, koja je od 1989. do 1999. održavala godišnje međunarodne seminare s gostima kao što su Mitsunari Kanai, Yoshimitsu Yamada, Ichiro Shibata, Kazuo Chiba, TS Okuyama i M. Murishige. Dana 10. listopada 1979. godine, Kurita je promoviran u shihana od doshu-a Kisshomaru Ueshibe.

Godine 1999. godine pokrenuo je Kurita Juku Aiki, s ciljem da sačuva sva izvorna učenja O-Senseija. Središnji dojo se nalazi u Mexico City-ju i posvećen je ne samo prenošenju učenja aikija u najčišćem obliku, već i razvoju teorije koja će ga pokrenuti radi boljeg razumijevanja, osim svih borilačkih referenci koje su ga učinile sličnim starim borilačkim vještinama. Kurita Juku Aiki surađuje s učenicima iz drugih dijelova Meksika, te na seminarima u Meksiku i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, kao i s Aikikai Hombu Dojo-om i Aikido federacijom Sjedinjenih Država (USAF).

Godine 1995. godine u Sjedinjenim Državama osnovane su prve škole koje su Yutaku Kuritu izvele izvan Meksika. Tijekom godina razvili su se Kurita Juku Aiki dojo-i u Teksasu i to u gradovima: San Antonio, Laredo, San Marcos, New Braunfels i Wimberley.

Yutaka Kurita je mnogo godina veoma naporno radio razvije aikido u Meksiku, da ujedini grupe, te da ih zajedno okupi oko zaklade Aikikai. Ovaj san je postao stvarnost. Aikikan Meksiko danas djeluje kao kišobran organizacija u Meksiku za aikido. Članice su Međunarodne aikido federacije (IAF).

Preminuo je u Mexico Cityu, 8 ožujka 2022.godine.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
Kurita Juku Aiki

Japanske aikidoke

Yutaka Kurita


كوسبي مسلسل تلفزيوني أمريكي يعتمد على كوميديا الموقف حائز على عدة جوائز من مهرجان إيمي وقد عرض على هيئة الإذاعة الكولومبية من 16 سبتمبر 1996 إلى 28 أبريل 2000 . قام ببطولة المسلسل بيل كوسبي وفيليسيا رشاد اللذان سبق لهما التمثيل معا في مسلسل عرض كوسبي من 1984 إلى 1992 وجارتهم بولين التي قامت بها بأداء شخصيتها مادلين كان حتى وفاتها في 1999 .

الشخصيات

جوائز المسلسل

روابط خارجية

مراجع

برامج سي بي إس
برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
برامج تلفزيونية جرى تصويرها في ولاية نيويورك
بيل كوسبي
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 1996
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية مبنية على مسلسلات تلفزيونية بريطانية
مسلسلات شبكة سي بي إس
مسلسلات عن عائلات
مسلسلات كوميديا موقف أمريكية
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في مدينة نيويورك

كوسبي (مسلسل)


STS-100 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle  Endeavour. STS-100 launch on 19 April 2001, and installed the ISS Canadarm2 robotic arm.

Crew

Mission highlights

The highest priority objectives of the flight were the installation, activation and checkout of the Canadarm2 robotic arm on the station. The arm - manufactured by MDA Space Missions under contract of the Canadian Space Agency and NASA, went into operation on 28 April 2001. It was critical to the capability to continue assembly of the International Space Station. The arm was also necessary to attach a new airlock to the station on the subsequent shuttle flight, mission STS-104. The final component of the Canadarm is the Mobile Base System (MBS), which was installed on board the station during the STS-111 flight.

Other major objectives for Endeavour'''s mission were to berth the Raffaello logistics module to the station, activate it, transfer cargo between Raffaello and the station, and reberth Raffaello in the shuttle's payload bay. Raffaello is the second of three Italian Space Agency-developed Multi-Purpose Logistics Module, manufactured out of stainless steel at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center; that were launched to the station. The Leonardo'' module was launched and returned on the previous shuttle flight, STS-102, in March.

Remaining objectives included the transfer of other equipment to the station such as an Ultra-High Frequency communications antenna and a spare electronics component to be attached to the exterior during space walks. Finally, the transfer of supplies and water for use aboard the station, the transfer of experiments and experiment racks to the complex, and the transfer of items for return to Earth from the station to the shuttle were among the objectives.

Endeavour also boosted the station's altitude and performed a flyaround survey of the complex, including recording views of the station with an IMAX cargo bay camera.

All objectives were completed without incident, and reentry and landing happened uneventfully on 1 May 2001.

During this mission, astronaut Chris Hadfield made the first spacewalk by a Canadian.

Spacewalks

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

See also
 List of human spaceflights
 List of International Space Station spacewalks
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
 Outline of space science

References

Sources

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-100 Video Highlights

STS-100
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 2001

STS-100


Achyropappus, manji biljni rod iz porodice glavočika raširen po Meksiku i Gvatemali. Sve do 2010 godine u njega je bila uključena samo vrsta Achyropappus anthemoides, a kasnije su uključene i Achyropappus depauperatus (2010) i Achyropappus queretarensis (2012)

Vrste
 Achyropappus anthemoides
 Achyropappus depauperatus
 Achyropappus queretarensis

Izvori

Glavočike cjevnjače

Achyropappus


John Tooby, né le , est un anthropologue américain, spécialisé en psychologie évolutionniste.

Biographie
John Tooby obtient en 1989 un doctorat en anthropologie physique à l'Université Harvard et est nommé par la suite professeur d'anthropologie à l'Université de Californie à Santa Barbara.

Il épouse en 1979 Leda Cosmides, une psychologue américaine. Tooby et Cosmides sont les cofondateurs et codirecteurs du Centre pour la psychologie évolutionniste, UCSB.

Il est coauteur de l'ouvrage The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture : le couple est à l'origine de la psychologie évolutionniste.

Tooby et Cosmides sont corécipiendaires du prix Jean-Nicod en 2020.

Publications
 Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., (Eds.) (1992). L'esprit adapté : psychologie évolutionniste et génération de la culture . New York : Oxford University Press.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Génétique comportementale

Liens externes

 Page personnelle, UCSB

Anthropologue américain
Psychologue évolutionniste
Professeur à l'université de Californie à Santa Barbara
Étudiant de l'université Harvard
Lauréat du prix Jean-Nicod
Naissance en juillet 1952
Naissance à Saint Paul (Minnesota)

John Tooby


Kajaput drvo (lat. Melaleuca leucadendra) korisno vazdazeleno drvo iz Moluka, Nove Gvineje i Australije, a introducirano je i u brojne druge države po Aziji, Africi i Americi. Prvi puta opisao ga je Linnaeus kao Myrtus leucadendra

Drvo naraste i preko 20 metara visine (70 stopa). Domorodačka plemena koristili su njegovu kori za izgradnju vodonepropusnih koliba i za omatanje hrane koja se kuhala u podzemnim pećnicama nazivanima kap mari. često se uzgajaju po parkovima i ulicama u gradovima suptropskog podrućja, kao što su Brisbane i Sydney

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Mirtovke
Flora Molučkih otoka
Flora Nove Gvineje
Flora Sjevernog teritorija
Flora Queenslanda
Flora Zapadne Australije

Kajaput drvo


Moriondo peut désigner:

 Angelo Moriondo, un des plus grands contributeurs au développement de la machine à expresso ;
 Natale Gabriele Moriondo, archevêque italien de l'Église catholique romaine ;
 Moriondo Torinese, commune italienne de la ville métropolitaine de Turin dans la région Piémont en Italie .

Voir aussi

 Morondo

Moriondo


The Home Guard – National Security Forces () is a military reserve force of the Swedish Armed Forces. It was formally established on May 29, 1940, during World War II upon popular demand. While originally composed of former militia groups, today it comprises half of the Swedish Army, thus constituting the basis of the territorial defence of Sweden.

The Home Guard consists mainly of local rapid response units, numbering 17,000 of the 22,000 total Home Guard strength, organised in 40 battalions, with 23 associated auxiliary defence organisations. Most soldiers maintain a civilian job while serving the army part-time. Rapid response units were formed in the early 2000s in parallel to the Swedish government's abolishment of conscription to the Swedish Armed Forces; small-scale conscription has since been reintroduced.

The Chief of Home Guard is the commanding officer of the Home Guard, representing 40,000 present and veteran soldiers, reporting directly to the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces.

History

The establishment of the Home Guard was passed into law by the Riksdag on May 29, 1940, after the beginning of World War II, however, units had already been formed by the military before this. Home Guard units were groups of usually eight to 15 men that were to serve as defense units in case of war, located in towns and in both private and state-owned factories, throughout all of Sweden. Members of these small units usually consisted of former professional military men who were equipped with rifles, machine guns, ammunition, medicine, uniforms, and had the option of buying additional materials such as skis, sweaters and marching boots. An additional group, called the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization, helped with additional tasks that the Home Unit was unable to perform themselves. The Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization helped provide the home unit with additional items such as socks, scarves and gloves as well as performing all administrative work that the unit could not afford to do themselves. In case of war, and in case the Home Guard was unable to utilize local hospitals, the Swedish Red Cross was prepared to set up first aid stations for its use.

Organisation

The Home Guard with the national security forces are part of the Swedish Armed Forces' mission-based organization. The Home Guard is a unit and constitutes the basis for the protection of Sweden. It has the task of operating over the entire conflict scale, from societal support during great strains in peacetime to armed combat in times of war.

The units of the Home Guard have a response capability that is measured in hours, as opposed to days or weeks. The personnel is made up of locally recruited volunteers and consists largely of experienced soldiers and officers with a background in mission-based units.

When the Armed Forces are called in to help with forest fires, flooding or missing person searches, it often falls to Home Guard units to support the police and Rescue Services. Territorial surveillance, base security, escort duties, transport protection, target identification and artillery spotting are other typical Home Guard duties.

In addition to personnel who have completed their national service or Basic Military Training, the Home Guard includes a large proportion of specialists, for example, paramedics, motorcycle orderlies and dog handlers, that are recruited and trained by voluntary defense organizations.

Territorial organisation
Sweden is divided into four military regions:

 Northern Military Region (MR N) comprises Norrbotten, Västerbotten, Jämtland and Västernorrland counties. The regional command is located at Norrbotten Regiment (I 19) headquarters in Boden.
 Central Military Region (MR M) comprises Stockholm and Gotland, Södermanland, Uppsala, Västmanland, Dalarna and Gävleborg counties. The regional command is located at the Life Guards (LG) headquarters in Stockholm.
 Western Military Region (MR V) comprises Västra Götaland, Halland, Örebro and Värmland counties. The regional command is located at Skaraborg Regiment (P 4) headquarters in Skövde.
 Southern Military Region (MR S) comprises Skåne, Blekinge, Kronoberg, Jönköping, Kalmar and Östergötland counties. The regional command is located at South Scanian Regiment (P 7) headquarters Revinge.

Home Guard battalions are supported for administration, training and logistics by 22 Training Groups (Swedish Utbildningsgrupp). The Training Groups are for the most parts the descendants of disbanded regiments and most Home Guard battalions carry the colours and traditions of its antecedent regiment, e.g. the 17. Dalabataljonen which carries the colours and traditions of the Dalarna Regiment (raised 1628 and disbanded in 2000). Usually, each Training Group supports 1-2 battalions but some have four battalions. The Training Groups in turn belong to a regular regiment. Uniform guidelines and materials for courses are determined centrally by the National Home Guard Combat School.

Units
As of 2012, the Home Guard consists of 22,000 soldiers (down from 42,000 in 2001) organized into 40 light infantry battalions (down from 69 in 2001) of 300-700 personnel.

In 2001, the Rapid Response units numbered around 5,000 soldiers of the total of 42,000. Rapid Response units have more combat tasks compared to the rest of the Home Guard, including escort duties. Some battalions located near the coast also have marine companies equipped with Combat Boat 90.

As of 2014, the majority of the force, 17,000 out of 22,000 soldiers will be in Rapid Response units. The decrease in number of troops comes with an equal increase in quality and modern equipment.

Doctrine of Defence
 There are two main ways to form a doctrine for defence: static and dynamic.

A static defence could for example be stationing coastal missile batteries on Gotland. No warning is needed, the equipment and staff is already in place and can hold the area.
A dynamic defence could for example be stationing a coastal missile battery in conjunction with an air transport and airborne troops ready to be transported to any area if warning is given.
The current doctrine MSD 16 includes elements of both strategies in synergy.

According to MSD 16 the National Security Forces are to have an increased integration with the Swedish Defence. National Defensive Force operators are stationed in the area where they live. This means they know the terrain and can more easily spot unusual activity. They will also be the first on site, with the role of detecting, reporting and if possible denying an intruder freedom of action. As first responders to any given region, they are also required to support the mobilisation of the specialised, dynamic defence.

The current organisation of the Swedish defence has highly specialised units which requires time to assemble. During this period, there would be no opposition for a forward operating resource such as an aerial troop landing. However the National Defensive Forces are stationed in the area where they live. In case of a surprise attack, the National Security Forces Handbook states that the National Defensive Forces are to become an integrated part of the dynamic response of the Swedish defence. Since each operator is stationed in the area they live in, they know the terrain, they notice when something is out of place and thus will likely be the first to detect and respond to an incursion. By using knowledge of terrain they are to deny, delay or harass the opposing force until friendly specialised units have been mobilised to the given theatre. They can also aid with this knowledge to achieve synergy in the counteroperation.

The current role of the National Security Forces is dynamic, first acting as the spearhead, first on site. After the more specialised troops have been mobilised and deployed, the role shifts to either aiding the unarmed civilian defence force and securing food, medical care and infrastructure for civilians, or fighting the invading force using asymmetric warfare and local knowledge.

Key Tasks
 Assist/protect mobilisation of specialised units (Swedish Defence)
 Early intelligence
 Make use of forward operating forces difficult or impossible
 Protect key assets from sabotage and theft by qualified or unqualified actors
 Contingency: Free War Doctrine

Protection and assistance of mobilisation of specialised units
The Swedish Defence units are highly specialised, but operators may live far from the given base. Mobilisation during a surprise attack could take several days. The National Defence Force (Hemvärnet) is composed of less specialised units, and each operator is assigned to a unit near their home. This makes Hemvärnet the first qualified force on site, anywhere within the national borders of Sweden. With this in mind, one of the primary roles are to protect the mobilisation of the specialised units as well as assisting through local knowledge.

The lower degree of specialisation of the National Defence Force is here a significant strength, as they are by default able to function well in the random groups that would be formed during the initial phases of a surprise attack. Each unit is expected to practice this.

Early Intelligence
During the initial phases of a surprise conflict, confusion may be significant. With local knowledge, and being the first assembled force on site, the National Defence Force can provide centralised command posts with accurate intelligence. This in turn allows for a more synergistic allocation of resources, and gives a more robust situational awareness to allow for decisions. A secondary effect of accurate intelligence is giving political leaders a correct and reliable strategic situational image.

Against Qualified Hostile Forward Operating Resource
 Detect and report activity to give central command accurate situation intelligence.
 Denial of Access.
 Denial of Freedom of Action.
 Denial of freedom of movement.
 Delaying field work.
 Detection of hostile forward operating elements using dogs, alarm systems, alarm mines and local knowledge.
 If opforce is detected within a key asset, certain National Security Force units have the task to re-take the key asset.
 If possible, elimination of hostile forward operating elements.
 Covert reconnaissance.
 Force reconnaissance.
 Protection of key assets from sabotage or attack.
 Destruction of key assets if undefendable. If excessive explosive loads are used for example on a concrete harbour, only gravel will be left, easily overcome by landing crafts. Destruction is in this case designed to transform the asset into large blocks forming delaying obstacles. For this purpose, special destruction tubes have been built into certain key assets.
 Protection of civilians

Against Unqualified Opportunistic Actors
 Guarding key assets
 Noticing when situation deviates from normal activity, possibly indicating imminent sabotage or theft.
 Protection of civilians
For clarification:
Unqualified opportunistic actors are usually divided into two groups. Criminals and political, with varying overlap.

Criminal gangs, "gangs of war", are actors who want to steal things for monetary gain. Perhaps they want weapons so they can extort locals, or perhaps they want to steal food deliveries to sell them for extremely high prices.

Politically motivated actors, who may seek to aid the invader, or seek to cause so much chaos that they're free to (for a short time) reign over an area and do whatever pleases them.

Though motivations of these may be seen as the polar opposites of each other, their modus operandi are very similar.

Contingency
If all contact with friendly forces is lost, National Security Forces are to follow the "Free War" doctrine. This gives broad authority to the ranking officer and has three goals:
 Engage, delay or harass hostile forces at own discretion.
 Use any means to rejoin or contact friendly forces for synergistic effect.
 Protection of civilians

Method of operation

The Home Guard units are trained to be local combat units (primarily infantry but also signal troops). Although current doctrine states that Home Guard units can act anywhere within the country, local knowledge is one of the strengths of the organization. Training focuses on guard duties and weapons proficiency.

In peacetime the Home Guards main task is to help with search and rescue operations, and to provide assistance to civil society in cases of severe emergencies such as natural disasters and the like.

Requirements
The Home Guard soldier must fulfill the following requirements in order to be object to admittance:
 Swedish citizenship
 Minimum 85 days of basic military training (2 weeks for specialists such as signalists, drivers, dog handlers etc. in addition to their role specific training)
 Approval of personal appraisal - personal examination by the Military Intelligence and Security department, the police and the municipal authorities - and otherwise be suitable for service
 Availability for duty in the Home Guard
 Approved "disposition right". A person who is "war placed" at another institution is required to be at that institution during an emergency or war. If, for example, a police officer applies to the National Security Forces, the unit will be denied disposition right for this applicant. The officer can still hold a peacetime role, but can not be assigned a war time placement.

Troops are trained regularly and conditions of suitability abilities tested continually.

Training

Contractually a member of the Home Guard must train four days (before 2010 20 hours) per year up to eight days for the Rapid Response units, although the time requirement varies according to role. A prerequisite for joining the Home Guard is to have received at least 85 days of basic military training for combat roles and two weeks for certain specialist roles such as signalists, field cooks, nurses and dog handlers. The level of training varies widely, from basic military training to Ranger school.

The training is centered around two 4-day-long battalion exercises per year for the Rapid Response units and one 4-day exercise for the support units. These exercises are mandatory for all personnel. Apart from the mandatory training, the companies organize their own exercises, often up to ten weekend-long exercises a year.

Equipment

The standard armaments are Ak 4B and Ak 4C battle rifles, (Swedish version of the German G3), with red dot sights for riflemen and with x4 optical sights for squad sharpshooters, the Ak4B can also be equipped with an M203 grenade launcher. Support weapons include the Ksp 58 (FN MAG) machine gun, grg m/48 (Carl-Gustaf) recoilless rifle and Pskott m/86 light anti-tank weapons. The AK4 was the standard weapon of the Swedish Armed Forces until its replacement by the AK5 (FN FNC derivative). Psg 90 sniper rifles are also issued to designated snipers and some personnel (usually officers, senior non-commissioned officers, dog handlers and support personnel) are issued with Pistol 88 pistols. Other equipment includes anti-tank mines and manually detonated anti-personnel mines, explosives and signals equipment. Second generation night vision equipment is also used, but illumination flares are mainly used. Signals equipment at platoon level include Ra180 backpack radios and individual radios are issued to riflemen. In 2015, some battalions started recruiting mortar platoons equipped with 120 mm m/41D mortars.

Dogs are also used as sensor systems, usually two for every platoon. The animals are issued and trained by one of the national auxiliary defence organizations.

The rapid response units have thus far been equipped with Volvo C303 cross country vehicles and Bandvagn 206 tracked carriers. Currently the introduction of a modified Mercedes Sprint 316 (Personbil 8) is underway to replace the earlier wheeled vehicles.

Home Guard Bands

Military traditions are strongly connected with military bands and marches, etc. The bands, with diverse military musicians, fulfil the task to replace professional military bands. Throughout Sweden, there are about 32 Home Guard bands which total more than 1,500 members, such as Södertörn Home Guard Band. 17 bands are qualified for performance at state ceremonies, royal visits and festivities. Aside from the bands, Home Guard Bugle Bands also are in service within their respective areas, doing tasks formerly done by the now defunct drum and bugle corps of the Armed Forces.

Home Guard Cadets
The Home Guard Cadets (hemvärnsungdomar) is a youth section consisting of young girls and boys aged 15–20, typically recruited at age 15–16. The Cadets receive military training that includes base building, LC-ABCDE (cABCDE variant is also commonly used) first aid, CPR, communications, physical training, orienteering, defense studies, basic firearms training (with .22 long rifle up to age 16 and AK4 B with red dot sight from age 17) and from age 17 and up also patrolling and leadership training (group and platoon). At 18, a Cadet is allowed to undergo battle training. Despite this they are not officially called soldiers.

Although there is no rank system for Cadets, the training consists of 4 1-year-long blocks named Basic Course, Continuation Course, Leadership Course Level 1 and Leadership Course Level 2 (Grundkurs, GK; Fortsättningskurs, FK; Ledarskapskurs 1, LK1; and Ledarskapskurs 2, LK2. LK1 and LK2 are sometimes called Practical Course, PK, and Instruktörskurs, IK which means Practical Course and Instructor Course). After 4 years as a Cadet, the 19- to 20-year-old has received military training equivalent to 85 days of basic military training, plus basic commander training.

Typically, the Cadets train one day or evening every or every other week, with 10-12 weekends per year spent in the field. The Home Guard Cadets is the "unit" who spend the most time out on the field in the whole Home Guard. During training they wear the same type of uniform and equipment as the regular forces, although it may vary between the sections depending on local budget and resources. From 2008, a Cadet at least 18 years of age who has completed at least the first three blocks of training is welcome to take a course to repeat and improve learned skills in order to serve in the regular Home Guard at age 20. This is very valuable to many of them, since many of them will not be needed in the Army, Navy or Air Force but are still eager to do military service.

Associated organisations

The Home Guard also includes staff from eight voluntary organisations, so-called contractual organisations:

 Swedish Voluntary Flying Corps (FFK) – reconnaissance and transport
 Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association (FVRF) – support for the Swedish Air Force
 Swedish Parachute Association (Svenska Fallskärmsförbundet, SFF)
 Swedish Voluntary Motorcycle Corps (Frivilliga Motorcykelkåren, FMCK) – despatch riders and reconnaissance
 Swedish Voluntary Radio Organization (FRO) – Radio and telephone connection
 Swedish Working Dog Club (Svenska Brukshundklubben, SBK) – service dogs, and Crawl, searching
 Swedish Central Federation of Motor Transport Corps (Sveriges Bilkårers Riksförbund, SBR) – Transport and drivers
 Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization (SLK) – rope and staff procedures
 Swedish Auxiliary Naval Corps (SVK) – Water Transport in and defense of the archipelago
 Swedish Civil Defence League (Civilförsvarsförbundet) – Educating people on how to handle various crisis situations
 Swedish Federation for Voluntary Defence Education and Training – healthcare professionals and CBRN staff
 Swedish Pistol Shooting Association (Svenska pistolskytteförbundet, SPSF)
 Swedish Shooting Sport Federation (SvSF)

Heraldry and traditions

Colours, standards and guidons

The first colour of the Home Guard is drawn by Ingrid Lamby and manufactured with appliqué technique by the Engelbrektsson Flag factory. The colour was presented by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf in 1995. Blazon: "On blue cloth in the centre the badge of the National Home Guard; the letter H under three open crowns placed two and one, all in yellow". The second colour of the Home Guard is a double swallow-tailed Swedish flag.

Coat of arms
The coat of the arms of the Home Guard since 1940. Blazon: "Azure, the letter H under three open crowns or, placed two and one, all or".

Medals
In 1947, the Home Guard Medal of Merit in gold (HVGM) of the 8th size was established. It was revised in 1951 and in 1974. The medal ribbon is of blue moiré with five evenly divided yellow stripes. The Home Guard Medal of Merit also comes in a silver issue (HVSM).

In 1951, the Home Guard Silver Medal (HvSM) of the 8th size was established. The reverse varies in the different defence districts or production-guards. The medal ribbon is of blue moiré with one yellow stripe on each side and two yellow stripes on the middle.

In 1996, the Hemvärnets Petrimedalj ("The Home Guard Petri Medal") in silver and bronze (HvPetriSM/BM) of the 8th size was established. It was revised in 2001. The medal ribbon is of green moiré with broad blue edges and with a yellow line in the middle of the blue fields. The ribbon is attached to a narrow pole carried by two slanting ornaments of leaves.

In 2006, the Home Guard Bronze Medal (HvBM) of the 8th size was established. The medal is exactly the same in design as the Home Guard Silver Medal, but is embossed in bronze. The ribbon of blue moiré pattern with two vertical yellow, two mm wide stripes in the middle. The number of awards is marked with metal stars on the ribbon and ribbon bar.

In 2019, the Home Guard Service Medal (HVtjgSM/GM/GMmemalj) of the 8th size was established. The award is given to a Home Guard soldiers, Home Guard musicians and volunteer staff with a valid Home Guard contract and to those who remain in the Home Guard as a Home Guard veteran. The medal is made of three denominations: silver, gold and gold with enamel.

In addition to these medals, the Association of Home Guard Officers (Hemvärnsbefälets Riksförbund, HBR) awards the Association of Home Guard Officers Royal Medal since 1996 (silver medal since 2018) and the Association of Home Guard Officers Merit Badge since 1991.

Other
On 4 November 1946, the march "Hemvärnets marsch" (Damberg) was adopted, that in connection with a prize competition.

Chief of Home Guard

The Chief of Home Guard is the commanding officer of the Home Guard:

Hemvärnschefer
1940-07-01 – 1952-03-31: Gustaf Petri
1947-04-01 – 1948-06-30: Sven-Erik Allstrin

Rikshemvärnschefer
1948-07-01 – 1952-03-31: Sven-Erik Allstrin
1952-04-01 – 1955-09-30: Gunnar Brinck
1955-10-01 – 1968-09-30: Per Kellin
1968-10-01 – 1971-09-30: Karl Gustaf Brandberg
1971-10-01 – 1980-12-31: Fredrik Löwenhielm
1981-01-01 – 1983-09-30: Karl Eric Holm
1983-10-01 – 1988-03-01: Robert Lugn
1988-04-01 – 1988-09-30: Lars-Eric Wahlgren
1988-10-01 – 1994-03-31: Reinhold Lahti
1994-04-31 – 1997-09-30: Jan-Olof Borgén
1997-10-01 – 2000-06-30: Alf Sandqvist
2000-07-01 – 2002-09-30: Mats Welff
2002-10-01 – 2005-06-30: Anders Lindström
2005-07-01 – 2018-08-30: Roland Ekenberg
2018-09-01 – present: Stefan Sandborg

Names, designations and locations

References

Notes

Print

External links

Swedish National Home Guard official website
Swedish Armed Forces official website

Home Guard
Militias in Europe
1940 establishments in Sweden
Military units and formations disestablished in 1940

Home Guard (Sweden)


An Eriocaulon latifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni James Edward Smith. An Eriocaulon latifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon latifolium


أَغْرة أو آغره (आगरा بالهندية و بالأردو؛ بالعربية أَغْرة أيضا) هي المدينة التي تقع في شمال الولاية من ولاية أتر برديش، الهند تقع جنوب العاصمة نيودلهي بحوالي 200 كيلومتر. تأسست المدينة عام 1475، جعلها سلطان إسكندر ودهي عاصمة بلده أكرة في سنة 1506 ؛ وحققت شهرة عالمية من حيث رأس المال فإنها كانت مركزاً لأباطرة المغول  من 1526 حتى 1658، لا تزال وجهة سياحية رئيسية نظراً للكثير من المعالم  الرائعة في عهد المغول والمباني، أهمها تاج محل.

كانت تعرف في العهد المغولي بأكبر آباد.

المناخ

يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لأغرة:

حواش

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1504
سياحة في أتر برديش
عواصم سابقة في الهند
مدن الهند
مدن في أتر برديش
مدن وبلدات في مقاطعة أغرة
مقاطعة أغرة
مدن كبرى في الهند
مواقع أثرية في الهند

أغرة


Paige Davis (born October 15, 1969) is an American television personality and actress.

She is best known as the host of the TLC home improvement reality television program Trading Spaces from 2001 until 2008, and hosted the morning talkshow Home and Family on Hallmark Channel in 2012. She returned as host of Trading Spaces when TLC revived the series in 2018.

Biography

Early life and career
Davis attended Charles H. Bird Elementary School in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, from first grade through part of fifth. She lived for a time in Louisville, Kentucky, and graduated from the Louisville Youth Performing Arts School. She graduated from the Meadows School of the Arts at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. While in college, her mother and stepfather moved to Pittsburgh.

Much of her training has been in musical theater as well as dancing, and she spent two-and-a-half years in the national touring company of the Broadway musical Beauty and the Beast playing the role of Babette the Feather Duster for her second year. During this period, she was sometimes credited as Mindy Paige Benson.

In Los Angeles, California, Davis also did numerous TV commercials and videos.

Trading Spaces
In 2001, Davis became the host of the TLC cable network's redecorating television series Trading Spaces, replacing Alex McLeod. Also that year, Davis married actor Patrick Page, with whom she appeared in Beauty and the Beast (making her married name Mindy Paige Page). Davis and Page's wedding was featured on the TLC series A Wedding Story.

TLC dropped Davis in January 2005, to revamp the show with a host-less format. There was some media speculation that TLC's decision was in part motivated by Davis's appearance in TV Guide "wearing nothing but wallpaper" and her performance of a faux striptease in a "Broadway Bares/Equity Fights AIDS" charity event. The New York Post had reported in its "Page Six" column that Davis exposed her thong and permitted onlookers to touch her body. Davis responded to the story on the TLC message boards, writing that she had been dressed "...in a very modest, almost demure, yellow dress, cut to my sternum." She acknowledged that she had "flip[ped] [her] skirt for a second" and said that she "kept all of [her] clothes on at all times." She went on to characterize the article as "rumor and exaggeration" in its description of the event. The Post responded after Star magazine published three pictures of the event in their July 2, 2004, issue, noting that the photos showed Davis in poses that appeared to confirm the Post'''s version of the story. However, both Davis and the network insisted there was no connection between the controversies and the format change, which the network described as a decision to take the show "in a new creative direction." Davis subsequently signed a multi-year agreement with television syndication company King World Productions/CBS to develop new scripted and reality programming, including a deal to co-star in a daytime television program with interior designer Nate Berkus, but nothing came to air.

TLC announced in November 2007, that Davis would return as host of Trading Spaces in January 2008, along with others formerly associated with the program. Reports on the announcement published in the New York Post and in Davis's hometown paper the Philadelphia Inquirer remarked on the earlier "bad press" in 2005, with the Post commenting, "Apparently, that 'new creative direction' has done an about-face," and the Inquirer quoting a network vice president who "doesn't know the specifics behind the perky Davis's firing, but called it 'shortsightedness.'"

Davis hosts new segments and interviews in The Best Of Trading Spaces, which debuted in January 2011, on TLC's sister channel OWN.Good Morning America announced on July 19, 2017, that Davis would be returning to the Trading Spaces reboot to serve as host. It premiered on April 7, 2018.

Other television work
Davis made other television appearances during and after her hosting duties. In 2004, she was a guest judge on the Food Network's Iron Chef America in "Battle Egg." She also was a contestant on the summer 2006 CBS television series Gameshow Marathon, in which celebrities participated in recreations of classic game shows with their winnings going to charity.

Appearing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on January 24, 2008, Davis shared with the audience her excitement about returning to Trading Spaces. She praised the new TLC executive team and its intention to keep Trading Spaces fresh, while at the same time maintaining the original mission of the show.

Davis joined the home improvement series Home Made Simple as host in October 2011.

Theater
During her initial run on Trading Spaces, Davis played the role of Roxie Hart in the musical Chicago on Broadway, and wrote the book Paige by Paige (), chronicling her television experiences. It spent numerous weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list. By 2007, Davis had created a cabaret act, Taking A Chance, described as "chronicl[ing] how the choices Davis has made have informed her life's loves".  In mid-2007 she took over the title role in the national touring production of the Broadway revival Sweet Charity, replacing Molly Ringwald through the end of the show's scheduled run on August 12, 2007.

In 2008 and 2009 Davis played "Gloria" in the Broadway revival of Boeing-Boeing.

In 2014, Davis premiered the role of "Senga Quinn" in Mark St. Germain's Dancing Lessons at Barrington Stage. Don Aucoin of The Boston Globe praised the performance as providing "the emotional depth and nuance of personality that can only be achieved by an actress who understands her character inside and out."

In 2017, Davis played the title role in Miss Abigail's Guide to Dating, Mating, & Marriage, an interactive theatre play, for the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera. In 2018, she is playing the title character in MAME at North Shore Music Theater in Massachusetts.

On February 8, 2022, Davis was announced in the title role of Pioneer Theatre Company's upcoming production of Hello, Dolly! Artistic Director Karen Azenberg will direct and choreograph the production at the Salt Lake City professional regional theatre. The production will run May 13 to May 28, 2022.

Commercial endorsements
Davis was a spokesperson for RC Willey Home Furnishings, a subsidiary of Berkshire-Hathaway, with locations in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, and California, however, upon her return to Trading Spaces in 2018, Davis gave up her affiliation with them.

In September 2008, Eastman Kodak Company formed a U.S. partnership with Trading Spaces'' and with Davis to encourage people to explore their creativity with their photos. Davis became Kodak's celebrity spokesperson with the media through March 2009, sharing Kodak-inspired projects and ideas in the weekly design show, 30-second TV spots, on-line tips, videos, and a custom-published magazine.

References

External links
Paige Davis (official website)

Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Philadelphia
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
American television personalities
American women television personalities
DuPont Manual High School alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
1969 births

Paige Davis


صور هو البوم للفنان العراقي كاظم الساهر، تم إصداره عام 2008 من إنتاج شركة روتانا.

قائمة الأغاني

  اخيرا  - 4:13-من كلمات داود الغنام-الحان-كاظم الساهر
 ام الشيله  - 3:48-من كلمات كاظم الساهر-الحان-كاظم الساهر
 انسى العالم  - 3:47-من كلمات كاظم الساهر-الحان-كاظم الساهر
  ست الحلوات  - 3:39-من كلمات كاظم الساهر-الحان-كاظم الساهر
  صدف  - 4:00-من كلمات كاظم الساهر-الحان-كاظم الساهر
  صور  - 4:19-من كلمات بدر بن عبد المحسن-الحان-محمد شفيق
  تحب تدلع  - 3:56-من كلمات كاظم الساهر-الحان-ماظم الساهر
 تحبنى  - 4:19-من كلمات بدر بن عبد المحسن-الحان-محمد شفيق
 عايل - 4:21-من كلمات كاظم السعدي-الحان-تراث
 علامك   - 4:19-من كلمات داود الغنام-الحان-كاظم الساهر
 مع بغداديه  - 7:29-من كلمات نزار قباني-الحان-كاظم الساهر
 ماخد الروح  - 5:19-من كلمات كاظم السعدي-الحان كاظم الساهر
 هات حضنك  - 4:47-من كلمات نشوى جرار-الحان-كاظم الساهر

ألبومات 2008
ألبومات باللغة العربية
ألبومات خليجية
ألبومات شركة روتانا
ألبومات كاظم الساهر

صور (ألبوم)


جورجو فيـرّيني (Giorgio Ferrini) ، (ترييستي، 18 أغسطس 1939 - تورينو، 8 نوفمبر 1976) ، لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من ترييستي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كأس العالم 1962
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون أولمبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1960
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فاريزي
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
فيريني
مواليد في ترييستي
فيريني
وفيات في تورينو
وفيات بسبب أم الدم

جورجو فيريني


An Aechmea woronowii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hermann August Theodor Harms. An Aechmea woronowii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea woronowii


Gloria Daisy Wekker (nascida em 13 de junho de 1950) é uma professora emérita holandesa afro-surinamesa ( Universidade de Utrecht ) e escritora que se concentrou em estudos de gênero e sexualidade na região e diáspora afro-caribenha. Ela foi a vencedora do Prêmio Ruth Benedict da American Anthropological Association em 2007.

Biografia
Gloria Wekker nasceu em 1950 em Paramaribo, Suriname. Sua família migrou para a Holanda quando tinha um ano e morou em um bairro em Amsterdã que antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial anteriormente era predominantemente judeu . Ela retornou a Amsterdã na década de 1970 e tornou-se ativa no Movimento das Mulheres Afro-Europeias. Wekker obteve um mestrado em antropologia cultural pela Universidade de Amsterdã em 1981 e começou sua carreira trabalhando em várias agências governamentais em Amsterdã, como o Ministério da Saúde, Bem-Estar e Cultura em Assuntos de Minorias Étnicas e o Ministério de Assuntos Sociais Assuntos e Emprego. Em 1984, ela se tornou membro fundadora do "Sister Outsider", um círculo literário para mulheres negras lésbicas sediado em Amsterdã, batizado em homenagem ao trabalho de Audre Lorde . Em 1987, ela atuou como Associada de Políticas no Escritório para a Coordenação de Assuntos de Minorias Étnicas.

Em 1992, Wekker obteve seu doutorado na Universidade da Califórnia, em Los Angeles, com uma tese sobre a sexualidade e a subjetividade das mulheres afro-surinames. Em 2001, ela foi nomeada para a cátedra Aletta do Departamento de Estudos da Mulher da Universidade de Utrecht . Seu trabalho se concentra nas interseções do colonialismo, racismo, privilégio branco, teoria feminista, teoria lésbica e mulheres no Caribe.  Seu trabalho lhe rendeu o título de "Holanda Angela Davis " pois ela forçou os holandeses a examinar seus supostos estereótipos e atitudes arraigados em relação ao racismo e ao patriarcado. Ela liderou o debate que questionou a natureza racista de tais imagens icônicas na tradição holandesa como os ajudantes de Sinterklaas (Papai Noel) como golliwogs blackface conhecidos como Zwarte Piet (Black Pete), bem como as imagens do que constitui a beleza.

Wekker foi nomeada em 2004 para o "Triomfprijs" do Conselho de Pesquisa Científica Holandês (prêmio Triunfo). Em 2006, seu livro The Politics of Passion: Women's Sexual Culture in the Afro-Surinamese Diaspora ganhou elogios da críticaref name="review The Politics of Passion"></ref> Wekker deu a Mosse Lecture de 2009, intitulada Van Homo Nostalgie en betere tijden. Multiculturaliteit en postkolonialiteit ( On Gay Nostalgia and better times. Multiculturalismo e pós-colonialismo ). Em 2011, ela começou um ano sabático para trabalhar no Instituto Holandês de Estudos Avançados em um projeto de pesquisa, que resultou na publicação em 2016 de White Innocence: Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race . Por causa de seu trabalho com sociologia e política, Wekker liderou um comitê internacional que foi nomeado na Universidade de Amsterdã em 2015 para aumentar a diversidade na universidade. O comitê publicou suas descobertas no relatório Vamos fazer diversidade em 2016.

Trabalhos selecionados

Referências

Fontes

https://www.routledge.com/Feminist-Visions-and-Queer-Futures-in-Postcolonial-Drama-Community-Kinship/Batra/p/book/9780415818179
 Catalogus Professorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae

Escritores feministas
Professores da Universidade de Utrecht
Alunos da Universidade da Califórnia em Davis
Alunos da Universidade de Amsterdã
Naturais de Paramaribo
Feminismo negro
Antropólogas do Suriname
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Gloria Wekker


Onthophagus limbatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1789 por Herbst.

Referências

Ligações externas

limbatus
Coleópteros descritos em 1789

Onthophagus limbatus


أليسيو دي ماورو , هو لاعب كرة مضرب إيطالي, ولد في 9 أغسطس 1977.

وصلات خارجية

 معلومات عن اللاعب

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سرقوسة
لاعبو كرة مضرب إيطاليون
مواليد 1977
مواليد في سرقوسة

أليسيو دي ماورو


بارتيزانسكى  مدينة في شمال غرب سلوفاكيا وتتبع أقليم ترنشين.

توأمة
لبارتيزانسكى اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 سفيت

أعلام

 كاول يوكل
 بترا بينوشكوفا

معرض صور

مراجع

مدن سلوفاكيا
مدن مخطط لها

أحذية باتا

بارتيزانسكى


Dengang i Odense 1945-1950 er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1997 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
En nostalgisk rejse tilbage til den nære fortid. Krigen er slut. Briterne ankommer, og tyskerne forlader Odense. Byen vender tilbage til hverdagen.

Referencer

Se også
 Dengang i Danmark 1945-1970

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1997

Kultur i Odense
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Dengang i Odense 1945-1950


Los Hollister (The Happy Hollisters, en su título original) es una serie de 33 libros de literatura infantil escrita por el estadounidense  Andrew E. Svenson (1910-1975), bajo el seudónimo de Jerry West e ilustrada originalmente por Helen S. Hamilton.

Argumento
Los libros relatan las aventuras de una familia estadounidense de clase media que habitualmente se ve envuelta en misterios y crímenes que siempre termina por resolver. La familia, que vive en Pine Lake en Shoreham, se compone de cinco niños, sus padres, más una familia de gatos y un perro.

Pete es el mayor de los hijos y tiene 12 años. Pam, o Pamela, tiene diez años de edad, le encantan los deportes,los animales y es muy aventurera. Ricky es pelirrojo, tiene 7 años de edad y es muy travieso y Holly es una chica de 6 años de edad y por último la pequeña es Sue, de cuatro años.

Su padre, el señor Hollister, es dueño de una tienda de artículos deportivos y juguetes llamada Trading Post. La señora Hollister trata de ayudar a sus hijos a resolver misterios y siempre está dispuesta con consejos prácticos para la resolución de las pistas.

Joey Brill y Will Wilson aparecen como rivales de la familia Hollister en la mayoría de los libros. Aunque en realidad no se les pueda considerar como villanos, sí aparecen como obstáculos para resolver los misterios.

Listado de títulos

 1. Los felices Hollister
 2. Van a bañarse río
 3. En el castillo de roca
 4. Y las monedas de la suerte
 5. Y el ídolo misterioso
 6. En Suiza
 7. Van al circo
 8. En Dinamarca
 9. En una aventura espacial
 10. Van al oeste
 11. En el mar
 12. Y el tesoro índio
 13. Y el reloj de cuco
 14. Y la bruja dorada
 15. Y el viejo barco
 16. Y el carnaval de hielo
 17. En la isla de las tortugas
 18. En Italia
 19. En el campamento de nieve
 20. Y el secreto del fuerte
 21. Contra los ladrones
 22. Y el misterio del rancho
 23. Y el secreto de las marmotas
 24. Y la cueva misteriosa
 25. Y la casa encantada
 26. Y el misterio del centro comercial
 27. Y la montaña tenebrosa
 28. Y el secreto del carrusel
 29. Y el tesoro de Puerto Rico
 30. En Nueva York
 31. Y el misterio del caballo fantasma
 32. El ídolo mejicano
 33. ''Y el misterio de los gnomos

Publicaciones
La serie se publicó entre 1953 y 1970. Los primeros 19 volúmenes por la editorial Garden City y el resto por Doubleday.

Los libros han sido traducidos a diez idiomas, entre ellos castellano.

Publicaciones en castellano
Los 33 títulos de la serie se publicaron en castellano por la Editorial Toray de Barcelona entre los años 1960 y mediados los años 1980 en sus últimas ediciones. Las ilustraciones y la portada corrieron a cargo del dibujante Antonio Borrell. A finales de los años 1970 se rediseñó la portada para las reediciones con dibujos de Salvador Fabà. El orden de los títulos no coincide con el que tenían en su publicación original al inglés (salvo los tomos 1, 2 y 33), dándose el caso de historias conectadas separadas por varios tomos (incluso con la segunda parte precediendo a la primera) y la inclusión de personajes que no serán presentados hasta libros después.

Influencias
Los personajes están basados en la familia real del autor. En la serie, Pete representaba al verdadero hijo de Svenson, Andrew Jr., Pam a su hija Laura, Ricky a Eric y Holly a Jane. Sue fue una combinación de dos hijas menores de Svenson, Eileen e Ingrid.

Jane (Svenson) Kossmann ha relatado que su padre introdujo otros personajes reales en la serie, incluyendo a su profesora de estudios sociales, la señora Farber. También cuenta que algunas de las historias en los libros se basan en historias reales de su campamento de las Girl Scouts y de sus hermanos en los Boy Scouts.

Referencias
 Snapshots: Memories of Growing Up on Hopewell Hill. Brian L. Dowle. 2002. Página 115
 Storybook culture: the art of popular children's books. Joseph Homme y Cheryl Homme. 2002. Página 51
 Educar. Los retos del siglo XXI. José Manuel Mañú Noáin e Imanol Goyarrola Belda. 2009. Página 98
 Educar en el ocio y el tiempo libre. Pablo Garrido Gil. Página 86

Novelas de aventuras
Series de novelas infantiles
Novelas de Estados Unidos
Novelas ambientadas en Estados Unidos

Los Hollister


El Eropido es un ave de origen mitológico de fuerte impacto en la tradición pampeana bonaerense del . Aunque forma parte del conjunto de creencias y devociones argentinas de las zonas pampeanas de la República Argentina, su origen es mesopotánimo o guaraní. En algunas regiones se lo llama Eropidó. Como animal mitológico, se dice que el Eropido solamente se aparece en las fechas que conmemoran a un mártir del santoral cristiano, siendo el 14 de febrero una de las fechas más importantes. Aunque la creencia fue declinando hacia finales del , todavía persiste en muchas regiones del interior de la provincia de Buenos Aires.

Referencias

Fantasmas
Leyendas de Argentina
Mitología argentina
Leyendas de Uruguay

El Eropido


Hård vind er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012 med instruktion og manuskript af Mie Skjoldemose Jakobsen.

Handling
En mand vender tilbage til sit barndomshjem for at konfrontere sin familie og ender med at måtte konfrontere sig selv.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

Hård vind


Zeynelabidin Daver Daver (1886, İstanbul - 8 Şubat 1954, İstanbul), Türk gazeteci ve siyasetçidir.

Hayatı
Şehremaneti mümeyyizlerinden Ali Vahi Bey ile Prenses Zeynep Kâmil'in manevi evladı olan Fatma Revan Hanım'ın çocuğu olarak İstanbul'da doğdu. 1 yaşından itibaren annesi tarafından babasından ayrı bir yerde yetiştirildi. 1908 yılında Galatasaray Spor Kulübü'ne kayıt oldu ve 8 nolu üye olarak yer aldı.

Eğitimini, Soğukçeşme Askeri Rüştiyesi'nde almaya başlayan Daver, daha sonra girdiği Mekteb-i Sultani'yi 1917 yılında tamamladı. Yüksek öğrenimini Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi'nde sürdüren Daver, öğrencilik yıllarında çeşitli gazetelere yazılar yazmaya başlamıştı. 1908'den sonra gazeteciliği meslek edinerek önce Tasvir-i Efkarda, sonra Yeni Gün, Tercüman-ı Hakikat, İkdam ve Cumhuriyet gazetelerinde köşe yazarı olarak "Hem Nalına Hem Mıhına" başlığı altında yazdığı fıkralar ile geniş okur kitlelerinin beğenisini kazandı.

Galatasaray'ın 8 numaralı kurucu üyesi olan Daver, 1929-1930 yılları arasında kulübün başkanlığını üstlenmiştir. 1939-1943 arasında VI. Dönem İstanbul Milletvekili olarak TBMM'de görev yapan Daver, yazıları ile Türk denizciliğine yaptığı katkılardan dolayı sivil amiral olarak da anılır. 8 Şubat 1954 tarihinde öldü. Ölümünün ardından ismi Denizcilik Bankası'nın bir şilebine verilmiştir.

Eserleri
Abidin Daver'in "Kanatların Zaferi", "Mülazımın Romanı", "Deniz", "Gemi", "Dünkü-Bugünkü-Yarınki İstanbul" ve "Radyo Konferansları" adlı altı adet kitabı vardır.

Kaynakça

 Milliyet Gazetesi Arşivi 10 Şubat 1954 tarihli sayısı
 Tekil, Süleyman. Galatasaray dünden/bugüne, 1905-1982: tarihi, olaylar, anılar, sf(38-39). İstanbul: Arset Matbaacılık Koll. Şti, 1983.
 Tuncay, Bülent. Galatasaray Tarihi: Avrupa zaferleriyle, unutulmaz yıldızlarıyla, sf (18). Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1696. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2003. ISBN 978-975-08-0427-4
 Tekil, Süleyman. Galatasaray Tarihi, 1905-1985, sf (16). İstanbul: Galatasaray Spor Kulübü, 1986.

1886 doğumlular
1954 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu siyasetçiler
Galatasaray SK başkanları
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Galatasaray SK kurucuları
Osmanlı gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
TBMM 6. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
Cumhuriyet (gazete) kişileri

Abidin Daver


An Ruppia cirrhosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Vincenzo Petagna, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Loreto Grande. An Ruppia cirrhosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ruppia, ngan familia nga Ruppiaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ruppia

Ruppia cirrhosa


Erik Brødreskift (23. prosinca 1969. – 4. listopada 1999.) poznatiji kao Grim bio je norveški black metal bubnjar koji je svirao sa sastavima Immortal, Gorgoroth i Borknagar.

Godine 1993. pridružio se sastavu Immortal. Bio je naveden na albumu Pure Holocaust kao bubnjar iako na njemu nije svirao. Od 1995. do 1998. svirao je s Borknagarom. Također je svirao sa sastavom Gorgoroth.

Umro je 4. listopada 1999. godine od predoziranja drogom.

Diskografija

 Borknagar
 Borknagar (1996.)
 The Olden Domain (1997.)
 The Archaic Course (1998.)

 Gorgoroth
 The Last Tormentor (1996.)
 Under the Sign of Hell (1997.)

Izvori

Norveški bubnjari heavy metala

Erik Brødreskift


An Stipa hirticulmis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.L.Hatch, Valdés-reyna ngan Morden. An Stipa hirticulmis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa hirticulmis


O Metro é um automóvel do segmento B que foi produzido pela British Leyland (BL) e, posteriormente, pelo Grupo Rover de 1980 a 1998. Foi lançado em 1980 como Austin Mini Metro. Destinava-se a complementar e eventualmente substituir o Mini, e foi desenvolvido sob o codinome LC8. O Metro foi nomeado pela revista What Car? como "Carro do Ano" em 1983 como um MG, e novamente como o Rover Metro em 1991.

Durante seus 18 anos de vida, o Metro usou muitos nomes: Austin Metro, MG Metro e Rover Metro. Foi renomeado como a série Rover 100 em dezembro de 1994. Também havia versões furgão conhecidas como Morris Metro e, posteriormente, Metrovan.

Na época de seu lançamento, o Metro era vendido com a marca Austin. A partir de 1982, as versões da MG tornaram-se disponíveis. Em 1987, o carro perdeu o nome Austin e foi vendido simplesmente como Metro. De 1990 até sua retirada em 1998, o Metro foi vendido apenas com a marca Rover.

Embora o Rover 200 da geração R3 (lançado em 1995 e menor do que os modelos 200 anteriores) tenha sido originalmente projetado para substituir o Metro, não foi comercializado como tal após seu lançamento. O Rover 100 finalmente cessou a produção em 1998, sendo superado (por três anos) pelo Mini original que deveria substituir. 2.078.218 Metro de todos os tipos foram feitos.

Veículos da Austin
Hatchbacks
Automóveis de 1980
Automóveis da década de 1990
Veículos com tração dianteira
Automóveis do segmento B

Austin Metro


An Dryadella cristata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Rodrigo Escobar. An Dryadella cristata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dryadella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Dryadella

Dryadella cristata


38. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 2008. u Njemačkoj. Grad domaćin bio je Dresden.

Poredak osvajača odličja

2008.
Šah u Njemačkoj
2008

Šahovska olimpijada 2008.


An Lepanthes guatemalensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Lepanthes guatemalensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lepanthes

Lepanthes guatemalensis


Hrvatski rukometni kup za žene za sezonu 2018./19. je osvojila "Podravka Vegeta" iz Koprivnice.

Rezultati

Kvalifikacije

Osmina završnice

Četvrtzavršnica

Završni turnir
Igran od 16. do 18. svibnja 2019. u Poreču u dvorani "Žatika".

Povezani članci
 Hrvatski ženski rukometni kup
 1. HRL 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice
 hrs.hr
 hr-rukomet.hr

Izvori

 furkisport.hr/hrs, Kup Hrvatske - Ž 2018./19., pristupljeno 24. svibnja 2019.
 hrs.hr, Kup Hrvatske - Ž, pristupljeno 24. svibnja 2019.
 hrs.hr, Glasnici, pristupljeno 24. svibnja 2019.

2018-19
ž-kup

Hrvatski rukometni kup za žene 2018./19.


Niklas Backman (nacido el 13 de noviembre de 1988 en Västerås, Suecia) es un futbolista sueco que juega en la posición de defensa. Actualmente juega para el Aarhus GF de la Superliga de Dinamarca y para la selección de fútbol de Suecia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en Swedish FA

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Suecia en los años 2010
Nacidos en Västerås

Niklas Backman


O Estádio de Limbe (em francês: Stade de Limbe) é um estádio multiuso localizado na cidade de Limbe, nos Camarões, inaugurado em . Trata-se de um dos poucos estádios do mundo construído sobre uma colina e que possui uma vista impressionante para as águas do Golfo da Guiné.

Em 2019, foi escolhido pela Federação Camaronesa de Futebol para ser uma das sedes oficiais do Campeonato das Nações Africanas de 2020 e do Campeonato Africano das Nações de 2021, realizado no país. Sua capacidade máxima é de  espectadores.

Limbe
Limbe
Limbe
Limbe

Estádio de Limbe


Aderus luniger é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por George Charles Champion em 1916.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na Nova Zelândia.

Referências

luniger
Coleópteros da Nova Zelândia
Insetos descritos em 1916
Espécies descritas por George Charles Champion

Aderus luniger


Kalmyk Oirat (, Haľmg Öördin keln, ), commonly known as the Kalmyk language (, Haľmg keln, ), is a variety of the Oirat language, natively spoken by the Kalmyk people of Kalmykia, a federal subject of Russia. In Russia, it is the standard form of the Oirat language (based on the Torgut dialect), which belongs to the Mongolic language family. The Kalmyk people of the Northwest Caspian Sea of Russia claim descent from the Oirats from Eurasia, who have also historically settled in Mongolia and Northwest China. According to UNESCO, the language is "Definitely endangered". According to the Russian census of 2010, there are 80,500 speakers of an ethnic population consisting of 183,000 people.

History
Kalmyk is now only spoken as a native language by a small minority of the Kalmyk population. Its decline as a living language began after the Kalmyk people were deported en masse from their homeland in December 1943, as punishment for limited Kalmyk collaboration with the Nazis. Significant factors contributing to its demise include: (1) the deaths of a substantial percentage of the Kalmyk population from disease and malnutrition, both during their travel and upon their arrival to remote exile settlements in Central Asia, south central Siberia and the Soviet Far East; (2) the wide dispersal of the Kalmyk population; (3) the duration of exile, which ended in 1957; (4) the stigma associated with being accused of treason, and (5) assimilation into the larger, more dominant culture. Collectively, these factors discontinued the intergenerational language transmission.

In 1957, the Soviet government reinstated the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast and later reestablished the Autonomous Republic of Kalmykia. The Kalmyk people were permitted to return to the Republic in 1957, 14 years after exile. The Russian language, however, was made the official language of the Republic, and Sovietisation was imposed on the Kalmyk people, leading to drastic cuts in Kalmyk language education. The Cyrillic alphabet became firmly established among the Kalmyks (and other peoples, too). For instance, books, periodicals, newspapers, etc., were published using it. By the late 1970s, the Russian language became the primary language of instruction in all schools in the Republic.

During the period of Perestroika, Kalmyk linguists, in collaboration with the Kalmyk government, planned and tried to implement the revival of the Kalmyk language. This revival was seen as an integral part of the reassertion of Kalmyk culture. In an important symbolic gesture, the Kalmyk language was declared an official language of the Republic, giving it equal status with the Russian language with respect to official governmental use and language education.

During the production of the film Return of the Jedi, sound designer Rafe Mercieca—with his life-time partner Ben Curtis—based the language of the Ewoks on Kalmyk after hearing it spoken in a documentary and being impressed with its phonology.

Geographic distribution
The majority of Kalmyk language speakers live in the Republic of Kalmykia, where it is an official language. A small group of Kalmyk language speakers also live in France and the USA, but the use of Kalmyk is in steep decline. In all three locations, the actual number of speakers is unknown. Kalmyk is an endangered language.

As of 2012, the Kalmyk community in New Jersey, which arrived in the US in the 1950s, was planning to work with the Enduring Voices project to promote Kalmyk language and culture.

Linguistic classification
From a synchronic perspective, Kalmyk is the most prominent variety of Oirat. It is very close to the Oirat dialects found in Mongolia and the People's Republic of China, both phonologically and morphologically. The differences in dialects, however, concern the vocabulary, as the Kalmyk language has been influenced by and has adopted words from the Russian language and various Turkic languages.

Two important features that characterise Kalmyk are agglutination and vowel harmony. In an agglutinative language, words are formed by adding affixes to existing words, called stem words or root words. Prefixes, however, are not common in Mongolic. Vowel harmony refers to the agreement between the vowels in the root of a word and the vowels in the word's suffix or suffixes. Other features include the absence of grammatical gender.

It has some elements in common with the Uralic and Uyghur languages, which reflects its origin from the common language of the Oirats, a union of four Oirat tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward.

Phonology
Similar to Middle Mongol and Written Oirat, Kalmyk exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony. Unlike Middle Mongol, however, consonants are not restricted by harmony. For instance, the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ can appear in both front and back vowel words, e.g. һәәвһә /ɣæːwɣæ/ "good" and һалун /ɣalun/ "goose". Nonetheless, all consonants and neutral reduced vowel /ə/ are influenced by harmonic status of a word, at least phonetically. The harmonic vowel pairs are: /a/~/æ/, /o/~/ø/, /u/~/y/, ~, the last pair being allophonic.

Historical long vowels in non-initial syllables have been reduced to short vowels, while historical short vowels have been reduced to schwa and then, just like in Mongolian, were replaced according to language's phonotactics. For example, Written Oirat ɣarān "hand-" became һаран /ɣaran/; ɣarɣaqsan "to get out--" became һарһсн /ɣarɣsən/. Long vowels and diphthongs in one-syllable words have been also reduced to short vowels: sayin "good" > сән /sæn/. Nevertheless, in inflected forms of such words, short vowels tend to become elongated: сән /sæn/ "good" > сәәг /sæːgə/ "good-", күн /kyn/ "man"> күүнә /kyːnæ/ "man-". Despite that, long vowels still may be pronounced in non-initial syllables. This happens if a word consists of three syllables, second of which has a vowel /a/ or /æ/, and third syllable has a reduced vowel /ə/. Examples include гөрәсн [gøræːsᵊn] "saiga", туршарт [turʃaːrtə] "during", кезәңк [kezæːŋkə] "a while ago", һазрас [ɢazraːsə] "land-".

Consonants

The following is an outline of the consonant system of Kalmyk. Note that since virtually all speakers of Kalmyk are bilingual, recent borrowings from Russian do not undergo phonological adaptation and are pronounced according to the rules of Russian phonology, including those of vowel reduction and stress.

 The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ occurs only in loanwords and onomatopeic terms;
 The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ may also be released as an uvular plosive  in the word-initial position as well as uvular fricative  in any position, including initial;
 The voiceless velar fricative /x/ may also be pronounced as uvular ;
 The voiced labial approximant /w/ may be released as the voiced bilabial fricative [β];
 The velar nasal /ŋ/ is often pronounced with a velar plosive  or  at the end, e.g. дөң [døŋk] "help", саң [saŋk] "treasury", маңна [maŋgna] "forehead".

Vowels

 Note that the mid central vowel /ə/ is not orthographically written;
 The open back vowel is also phonetically central ;
 The (historically reduced) vowel /ə/ is phonetically released as  in harmonically front-vowel words, as  in back-vowel words, and as  after palatal and post-alveolar consonants /nʲ tʲ dʲ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʃ lʲ j/;
 Although not always manifested orthographically,  is a back vowel word allophone of /i/ that is only present in hortative, genitive and accusative suffixes;
 In native words, vowels /o oː/ and /ø øː/ can only appear in word-initial syllables.

Devoicing and assimilation
Orthographic voiced stops d, g are devoiced: келәд /kelæt/ "to speak-", бөлг /bølək/ "chapter". Devoicing also occurs whenever there is a two-consonant cluster with one consonant being voiceless: /bolʃko/ "may not", таңһч /taŋxt͡ɕə/ "republic". Consonant clusters exhibit other types of assimilation:
 /kx/, /gx/, /xx/ > /kk/, /kk/, /xk/: закх /zakxə~zakkə/ "to order"; өргх /ørkxə~ørkkə/ "to raise" хатхх /xatxxə~xatxkə/ "to poke";
 /n/ + /b/ > /mb/: кен /ken/ "who" + б /bə/ "" > кемб /kembə/ "who-";
 /w/ + /n/ > /mn/: тәв- /tæv-/ "to put" + /-næ/ "" > тәмнә /tæmnæ/ "to put-";
 /w/ + voiceless consonant > /p/: ав- /awə/ "to take" + чк /t͡ɕkə/ "> апчк /apt͡ɕkə/ "to put-";
 /t͡ɕ/ + /l/ or /t/ > /ʃl/, /ʃt/: көвүчлх /køvyt͡ɕəlxə/ > көвүшлх /køvyʃəlxə/ "to adopt", ачтн /at͡ɕtən/ > аштн /aʃtən/ "to load-" ;
 /n/ > /ŋ/ before consonants /ɣ, g, x, k, s/: Written Oirat sonosxu "to listen" > соңсх /soŋksxə/, түрүн /tyryn/ "first" + к /kə/ "" > түрүңк /tyryŋkə/ "first-";
 /l/ is palatalised to /lʲ/ before palatal affricates /t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/: болҗ /bolʲd͡ʑə/ "to become-".

The voiced bilabial stop /b/, being only restricted to word-initial position, may be pronounced as  in a phrase: келҗ бәәнә /kelʲd͡ʑə bæːnæ/ > [kelʲd͡ʑ βæːnæ] "to speak- to be-".

The labial approximant or fricative /w/ can be pronounced as:
 Close rounded vowel  or  in past tense inflection: кел- /kelʲ-/ "to say" + -в /w/ "" + -в /w/ "" > келүв /kelyw/ "I said" or in consonant clusters: тарвс /tarvəs/ > тарус /tarus/ "watermelon"
Voiced bilabial stop [b] in past tense inflection, if the verb stem ends in /-w/: ав- /aw-/ "to take" + -в /-w/ "" > /awbə/ "took".

Vowel reduction and phonotactics
Word-initial syllable structure is (C)V(C), meaning that in native words no word-initial clusters can occur. For non-initial syllables, however, a syllable-initial cluster of up to four consonants is allowed, meaning the maximal syllable is CCCCVC. In some consonant clusters such as /tl tn dn dl/ a sonorant becomes syllabic. These clusters are also nasally released.

The reduced vowel /ə/ is regularly preserved and can be a syllable nucleus in the following cases:
 In a word-final position: ик /i.kə/ "big", арат /a.ra.tə/ "fox", чон /t͡ɕo.nə/ "wolf";
 If, word-finally, there is either a closed syllable or a final open syllable with a consonant cluster: эцкнр /et͡s.kə.nər/ "father-" келчксн /kelʲ.t͡sək.sən/ "to say--" соңсгдна /soŋk.sə.gdna/ "to hear--";
 In closed non-final syllables of a multisyllabic word: шорһлҗн /ʃor.ɣəlʲ.d͡ʑən/ "ant", әәмшгтә /æ:m.ʃək.tæ/ "dangerous";
 Word-finally in the following affixes:
 Ablative -ас /-asə/;
 Accusative -иг /-igə/, -г /-gə/;
 Adjective suffix -к /-kə/;
 Completive -чк /-t͡ɕkə/;
 Imperfective converb, admirative and evidential suffix -җ /-dʑə/;
 Dative -д /-də/;
 Negation particle эс /esə/;
 Present tense negation particle (or suffix) биш, -ш /biʃə/ /-ʃə/;
 Future tense participle -х /-xə/.

On the other hand, the vowel /ə/ cannot form syllables on its own if the following is true:
 If the following syllable is open: бичх /bi.t͡ɕxə/ "to write", өгх /øk.kxə/ "to give";
 In inflections of two-syllable words, if the second syllable of an inflected word has a non-reduced vowel, e.g. мөрн /mørən/ "horse" > мөрта mørtæ "with a horse", церг /t͡se.rək/ "army" > церглә  /t͡serglæ/ "with an army";
 If the following syllable is open and has non-reduced vowel: тоһрун */to.ɣə.run/ > /to.ɣrun/ "grus"; шамдһа */ʃam.də.ɣa/ > /ʃam.dɣa/ "sneaky". In this case, however, reduced syllables may be released phonetically, although they do not play a role in syllable forming.;

Two-syllable words with schwa as a nucleus of the second syllable may undergo metathesis, thus creating an open syllable: Written Oirat oros "Russian" > /orəs/ > /orsə/; ulus "country, people" > /uləs/ > /ulsə/; oyirad "Oirat" > /øːrət/ > /øːrdə/.

Stress
Kalmyk exhibits non-phonemic stress with the last syllable (even if it ends in schwa) being stressed.

Writing systems

The literary tradition of Oirat reaches back to 11th century when the Old Uyghur script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet, named Clear Script or Todo bichig in Oirat, was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called Zaya Pandita.

Like the Old Mongolian script, Todo bichig was written from top to bottom. Written Oirat language contained many words borrowed from the Mongolian language and not used in everyday speech, despite many attempts to bring the written standard and colloquial spoken language closer together. Thus, already at the beginning of the 18th century, two written forms of the Kalmyk language were recorded - "bookish", used in religious practice and having numerous Mongolian and Tibetan borrowings and preserving archaic language forms, as well as "conversational", used in private correspondence and reflecting the changes taking place in the language.

Todo bichig, also called "zayapandit script" after its creator, existed among the Kalmyks until 1924 with minor changes. Oirats of China use it to the present.

In 1924 this script was replaced by an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, which was abandoned in 1930 in favour of a Latin script.

Early Cyrillic alphabets
At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Orthodox Missionary Society published a number of school books in the Kalmyk language, using Cyrillic script. The first edition of this kind was the "Primer for Kalmyk ulus schools" (1892). The alphabet used in this primer has the following composition: А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, З з, И и, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ӓ ӓ, Ā ā, Ǟ ǟ, Ӧ ӧ, Ō ō, Ȫ ȫ, Ӱ ӱ, Ӯ ӯ, Ӱ̄ ӱ̄, Дж дж, Нг нг, Ій, ій, Йе йе, Йӧ йӧ, Ӓй ӓй, Ӣ ӣ, Э̄ э̄, Ю̄ ю̄, Я̄ я̄. In 1902, the "Primer for Kalmyks" was released, where a different version of the alphabet was used: А а, Б б, Г г, Д д, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, ь, Э э, Ӓ ӓ, Ā ā, Ǟ ǟ, Ӧ ӧ, Ō ō, Ȫ ȫ, Ӱ ӱ, Ӯ ӯ, Ӱ̄ ӱ̄, Дж дж, Ҥ ҥ, Ӣ ӣ, Э̄ э̄. At the same time, the letter of the clear script continued to be used.

On January 6, 1924, a meeting of the Kalmyk public was held in Astrakhan. At this meeting, the majority of the votes had declared obsolete writing - it was noted that it was difficult for writing and learning, lack of fonts, the inability to use on the telegraph, and so on. In this regard, it was decided to translate Kalmyk language into Cyrillic script. On January 12, the alphabet was adopted, consisting of the following letters: А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, З з, И и, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ы ы, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, Ь ь, Й й, ä, ö, ӱ, ң, ӝ. Above the long vowels was supposed to put a line (macron), but in practice this was not done. Also, despite the absence of an approved project, the letter ъ was used to designate unclear vowels. From January 1926, the newspaper «Ulan Halmg» (ru) began to be printed on this alphabet. The basis of the emerging Kalmyk literary language was the Torgut dialect, but later the norm began to focus not only on the Torgut, but also on the Derbet dialect. Sometimes in the editions of that time, the letter ң was replaced by ҥ or н̈, and the letters Е е, Ж ж, Ф Ф, Щ щ were not officially included in the alphabet.

September 7, 1926 at a meeting at the Kalmyk pedagogical school in Astrakhan, it was decided to make changes to the alphabet. So, all additional letters were canceled, and instead of them entered D d, V v, H h. In June 1927, this alphabet was introduced into official use, but much of the literature and press was still published in the alphabet of 1924.

On February 5–8, 1928, a regular meeting on Kalmyk writing was held, at which the alphabet was reformed again. The letters D d, V v, H h were canceled, and the letter Ә ә was entered to indicate unclear vowels. It was decided to denote the long vowels by doubling the corresponding letters. This alphabet was used until 1930.

Latin alphabet
In the late 1920s, the process of romanization of writing began in the USSR. In the course of this process in January 1930, the IX Kalmyk Regional Congress of Soviets legalized the new Latinized alphabet of the Kalmyk language. Its actual use began in newspapers from the end of September of the same year. In this alphabet, the letters were arranged in the following order: A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ә ә, G g, H h, I i, j, K k, L l, M m, N n, ꞑ, O o, Ө ө, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, F f, Y y, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, U u, T t, V v, X x, ь.

On January 10–17, 1931, at a conference held in Moscow, scientists of the Mongolian group of peoples decided to change the phonetic meaning of the two letters of the Kalmyk script, as well as change the alphabetical order of the letters. In May of the same year, the III Kalmyk Regional Conference on Language and Writing, which was held in Elista, confirmed this decision. The alphabet took the following form:

The letter Ь ь, unlike most other Soviet Latinized alphabets, denoted palatalization. In this form, the alphabet existed until 1938.

Modern Cyrillic alphabet
In the second half of the 1930s, the USSR began the process of translating scripts into Cyrillic. The Latin script was in turn replaced by another Cyrillic script in 1938. Initially, the Kalmyk Cyrillic alphabet included all the letters of the Russian alphabet, as well as Ä ä, Гъ гъ, Дж дж, Нъ нъ, Ö ö, Ӱ ӱ. In 1941, the alphabet was reformed again - the outline of additional letters was changed. However, due to the deportation of the Kalmyks that followed soon, the transition to a new version of the alphabet was carried out only after their rehabilitation - in the late 1950s. These script reforms effectively disrupted the Oirat literary tradition.

The modern Cyrillic alphabet used for the Kalmyk language is as follows:

Since the Tatar alphabet is identical to the Kalmyk alphabet (both featuring the same additional letters to the Russian one), Kalmyks using Windows use Tatar keyboard layouts to type Kalmyk. Kalmyk-specific keyboard layouts, however, are available on Android and Linux systems.

Alphabet matching table

* Pronounced /je/ at the beginning of words and /e/ otherwise. Only appears at the beginning of a word in Russian loanwords.
** This sound combination exists in native Kalmyk words, but is spelled "йо".
*** Only appears at the beginning of words.

Example text

This text is from State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Notes

Works cited

External links

Article on language policy and history in Kalmykia
Russian-Kalmyk On-Line Dictionary

Agglutinative languages
Central Mongolic languages
Languages of Russia
Kalmykia

Mongolic languages

Kalmyk Oirat


الهاني سليمان موسى سليمان هو حارس مرمى من أبناء مدرسة الكرة بنادي الاتحاد السكندري. لعب أولى مبارايته أمام فريق أبرادين الأسكتلندى وقدم عروضا رائعة مع الفريق الأول ولفت إليه الأنظار بشدة وضمه جهاز المنتخب المصري ضمن عناصر الفريق المشارك في تصفيات كأس العالم لكرة القدم2010. وتلقى الهاني عدة عروض داخلية وخارجية من أندية إنجليزية وبرتغالية وسويسرية متوسطة الشهرة، وعرض محلي من النادي الاهلي بلغ 10 ملايين جنيها مصريا (1.9 مليون دولار أمريكي)عام 2009، إلا أن الهاني سليمان تمسك بالبقاء داخل جدران زعيم الثغر نادي الاتحاد السكندري أحد أهم أندية البطولات في مصر وصاحب الشعبية الجماهيرية الأولى في مدينة الإسكندرية والشعبية الثالثة في مصر.وقال الهاني في تصريحات صحافية انه لن يترك الاتحاد السكندري الا للاحتراف في نادي من الاندية العالمية الكبرى في الدوري الإنجليزي أو الإسباني ليفيد النادي بمقابل مادي يساهم في تنمية موارد زعيم الثغر.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مصريون
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الإسكندرية
حراس مرمى مصريون
رياضيون من الإسكندرية
لاعبو الاتحاد السكندري
لاعبو الدوري المصري الممتاز
لاعبو كرة قدم مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة الإسكندرية
لاعبو منتخب مصر لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب مصر لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي الجونة
مواليد 1405 هـ
مواليد 1984
مواليد في الإسكندرية
لاعبو كرة قدم من الإسكندرية

الهاني سليمان


Joachim Drews (* 30. Juni 1980 in Hamburg) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Leichtgewichts-Ruderer.

1989 begann Joachim Drews seine Ruderkarriere beim Ruder-Club Allemannia von 1866 in Hamburg, Leistungssport betrieb Drews aber erst ab 1997.

Sein größter Erfolg war der Sieg an den Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2003 im Leichtgewichts-Achter der deutschen Mannschaft, unter anderem mit Bastian Seibt und Christian Dahlke.

Nach den Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2007 beendete Drews seine aktive Karriere, 2008 schloss Drews sein Studium zum Dipl. Sportwissenschaftler erfolgreich ab. 2009 wurde er Trainer des Regattateams des Seeclub Küsnacht. Neben seiner Tätigkeit als Trainer ist Drews auch Inhaber der Rowing Academy GmbH.

Internationale Erfolge
 2000: 2. Platz U23-Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Doppelvierer
 2001: 1. Platz U23-Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Doppelzweier
 2001: 6. Platz Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Doppelvierer
 2002: 2. Platz Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Achter
 2003: 1. Platz Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Achter
 2004: 6. Platz Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Zweier ohne Steuermann
 2007: 4. Platz Weltmeisterschaften im Leichtgewichts-Doppelvierer

Weblinks

  bei Pam's Ruderschule

Mann
Geboren 1980
Ruderer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Weltmeister (Rudern)

Joachim Drews


Belgien Rundt 2018 var den 88. udgave af det belgiske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 23. til 27. maj 2018. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2018 og var i kategorien 2.HC. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev Jens Keukeleire fra  for andet år i træk.

Ryttere og hold

Danske ryttere
Magnus Cort kørte for
Lasse Norman Hansen kørte for
Casper Pedersen kørte for
Michael Carbel kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Belgien Rundt 2018