Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951) is an American football coach who is the head coach and executive vice president for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was previously the head football coach at USC from 2001 to 2009, where he won six bowl games and back to back National Championships in 2003 and 2004.

Beginning his head coaching career on the professional level, Carroll saw minimal success with the New York Jets in 1994 and the New England Patriots from 1997 to 1999. Shifting to college football with USC, he revitalized the struggling program into a top-ranked contender. Carroll's collegiate success prompted an NFL return in 2010 when he was hired as the head coach of Seattle. Under Carroll, the Seahawks have qualified for the playoffs nine times, clinched their division five times, made two consecutive Super Bowl appearances, and won the franchise's first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII. The team's Legion of Boom defense also led the league in scoring defense for four consecutive seasons during his tenure. Carroll is one of four head coaches to win a college football national championship and an NFL championship.

Early life
Carroll was born on September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California, the son of Rita (née Ban) and James Edward "Jim" Carroll. Two of his paternal great-grandparents were Irish immigrants, and his Croatian maternal grandparents emigrated from around the region of Šibenik. He was raised in Greenbrae, California, and attended Greenbrae School. Carroll attended Redwood High School in Larkspur, California.

He was a multi-sport star in football (playing quarterback, wide receiver, and defensive back), basketball, and baseball, earning the school's Athlete of the Year honors as a senior in 1969. He was inducted into the charter class of the Redwood High School Athletic Hall of Fame in April 2009.

Career
After high school, Carroll attended junior college at the nearby College of Marin, where he played football for two years (lettering in his second year) before transferring to the University of the Pacific, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. At Pacific, Carroll played free safety for two years for the Tigers, earning All-Pacific Coast Athletic Conference honors both years (1971–72) and earning his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1973.

After graduation, Carroll tried out for the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League at their training camp in Riverside but did not make the team due to shoulder problems combined with his small size.

Collegiate assistant (1973–1983)
Carroll's energetic and positive personality made a good impression on his head coach, Chester Caddas. When Caddas found out Carroll was interested in coaching, he offered him a job as a graduate assistant on his staff at Pacific. Carroll agreed and enrolled as a graduate student, earning a secondary teaching credential and Master's degree in physical education in 1976, while serving as a graduate assistant for three years and working with the wide receivers and secondary defenders. The assistants at Pacific during this time included a number of other future successful coaches, including Greg Robinson, Jim Colletto, Walt Harris, Ted Leland, and Bob Cope. Carroll was inducted into the Pacific Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995.

After graduating from Pacific, Carroll's colleague Bob Cope was hired by the University of Arkansas and he convinced Lou Holtz, then the head coach of the Razorbacks, to also hire Carroll. Carroll spent the 1977 season as a graduate assistant working with the secondary under Cope. During his season with Arkansas, he met his future offensive line coach Pat Ruel, also a graduate assistant, as well as the future head coach of the Razorbacks Houston Nutt, who was a backup quarterback. Arkansas' Defensive Coordinator at the time, Monte Kiffin, would be a mentor to Carroll.  The Razorbacks won the 1978 Orange Bowl that season.

The following season, Carroll moved to Iowa State University, where he was again an assistant working on the secondary under Earle Bruce. When Bruce moved on to Ohio State University, he again hired Carroll to coach the secondary. The Ohio State squad made it to the 1980 Rose Bowl where they lost to USC.

When Monte Kiffin was named head coach of North Carolina State University in 1980, he brought Carroll in as his defensive coordinator and secondary coach. In 1983, Bob Cope became head coach of Pacific and brought Carroll on as assistant head coach and offensive coordinator.

National Football League (1984–1999)
Carroll left Pacific after a year and entered the NFL in 1984 as the defensive backs coach of the Buffalo Bills. The next year, he moved on to work with the Minnesota Vikings, where he held a similar position for five seasons (1985–89). In 1989, he was a candidate for the head coaching position at Stanford University; the position went to Dennis Green. His success with the Vikings led to his hiring by the New York Jets, where he served as defensive coordinator under Bruce Coslet for four seasons (1990–93). Carroll and Coslet had known each other for many years by that time, as Carroll's older brother was Coslet's college roommate. When there was an opening for the Vikings' head coach position in 1992, he was a serious candidate but lost the position, again to Green.

In 1994, Carroll was elevated to Head Coach of the Jets. Known for his energy and youthful enthusiasm, Carroll painted a basketball court in the parking lot of the team's practice facility where he and his assistant coaches regularly played three-on-three games during their spare time. The Jets got off to a 6–5 start under Carroll, but in Week 12, he was the victim of Dan Marino's "clock play"—a fake spike that became a Miami Dolphins game-winning touchdown. The Jets lost all of their remaining games to finish 6–10. He was fired after one season.

Carroll was hired for the next season by the San Francisco 49ers, where he served as defensive coordinator for the following two seasons (1995–96). His return to success as the defensive coordinator led to his hiring as the head coach of the New England Patriots in 1997, replacing coach Bill Parcells, who had resigned after disputes with the team's ownership. His 1997 Patriots team won the AFC East division title, but his subsequent two teams did not fare as well—losing in the wild card playoff round in 1998, and missing the playoffs after a late-season slide in 1999—and he was fired after the 1999 season. Patriots owner Robert Kraft said firing Carroll was one of the toughest decisions he has had to make since buying the team, stating, "A lot of things were going on that made it difficult for him to stay, some of which were out of his control. And it began with following a legend." His combined NFL record as a head coach was 33–31, and he was later considered a much better fit for college football than the NFL after his success at USC.

Even though several NFL teams approached him with defensive coordinator positions, Carroll instead spent the 2000 season as a consultant for pro and college teams, doing charitable work for the NFL, and writing a column about pro football for CNNSI.com.

USC Trojans (2000–2009)

Hiring

Carroll was named the Trojans' head coach on December 15, 2000, signing a five-year contract after USC had gone through a tumultuous 18-day search to replace fired coach Paul Hackett. He was not the Trojans' first choice, and was considered a long shot as the USC Athletic Department under Director Mike Garrett initially planned to hire a high-profile coach with recent college experience. Meanwhile, Carroll, who had not coached in over a year and not coached in the college ranks since 1983, drew unfavorable comparisons to the outgoing Hackett.

USC first pursued then-Oregon State coach Dennis Erickson, who instead signed a contract extension with the Beavers; then Oregon coach Mike Bellotti, who similarly signed an extension. The search then moved to the San Diego Chargers coach Mike Riley, who had been an assistant coach at USC before later becoming the head coach of Oregon State. Stuck in contractual obligations to the Chargers (who were still in the midst of an NFL season) and hesitant about moving his family, Riley was unable to give a firm answer, opening an opportunity for Carroll, the school's fourth choice.

Carroll actively pursued the position, as his daughter, Jaime, was then a player on the school's successful volleyball team. After the first three primary candidates turned down the position, USC hired Carroll. Under Garrett, USC had tried to recruit Carroll to be their head coach in 1997, while he was coaching the Patriots, but Carroll was unable to take the position. The second time the opening came up, Daryl Gross, then senior associate athletic director for USC, recommended Carroll to Garrett based on his experience as a former scout for the New York Jets while Carroll coached there. Garrett cited Carroll's intelligence, energy and reputation as a defensive specialist as reasons for his hire.

The choice of Carroll for USC's head coaching position was openly criticized by the media and many USC fans, primarily because of USC's stagnation under the outgoing Hackett and Carroll's record as a head coach in the NFL and being nearly two decades removed from the college level. Garrett took particular criticism for the hire, with the press tying his future with Carroll's after he had to fire two head coaches in four years for USC's premiere athletic coaching position. Former NFL players (including USC alumni) such as Ronnie Lott, Gary Plummer, Tim McDonald and Willie McGinest offered their support for Carroll, who they noted had a player-friendly, easygoing style that might suit the college game and particularly recruiting. The USC Athletic Department received 2,500 e-mails, faxes and phone calls from alumni—mostly critical—and a number of donors asking for Carroll's removal before they would donate again.

Within a year of his hiring, many prominent critics reversed course. In 2008, ESPN.com named Carroll's hiring number 1 in a list of the Pac-10's top ten moments of the BCS era.

Tenure
The criticism of Carroll became louder when Carroll's first USC team opened the 2001 season going 2–5, with some sportswriters writing off the once-dominant Trojans, who were the only Pac-10 football team to never finish in the national top 10 during the previous decade, as a dying program. However, after the slow start, Carroll's teams proceeded to go 67–7 over the next 74 games, winning two national championships and playing for another.

Carroll was considered one of the most effective recruiters in college football, having brought in multiple top-ranked recruiting classes; he was also known for getting commitments from nationally prominent players early in high school. His son, Brennan Carroll, was USC's recruiting coordinator as well as the tight ends coach during the elder Carroll's tenure as head coach. He had consistently been on the forefront of recruiting due to his ability to connect with potential players on their level, including becoming the first college coach with a Facebook page, as well as an early adopter of Twitter.

Carroll's team won a then-school record 34 straight games from 2003 to 2005, a streak that started after a triple-overtime loss to California and ended with the national championship game against the Texas Longhorns in the 2006 Rose Bowl. Fourteen of those games were later vacated for breaking NCAA rules. During his tenure, USC broke its average home attendance record four times in a row (they play at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum); the USC home attendance average in 2001, his first season, was 57,744; by 2006, it was over 91,000. During this period, USC had a 35-game winning streak at the Coliseum, spanning 6 years (2001-2007). The streak began on October 13, 2001, with a 48–17 win over the  Arizona State Sun Devils and the final victory was a 47–14 win over the Washington State Cougars on September 22, 2007. The streak ended on October 6, 2007, with a 24–23 loss to the Stanford Cardinal who was a 41-point underdog. Prior to this the last loss was on September 29, 2001, (during Carroll's first year) to Stanford Cardinal 21–16. The success of USC football under Carroll led to a sharp rise in overall athletic department revenue, growing from $38.6 million in Carroll's first season at USC to more than $76 million in 2007–08.

Controversy arose when USC was excluded from the National Championship Game for the 2003 season, even though ranked #1 in both the Associated Press (AP) Poll and the ESPN/USA Today Coaches Poll. Years later, (2008) he was asked if winning the Rose Bowl was ever not enough. "No. You've got to understand that our mindset is to focus only on what we can control. We can only control getting to the Rose Bowl. Winning our conference and going to the Rose Bowl is what our goal is every year. Our goal isn't about national championships, because we don't have control of that -- that's in somebody else's hands. We found that out years ago [2003], when we were No. 1 but then we were No. 3. We already knew that but that just proved it. If we win our games and we're out there and they want us to go somewhere else, then we'll go. We love the Rose Bowl."

Carroll was repeatedly approached regarding vacant head coach positions in the NFL beginning in 2002. Carroll hesitated to return to the NFL after his previous experiences, and said that his return would likely rest on control over personnel matters at a level unprecedented in the league. He had insisted over the years that he was happy at USC and that money was not an issue; he also was said to enjoy the Southern California lifestyle. When asked if he would retire at USC, Carroll responded:

When originally hired, Carroll signed a five-year contract worth approximately $1 million annually. He received a significant raise after the 2002 season and earned close to $3 million in the 2004 season, which ended with USC winning the BCS title in January 2005. He agreed to a contract extension in December 2005. His total compensation, including pay and benefits, for the 2007 fiscal year was $4,415,714.

On January 11, 2010, it was reported that Carroll would be leaving USC to coach the Seattle Seahawks. Carroll had told his players the previous evening that he would be resigning his position with the Trojans to become the new head coach of the Seattle Seahawks. According to the Los Angeles Times, Carroll came to agreement with the Seahawks on a 5-year $33 million contract to become head coach.

Accomplishments

As head coach, Pete Carroll led a resurgence of football at the University of Southern California. Carroll was generally regarded as one of the top college football coaches in the country, and has been compared to College Football Hall of Fame coach Knute Rockne. Program highlights under Carroll include:
Two BCS Championship Game appearances: 2005 win over Oklahoma and 2006 loss to Texas
The Associated Press 2003 National Championship
The Associated Press 2004 National Championship
Seven consecutive Associated Press Top-4 finishes
Six BCS bowl victories
Seven consecutive BCS bowl appearances
A national-record 33 consecutive weeks as the Associated Press's No. 1-ranked team
A winning record of 97–19 (83.6%)
A winning record of 14–2 against traditional rivals Notre Dame and UCLA
An NCAA record of 63 straight 20-point games
Twenty-five 1st team All-Americans
53 players selected in the NFL Draft, including 14 in the first round
Three Heisman Trophy winners: Carson Palmer in 2002, Matt Leinart in 2004, and Reggie Bush in 2005 (since vacated)
Four Top-5 recruiting classes
34-game winning streak (2003–04)
Winning streaks for home games (21) and Pac-10 home games (17)
A 25–1 record in the month of November

In July 2007, ESPN.com named USC its #1 team of the decade for the period between 1996 and 2006, primarily citing the Trojans' renaissance and dominance under Carroll. In 2007, his effect on the college football landscape was named one of the biggest developments over the past decade in ESPN the Magazine. In May 2008, Carroll was named the coach who did the most to define the first 10 years of the BCS Era.

In July 2014, Carroll was announced as a member of the 2015 USC Athletic Hall of Fame class.

NCAA sanctions
See University of Southern California athletics scandal.

NCAA ruling
On June 9, 2010, The Los Angeles Times reported that Carroll, along with other active and former USC officials, had appeared in front of a ten-member NCAA Committee on Infractions the previous February. The next day, June 10, the NCAA announced sanctions against the USC football program including a two-year bowl ban, the elimination of thirty football scholarships, and forfeiture of some football victories from 2004 to 2005 (a season which had included winning the Bowl Championship Series title), and all team victories from the undefeated 2005–06 regular season, when USC lost to Texas in the BCS title game. With the vacated games removed, Carroll drops to fourth on USC's all-time wins list, behind John McKay, Howard Jones and John Robinson. His 97 on-field wins would put him ahead of Robinson for third in Trojan history.

The allegations centered on former Trojan star Reggie Bush. Bush was found to have accepted several improper gifts, including the use of a San Diego area home for members of his family. It was reported that USC might appeal the sanctions. These sanctions have been criticized by some NCAA football writers, including ESPN's Ted Miller, who wrote, "It's become an accepted fact among informed college football observers that the NCAA sanctions against USC were a travesty of justice, and the NCAA's refusal to revisit that travesty are  a massive act of cowardice on the part of the organization."

After Carroll announced that he was leaving for the Seahawks, he denied the possibility that the NCAA sanctions were a factor in his leaving USC to return to pro football in Seattle. "Not in any way," Carroll stated, "because I know where we stand. It's just a process we have to go through. We know we've fought hard to do right." Carroll was hired before the sanctions were announced.

Reacting to the USC sanctions in a video produced by his new employers, Carroll said on June 10, 2010, "I'm absolutely shocked and disappointed in the findings of the NCAA." He said in 2014 during a visit to USC, "I thought [the NCAA's investigation into USC] was dealt with poorly and very irrationally and done with way too much emotion instead of facts. I sat in the meetings. I listened to the people talk. I listened to the venom that they had for our program... They tried to make it out like it was something else. They made a terrible error." In 2015, he said, "We had so much success and we had so much fun doing it, it was uncommon for people to understand. ... I think it rubbed people the wrong way. There was such a bitterness."

Reactions
Wrote Los Angeles Times sportswriter Jerry Crowe, "It's somehow apt that the Trojans were asked to return the Grantland Rice Trophy after being stripped of the 2004 Football Writers Assn. of America national championship... Grantland Rice was the legendary early 20th century sportswriter who wrote, 'When the great scorer comes/to mark against your name/He'll write not 'won' or 'lost'/but how you played the game.'"

Among Carroll's critics in the media was longtime Los Angeles Times sportswriter Bill Plaschke, who said that in one stroke, Carroll went

Sporting News writer Mike Florio called for the Seahawks to fire Carroll, saying that "justice won't truly be served until the only coaching Carroll ever does entails holding an Xbox controller."

On August 26, 2010, the Football Writers Association of America announced it would take back USC's 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and leave that year's award vacant, the only vacancy in the over half century of the history of the award. The FWAA also said it would not consider USC as a candidate for the award for the 2010 season. New USC athletic director Pat Haden said USC would return the trophy, stating, "While we know that some fans and former student-athletes may be disappointed, our central priority at this time is our overall commitment to compliance and this action is in line with the standards we have set for our entire athletic program."

Seattle Seahawks (2010–present)

2010 season
After the Seattle Seahawks fired head coach Jim L. Mora after one season, Carroll was rumored to be in the running for the job. On January 8, 2010, it was reported that Carroll was about to be hired as head coach of the Seahawks; the two parties were hammering out "minor details" in the pending contract. According to the Los Angeles Times, Carroll was "close to reaching an agreement with the Seattle Seahawks on Friday evening." On the morning of January 9, 2010, Carroll reportedly came to agreement with the Seahawks on a five-year contract that would appoint him as head coach. He was officially hired as the Seahawks' head coach on January 11.  He was also named executive vice president of football operations, effectively making him the Seahawks' general manager as well.  While the Seahawks have a general manager in John Schneider, he serves mainly in an advisory role to Carroll, who has the final say in football matters. He is one of three coaches who also has the powers of general manager, along with New England's Bill Belichick and Washington's Ron Rivera.

In his first season, Carroll almost completely overturned the Seahawks roster, totaling over 200 transactions in the course of only one season. These moves paved the way for a 4–2 start to the 2010 season. Although Seattle faltered through the latter half of the season, the team beat their NFC West division rival Rams in the final week of the regular season for the division championship, becoming the first 7–9 team in NFL history to win a division title. Carroll made even more history as the Seahawks later upset the then-Super Bowl Champions New Orleans Saints by a score of 41–36 during the wild-card round of the playoffs, behind running back Marshawn Lynch and the famed Beast Quake run. However, the following week at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois, they then fell to the Chicago Bears, whom they had defeated earlier in the season, in the Divisional Round by a score of 35–24.

2011 season
In 2011, Carroll again coached the Seahawks to a 7–9 record, but it was not enough to secure a playoff spot due to the ascendance of Carroll's old college rival coach Jim Harbaugh and division rival San Francisco 49ers, who finished with a 13–3 record. It was the first season the Seahawks had a starting quarterback other than Matt Hasselbeck in over a decade.

2012 season
In his third season with the Seahawks in 2012, Carroll, along with rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, led the team to an 11–5 record, including going undefeated at home. The 2012 season was Carroll's first winning season for the team. The Seahawks were also involved in controversy during Week 3's Monday Night Football game against the Green Bay Packers in Seattle, when the replacement officials called two different results for Russell Wilson's Hail Mary pass to wide receiver Golden Tate. The officials called the play in the Seahawks' favor, igniting a national outrage about the officiating. When the NFL referee lockout ended several days later, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell acknowledged that public furor over the call accelerated the eventual resolution of the labor dispute. Carroll's record was enough to post the team's second playoff berth, and the Seahawks won their Wild Card Round game on the road against the Washington Redskins and fellow rookie quarterback Robert Griffin III, 24–14. Seattle lost the following week in the Divisional Round to the Atlanta Falcons at the Georgia Dome by a score of 30–28.

2013 season: Super Bowl XLVIII run

The Seattle Seahawks 2013 season began with four consecutive preseason wins, and odds-makers had distinguished them as the favorite in the NFC. The regular season began with a 12–7 victory at Carolina. The prior year's NFC Champions and divisional rival, the San Francisco 49ers, were blown out by the Seahawks, 29–3. Winning out September, they visited the Colts in Indianapolis and suffered their first loss, on October 6. That was the only loss Carroll, and team, would suffer until December. Heading to San Francisco for their second match-up against their divisional foe, the Seahawks were consensus best in NFC, posting an 11–1 record. However, the game was in stark contrast to their first in September. The 49ers edged out a 19–17 win, yet the Seahawks' then 11–2 record was still best in the conference. The penultimate game, against the Arizona Cardinals, was Seattle's attempt to continue their at-home winning streak to 15 games (record started in Week 2 of the 2012 season). Although the Seahawks had won their three prior meetings, including one earlier in the year, the Cardinals had steadily improved during the season. The at-home win streak did not reach 15. The Cardinals won, and Seattle suffered its third loss of the year. Their regular-season finale, against the St. Louis Rams, established a new at-home streak of one, and Carroll concluded the regular season at 13–3. The number one team (and playoff seed) in the NFC, Carroll matched Mike Holmgren's 2005 season of the same record, tying for the best in Seattle history. The Seahawks defeated the Saints in the Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23–15. In the NFC Championship, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23–17 win over the 49ers. It was later dubbed the Immaculate Deflection.

On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl. Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV.

2014 season: Second consecutive NFC championship
The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on Thursday Night Football in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to the San Diego Chargers, Dallas Cowboys, St. Louis Rams, and Kansas City Chiefs caused the defending champions to start the season with a 6–4 record, three games behind the division leading Arizona Cardinals. After a team meeting following a Week 11 loss, the Seahawks finished the regular season 6–0 to finish with a 12–4 record. As the #1 seed in the playoffs, the Seahawks beat the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional Round, 31–17, to get to their second straight NFC Championship. After trailing 19–7 to the Green Bay Packers with just over two minutes remaining in the NFC Championship, the Seahawks launched a furious comeback to force overtime. On the first possession of overtime, Russell Wilson hit wide receiver Jermaine Kearse for a game-winning touchdown that sent the Seahawks to their second straight Super Bowl. On February 1, 2015, Carroll's Seahawks lost Super Bowl XLIX to Carroll's former team, the New England Patriots, 28–24.  With 25 seconds to go on second down and goal at the Patriots' 1-yard line, and the Seahawks trailing by four points, Carroll called for a pass play. Wilson's pass was intercepted by Patriots cornerback Malcolm Butler on the goal line, and the Patriots ran out the clock. Some have called Carroll's play-call on the play "the worst play-call in NFL history."

2015 season
The 2015 offseason was one full of criticism for Carroll, Wilson, and offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell after the ending of Super Bowl XLIX. However, Carroll was praised by much of the national media for how he handled the adversity following the game. The Seahawks began the 2015 season by blowing fourth quarter leads to the St. Louis Rams, Green Bay Packers, Cincinnati Bengals, Carolina Panthers, and Arizona Cardinals. After losing at home on Sunday Night Football to the division leading Cardinals, Seattle sat at 4–5. However, Carroll rejuvenated his team enough to win their next five games, putting the Seahawks at 9–5 and clinching a playoff berth. Russell Wilson became the first quarterback to throw 19 or more touchdown passes without any interceptions over five or more wins. The Seahawks ended the regular season with a revengeful win against Arizona, beating the NFC West champions 36–6 on the road. Seattle entered the postseason as the #6 seed, winning its Wild Card Round against the Minnesota Vikings after Vikings kicker Blair Walsh missed a 27-yard field goal for a final score of 10–9. The Seahawks would later fall to the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional Round 31–24, after being down 31–0 at the half, and as a result, the Seahawks would not reach a third consecutive Super Bowl appearance.

2016 season
On July 25, 2016, Carroll signed a three-year contract extension with the Seahawks that would keep him in Seattle through the 2019 season. Carroll's Seahawks once again had high expectations leading into the 2016 season, but injuries to key players on both sides of the ball eventually became too much to overcome. The Seahawks were able to start the season with a 4–1 record, despite Russell Wilson playing with a hurt ankle sustained in the season opener against the Miami Dolphins. In Week 10, the Seahawks travelled to New England to play the Patriots for the first time since the Super Bowl XLIX loss, and came away with a 31–24 victory to push the Seahawks to 6–2–1. Carroll notched his 100th regular-season win the following week against the Philadelphia Eagles. The Seahawks clinched the NFC West in Week 15, following a 24–3 victory over the Los Angeles Rams. It was Carroll's fourth NFC West division title in his seven seasons with the team, and sixth playoff appearance. In the Wild Card Round, the Seahawks dominated the Detroit Lions in a 26–6 victory. The victory extended Seattle's playoff home game win streak to 10 consecutive wins, 6 of which have come under Carroll. The Seahawks were eliminated in the Divisional Round for the second straight year in 2016, losing 36–20 to the Atlanta Falcons. In his season-ending press conference, Carroll revealed that cornerback Richard Sherman had been playing with a "significant" MCL injury, which attracted attention because Sherman had not been listed on the injury report throughout the season.

2017 season
In his eighth season with the Seahawks, Carroll led the team to a 9–7 record. The team finished second in the NFC West but missed out on the playoffs for only the second time in Carroll's time with the Seahawks.

2018 season
In the 2018 season, Carroll helped lead the Seahawks to a 10–6 record and a second-place finish in the NFC West. The team returned to the playoffs, where they lost 24–22 to the Dallas Cowboys in the Wild Card Round. On October 14, 2018, Carroll reached win number 91 over the Oakland Raiders, becoming the Seahawks' all-time wins leader (including postseason), passing Mike Holmgren with a record of 91–56–1 at that point.

2019 season
On September 15, 2019, which was his 68th birthday, Carroll won his 100th game as the Seahawks head coach, defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers 28–26. Carroll's Seahawks finished the season at 11–5, finishing second in the NFC West behind the 13–3 San Francisco 49ers.

As a fifth seed in the playoffs, the Seahawks defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 17–9 in the Wild Card Round, before being eliminated in the Divisional Round by the Green Bay Packers 28–23. Carroll coached the NFC team in the 2020 Pro Bowl.

2020 season

Carroll was fined  by the NFL for not properly wearing a face mask, as required for coaches during the COVID-19 pandemic, during a Week 2 game in the 2020 NFL season on September 21, 2020. On November 8, 2020, Carroll and the Seahawks agreed to a four-year contract extension. They ended the season with a 12–4 record and won their first division title since 2016, but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round.

2021 season
Carroll and the Seahawks named Rams passing game coordinator Shane Waldron to the offensive coordinator position. Under Waldron, Seattle's offense got off to a hot start, with quarterback Russell Wilson completing 18 of 23 passes for 254 yards and four  touchdowns as the Seahawks won 28–16 to the Indianapolis Colts, finishing with a passer rating of 152.3. The following week against the Tennessee Titans, the Seahawks lost 30–33 in overtime to the Tennessee Titans, after blowing a 30–16 lead in the fourth quarter. In Week 3 against the Minnesota Vikings, the Seahawks raced to a 17–7 lead early in the second quarter before their offense was shut out by the Vikings for the rest of the game; Seattle lost 17–30. In Week 5 against the Los Angeles Rams on Thursday Night Football, quarterback Russell Wilson broke his finger on a sack by Rams defensive tackle Aaron Donald, and he was ruled out as backup Geno Smith relieved him in the 17–26 loss.

Wilson was placed on injured reserve later that same day, missing a start for the first time in his NFL career. Carroll and the Seahawks went 1–2 in Wilson's absence before hitting the bye week. Wilson was activated off injured reserve on November 12 ahead of their game against the Green Bay Packers. Wilson and the Seahawks were blanked in the 0–17 loss for the first time since he became their starting quarterback, completing just 20 of 40 passes for 161 yards and two interceptions.

Carroll's Seahawks rallied to finish the season by winning four of their final six games, with one loss coming by just one point. During the season, the Seahawks' first such losing season since 2011, Carroll candidly admitted to the media that he "probably wouldn't have been here a long time" without his longtime starting quarterback. Despite the disappointing season, it was reported on January 16, 2022, that Carroll and general manager John Schneider would retain their jobs for the 2022 season.

2022 season
In the offseason, Russell Wilson was traded to the Denver Broncos. Carroll later named Geno Smith the starter for the regular season opener, which would be against Wilson and the Broncos. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 17–16. Carroll led the Seahawks to a 9–8 finish and an appearance in the playoffs. The Seahawks' season ended in the Wild Card Round with a 41–23 loss to the San Francisco 49ers.

Head coaching record

NFL

College

Coaching tree
Carroll has worked under ten head coaches:
Chester Caddas: University of the Pacific (1973-1976)
Lou Holtz: Arkansas Razorbacks (1977)
Earle Bruce: Iowa State Cyclones (1978), Ohio State Buckeyes (1979)
Monte Kiffin: NC State Wolfpack (1980–1982)
Bob Cope: University of the Pacific (1983)
Kay Stephenson: Buffalo Bills (1984)
Bud Grant: Minnesota Vikings (1985)
Jerry Burns: Minnesota Vikings (1986–1989)
Bruce Coslet: New York Jets (1990–1993)
George Seifert: San Francisco 49ers (1995-1996)

Fifteen of Carroll's assistant coaches became NFL or NCAA head coaches:
Walt Harris, Pitt (1997–2004); Stanford (2005–2006)
Nick Holt, Idaho (2004-2005)
Ed Orgeron, Ole Miss (2005–2007); LSU (2017-2021)
Greg Robinson, Syracuse (2005–2008)
Lane Kiffin, Oakland Raiders (2007–2008); Tennessee (2009); USC (2010–2013); Florida Atlantic (2017–2019); Ole Miss (2020-present)
Sparky Woods, VMI (2008–2012)
Bo Pelini, Nebraska (2008–2014); Youngstown State (2015-2019)
Steve Sarkisian, Washington (2009–2013); USC (2014–2015); Texas (2021-present)
DeWayne Walker, New Mexico State (2009-2012)
Norm Chow, Hawaii (2012-2015)
Larry Kennan, Incarnate Word (2012-2017)
Gus Bradley, Jacksonville Jaguars (2013–2016)
Dan Quinn, Atlanta Falcons (2015–2020)
Jedd Fisch, Arizona (2021–present)
Robert Saleh, New York Jets (2021–present)

Six of Carroll's executives became general managers in the NFL:
Charley Armey, St. Louis Rams (2000-2005)
John Idzik Jr., New York Jets (2013-2014)
Jason Licht, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014-present)
Scot McCloughan, Washington Redskins (2015-2016)
Chris Grier, Miami Dolphins (2016-present)
Scott Fitterer, Carolina Panthers (2021-present)

Personal awards

2003
2003 American Football Coaches Association Division I-A Coach of the Year
Home Depot National Coach of the Year
Maxwell Club College Coach of the Year
ESPN.com National Coach of the Year
Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C. Coach of the Year
All-American Football Foundation Frank Leahy Co-Coach of the Year
Pac-10 Co-Coach of the Year

2004
2004 National Quarterback Club College Coach of the Year
2004 ESPN.com Pac-10 Coach of the Year

2005
Pac-10 Co-Coach of the Year
United States Sports Academy Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award

2006
Pac-10 Coach of the Year

2014
PFWA's Jack Horrigan Award
ESPY Award for Best Coach (Nominated)

Coaching style
On offense, Carroll is known for using aggressive play-calling that is open to trick plays as well as "going for it" on 4th down instead of punting the ball away. Because of his aggressive style, the USC band gave him the nickname "Big Balls Pete". At USC  home games, when Carroll decided to go for it on 4th down, the USC band would start a chant of "Big Balls Pete" that carried over to the students section and the alumni.

On defense, Carroll favors a bend-but-don't-break scheme of preventing the big plays: allowing opposing teams to get small yardage but trying to keep the plays in front of his defenders.

Carroll draws coaching inspiration from the 1974 book The Inner Game of Tennis by tennis coach W. Timothy Gallwey, which he picked up as graduate student at the University of the Pacific; he summarizes the philosophy he took from the book as "all about clearing the clutter in the interactions between your conscious and subconscious mind", enabled "through superior practice and a clear approach. Focus, clarity and belief in yourself are what allows [sic] you to express your ability without discursive thoughts and concerns." He wrote a foreword for a later edition, noting that athletes "must clear their minds of all confusion and earn the ability to let themselves play freely." He also cites influences from psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Jung, Buddhist meditation master Chögyam Trungpa, and Zen master D. T. Suzuki.

After he was fired by the New England Patriots, Carroll read a book by former UCLA basketball coach John Wooden which heavily influenced how he would run his future program at USC: emulating Wooden, Carroll decided to engineer his program in the way that best exemplified his personal philosophy. He decided his philosophy was best summarized as "I'm a competitor". As a fan of the Grateful Dead, Carroll then tied Wooden's thoughts into those by Jerry Garcia, and decided that he wanted his football program to not be the best, but the only program following his competitive philosophy.

Carroll is known for his high-energy and often pleasant demeanor when coaching. In explaining his enthusiasm, Carroll has stated, "I always think something good's just about to happen." In a 2005 interview, Carroll explained his motivation:

Carroll has been known to plan elaborate surprises and pranks during practice to lighten the mood and reward the players; notable examples include using a Halloween practice to stage a fake argument and subsequent falling death of running back LenDale White, having defensive end Everson Griffen arrested by the Los Angeles Police Department during a team meeting for "physically abusing" freshman offensive linemen, and several pranks involving USC alumnus and comedic actor Will Ferrell. During practices, Carroll frequently gets involved doing drills: running sprints and routes as well as throwing the ball. Under Carroll, nearly all USC practices were open to the public, a move that was uncommon among programs; he believed that having fans at practice helped his team prepare, making mundane drills seem more interesting, causing players to perform at a high level when they know they have an audience and preparing them for larger crowds on game days.

Despite his penchant for humor, Carroll's USC program had strictly prescribed routines that covered what players were allowed to eat, the vocabulary they used, and the theme of daily practices. Under his tenure, days had descriptive nicknames like Tell the Truth Monday, Competition Tuesday, Turnover Wednesday.

Carroll favorably compared college recruiting to any other competition, and enjoys the ability to recruit talent, which he was unable to do in the NFL. He likens being a college head coach to being both the "coach and general manager." He assigned all jersey numbers to his players, an assignment he takes seriously. When he was an incoming freshman at Pacific, he wanted No. 40, the number he had worn in all sports growing up; however, Pacific had retired the number in honor of quarterback/safety Eddie LeBaron, so Carroll ended up with 46.

Philanthropy
After moving to Los Angeles, Carroll was affected by the number of gang-related murders taking place in poorer areas. In April 2003, Carroll helped organize a meeting with political leaders, high-ranking law enforcement officials and representatives from social service, education and faith-based communities at USC's Heritage Hall for a brainstorming session. The result was the founding of A Better LA, a charity devoted to reducing violence in targeted urban areas of Los Angeles.

Work with children
In April 2009, Carroll launched CampPete.com, a multi-player online game "billed as a ground-breaking Web site aimed at bringing Coach Carroll's unique Win Forever philosophy to kids all over the country by taking advantage of one of the hottest technology trends online, the virtual world." The site, which can be accessed by creating a virtual avatar, includes arcade-style games, motivational messages from Coach Carroll and a sports trivia section as well as a collection of virtual football skills workshops for kids. A portion of the proceeds from CampPete.com go to support A Better LA.

Personal life
Carroll's wife Glena played volleyball at the University of the Pacific  Together the couple have three children: elder son Brennan, daughter Jaime, and younger son Nate. Both Brennan and Nate have been part of the Seattle Seahawks coaching staff.

Brennan Carroll played tight end at the University of Pittsburgh after transferring from University of Delaware; he graduated from Pitt in 2001 and joined his father as a graduate assistant. Jaime Carroll started attending USC in the fall of 2000, several months before her father was hired as football coach; she was a player on the Women of Troy's women's volleyball team. Nathan Carroll graduated from USC. In 2010, Nathan joined his father as an assistant for the Seahawks.

See also
 List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins
 List of Super Bowl head coaches

Notes

References

Other sources
Player Bio: Pete Carroll, USC Athletic Department, Accessed August 3, 2006.
Neil Hayes, Carroll Exceeds All Expectations, Contra Costa Times, November 10, 2005, Page b01.
Stewart Mandell, For Pete's sake: Carroll spurs USC's quick rise back to national prominence, CNNSI.com, Dece. 30, 2003.

External links

Coaching statistics at Pro-Football-Reference.com
 Seattle Seahawks profile
 Pete Carroll Official Website
 "Pete Carroll on His Seahawks Legacy, Super Bowl Loss, Rivalry with Patriots," Richard Sherman Podcast, youtube.com, August 22, 2023. (video)
 "Pete Carroll on Building Culture, Competition, & New Era of Seahawks Football," KJ Wright/KJ All Day Podcast, youtube.com, August 28, 2023. (video)

1951 births
Living people
American football safeties
American people of Croatian descent
American people of Irish descent
American philanthropists
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Buffalo Bills coaches
Coaches of American football from California
Iowa State Cyclones football coaches
Marin Mariners football players
Minnesota Vikings coaches
NC State Wolfpack football coaches
New England Patriots head coaches
New York Jets coaches
New York Jets head coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Pacific Tigers football coaches
Pacific Tigers football players
People from Greenbrae, California
People from Larkspur, California
Players of American football from San Francisco
Redwood High School (Larkspur, California) alumni
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Seattle Seahawks head coaches
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members
Super Bowl-winning head coaches
USC Trojans football coaches

Pete Carroll


Alectrurus es un género de aves paseriformes perteneciente a la familia Tyrannidae que agrupa a apenas dos especies nativas del centro de América del Sur, donde se distribuyen localizadamente en el centro sur de Brasil, este de Bolivia, este de Paraguay, noreste de Argentina y Uruguay. A sus miembros se les conoce por el nombre común de yetapás.

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Alectrurus» se compone de las palabras del griego «alektruōn, alektruonos» que significa 'gallo doméstico', y «oura» que significa 'cola'.

Características
Las aves de este género son dos maravillosos tiránidos, cuyos machos ostentan formatos de colas exclusivos durante el período reproductivo. En esta fase miden 18 y 31 cm de longitud respectivamente, fuera del período miden 12 y 20 cm. Las dos emiten una imperceptible vocalización o parecen mudas. Habitan en pastizales sureños. Infelizmente, las poblaciones de ambas especies se encuentran drásticamente reducidas debido a la expansión e intensificación de la agricultura en sus zonas de distribución. La Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN) califica al estado de conservación de ambas especies como «amenazadas de extinción en grado vulnerable», con sus respectivas poblaciones decadentes.

Lista de especies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird, el género agrupa a las siguientes especies, con su respectivo nombre común de acuerdo con la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO):

Taxonomía
Los amplios estudios genético-moleculares realizados por Tello et al. (2009) descubrieron una cantidad de relaciones novedosas dentro de la familia Tyrannidae que todavía no están reflejadas en la mayoría de las clasificaciones. Siguiendo estos estudios, Ohlson et al. (2013) propusieron dividir Tyrannidae en cinco familias. Según el ordenamiento propuesto, Alectrurus permanece en Tyrannidae, en una subfamilia Fluvicolinae , 1832-33, en una tribu Fluvicolini , 1832-33 , junto a parte de Myiophobus, Colorhamphus, Sublegatus, Pyrocephalus, Ochthoeca, Arundinicola, Gubernetes, Fluvicola y provisoriamente, Muscipipra.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot

Alectrurus


Sergej Semjonovitj Sobjanin (, ; født 21. juni 1958 i Khanty-Mansíjskij autonome okrug, Sovjetunionen) er en russisk politiker. Han har fungeret som borgmester i Moskva fra oktober 2010 til 5. juli 2013 og blev genvalgt som borgmester den september 2013 ved kommunevalgene.

Sobjanin har tidligere fungeret som guvernør i Tjumen oblast (2001-2005), vicepremierminister for Rusland (2005-2008) og leder af præsidentens administration (2008-2010). Sobjanin er medlem af det regerende politiske parti, Forenet Rusland, og valgt ind i partiets ledende organer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Politikere fra Rusland
Personer fra Khanty-Mansíjskij autonome okrug
Borgmestre i Moskva

Sergej Sobjanin


Billie Jo Spears ( Billie Jean Spears, 14 de enero de 1937 en Beaumont, Texas - 14 de diciembre 2011) fue una cantante de country estadounidense.

Alcancó el Top 10 de los Country music charts cinco veces entre 1969 y 77 y su mayor éxito fue "Blanket on the Ground" (1975) su único número uno. Es conocida por su voz bluesera.

Carrera final y via en la actualidad
A mediados de los años 1980, su éxito en EE.UU. se termina manteniéndose sin embargo en Reino Unido. Spears ha grabado un buen número de álbumes en el mercado inglés que ni siquiera ha salido en Estados Unidos. Este nivel de fama fue sacado a la luz por la revista  Country Music People, durante los años 1990 en un artículo en la que se la describe como La Reina Madre de la música Country. Continúa sacando álbumes en EE.UU. durante la década de 1980, aunque graba poco ya desde la segunda mitad. Desde la operación para colocarle un bypass en 1993 vive en Vidor Texas y sigue haciendo giras y conciertos. En 2005 saca el álbum I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry ("Estoy tan sola que podría llorar").

Discografía
Discografía de Billie Jo Spears

Referencias

 :en:Guinness Book of British Hit Singles - 19th Edition - ISBN 1-904994-10-5

Enlaces externos
 Billie Jo Spears Biografía corta e imagen

Cantantes de country
Músicos de Estados Unidos

Billie Jo Spears


Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt (21 septembre 1854 - 7 septembre 1941) était la deuxième épouse de James Roosevelt I (à partir de 1880), la mère du président des États-Unis Franklin Delano Roosevelt, son seul enfant, et par la suite la belle-mère d'Eleanor Roosevelt. Sara Delano a grandi à Newburgh, dans l'État de New York, et a passé trois ans à Hong Kong. Elle a donné naissance à Franklin en 1882 et a été une mère dévouée pour lui pour le reste de sa vie. Elle avait une relation complexe avec sa belle-fille Eleanor, ce qui a conduit les médias à la dépeindre comme une belle-mère dominatrice et redoutable. Elle meurt en 1941, avec son fils, alors président, à ses côtés.

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1854
Décès en septembre 1941
Famille Delano
Famille Roosevelt

Sara Roosevelt


Töleutai Ysqaquly Süleimenow (kasachisch Төлеутай Ысқақұлы Сүлейменов, russisch /Tuleutai Skakowitsch Suleimenow; * 1. Oktober 1941 in Semipalatinsk, Kasachische SSR) ist ein kasachischer Politiker und Diplomat und seit September 2005 der Direktor des kasachischen Institutes für Diplomatie. Zuvor war er bereits von 1991 bis 1994 Außenminister Kasachstans und anschließend Botschafter Kasachstans in mehreren Staaten.

Biografie
Seine Ausbildung absolvierte er am polytechnischen Institut in Qaraghandy und an der diplomatischen Akademie des Ministeriums für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten der Sowjetunion. In den 1970er Jahren war er unter anderem für den Komsomol, die Jugendorganisation der KPdSU, und die Kommunistische Partei tätig, bevor er 1977 bis 1980 an der diplomatischen Akademie der UdSSR das Studium aufnahm. Anschließend trat Süleimenow in den diplomatischen Dienst für die Sowjetunion ein. 1981 bis 1985 wurde er zum Generalkonsul der Sowjetunion im afghanischen Mazār-i Scharif.

In den Jahren 1985 bis 1988 hatte er einen Beratungsposten im sowjetischen Außenministerium inne; bis zum Zerfall der Sowjetunion war er Berater in der sowjetischen Botschaft im Iran. Nach der Unabhängigkeit Kasachstans wurde Süleimenow ins Außenministerium der Republik Kasachstan berufen und dort bis 1994 Außenminister seines Landes.

Nachdem Süleimenow vier Jahre lang kasachischer Außenminister war, wurde er 1994 Botschafter der Republik Kasachstan in den Vereinigten Staaten und 1996 Botschafter der Republik Kasachstan in Ungarn (und somit auch in Polen, Bulgarien, Tschechien, der Slowakei und Rumänien). 2001 wurde er zum kasachischen Botschafter im Königreich Belgien, Luxemburg und den Niederlanden berufen. Gleichzeitig leitete er die Verbindungen Kasachstans zur Europäischen Union und zur NATO. 2003 bis 2005 wurde er Botschafter Kasachstans in Polen.

Seit September 2005 ist Süleimenow Direktor des Institutes für Diplomatie sowie Vize-Rektor der Akademie für öffentliche Verwaltung beim Präsidenten der Republik Kasachstan.

Weblinks
 Biografie auf biografia.kz (russisch)

Außenminister (Kasachstan)
Kasachischer Botschafter in den Vereinigten Staaten
Kasachischer Botschafter in Belgien
Kasachischer Botschafter in Ungarn
Kasachischer Botschafter in Polen
Kasachischer Botschafter in Bulgarien
Kasachischer Botschafter in Tschechien
Kasachischer Botschafter in der Slowakei
Kasachischer Botschafter in Rumänien
Kasachischer Botschafter in den Niederlanden
Kasachischer Botschafter in Luxemburg
Sowjetbürger
Kasache
Geboren 1941
Mann

Töleutai Süleimenow


An Carex candrianii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Andreas `Andrees' Kneucker. An Carex candrianii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex candrianii


L'AlphaTauri AT03 est la monoplace de Formule 1 engagée par l'écurie italienne AlphaTauri dans le cadre du championnat du monde de Formule 1 2022. Elle est pilotée par le Français Pierre Gasly, qui effectue sa sixième saison au sein de cette équipe, et le Japonais Yuki Tsunoda, présent depuis 2021. Les monoplaces sont motorisées par Red Bull Powertrains qui exploite le moteur conçu par Honda.

Création de la monoplace

La livrée de la monoplace, majoritairement bleu nuit avec quelques touches de blanc renforcées par rapport à la livrée de la saison précédente, est présentée le . Le moteur d'origine Honda est à présent sous la responsabilité de Red Bull qui en assure, pour la première fois de son histoire, le développement en qualité de motoriste indépendant .

Franz Tost, directeur d'AlphaTauri, fait noter que le plafonnement des dépenses instauré par la Formule 1 n'a pas aidé au développement optimum de sa monoplace cette saison qui, selon lui, ne peut pas rivaliser faute de moyens techniques que les grosses écuries ont déjà acquis.

Résultats en championnat du monde de Formule 1

Notes et références

Liens externes

AT03
Formule 1 en 2022

AlphaTauri AT03


Hyperelliptic curve cryptography is similar to elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) insofar as the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve is an abelian group in which to do arithmetic, just as we use the group of points on an elliptic curve in ECC.

Definition
An (imaginary) hyperelliptic curve of genus  over a field  is given by the equation  where  is a polynomial of degree not larger than  and  is a monic polynomial of degree . From this definition it follows that elliptic curves are hyperelliptic curves of genus 1. In hyperelliptic curve cryptography  is often a finite field. The Jacobian of , denoted , is a quotient group, thus the elements of the Jacobian are not points, they are equivalence classes of divisors of degree 0 under the relation of linear equivalence. This agrees with the elliptic curve case, because it can be shown that the Jacobian of an elliptic curve is isomorphic with the group of points on the elliptic curve. The use of hyperelliptic curves in cryptography came about in 1989 from Neal Koblitz. Although introduced only 3 years after ECC, not many cryptosystems implement hyperelliptic curves because the implementation of the arithmetic isn't as efficient as with cryptosystems based on elliptic curves or factoring (RSA). The efficiency of implementing the arithmetic depends on the underlying finite field , in practice it turns out that finite fields of characteristic 2 are a good choice for hardware implementations while software is usually faster in odd characteristic.

The Jacobian on a hyperelliptic curve is an Abelian group and as such it can serve as group for the  discrete logarithm problem (DLP). In short, suppose we have an Abelian group  and  an element of , the DLP on  entails finding the integer  given two elements of , namely  and . The first type of group used was the multiplicative group of a finite field, later also Jacobians of (hyper)elliptic curves were used. If the hyperelliptic curve is chosen with care, then Pollard's rho method is the most efficient way to solve DLP. This means that, if the Jacobian has  elements, that the running time is exponential in . This makes it possible to use Jacobians of a fairly small order, thus making the system more efficient. But if the hyperelliptic curve is chosen poorly, the DLP will become quite easy to solve. In this case there are known attacks which are more efficient than generic discrete logarithm solvers or even subexponential. Hence these hyperelliptic curves must be avoided. Considering various attacks on DLP, it is possible to list the features of hyperelliptic curves that should be avoided.

Attacks against the DLP
All generic attacks on the discrete logarithm problem in finite abelian groups such as the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm and Pollard's rho method can be used to attack the DLP in the Jacobian of hyperelliptic curves. The Pohlig-Hellman attack reduces the difficulty of the DLP by looking at the order of the group we are working with. Suppose the group  that is used has  elements, where  is the prime factorization of . Pohlig-Hellman reduces the DLP in  to DLPs in subgroups of order  for . So for  the largest prime divisor of , the DLP in  is just as hard to solve as the DLP in the subgroup of order . Therefore, we would like to choose  such that the largest prime divisor  of  is almost equal to  itself. Requiring  usually suffices.

The index calculus algorithm is another algorithm that can be used to solve DLP under some circumstances. For Jacobians of (hyper)elliptic curves there exists an index calculus attack on DLP. If the genus of the curve becomes too high, the attack will be more efficient than Pollard's rho. Today it is known that even a genus of  cannot assure security. Hence we are left with elliptic curves and hyperelliptic curves of genus 2.

Another restriction on the hyperelliptic curves we can use comes from the Menezes-Okamoto-Vanstone-attack / Frey-Rück-attack. The first, often called MOV for short, was developed in 1993, the second came about in 1994. Consider a (hyper)elliptic curve  over a finite field  where  is the power of a prime number. Suppose the Jacobian of the curve has  elements and  is the largest prime divisor of . For  the smallest positive integer such that  there exists a computable injective group homomorphism from the subgroup of  of order  to . If  is small, we can solve DLP in  by using the index calculus attack in . For arbitrary curves  is very large (around the size of ); so even though the index calculus attack is quite fast for multiplicative groups of finite fields this attack is not a threat for most curves. The injective function used in this attack is a pairing and there are some applications in cryptography that make use of them. In such applications it is important to balance the hardness of the DLP in  and ; depending on the security level values of  between 6 and 12 are useful.
The subgroup of  is a torus. There exists some independent usage in torus based cryptography.

We also have a problem, if , the largest prime divisor of the order of the Jacobian, is equal to the characteristic of  By a different injective map we could then consider the DLP in the additive group  instead of DLP on the Jacobian. However, DLP in this additive group is trivial to solve, as can easily be seen. So also these curves, called anomalous curves, are not to be used in DLP.

Order of the Jacobian
Hence, in order to choose a good curve and a good underlying finite field, it is important to know the order of the Jacobian. Consider a hyperelliptic curve  of genus  over the field  where  is the power of a prime number and define  as  but now over the field . It can be shown  that the order of the Jacobian of  lies in the interval , called the Hasse-Weil interval. But there is more, we can compute the order using the zeta-function on hyperelliptic curves. Let  be the number of points on . Then we define the zeta-function of  as . For this zeta-function it can be shown  that  where  is a polynomial of degree  with coefficients in . Furthermore  factors as  where  for all . Here  denotes the complex conjugate of . Finally we have that the order of  equals . Hence orders of Jacobians can be found by computing the roots of .

References

External links
 Colm Ó hÉigeartaigh Implementation of some hyperelliptic curves algorithms using MIRACL

Public-key cryptography
Elliptic curve cryptography

Hyperelliptic curve cryptography


An Pseudosasa nabeshimana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Gen-Iti Koidzumi, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gen-Iti Koidzumi. An Pseudosasa nabeshimana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pseudosasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pseudosasa

Pseudosasa nabeshimana


Storfyrste Mikhail Mikhailovitj af Rusland (; ) (født 4. oktober/16. oktober 1861 på slottet i Peterhof, død 26. april 1929 i London) var et medlem af det russiske kejserhus Holsten-Gottorp-Romanov. Han blev tvunget til at gå i eksil, da han giftede sig morganatisk i 1891.

Huset Nassau–Weilburg–Merenberg–de Torby
Huset Holsten-Gottorp-Romanov
Kongelige fra Rusland
Personer fra Sankt Petersborg

Mikhail Mikhailovitj af Rusland


بريرة إحدى بلديات ولاية الشلف التابع لـ دائرة بني حواء.يتحدث سكانها اللهجة الشناوية.

مصادر
 بلدية بريرة في موقع الشلف

بني حواء

بريرة


Mellem grænser er en kortfilm fra 1986 instrueret af René Bo Hansen efter manuskript af René Bo Hansen.

Handling
Spillefilmagtig dokumentarfilm, der portrætterer en ung palæstinensisk flygtning og hans situation. Scener fra Libanon skildrer hans baggrund, mens scener fra Danmark viser ham i et kulturelt ingenmandsland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1986

Mellem grænser


Verkor est une entreprise française fondée en 2020 sur la presqu'île scientifique de Grenoble pour développer et produire des batteries de véhicules électriques, basées sur la technologie lithium-ion et présentant un taux élevé de recyclabilité.

Historique
Le projet de création de cette entreprise était dans les cartons depuis le premier semestre 2019, a l'incitation notamment de l'Institut européen d'innovation et de technologie (EIT InnoEnergy), dont le siège français est à Grenoble, qui avait acquis une bonne connaissance des potentiels et des besoins en Europe, ainsi qu'une expérience de développement industriel dans ce domaine. Schneider Electric et le groupe IDEC, ayant chacun une implantation à Grenoble, complètent alors le tour de table, et la fondation de la société anonyme a lieu en . Benoit Lemaignan, président du directoire en 2022, rejoint le groupe en .

Le nom de la nouvelle entité est déterminé au printemps 2020 en liaison avec le personnel.

En , l'ESN Capgemini, fondée en 1967 à Grenoble, entre au capital de Verkor.

En février 2023, la startup rejoint le Next40.

Développement industriel
Un an après sa fondation, en , sur une levée de  d'euros,  cinq nouveaux partenaires rejoignent la société, dont Renault Group à hauteur de , ainsi que EQT Ventures, Arkema, Tokai COBEX, Demeter FMET. Ces fonds sont destinés à la construction à Grenoble d'un centre de recherche et développement avancé (« Verkor Innovation Center (VIC) ») et d'une ligne pilote de cellules de batterie haute performance.

Dans une interview donnée le  à La Voix du Nord, le président de la République Emmanuel Macron annonce « la construction à Dunkerque de la première Gigafactory de cellules de batteries bas carbone en France. Mené par la jeune pousse grenobloise Verkor, le projet va générer  directs à terme et  ».

Le futur site étant soumis à la directive Seveso, son plan de développement débute par une phase d'un an d'étude avec la Commission nationale du débat public. La construction du bâtiment doit donc démarrer début 2023. L'année 2024 verra l'installation des machines et des outillages industriels, les premières batteries devant sortir début 2025 pour alimenter les premiers véhicules mi-2025. À cette date, le nombre d'emplois créés sera de , la capacité de production du site sera de 16 GWh par an, de quoi équiper , et aura nécessité un investissement d'un millard et demi d'euros. À l'horizon 2030, la capacité pourra être portée à  par an pour équiper un million de véhicules, ce qui impliquera un investissement supplémentaire d'un milliard d'euros, et d'autres embauches. Grenoble conservera le centre de recherche et développement.

Le , la presse annonce la conclusion d'un « partenariat stratégique » avec l'entreprise Plastic Omnium, qui apporte  d'euros au capital de Verkor.

Le 2 novembre 2022, Verkor annonce avoir réuni le financement de plus de  nécessaire pour la construction de son centre d'innovation à Grenoble : la Banque européenne d'investissement lui accorde un prêt de  à un taux préférentiel,  de financements bancaires sont apportés par Santander et la Société générale, grâce à la garantie fournie par la Bpifrance ; plus de  d'obligations convertibles ont été sécurisés au premier semestre, auprès de fonds d'investissement comme Demeter, et des industriels comme Schneider Electric et l'équipementier Plastic Omnium ; les fondateurs et les salariés de Verkor participent à hauteur de  ; les  restants sont apportés par le groupe Idec, qui assure le portage de l'immobilier pour le centre d'innovation. Quant à la future usine de Dunkerque, son financement de  devra être réuni au premier trimestre 2023.

Pour l'année 2022, le Project Management Institute (PMI) classe le projet de gigafactory de Verkor en tête de la branche énergie au niveau mondial.

En avril 2023, Renault et Verkor présentent un accord commercial de long terme portant sur la fourniture de 12 GWh par an de batteries électriques, ce qui représente les trois quarts de la capacité de l'usine prévue en 2025.

En mai 2023, Les Échos annoncent que l'investisseur australien Macquarie, l'un des plus gros fonds mondiaux en infrastructures, serait prêt à investir de l'ordre de 500 millions d'euros pour la construction de la future usine de batteries de Dunkerque. La Caisse des dépôts, la Banque européenne d'investissement et Bpifrance devraient contribuer au financement de cet investissement de 1,5 milliard d'euros. Les implantations de compétiteurs se concentrant dans la région cette même année, celle-ci émerge alors comme une « vallée de la batterie ».

Fin juin 2023, Verkor inaugure à Grenoble son « Verkor innovation centre », qui comprend un centre de formation et une usine pilote de batteries pour les véhicules électriques d'une capacité de  par an, de quoi équiper .

Le 14 septembre 2023, Verkor annonce avoir réuni , dont 850 millions en apport de capital, pour assurer la construction à Dunkerque de la gigafactory de batteries qui doit approvisionner le groupe Renault. Ces fonds proviennent de l'australien Macquarie, principal investisseur, du fonds d'infrastructure français Meridiam, de Crédit Agricole Assurances et du Fonds stratégique de participation, créé en 2013 par plusieurs assureurs pour investir dans l'industrie. A cette levée de fonds s'ajoutent des prêts de  consentis par la Banque européenne d'investissement et environ  apportés par l'État dans le cadre du plan France 2030, la région Hauts-de-France () et la communauté urbaine de Dunkerque ().

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Véhicule électrique
 Voiture électrique
 Efficacité énergétique et impact climatique des voitures électriques

Liens externes

 Site officiel
 Ressource relative aux organisations : SIREN
 L'entreprise vue par un journaliste

Fabricant d'accumulateur électrique
Entreprise ayant son siège à Grenoble
Entreprise fondée en 2020
Start-up

Verkor


Diane Dufresne,  (born 30 September 1944) is a French Canadian singer and painter, and is known for singing a large repertoire of popular Quebec songs.

Dufresne was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She lived in Paris from 1965 to 1967 where she studied voice with Jean Lumière and dramatic art with Françoise Rosay. While there, she performed in noted  such as , , and .

On her return to Montreal, she began a collaboration with composer , and lyricist Luc Plamondon.

In March 2019, she was one of 11 singers from Quebec, alongside Ginette Reno, Céline Dion, Isabelle Boulay, Luce Dufault, Louise Forestier, Laurence Jalbert, Catherine Major, Ariane Moffatt, Marie Denise Pelletier and Marie-Élaine Thibert, who participated in a supergroup recording of Renée Claude's 1971 single  after Claude's diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease was announced.

In 2023, she was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.

Awards and recognition
 1987 – Félix Award, best pop show: Top Secret
 2001 – Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts
 2002 – Made a knight of the National Order of Quebec
 2006 – Félix Hommage for her lifetime achievements
 2008 – Legion of Honour by France
 2015 – Appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada
 2023 – Inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame

Discography
 1969 – L'initiation
 1972 – Tiens-toé ben, j'arrive
 1973 – À part de d'ça, j'me sens ben
 1974 – 12 succès pop
 1975 – Sur la même longueur d'ondes
 1975 – Mon premier show (en public)
 1977 – Maman, si tu m'voyais... tu s'rais fière de ta fille!
 1978 – Olympia '78, volume 1 et 2
 1978 – Starmania
 1979 – Starmania, le spectacle
 1979 – Striptease
 1982 – Turbulences
 1984 – Dioxine de carbone et son rayon rose
 1984 – Magie rose (en public)
 1985 – Chanteurs sans frontières (special participation)
 1986 – Follement vôtre
 1987 – Top secret
 1988 – Master série en 2 volumes (compilation album)
 1991 – Sans dessous dessus (compilation album)
 1993 – Détournement majeur
 1997 – Diane Dufresne
 2000 – Merci (compilation album: Quebec)
 2002 – Merci (compilation album: France)
 2005 – Diane Dufresne chante Kurt Weill, with Yannick Nézet-Séguin
 2007 – Effusions, accompanied by Alain Lefèvre
 2018 – Meilleur Après

Shows
 1987 – Top Secret
 2002 – En liberté conditionnelle
 2004 – Symphonie de Kurt Weill (single concert)
 2006 – Plurielle en Quatre Tableaux

See also
List of Quebec musicians
Music of Quebec
Culture of Quebec

References

External links

 The Canadian Encyclopedia: Diane Dufresne
 Genealogy: Diane Dufresne

1944 births
Living people
French Quebecers
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Artists from Montreal
Singers from Montreal
French-language singers of Canada
Canadian women pop singers
Members of the Order of Canada
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
Félix Award winners
Governor General's Award winners
Prix Denise-Pelletier winners

Diane Dufresne


A Night at the Opera şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 A Night at the Opera (film), yönetmen Sam Woods'un Marx Kardeşlerle çevirdiği 1935 yapımı film
 A Night at the Opera (Queen albümü), 1975 yılı Queen albümü
 A Night at the Opera (Blind Guardian albümü), 2002 yılı Blind Guardian albümü

A Night at the Opera


Trino é um motor de consulta SQL distribuído de código aberto desenhado para consultar grandes conjuntos de dados distribuídos em uma ou mais fontes de dados heterogêneas. O Trino pode consultar datalakes que contêm formatos de arquivo de dados orientados a colunas como ORC ou Parquet estando armazenados em diferentes sistemas de armazenamento como HDFS, AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage ou Azure Blob Storage utilizando o Hive e formatos de tabela Iceberg. O Trino também tem a capacidade de executar consultas federadas que consultam tabelas em diferentes fontes de dados, como MySQL, PostgreSQL, Cassandra, Kafka, MongoDB e Elasticsearch . O Trino é publicado sob a licença Apache .

História
Em janeiro de 2019, os criadores originais do Presto, Martin Traverso, Dain Sundstrom e David Phillips, criaram uma variação do projeto Presto. Inicialmente, eles mantiveram o nome Presto e usaram o identificador da Web PrestoSQL para distingui-lo do projeto PrestoDB original. Ao mesmo tempo, eles anunciaram a Presto Software Foundation. A fundação é uma organização sem fins lucrativos dedicada ao avanço do motor de consulta SQL distribuído de código aberto Presto.

Presto e Trino foram originalmente projetados e desenvolvidos por Martin, Dain, David e Eric Hwang no Facebook para permitir que analistas de dados executem consultas interativas em seu grande data warehouse no Apache Hadoop . O Trino compartilha os primeiros seis anos de desenvolvimento com o projeto Presto. Para saber mais sobre a história anterior do Trino, você pode consultar a seção de história do Presto .

Arquitetura

Trino é escrito em Java . Ele contém dois tipos de nós, um coordinator e um worker .

 O coordinator é responsável por analisar, otimizar, planejar e agendar uma consulta enviada por um cliente. O coordinator interage com a interface do provedor de serviços (SPI) para obter as tabelas disponíveis, estatísticas de tabelas e outras informações necessárias para realizar suas tarefas.

 Os workers são responsáveis por executar as tarefas e os operadores fornecidos a eles pelo agendador. Essas tarefas processam linhas das fontes de dados que produzem resultados que são retornados ao coordinator e, por fim, de volta ao cliente.

Trino adere ao padrão ANSI SQL e inclui várias partes das seguintes especificações ANSI: SQL-92, SQL:1999, SQL:2003, SQL:2008, SQL:2011, SQL:2016 .

O Trino oferece suporte ao desacoplamento de computação e armazenamento e pode ser instalado em data center próprios e na nuvem .

Trino tem uma arquitetura MPP de computação distribuída . O Trino primeiro distribui o trabalho por vários workers executando operações de particionamento ad hoc ou contando com partições existentes nos dados do armazenamento de dados subjacente. Depois que esses dados chegam a worker, os dados são processados por operadores de pipeline executados em vários encadeamentos.

Veja também

Referências

Ligações externas

Plataforma Java
Plataformas em nuvem
Softwares de sistema livres
SQL

Trino (motor de consulta SQL)


كأس أمريكا الجنوبية 1926 هي النسخة العاشرة من بطولة أمريكا الجنوبية والتي تمت باستضافة مدينة سانتياجو، تشيلي في الفترة من 12 أكتوبر وحتى 3 نوفمبر 1926 بمشاركة 5 منتخبات هي الأرجنتين، بوليفيا، تشيلي، الباراغواي، الأوروغواي فيما قررت البرازيل الانسحاب من البطولة وتوجت الأوروغواي باللقب.

المباريات

12 أكتوبر، 1926

16 أكتوبر، 1926

17 أكتوبر، 1926

20 أكتوبر، 1926

23 أكتوبر، 1926

24 أكتوبر، 1926

28 أكتوبر، 1926

31 أكتوبر، 1926

1 نوفمبر، 1926

3 نوفمبر، 1926

جدول الترتيب

البطل

الهدافون
7 goals

  ديفيد أريلانو

6 goals

  هيكتور كاسترو - هيكتور سكاروني

5 goals

  Sosa

4 goals

  Ramírez

3 goals

  روبرتو تشيرو - Delgado

2 goals

  غييرمو سوبيابري
  Ramírez
  Borjas - Saldombide

1 goal

  Tarasconi
  Aguilar - كارلوس سوتو
  Moreno
  Fleitas Solich - I. López - لويس فارغاس بينا
  أنخيل رومانو

بوليفيا في 1926
أحداث أكتوبر 1926 الرياضية
أحداث نوفمبر 1926 الرياضية
بطولات كوبا أمريكا
سانتياغو في عقد 1920
كرة القدم الأرجنتينية في 1926
كرة القدم الأمريكية الجنوبية في 1926
كرة القدم الأوروغويانية في 1926
كرة القدم الباراغوايانية في 1926
كرة القدم التشيلية في 1926
منافسات رياضية في سانتياغو
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها تشيلي

كأس أمريكا الجنوبية 1926


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1952 en Israël  :

Évènement
 Signature de l'accord de réparations entre l'Allemagne fédérale et Israël
 Poursuite de l'opération Ezra et Néhémie.
  :
  : Élection présidentielle

Sport

Culture
 Sortie du film The Faithful City.

Création

 Be'erot Yitzhak

Dissolution - Fermeture

Notes et références

Voir aussi

1952 en Israël


Ólympíuskagi (enska: Olympic Peninsula) er skagi í norðvestur-Washingtonfylki. Í vestri er Kyrrahaf og í austri Puget-sund. Þar er Ólympíu-þjóðgarðurinn með Ólympíufjöll og verndaða skóga.

Washingtonfylki

Ólympíuskagi


Haskızılören, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 80 km, Serik ilçesine 70 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET

Serik'in mahalleleri

Haskızılören, Serik


Inferno je knjiga objavljena 2013., čiji je autor poznati američki pisac Dan Brown. Misteriozni triler i četvrta knjiga Dana Browna koja prati sveučilišnog profesora Roberta Langdona u još jednoj zanimljivoj pustolovini, nakon poznatih naslovą: Anđeli i demoni, Da Vincijev kod i Izgubljeni Simbol. Knjiga je objavljena 14. svibnja 2013 godine, deset godina nakon objave Da Vincijeva koda od izdavača Doubleday. Djelo se našlo na listi najprodavanijih knjiga New York Times-a  tiskanih i e-izdanja prvih jedanaest tjedana od objavljivanja, a zadržalo se na listi e i-izdanja sedamnaest tjedana nakon objave. Po istoimenom romanu snimljen je i film koj se prvi put prikazao u SAD-u 28. listopada 2016. godine.

Inferno


Saksofon veya saksofon, çoğunlukla koni ve "S" biçiminde pirinçten üretilen, ağzındaki kamış vasıtasıyla ses çıkaran bir çalgıdır. 1840'lı yıllarda, Adolphe Sax tarafından tasarlanmıştır. Saksofon genellikle pop ve caz müziği ile ilişkilendirilse de, önceleri klasik Batı müziği ve ordu müziği çalgısı olarak tasarlanmıştı.

Etimoloji
Saksofon kelimesi Fransızca ve İngilizcede yer alan saxophone sözcüğünden ödünçlemedir. Bu kelimenin ilk kullanımı 1841 yılında Adolphe Sax tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fransızca sözcük Sax ve Grekçe ses anlamındaki  φονή (phonḗ) sözcüklerinin birleşimi ile kurulmuştur. Müzik aleti olarak Türkçede ilk kullanımı 1933'te bir gazete haberinde gerçekleşmiştir. Kelime ayrıca 1970'lerden beri kısaltılmış "sakso" hâliyle halk dilinde argo olarak fellatio manasında da kullanılmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Saksofon, 1840'ların başında Paris'te yaşayan Belçikalı müzik aygıtları yapımcısı ve klarnetçi Antoine-Joseph 'Adolphe' Sax tarafından tasarlandı. ''Saksofon'' adı da "sax'ın sesi" anlamını taşır. Sax'ın 1846'da patentini aldığı konusunda değişik görüşler öne sürülse de, en olası olanı, ophicleide çalgısına klarnet ağızlığı eklenmesiyle ortaya çıktığıdır. Gerçekten de sax, babasının klarnet ve ophicleide üretilen fabrikasında yıllarca çalışmıştır.

Sax'ın 1846'da aldığı patentten sonraki yirmi yıl boyunca, saksofon yalnızca Sax'ın fabrikasınca üretildi. 1866'de, patent süresinin bitiminden sonra saksofonda öteki üreticilerce birçok değişiklik yapıldı.

Yapısı

Saksofon klarnete benzer. Klarnetteki gibi, içi yuvarlak ya da dört köşe oyulmuş, tek kamışlı ağızlık kullanır. Tuş sistemi ise aynı olmasa da flütle benzerlik gösterir. Saksofon, metalden yapılan bir enstrüman olmasına rağmen, yapısı ve kökeni gereği, bakır üflemeli değil, tahta üflemeli çalgılar arasında sayılır.

Saksofonlar çoğunlukla pirinçten yapılıp, üzerlerine saydam vernik, altın ya da gümüş ile kaplama yapılır. Vernik ya da öteki kaplamalar pirincin paslanmasını önlediği gibi, ses niteliğinin artmasını ve çalgının görüntüsünün ilgi çekici olmasını sağlar.

Değişik dönemlerde, saksofon yapımında plastik ve tahta gibi değişik gereçler de denenmiştir. 1930 öncesinde saksofonların verniklenmeden ya da kaplama yapılmadan satışa sunulmaları yaygındı. 1960'lara dek ise, bazı saksofonlar ucuz olmaları bakımından gümüşle değil, nikelle kaplanırdı.

Saksofon çeşitleri ve sıralaması
Saksofon topluluğunun, en büyüğünden en küçüğüne on üyesi; kontrabas, bas, bariton, tenor, C-ezgi, alto, F mezzo-soprano, soprano, C soprano, sopranino saksofon olarak sayılabilir.

Soprano, Alto, Tenor ile Bariton saksofonlar en çok kullanılan saksofonlardır. Bazı orkestralarda arada sırada Bas saksofonun da kullanıldığı olur.

Saksofon çalmaya yeni başlayanlar genellikle alto saksofondan başlayıp, deneyim kazandıktan sonra tenor ya da bariton ile çalmayı sürdürürler. Alto saksofon özellikle klasik batı müziği alanında tutulur. Çalması daha zor olan soprano ise 1960'lardan sonra caz müziğinde belli ölçüde yaygınlaşmıştır. Bas, sopranino ya da kontrabas saksofonlar günümüzde üretilse de, büyük saksofon orkestraları dışında ender olarak kullanılırlar ve daha çok özel ilgi duyanlara seslenirler.

Ağızlık

Ağızlıklar kauçuk, plastik ya da metal gibi değişik gereçlerden yapılır. Ender olarak da tahta ve cam olanları da bulunur. Bazıları, metal ağızlıkların yaygın olan plastik ağızlıklara göre daha "canlı" ses çıkardığı, bazıları ise ses tonundaki değişikliklerin ağızlıkta kullanılan gereçten değil, biçiminden geldiği kanısındadır. İçleri içbükey olarak oyulmuş ağızlıklar Adolphe Sax'ın özgün tasarımına daha yakın olup, daha yumuşak tonlarda ses çıkardıkları için klasik batı müziği saksofoncularınca yeğlenirler.

Kamışlar

Klarnet gibi saksofon da ses çıkarmak için tek kamış kullanır. Saksofon kamışları klarnettekilere oranla daha geniş olur. Değişik saksofon çeşitleri (alto, tenor vb.) değişik boyutlarda kamışlar kullanır. Her çalgıcı kendi biçemine uygun kamışı birçok üreticinin ürünleri arasından seçebilir. Kamışların ses gücü, 1 ile 6 arasındaki sayılarca ölçülendirilmiştir. Yine değişik üreticilerin aynı ölçülendirmeyi kullandığını söylemek güçtür. Örneğin Rico'nun 3 sayılı kamışı Vandoren'in 3 sayılı kamışına oranla çok daha yumuşaktır.

Kaynakça

Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Saksofon


Somalija je administrativno podijeljena na 18 regija (gobolka). Regije se dalje dijele na niže administrativne jedinice okruge, njih 84.

Regije

Površinom najveće regije su Bari i Mudug s oko 71.000 km2, dok je najmanja regija Banaadir s 1.657 km2 u kojoj se nalazi i glavni grad Mogadishu. Banaadir je ujedno i najmnogoljudnija somalijska regija. Regije Shabeellaha Hoose i Woqooyi Galbeed imaju oko 1,2 milijuna stanovnika.

Izvori

Zemljopis Somalije
Somalija

Administrativna podjela Somalije


Las Etihad Towers son un complejo de edificios con cinco torres situado en Abu Dhabi, la capital de Emiratos Árabes Unidos.

El costo estimado de la construcción fue de 2.5 mil millones de dirhams.

Uso
En noviembre de 2011, se abrió en la torre 2 el Jumeirah Etihad Towers Hotel, que pertenece al Grupo Jumeirah. El edificio posee también una plataforma de observación en la planta 74 que está conectado directamente al hotel.
 Torre 1: 69 plantas, 278 metros
 Torre 2: 80 plantas, 305 metros
 Torre 3: 60 plantas, 260 metros
 Torre 4: 66 plantas, 234 metros
 Torre 5: 61 plantas, 218 metros

Véase también
 Anexo:Edificios más altos de Dubái
 Anexo:Edificios residenciales más altos del mundo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Etihadtowers.com
 Etihadtowers.net
 Etihad Towers en CTBUH

Arquitectura de 2011
Rascacielos de Abu Dhabi
Rascacielos entre 300 y 349 metros
Arquitectura de Emiratos Árabes Unidos del siglo XXI
Rascacielos hoteles de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos

Etihad Towers


Música, Moçambique! é um documentário etnográfico musical de 1981 realizado e produzido por José Fonseca e Costa. Trata-se da primeira co-produção cinematográfica de Portugal e Moçambique. Com a participação de artistas nacionais, como Mafende Mandio, e internacionais, como Miriam Makeba, o filme retrata a diversidade de sonoridades e danças exibida no I Festival da Canção e da Música Tradicional de Moçambique, decorrido num período de consolidação da independência do país.

O documentário estreou em Maputo a 25 de junho de 1981, numa cerimónia de comemoração do dia da Independência de Moçambique. Em Portugal, Música, Moçambique! fez parte da programação do 10º Festival Internacional de Cinema da Figueira da Foz, onde foi apresentado a 16 de setembro do mesmo ano.

Sinopse
No I Festival da Canção e da Música Tradicional de Moçambique passam os sons e danças que formam a cultura de cada província do país. Centenas de artistas sobem a palco dando a possibilidade ao curioso público de conhecer ou redescobrir grandes nomes, instrumentos musicais e canções, que de outra forma se poderiam perder no tempo. Os músicos buscam em conjunto a identidade cultural moçambicana na diversidade de toda aquela música. Para o evento é convidada Miriam Makeba, que canta para o Presidente Samora Machel "Moçambique: A luta continua".

Produção

Contexto histórico
Após a Independência de Moçambique em 1975, decorre a Campanha Nacional de Preservação e Valorização da Cultura e é criado o Instituto Nacional de Cinema que leva a cabo um estudo sobre a receção do material audiovisual produzido e distribuído por cineastas moçambicanos. Torna-se claro que o uso da música em cinema ajudava a transcender as barreiras impostas pela existência de 46 idiomas, diferentes culturas e elevados índices de analfabetismo no país. A partir de maio de 1980, organizam-se festivais em todas a localidades moçambicanas aos quais concorriam milhares de artistas populares, na expectativa de serem considerados representativos da cultura do país.

Quatrocentos artistas foram selecionados para participar no I Festival da Canção e da Música Tradicional. Perante a necessidade identificada pelo governo da Frelimo de afirmar uma identidade comum, o festival pretendia reunir sob a bandeira de um país as tradições dos seus diversos povos. O evento viria a ser programado para decorrer entre 28 de dezembro de 1980 e 4 de janeiro de 1981, no pavilhão do Clube de Desportos do Maxaquene e vários centros culturais de bairro e fábricas de Maputo.

Paralelamente, Portugal esforçava-se para reinventar as relações com as ex-colónias africanas, tentando cooperar e reforçar laços de solidariedade. Graça Machel, Ministra da Educação e Cultura, e José Luís Cabaço, Ministro da Informação, valorizam também a utilização do cinema como estratégia de afirmação de Moçambique como país e decidem convidar José Fonseca e Costa para realizar um filme acerca do Festival. O Instituto Nacional de Cinema reclama por considerar que ao contratar um realizador estrangeiro e aceitar o apoio financeiro português, a Direção Nacional de Cultura estava a trair os interesses nacionalistas e a desvalorizar os cineastas moçambicanos. Assim, a equipa do Instituto organiza-se para que mais três equipas, moçambicanas, filmassem o evento: uma liderada por Luís Simão, responsável por uma curta-metragem documental; uma segunda de Ruy Guerra, então a esgotar a sua participação no projeto de construção de um cinema moçambicano, recolheu imagens que não chegaram a ser montadas; e outra de José Cardoso, que realizou Canta Meu Irmão, Ajuda-me a Cantar (1982) uma longa-metragem que utiliza o festival como ponto de partida para aprofundar expressões musicais e de dança mais relevantes na tradição moçambicana.

Desenvolvimento
A 23 de dezembro de 1980, o poeta Mário António faz uma chamada telefónica a José Fonseca e Costa, informando-o da realização do I Festival da Canção e da Música Tradicional cinco dias depois e convidando-o a filmá-lo. O realizador aceitou o convite, apesar da pouca informação recebida, nomeadamente de que o projeto contaria com a participação financeira da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian e do Instituto Português de Cinema, sob solicitação da Direção Nacional de Cultura de Moçambique. Com Pedro Massano de Amorim e Carlos Pinto, Fonseca e Costa reúne o equipamento mais disponível (uma câmara Aaton e outra Arriflex BL, um gravador Nagra e alguns microfones Electro-Voice e Beyer) e partem para Maputo. Uma vez chegados, o Instituto Nacional de Cinema de Moçambique cede a assistência de Juca Vicente e João Cardoso, que se juntam à equipa. O realizador comentou a limitação de recursos do seguinte modo: "verificou-se aqui que os esforços da Direção Nacional de Cultura no sentido de nos arranjar outros apoios foram infrutíferos. [...] Eu tenho a impressão que soubemos e procurámos superar todas as dificuldades, recorrendo principalmente ao entusiasmo das pessoas de Moçambique que trabalharam connosco. Como sabes, mais de metade das pessoas que constam do genérico do filme são moçambicanas. Desde a Cristina Amaral, que nem é profissional de cinema até à Maria da Luz Duarte, que é etnóloga, nós só encontrámos um grande esforço e a melhor disposição para participarem em todas as fases do filme."

Rodagem
Uma vez que a equipa não teve tempo para realizar um plano de trabalho, as filmagens decorreram desorganizadas, à medida que os acontecimentos do festival se sucediam. Durante os oito dias do evento foram recolhidas oito horas de imagem e doze de som. A ausência de planeamento e de material, como claquetes, resultou na captação de todo este material sem qualquer referência ou sincronização.

Os escassos meios técnicos e humanos condicionaram a opção em gravar exteriores ou imagens fora do evento cultural. Ainda assim, após o término do festival, decorreram filmagens na casa-estúdio de pintura de Malangatana Valente. Segundo o realizador: "Enquanto estava a filmar o festival, tive a ideia de fechar com uma espécie de presença. [...] E esse artista era o Malangatana, que é um artista consagrado, realizado, com obra feita. [...] Há uma relação, com a certeza absoluta, entre aquilo que ele pinta e muitas coisas que eu vi no filme. [...] Eu não fiz aquilo para o sobrevalorizar. Não foi essa a ideia. Mas, digamos que o usei como referência".

Montagem
O processo de edição do documentário decorreu em Lisboa, nomeadamente nos laboratórios de imagem da Tóbis Portuguesa. Desiludido com a ausência de referências no material recolhido e principalmente pela fraca qualidade do som recolhido no pavilhão do Clube de Desportos do Maxaquene, o local onde decorrera a maior parte dos concertos, Fonseca e Costa pondera arquivar todo material em bruto. José Manuel Alves Pereira é o responsável por em três semanas, sincronizar imagens e sons e, em dois meses, estruturar o documentário como um espetáculo, selecionando as principais atuações do festival, intercaladas com entrevistas, mesmo assumindo os contratempos da produção. Paulo Soares, membro da Direcção Geral da Cultura moçambicana, também apoiou o processo de edição ao identificar os grupos musicais que foram integraram o produto final. Em maio de 1981, a equipa técnica do documentário regressa a Moçambique, já com uma cópia de montagem terminada, para gravar a narração de Jaime Pacho.

Intervenientes

 Jaime Pacho, como Narrador;
 Graça Machel;
 Malangatana Valente;
 Martinho Lutero Galati (Brasil);
 Miriam Makeba (África do Sul);
 Dumi and The Maraine Marimba Ensemble (Zimbabwe).

Atuações moçambicanas:

 Conjunto de Mpundu (Tete);
 Conjunto Ngoma (Sofala);
 Coral de Inhambane (Inhambane);
 Felisberto Wukheyu (Gaza);
 Grupo coral de Manica (Manica);
 Grupo coral do Chókwè (Gaza);
 Grupo de Chigovia do Limpopo (Gaza);
 Mafende Mandio (Zambézia);
 Marimbeiros de Zavala (Inhambane);
 Orquestra Mapiko (Cabo Delgado);
 Orquestra Nhyanga de Changara (Tete);
 Tocadores de Makwilo (Cabo Delgado).

Equipa técnica

 Realização: José Fonseca e Costa.
 Fotografia: Pedro Massano de Amorim.
 Argumento: Paulo Soares.
 Edição: José Manuel Alves Pereira.
 Som: Carlos Pinto.
 Mistura de som: Luís Brandão.
 Direção de produção: José Fonseca e Costa e Paulo Soares.
 Assistente de realização: Moira Forjaz.
 Assistente de câmara: Juca Vicente.
 Assistente de som: João Cardoso.
 Iluminação: Luís Simão.
 Anotação: Cristina Amaral.
 Consultoria etno-musical: Maria da Luz Duarte.
 Genérico: José Brandão.

Temáticas e estética
Fonseca e Costa citou como referências para Música, Moçambique!, Festival panafricain d'Alger (1969), um filme coletivo assinado por William Klein, e The Last Waltz (1976), de Martin Scorcese. O primeiro motivou uma tentativa de abordagem pan-africanista que transcendesse a da nação moçambicana. O filme-concerto de Scorcese inspirou a opção de interligar as atuações musicais com testemunhos recolhidos, como o do musicólogo brasileiro Martinho Lutero.

No filme, os autores optam também por manter os aparelhos cinematográficos sempre visíveis ao espetadores, assumindo uma encenação para benefício do espetáculo cinematográfico. Exemplo disso é a sequência com a Orquestra Nhyanga de Changara, onde é evidente como uma câmara filma os músicos a partir do interior do círculo formado pelos tocadores, enquanto que uma segunda câmara filma o mesmo círculo a partir do seu exterior.

Propagandismo
Num artigo acerca do documentário, o historiador de cinema Tiago Baptista analisa como o documentário apresenta ou procura evitar elementos propagandistas. Por um lado, considera que Música, Moçambique! é reminiscente de filmes que registam grandes encenações da cultura popular em regimes autoritários: como Olympia (1938), de Leni Riefenstahl, ou A Exposição do Mundo Português (1941) de António Lopes Ribeiro. Neste tipo de obras, procura-se uma subordinação dos regionalismos à ideia de uma nação. Em Música, Moçambique!, os intérpretes são filmados nas suas performances, mas nunca entrevistados. Baptista alerta: "O processo de construção cultural da nação feito em nome do povo é, como sempre, indissociável da instrumentalização do próprio povo". José Cardoso, em Canta Meu Irmão, Ajuda-me a Cantar (1982), demonstra o oposto da abordagem de Fonseca e Costa. O documentário de Cardoso afasta-se cedo do I Festival da Canção e da Música Tradicional para viajar pelas diferentes regiões de Moçambique e filmar as explicações dos músicos tradicionais quanto à sua música e como são feitos e tocados os seus instrumentos. Deste modo, abandona-se o ponto de vista espetacular e investe-se num aprofundamento mais humanizado, que está ausente em Música, Moçambique!.

Ainda assim, José Fonseca e Costa recorre a algumas soluções cinematográficas, para evitar o propagandismo. Na montagem, é dada prioridade ao som das músicas em detrimento dos discursos nacionalistas. Seguindo uma estética típico do cinema direto, o filme apresenta as performances sem comentários ou identificação, o que liberta os músicos e a sua cultura de qualquer constrangimento ideológico.

Continuidade artística
Nascido em Angola, a ligação de José Fonseca e Costa a África e aos movimentos de libertação, como o Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, é uma marca presente da sua vida, mas não necessariamente do seu cinema. As únicas exceções são os documentários Regresso à Terra do Sol (1967) e Música, Moçambique!. O primeiro trata-se de uma curta-metragem encomendada pelo Banco Comercial de Angola (pertencente ao Banco Português do Atlântico) com o intuito de filmar a sua nova sede em Luanda. A obra tornou-se um primeiros filmes anticoloniais portugueses e seria consequentemente proibida pela censura. Após a revolução de 25 de abril de 1974, para além de Música, Moçambique!, José Fonseca e Costa evitou abordar temáticas africanas ou relacionadas com a guerra colonial portuguesa pela dificuldade em financiar tais projetos: "Se pensar bem n'Os Imortais, a guerra colonial está lá apenas como pano de fundo, trata-se muito mais de um filme policial, que de resto, sendo estilisticamente completamente diferente, traça deste país um retrato muito parecido com o que eu faço. [...] Mas não creio que aquele seja um filme sobre a guerra colonial. [...] Há um ou dois cineastas mais que fizeram algo nessa área, mas ainda nos falta o grande filme sobre a guerra colonial. Não há meios em Portugal. Optei por isso pelo tipo de trabalho que tenho andado a fazer com a consciência da minha modéstia e que é, já uma vez o disse, o retrato de um país de corpo inteiro".

Distribuição
Música, Moçambique! foi apresentado em Maputo, a 25 de junho de 1981, numa sessão com a presença do Presidente Samora Machel integrada na semana das Comemorações do 6º Aniversário da Independência.

Após esta estreia, e contrariamente ao pretendido, o documentário teve uma limitada circulação. Ainda assim, integrou a programação dos seguintes festivais e eventos:

 10ª edição do Festival de Cinema da Figueira da Foz (Portugal, 16 de setembro de 1981);
 Festival Biarritz Amérique Latine, gala de encerramento (França, 1981);
 Semana do Cinema Português (Moçambique, dezembro de 1981);
 Jornadas de Letras e Artes dos Países Africanos de Língua Portuguesa (Portugal, 13 de junho de 1985).

Sem ter beneficiado de uma distribuição comercial em Portugal, o documentário foi exibido a 2 de fevereiro de 1982, no Grande Auditório da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian e estreou em televisão a 17 de outubro de 1983.

Após o falecimento de José Fonseca e Costa, o filme tornaria a ser exibido em programas de retrospetiva do cinema do realizador. A 9 de novembro de 2015, o canal TVCine 2 emitiu o documentário enquadrado no ciclo Recordar Fonseca e Costa. A 14 de dezembro de 2016, a Cinemateca Portuguesa programou uma sessão retrospetiva na qual Regresso à Terra do Sol foi exibido como complemento de Música, Moçambique!.

Receção

Governo moçambicano
O Presidente Samora Machel demonstrou o seu agrado com o filme no seu discurso na estreia oficial de Música, Moçambique!: "Este filme é de alto valor. Valor histórico, cultural, valor social. Servirá para educar os nossos jovens, para que não tenham complexo da sua cultura [...]. Muito obrigado, senhor Fonseca e Costa, realizador. Muito obrigada, senhor Alves Pereira, que é o montador do filme. Obrigado moçambicanos, por terem dado grande contribuição. Foi possível eles realizarem o trabalho porque tiveram o vosso apoio, a vossa ajuda e não fizeram da vossa cultura vergonha. Tiveram orgulho da vossa cultura e assim eles a souberam valorizar também, através do filme a que aqui assistimos". O reconhecimento do governo moçambicano fez-se também através da atribuição de um louvor da Ministra da Educação e Cultura, Graça Machel, entregue por Malangatana a Fonseca e Costa e à equipa do filme.

Impacto cultural
Música, Moçambique! transcende um estilo etnográfico, uma vez que para além de documentar a realidade musical moçambicana, procura contribuir para o momento da política cultural da Frelimo de criação de uma cultura nacional. O documentário apresenta a música como exemplo do património cultural moçambicano que muitas populações ignoravam devido, entre outros fatores, à ação do colonialismo. Muitos instrumentos que são tocados no filme foram filmados e vistos pela primeira vez quando o filme foi lançado no início da década de 1980.

Ligações externas

Documentários de Portugal
Documentários de Moçambique
Filmes ambientados em Moçambique
Filmes ambientados na África
Filmes ambientados no século XX
Filmes da década de 1980
Filmes da Tobis Portuguesa
Filmes musicais de Portugal
Filmes musicais da década de 1980
Filmes de Portugal de 1981
Filmes de Moçambique
Filmes em língua portuguesa
Filmes gravados em Maputo
Filmes realizados por José Fonseca e Costa
Filmes sobre música

Música, Moçambique!


«Tell That Girl to Shut Up» es el segundo sencillo de la banda británica de pop/rock Transvision Vamp, publicado en 1988. Salió de su álbum de debut Pop Art y fue grabada originalmente por Holly and the Italians y escrita por Holly Beth Vincent.

La cara B, "God Save the Royalties" es la canción "Psychosonic Cindy" del álbum Pop Art, remezclada y en sentido inverso (el título es un juego de palabras para evitar el pago de licencia).

Lista de canciones

Vinilo de 7"  (TVV 2)
 «Tell That Girl to Shut Up» - 3:05
 «God Save the Royalties» - 3:12

Vinilo de 12"  (TVVT 2)
 «Tell That Girl to Shut Up» (Extendida) - 6:20
 «Tell That Girl to Shut Up» (Mezcla Knuckle Duster) - 4:44
 «God Save the Royalties» - 3:12

Sencillo en CD (DTVV 2)
 «Tell That Girl to Shut Up» (Extendida) - 6:20
 «God Save the Royalties» - 3:12
 «Tell That Girl to Shut Up» (Versión 7") - 3:05
 «Tell That Girl to Shut Up» (Mezcla Knuckle Duster) - 4:44

Lista de éxitos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http://www.itm-ed.de/tvamp/music/discography/tellthatgirltoshutup.html Worldwide releases

Sencillos de 1988
Canciones de Transvision Vamp
Canciones de 1988
Canciones en inglés

Tell That Girl to Shut Up (canción)