The Ibibio people (Pronunciation: /ɪbɪˈbiːəʊ/) are a coastal people in southern Nigeria. They are mostly found in Akwa Ibom, Cross River State and the Eastern part of Abia State. They are related to the Efik people. During the colonial period in Nigeria, the Ibibio Union asked for recognition by the British as a sovereign nation.

The Annang, Efik, Ekid, Oron and Ibeno share personal names, culture, and traditions with the Ibibio, and speak closely related varieties (dialects) of Ibibio which are more or less mutually intelligible. The Ekpo and Ekpe societies are a significant part of the Ibibio political system. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art.

Origin
The Ibibio people are reputed to be one of the earliest inhabitants of the south southern Nigeria. It is estimated that they arrived at their present home around 7000 B.C. In spite of the historical account, it is not clear when the Ibibio arrived at state.

According to some scholars,they might have come from the central Benue valley, particularly, the Jukun influence in the old Calabar at some historical time period. Another pointer is the widespread use of the manila, a popular currency used by the Jukuns. Coupled with this, is the Jukun southern drive to the coast which appears to have been recently compared with the formation of Akwa Ibom settlements in their present location.

The most accepted version of Ibibio history described that the Cameroon will offer a more concise explanation of the Ibibio migration story. This was corroborated by oral testimonies by field workers who say that the core Ibibio people were of the Afaha lineage whose original home was Usak Edet in the Cameroons. The Usak Edet (Isanguele) are a subgroup of the Ekoi people (the Ejagham). This was premised on the fact that among the Ibibio people, Usak Edet is popularly known as Edit Afaha (Afaha's Creek) which reflects the fact that Ibibio people originated from Usak Edet.

After the first bulk of the people arrived in what later became Nigeria, they settled first at Ibom. It is believed that the Ibibio were the aboriginal people of Ibom settlement, founded by their forefathers, Ibom, after whom they named the village, Ibom. Now in Arochukwu, where they settled for a very long time and worshiped the God of the Sky called Abasi Ibom enyon. They also worshiped Ibini Ukpabi (Ibritam). As a result of clashes with the Igbo people who were moving southward, culminating in the Ibibio War which took place about 1630 and 1720 A.D., they left Ibom Kingdom and moved to the present day Ibibioland. Some village settlement had already been established in their current location alongside the Ibom.

Following the Aro-Igbo-Ibibio war of 1550 A.D, the Ibibio's moved southward and found a virgin and empty land, their present place. The Ibibio first settled in Ikono from where they migrated or dispersed to further places becoming the aboriginal people of the present Ibibio lands. It is at this juncture that Ikono Ibom moved to Ikot Oku Ikono village now in the Uyo Local Government Area, which is referred to as Ikono Ibom Uyo, a clan carved out of the main Ikono Ibom. Iman Ibom moved to Ekom Iman, now in Etinan Local Government Area and Nsit Ibom moved to Afia Nsit now in Nsit Ibom. The three regards themselves as blood brothers and children of .

The three children of Ibom upon their final settlement, Etefia who is the principal actor in Ikono Ibom Uyo clan, settled in Ikot Oku Ikono and founded the Ikono Anyaan and Ikot Ekpeyak Ikono are stock and children of Ikono Ibom, they have shared and similar social, traditional and cultural Milieu.

Ekom Iman is a place which Iman Ibom settled and planted the Ekom  tree (coula edulis) from which the name of the settlement is derived, Ekom (coula edulis) planted by Iman one of the sons of Ibom. Iman had children and some of them migrated to expand the Iman Ibom clan such villages like Ikot Obioinyang, Afagha Effiate and the entire Iman Ibom clan.

Upon the death of Iman Ibom, his spirit metamorphose into the Iman Ibom clan deity "The Itina Iman deity" and oyot is the clan deity – totem hence it is a taboo to kill or eat such mythical beast and Ebre is the totem of Ikono Ibom clan, they forbid the killing or maiming of this mythical animal. Nsit Ibom moved to Afia Nsit where there was water and settled there, and his children spread to Mbak Nsit and other places of that clan.

The Nsit Ibom totem is Iyak Anyan – the Anyan Nsit deity. They all have shared a similar characteristics of social, traditional as well as cultural Milieu and formed the center of this study. The brothers settled close to each other and formed pact and ally or an affinity with each other and had children and devised a thoroughgoing mechanism for self-rule, maintenance of law and order, and effective political organization: Using some elements of culture and socio-religious organizations such as Ekpo, Ekpe, Ebre, Ibaan Isong, Akata, Nnabo, Ekong, Ikpa—udoh and many others to enforce law and order and to put the masses of the population under control.

Ibibio Groups
Enyong: Northern Ibibio.
Eket: Southern Ibibio.
Andoni-Ibeno: Delta Ibibio.
Annang: Western Ibibio.
Ibibio: Eastern Ibibio.
Efik: Riverine Ibibio.

Geography
The Ibibio people are found predominantly in Akwa Ibom State and are related to the Anaang community, the Ibibio community and the Eket, although other groups usually understand the Ibibio language.

Because of the larger population of the Ibibio people, they hold political control over Akwa Ibom State, but the government is shared with the Anaangs, Eket and Oron. The political system follows the traditional method of consensus. Even though elections are held, practically, the political leaders are pre-discussed in a manner that is benefiting to all.

Location of Ibibioland

The Ibibio people are located in South-Eastern Nigeria (formerly Eastern Region, Nigeria).  Prior to the existence of Nigeria as a nation, the Ibibio people were self-governed.

Ibibio people and their brothers (the Efik, Anaang, Oron and Eket) were part of the enclave called Bight of Biafra before the British creation of Eastern Nigeria. The Ibibio people became a part of the Eastern Nigeria of Nigeria under British colonial rule.

During the Nigerian Civil War, the Eastern region was split into three states. The then-Southeastern State of Nigeria was where the Ibibio were located, one of the original twelve states of Nigeria after Nigerian independence. The Efik, Anaang, Oron, Eket, and their brothers and sisters of the Ogoja District, were also in the Southeastern State.

The "Southeastern State" was later renamed Cross River State. On 23 September 1987, by Military Decree No.24, Akwa Ibom State was carved out of the then Cross Rivers State as a separate state.  Cross Rivers State remains as a neighboring and sister state of Akwa Ibom State.

Southwestern Cameroon was a part of the present Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. During the then Eastern Region of Nigeria, parts were partitioned united with Cameroon in a 1961 plebiscite. This resulted in the Ibibio, Efik, and Annang being divided between Nigeria and Cameroon.

However, the leadership of the Northern Region of Nigeria was able to keep the "Northwestern section" during the plebiscite that is now today's Nigerian Adamawa and Taraba States.

Demographics
Ibibio people are found in all Nigerian states and is the third Nigerian ethnic group living outside of Nigeria after Yoruba and Igbo.  Hence, significant number of Ibibio people reside in Europe and North America as well as other countries.  In addition to their states of origin, namely Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State, significant number of Ibibio are found in:

Lagos State, Nigeria
Rivers State, Nigeria
Abia state, Nigeria
Bayelsa state, Nigeria
Benue state, Nigeria
Bioko, Equatorial Guinea
Western Cameroon
Ghana
Brazil
Cuba
Jamaica

Political system
Traditionally Ibibio society consists of communities that are made up of large families with blood affinity each ruled by their constitutional and religious head, known as the . The Obong Ikpaisong ruled with the  ('head of the families'), which together with the heads of the cults and societies constitute the  or  ('traditional council, shrine, or court'). The decisions of the Obong Ikpaisong were enforced by members of the Ekpo or Obon society who act as messengers of the spirits and the military and police of the community. The chief will send masked individuals to confront a rule-breaker if the need arises.

Ekpo members Ekpo Masquerades are always masked when performing their policing duties. Although their identities are almost always known, fear of retribution from the ancestors prevents most people from accusing those members who overstep their social boundaries, effectively committing police brutality. Membership is open to all Ibibio males, but one must have access to wealth to move into the politically influential grades. The main purpose of Ekpo is to protect its people and act as a defense against potential attackers. They are concerned with issues and emergencies that pertain to the safety of the town as a whole. In addition, it serves as an outlet for men to productively use energy to benefit everyone.

In the months of June through December, the Ekpo society plays a large role in the community's life. Many activities such as farming, shopping, and obtaining food and water are prohibited on days in which the masks are out and being performed. Crimes also carry heavier consequences during this time period. While the punishments are lighter today, a person caught stealing during the days of the Ekpo season in the 1940s would be killed by members of the Ekpo. It is known as a secret society despite the fact that the purpose and activities are widely known by the village. This is due to the fact that everyone must abide by certain laws during Ekpo season. The most important secrets are a series of code words and dance steps taught to initiates and used by members. Knowing these secrets allows members to travel freely during the season, and being caught traveling without knowing the secret terms and dance will result in being arrested.

The Obon society, with its strong enticing traditional musical prowess and popular acceptability, openly executes its mandates with musical procession and popular participation by members which comprises children, youth, adults and brave elderly women.

Prior to the gradual abolition of slavery in Nigeria by British colonial authorities beginning in the mid-1880s, Ibibio society ranked people, in descending order, as freeborn (amanisong), strangers or later immigrants (ududung), and slaves (ifn). Slaves were purchased in slave markets or captured through intergroup wars. Often people gave themselves or their children up as slaves when they could no longer provide for themselves or their families. Slaves were used as offerings in regular ritual human sacrifice, and through the mid-19th century, slaves were also slaughtered by the hundreds upon the death of important chiefs, with the belief that they would serve the deceased chief in the afterlife.

Religion

Pre-colonial era
Ibibio religion (Inam) was of two dimensions, which centered on the pouring of libation, sacrifice, worship, consultation, communication and invocation of the God of Heaven (Abasi Enyong),  God of the Earth (Abasi Isong) and the Supreme Being (Abasi Ibom)  by the Constitutional and Religious King/Head of a particular Ibibio Community who was known from the ancient times as the Obong-Ikpaisong (the word 'Obong Ikpaisong' directly interpreted means King of the Principalities of the Earth' or 'King of the Earth and the Principalities' or Traditional Ruler).

The second dimension of Ibibio Religion centered on the worship, consultation, invocation, sacrifice, appeasement, etc. of the God of the Heaven (Abasi Enyong) and the God of the Earth (Abasi Isong) through various invisible or spiritual entities (me Ndem) of the various Ibibio Division such as Atakpo Ndem Uruan Inyang, Afia Anwan,  Ekpo or Ekpe Onyong, Etefia Ikono, Awa Itam, etc. The Priests of  these Deities (me Ndem) were the Temple Chief Priests/Priestesses of the various Ibibio Divisions. A particular Ibibio Division could consist of many interrelated autonomous communities or kingdoms ruled by an autonomous Priest-King called Obong-Ikpaisong, assisted by heads of the various large families (Mbong Ekpuk) which make up the Community.

These have been the ancient political and religious system of Ibibio people from time immemorial. Tradition, interpreted in Ibibio Language, is 'Ikpaisong'.  Tradition (Ikpaisong) in Ibibio Custom embodies the Religious and Political System. The word 'Obong' in Ibibio language means 'Ruler, King, Lord, Chief, Head' and is applied depending on the Office concern. In reference to the Obong-Ikpaisong, the word 'Obong' means 'King'.  In reference to the Village Head, the word means 'Chief'.  In reference to the Head of the Families (Obong Ekpuk), the word means 'Head'  In reference to God, the word means 'Lord'.  In reference to the Head of the various societies - e.g. 'Obong Obon', the word means 'Head or Leader'.

Sacred lands (Akai)
Scattered throughout each village were sacred lands, akai (forest). They were called akai because no one was permitted to clear them for cultivation. All burial grounds, shrines for the village deities and spots for secret societies such as Ekpo Onyoho, Ekpe, Ekoong, Idiong, Ekong, and Obon, were sacred. Everything in these places were equally sacred. Non-members of the secret societies were not permitted to enter the spots set aside for such secret societies, even for the collection of firewood, sticks, fruits (like mkpook), vegetables (like afang and odusa) or snails, or to hunt the animals which abounded in the forests. The explanation is simple. If non-members were allowed to enter any secret society akai they might in due course discover the secrets of their time-honoured society, and wicked people might even desecrate the graves of their ancestors hence the ban.

The Soul and life after death
Like many Ibibio words,  ('soul') has four meanings. First, ethereal body, secondly, soul, thirdly,  spirit, and fourthly, over-soul; the last always lives in the house of Abasi Ibom and it is quite separate from the individuality which between incarnations stays in the country of the dead. Though over-soul and spirit are combined, much of the Spirit is contained in that portion of the ego which is incarnated.

According to Talbot, it is the soul proper that spends part of its time as a were-animal or in a bush-beast in the forest or water and is called Ukpong Ikot, or bush-soul. The shadow is not thought to be connected with the ethereal body but to be an emanation of the soul and therefore to be directly affected by any action on it. The majority of the Ibibio believe that a person's soul can be invoked into his shadow, which is made to appear in a basin of water. The shadow is then speared, his blood is seen in the water in the basin and the man dies.

The Ibibio believe that after death the same kind of existence is led as during life on earth; for example, farmers, blacksmiths, hunters, and fishermen will continue with their former occupations while social intercourse and amusements will also proceed as before. The scenery, houses, crops and animals of the next world have the same appearance as in this world but only those beasts, plants and foodstuffs which have been sacrificed in honour of the dead are transported there. The land of the dead, like that of the living, is believed to be divided into various countries, towns, villages and lineages where different communities of people live as on earth. At death every man goes to the particular part inhabited by his people.

Obot and essien emana
Obot ('nature')
The Ibibio believe in , that is, the individual creation of persons by God. If someone is wild, they say he was created that way; if he is kind, again that is how he was created by God to be; if he is poor or rich, that was his lot, and so on; effectively, there was nothing anyone could do to alter his lot, for he was moulded that way.

Essien emana ('destiny')
The Ibibio also believe in the same way in destiny,   or  . For instance, if a person died accidentally, this was how he had died in his previous incarnation and therefore he had to die that way. If he was rich, he was so in his previous incarnation and must be so now; if he was brilliant, that was how he was destined to be, etc. He could, however, reverse the situation if he consulted the Mbia Idiong, who alone could tell him what to do. The diviners could help him pin-point what it was he had done in his previous incarnation which was affecting his present life. They could then prescribe to him what to do to remedy the worsening situation. If the instructions were strictly followed, the position could be reversed, they believed. For instance, if a person had no issue a diviner might tell him that he had killed innocent children in his previous incarnation, and that the parents of the deceased and the general public had cursed him, saying that he would not have any issue and would continue to kill innocent children throughout his incarnations unless he gave certain things as sacrificial offerings. When the Mbia Idiong told him what the things were and he had offered them as sacrifices to Mother Earth, the Ibibio believed the situation would be reversed; otherwise, he would remain childless.

Colonial and post-colonial eras
The Ibibio were introduced to Christianity through the work of early missionaries in the nineteenth century. Samuel Bill started his work at Ibeno. He established the Qua Iboe Church which later spread places in the middle belt of Nigeria. Later, other churches were also introduced e.g. The Apostolic church. Independent churches such as Deeper Life Bible Church, came into the area in the second part of the twentieth century. Today Ibibio people are predominantly Christian.

The Bible in the Ibibio language
History was made on the 27th day of August 2020 that the first-ever Ibibio Bible translation was presented at Ibom Hall in Uyo, the capital of Akwa Ibom. Published by the 200-year-old, American based International Bible Society (Biblica), the publishers of the NIV Version.

The Ibibio Bible was translated by Ibibio professors, including Professors Margaret Mary Okon, Bassey Okon, Eno-Abasi Urua, Inimbom Akpan, Udo Etuk, as well as Dr. Paulinus Noah, Dr. Effiong Ekpenyong and Rev. Fr. Dr. Donatus Udoette, a theologian who is well versed in Greek.

Arts and culture

Masks

The masks and accoutrements of the Ekpo society make up the greatest works of art in Ibibio society. Ibibio often purposefully play with proportions in their masks to distort the face. A component that appears often in Ibibio masks is an articulated lower jaw. Ibibio people have an overarching theme of contrasting male and female masks by using dark and light colors respectively. These masks are not always performed together, but there is a general understanding of their opposing relationship. Feminine masks are decorated with light colors such as white. Their features are delicate to emphasize their femininity. On the other hand, masculine masks use dark colors to represent the mystic forces of the forest. These masks often have large features and are created to be intentionally ugly. They achieve this by distorting the features in unnatural manners such as having bulging eyes or misplaced mouths. Many deformities present in the masks come from naturally occurring human diseases and illnesses. One that is often depicted is , a part of yaws. Signs of baldness and walking sticks also show up often in order to portray symbols of karma and old age. Men's costumes incorporate natural materials from the wilderness such as raffia, and seed pod rattles. Women's costumes use materials such as light colored cloth to represent the order of living in the village.

Ekpo and Ekpe
The masks of the Ekpo and Ekpe societies were used to elicit fear and execute social control. The most common type of mask is one made for the face with waist-length raffia attached. The effect of the masks and their intimidating quality is part of what gives them their power, in addition to the long history of the Ekpo. To put on an Ekpo mask is to surrender earthly identity and assume an ancestral one. Masks used may be ones owned by deceased ancestors, ones made to look like ancestors, or ones made to resemble to village heroes. Many are carved from lightweight wood called ukot (palm wine tree). This makes them easier to wear and move around in. For additional support, the mask is secured to the wearer's head with a rope, and a horizontal piece of wood may be inserted into the mask in order to bite into. In addition to the raffia on the mask itself, performers also wear a knee-length raffia skirt. The lower legs, arms, and hands are painted with charcoal. New raffia is added to the mask each season, and is displayed in the off-season in a family or village shrine.

Ikot Ekpene
The Ibibio are known for their woodcarvings, raffia-weavings, and pottery making. Ikot Ekpene is a town in Nigeria known for its marketplace in which crafts are sold to both tourists and middle-class Nigerians. While the Ibibio are not known for metalworking, there is a significant number of craftspeople making this type of art to be sold.

Most metalwork objects produced have a practical purpose rather than a decorative one. Despite this, Ibibio coffins tend to be highly decorative. They feature ornamental painted metal motifs, colorful plastic sheets, and glass panels on the sides.

Many people who carve Ekpo masks live in Ikot Ekpene.

Body adornment
Both temporary and permanent body modifications are used. Rhythm and nature are both considerable motifs at play in the designs. Hairdressing, body painting, and body modification are the main focus of body art performed by the Ibibio. Intentional fattening of young women is another culturally important aspect of the Ibibio.

Body painting
In painting, the goal is to emphasize rather than obscure the wearer's face or other parts of the body. The symbol of the dot plays a key role in the understanding of beauty. Okon Umetuk in his article "Body Art in Ibibio Culture", states thatA 'dot' is regarded as the only perfect mark to indicate and summarize beauty in Ibibio culture.Evidence of this is found in the abundance of dots that appear on the faces and bodies of decorated individuals. An 'X' symbol may be applied to the forehead, wrists, and ankles as a way to mark mediation. When worn by a diviner, it may mark a connection with himself and the gods as well as his people. Members of a ritual may wear it to symbolize peace, humility, as well as acceptance.

Odung is a type of body painting that is used for events such as marriage, childbirth, coming-of-age, and death. It may also be used to show a man's status in the Ekpo society. This process is commonly used among women. It is often done after the birth of a child. The stains that are left afterwards can stay on the skin for up to three months. Professionals are typically the ones who paint others, and the process may take from five to eight hours to complete.

Iduot is another form of body painting which symbolizes fertility. The pigment is taken from crushed camwood and then added to water which produces a red substance. People's palms, feet, legs, and faces are decorated with the pigment. The Ibibio use it partially for its bleaching effect. After continuous usage, it produces a smooth and light skin complexion.

Modern versions of face and body decoration such as eye shadow, lipstick, and eyeliner are used by contemporary Ibibio people.  Body decoration has a long history in the Ibibio and these products help their cultural expression in a convenient way, but are not a new form of expression. Substances such as the  were used for eyelid decoration long before modern eye shadow. As in many other cultures around the world, Ibibio women generally put heavy emphasis on the eye when it comes to make-up.

Mbopo
The fattening of young women in preparation for marriage is an old custom which is dying out. The purpose of this is to enhance the beauty of an unmarried women and prepare her for married life. Once a girl has undergone this ritual, she is considered an . This term refers to the process of fattening a girl as well as the girl herself. A key aspect of this is the teaching of future brides the details of childcare, motherhood, how to keep a home, and how she is expected to behave. The financial situation of a girl's parents determines how long she will stay in the fattening house. This can range anywhere from three months to seven years, but most stay for an average of three years. During their stay, the girls are fed well and not expected to do any labor. This is due to the fact that historically, being overweight was a sign of wealth and good health to the Ibibio.

Nursing mothers also undergo a fattening ritual which usually occurs for only their first child. Both the husband and the mother-in-law are expected to pay for the ritual. The Ibibio consider it natural for a mother to rest following the birth of a child, and therefore the mother performs no strenuous tasks.

Hairstyles
Hair styles are another way for the Ibibio to symbolically mark certain occasions. Styles of hair in Ibibioland include both elaborate braiding with and without the use of thread. Some styles are symbolic of stories or events that have occurred in the wearer's life. If a married woman has unkempt hair, this indicates that someone she is close to, typically her husband, a child, or another relative, has died.  Other styles may be indicative of age, marital status, or social standing. There also exists hairstyles without any meaning that are simply worn for fashion purposes.

Ibibio tribes and ethnic groups

The Ibibio are divided into six subcultural groups: Eastern Ibibio or Ibibio Proper; Western Ibibio or Annang; Northern Ibibio or Enyong; Southern Ibibio or Eket; Delta Ibibio or Andoni-Ibeno; and Riverine Ibibio or Efik.

Ibibio numbers
Numbers from zero to ten:

See also

 Abakua
 Akamkpa
 Aro Confederacy
 Bakassi
 British West Africa
 Eket
 Ekpe
 Garifuna people
 Ikom
 Ikot Udo Abia
 Medefidrin
 Mami Wata
 Mbakara, see also buckra
 Niger Delta
 Nsibidi
 Southeastern Nigeria

References

Sources

Further reading
 Council of Traditional Rulers, Mbiabong Etim, briefing to Mbiabong Etim Graduates Forum on origin and migration of Mbiabong Etim people of Ini LGA, Akwa Ibom State, 2009.
 Ikpe, Emmanuel Dominic, "Ibibio Nation" 2018. University of Uyo student's Union Government.
 Udo, Edet A. (1983) Who are the Ibibio? Africana-Feb Publishers Limited. Onitsha, Nigeria.
 Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People (published 1915) by D. Amaury Talbot, focuses on the life of women in that culture.

External links
 NIGERIAN ARTS AND CULTURE DIRECTORY
 Ibibio people
 Mboho Mkparawa Ibibio (USA), Inc.
 Mboho Mkparawa Ibibio International
 Online Ibibio Dictionary
 Works by Ibibio artists at the University of Michigan Museum of Art
 Works by Ibibio artists at the Seattle Museum of Art
 Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a Tool for Nation-Building in Pre-Colonial Cross River Region

Ethnic groups in Nigeria

Ibibio people


An Agrostis clavatiformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni N.S. Probatova. An Agrostis clavatiformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis clavatiformis


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Der Staatshaushalt der DDR umfasste die Haushalte der Kommunen, der Kreise, der Bezirke und des Gesamtstaates. In der Sprache der DDR war es die Gesamtheit der Geldfonds, die den staatlichen Organen zur Verfügung standen. Der Staatshaushalt war integraler Bestandteil der Fünfjahrespläne.  Für die Sicherung der Liquidität des Staatshaushaltes war das Ministerium der Finanzen der DDR zuständig.

Schachtelprinzip
Im Gegensatz zu föderalistischen Staaten wie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland war die DDR als Zentralstaat organisiert. Die Bezirke und Gebietskörperschaften verfügten über keine finanzpolitische Selbstständigkeit. Die Haushalte der jeweils untergeordneten Ebenen waren gemäß dem Schachtelprinzip gleichzeitig Teil der Haushaltspläne der Übergeordneten. Die übergeordneten Ebenen hatten gemäß dem Prinzip des "Demokratischen Zentralismus" ein Weisungsrecht nach unten.

Entsprechend umfasste der Staatshaushalt die gesamten Einnahmen und Ausgaben des Öffentlichen Sektors.

Dieses Prinzip der Einheit aller öffentlichen Haushaltspläne wurde erstmals in § 1 des Gesetzes über die Reform des öffentlichen Haushaltswesens vom 15. Dezember 1950 beschrieben.

Erstellung
Grundlage der Erstellung des Haushaltsplans war das Gesetz über die Staatshaushaltsordnung (STHHO) vom 17. Februar 1954, das 1968 novelliert wurde.

Inhaltlich wurden Vorgehen und Struktur durch die Planungsordnung vorgegeben. Formal wurde der Staatshaushalt gemäß Art. 88 der Verfassung der DDR vom 7. Oktober 1949 (die 1968er Verfassung erwähnt das Etatrecht der Volkskammer nicht) von der Volkskammer beschlossen. Bis zur Wende 1989 war dies jedoch ein rein formaler Akt, da die Volkskammer weder frei gewählt war noch faktisch die Inhalte bestimmen konnte.

Der Haushaltsplan als Teil des Fünfjahresplans
Der Haushaltsplan war ein Teil des Fünfjahresplans in der Planwirtschaft der DDR. Die Pläne der Volkseigenen Betriebe wurden über Subventionen vom und Gewinnabführungen an den Staatshaushalt mit ihm verknüpft.

Die Einnahmen des Staatshaushaltes

Von den Erlösen der Betriebe wurde zunächst eine produktgebundene Abgabe (PA) an den Staatshaushalt abgeführt. Dies entspricht in etwa der Funktion einer Umsatzsteuer.

Nach Abzug der PA und der Kosten des Unternehmens ergab sich der Gewinn. Hiervon wurde die Produktionsfondsabgabe (PFA) an den Staatshaushalt abgeführt. Dies war vergleichbar einer betrieblichen Vermögensteuer. Vom verbleibenden Nettogewinn wurde bei staatlichen Unternehmen (die den weitaus überwiegenden Teil der Unternehmen ausmachten) ein Teil als Nettogewinnabführung an den Staatshaushalt abgeführt und ein Teil in den Fonds der Betriebe belassen. Insoweit ähnelte die Nettogewinnabführung der Körperschaftsteuer, allerdings gab es keinen feststehenden Steuersatz, sondern die Nettogewinnabführung wurde je Betrieb in absoluter Höhe festgesetzt. Ab 1984 kam noch der Beitrag für gesellschaftliche Fonds, eine Art Lohnsummensteuer, dazu.

Diese Abführungen der Unternehmen stellten den weitaus größten Posten auf der Einnahmeseite dar.

Dementsprechend spielten Steuern nur eine geringere Rolle bei den Staatseinnahmen. Die Einkommensteuer erbrachte etwa 5 % des Haushaltsvolumens.

Die Ausgaben des Staatshaushaltes
Die Ausgaben des Staatshaushaltes sind schwieriger nachzuvollziehen, da die Ausgaben aus Gründen der Propaganda nicht immer dort gezeigt wurden, wo die Gelder tatsächlich verwendet wurden. Beispielsweise war in den 1970er-Jahren ein großer Teil der offiziell herausgestellten Sozialausgaben der Zuschuss an die defizitäre Sozialversicherung. Insbesondere über Mittelzuweisungen an Unternehmen konnten wenig populäre Dinge, wie Rüstungsausgaben, außerhalb der dafür vorgesehenen Haushaltsposten finanziert werden.

Haushaltsdefizite; Verschuldung im westlichen Ausland

Der offiziell veröffentlichte Staatshaushalt wies in jedem Jahr einen leichten Überschuss aus. Die Zahlungsbilanz unterlag strenger Geheimhaltung und war vor der Wende öffentlich nicht bekannt. 1970 hatte die DDR zwei Milliarden West-Mark Schulden. Am 1. November 1989 teilte Egon Krenz Michail Gorbatschow mit, die DDR habe etwa 49 Milliarden West-Mark Schulden im Ausland. Allein 1989 überstiegen die Ausgaben (umgerechnet etwa 18 Mrd. US-Dollar) die Einnahmen (5,9 Mrd. USD) um das Dreifache.

Gerhard Schürer korrigierte 1990 selbst seine Analyse vom Oktober 1989: "Die Auslandsverschuldung der DDR war mit 20,3 Milliarden DM um mehr als die Hälfte niedriger, als wir im Oktober 1989 ausgewiesen haben." Die Deutsche Bundesbank gibt die Verschuldung der DDR gegenüber westlichen Ländern zum Ende des Jahres 1989 mit 19,9 Milliarden DM an.

Literatur
 Günther Hedtkamp und Karl-Heinz Brodbeck: Finanzwirtschaft der DDR; in: Handwörterbuch der Wirtschaftswissenschaft (HdWW), Band 3, Herausgeber Willi Albers, Anton Zottmann, 1981, ISBN 3-525-10258-5, Seite 197–211, Online

Weblinks
 Gesetz über die Staatshaushaltsordnung 1954
 Gesetz über die Staatshaushaltsordnung 1968

Einzelnachweise

Finanzwissenschaft
Wirtschaftspolitik (Deutschland)
Recht (DDR)
Wirtschaftssprache (DDR)
Wirtschaft (DDR)
Politik (DDR)

Staatshaushalt (DDR)


An Habenaria trifurcata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Habenaria trifurcata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Assam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria trifurcata


Graničica (Hemerokalis, ljiljan dolinski, granica, lat. Hemerocallis), ukrasna je biljka iz porodice čepljezovki podrijetlom iz Azije. Cvjetovi ove biljke jestivi su.

Hemerokalis je zeljasta trajnica, raste iz gomoljastog korijena, listovi su uski, kopljasti, dužine do 90 cm. Cvijet je narančaste boje.

Vrste
 Hemerocallis citrina Baroni
 Hemerocallis coreana Nakai
 Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu
 Hemerocallis dumortieri C.Morren
 Hemerocallis × exilis Satake
 Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto
 Hemerocallis forrestii Diels
 Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.
 Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai
 Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L.
 Hemerocallis major (Baker) M.Hotta
 Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
 Hemerocallis minor Mill.
 Hemerocallis multiflora Stout
 Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest
 Hemerocallis plicata Stapf
 Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr
 Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara

Dodatna literatura
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan .

Vanjske poveznice
 GDS – Gesellschaft der Staudenfreunde – Fachgruppe Hemerocallis.

Izvori

Hemerocallidoideae

Graničica


Psići u ophodnji: Film (engl. PAW Patrol: The Movie) je računalno animirana avanturistička komedija iz 2021. godine koju su proizveli Paramount Animation i Nickelodeon Movies.

Radnja

Glasove posudili

Ostali glasovi:
 Lovro Ivanković
 Karmen Sunčana Lovrić
 Mario Valentić
 Daniel Bilić
 Boris Barberić
 Martina Kapitan Bregović
 Jasna Nanut
 Anica Ivčić
 Leo Anđelković

 Sinkronizacija: Duplicato Media d.o.o.
 Redateljica dijaloga: Jasna Nanut
 Prijevod i adaptacija: Marijan Hlupić
 Redateljica vokalnih izvedbi: Martina Kapitan Bregović

Američki animirani filmovi 2020-ih

Psići u ophodnji: Film (2021.)


Costa Cordalis () nascido Konstantinos Cordalis, 1 de maio de 19442 de julho de 2019)  foi um cantor de Schlager greco-alemão .

Biografia
Nascido Konstantinos Cordalis em Elateia, Ftiótida, Cordalis mudou-se para a Alemanha em 1960. Sua canção de 1976 "Anita" alcançou o top dez na Alemanha, Suíça e Áustria. Em 2004, ele participou e ganhou o reality show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! . No mesmo ano, ele admitiu que fez uma Ritidectomia no Bodenseeklinik porque queria parecer mais jovem. Cordalis competiu pela Grécia no Campeonato Mundial de Esqui Nórdico da FIS 1985.

Ele teve um filho, Lucas, e duas filhas, Kiki e Eva.

Prêmios

 1981: Goldene Stimmgabel
 1986: Goldene Stimmgabel

Ligações externas

 Costa Cordalis at IMDb
 Official site

Alemães de ascendência grega
Cidadãos naturalizados da Alemanha
Mortos em 2019
Nascidos em 1944

Costa Cordalis


Amar de nuevo es el vigésimo octavo álbum de estudio de la banda chilena Inti-Illimani, publicado originalmente en 1998 y grabado entre el 26 de junio y el 11 de julio del mismo año.

El álbum está fuertemente influenciado por la música folclórica chilena y sudamericana, así como por la salsa afro-cubana.

El álbum posee dos carátulas diferentes.

Lista de canciones
Todas las canciones están compuestas por Patricio Manns y Horacio Salinas, salvo que se indique lo contrario.

Créditos
 Inti-Illimani

 Jorge Ball: flauta traversa, voz
 Daniel Cantillana: violín, viola, voz
 Marcelo Coulón: bajo, voz
 Jorge Coulón: voz
 Horacio Durán: charango
 Horacio Salinas: guitarra, requinto, cajón peruano, voz
 Efrén Viera: clarinete, maracas, congas, bongó
 Pedro Villagra: flauta traversa, saxofón soprano, voz

 Colaboración
 Víctor Hugo Campusano: acordeón en «La fiesta eres tú»
 Fernando Julio: contrabajo en «La fiesta eres tú»
 Cristian Muñoz: trompeta en «Corrido de la soberbia»
 Gonzalo Prieto: percusión en «La fiesta eres tú»
 Gabriel Salinas: acordeón en «Entre amor»
 José Villalobos: cajón peruano, cencerro, quijada en «Antes de amar de nuevo», «Negra presuntuosa» y «El faro»
 Antonio Larrea: fotografía y gráfica
 Luis Albornoz: ilustraciones

Referencias

Álbumes de 1998
Álbumes de Inti-Illimani
Álbumes de EMI Records
Álbumes en español

Amar de nuevo (álbum)


Poliptoton (grč. πολύπτωτος, "s više padeža") stilski je postupak ponavljanja više oblika fleksije, tj. ista se riječ (najčešće imenica) ponavlja u istoj rečenici u više padeža i brojeva.

Primjeri poliptotona
 Homo homini lupus – čovjek čovjeku vuk
 Oko za oko, zub za zub
 Najbolje od najboljeg
 Kralj kraljeva

Izvori

Figure dikcije

Poliptoton


طباعة النسيج هي عملية تطبيق بعض الألوان على الأقمشة وفق رسم ونقش معينين، وعادة ما تكون وفق تكرار واضح ومحدد. ترتبط طباعة النسيج بصباغته، ففي الصباغة يغطى القماش بكامله وبتجانس بنفس اللون في حين أنه في الطباعة يمكن استخدام لون واحد أو أكثر لتشكيل نقش معين، فتكون الطباعة هي شكل موضعي للصباغة، بحيث تطبق الملونات على مناطق مختارة من النسيج لإنشاء التصميم.

تستخدم في الطباعة القوالب الخشبية، والرواسم (صَفِيحَةٌ مَعْدِنِيَّةٌ يُحْفَرُ عَلَيْهَا خَطٌّ أَوْ رَسْمٌ تُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الطِّبَاعَةِ)، والصفائح المحفورة، والأسطوانات، والأقمشة (يطلق عليها حرير لأن الأقمشة التي استخدمت سابقًا من الحرير). تحتوي الأصبغة على مواد مثخنة لتمنع انتشار اللون بسبب الخاصة الشعرية خارج حدود الرسمة.
وتعتبر الطباعة في الوقت الحالى من أهم عوامل الموضة في صناعة الملابس، وفي الوقت الحالي تنتشر ثلاثة أنواع من الطباعة وهي الطباعة بالقوالب المسطحة (الشبلونات) والطباعة اليدوية (بالشابلونة الحريرية) والطباعة بالقوالب الأسطوانية (بالشبلونات الدائرية).

أما بالنسبة للطباعة بالشابلونة فهى عبارة عن إطار خشبي تم شد الحرير عليه وبعد ذلك تم طلائه بمادة تسمى الحساس الضوئى لاعداده لوضع الرسم المطلوب طباعته بواسطة التصوير الضوئى عن طريق ورق شفاف تم الرسم عليه بواسطة حبر يعزل الضوء بعدها تعالج الشابلونة تفتح بالماء مع الضغط حتى تسقط الاماكن التي كانت مغطاه بالحبر العازل للضوء على الكلك بعد ذلك ببعض المواد الكيميائية لتصبح جاهزة للطباعة ومن ثم يتم استخدامها بوضع الحبر بداخها وتحريكة فيتم نزول الحبر من الجزء المراد طباعته فقط

تاريخ
إن التغيير الأكبر في الموضة والتصميم الذي حدث في النسيج الأوروبي كان استخدام النسيج المطبوع. أنتج النسيج المطبوع الأول في الهند والصين منذ أكثر من أربعة آلاف سنة خلت. ويرجع تاريخ طباعة النسيج في أوروبا إلى حوالي القرن العاشر الميلادي. وكانت الرسوم والأشكال في اللباس الأوروبي تنتج بالحياكة والتطريز حتى أصبح النسيج المطبوع رخيصًا نسبيًا ومتاحا، ولم تكن هذه الملابس متوفرة إلا للأغنياء.

إن الإجراءات الحديثة لطباعة المنسوجات تعود إلى الطباعة بالقالب على الحرير في الصين القديمة. ووفق هذه الطريقة تطبع الأقمشة بتصميمات موضوعة على قوالب خشبية (Bloc printing). يحضر التصميم المراد طباعته على قالب خشبي، ثم يضغط القالب برفق على سطح معجون الطباعة. بعد ذلك يوضع القالب فوق سطح النسيج ويطرق عليه بمطرقة خشبية حتى يظهر التصميم على القماش. ويمكن الحصول على الرسم المطلوب بتكرار هذه العملية باستخدام ألوان مختلفة. وقد انتشرت الطباعة بواسطة الروسم (الإسْتَنْسِل: وهي صفيحة رقيقة من معدن أو ورق أو مشمّع مخرَّقة على صورة حروف أو رسوم) حيث يلون النسيج بالفرشاة عبر شقوق وفراغات الروسم، والطباعة باستخدام الاسطوانات المحفورة أيضا على نطاق واسع في القرن الخامس عشر.

ظلت الطباعة بالقالب اختيارًا عمليًا حتى اختراع آلة الطباعة بالقوالب الاسطوانية التي اخترعها جيمس بيل في سنة 1783 م. وكان من الممكن الطباعة المستمرة بستة ألوان بمعدل يكافئ 40 عاملاً يستخدم الطباعة بالقالب. اعتمد نجاح الآلة على الاسطوانات المنقوشة حيث ارتبط كل منها بلون خاص في التصميم.

مراجع

صناعة النسيج

طباعة النسيج


Landquart es una comuna comuna suiza del cantón de los Grisones, situada en el distrito de Landquart, círculo de los Fünf Dörfer.

La comuna fue creada el 1 de enero de 2012 de la fusión de las antiguas comunas de Igis y Mastrils.

Historia

Igis se menciona por primera vez sobre 840 como Ovinae / Aviuns. En 1149 se mencionó como Auuine, en 1225 como Huiuns y en 1253 como Yges. Mastrils se menciona por primera vez en 1318 como Ponstrils. En 1345 se mencionó como Bastrils.

Geografía
La comuna se encuentra situada en la región del Rheintal (Valle del Rin) en Suiza Oriental. Limita al norte con las comunas de Maienfeld y Malans, al este con Grüsch, al sur con Zizers y Untervaz, y al oeste con Pfäfers (SG) y Bad Ragaz (SG).

El municipio tiene una superficie total de 18,86 km² (7,28 millas cuadradas).

Demografía

Mastrils tiene una población (a diciembre de 2013) de 8498.

Transportes
Ferrocarril

Cuenta con una estación ferroviaria en la que paran trenes de larga distancia y regionales.

Al llegar a la estación de tren también se puede continuar a pie en una caminata de varios días hacia Klosters en el Prättigauer Höhenweg en lugar de utilizar el ferrocarril rético.

Lugares de interés y cultura

Sitios del Patrimonio de importancia nacional

El Castillo de Marschlins y los terrenos circundantes están listados como patrimonio suizo de importancia nacional. El castillo era la residencia de una noble familia de Salis-Marschlins.

Castillos

Además del Castillo Marschlins, Landquart es también el hogar de las ruinas del Castillo de Falkenstein.

Iglesias
 La iglesia católica de San Fidelis fue construida en 1908 en la aldea de Landquart.
 La iglesia reformada en el pueblo de Igis fue construido a su aspecto actual en 1486. En ese momento, la nave se extendió hacia el sur y el coro se amplió. El portal principal también fue construido en 1486, ya que esta fecha está tallada en la piedra. Las pinturas de la fecha pared noreste de antes de la renovación 1486. Se cree que este muro es parte de la iglesia de San Damián que fue mencionada en 841, aunque se debate esta identificación. Parte de la identificación se basa en el hecho de que la campana de la iglesia contiene una inscripción que indica que se dedicó a Cosme y Damián. Independientemente, la iglesia actual se menciona claramente alrededor de 1300 en los registros de la abadía de Pfäfers.
 La Iglesia en Landquart fue construida en el siglo XX como la sección pueblo creció. El terreno fue adquirido en 1914, aunque la construcción no comenzó hasta 1925. La construcción terminó el 11 de enero de 1926.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial de la comuna de Landquart

Comunas de los Grisones

Landquart


خوان مارتن ديل بوترو  هو لاعب كرة مضرب أرجنتيني محترف، ولد في 23 سبتمبر 1988م. بدأ مسيرته كلاعب كرة مضرب محترف عام 2005.

روابط إضافية

 del Potro Recent Match Results
 del Potro World Ranking History
 Juan Martín del Potro Unofficial Forum (Spanish and English)
 Website about Juan Martin (Spanish )

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أبطال أولمبيون في كرة المضرب
أبطال الجراند سلام في كرة المضرب
أبطال بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة
أرجنتينيون فازوا بالميدالية الفضية الأولمبية
أرجنتينيون من أصل إيطالي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تانديل
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
رومان كاثوليك أرجنتينيون
رياضيون من مقاطعة بوينس آيرس
فائزون بميداليات برونزية أولمبية من الأرجنتين
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب ذكور أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
مواليد 1988
مواليد في تانديل

خوان مارتن ديل بوترو


Constituția Armeniei a fost adoptată în urma unui . Potrivit acestei constituții, Armenia este stat democratic, suveran, social și constituțional. Erevanul este definit ca capitală a statului. Puterea este acordată cetățenilor, care o exercită prin alegerea reprezentanților guvernului. Deciziile legate de schimbările statului constituțional sau modificările hotarelor sunt subiect de vot pentru cetățenii Armeniei, care trebuie să se manifeste prin referendum.  Sunt 117 articole în constituția din 1995. Pe 27 noiembrie 2005, a avut loc un  prin care s-a amendat constituția. Constituția a fost amendată din nou în urma unui , prin care s-a votat schimbarea structurii politice dintr-un sistem semiprezidențial într-o republică parlamentară.

Potrivit Constituției amendate în noiembrie 2005 Constitution, prședintele republicii numește prim-ministrul, bazânsu-se pe  distribuirea locurilor în Adunarea Națională și consultarea cu facțiunile parlamentare.  Președintele de asemenea numește (sau înlătură din funcție) membrii guvernului la recomandarea primului ministru. Având în vedere puterile constituționale ale președintelui, Armenia poate fi considerată republică semi-prezidențială.

Referințe

Politica Armeniei
Fondări în 1995
Constituții după stat

Constituția Armeniei


Alexander Carlisle (Ballymena, Condado de Antrim, 8 de julio de 1854 - Londres, 5 de marzo de 1926) fue un ingeniero naval británico, y uno de los hombres involucrados en el diseño de los transatlánticos clase Olympic.

Biografía
Alexander Carlisle nació en Ballymena, y era el hijo mayor de John Carlisle, director de la Royal Belfast Academical Institution.

Carlisle estudió en la escuela de su padre hasta 1870, cuando se unió a los astilleros Harland and Wolff (teniendo 16 años de edad), empezando a trabajar como aprendiz. En ese período conoció a William Pirrie, que posteriormente se casaría con su hermana Margaret en abril de 1879.
Durante su larga trayectoria en el astillero, Alexander Carlisle llegó a ocupar sucesivamente los cargos de delineante jefe, diseñador jefe, gerente, gerente general, etc.

Se casó en San Francisco en 1884 con Edith Wooster, una estadounidense doce años más joven que él. El matrimonio tuvo un hijo y dos hijas, y acabó mudándose a una casa grande en Belfast.

Carlisle fue uno de los hombres que diseñaron los tres buques de la clase Olympic: el Olympic, el Titanic y el Britannic. En el diseño del Olympic y el Titanic, se ocupó de las decoraciones, los equipamientos y todos los arreglos generales, y también de implementar el sistema de pescantes para los botes salvavidas. Tras 40 años en Harland and Wolff, Carlisle se retiró en 1910, y se hizo accionista en Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd, la empresa que fabricaba los pescantes.

En 1912, testificó ante la investigación británica que se inició tras el naufragio del Titanic.

Carlisle había sido nombrado miembro del Consejo Privado de Irlanda en 1907 por el rey Eduardo VII, formando parte de la Cámara de los Lores con Pirrie. Finalmente, fue expulsado en 1920 durante un intenso debate sobre el gobierno propio de Irlanda.

Alexander Carlisle también era un gran interesado y entusiasta de la cultura germánica, habiendo realizado varias travesías transatlánticas a bordo de buques alemanes, y raramente utilizando embarcaciones británicas o incluso aquellas que él mismo había diseñado (por ejemplo, Carlisle nunca viajó a bordo del Olympic). Sus opiniones pro-germánicas muchas veces le hicieron entrar en conflicto con su cuñado William Pirrie y otros miembros de la sociedad; Carlisle conoció al emperador Guillermo II de Alemania y mantuvo una relación con él, casó a una de sus hijas con un noble germánico y varias veces afirmó que la ingeniería naval alemana era tan buena como la británica.

Su salud empeoró cada vez más en la década de 1920, sufriendo de problemas pulmonares y cardíacos. Permaneció en la cama a finales de 1925 en su casa de Londres, mejorando un poco en los meses siguientes. Sin embargo, murió el 5 de marzo de 1926, y su funeral tuvo lugar en el crematorio de Golders Green (Gran Londres).

Véase también
 Thomas Andrews

Referencias

Ingenieros del Reino Unido del siglo XIX
Ingenieros del Reino Unido del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Londres

Alexander Carlisle


Rukometni klub Zaprešić (RK Zaprešić; Zaprešić) je bio muški rukometni klub iz Zaprešića, Zagrebačka županija.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan kao rukometna sekcija DTO "Partizan" krajem 1950.-ih, te nosi ime "Partizan"' do raspada SFRJ. Klub uglavnom sudjeluje u rukometnim ligama na području središnje Hrvatske. Osamostaljenjem Hrvatske klub dobiva naziv RK "Zaprešić". U sezoni 2. HRL 1992./93. klub je član 2. HRL - Sjever, ali po završetku sezone dolazi do spajanja s klubom "Borac" iz Zagreba (tada sponzorskoh naziva "Chipoteka" i člana 1.A HRL). Klub stoga u sezoni 1993./94. postaje prvoligaš i igra pod imenom "Zaprešić - Borac". Međutim, klub je tijekom sezone upao u financijske poteškoće. Krajem 1993. je omladinska škola prestala s radom, dok su seniori ispali iz 1.A HRL i klub se onda gasi.
Muški klupski rukomet se u Zaprešiću nije igrao do 1999.-e godine, kada se osniva sljednik RK "Zaprešića" - MRK "Zaprešić".

Uspjesi

Plasmani po sezonama

Poznati igrači
Ivan Teur-Iba,
Petar Maričić-Pjer,
Dragutin Martinko-Čuni,
Vinko Morović-Cibić,
Krešimir Palijan-Kićo,
Josip Obrubić-Fifa,
Ivan Gorjan,
Stjepan Glogović-Gloga,
Zvonimir Pipinić-Pipa,
Krunoslav Šarić,
Darko Saić-Sajko,
Nikola Japundžić,

 Davorin Gajnik
 Mario Kelentrić
 Krunoslav Pipinić
 Denis Špoljarić
 Marko Zurunić
Mitko Penčev

Unutrašnje poveznice
 MRK Zaprešić
 ŽRK Zaprešić
 RK Borac Zagreb

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 mrkzapresic.hr, Muški rukomet u Zaprešiću, wayback arhiva od 22. listopada 2008.
 mrkzapresic.hr, Povijest kluba, wayback arhiva od 26. studenog 2013.

Zaprešić
Zapreššić

RK Zaprešić


Auf dem heutigen Gebiet von Berlin gab es mehrere räumlich und zeitlich voneinander verschiedene Oberleitungsbusnetze:

 Elektromote (1882), der erste Oberleitungsbus der Welt in Halensee
 Gleislose Bahn Niederschöneweide–Johannisthal (1904–1905) in den Landgemeinden Niederschöneweide und Johannisthal
 Gleislobus Steglitz (1912–1914) in der Landgemeinde Steglitz
 Oberleitungsbus Berlin (1933–1965) in den westlichen Bezirken Spandau und Steglitz
 Oberleitungsbus Berlin (1951–1973) in den östlichen Stadtbezirken Mitte, Friedrichshain, Prenzlauer Berg und Lichtenberg

Oberleitungsbus Berlin


Col de Sarenne er et bjergpas med en højde på 1.999 m.o.h., der går fra en sidedal til Romanche-dalen til Alpe d'Huez. Passet krydses fra Alpe d'Huez via vejen Route du Col de Sarenne. Fra sidedalen Sarenne-dalen (Fransk: Vallée de la Sarenne) fra byen Mizoén giver passet adgang til Alpe d'Huez.

I samme kløft - som vejen til passet følger - løber en flod ved navn La Sarenne. En berømt skipiste "Sarenne" i skiområdet Alpe d'Huez følger et langt stykke floden Sarenne. La Sarenne udspringer ved smeltevandet fra gletsjeren Glacier de Sarenne. Gletsjeren er de senere år blevet væsentligt mindre. Alene i 2011 forsvandt 4 meters tykkelse fra gletsjeren.

Galleri

Tour de France

Passet var en del af 18. etape i 2013.

Kildehenvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

Bjergpas i Frankrig
Bjergpas i Alperne
Sarenne

Col de Sarenne


Este anexo lista os bairros (loteamentos) da cidade de Piracicaba:

Região Central
CENTRO - Jardim Boa Vista, Chácara São José, Dr. Paulo de Moraes, Rosa Silveira da Fonseca e Chácara Nazareth
CIDADE ALTA - Bairro dos Alemães
CIDADE JARDIM - Jardim Europa, Cidade Jardim (2 loteamentos), Chácaras Colina, Jardim das Carmelitas, Chácara Morato e Cidade Jardim (Loteamento da Vila Júlia)
CLUBE DE CAMPO - Clube de Campo
JARDIM MONUMENTO - Jardim Mercedes, Jardim Itamaraty, Jardim Santana, Jardim Witier, Jardim Monumento e Jardim São Pedro 2ª Parte
NHÔ QUIM - São Luiz, Vila Maria, Jardim Algodoal 1ª, 4ª e 6ª Parte, Vila Rezende (2 loteamentos), Vila Ducatti, Jardim Itamaraty e Jardim Monumento
NOVA PIRACICABA - Jardim Itamaraty, Jardim Mercedes, Jardim São Pedro, Jardim São Paulo, Terras do Engenho, Nova Piracicaba
PARQUE DA RUA DO PORTO - Chácara Nazareth
SÃO DIMAS - Jardim das Carmelitas, Chácaras Colina e Jardim Europa
SÃO JUDAS
VILA REZENDE - Jardim Universitário, Vila Ducatti, Conjunto Habitacional Cidade Azul, Vila Rezende (2 loteamentos), Nova Piracicaba, Vila Maria, Recanto Colonial, Jardim Santana, Jardim Monumento e Terras do Engenho

Região Norte
ÁGUA SANTA
ALGODOAL - Jardim Alvorada, Recanto Colonial, Jardim Algodoal 2ª, 3ª e 5ª Parte e Comercial Cristóvão Colombo
AREIÃO - Vila Areião e Jardim Universitário
CAPIM FINO - Uninorte, Parque Automotivo e Uninorte Ipezinho
CORUMBATAÍ
GUAMIUM - Vila Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Parque São Jorge, Alphanorth Industrial e Residencial Recanto Feliz
JARDIM PRIMAVERA - Jardim Primavera e Nova República
MÁRIO DEDINI - Bosques do Lenheiro, Mário Dedini, Jardim Gilda e Piracicaba C
PARQUE RESIDENCIAL PIRACICABA - Jardim Maria, ParK Monte Rey I, II e III, Residencial Parque Piracicaba, Jardim Pacaembu e Altos do São Francisco
SANTA ROSA - Santa Rosa, Palmeiras, Santa Rosa Ipês, Alphaville, São Gabriel e Villa D'Áquila
SANTA TEREZINHA - Residencial Andorinhas, Eldorado, Santa Terezinha, Parque das Indústrias, Chácara Santo Antônio, Jardim Bessi, Jardim Castor, Jardim Conceição, Jardim Dom Bosco, Jardim Lídia, Residencial Caieiras, Jardim Taiguara, Residencial João Paulo II, Jardim Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Jardim Nova Capri, Jardim Paris, Jardim Santa Terezinha, Jardim São Benedito, Jardim São Judas Tadeu, Jardim São Sebastião, Jardim Vila Rio, Jardim Santa Ephigênia, Jardim Corcovado, Jardim Maria Helena, Jardim Nossa Senhora das Graças, Alto de Santa Tereza, Jardim São José, Jardim Taiguara I, Jardim Boa Esperança e Park Santa Terezinha
VALE DO SOL - Gran Park Residencial, Vale do Sol, Parque São Matheus, Jardim Colorado, Glebas Primavera, Residencial Altos da Boa Vista, Parque das Águas, Parque São Mateus II e Comviva
VILA FÁTIMA - Nossa Senhora de Fátima (5 loteamentos), Jardim Diamante, Jardim Dona Luiza, Jardim Monte Castelo, Jardim Algodoal 3ª Parte e Jardim Matilde
VILA INDUSTRIAL - Jardim Piedade, Vila Industrial, Vila Industrial Cohab Bandeirantes, Jardim São Roque, Vila São Pedro, Chácara São Pedro, Parque Conceição, Mário Dedini, Altos do Piracicaba, Jardim São Vicente, Parque Conceição II, Jardim São Vicente II e Jardim Residencial Cambuy
VILA SÔNIA - Jardim Boa Esperança (Profilurb), Jardim Campos Elísios, Jardim Diana, Jardim dos Antúrios, Jardim Irapuã, Jardim Maria Cláudia, Jardim Maria Helena, Jardim Residencial Javary I,II e III, Jardim São Luis, Jardim Sônia, Jardim Três Marias, Parque Bela Vista, Parque Nossa Senhora das Graças, Parque Orlanda I, II e III, Humberto Venturini, Jardim dos Manacás, Vem Viver Piracicaba I e Jardim Itaicy II

Região Sul
ÁGUA BRANCA - Parque Residencial Primeiro de Maio, Residencial Parque Água Branca, Terra Nova, Bosque da Água Branca, Jardim Astúrias I, II e III, Desmembramento Astúrias III (2ª parte)Serra Verde, Jardim Oriente, Residencial Bela Vista, Jardim Água Branca, Residencial Água Branca I e II, Jardim Itaberá, Jardim Água Viva, Jardim Ipanema, Irmãos Camolesi, Altos da Pompéia, Jardim Itamaracá, Conjunto Habitacional Alvorada I, Jardim Amán, Santa Laura, Residencial Gaivotas, Residencial Portal da Água Branca, Chácaras Água Branca, Residencial Nova Água Branca II, Residencial São Luiz, Recanto do Piracicamirim, Jardim Tomazella, Santa Tereza D'Ávila, Nova Água Branca II, Recanto da Água Branca, Conjunto Habitacional Altos do Água Branca, Residencial Formaggio, Villaggio Paulino Martini, Jardim Monte Feliz e Vilagio Clotilde Brossi
BAIRRO VERDE - Chácara Floresta, Jardim Augusta, Jardim das Margaridas, Jardim Santa Mônica, Jardim Pacaembu, Vila Verde (2 loteamentos), Jardim Paulicéia, Nossa Senhora de Lourdes e Vila Paulicéia
CAMPESTRE - Convívio Bonne Vie, Jardim Belvedere, Jardim Costa Rica, Jardim Paraíso, Unidas, Minas Nova, Jardim Campestre, Condomínio Amhpla, Glebas São Joaquim, Condomínio Benvenutto, Jardim Laranjal, Park Campestre, Jardim dos Ypês I, Jardim Santa Fé, Parque dos Ipês, Jardim Sant'Ana, Residencial Novo Campestre, Vila Romana, Quinta do Campestre e Residencial Ágape
CHICÓ - Parque Continental
DONA ANTONIA - Quinta de Santa Helena
HIGIENÓPOLIS - Vila Sesso, Jardim Modelo, Vila Eliana, Higienópolis e Chácara São José
JARDIM CALIFÓRNIA - Jardim Brasil, Jardim dos Ipês, Jardim Colonial Pacaembu, Residencial Vila Real, Residencial Ari Coelho, Residencial Bertolucci e Mont Carlo
JARDIM CAXAMBU - Jardim Caxambu, Jardim Itamarati, Altos dos Astúrias e Recanto do Astúrias
JARDIM ELITE - Chácara Santo André, Jardim Augusta, Jardim Augusta II, Jardim Elite (3 loteamentos) e Jardim Santa Rosa
MONTE LÍBANO - Glebas São Joaquim, Jardim das Flores, Jardim Haiti, Jardim Morada do Sol, Jardim Noêmia Ingá, Vila São Paulo, Parque dos Eucaliptos, Jardim Monte Líbano, Jardim Monte Líbano II, Condomínio Altos do Tatuapé e Jardim Ibirapuera
NOVA AMÉRICA - Jardim Nova Esperança, Jardim Saibreiro, Jardim Santa Catarina, Jardim Santa Helena, Jardim Santa Tereza, Jardim São Domingos, Parque das Mangueiras, Vila Dr. Jorge Coury (6 loteamentos), Portal do Astúrias, Desmembramento do Portal do Astúrias II, Saibreiro, Alto da Colina e Jardim Prezotto
PAULICÉIA - Jardim Esplanada, Chácara Floresta, Vila Paulicéia (1 loteamento), Waldemar Zaia e Outros, Vila Tozzo, Reloteamento Vila Paulicéia (4 loteamentos), Vila Nova Paulicéia, Vila Mantoan, Pacaembu, Jardim Paulista (2 loteamentos), Bairro Verde, Jardim Paulicéia, Vila São Luiz, Jardim São Francisco de Assis, Vila Dr. João Conceição, Jardim Santo Antonio, Jardim Ibirapuera, Residencial Paulista e Vila Nazareth
PAULISTA - Chácara Amstalden, Vila Dr. JoãoConceição, Vila Natera, Vila Giácomo, Vila Nazareth, Chácara Nazareth e Vila Jaraguá
SANTA HELENA

Região Leste
AGRONOMIA
CECAP - Residencial Eldorado e Parque Cecap I e II
CIDADE JUDICIÁRIA
CONCEIÇÃO - Chácara Mazzero e Chácara Ipê
DOIS CÓRREGOS - Jardim Vila Verde, Jardim Panorama, Jardim Panorama II, Glebas Natalinas, Jardim Nova Iguaçu, Glebas Aliança, Glebas Haiti, Jardim Residencial Altafin, Jardim Santa Ignês I e II, Jardim Santa Sílvia, Green Village, Village De Leon, Parque Prezotto, Jardim Residencial Jatobás, Habitare Residencial e Villa D'Itália
JARDIM ABAETÉ - Jardim Potiguar, Jardim Abaeté, Condomínio Recanto dos Beija Flores, Chácara Bi-Centenário
JARDIM SÃO FRANCISCO - Santa Rita Garças, Santa Rita Perdizes, Santa Rita Colibris, Santa Rita, São Francisco, Taquaral, Residencial Bertolin I e II, Residencial Bellini e Convívio São Francisco
MONTE ALEGRE - Monte Alegre e Residencial Monte Alegre
MORUMBI - Jardim Morumbi, Jardim Noiva da Colina, Jardim Piracicabano, Jardim Petrópolis, Jardim Santa Isabel, Jardim Novo Horizonte, Jardim Virgínia, Jardim Água Seca, Jardim América, Jardim Reserva Imperial, Residencial Humaitá, Terras do Sinhô I e II e Terras di Treviso
PIRACICAMIRIM - Jardim São Simão, Parque Prezotto, Vila Prudente, Cidade Maracanã, Jardim Bandeirantes, Jardim Boa Esperança, Desmembramento Thiago Varjão Fontoura e Jardim Pombeva
POMPÉIA - Jardim Sol Nascente, Parque Chapadão, Residencial Itaporanga, Residencial Nova Pompéia, Alvorada II e III, Jardim Terra Rica I e III, Conjunto Habitacional Eugênio Montebelo, Jardim Santa Ignês I, Jardim São Simão, Jardim Panorama II, Residencial Leão, Altos do Taquaral, Jardim Sol Nascente II, Convívio Residencial Lazuli Plaza, Glebas Nova Aurora e Riviera Residence
SANTA CECÍLIA - Parque Santa Cecília, Recanto Tropical, Chácara Naval, Desmembramento Cristiane Naval Filletti, Jardim Brasília (2 loteamentos), Santa Cecília e Jardim Água Seca
SANTA RITA - Santa Rita Avencas, Glebas Nova Aurora e Santa Rita
TAQUARAL - Centro Comercial Agrícola Taquaral, Centro de Produção Agrícola Taquaral, Jardim Residencial UNIMEP e Residencial Campos do Conde
UNILESTE - Unileste, Nupeme, Jardim Jatobá e Recanto Jatobás
VILA INDEPENDÊNCIA - Vila Independência (15 loteamentos)
VILA MONTEIRO - Chácara Kobal, Jardim Ferreira, Jardim Jacinto, Jardim Mafalda, Jardim Mathias, Vila Piracicamirim e Vila Independência

Região Oeste
ÁGUA DAS PEDRAS - Glebas Noiva da Colina
CASTELINHO - Jardim São Miguel (3 loteamentos), Vila Nazareth, Chácara Nazareth e Jardim Morato
GLEBAS CALIFÓRNIA - Chácara Espéria, Chácara Genebra, Chácara Santa Joana, Glebas Califórnia e Conjunto Habitacional Colinas de Piracicaba
JARAGUÁ - Vila Mercedes, Vila Jaraguá e Vila Dr. Pacheco Chaves
JARDIM ITAPUÃ - Tatuapé, Jardim Tóquio, Jardim São Carlos, Jardim Itapuã e Jardim São Paulo (2 loteamentos)
JARDIM PLANALTO - Jardim São José, Jardim Nova Suíssa, Ipanema, Jardim Planalto, Jardim Itapuã e Jardim João Conceição
JUPIÁ - Parque Jupiá, Residencial Jardim Parque Jupiá (Cohab), Glebas Nova Califórnia, Glebas Califórnia, Residencial Parque Santim e Jardim Helena
MORATO - Chácara Nazareth II, Terras de Piracicaba I, II, III, IV e V, Residencial Reserva do Engenho e Morada do Engenho
NOVO HORIZONTE - Chácara São Jorge, Residencial Paineiras, Kobayat-Líbano, Jardim Novo Horizonte, Jardim Piazza Itália, Parque do Sabiá, Vila Liberdade, Jardim Santa Maria e Jardim Santa Clara
ONDAS - Chácara Santo Antônio, Parque Residencial Damha I, Jardim São Francisco, Residencial Reserva das Paineiras, Ondas do Piracicaba e Residencial Canadá
ONDINHAS - Jardim Estoril
SÃO JORGE - Jardim São Jorge, Jardim Vitória, Jardim Santo Antonio, Santo Antonio II e Chácaras Alto de Santa Tereza
VILA CRISTINA - Jardim Borghesi, Jardim Camargo, Jardim Cruzeiro, Jardim Glória, Jardim Ibirapuera (1ª parte), Jardim Ibirapuera (2ª parte), Jardim Monte Cristo, Jardim Tarumã, Jardim Regina, Jardim Monte Verde, Jardim Monte Branco, Jardim João Conceição, Jardim Santo Antonio, Jardim Stênico, Jardim São Carlos, Tatuapé e Nova Paulista

Ver também
 Lista de bairros de Americana
 Lista de bairros de Limeira
 Lista de bairros de Rio Claro
 Lista de bairros de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste

Piracicaba

Lista de bairros de Piracicaba


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු මැද පළාතේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස 30 කි. එ අනුරාධපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ 23 සහ පොළොන්නරුව දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ 7 ක්  ලෙසය.

අනුරාධපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

 අනුරාධපුර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 ගල්නෑව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ගලෙන්බිදුනුවැව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 හොරොව්පොතාන ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ඉපලෝගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 කහටගස්දිගිලිය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 කැඹිතිගොල්ලෑව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 කැකිරාව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 මහාවිලච්චිය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 මැදවච්චිය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 මිහින්තලේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 නච්චදූව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 නොච්චියාගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 නුවරගම් පළාත මධ්‍යම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 නුවරගම් පළාත නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 පදවිය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 පළාගල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 පලුගස්වැව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 රාජාංගනය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 රඹෑව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 තලාව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 තඹුත්තේගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 තිරප්පනේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස

පොළොන්නරුව දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

 දිඹුලාගල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 ඇලහැර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 හිඟුරක්ගොඩ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 ලංකාපුර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 මැදිරිගිරිය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 තමන්කඩුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 වැලිකන්ද ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභා

බාහිර සබැදි
 Divisional Secretariats Portal
 Statoids: Divisions of Sri Lanka


În mitologia nordică, un vargr (pl. vargar, deseori anglicizat ca warg sau varg) este un lup și se referă în particular la lupul Fenrir și fii lui Sköll și Hati. Bazat pe aceasta, J. R. R. Tolkien a folosit în ficțiunea lui forma din engleza veche warg (alte forme din engleza veche fiind wearg și wearh) ca să se refere în particular la un soi de lup mare și malefic.

Etimologie

În nordica veche, vargr este derivat din cuvântul proto-germanic reconstruit wargaz, într-un final derivat din rădăcina proto-indo-europeană, werg, "a distruge".

Mitologia nordică

Warg


El Marquesado de Lara es un título nobiliario español creado el 10 de diciembre de 1739 por el rey Felipe V a favor de Nicolás Manrique de Lara y Polanco, XXIII Señor de Amusco y Redecilla. Ministro togado del Consejo de Guerra.

Marqueses de Lara

Historia de los Marqueses de Lara

 Nicolás Manrique de Lara y Polanco, I marqués de Lara, XXIII señor de Amusco y gobernador del Consejo y Cámara de Castilla.
Casó con María Magdalena de Carvajal-Vargas y Brun. Le sucedió:

 Francisco Carlos Manrique de Lara y Polanco de Guzmán y Rivera (n. en 1705 – 1784), II marqués de Lara, contador mayor del Tribunal de Cuentas de Lima.
Casó con Rosa María Carrillo de Albornoz y Bravo de Lagunas, hija del IV Conde de Montemar. Tuvieron por hijo:

 Nicolás Próspero Manrique de Lara y Carrillo de Albornoz (Lima, 1745-1814), III marqués de Lara, intendente gobernador de Huamanga y contador mayor del Tribunal de Cuentas de Lima.
Casó con María Magdalena de Carvajal Vargas y Brun, hija de Fermín Francisco de Carvajal Vargas, I Duque de San Carlos. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Francisco Pío Manrique de Lara y Carvajal Vargas (Lima, 1778-1815), IV marqués de Lara, coronel de los Reales Ejércitos y del Ejército del Perú.
Casó en 1811 con María Josefa Muñoz y Bravo de Castilla, II Marquesa de Casa Muñoz. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Francisco de Borja Manrique de Lara y Muñoz, V marqués de Lara XXV Señor de Amusco, sin descendientes, le sucedió su hermana:

 María del Carmen Manrique de Lara y Muñoz (Lima, 1812-1856), VI marquesa de Lara
Casó en 1825 con el coronel Andrés María Álvarez y Armas. Falleció en un accidente ferroviario en Bellavista, sin sucesión.

Rehabilitado en 1915 por:

Eugenio de Mazarredo y Tamarit (1864-1925), VII marqués de Lara.
Casó con Amparo de Trenor y Palavicino. Le sucedió, en 1925, su hijo:

Fernando de Mazarredo y Trenor (n. en 1903), VIII marqués de Lara. Sin descendientes. Le sucedió el hijo de su hermano Rafael de Mazarredo y Trenor, que casó con María Iriarte y Swartz, por tanto sobrino del octavo marqués:

Eugenio de Mazarredo e Iriarte, "IX marqués de Lara", que ostentó el título de desde 1984 a 1995, en que le fue anulada la Carta de Sucesión, por sentencia judicial, otorgando el marquesado de Lara, a un hijo de María de los Desamparados de Mazarredo y Trenor, hermana del octavo marqués de Lara que había casado con Pedro Calabuig y Trenor, por tanto sobrino también del octavo marqués:

José Calabuig y Mazarredao, X marqués de Lara.
Casó con María Luisa Ponce de León y Martínez de Prada. Le sucede el hijo de ambos:

José María Calabuig y Ponce de León, XI marqués de Lara, desde 2015.

Referencias

Lara
Marquesados de Perú
Marquesados creados por Felipe V
Marquesados rehabilitados por Alfonso XIII
España en 1739

Marquesado de Lara


An Schoenorchis pachyglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Schoenorchis pachyglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Schoenorchis

Schoenorchis pachyglossa


Branko Međugorac, hrvatski nogometni trener iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Karijera

Bio je izbornik reprezentacije Herceg-Bosne na prijateljskoj utakmici s Paragvajom u Asunciónu 1996. godine.

Krajem 1990-ih bio je trener Ljubuškog. Radio je i kao trener malog nogometa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Razgovarali smo s akterima povijesne utakmice: Opovrgnuli su i jedan mit te otkrili koji je legendarni svjetski trener sve omogućio , direktno.hr, preuzeto 30.studenoga 2022.

Bosanskohercegovački nogometni treneri
Životopisi, Ljubuški

Branko Međugorac


La microrregión del Cariri Oriental era una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de Paraíba, en aquel entonces perteneciente a la mesorregión Borborema. Su población fue estimada en 2006 por el IBGE en 61.388 habitantes y estaba dividida en doce municipios. Poseía un área total de 4.242,135 km².

En 2017, el IBGE disolvió las mesorregiones y microrregiones, creando un nuevo marco regional brasileño, con nuevas divisiones geográficas denominadas, respectivamente, regiones geográficas intermedias e inmediatas.

Municipios

 Alcantil
 Barra de Santana
 Barra de São Miguel
 Boqueirão
 Cabaceiras
 Caraúbas
 Caturité
 Gurjão
 Riacho de Santo Antônio
 Santo André
 São Domingos do Cariri
 São João do Cariri

Referencias

Microrregión del Karirí Oriental


Burhan Sönmez (n. 1965) este un romancier turc, a cărui operă literară a fost tradusă în mai multe limbi străine.

Biografie
S-a născut în Turcia și a vorbit din copilărie limbile turcă și kurdă, apoi s-a mutat la Istanbul. A studiat Dreptul la Universitatea din Istanbul, profesând o vreme ca avocat și activist pentru drepturile omului. A fost membru al Societății pentru Drepturile Omului (IHD) și a fondat ONG-ul Fundația pentru Cercetare Socială, Cultură și Artă (TAKSAV). A participat la mai multe proteste civice și a fost grav rănit în 1996 în timpul unei altercații cu poliția turcă, refugiindu-se la Londra în cadrul programului "Eliberarea de tortură". A publicat articole pe teme de literatură, cultură și politică în mai multe ziare și reviste (BirGün, L'Unita, Birikim și Notos), precum și proză scurtă.

Trăiește în prezent la Cambridge și Istanbul și predă literatură la Universitatea METU din Ankara. Este membru al cluburilor PEN turcești și englezești.

Primul său roman Kuzey (Miazănoapte) a apărut în 2009, fiind urmat în 2011 de Masumlar (Păcate și inocenți) și în 2015 de Istanbul Istanbul. Romanele sale au fost publicate în mai mult de 20 de țări de edituri renumite precum Gallimard (Franța), OR Books (SUA), btb Random House (Germania), Turbine (Danemarca), Nottetempo (Italia), Polirom (România), Klimaty (Polonia), Dituria (Albania), Antares (Armenia), Thaqafa (Arabia), Lis (spațiul kurd), Opus (Croația), Hohe (Etiopia), Joshua Könyvek (Ungaria), Jumhoori (Pakistan), Nepko (Mongolia), Del Vecchio (Italia), Evro Giunti (Serbia), Qanun (Azerbaidjan), A.Libris (Macedonia). Romanul Păcate și inocenți a obținut Premiul Sedat Simavi, una dintre cele mai prestigioase distincții literare din Turcia.

Scrieri
 Kuzey (Miazănoapte) (2009)
 Masumlar (Păcate și inocenți) (2011)
 Istanbul Istanbul (2015)

Prezența în România și traduceri în limba română
În octombrie 2023, Burhan Sönmez este prezent la Iași, în cadrul Festivalului Internațional de Literatură și Traducere (FILIT).

 Istanbul Istanbul, traducere de Leila Ünal, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2016

Note

Legături externe
 Interview with Burhan Sonmez in Rome - by Diego Zandel
 Burhan Sonmez, Pamuk and Dante - il Manifesto
 Burhan Sönmez'in 'Kuzey' romanı ve en az bilinenlerin en derin tarafları - Taraf
 Peki ya sizin kuzeyiniz... - Radikal
 Official site
 Kuzey at Sabit Fikir

Nașteri în 1965
Scriitori turci

Burhan Sönmez


Glenea acutoides é uma espécie de besouro da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrito por Bernhard Schwarzer em 1925.

Referências

Acutoides
Coleópteros descritos em 1925

Glenea acutoides


Alfa parçacığı (alfa, Yunan alfabesindeki ilk harf ile gösterilir, α) parçacık ışınları arasında yüksek derecede iyonlaştırıcı bir ışın formudur. İki proton ve iki nötronun helyum çekirdeğindekine benzer bağları sebebiyle He2+ olarak da gösterilir. Alfa parçacığının kütlesi 6.644656×10−27 kg olup, 3.72738 GeV enerjiye denktir.

Alfa parçacığı, uranyum veya radyum gibi radyoaktif bir çekirdek tarafından "alfa ışınımı" olarak da bilinen bir işlem ile yayılır. Bu işlem çoğu zaman çekirdeği uyarılmış halde bırakır ve çekirdek fazla enerjiyi atmak için gama ışıması yapar. Beta ışınının tersine alfa ışınına, yüksek çekirdek çekim gücü etki eder. Aslında, alfa taneciklerinin çekirdeğin potansiyelinden kopmaya yetecek kadar enerjisi yoktur ancak, kuantum tünellemesi durumu, çekirdeğin potansiyelinden kaçmalarına izin verir.

Bir alfa parçacığı ışıdığında, 4 çekirdek parçacığının ayrılması sonucu, elementin atom kütlesi aşağı yukarı 4.0015 akb azalır. Atom numarası iki azalır, atom yeni bir element olur. Buna örnek olarak, Radyum elementinin alfa ışıması yaparak gaz olan Radon elementine dönüşmesi gösterilebilir.

Alfa parçacıklarının enerjileri yayımlandıkları atomun büyüklüğüne bağlı olarak değişse de çoğu taneciğin enerjisi 3 ila 7 MeV arasında seyreder. Bu, bir parçacık için yüksek bir enerji olsa da alfa parçacıklarının büyük kütleleri hızlarının yüksek olmasını engeller. Aslında hızları diğer radyoaktivite çeşitlerinden(β parçacıkları, γ-ışınları, nötrino, vs.) oldukça düşüktür. Yükleri ve büyük kütleleri sebebiyle alfa tanecikleri cisimler tarafından kolayca emilir ve havada sadece birkaç santimetre ilerleyebilir. Dokulu kâğıt ve insan derisinin dış tabakaları (yaklaşık 40 mikrometre ki bu birkaç hücre derinliğine eşittir) tarafından emilebilir ve kaynak yutulmaz veya solunmazsa sağlığa çok zararlı değillerdir. Bu büyük kütle ve emilebilirlik sebebiyle alfa ışınları vücuda girerlerse (kaynağın yutulması, solunması, vs.)iyonize edici radyasyonun en yıkıcı özelliklerini gösterirler. Yüksek dozlarda, radyasyon zehirlenmesinin bazı ya da tüm semptomlarının görülmesine sebebiyet verebilir. Alfa taneciğinin sebep olduğu kromozomal hasar, diğer radyasyon tiplerinin eşit dozlarda sebep oldukları hasardan yaklaşık 100 kat daha fazladır. Alfa ışınımı yapan polonyum-210 un sigara sebebiyle meydana gelen akciğer ve bağırsak kanserlerinde rol oynadığı tahmin ediliyor.

Çoğu duman dedektörü, ufak bir miktar amerikyum-241 içerir ve bu izotop alfa ışıması yapar. Bu izotop eğer yutulur ya da solunursa yüksek derecede tehlikelidir ancak kaynak kapalı tutulursa bu zarar en az olur. Çoğu belediye eski duman dedektörlerinin normal çöplerle birlikte atılmak yerine toplanmasını sağlayan programlar yürütmektedir.

Alfa tanecikleri doğal yayılmaları ama nükleer reaksiyonlarda rol oynayacak kadar enerji içermeleri, onları nükleer fiziğin ilk bilgi kaynaklarından yaptı.

Fizikçi Ernest Rutherford, J.J.Thomson 'un "üzümlü kek" atom modelinin kusurlu olduğunu göstermek için yaptığı deneyde, alfa taneciklerini ve bu tanecikler ile temas ettiği anda ışık veren altın bir folyo kullandı. Üzümlü kek atom modelinin doğru olduğunu varsayarak, pozitif yüklü alfa parçacıklarını altın yaprağa hedefledi. Teorik olarak alfa tanecikleri az bir açı ile yansıyacaktı. Ancak bazı alfa taneciklerinin tahmin ettiğinden çok daha değişik açılarda yansımasına bakarak atomun pozitif yüklü kısmının belli bir yerde toplandığı(ki sonradan bu parçaya nucleus/çekirdek adı verilecekti, o zamanlar nötronlar ve protonların ayrımı yapılamıyordu) ve buradaki pozitif yükün gelen alfa taneciklerini saptıracak kadar güçlü olduğu sonucuna vardı. Rutherford'un deneyi Bohr modeline ilham verdi. Daha sonraları modern atom teorisi ortaya çıktı.

1978'de, bilgisayar teknolojisi çiçeklenirken, DRAM'lardaki 'soft hatalar' Intel'in DRAM çiplerindeki alfa taneciklerine bağlanmıştı. Bu buluş, yarı iletken maddelerdeki radyoaktif elementlerin daha sıkı denetlenmesine yol açtı ve bu sorun büyük oranda çözülmüş sayıldı.

Kaynakça
 Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph / Modern Physics (4.baskı) W. H. Freeman / 2002 id=ISBN 0-7167-4345-0

Radyoaktivite

Alfa parçacığı


لقب الأزدي (نسب إلى قبيلة أزد) حمله الكثيرمن الأعيات، ومنهم:

 أبي بن القشب الأزدي

الأزدي (توضيح)


An Encyclia steinbachii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Encyclia steinbachii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia steinbachii


කෘතීම දියමන්ති (විද්‍යාගාරයේ තනනලද දියමන්ති, සංස්ලේෂිත දියනම්ති, රසායනිකව නිපදවන ලද දියමන්ති ලෙසද හදුන්වයි) ලෙස හදුන්වන්නේ භුවිද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රියාවලියකින් තැනුණු ස්වභාවික දියමන්ති නොව, කෘතීම ලෙස නිපදවන ලද දියමන්ති වේ. මෙම කෘතිම දියමන්ති බහුල ලෙස HPHT දියමන්ති හා CVD දියමන්ති වශයෙන්, ඒවා නිෂ්පාදිත ක්‍රියාවලිය අනුව හදුන්වනු ලබයි. ඉහළ පීඩන හා ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්ව යටතේ නිෂ්පාදිත ඒවා high-pressure high-temperature diamonds හෙවත් HPHT දියමන්ති ලෙසද රසායනික වාෂ්ප අවසාදීත ක්‍රියාවලිය මගින් තනනලද ඒවා chemical vapor deposition diamonds හෙවත් CVD දියමන්ති ලෙසද හදුන්වයි.

කෘත්‍රිම දියමන්ති


Sebastián Beltrame (Ushuaia, 19 de junio de 1983) es un biatleta argentino.

Disputó los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2006 en Turín, finalizando en la posición 86.ª en la prueba 20 km individual y en la posición 84.ª en la prueba 10 km velocidad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ushuaia
Biatletas de Argentina
Biatletas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Turín 2006
Deportistas de Argentina en los Juegos Olímpicos de Turín 2006

Sebastián Beltrame (biatleta)


Lei kan henvise til:
 Lei (smykke) – et hawaiiansk smykke (guirlande)
 Lei (Italien) – italiensk by og kommune på Sardinien
 Rumænske lei – lei er flertalsformen af møntenheden leu

Lei


Vohči (armenski: Ողջի), ili Ohčučaj (azerski: Oxçuçay, ruski: Вохчи, Охчучай, prije Охчи-чай) rijeka je koja teče kroz Armeniju, Azerbajdžan i nepriznati Gorski Karabah. Duga je 82 km. Površina porječja iznosi joj 1175 km2. Izvire ispod Kapadžuha, najvišeg vrha Zangezurskih planina u zapadnome dijelu armenske pokrajine Sjunik i u gornjem dijelu toka teče kroz duboki kanjon koji se postupno širi, posebno u srednjem dijelu toka. Kod grada Kapana širi se u prostranu riječnu dolinu. Ulijeva se u rijeku Aras na jugu Zangelanskog rajona na jugozapadu Azerbajdžana.

Riječni režim mješovitog je pluvijalno-nivalnog tipa. Vohči nema značajnijih pritoka.

Najveći gradski centri koji leže na njezinim obalama su Kadžaran i Kapan u Sjuniku te Zangelan i Midžnavan u nepriznatom Gorskom Karabahu (jugozapadni Azerbajdžan). Na njoj su izgrađene dvije hidroelektrane, HE Kapan i HE Vohči.

Vanjske poveznice

Rijeke u Armeniji
Rijeke u azijskom dijelu Azerbajdžana
Pritoke Arasa

Vohči


ඇඟිලි භාවිතයෙන් ද්වීමය නිරූපණය යනු,  එක් අතක හෝ බොහෝ අත් වල  ඇඟිලි භාවිතයෙන් ද්වීමය සංඛ්‍යා   ගණන් කිරීමේ සහ ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමේ ක්‍රමයකි. එක් අතක ඇඟිලි භාවිතයෙන්  0 සිට 31 (25−1)  දත්වා ගණන් කල හැකි අතර, අත් දෙකම භාවිතයෙන් 0 සිට 1023 (210−1) දක්වා ගණන් කල හැක.

යාන්ත්‍රණය

ද්වීමය සංඛ්‍යා පද්ධතියේ, එක් එක් සංඛ්‍යාත්මක සංඛ්‍යාංකය වෙතින් දැරිය හැකි අවස්ථා දෙකක් (0 හෝ 1) ඇති අතර එක් එක් අනුයාත සංඛ්‍යාංකය නිරූපණය කරන්නේ දෙකෙහි බලයකින් අගය වැඩිවීමකි.

ඇඟිලි භාවිතයෙන් ද්වීමය නිරූපණය


Universitetssenteret på Svalbard (UNIS) er et norsk statsejet aktieselskab, der udbyder universitetsuddannelser i arktiske studier. Centret er beliggende på sydbredden af Adventfjorden i Longyearbyen på øgruppen Svalbard. UNIS er en del af University of the Arctic, og er verdens nordligste videregående uddannelsesinstitution.

Historie
UNIS blev grundlagt i 1993 som en stiftelse af de fire traditionelle universiteter i Norge (Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim og Tromsø), og havde det første år 23 elever og syv medarbejdere. I 2002 blev UNIS omdannet til et aktieselskab ejet af Kunnskapsdepartementet.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Universitetssenteret på Svalbards officielle hjemmeside

Svalbard, Universitetssenteret på
Svalbard
Etableret i 1993

Universitetssenteret på Svalbard