La statue-menhir du Bouscadié est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Lasfaillades, dans le département du Tarn en France.

Description
La statue a été découverte en 1967 par M. Constans dans un champ près du hameau de la Métairie Neuve. La statue est constituée d'une dalle de gneiss d'origine locale en forme d'amande de  de hauteur,  de largeur et  d'épaisseur. C'est une statue masculine gravée mais dont le décor est très érodé. Les caractères anthropomorphes ont pratiquement tous disparu en dehors d'une extrémité du bras gauche sur la face postérieure. Sur la face antérieure, les attributs encore visibles sont une ceinture à boucle ovalaire, les extrémités hautes des bretelles du baudrier et « l'objet ».

L'originalité de la statue, par rapport aux autres statues du groupe rouergat, repose d'une part sur le traitement de la ceinture qui sur la face postérieure passe par-dessus l'épaule du personnage de telle sorte que le baudrier et la ceinture sont confondus, et d'autre part sur la possibilité que la statue n'ait jamais comporté aucun caractère anthropomorphe, la position très haute du baudrier ne laissant d'ailleurs pas suffisamment de place pour représenter un visage.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Tarn
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir du Bouscadié (construit par stéréophotogrammétrie)

Bouscadié
Site mégalithique dans le Tarn

Statue-menhir du Bouscadié


A competição do solo feminino foi um dos eventos da ginástica artística nos Jogos Europeus de 2015, em Baku, no Azerbaijão. Foi disputada na Arena Nacional de Ginástica entre os dias 15 e 20 de junho.

Calendário
Horário de verão do Azerbaijão (UTC+5).

Medalhistas

Resultado

Qualificação
O resultado da qualificação foi o seguinte.

 O empate entre Lisa Verschueren, Valentine Pikul, Gaelle Mys, Seda Tutkhalyan e Kelly Simm pelo sexto lugar foi quebrado pela maior pontuação de execução. Lisa Verschueren e Valentine Pikul receberam a mesma pontuação de execução e, como também receberam a mesma pontuação de dificuldade, o empate permaneceu. O mesmo processo foi seguido para desempatar Dorina Böczögő e Tea Ugrin.

Final
O resultado final foi o seguinte.

 O empate entre Lisa Verschueren e Silvia Zarzu pelo quarto lugar foi quebrado pelo placar de execução.

Eventos da ginástica nos Jogos Europeus de 2015

Ginástica artística nos Jogos Europeus de 2015 - Solo feminino


Franz Becker (* 17. August 1888 in Pritzier; † 7. Juni 1955 in Bad Nauheim) war ein deutscher Pädagoge und Politiker (DVP (1918–1933), NSDAP (1933–1945)).

Leben
Becker besuchte das Realgymnasium in Ludwigslust und legte dor 1906 die Reifeprüfung ab. 1906 bis 1910 studierte er Geschichte, Erdkunde, Deutsch und Philosophie in Heidelberg, Leipzig und Rostock. Er legte 1910 in Rostock das Staatsexamen ab und wurde 1912 in Leipzig zum Dr. phil. promoviert und trat anschließend in den Schuldienst ein. Von 1913 bis 1920 war er Studienrat und bis 1928 Oberstudienrat. Er unterrichtete am städtischen Lyzeum und Oberlyzeum in Kassel. Seit 1928 war er Studiendirektor und Schulleiter der Malwida-von-Meysenbug-Schule in Kassel. Das Amt als Schulleiter bekleidete er bis 1945.

Franz Becker trat der Deutschen Volkspartei (DVP) 1918 bei und war für die DVP von 1921 bis 1932 Mitglied im Kommunallandtag Kassel, dessen Präsident er während der 60. und 61. Legislaturperiode war, und dem Provinziallandtag der Provinz Hessen-Nassau, dessen Vizepräsident er 1927 war. Zudem war er von 1926 bis 1930 stellvertretendes Mitglied im Preußischen Staatsrat.
Franz Becker hat vom November 1918 an die Bürgerratsbewegung als Gegengewicht zu den Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte in Kassel aufgebaut. Aufgrund dieser Tätigkeit wurde er mehrere Jahre zum zweiten Vorsitzenden des Landesbürgerrat Mitteldeutschland gewählt. Er war an den Unterdrückungen der Unruhen von 1919 und 1920 aktiv beteiligt und hat am 18. Mai 1919 gegen die Anerkennung des Friedensvertrages von Versailles gesprochen. Im kommunalen Bereich betätigte er sich gegen Philipp Scheidemann, den Oberbürgermeister von Kassel.

Am 3. April 1933 legte Franz Becker alle Parteiämter innerhalb der DVP nieder und trat aus ihr aus. Der NSDAP trat er zum 1. Mai 1933 bei (Mitgliedsnummer 3.515.125).

Nach 1945 war er Mitarbeiter im Bärenreiter-Verlag.

Literatur
 Joachim Lilla: Der Preußische Staatsrat 1921–1933. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Mit einer Dokumentation der im "Dritten Reich" berufenen Staatsräte (= Handbücher zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. Band 13). Droste, Düsseldorf 2005, ISBN 3-7700-5271-4, S. 8.
 Jochen Lengemann: MdL Hessen. 1808–1996. Biographischer Index (= Politische und parlamentarische Geschichte des Landes Hessen. Bd. 14 = Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen. Bd. 48, 7). Elwert, Marburg 1996, ISBN 3-7708-1071-6.
 Dieter Pelda: Die Abgeordneten des Preußischen Kommunallandtags in Kassel 1867–1933 (= Vorgeschichte und Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Hessen. Bd. 22 = Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen. Bd. 48, 8). Elwert, Marburg 1999, ISBN 3-7708-1129-1, S. 7.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

DVP-Mitglied
Mitglied des Kurhessischen Kommunallandtags
Präsident des Kurhessischen Kommunallandtags
Mitglied des Provinziallandtages der Provinz Hessen-Nassau
Stellvertretendes Mitglied des Preußischen Staatsrats (1921–1933)
NSDAP-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1888
Gestorben 1955
Mann

Franz Becker (Politiker, 1888)


La route régionale 354 () est une route régionale allant d'Elimäki à Kouvola jusqu'à Inkeroinen à Kouvola en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 354 est une route régionale de la Vallée de la Kymi.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

354

Transport à Kouvola

Seututie 354


La corrección de errores cuántica se usa en computación cuántica para proteger la información cuántica de errores debidos, por ejemplo, a la decoherencia. La corrección de errores cuántica es esencial si se quiere lograr una computación cuántica a prueba de errores, esto es, que se pueda desarrollar en condiciones realistas. Experimentalmente no solo se encuentra decoherencia en la información cuántica almacenada, sino también defectos en las puertas lógicas cuánticas, en la preparación del estado cuántico inicial, y en la medida.

La detección y corrección de errores clásica se basa en la redundancia: codificar un bit en forma de varios bits. La forma más sencilla de corregir errores es almacenar la información varias veces, y si se encuentra que algunas de las copias no coinciden, tomar como correcto el valor más repetido y descartar los que se desvíen. Este código de repetición supone que la probabilidad de error p de cada bit es independiente (y pequeña). De esta forma, si se han preparado tres copias de un bit, la probabilidad de que se produzca un error en un solo bit corregible es del orden de p, frente a una probabilidad aproximadamente de p2 de que se produzca un error en dos bits.

La copia de información cuántica no es posible, como demuestra el teorema de no clonación. Esto pareció presentar un obstáculo para la formulación de una teoría cuántica de corrección de errores. Sin embargo, se encontró que es posible repartir la información de un qubit lógico en un estado altamente entrelazado de varios qubits físicos. Peter Shor fue el primero en descubrir este método y formuló un código cuántico de corrección almacenando la información de un qubit en un estado altamente entrelazado de nueve qubits.

La corrección de errores clásica se base en la medida de síndromes para diagnosticar qué error está afectando a un estado codificado. Una vez diagnosticado, se revierte el error aplicando una operación de corrección adecuada para ese síndrome. La corrección de errores cuántica también puede emplear medidas de síndromes, que indica si un qubit ha sido afectado y, si es así, cual de ellos. Más aún, es posible determinar en qué forma ha sido afectado, de entre un pequeño conjunto de formas posibles. La medida cuántica del síndrome da toda la información posible sobre el error que ha ocurrido, pero nada sobre el valor está almacenado en el qubit lógico; de otra forma, la medida destruiría cualquier superposición cuántica del qubit lógico, y el entrelazamiento con otros qubits.

Código de inversión del bit
Es un análogo cuántico a los códigos de repetición clásicos, y se basa en el entrelazamiento y la medida de síndromes. Sea  un qubit con valor arbitrario. El primer paso del código es entrelazar el qubit con otros dos, en estado inicial , mediante dos puertas lógicas cuánticas CNOT. El resultado es , el producto tensorial de tres qubits.

Supóngase que estos qubits atraviesan un canal  donde ocurre como mucho la inversión de un bit, esto es,  o . Si el qubit afectado fuera el primero, el resultado sería .

El diagnóstico del síndrome se puede llevar a cabo mediante cuatro operadores proyección:

Se puede obtener:

De esta forma, en este ejemplo sería posible determinar que el síndrome de error corresponde a , y corregirlo manteniendo la superposición cuántica del qubit original.

Código de inversión del signo

En un registro de bits clásicos el único error posible es la inversión de los bits, pero en un registro de qubits, que puede estar en cualquier superposición coherente de estados, también es posible la inversión del signo relativo entre  y . Por ejemplo, un qubit en el estado  puede sufrir una inversión de signo y pasar a

Como en el caso anterior, el código comienza con el cambio del estado original del qubit:

al estado codificado

A continuación se aplica una puerta de Hadamard, que se puede ver como un cambio de base en el que la inversión del bit se transforma en inversión del signo y viceversa. Tras el error, se deshace la puerta de Hadamard y se completa el código exactamente como en el caso anterior.

El código de Shor

El canal de error puede inducir una inversión en el bit, en el signo, o en ambos. Es posible corregir los dos tipos de errores con un único código, y eso es lo que hace el código de Shor.

Sea  un canal cuántico que puede afectar a un qubit de forma arbitraria. El primer, cuarto y séptimo qubit funcionan como código para corregir la inversión del signo, mientras que los tres grupos (1,2,3), (4,5,6), y (7,8,9) corrigen la inversión del bit. Con el código de Shor, un estado  se transforma en un producto de 9 qubits , donde

Si un qubit sufre una inversión de bit, el análisis del síndrome se realiza en los estados (1,2,3), (4,5,6) y (7,8,9) y el error se corrige.

Si los tres grupos de inversión del bit (1,2,3), (4,5,6) y (7,8,9) se consideran como tres inputs, el código de Shor se reduce a un código de inversión del signo.

El código de Shor también puede corregir errores arbitrarios en un solo qubit. Si un error se modela como una transformación unitaria U, actuando sobre un qubit ,  se puede describir como

donde ,,, Y  son constantes complejas, I es la identidad, y las matrices de Pauli vienen dadas por

Si U es igual a I, no ha ocurrido un error. Si , ha ocurrido una inversión del bit. Si , ha ocurrido una inversión del signo. Si  han ocurrido una inversión de bit y una de signo. De la linealidad se sigue que el código de Shor puede corregir errores arbitrarios que afecten solo a un qubit.

Códigos generales
En general, un código cuántico para un canal cuántico  es un subespacio , donde  es el espacio de Hilbert, tal que existe otro canal cuántico  que cumple

donde  es la proyección ortogonal sobre . Aquí  es la operación de corrección.

Modelos

Con el tiempo, diferentes investigadores han diseñado una serie de códigos:

 El código de 9 qubits de Peter Shor que se detalla arriba.
 Andrew Steane encontró un código que logra el mismo resultado empleando 7 qubits en lugar de 9.
 Raymond Laflamme encontró una clase de códigos de 5 qubits con la misma función, y que también tienen la propiedad de ser a prueba de errores.
 Una generalización de este último concepto son los llamados códigos CSS, por las siglas de sus inventores: A. R. Calderbank, Peter Shor y Andrew Steane. De acuerdo con el límite de Hamming, la corrección de errores arbitrarios de un qubit exige un mínimo de 5 qubits.
 Una clase más general de código, que incluye a la anterior, son los códigos estabilizadores descubiertos por Daniel Gottesman (), y por A. R. Calderbank, Eric Rains, Peter Shor, y N. J. A. Sloane (, ); estos son los llamados códigos aditivos.
 Una idea más reciente es la de los códigos cuánticos topológicos, para la computación cuántica topológica.

El teorema del límite de Michael Ben-Or y Dorit Aharonov es el que afirma que es posible corregir todo tipo de errores si se aplica de forma reiterada la corrección de errores cuántica, siempre que la tasa de error de las puertas lógicas esté por debajo de cierto límite; si está por encima, las operaciones para corregir errores introducen más errores de los que corrigen. Este límite estaba originalmente en un error por cada 10.000 a 100.000 operaciones, pero actualmente se piensa que el límite puede alcanzar valores hasta del 1-3%, siempre que haya un número suficiente de qubits.

Realización experimental
Hay varios ejemplos de códigos basados en CSS que se han llevado a cabo experimentalmente. El primer caso fue con qubits de tipo RMN. Más tarde, se han realizado demostraciones con óptica lineal, trampas de iones, y qubits superconductores (transmon).

Se han implementado otros códigos de corrección de errores cuánticos, como los que tienen como objetivo corregir la pérdida de fotones, que es la fuente dominante de errores en el esquema de qubits fotónicos.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Informática cuántica
Detección y corrección de errores
Información cuántica

Corrección de errores cuántica


Schmiedebach ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Lehesten im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Schmiedebach liegt im Thüringer Schiefergebirge auf einem sehr hängigen mit Terrassen versehenen Plateau. Die Landesstraße 2376 verbindet den Ortsteil mit den Ortschaften Richtung Probstzella zur Bundesstraße 85 in das Landesinnere. Teile der Gemarkung grenzen an die Flur von Steinbach an der Haide in Bayern. Lehesten ist etwas südwestlicher erreichbar.

Geschichte
Wolfgang Kahl weist die urkundliche Ersterwähnung von Schmiedebach 1071 nach. Die Gemeinde berichtet in ihrer Chronik von der Ersterwähnung im Jahr 1414.
Die Bewohner bauten 1656 um die Kirche eine Wehrmauer.
1662 war der erste Nachweis der Schiefergewinnung.

1943 erfolgte die Einrichtung des KZ-Außenlagers Laura.
Ab 1952 gehörte das Dorf zum Kreis Lobenstein, im selben Jahr wurde im Ort eine Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft gegründet. Von 1961 bis 1990 lag der Ort im Sperrgebiet der innerdeutschen Grenze.

Am 6. April 1994 erfolgte die Eingemeindung des Ortes nach Lehesten. Die ältesten Bestandteile der Kirche stammen aus der Gotik. Das Langhaus in Richtung Südwesten wurde erst 1656 angebaut. 1998 wurde der Kirchturm saniert. 2008 schloss die letzte Schiefergrube ihre Pforten. Das Schieferdorfmuseum Schmiedebach informiert über die Ortsgeschichte.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Lehesten (Thüringer Wald)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1071
Gemeindeauflösung 1994

Schmiedebach (Lehesten)


Amess ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 David Amess (1952–2021), britischer Politiker der Conservative Party
 Ron Amess (1937–2011), australischer Eishockeyspieler

Amess


is a Japanese method of dyeing fabrics using a resist paste applied through a stencil, typically a rice flour mixture applied with a brush or a tool such as a palette knife. Unlike , stencils are used repeatedly to make a repeating pattern. Pigment is added by hand-painting, immersion dyeing, or both. The area of the fabric covered and permeated by the paste mixture resists the later application of dye, thus creating undyed areas within the fabric.

 was first invented as an inexpensive and faster alternative to highly-patterned woven brocade fabrics. Over time,  evolved into a respected fibre art form of its own.

Thin fabrics dyed in the  style show the fabric's design on the back of the fabric, whereas thicker or more tightly-woven fabrics generally have a solid colour underside, typically indigo blue for cotton fabrics. Futon covers made from multiple panels of  fabric, if the stencils are properly placed and the panels joined correctly, can display a seamless stencilled pattern. Besides cotton,  has been used to decorate linen, silk and fabrics that are entirely or partially-synthetic.

See also

 Serizawa Keisuke
 Mika Toba

External links

 What is Katazome?
 Paste Resist Recipe
 Tools of Katazome?
 About Katazome
 Katazome (stencil dyeing)

Japanese words and phrases
Japanese dyeing techniques
Japanese inventions

Katazome


Shaibanide-dynastiet var et usbekisk dynasti, hvis medlemmer herskede over Bokhara-khanatet (1505–1598), Khiva-khanatet (1511–1695) og Sibir-khanatet (1563–1598). De var efterkommere i faderlig linje efter Shiban, femte søn af Jochi og sønnesøn til Djenghis Khan.

Indtil midten af det 14. århundrede anerkendtes efterkommerne fra Shibans brødre Batu Khan og Orda Khan, som Öz Beg Khan, som arveberettigede. Shaybaniderne ledede oprindeligt den grå horde sydøst for Ural, også kendt som Uzbegs (Uzbekere), der konverterede til islam i 1282. På sin højde omfattede khanatet dele af det moderne Afghanistan og dele af Centralasien.

Da efterkommerne efter Batu og Orda døde i løbet af det 14. århundredes store borgerkrige, erklærede shaibaniderne under Abu'l-Khayr Khan sig som de eneste legitime efterfølgere til Jochi og fremførte krav til hele hans enorme ulus, som omfattede dele af Sibirien og Kasakhstan. Deres rivaler var Timuride-dynastiet, der hævdede afstamning fra Jochis trettende søn af en konkubine. Flere årtier af strid efterlod timuriderne som værende i kontrol over Den Store Horde og dens efterfølgerstater i Europa, nemlig khanaterne Kazan, Astrakhan og Krim.

Historie
Shaibanid-dynastiet sporer sin oprindelse generelt til shaibaniderne, persiske efterkommere af Djengis Khan gennem hans barnebarn Shiban og med oprindelse i Centralasien. Inden det 15. århundrede flyttede en gren af shaibaniderne syd over til Transoxiana, hvorfra de efter et århundrede med konflikt formåede at udkonkurrere timuriderne. Abu'l-Khayr Khan (som ledede Shaibaniderne fra år 1428 til 1468) begyndte at konsolidere de forskellige usbekiske stammer, først i området omkring Tjumen og Tura-floden og så ned i Syr-Darja-regionen. Hans barnebarn Muhammad Shaybani (herskede 1500-1510), som gav navnet til Shaibanide-dynastiet, fravristede Samarkand, Bokhara og Herat fra Baburs kontrol og grundlagde det kortvarige Shaibanide-dynasti. Efter hans død i hænderne på Shah Ismail I blev han efterfulgt af en onkel, fætter og en broder, hvis shaibanide-efterkommere skulle styre Bokhara-khanatet frem til 1598 og Khiva-khanatet frem til 1695.

En anden stat, som blev styret af shaibaniderne var Sibir-khanatet, hvis sidste khan Kuchum blev afsat af russerne i 1598. Han flygtede til Bukhara, men hans sønner og sønnesønner blev fanget af zaren og sendt til Moskva, hvor de senere tog efternavnet Sibirskij. Bortset fra denne berømte gren bad flere andre adelsfamilier fra Kirgisistan og Kasakhstan (for eksempel prins Valikhanov) de kejserlige russiske myndigheder om at anerkende deres shaibanide-oprindelse, men forgæves.

Noter

Litteratur
 Bartold, Vasily (1964): The Shaybanids. Collected Works, vol. 2, part 2. Moscow, 1964.
 Grousset, René (1970): The Empire of the Steppes: a history of central Asia Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, (oversat af Naomi Walford fra den franske udgave, udgivet af Payot i 1970), s. 478-490 et passim,
 Bosworth, C.E. (1996): The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual Columbia University Press, New York, s. 288-289,
 Soucek, Svatopluk (2000): A History of Inner Asia Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, s. 149-157,

Usbekistan

Shaibanide-dynastiet


The Outlook (1870–1935) foi uma revista semanal publicada na cidade de Nova Iorque. Teve entre seus contribuidores o ex-presidente dos Estados Unidos Theodore Roosevelt, que se tornou um dos editores da revistar após deixar a presidência.

História da revista

The Christian Union (1870–1893)
A Outlook começou a ser publicada em 1º de janeiro de 1870, como The Christian Union (1870–1893).

The Outlook (1893–1928)
A revista foi intitulada The Outlook de 1893 a 1928, refletindo uma mudança de foco de assuntos religiosos para questões sociais e políticas.

Em 1900, as revistas semanais de notícias e opinião do ranking eram The Independent (1870), The Nation (1865), The Outlook (1870) e, com ênfase diferente, The Literary Digest (1890).

The Outlook and Independent (1928–1932)
Em 1928, o The Independent foi fundido com o The Outlook para formar o The Outlook and Independent.

The New Outlook (1932–1935)
De 1932 a 1935, a revista foi publicada como The New Outlook. Sua última edição foi datada de junho de 1935.

Ligações externas

 The Outlook no HathiTrust Digital Library

Revistas extintas dos Estados Unidos

The Outlook (Nova Iorque)


Telhis, Osmanlı Devletinde sadrâzamların bir konu hakkında pâdişâha bilgi vermek ve nasıl davranacağı husûsunda ondan emir almak için yazdığı kısa yazı.

Arapça bir kelime olan telhis "uzun yazıyı kısaltmak", "özetlemek" mânâsına gelir. Sadrâzamlar başkalarına âit yazıları veya pâdişâha arz edilecek hususları hülâsa olarak bildirdikleri için bu tâbir kullanılmıştır. Sadrâzam telhis olarak yazdığı takririnde hâdiseyi bildirir, kendi düşüncelerini arz eder ve pâdişâhın bu husûsa dâir fikrini sorardı. Eğer arz edilen husus mühim olup, Sadrâzam dîvânında görüşülmüşse müzâkere netîcesi telhiste bildirilirdi.

Pâdişâhla saray arasında bu muharrerât (yazılı kâğıtlar)ın gidip gelmesi memurlar uzantısıyla olurdu. Telhisleri Paşakapısı'ndaki Telhisî adı verilen memur saraya götürüp, Kapı ağasına teslim ederdi. Onlar da pâdişâha takdim ederlerdi. Pâdişâh, kâğıdın üst tarafına "mûcibince amel eyleyesin, olur, olmaz vs." gibi cevap verir ve bâzan da "mânzûrum olmuştur" diyerek okuduğunu beyan ederdi.

19. yüzyılda telhis mâbeyn başkâtibine hitâben yazılmaya başladı. Bu defâ pâdişâhın verdiği cevâbı, mâbeyn başkâtibi kâğıdın alt tarafına yazardı. Serdar-ı Ekremler tarafından cepheden gönderilen telhisler mühürlü olarak pâdişâha arz edilmek üzere Rikâb-ı hümâyun kaymakamına gönderilirdi. Alınan cevap mühürlü olarak serdâr-ı ekreme yollanırdı

Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri

Telhis


Apollo 14, Apollo programının 8. mürettebatlı görevi, 3. Ay'a insanlı iniş ve ilk dağlık inişi barındıran insanlı ay göreviydi. Görev 31 Ocak 1971'de başlamış, astronotlar 5 Şubat 1971'de Ay'a inmiş ve yaklaşık 9 saatlik bir Ay yürüyüşünden sonra 9 şubatta Dünya'ya geri dönmüşlerdir. Görevin getirdiği örnekler Ay'ın volkanik faaliyetleri ve Dünya'dan seken göktaşları hakkında bilgi vermiştir.

Görevde Ana Aşamalar

Fırlatış

Görev ilk olarak 1970 için planlanmıştı ancak Apollo 13'te servis modülünde yaşanan oksijen deposunun patlaması nedeniyle modüllerin geliştirilmesi ve soruşturma dönemi nedeniyle 1971 ocak ayına ertelendi. Komutan Alan Shepard, Komuta modülü pilotu Stuart Roosa ve Ay iniş modülü pilotu Edgar Mitchell, 42 dakikalık bir hava nedenli ertelenmeden sonra 31 Ocak 1971'de pazar günü saat 21.03 UTC'de Kennedy Uzay Merkezindeki LC-39A rampasından Saturn 5 (SA-509) roketi ile 9 günlük görevleri için havalandılar.

Yörünge ve Yolculuk
Araç yörüngeye ulaştığında, üçüncü aşamanın motorları kapandı ve astronotlar, aracı Ay rotasına yerleştiren translunar enjeksiyon (TLI) için çalıştırmadan önce uzay aracının kontrollerini gerçekleştirdi. TLI'dan sonra, servis modülü üçüncü aşamadan ayrıldı ve Roosa, tüm uzay aracı ayrılmadan önce Lunar Module ile kenetlenmek için transpozisyon manevrasıyla çevirdi. Ancak modülleri nazikçe bir araya getirdiğinde kenetlenme mekanizması çalışmıyordu. İki saat içinde görev denetleyicileri toplanıp tavsiyelerde bulunurken birkaç girişimde bulundu.

Lunar Module, S-IVB üzerindeki yerinden çıkarılamazsa, ay inişi gerçekleşemezdi. Görev Kontrol, temasın mandalları tetikleyeceğini umarak kenetlenme sondası geri çekilmiş olarak ayrılmayı tekrar denemeyi önerdi. Bu işe yaradı ve bir saat içinde birleştirilen uzay aracı üçüncü aşamadan ayrıldı. Modül, üç günden biraz daha uzun bir süre sonra yaptığı ve Apollo 12 sismometresinin titreşimleri üç saatten fazla bir süre boyunca kaydettiği bir şekilde başarıyla ay yörüngesine oturdu.

İniş
Saat 06.30'da Shepard ve Mitchell sistemlerini kontrol etmek için Lunar Modülü Antares'e girdiler. Translunar sahilinde biri 10,19 saniye, diğeri 0,65 saniye süren iki orta rota düzeltmesi yapıldı. Servis modülündeki Servis Tahrik Sistemi motoru, aracı ay yörüngesine göndermek için 370,84 saniye boyunca ateşlendi. Servis modülünün iniş modülünü alçak yörüngeye indirmesi, bir apollo görevinde ilk defa yapılmıştı (İlk olarak apollo 13 için planlanmıştı). Bu işlem, Apollo 14'ün engebeli arazide iniş yapmasından dolayı bir güvenlik adına astronotlar için havada kalma süresini artırmak için yapıldı. Ay yörüngesinde servismodülünden ayrıldıktan sonra, Lunar Module Antares'in iki ciddi sorunu vardı. İlk olarak, Lunar Module'ün bilgisayarı hatalı bir parçadan ABORT sinyali almaya başladı. NASA, küçük bir lehim topunun sallanıp anahtar ile kontak arasına girip devreyi kapattığını sonucuna vardı. Acil çözüm -parçanın yanındaki panele dokunmak- kısa bir süre işe yaradı; ancak devre kısa süre sonra tekrar kapandı. İniş motoru çalıştırıldıktan sonra sorun tekrarlanırsa, bilgisayar sinyalin gerçek olduğunu düşünür ve bir otomatik durdurma başlatarak yükselme aşamasının alçalma aşamasından ayrılmasına ve yörüngeye geri dönmesine neden olurdu. NASA ve ABD'deki yazılım ekibi Massachusetts Teknoloji Enstitüsü bir çözüm bulmak için çabaladı. Yazılım, sıfırdan güncellenmesini engelleyecek şekilde fiziksel bağlantılıydı. Düzeltme, sisteme bir iptalin zaten gerçekleşmiş gibi görünmesini sağladı ve iptal etmek için gelen otomatikleştirilmiş sinyalleri yoksayacaktı. Bu, astronotların gemiye kılavuzluk etmesini engellemeyecektir; ancak eğer bir durdurma gerekli olursa, gemiyi manuel olarak başlatmak zorunda kalabilirlerdi. Alçalma sırasında, Lunar Module iniş radarı Ay'ın yüzeyine otomatik olarak inemediğinde, navigasyon bilgisayarını aracın irtifası ve dikey iniş hızı hakkındaki hayati bilgilerden mahrum bıraktığı zaman ikinci bir sorun meydana geldi. Astronotlar iniş radarı kesicisini döndürdükten sonra, birim 22.000 fit (6.700 m) civarında bir sinyal aldı. İniş radarı 10.000 fit (3.000 m) yükseklikte olsaydı, görev kuralları iptali gerektiriyordu; ancak Shepard onsuz inmeyi deneyebilirdi. İniş radarı ile Shepard, Lunar Module'ün Ay'a inen altı görevin hedeflenen hedefine en yakın olan bir inişe yönlendirdi.

Yüzey Operasyonları

Eva 1
Shepard, Ay yüzeyine ilk adımı attıktan sonra, "Ve uzun bir yol oldu, ama biz buradayız" dedi. İlk EVA, başlangıcı erteleten iletişim sistemindeki bir sorun nedeniyle inişten 5 saat sonra başladı. Astronotlar ekipman boşaltma, ALSEP ve konuşlandırılması, ABD bayrağını dikmek ve MET'i yerleştirme, numune alma, fotoğraf çekme, deneyler yapma gibi faaliyetler gerçekleştirdi. İlk EVA 4 saat 47 dakika 50 saniye sürdü.

Eva 2
Shepard ve Mitchell, iniş alanında daha düz bir arazi bekliyordu ve dalgalı zemini örünce şaşırmışlardı. Bu, Cone kraterinin için yola çıktıklarında, ikinci EVA'da bir sorun haline geldi. Shepard ve Mitchell'in navigasyon olarak kullanmayı planladıkları küçük kraterler, ay yörüngesinden alınan çekimlere dayanarak, haritalardan çok farklı görünüyordu. Ek olarak, kat ettikleri mesafeyi sürekli olarak fazla tahmin ettiler. Görev Kontrol ve CAPCOM, televizyon kamerası İniş Modülünün yakınında kaldığı için bu anları göremese de, saatler ilerledikçe astronotların ağır nefesleri ve hızlı kalp atışlarını izleyip endişelenmeye başladılar. Araziye yukarıdan bakmak için, krater kenarı olduğunu umdukları bir tepeye çıktılar. Mitchell, kraterin yakınlarda olduğundan şiddetle şüphelenmesine rağmen, fiziksel olarak tükenmişti ve görev kontrol tarafından bulundukları yerden numune almaları ve ardından Lunar Module'e geri dönmeye başlamaları talimatı verildi. Daha sonra çektikleri resimleri kullanarak yapılan analizler, kraterin kenarının yaklaşık 20 m yakınına geldiklerini belirledi.

Shepard ve Mitchell'in karşılaştığı zorluklar, sıradaki Apollo görevleri için Ay'a rover gönderme fikrinin temellerini atmış oldu. Astronotlar İniş Modülünün yakınına döndükten ve tekrar televizyon kamerasının görüş alanına girdikten sonra, Shepard, Ay'a ulaşması durumunda yıllardır planladığı bir hayalini gerçekleştirdi ve muhtemelen Apollo 14'ün için en çok hatırlanan şey buydu. Yanında bir golf sopası ve iki golf topu getirmişti; Shepard (EVA giysisinin sınırlı esnekliği nedeniyle) birkaç tek elle salladı ve coşkuyla ikinci topun düşük ay yerçekiminde "miller miller miller" gittiğini haykırdı. Mitchell daha sonra bir cirit gibi bir ay kepçe sapı fırlattı. İkinci EVA toplam 4 saat 34 dakika 41 saniye sürdü.

İki görevle birlikte toplam 9 saat 22 dakikalık 2 ay yürüşü yapıldı ve 43 kilogram ay numunesi getirildi.

Yörünge işlemleri
Roosa, Kitty Hawk 'ta neredeyse iki gününü tek başına geçirdi ve çoğu Apollo 13 tarafından yapılması planlanan, Ay yörüngesinden ilk yoğun bilimsel gözlem programını gerçekleştirdi. Antares ayrıldıktan ve mürettebatı karaya çıkmak için hazırlıklara başladıktan sonra, Roosa içinde servis modülünün Ay Modülü Antares'ten kalma bırakma sırasındaki yörüngesindeki bozukluğu düzeltmek kaldı.

Roosa, ay yörüngesinden fotoğraflar çekti. Aynı zamanda Hycon kamera olarak da bilinen Ay'ın Topografik olarak fotoğraflamaya yarayan kamerayla, Apollo 16 için düşünülen Descartes Highlands bölgesi de dahil olmak üzere yüzeyi görüntülemek için kullanılması gerekiyordu. Ancak deklanşörde Roosa'nın hatırı sayılır yardıma rağmen düzeltemediği bir hata oluştu. Fotoğraf hedeflerinin yaklaşık yarısının fırçalanması gerekmesine rağmen, Roosa, Descartes'ın bir Hasselblad fotoğraf makinesiyle fotoğraflarını elde etti ve Apollo 16 için bunun uygun bir iniş noktası olduğunu doğruladı. Roosa, Apollo 13'ün S-IVB'sinin Lansburg B krateri yakınlarındaki çarpma noktasının fotoğraflarını çekmek için de Hasselblad'ı kullandı. Görevden sonra sorun giderme, deklanşör kontrol devresini kirleten ve deklanşörün sürekli çalışmasına neden olan küçük bir alüminyum parçası buldu.

Roosa, Antares'ten parlayan güneş ışığını ve yörünge 17'deki ay yüzeyindeki uzun gölgesini görebildi; Yörünge 29'da güneşin ALSEP'ten yansımasını görebiliyordu. Roosa Ay'ın etrafında toplam 34 kere döndü.

Ay'dan kalkış ve yörüngede kenetlenme
İniş modülü Antares, 6 Şubat 1971'de 18.48.42 UTC saatinde Ay'dan kalktı. İniş modülü, servis modülüne 47 dakika sonra yanaştı. Misyonun başındaki kenetlenme sorunlarına dayanan endişelere rağmen, kenetlenme ilk denemede başarılı oldu. Ancak Lunar Module'de navigasyon için kullanılan Abort Guidance System iki araç yanaşmadan hemen önce çalışmayı bıraktı. Mürettebat, ekipman ve ay örnekleri Kitty Hawk'a aktarıldıktan sonra, iniş modülü atıldı. Atılan modülün Ay'a çarpması Apollo 12 ve 14 sismometreleri tarafından duyuldu.

Kitty Hawk'un 34. ay dönüşü sırasında 350,8 saniye süren bir transearth enjeksiyon ateşlemesi 7 Şubat 01.39.04 UTC gerçekleşti. Ek olarak, iletişim kaybının ardından Dünya'ya dönüşü simüle etmek için bir navigasyon uygulaması yapıldı: Hepsi başarılıydı. Ardından Dünya'ya dönüş yolculuğu başladı, ekip için dinlenme vaktiydi.

Ev'e Geri Dönüş

Kitty Hawk komuta modülü, 9 şubat 1971'de saat 21.05 UTC ile Amerikan Samoasının 1.400 km güneyine; güney pasifiğe düştü. Gemi ile kurtarımdan sonra astonotlar 27 gün karantina da kaldı. Aynı zamanda bu karantina Apollo görevlerindeki son karantina idi. Gençliğinde ormancılıkta çalışan Roosa, uçuş sırasında yanına birkaç yüz ağaç tohumu aldı. Bunlar Dünya'ya döndükten sonra filizlendi ve hatıra Ay ağaçları olarak dünya çapında yaygın bir şekilde dağıtıldı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Bicentennial'ı münasebetiyle 1975 ve 1976'da eyalet ormancılık birliklerine bazı fideler verildi.

Getirilen Ay Örnekleri
Apollo 14'ten toplam 43 kg Ay kayaları veya ay örnekleri geri getirildi. Çoğu, diğer eski kayalardan oluşan breşlerdir. Breşler, meteorların ısısı ve basıncı ile küçük kaya parçalarını bir araya getirdiğinde oluşur. Bu görevde breşten parçalar şeklinde toplanan birkaç bazalt ta vardı. Apollo 14 bazaltları genellikle alüminyum bakımından daha zengindir ve bazen potasyum açısından diğer ay bazaltlarından daha zengin olabilir. Apollo programı sırasında toplanan ay bazaltlarının çoğu 3,0 ile 3,8 milyar yıl önce oluşturuldu. Apollo 14 bazaltları, Apollo programı sırasında ulaşılan kısrak konumların herhangi birinde meydana geldiği bilinen volkanizmadan daha eski olan 4,0 ila 4,3 milyar yıl önce oluşmuştur.

Ocak 2019'da yapılan araştırma, 8.998 kg ağırlığındaki Big Bertha'nın Dünya bir göktaşı olma olasılığını artıran özelliklere sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Dünya'da yaygın olarak bulunan ancak Ay'da çok nadir bulunan granit ve kuvarsın Büyük Bertha'da var olduğu doğrulandı. Örneğin yaşını bulmak için Curtin Üniversitesi'nden araştırma ekibi yapısına gömülü mineral zirkon parçalarına baktı. Araştırmacı Alexander Nemchin, "Örnekte bulunan zirkonun yaşını belirleyerek, ana kayanın yaklaşık dört milyar yıllık yaşını belirleyebildik ve bu da onu dünyadaki en eski kaya olduğunu gördük" dedi ve "Bu örnekteki zirkonun kimyası, ay örneklerinde şimdiye kadar analiz edilen diğer tüm zirkon tanelerinden çok farklı ve Dünya'da bulunan zirkonlarınkine oldukça benzer." Bu, Büyük Bertha'nın hem keşfedilen ilk karasal göktaşı hem de bilinen en eski Dünya kayası olduğu anlamına gelir.

Bazı jeologlar, astronotların Cone kraterine yakın bir yaklaşımdan yeterince memnundu görev sonrası karantinadayken astronotlara bir kasa viski gönderecek kadar mutluydu. Ancak Shepard ve Mitchell'in getirdikleri örneklerden sadece birkaçını belgelemeleri gerçeği coşkularını azalttı. Haritaya geri dönüyor, nereden geldiklerini ayırt etmekte zorlanıyor ve bazen imkansız hale getiriyor. Diğerleri daha az mutluydu; Don Wilhelms, Apollo'nun jeolojik yönleri üzerine kitabında şöyle yazmıştı: "Golf oyunu, Cone kraterindeki sonuçlar ışığında çoğu jeolog için pek iyi sonuç vermedi. Cone'nin kenar kanadından toplam çekim ... 16 Hasselblad fotoğrafı idi. 50 g'dan daha ağır altı kaya boyutunda örnek ve 9 kg'ı bir kayanın içinde olmak üzere toplamda 10 kg örnek. Yani, Big Bretha dışında, 1 kg'dan daha az kaya var -kesin olarak 962 gr- bence Ay'da astronotların ulaştığı en önemli tek nokta." Jeolog Lee Silver, "Apollo 14 mürettebatı doğru tutuma sahip değildi, görevleri hakkında yeterince şey öğrenmediler, mümkün olan en iyi ön kontrol fotoğrafına sahip olmama yüküne sahiptiler ve hazır değildiler." dedi.

Fotoğraf Galerisi

Kaynakça

Mürettebatlı Ay görevleri
Apollo Projesi görevleri
Örnek getirme görevleri
1971'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
1971'de uzay çalışmaları

Apollo 14


Frankrigs Grand Prix (Grand Prix de France) var et Formel 1-løb som, med undtagelse af i 1955, blev arrangeret hvert år fra 1950 til 2008. De sidste 18 år blev løbet kørt på Magny Cours-banen i det centrale Frankrig.

Vindere af Frankrigs Grand Prix

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officielle hjemmeside

Frankrigs Grand Prix


Festival bunjevački' pisama 2002. bio je drugo izdanje tog festivala.

Natjecale su se pjesme koje su izvodili Maja Buza "Oj, Bunjevče", Marija Jaramazović "Dužijanca", Nikola Jaramazović "Ostaviću konje vrane", Marin Kopilović "Sićanje na prelo", Siniša Kujundžić "Tiš iš za mene", Jadranka Miković i Josip Francišković "Noći kratke, a dugački dani", Marijana Mitrović "Subotičke tambure", Marinko Rudić Vranić "Tamburica", Mario Tikvicki "Salaš na brigu", Miroslav Vujković Lamić "U ravnici ja sam rođen", Emil Antunić Pisma (glazba i tekst: Emil Antunić), Elizabeta Balažević Izgubljena srića, Darko Bajić Oj, Paliću, Boris Godar Nije moja duša, Biserka Jaramazović I sad klapim, Antun Letić Nune Svirajte mi tiho tamburaši, Antonija Piuković Ankica.

Suci su dodijelili nagrade pjesmama:
 prvu nagradu pjesmi Pisma izvođača, tekstopisca, skladatelja i aranžera Emila Antonića
 drugu nagradu je dobila pjesma Tamburica za koju je tekst napisala Blaženka Rudić, a glazbu i aranžman Vojislav Temunović. Izvođač Marinko Rudić Vranić.
treću nagradu je dobila pjesma Anikca, za koju je tekst i glazbu napisao Darko Pavin, a aranžman Jerry Grchevic. Izvođačica: Antonia Piuković.
Nagrada publike je otišla pjesmi Sićanje na prelo, koju je izveo Marin Kopilović. Stihove je napisao Petar Vuković, glazbu Alen Kopunović Legetin, a aranžman Pere Ištvančić.
Nagradu za najbolju izvedbu je dobila pjevačica Antonia Piuković.
Najboljim tekstom je proglašen tekst pjesme Salaš na brigu, autorice Blaženke Rudić.
Nagradu za najbolji aranžman je dobio Vojislav Temunović za pjesmu Subotičke tambure.

Izvor
 http://www.fbp.rs/category/festivali/ii/
 http://www.fbp.rs/category/festivali/ii/page/2/
 (srpski) Subotica.info D. Dušica: II Festival bunjevačkih pisama, 22. lipnja 2002., preuzeto 22. ožujka 2011.

Vanjska poveznica
 Zvonik II. Festival bunjevački pisama

2002.

Festival bunjevački’ pisama 2002.


11 may refer to

 The year 2004, or any year ending with 04
 The month of April
 4 (number)
 04 (Six by Seven album)
 04 (Urban Zakapa album)
 04, department number of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France
 Several German football teams, e.g. Bayer 04 Leverkusen, FC Ingolstadt 04, 1. FC Neubrandenburg 04, FC Schalke 04

See also
O4 (disambiguation)

04


Edelweiss je pjesma iz mjuzikla Moje pjesme, moji snovi (1965.) (engl. Sound of music). U istoimenom filmu pjesmu je otpjevao Christopher Plummer u ulozi Georga von Trappa.

Pjesma je predstavljena u filmu kao austrijska narodna pjesma koju svi poznaju tijekom Salzburškog festivala, kada je izvodi Plummer. Pjesma govori o cvijetu planinskom runolistu (lat. Leontopodium nivale subsp. alpinum; sin. Leontopodium alpinum) koji raste u Austriji. U tekstu pjesme su stihovi "Blagoslovi moju domovinu zauvijek" na koje nacisti u filmu snažno reagiraju.

Edelweiss, tekst na njemačkom

Edelweiss, tekst na engleskom

Njemačka glazba
Političke pjesme

Edelweiss (pjesma)


Sustrans is a United Kingdom-based walking, wheeling and cycling charity, and the custodian of the National Cycle Network.

Its flagship project is the National Cycle Network, which has created  of signed cycle routes throughout the United Kingdom including  of traffic-free paths. The rest of the network is on previously existing and mostly minor roads, in which motor traffic will be encountered.

In Scotland, Sustrans has established partnership teams, embedding officers in local councils as well as NHS Scotland, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Natural Heritage, and Transport for Edinburgh.

History

Sustrans was formed in Bristol in July 1977 as Cyclebag by a group of cyclists and environmentalists, motivated by emerging doubts about the desirability of over-dependence on the private car, following the 1973 oil crisis, and the almost total lack of specific provision for cyclists in most British cities, in contrast to some other European countries.

A decade earlier, the Beeching Axe closed many British railways that the government considered underused and too costly. One such railway was the former Midland Railway line between central Bristol and Bath, closed in favour of the more direct, former Great Western Railway between the cities. Led by John Grimshaw, Cyclebag leased part of the old route and together with many volunteers and the help of Avon County Council (Bristol and Bath were then part of the County of Avon) turned it into its first route, the Bristol & Bath Railway Path.

In the early 1980s, when unemployment rose, the organisation took advantage of government schemes to provide temporary employment to build similar "green routes". British Waterways and Cyclebag collaborated to improve towpaths along some canals, which resulted in increased use of the towpaths, especially by cyclists.

In 1983, the charity Sustrans was founded. It had 11 directors (trustees, members and board members of the charity) chosen by the existing board. The executive board was composed of the chief executive, John Grimshaw, and one of the two company secretaries.

By the early 1990s, Sustrans had a growing number of supporters, and the network of national routes was emerging. In 1995, it was granted £43.5 million from the Millennium Lottery Fund to extend the National Cycle Network to smaller towns and rural areas, as well as launch the "Safe Routes to Schools" project, based on earlier state projects in Denmark.

The five-year project, Connect2 was launched in 2006, and it aimed at improving local travel in 79 communities by creating new walking and cycling routes. In 2007 it received £50 million from the Big Lottery's 'Living Landmarks; The People's Millions' competition, following a public vote.

In 2015, Sustrans ran the Campaign for Safer Streets, which encouraged people to write to Prime Minister David Cameron to encourage him to commit to funding safer walking and cycling routes to schools.

In October 2015, Sustrans released its first Bike Life report. It was a survey of residents in seven UK cities, undertaken in conjunction with local councils and transport authorities, attempting to assess the current state of cycling in the UK. It covered areas such as safety, provision of cycling infrastructure and people's attitudes towards cycling.

In 2020–2021, Sustrans' executive team had a combined payroll cost of , with its CEO receiving over .

Funding
The National Cycle Network was the first project to receive Millennium Commission funding in 1995. Sustrans currently has many sources of funding, and in the 2004/05 financial year, its income was £23.6 million: £2.1 million from supporters' donations, £8.5 million came from the Department for Transport and a further £2.5 million from the National Opportunities Fund specifically for the Safe Routes projects. Additional funding comes from charitable grants and trusts, local government and income from the sales of maps and books. More recently as a result of the COVID-19 Lockdown a total of £30 million of Spaces for People funding has been granted to Sustrans to support local authorities and statutory bodies in Scotland to provide safe walking and cycling infrastructure as the country transitions out of lockdown.

National Cycle Network

The National Cycle Network was officially opened in June 2000, when  had been completed, although some routes had been open for over a decade. In 2005 the network reached . In urban areas, almost 20% of the network is free from motor traffic, though these sections can account for up to 80% of use. The more rural parts of the network see less motor traffic and are used primarily for leisure cycling.

Sustrans estimated that in 2005, the network carried 232,000,000 journeys by all classes of non-motorised users. In 2010, the figure had risen to over 420,000,000 journeys. The data collected by Sustrans to compile monitoring reports, from traffic counters and user surveys, showed that National Cycle Network usage is predominantly urban and on traffic-free sections. Furthermore, surveys show that only 35% of usage on urban sections of the NCN is for leisure purposes.

In 2018, Sustrans published the National Cycle Network Review: Paths for Everyone report which reviewed the quality and usage of the Network and set out a vision for its future. It estimated that in 2017–2018, 4.4 million users carried out 786 million cycling and walking trips on the Network.

Criticism
Sustrans has opponents within organisations that wish to reduce road haulage and motor travel by promoting the expansion of the modern railway network. It has also received criticism from members of the heritage railway movement. It has been accused of being uncompromising on route sharing; an example is the planned section of the Bodmin & Wenford Railway between Boscarne Junction and Wadebridge.

In 2000, requests by EWS and English China Clays to reopen former rail links for freight paths such as the former Weedon to Leamington Spa line were objected to by the charity. Sustrans refused to support the application unless the rail promoter provided an alternative cycle track; EWS responded it was an uneconomic provision for both reopening and building replacement pathway expenses.

Sustrans have occasionally been criticised by other cycling organisations and activists over allegedly giving approval to cycle facilities regarded by critics as inadequate or dangerous, allowing local councils and similar bodies to reject criticism by pointing out that Sustrans have approved of the design being questioned. In 2013, for example, the Cycling Embassy of Great Britain criticised Sustrans for the extensive use of "shared use" provision—in which cycle routes are placed on pavements and footpaths without separation from pedestrians—in designs that Sustrans prepared for London. In 2016, the University of the West of England's Centre for Transport and Society identified shared use designs, and in particular Sustrans Design Guidance which encouraged such designs, because segregated paths can offer a source of conflict between pedestrians and cyclists. This is a cause for frustration among some campaigning for better cycling infrastructure provision.

References

External links

 Guardian article about Bike Life report 2015
 Sustrans Connect2 Official Home Page

Specific routes
 The Taff Trail (NCN 8)
 Valley Rides By Tony Gibbs (NCN 8)

Cycling organisations in the United Kingdom
National Cycle Network
Organisations based in Bristol
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Transport advocacy groups of the United Kingdom
1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
Transport charities based in the United Kingdom

Sustrans


Woudrichem (; Brabantsk: Woerkem eller Woerkum) er en kommune og en by i den sydlige provins Noord-Brabant i Nederlandene.

Byer i Nord-Brabant
Kommuner i Nord-Brabant

Woudrichem


Koyunevi, Adana ilinin İmamoğlu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Köy 1865 tarihinde kurulmuştur. Köy o tarihlerde Yukarı Sırkıntı nahiyesine bağlıydı. Yuakarı Sırkıntı Nahiyesi de Kozan sancağına bağlıydı. Mahalleye ilk yerlşen aileler Abdilhoca,Hacı Ömer,Hacılı, Latifli ve Cabbarlı aileleridir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 48 km, İmamoğlu ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

İmamoğlu'nun mahalleleri

Koyunevi, İmamoğlu


Gravdal' er et byområde med ca. 1640 indbyggere i Vestvågøy kommune i Nordland. Gravdal ligger geografisk midt på Lofoten, og er næsten sammenbygget med kommunecenteret Leknes, og har sammen med Leknes omkring over 4.300 indbyggere inderst i Buksnesfjorden.

Den ca. 10 kilometer lange strækning langs Buksnesfjordens vestside Leknes-Gravdal-Ballstad har omkring 5 000 indbyggere.
Gravdal har udsigt over Leknes.

Gravdal huser nogle af Lofotens største institutioner som lokalsygehuset "Nordlandssykehuset Lofoten" og Lofoten Maritime Fagskole.

Buksnes kirke ligger i Gravdal. Kirken er en langkirke med basilikaform og udført i dragestil, af tømmer, med 600 pladser. Den blev indviet den 22. november 1905 og restaureet mellem 1965 og 1967.
Buksnes kirkesogn er nævnt første gang i skriftlige kilder i 1324. Kirken blev i 1638 ødelagt af en storm. En ny korskirke af tre stod færdig i 1641. Denne kirke stod muligvis helt fram til 1802], da den var i en ringe stand og måtte nedrives. En ny langkirke blev bygget, delvis af tømmer fra den gamle, men kirken blev ødelagt af en storm i 1882. En ny kirke kirke blev bygget, denne gang en korskirke, som blev indviet i 1885, men den blev antændt af et lyn og nedbrændte i 1903. Den nuværende kirke blev solidt bygget for at modstå stormene.

Kendte personer fra Gravdal
Jahn Ivar Jakobsen (1965-) er født i Gravdal. Han var en fodboldspiller, som nåede han at spille 65 kampe og score elleve mål for det norske landshold.

Lofoten
Byer i Nordland fylke

Gravdal (Vestvågøy)


Diana ist ein kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Mare Tranquillitatis, westlich des Kraters Lucian und südlich von Mons Esam.

Die namentliche Bezeichnung geht auf eine ursprünglich inoffizielle Bezeichnung auf Blatt 61A2/S1 der Topophotomap-Kartenserie der NASA zurück, die von der IAU 1979 übernommen wurde.

Weblinks

 Diana auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Diana (Mondkrater)


Ophioglossoideae, potporodica jednolistovki, dio reda jednolistolike (Ophioglossales) u razredu Psilotopsida.

Sastoji se od pet rodova

Rodovi
 Cheiroglossa C. Presl
 Ophioderma (Blume) Endlicher
 Ophioglossum L.
 Rhizoglossum C. Presl

Izvori

Jednolistovke

Ophioglossoideae


إفرايم كارليباخ  ولد في 12 مارس 1879 في لوبيك وتوفى في أكتوبر 1936 في رامات جان التي تنتمي اليوم إلى إسرائيل) كان أورتودوكس وحاخام ألماني.

أسس في مدينة لايبزغ الألمانية المدرسة العليا الإسرائيلية، التي سميت بعده «مدرسة إفرايم كارليباخ».

حياته
ولد إفرايم لعائلة من اليهود الألمان، كان له 11 إخوة، سبعة ذكور، وأربع بنات، وهو في الترتيب الخامس، كان لديه أربع إخوة أصبحو أيضا حاخامات، كما أن اثنين من أخواته البنات تزوجن من حاخامات أيضا، درس إبرايام اللاهوت، والتاريخ والتربية في زيوريخ وكذلك في برلين وفورتسبورغ وبادن بالقرب من فيينا. تزوج سنة 1905 من غيرترود ياكوبي وأنجبا خمسة أولاد، ديفيد وجوزيف وبنتين هما هانا وسيلي، كان من بينهم أزريل كارليباخ الذي أسس فيما بعد جريدة معاريف.

في سنة 1912 أسس إفرايم كارليباخ في مدينة لايبزغ المدرسة العليا الإسرائيلية. في ربيع عام 1936 سافر إلى فلسطين كما كان يتمنى. لكنه توفي في شهر أكتوبر سنة 1936 في مدينة رامات جان القريبة من تل أبيب إثر مرض خطير كان يعاني منه عندما كان في لايبزغ بألمانيا.

مراجع

أشخاص من لوبيك (ألمانيا)
أكاديميون ألمان
حاخامات
حاخامات القرن العشرين
حاخامات ألمان في القرن 20
حاخامات في الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
رجال دين من لوبيك
عائلة كارليباخ
عليا
مواليد 1879
مواليد في لوبيك
وفيات 1936
وفيات في رمات غان
يهود مهاجرون من ألمانيا النازية
يهود مهاجرون من ألمانيا النازية في إلى الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
رجال دين من لايبزيغ

إفرايم كارليباخ


Sejo (koreanisch: ) (* 2. November 1417 im Gyeongbokgung-Palast (), Seoul; † 23. September 1468 ebenda), war während seiner Regierungszeit von 1455 bis 1468 der 7. König der Joseon-Dynastie () (1392–1910) in Korea.

Leben
Sejo war zweiter Sohn des Königs Sejong dem Großen () und seiner ersten Frau Soheon (). 1428 wurde er von seinem Vater zum Prinz Suyang ernannt. Er war jüngerer Bruder von König Munjong () und Onkel von König Danjong (), den er in einem Komplott vom Thron verstieß. Als sein Bruder Munjong am 14. Mai 1452 verstarb, versprach er sich Anrechte auf den Thron. Diesen sprach Munjong allerdings seinem erst knapp 12-jährigen Sohn Danjong zu. Da Danjong zu jung zum Regieren war, übernahmen der Premierminister Hwang Bo-in () und sein Stellvertreter General Kim Jong-seo () die Regierungsgeschäfte für den noch jungen König.

Ein geschwächtes Königreich vor Augen, zettelte Prinz Suyang knapp 1 1/2 Jahre später eine Verschwörung an. Er ließ unter Mithilfe des Gelehrten Han Myeonghoe () und einiger weiterer hochgestellten königlichen Bediensteten seinen jüngeren Bruder, Prinz Anpyeong (), zum Schein den Thron übernehmen. Danach präsentierte er sich als Retter des Throns, übernahm die Macht im Palast und schickte seinen Bruder auf die Insel Ganghwado () ins Exil, wo dieser acht Tage später vergiftet wurde. Hwang Boin und General Kim Jongseo wurden ebenfalls getötet.

Regierungszeit
Nachdem er als Prinz Suyang die Regierungsgeschäfte übernommen hatte und de facto bereits die Macht im Palast ausübte, versuchte er mit der Hilfe des Gelehrten Han Myeonghoe und seinen Anhängern, Danjong zur Aufgabe des Throns zu bewegen. Danjong, erst 14-jährig, gab schließlich dem Drängen nach, so dass Suyang am 11. Juni 1455 als Konig Sejo inthronisiert werden konnte. Danjong blieb König, aber ohne jegliche Macht.

Im Juni 1456 wehrte Sejo den Versuch der Gelehrten Seong Sam-mun (), Bak Paeng-nyeon (), Ha Wi-ji (), Yi Gae (), Yu Seong-won () und des militärischen Führers Yu Eung-bu () ab, Danjong wieder zurück auf den Thron zu heben. Er ließ alle sechs exekutieren, was in den Schriften später als Sayuksin () (sechs getötete königlichen Bedienstete) bekannt wurde. Ein Jahr später degradiere er König Danjong zum Prinz Nosan () und schickte ihn ins Exil nach Yeongwol () in die Provinz Gangwon-do ().

Im September 1457 wehrte Sejo einen weiteren Versuch ab, Danjong wieder auf den Thron zu bringen. Dieses Mal verfügte er die Degradierung Danjongs auf die Stufe eines Gelehrten. Danjong verstarb kurz darauf am 24. Oktober 1457 unter nicht geklärten Umständen. Da Sejo im Laufe der Zeit alle seine Widersacher gewaltsam beseitigt hatte, verfügte er nun über uneingeschränkte Macht, doch seine illegale Aneignung der Macht, warf unter den Gelehrten späterer Generation die moralische Frage auf, ob Usurpation, also die widerrechtliche Aneignung der Macht, mit den konfuzianischen Prinzipien vereinbar sein kann.

Sejo regierte das Land mit strenger Hand, reorganisierte die Armee, weg von der grenzbasierten Verteidigung mit drei Hauptquartieren, hin zu einer regional-orientierten Verteidigung mit fünf Kommandanturen: Ost, West, Süd, Nord und Mitte. Dafür rekrutierte er eine Million Männer, die notfalls für den Militärdienst eingezogen werden konnten.

Sejo festigte die Monarchie und sorgte für einen ökonomischen Aufschwung des Landes. Er ließ viele Bücher aus dem Chinesischen in Hangul (koreanische Schrift) übersetzten, ließ Handbücher über die Landwirtschaft für Bauern entwickeln und schaffte eine verantwortliche Stelle für Sutra-Publikationen, die die buddhistischen Texte ins Koreanische übersetzen sollte.

Im Jahr 1460 entwickelte Sejo die administrative und ökonomischen Regeln auf Basis des Gyeongje Yukjeon (), der Gesetzesbasis der Joseon-Dynastie und nannte das Gesamtwerk Gyeongguk daejeon () (Nationales Gesetzbuch). Im letzten Jahr seiner Regentschaft widmete er sich der Übersetzung des Gyeongguk daejeon. Die Veröffentlichung musste er aber seinem Nachfolger Yejong überlassen, der die sechs Bände 1469 herausgab. Er verstarb am 23. September 1468 (8. September des Mondkalenders).

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

König (Joseon)
Geboren 1417
Gestorben 1468
Mann
Koreanische Geschichte (15. Jahrhundert)

Sejo


Radio Bonn/Rhein-Sieg, Almanya'nın Bonn kentinde yayın yapan radyo. Bonn kenti ve çevresine FM bandı üzerinden ulaşan radyo 11 Mayıs 1991'de yayın hayatına başladı. Genel yayın yönetmenliği Jörg Bertram tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Bağlantı
 Radio Bonn/Rhein-Sieg resmi site

Bonn
Almanya'daki radyo kanalları
1991'de kurulan radyo kanalları

Radio Bonn/Rhein-Sieg


දිනක්ෂි ප්‍රියසාද් (උපත 1990 මාර්තු 18) ඇය ශ්‍රී ලංකික නිළියක සහ රූපවාහිනී නිවේදිකාවකද වේ.ඇයගේ සිනමා ජීවිතය ආරම්භ වන්නේ වයස අවුරුදු දෙකේදී  ඇයගේ පියා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ චිත්‍රපටයක් සමගය

මුල් කාලය, පසුබිම හා අධ්‍යාපනය
ඇය උපත ලැබූවේ කොළඹ, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේය.ඇය දුවලා තුන්දෙනෙකුන් යුත් පවුලේ වැඩිමහල් දියනියයි.දිනක්ෂිගේ පියා දිනෙෂ් ප්‍රියසාද් වන අතර මව ශිරානි ප්‍රියසාද්වේ.ඇයගේ පියා වන දිනෙෂ් ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමා කර්මාන්තයේ පුරෝගාමී චරිතයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන කීර්තිමත් චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂක වරයෙක් වේ.ඇයගේ පියගේ වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ව්‍යාපෘතිය වන්නේ 1995 වර්ෂයේ නිෂ්පාදනය වූ දෙමෝදර පාලම ක්‍රියාදාම චිත්‍රපටයයි.එයි ප්‍රධාන නළුවා බවට පත්වූයේ ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා මහතාය.ඇයගේ මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය සදහා ශුද්ධ වූ පවුලේ කන්‍යාරාමය, බම්බලපිටිය වෙත යොමුවිය.පසුව ඇය උසස් ඇධ්‍යාපනය සදහා Royal Institute ආයතන්යෙන් ගණිත අංශයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරීය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1990 උපත්
සිනමාව

දිනක්ෂි ප්‍රියසාද්


Rainer Przywara (* 1962 in Uelzen) ist ein deutscher Hochschullehrer und seit 2017 Rektor der Dualen Hochschule in Heidenheim.

Leben
Przywara studierte von 1982 bis 1987 Maschinenbau an der Leibniz Universität Hannover, danach Geschichte, Schul- und Kirchenmusik. Er promovierte 1994 zum Dr.-Ing. am Institut für Fertigungstechnik der Universität Hannover und 2016 zum Ph.D. im Bereich Ökonomie an der University of Gloucestershire. Er war tätig für Gruner + Jahr, die Gemini-Area-Gruppe und die Continental AG. Von 2002 bis 2017 lehrte er als Professor für Technischen Vertrieb und Marketing an der Hochschule Hannover. Seit dem 1. Oktober 2017 ist er, für eine Amtszeit von 6 Jahren, Rektor der Dualen Hochschule Baden-Württemberg Heidenheim.

In den 1980ern spielte Przywara Keyboards in der NDW-Band Combo Colossale und den Bands Zeno und Fair Warning.

Publikationen (Auswahl)

Weblinks

 Rainer Przywara an der DHBW

Einzelnachweise

Maschinenbauingenieur
Hochschullehrer (Hochschule Hannover)
Deutscher
Geboren 1962
Mann
Absolvent der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover

Rainer Przywara


Penelope Rosemont (born 1942 in Chicago, Illinois) is a visual artist, writer, publisher, and social activist who attended Lake Forest College. She has been a participant in the Surrealist Movement since 1965. With Franklin Rosemont, Bernard Marszalek, Robert Green and Tor
Faegre, she established the Chicago Surrealist Group in 1966. She was in 1964-1966 a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), commonly known as the Wobblies, and was part of the national staff of  Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1967-68. Her influences include Andre Breton and Guy Debord of the Situationist International, Emma Goldman and Lucy Parsons.

Visual art

In 1986, Penelope Rosemont's painting the "Marriage of Heaven and Hell" was included in the Venice Biennale, selected by Arturo Schwartz to be in the Art and Alchemy section. A painter, photographer, and collagist, Rosemont is credited with having invented a number of surrealist collage methods including the "landscapade" and "insect music" [in which cut-out shapes are placed on the background of a musical score]. Rosemont is a writer and graphic designer for Arsenal/Surrealist Subversion and other publications. Her painting The Night Time is the Right Time "was selected by the Chicago Jazz Institute for the 2000 Chicago Jazz Festival T-shirt".  A number of Rosemont's drawings and artwork appear in her books and are particularly abundant in Surrealist Experiences: 1001 Dawns, 221 Midnights.

Surrealism in and outside of Chicago
The Rosemonts write with enthusiasm  about their meeting with Andre Breton and Surrealist group members during a stay in Paris in December 1965- May 1966. Penelope writes about this important period in her life in the books Surrealist Experiences: 1001 Dawns, 221 Midnights and in her autobiographical work Dreams and Everyday Life: Andre Breton, Surrealism, Rebel Worker, SDS, & the Seven Cities of Cibola, A 1960s Notebook while Franklin discusses it in his book, An Open Entrance into the Shut Palace of Wrong Numbers.  In the  Surrealist Experiences, Penelope Rosemont writes about a nascent group of Surrealists that had already formed in Chicago, the Rebel Worker group, before they met Breton and in fact, this was the impetus to go to Paris, to meet the Surrealists they had been corresponding with.  She writes that the initial plan was to go to London first and then to Paris.  She writes "thanks to a mean-spirited British immigration bureaucrat," they were deported to Paris.  That event was fortuitous because the surrealist exhibition L'Ecart absolu was taking place at the time; she attended a New Years Eve party organized by surrealists;and she was able to talk with Breton before he "became seriously ill a few months later."

The Rosemonts are referenced in Helena Lewis' 1988 book on Surrealism and Politics, Dada Turns Red..  There, Lewis wrote:

"There was also a group of young people in Chicago in the late 1960s who made a connection between Surrealism and the old IWW, The Rebel Worker in which translations of Surrealist writing appeared . . . and they also published an art anthology of Surrealist political texts, in which the editor, Franklin Rosemont, explained how Surrealism was relevant to his movement."

In his book Freedom Dreams published in Boston, 2002 Robin D.G. Kelley writes "my search for an even more elaborate, complete dream of freedom...thanks to the many wonderful chance encounters with Franklin Rosemont, Penelope Rosemont, Ted Joans, Laura Corsiglia and Jayne Cortez, I discovered surrealism...right under my nose, so to speak, buried in the rich black soil of Afrodiasporic culture." p. 4

The Chicago Surrealist group, under their imprint Black Swan Press, published the journal Arsenal/Surrealist Subversion sporadically from 1970 to 1989 which featured the work of Richard Huelsenbeck, Andre Breton, Georges Bataille, Ted Joans Jayne Cortez and many other Surrealists, well-known and lesser known.  Franklin and Penelope Rosemont were on the editorial board, along with (for issue 4), co-editors Paul Garon, Joseph Jablonski and Philip Lamantia.

Books: poetry, memoirs, and history

Penelope Rosemont is the editor and wrote extensive introductions for her book Surrealist Women: An International Anthology (University of Texas, 1998), a book of over 500 pages of writing and art by women in the Surrealist movement, both past and present, dating back to the beginnings of Surrealism in the 1920s.  It features Meret Oppenheim, Mary Low, Leonora Carrington, Nancy Cunard, Frida Kahlo, Dorothea Tanning, Elisa Breton, Kay Sage, Jayne Cortez, Rikki Ducornet and over one hundred more.

She is the author of Surrealist Experiences: 1001 Dawns, 221 Midnights (Black Swan Press, 2000), and books of poetry, including Beware of the Ice, and Athanor (1971).

In 1997, Black Swan Press released the book The Forecast is Hot!,  and Other Collective Declarations of the Surrealist Movement in the United States, which Penelope co-authored with Franklin Rosemont  and fellow Chicago Surrealist Paul Garon.

She also edited The Story of Mary MacLane & Other Writings by Mary MacLane in 1998, which was re-released by Charles H. Kerr, having originally been published in 1902. MacLane has been "hailed as the first 'New Woman' in literature, the first flapper and a precursor of surrealism."

In 2008 her memoir came out, Dreams & Everyday Life, André Breton, Surrealism, Rebel Worker, SDS & the Seven Cities of Cibola, about her life in the 1960s from  moving to Chicago to meeting Andre Breton in Paris, to London and back again to Chicago in 1968.

A collection of true Chicago stories, Armitage Avenue Transcendentalists edited by Rosemont and Janina Ciezadlo came out in 2009.  She also wrote a foreword to Crime & Criminals: Address to the Prisoners in the Cook County Jail & Other Writings on Crime by Clarence Darrow.

In 2018 "Make Love, Not War: Surrealism 1968!" co-authored with Don LaCoss and Michael Lowy, was published by Charles H. Kerr Publishing, Chicago.

Surrealism: Inside the Magnetic Fields, which recounts her experiences and historical perspective on the field of surrealism, was published by City Lights in 2019.

Women and surrealism

In addition to editing the anthology Surrealist Women, Rosemont has written extensively about women, including Toyen, specifically, as well as many Surrealist women, who are often omitted from the history of Surrealism, in her book Surrealist Experiences

She has also been outspoken in public discussions and articles in the promotion and defense of the women of Surrealism.  By her presence in the American Surrealist movement, her activism, and her publishing, she has been one of the people who have raised the profile of women in the movement.

Charles H. Kerr Publishing

In 1983 she and Franklin Rosemont became directors of Charles H. Kerr & Company, a publisher of books on history and Chicago history

The Alternatives in Publication Task Force of the Social Responsibilities Round Table of the American Library Association awards the Jackie Eubanks Memorial Award, which "recognizes outstanding achievement in promoting the acquisition and use of alternative materials in libraries.".  In 2001, the Rosemonts and Carlos Cortez received the award for their work "rescuing and re-charging" Charles H. Kerr Publishing."

Social activism

Penelope Rosemont was a member of the IWW (Wobblies) and SDS in the 1960s.  With Franklin Rosemont she compiled a collection of pamphlets, wall posters, and periodicals focusing on the IWW acquired by the Newberry Library in 2008 Her book Armitage Avenue Transcendentalists details stories in the lives of a number of activists, including famous Chicagoan Studs Terkel.

In 1977, continuing the Surrealist tradition of protesting bourgeois art, Penelope Rosemont and other surrealists were arrested for handing out leaflets as part of a Surrealist action protesting the "giant billy club" called the "bat column" on which Chicago spent $100,000 to erect the Claes Oldenburg Batcolumn.

References

External links
 Chicago Surrealism Update with Penelope Rosemont, Chicago's Heartland Show.
  Forshage, Mattias.  To the question of surrealism and women.  The Stockholm Surrealist Group.
 LaCoss, Don.Dreams of Arson & the Arson of Dreams: Surrealism in '68, Critical Legal Thinking.  This article talks about the Rosemonts meeting Andre Breton in Chicago.
  Entry on Charles H. Kerr Publishing,written by Penelope Rosemont, as one of the editors
Franklin and Penelope Rosemont collection of IWW publications at the Newberry Library
 Sakolsky , Ron. THE SURREALIST ADVENTURE AND THE POETRY of DIRECT ACTION:  Passionate Encounters Between the Chicago Surrealist Group, the Wobblies and Earth First!  Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, Issue 8.
 The Psychopathology of Work

1942 births
American artists
American publishers (people)
American surrealist artists
Industrial Workers of the World members
Lake Forest College alumni
Living people
Women surrealist artists
Surrealist poets
Members of Students for a Democratic Society
Critics of work and the work ethic

Penelope Rosemont


ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක වර්ගීකරණයෙහි, වර්ගීකරණාත්මක අනුස්ථිතියක් යනු ජීවින් සමූහයක් ( තක්සෝනයක්) සඳහා   වර්ගීකරණාත්මක ධූරාවලියක සාපේක්ෂ මට්ටම වෙයි. වර්ගීකරණාත්මක අනුස්ථිතීන් සඳහා නිදසුන් වනුයේ විශේෂය, ගණය, කුලය, ගෝත්‍රය, වර්ගය, වංශය, රාජධානිය, වසම, ආදිය වෙයි.

ජීවී වර්ගයන් පිළිබඳ වඩාත් සුවිශේෂ විස්තර සපයන සහ එම නිසාම  පුළුල් නොවන ප්‍රවර්ගයන් කිහිපයක් කිසියම් අනුස්ථිතියක් විසින් එය යටතෙහි පවත්වාගෙන යයි. ජීවින් පිළිබඳ වඩාත් පුළුල් විස්තර සපයන සහ පොදු පූර්වජයන්ගෙන් දිස්වෙන සුවිශිෂ්ට ගුණ හෝ ලක්ෂණ හෝ වෙතින් එකිනෙකට සම්බන්ධිත ජීවීන් සමූහයන් අඩංගු අනුස්ථිතීන් යටතෙහි, එක් එක් අනුස්ථිතිය වර්ගීකෘත වන අතර ඒවා එම අනුස්ථිතියට ඉහළින් පවතියි. කිසියම් විශේෂයක අනුස්ථිතිය සහ එහි  ගණය පිළිබඳ විස්තර සැපයීම මූලික වෙයි; මෙයින් ගම්‍ය වන්නේ, කිසියම් ජීවියෙකු හඳුනාගැනීම සඳහා, මෙම පළමුවන අනුස්ථිතින් දෙක හැර අනෙකුත් අනුස්ථිතීන් සඳහන් කිරීම සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ආවශ්‍යයික නොවන බවයි.

නිදසුනක් ලෙසින් කිසියම් විශේෂයක්, රතු හිවලා, වුල්පස් වුල්පස්, සලකමු: එයට ඉහළින් පවතින අනුස්ථිතිය වනුයේ, වුල්පස් නමැති ගණය වන අතර, එයට අයත් වන්නේ සමස්ත  "සැබෑ" හිවලුන් වෙති. උන්ගේ සමීපතම බන්ධුන් සිටිනුයේ සමීපයෙන් ඉහළ අනුස්ථිතිය වන, කානිඩෙ කුලය වෙත වන අතර, එයට අඩංගු වන්නේ සියළුම බල්ලන්, වෘකයන්, නරියන් සහ, හිවලුන් වෙති; එයට ඉහළ අනුස්ථිතිය වන්නේ, කානිවෝරා ගෝත්‍රය වන අතර, එයට කෑනිෆෝර්ම්ස් (වලසුන්, සීල් මත්ස්‍යයන්, මුගටියන්, උරුලෑවන්, රැකූනාවන් සහ ඉහත සඳහන් කල සියළු සතුන්), සහ ෆීලිෆෝර්ම්ස් (බළලුන්, හයිනා නම් බලු දිවියන්, හෝතඹුවන්) අයත් වෙති.  කානිවෝරාවන් යනු, ලොම් සහිත, උණුසුම් රුධිරය සහිත, පැටවුන්ට කිරි දෙන ජීවි සාමාජිකයන් අඩංගු   මමාලියා නමැති වර්ගය යටතේ ගැනෙන එක් සමූහයක් වන අතර, පිට කොන්දක් සහිත සත්ත්වයන් අඩංගු වන කෝඩෙටා වංශය යටතෙහි මෙම මමාලියාවන් වර්ගීකරණය වන අතර, සියළු සත්ත්වයන් අඩංගු වන ඇනිමේලියා රාජධානිය යටතෙහි මෙම කෝඩෙටා වංශිකයන් වර්ගීකරණය වෙති. අත්‍යන්තයෙහි, මෙම සියල්ලන්ගේම උසස්තම අනුස්ථිතිය වන්නේ සෛල න්‍යෂ්ටියක් සහිත අනෙකුත් සියළු ජීවීන් එක් සමූහයකට ගැනෙන යුකේරියා නමැති වසමය.

සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාත්මක නාමකරණය සඳහා වන ජාත්‍යන්තර කේතය විසින් අනුස්ථිතිය අර්ථදැක්වෙන්නේ මෙසේය: " වර්ගීකරණාත්මක ධූරාවලියකදී  නාමකරණ කටයුතු සඳහා තක්සෝනයක මට්ටම (නිද. සුපිරිකුලයක් සහ උපකුලයක් අතර පවතින සියළුම කුලයන් එකම අනුස්ථිතිය සඳහා නාමකරණ කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වෙයි)."

ප්‍රධාන අනුස්ථිතීන්
සිස්ටේමා නතුරෙ වැනි ඔහුගේ සන්ධිස්ථාන ප්‍රකාශනයන්හී, කාල් ලිනායුස් විසින් පහත අනුස්ථිතීන්ට සීමාවූ පරිමාණයක් භාවිතා කළේය: රාජධානිය, වර්ගය, ගෝත්‍රය, ගණය, විශේෂය, සහ විශේෂයට පහළ එක් අනුස්ථිතියක්. වර්තමානයෙහි, නාමකරණය නියාමනය කරනුයේ නාමකරණ කේත වෙතිනි.  ප්‍රධාන වර්ගීකරණ අනුස්ථිතීන් හතක් පවතියි: රාජධානිය, වංශය හෝ කාණ්ඩය, වර්ගය, ගෝත්‍රය, කුලය, ගණය, විශේෂය.  කිසිදු නාමකරණ කේතයක එය සඳහන් නොවුනද, වසම ( කාල් වොවුස් විසින් යෝජනා කරන ලද) යන්න මෙයට අමතරව මූලික අනුස්ථිතියක් ලෙසින් වර්තමානයෙහි පුළුල් ලෙසින් භාවිතා වන අතර, 1974 වසරෙහිදී මුවර් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද විජිතය (ලතින්. ඩොමිනියුම්) යන්නට පර්යාය පදයක් වෙයි.

තක්සෝනයකට අනුස්ථිතියක් පැවරෙන්නේ එය‌ට එහි විධිමත් නාමය ලබා දීමත් හා සමගිනි.  මූලික අනුස්ථිතීන් වන්නේ විශේෂය සහ ගණය වෙයි. ජීවියෙකුට විශේෂය නාමයක් ලබා දීම හා සමගින් එය ගණයක් යටතට පත්කෙරෙන අතර, ගණ නාමය විශේෂය නාමයෙහි කොටසක් වෙයි.

විශේෂයන්ගේ නාමය ද්විත්ව ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන අතර, එයින් අදහස් වන්නේ ලද දෙකකින් සමන්විත නාමයකි. නිදසුනක් වශයෙන්, මානව විශේෂය සඳහා සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය වන්නේ හෝමෝ සේපියන්ස් යන්න වෙයි. මුද්‍රණයෙහිදී මෙය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඇල අකුරෙන් දැක්වෙන අතර ඇල අකුරු නොමැති විටෙක යට ඉරි යොදා දක්වනු ලැබේ. මෙහිදී, හෝමෝ යන්න ගණ නාමය වන අතර එය ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවෙහි ලොකු අකුරු වලින් ඇරඹෙයි; සේපියන්ස් යන්නෙන් විදහා දැක්වෙන්නේ විශේෂය වන අතර එය ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවෙහි ලොකු අකුරෙන් ඇරඹීම සිදු නොකෙරෙයි.

සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාවෙහි අනුස්ථිතීන්
පහත වර්ගීකරණාත්මක අනුස්ථිතීන් සඳහා අර්ථදැක්වීම් සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාත්මක නාමකරණය සඳහා වන ජාත්‍යන්තර කේතය තුල දක්වා ඇත: සුපිරිකුලය, කුලය, උපකුලය, වරිගය, උපවරිගය, ගණය, උපගණය, විශේෂය, උපවිශේෂය.

සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාත්මක නාමකරණය සඳහා වන ජාත්‍යන්තර කේතය විසින් "කුලය-සමූහ නාම", "ගණය-සමූහ නාම" සහ "විශේෂය-සමූහ නාම" ලෙසින් නාමයන් බෙදා නම් කර ඇත.  කේතය විසින් මෙම ප්‍රවර්ගයන් සඳහා පහත අනුස්ථිතීන් නිශ්චිත ලෙසින් දක්වා ඇත:

සුපිරිකුලය

කුලය
උපකුලය
වරිගය
උපවරිගය

ගණය
උපගණය

විශේෂය
උපවිශේෂය

ආශ්‍රිත

Botanical nomenclature
Plant taxonomy
R
Biology terminology

වර්ගීකරණාත්මක අනුස්ථිතිය


An Themeda villosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Themeda villosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Themeda, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Themeda

Themeda villosa


Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga (25 August 1528 – 5 March 1576) was a Spanish general, sailor, diplomat and politician. He served as governor of the Duchy of Milan (1572–1573) and as governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1573–1576).

Biography
Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga was born at Molins de Rei, Spanish Empire. He, and his brother Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens (Viceroy of Naples in 1579–1582), were the sons of Juan de Zúñiga, a tutor of King Philip II, and Estefanía de Requesens. He married Gerónima Esterlich y Gralla, the daughter of Francisco Gralla, "Maestre Racional" or Finances Head Controller in Catalonia.

His early career was that of a government official and diplomat. In 1563 he gained the king's confidence as his representative at Rome. In 1568 he was appointed lieutenant-general to John of Austria during the suppression of the Morisco Revolt in the Alpujarras, and he also accompanied John during the Lepanto campaign, his function being to watch and control his nominal commander-in-chief, whose excitable temperament was distrusted by the king.

In 1572 Philip named him Governor of the Duchy of Milan, a post usually given to a great noble. Requesens was only a gentleman, though by the king's favour he was grand commander of the military order of Santiago in Castile. He was credited with having shown moderation at Milan, but he came into sharp collision with the archbishop, Charles Borromeo, who took up the cause of his flock.

In 1573 he was called by Philip II to succeed the Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba as governor of the Spanish Netherlands, then in revolt against the Spaniards.

He was rather moderate in comparison to Alba, requesting Philip to grant a general amnesty to all, with the exception of persistent heretics, and to permit the emigration of those who would not comply.

The king wished to pursue a more conciliatory policy, without, however, yielding any one of the points in dispute between himself and the revolting Dutch. His situation was aggravated by the empty Spanish treasury. Requesens came to Brussels on 17 November 1573 and launched a new military campaign. In February 1574 the rebels had conquered the port of Middelburg, but Requesens's army obtained a victory against the troops of Louis of Nassau at the Battle of Mookerheyde, during which William the Silent's two brothers died.

However, at this point the money for funding his troops was exhausted; Requesens had to find an agreement with William the Silent, the leader of the Flemish opposition, with the mediation of the Emperor Maximilian II. The negotiations were held in Breda. Requesens declared himself ready to remove his troops from Flanders, but in exchange Catholicism was to be the only religion accepted. However, by now Protestantism had gained deep roots in the Netherlands, and therefore the proposal was rebuffed by the Dutch. Requesens restarted the military campaign and his troops occupied much of Zeeland, but when Philip II stopped payment to the Flemish troops, they mutinied and military operations were halted for one year.

Requesens died suddenly at Brussels in 1576, to be replaced in the now totally chaotic Netherlands by John of Austria, half-brother of King Philip II of Spain. His body was brought to Barcelona and buried in his family palace.

See also
Eighty Years' War

References

External links

1528 births
1576 deaths
People from Molins de Rei
Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
Governors of the Duchy of Milan
Spanish untitled nobility
Spanish military personnel
Spanish diplomats
Knights of Santiago
Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War

Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga


Barilium é um gênero de dinossauro iguanodontiano que foi descrito pela primeira vez como uma espécie de Iguanodon (I. dawsoni) por Richard Lydekker em 1888, o epíteto específico homenageia o descobridor Charles Dawson.

Em 2010 foi reclassificado como um gênero separado por David Norman. O nome genérico Barilium é derivado do grego barys, "pesado", e do latim ilium.

Iguanodontia
Espécies fósseis descritas em 2010

Barilium


Chloraea, rod orhideja iz tribusa Chloraeeae, dio potporodice Orchidoideae. Postoji 52 vrsate endemičnih za Južnu Ameriku.

Vrste

 Chloraea alpina Poepp.
 Chloraea apinnula (Gosewijn) Szlach.
 Chloraea barbata Lindl.
 Chloraea bella Hauman
 Chloraea bidentata (Poepp. & Endl.) M.N.Correa
 Chloraea biserialis Griseb.
 Chloraea bletioides Lindl.
 Chloraea boliviana (Rchb.f.) Kraenzl.
 Chloraea calantha Kraenzl.
 Chloraea castillonii Hauman
 Chloraea chrysantha Poepp.
 Chloraea cogniauxii Hauman
 Chloraea crispa Lindl.
 Chloraea cristata Lindl.
 Chloraea cuneata Lindl.
 Chloraea curicana Ravenna
 Chloraea cylindrostachya Poepp.
 Chloraea deflexa Ravenna
 Chloraea densipapillosa C.Schweinf.
 Chloraea disoides Lindl.
 Chloraea elegans M.N.Correa
 Chloraea fiebrigiana Kraenzl.
 Chloraea × flavovirens G.A.Rojas & J.M.Watson
 Chloraea fonkii Phil.
 Chloraea galeata Lindl.
 Chloraea gavilu Lindl.
 Chloraea grandiflora Poepp.
 Chloraea heteroglossa Rchb.f.
 Chloraea lamellata Lindl.
 Chloraea laxiflora Hauman
 Chloraea lechleri Lindl.
 Chloraea longipetala Lindl.
 Chloraea magellanica Hook.f.
 Chloraea major Ravenna
 Chloraea membranacea Lindl.
 Chloraea multiflora Lindl.
 Chloraea multilineolata C.Schweinf.
 Chloraea nudilabia Poepp.
 Chloraea pavonii Lindl.
 Chloraea philippii Rchb.f.
 Chloraea phoenicea Speg.
 Chloraea piquichen (Lam.) Lindl.
 Chloraea praecincta Speg. & Kraenzl.
 Chloraea prodigiosa Rchb.f.
 Chloraea reticulata Schltr.
 Chloraea riojana A.Sobral & Novoa
 Chloraea septentrionalis M.N.Correa
 Chloraea speciosa Poepp.
 Chloraea subpandurata Hauman
 Chloraea tectata Ravenna
 Chloraea venosa Rchb.f.
 Chloraea viridiflora Poepp.
 Chloraea volkmannii Phil. ex Kraenzl.

Sinonimi
 Asarca Poepp. ex Lindl.
 Bieneria Rchb.f.
 Chileorchis Szlach.
 Correorchis Szlach.
 Ulantha Hook.

Izvori

Chloraeeae

Chloraea (Plantae)


EL Arroyo Palleros es un curso fluvial uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Cerro Largo.

Nace en la cuchilla Grande y desemboca en el río Negro tras recorrer alrededor de 22 km.

Cuenca del río Negro (Uruguay)
Palleros
Palleros

Arroyo Palleros


إحدى بلديات ولاية ورقلة الجزائرية التابعة لدائرة مقارين. تندرج تحتها قريتين هما الهراهيرة و مقر . وتعود تسميتها نسبة إلى الولي الصالح «سليمان» ويعد ضريحه قديما مقصدا للتبرك خاصة في الاعراس وهي من العادات الزائلة

تحوي 3 مساجد واحد لكل قرية وثانوية و 2 متوسطات و 5 ابتدائيات والعديد من المرافق الضرورية.إضافة إلى وجود مناظر طبيعية خلابة وبها بحيرة معروفة باسم بابا فاندي مقصد للعديد من الطيور المهاجرة

وصلات أخرى

مصادر

بلديات ولاية تقرت

سيدي سليمان (ولاية تقرت)


Wolfram Lotz est un auteur dramatique, poète et auteur de pièces radiophoniques allemand né à Hambourg en 1981.

Biographie
Fils d'une pharmacienne, Wolfram Lotz grandit à Bad Rippoldsau dans la Forêt-Noire. Il étudie les sciences de la littérature, les sciences des arts et les sciences des médias à l'Université de Constance, puis l'écriture littéraire au Deutsches Literaturinstitut de Leipzig. Il se fait connaître en 2011 par ses deux premières pièces : La Grande Marche (Der große Marsch), pour laquelle il reçoit le Prix de soutien Heinrich-von-Kleist, et Quelques messages pour l'univers (Einige Nachrichten an das All), toutes deux représentées dans de nombreux théâtres des pays germanophones et dans l'Europe entière. Avec Quelques messages pour l'univers il reçoit le titre de « Jeune auteur de l'année » dans un sondage réalisé auprès des critiques par le magazine Theater heute. En 2015, sa pièce Ridicules ténèbres (Die lächerliche Finsternis) le fait consacrer « Auteur dramatique de l'année ».

En 2017, il s'installe pour quelque temps en Alsace dans les environs de Colmar en compagnie de son épouse et de leurs deux enfants. En 2018, à partir de notes quotidiennes, il se lance dans l'écriture d'un « journal de bord total », qui deviendra la matière première de sa pièce Les Politiciens (Die Politiker). Bien qu'il ait décrit son journal comme étant son œuvre principale, il en détruit le fichier en 2019. Le tiers environ de ce travail a pu être récupéré et a donné lieu à la publication du volume Écritures saintes I (Heilige Schrift I) en 2022. Les Münchner Kammerspiele ont accueilli la création scénique du texte sous la forme d'une soirée théâtrale en trois parties mise en scène par Falk Richter, réunissant théâtre radiophonique, installation visuelle et spatiale conçue par Heike Schuppelius, réalité virtuelle et performance.

Réception
Dans son ouvrage Nach der Postdramatik (« Après le postdramatique », 2021), le spécialiste de littérature Simon Hansen range l'œuvre réalisé jusqu'à présent par Wolfram Lotz dans le « théâtre à texte narrativisant » : les pièces de Lotz impossibles à mettre en scène de manière littérale se caractérisent entre autres, selon Hansen, par une potentialisation radicale des techniques d'épicisation influencées par Bertolt Brecht.

Œuvres

 Der große Marsch. Pièce de théâtre. Création au Ruhrfestspiele Recklinghausen en 2011. Traduction française : La Grande Marche (2018), par Sofiane Boussahel, avec le soutien de la Maison Antoine Vitez. Extraits de la pièce et regard du traducteur. Discours sur le théâtre impossible.
 Einige Nachrichten an das All. Pièce de théâtre. Création au Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar en 2011. Traduction française : Quelques messages pour l'univers (2017), par Mikaël Serre et Chloé Brugnon, pour la Comédie de Reims. Résumé sur le site de L'Arche éditeur & agence théâtrale.
 Fusseln. Liste. Cologne, Parasitenpresse, 2011.
 avec Martin Laberenz : Zerschossene Träume. Création au Centraltheater Leipzig en 2012.
 Monologe. Leipzig, Spector Books, 2014, .
 Die lächerliche Finsternis. Pièce radiophonique. Création à l'Akademietheater Wien en 2014. Traduction française : Ridicules ténèbres (2015), par Pascal Paul-Harang, avec le soutien de la Maison Antoine Vitez.
 Drei Stücke. Francfort-sur-le-Main, S. Fischer, 2016. . Contient : Der große Marsch, Einige Nachrichten an das All et Die lächerliche Finsternis.
 In Ewigkeit Ameisen, création commune des deux pièces radiophoniques In Ewigkeit Ameisen et Das Ende von Iflingen à l'Akademietheater Wien en 2009. Publication dans : Dramatische Rundschau, n° 1, Francfort-sur-le-Main, S. Fischer, 2019, .
 Die Politiker. Texte parlé. Leipzig, Spector Books, 2019. .
 Heilige Schrift I. Francfort-sur-le-Main, S. Fischer, 2022. . Création le 14 mai 2022 aux Münchner Kammerspiele dans une mise en scène de Falk Richter.

Pièces radiophoniques

 In Ewigkeit Ameisen, mise en voix de Tobias Krebs, SWR, 2009.
 Thilo Sarrazin Monolog, musique de Friederike Bernhardt, 2014.
 Die lächerliche Finsternis, mise en voix de Leonhard Koppelmann, musique de zeitblom, SWR, 2015.
 Réalisation radiophonique de la traduction française Ridicules ténèbres de Pascal Paul-Harang, mise en voix par Alexandre Plank et diffusée en 2017 par France culture
 Das Ende von Iflingen / Erzengel beim jüngsten Gericht, mise en voix de Leonhard Koppelmann, musique de Peter Kaizar, SWR, 2019.
 Die Politiker, mise en scène de Franz-Xaver Mayr, musique de Matija Schellander, SWR, 2022.

Scénario

 Das Massaker von Anröchte (Le Massacre d'Anröchte). Réalisé par Hannah Dörr. Production : Theater Oberhausen / öFilm, 2021.

Récompenses

 2005 : Prix de littérature de la ville de Steyr
 2010 : Commande et Prix du public du Stückemarkt des Berliner Theatertreffens
 2011 : Prix de soutien Heinrich-von-Kleist aux jeunes auteurs dramatiques pour La Grande Marche
 2011 : Bourse du village d'artistes Schöppingen
 2011 : désigné « Jeune auteur de l'année » pour Quelques messages pour l'univers par un jury indépendant de critiques germanophones dans le magazine Theater heute
 2011 : Prix de soutien de littérature de la ville de Coblence
 2012 : Prix de l'auteur dramatique du Cercle culturel de l'économie allemande au Bundesverband der deutschen Industrie e.V.
 2013 : Prix de soutien à la littérature comique
 2015 : Invitation aux Berliner Theatertreffen pour la création de Ridicules ténèbres
 2015 : Nomination au Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis
 2015 : désigné « auteur dramatique de l'année » à l'issue du sondage réalisé auprès des critiques par le magazine Theater heute
 2015 : Prix théâtral et prix des auteurs Nestroy pour Ridicules ténèbres
 2020 : Nomination au Prix de la pièce radiophonique des aveugles de guerre avec La Fin d'Iflingen (Das Ende von Iflingen)

Notes et références

Simon Hansen, Nach der Postdramatik: Narrativierendes Text-Theater bei Wolfram Lotz und Roland Schimmelpfennig, Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag, 2021, 317 p.

Liens externes

Dramaturge allemand du XXIe siècle
Naissance en 1981
Naissance à Hambourg

Wolfram Lotz


The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas Legislature, with the Texas House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, they compose the state legislature of the state of Texas.

There are 31 members of the Senate, representing single-member districts across the U.S. state of Texas, with populations of approximately 940,000 per constituency, based on the 2020 U.S. Census. Elections are held in even-numbered years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

There are no term limits. Terms are four years in length, with one two-year term each decade. Senators are divided into two groups based in part on the intervening Census:
In elections in years ending in 2 (the election after the Census), all 31 seats are up for election.
Once the Senate meets in session after said election, the Senators will participate in a drawing to determine their election cycle:
One-half will have a 2-4-4 cycle, whereupon the seat would stand for election in two years (the year ending in 4), followed by two four-year cycles (the years ending in 8 and 2).
The other half will have a 4-4-2 cycle, whereupon the seat would stand for election in four years (the year ending in 6), followed by another four-year cycle (the year ending in 0) but then the seat would stand for election in only two years (the year ending in 2).
As such, every two years, about half of the Texas Senate is on the ballot.

The Senate meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Republicans currently control the chamber, which is made up of 19 Republicans and 12 Democrats.

Leadership
The Lieutenant Governor of Texas serves as the President of the Senate. Unlike most lieutenant governors who are constitutionally designated as presiding officers of the upper house, the Lieutenant Governor regularly presides over the chamber rather than delegate this role to the President Pro Tempore. The Lieutenant Governor's duties include appointing chairs of committees, committee members, assigning and referring bills to specific committees, recognizing members during debate, and making procedural rulings. The Lieutenant Governor may also cast a vote should a Senate floor vote end in a tie.  If the Senate votes to dissolve itself into the Committee of the Whole, in which all members are part of the Committee, the President Pro-Tempore presides over the proceedings, with the Lieutenant Governor acting as a regular voting member.  Due to the various powers of committee selection and bill assignment, the Lieutenant Governor of Texas is considered one of the most powerful lieutenant governorships in the United States.

Unlike other state legislatures, the Texas Senate does not include majority or minority leaders. Instead, the President Pro Tempore is considered the second most powerful position, and can be reserved to any political party in the chamber regardless if the party is a majority or not. Presidents Pro Tempore are usually the most senior members of the Senate. The President Pro Tempore presides when the Lieutenant Governor is not present or when the legislature is not in regular session.

Leaders

History

Quorum-busting

There have been at least three cases of quorum-busting in Texas Senate history. The first case was in 1870, with the Rump Senate, followed by the 1979 Killer Bees and finally the "Texas Eleven" in August 2003 during the controversial mid-decade redistricting plan at the time.

Committee structure
The following represents the Senate committee structure for the 88th Legislature (numbers in parentheses are the number of committee members, as appointed by the President of the Texas Senate).

Administration (7)
Border Security (5)
Business and Commerce (11)
Criminal Justice (7)
Education (13)
Under this Committee, a Subcommittee on Higher Education (5)
Finance (17)
Health & Human Services (9)
Jurisprudence (5)
Local Government (9)
Natural Resources and Economic Development (9)
Nominations (9)
State Affairs (11)
Transportation (9)
Veteran Affairs (7)
Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs (9)

In addition to these committees, there are also six joint committees composed of members of both the State Senate and House:

 Criminal Justice Legislative Oversight
 Legislative Audit Committee
 Legislative Budget Board
 Legislative Reference Library Board
 Sunset Advisory Commission
 Texas Legislative Council

Current composition

List of members

†Elected in a special election

Notable past members

 Edward Clark, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1859–1861), Governor of Texas (1861).
 Wayne Connally, Senator from Wilson County (1967–1973), brother of Governor John Connally.
 Lloyd Doggett, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1989–1994), U.S. House of Representatives (1995–present).
 Robert L. Duncan, State Senator from Lubbock, 1996–2014; Chancellor of the Texas Tech University System since 2014
 Chet Edwards, U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2011).
 James W. Flanagan, U.S. Senate (1870–1875).
 Glenn Hegar, current Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (2015–present).
 John Ireland, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1876), Governor of Texas (1883–1887).
 Eddie Bernice Johnson, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–2023).
 Rienzi Melville Johnston, U.S. Senate (1913).
 Barbara Jordan, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1979).
 Earle Bradford Mayfield, U.S. Senate (1923–1929).
 William Neff "Bill" Patman, Senator from Jackson County (1961–1981), U.S. House of Representatives (1981–1985).
 Dan Patrick, current Lieutenant Governor of Texas (2015–present).
 Jerry E. Patterson, Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office (2003–2015).
 Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Governor of Texas, (1887–1891).
 Joseph D. Sayers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1879–1881), U.S. House of Representatives (1885–1899), Governor of Texas (1899–1903).
 Allan Shivers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1946–1949), Governor of Texas (1949–1957).
 Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (1969–1973).
 Frank Tejeda, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1997).
 James W. Throckmorton, Governor of Texas (1866–1867), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–1879, 1883–1887).
 Carlos Truan, Senator from Corpus Christi (1977–2003); author of Texas Bilingual Education Act.
 Jim Turner, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2005).
 Matthias Ward, U.S. Senate (1858–1859).
 Ferdinand C. Weinert, Texas House and Texas Senate (1893–1935), Texas Secretary of State (1913).
 Louis Wigfall, U.S. Senate (1859–1861).
 Charles Wilson, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1997).
 Roy Blake, Sr., Senator from Nacogdoches County, Texas, (1978-1989), [President Pro Tempore] (1987–1989).

Past composition of the Senate

The Senate was continuously held by Democrats from the end of the Reconstruction era until the Seventy-fifth Texas Legislature was seated in 1997, at which point Republicans took control. The Republican Party has maintained its control of the Senate since then.

Obsolete districts
 Texas Senate, District F (1846–1848)
 Texas Senate, District 32 (1853–1866)
 Texas Senate, District 33 (1853–1866)

See also

 Texas Legislature
 Texas House of Representatives
 List of presidents pro tempore of the Texas Senate
 Texas Government Newsletter, voting history of the Texas Legislature.

Notes

References

External links

Official Texas Senate website

 01
 01
.
Government of Texas
State upper houses in the United States

Texas Senate


L'Insigne de Cobourg ()  a été le premier insigne reconnu comme récompense nationale du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands (, ).

Histoire
Le , Adolf Hitler conduit  membres de la Sturmabteilung () de Munich et d'autres villes bavaroises en train jusqu'à Cobourg pour un rassemblement de week-end. Sur place, Les habituelles émeutes et bagarres de rue avec les partisans de la gauche et les communistes ont lieu dans la ville.

Le rassemblement politique de Cobourg (connu plus tard sous le nom de Deutscher Tag à Cobourg (Journée allemande à Cobourg)) est l'un des premiers succès du parti nazi et Hitler décrit la visite en détail dans son manifeste politique Mein Kampf. Après , la "marche" est commémorée chaque année le .

L'Insigne de Cobourg est décerné entre . et  nazis après  et est considéré comme une haute distinction. Outre les vétérans de la marche de , l'insigne est décerné en tant qu'insigne d'honneur. L'un de ces porteurs d'honneur est le nazi Charles-Édouard de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha. En ,  Insignes de Cobourg ont été attribués. Martin Bormann est également mentionné comme porteur d'un Insigne de Cobourg en argent.

Prix et statut
Hitler ordonne que l'Insigne de Cobourg soit frappé le  pour commémorer l'événement qui a eu lieu dix ans plus tôt pour honorer les participants du samedi .

L'insigne mesure  de large et  de haut. Il est fait de bronze et représente une épée placée la pointe vers le bas sur la face d'une croix gammée dans une couronne ovale. Au sommet de la couronne figurent le château et le village de Cobourg. La couronne contient les mots .

Les récompenses des vétérans comprenaient un diplôme signé par Adolf Hitler avec les mots :

 (: vérifier la traduction de l'allemand).

En , Hitler donne de nouvelles « directives » pour les principaux « Ordres et récompenses » du , qui seront listées dans cet ordre :

 Insigne de Cobourg,
 ,
 ,
 Insigne d'honneur en or du NSDAP,
 L'Ordre du Sang,
 ,
 Insigne des jeunesse hitlériennes en or.

Le , le Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler décrète que tout membre de la  (de l'engagé à l'officier) qui porte l'Insigne de Cobourg peut porter l'anneau Totenkopf. Étant donné que l'Insigne de Cobourg n'est pas enregistré dans le dossier d'un sous-officier, l'ordre exige que le personnel engagé fournisse la preuve de l'attribution de l'Insigne de Cobourg.

Les références

Ouvrages

 Initiative Stadtmuseum Coburg e. V.: Voraus zur Unzeit. Coburg und der Aufstieg des Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland. Coburg 2004 .
 Klaus D. Patzwall: Das Coburger Ehrenabzeichen der NSDAP. Patzwall, Norderstedt 1994. (Militaria Extra, Heft 2).

 Gottlieb, Craig . The SS TOTENKOPF RING: An Illustrated History from Munich to Nuremberg. .

Distinction du Troisième Reich

Insigne de Cobourg