Project Blue Book was the code name for the systematic study of unidentified flying objects by the United States Air Force from March 1952 to its termination on December 17, 1969. The project, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, was initially directed by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt and followed projects of a similar nature such as Project Sign established in 1947, and Project Grudge in 1948. Project Blue Book had two goals, namely, to determine if UFOs were a threat to national security, and to scientifically analyze UFO-related data.

Thousands of UFO reports were collected, analyzed, and filed. As a result of the Condon Report, which concluded that the study of UFOs was unlikely to yield major scientific discoveries, and a review of the report by the National Academy of Sciences, Project Blue Book was terminated in 1969. The Air Force supplies the following summary of its investigations:

By the time Project Blue Book ended, it had collected 12,618 UFO reports, and concluded that most of them were misidentifications of natural phenomena (clouds, stars, etc.) or conventional aircraft. According to the National Reconnaissance Office a number of the reports could be explained by flights of the formerly secret reconnaissance planes U-2 and A-12. 701 reports were classified as unexplained, even after stringent analysis. The UFO reports were archived and are available under the Freedom of Information Act, but names and other personal information of all witnesses have been redacted.

Previous projects

Public USAF UFO studies were first initiated under Project Sign at the end of 1947, following many widely publicized UFO reports (see Kenneth Arnold). Project Sign was initiated specifically at the request of General Nathan Twining, chief of the Air Force Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Wright-Patterson was also to be the home of Project Sign and all subsequent official USAF public investigations.

Project Sign was officially inconclusive regarding the cause of the sightings. However, according to US Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt (the first director of Project Blue Book), Sign's initial intelligence estimate (the so-called Estimate of the Situation) written in the late summer of 1948, concluded that the flying saucers were real craft, were not made by either the Soviet Union or United States, and were likely extraterrestrial in origin. (See also extraterrestrial hypothesis.) This was subsequently rejected by Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, USAF Chief of Staff, citing a lack of physical proof. Vandenberg subsequently dismantled Project Sign.

Project Sign was succeeded at the end of 1948 by Project Grudge, which was criticized as having a debunking mandate. Ruppelt referred to the era of Project Grudge as the "dark ages" of early USAF UFO investigation. Grudge concluded that all UFOs were natural phenomena or other misinterpretations, although it also stated that 23 percent of the reports could not be explained.

Project Blue Book history

Captain Ruppelt era

According to Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, by the end of 1951, several high-ranking, very influential USAF generals were so dissatisfied with the state of Air Force UFO investigations that they dismantled Project Grudge and replaced it with Project Blue Book in March 1952. One of these men was Gen. Charles P. Cabell. Another important change came when General William Garland joined Cabell's staff; Garland thought the UFO question deserved serious scrutiny because he had witnessed a UFO.

The new name, Project Blue Book, was selected to refer to the blue booklets used for testing at some colleges and universities. The name was inspired, said Ruppelt, by the close attention that high-ranking officers were giving the new project; it felt as if the study of UFOs was as important as a college final exam. Blue Book was also upgraded in status from Project Grudge, with the creation of the Aerial Phenomenon Branch.

Ruppelt was the first head of the project. He was an experienced airman, having been decorated for his efforts with the Army Air Corps during World War II, and having afterward earned an aeronautics degree. He officially coined the term "Unidentified Flying Object", to replace the many terms ("flying saucer", "flying disk" and so on) the military had previously used; Ruppelt thought that "unidentified flying object" was a more neutral and accurate term. Ruppelt resigned from the Air Force some years later and wrote the book The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, which described the study of UFOs by the United States Air Force from 1947 to 1955.  American scientist Michael D. Swords wrote that "Ruppelt would lead the last genuine effort to analyze UFOs".

Ruppelt implemented a number of changes: He streamlined the manner in which UFOs were reported to (and by) military officials, partly in hopes of alleviating the stigma and ridicule associated with UFO witnesses. Ruppelt also ordered the development of a standard questionnaire for UFO witnesses, hoping to uncover data that could be subject to statistical analysis. He commissioned the Battelle Memorial Institute to create the questionnaire and computerize the data. Using case reports and the computerized data, Battelle then conducted a massive scientific and statistical study of all Air Force UFO cases, completed in 1954 and known as "Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14" (see summary below).

Knowing that factionalism had harmed the progress of Project Sign, Ruppelt did his best to avoid the kinds of open-ended speculation that had led to Sign's personnel being split among advocates and critics of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. As Michael Hall writes, "Ruppelt not only took the job seriously but expected his staff to do so as well. If anyone under him either became too skeptical or too convinced of one particular theory, they soon found themselves off the project." In his book, Ruppelt reported that he fired three personnel very early in the project because they were either "too pro" or "too con" one hypothesis or another. Ruppelt sought the advice of many scientists and experts, and issued regular press releases (along with classified monthly reports for military intelligence).

Each U.S. Air Force Base had a Blue Book officer to collect UFO reports and forward them to Ruppelt. During most of Ruppelt's tenure, he and his team were authorized to interview any and all military personnel who witnessed UFOs and were not required to follow the chain of command. This unprecedented authority underlined the seriousness of Blue Book's investigation.

Under Ruppelt's direction, Blue Book investigated a number of well-known UFO cases, including the so-called Lubbock Lights, and a widely publicized 1952 radar/visual case over Washington D.C. According to Jacques Vallee, Ruppelt started the trend, largely followed by later Blue Book investigations, of not giving serious consideration to numerous reports of UFO landings and/or interaction with purported UFO occupants.

Astronomer J. Allen Hynek was the scientific consultant of the project.  He had been with Projects Sign and Grudge. He worked for the project up to its termination and initially created the categorization which has been extended and is known today as Close encounters. He was a pronounced skeptic when he started, but said that his feelings changed to a more wavering skepticism during the research, after encountering a minority of UFO reports he thought were unexplainable.

Ruppelt left Blue Book in February 1953 for a temporary reassignment. He returned a few months later to find his staff reduced from more than ten, to two subordinates. Frustrated, Ruppelt suggested that an Air Defense Command unit (the 4602nd Air Intelligence Service Squadron) be charged with UFO investigations.

Robertson Panel

In July 1952, after a build-up of hundreds of sightings over the previous few months, a series of radar detections coincident with visual sightings were observed near the National Airport in Washington, D.C. (see 1952 Washington D.C. UFO incident).

After much publicity, these sightings led the Central Intelligence Agency to establish a panel of scientists headed by H. P. Robertson, a physicist of the California Institute of Technology, which included various physicists, meteorologists, and engineers, and one astronomer (Hynek). The Robertson Panel first met on January 14, 1953 in order to formulate a response to the overwhelming public interest in UFOs.

Ruppelt, Hynek, and others presented the best evidence, including movie footage, that had been collected by Blue Book. After spending 12 hours reviewing 6 years of data, the Robertson Panel concluded that most UFO reports had prosaic explanations and that all could be explained with further investigation, which they deemed not worth the effort.

In their final report, they stressed that low-grade, unverifiable UFO reports were overloading intelligence channels, with the risk of missing a genuine conventional threat to the U.S. Therefore, they recommended the Air Force de-emphasize the subject of UFOs and embark on a debunking campaign to lessen public interest. They suggested debunkery through the mass media, including Walt Disney Productions, and using psychologists, astronomers, and celebrities to ridicule the phenomenon and put forward prosaic explanations. Furthermore, civilian UFO groups "should be watched because of their potentially great influence on mass thinking ... The apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind."

It is the conclusion of many researchers that the Robertson Panel was recommending controlling public opinion through a program of official propaganda and spying. They also believe these recommendations helped shape Air Force policy regarding UFO study not only immediately afterward, but also into the present day. There is evidence that the Panel's recommendations were being carried out at least two decades after its conclusions were issued (see the main article for details and citations).

In December 1953, Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Regulation number 146 made it a crime for military personnel to discuss classified UFO reports with unauthorized persons. Violators faced up to two years in prison and/or fines of up to $10,000.

Aftermath of Robertson Panel

In his book (see external links) Ruppelt described the demoralization of the Blue Book staff and the stripping of their investigative duties following the Robertson Panel jurisdiction.

As an immediate consequence of the Robertson Panel recommendations, in February 1953, the Air Force issued Regulation 200-2, ordering air base officers to publicly discuss UFO incidents only if they were judged to have been solved, and to classify all the unsolved cases to keep them out of the public eye.

The same month, investigative duties started to be taken on by the newly formed 4602nd Air Intelligence Squadron (AISS) of the Air Defense Command. The 4602nd AISS was assigned the task of investigating only the most important UFO cases with intelligence or national security implications. These cases were deliberately siphoned away from Blue Book, leaving Blue Book to deal with the more trivial reports.

General Nathan Twining, who started Project Sign in 1947, was now Air Force Chief of Staff. In August 1954, he was to further codify the responsibilities of the 4602nd AISS by issuing an updated Air Force Regulation 200-2. In addition, UFOs (called "UFOBs") were defined as "any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object."  Investigation of UFOs was stated to be for the purposes of national security and to ascertain "technical aspects." AFR 200-2 again stated that Blue Book could discuss UFO cases with the media only if they were regarded as having a conventional explanation. If they were unidentified, the media was to be told only that the situation was being analyzed. Blue Book was also ordered to reduce the number of unidentified to a minimum.

All this work was done secretly. The public face of Blue Book continued to be the official Air Force investigation of UFOs, but the reality was it had essentially been reduced to doing very few serious investigations and had become almost solely a public relations outfit with a debunking mandate. To cite one example, by the end of 1956, the number of cases listed as unsolved had dipped to barely 0.4 percent, from 20 to 30% only a few years earlier.

Eventually, Ruppelt requested reassignment; at his departure in August 1953, his staff had been reduced from more than ten (precise numbers of personnel varied) to just two subordinates and himself. His temporary replacement was a noncommissioned officer. Most who succeeded him as Blue Book director exhibited either apathy or outright hostility to the subject of UFOs or were hampered by a lack of funding and official support.

UFO investigators often regard Ruppelt's brief tenure at Blue Book as the high-water mark of public Air Force investigations of UFOs, when UFO investigations were treated seriously and had support at high levels. Thereafter, Project Blue Book descended into a new "Dark Ages" from which many UFO investigators argue it never emerged. However, Ruppelt later came to embrace the Blue Book perspective that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs; he even labeled the subject a "Space Age Myth."

Captain Hardin era
In March 1954, Captain Charles Hardin was appointed the head of Blue Book; however, the 4602nd conducted most UFO investigations, and Hardin did not object. Ruppelt wrote that Hardin "thinks that anyone who is even interested [in UFOs] is crazy. They bore him."

In 1955, the Air Force decided that the goal of Blue Book should not be to investigate UFO reports but to minimize the number of unidentified UFO reports. By late 1956, the number of unidentified sightings had dropped from the 20–25% of the Ruppelt era to less than 1%.

Captain Gregory era
Captain George T. Gregory took over as Blue Book's director in 1956. Clark writes that Gregory led Blue Book "in an even firmer anti-UFO direction than the apathetic Hardin." The 4602nd was dissolved, and the 1066th Air Intelligence Service Squadron was charged with UFO investigations.

In fact, there was actually little or no investigation of UFO reports; a revised AFR 200-2 issued during Gregory's tenure emphasized that unexplained UFO reports must be reduced to a minimum.

One way that Gregory reduced the number of unexplained UFOs was by simple reclassification. "Possible cases" became "probable", and "probable" cases were upgraded to certainties. By this logic, a possible comet became a probable comet, while a probable comet was flatly declared to have been a misidentified comet. Similarly, if a witness reported an observation of an unusual balloon-like object, Blue Book usually classified it as a balloon, with no research and qualification. These procedures became standard for most of Blue Book's later investigations; see Hynek's comments below.

Major Friend era
Lt. Col. Robert J. Friend was appointed the head of Blue Book in 1958. Friend made some attempts to reverse the direction Blue Book had taken since 1954. Clark writes that "Friend's efforts to upgrade the files and catalog sightings according to various observed statistics were frustrated by a lack of funding and assistance."

Heartened by Friend's efforts, Hynek organized the first of several meetings between Blue Book staffers and ATIC personnel in 1959. Hynek suggested that some older UFO reports should be reevaluated, with the ostensible aim of moving them from the "unknown" to the "identified" category. Hynek's plans came to naught.

During Friend's tenure, ATIC contemplated passing the oversight of Blue Book to another Air Force agency, but neither the Air Research and Development Center nor the Office of Information for the Secretary of the Air Force was interested.

In 1960, there were U.S. Congressional hearings regarding UFOs. Civilian UFO research group NICAP had publicly charged Blue Book with covering up UFO evidence and had also acquired a few allies in the U.S. Congress. Blue Book was investigated by the Congress and the CIA, with critics—most notably the civilian UFO group NICAP asserting that Blue Book was lacking as a scientific study. In response, ATIC added personnel (increasing the total personnel to three military personnel, plus civilian secretaries) and increased Blue Book's budget. This seemed to mollify some of Blue Book's critics, but it was only temporary. A few years later (see below), the criticism would be even louder.

By the time he was transferred from Blue Book in 1963, Friend thought that Blue Book was effectively useless and ought to be dissolved, even if it caused an outcry amongst the public.

Major Quintanilla era
Major Hector Quintanilla took over as Blue Book's leader in August 1963. He largely continued the debunking efforts, and it was under his direction that Blue Book received some of its sharpest criticism. UFO researcher Jerome Clark goes so far as to write that, by this time, Blue Book had "lost all credibility."

Physicist and UFO researcher James E. McDonald once flatly declared that Quintanilla was "not competent" from either a scientific or an investigative perspective, although he also stressed that Quintanilla "shouldn't be held accountable for it," as he was chosen for his position by a superior officer, and was following orders in directing Blue Book.

Blue Book's explanations of UFO reports were not universally accepted, however, and critics—including some scientists—suggested that Project Blue Book performed questionable research or, worse, was perpetrating cover up. This criticism grew especially strong and widespread in the 1960s.

Take, for example, the many mostly nighttime UFO reports from the midwestern and southeastern United States in the summer of 1965: Witnesses in Texas reported "multicolored lights" and large aerial objects shaped like eggs or diamonds. The Oklahoma Highway Patrol reported that Tinker Air Force Base (near Oklahoma City) had tracked up to four UFOs simultaneously, and that several of them had descended very rapidly: from about 22000 feet to about 4000 feet in just a few seconds, an action well beyond the capabilities of conventional aircraft of the era. John Shockley, a meteorologist from Wichita, Kansas, reported that, using the state Weather Bureau radar, he tracked a number of odd aerial objects flying at altitudes between about 6000 and 9000 feet. These and other reports received wide publicity.

Project Blue Book officially determined the witnesses had mistaken Jupiter or bright stars (such as Rigel or Betelgeuse) for something else.

Blue Book's explanation was widely criticized as inaccurate. Robert Riser, director of the Oklahoma Science and Art Foundation Planetarium offered a strongly worded rebuke of Project Blue Book that was widely circulated: "That is as far from the truth as you can get. These stars and planets are on the opposite side of the earth from Oklahoma City at this time of year. The Air Force must have had its star finder upside-down during August."

A newspaper editorial from the Richmond News Leader opined that "Attempts to dismiss the reported sightings under the rationale as exhibited by Project Bluebook  won't solve the mystery ... and serve only to heighten the suspicion that there's something out there that the air force doesn't want us to know about", while a Wichita-based UPI reporter noted  that "Ordinary radar does not pick up planets and stars."

Another case that Blue Book's critics seized upon was the so-called Portage County UFO Chase, which began at about 5.00 am, near Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1966. Police officers Dale Spaur and Wilbur Neff spotted what they described as a disc-shaped, silvery object with a bright light emanating from its underside, at about 1000 feet in altitude. They began following the object (which they reported sometimes descended as low as 50 feet), and police from several other jurisdictions were involved in the pursuit. The chase ended about 30 minutes later near Freedom, Pennsylvania, some 85 miles away.

The UFO chase made national news, and the police submitted detailed reports to Blue Book. Five days later, following brief interviews with only one of the police officers (but none of the other ground witnesses), Blue Book's director, Major Hector Quintanilla, announced their conclusions: The police (one of them an Air Force gunner during the Korean War) had first chased a communications satellite, then the planet Venus.

This conclusion was widely derided, and police officers strenuously rejected it. In his dissenting conclusion, Hynek described Blue Book's conclusions as absurd: in their reports, several of the police had unknowingly described the Moon, Venus and the UFO, though they unknowingly described Venus as a bright "star" very near the Moon. Ohio Congressman William Stanton said that "The Air Force has suffered a great loss of prestige in this community ... Once people entrusted with the public welfare no longer think the people can handle the truth, then the people, in return, will no longer trust the government."

In September 1968, Hynek received a letter from Colonel Raymond Sleeper of the Foreign Technology Division. Sleeper noted that Hynek had publicly accused Blue Book of shoddy science, and further asked Hynek to offer advice on how Blue Book could improve its scientific methods. Hynek was to later declare that Sleeper's letter was "the first time in my 20 year association with the air force as scientific consultant that I had been officially asked for criticism and advice [regarding] ... the UFO problem."

Hynek wrote a detailed response, dated October 7, 1968, suggesting several areas where Blue Book could improve. In part, he wrote:

Despite Sleeper's request for criticism, none of Hynek's commentary resulted in any substantial changes in Blue Book.

Quintanilla's own perspective on the project is documented in his manuscript, "UFOs, An Air Force Dilemma." Lt. Col Quintanilla wrote the manuscript in 1975, but it was not published until after his death in 1998. Quintanilla states in the text that he personally believed it arrogant to think human beings were the only intelligent life in the universe. Yet, while he found it highly likely that intelligent life existed beyond earth, he had no hard evidence of any extraterrestrial visitation.

Congressional hearing

In 1966, a string of UFO sightings in Massachusetts and New Hampshire provoked a Congressional Hearing by the House Committee on Armed Services. According to attachments to the hearing, the Air Force had at first stated that the sightings were the result of a training exercise happening in the area. But NICAP, the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, reported that there was no record of a plane flying at the time the sightings occurred.  Another report alleged that the UFO was actually a flying billboard advertising gasoline. Raymond Fowler (of NICAP) added his own interviews with the locals, who saw Air Force officers confiscating newspapers with the story of UFOs and telling them not to report what they had seen. Two police officers who had witnessed the UFOs, Eugene Bertrand and David Hunt, wrote a letter to Major Quintanilla stating that they felt their reputations were destroyed by the Air Force. "It was impossible to mistake what we saw for any kind of military operation, regardless of altitude," the irritated officers wrote, adding that there was no way it could have been a balloon or helicopter.
According to Secretary Harold Brown of the Air Force, Blue Book consisted of three steps: investigation, analysis, and the distribution of information gathered to interested parties. After Brown gave permission, the press were invited into the hearing.
By the time of the hearing, Blue Book had identified and explained 95% of the reported UFO sightings. None of these were extraterrestrial or a threat to national security. Brown himself proclaimed, "I know of no one of scientific standing or executive standing with a detailed knowledge of this, in our organization who believes that they came from extraterrestrial sources." J. Allen Hynek, a science consultant to Blue Book, suggested in an unedited statement that a "civilian panel of physical and social scientists" be formed "for the express purpose of determining whether a major problem really exist" in regards to UFOs. Hynek remarked that  he has "not seen any evidence to confirm" extraterrestrials, "nor do I know any competent scientist who has, or who believes that any kind of extraterrestrial intelligence is involved."

Condon Committee

Criticism of Blue Book continued to grow through the mid-1960s. NICAP's membership ballooned to about 15,000, and the group charged the U.S. Government with a cover-up of UFO evidence.

Following U.S. Congressional hearings, the Condon Committee was established in 1966, ostensibly as a neutral scientific research body. However, the Committee became mired in controversy, with some members charging director Edward U. Condon with bias, and critics would question the validity and the scientific rigor of the Condon Report.

In the end, the Condon Committee suggested that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs, and while it left a minority of cases unexplained, the report also argued that further research would not be likely to yield significant results.

End
In response to the Condon Committee's conclusions, Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr. announced that Blue Book would soon be closed because further funding "cannot be justified either on the grounds of national security or in the interest of science." The last publicly acknowledged day of Blue Book operations was December 17, 1969. However, researcher Brad Sparks, citing research from the May 1970 issue of NICAP's UFO Investigator, reports that the last day of Blue Book activity was actually January 30, 1970. According to Sparks, Air Force officials wanted to keep the Air Force's reaction to the UFO problem from overlapping into a fourth decade, and thus altered the date of Blue Book's closure in official files.

Blue Book's files were sent to the Air Force Archives at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. Major David Shea was to later claim that Maxwell was chosen because it was "accessible yet not too inviting."

Ultimately, Project Blue Book stated that UFOs sightings were generated as a result of:

A mild form of mass hysteria.
Individuals who fabricate such reports to perpetrate a hoax or seek publicity.
Psychopathological persons.
Misidentification of various conventional objects.

In April 2003, the USAF publicly indicated that there were no immediate plans to re-establish any official government UFO study programs. However, in December 2017 it was disclosed that a new secret UFO study titled the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) was funded at 22 million dollars from 2007 to 2012.

USAF official statement on UFOs
Below is the United States Air Force's official statement regarding UFOs, as noted in USAF Fact Sheet 95-03:

Post-Blue Book U.S.A.F. UFO activities
An Air Force memorandum (released via the Freedom of Information Act) dated October 20, 1969, and signed by Brigadier General Carroll H. "Rip" Bolender (the Deputy Director of Development and Acquisitions under the Air Force's Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and Development) states that even after Blue Book was dissolved, that "reports of UFOs" would still "continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedure designed for this purpose." Furthermore, wrote Bolender, "Reports of unidentified flying objects which could affect national security ... are not part of the Blue Book system." To date, these other investigation channels, agencies or groups (and Bolender's involvement therein) are unknown. Upon drafting the memo, Bolender, who assumed his generalship in 1965, had recently completed a detached tour as Program Manager for Lunar Excursion Module Operations in the Apollo program, likely reporting to fellow detached Air Force officer Samuel C. Phillips. He would continue to serve in this position and rank until he retired from the Air Force in 1972.

Additionally, author Howard Blum reports that Freedom of Information Act requests show that the U.S. Air Force has continued to catalog and track UFO sightings, particularly a series of dozens of UFO encounters from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s that occurred at U.S. military facilities with nuclear weapons. Blum writes that some of these official documents depart drastically from the normally dry and bureaucratic wording of government paperwork, making obvious the sense of "terror" that these UFO incidents inspired in many U.S.A.F. personnel.

Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14

In late December 1951, Ruppelt met with members of the Battelle Memorial Institute, a think tank based in Columbus, Ohio. Ruppelt wanted their experts to assist them in making the Air Force UFO study more scientific. It was the Battelle Institute that devised the standardized reporting form. Starting in late March 1952, the Institute started analyzing existing sighting reports and encoding about 30 report characteristics onto IBM punched cards for computer analysis.

Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 was their massive statistical analysis of Blue Book cases to date, some 3200 by the time the report was completed in 1954, after Ruppelt had left Blue Book. Even today, it represents the largest such study ever undertaken. Battelle employed four scientific analysts, who sought to divide cases into "knowns", "unknowns", and a third category of "insufficient information." They also broke down knowns and unknowns into four categories of quality, from excellent to poor. E.g., cases deemed excellent might typically involve experienced witnesses such as airline pilots or trained military personnel, multiple witnesses, corroborating evidence such as radar contact or photographs, etc. In order for a case to be deemed a "known", only two analysts had to independently agree on a solution. However, for a case to be called an "unknown", all four analysts had to agree. Thus the criterion for an "unknown" was quite stringent.

In addition, sightings were broken down into six different characteristics—color, number, duration of observation, brightness, shape, and speed and then these characteristics were compared between knowns and unknowns to see if there was a statistically significant difference.

The main results of the statistical analysis were:

 About 69% of the cases were judged known or identified (38% were considered conclusively identified while 31% were still "doubtfully" explained); about 9% fell into insufficient information. About 22% were deemed "unknown", down from the earlier 28% value of the Air Force studies.
 In the known category, 86% of the knowns were aircraft, balloons, or had astronomical explanations. Only 1.5% of all cases were judged to be psychological or "crackpot" cases. A "miscellaneous" category comprised 8% of all cases and included possible hoaxes.
 The higher the quality of the case, the more likely it was to be classified unknown. 35% of the excellent cases were deemed unknowns, as opposed to only 18% of the poorest cases.

(More detailed statistics can be found at Identified flying objects.)

Despite this, the summary section of the Battelle Institute's final report declared it was "highly improbable that any of the reports of unidentified aerial objects ... represent observations of technological developments outside the range of present-day knowledge."  A number of researchers, including Bruce Maccabee, who extensively reviewed the data, have noted that the conclusions of the analysts were usually at odds with their own statistical results, displayed in 240 charts, tables, graphs and maps. Some conjecture that the analysts may simply have had trouble accepting their own results or may have written the conclusions to satisfy the new political climate within Blue Book following the Robertson Panel.

When the Air Force finally made Special Report #14 public in October 1955, it was claimed that the report scientifically proved that UFOs did not exist. Critics of this claim note that the report actually proved that the "unknowns" were distinctly different from the "knowns" at a very high statistical significance level. The Air Force also incorrectly claimed that only 3% of the cases studied were unknowns, instead of the actual 22%. They further claimed that the residual 3% would probably disappear if more complete data were available. Critics counter that this ignored the fact that the analysts had already thrown such cases into the category of "insufficient information", whereas both "knowns" and "unknowns" were deemed to have sufficient information to make a determination. Also, the "unknowns" tended to represent the higher quality cases, q.e. reports that already had better information and witnesses.

The result of the monumental BMI study was echoed by a 1979 French GEPAN report which stated that about a quarter of over 1,600 closely studied UFO cases defied explanation, stating, in part, "These cases ... pose a real question." When GEPAN's successor SEPRA closed in 2004, 5800 cases had been analyzed, and the percentage of inexplicable unknowns had dropped to about 14%. The head of SEPRA, , found the evidence of extraterrestrial origins so convincing in these remaining unknowns, that he wrote a book about it in 2005.

Criticism
Hynek was an associate member of the Robertson Panel, which recommended that UFOs needed debunking. A few years later, however, Hynek claimed that Air Force personnel were indifferent, incompetent, and conducted shoddy research. Hynek notes that during its existence, critics dubbed Blue Book "The Society for the Explanation of the Uninvestigated." Regarding Ruppelt, Hynek wrote, "In my contacts with him I found him to be honest and seriously puzzled about the whole phenomenon," and of Friend he wrote, "Of all the officers I worked with in Blue Book, Colonel Friend earned my respect [and] conducted himself with dignity and a total lack of the bombast that characterized several of the other Blue Book heads." Hynek claimed that Quintanilla "disregard[ed] any evidence that was counter to his hypothesis." Hynek also reported bitter exchanges with Moody, describing Moody as "the master of the possible: possible balloon, possible aircraft, possible birds, which then became, by his own hand (and I argued with him violently at times) the probable."

Author and columnist Robert Sheaffer has written that Project Blue Book "amassed  12,618 reports, and none of them amounted to anything significant, or added to our knowledge of any subject, even after more than 50 years of investigation."

Project Blue Book in fiction

Project UFO
Jack Webb produced and narrated Project UFO, a 1978-79 TV series based on Project Blue Book (though shifting the investigation to the present day rather than its original 1950s-60s era.)

The series followed two Air Force investigators, (William Jordan as Major Jake Gatlin, replaced in the second season by Edward Winter as Major Ben Ryan,) and Caskey Swaim as Staff Sergeant (later Technical Sergeant) Harry Fitz, covering a wide variety of UFO incidents.

A former Project Blue Book officer served as the technical advisor for the series. Each episode ended with the statement "The United States Air Force, after twenty-two years of investigations, concluded that none of the unidentified flying objects reported and evaluated posed a threat to our national security." superimposed over the USAF seal.

Twin Peaks
Project Blue Book played a major role in the second season of the 1990–1991 TV series Twin Peaks. Major Garland Briggs, an Air Force officer who worked on the program, approaches protagonist Dale Cooper and reveals that Cooper's name turned up in an otherwise nonsensical radio transmission intercepted by the Air Force, which inexplicably originated from the woods surrounding the town of Twin Peaks. As the season progresses, it is revealed that the source of the transmission is the transdimensional realm of the Black Lodge, inhabited by beings which feed on the human emotions of pain and suffering; it eventually comes out that Briggs worked with Cooper's rival, corrupt FBI agent Windom Earle, on Project Blue Book, and that the two men apparently uncovered evidence of the Lodge during the course of their work.

Galactica 1980
Every episode of the original Battlestar Galactica spin-off series Galactica 1980 ended with a short statement about the U.S. Air Force's 1969 Project Blue Book findings that UFOs are not proven to exist and "are not a threat to national security".

Project Blue Book (2019)
Project Blue Book is the inspiration for the drama series Project Blue Book, which began airing on the History Channel in January 2019.

See also
 Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program
 Robertson Panel
 UFO conspiracy theory

References

External links

 Project Blue Book Archive Online version of USAF Project Blue Book microfilm
 The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects – Edward J. Ruppelt The book on-line
 Project Blue Book in FBI's FOIA reading room A summary of the project
 Fold3 Project Blue Book Archive View the unclassified Project Blue Book documents from the National Archives (NARA) from their microfilm collection.
 Official U.S. Air Force factsheet
 Informal Dept of Defense collection of references on the web
 10,000 collected Project Blue Book reports on the Internet Archive
 Individual Project Blue Book reports on the Internet Archive
 FBI Records: The Vault – Project Blue Book (UFO) at vault.fbi.gov

1952 establishments in the United States
1970 disestablishments in the United States
Projects of the United States Air Force
United States government responses to UFOs
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
UFO culture in the United States

Project Blue Book


حساب الصدفة  هو حساب شخصي (في الأغلب مجاني) يمنح المستخدمين حق الوصول إلى خادم شبيه يونكس عن طريق صدفة قشرة آمنة. حساب الصدفة هذا يمكن أن يستعمل للكثير من المهام، مثل اكتشاف أنظمة تشغيل جديدة، تشغيل بوتات آي آر سي أو برمجيات الطرفية (مثل Irssi, Mutt, Elinks.. إلخ)، في أغلب الأحيان طلبات تسجيل عضويات حسابات الصدفة تكون معقدة ومملة بعض الشيء خصوصا للمبتدئين لأن أغلب مالكي خوادم حسابات الصدفة يفرضون شروط مثل المشاركة في قناة الآي آر سي الخاصة بالخادم أو إرسال معلومات قد تفضح بعض بيانات صاحب العضوية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 قائمة بأشهر موفري حسابات الصدفة
 قائمة حرة قذيفة موفري

استضافة انترنت
يونكس

حساب قشرة


Bitka za Banju Koviljaču vodila se od 1. do 6. rujna 1941. između četnika i partizana s jedne i Nijemaca s druge strane tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, neposredno nakon oslobođenja Loznice 31. kolovoza 1941. Napad na Nijemce u Banji Koviljači bila je prva velika bitka između Srba i Nijemaca od kraja Travanjskog rata. Jadarski četnički odred napao je Nijemce, koji su 3. rujna 1941. dobili pojačanje. Nijemci su s Hrvatima iz Bosne vršili demonstrativne napade prema Loznici. No, četnicima je pristiglo i pojačanje iz Cerskog četničkog odreda, koji je izvodio demonstrativne napade prema Šapcu, s ciljem da osujeti kretanje Nijemaca prema njihovom ugroženom bataljonu u Banji Koviljači. U tim borbama Nijemci su prvi put upotrijebili avijaciju protiv srpskih ustanika u Srbiji. Dana 6. rujna 1941. Nijemci su se povukli iz Banje Koviljače. U tim borbama četnici su istovremeno branili prilaz Loznici iz pravca Valjeva, a zatim se odigrala bitka na Zavlaci. U isto vrijeme četnici su napali Nijemce i u Krupnju i nakon tri dana borbi oslobodili i ovo mjesto. U pobjedama kod Loznice, Banje Koviljače, Zavlake i Krupnja oslobođen je velik dio Podrinja, što je ohrabrilo srpske ustanike. U narednom razdoblju četnici se povezuju sa svojim snagama u Šumadiji, čime su završene pripreme za četnički napad na Valjevo i nastup jačih četničkih snaga u dolini Zapadne Morave (Čačak, Kraljevo, Kruševac). Također, u narednom periodu Cerski četnički odred je krenuo prema Mačvi s ciljem napada na Nijemce u Šapcu.

Reference

Izvori

 S. Živanović, Treći srpski ustanak, Novi poledi, Kragujevac, 2000.
 Dušan Trbojević, Cersko-majevička grupa korpusa pukovnika Dragoslava Račića, Kragujevac, 2001.
 Miloslav Samardžić, Borbe četnika protiv Nemaca i ustaša 1941-1945, prvi tom, Novi pogledi, Kragujevac, 2006.
 M. Batanović, PODRINJSKI PARTIZANSKI ODRED - ZAJEDNIČKA AKCIJA ČETA I PARTIZANA http://www.znaci.net/00001/37_11_9.htm

vanjske poveznice

Srbija u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Bitka za Banju Koviljaču


La Ópera y Ballet Nacional (, Natsionalna opera i balet) es una institución cultural en Bulgaria dedicada a la ópera y al ballet. Tiene su sede en un impresionante edificio de Sofía, la capital de Bulgaria.

La primera compañía de ópera en Bulgaria se fundó en 1890 como parte de la Compañía de Drama y Ópera de la Capital. Las dos secciones se dividieron en 1891 para formar la compañía teatral Salza i Smyah y la Ópera Búlgara de la Capital. Fue, sin embargo, disuelta al año siguiente debido a la falta de fondos por parte del gobierno y dificultades financieras.

La Sociedad de la Ópera de Bulgaria se creó en 1908 e hizo su primera representación a modo de prueba. La primera representación de toda una ópera tuvo lugar en 1909 — Pagliacci de Leoncavallo. También se presentaron entonces las primeras óperas en búlgaro, entre ellas Siromahkinya de Emanuil Manolov, Kamen i Tsena de Ivan Ivanov y Václav Kaucký, Borislav de Georgi Atanasov y Tahir Begovitsa por Dimitar Hadzhigeorgiev.

Conforme la compañía evolucionó bajo el estilo y sistema de conjunto, el grupo permanente de solistas, coro, orquesta, ballet, grupos de producción y técnicos llegaron a diez estrenos de ópera y ballet por año, además de programas de concierto. Gradualmente, el repertorio básico de los clásicos de la ópera mundial se estableció al mismo tiempo en que el teatro comenzó a atraer a compositores búlgaros que crearon nuevas obras nacionales. Intérpretes del siglo XX como Nicolai Ghiaurov, Nicola Ghiuselev y Ghena Dimitrova comenzaron sus carreras dentro de la estructura de la Ópera Nacional, como hicieron cantantes posteriores como Irena Petkova.

La institución se hizo nacional en 1922 y cambió su nombre por el de Ópera Nacional. Se creó una compañía de ballet que dio su primera representación en el año 1928. La ópera cesó su actividad durante un tiempo después del bombardeo de Sofía de 1944, pero fue restaurada poco después con un significativo incremento de la dotación gubernamental.

El edificio del Ballet y Ópera Nacional fue diseñado en 1921 y construido en su mayor parte entre 1947 y su apertura en 1953.

En 2000, la compañía fue una de las organizadoras de la 12.ª Competición internacional "Boris Christoff" para Jóvenes cantantes de ópera, con la idea de atraer a un público más joven y apoyar a los cantantes jóvenes.

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial (en búlgaro)

Compañías de danza de Bulgaria
Compañías de ópera
Teatros de ópera de Bulgaria
Ópera de Bulgaria
Teatros de Bulgaria
Cultura de Sofía
Bulgaria en el siglo XX
Edificios y estructuras de Sofía
Arquitectura de Bulgaria del siglo XX
Arquitectura de 1953
Compañías de ballet

Ópera y Ballet Nacional


Brooke Gabrielle Ligertwood (Wellington, 15. prosinca 1983.), novozelandska je pjevačica, pretežno poznata po izvođenju suvremene kršćanske i pop glazbe. Rođena je u novozelandskom glavnom gradu u obitelji portugalskih, fidžijskih i škotskih korijena.

Fraser je 2005. godine postala članicom australskog kršćanskog glazbenog sastava Hillsong Worship, a 2010. ga napušta i posvećuje se samostalnoj karijeri. 2016. vraća se u Hillsong Worship. Izvođačica je i tekstospisateljica je Grammyjem nagrađene pjesme What A Beautiful Name (Kako divno ime).

Albumi
 What to Do with Daylight (2003.)
 Albertine (2006.)
 Flags (2010.)
 Brutal Romantic (2014.)

Izvori

Novozelandski glazbenici

Brooke Fraser


Marica Petrović (Johovac (Doboj, BiH), 1951.), bosanskohercegovačka kroatistica i kulturna djelatnica Hrvata iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Životopis

Rođena je u Johovcu kraj Doboja (BiH) 1951. godine. U Doboju je završila osnovnu školu i gimnaziju. 1974. godine na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu završila je studij na Odsjeku za historiju jugoslavenske književnosti i hrvatskosrpski jezik. Udovica od 1991. godine. Do 1992. godine zaposlena kao srednjoškolska profesorica. Zatim je neko vrijeme radila u Njemačkoj gdje je dva semestra (1993./1994.) predavala hrvatski ("srpskohrvatski") jezik na sveučilištu u Bayreuthu. Od 1994. je opet u Tuzli gdje 1994. – 1995. je ponovo kao srednjoškolska profesorica u Tuzli. Od 1995. do 2000. godine bila je direktorica Katoličke gimnazije pri KŠC Svetoga Franje u Tuzli. Godine 2001. imenovana je na dužnost savjetnice predsjednika Vlade Tuzlanske županije za poslove u oblasti obrazovanja, odnosno praćenja i koordinacije rada obrazovnih ustanova.

Poslijediplomski studij završila je Na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu, na Odsjeku za opće jezikoslovlje završila poslijediplomski i magistrirala na radu Fra Rastislav Drljić kao slavist (mentor: prof. dr. Ivo Pranjković). Radi na Tuzlanskom sveučilištu gdje je izabrana na mjesto više asistentice za područje općeg jezikoslovlja. Sudjelovala je na više međunarodnih znanstvenih skupova, i to na Riječkim filološkim danima (2004.), na VII. međunarodnom kroatističkom znanstvenom skupu u Pečuhu (Mađarska) te na XIX. znanstvenom skupu HDPL u Splitu (2005). Doktorirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu na tezi Standardizacijski procesi u jeziku Bosne i Hercegovine u vrijeme Austro-Ugarske monarhije s posebnim osvrtom na jezik časopisa «Nada». Mentor je bio Ivo Pranjković.

Članica je uredništva lokalnoga časopisa Hrvatski glasnik, predsjednica Matice hrvatske u Tuzli te glavna i odgovorna urednica časopisa za književno-jezična, društvena i prirodoznanstvena pitanja koji izlazi u Tuzli Gradovrh.

Djela
Objavila je znanstvene i/ili stručne radove u časopisima "Bosanski jezik" i "Gradovrh", 2005., u zborniku s Riječkih filoloških dana 6, 2006., i u zborniku radova s VII. međunardonog kroatističkog skupa u Pečuhu.
Napisala je dramski tekst monodrame "Bosanska kraljica". Predstavu je režirao profesor i glumac Vlado Kerošević, a ulogu Katarine Kotromanić Kosače ostvarila je Ivana Milosavljević u sklopu Teatra kabare.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Vijenac Razgovor: Marica Petrović, sveučilišna profesorica i predsjednica Ogranka Matice hrvatske u Tuzli: Tuzla je i hrvatski grad, Matica hrvatska
Vijenac Festival ogranaka Matice hrvatske Tuzla 2012: Osijek, Pečuh, Subotica i Tuzla: Uspješan susret ogranaka
YouTube Dani Matice hrvatske Tuzla 2016 - Marica Petrovic o planiranim sadrzajima, Tuzlarije
YouTube Marica Petrović o Danima Matice hrvatske i časopisu Gradovrh, Tuzlarije

Životopisi, Tuzla
Hrvatski kroatisti
Matica hrvatska

Marica Petrović


O Salmson 9 AD faz parte de uma série de pequenos motores aeronáuticos a pistão, radiais, refrigerados a ar de design francês produzidos pela Société des Moteurs Salmson, a partir do início da década de 1930.

Características
Como a potência relativamente baixa do motor era dividida entre vários cilindros, o funcionamento desses motores era particularmente suave e o torque muito uniforme. Para o bom funcionamento desses motores, contribuia o uso do sistema "Canton-Unné" de engrenagens planetárias em uma gaiola que conectava os pistões ao pino da manivela.
Os principais atributos do motor incluem: diâmetro do cilindro de 70 mm (2,76 pol.) e curso de 86 mm (3,39 pol.).

Variantes
9 AD modelo padrão de produção com sistema "LH" de transmissão "direct drive".
9 ADb
9 ADr
British Salmson AD.9 modelo do 9 AD fabricado na Grã-Bretanha pela British Salmson Company em New Malden, Surrey.
British Salmson A.D.9R srsIIIThe A.D.9 with a 0.5:1 reduction gear

Aplicações

Ver também
 Aeromotores resfriados a ar da Salmson
 Aeromotores resfriados a água da Salmson

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

 Salmson 9AD, 1930 (flickr.com)
 Salmson 9AD (enginehistory.org)
 Salmson 9 AD (muzeumlotnictwa.pl)
 , vídeo

Motores de aeronaves
Motores a pistão de aeronaves
Motores a explosão

Salmson 9 AD


Telitromisin, klinik düzeyde kullanılmaya başlanan ilk ketolid ailesi antibiyotiğidir. Ketek ismiyle satışa sunulan telitromisin semisentetik, eritromisin A türevi bir antibiyotiktir. Solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarında kullanılır.

Tarihçe
Hoechst Marion Roussel (şimdi Aventis) isimli Fransız ilaç şirketi tarafından denemeleri yapılmış, Avrupa Komisyonundan onay aldıktan sonra Avrupa'da Ekim 2001'de satışa sunulmuş, ABD'de ise Nisan 2004'te FDA onayını alabilmiştir.

Mekanizma
Telitromisin protein sentezine müdahale ederek bakteri gelişimini önler. Bakteriyel protein sentezini bakteri ribozomunun 50S alt birimine bağlanarak inhibe eder (engeller). Diğer (eski) makrolitlerden farklı olarak telitromisin 50S alt biriminin iki 23S ribozomal RNA bölümüne bağlanır. Ayrıca telitromisin olgunlaşmamış 50S ve 30S ribozomal alt birimlerin birleşmesini inhibe eder.

Telitromisin oral uygulamayı takiben hızla emilir. Fagositlerde (yutargöze) büyük bir yoğunluğa ulaşarak enfeksiyonun bulunduğu bölgeye hızla ulaşır ve fagositoz (gözeyutarlığı) sırasında büyük oranlarda serbest bırakılır. Dokulardaki telitromisin yoğunluğu plazmadakinden çok daha yüksektir. Büyük oranda karaciğer tarafından metabolize edilir, küçük bir oranda idrar yoluyla elimine edilir. Telitromisinin ortalama yarılanma ömrü yaklaşık olarak 10 saattir.

Kullanım ve yan etkiler
Hafif ve orta şiddette toplumda edinilmiş pnömoni, kronik bronşitin akut alevlenmesi, akut sinüzit, tonsillit/farenjit tedavilerinde kullanılır.

Telitromisin, 12 yaş ve altında, gebelik ve laktasyon sırasında kullanılmamalıdır. Hafif ve orta şiddette böbrek yetmezliği olan hastalarda normal dozajlarda kullanılabilir, ağır böbrek yetmezliği olan hastalarda ise dozaj ayarlaması yapılarak kullanılabilir. Bunun yanında günümüzde kullanımı yasaklanmıştır.Telitromisin karaciğer yetmezliğine neden olabilir.

En sık görülen yan etkileri gastrointestinal sisteme dairdir; diyare (ishal), bulantı, kusma ve gastrointestinal ağrı (karın ağrısı). Bunların dışında sıklıkla bildirilen diğer yan etkilerde sermselik ve baş ağrılarıdır. Nadir olarak (%1'den az) bulanık görme ve odaklanma zorluğuna neden olabileceği bilinmektedir.

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi Telitromisin sayfası
 Grit Ackermann & Arne C. Rodloff, Drugs of the 21st century: telithromycin (HMR 3647) the first ketolide, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy

Ketolid antibiyotikler
Piridinler
İmidazoller

Telitromisin


Romantična cesta (njem. Romantische Straße) najstarija je, najpoznatija i najposjećenija turistička cesta u Njemačkoj. Duga je 413 kilometara i spaja Würzburg na sjeveru Baden-Württemberga s Füssenom na jugu Bavarske, odnosno rijeku Majnu s Bavarskim Alpama.

Cestu i gradove kojima prolazi godišnje posjeti između 20 i 25 milijuna posjetitelja koji pritom ostvare i do 5 milijuna noćenja, što ju uz 15 000 zaposlenih djelatnika u turizmu i ugostiteljstvu čini najposjećenjijom njemačkom turističkom znamenitosti.

Osnovana je 1950. godine, tijekom gospodarske obnove Njemačke nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, kada je Njemačka bila prepoznata kao zemlja iznimne povijesne, prirodne i kulturne baštine. Značajno su je popularizirali Amerikanci, posebno američki vojnici koji su s obiteljima ovdje dolazili na godišnje odmore.

Slična cesta postoji i u Portugalu pod imenom Rota Romântica (Romantična cesta) otvorena 2009. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Ostali projekti

Mrežna mjesta
 Službene stranice

Turizam u Njemačkoj

Romantična cesta


Kiama () is a coastal country town 120 kilometres south of Sydney in the Illawarra. One of the main tourist attractions is the Kiama Blowhole. Kiama features several popular surfing beaches and caravan parks, and numerous alfresco cafes and restaurants. Its proximity to the south of Sydney makes it an attractive destination for many day-trippers and weekenders. Kiama also has historically been a farming and agricultural centre. Even to today it maintains a country and agricultural community with a weekly farmers markets held on Wednesday afternoons.

History

Kiama was the site of two strong volcanic flows, called the Gerringong Volcanics, which came out of Saddleback Mountain, now a collapsed volcanic vent. The Kiama Blowhole is part of an erosion process on the more recent rock, formed into columnar basalt, or latite. Before the cedar-getters (comprising ex-convicts, convicts and runaways, some with cedar licences and many without) arrived in the area around 1810, the local Indigenous Australians, Wodi Wodi of the language group Dharawal, had been using the land for thousands of years, moving every six weeks or so in family groups. This is supported by a midden of shells at yes nearby Bass Point used for more than 17,000 years. During this time the whole coastal hills was covered in rainforest and cedar brush. There is evidence of a flourishing culture with intricate possum cloaks, a developed song and story cycle, and a deep understanding of the many plants of the rainforest. Only a few remnants of rainforest survive along the escarpment in places like the Minnamurra Rainforest Centre.
There is strong evidence of recent sea debris showing a mega-tsunami hit this coast around 1487 A.D according to Dr Ted Bryant of Wollongong University. The first European to explore the area was George Bass who stopped there on 6 December 1797 and viewed Kiama's blowhole.

During the early settlement of eastern Australia, the Kiama area was settled by wheat farmers, since the soil was volcanic and rain-swept unlike most of Australia. Early Jamberoo was the population centre from about 1830 to the 1860s and when the wheat failed to grow, the farmers switched to dairying. During this period, Kiama became the best example of 'chain migration' in Australia as many assisted migrants came from Northern Ireland on clearing leases and eventually half the marriages in the Kiama Anglican Church in a hundred years had Northern Irish Protestant ancestry. Kiama was one of the birthplaces of the Australian dairy industry with the first Dairy Factory (The Kiama Pioneer Factory) and first Dairy Co-operative in Australia. There were three original major land grants, Thomas Surfleet Kendall (son of lapsed missionary Reverend Thomas Kendall), Michael Hindmarsh and Matthew Cignarella, all of which married sisters of the Rutter family. The Kendalls were cousins of Henry Kendall, the famous Australian poet. The Kendall name is remembered today in several places such as the spooky Kendall Cemetery in Kiama Heights and Kendalls Beach. The Hindmarshs are remembered in Kiama's main park, Hindmarsh Park, and after 10 generations still live on their original land.

Kiama's next population boom was powered by its quarries, which multiplied rapidly in the early years of the 20th century. Many Irish Catholics worked in the Kiama quarries. The basalt formed by two volcanic eruptions 240 million years and 66 million years ago was a valuable commodity for a growing colony, with the blue metal used to pave Sydney's roads and as ballast for its railways. It was very similar to the basalt found in Northern Ireland, where the Giant's Causeway is a famous example. There are still active quarries in the Kiama area, including the N.S.W. Railway Quarry, and the remnants of earlier quarries are easily visible throughout the town and often have facilities built inside them such as the Kiama Leisure Centre. One particular quarry, the Bombo Headland, is of scientific importance as it is the site of the discovery of the longest known geomagnetic polarity interval called the Kiaman Reverse Superchron.

When Kiama Harbour was hollowed out after 17 years' work, and flooded in 1876, larger steamers such as from the Illawarra Steam Navigation Company could enter and a flourishing sea trade followed. Staithes for loading crushed blue metal stone directly into ships from rail trucks were installed along the eastern end of the harbour, allowing regular shipments to be taken to Sydney for the railways and road construction. The ships that carried the blue metal to Sydney were known colloquially as the "Stone Fleet". The Kiama Pilot's Cottage was finished in 1881 and the Kiama Lighthouse in 1887. Kiama really hit its boom time in this period, from 1890 until the Great Depression in 1927, when many of the quarries closed. It was a prosperous and happy time well recorded in the local newspaper, the Kiama Independent and the photographs of the Cocks Photographic Studio, two valuable resources which tell most of the Kiama story.

Over time tourism and housing growth turned Kiama into a dormitory suburb (where people travelled away to work) and summer tourist spot. Kiama in 2009 is a tourism haven in summer, during which its population triples. The Kiama Pilot's Cottage is now a local history museum. Nearby, on Black Beach, is a memorial to the blue metal freighter SS Bombo, which capsized and sank outside Port Kembla harbour in a huge gale after departing Kiama for Sydney on 24 February 1949. Twelve of the fourteen crew were lost.

A tornado ripped through parts of Kiama in February 2013, damaging about 75 homes.

Heritage listings
Kiama has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 24–40 and 42–44 Collins Street: Collins Street wooden terraces, Kiama
 46 Collins Street: Kiama Masonic Temple
 Illawarra railway: Kiama railway station
 Irvine Street: Kiama Reservoirs
 16–20 Manning Street: CBC Bank Building
 Shoalhaven Street: Scots Presbyterian Church
 24 Terralong Street: Kiama Post Office

Geography
The Kiama area includes many attractions, being situated on the coast south of the Minnamurra River, and to the west lie the foothills of Saddleback Mountain and the smaller less discernible peak of Mount Brandon. Also to the west is the town of Jamberoo with pasture-land in between, which contains many historic buildings and dry stone walls.

Also of note is Seven Mile Beach to the south, a protected reserve. Kiama has several well-known surfing beaches, including Surf Beach, 'Mystics' and Boyds' Beach, as well as other more protected swimming beaches situated in coves between headlands such as Black Beach, Easts Beach and Kendalls Beach. Kiama Harbour forms one of several coves between headlands.

The southern extreme of the subtropical rainforest is generally said to finish in the Kiama area, though several rainforest species reach their southern boundary at Mount Dromedary, around  south of Kiama.

Climate
Kiama is the northern edge of the oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate. with warm summers and mild winters. Rainfall is spread relatively evenly throughout the year with the wettest months being in autumn and the driest in spring.

Population
At the , Kiama had a population of 7,700.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.7% of the population.
 77.2% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 6.8% and New Zealand 1.6%.
 88.9% of people only spoke English at home.
 The most common responses for religion were No Religion 28.3%, Catholic 24.5% and Anglican 22.2%.

Transport
The town is served by Kiama railway station, the last electrified station on the Illawarra railway line; the journey to Sydney takes about 2 hours 15 minutes. By road, Kiama is about 55 minutes from the southern edge of Sydney, and 100 minutes from the city centre, via the Princes Highway.

Kiama was served by two tramways built to connect the Pike's Hill quarries west of the town with the harbour traversing Terralong Street. The first  was built in 1885 but never opened after financial problems were encountered with the tracks lifted in 1889. A second  gauge line operated from 1914 until 1941.

Attractions

The beaches around Kiama offer a large range of surfing conditions. Many surfing competitions are held here every year. These include Boyds Beach – Kiama Downs, Bombo Beach – Bombo, Surf Beach – Kiama, Easts Beach and Caravan Park – Kiama Heights, Kendalls Beach – Kiama and Mystics Beach – Minnamurra River.

The name "Kiama" is derived from the Aboriginal word "kiarama", which means "Place where the sea makes a noise". Kiama is also known as the place where the mountains touch the sea. This is in reference to the Kiama Blowhole which attracts many visitors annually. The "Little Blowhole" is a lesser known blowhole as it does not share the same central location or the scale associated with the larger Kiama Blowhole. The Little Blowhole is on a headland south of the central part of Kiama between Easts and Kendalls Beaches.

Both have areas for viewing, though the Kiama Blowhole attracts more tourists. A coastal walking track currently allows people to walk from Minnamurra to Easts Beach, past both blowholes. A 7 kilometre southern extension to this path has been opened to allow people to walk along the cliffs to Gerringong.

A few kilometres north at Bombo is Cathedral Rocks, a formation well known and visited, with a walk/cycleway going along the Kiama coast. There are other rock formations on these cliff headlands of moderate renown.

The Kiama Post Office, one of many historic buildings, is known for its history and pink colour, although it was repainted in 2012. It is situated near Black Beach.

Kiama has a quintessential country-style strip mall of cafés, restaurants, art galleries and shops on Terralong Street. Also on this street is a war memorial, an historic fire station used for exhibits, and a small shopping centre. There is a strong arts following and interest in cultural events in Kiama, and in 2013 an arts trail was introduced to showcase the work of individual artists, together with regular arts events in the area. Food and wine trails are also becoming more popular in the area.

Kiama Lighthouse, on Blowhole Point, was built in 1887 and is situated close to the Kiama Blowhole. The point also contains a heritage pilot's cottage and a tourist information centre. North West of the Blowhole is Kiama Harbour, home to fishing boats and seafood market where you can buy local fish. The point also contains seaside cabins and a wonderful rock pool.

A locally famous phenomenon is the local group of Australian Pelicans. The pelicans have been honoured with a metal statue at the harbour.

Seven kilometres southwest of the town is Saddleback Lookout atop the 600-metre high Saddleback Mountain with views over the Illawarra Plains and escarpment and south to Nowra, Pigeon House Mountain and Coolangatta Mountain. Saddleback and Noorinan mountains provide an impressive backdrop to the city.

The Jamberoo Action Park, a mainly ride-orientated water-themed park, is situated 10 minutes inland of Kiama in the small town of Jamberoo.

West of Kiama in the green hills lies Jerrara Dam, built in the 1800s to supply water to the area. It is now a reserve.

North of the Minnamurra River is Killalea Recreation Area, a nature reserve on Bass Point. It is south of Shellharbour.

Kiama Council spent eleven years preparing the construction of the Kiama Coast Walk, a six-kilometre track extending from Loves Bay, north of Kiama, to Werri Lagoon, near Gerringong, south of Kiama. Some coastal land was declared public reserve to allow the public to walk through what was previously private property. The track was scheduled to open in October 2009 and was expected to be a popular drawcard for the public.

Education
Kiama is home to several schools, including Kiama High School, Kiama Public School and Ss Peter and Paul Catholic School. Two vocational education and training (VET) providers also have their headquarters in Kiama, the Kiama Community College and National Training Masters. The local TAFE NSW College is located at Shellharbour.

Gallery

Notable people
Prof David Balding (born 1961), Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, Professor of Statistical Genomics at the University of Melbourne

Joseph Carruthers (1857–1932), 16th Premier of New South Wales
 Charmian Clift (1923–1969), writer and essayist
 Mick Cronin (born 1951), rugby league player
Sir George Fuller (1861–1940), 22nd Premier of New South Wales
 Orry-Kelly (1897–1964), Academy Award-winning dress designer
 Peter Knott (born 1956), represented Gilmore from 1993 to 1996 for the Australian Labor Party
 Robbie Maddison (born 1981), freestyle motocross rider
 Brett Morris and Josh Morris (born 1986), professional rugby league players
 Mitch Rein (born 1990), rugby league player

See also
 Hoddles Track
 Stone Fleet (New South Wales)

References

External links

Kiama Municipal Council website

Towns in New South Wales
Municipality of Kiama
Coastal towns in New South Wales

Kiama, New South Wales


Rakovniško imanje nalazi se u Rakovniku (Ljubljana).

Povijest
Kada je imanje prvotno bilo izgrađeno, nije poznato; prve zapise o zgradi pruža Janez Vajkard Valvazor.1641. godine dvorac je u potpunosti obnovio Ivan Putschar (Pučar). Kasnije je posjed imao nekoliko vlasnika (grofovi Attems, Auerspergi,...), dok je 1700. nisu kupili jezuiti. 1900. godine dvorac je otkupila Udruga za izgradnju skloništa i uzgajališta, zatim su posjed poklonili - salezijancima. 1901. su se u dvorac doselili pri salezijanci i već iduće godine su započeli s postupkom izgradnje crkve Gospe od Milosrđa i konvikta.

Izvori i napomene

Građevine u Ljubljani
Dvorci

Rakovniško imanje


As eleições presidenciais ucranianas de 2014 foram realizadas em 25 de maio, resultando na eleição de Petro Poroshenko como Presidente da Ucrânia  .  Originalmente programado para ocorrer em 29 de março de 2015, a data foi alterada após a  revolução ucraniana de 2014.

Poroshenko venceu as eleições com 54,7% dos votos, o suficiente para vencer em um único turno. Sua concorrente mais próxima foi Yulia Tymoshenko , que surgiu com 12,81% dos votos.  A Comissão Eleitoral Central  relatou uma participação eleitoral de mais de 60%, excluindo as regiões que não estão sob controle do governo.

As eleições não foram realizadas em toda a Ucrânia. Durante a crise da Crimeia de 2014 , a Ucrânia perdeu o controle sobre a Crimeia , que foi anexada unilateralmente pela Rússia em março de 2014. Como resultado, não foram realizadas eleições na Crimeia. Em Donbass, apenas 20% das urnas estavam abertas devido a ameaças e violência de separatistas pró-Rússia.

Contexto
Em 21 de novembro de 2013, o Governo de Azarov suspendeu os preparativos para a assinatura de um acordo de associação com a União Europeia. A decisão de adiar a assinatura do acordo de associação levou a protestos massivos em toda a Ucrânia . Isso levou à remoção do presidente Viktor Yanukovych e de seu governo pelo parlamento em fevereiro, como parte da Revolução Ucraniana de 2014 , durante a qual Yanukovych fugiu do país para a Rússia.

Em 22 de fevereiro de 2014, o Verkhovna Rada votou 328-0 para destituir Yanukovych como presidente. Oleksandr Turchynov , vice-presidente da Pátria , que havia sido nomeado presidente da Verkhovna Rada naquele dia, foi nomeado interino primeiro-ministro , e, devido ao depoimento de Yanukovych, presidente interino, até novas eleições poderia ser realizada.

Numa conferência de imprensa na cidade russa de Rostov-on-Don a 28 de fevereiro, Yanukovych afirmou que não participaria nas eleições, afirmando que "acredito que são ilegais e não vou participar nelas".

Durante a crise da Crimeia de 2014 e a intervenção militar russa , a Ucrânia perdeu o controle sobre a Crimeia , que foi unilateralmente anexada pela Rússia em março de 2014. Como resultado, as eleições não foram realizadas na Crimeia, mas sim ucranianos que a mantiveram sua cidadania ucraniana foi autorizada a votar em outro lugar na Ucrânia.

Reação russa
Inicialmente, a Rússia se opôs a remarcação da eleição porque o governo russo considerou a remoção do então presidente Viktor Yanukovych ilegal e de seus sucessores temporários uma " ilegítima junta ". Mas em 7 de maio de 2014 o presidente russo,  Vladimir Putin, afirmou que a eleição seria um passo "na direção certa", mas que a votação não decidiria nada a menos que os direitos de "todos os cidadãos" fossem protegidos.

Os EUA e a União Europeia prometeram no início de maio de 2014 que iriam impor novas sanções contra a Rússia (sanções estão em vigor contra a Rússia desde a crise da Crimeia de 2014 ) se isso perturbasse as eleições. No entanto, ao contrário das sanções anteriores, que eram limitadas a indivíduos e empresas, a terceira fase foi definida para atingir setores inteiros da economia russa. Anteriormente, os EUA e a UE acusaram a Rússia de desestabilizar a Ucrânia ao atiçar a rebelião pró-Rússia de 2014 no Leste da Ucrânia, uma acusação que a Rússia negou.

Resultados

Ver tambem

 Revolução ucraniana de 2014
 Eleições presidenciais na Ucrânia

Referências

2014
Ucrania
2014 na Ucrânia
Petro Poroshenko

Eleição presidencial na Ucrânia em 2014


As eleições presidenciais cazaques de 1990 foram realizadas em 24 de abril para eleger o presidente para um mandato de seis anos. O presidente do Conselho Supremo, Nursultan Nazarbayev, foi escolhido para ser o presidente por 317 dos 360 membros.

Contexto
Em 24 de abril de 1990, o Conselho Supremo aprovou a lei "Sobre a criação do cargo de Presidente da RSS Cazaque e alterações e acréscimos à Constituição da RSS Cazaque". A discussão sobre a criação do posto ocorreu. Alguns membros do conselho acreditavam que a instituição da Presidência afastaria a república do centro sindical, criaria um arcabouço legal para a completa independência do Cazaquistão, e poderia se tornar a base para o autoritarismo. Outros, pelo contrário, apoiaram por unanimidade a necessidade de introduzir o cargo de Presidente na República, apresentando uma variedade de argumentos políticos e legais.

317 membros do Conselho de Supremo elegeram seu presidente Nursultan Nazarbayev para presidente, enquanto 18 votaram contra. Nazarbayev de 1984 serviu como primeiro-ministro da RSS Cazaque. Em 22 de junho de 1989, tornou-se o Primeiro Secretário do Partido Comunista do Cazaquistão e, em seguida, a partir de 22 de fevereiro de 1990, ele foi escolhido para presidente do Conselho Supremo.

Resultados

Eleições no Cazaquistão
Eleições em 1990
1990 na União Soviética

Eleições presidenciais no Cazaquistão em 1990


බේල්කින්ගේ කතා (ඉංග්‍රීසිThe Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin, රුසියානු Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина) යනු රුසියානු ලේඛක අලෙක්සන්ද්ර් පුෂ්කින් විසින් රචිත කෙටිකතා සංග්‍රහයකි. එය ප්‍රථම වරට 1831 දී රුසියාවේ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් විය. පුෂ්කින් කතා සංග්‍රහය ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නේ නැසීගිය ඉවාන් පෙට්‍රොවිච් බේල්කින් නම් තැනැත්තෙකු විසින් රචිත එහෙත් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් නොවූ කෙටිකතා පහක් තමන්ගේ සංස්කාරකත්වයෙන් යුක්තව ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලෙසිනි. ඒ පිළිබඳව ප්‍රබන්ධිත සංස්කාරක හැඳින්වීමක් පුෂ්කින් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත.

කතා සංග්‍රහයෙහි එන කතා පහ එකකට එකක් සම්බන්ධතාවයක් දක්වන්නේ නැත. නමුත් ඒවා සියල්ල, තම උරුමය අහිමි කැරගත් ඉඩම් හිමියෙකු වන ඉවාන් පෙට්‍රොවිච් බේල්කින් විසින් තම අත්දැකීමක් හෝ තමන්ට අසන්නට ලැබුණු සිදුවීමක් විස්තර කරන පරිදි (හැඳින්වීමෙහි දැක්වෙන පරිදි) ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත.

ඉවාන් පෙට්‍රොවිච් බේල්කින්
ඉවාන් පෙට්‍රොවිච් බේල්කින් යනු පුෂ්කින් විසින් තමන්ගේ නිර්මාණ කාර්යය සඳහා නිර්මාණය කළ මනඃකල්පිත පුද්ගලයෙකි. ඔහු 1798 ගර්යුහිනෝ ගමේදී උපත ලැබූ බව ඇතුළු තවත් පෞද්ගලික තොරතුරු කිහිපයක් ඔහු පිළිබඳව සඳහන් වේ. 1815 දී යුද සේවයට බැඳුනු ඉවාන් පෙට්‍රොවිච් බේල්කින් 1823 දක්වා යුද සේවයෙහි යෙදුණු බවත් ඔහුගේ දෙමව්පියන් ඉක්මනින් මියගිය බවත් තමන්ට උරුම වූ ධනය නිසිපරිදි කළමනාකරණය කරගැනීමට ඔහු උනන්දු නොවූ බවත් ආදී තවත් බොහෝ තොරතුරු ද පුෂ්කින් වෙත, තම නම ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්කිරීමට අකැමැති පුද්ගලයෙකු විසින් ලියා එවන ලද බවක් පාඨකයාට ඇඟවෙන පරිදි පුෂ්කින් තම හැඳින්වීම ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත. එම තොරතුරු, අවසානයේ දී තමන් අතට පත් කර ගැනීමට මහත් වෙහෙසක් දැරීමට සිදු වූ බවක් ද පුෂ්කින් අඟවයි. ඉවාන් පෙට්‍රොවිච් බේල්කින් 1828 සරත් සමයේදී තදබළ සෙම්ප්‍රතිශ්‍යයාව සහ උණ රෝගය නිසා මිය ගිය බවත් එවකට තිස් හැවිරිදි වියේ පසු වූ ඉවාන්ගේ දේහය ගර්යුහිනෝ දේවස්ථාන සුසාන භූමියෙහි, ඔහුගේ දෙමව්පියන්ගේ සොහොන්ගැබ් අසලින්ම මිහිදන් කළ බවත් සඳහන්ව ඇත.

සිංහල අනුවාදය
දැදිගම වි. රුද්රිගු විසින් Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина, බේල්කින්ගේ කතා යන නමින් සිංහලයට නගන ලදුව  මොස්කව් ප්‍රගති ප්‍රකාශක මන්දිරය විසින් 1982 දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් විය. සිංහල අනුවාදයට අනුව කෙටිකතා සංග්‍රහයෙහි අඩංගු කෙටිකතා පහ වෙඩි පහර, හිම කුණාටුව, මිනී පෙට්ටි සපයන්නා, තානායම්පතියා සහ වෙස් වළාගත් තරුණිය යන නම් වලින් හැඳින්වෙයි.

භාහිර සබැඳි
අලෙක්සන්ද්ර් පුෂ්කින් විසින් රචිත බේල්කින්ගේ කතා

රුසියානු සාහිත්‍යය
සාහිත්‍යය
විකිපීඩියා ආසියානු මාසය 2015
1831 වසර තුළ කෙටිකතා සංග්‍රහ
Short story collections by Aleksandr Pushkin

බේල්කින්ගේ කතා


කාල්රාත්‍රී (ඇතැම් විටෙක කාලරාත්‍රී ලෙස ද උච්චාරණය කෙරේ) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ නවදුර්ගාවන් (එනම් දුර්ගා දෙවඟන පිළිබඳ හඳුනාගැනුණු පැරණිතම මූලාශ්‍රය වන මාර්කණ්ඩේය පුරාණයෙහි පරිච්ඡේද 81-93, දුර්ගා සප්තශතිහි සඳහන් වන හින්දු මාතෘ දේවතාවියගේ ස්වරූප නවය) අතුරින් සත්වැන්නියයි. කාල්රාත්‍රී දෙවඟන මාතෘ දේවතාවියගේ විනාශකාරී ස්වරූප අතුරින් එකක් යැයි පුළුල්ව පිළිගැනේ. ඇගේ සෙසු විනාශකාරී ස්වරූප වන්නේ කාලී, මහාකාලී, භද්‍රකාලී, භෛරවී, මෘත්‍යු, රුද්‍රානි, චාමුණ්ඩා, චණ්ඩි සහ දුර්ගා ය.

දේවාල
 කාල්රාත්‍රී -වාරාණසී දේවාලය, D.8/17, කාලිකා ගාලි, අන්නපූර්ණ – විශ්වනාත් වීදියට සමාන්තර වීදියකි.
 කාල්රාත්‍රී දේවාලය, දුම්‍රි බුසූර්ග්, නායාගාඔන්, බිහාරය
 කාල්රාත්‍රී -වින්ධ්‍යාචල්, මීර්සාපූර් (උප්‍ර).

මේවාත් බලන්න
 කාල් භෛරව්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
යුධ දෙවඟනෝ
නවදුර්ගාවෝ
දුර්ගා පූජා

කාලරාත්‍රී


The Chesterton Review znanstveni je tromjesečnik Instituta za religiju i kulturu »Gilbert Keith Chesterton« Sveučilišta Seton Hall u New Jerseyu. Izlazi od 1974. godine, a ima i španjolsko, portugalsko, francusko i talijansko izdanje. Časopis donosi radove iz područja religiologije, književne kritike, bogoslovlja, povijesti umjetnosti te niza ostalih humanističkih znanosti.

God 2019. objavljeno je posebno izdanje na temu Hrvatske i odjeku čestertonijanske misli u njoj.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Mrežno izdanje časopisa
 O časopisu na stranicama Sveučilišta Seton Hall
 Bibliometrijski podatci

Američki stručni i znanstveni časopisi
Gilbert Keith Chesterton

The Chesterton Review


Rundskuefilmen 1927 er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Skilt: "Rimkonkurreneen "slår tusinder ring". Optagelser fra Tivoli i København. Uskarpe billeder af Plænen. Rundskuedagens Tombola ved Nimb. Plænen, Nimb og Arena. Rimkonkurrencer forskellige steder i haven.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1927
Dokumentariske optagelser
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Rundskuefilmen 1927


Arthur "Art" Hurst (* 2. Mai 1933 in Toronto, Ontario; † November 1993 in Kitchener, Ontario) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Art Hurst begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei der Militärmannschaft Sydney Navy, für die er in der Saison 1942/43 aktiv war. Anschließend diente er zwei Jahre lang im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Nach seiner Rückkehr aus dem Krieg spielte er von 1945 bis 1947 für die Toronto Bowser Orphans aus der Toronto Mercantile Hockey League. Einen Teil der Saison 1946/47 verbrachte er zudem bei den Toronto Staffords aus der Senior Ontario Hockey League. Von 1947 bis 1958 spielte er größtenteils für die Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, mit denen er 1953 den Allan Cup, den kanadischen Amateurmeistertitel, gewann. Zwischenzeitlich spielte er zwei Jahre lang für die Stratford Indians und verpasste somit den Allan-Cup-Gewinn der Dutchmen im Jahr 1955. Nach seiner Rückkehr zu den Dutchmen repräsentierte er mit seiner Mannschaft Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956.

International
Für Kanada nahm Hurst an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1953 Allan-Cup-Gewinn mit den Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen
 1956 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1956
Geboren 1933
Gestorben 1993
Mann
Kanadier

Art Hurst


Akıl (Arapça: عقل) ya da Us, felsefede kavram oluşturma ve bunlara göre hükmetme kapasitesidir. Bugün Batı'da bu kavramı, büyük ölçüde ussal anlayışla yüzleştiren, ancak algılamadan ayıran Alman filozofu Immanuel Kant'ın etkisindedir.

Barış

Immanuel Kant'a göre aklın sınırları şöyle çizilmiştir:

"Akıl, fenomenlerin benzerliğinden kurallara varma yeteneğidir." Başka bir yerde de "Akıl, kösnüllüğü kendi sınırlarını genişletemeden kısıtlar" demektedir.

Rudolf Eisler'in kapsamlı tanımına göreyse:

"Akıl (logos, epistêmê, intellectus, intelligentia, ratio, entendement, understanding) geniş kapsamıyla kösnüllüğün karşısındaki zekâ olan düşünme gücüdür. Daha dar bir kapsamdaysa akıl, anlayış karşısında ruhun bir bütün olarak anlama, (doğru) kavrama (soyutlama) hükme varma kapasitesidir. Kısacası akıl, birbiriyle bağlantı kurarak kıyaslayan, inceleyen düşünce ve anlama, yani kelimelerin ve kavramların manalarını bilme yeteneği demektir. Akl-ı selim (bon sense) ise özel bir eğitim almadan normal insanda doğal olarak mevcut olan, normal, metodik olmaktan uzak ve dolayısıyla yanlış sonuçlara daha kolay varabilen kavrama ve hüküm verme gücüdür."

Arthur Schopenhauer'de akıl, sebep ve sonucu ayırt etmektir:

"Maddenin öznel bağıntısı veya aynısı olan nedensellik akıldır ve bundan başka bir şey değildir. Tek işlevi ve tek gücü nedenselliği kavramaktır."

René Descartes'in sözü de tanınmıştır:

"Akl-ı selim, dünyada en iyi dağılmış olandır; zira herkes ondan nasibini iyice almış olduğunu sanır. Hatta her konuda zor memnun edilebilen kişiler bile sahip oldukları akıldan fazlasını istememektedirler."

 Ayrıca bakınız
 Usçuluk
 Kavrama
 Epistemoloji

 Kaynakça

 Edebiyat
 René Descartes, Abhandlung über die Methode, richtig zu denken und Wahrheit in den Wissenschaften zu suchen John Locke, Versuch über den menschlichen Verstand : in vier Büchern, Bd. 1., Buch I und II, 5., Aufl. Meiner, Hamburg 2000. ISBN 978-3-7873-1555-0, Bd. 2., Buch III und IV, 3. Aufl. Meiner, Hamburg 1988. ISBN 978-3-7873-0931-3
 John Locke: Über den richtigen Gebrauch des Verstandes, übers. von Otto Martin, Leipzig: Felix Meiner, 1920; unveränd. Nachdr. d. Ausg. von 1920, Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1978, ISBN 3-7873-0434-7
 John Locke: Die Leitung des Verstandes''. Übersetzt von Jürgen Bona Meyer, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Schutterwald/Baden 1998, ISBN 978-3-928640-61-9
 David Hume, Untersuchung in Betreff des menschlichen Verstandes
 George Berkeley, Abhandlungen über die Prinzipien der menschlichen Erkenntnis
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Neue Abhandlungen über den menschlichen Verstand
 Immanuel Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, Kritik der Urteilskraft

Dış bağlantılar

Epistemoloji
Düşünce
Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Akıl


هالو دولي  هي موسيقى من تأليف الملحن الأمريكي جيري هيرمان (نص وتلحين). قام بإنتاج هذه الأغنية ديفيد ميريك. تم عرضها في مسرح جامس بنيويورك في 19 يناير عام 1964.

مراجع

مسرحيات غنائية تقع أحداثها في القرن 19
أعمال موسيقية
ثقافة يونكيرس
مسرحيات أمريكية حولت إلى أفلام
مسرحيات تقع أحداثها في القرن 19
مسرحيات تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
مسرحيات غنائية 1964
مسرحيات غنائية مبنية على مسرحيات
موسيقى برودواي
مسرحيات غنائية تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك

هالو دوللي (موسيقى)


بافيل تشيرنكوف  عالم فيزياء روسي حائز على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1958 عن اكتشافه وتفسيره لإشعاع شيرنكوف.

ولد تشيرنكوف عام 1904 وتوفي 1990. اكتشف تشيرنكوف إشعاع تشيرنكوف المسمى على اسمه عام 1934.

اكتشافاته العلمية

بينما كان تشيرنكوف يمارس عمله في معمل فافيلوف للفيزياء لاحظ صدور ضوء أزرق من أحد الأوعية المحتوية على الماء أثناء تعرضها لصدمات جسيمات النشاط الإشعاعي. وهي خاصية تتعلق بجسيمات مشحونة كهربائيا وتتحرك بسرعات تساوي سرعة الضوء. وأصبحت تلك الأشعة من وسائل البحث العلمي في الفيزياء النووية والأشعة الكونية. وابتكر تشيرنكوف بعد ذلك أجهزة للبحث العلمي تستخدم تأثير تشيرنكوف للتعرف على الجسيمات وسرعة تحركها. وقد جهز القمر الصناعي الروسي سبوتنيك 3 بأحد تلك العدادات.

كما شارك تشيرنكوف في تصميم وتطوير معجلات الجسيمات ومعجلات الإلكترونات، وله أبحاث في مجال التفاعل الضوئي النووي photo-nuclear reactions والتفاعل الضوئي الميزوني.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أبطال العمل الاشتراكي
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الروسية للعلوم
أعضاء الحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي
حائزون على جائزة الدولة السوفيتية
حائزون على جائزة ستالين
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حاصلون على وسام لينين
روس حازوا جائزة نوبل
علماء الفيزياء التجريبية
علماء فيزياء الجسيمات
فيزيائيو القرن 20
فيزيائيون روس
فيزيائيون سوفيت
مخترعون روس
مخترعون سوفيت
مدفونون بمقبرة نوفوديفيتشي
مواليد 1904
وفيات 1990
وفيات في موسكو

بافل تشيرنكوف


Brigada 12 Infanterie a fost o mare unitate de infanterie, de nivel tactic, din Armata României, care a participat la acțiunile militare postbelice, din perioada 1918-1920, fiind formată din Regimentul 11 Infanterie și Regimentul 12 Infanterie. Brigada a făcut parte din compunerea de luptă a Diviziei 6 Infanterie, comandată de generalul Ștefan Holban.

Compunerea de luptă
În perioada campaniei din 1919, brigada a avut următoarea compunere de luptă:
Regimentul 11 Infanterie - comandant: colonel Rotaru D.
Regimentul 12 Infanterie – comandant: colonel Voiculescu C.

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1919

În cadrul acțiunilor militare postbelice,  Brigada 12 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 5 Infanterie, luând parte la Operația ofensivă la vest de Tisa.

Comandanți
 General Constantin Neculcea

Note

Bibliografie
 Drăgănescu Constantin, Campaniile din 1848/1849 și 1919 în Transilvania și Ungaria, Tipografia "Isvorul", București, 1930
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Mărdărescu Gheorghe, Campania pentru desrobirea Ardealului și ocuparea Budapestei (1918-1920), Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1921
 Preda Dumitru; Alexandrescu Vasile; Prodan Costică, În apărarea României Mari. Campania armatei române din 1918-1919, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1994

Vezi și
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României în Transilvania, iulie 1919

Unități militare române participante la operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)

Brigada 12 Infanterie (1918-1920)


5805 Glasgow este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5805 Glasgow este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 11,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

5805 Glasgow


Ricardo Stavola Cavaliere (Niterói, 25 de junho de 1953) é um filólogo e linguista brasileiro, eleito membro da Academia Brasileira de Letras.

Biografia
É graduado e licenciado no curso de Letras (português/inglês) em 1975 e graduado em Direito em 1996, ambos os cursos realizados na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Obteve o título de mestre em Língua Portuguesa e de doutor em Língua Portuguesa-Letras Vernáculas, este em 1997, pela mesma universidade. Cumpriu estágio de pós-doutorado em História da Gramática na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.Tem experiência na área de Letras e Linguística, com ênfase na descrição do português e na historiografia dos estudos linguísticos.

Atualmente é professor aposentado da Universidade Federal Fluminense, onde atua no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos de Linguagem. Também é membro da Academia Brasileira de Filologia e possui experiência como conselheiro no Real Gabinete Português de Leitura, onde possui o título de Grande Benemérito. É, ainda, conselheiro do Liceu Literário Português. Possui, também, a cidadania italiana.

Em 27 de abril de 2023, foi eleito para a Academia Brasileira de Letras, para a cadeira 8, com 35 votos.

Naturais de Niterói
Brasileiros de ascendência italiana
Alunos da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Membros da Academia Brasileira de Letras
Professores da Universidade Federal Fluminense
Escritores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Filólogos do Brasil

Ricardo Cavaliere


Arouna Sangante, né le  à Mbao au Sénégal, est un footballeur sénégalais évoluant au poste de défenseur central au Havre AC.

Biographie

En club
Né à Mbao au Sénégal, Arouna Sangante est le cousin de Opa Sanganté , il est formé en France, notamment au Red Star FC avant de rejoindre Le Havre AC en mai 2017, où il poursuit sa formation.

Sangante joue son premier match en professionnel le 19 janvier 2021, à l'occasion d'une rencontre de coupe de France face au Paris FC. Il est titularisé et son équipe s'incline par un but à zéro ce jour-là.

Le , Arouna Sangante signe son premier contrat professionnel avec Le Havre. Il est alors lié au club jusqu'en . Sangante inscrit son premier but en professionnel le , lors d'une rencontre de championnat face à l'Amiens SC. Il est titularisé et son équipe l'emporte par deux buts à zéro.

Il devient ensuite titulaire indiscutable avec son club formateur et est sacré champion de France de Ligue 2 et membre de l'équipe type du championnat en 2023. Le 27 juillet 2023, Sangante prolonge son contrat d'un an avec le HAC.

Statistiques

Palmarès
  Le Havre AC
 Champion de France de Ligue 2 en 2023

Distinction personnelle
 Trophées UNFP du football 2023
 Membre de l'équipe type de Ligue 2

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur sénégalais
Joueur du Havre AC
Naissance en avril 2002
Naissance à Mbao

Arouna Sangante


Nikita Danilowitsch Nesterow (; englische Transkription: Nikita Danilovich Nesterov; * 28. März 1993 in Tscheljabinsk) ist ein russischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juli 2021 wieder beim HK ZSKA Moskau in der Kontinentalen Hockey-Liga (KHL) unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere
Nikita Nesterow begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt in der Nachwuchsabteilung des HK Traktor Tscheljabinsk. Für dessen Juniorenmannschaft Belje Medwedi gab er in der Saison 2009/10 sein Debüt in der neu gegründeten multinationalen Nachwuchsliga Molodjoschnaja Chokkeinaja Liga, in der er bis 2012 mehrheitlich aktiv war. In der Saison 2011/12 gab er zudem sein Debüt für die Profimannschaft von Traktor Tscheljabinsk in der Kontinentalen Hockey-Liga (KHL) und gehörte aber Beginn der folgenden Saison fest zum KHL-Kader des Klubs.

Im April 2013 erhielt Nesterow vom Management der Tampa Bay Lightning einen NHL-Einstiegsvertrag über drei Jahre Laufzeit. Im Spätsommer nahm er am Trainingslager der NHL-Franchise teil und wurde im September zu den Syracuse Crunch, dem Farmteam aus der American Hockey League, geschickt.

Nach knapp dreieinhalb Saisons in der Organisation der Lightning wurde Nesterow im Januar 2017 an die Canadiens de Montréal abgegeben, die im Gegenzug Jonathan Racine sowie ein Sechstrunden-Wahlrecht für den NHL Entry Draft 2017 nach Tampa schickten. Nach dem Ende der Spielzeit 2016/17 verlängerten die Canadiens seinen auslaufenden Vertrag nicht, sodass Nesterow nach vier Jahren in Nordamerika in seine russische Heimat zurückkehrte. Dort unterzeichnete er einen Dreijahresvertrag beim HK ZSKA Moskau, der die KHL-Rechte an ihm kurz zuvor vom HK Traktor Tscheljabinsk erworben hatte.

Nach drei Jahren in Moskau wechselte Nesterow erneut in die NHL, indem er im Oktober 2020 einen Einjahresvertrag bei den Calgary Flames unterzeichnete. Nach Erfüllung dessen kehrte er im Juli 2021 zu ZSKA zurück.

International
Für Russland nahm Nesterow an den U18-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften 2010 und 2011 sowie der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 2012 teil. Bei der U18-WM 2011 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronze-, bei der U20-WM 2012 die Silbermedaille.

Im Seniorenbereich debütierte er für Russland beim World Cup of Hockey 2016 und belegte dabei mit dem Team den vierten Platz. Anschließend wurde er mit der Sbornaja unter neutraler Flagge bei den Winterspielen 2018 Olympiasieger.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2015 Teilnahme am AHL All-Star Classic
 2019 Gagarin-Pokal-Gewinn und Russischer Meister mit dem HK ZSKA Moskau

International

Karrierestatistik
Stand: Ende der Saison 2020/21

International

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeynationalspieler (Russland)
Eishockeyspieler (HK Traktor Tscheljabinsk)
Eishockeyspieler (Syracuse Crunch)
Eishockeyspieler (Tampa Bay Lightning)
Eishockeyspieler (Canadiens de Montréal)
Eishockeyspieler (HK ZSKA Moskau)
Eishockeyspieler (Calgary Flames)
Olympiateilnehmer (Russland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 2018
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 2022
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Gagarin-Pokal-Sieger
Russischer Meister (Eishockey)
Russe
Geboren 1993
Mann

Nikita Danilowitsch Nesterow


Tøsedrengen er en kortfilm fra 1983 instrueret af Eddie Thomas Petersen efter manuskript af Eddie Thomas Petersen.

Handling
En novellefilm, der foregår i slutningen af 50'erne i et fiskermiljø i Skagen. Faderen er kommet ind fra havet og vender hjem til familien, som er mor, storesøster og drengen Stefan. Faderen går på værtshus og vender ikke hjem til aftalt tid. Stefan betragter sin far med stor kærlighed, og det er ham, der skal bugsere den berusede fisker hjem. Uden nogen opdager det.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1983

Tøsedrengen


Flauto solo ist ein musikalisches Lustspiel in einem Akt des Komponisten Eugen d'Albert nach einem Libretto von Hans von Wolzogen. Die Uraufführung fand am 12. November 1905 am Neuen Deutschen Theater in Prag statt.

Handlung
Fürst Eberhard sieht im preußischen König Friedrich II. sein großes Vorbild. Darum will er es diesem gleichtun und auch die Kunst fördern. Er beauftragt seinen deutschen Kapellmeister – Musjö Pepusch – den berühmten "Schweinekanon für sechs Fagotte" zu komponieren.

Fürst Eberhards Sohn, Prinz Ferdinand, schwärmt für Italien und lehnt daher deutsche Musik grundsätzlich ab. Sein italienischer Flötenlehrer, der intrigante Maestro Emanuele, bestärkt ihn dabei.

Als Fürst Eberhard zu einem Manöver weit entfernt seiner Residenz aufbricht, lädt sein Sohn zu einem großen italienischen Fest. Als Höhepunkt dabei soll Signora Peppina die neuesten Kompositionen von Maestro Emanuele vortragen. Pepusch wird ebenfalls verpflichtet, auf diesem Fest aufzutreten. Der Prinz hofft natürlich, dass sich dieser dabei vor dem Italien-begeisterten Publikum blamieren werde.

Die Sängerin Peppina deckt zufällig diesen Plan auf. Sie will Pepusch helfen und singt ihm einige Arien von Maestro Emanuele vor. So kann Pepusch diese mit der Flöte einüben und kontrapunktisch für einen Kanon bearbeiten.

Bevor das Fest seinen Höhepunkt erreicht, kehrt Fürst Eberhard überraschend in die Residenz zurück. Er durchschaut ebenfalls die Intrige seines Sohnes und befiehlt ihm, das "Flauto solo" selbst vorzutragen. Mühsam kann Prinz Ferdinand die ihm gestellte Aufgabe lösen und kann nun auch dieser vielgeschmähten deutschen Musik etwas abgewinnen. Fürst Eberhard ist stolz, "daß ein Kerl, der das eigene Instrument so meisterlich regiert, wohl auch die Meisterkunst lernen werde, auf der Fürstenflöte richtig zu musizieren."

Das Fest endet für alle glücklich, als der Fürst zur Vermählung Signora Peppinas mit Musjö Pepusch seinen Segen gibt. Als die Sängerin vortritt, um sich zu bedanken, stellt sich heraus, dass diese nicht aus Italien, sondern aus Tirol stammt. Der Vorhang fällt unter den Worten

Die erfolgreiche Prager Uraufführung dirigierte Leo Blech, der dort bereits d'Alberts Oper Tiefland erstmals aufgeführt hatte. Es sangen Erich Hunold (Eberhard), Gottfried Krause (Ferdinand), Robert Leonhardt (Emanuele), Fritz Boos (Pepusch) und Gertrud Förstel (Peppina). 1906 folgen Aufführungen in Stuttgart, Zürich, Straßburg, Riga und Wien (Hofoper unter Franz Schalk), 1922 wurde das Werk in Berlin gespielt (Deutsches Opernhaus unter Rudolf Krasselt).

Bearbeitungen
Eugen d'Albert spielte 1913 eigenhändig eine Welte-Mignon-Notenrolle mit Motiven aus Flauto solo ein:
 Potpourri aus dem musikalischen Lustspiel Flauto Solo, Rollennummer 2959
 Übertragung auf CD: Opera Composers / Welte-Mignon Mystery Vol.14. Tacet 178 (Stuttgart 2009).

Literatur
 Eugen d'Albert, Hans von Wolzogen: Flauto solo. Libretto. Bote & Bock, Berlin 1905 ().
 Eugen d'Albert: Flauto solo. Klavierauszug von Eugen Pollak. Bote & Bock, Berlin 1905
 Leo Melitz: Führer durch die Opern. Globus-Verlag, Berlin 1914, S. 93–94.
 Horst Seeger: Opernlexikon. 4., durchgesehene Auflage. Henschelverlag, Berlin 1989. ISBN 3-362-00014-2. S. 235
 Heinz Wagner: Das grosse Handbuch der Oper. 4., stark erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2006. ISBN 978-3-937872-38-4. S. 248.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Oper von Eugen d'Albert
Oper aus dem 20. Jahrhundert
Musik 1905
Oper in deutscher Sprache
Operntitel

Flauto solo


Les véhicules de la Gendarmerie nationale rassemblent différentes sortes de véhicules.

Anciens véhicules

Véhicules de patrouille

Véhicules rapide d'intervention

Camionnettes, utilitaires légers

Fourgons et utilitaires

Véhicules en service

Véhicules de patrouille

Contrairement aux véhicules de la Police nationale, la Gendarmerie n'a pas connue de grandes évolutions de sérigraphie sur ses modèles. En 2017, le texte « Notre engagement, votre sécurité » est ajouté sous le « Gendarmerie » sur les nouveaux véhicules.

Véhicules rapide d'intervention

Camionnettes, utilitaires légers

Fourgons et utilitaires

Gendarmerie mobile
Les escadrons de gendarmerie mobile emploie de nombreux véhicules, souvent différent de ceux des brigades de gendarmerie départementale.

Notes et références

Véhicule de patrouille
Équipement policier
Gendarmerie nationale (France)

Véhicules de la Gendarmerie nationale (France)


Anna Fisher may refer to:

 Anna Lee Fisher (born 1949), American chemist and NASA astronaut
 Anna S. Fisher (1873–1942), American artist and teacher, from Cold Brook, New York
 Anna L. Fisher (active 1910s–1930s), American advisor to Faisal I of Iraq

See also
 Anna Fischer (born 1986), German actress and singer

Anna Fisher


الرابطة إحدى بلديات دائرة الحمادية التابعة لولاية برج بوعريريج الجزائرية.

القرى
من قراها : الرابطة، أولاد عيسى، بورقان، الطرويات (حيث وجدت بالمنطقة آثار رومانية)، لفراحتية، شاردي، أم الديسة، أولاد أمحمد، لغوازة.

الموقع
تقع الرابطة على سفوح جبال المعاضيد حيث يسودها المناخ القاري البارد شتاء والحار صيفا.
بنيت القرية على ربوة جبلية وتركت السهول الزراعية في الأسفل، كما أنشأ السكان حدائق عائلية تمتد منحدرة من القرية حتى الوادي حيث بنيت جدران حجرية ملئت بالتراب على شكل مدرجات وغرست بها مختلف أنواع أشجار الفواكه وخاصة الرمان والعنب والتين.

مراجع

رابطة

الرابطة (برج بوعريريج)


ورزاب (Варзоб) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كاروتيغين في طاجيكستان. ويبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2,444 نسمة.

مراجع

آسيا الوسطى
أماكن مأهولة في طاجيكستان
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعات التبعية الجمهوري
مدن طاجيكستان

ورزاب


Banské este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Vranov nad Topľou din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.871 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Banské este atestată documentar din 1397.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Banské


أندريه بافل  (من مواليد 27 يناير 1974) هو لاعب كرة مضرب روماني.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 إحصائيات اللاعب
 نتائح أخر مباريات اللاعب
 تارخ تصنيف اللاعب

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مقاطعة غوترسلوه
رومانيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من رومانيا
لاعبو كرة مضرب رومانيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2004
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1992
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2000
مدربو كرة مضرب رومانيون
مواليد 1974
مواليد في كونستانتسا
رياضيون من كونستانتسا

أندريه بافل


El buceo africano (Agathosma crenulata) es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Se encuentra en  Sudáfrica.

Descripción
Es un arbusto con las ramas y las ramitas glabras, que alcanza un tamaño de 1-3 metros de altura, las hojas opuestas, ovales, oblongas, u obovadas, crenuladas o serruladas, más pálido y glabras, el envés; las inflorescencias en pedúnculos axilares, con 1-3 flores.

Taxonomía
Agathosma crenulata fue descrita por (Linneo) Pillans y publicado en J. S. African Bot. 16: 73, en el año 1950.
Sinonimia
Adenandra cordata Link
Adenandra serratifolia Link
Agathosma latifolia Loudon
Barosma crenata (L.) Sweet
Barosma crenulata (L.) Hook.
Barosma odorata Willd.
Barosma serratifolia (Curtis) Willd.
Bucco crenata Schult.
Diosma crenata L.
Diosma crenulata L.
Diosma latifolia Andrews
Diosma odorata (J.C.Wendl.) DC.
Parapetalifera crenulata Farw.
Parapetalifera odorata J.C.Wendl.
Parapetalifera serrata J.C.Wendl.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

crenulata

Agathosma crenulata


إبيسكوبي (Επισκοπή) هي مدينة في إيماثيا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2024   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في إيماثيا

إبيسكوبي (إماثيا)


An Specklinia corynetes in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Roberto Vásquez, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alec M. Pridgeon och Mark W. Chase. An Specklinia corynetes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Specklinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Specklinia

Specklinia corynetes