Davor Vidiš (Samobor, 12. ožujka 1962.), hrvatski diplomat, veleposlanik Republike Hrvatske u Irskoj.

Raniji život i obrazovanje
Davor Vidiš rodio se 12. ožujka 1962. godine u Samoboru gdje proveo prve četiri godine života. Obitelj Vidiš seli su u Zagreb gdje Vidiš završava osnovnoškolsko i srednjoškolsko obrazovanje.  Diplomirao je kartografiju na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 1987. godine i novinarstvo na Fakultetu političkih znanosti u Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 1992. Magistrirao je međunarodne odnose na Fakultetu političkih znanosti u Zagrebu 2003. godine a doktorirao informacijsko-komunikacijske znanosti na Sveučilištu u Zadru 2014. godine na temu "Informacijsko-komunikacijski model kao podloga za donošenje odluka u međunarodnim (vanjskopolitičkim) odnosima". Diplomatsku akademiju Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Republike Hrvatske završio je 1998. godine.

Radno iskustvo
Davor Vidiš nakon sudjelovanja u Domovinskog rata od 1993. godine zapošljava se u Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Republike Hrvatske. Diplomatsku karijeru započeo je 1994. godine u prvom diplomatsko-konzularnom predstavništvu Republike Hrvatske u Srbiji (tada Saveznoj Republici Jugoslaviji), u Uredu Vlade Republike Hrvatske u Beogradu. Kao diplomat radio je u Veleposlanstvima Republike Hrvatske u Beogradu, Bratislavi, otvarao je diplomatsko-konzularna predstavništva Republike Hrvatske na Kosovu, i u Republici Litvi, a od 2004. godine bio je generalni konzul Republike Hrvatske u Subotici u Srbiji (tada Srbija i Crna Gora). Odlukom Predsjednika Republike Hrvatske od 2007. imenovan je veleposlanikom u Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova, a kao veleposlanik bio je akreditiran u Rumunjskoj i Republici Moldovi. Trenutni je, peti veleposlanik Republike Hrvatske u Irskoj. Tijekom diplomatske karijere većinom je bio zadužen za odnose s državama u bližem susjedstvu, državama jugoistočne Europe, bio je ravnatelj Uprave za susjedne zemlje i Jugoistočnu Europu u Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova. U diplomatskoj je službi prepoznat kao diplomat za krizna stanja, vodio je Ured Vlade Republike Hrvatske u Beogradu tijekom vojno-redarstvenih akcija "Bljesak" i "Oluja" 1995. godine, Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Beogradu tijekom NATO akcije na Srbiju 1999. godine, a u više je navrata tijekom kriznih situacija boravio je na Kosovu. Bio je član i voditelj više međudržavnih povjerenstava o graničnoj problematici sa susjednim državama.

Privatan život
Davor Vidiš oženjen je za Mericu Vidiš, imaju troje djece (Ivan Vidiš, Ines Vidiš i Luka Vidiš).

Ostalo
Davor Vidiš se osamdesetih godina profesionalno bavio glazbom, bio je član glazbenih skupina "Film", "Drugi način", "Noćna straža" Borisa Novkovića i dr. u kojima je svirao bubnjeve i udaraljke.

Drži kolegij Informacijsko-komunikacijski model kao podloga za donošenje odluka u međunarodnim (vanjskopolitičkim) odnosima na Sveučilištu u Zadru.
Odlikovan je Spomenicom domovinske zahvalnosti 1997. godine.

Autor je više znanstvenih članaka iz područja međunarodnih odnosa.

Govori engleski i slovački jezik, a pasivno se služi njemačkim jezikom.

Izvori

Davor Vidiš


En geometría, un antiprisma cuadrado es el segundo elemento de un conjunto infinito de antiprismas formado por una secuencia de pares de triángulos laterales cerrado por dos tapas en forma de polígono. También se conoce como anticubo.

Si todas sus caras son regulares, es un poliedro semirregular.

Cuando ocho puntos se distribuyen sobre la superficie de una esfera con el objetivo de maximizar la distancia entre ellos, en cierto sentido, la forma resultante corresponde a un anti-prisma cuadrado en lugar de un  cubo. Diferentes ejemplos incluyen la maximización de la distancia al punto más cercano, o el uso de electrones para maximizar la suma de los inversos de los cuadrados de las distancias.

Moléculas con una geometría de antiprisma cuadrado
De acuerdo con la teoría RPECV de geometría molecular, en química, basada en el principio general de maximizar las distancias entre los orbitales como medio de conseguir la menor repulsión electrostática, un antiprisma cuadrado es una geometría favorecida cuando ocho pares de electrones rodean a un átomo central. Una especie química con esta geometría es el ion octafluoroxenato (VI) (XeF82-) en la sal octafluoroxenato (VI) de nitrosonio, sin embargo, la molécula se distorsiona y se aleja de la geometría de antiprisma cuadrado ideal.
Además, el elemento azufre formas moléculas octoatómicas, S8, como forma alotrópica más estable. La molécula S8 tiene una estructura basada en el antiprisma cuadrado, en la que los ocho átomos ocupan los ocho vértices del antiprisma, y las ocho aristas entre triángulos contiguos del antiprisma corresponden a un solo enlace covalente entre los átomos de azufre.

Poliedros relacionados
Como el resto de antiprismas, el antiprisma cuadrado pertenece a una familia de poliedros que incluye al octaedro (que puede ser visto como un antiprisma triangular apuntado), el antiprisma pentagonal, el antiprisma hexagonal, y el antiprisma octogonal.

La pirámide cuadrada giroelongada es un sólido de Johnson (en concreto,J10) construida mediante la sustitución de un cuadrado en un antiprisma cuadrado por una pirámide cuadrada . Del mismo modo, la bipirámide cuadrada giroelongada (J17) es un deltaedro (un poliedro cuyas caras son triángulos) construidos mediante la sustitución de los dos cuadrados de un antiprisma cuadrado por una pirámide de base cuadrada.

El biesfenoide romo (J84) es otro deltaedro, construido mediante la sustitución de los dos cuadrados de un antiprisma cuadrado por pares de triángulos equiláteros. El antiprisma cuadrado romo (J85) puede ser visto como un antiprisma cuadrado, con una cadena de triángulos equiláteros inserta alrededor de la mitad. La esfenocorona (J86) y la esfenomegacorona (J88) son otros sólidos de Johnson que, como los antiprismas cuadrados, constan de dos cuadrados y un número par de triángulos equiláteros.

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Weisstein, Eric W., "Antiprism". MathWorld.
 Modelo interactivo de antiprisma cuadrado
Virtual Reality Polyhedra www.georgehart.com: The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra (en inglés)
 Modelo VRML
 Notación de Conway para los poliedros Véase: "A4" (en inglés)

Prismatoides
Geometría molecular

Antiprisma cuadrado


في الرياضيات، الهندسة المحدبة  هي فرع الهندسة الرياضية الذي يهتم بدراسة المجموعات المحدبة خاصة في الفضاء الإقليدي.

تطبيقات
توجد المجموعات المحدبة في العديد من فروع الرياضيات:
 هندسة رياضية حاسوبية
 هندسة متقطعة
 تحليل دالي
 برمجة خطية
 نظرية الاحتمالات وغيرها

تاريخ
تعتبر الهندسة المحدبة فرعا جديدا نسبياً في الرياضيات، على الرغم من أنها تعتمد على أسس تعود إلى أعمال قام بها إقليدس وأرخميدس.

أصبحت الهندسة المحدبة فرعاً مستقلاً في الرياضيات في القرن التاسع عشر وخصوصاً على أعمال هيرمان مينكوفسكي وهيرمان برون.

اقرأ أيضا
 انغلاق محدب

مراجع

هندسة محدبة


Romário de Souza Faria Filho (født 20. september 1993) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Romário de Souza Faria Filho


ستاد غزل المحلة هو ستاد متعدد الاستخدامات يقع في مدينة المحلة الكبرى في محافظة الغربية في مصر. ويستخدم في الغالب في مباريات كرة القدم حيث يستضيف مباريات نادي غزل المحلة، ويتسع الستاد لحوالي 29,000 متفرج.

المحلة الكبرى
ملاعب كرة قدم في مصر

ملعب المحلة


El cucarachero de Sharpe o cucarachero sepia (Cinnycerthia olivascens) es una especie de ave en la familia Troglodytidae, que tal como está definido, se encuentra en la densa maleza de los bosques húmedos andinos en Colombia, Ecuador y norte del Perú. Antes era considerada una subespecie del chochín o cucarachero peruano (Cinnycerthia peruana), bajo el nombre común de cucarachero sepia marrón.

Descripción
Mide 16 a 17 cm de longitud. Plumaje marrón oscuro, con garganta blancuzca y marcado barrado oscuro en las plumas del vuelo y la cola; algunos individuos (posiblemente viejos) tienen plumas blancas en la cara. Posee cantos variables y musicales: deeu-deeu, bubububu, deuu, diiwáp-diiwáp-diiwáp… y varias voces adicionales ch'ch'qrrr, tjit-qrrr…

Referencias

Cinnycerthia
Aves de América del Sur

Cinnycerthia olivascens


Westray (, ) is one of the Orkney Islands in Scotland, with a usual resident population of just under 600 people. Its main village is Pierowall, with a heritage centre, the 15th-century Lady Kirk church and pedestrian ferry service to nearby Papa Westray island.  Westray has a number of archeological sites dating from 3500 BC, and remains of several Norse-Viking settlements.  The spectacular sea cliffs around Noup Head are home to thousands of seabirds.

Geography and geology

Westray has an area of , making it the sixth largest of the Orkney Islands. The underlying geology is Rousay-type Middle Old Red Sandstone, the flagstones of which make excellent building materials. There is very little peat and the soil is noted for its fertility.

History
At the time of the earliest known settlements, c. 3500 BC, in Westray and neighbouring Papa Westray, it is believed that the two islands were joined. A Neolithic and Bronze Age site at the Links of Noltland is in the care of Historic Scotland. The site is threatened by the rapid erosion of the overlying sand dunes. Ongoing excavations have revealed over 30 buildings of Neolithic and Bronze Age date, the earliest of which overlaps in use with the Knap of Howar on the neighbouring island of Papa Westray (known as Papay to the locals), the oldest standing structure in NW Europe. The Westray Wife, 4 cm carved Neolithic figurine was discovered on the Noltland dig in 2009; this is the oldest carving of a human found in the British Isles. In 2010 some local businesses reported a 45% increase in turnover since the discovery of the figurine. Since then, four further figurines have been found, together with a wealth of other artefacts (carved stone ball, decorated grooved ware pottery, numerous carved bone objects and beads etc.). In 2015, a substantial subterranean building dating from the Bronze Age was uncovered; this was very well preserved and is interpreted as a sauna. The excavations won 'Best Rescue Dig' of the year in the prestigious 2014 Current Archaeology awards. Several of the figurines and other artefacts from the site can be seen at Westray Heritage Centre and the excavation is open seasonally (free of charge). The Heritage Centre also exhibits the 'Westray Stone' - a neolithic carved stone from a chambered tomb which closely resembles the art style of the Boyne Valley in Ireland.

Westray constituted a major family estate during the saga period. Largescale excavations of Norse period sites have been undertaken at Tuquoy, Quoygrew and Langskaill in recent years.  Each of these was the site of a Viking-Norse settlement.  Tuquoy has remains of a longhouse, a large rectangular building, and a midden (refuse dump).  Quoygrew (Scheduled Monument SM13504) has the remains of a longhouse dating from 1100AD, used continuously until the early 20th century.  Langskaill appears to have been an Iron Age settlement in use from 500 BC to the 14th century.  An underground chamber was discovered in Langskaill farm in 1965.  The investigation appears to indicate the abrupt disappearance of the pre-Norse culture, indicating an invasion by force by the Vikings.  The Norse invaders built a large high-status settlement over the site of the earlier settlement.

It was at Noltland on Westray too, that one of the most impressive castles in Orkney, and indeed the Northern Isles, was built, Noltland Castle. The castle was commissioned in the 1560s by Gilbert Balfour, who probably played the leading role in the murder of Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots. Balfour married Margaret Bothwell, the sister of Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney who endowed him with Westray, when it was episcopal property. The Castle is situated above the Bay of Pierowall, was built in the 1560s. It is notable for an unusually large spiral staircase, "second only to Fyvie Castle, while its triple tiers of gunloops are without parallel in Scotland, if not Europe". However, Balfour was executed by the Swedes before he could use it.

Other attractions include the Romanesque Cross Kirk and the Castle O'Burrian sea stack once used as a hermitage. Noup Head Lighthouse was constructed in 1898.

Economy and infrastructure

Flights leave the island's Westray Airport at Aikerness for Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland, and to Papa Westray in the world's shortest scheduled flight, of two minutes. The main ferry terminal is at Rapness with regular sailings by Orkney Ferries to Kirkwall.

The island's main industries are fishing, fish farming and cattle farming. Tourism is also important to the island economy. The local cheese, Westray Wife, is an organic unpasteurised cheese available in mild and mature varieties. It marries well with the local range of Westray chutneys (all Fairtrade) and bakery goods (including oatcakes). Fresh fish, seafood and lobster is available and is of a very high standard. The Westray Development Trust is well known for its renewable energy and recycling initiatives and plans to make the island self-sufficient in energy by 2012. A 900 kW community-owned wind turbine was erected in October 2009, the third large-scale such project in Scotland. "When the community realised it was their turbine, not someone else's, there was no objection," stated Alasdair McVicar of Westray Renewable Energy.

Wildlife
The spectacular sea cliffs around Noup Head are home to thousands of seabirds including 60,000 common guillemot and black-legged kittiwake, 30,000 razorbill and numerous Atlantic puffin and black guillemot. During the 1990s the black rat (Rattus rattus) may have been present although they have not been recorded since. Mice and the Orkney vole are present however, as are European otters.

Gallery

See also

 List of islands of Scotland
 List of Orkney islands
 Geology of Orkney
 Westside Church

References

Bibliography
 Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney. Trans. Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (1978). London: Hogarth Press. . Republished 1981, Harmondsworth: Penguin. .

External links

 One of Orkney's North Isles
 Westray and Papa Westray
 VisitOrkney page on Westray and Papa Westray

Islands of the Orkney Islands

Westray


Enigmail is a data encryption and decryption extension for Mozilla Thunderbird and the Postbox that provides OpenPGP public key e-mail encryption and signing. Enigmail works under Microsoft Windows, Unix-like, and Mac OS X operating systems. Enigmail can operate with other mail clients compatible with PGP/MIME and inline PGP such as: Microsoft Outlook with Gpg4win package installed, Gnome Evolution, KMail, Claws Mail, Gnus, Mutt. Its cryptographic functionality is handled by GNU Privacy Guard.

In their default configuration, Thunderbird and SeaMonkey provide e-mail encryption and signing using S/MIME, which relies on X.509 keys provided by a centralised certificate authority. Enigmail adds an alternative mechanism where cooperating users can instead use keys provided by a web of trust, which relies on multiple users to endorse the authenticity of the sender's and recipient's credentials. In principle this enhances security, since it does not rely on a centralised entity which might be compromised by security failures or engage in malpractice due to commercial interests or pressure from the jurisdiction in which it resides.

Enigmail was first released in 2001 by Ramalingam Saravanan, and since 2003 maintained by Patrick Brunschwig. Both Enigmail and GNU Privacy Guard are free, open-source software.  Enigmail with Thunderbird is now the most popular PGP setup.

Enigmail has announced its support for the new "pretty Easy privacy" (p≡p) encryption scheme in a joint Thunderbird extension to be released in December 2015. As of June 2016 the FAQ note it will be available in Q3 2016.

Enigmail also supports Autocrypt exchange of cryptographic keys since version 2.0.

In October 2019, the developers of Thunderbird announced built-in support for encryption and signing based on OpenPGP Thunderbird 78 to replace the Enigmail add-on. The background is a change in the code base of Thunderbird, removing support for legacy add-ons. Since this would require a rewrite from scratch for Enigmail, Patrick Brunschwig instead supports the Thunderbird team in a native implementation in Thunderbird. Enigmail will be maintained for Thunderbird 68 until 6 months after the release of Thunderbird 78. The support of Enigmail for Postbox will be unaffected.

See also

GNU Privacy Guard
OpenPGP

References

External links

Cryptographic software
Thunderbird WebExtensions
OpenPGP
Free email software
MacOS security software
Windows security software
Unix security software
MacOS Internet software
Windows Internet software
Unix Internet software
Cross-platform free software

Enigmail


Andrew Jackson May (* 24. Juni 1875 bei Langley, Floyd County, Kentucky; † 6. September 1959 in Prestonsburg, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1931 und 1947 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Andrew May besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Danach unterrichtete er selbst fünf Jahre lang als Lehrer. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der Southern Normal University und seiner 1898 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Prestonsburg in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Zwischen 1901 und 1909 war er Staatsanwalt im Floyd County. In den Jahren 1925 und 1926 war er als Richter tätig. Außerdem wurde er in der Landwirtschaft, im Bankwesen und im Kohlebergbau tätig.

Politisch wurde May Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1930 wurde er im zehnten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1931 die Nachfolge von Katherine G. Langley antrat. Da sein Distrikt bereits für die nächsten Wahlen aufgelöst wurde, kandidierte May seit 1932 im siebten Wahlbezirk. Nach der erfolgreichen Wahl löste er am 4. März 1933 Virgil Chapman ab, der diesen Distrikt bis dahin im Kongress vertreten hatte. Da er bei den sechs folgenden Wahlen jeweils bestätigt wurde, konnte May bis zum 3. Januar 1947 im US-Repräsentantenhaus verbleiben. Insgesamt absolvierte er dort zwischen 1931 und 1947 acht Legislaturperioden. Zwischen 1939 und 1947 war er Vorsitzender des Militärausschusses. Während seiner Zeit im Kongress wurden dort ab 1933 die New-Deal-Gesetze der Bundesregierung unter Präsident Franklin D. Roosevelt verabschiedet. Seit 1941 war auch die Arbeit des Kongresses von den Ereignissen des Zweiten Weltkrieges und dessen Folgen bestimmt.

Bei den Wahlen des Jahres 1946 unterlag er dem Republikaner Wendell H. Meade. Bald darauf geriet er wegen Korruption im Amt in die Schlagzeilen. Dabei ging es um Bestechungen im Zusammenhang mit der Vergabe von Verträgen zur Herstellung von Munition während des Krieges. May wurde verurteilt und verbrachte neun Monate im Gefängnis. 1952 wurde er von Präsident Harry S. Truman begnadigt. In den folgenden Jahren bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1959 praktizierte May wieder als Anwalt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1875
Gestorben 1959
Mann

Andrew J. May


An Serapicamptis ligustica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni E.G.Camus, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Julian Mark Hugh Shaw. An Serapicamptis ligustica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Serapicamptis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Serapicamptis

Serapicamptis ligustica


Alejandro Delius (La Paz, 16 de julio de 1977), "capitán desconocido", cantautor, productor musical, presentador de televisión e influencer boliviano que formó parte de la agrupación Quirquiña desde 2005 hasta 2010.

Biografía

Alejandro Delius nació en el barrio de Achumani en el macrodistrito sur de la ciudad de La Paz el 16 de julio de 1977. A la edad de 10 años comenzó a componer sus primeras canciones y tuvo como profesor de canto al músico argentino-boliviano Daniel Pesce. En su juventud vivió en Argentina. La primera banda con la que tuvo éxito fue Son Fusión. Delius es licenciado en politología, compositor, cantante, solista, propietario y productor de un sello discográfico, profesor de canto, conductor y jurado en programas de canto.

Ingresó al grupo Quirquiña el año 2003 junto a Sergio "Teto" de Ugarte y Mateo Caballero. Quirquiña siguió hasta el año 2010, habiendo alcanzado su máximo éxito con las canciones "Clausura", "Repriss", "Ausencia" y "Divino bombón". Las canciones de Quirquiña las compuso entre sus 18 y 19 años y las grabó entre sus 26 y 27 años. Paralelamente a Quirquiña, Delius cantaba y grababa para Gogo Blues. La banda Quirquiña volvió a unirse en 2019.

A mediados del 2000 experimentó como conductor de un programa de música llamado "Music on the rocks", lo que posteriormente le llevó a ser parte de realities.

Delius decidió dejar Quirquiña y crear una nueva banda musical de género pop llamado Garabato junto a: José Duarte (batería), Erick Alvarado (bajo) y Gonzalo Gómez (guitarra). Lamentablemente este proyecto no logró ningún tipo de repercusión.

En los años 2008 y 2009 participó en la versión boliviana de Operación Triunfo, "Canta para ser una estrella". Fue en ese programa que se generó una polémica con Viko Paredes (vocalista y líder de la banda de rock Alcohólica) cuando reaccionó ante alusiones a Quirquiña y manifestó vivir en un penthouse, tener automóviles europeos y que muchas mujeres querían estar con él.

En diciembre de 2012 anunció un compromiso matrimonial con Carolina Bessolo, reconocida actriz de teatro con quien decía compartir una conexión artística y que llevarían 3 meses de una historia de amor. Meses después, en mayo, se anuncia que rompieron su compromiso de matrimonio.

En 2013 participó de jurado junto a Vladimir Bravo y Paula Unzueta en el programa de talentos de la franquicia Endemol, Yo me llamo, que promovía a imitadores de artistas nacionales e internacionales. Fue tras una polémica en ese programa con un participante adolescente que le dijo "no lo conozco", que sus detractores comenzaron a llamarle como "el desconocido". Delius fue parte de ese programa durante 2 años y medio.

En 2014 fue coconductor junto a Grisel Quiroga del nuevo programa llamado Calle 7, en sus primeras temporadas, hasta que se apartó por discrepancias de contenido.

En octubre de 2015 se mostró abiertamente afín al Movimiento al Socialismo, presentando una canción para la campaña por el "Sí" en el referéndum para la modificación de la Constitución Política del Estado para la repostulación del presidente Evo Morales. De esa posición asumida se retractó poco tiempo después.

En abril de 2016 tuvo que declarar como testigo ante la fiscalía de La Paz dentro de un proceso penal seguido contra Gabriela Zapata, acusada por tráfico de influencias, quien sostuvo una relación sentimental con el presidente Evo Morales. Delius declaró haberle realizado una "limpia espiritual", pues es de religión yoruba.

Ale Delius volvió a tocar con Quirquiña en septiembre de 2021, aunque siguió cantando como solista y con el dueto que conforma con la cantante cubana Leydi Lach. En diciembre de 2021 fue nombrado  vocero del club de fútbol The Strongest, de quien se declara seguidor, y renunció el mismo día señalando no estar dispuesto a dejar de ser él.

Discografía

Con Quirquiña

Álbumes
 2005 - 2.5
 2007 - Mixturas
 2008 - Zero
 2010 - Prohibida

Con Garabato

Sencillos
 Escúchame
 Ni cinco minutos

Referencias

Cantautores de Bolivia
Presentadores de televisión de Bolivia

Alejandro Delius


(Tokio, -) fue un prestigioso fotógrafo japonés, especializado en retratos de actrices, trabajos de moda y fotografía publicitaria. Fue presidente de la Asociación de Fotógrafos de Publicidad de Japón (APA ) y vicedirector del .

Los principales temas cubiertos por Fujii Hideki son el cuerpo de la mujer con grandes cantidades de maquillaje, las actrices japonesas y los desnudos artísticos. Es famoso por sus fotografías artísticas de mujeres empleando pintura corporal de forma meticulosa sobre sus cuerpos desnudos y creando imágenes de gran belleza visual. De forma más occidental podemos ver sus trabajos de moda y publicidad, pero manteniendo su propio estilo. En sus obras más recientes incluyó fotos impresas en materiales no convencionales, tales como madera, litografías y papel japonés (washi); a estas series de fotografías las llamó F-Graphy (Fujii Art).

Fujii se interesó en la fotografía mientras estaba en la escuela secundaria. Un día, al salir de clase, vio un incendio en un cine cercano y tomó una fotografía que posteriormente fue publicada en el periódico local; esto le hizo decidirse por volverse fotógrafo profesional. Mientras estudiaba fotografía en la universidad, trabajó como asistente para el famoso Shōtarō Akiyama, convirtiéndose así en su discípulo con más éxito. Después de aprender fotografía de moda con Akiyama en el estudio Fujin Seikatsu-sha y fotografía comercial en el Nihon Design Center, Fujii encontró su gran salto a la fama con la campaña de Max Factor, que lo contrató para un cartel con la modelo Oka Hiromi.

Síntesis biográfica (línea de tiempo)
 1953-1956: es asistente de Shōtarō Akiyama.
 1957-1960: es fotógrafo en el estudio Fujin Seikatsu-sha publicando para la revista de moda Fukuso Magazine.
 1960-1963: es fotógrafo de publicidad para Nihon Design Center Tokyo, con clientes como Toyota, Asahi Kasei y Nikon.
 1963: se vuelve fotógrafo independiente de moda y publicidad.
 1965: supervisa de la campaña Max Factor de Japón y crea su propio estudio: Studio F.
 1973: gana un premio en la 20.ª ceremonia del DOFIFF (Depth Of Field International Film Festival).
 1983: crea la serie Body make-up (fotografías de cuerpos desnudos pintados con maquillaje como si fueran lienzos).
 1985: gana el León de Plata en el Art Directors Club de Nueva York y el premio del año en la Sociedad Fotográfica de Japón.
 1997: continúa con la serie Body make-up y realiza trabajos para su estudio de moda y publicidad. Crea la serie F-Graphy.
 2003: la nueva F-Graphy es presentada en el Kodak Salon.
 Hasta su muerte, en 2010, trabaja en su estudio Studio F en Kanagawa, Japón, continuando con su actividad como fotógrafo, además de maestro, orador invitado en conferencias y artista.

Referencias

Fotógrafos de Japón

Hideki Fujii


Sidi Amar se poate referi la:
Sidi Amar, localitate în provincia Annaba, Algeria
Sidi Amar, localitate în provincia Saïda, Algeria
Sidi Amar, localitate în provincia Tipaza, Algeria

Sidi Amar


Aconitum bucovinense er fjölært jurt af sóleyjaætt sem er upprunnin frá Karpatafjöllum (Pólland, Rúmenía, Úkraína).

Hann er eitraður og skal gæta varúðar við meðhöndlun hans, sérstaklega rætur.

Tilvísanir

Eiturplöntur
Sóleyjaætt

Aconitum bucovinense


Ascension or ascending may refer to:

Religion
 "Ascension", "Assumption", or "Translation", the belief in some religions that some individuals have ascended into Heaven without dying first
 Ascension of Jesus
 Feast of the Ascension (Ascension day), an annual day of feast commemorating Jesus' ascension; a public holiday in several countries
 The Ascension, another title for the Old English poem Christ II
 Ascension Cathedral (disambiguation)
 The Ascension, Lavender Hill, an Anglo-Catholic church on Lavender Hill, Battersea, South West London

Places
 Ascensión Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico
 Ascensión, Chihuahua, a city and capital of the municipality
 Ascension Island, in the southern Atlantic Ocean
 Ascension Islands, a group of uninhabited islands in Canada
 Ascension, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 L'Ascension, Quebec, Canada
 Ascension Parish, Louisiana, United States

Fiction
 Ascension (comics), a comic book series (1997–2000) created by David Finch
 Ascension (Star Wars novel), 2011

Film and TV
 The Climb (2017 film) (), a French adventure film
 Dracula II: Ascension, a 2003 direct-to-video American-Romanian horror film
 Ascension, an award-winning short film produced by Vickie Gest
 Ascension (miniseries), a television miniseries that aired in December 2014
 "Ascension" (The X-Files), a 1994 episode of The X-Files
 "Ascension", a 1999 episode of Batman Beyond
 Ascension (Stargate), in the Stargate universe, a process to become a noncorporeal entity on a higher plane of existence (first mentioned in season 3, 2000)
 "Ascension" (Stargate SG-1), a 2001 Stargate SG-1 episode
 "Ascension", a 2013 episode of NCIS: Los Angeles
 Ascension (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), a 2016 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode
 David Blaine Ascension, a stunt by David Blaine in Page, Arizona, September 2, 2020
 Ascension (film), a 2021 American documentary film

Games
 Mage: The Ascension, a role-playing game
 Ultima IX: Ascension, the final part of the computer role-playing game series Ultima
 God of War: Ascension, a 2013 game for the PlayStation 3
 Ascension: Chronicle of the Godslayer, a 2011 deck-building card game
 A game map in Zombie Mode in Call of Duty: Black Ops, from the "First Strike" map pack

Music
 L'Ascension, a suite for orchestra or organ by Olivier Messiaen
 Ascension, an alias used by the British trance music act The Space Brothers

Albums
 Ascension (A Flock of Seagulls album), 2018
 Ascension (Djam Karet album), 2001
 Ascension (Jesu album), 2011
 Ascension (John Coltrane album), 1966
 Ascension (Misia album), 2007
 Ascension (Pep Love album), 2001
 The Ascension (2face Idibia album), 2014
 The Ascension (Glenn Branca album), 1981
 The Ascension (Otep album), 2007
 The Ascension (Phil Wickham album), 2013
 The Ascension (Sufjan Stevens album), 2020
 Ascension, by Michael Pinnella, 2014
 Ascension, by Toya Delazy, 2014
 The Afterman: Ascension, by progressive rock band Coheed and Cambria, 2012

Songs
 "Ascension" (Gorillaz song), by Gorillaz from Humanz, 2017
 "Ascension (Don't Ever Wonder)", by Maxwell from Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite, 1996
 "Ascension," the only song featured in the 1966 John Coltrane album Ascension
 "Ascension," by Born of Osiris from The Discovery, 2011
 "Ascension," by Enslaved from Isa, 2004
 "Ascension," by Fear Factory from Archetype, 2004
 "Ascension", by John Frusciante from Curtains, 2005
 "Ascension", by Killswitch Engage from Incarnate, 2016
 "Ascension", by Mac Miller from GO:OD AM, 2015
 "Ascension", by Vanessa Carlton from Liberman, 2015
 "The Ascension", by Manowar from Gods of War, 2007
 "Ascension (A)", by Sunn O))) from their album Pyroclasts, 2019

Ships
 , a Royal Navy frigate in service from 1944 to 1946
 MV Ascension, a 1993 cargo and container ship

Other
 Ascension (Calvo), an outdoor 1996 sculpture by Robert Calvo, in Portland, Oregon
 Ascension (Wercollier), 1978 and 1986 sculptures by Lucien Wercollier
 Ascension (healthcare system), a Catholic non-profit health system in the United States
 Ascension (publisher), A Catholic media publisher
 Ascension Road, Prince Edward Island Route 160, a highway in Canada
 The Ascension (professional wrestling), a WWE wrestling tag team

See also
 Ascend (disambiguation)
 Assumption of Mary, Mother of Jesus, into Heaven
 Asunción
 Asunción (disambiguation)
 Mi'raj, heavenly ascent of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
 Right ascension, half of an astronomical coordinate system

Ascension


Megálo Chorió, en , est un village du dème de Karpenísi, dans le district régional de l'Eurytanie, en Grèce-Centrale.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Grèce-Centrale

Megálo Chorió (Eurytanie)


Víťaz este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prešov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.023 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Víťaz este atestată documentar din 1272.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Víťaz


حسن مدكور هو أحد نجوم النادي الأهلي والعصر الذهبي للكرة القدم المصرية في الأربعينيات الذي ضم العمالقة أحمد مكاوى وسيد الضظوى ومحمد أبو حباجة، والده هو محمد بك مدكور مدير الكرة السابق بالأهلي وعضو مجلس الإدارة.

لاعبو كرة قدم مصريون
لاعبو الدوري المصري الممتاز
لاعبو النادي الأهلي (مصر)

حسين مدكور


عين سيدي شريف إحدى بلديات دائرة ماسرة التابعة لولاية مستغانم.

مراجع

عين سيدي شريف
أماكن مأهولة في ولاية مستغانم

عين سيدي شريف


Serrasalmus hollandi ist eine Sägesalmlerart aus dem tropischen Südamerika. Den Artzusatz hollandi wählte Eigenmann für seinen Freund William Jacob Holland, den damaligen Direktor des Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Beschreibung
Die Tiere erreichen eine maximale Standardlänge von 18,5 Zentimeter. Nach Eigenmann ist die Körperform gestreckt und seitlich abgeflacht. Das dorsale und ventrale seitliche Profil ist in etwa gleich, das Rückenprofil über dem Auge jedoch etwas eingedrückt. Die Schnauze ist nur etwas stumpf, der Unterkiefer kaum vorgestreckt. Auf den Gaumen sitzen jeweils 5 gut entwickelte Zähne. Auf den Seiten befinden sich zahlreiche kreisrunde Flecken von etwa der Größe der Pupille. Ein eckiger Humeralfleck (Schulterfleck), größer als die anderen, runden Flecken, ist vorhanden. An der Basis der Schwanzflosse befindet sich ein V-förmiger Fleck. Es sind 37 gut entwickelte Serrae vorhanden. Nach Jégu und Mendes Dos Santos hat Serrasalmus hollandi 76 bis 95 Schuppen auf der Seitenlinie, 20 bis 27 Serrae vor dem Beginn der Bauchflossen (Ventrale, prepelvic serrae), 7 bis 9 einfache Serrae nach den Bauchflossen (postpelvic serrae) und 1 präanalen Stachelstrahl.

Auf der Schwanzflosse (Caudale) befindet sich proximal (zum Rumpf hin) bei jungen Exemplaren bis zu einer Länge von 13 cm SL ein schwarzes Band, das sich mit zunehmender Körperlänge fast über die ganze Schwanzflosse ausdehnt. Lediglich terminal (am Ende) verbleibt ein farblos durchsichtiges (hyalines) Band.

 Flossenformel: Dorsale II/14, Anale III/29

Verbreitung
Serrasalmus hollandi kommt im Amazonas- und Rio Madeira-Stromgebiet vor. Ein Vorkommen in Guayana ist ungewiss. Typenfundort ist Rio Guaporé bei Maciél, Brasilien.

Lebensweise
Über die Lebensweise von Serrasalmus hollandi ist nur wenig bekannt. Nach einer Felduntersuchung kommt die Art oft in trüben, mit hoher Sedimentfracht beladenen Flüssen vor, die in den Anden entspringen. Nach einer Fachpublikation ist Serrasalmus hollandi ein Allesfresser, im Magen fand sich eine Mischung aus Fischschuppen und -flossen sowie pflanzliches Material.

Einzelnachweise

Sägesalmler
Serrasalmidae

Serrasalmus hollandi


Silvio Spotti (São Paulo, 11 de agosto de 1969) é um arte-finalista brasileiro. Formado em Artes pelo Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas, começou sua carreira em 1992 no mercado brasileiro, mas passou a trabalhar nos mercados europeu e norte-americano a partir de 2003.

No Brasil, Spotti inicialmente fez ilustrações para editoras de pequeno porte e, depois, passou a fazer a arte final do quadrinista Arthur Garcia em quadrinhos no estilo mangá. Seu primeiro trabalho com alguma repercussão foi a versão da Editora Escala para  os quadrinhos da série Street Fighter em 1995 e 1996.

Spotti também participou da HQ Mangá Tropical, coletânea de HQs publicada pela Via Lettera em 2003 com HQs de autores brasileiros em estilo mangá. Spotti fez a arte final da história "Um certo Cézar Bravo Lubisome", que teve roteiro e desenhos de Arthur Garcia. A HQ faz referência ao mito do lobisomem brasileiro.

Nos Estados Unidos, seu primeiro trabalho foi no Magic Eye Studio, de Fabrício Grellet, artefinalizando a minissérie Wynonna Earp: Home on the Strange, da IDW. Spotti também trabalhou em Stargate SG-1 (Avatar Press), Lady Death (Avatar Press), Teen Titans: Titans Around The World (DC Comics) e Cowboys & Aliens (HarperCollins), entre outros.

Spotti também fez a arte final de várias HQs da Disney, tais como Kim Possible, Phineas & Ferb, Toy Story, The Incredibles e outras também derivadas de personagens da TV e do cinema. Foi ainda o desenhista do romance gráfico Cars: Radiator Springs, escrito por Alan J. Porter para a editora Boom! Studios, baseado na franquia Carros.

Em 2003, Silvio Spotti ganhou o Prêmio Angelo Agostini de melhor arte-finalista, ao lado de Emir Ribeiro, Erica Awano, Marcelo Borba e Omar Viñole.

Ligações externas

 Silvio Spotti Inducks

Autores de banda desenhada do Brasil
Homens ganhadores do Prêmio Angelo Agostini
Autores de banda desenhada da Disney
Naturais do estado de São Paulo
Ilustradores do estado de São Paulo

Ilustradores de banda desenhada

Silvio Spotti


أدريان باسدار  ممثل أمريكي من مواليد 30 أبريل 1965.

أدواره في التلفزيون الأمريكي
 عملاء شيلد - العقيد غلين تالبوت
 هيروز - نيثان بيتريللي

أدواره في الرسوم المتحركة
 آيرون مان - توني ستارك/آيرون مان
 ألتيميت سبايدرمان - توني ستارك/آيرون مان
 اجتماع المنتقمون - توني ستارك/آيرون مان
 آيرون مان وهالك: اتحاد الأبطال - توني ستارك/آيرون مان
 فارس وفادي: مهمة مارفل - آيرون مان

انظر أيضًا
 دارا خسروشاهي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيتسفيلد (ماساتشوستس)
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل إيراني
خريجو جامعة فلوريدا
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من أصل ألماني
ممثلون من ولاية ماساتشوستس
مواليد 1965
مواليد في بيتسفيلد (ماساتشوستس)
خريجو مسرح لي ستراسبرغ ومعهد السينما

أدريان باسدار


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Der Yalakom Provincial Park ist ein 8941 Hektar großer Provincial Park in der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia. Der Park liegt etwa 60 Kilometer nordwestlich von Lillooet, jedoch schon im Cariboo Regional District.

Bei diesem Provincial Park handelt es sich um einen sogenannten Back Country Park. Diese haben üblicherweise keine direkte Anbindung an eine richtige Straße und sind nur über Schotterpisten oder gar nicht auf Straßen zu erreichen.

Anlage
Der Park liegt, als Teil der Chilcotin Range, in der Camelsfoot Range am Rand des Interior Plateau. Er umfasst das noch sehr ursprüngliche Gebiet um den namensgebenden Fluss Yalakom und der Nine Mile Ridge.

Geschichte
Der Park wurde erst im Jahr 2010 eingerichtet und ist einer der jüngsten Provincial Parks in British Columbia.

Flora und Fauna
Das Ökosystem von British Columbia wird mit dem Biogeoclimatic Ecological Classification (BEC) Zoning System in verschiedene biogeoklimatische Zonen eingeteilt. Biogeoklimatische Zonen zeichnen sich durch ein grundsätzlich identisches oder sehr ähnliches Klima sowie gleiche oder sehr ähnliche biologische und geologische Voraussetzungen aus. Daraus resultiert in den jeweiligen Zonen dann auch ein sehr ähnlicher Bestand an Pflanzen und Tieren. Da der Park eher in der alpinen Zone (Alpine Tundra Zone) liegt, wachsen hier auch nur die dafür typischen Bäume. Verbreitete Vertreter sind die Felsengebirgs-Tanne, Berg-Hemlocktanne, Engelmann-Fichte, Weiß-Fichte und die Weißstämmige Kiefer.

Da die Gegend nur sehr dünn besiedelt ist, finden sich hier neben anderen weiter verbreiteten Tieren auch Schwarzbären und eine Unterart der Dickhornschafe (Ovis canadensis sierrae) sowie Grizzlybären. An Vögeln finden sich hier Schneehühner und Steinadler, aber auch Black-Rosy Finch, Leucosticte atrata (eine seltene Unterart der Schneegimpel).

Aktivitäten
Der Park bietet Wanderern, Bergsteigern und anderen Outdoor-Sportlern eine Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten.

Der Park beinhaltet bisher noch keine festen Campingbereiche.

Weblinks

 Yalakom Provincial Park. In: Englischsprachige Internetpräsenz des Parks bei BC Parks

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 2010
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Nordamerika
Provincial Park in British Columbia
Cariboo Regional District

Yalakom Provincial Park


La Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) est l'une des quatre grandes banques néo-zélandaises et opère dans le pays depuis l'ouverture du premier bureau à Auckland en octobre 1861, suivi peu de temps après par la première succursale à Dunedin en décembre 1861 . La banque exploite une variété de services financiers couvrant les services bancaires aux particuliers, aux entreprises et aux institutions et emploie plus de 5 000 personnes en Nouvelle-Zélande. En 1992, la banque a été achetée par la National Australia Bank et a depuis lors fonctionné comme une filiale, mais elle conserve une gouvernance locale avec un conseil d'administration néo-zélandais .

Histoire
En 1861, la Banque de Nouvelle-Zélande est constituée en société privée et incorporée par le New Zealand Bank Act 1861  créant la société et l'autorisant à émettre des billets de banque. La première succursale en Nouvelle-Zélande a ouvert ses portes à Queen Street à Auckland et une succursale à Dunedin est ouverte peu de temps après. Un an plus tard, en 1862, des succursales sont ouvertes à Wellington, Christchurch et Londres.

La même année, la BNZ détient le compte bancaire du gouvernement néo-zélandais auprès de l' Union Bank of Australia et devient un agent pour lever des dettes au Royaume-Uni pour le gouvernement.

Dans les années 1860 et 1870, des capitaux ont été introduits en Nouvelle-Zélande notamment par le gouvernement dans un contexte de développement économique avec de très bonnes perspectives qui ont porté les prix de l'immobilier à des valeurs élevées.

Cependant, dans les années 1880, les prix des produits de base tombent à un niveau très bas. De nombreux propriétaires et hommes d'affaires sont ruinés et les classes ouvrières n'ont plus les moyens d'acheter des biens de première nécessité ou de payer leurs dettes .

En 1894, la BNZ est sauvée par une législation gouvernemental.

 1895 : La BNZ reprend la Colonial Bank of New Zealand qui était en crise.
 1940 : 1 000 000 £ de prêt sans intérêt à titre de contribution de guerre au gouvernement. Les 74 femmes de l'entreprise passent à plus de 700 en 1945.
 1943 : ouverture d'une succursale mobile dans une caravane pour les militaires américains, introduction de la banque de nuit à Auckland et Wellington.
 1944 : Ouverture du service des prêts personnels. Le gouvernement annonce son intention de nationaliser la banque.
 1945 : Le gouvernement Nash présente le projet de loi sur la Banque de Nouvelle-Zélande. Une fois adopté, le gouvernement a versé 7 933 000 £ en espèces, en actions transférables et en actions exonérées d'impôt aux 8 500 actionnaires de la Banque pour leurs actions. La détention moyenne était de 495 actions.
 1966 : premier ordinateur acheté un IBM 360/30 avec une mémoire de 16k ; Création de Databank Systems Ltd en 1967 avec la National Bank of New Zealand ; les trois autres banques commerciales se joignent en 1968.
 1978 : Lancement de la carte de débit Visa.
 1980 : Lancement des cartes de crédit Visa.
 1984: BNZ Centre achevé sur Willis Street, Wellington.
 1985 : Eftpos introduit dans les stations-service dans le cadre d'un programme pilote.
 1987 : La banque est introduite en bourse avec une offre d'actions de 15 %.
 1989 : Le gouvernement réduit sa part à 51 % en vendant 34 % ; dont 30% vendus à Capital Markets Ltd, et le reste au grand public
 1990 : renflouement du gouvernement de 380 millions de dollars pour éviter l'effondrement. Bolger a été informé le dimanche après les élections de 1990 que la banque devait faire rapport d'ici vendredi, et si elle n'était pas soutenue d'ici là, elle s'effondrerait (à cause des prêts australiens). Elle détenait 40 % du papier commercial en Nouvelle-Zélande. Donc, s'il s'effondrait, la moitié des entreprises néo-zélandaises se seraient effondrées .

 1992 : La National Australia Bank (NAB) rachète la BNZ et la BNZ devient une filiale de la banque australienne .
 1992 : Ouverture du premier centre d'appels à Auckland.
 1998 : Déménagement du siège social à Auckland.
 1999 : BNZ lance les services bancaires par Internet.
 1999 : lancement du réseau BNZ Private Banking.
 2000 : 192 agences, 5562 collaborateurs.
 2008 : 1er octobre : la banque se rebaptise « BNZ » avec un changement de logo et de couleurs .
 2020 : BNZ annonce la fermeture de 38 succursales au cours des sept prochains mois en raison des effets économiques du COVID-19.

Références

Banque

Bank of New Zealand


O particulă Planck, numită după fizicianul Max Planck, este o particulă ipotetică definită ca o mică gaură neagră a cărei lungime de undă Compton este egală cu raza Schwarzschild. Masa ei este astfel aproximativ masa Planck, iar lungimea de undă Compton și raza Schwarzschild sunt aproximativ lungimea Planck. Particulele Planck sunt folosite uneori ca un exercițiu pentru a defini masa și lungimea Planck. Acestea joacă un rol în unele modele de evoluție a universului pe durata epocii Planck.

În comparație cu un proton, de exemplu, particula Planck ar fi extrem de mică (raza de acțiune a acesteia fiind egală cu lungimea Planck, care este de aproximativ 10-20 de ori raza protonului) și masa acestuia (masa Planck fiind de 1019 ori protonului masa). Particula Planck ar trebui de asemenea, să aibă o existență foarte trecătoare, evaporându-se din cauza radiația Hawking după aproximativ 5 x 10-39 secunde.

Derivarea
În timp ce opiniile variază cu privire la definirea adecvată, cea mai comună definiție a unei particule Planck este o particulă a cărei lungime de undă Compton este egală cu raza Schwarzschild. Aceasta stabilește relația:

Astfel, făcând masa unei astfel de particule:

Aceasta masă va fi  ori mai mare decât masa Planck, făcând o particulă Planck de 1.772 de ori mai mare decât unitatea de masă Planck.

Raza acesteia va fi lungimea de undă Compton:

Lungimea Planck  este definit ca

Dimensiuni
Folosind derivațiile de mai sus, putem substitui constantele universale h, G, și c, și putem determina valorile fizice pentru masa și raza particulei. Presupunând că această rază reprezintă o sferă cu densitate uniformă, putem determina în continuare volumul și densitatea particulei.ValNumber3.85763UnitkgExponent-8ValNumber5.72947UnitmExponent-35ValNumber7.87827Unitm3Exponent-103ValNumber4.89655Unitkg m−3Exponent94ValNumber4.826512UnitsExponent-39

Vezi și,

 Micro black hole
 Planck units
 Max Planck
 Black hole electron

Referințe

Link-uri externe

 "The quasi-steady state cosmology: analytical solutions of field equations and their relationship to observations" - Astrophysics Data Systems
 "Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity" - Google Books
 "Mysteries of Mass: Some Contrarian Views From an Experimenter"
 "The Gauge Hierarchy Problem and Planck Oscillators" - CERN Document Server
 "The First Turbulence and First Fossil Turbulence"
 "Lecture on Nuclear Physics for Plasma Engineers"
 The Planck Length
Găuri negre
Particule elementare ipotetice

Particula Planck


Merida er en taiwanesisk cykelproducent, grundlagt i 1972 af ingeniør Ike Tseng. Selskabet har dets F&U-afdeling placeret i Tyskland.

I 2001 overtog Merida 49 % af aktierne i den amerikanske cykelproducent Specialized.

Merida sponserer også professionelle cykelhold, som blandt andet .

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger

 Meridas officielle websted

Sportsudstyrsproducenter fra Taiwan
Etableret i 1972
Cykelproducenter
Cykelmærker

Merida Cykler


Paul Hoyningen-Huene (d. 1946), dünyaca ünlü fotoğrafçı George Hoyningen-Huene'nin büyük yeğeni olan Alman bir filozoftur.

Münih Üniversitesi´nde, Londra'da Imperial College´da ve Zürih Üniversitesi'nde fizik ve felsefe okumuştur. Münih Üniversitesi´nden 1971´de teorik fizik diploması ile mezun olup, 1975'te Zürih Üniversitesi'nde doktorasını tamamlamıştır.

1972-1976 yıllarında Zürih Üniversitesi'nin Kuramsal Fizik Enstitüsü'nde Prof. A. Thellung'un asistanlığını yapmış. 1975-1980 yıllarında yine Zürih Üniversitesi Felsefe Semineri´nde (yani Felsefe Enstitüsünde) Prof. Hermann Lübbe'nin asistanlığını yapmış. 1976´dan 1995'e kadar Zürih Üniversitesi'nde felsefe, sosyoloji, biyoloji, tarih, doğa bilimleri ve psikoloji birimlerinde eğitim görevlisi olarak felsefe dersleri vermiştir. 1980'den 1998'e kadar Bern Üniversitesi'nde eğitim görevlisi olarak felsefe dersleri vermiştir. 1980-1982 araları İsviçreli televizyon kanalı DRS´de yayımlanan İnsan, Teknik, Bilim adlı programda görevliydi.

1984 ve 1985 yıllarında "MIT"´ye (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA) bağlı olan "Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy" biriminde Prof. Thomas S. Kuhn ile kendi kitabı üzerine beraber çalışıp Visiting Scholar olmuştur. Kuhn'un Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı adlı eseri üzerine yazılmış olan en iyi kitap Paul Hoyningen-Huene´nin kitabı olmalı.

1987 ve 1988 yıllarında Pittsburg Üniversitesi'nde bulunan ve bazılarınca dünyanın en iyi bilim felsefesi merkezi olarak sayılan "Center for Philosophy of Science"´de Senior Visiting Fellow'luk yapıp orada çalışmış.

1988'den 1996 yılına kadar İsviçre'nin en iyi yüksek okulu ETH Zürih'de "Bilimlerin fesefesi" adlı eğitim dalında doçentlik yapmış ve burada yine yirminci yüzyılın bir başka büyük filozofu olan Paul Feyerabend ile çok yakın olarak çalışmış. Paul Feyerabend'in Killing Time adlı otobiyografisinde Thomas S. Kuhn'u, Paul Hoyningen-Huene'yi ve kendisini gösteren bir resim yer alır. 1989 ve 1990 yıllarında ETH Zürih'in "Çevre ile ilgili fen bilimleri" biriminde yüksek asistanlık yapmış. 1990-1997 aralarında Konstanz Üniversitesi'nde "Bilimlerin temel teorileri ve tarihi" profesörlüğünü yaptı.

1997'den itibaren Hannover Leibniz Üniversitesi'nde felsefe profesörü ve orada bulunan ve daha 1997´de Hoyningen-Huene'nin Hannover'e gelmesiyle kurulmasına rağmen dünyaca bilinen ve sayılan "Bilim felsefesi ve bilim etiği merkezi (ZEWW)"'nde direktör oldu.

Etkinlikleri

Kendisi son derece üretken bir bilim adamıdır. Bugüne kadar 150'ye yakın bilimsel makale yazmış, çeşitli kitapları ya kendisi yazıp ya da editörlüklerini yapmıştır, 1998'de gerçekleşen "UNESCO World Conference on Science" gibi uluslararası konferansların organizasyonuna katılmış ve dünyanın birçok yerinden konuşmacı olarak davet edilir. Kendi felsefesinde Wittgenstein, Kuhn ve Feyerabend'in etkileri büyüktür. Analitik bilim felsefesi dışında ayrıca bilimlerin etiği üzerine çalışmaktadır.

Kitaplarından bazıları

 Die Mathematisierung der Wissenschaften ["Bilimlerdeki matematikleşme"](Ed., Önsöz ile), Artemis, Zürih 1983
 Wozu Wissenschaftsphilosophie? Positionen und Fragen zur gegenwärtigen Wissenschaftsphilosophie ["Neden bilim felsefesi?"] (Ed., Gertrude Hirsch ile beraber, Önsöz ve giriş ile), de Gruyter, Berlin 1988
 Die Wissenschaftsphilosophie Thomas S. Kuhns ["Thomas S. Kuhn´un bilim felsefesi"]. Rekonstruktion und Grundlagenprobleme, Vieweg, Braunschweig 1989
 Reductionism and Systems Theory in the Life Sciences ["Hayat bilimlerinde redüksiyonism ve sistem teorisi"]: Some Problems and Perspectives (Ed., F.M. Wuketits ile beraber), Kluwer, Dordrecht 1989
 Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science. Translated by Alexander T. Levine. With a Foreword by Thomas S. Kuhn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2. Auflage 1993 ([1989]´in hafifce değişik versiyonunun bir çevirisidir)
 Paradigmen Facetten einer Begriffskarriere. ["Paradigmalar"] (Salzburger Schriften zur Rechts- Staats- und Sozialphilosophie, Band 17) (Ed., M. Fischer ile beraber, Bir Önsöz ve giriş ile), Peter Lang, Bern 1997
 Formale Logik ["Formal Mantık - bir felsefi giriş"]. Eine philosophische Einführung. Reclam, Stuttgart 1998 (ISBN 3-15-009692-8)
 Formal Logic. A philosophical approach. Translated by Alexander T. Levine ([1998]´in İngilizce çevirisi. Pittsburgh University Press 2004)

Dış bağlantılar
 Kişisel sayfası (Almanca)

Hoyningen-Huene, Paul
Hoyningen-Huene, Paul
Bern Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
ETH Zürih öğretim üyeleri

Paul Hoyningen-Huene


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Schöllnach

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Neuhofen

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Weitere Ortsteile

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Schöllnach

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Schollnach
Baudenkmaler Schollnach

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Schöllnach


Nathaniel Philip Victor James Rothschild (* London, 12. srpnja 1971.), britanski poduzetnik, član Rothschilda, bogate bankarske obitelji židovskog porijekla. Nasljednik je naslova baruna Rothschilda, kojeg trenutno nosi njegov otac. Godine 2012. njegovo bogatstvo je bilo procjenjeno na 1 milijardu $, s čime je bio dosegao poziciju 1153. na Forbesovom popisu svjetskih milijardera. Međutim, dogodine je ispao s popisa.

Rodio se kao najmlađe dijete i jedini sin Jacoba Rothschilda, četvrtog baruna Rothschilda i Serene Mary Dunn. Školovao se na Eton College i na koledžu Wadham u Oxfordu, gdje je diplomirao povijest. Karijeru je započeo sredinom 90-ih radeći za Lazard Brothers Asset Management, nakon čega je prešao radit za američku firmu Gleacher Partners. Poslije je prešao u firmu Atticus Capital i postao njen dopredsjednik i suvlasnik. Nakon propasti tvrtke 2009. godine, postao je predsjednik Attara Capital LP, a upravljao je i drugim firmama.

Privatni život

Godine 1995. oženio je Annabellu Neilson (1969. – 2018.), koju je upoznao šest godina ranije. Rastavili su se dvije godine kasnije. Godine 2016. vjenčao se s modelom Lorettom Basey. Budući da iz dva braka nema još djece, njegov trenutni nasljednik na položaju baruna Rothschilda je njegov rođak James Amschel Victor Rothschild (r. 1985.) koji se oženio dizajnericom Nicky Hilton iz poznate hotelijerske obitelji Hilton.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Nathaniel Philip Victor James (Nat) Rothschild  (1971.-) - family.rothschildarchive.org
 Neto vrijednost Nathaniela Philipa Rothschilda - celebritynetworth.com
 Nathaniel Rothschild - therichest.com

Britanski poduzetnici
Rothschildi (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo)

Nathaniel Philip Rothschild


An Agrostis leptotricha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Étienne-Émile Desvaux. An Agrostis leptotricha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Agrostis

Agrostis leptotricha


Bulbjerg (dansk) eller Bohlberg (tysk) er et statistisk distrikt og boligområde i det sydøstlige Fruerlund i Flensborg. Distriktet grænser i nord mod Fruerlundskov, i øst til Hestoft og Fruerlundgaard og i syd mod Lautrupsbækken, som danner her grænsen til Jørgensby. På dansk findes også formen Bolsbjerg og Boelsbjerg.

Stednavnet henviser formodentlig til flademålet bol, som betegner et landbrug, som er mindre end en gård, men større end et husmandssted. Den egentlige bebyggelse af området startede dog først i perioden efter første verdenskrig med opførelsen af de første dobbelthuse for krigshandicappede, efterladte og enker. Med tilstrømningen af flygtninge og fordrevne fra de tyske østområder efter anden verdenskrig opstod der igen behov for nye boligområder og boligområdet voksede med nye boligenheder omkring den nyanlagte Nettelbecks Plads.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Bydele i Flensborg

Bulbjerg (Flensborg)


Niendorf an der Stecknitz er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Breitenfelde under Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Niendorf an der Stecknitz ligger ca. 7 km sydvest for Mölln. Bundesstrasse 207 går gennem kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Niendorf a. d. St.


Philippe Houvion (* 5. Oktober 1957 in Briey) ist ein ehemaliger französischer Stabhochspringer.

1978 wurde er Achter bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Mailand und Sechster bei den Leichtathletik-Europameisterschaften in Prag. Im Jahr darauf folgte einem siebten Platz bei den Hallen-EM in Wien Silber bei der Universiade und Gold bei den Mittelmeerspielen.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1980 in Moskau kam er auf den vierten Rang.

1981 wurde er bei den Hallen-EM in Grenoble Sechster, 1984 bei den Hallen-EM in Göteborg Achter und 1986 bei den Hallen-EM in Madrid Sechster.

1978 und 1979 wurde er französischer Meister.

Persönliche Bestleistungen

 Stabhochsprung: 5,77 m, 17. Juli 1980, Paris (ehemaliger Weltrekord)
 Halle: 5,65 m, 18. Januar 1981, Lyon

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt bei der FFA

Stabhochspringer (Frankreich)
Olympiateilnehmer (Frankreich)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1980
Franzose
Geboren 1957
Mann
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 1979
Universiadeteilnehmer (Frankreich)

Philippe Houvion


Neustadt  (en alemán, Mainz-Neustadt) es una de las quince pedanías en que está dividida administrativamente la ciudad de Maguncia. La pedanía es una amplia zona de 3,7 km² que fue diseñada por Eduard Kreyßig.
Es el distrito más poblado de Maguncia en términos absolutos (28.149 habitantes (2017)) y también el más poblado en términos relativos (7.108 hab/km²).

Asimismo, en el Neustadt se encuentran numerosos puntos de interés turístico y ciudadano, así como numerosos restaurantes, hoteles y otros lugares de ocio.

Patrimonio

Monumentos y edificios religiosos

 La Christuskirche (Maguncia) (Iglesia de Cristo, protestante)
Iglesia de San José (Maguncia)
Iglesia de San Bonifacio (Maguncia)
Iglesia de la Bienaventurada Virgen María (Maguncia)

Lugares de interés
Estación central de Maguncia
 Antiguo nuevo cuartel caballo dorado
 Nuevo depósito de provisiones
 Antigua caponera Feldbergplatz
Nueva Sinagoga (Maguncia)
 Casas en Expresionismo en ladrillo
 Puente Kaiserbrücke
 Puerto de Maguncia

Notas

Enlaces externos

Maguncia

Maguncia-Neustadt


Mark Roberts  is an English streaker who has run naked during numerous international events. Roberts' streaking began when he saw a news report about a female streaker at a 1993 rugby sevens game in Hong Kong. After a bet in a bar, he exposed himself to the crowd the next day.

Roberts has done this, as of 2018, 565 times in 23 countries, targeting such events as those held at Hamilton Park Racecourse, a Mr. Universe contest, a Miss World contest, multiple Olympic Games, tennis matches, the Running of the Bulls, the synchronized swimming world championship, and his specialty, association football matches. According to Roberts, he was mandated to surrender his passport whenever an English football team played abroad following a 2001 conviction for streaking (including FA Cup Final 2001). It is unclear how long this mandate was in place.

One famous streak was on a live 1995 broadcast of This Morning, where he swam onto Fred Talbot's floating weather map and proceeded to emulate Talbot's trademark leap from Scotland to Ireland.

A 2002 advertisement created by the Spanish ad agency Dimension for Spanish football club Athletic Bilbao featured Mark Roberts streaking fully clothed during a nude football game. It won a bronze award at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival.

In January 2003, Roberts flew to San Diego, California, where he planned to streak at the Super Bowl XXXVII. He was unable to get tickets to the game, but succeeded the next year for Super Bowl XXXVIII in Houston, Texas. Just before the start of the second half, he ran onto the field disguised as a referee, stripped, and performed a dance wearing only a thong. He was taken into custody after being tackled by members of the Carolina Panthers and New England Patriots. He was given a $1,000 fine for trespassing.

On May 21, 2003, in the 2003 UEFA Cup Final at the Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla, Spain, before the start of the match between Celtic Scotland and Porto Portugal, he ran into the center of the field disguised as a referee, presented the referee with a red card, then completely undressed, revealing the words "GoldenPalaceCasino.com Click here" on his back (as part of an advertising deal) while in this state for a few seconds, he picked up the ball and made a slalom pass to the gate protected by Vítor Baía, struck at them (the goalkeeper deflected the blow), after which he was detained by security. A year earlier, he managed to score a goal against Hans-Jörg Butt in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final, and also did a somersault through the net in the final of the men's singles tennis tournament Wimbledon. In 2000, he "participated" in one of Anna Kournikova's matches also at Wimbledon (women's singles 2000).

Roberts planned to retire after streaking at the 2006 World Cup final at Berlin's Olympiastadion, but was stopped before entering the stadium. In 2007, Roberts ran out on the field of Wembley Stadium during the National Football League's first regular season game outside of North America between the Miami Dolphins and New York Giants. The next year, Roberts struck again during the final of the 2008 World Snooker Championship at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, just as he did at the Championship four years earlier.

In March 2010 Roberts was seen sporting a cat-shaped mask over his genitals at Crufts.

In 2011, artist Benedikt Dichgans hired Roberts to streak at the Turner Prize awarding ceremony at Tate Britain, but he was tackled by police while only partially on stage, and was arrested.

He was featured in the 2011 Banksy-produced documentary, The Antics Roadshow. In 2013, he was subject of the Channel 4 documentary Streak! The Man Who Can't Keep His Clothes On. In the programme, he announced his forthcoming retirement, but not before one last streak.

In 2018, Roberts made his first appearance since 2013 at the Gangneung Oval during the speed skating events of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. As the men's 1,000-meter speed skating medal ceremony concluded, Roberts took to the ice wearing nothing but a pink tutu and skimpy underwear with the words "peace and love" emblazoned across his bare chest.

See also
 Public nudity
 Streaking
 Jimmy Jump

References

External links
 Site of Mark Roberts

1964 births
Living people
Streakers
People from Liverpool
20th-century English people
21st-century English people

pt:Anexo:Lista de celebridades instantâneas#Mark Roberts

Mark Roberts (streaker)


La route régionale 582 () est une route régionale allant de Lapinlahti jusqu'à Rautavaara à Kuopio en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 582 est une route régionale de Savonie du Nord.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

582

Transport à Lapinlahti
Transport à Rautavaara

Seututie 582


Articles with hCards

නිරෝමි සනෝජා බිබිලේ (උපත 1961 දෙසැම්බර් 27), ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිනමාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නිළියකි. නාට්‍යමය චරිතවලින් සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළ ඇය හාස්‍ය චරිත වෙත යොමු වූවාය. සනෝජා නෝනාවරුනි මහත්වරුනි රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ මාලි නන්දනී සහ 1996 චෙරියෝ ඩාලිං චිත්‍රපටයේ කිටී මෙනවියගේ චරිත සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය.

ඇය මිස් ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරගයේ ජයග්‍රාහිකාවකි.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහුගේ පියා සුමිත් බිබිලේ උමතු විශ්වාසය, අශෝක වැනි චිත්‍රපටවල රංගනයෙන් දායක වූවෙකි. සුමිත් 1930 නොවැම්බර් 30 වන දින මහනුවරදී උපත ලැබූ අතර 2017 සැප්තැම්බර් 5 වන දින මිය ගියේය. ඔහු අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලයේය . ඇගේ මව නන්දනී දෙහිගමය. සනෝජා සිය අධ්‍යාපනය අවසන් කළේ මහනුවර උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලයෙනි.

2019 නොවැම්බර් 4 වන දින පෙරවරු 8. 45 ට මරදාන ඩීන්ස් පාරේදී ඇය අනතුරකට ලක් වූ අතර සුළු තුවාල ලබා රෝහල් ගත කරන ලදී.

වෘත්තීය
ඇය 1987 වසරේ එච්. ඩී. ප්‍රේමරත්න අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ මංගල තෑග්ග චිත්‍රපටයෙන් සිනමා ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළාය. ඇගේ කැපී පෙනෙන සිනමාව ආවේ අවරගිර, චෙරියෝ ඩාලිං, රෑ ඩැනියෙල් දවල් මිගල් 3 සහ සුපිරි අන්දරේ හරහාය. 2000 වසරේදී ඇය අලු යට ගිනි චිත්‍රපටය සමඟින් චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදනයට පිවිසියාය.

ඇය සුනිල් මාලවන විසින් ගායනා කරන ලද අශෝකමාලා නව සංගීත වීඩියෝවේ රඟපෑවාය.

මතභේද
2012 වසරේ හදිසි අසනීපයකට ප්‍රතිකාර ලබා ගැනීමට බිබිලේ රෝහලට ගිය අවස්ථාවේදී දෙදෙනා අතර ඇති වූ බහින්බස් වීමක් දුරදිග යාමෙන් කතරගම රෝහලේ ප්‍රධාන වෛද්‍ය නිලධාරී (CMO) ගේ සැමියා බිබිලේට කඩුව පෙන්වා තර්ජනය කර ඇත. සිද්ධියත් සමඟ ප්‍රධාන වෛද්‍ය නිලධාරීවරයා වහාම ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පරිදි මිද්දෙණිය ග්‍රාමීය රෝහල වෙත මාරුකර යවා තිබේ.

2015 නොවැම්බර් 29 වැනිදා බොරලැස්ගමුවේදී රංගන ශිල්පිනී දමිතා සළුවඩන මහත්මියගේ දේහයට අවසන් ගෞරව දැක්වීමට පැමිණෙමින් සිටියදී බිබිලේගේ මෝටර් රථයේ වීදුරු ෂටර් කඩා රු. 32,000 ක මුදලක්, රු. 30,000 ක් වටිනා ජංගම දුරකථනයක් සහ ස්වර්ණාභරණ රු. මිලියන 3.5 ක් සොරකම් කර තිබේ. සොරකම සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඇය වහාම පැමිණිලි කර ඇති අතර පිළියන්දල පොලිසිය පරීක්ෂණ ආරම්භ කළේය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

යොමු කිරීම්

1961 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා

සනෝජා බිබිලේ


An Guadua magna in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ximena Londoño ngan Tarciso S. Filgueiras. An Guadua magna in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guadua, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guadua

Guadua magna


An Grammatophyllum elegans in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Grammatophyllum elegans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Grammatophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Grammatophyllum

Grammatophyllum elegans


බුදුදහමේ දැක්වෙන අයුරින් මහා පින්කම් අටකි.
1. කඨින චීවර පූජාව
2. අටපිරිකර පූජාව
3. සංඝාවාස පූජාව
4. සඟසතු කොට දන් පිදීම
5. දහම් පොත් ලිවිම
6. කෙත්වතු පූජාව
7. බුද්ධ ප‍්‍රතිමා ඉදිකිරීම(මෙය මුලාවකි."අප්පටිම"ගුනය අනුව පිළිමයක් නැත.)
8. වැසිකිළි සකසා පූජාකිරීම

මේවා බුදුදහමෙහි අට මහ කුසල් යනුවෙන් ද හැඳින්වේ. මෙහි මුලින් ම දැක්වෙන කඨින චීවර පූජාව ඉතාමත් ම වැදගත් පින්කමක් ලෙස සැලකේ. එයට හේතුව වන්නේ එය ගිහි - පැවිදි සම්බන්‍ධතාව, සිහිය, ගුණවත්කම හා සිල්වත්කම මත ම පදනම් වූ මහා පින්කමක් හෙයිනි....(අට මහා කුසල් යනු මෙය නොවේ.තිසරණය සහ පංචශීලයයි)

කඨින චීවර පූජාව සඳහා සුදුසු කාලය
ඇසළ පොහෝ දින වස් සමාදන් වන උපසපන් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේලා, වප් පොහොය දිනයේදී වස් පවාරණය කරති. ඉන් පසු ව වප් (ඔක්තෝබර්) පොහොය දින සිට ඉල් (නොවැම්බර්) පොහොය දින දක්වා කාලය තුළ පමණක් මෙකී කඨින චීවර පූජා සිදුකර ගත හැක. මෙම මාස දෙක අතර කාලය, චීවර මාසය, යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වේ. එම මාසයක කාලය තුළ මෙම පින්කමට සහභාගි නොවුණහොත් තවත් වසරක් බලා සිටීමට සිදු වේ.
කඨිනය යනු කුමක්ද?

කඨින යන වචනයේ තේරුම තද, ශක්තිමත් යන්න යි. මහ පොළව මෙන් කම්පා නොවන, මහාමේරුව මෙන් සුළඟින් නො සෙල්වෙන, වීදුරු පරිවතයක් මෙන් නොබිඳෙන,  ඉතා ශක්තිමත් වූ දෙය කඨිනය නමින් හඳුන්වයි. මෙම පින්කමින් ලබන ආනිසංස එලෙස ම ශක්තිමත් කරගැනීමට  තමන්ගේ මනස ද ශක්තිමත් කරගැනීම ඉතාමත් වැදගත් වේ. කඨින චීවරයක් පූජා කරන අවස්ථාවේ පූජා කරනු ලබන  ඕනෑම පූජා වස්තුවක් පුදන අයට ද මහත් ඵල මහානිසංස ලබාගත හැක.
කඨින චීවරය හා එහි වැදගත්කම

සාමාන්‍ය සිවුරක් පූජාකිරීමෙන් ලැබෙන අනුසස්වලට වඩා කඨින චීවරයක් පූජා කිරීමෙන් ලැබෙන අනුසස් අති විශාල ය. එය බුද්ධ දේශනාවේ මෙසේ සඳහන් වෙයි.

ගිරිරාජ සමං රාසිං
සංඝෙ දෙති තිචීවරං
එකස්ස කඨින දානස්ස
කලං නාග්ඝති සොළසිං

මහාමේරු පර්වතය දක්වා උසට  තුන්සිවුරු (තනිපට සිවුර, දෙපට සිවුර හා අඳනය) පූජා කළත්, කඨින චීවරයක් පිදීමෙන් ලැබෙන අනුසස්වලින් දහසයෙන් පංගුවක් හෝ නොලැබේ ය යනු එහි අදහස යි. කඨින චීවරය පූජා කිරීමෙන් ලැබෙන අනුසස් පිළිබඳ ව විමසීමේදී  පූජාව සිදුකරන්නාගේ සිතිවිලි සහ පූජාව ලබන්නාගේ ගුණවත්කම ඉතා වැදගත් වේ. පූජාව සිදුකරන්නා ඉතාම සැදැහැවත් හා කර්මය හා කර්මඵල විශ්වාස කරන්නෙකු විය යුතු අතර, පූජාව ලබන භික්‍ෂුව ද ගුණවත්කමින් යුක්ත විය යුතු ය. කඨින චීවරය ලබන භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේට ශික්‍ෂාපද පහකින් නිදහස ලැබීම ඉතා වැදගත් ප‍්‍රතිඵලයකි.

'අත්‍ථරිත කඨිනානං වො භික්‍ඛවෙ පඤච කප්පිස්සන්‍ති,
අනාමන්‍තචාරො අසමාධානචාරො
ගණභොජනං යාවදත්‍ත චීවරං යොච තත්‍ථ චීවරුප්පාදො සො නෙසං භවිස්සති'

'මහණෙනි, කඨිනයක් පිළිගත්තා වූ කඨිනයක් ඇතිරුවා වූ භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේට ආනිසංස පහක් ලැබේ'

1. අනාමන්‍තචාරො
භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමක් තමන්වහන්සේ වැඩ සිටින ආවාසයෙන් පිටත වඩින විට කිසිවෙකුට හෝ කියා වැඩිය යුතු ය. කඨින චීවරයක් පිළිගත් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට කිසිවෙකුට නොදන්වා ආවාසයෙන් පිටවිමෙවන් කිසිදු ඇවැතක් සිදු නොවේ.

2.අසමාධානචාරො
සෑම දිනක ම අරුණු නැගෙන විට භික්‍ෂුව සමීපයෙහි තුන් සිවුර තිබිය යුතු ය. එසේ නොවුණහොත් ඇවැතක් සිදු වේ. එහෙත් කඨින චීවරයක් පිළිගත් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට තුන් සිවුර සමීපයෙහි නොතිබුණාට ඇවැතක් සිදු නොවේ.

3. ගණභොජනං
සැදැහැවත් දායකයින් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේලාට සිය නිවසේ දානයකට පොදුවේ ආරාධනා කළ යුතුය. පෞද්ගලිකව ආරාධනයක් පිළිගතහොත් ඇවැතක් සිදු වේ. එහෙත් කඨින චීවරයක් පිළිගත් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට දායකයාට අනුග‍්‍රහ පිණිස පෞද්ගලික ව හෝ නිවසකට වැඩම කොට දානය වැළදීමෙන් ඇවැතක් සිදු නොවේ.

4. යාවදත්‍ත චීවරං
උපසම්පදා භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට තුන් සිවුරක් අධිෂ්ඨාන කරගෙන පරිහරණය කරන්නේ නම්, ඊට අමතර ව සිවුරු පරිහරණය කළ නොහැක. එහෙත් කඨින චීවරයක් පිළිගත් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට සිවුරු  ඕනෑම ප‍්‍රමාණයක් පරිහරණය කළ හැක.

5. යො ච තත්‍ථ චීවරුප්පාදො සො නෙසං භවිස්සති
අන්‍ය අවස්ථාවන්හිදී සඟ සතුකොට පූජා කළ පූජාවන් තනි ව පරිහරණය කිරීම වරදකි. එහෙත් කඨින චීවරයක් පිළිගත් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට පූජා කරන ලද සියලූ ම දේවල අයිතිය හිමිවන අතර, සියල්ල පෞද්ගලික ව වුවද පරිහරණය කළ හැක.
දායකයාගේ චිත්තශක්තිය

තුන් මසක් පුරා වෙහෙසී, තුන් මසක් පුරා සිතුවිලි ගොඩ නගා, තුන් මසක් පුරා කි‍්‍රයාත්මක වී සංවිධානය කොට සිදුකරනු ලබන මෙම පින්කම ඉතා බලගතු වෙයි. මහා සංඝරත්නයට වස් විසීමට ආරාධනා කළ දින සිට මල් පින්කම්, බෝධි පූජා, පිරිත් දේශනා, ධර්ම දේශනා, අටපිරිකර පූජා, චීවර පූජා හා කප්රුක් පූජා ආදී බොහෝ අතිරේක පින්කම් රාශියකට යොමුවීමෙන් දායකයාගේ සිත තුළ ගොඩ නැගෙන්නේ අසිරිමත් කුසල චිත්ත පරම්පරාවකි.

කඨින පින්කම අතිශයින් දුර්ලභ පින්කමකි. එක් වසරකදී එක් විහාරස්ථානයක පූජා කළ හැක්කේ එක් කඨින චීවරයක් පමණි. උපසපන් භික්‍ෂුවක් වස් විසීම, වස් ආරක්‍ෂා කරගැනීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය කරුණු වේ. මෙවන් දුර්ලභ කරුණු සම්පූර්ණ කරගැනීමෙන් සිදුකරන පින්කමක් හෙයින් දායකයාගේ සිත ඉතාමත් බලවත් වෙයි.

බුද්ධ දේශනාව තුළ සඳහන් වන පූජා අතර තෙවරක් ම පූජා සිදුකරන පින්කම ද කඨින චීවර පූජාව යි. දායකයින් විසින් වස්ත‍්‍රයක් වශයෙන් පළමුවත්, චීවරයක් වශයෙන් පොදුවේ මහසඟරුවනටත්, මහසඟරුවන විසින් විනය කර්ම වාක්‍යයක් මගින් එක් භික්‍ෂුවකටත් මෙම චීවරය පූජා කෙරේ.  මෙයින් දායකයා තුළ ගොඩනැගෙනුයේ මහා කුසල චිත්ත ශක්තියකි.

සකල ක්ලේශයන් ප‍්‍රහීන කළා වූ උතුමන්ගේ එකී නික්ලේශී ගුණය වෙනුවෙන් මෙම කඨින චීවර පූජා කරනු ලැබේ. උන්වහන්සේලා කරුණා - මෛති‍්‍ර - ශ‍්‍රද්ධා - ප‍්‍රඥා  ගුණයෙන් අනන්ත ය. සම්බුද්ධ ශාසනය - බුදුදහම පවිත‍්‍ර ව අප වෙත දායාද කළ උතුමන් වහන්සේලාට පූජා කරන ලද මෙම කඨින චීවරය පූජා කිරීමෙන් ලැබෙන ආනිසංස අති විශාල ය.
කඨිනයේ අනුසස්

කඨින චීවරයක් පිළිගත් භික්‍ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකට ලැබෙන ප‍්‍රතිඵලය මෙන් ම, එය පූජා කළ පින්වතුන්ට ද ආනිසංස විශාල ප‍්‍රමාණයක් හිමි වේ. උපනුපන් සියලූ භවයන්හිදී දිව්‍ය සම්පත්, මනුෂ්‍ය සම්පත්, පරිවාර සම්පත්, ආහාරපාන, ඉඳුම්හිටුම්, වස්ත‍්‍රාභරණ මෙන් ම සියලූදෙනාගේ ගරුබුහුමන්, වැඳුම්පිදුම්, පූජාසත්කාර ආදිය හිමි වේ. සියලූ දෙසින් පැමිණෙන සියලූ උපද්‍රවයන්ගෙන් ආරක්‍ෂාව ලැබේ. සියලූ පූර්ව අකුසල කර්මයන්ගේ විපාකවල බලපෑම අඩු වේ. රජ සම්පත්, සිටු සම්පත් හිමි වේ. චක‍්‍රවර්ති රාජ්‍ය සම්පත්තිය මෙන් ම ශක‍්‍ර සම්පත්තිය ද ලැබීමට හැකි වේ. කොතැනක ඉපදුණත් ආයුෂයෙන්, වර්ණයෙන්, සැපයෙන්, බලයෙන් හා ප‍්‍රඥාවෙන් ආඪ්‍ය වූ ජීවිත ම ලබයි. සියලූ ක්ලේශ බන්‍ධනයන්ගෙන් මිදී නිවන් අවබෝධ කරගැනීමටත් හේතු වාසනාව ලැබේ. කඨින චීවර පූජාවේ ආනිසංස නාගිත ථෙරාපදානය තුළින් අපට මනා ව අවබෝධ කරගත හැක. කල්ප අනූඑකකට පෙර විපස්සි බුදුරදුන් සමයෙහි මහා සංඝරත්නයට කඨින චීවරයක් පූජාකොට තමන් ලැබූ ආනිසංස, නාගිත තෙරුන් වහන්සේ විසින් ගෞතම බුදුරදුන් සමීපයෙහි අනාවරණය කරමින් ප‍්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ගාථා පෙළින් තෝරාගත් ගාථා කීපයක් මතු සදහන් වේ.

කඨිනදානං දත්‍වාන
සංඝෙ ගුණවරුත්‍තමෙ
ඉතොතිංසෙ මහාකප්පෙ
නාභිජානාමි දුග්ගතිං
ගුණයෙන් උතුම් ව මහ සඟරුවනට කඨින චීවරයක් පුදා කල්ප තිහක් තිස්සේ දුගතියක නූපන්නෙමි.

අට්ඨාරසන්‍තං කප්පානං
දෙවලොකෙ රමාමහං
චතත්‍තිංසක්‍ඛත්‍තුං
දෙවිෙන්‍දා දෙවරජ්ජමකාරයිං
කල්ප දහඅටක් දෙව්ලොව සැප වින්දෙමි. තිස්හතර වාරයක් සක්දෙව් රජව දෙව්ලොව රජ කළෙමි.

ආරපථෙ ආරපථෙ
චක්‍කවත්‍ති සුඛං ලභෙ
පදෙසරජ්ජං විපුලං
ගණනාතො අසංඛ්‍යයා
කඨින චීවරය මැසීමේදී ගසනු ලද ඉදිකටු පාර ගණනට චක‍්‍රවර්ති රාජ සම්පත් ලදීමි. මහත් වූ ප‍්‍රදේශ රාජ්‍යය ලැබූ වාර ගණන මෙතෙකැයි ප‍්‍රමාණ කළ නොහැක.

භොගෙ මෙ ඌණතා නත්‍ථි
කඨිනදානස්සිදං ඵලං
යත්‍ථ යත්‍ථුප්පජ්ජාමි
ලභිත්‍වා සබ්බ සම්පදං
පරිසානං උත්‍තමො හොමි
කඨිනදානස්සිදං ඵලං
මගේ භෝග සම්පත් කිසිදා අඩු නොවී ය. යම් යම් තැනක උපදිම් ද ඒ ඒ තැන සියලූ සම්පත් ලබා පිරිස අතර උත්‍තම තත්‍වයට පත්වීමි.

හත්‍ථි යානං අස්ස යානං
සිවිකංසන්‍දමානිකං
සබ්බං තං පටිලාභාමි
කඨිනදානස්සිදං ඵලං
ඇත් යානා අස් යානා සිවිකා යානා ආදී සියලූ යානයින් ලැබීමි.

රුක්‍ඛග්ගෙ පබ්බතග්ගේ වා
අන්‍තලික්‍ඛ ච භූමියං
යදා ඉච්ඡාමි දුස්සෙහි
සබ්බං පටිලාභාමහං
ගස් මුදුන්හිදී ද පර්වත මුදුන්හිදී ද අහසේදී හෝ භූමියේදී ද යම් වස්ත‍්‍රයක් කැමති වීම් ද ඒ සියල්ල ලැබීමි.

බුද්ධාගම - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

කඨින චීවර පූජාව


Walter Lawry Waterhouse MC (31 de agosto de 1887 – 9 de diciembre de 1969) fue un agrónomo y botánico australiano.

Primeros años
Walter Waterhouse era aborigen de Maitland, Nueva Gales del Sur, tercer hijo del educador John Waterhouse, y nieto de wesleyano ministro Jabez Waterhouse. Se educó en el "Sydney Boys' High School", donde su padre era director; y, más tarde en la Hawkesbury Agricultural College donde obtuvo un diploma en 1907. En algún momento, durante el período de 1906 a 1910, fue director del Colegio de la Misión Metodista de Varones, en Daviulevu, Fiyi. Existe una fotografía de él de esa época, en Australian Museum image "M. Whan, J.H.L. & W.L. Waterhouse, Davuilevu, Fiji". Se enlistó en la segunda guerra mundial, siendo galardonado con la Cruz Militar.

Carrera científica
En 1918, Waterhouse estudió en la Colegio Imperial de Ciencias y Tecnología, de Londres, donde obtuvo su diploma en 1921. Desarrolló variedades de trigo que resistía royas.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1933. Mysterious behavior of a parasitic fungus, the rust disease of grains.

 -----------------------------------------. 1929. Australian rust studies. Editor University of Sydney

 -----------------------------------------. 1927. Studies in the inheritance of resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia anomala Rostr., in crosses of barley. 30 pp.

 . 1922. Note on the occurrence in New South Wales, Australia of the perfect stage of a sclerotinia causing brown rot of fruits. 10 pp.

 . 1912. Pests and diseases of the coconut palm. Science bulletin, New South Wales. Dept. of Agriculture. Editor W.A. Gullick, gov. printer, 10 pp.

 . 1878. Papers

Honores
Miembro de
 Australian Academy of Science
 Sociedad Linneana de Londres
 1943: Medalla Clarke por la Royal Society of New South Wales

Fuentes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Memorias biográficas AAS
 Encyclopedia of Australian Science

Botánicos de Australia
Miembros de la Academia Australiana de Ciencias
Miembros de la Sociedad Linneana de Londres
Medalla Clarke
Agrónomos de Australia

Walter Lawry Waterhouse


The Island Line is a railway line on the Isle of Wight which runs along the island's east coast and links  with . Trains connect at  with passenger ferries to , and these ferries in turn connect with the rest of the National Rail network via the Portsmouth Direct Line. The line also connects to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway, a heritage railway, at . For much of its length the line runs alongside the A3055, criss-crossing this road by means of the Ryde Tunnel and bridges at Rowborough, Morton Common, Lake Hill and Littlestairs.

Route

The line starts at Ryde Pier Head station, which is located at the sea end of Ryde Pier and connects with cross−Solent ferry services to/from  operated by Wightlink. The station has an island platform with two platform faces and two tracks, although only the western track (and thus only one platform face) remains in passenger use. From here, the line runs along the pier's eastern side towards the shore before reaching Ryde Esplanade station at the other end of the pier. Located north of Ryde's town centre, Esplanade station is the busiest of the three stations in the town; it forms part of the town's main transport interchange along with the nearby Ryde Bus Station (offering bus services to the rest of the island) and Ryde Hoverport (with cross−Solent hovercraft connections to and from Southsea). The station has one side platform in operation; a second platform, which was converted into a garden in 2015, lies adjacent to the disused track.

Although the line along the pier appears to be a typical double-track line, the eastern track is no longer connected to the rest of the line, having been cut off during the 2021 upgrade works. Prior to that, there was no crossover between the two tracks until immediately south of Esplanade station, meaning they were de facto two separate single-track lines, a layout similar to those at ,  and  stations.

South of Esplanade station, both tracks are operational. The line continues as double-track through Ryde via the Ryde Tunnel, bypassing the town centre to the northeast, before it reaches Ryde St John's Road station to the east of the town centre. The station has a total of three platforms linked by a footbridge, two of which are in regular use by passenger services. The third platform, while open, is a south-facing bay platform, meaning only the few terminating services can stop there. Adjacent to St John's Road station is Ryde depot − the only traction maintenance depot on the line.

The line then leaves Ryde and continues southwards, reducing to single-track immediately north of the next station, . This station is unique on the National Rail network in that there is no public access into or out of the station − it exists purely as an interchange between the Island Line and the Isle of Wight Steam Railway. The station was built in 1991 − the same year that the steam railway was extended to this location. Despite the station's name there is no longer an actual junction here, as the two railway lines are not physically connected to each other.

The next station on the line is , which has two platforms connected by a footbridge and a foot crossing at the southern end of the station, as well as a passing loop which allows trains running in opposite directions to pass each other. The original passing loop was closed and lifted in 1988, but was reinstated and brought back into use in 2021 as part of the line improvement programme; the second platform and the footbridge between the two platforms had been mothballed throughout this closure. The line then continues in a southwesterly direction towards Sandown station, which has retained its passing loop; the station's two platforms are connected by a subway.

Beyond Sandown, the line is single-track for the remainder of the route. The penultimate station on the line is , opened in 1987, and the line terminates just over a mile later at Shanklin station. Shanklin also used to have a second platform, which is now used as a flowerbed. Until 1966, the line continued further south to  and  (see History below).

The full line, from Ryde Pier Head to Shanklin, is  long.

Services
As of April 2023, train services on the line run every 30 minutes in each direction between Ryde and Shanklin, calling at all intermediate stations except (usually) Smallbrook Junction. This frequency has been made possible by an additional passing loop installed at  during the 2020–2021 upgrade works; prior to the upgrade, services ran at an alternating 20/40-minute frequency.

Smallbrook Junction station is only open on days when the Isle of Wight Steam Railway is operating; when open, the station is served by up to nine trains per day in each direction between 10:30 and 17:00.

Passenger numbers

After privatisation, passenger numbers rose steadily from an estimated 1.21million in 1997–1998 to an estimated 1.61million in 2006–2007.

After the merger of the Island Line and South West Trains franchises in 2007, Island Line passenger numbers fell slightly from an estimated 1.61million in 2006–2007 to an estimated 1.53million in 2009–2010. They peaked again at an estimated record 1.67million in 2011–2012, but since then fell to an estimated 1.31million in 2014–2015. This was the lowest annual estimate since 1998–1999, and suggests passenger numbers fell by 22% in four years.

History

Pre-grouping (1864–1923)
The line from  to  was opened on 23 August 1864, having been built by the Isle of Wight Railway. In 1866, the line was extended through to . The line was originally built as single track throughout, with passing loops provided at Brading, Sandown and Shanklin stations.

In 1880, the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) and London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) opened a jointly-owned line north from Ryde St John's Road. Under the direction of LBSCR Chief Engineer Frederick Banister, the building of the extension included a new tunnel and a third Ryde Pier to enable the line to reach , which provided a connection with the companies' ferry services. When the LBSC/LSWR joint line opened, it was as a double track section from Ryde St John's Road station through to Ryde Pier Head. There was a scissors crossover situated on Ryde Pier to allow trains to access all platforms. Sets of crossovers were installed at St John's Road to enable trains to change from the joint line's left-hand running to the single-track sections on the Isle of Wight Central Railway's Newport line and the Isle of Wight Railway's Shanklin line (now known as the Island Line).

Southern Railway (1923–1948)
Following the Railways Act 1921, the Island Line and the other railways on the Isle of Wight became part of the Southern Railway. In 1926, crossovers and a signalbox were installed at Smallbrook Junction to extend double track operation from St John's Road. However, the signalbox was used only in the summer when traffic levels were high. In winter, the two lines from Smallbrook to St. John's Road reverted to independent single track operation.

In 1927, the passing loops at Brading and Sandown were connected to form a second section of double track.

British Rail (1948–1996)

In 1948, the Southern Railway was nationalised, as part of British Railways, later British Rail. The line from Shanklin to Ventnor closed in April 1966. Steam trains were withdrawn from Ryde Pier on 17 September, and the whole line on 31 December 1966. While the line was closed, the trackbed in Ryde Tunnel was raised to reduce flooding and decrease gradients, the rebuilding of Ryde Pier Head station was completed, and Ryde Esplanade station was also substantially modified. The line reopened in March 1967 following its electrification with a 660V DC third rail system. The rolling stock introduced to the line was former London Underground 'Standard Stock', which had been built between 1923 and 1934, and was designated as British Rail Classes 485 and 486. In the 1980s, British Rail was sectorised and the line became part of the Network SouthEast sector. Services on the line were branded as Ryde Rail.

British Rail opened two new stations on the line - Lake in 1987, and Smallbrook Junction in 1991, which links to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway.

The double track between Sandown and Brading, along with the Brading passing loop, were removed in 1988. In 1989, the passenger service was branded as Island Line for the first time, as the name and logo was included on the "new" Class 483 trains' livery. However, this rebranding did not officially occur until 1994. The Class 483s had been introduced in 1989, and, like their predecessors, were former London Underground stock, dating from 1938.

Island Line franchise (1996–2007)
Following the privatisation of British Rail, the rights to run services on the line were put out to tender as a franchise. Uniquely on the National Rail network, the franchise agreement also required the successful bidder to maintain the railway line in addition to the stations and trains. Stagecoach Group were announced as the winner of the franchise and from October 1996 they operated passenger services under the name Island Line Trains.

In 2002, a form of Automatic Train Protection was installed on the line. This involved the refitting of tripcocks on trains and the associated train stop trackside equipment at signals. This system is almost identical to the one originally fitted to the trains when in service on the London Underground, although it is in use only at signals protecting single-track sections of the route.

The Department for Transport designated the line as a community railway in March 2006, under reforms to help boost use of rural and branch lines in the UK rail network.

South West Trains franchise (2007–2017)
From February 2007, the Island Line franchise was merged with the South West Trains franchise on the mainland. Stagecoach was announced as the winner of the expanded franchise and operated Island Line as a South West Trains subsidiary. However, the Island Line name was retained, styled as Island Line Trains, and was promoted as a separate division on the South West Trains website.

Island Line Trains also repainted stations in a heritage scheme of cream and green, as part of a general station improvement package.

South Western Railway franchise (since 2017)
In August 2017, the franchise was taken over by South Western Railway who have maintained the Island Line brand.

2020–2021 upgrade work

On 16 September 2019, it was confirmed that £26million would be invested in the Isle of Wight's railways. This included the introduction of five Class 484 units built by Vivarail using D78 Stock bodyshells to replace the ageing Class 483 fleet, which had become unreliable to the point that services on the line had to be halved in frequency for around a month. As the new Class 484 trains would sit higher above rail level than the Class 483 they would replace, the track through most stations was expected to be lowered in order to prevent a large vertical difference between the train floor height and the platform height. At stations where this was not possible, platform height was instead due to be raised. The voltage on the third rail was to be raised to 750V DC.

The reinstatement of a long-removed passing loop at Brading was also planned in order to allow trains to run at even half-hourly intervals, with island-based stakeholders including the Isle of Wight Council and Solent Local Enterprise Partnership contributing £1million. The plan as suggested in 2007-8 envisaged the passing loop at Brading replacing that at Sandown, which would have been abandoned along with the remaining double track within Ryde. However, the Programme Manager from South Western Railway has publicly stated that the option of running a 20-minute service will remain after the upgrade which implies that the existing passing points would remain operable. A total of 7,000tonnes of spoil was expected to be removed during the work.

The original plan as announced in September 2019 was that most of the work on the track would take place over the winter of 2020–2021, with a "shuttle" train service planned during this period. Rail services were expected to be replaced by buses between  and  for 8 weeks in Autumn 2020 while the work was done, with a four-week suspension expected between St John's Road and . However, delivery of the upgrade was delayed due to the effect of the coronavirus pandemic. In August 2020, it was announced that instead of two different closure periods, the line would close completely from 4 January until 31 March 2021 for physical upgrades including platform work and the Brading loop. Buses were to replace trains between  and Shanklin during the work with a minibus shuttle service to connect Ryde Esplanade to Ryde Pier Head, although the latter was not operated while the catamaran ferry was suspended. The rolling stock was also delayed due to delays at the manufacturer, and the first of the Class 484 trains was delivered in November 2020. In February 2021, it was announced that progress on the upgrade work and on the new trains had been further delayed due to the pandemic, requiring the line to close for six weeks longer than originally announced, meaning trains were not expected to run again until May. Subsequently, problems with software on the new trains delayed their introduction until later in the year. In August 2021, flooding caused damage at 16 sites on Island Line, with 200tonnes of ballast from the mainland needed to carry out repairs. However good progress has been made with the testing of the trains and the infrastructure works are largely complete with only snagging items to deal with. The line reopened on 1 November 2021.

2022–2023 upgrade work
Between October 2022 and June 2023, Ryde Pier Head was closed to facilitate a £17 million repair and upgrade to the pier, as it was coming towards the end of its operational life.

Ryde Esplanade is due to be rebuilt, to include a café, a link to Ryde Pier Head, a new waiting hall, a ticket office, an operations room and better staff accommodation. To begin works, the station was closed briefly in March 2023 and works are currently ongoing.

Future
A number of suggestions have been made for the future of the railway, which faces long-standing issues such as the cost of maintaining Ryde Pier. Proposals for the route have ranged from total closure  something also explored in the 1960s  to major rebuilding as light rail.

Past proposals
In the mid-1990s it was proposed to reopen the line south of Shanklin, to the original terminus at . Despite the high costs involved, the island's MP in 2018 called for feasibility studies on this project and on the prospect of trains running between Ryde and Newport using a mix of the existing heritage railway and a rebuilt section of line between Wooton and Newport.

Other proposals put forward for the future of the railway line have included converting the line to a guided busway, something considered in 2005, and the late 2010s as part of a consultation on the line's future. The first plan for a Solent tunnel to connect the island's railways to the mainland network was authorised in the early 20th century and although work to build a rail tunnel has never started, this proposal has resurfaced several times in more recent history.

There have also been proposals to rebuild the line as a light rail route at several points, which would potentially allow for extension into Shanklin and other town centres, the most recent being after a 2016 review of the route by transport expert Christopher Garnett commissioned by the Isle of Wight Council. It suggested converting the route with the third rail replaced with overhead lines and the remaining double-track singled with just passing loops provided. It was reported that ten T-69 trams which were built in 1999, and had previously operated on the Midland Metro, could be re-used for this scheme. The Isle of Wight Council's Local Transport Plan previously mentioned that any improvements to the railway should ensure compatibility with the currently shelved South Hampshire Rapid Transit scheme. None of these light rail ideas have been progressed.

The Railway Magazine reported that a meeting took place on 11 February 2015 which covered a relaxation of public railway regulation and safety standards as well as transferring the line to a Social Enterprise Company. According to RM, people present at the meeting included Claire Perry (Rail Minister), Andrew Turner (MP for the Isle of Wight), Nick Finney (Turner's transport advisor) and local councillors. News of the meeting gave rise to local controversy.

2020 Ideas Fund
On 23 May 2020, the Department for Transport announced that approval had been given to investigate the possible reinstatement of some or all of the tracks between Shanklin and Ventnor and Ryde and Newport. It was one of ten schemes across UK approved for more study under an "Ideas Fund". The feasibility studies into reopening the two rail routes began in January 2021.

In July 2021, an outline case was submitted by the Isle of Wight Council to the Department for Transport, seeking funding for a £67million project to study the feasibility of restoring the link between the existing Ryde to Shanklin line and the island's main town, Newport, running via Blackwater. The trackbed of this line "remains very largely intact", making it the most viable line. The line, closed in 1956, was once part of a 55-mile network stretching across the island. Newport station was demolished in 1971. If it is approved by the government through the Restoring Your Railway programme, the next stage would entail the authority preparing a more detailed business plan. In June 2022, the Department for Transport posted a Programme Update of the Restore Your Railway (RYR). The Island Line branch line is listed under 'Schemes not progressing to delivery under RYR'. The Island Line proposal will be given detailed feedback including recommended next steps and alternative routes for consideration as appropriate.

Rolling stock

Due to the isolated and rural nature of the Isle of Wight's railways, rolling stock has tended to be made up from displaced older vehicles, rebuilt or modified as required. Following the work undertaken during the line's closure during the winter of 1966–1967, the ceiling of Ryde Tunnel is  too low for standard National Rail vehicle types to clear.

Since the reopening of the line in 1967, former London Underground Tube stock has been used. The initial trains were formed of so-called Standard Stock, made up into four- and three-coach sets (with one spare vehicle, normally kept at Ryde depot), designated "4-VEC" and "3-TIS" in the British Rail Southern Region electric multiple unit classification system. (The classification letters were a pun on the Roman name for the island, Vectis) Under the British Railways TOPS rolling stock classification system, these units eventually became Class 485 and Class 486. The cars transferred to the island were built at various dates between 1923 and 1934, and thus maintained a somewhat unwelcome tradition of providing the island's railways with among the oldest rolling stock running anywhere on the British railway system. By 1992, these units had been replaced by newly refurbished London Underground 1938 Stock, designated Class 483 by British Rail. In September 2019, it was announced that the entire fleet would be replaced by Class 484 trains during 2020. The stock is maintained at Ryde St John's Road depot. The Class 484s entered service in November 2021 after the ten-month works closure of the line, the elderly Class 483s having been withdrawn that January.

Annual season tickets
Because the Isle of Wight is within the Network SouthEast area, annual season tickets issued to and from its stations are issued as Gold Cards. A ticket from Ryde Esplanade to Ryde St Johns Road was for many years the cheapest annual ticket in the area, and even though many holders of such tickets never use them for the intended journey, the discount obtained over the year (one-third off travel during off-peak hours in the Gold Card area) may amply repay the cost of the ticket. When the Gold Card area was extended to include the West Midlands in January 2015, the Ryde ticket was undercut by a similar short-distance ticket between Lichfield City and Lichfield Trent Valley.

See also
Island Line (brand)

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Video of newer rolling stock South Western Railways.
Island Line Historical Train Map

Rail transport on the Isle of Wight
Community railway lines in England
Railway lines in South East England
Standard gauge railways in England

Island Line, Isle of Wight


An Ophrys soller in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni M.Henkel. An Ophrys soller in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

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