François Roland Truffautsöylenişi  (6 Şubat 1932, Paris - 21 Ekim 1984, Neuilly-sur-Seine), Fransız yönetmen, senarist, oyuncu ve Fransız Yeni Dalga akımının kurucularından.

Evlilik dışı bir ilişkinin çocuğu olarak 1932 yılında dünyaya geldi. Anneannesi, üvey babası ve annesi üçgeninde yetişti. Yahudi bir diş hekimi olan gerçek babasıyla asla tanışmadı. Kitaplara gömülü zor bir çocukluk ve ergenlik dönemi geçirmesi, onu derinden etkiledi. François Truffaut, 26 yaşında çektiği 400 Darbe adlı filmin de geniş ölçüde o günleri anlatan otobiyografik bir çalışma olduğunu söyler.

Sanat yaşamı
[[Dosya:Avant-première L'Amour en fuite Luxembourg Cinéma Marivaux 18 avril 1979 Photo Carlo Hansen Luxembourg.jpg|upright=1.14|küçükresim|sol|François Truffaut ve Claude Jade, üçüncü ortak filmlerinin galasında,'Kaçan Aşk]]

1950'li yılların ikinci yarısında Avrupa'daki Yeni Dalga akımının öncülerinden olan François Truffaut'nun sinema serüveni ünlü "Cahiers du cinéma" dergisinde film eleştirmeni ve sinema tarihçisi olarak başladı. Truffaut'nun 1954'te bu dergide yayınlanan ve bir filmin asıl yaratıcısının yönetmen olduğunu savunan "auteur teorisi", bir nesile ilham kaynağı oldu. O dönemlerde kısa filmler yapmaya başlayan Truffaut, ünlü yönetmen Roberto Rosselini'nin asistanlığını yaptıktan sonra 1959'da ilk filmi "400 Darbe"ye imza attı. Yarı otobiyografik film, Jean Pierre Leaud'nun oynadığı Antoine Doinel'in zor geçen ergenlik dönemini öykülüyordu. Yönetmene En İyi Senaryo Akademi Ödülü adaylığı ve Cannes'da en iyi yönetmen ödülü getiren filmden sonra Truffaut, zaman zaman Doinel'e geri dönecek ve hep Leaud'nun oynadığı karakterin yetişkinliğe geçişini sinemaseverlere sunmaya devam edecekti.

Antoine Doinel'ın öyküsü üç filmde daha sürdü.  Çalınmış Buseler'de (Baisers Voles, 1968),  sevgi ve sıcaklık arayan bir dedektifti. Antoine çocukluk aşkı Christine Darbon (Claude Jade) evlenecek. Aile Yuvası'nda (Domicile conjugal, 1970) Antoine ve Christine evliyiz. Ayrıca artık bir çiftin hikâyesi..  Kaçak Aşık (L'amour en fuite, 1970) filminde,  Antoine ve Christine boşanma, ancak birkaç arkadaş kalır.. Antoine Doinel hayal ürünü bir kişiydi,  ama bir bakıma da Truffaut idi. Onun alter egosuydu. Jean-Pierre Leaud,  bu kişiliği başarıyla canlandırdı. François Truffaut ve Claude Jade meşgul edildi gibi, aynı zamanda onların kişilik filmi döngüsünde yansıtır.

"400 Darbe"nin ticari ve eleştirel anlamdaki başarısı Truffaut'nun uluslararası arenada tanınmasını sağladı. 1960 yılında çektiği sonraki filmi "Tirez sur le pianiste", B-sınıfı Amerikan filmlerden esinlenmiş, hınzır bir zeka ve teknik erdemlerle zenginleştirilmiş daha karmaşık bir duyarlılık yansıtıyordu. I. Dünya Savaşı sonrası yıllarda iki erkek, bir kadın üç arkadaşın öyküsünü anlattığı "Jules ve Jim" ise daha sonradan bazı eleştirmenlerce Truffaut'nun en iyi filmi olarak nitelendirilecekti.

Truffaut Jean-Luc Godard ile beraber 68 protestolarına destek vermek için 18 Mayıs'ta Cannes Film Festivalinin sinema perdelerine asılıp açılışı durdurmuşlardır.

"400 Darbe" ve "Jules ve Jim"de, Jena Renoir'a saygı gösterisinde bulunan Truffaut'nun "Tirez sur le pianiste" ve birçok diğer filmi onun daha karanlık, daha ironik yüzünü sergileyecekti. "La Peau douce", "La Sirène du Mississippi", "Vivement dimanche" ve özellikle "Baisers volés", onun Amerikan gerlimlerine duyduğu ilgi ve sevgiyi yansıtırken, Ray Bradbury'nin ünlü "Fahrenheit 451"ini sinemaya uyarlayarak bilimkurgu türünü; "L'Enfant sauvage", "L'Histoire d'Adèle H.", "La Chambre verte" ve "Le Dernier Metro - Son Metro" ile de dönem filmlerini ele alacaktı. "Kadınları Seven Adam" ve "La Femme d'à côté"de ise Truffaut aşk acılarını öykülüyordu.

Bazı eleştirmenler Truffaut'nun son dönem filmlerinin, ilk dönemindeki kalitenin çok altında kaldığını söyleseler de Joseph McBride, "Eğer Truffaut'nun ilk eserlerindeki olağanüstü kamera hareketleri, nefes kesen kurgu ve keyif duygusu, daha sonraki filmlerinde daha az belirginse bunun sebebi anlatım ve tarzda daha bilinçli bir yaklaşım ve duygusal zenginliğin artmasıdır" diyordu. Truffaut, "La Nuit américaine" ile 1973'te en iyi yabancı film Oscar'ını kazandı, en iyi yönetmen ve senaryo dallarında Oscar'a aday gösterildi.

Truffaut, sadece kameranın arkasında kalmadı; zaman zaman oyunculuğa da soyundu. "L'Enfant sauvage", "La Nuit américaine" ve "L'Histoire d'Adèle H."de küçük roller üstlenen Truffaut, "La Chambre verte"de başrole soyunurken, Steven Spielberg'in "Close Encounters Of The Third Kind - Üçüncü Türle Yakınlaşmalar"ında da Steven Spielberg ile oyuncu olarak çalışmış oldu.

Yeni Dalga'nın en önemli isimlerinden, "auteur teorisi"nin babasıdır. Truffaut Temmuz 1983'te France Gall - Michael Berger çiftini ziyarete gittiğinde inme geçirdi. Kendisine Beyin tümörü teşhisi konuldu. 1984'te yakın arkadaşı Miloš Forman'ın Amadeus filminin prömiyerine davetli olduğu gün hastalığı ağırlaşıp hastaneye kaldırıldı. Ölmeden önce "Küçük Hırsız" filmi üzerinde çalışmaktaydı. Truffaut'nun vasiyet filmini daha sonra Claude Miller beyazperdeye aktardı.
 Filmleri
 400 Darbe - Les 400 coups (1959): Jean-Pierre Léaud
 Piyanisti Vurun - (Tirez sur le pianiste) (1960): Charles Aznavour
 Antoine et Colette (1962): Jean-Pierre Léaud
Unutulmayan Sevgili - (Jules ve Jim) (1962): Jeanne Moreau, Oskar Werner
 Yumuşak Ten - (La Peau douce) (1964): Jean Desailly, Françoise Dorléac
 Değişen Dünyanın İnsanları - (Fahrenheit 451) (1966): Oskar Werner, Julie Christie
 Siyah Gelinlik - (La mariée était en noir) (1968): Jeanne Moreau, Charles Denner
 Çalınmış Buseler - (Baisers volés) (1968): Jean-Pierre Léaud, Claude Jade
 Evlenmekten Korkmuyorum - (La Sirène du Mississippi) (1969): Jean-Paul Belmondo, Catherine Deneuve
 L'Enfant sauvage (1969): Jean-Pierre Cargol, François Truffaut
 Domicile conjugal (1970): Jean-Pierre Léaud, Claude Jade
 Les deux anglaises et le continent (1971): Jean-Pierre Léaud
 Genç ve Güzel - Une belle fille comme moi'' (1972): Bernadette Lafont, Claude Brasseur, Charles Denner
 Güneşte Gece - (La nuit Américaine) (1973): Jean-Pierre Léaud, Jacqueline Bisset
 Adele H'nın Öyküsü - (L'Histoire d'Adèle H.) (1975): Isabelle Adjani, Bruce Robinson
 L'Argent de poche (1976): enfants
 L'Homme qui aimait les femmes (1977): Charles Denner, Brigitte Fossey
 Yeşil Oda - (La Chambre verte) (1978): François Truffaut, Nathalie Baye
 L'amour en fuite (1979): Jean-Pierre Léaud, Claude Jade
 Son Metro - (Le dernier métro) (1980): Catherine Deneuve, Gérard Depardieu
 Komşu Kadın - (La Femme d'à côté) (1981): Gérard Depardieu, Fanny Ardant
 Neşeli Pazar - (Vivement dimanche!) (1983): Fanny Ardant, Jean-Louis Trintignant

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 IMDB sayfası
 Sinema.com
 biyografi.info - biyografisi

1932 doğumlular
1984 yılında ölenler
Fransız erkek sinema oyuncuları
Fransız sinema eleştirmenleri
Fransız senaristler
Fransız film yönetmenleri
Cannes Film Festivali En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen César Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Film teorisyenleri
Beyin tümöründen ölenler
Montmartre Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
BAFTA En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
César Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Senaryo Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Uluslararası Film Akademi Ödülü sahibi yönetmenler

François Truffaut


Fikret Amirov, istaknuti sovjetski azerbajdžanski skladatelj, narodni umjetnik SSSR-a i dobitnik Lenjinove i Staljinove nagrade. Svoja djela stvarao je pod snažnim utjecajem azerbajdžanskog folklora, napose azerskih narodnih napjeva i arapske melodike. Stvarao je pretežno simfonijska djela i recitale za glasovir.

Skladati je počeo još u pubertetu, a kao devetnaestogodišnjak odlazi na bojište i biva ranjen kod Voronježa, nakon čega se vraća u Baku gdje završava glazbenu akademiju.

Najpoznatijim djelom postaje mu balet »Tisuću i jedna noć« s izraženom arapsko-azerskom melodikom, za potrebe skladanja kojeg je i putovao Egiptom, Jemenom, Irakom i ostatkom Arabije. Mnoga djela praizvela mu je Houstonska simfonija na čelu sa znamenitim Leopoldom Stokowskim. Obilježja arapskog i azerskog folklora prisutna su i u »Koncertu na arapsku temu za glasovir i orkestar« te »Pjesmi slijepog Arapa« s razvidnim utjecajima Rimski-Korsakova i Hačaturjana.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Popis skladbi

Azerbajdžanski skladatelji

Fikret Amirov


Roland Herrmann (* 1. November 1948 in Gaggenau, Baden-Württemberg) ist ein deutscher Diplomat und seit 2012 Generalkonsul in Kapstadt.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur absolvierte Herrmann von 1966 bis 1973 ein Studium der Mathematik und Physik an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und war danach bis 1979 als Beamter des Landes Baden-Württemberg.

1979 trat er in den Auswärtigen Dienst ein und fand nach Abschluss der Laufbahnprüfung für den höheren Dienst zuerst von 1981 bis 1984 Verwendung am Generalkonsulat in Mumbai und danach bis 1988 in der Zentrale des Auswärtigen Amtes in Bonn. Nach einer darauf folgenden Tätigkeit als Mitarbeiter an der Botschaft in Großbritannien sowie von 1991 und 1994 an der Botschaft in Israel, war er zwischen 1994 und 1997 stellvertretender Leiter des Referats für Südostasien im Auswärtigen Amt in Bonn.

Nachdem Herrmann von 1997 bis 2000 Generalkonsul in Dschidda war, wurde er Ständiger Vertreter des Botschafters in Singapur. 2004 erhielt er als Nachfolger von Wolfgang Lerke Botschafter in Bahrain. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis zu seiner Ablösung durch Hubert Lang, der zuvor Generalkonsul in Dschidda war. Er selbst wurde stattdessen 2007 Generalkonsul in Chennai als Nachfolger von Johann Heinz Kopp, der in den Ruhestand getreten war.

Zwischen 2009 und 2012 war Roland Herrmann Generalkonsul in Houston. Seit 2012 ist er Generalkonsul in Kapstadt.

Weblinks
 Liste der deutschen Auslandsvertretungen
 Lebenslauf Roland Herrmann

Deutscher Botschafter in Bahrain
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Mann

Roland Herrmann (Diplomat)


Campanula radicosa er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Albaníu og Grikklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula radicosa


Erik Scavenius (13. júlí 1877 – 29. nóvember 1962) var danskur stjórnmálamaður sem var utanríkisráðherra á miklum umbrotatímum í dönsku samfélagi og gegndi embætti forsætisráðherra Danmerkur frá 1942 til 1943.

Ævi og ferill
Erik Scavenius var af ætt aðalsmanna frá eyjunni Mön. Sem ungur maður lét hann sig dreyma um frama í danska flotanum, en náði ekki prófum í liðsforingjaskólanum og ákvað því að freista fremur gæfunnar innan utanríkisþjónustunnar, líkt og hefð var fyrir í ættinni. Hann lauk námi í hagfræði við Kaupmannahafnarháskóla, réðst því næst til starfa í utanríkisráðuneytinu og varð ritari í sendiráðinu í Berlín. Hann starfaði sem diplómat í Vínarborg og Róm á árunum 1912-13 og síðar í Stokkhólmi frá 1932-35. Samhliða þessu var hann umsvifamikill landeigandi í Danmörku.

Það kom mjög á óvart þegar Scavenius, þá rétt rúmlega þrítugur að aldri og nálega óþekktur, var skipaður utanríkisráðherra í fyrstu ríkisstjórn Zahle, formanns Róttæka vinstriflokksins árið 1909. Ástæðan fyrir valinu var afstaða hans til viðkvæmasta deilumáls þeirra tíma, framtíðarstöðu  Suður-Jótlands, þar sem Scavenius fylgdi afstöðu Róttæka vinstriflokksins sem hafnaði harðlínustefnu og vildi forðast átök við Þýskaland.

Þessi fyrri ríkisstjórn Zahle var ekki nema í tæpt ár við völd og sneri Scavenius aftur í utanríkisþjónustuna þegar hún hrökklaðist frá. Árið 1913 tók Zahle aftur við völdum og hélt þeim til 1920. Varð Scavenius þá utanríkisráðherra á nýjan leik. Um var að ræða afar krefjandi tíma í dönskum stjórnmálum. Á árum fyrri heimsstyrjaldarinnar var meginmarkmiðið að fá önnur ríki til að viðurkenna hlutleysi Danmerkur og halda landinu utan við stríðið. Ýmsir í röðum danskra þjóðernissinna létu sig dreyma um mikla landvinninga í kjölfar ósigurs Þjóðverja í stríðinu. Scavenius varaði hins vegar eindregið við því að breyta landamærum á þann hátt að stór þýskur þjóðernisminnihluti yrði til innan Danmerkur. Zahle og Scavenius neituðu að verða við háværum kröfum um að innlima Flensborg óháð úrslitum þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu um stöðu borgarinnar, þess í stað ákvað danska stjórnin að fallast á niðurstöður kosninganna þar sem meirihlutinn vildi áfram tilheyra Þýskalandi. Það leiddi til þess að Kristján 10. konungur vék stjórninni frá sem leiddi til gríðarlegra mótmæla í landinu og síðar breytinga á stjórnarfari.

Scavenius var um tíma formaður Róttæka vinstriflokksins (1922-24), sat um hríð á þingi og átti um árabil sæti í stjórn málgagnsins Politiken. Þrátt fyrir þessar vegtyllur var almennt litið svo á að Scavenius væri á útleið í dönskum stjórnmálum og fór hann á eftirlaun árið 1937, þá sextugur að aldri. Hernám Danmerkur setti strik í þær áætlanir.

Þjóðverjar hernámu Danmörku í apríl 1940 og í júlí sama ár þrýstu þeir á forsætisráðherrann Thorvald Stauning að skipta út utanríkisráðherranum, sem þeim var ekki að skapi. Scavenius var því kallaður til sem utanríkisráðherra og gegndi því embætti allt þar til hernámsliðið leysti upp ríkisstjórnina síðsumars 1943. Síðustu tíu mánuði þess tímabils var Scavenius jafnframt forsætisráðherra eftir að Þjóðverjar höfðu neytt forvera hans Vilhelm Buhl til afsagnar.

Söguleg arfleifð
Talsvert hefur verið deilt um stöðu Scaveniusar í danskri sögu. Að stríðinu loknu var hann algjörlega pólitískt einangraður, þó ekki hafi verið talin ástæða til að ákæra hann fyrir samstarfið við Þjóðverja. Hann var talinn táknmynd heigulsháttar vegna samstarfsins við hernámsliðið og fulltrúar dönsku andspyrnuhreyfingarinnar álitu að hann hafi hamlað vexti hennar og verið smánarblettur á þjóð sinni. Aðrir benda á að stefna stjórnarinnar um kurteisleg samskipti við hernámsliðið hafi notið almenns stuðnings meðal dönsku þjóðarinnar vel fram á árið 1943 og með pólitískum línudans sínum hafi danska stjórnin m.a. náð að bjarga fjölda gyðinga frá Helförinni.

Sjálfur bar Scavenius höfuðið hátt eftir stríðið og var óhræddur við að verja ákvarðanir sínar, sem hann sagði hafa verið teknar af raunsæi við erfiðar kringumstæður. Hann lést árið 1962 og hafði þá árið áður hlotið einhverja æðstu viðurkenningu Ísraelsríkis fyrir þátt sinn í björgun gyðinga.

Forsætisráðherrar Danmerkur
Stjórnmálaleiðtogar í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni

Erik Scavenius


Iron Commando: Koutetsu no Senshi (アイアンコマンドー鋼鉄の戦士 ? ) (simplemente llamado Iron Commando) es un videojuego de tipo beat 'em up desarrollado por Arcade Zone el cual fue lanzado el 10 de febrero de 1995 en Japón para la Super Famicom. La versión europea (pal) del juego ha  sido cancelada.

Reseña
Un soldado llamado Jack y el maestro kung-fu llamado Chang Li es el equipo de campo Iron Commando (Comando de Hierro). Se debe cruzar diez ambientes distintos para salvar al mundo, luchando contra los punks, los pistoleros, caballeros y todo tipo de extrañas criaturas.

Enlaces externos

 Iron Commando en Moby Games
  Iron Commando en GameFAQs
 Iron Commando en RVG Fanatic
 Iron Commando en superfamicom.org
 アイアンコマンドー / Iron Commando en super-famicom.

Referencias

Videojuegos de 1995
Videojuegos de acción
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador
Videojuegos para Super Nintendo

Iron Commando: Koutetsu no Senshi


Der Begriff Kunstmarketing ist ein Teilbereich des Marketings, dessen Aufgabenfeld vorwiegend in der musealen Arbeit begründet ist und die Vermarktung und Bewerbung von Kunst und Kultur bzw. kulturellen Veranstaltungen ausübt.

Unterscheidung zu Marketing
Im Allgemeinen besteht der Unterschied zu Marketing, dass im Kunstmarketing das Produkt und der Preis nicht bestimmt werden kann. Die umworbenen Güter sind keine Konsumgegenstände im üblichen Sinn, etwa Kleidung oder Lebensmittel, die einen bestimmten Nutzen oder die Befriedigung der Grundbedürfnisse erfüllen, es handelt sich stattdessen um "Informationen, Sinnkonstrukte oder Erlebnisse". Gemeint ist die Interaktion mit einem Kunstwerk, das zur persönlichen Bildung bezüglich der Künste, sowie dem Erfahren des kulturellen Erbes dient. Eine weitere Unterscheidung ist, dass Kunstmarketing überwiegend im Non-Profit-Bereich agiert, da es sich nicht primär um wirtschaftliche Gewinne handelt, trotz Einnahmen durch z. B. Verkauf von Eintrittskarten. Vielmehr dient Kunstmarketing dazu, kulturelle Institutionen zur Erfüllung ihres Bildungsauftrags zu unterstützen.

Aufgaben und Ziele
Keith Diggle beschreibt die primäre Funktion des Kunstmarketings folgendermaßen:

"Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Kontakt zwischen Kunstwerk und dem Konsumenten; und der Zweck der Sache ist es, so viele Personen wie nur möglich für diesen Kontakt zu interessieren. Das ursprüngliche Ziel besteht nicht darin, die Bedürfnisse des Konsumenten zufriedenzustellen [sic!], sondern den Konsumenten dazu einzuladen, ein Werk kennen- und schätzenzulernen [sic!]."

Kulturunternehmen, im Besonderen museale Einrichtungen, drücken anhand der Sammlungsbestände die kulturelle Identität der Gesellschaft aus und nehmen dadurch einen wichtigen Platz innerhalb dieser ein, den es mittels Werbung zu halten und zu verdeutlichen gilt. Weiter dient Kunstmarketing als Medium zur Ausführung des Bildungsauftrags, den ein Museum bzw. eine kulturelle Einrichtung innehat.
Hauptziele sind das Anwerben von neuen, bisher kulturfernen Bevölkerungsschichten, Stammkunden evozieren und betreuen sowie eine allgemeine Bekanntheit schaffen und das Image der Institution pflegen.

Marketing-Elemente
In der Ausübung werden vier allgemein gültige Marketing-Elemente (kurz "4 P-s")  verfolgt: Produkt, Preis, Platzierung und Promotion. Ebenso die Anwendung von Instrumenten der Kommunikationspolitik. Dazu gehören Bereiche der PR-Maßnahmen, beispielsweise Pressearbeit, Homepagepflege, Events und Sponsoring, zudem Organisation und Betreuung eines Messestandes.

Kunstmarketing greift bereits in die Planung und Gestaltung von Angeboten bzw. Programmen ein und dient der Beratung zu Werbemaßnahmen, z. B. mitgestalten der Plakate, Titelfindung einer Ausstellung etc.

Strukturelle Wandlung der Museen
Das Image von Museen wandelt sich zunehmend weg vom Ort der Wissenschaft hin zu einer öffentlichen Einrichtung, deren Interesse es ist Bildung zu vermitteln. Ernst Wagner bemerkt dazu 1906:

"Das Museum hat nicht den Ehrgeiz, ein wissenschaftliches Institut sein zu wollen, sondern stellt sich schlicht in den Dienst der Volksbildung."

In diesem Rahmen werden gesonderte Angebote, die über die konventionellen Ausstellungsführungen hinausgehen, geschaffen. Mittels verschiedener Ausrichtungen wendet sich das Museum an gesonderte Zielgruppen, beispielsweise Schulklassen oder Senioren. Darüber hinaus öffnet sich das Museum der Umgebung anhand von Info-Tagen, Festen oder themenbezogenen Events.

Ein weiterer Faktor in der Öffentlichkeitshinwendung liegt in der Tourismusbranche. Touristen gehören derweil zur festen Klientel der Museumsbesucher, da sie Reiseziele unter anderem nach kulturellen Aspekten aussuchen.

Der eigene wirtschaftliche Erwerb von Museen wird aufgrund der Fördermittelkürzungen zunehmend wichtiger. Harald Siebenmorgen, Direktor des Badischen Landesmuseums Karlsruhe, erläutert die Neuerungen der "Betriebe gewerblicher Art": der Museumsshop, Themengastronomie, Eventveranstaltungen von eigenen Museumsfesten und Fremdvermietung von Räumlichkeiten.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Wirb oder stirb? Öffentlichkeitsarbeit von Museen auf dem Prüfstand - Seminarbericht (PDF; 62 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Branchenmarketing

Kunstmarketing


Thomas Muir (24 August 1765 – 25 January 1799), also known as Thomas Muir the Younger of Huntershill, was a Scottish political reformer and lawyer. Muir graduated from Edinburgh University and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1787, aged 22. Muir was a leader of the Society of the Friends of the People.
He was the most important of the group of two Scotsmen and three Englishmen on the Political Martyrs' Monument, Edinburgh (the others being Thomas Fyshe Palmer, William Skirving, Maurice Margarot and Joseph Gerrald). In 1793 they were sentenced to transportation to Botany Bay Australia for sedition.

Two years later in 1796, Muir escaped from Botany Bay on the American ship Otter. After a voyage across the uncharted Pacific Ocean the Otter reached Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island June 1796. The diaries of the first mate Pierre François Péron describe Muir's escape and voyage across the Pacific as far as Monterey, California.

From there Muir travelled to Mexico City where he asked to be allowed to travel to California. He was imprisoned in Havana, Cuba and taken by Spanish ship to Cádiz, Spain. Here his ship encountered British men-of-war ships and in the fighting Muir's face was badly injured. In September 1797, the Spanish Government released Muir. Weak from his wounds, Muir made his way to France by way of Madrid, Spain, aided by a French officer. In November 1797, he arrived exhausted at Bordeaux, where he was hailed as a 'Hero of the French Republic.' He then travelled to Paris, France. Muir's confidant in 1798 was Dr Robert Watson of Elgin, emissary to France on behalf of the United Englishmen and Muir learned of the United Scotsmen, which replaced the Friends of the People. In November 1798, Muir moved secretly to the Île-de-France village of Chantilly to await the arrival of Scots compatriots. He died there on 25 January 1799. Shortly before his death, he said, "we have achieved a great duty in these critical times. After the destruction of so many years, we have been the first to revive the spirit of our country and give it a National Existence."

Forty years after the founding of the Society of the Friends of the People, the Reform Act of 1832 enacted reforms that the Society had called for. It removed representation from 56 rotten boroughs and created 67 new boroughs so areas with larger populations had representation in Parliament and allowed a wider range of men to vote.

Early years
Thomas Muir was born above his father's grocers shop on the High Street of Glasgow. His father, James Muir, was the son of the 'bonnet laird' of Birdston in Milton of Campsie, he married Margaret Smith and they had two children Thomas and Janet. As a younger son James Muir had little prospect of inheriting his father's property. His family, however, had in Maidstone, Kent, relations who were prosperous hop-growers and it was towards this branch of trade that young James was persuaded to direct his energies. In this business venture he achieved considerable success and by the time of his marriage in 1764 he was firmly established as a hop-merchant in the High Street of Glasgow. Here, in the heart of the town's ancient University quarter, he settled with his wife, living in a little flat above his shop.

By all accounts Muir senior was a man of some education, whose interest in commerce extended far beyond that of his fellow businessmen, for he has been credited with the authorship of a pamphlet on 'England's Foreign Trade'. In the 1780s he purchased the property of Huntershill House, together with adjoining lands. Of Muir's mother, Margaret Smith, nothing of a biographical nature has been recorded. However, we do know that both Muir's parents were orthodox Presbyterians, consequently young Thomas's early upbringing was very much within the confines of the rigid moral and social ethic of 'Auld Licht' Calvinism. Early accounts describe him as 'a pious child of modest, reserved nature'.

Education

Muir's education began at the age of five when his father hired William Barclay, a local schoolmaster, as a private tutor. In 1775, at the early age of 10, he was admitted to the "gowned classes" of Glasgow University. After five sessions he matriculated (1777) and took up divinity: like his parents he supported the Auld Licht or popular party in Kirk politics.

Graduation

In 1782, at the age of 17, Muir graduated with an M.A. Influenced by the teachings of John Millar, he abandoned his studies for the Church. At the beginning of the 1783–4 term he was accepted as a student in Millar's classes on Law and Government. His target was Scottish political conservatism in the form of the Faculty of Advocates and he recruited young Whig advocates imbued with a due reverence for the law. Muir joined students' clubs and societies in which the major topics of the day (American Independence, Patronage, and Burgh Reform) were debated.

Expelled from university
In May 1784, a dispute occurred between Professor John Anderson and other members of the Faculty, including Principal William Leechman and Professors Richardson and Taylor. Senior students issued a pamphlet A Statement of Fact against Leechman and the Faculty. After Anderson had departed for London, disciplinary proceedings were launched. Muir, McIndoe, Humphries and ten others were named as ringleaders; a ban was enforced on their attendance at lectures awaiting the result of hearings. Muir and his fellow students requested legal representation, but this request was rejected. Muir gave notice of his voluntary self-expulsion from the university.

At the beginning of the new academic year Muir, with the assistance of Millar, obtained a place at Edinburgh University under the Whig Professor of Law, John Wylde. Here he completed his studies and having passed his Bar examinations was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1787 at the age of 22.

Tribune of the people

An Elder of the Church of Scotland for his home parish of Cadder, Muir became embroiled at the beginning of 1790 in a dispute with the local landlords led by James Dunlop of Garnkirk, a rich owner. Muir acting on behalf of the elders challenged the attempt of the landlords or heritors to pack the selection committee for a new minister with "Parchment Barons". Upon the case being referred to the Synod at Glasgow, Muir was appointed as Counsel for the congregation and fought a protracted case on their behalf all the way to the General Assembly. In the event the case of the landlords was thrown out, and Muir and his party emerged victorious.

Muir acquired a reputation as a man of principle. His outspoken conviction that many existing laws were biased against the poor, won him the respect of younger advocates who nicknamed him "the Chancellor". His views on law reform were, however, unacceptable to members of the High Court: Lord Braxfield and Robert Dundas.

Revolution in France
The French Revolution of 1789 revived the hopes of all members of the Whig party in Scotland and England, in their campaign for burgh and county reform. Foxite Whigs in Parliament and the Lords inaugurated in April 1792 the London Association of the Friends of the People. Led by the Scots Lords, Lauderdale and Buchan, this society enjoyed widespread initial support from leading Whigs throughout Britain.

Since 1789, many clubs and societies had sprung up in the principal towns and villages of Scotland in support of the Revolution and its principles. In June 1792, the members of these societies and, in particular, those at Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Perth, began a regular correspondence with the object of forming a Scottish counterpart to the London Association. By the end of June 1792, a plan of organisation, principally drawn up by Muir and William Skirving, a Fife farmer, was set in motion. In distinct contrast to the London Association, which was deliberately exclusive, Muir and his associates, taking into consideration the vital educational differential between the working people of Scotland and England, opted for a nationwide association of reform clubs unlimited to any social class. After some initial difficulties due to the entrenched opposition of Henry Erskine, the Dean of the Faculty and leading Scottish Whig, the Scottish Association of the Friends of the People was formed at Edinburgh on 26 July 1792. Supported by two new publications, the Edinburgh Gazeteer and the Caledonian Chronicle, plus James Tytler's Historical Register, the new movement rapidly expanded.

Muir travelled to meet with the leaders of the Friends of the People in London. Sharing their concern that the execution of Louis XVI would be a disaster for the reform movements in the British Isles,  Muir agreed to go to France and join Tom Paine in his attempts to persuade the leaders of the revolution to spare the life of the King. Muir had talks with the Girondist leaders, but their influence was waning.

The Edinburgh Convention and the United Irish address
Muir returned to Scotland on 23 August 1792. At the beginning of October he helped form Glasgow Society of Friends of the People and undertook a propaganda tour of Stirlingshire, Dunbartonshire, and Renfrewshire from which emerged new societies in Kirkintilloch, Birdston, Lennoxtown, Campsie and Paisley. On 21 November, Muir, having been elected vice-president of the movement at the Edinburgh monthly meeting, called for a General Convention of the popular reform societies in Great Britain to be held there in December.

On 8 December, as the first of the delegates were arriving in the capital, an Address of Fraternity from the United Irishmen arrived at Muir's lodgings in Carrubers Close. Drawn up by William Drennan, its appeal to the republican and independent spirit of the Scottish people were entirely to Muir's satisfaction. However, he appears to have unwisely circulated a copy of it among the delegates prior to the first sitting of the convention. Although "there was much in the address that was attractive to the delegates, many objected to the 'intemperate and dangerous nationalistic language".

As Muir rose in the first session Muir to present the Address he was vigorously opposed by a powerful unionist section among the delegates led by Col. William Dalrymple, Lord Daer and Richard Fowler. The Address contained "Treason or Misprison of Treason against the Union with England". Although the Address 'in its original form' was ultimately rejected, Muir was able to read it out and to declare: "We do not, we cannot, consider ourselves as mowed and melted down into another country. Have we not distinct Courts, Judges, Juries, Laws, etc.?".

Charged, convicted and transported for sedition
Muir spent the days following the Convention preparing a defence brief for James Tytler, arrested on a charge of sedition the previous month. Robert Dundas the Lord Advocate initiated an investigation of Muir's movements during the previous three months. Muir, on his way to Edinburgh on the morning of 2 January 1793 to attend Tytler's trial, was himself arrested on a charge of sedition and brought under guard to Edinburgh. After interrogation before the Sheriff and refusing to answer any questions, Muir was released on bail.

On 8 January Muir set out for London, to tell the Reformers there of the plight of the Scottish Association. The trial of the French King had changed attitudes. Both Charles Gray and Lord Lauderdale were now considering giving up the campaign for Parliamentary reform. Muir went to France, hoping vainly to persuade the French leaders to spare the life of the King. He met personalities of the National Convention including Condorcet, Brissot, Mirabeau and Madame Roland. While in Paris he also met Thomas Paine and Dr William Maxwell of Kirkconnel, the future doctor and associate of Robert Burns.

With the outbreak of war with France the anti-reform party in Scotland became increasingly militant, and Dundas advanced the date of Muir's trial from April to 11 February. Learning this, Muir drafted an open letter stating his intention to return as soon as passport difficulties would admit. Dundas set in motion legal steps to ensure Muir's outlawry for non-appearance on 25 February 1793, when Lord Braxfield pronounced him a fugitive from justice.

On 6 March 1793, Henry Erskine convened a meeting of the Faculty of Advocates at which Muir, with no one to speak in his defence, was unanimously expelled and his name struck from the register. At the end of June Muir obtained a passage from Havre de Grace in an American ship, The Hope of Boston.

Disembarking at Belfast, he made his way south to Dublin where he was feted by William Drennan and other leading United Irishmen, and taking Drennan's membership test was inducted into their society. Urged on by the secretary of the society, Archibald Hamilton Rowan, Muir decided to ignore his father's advice to remain in exile, and to return to Scotland to face down his accusers. He travelled back via Belfast where he was hosted by the publisher of the United Irish paper, the Northern Star, Samuel Neilson.

Landing in Portpatrick on 24 August 1793, he was immediately arrested. Brought under guard to Edinburgh and incarcerated in the Tolbooth prison, on 30 and 31 August he was brought before Braxfield, to answer charges "seditious speeches, circulating seditious publications, e.g. The Rights of Man, and reading a seditious document in public, viz. the United Irishmen's address". The judge seized on Muir's connection to the "ferocious" Mr. Rowan (Rowan had challenged Robert Dundas, the Lord Advocate of Scotland, to a duel) and on the United Irishmen papers found in his possession.

Muir was sentenced to 14 years transportation. The reform movement then stiffened their resistance to Government coercion. Muir was removed to an armed cutter, the Royal George, at Leith Roads. There he was soon joined by Thomas Fyshe Palmer, who had received a sentence of 7 years transportation in similar circumstances at Perth. Skirving resolved to convene a new Convention, better organised and more representative than its predecessors. Dundas reacted by ordering the immediate removal of Muir and Palmer to the Hulks at Woolwich, ahead of their departure for Botany Bay.

The third Convention
The third Convention of the Friends of the People and its successor the 'British Convention' were, like their predecessors, largely dominated by the delegates of the Edinburgh Societies. Moreover, by means of arrests and desertions, the Scottish movement had been deprived of most of its articulate leadership. Into this vacuum stepped three English delegates: Maurice Margarot, a merchant with a university education, Joseph Gerrald, friend and correspondent of William Godwin and an orator of flawless eloquence, and Matthew Campbell Browne, an actor turned reformer. After the early departure of Lord Daer, who was already suffering from the tuberculosis which led to his death the following year, these three men came to dominate the convention and its proceedings.

Only they and Muir realised the true nature of the extraordinary organisational differences existing between the reform movements in England and Scotland. Where the English societies remained psychologically and geographically divided, the Scots had an unprecedented degree of national unity backed by the general sympathy of the common people. Finding themselves almost by accident at the head of such an organisation, they threw all discretion to the winds. Urged on by Campbell Browne's wild histrionics, the movement's covert aims now became an open secret. Aping the Convention at Paris, the terms Citizen President, Secretary General, etc. were now introduced into its published reports, while the convention was rechristened the 'British Convention'.

What Muir thought of this reckless exposure to destruction of the organisation which he and William Skirving had so carefully nurtured is revealed by his description of it in 1797 as 'a miserable plaything of the English Government'. Ultimately it was a motion of Charles Sinclair, delegate from the Society for Constitutional Information (London), which gave Dundas his much sought-for excuse to disperse the convention.

Commenting upon the Convention Bill recently passed in Ireland as a means of suppressing public assemblies, Sinclair moved that a secret committee of four, together with the Secretary, be invested with the power to fix the meeting of a Convention of Emergency. This convention would, if necessary, declare itself permanent and resist attempts to disperse it. When the diligent spy, 'J.B.', duly delivered his report of this discussion, the authorities moved swiftly. Early on the morning of 5 December arrest warrants were issued and served by armed bailiffs upon Skirving, Margarot, Gerrald, Sinclair and Matthew Campbell Browne. In the trials which followed, Skirving, Margarot and Gerrald were each respectively given sentences of 14 years transportation. While these events were occurring, Muir and Palmer were being held in the prison hulks by night and being forced to labour in a chain gang on the banks of the Thames by day. An attempt to ship them out to Botany Bay in the convict transport Ye Canada had failed, when in true 'coffin-ship' tradition, her timbers were found to be rotten. After spending some time in Newgate Jail where they were joined by the newly convicted associates, Palmer, Skirving and Margarot, they were removed by coach to Portsmouth and placed aboard a new transport Surprize. In spite of belated and somewhat reluctant attempts on behalf of the Whigs in Parliament and the Lords to obtain a pardon for the radicals, they were abruptly shipped out for Botany Bay on the morning of 24 May.

Journey and arrival in Australia

On the first of May 1794, the Surprise, convict transport, sailed from Spithead (St. Helen's) for Sydney with Muir, Palmer, Skirving, and Margarot on board. The French Admiralty, by order of the Comite du Salut Public, sent out frigates to attempt their rescue; but the Surprise sailed with a strong convoy of East Indiamen and some of His Majesty's ships, and it does not appear they ever sighted the French frigates. The Surprise reached Sydney on 25 October 1794.

During the long voyage out to Australia an attempt was made (with or without official connivance) to discredit Muir, Skirving and Palmer by implicating them in an alleged mutiny led by the first mate. This affair, however, was so badly bungled that, in spite of having to endure much harsh and brutal treatment at the hands of the captain, the reformers had little difficulty in refuting the evidence against them upon arrival at Port Jackson.

Confinement at Sydney Cove

Muir's term of confinement at the penal colony appears to have been fairly uneventful. As political prisoners, and men of talent and education, Muir and his associates were accorded far greater freedom of movement than ordinary convicts. Prior to their departure from Portsmouth, each had received a considerable sum of money raised as a subscription on their behalf among the wealthy London Whigs. By this means they were able to sustain themselves without recourse to the official colonial stores, and thereby keep free of the compulsory manual labour normally demanded from all dependents.

In November, Judge Advocate Collins records that:

By December all four had spent the bulk of their remaining cash in purchasing plots of land. Skirving and Muir both seem to have acquired the services of some time-served convicts as servants. Palmer purchased  of land for £84, and was soon waxing eloquent about his new occupation as a farmer. Unlike his companions, or indeed his father, Muir had little or no taste for farming and with an eye to ultimate escape from the settlement, he purchased a small hut and several acres of land on the opposite side of the bay. Muir's farm was located in the area that is now Jeffrey Street in Kirribilli.

By this means he was able to remove himself from the direct observation of the Governor and his soldiers and at the same time was provided with a legitimate excuse for keeping a small boat.

Early in 1796 with the assistance of Pierre François Péron, a French sailor, he succeeded in arranging his escape from the settlement on board the American maritime fur trade ship , of Boston.

Some accounts state that Muir's rescue or flight was not the first of such escapes may be judged from a remark of William Robert Broughton, Royal Navy, who sailed from Port Jackson in , 13 Oct 1795, "We abstained from following the example of other ships that have touched at this colony, by not taking away any of the convicts, a practice very general in merchant ships gay".

The captain of Otter, Ebenezer Dorr, had, however, made it a precondition of his part in the escape plan that Muir and any who chose to go with him should effect their own escape from the harbour at Port Jackson, as this was carefully guarded by a blockading frigate. Muir swiftly contacted his fellow prisoners. However, in the event, none but himself was able to go. Skirving who had suffered from a recent bout of yellow fever was too weak, and would shortly be dead. Gerrald who had recently arrived in the settlement was in the final stages of acute tuberculosis and the Revd Palmer, who was nursing him, refused to leave his charge. Only Margarot might have availed himself of Muir's plan; however he was absent at a farm deep in the hills at Parramatta, and in any case he had been sent to Coventry (i.e. exiled) by his former colleagues because of his part in supporting the mutiny allegations.

Escape to America

On the evening of 17 February 1796, Muir, together with two convict servants, loaded up his small boat with one day's provisions and stealthily rowed their way out of harbour. Hugging close to the shore, they successfully eluded detection by the watch on the frigate, and navigated their way towards their prearranged point of rendezvous. About 12 am. on the following day, wet and exhausted, they were hauled aboard Otter. Muir, who had been unable to bring with him any of his personal property, left behind a note giving his books and papers to Palmer, with whom he also left a letter for the Governor thanking him for his tolerance and stating his intention of practising law at the American Bar. After a highly adventurous voyage across the as yet largely uncharted Pacific Ocean to Vancouver Island, Otter finally dropped anchor in Nootka Sound on 22 June 1796.

The chronicles of Pierre François Péron describe Muir's escape and the voyage across the Pacific and as far as Monterey, California.

In conversation with Jose Tovar, the piloto (master) of the Sutil, a Spanish vessel at anchor in the bay, Muir learned to his dismay of the presence in neighbouring waters of , a British sloop-of-war under William Robert Broughton. This vessel had visited Port Jackson shortly before Muir's escape and, since he had almost certainly become acquainted with the captain or members of the crew, his life was now in real danger. To be captured while under sentence of transportation meant immediate execution. Once again Muir's extraordinary luck held out. While a student at Glasgow, he had acquired a fluent command of Spanish and he was now able to persuade Tovar to break his regulations regarding the admission of foreigners into Spanish territory. Changing vessels he sailed with Tovar down the coast of California to the port of Monterey, California. On arrival at this important Spanish outpost, Muir was introduced to the Governor, Don Diego Borica, who was favourably impressed by his character and intelligence, and allocated him accommodation along with his own family in the Presidio.

However, when Borica in due course submitted a report on Muir to his superior, the Viceroy at Mexico City, matters took a turn for the worse. Ignoring Muir's request to pass through Spanish territory to the United States, the Viceroy, instead, ordered the severe disciplining of Tovar for violating his orders. Muir's use of Washington's name and his claims of friendship with many of the leading personalities of the French Revolution, had rendered him highly suspicious to the Spanish authorities. Accordingly, Borica was directed to have Muir conducted with all haste to the capital 'without open sign of his being under arrest'. Accompanied by two officers detached from the Governor's staff, Muir, after a gruelling and often dangerous trek across the mountains, reached Mexico City on 12 October. For some days he was held in detention and closely questioned as to his purpose in entering California. It is evident, however, that his explanations were disbelieved by the skeptical Viceroy, who resolved to ship him out to Spain as a suspected spy. Under heavy guard, Muir was now dispatched on the road for the port of Vera Cruz where he arrived on 22 October. In spite of his demands to be put on board an American ship, he was now shipped out to Havana, Cuba to await the departure of a convoy for Spain.

Return to Europe
For some time, Muir appears to have regained his liberty in Havana, for he spoke to several American merchants explaining his plight. He also appears to have attempted an escape, only to be recaptured and imprisoned for three months in the dungeons of the La Principia Fortress. However Muir was nothing if not resourceful and it was while he was in La Principia that he succeeded by some means in contacting Victor Hughes, the French Agent for the Windward Islands. On learning of Muir's situation Hughes wrote to the Directory in France, thus providing them with the first concrete news of Muir's escape and survival. He also wrote an indignant letter to the Governor of Cuba protesting bitterly at Muir's harsh treatment and demanding his release. However, by the time this letter arrived in Havana, Muir had already sailed for Spain.

Whatever misgivings or fears Muir may have had for his safety at the hands of his Spanish jailers, there was one danger which had not occurred to him – that of confrontation with a British fleet. On the morning of 26 April 1797 as Muir's ship, the Ninfa, approached the entrance to Cadiz Harbour, he was confronted by several Royal Navy Men o' War who for some weeks had been blockading the port. Seeing at once that a conflict was inevitable, Muir approached the captain and asked to be put ashore as he was unwilling to bear arms against a ship which almost certainly contained some of his fellow countrymen. The captain, however, faced with the likely destruction of his vessel, had no time to consider the feelings of a prisoner. Turning about, the Ninfa and her sister ship the Santa Elena headed up the coast, hotly pursued by the British ships. After a chase of some three hours duration, the Ninfa and the Santa Elena were engaged in battle opposite Conil de la Frontera. In the action which followed, the Ninfa was seriously damaged, while the Santa Elena, reputedly a rich bullion ship, was deliberately scuttled by her captain. During the last few moments of the engagement, Muir received a glancing blow to the face from a piece of shrapnel which smashed his left cheek bone and seriously injured both his eyes. One of the crew under interrogation appears to have revealed the fact of Muir's presence on board, and a careful search was made for his body. However, the Spanish captain insisted that Muir was among the dead and in the event he was so badly disfigured that his would-be captors failed to identify him, and he was sent ashore with the wounded. Now began a long and painful recovery, while the French and Spanish authorities, from Consular to Ambassadorial and ultimately at Ministerial level, indulged in a bitter diplomatic wrangle over Muir's release.

The last days in France

Finally on 16 September 1797, the Spanish Government relented and decreed Muir's release and perpetual banishment from Spanish territories. Still weak and emaciated from his sufferings, Muir made his way to France by way of Madrid and San Sebastian, aided and assisted by a young officer from the French Consulate at Cadiz.
In early November 1797, he arrived exhausted at Bordeaux, where he was hailed publicly as a 'Hero of the French Republic' and a 'Martyr of Liberty'. Feted by the civic authorities and literary societies, his last portrait, commissioned for display in public buildings, shows him with a large black patch over his left eye. The loss of his left cheekbone had caused that side of his face to droop, revealing the teeth in a perpetual grimace. Muir, weak and half blind, slowly made his way north to Paris where he arrived on 4 February 1798.

Muir's arrival in the capital was heralded by a great outburst of popular adulation. David, the great French artist and propagandist was officially appointed to welcome him to the city, in a front page eulogy in the Government journal Le Moniteur. From the very outset, however, Muir made it abundantly clear to his benefactors that, flattered though he was by their attentions towards him, it was their intentions on behalf of his suffering countrymen which were now to be his chief concern. He associated with Thomas Paine and James Napper Tandy of the United Irishmen, from whom he learned the exciting news of the near-insurrection in Scotland over the Militia Act. During 1798 he submitted many letters and memoranda to the Directory urging them to intervene militarily on behalf of the people and thus aid them in establishing a Scottish Republic.

Muir's chief confidant and informant during 1798 was Dr Robert Watson of Elgin, emissary to France on behalf of the United Englishmen. From him he learned for the first time details of the strength and extent of the United Scotsmen, the new revolutionary association which had replaced the Friends of the People. From Watson he also learned of the impending arrival in Paris of James Kennedy of Paisley and Angus Cameron of Blair Atholl as delegates of the new movement. Since Muir was by this time the principal intermediary between the Directory and the various republican refugees in Paris he was aware that his movements were under scrutiny by Pitt's agents. Accordingly, in his last known communication with the Directory in October 1798, he requested permission to leave Paris for somewhere less conspicuous, where his crucial negotiations with the Scots emissaries could be conducted in safety.

Thus it was that sometime in the middle of November 1798, Muir moved incognito to the little Île-de-France village of Chantilly to await the arrival of his Scots compatriots. The only surviving documentation of his death is the record in the Chantilly town register, pictured on the right. The record, in French, is dated 7 pluviôse VII, the 26th of January 1799 in the Gregorian calendar. It states that Muir was found dead at half past six on the morning of the previous day, the 25th of January, by a boy of around twelve years old named Labussiére. Muir's name was known only by word of mouth and because a man named as Citoyen Lepauve brought him personally addressed newspapers.

When several days later the news of Muir's passing finally reached Paris, a brief obituary notice was inserted in le Moniteur universel to the effect that he had died from a recurrence of his old wounds.  Shortly before his death, he said:

The Political Martyrs

Thomas Muir was the most important of the group of two Scotsmen and three Englishmen commemorated at the Political Martyrs' Monument the others being Thomas Fyshe Palmer, William Skirving, Maurice Margarot. and Joseph Gerrald). In 1793 these men were also sentenced to transportation to Australia for sedition and for writing and publishing pamphlets on parliamentary reform.

William Muir

William Muir the Campsie Poet was a relative of Thomas Muir's.

Thomas MUIR was also a cousin of William MUIR (1767–1843) a shipowner and merchant living in 1798, in Altona, Denmark (now part of Hamburg, Germany). Thomas wrote, asking William to remember him to his (Thomas') parents, who lived in Bishopbriggs. The letter was kept by William MUIR and found in the loft of his 'William MUIR, Bond 9 Distillery', about 1815, in Leith, Scotland, where Wm. MUIRl had relocated. (ref. Christina BEWLEY, Muir of Huntershill, pg. 175)

Thomas MUIR was buried, not in the Old Chantilly Burial Ground, but outside the graveyard of the church in town, as he was not Catholic. As of 1971, this graveyard had been covered over by a parking lot. (source: Groundskeeper of Old Chantilly Burial Ground, who said people often came looking for Thomas MUIR. He knew all the people in his graveyard, and MUIR was not one of them, but had died alone,"comme clochard". Site visited by Janet WHITE, 1971, a descendant of William MUIR)

Honours

After the Reform Act of 1832, Charles Tennant, chemical manufacturer in Glasgow, started the campaign to mark the work of Thomas Muir and his fellow reformers. After years of searching for a site to celebrate them, two large obelisks were funded by public subscription raised by the radical MP Joseph Hume and others. The first was in Edinburgh and the second in Nunhead Cemetery in South East London, unveiled in 1851.

The obelisk in the Old Calton Cemetery in Edinburgh was designed in 1844 by architect Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858) and stands  high.

The monument speaks for itself:

To The Memory of Thomas Muir, Thomas Fyshe Palmer, William Skirving, Maurice Margarot and Joseph Gerrald. Erected by the Friends of Parliamentary Reform in England and Scotland, 1844.

It includes the following two quotations, the first by Muir, and the second by Skirving:

And:

The Nunhead obelisk was erected in 1837 and stands  high.

A Cairn and Martyrs Gate were erected at Huntershill Village by John S. L. Watson of Huntershill and partly funded by the East Dunbartonshire Council.

John Watson and Thomas Muir Coffee Shop commissioned Bishopbriggs local artist John Spinelli to paint a series of watercolours, depicting Thomas Muir's dramatic escape from Botany Bay and his adventures that led him to France. They're displayed throughout the coffee shop.

There is a permanent exhibition to Thomas Muir at Bishopbriggs library, which includes a specially commissioned bust of Thomas Muir by celebrated Scottish artist Alexander Stoddart. Thomas Muir Street in Greenock is named after him. A school in Bishopbriggs, the Thomas Muir High School which opened in 1981, was named after him. It was merged with another school in 2003 to form Bishopbriggs Academy.

A mural of Thomas Muir was painted by graffiti artist 'Rogue One' in 2022 in the Trongate area of Glasgow.

Robert Burns wrote Scots Wha Hae on the day Muir's trial started. The letter he wrote to George Hamilton (about 30 August 1793) with the first draft made it clear who he had in mind; Wallace was an allegory for the real hero*...

…

So may God defend the cause of TRUTH and LIBERTY, as he did that day! – Amen!

P.S. I shewed the air to Urbani, who was highly please with it, & begged me to make soft verses for it; but I had no idea of giving myself any trouble on the subject, till the accidental recollection of that same struggle for Freedom, associated with the glowing idea's of some other struggles of the same nature, not quite so ancient*, roused my rhyming Mania. –Clarke's set of the tune, with his bass, you will find in the Museum; though I am afraid that the air is not what will entitle it to a place in your elegant selection. – However, I am so pleased with my verses, or more properly, the subject of my verses, that although Johnson has already given the tune a place, yet it shall appear again, set to this song, in his next & last Volume.-
RB

See also
List of convicts transported to Australia
Jeffrey Street or Jeffreys Street, Kirribilli

References

Sources

Donnelly, Michael (1975) Thomas Muir of Huntershill 1765–1799 This article is reproduced by kind permission of Michael Donnelly
Clune, Frank The Scottish Martyrs (1969) Angus & Robertson SBN 207-95254-x
Earnshaw, John Thomas Muir Scottish Martyr (1959) The Stone Copying Company NSW
Bewley, Christina Muir of Huntershill (1981) Oxford University Press
MacKenzie, Peter The Life of Thomas Muir, Esquire, Advocate (1831) Glasgow
Robertson, James (Printer) Account of the Trial of Thomas Muir Esq., Younger of Huntershill 1793 for Sedition (1793)
Campbell, Samuel (Printer) An Account of the Trial of Thomas Muir, of Huntershill, Before the High Court of Judiciary at Edinburgh, on the 30th & 31st days of August 1793, for Sedition (1794)
Peron, P.F., Memoires du Capitaine Peron sur ses Voyages (1824) Paris

Further reading
 Donnelly, Michael (1981), Thomas Muir and his Detractors, review of Muir of Huntershill by Christina Bewley, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 7, Winter 1981–82, p. 39,
 Carruthers, Gerard & Martin, Don (eds.) (2016),Thomas Muir of Huntershill: Essays for the Twenty First Century, Humming Earth, , essays by Rhona Brown, Gerard Carruthers, Tom Devine, Tom Dowds, Satinder Kaur, Thomas Lemoine, David McVey, Don Martin, Gordon Pentland, Alex Salmond, Beverley Sherry, Alex Watson, Jimmy Watson, and Ronnie Young.

External links
 Thomas Muir – Father of Scottish Democracy
 Dictionary of Sydney – Muir in Australia
 Great Lives biography

1765 births
1799 deaths
Politicians from Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
United Irishmen
Convicts transported to Australia
Members of the Faculty of Advocates
Elders of the Church of Scotland
Scottish escapees
People of the Scottish Enlightenment
People educated at the High School of Glasgow
18th-century Scottish politicians
Scottish independence activists
Scottish nationalists
Scottish republicans
Scottish reformers
People convicted of sedition

Thomas Muir of Huntershill


Urbanistička cjelina mjesta Kaštel Gomilice predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Naselje Kaštel Gomilica osnovano je inicijativom koludrica reda sv. Benedikta samostana sv. Arnira u Splitu. Godine 1545. sagradile su utvrdu kvadratnog tlocrta u moru na položaju Gomilica, južno od srednjovjekovnog sela Kozice u kojem su imale posjed. Sastojala se od obrambenog zida s kruništem i kule na sredini sjevernog zida, nad ulazom u utvrdu. Kad je unutar Kaštilca ponestalo prostora započeta je gradnja kuća na obali, na prostoru utvrđenom bedemom s trojim vratima. Glavna vrata sela bila su na sjeveru i zvala su se Fortin.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3248 zavedena je pod vrstom "kulturno-povijesna cjelina", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "urbana cjelina".

Izvori

Zaštićene urbane cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Kaštel Gomilica

Kaštel Gomilica (urbanistička cjelina)


Reichsgesetzblatt steht für:
 Reichsgesetzblatt (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung), Reichsgesetzblatt der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, das in den Jahren 1848 und 1849 erschien
 Reichsgesetzblatt des Deutschen Reiches, das von 1871 bis 1945 erschien
 Reichsgesetzblatt (Österreich), Gesetzblatt der cisleithanischen Reichshälfte Österreich-Ungarns, das von 1848 bis 1918 erschien

Siehe auch:
 Bundesgesetzblatt

Reichsgesetzblatt (Begriffsklärung)


Yaz, en sıcak mevsimdir. Kuzey Yarım Küre'de en uzun günler yazda gerçekleşir. Dünya ısıyı depo ettiği için en sıcak günler genellikle yaklaşık iki ay sonra ortaya çıkar. Sıcak günler Kuzey Yarım Küre'de 21 Haziran ile 22 Eylül arasında, Güney Yarım Küre'de ise 22 Aralık ile 21 Mart arasındadır.

Yaz mevsimi insanlar, tabiatın çoğu güzelliklerinden faydalanma olanağı bulur. İnsan sağlığına büyük faydası bulunan ve kemiklerin gelişmesi için gerekli olan D vitamini, güneş ışınlarından alınır. Yazın insanlar cildine ve bazı hastalıkların iyi gelen deniz suyu ve deniz kumundan faydalanılırlar. Güneş banyoları romatizmalar için çok faydalıdır. Güneşin kuvvetli ışınları birçok hastalıkları yok eder ve iyileştirir. Meyvelerin, sebzelerin ekserisi bu mevsimde yetişir. Türkiye'de insan gıdasının büyük bir kısmını tutan; buğday, arpa, mısır ve yulaf gibi hububatlar bu mevsimde toplanır ve ambarlanır. Bu mevsimde araziler gelecek ekim dönemine hazırlanır.

Yazın aşırı ve kavurucu sıcaklığından da sakınmak gerekir. Uzun süre başı açık kalmak, aşırı güneş banyosu yapmak, cilt ve insan sağlığı için çok tehlikelidir. Serinletici içecekler içmede de aşırı gidilmemelidir. Bu mevsimde yiyecek ve içeceklerin yanında giyeceklere de dikkat etmek gerekir. Yazları ter emici, rutubet çekici pamuklu giyecekler tercih edilip, naylon ve buna benzer giyecekler giyilmemelidir.

Yaz


L'équipe de France de rugby à XV, en 2021, dispute cinq matchs lors du tournoi des Six Nations, une tournée de trois matchs en Australie puis trois test matchs face à l'Argentine, la Géorgie et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Il s'agit de la deuxième année comme entraîneur pour Fabien Galthié, avec comme manager général Raphaël Ibañez.

Déroulé

Tournoi des Six Nations

Le XV de France entame son année 2021 avec une victoire 50 à 10 au stade olympique de Rome face aux Italiens pour la première journée du Tournoi des Six Nations. Les hommes de Fabien Galthié enchaînent en l'emportant à l'Aviva Stadium pour la première fois depuis 2011 (13-15) mais sont défaits cinq semaines plus tard face à l'Angleterre au stade de Twickenham à cause d'un essai litigieux de Maro Itoje. Le 20 mars, au Stade de France, les Français parviennent à remporter le match avec le bonus face aux Gallois alors qu'ils étaient menés de 12 points à dix minutes de la fin, inscrivant notamment un essai par Brice Dulin dans les arrêts de jeu. Pour conclure ce Tournoi 2021, les Bleus affrontent l'Écosse au Stade de France. Le match, d'abord prévu le 28 février, avait été reporté à cause de nombreux cas de Covid-19 dans les rangs français. Alors que le XV de France tient la victoire à la fin du temps réglementaire, l'arrière Brice Dulin tente une relance de ses 22 mètres mais perd la balle ce qui permet aux Écossais de marquer l'essai de la gagne. Il s'agit là de la première défaite pour les Bleus au Stade de France depuis celle face au pays de Galles le 1er février 2019. L'équipe de France finit donc à la deuxième place comme lors de l'édition précédente.

Tournée d'été en Australie

Privé des joueurs des clubs du Stade rochelais et du Stade toulousain, finalistes du Top 14, Fabien Galthié fait tourner son effectif pour la tournée d'été comportant trois matchs en Australie laissant plusieurs cadres au repos. Lors du premier match, les bleus perdent dans les derniers moment après une confusion au moment de sortir le ballon en touche et offrent la pénalité de la gagne aux Australiens qui l'emportent (23-21). Lors du deuxième match, les Bleus l'emportent pour la première fois en terres australiennes depuis 31 ans notamment grâce au pied de leur jeune arrière Melvyn Jaminet, qui passe 23 points dans le match. Le XV de France perd l'occasion de remporter la tournée en s'inclinant quatre jours plus tard 33 à 30 après un match disputé.

Tournée d'automne
L'équipe de France finit son année 2021 par trois matchs contre l'Argentine, la Géorgie et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Après une victoire laborieuse face aux Argentins au stade de France, les Bleus battent les Géorgiens en inscrivant 41 points à Bordeaux. Lors de ces deux matchs, profitant de l'absence de Virimi Vakatawa blessé, Fabien Galthié tente une nouvelle structure assez inédite pour le XV de France avec une disposition en cinq huitièmes, c'est-à-dire en jouant avec deux ouvreurs, l'un occupant la place de premier centre, avec le Toulousain Romain Ntamack et le bordelais Matthieu Jalibert. Cette disposition n'est pas reconduite face à la Nouvelle-Zélande la semaine suivante. Lors de ce match, les Bleus battent les  (40-25) pour la première fois depuis 2009 et avec le plus grand écart jamais réalisé face à cette équipe. À l'issue de cette tournée, Antoine Dupont, capitaine après la blessure en juin de Charles Ollivon, est nommé meilleur joueur du monde par World Rugby, il rejoint ainsi les Français Thierry Dusautoir et son entraîneur Fabien Galthié, nommés respectivement en 2011 et 2002.

Tableau des matchs

Capitaines
C'est le troisième ligne Charles Ollivon, déjà capitaine l'année précédente, qui assure le rôle de capitaine durant le Tournoi des Six Nations. Cependant, à la suite de la blessure de celui-ci et la non-sélection de plusieurs joueurs cadres pour la tournée d'été en Australie, le brassard de capitaine revient à Anthony Jelonch pour les trois matchs de la tournée. Il est ensuite confié au demi de mêlée Antoine Dupont pour les trois matchs de la tournée d'automne, Charles Ollivon n'étant toujours pas rétabli. Le staff a choisi le demi de mêlée mais avait évoqué la possibilité pour plusieurs autres joueurs de porter le brassard comme Gaël Fickou, qui tient le rôle de vice-capitaine, Julien Marchand, Grégory Alldritt ou bien encore, comme en Australie, Anthony Jelonch.

Joueurs
Cette année, au total, 57 joueurs de 12 clubs différents ont été sélectionnés, dont 16 pour la première fois. Au niveau des clubs, le Stade toulousain et le RC Toulon sont les deux premiers fournisseurs avec 9 joueurs chacun, le Racing 92 les suivants avec 8 joueurs sélectionnés. Seuls deux joueurs ont disputé l'ensemble des matches du XV de France, le deuxième ligne Romain Taofifénua et l'ailier Damian Penaud.

Statistiques
Au total, le XV de France a inscrit 36 essais durant cette année et un total de 317 points.

Meilleurs réalisateurs

L'ouvreur Matthieu Jalibert, titulaire lors des quatre premiers matchs des Six Nations à la suite de la blessure de Romain Ntamack, inscrit 34 points dans cette compétition. Lors de la tournée en Australie, l'arrière Melvyn Jaminet prend définitivement le rôle de buteur à partir du deuxième match, rôle qu'il conservera lors de la tournée d'automne, inscrivant 89 points en six matchs.

Meilleurs marqueurs

L'ailier Damian Penaud a inscrit 7 essais tout au long de l'année, il est l'un des rares joueurs à avoir disputé tous les matchs de l'équipe (11 sélections pour 10 titularisations). Le deuxième meilleur marqueur, le talonneur Peato Mauvaka, a lui réussi l'exploit de marquer ses cinq essais en trois matchs consécutifs lors de la tournée d'automne, avec notamment deux doublés face à la Géorgie et la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des matchs de l'équipe de France de rugby à XV

Liens externes
 Résultats du XV de France masculin sur ffr.fr

2021
Rugby à XV en France en 2021

Équipe de France de rugby à XV en 2021


Ekenis Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 8 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 240 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hans-Christian Green tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.suederbrarup.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Ekenis


Stadiul (în , în ), cunoscut de asemenea ca stadie (plural: stadii), a fost o unitate antică de măsură a lungimii. În perioada elenistică lungimea unui stadiu era de 185 de metri, aceasta fiind lungimea tipică a unui teren pentru sport ("stadion") din acel timp.

Potrivit lui Herodot un stadiu era egal cu 600 de picioare (podes). Cu toate acestea, lungimea piciorului varia în diferitele părți ale lumii grecești, iar lungimea stadiului a fost subiectul discuțiilor și ipotezelor timp de sute de ani. Diverse ipotetice lungimi echivalente au fost propuse, iar unele au fost acceptate. Printre acestea sunt:

O determinare empirică a lungimii stadiului a fost făcută de către , care a comparat 81 de distanțe menționate de Eratostene și Strabon cu linia dreaptă măsurată pe distanțele respective prin metode moderne și o medie a rezultatelor. El a obținut un rezultat de aproximativ

Valoarea stadiului care este folosită poate afecta interpretarea textelor antice. De exemplu, o eroare în calculul circumferinței Pământului de către Eratostene sau Poseidonios este dependentă de tipul și măsura stadiului care este ales pentru a fi aproximat calculul.

Vezi și
 Unități de măsură vechi#Grecia Antică
 Unități de măsură în Egiptul Antic
 Unități de măsură în Roma Antică

Referințe

Unități de măsură vechi
Unități vechi de lungime

Stadiu (unitate de măsură)


Genet puede referirse a:

Nombre
San Genet (muerto hacia 660 o 662), Genêt o Genès, obispo de Clermont en Auvergne, con fiesta el 3 de junio.

Apellido
Jean Genet (1910 - 1986 ), novelista, dramaturgo y poeta francés.
Saint Genet comédien et martyr, obra de Jean Paul Sartre.
Juana Luisa Enriqueta Genet (1752 - 1822), Madame Campan, dama de compañía de María Antonieta.
Edmond-Charles Genêt (1763 – 1834), Citoyen Genet, embajador de la Francia revolucionaria en Estados Unidos.
El pseudónimo utilizado por Janet Flanner.

Topónimos
La Chapelle-du-Genêt, comuna francesa.
Genet (Etiopía) o Genet Limmu -:en:Genet, Ethiopia-

Biónimos
Gineta (Genetta genetta, animal denominado genet en inglés y genette en francés).
Genista, ginesta, retama o esparto (diferentes plantas denominadas genêt en francés).
Genêt d'Espagne, raza de caballos proveniente de la España medieval (en francés también es el nombre vulgar de dos plantas: Genista hispanica -olaguina o aliaga negral- y Spartium junceum) .

Genet


(7670) Kabeláč, denumire internațională (7670) Kabelac, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7670 Kabeláč este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Lenka Šarounová. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 2,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

7670 Kabeláč


Rio (eng. Rio) je animirani film animiran tehnikom CGI, snimljen prema scenariju Don Rhymera i Sam Harpera. Film je realiziran režijom Carlosa Saldanhe iz Blue Sky Studija. Glavnu ulogu interpretirao je poznat glumac i redatelj Jessie Eisenberg, a ostale uloge su upotpuniti glumci:  Anne Hathaway, George Lopez, Jemaine Clement, Will.i.am, Jamie Foxx i Tracy Morgan.

Uloge i hrvatska sinkronizacija

 Sinkronizacija: Livada Produkcija
 Tonska obrada pjesama: Livada Produkcija
 Mix studio: Digital Deluxe
 Režija: Pavlica Bajsić Brazzoduro
 Prijevod: Dinko "Dino" Tomaš Brazzoduro i Pavlica Bajsić Brazzoduro
 Redatelj glazbe: Nikša Bratoš

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Američki animirani filmovi 2010-ih

Rio (film iz 2011.)


Patrick Mukala (nom complet Patrick Mukala Mukala) est un boxeur professionnel congolais né le  à Mbuji-mayi en République démocratique du Congo.

Biographie

Carrière
Passé professionnel en 2014, il remporte le titre panafricain WBA des poids super-moyens en 2017 aux dépens de Daniel Lartey et le défend victorieusement à 4 reprises. En 2019, Mukala affronte Rowan Campbell pour le gain de la ceinture IBO de la zone Afrique mais perd par arrêt de l'arbitre au .

Liste des combats professionnels

|}

Notes et références

Lien externe

Boxeur congolais (RDC)
Naissance en janvier 1994

Patrick Mukala


es una compañía japonesa de videojuegos fundada en noviembre de 1986 conocida principalmente por ser los creadores de las series Armored Core, Demon's Souls, King's Field, Otogi, Tenchu, Dark Souls, Bloodborne, Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice y Elden Ring.

En abril de 2014, Kadokawa Corporation anunció la intención de comprar la compañía a su principal accionista Transcosmos. El acuerdo se cerró definitivamente el 21 de mayo de 2014.

Videojuegos
En posesión de quince títulos desarrollados hasta el momento, Armored Core se situa como la franquicia más longeva de From Software. El título más reciente, Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon se publicó en Japón el 25 de agosto de 2023 para PlayStation 4, Playstation 5, Xbox One y Xbox Series X/S. Además de por Armored Core, From Software es conocido por las series Otogi y Tenchu, y mantiene fuertes lazos con Sega, que ha distribuido muchos de sus títulos fuera de Japón. From Software es también desarrollador del juego de acción Chromehounds, así como de los juegos de rol Enchanted Arms y King's Field.

En 2009 lanzaron Demon's Souls, recabando un éxito de crítica sin precedentes para la desarrolladora. Motivados por las peticiones de los usuarios extranjeros y con el apoyo de la distribuidora Bandai Namco fue puesto a la venta un año más tarde en los mercados de Norteamérica y Europa. Su sucesor espiritual, Dark Souls, se publicó en Occidente en octubre de 2011, y superó con creces las expectativas tanto de crítica como de ventas. En marzo de 2014 se publicó para PlayStation 3 y Xbox 360 la secuela de este, Dark Souls 2 que supuso un éxito tanto en la crítica como en ventas, siendo el primero en contar con una versión para compatibles Windows desde abril de 2014. Durante el E3 de 2014 se anunció que estaba en desarrollo otra secuela espiritual de la saga, Bloodborne, que fue lanzado el 5 de febrero de 2015 en exclusiva para PlayStation 4. Dark Souls III se anunció oficialmente en la Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015, y se lanzó en Japón el 24 de marzo de 2016, y en todo el mundo el 12 de abril de 2016, para Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 y Xbox One. La jugabilidad es más rápida que la de las anteriores entregas de Souls, que fue atribuida en parte a la jugabilidad de Bloodborne. Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, fue anunciado oficialmente en la conferencia de prensa de Microsoft en la E3 2018, el juego fue lanzado el 22 de marzo de 2019 en las plataformas PlayStation 4, Xbox One y Microsoft Windows. En 2020 se lanzó una remasterización de Demon's Souls en exclusiva para la nueva consola PlayStation 5. Anunciado en el E3 2019, Elden Ring es un juego de rol de acción en tercera persona, lanzado a nivel mundial el 25 de febrero de 2022 para las plataformas Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5.

A continuación se listan los videojuegos de From Software.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Año !! Título !! Plataforma
|-
| 1994 || King's Field || PlayStation
|-
| 1995 || King's Field II || PlayStation
|-
| 1996 || King's Field III || PlayStation
|-
| 1997 || Armored Core || PlayStation
|-
| 1998 || Armored Core: Project Phantasma || PlayStation
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999 || Echo Night || PlayStation
|-
|Spriggan: Lunar Verse || PlayStation
|-
|Frame Gride || Dreamcast
|-
|Echo Night II || PlayStation
|-
|Shadow Tower || PlayStation
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2000 || Armored Core: Master of Arena || PlayStation
|-
|Sword of Moonlight: King's Field Making Tool || Microsoft Windows
|-
|Eternal Ring || PlayStation 2
|-
|Evergrace || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core 2 || PlayStation 2
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || The Adventures of Cookie & Cream || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core 2: Another Age || PlayStation 2
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || Forever Kingdom || PlayStation 2
|-
|Lost Kingdoms || GameCube
|-
|King's Field: The Ancient City || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core 3 || PlayStation 2
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2003 || Lost Kingdoms II || GameCube
|-
|Silent Line: Armored Core || PlayStation 2
|-
|Tenchu: Wrath of Heaven || PlayStation 2
|-
|Murakumo: Renegade Mech Pursuit || Xbox
|-
|Otogi: Myth of Demons || Xbox
|-
|Thousand Land || Xbox
|-
|Shadow Tower Abyss || PlayStation 2
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2004 || Echo Night: Beyond || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core: Nexus || PlayStation 2
|-
|Kuon || PlayStation 2
|-
|Otogi 2: Immortal Warriors || Xbox
|-
|Tenchu: Return from Darkness || Xbox
|-
|Armored Core: Nine Breaker || PlayStation 2
|-
|Tenchu: Fatal Shadows || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core: Formula Front || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Metal Wolf Chaos || Xbox
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2005 || Armored Core: Last Raven || PlayStation 2
|-
|Tenchu Ninjitsu Gaiden || Móviles
|-
|Another Century's Episode || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core: Formula Front || PlayStation 2
|-
|Yoshitsune Eiyuuden Shura || PlayStation 2
|-
|Adventure Player || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Tenchu: Time of the Assassins || PlayStation Portable
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2006 || Tenchu: Dark Secret || Nintendo DS
|-
|Another Century's Episode 2 || PlayStation 2
|-
|Armored Core 4 || PlayStation 3
|-
|King's Field: Additional I || PlayStation Portable
|-
|King's Field: Additional II || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Chromehounds || Xbox 360
|-
|Enchanted Arms || Xbox 360
|-
|Tenchu Z || Xbox 360
|-
|Another Century's Episode 3: The Final || PlayStation 2
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007 || Cookie & Cream || Nintendo DS
|-
|Numpla VOW || Nintendo DS
|-
|Iraroji Vow || Nintendo DS
|-
|Enchanted Arms || PlayStation 3
|-
|Armored Core 4 || Xbox 360
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || Armored Core for Answer || PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
|-
|Shadow Assault: Tenchu || Xbox 360
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2009 || Ninja Blade || Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
|-
|Tenchu: Shadow Assassins || Nintendo Wii, PlayStation Portable
|-
|Armored Core 3 || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Silent Line: Armored Core || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Onore no Shinzuru Michi o Yuke || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Demon's Souls || PlayStation 3
|-
|3D Dot Game Heroes || PlayStation 3
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || Another Century's Episode: R || PlayStation 3
|-
|Armored Core: Last Raven || PlayStation Portable
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || Another Century's Episode Portable || PlayStation Portable
|-
|Dark Souls || PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || Armored Core 5 || PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
|-
|Dark Souls: Prepare To Die Edition || Microsoft Windows
|-
| 2014 || Dark Souls 2 || PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || Dark Souls 2: Scholar of the First Sin || PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows
|-
|Bloodborne || PlayStation 4
|-
| 2016 || Dark Souls 3 || PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || Dark Souls Trilogy || PlayStation 4, Xbox One
|-
|Dark Souls: Remastered|PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch
|-
|Déraciné || PlayStation 4, PlayStation VR
|-
| 2019 || Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice || PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows
|-
| 2022 || Elden Ring || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Microsoft Windows
|-
|2023
|Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon|PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Microsoft Windows
|}

 Videojuegos cancelados
 1/4 (PlayStation 2)
 Code: Inferno (PlayStation 2)
 Gaia Blade (Xbox)
 Gold Mountain (GameCube)
 Gold Star Mountain (GameCube)
 Black Blade'' (PlayStation 3)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 From Software (en japonés)
 From Software (en inglés)
 Gamespot's community page for From Software
 GameFAQs page on From Software
 IGN page on From Software

Empresas fundadas en 1986
Empresas de videojuegos de Japón
Kadokawa Corporation
Marcas japonesas
Desarrolladoras de videojuegos
Empresas de videojuegos

FromSoftware


Štefanija Puretić r. Košak (Prelog, 1922. – 17. siječnja 2015.), hrvatska pedijatrica dermatologinja,  osnivačica prve dječje dermatologije u jugoistočnoj Europi

Životopis
Rođena je u Prelogu kao Štefanija Košak. U Zagrebu je završila medicinsku školu 1945. godine. U istoj školi potom bila asistent predavaču na odjelu anatomije i stažirala. Završetkom stažiranja, bila je na pedijatrijskoj klinici zagrebačke medicinske škole. Prvu dječju dermatologiju u jugoistočnoj Europi otvorila je 1950. godine. Bila je glavna liječnica dermatovenerološke klinike bolnice na Šalati i od 1955. do 1986. voditeljica dermohistopatološkog laboratorija.

Svjetskoj je medicinskoj znanosti pridonijela definiranjem jednog sindroma. Sa suprugom Božidarom Puretićem, pedijatrom, definirala je taj sindrom, sindrom mezenhimne displazije, syndroma Puretić, posebni urođeni genetski sistemni poremećaj.

Bila je redovna članica Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske. Članica senata Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske. Godine 1972. dobila Nagradu "Pavao Ćulumović" za unaprjeđenje znanosti u Hrvatskoj.
Međunarodni Biografski centar Sveučilišta u Cambridgeu dodijelio joj je Nagradu "Maria Curie" ("The Marie Curie Award"). 2012. godine predsjednik Republike Hrvatske 2012. odlikovao ju je Redom Danice hrvatske s likom Ruđera Boškovića za osobite zasluge za znanost i njezino promicanje u Hrvatskoj i svijetu. Od 1993. počasna članica Hrvatskog dermatovenerološkog društva.

Umrla je u Zagrebu u 93. godini života.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica 1/2015. Branka Marinović, Mirna Šitum: Štefanija Puretić (1922 – 2015)
WorldCat Autor: Puretic, S

Hrvatski liječnici
Pedijatri
Dermatologija
Životopisi, Zagreb

Štefanija Puretić


This is Nollywood es una película del año 2007.

Sinopsis
Esto es Nollywood sigue al realizador Bond Emeruwa mientras intenta rodar en nueve días una película de acción en los alrededores de Lagos. Bond es uno de los sorprendentes protagonistas de Nollywood, la creciente industria cinematográfica de Nigeria, hasta ahora muy poco conocida, que está cambiando con rapidez la cultura popular contemporánea de África. La película va más allá de un sistema de rodaje fascinante e inesperado, centrándose en las personas capaces de sobreponerse a cualquier obstáculo para hacer realidad su sueño.

Premios
 Festival Internacional de Abuya 2007.

Referencias

Películas sobre cine

This is Nollywood


El Campeonato Descentralizado de Fútbol Profesional del Perú se llevó a cabo entre los meses de marzo y diciembre de 1995. Participaron 16 equipos, Sporting Cristal logró el bicampeonato mientras que Unión Huaral y León de Huánuco perdieron la categoría.

Por segundo año los celestes lograron el engranaje de un equipo con juego vistoso que no tuvo competencia en el torneo local, las buenas actuaciones de estos dos años le dieron a Juan Carlos Oblitas el crédito para dirigir a la Selección de fútbol de Perú.

El club disputó la 30.ª edición del Campeonato Descentralizado, que fue llamada Ricardo Bentín Grande en honor al hijo de los fundadores del club Sporting Cristal, Ricardo Bentín y Esther Grande. El equipo celeste obtuvo por décimo segunda vez el campeonato nacional y obtuvo también el segundo bicampeonato de su historia.

Equipos participantes

Torneo Descentralizado

Resultados

Octogonal Final
El Octogonal final consistió en partidos de ida y vuelta entre los ocho primeros puestos del Torneo Descentralizado, todos los equipos mantuvieron los puntos ganados en el Descentralizado. Sporting Cristal se consagró campeón del certamen mientras que Alianza Lima y Universitario de Deportes jugaron un partido extra por el cupo a la Copa Libertadores.

El goleador del torneo fue el delantero brasileño Julinho, con 23 tantos.

Resultados

Subcampeonato

Universitario se consagró subcampeón nacional y clasificó a la Copa Libertadores, mientras que Alianza Lima se quedó con el cupo a la Copa Conmebol.

Estadísticas

Máximos goleadores
Lista con los máximos goleadores de la competencia.

Enlaces externos
 Resultados de la temporada 1995 en el archivo de RSSSF

1995
Campeonato Descentralizado 1995
Fútbol en Perú en 1995

Campeonato Descentralizado 1995


Clarence Hobart (født 27. juni 1870 i Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, død 2. august 1930 i Asheville, North Carolina, USA) var en amerikansk tennisspiller, der gennem sin karriere vandt seks titler ved US National Championships i tennis – tre i herredouble (1890, 1893 og 1894) og tre i mixed double (1892, 1893 og 1905). Hans bedste resultat i herresingle ved US National Championships var, da han nåede udfordringsrunden i 1891.

Mixed double-titlen i 1905 vandt han sammen med Augusta Schultz, som han blev gift med i 1895.

I 1899 vandt han det åbne tyske mesterskab, der blev spillet i Homburg, ved først at besejre Arthur Gore i all comers-finalen med 3-0 i sæt og dernæst at vinde over ireren Harold Mahoney i udfordringsrunden med 3-2 i sæt. Samme sted nåede han finalen i Homburg Cup men tabte i finalen til Wimbledon-mesteren Reggie Doherty efter at have ført med 2-0 i sæt. På en tur til Europa i 1903 nåede han finalen i Kent Championships og den internationale turnering i Oostende men blev besejret af henholdsvis Arthur Gore og Paul de Borman.

I 1907 deltog Hobart i Longwood-turneringen, der på det tidspunkt var den næstvigtigste turnering i USA, kun overgået af US National Championships, og vandt all comers-turneringen. Dette gav adgang til en kamp om titlen mod den forsvarende mester, Bill Larned, men han nægtede at spille med følgende begrundelse:
 "Jeg har i mange år været modstander af sædvanen med at lade den forsvarende mester sidde over i vores turneringer,... af den åbenlyse årsag at det er uretfærdigt at stille en træt mand over for en frisk, og lige så uretfærdigt at give mesteren kun en chance for nederlag, mens udfordreren nødvendigvis må have adskillige."

Hans afvisning bidrog til at systemet med udfordringsrunden ved US National Championships blev afskaffet i 1912.

Clarence Hobart døde den 2. august 1930 som følge af et uheld ved et svømmebassin i Asheville, North Carolina.

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
Tennis Archives - Clarence Hobart
The New York Times - Clarence Hobart

Noter

Tennisspillere fra USA

Clarence Hobart


Piperacilina este un antibiotic din clasa penicilinelor, subclasa ureidopeniciline, fiind utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Printre acestea se numără infecțiile severe, complicate produse de bacterii Gram-negative, inclusiv cele cu Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Este adesea asociată în terapie cu un inhibitor de beta-lactamază precum tazobactam sub denumirea de Tazocin. Calea de administrare disponibilă este intravenoasă.

Molecula a fost patentată în anul 1974 și a fost aprobată pentru uz medical în anul 1981.

Reacții adverse

Note

Vezi și
 Amoxicilină
 Ticarcilină
 Azlocilină
 Mezlocilină

Peniciline
Piperazine
Lactame

Piperacilină


La carretera LR-441 es una carretera de Red Local perteneciente a la Red de Carreteras de la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja que comunica la ciudad de Logroño con el barrio de El Cortijo. La distancia aproximada de la carretera es de 6,2 kilómetros.

En la LR-441 se encuentra Karting Rioja, un karting con circuito al aire libre, y la residencia Monte Rincón, una residencia de la tercera edad, además de diversas empresas de actividades varias y muchas huertas pertenecientes a particulares.

Red de carreteras de La Rioja (España)

LR-441