Une base de données clé-valeur, ou magasin clé-valeur, est un paradigme de stockage de données conçu pour stocker, récupérer et gérer des tableaux associatifs, et une structure de données plus communément appelée aujourd'hui dictionnaire ou table de hachage. Les dictionnaires contiennent une collection d'objets, ou d'enregistrements, qui comportent à leur tour de nombreux champs différents, chacun contenant des données. Ces enregistrements sont stockés et récupérés à l'aide d'une clé qui identifie de manière unique l'enregistrement et qui est utilisée pour trouver les données dans la base de données.

Les bases de données clés-valeurs fonctionnent d'une manière très différente des bases de données relationnelles (BDR) plus connues. Les BDR prédéfinissent la structure des données dans la base de données comme une série de tableaux contenant des champs avec des types de données bien définis. L'exposition des types de données au programme de la base de données lui permet d'appliquer un certain nombre d'optimisations. En revanche, les systèmes clé-valeur traitent les données comme une collection opaque unique, qui peut avoir des champs différents pour chaque enregistrement. Cela offre une flexibilité considérable et suit de plus près les concepts modernes tels que la programmation orientée objet. Étant donné que les valeurs optionnelles ne sont pas représentées par des espaces ou des paramètres d'entrée, comme dans la plupart des bases de données régionales, les bases de données clés-valeurs utilisent souvent beaucoup moins de mémoire pour stocker la même base de données, ce qui peut fournir des gains de performance importants dans certaines charges de travail.

Les performances, le manque de normalisation et d'autres problèmes ont limité les systèmes clé-valeur à des utilisations de niche pendant de nombreuses années, mais l'évolution rapide vers l'informatique en nuage après 2010 a conduit à une renaissance dans le cadre du mouvement NoSQL plus large. Certaines bases de données orientées graphe, comme ArangoDB, sont également des bases de données clé-valeur en interne, ajoutant le concept des relations (pointeurs) entre les enregistrements comme un type de données de première classe.

Types
Les bases de données clé-valeur peuvent utiliser des modèles de cohérence allant de la cohérence éventuelle à la sérialisation. Certaines prennent en charge l'ordonnancement des clés.

Certains conservent les données en mémoire (RAM), tandis que d'autres utilisent des SSD ou des HDD.

Chaque entité (enregistrement) est un ensemble de paires clé-valeur. Une clé a plusieurs composants, spécifiés sous forme de liste ordonnée. La clé principale identifie l'enregistrement et se compose des premiers éléments de la clé. Les composants suivants sont appelés clés mineures. Cette organisation est similaire à la spécification d'un chemin de répertoire dans un système de fichiers (par exemple, /Majeur/mineur1/mineur2/). La partie "valeur" de la paire clé-valeur est simplement une chaîne non interprétée d'octets de longueur arbitraire.

Le système Unix fournit un dbm (database manager), qui est une bibliothèque de 1979 écrite, à l'origine, par Ken Thompson. Elle est également portée sur Microsoft Windows, fournie par des langages de programmation tels que Perl pour Win32. Le dbm gère des tableaux associatifs de données arbitraires en utilisant une clé unique (une clé primaire). Les implémentations modernes incluent sdbm, GNU dbm, et Berkeley DB. Bien que le dbm précède le concept de NoSQL et soit rarement mentionné dans le discours moderne, il est utilisé par de nombreux logiciels.

Références

Articles connexes
 Big data
 Analyse des données
 Système de fichiers distribué
 Base de données orientée documents
 Base de données multi-modèles
 Espace des tuplets

Analyse des données
Base de données
Gestion des données
Application de base de données

Bases de données clé-valeur


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Buick Rivera Miljenka Jergovića

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 2002.


Nuklearni reaktor CP 1 (Chicago Pile-1) bio je prvi nuklearni reaktor u svijetu, koji je prvi uspio stvoriti kontroliranu nuklearnu lančanu reakciju, izvedenu 2. prosinca 1942. u krugu Sveučilišta u Chicagu. Snaga je iznosila 0,5 W, da bi desetak dana poslije bila povećana do 200 W proizvedene topline. Zbog svojeg dizajna reaktor je bio nazvan Chicago Pile 1 (engl. pile: gomila, hrpa). Grafitni blokovi, koji su imali ulogu moderatora (usporivači neutrona), bili su međusobno naslagani, a uranijsko gorivo umetnuto u šupljine između njih.

Razvoj nuklearne energetike započeo je pionirskim radovima mnogih znanstvenika u godinama prije Drugoga svjetskog rata (Irène i Frédéric Joliot-Curijem, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Leo Szilard, Enrico Fermi i drugi). Ti su radovi rezultirali ostvarenjem prve samoodržive nuklearne lančane reakcije 2. prosinca 1942., u reaktoru izgrađenom na terenu Sveučilišta u Chicagu. Grupu istraživača i tehničara na izgradnji reaktora vodio je poznati fizičar Enrico Fermi. Nuklearni reaktor (poznat pod nazivom Chicago Pile-l, skraćeno CP 1) bio je izgrađen od blokova grafita s umetnutim šipkama od prirodnog uranija. Izgradnja tog reaktora ulazila je u sklop aktivnosti u okviru Manhattan projekta, kojemu je krajnji cilj bila realizacija atomske bombe. Čovjek je tim dostignućem prvi put ostvario dotad nepoznatu pojavu - oslobađanje energije atomskih jezgri i njezinu upotrebu. Nažalost, ta je energija u početku bila korištena u vojne svrhe. Iako je pojava nuklearne fisije i lančane reakcije bio već dobro teorijski proučen, na mogućnost iznenađenja pri puštanju u pogon prvog reaktora moralo se iz opreza računati. Dramatičnost pokusa potvrđuje činjenica da je specijalna ekipa iznad reaktora bila spremna da ga brzo ugasi tekućim kadmijem. Međutim, 28 minuta koliko je trajao pokus, prošlo je mirno i u skladu s očekivanjima.

Način rada
Oslobađanje nuklearne energije može se odvijati ne samo u eksplozivnom obliku, koji je primijenjen u atomskoj bombi, već i u mirnom obliku, to jest u obliku koje se da regulirati i koji se može iskoristiti u gospodarstvu. Kao generator nuklearne energije služi nuklearni reaktor. To je uređaj kojim se nuklearna energija dobiva reguliranom nuklearnom fisijom. Njenu je zamisao dao australski fizičar Mark Oliphant u Birminghamu. Prvi takav reaktor bio je izrađen u Chicagu 1941. Reaktor izgleda kao šupalj betonski blok koji ima otvore različitih dimenzija, određene za različite svrhe. Betonski blok služi za zaštitu osoblja od nastalih zračenja. U betonskom bloku postavlja se reflektor od grafita. On zaustavlja i odbija natrag neutrone, neophodne za rad reaktora, i time omogućuje da se smanje dimenzije reaktora i upotrijebimanja količina uranija i teške vode. Reflektor se sastoji od velikih komada grafita koji su naslagani jedan na drugi.

U samoj unutrašnjosti je aktivni dio koji se sastoji od rezervoara teške vode u kojem se nalaze poluge UO2, te šipke za regulaciju snage i šipke sigurnosti. Šipke za regulaciju snage građene su od bornog čelika ili kadmija koji upijaju neutrone, a mogu zauzeti dva položaja:
 položaj za pogon, kada su potpuno izvan vode,
 položaj zaustavljanja kada su potopljene u vodu. U zid se nalaze šipke sigurnosti koje se također sastoje od nekog elementa koji upija neutrone. Šipke su pokretne i mogu se pomoću naročitog motora prilagoditi na visinu koja se želi, i to s točnošću od pola milimetra.

Sam način rada je sljedeći. Pod djelovanjem sporih neutrona nastane cijepanje uranija-235. Pri tom izlete tri neutrona velikom brzinom, nalete na moderator tešku vodu i predaju joj svoju energiju u obliku topline, a zatim dopru do idućeg sloja uranija kao spori neutroni. Ako sistem nije dovoljno velik, može 1/3 neutrona izletjeti, a da ne izazove cijepanje. Udari li neutron u jezgru uranija-238, on je izgubljen za dalji tok reakcije jer se uranij 238 ne raspada, već samo apsorbira neutron i napokon se pretvara u plutonij. Samo će neutron koji udari u uranij-235 osloboditi novu količinu energije i nove neutrone. Tako će posredstvom toga jednog neutrona nastati nova tri brza neutrona, i lančana reakcija će se nastaviti.

Ako je broj neutrona jedne generacije manji od broja prethodne generacije, u toku vremena će broj neutrona stalno opadati, pa je takva reakcija, kažemo, konvergentna. Ovo se zbiva u slučaju kada je volumen reaktora manji od kritičnog volumena. Ako je volumen reaktora veći od kritičnog volumena, broj neutrona jedne generacije je veći od broja prethodne generacije. U tom slučaju broj neutrona raste i reakcija je divergentna. Ovako oslobođena energija mogla bi narasti do vrlo visokih vrijednosti, i ako se ne bi poduzele nikakve mjere, čitav bi se sistem strahovito užario, ako ne i razletio.

Nuklearni reaktor može se usporediti s parnim kotlom, ali su razlike u ovome. Uranij, koji se ovdje može smatrati kao gorivo, izgara beskrajno sporije od goriva koje se upotrebljava u običnom kotlu. Prema tome, ne treba voditi računa o loženju. Osim toga obično gorivo je nepotpuno iskorišteno. Produkti izgaranja ugljena, pepeo i šljaka, nemaju više nikakve vrijednosti. Nasuprot tome ostatak koji izađe iz nuklearnog reaktora u stanju je poslije odgovarajuće prerade dati još veliku količinu energije u obliku plutonija koji ima svojstva kao uranij. Iako reaktor ne stvara plinove, on proizvodi jaka zračenja, od kojih su najvažniji neutroni i gama-zrake. Ova zračenja su opasna i od njih se mora zaštititi osoblje koje radi.

Proizvedena toplina u nuklearnom reaktoru može se iskoristiti za zagrijavanje ili za dobivanje mehaničkog rada. Obično se nuklearna energija koristi za dobivanje električne energije pomoću parne turbine.

Izvori

Nuklearni reaktori
Projekt Manhattan

Nuklearni reaktor CP 1


Die Route nationale 673, kurz N 673 oder RN 673, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 in zwei Abschnitten zwischen Sousceyrac und Fumel verlief. Ihre Gesamtlänge betrug 126 Kilometer.

Weblinks

 Route nationale française 673 auf WikiSara ()

673

Route nationale 673


(29674) Raušal, denumire internațională (29674) Rausal, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
29674 Raušal este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,39 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 3,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 29001-30000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

29674 Raušal


An Digitaria imbricata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert D. Webster. An Digitaria imbricata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria imbricata


Sidney McNeill Gutierrez (Colonel, USAF, Ret.) (born June 27, 1951), is an American pilot and former NASA astronaut. Since retiring from NASA, Gutierrez has worked in several leadership positions at Sandia National Laboratories and Rocket Crafters Inc.

Early life and education
Gutierrez was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He graduated from Valley High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1969. He then received his Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1973 and a Master of Arts degree in management from Webster University in 1977.

Career
Gutierrez was a member of the National Collegiate Championship Air Force Academy Parachute Team with over 550 jumps and a Master Parachutist rating. After graduation from the Academy, he completed Undergraduate Pilot Training at Laughlin Air Force Base in Del Rio, Texas. He remained there as a T-38 instructor pilot from 1975 through 1977. In 1978 Gutierrez was assigned to the 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Holloman Air Force Base, Alamogordo, New Mexico, where he flew the F-15 Eagle. He attended the USAF Test Pilot School in 1981 and was assigned to the F-16 Falcon Combined Test Force after graduation. While there, Gutierrez served as primary test pilot for airframe and propulsion testing on the F-16 aircraft. Test projects included the F-100 Digital Electronic Engine Cons, F-16C & D Model Structural and Performance Testing, F-16 Maximum Performance Braking Tests, and F-16 Mobile Arrestment Qualification.

He has logged over 4,500 hours flying time in approximately 30 different types of airplanes, sailplanes, balloons, and rockets.

NASA experience
Selected by NASA in May 1984, Gutierrez became an astronaut in June 1985. In his first technical assignment, he served as commander for the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), flying simulated missions to verify Shuttle flight software. Following the Shuttle Challenger accident he served as an action officer for the Associate Administrator for Space Flight at NASA Headquarters. His duties included coordinating requests from the Presidential Commission and the U.S. Congress during the investigation. In 1986 and 1987, he participated in the recertification of the Space Shuttle Main Engines, Main Propulsion System, and External Tank. In 1988, he became the Astronaut Office lead for Shuttle software development, verification, and future requirements definition. In 1989 he supported launches of STS-28, 30, 32, 33 and 34 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

A veteran of two space flights, he has logged over 488 hours in space. He was the pilot on STS-40 (June 5 – 14, 1991) and was the spacecraft commander on STS-59 (April 9 – 20, 1994). After his first flight, Gutierrez served as spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) - the voice link between the flight crew and mission control - for STS-42, 45, 46, 49 and 52. In 1992 he became the Astronaut Office Branch Chief for Operations Development, overseeing ascent, entry, abort, software, rendezvous, Shuttle systems, main engines, solid rocket boosters, external tank, and landing and rollout issues.

In September 1994, Gutierrez retired from the U.S. Air Force and NASA, returned to his native home of Albuquerque, New Mexico, and joined Sandia National Laboratories. From September 1994 to March 1995, he served as Manager for their Strategic Initiatives Department. In March he became Manager of the Airborne Sensors and Integration Department in the Exploratory Systems Development Center. He also served as Chairman of the Governor's Technical Excellence Committee Spaceport Task Force.

Gutierrez serves on the board of directors of the Texas-New Mexico Power Company and Goodwill Industries of New Mexico and is a member of the New Mexico Space Center's Governor's Commission.

He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, the Air Force Association, the U.S. Air Force Academy Association of Graduates, the Society of Space Explorers, and the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Board of Regents (until January 2007).

Space flight experience

STS-40 Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-1), a dedicated space and life sciences mission, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 5, 1991. SLS-1 was a nine-day mission during which the crew performed experiments that explored how humans, animals, and cells respond to microgravity and re-adapt to Earth's gravity on return. Other payloads included experiments designed to investigate materials science, plant biology and cosmic radiation. Following 146 orbits of the Earth, Columbia and her crew returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 14, 1991. Mission duration was 218 hours, 14 minutes, 20 seconds.

STS-59 Space Radar Laboratory (SRL-1), part of Mission to Planet Earth, was an eleven-day flight dedicated to the study of the Earth and the atmosphere around it. The two primary payloads were the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), and Measurement of Air Pollution from Space (MAPS). The crew completed over 400 precise maneuvers (a Shuttle record) to properly point the radar, imaged over 400 selected sites with approximately 14,000 photographs (a Shuttle record) and recorded enough data to fill 26,000 encyclopedias. Areas of investigation included ecology, oceanography, geology, and hydrology. Launching on April 9, 1994, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Endeavour and her crew of six completed 183 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards AFB, California, on April 20, 1994.

Post-NASA Career

Business
Gutierrez retired from the Air Force and NASA in 1994 and joined Sandia National Laboratories, where he served in various senior leadership positions. As a Center Director he was responsible for programs introducing disruptive ideas and technologies into satellites, space payloads and sensors. He also had a hand in performing vulnerability assessments and directing the creation of analysis tools.

In 2012 he joined Rocket Crafters Inc., now Vaya Space, as a member of the board of directors. In February 2015 he retired from Sandia to become the chairman of the board and CEO of Rocket Crafters. He also serves, or has served, on the boards of other for-profit corporations and a number of not-for-profit organizations, a state technical university as well as NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel and a Presidential Commission.

Personal life
He is married to the former Marianne Sue Cremer of Jefferson City, Missouri. They have three children. His recreational interests include camping, woodworking, and racquetball.

Special honors

NASA
NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal
Two NASA Space Flight Medals
1995 inductee into the International Space Hall of Fame,

Hispanic
1990 Congressional Hispanic Caucus Award
Awarded Aviation Week & Space Technology Aerospace Laureate in Space and Missiles for 1991
Hispanic Engineer magazine 1992 Hispanic Engineer of the Year National Achievement Award
Aviation Week and Space Technology Citation for Aerospace Laureate in Space and Missiles for 1994
1994 selected by Hispanic Business magazine as one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics
selected by Hispanic Magazine for the 1995 Hispanic Achievement Award in Science

New Mexico
2010 Notable New Mexican

Military
Distinguished Graduate of the USAF Academy
Awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal
The Air Force Meritorious Service Medal
Air Force Commendation Medal with 1 Oak Leaf Cluster
National Defense Service Medal
Air Training Command Master Instructor.

Miscellaneous
Sid has the honor of having a middle school named after him in Roswell, New Mexico.

He also received an honorary doctorate from Webster University in 2019.

See also
 List of Hispanic astronauts

References

 Spacefacts biography of Sidney M. Gutierrez

1951 births
Living people
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
American people of Mexican descent
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Webster University alumni
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
United States Air Force astronauts
Sandia National Laboratories people
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Hispanic and Latino American scientists
Hispanic and Latino American aviators
Valley High School alumni

Sidney M. Gutierrez


ريجفيدا (ريگ حمد، فيدا معرفة) مجموعة نصوص هندية مقدسة قديمة من أناشيد باللغة السنسكريتية الفيدية مكرسة للديفات أي الآلهة. وهي أحد أربعة نصوص مقدسة قانونية في الهندوسية. تقرأ نصوصها في الصلوات والمناسبات الدينية مما يجعلها إحدى أقدم النصوص الدينية التي ظلت مستعملة.

مراجع

الأدب في الألفية 2 ق م
ريجفدا
سجل ذاكرة العالم
فيدا
نصوص سنسكريتية
نصوص هندوسية

ريجفيدا


2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska u sezoni 2014./15. je predstavljala drugi rang županijske lige u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji, te ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudjelovalo je devet klubova, a prvak je bio Jadran 1929 iz Smokvice.

Sustav natjecanja
Devet klubova je igralo dvokružnim liga-sustavom (18 kola, 16 utakmica po momčadi).

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Poveznice
 Županijski nogometni savez Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije
 2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska

Izvori
 zns-dn.com, 2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2014./15., ljestvica i rezultati , pristupljeno 9. listopada 2017.

2014-15
Dubrovačko-neretvanska-2

2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2014./15.


Champigny may refer to several places.

Communes in France

Champigny, Marne
Champigny, Yonne
Champigny-en-Beauce, in the Loir-et-Cher département
Champigny-la-Futelaye, in the Eure département
Champigny-le-Sec, in the Vienne département
Champigny-lès-Langres, in the Haute-Marne département
Champigny-sous-Varennes, in the Haute-Marne département
Champigny-sur-Aube, in the Aube département
Champigny-sur-Marne, in the Val-de-Marne département
Champigny-sur-Veude, in the Indre-et-Loire département

Canada
Champigny, Quebec City, an administrative sector and neighbourhood in Quebec City

See also
 Collège de Champigny in Quebec, Canada
 Campigny (disambiguation)
 Souzay-Champigny, Maine-et-Loire department, France

Champigny


Benim Adım Aşk, Soner Arıca'nın 5 Mayıs 2005 tarihinde yayınladığı müzik albümü.

Albüm künyesi
 Prodüktör: Arıca Müzik - Soner Arıca
 Yapım sorumlusu: Bektaş Türk
 Süpervizör: Soner Arıca - Mihalis Kuyucu
 Stüdyo: T-Express, Wave Arts Records/VT
 Mix:  Erol Temizel, Tarık Ceran
 Mastering: Erol Temizel
 Fotoğraf: Tuba Özkan
 Grafik tasarım: Didem Başaran

 Gitarlar: Can Şengün, Erdem Sökmen, Erdinç Şenyaylar
 Elektro Bağlama: Çetin Akdeniz
 Buzuki-Kanun: Hakan Güngör
 Klarnet: Hüseyin Delen
 Perküsyon: Cengiz Ercümer
 Solo Keman: Fahrettin Karaduman
 Yaylılar: Gündem Yaylı Grubu
 Vokaller: Eda Özülkü, Evrim Dökme, Metin Özülkü, Nuh Okatan, Pelin Kurtiş

Albüm şarkıları
 Allah Korusun Seni, (Söz-Müzik: Selami Şahin, Aranjör: Volga Tamöz)
 Akşam Olmadan Gel, (Söz-Müzik: Selami Şahin, Aranjör: Volga Tamöz)
 Her Şey Güzel Olacak, (Söz-Müzik: Soner Arıca, Aranjör: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Zor Bela, (Söz-Müzik: Metin Özülkü, Aranjör: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Dön, (Söz-Müzik: Soner Arıca, Aranjör: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Farkedemedim, (Söz-Müzik: Metin Özülkü, Aranjör: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Benim Adım Aşk, (Söz: Soner Arıca, Müzik: Volga Tamöz, Aranjör: Volga Tamöz)
 Sen Giderken, (Söz: Soner Arıca, Müzik: Evrim Dökme, Aranjör: Can Özyiğit)
 Beni Unutma, (Söz: Soner Arıca, Müzik: Cancao Do Marrıto, Frederico/Trındade, Ferrer By Warner Chappel Musıc Spaın, S.A, Aranjör: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Yüreğim Üşüyor, (Söz: Soner Arıca, Müzik: Volga Tamöz, Aranjör: Volga Tamöz)
 Beni Anlamadın, (Söz-Müzik: Soner Arıca, Aranjör: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Bitti, (Söz: Micheal, Aranjör: Tansel Doğanay)
 Biz (Şarkı), (Söz: Soner Arıca, Müzik: Soner Arıca-Erhan Tekyıldız, Düzenleme: Erhan Tekyıldız)
 Biz (Şiir), (Söz: Soner Arıca,  Müzik: Soner Arıca-Erhan Tekyıldız, Düzenleme: Erhan Tekyıldız)

Kaynakça
 http://www.sonerarica.net/

Soner Arıca albümleri

Benim Adım Aşk (Soner Arıca albümü)


Fatıma bint Muhammed, Fatıme Zehra, Fatimeh El Zehra veya Ez Zehra (Arapça: فاطمة الزهراء, Farsça: فاطمه زهرا), İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in kızı, Ali bin Ebu Talib'in eşi.

İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in ilk eşi Hatice bint Hüveylid'den olan kızıdır. Muhammed'in soyu, Fatıma ve eşi Ali bin Ebu Talib'in çocukları yoluyla devam etmiştir, çünkü Muhammed'in ölümünden sonra hayatta kalan tek çocuğu Fatıma'dır. Sünni inanışına göre 605 veya 609, Şîʿa'ya göre 614 yılında Mekke'de dünyaya gelmiştir. 632 yılında, Medine'de babasının ölümünden 6 ay sonra ölmüştür.

Hayatı
Doğum tarihiyle ilgili çeşitli rivayetler olsa da bunlardan en güçlüleri 614 (Şii görüşü) ve 605 veya 609 (Sünni görüşü) yıllarıdır ve iki rivayette doğumun Mekke civarlarında olduğu görüşündedir. Fatıma, Muhammed 45 yaşında iken dünyaya geldi.

Doğumundan önce, Muhammed'in muhalifleri, onun son oğlunun da öldüğünü görünce, Muhammed'in soyunu sürdürecek kimsenin kalmayacağı, yolunun da bu yüzden mahvolacağı yönünde propaganda başlatmışlardı. Bu propagandaya Kevser Suresi ile cevap verilmiştir:
"Şüphesiz biz sana bol hayır (bereketli nesil) vermişiz. Öyleyse Rabbin için namaz kıl ve kurban kes. Doğrusu asıl ebter (soyu kesik) olan sana kin duyandır."
Küçük yaşından itibaren babasının her işine koşturması, onu bir anne gibi koruyup kollaması sebebiyle babası Muhammed ona; "Ümmü Ebîha" yani "Babasının Annesi" lakabını vermiştir.

624'te, aynı zamanda Muhammed'in kuzeni olan Ali bin Ebu Talib ile evlendi.

632'de Şii kaynaklarına göre Ömer ile aralarında geçen tartışma sonucu ölmüştür.

Naaşı, kendi isteği doğrultusunda, geceyarısı ve gizlice gömüldü. Mezarı hâlen bilinmemektedir.

Çocukları
Fatıma, Ali bin Ebu Talib ile olan evliliğinde, ikisi kız, üçü oğlan olmak üzere beş çocuk sahibi olmuştur.

Çocuklarının isimleri;
 Hasan bin Ali
 Hüseyin bin Ali
 Muhsin bin Ali
 Zeyneb bint Ali
 Ümmü Gülsüm bint Ali

İslam'daki yeri
İslâmiyet'in Şiî/Alevî ve Kızılbaş/Bektâşî yorumlarına kaynaklık eden bir takım anlatılarda Fatıma'nın aynen Ali gibi zaman zaman İslâm Peygamberi Muhammed'in de önüne geçen mitolojik bir figür olarak öne çıkarıldığı görülür.

Enes bin Malik'den, Şiîlik ve Sünnîlik ekollerinde güvenilir sayılan raviler yoluyla nakledilen bir hadis şöyledir; "Âlemlerdeki kadınların en iyisi dört tanedir: İmran kızı Meryem, Mezahim kızı Asiye, Hüveylid kızı Hatice ve Muhammed kızı Fatıma."
"Muhammed bu dört kadını âlemlerin en iyi kadınları olarak saydıktan sonra Fatıma'yı hem dünyada, hem de ahirette diğer üçüne üstün kılmıştır."

Muhammed bin İsmail Buhari "Sahih"te ve imam Ahmed bin Hanbel "Müsned"de Ebu Bekir kızı Ayşe'den Muhammed'in Fatıma'ya yönelik şu sözünü naklediyorlar: "Ey Fatıma! Sana müjdeler olsun, Allah seni âlemdeki kadınların üzerine genel olarak ve Müslüman kadınlar üzerine de özel olarak seçti ve seni tertemiz kıldı."

Buhari ve Müslim Sahih'lerinde, İmam Ahmed bin Hanbel Müsned'de, İbn-i Abbas'dan rivayetle: "Şura suresinin 23. ayetindeki; "De ki: Ben bu tebliğime karşılık sizden bir ücret istemiyorum; istediğim, ancak yakınlarıma sevgidir" ayetiyle ilgili olarak sahabenin "Ya Resulallah! Allah'ın, sevgisini üzerimize farz kıldığı yakınların kimlerdir?" sorusuna peygamberin "Ali, Fatıma, Hasan ve Hüseyin'dir."şeklinde cevap verdiğini kaydetmişlerdir.

Mübahele Ayeti': "Sana gelen bunca ilimden sonra, yine de bu hususta seninle çekişip tartışmalara girişirlerse de ki: Gelin, oğullarımızı ve oğullarınızı, kadınlarımızı ve kadınlarınızı, nefsimizi (kendimizi) ve nefsinizi (kendinizi) çağıralım; sonra karşılıklı lanetleşelim de Allah'ın lanetini yalan söylemekte olanların üstüne kılalım." ayetiyle ilgili olarak Necranlılarla (Hristiyanlar) yaşanan tartışmada, Muhammed'le birlikte gelenlerin kim olduğunu sorduğunda, Nasranî bilgini Oskof'a:
"O genç, O'nun damadı ve amcası oğlu Ali bin Ebi Talip'tir, O kadın O'nun kızı Fatıma'dır, O iki çocuk ise O'nun torunları ve kızının evlatları olan Hasan ve Hüseyin'dir." şeklinde cevap verildiği ifade edilmiştir.

Ahzab suresi 33. "Ey Ehl-i Beyt, gerçekten Allah, sizden kiri (günah ve çirkinliği) gidermek ve sizi tertemiz kılmak ister." ayetindeki Ehli Beyt'in Ali bin Ebu Talib, Fatıma Zehra, Hasan ibn Ali ve Hüseyin ibn Ali'nin kastedildiği ifade edilmiştir.

İslâm Tarihi'ndeki Yeri
İslâm Dünyası'nın iki büyük ekolü olan Şia ile Sünnî dünya arasında popüler olmasa da, Fatıma'nın yaşamı üzerinde hâlâ süregelen tartışmalar vardır. Bunlardan en meşhurları Fedek Arazisi, Fatıma'nın ölene kadar Ömer ve Ebubekir ile küs kalması ve Fatıma'nın gizlice defnedilmesi üzerine olanlarıdır.

Lakapları ve diğer isimleri
Türkçede sıklıkla bir kadın ismi olarak kullanılan Fatmanın kökeni Arapça Fatıma ismidir. Şii kaynaklara göre Fatıma'nın diğer isim ve lakapları şu şekildedir:

 Ümmü Ebîha (Babasının annesi)
 Betül
 Sıddıka
 Mübareke
 Tahire
 Zekiyye
 Raziyye
 Merziyye
 Muhaddese
 Zehra
 Eşrefet-ü'l Nisa
 Meymune
 Ümmü'l-Eimme
 El Mevziya
 El Kübra
 Seyyidetü'l Nisai'l Müminat
 Efdalü'l Nisai'l Ehlül Cenneti
 Bizzatü'z Tahire
 Ümmü Hasan
 Ümmü Hüseyin
 Ümmü Muhsin

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Ell Hacc Hüseyin Vedad Hazreti Fâtime 2008 İstanbul.
 Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı. 1970. Hz. Peygamber, Hz. Fatma ve Oniki İmam. İstanbul: Der Yay.
 Abdulhüseyin Şerefuddin. 1997. Kuran ve Hadisler Işığında Hz.Fatıma. İstanbul: Kevser Yay.
 Ali Şeriati. Fatıma Fatımadır. Dünya Yay.
 Cafer Şehidi. Fatıma'üz Zehra. Objektif Yay.
 Tevfik Ebu İlm. Hz. Fatma. İstanbul: İnsan Yay.
 Yaşar Nuri Öztürk. 1982. Ehlibeyt'in Annesi Hazreti Fatma. Yeni Boyut Yay.
 Ahmed bin Hanbel, Müsned.
 Bihar-ül Envar .
 Buhari, Sahih.
 Keşf'ul- Ğumme.
 Kur'an.
 Müslim, Sahih.

Ali'nin eşleri
7. yüzyılda doğanlar
632 yılında ölenler
Bâki Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Mekke doğumlular
Medine'de ölenler
7. yüzyılda Araplar
Şiilik
Sünnilik
Kadın dinî liderler

Fatıma


ඔක්තෝබර් 29 යනු ග්‍රෙගරි දින දසුන අනුව මෙය මෙම වසරේ 301 වන දිනය යි. වසර අවසන්වීමට තව දින 64ක් ඇත.

ඔක්තෝබර්
ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ දින

ඔක්තෝබර් 29


Luis Felipe De la Riva (Montevideo, Uruguay, 28 de mayo de 1973) es un exfutbolista y entrenador uruguayo, nacionalizado argentino. Actualmente es agente libre

Trayectoria
Inició su carrera futbolística en el Sud América de Montevideo, su ciudad natal. Años después llegó a Argentina y jugó para Estudiantes de Buenos Aires. También pasó por el Deportivo Morón, Deportivo Merlo, Ituzaingó y finalizó su carrera profesional en San Telmo. Cabe destacar que jugó la mayoría de sus partidos en la Primera B Metropolitana, tercera categoría del fútbol argentino. Su única experiencia fuera de los países rioplatenses fue con el Deportivo Quito en Ecuador.

Como entrenador debutó al mando de Juventud Unida de la Primera D, destacando su buen andar en aquel equipo, pasó rápidamente a Leandro N. Alem, que meses más tarde ascendería a la Primera C. De 2004 a 2005 tuvo un breve paso por Flandria.

Más tarde, arribó a San Miguel, club con el que tuvo una aceptable labor. En 2006 dirigió a Acassuso realizando una de las mejores campañas en la historia del club ascendiéndolo a la Primera B Metropolitana. En 2007 volvió a Flandria y en 2008 pasó a dirigir a Deportivo Merlo, logrando el ascenso a la Primera B Nacional, segunda categoría de Argentina. En 2011 se transformó en director técnico de Chacarita Juniors. A mediados de 2012 llegó a Tristán Suárez, meses después asumió como entrenador de Los Andes. En 2014 pasó a dirigir a Almirante Brown, pero no pudo evitar el descenso de categoría, a la Primera B.

En 2015 inició su tercer ciclo como entrenador de Flandria. En junio de 2015 se confirmó su arribo a Douglas Haig de la ciudad de Pergamino, luego de una muy buena campaña en Douglas (cosechó 37 puntos en 21 partidos) regresa a Los Andes para dirigir al "Milrayitas" en el torneo de la Primera B Nacional 2016. En 2016 arribó a Almagro y renunció al año siguiente para pasar a entrenar en Villa Dálmine. En 2018 dejó Villa Dálmine y pasó a Agropecuario. En 2019 se va a entrenar a Mitre de Santiago del Estero. En 2020 inicia su segundo ciclo en Villa Dálmine. En 2021 fue entrenador de Defensores de Belgrano. En 2022 vuelve a entrenar en los dos viejos conocidos, Acasusso y Flandria.

Clubes

Como futbolista

Como entrenador

Referencias

Nacidos en Montevideo
Futbolistas de Uruguay
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Argentina
Nacionalizados de Argentina
Expatriados uruguayos en Argentina
Futbolistas de la Institución Atlética Sud América
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Estudiantes
Futbolistas de la Sociedad Deportivo Quito
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Morón
Futbolistas del Club Social y Deportivo Merlo
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Ituzaingó
Futbolistas del Club Atlético San Telmo
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Chacarita Juniors
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Acassuso
Entrenadores del Club Deportivo y Mutual Leandro N. Alem
Entrenadores del Club Social y Deportivo Flandria
Entrenadores del Club Atlético San Miguel
Entrenadores del Club Social y Deportivo Merlo
Entrenadores del Club Deportivo y Social Juventud Unida
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Los Andes
Entrenadores del Club Almirante Brown
Entrenadores del Club Almagro
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Douglas Haig
Entrenadores del Club Villa Dálmine
Entrenadores del Club Agropecuario Argentino
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Defensores de Belgrano

Felipe De la Riva


Çayyaka, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Araf, 1946 yılı kayıtlarında ise Ağraf olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 108 km, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 38 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri

Çayyaka, Sungurlu


Das Jagdgeschwader 53 war ein Verband der deutschen Luftwaffe im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Es entstand am 1. Mai 1939 durch die Umbenennung des Jagdgeschwaders 133.
Das Standardflugzeug der Einheit war die Bf 109.
Durch einen Vorschlag von Geschwaderkommodore Hans Klein bekam das Geschwader statt vieler einzelner Gruppen- und Staffelabzeichen nur ein Geschwaderabzeichen, das Pik As. Die bekanntesten Angehörigen dieser Einheit waren Werner Mölders und Franz von Werra.

Geschichte

Aufstellung aus dem JG 334 und JG 133 im Mai 1939
Unter Oberstleutnant Werner Junck (Inspekteur der Jagdflieger) entstand am 1. Mai 1939 der Stab des Jagdgeschwaders 53 (JG 53) in Wiesbaden-Erbenheim durch die Umbenennung des Stabes des Jagdgeschwaders 133. Dieses war am 1. November 1938 aus dem Jagdgeschwader 334 entstanden, dass am 15. März 1937 mit dem Stab und der I. bis III. Gruppe auf dem Fliegerhorst Mannheim-Sandhofen aufgestellt wurde und mit der Arado Ar 68E ausgestattet war. Der Stab des JG 53 war mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 ausgerüstet und unterstand der Luftflotte 3 (München) bzw. dem Luftgaukommando XII (Wiesbaden). Am 19. Dezember 1939 wurde der Stab dem JaFü 3 (Jagdfliegerführer 3) unterstellt.

Die I. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 entstand am 1. Mai 1939 in Wiesbaden-Erbenheim durch die Umbenennung der I. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 133. Ausgestattet war die Gruppe mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 und E-3. Auftrag der Gruppe war die Überwachung der deutsch-französischen Grenze zwischen Trier und Saarbrücken. Noch im September 1939 gab die Gruppe Personal in Stärke einer Staffel für die Aufstellung der III. Gruppe / JG 53 ab, das durch Neuzuweisungen ersetzt wurde. Außerdem wurde die Gruppe nach Kirchberg verlegt. Gegen Jahresende folgte die Verlegung auf den Einsatzhafen II. Ordnung Darmstadt-Griesheim.

Die II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 entstand am 1. Mai 1939 in Mannheim-Sandhofen durch die Umbenennung der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 133. Ausgestattet war die Gruppe mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 und E-3. Einsatzmäßig wurde der Gruppe die 10. (N) / JG 72 unterstellt. Noch im September 1939 gab die Gruppe Personal in Stärke einer Staffel für die Aufstellung der III. Gruppe / JG 53 ab, das durch Neuzuweisungen ersetzt wurde.

Die III. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 wurde durch Befehl vom 8. September 1939 mit sofortiger Wirkung auf dem Fliegerhorst Wiesbaden-Erbenheim aus Abgaben der I. Gruppe und II. Gruppe / JG 53 aufgestellt. Zum 8. September folgte zunächst die Aufstellung der 7. und 8. Staffel, zum 1. November folgte dann die Aufstellung des Gruppenstabes und der 9. Staffel. Ab dem 10. Oktober wurde die Gruppe dann zum Jagdschutz eingesetzt.

Im Oktober 1940 wurde in Fontenet eine Ergänzungsstaffel für das Jagdgeschwader 53 aufgestellt. Aufgabe der Staffel war die Endausbildung der von den Flugzeugführerschulen kommenden Flugschülern unter realistischen Frontbedingungen. Bereits am 20. November 1940 wurde die Staffel zu einer Ergänzungsjagdgruppe mit Gruppenstab und zwei Staffeln erweitert. Dabei wurde die 1. Staffel als Einsatzstaffel neu aufgestellt, während die Ergänzungsstaffel zur 2. Schulstaffel wurde. Nach der Rückverlegung des Geschwaders in die Heimat verlegte die 1. Staffel nach Dieppe, um hier den Jagdschutz der Küste zu übernehmen. Von der Aufstellung im Februar 1943 bis zur Auflösung Ende 1943 war das Geschwader dem Fliegerkorps Tunis unterstellt.

Am 20. Oktober 1944 wurde in Hüfingen mit der Aufstellung der IV. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 begonnen. Hierzu wurde die III. Gruppe / JG 76 in IV. Gruppe / JG 53 umbenannt. Die aus vier Staffeln bestehende Gruppe war mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 G ausgerüstet. Auf Grund der Zusammensetzung aus ehemaligen Zerstörerpiloten und sehr jungem Nachersatz war die Gruppe vorerst nicht einsatzfähig und flog bis Dezember ausschließlich Übungseinsätze. Am 3. Dezember wurde die Gruppe nach Echterdingen bei Stuttgart verlegt, wo sie bis über das Jahresende verblieb. Außerdem wurden ihr hier die ersten Messerschmitt Bf 109 K zugewiesen.

I./JG 53
 Westfeldzug 1940
Am 22. Juni beendete die Gruppe den Westfeldzug mit ihrer Verlegung nach Rennes. Insgesamt konnte die Gruppe während des Westfeldzuges 60 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei gefallene, drei in Gefangenschaft geratene und sechs verwundete Flugzeugführer sowie 14 Flugzeuge.
 Ärmelkanal 1940
Während ihres Einsatzes am Kanal konnte die Gruppe 58 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen elf gefallene, elf in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer sowie drei Verwundete und 28 Flugzeuge.
 Ostfeldzug 1941
Während ihres Einsatzes im Osten konnte die Gruppe 135 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen drei gefallene, einen in Gefangenschaft geratenen Flugzeugführer, sechs Verwundete sowie 13 Flugzeuge.
 Holland 1941
Anfang Dezember 1941 verlegten die Bodenteile nach Sizilien, während die fliegenden Teile am 15. Dezember folgten. Während ihres Einsatzes in Holland konnte die Gruppe zwei Luftsiege erzielen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen einen Gefallenen (Gruppenkommandeur Hauptmann Franz von Werra) und zwei Verwundete sowie drei Flugzeuge.
 Malta 1941
Am 15. Dezember erreichte die Gruppe Gela auf Sizilien, wo sie dem Stab des Jagdgeschwaders 53 unterstellt wurde. Bis Jahresende konnte die Gruppe über Malta sieben Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei Gefallene und drei Flugzeuge.
 Malta 1942
Während ihres Einsatzes gegen Malta konnte die Gruppe ab Jahresbeginn zwölf Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei gefallene, einen in Gefangenschaft geratenen Flugzeugführer und zwei Verwundete sowie zwölf Flugzeuge.
 Mittelmeerraum 1942
Bis zum Jahresende konnte die Gruppe bei ihrem zweiten Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum 28 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen sieben Gefallene, zwei Verwundete und 13 Flugzeuge.
 Mittelmeerraum 1943
Während ihres Einsatzes im Mittelmeerraum konnte die Gruppe 127 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen 48 gefallene, neun in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer, 25 Verwundete und 161 Flugzeuge.

II./JG 53
 Westfeldzug 1940
Während des Westfeldzuges konnte die Gruppe 19 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei gefallene und drei verwundete Flugzeugführer. Ein in Gefangenschaft geratener Flugzeugführer kehrte nach Beendigung der Kämpfe zur Gruppe zurück. Außerdem verlor die Gruppe zehn Flugzeuge.
 Ärmelkanal 1940
Während ihres Einsatzes am Kanal, längere Zeit von Berck-sur-Mer, konnte die Gruppe 76 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen 14 gefallene, neun in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer sowie sechs Verwundete. Außerdem verlor die Gruppe 37 Flugzeuge.
 Ostfeldzug 1941
Die Gruppe konnte ab dem 22. Juni im Osten 184 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen sechs Gefallene und sechs Verwundete sowie 16 Flugzeuge.
 Malta 1941
Am 15. Dezember traf die Gruppe in Comiso auf Sizilien ein. Noch im Dezember begann die Gruppe mit ihren Einsätzen gegen Malta. Bis Jahresende konnte die Gruppe noch acht Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei Gefallene, ein Verwundeter und zwei Flugzeuge.
 Mittelmeerraum 1941
Am 11. Dezember endete dann dieser Einsatzabschnitt der Gruppe mit der Verlegung ans Mittelmeer. Während ihres Einsatzes im Westen konnte die Gruppe insgesamt neun Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei Gefallene und ein Verwundeter sowie drei Flugzeuge.
 Mittelmeerraum 1942
Während des Jahres 1942 konnte die Gruppe im Mittelmeerraum 150 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen 20 gefallene, sieben in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer und zehn Verwundete sowie 59 Flugzeuge.
 Mittelmeerraum 1943
Während des Jahres 1943 konnte die Gruppe im Mittelmeerraum 148 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen 34 Gefallene, 32 Verwundete sowie 111 Flugzeuge.
 Wien-Seyring 1943
Bis zum Jahresende konnte die Gruppe von Wien-Seyring aus zwei Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei Gefallene sowie zwei Verwundete und fünf Flugzeuge.

III./JG 53
 Westfeldzug 1940
Während des Westfeldzuges konnte die Gruppe 99 Abschüsse erzielen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen drei gefallene sowie drei in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer, darunter auch der Gruppenkommandeur, Hauptmann Werner Mölders. Alle drei kehrten nach Beendigung der Kämpfe zur Gruppe zurück. Außerdem verlor die Gruppe acht Flugzeuge.
 Ärmelkanal 1940
Während des Einsatzes am Kanal konnte die Gruppe 86 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen 13 gefallene, acht in Gefangenschaft geratene sowie ein verwundeter Flugzeugführer und 34 Flugzeuge. Sie lag unter anderem in Le Touquet.
 Ostfeldzug 1941
Ab dem 22. Juni hatte die Gruppe im Osten 373 Luftsiege errungen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen vier gefallene, einen in Gefangenschaft geratenen Flugzeugführer sowie zwölf Verwundete. Außerdem verlor die Gruppe 27 Flugzeuge.
 Nordafrika 1941
Während ihres kurzen Einsatzes in Nordafrika konnte die Gruppe 16 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen zwei gefallene, einen in Gefangenschaft geratenen Flugzeugführer, zwei Verwundete und acht Flugzeuge sowie alles Material, was nach Afrika überführt worden war.
 Mittelmeerraum 1943
Während des Jahres 1943 konnte die Gruppe im Mittelmeerraum 221 Luftsiege erringen. Die eigenen Verluste betrugen 33 gefallene, zwei in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer, 46 Verwundete und 110 Flugzeuge.

10.(Jabo)/JG 53
 Nordafrika 1942
Am 1. September schied die Staffel aus dem Verband des Jagdgeschwaders 53 aus und wurde in die Jagdgruppe Afrika überführt. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte die Staffel vier gefallene, zwei in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer sowie zwei Verwundete und 15 Flugzeuge zu beklagen.

Auflösung 1945
Die I. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 lag zu Beginn des Jahres 1945 in Veszprém im Westen Ungarns in der Nähe des Plattensees. Das Einsatzgebiet der Gruppe lag zu diesem Zeitpunkt über dem Raum Budapest und Stuhlweißenburg, ab Mitte des Monats nordöstlich des Balaton und am Gran. Am 2. April wurde die Gruppe nach Deutsch-Wagram, am 4. April nach Brünn und am 17. April nach Hörsching verlegt, wo sie sich am gleichen Tag auflöste. Dabei gab die Gruppe die ihr noch verbliebenen Maschinen an die II. Gruppe / JG 52 ab. Das Personal kam zum Bodeneinsatz, ebenfalls wurden Teile von der II. Gruppe / JG 52 übernommen.

Die II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 lag zu Beginn des Jahres 1945 in Malmsheim, die 6. Staffel in Huchenfeld. Im Rahmen der Reichsluftverteidigung war die Gruppe mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 G und der Messerschmitt Bf 109 K ausgerüstet. Im Rahmen des Unternehmens Bodenplatte, der deutschen Luftoffensive gegen alliierte Flugplätze in Belgien und Nordfrankreich griff die Gruppe am 1. Januar 1945 den alliierten Flugplatz Metz-Frescaty an. Bei diesem Einsatz hatte die Gruppe zwei Gefallene, zwei Vermisste, einen Verwundeten und drei in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer zu beklagen, außerdem verlor die Gruppe neun Flugzeuge. Am 28. März kehrte die 6. Staffel nach Malmsheim zurück. Am 1. April musste die Gruppe vor der herannahenden Front nach Ulm/Rißtissen und am 21. April nach Schongau ausweichen, wo sie am 30. April aufgelöst wurde.

Die III. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 lag zu Beginn des Jahres 1945 in Kirrlach. Ausgerüstet war die Gruppe mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 G und der Messerschmitt Bf 109 K. Im Rahmen des Unternehmens Bodenplatte griff die Gruppe am 1. Januar 1945 den alliierten Flugplatz Étain, etwa 45 km nordwestlich von Metz an. Bei diesem Einsatz hatte die Gruppe zwei Verwundete zu beklagen, außerdem verlor die Gruppe zehn Flugzeuge. Am 23. März wurde sie nach Nellingen auf den Fildern und am 26. März nach Neuhausen ob Eck verlegt. Um der näher rückenden Front weiter auszuweichen, wurde die Gruppe am 7. April nach Fürstenfeldbruck, am 13. April in den Raum Klein-Karolinenfeld und am 1. Mai nach Prien am Chiemsee verlegt, wo sie bis Kriegsende verblieb.

Die IV. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 53 lag zu Beginn des Jahres 1945 in Echterdingen bei Stuttgart. Im Rahmen des Unternehmens Bodenplatte griff die Gruppe am 1. Januar 1945 den alliierten Flugplatz Metz-Frescaty an. Bei diesem Einsatz hatte die Gruppe einen Verwundeten und zwei in Gefangenschaft geratene Flugzeugführer zu beklagen, außerdem verlor die Gruppe neun Flugzeuge. Am 1. März 1945 wurde die 16. Staffel wieder aufgelöst. Im Zuge der sich nähernden Frontlinie musste die Gruppe am 2. April nach Reichenbach und am 22. April nach Ketterschwang ausweichen. Am 27. April wurde die Gruppe schließlich nach Holzkirchen verlegt, wo sie am 30. April aufgelöst wurde.

Der Stab des Jagdgeschwaders 53 lag zu Beginn des Jahres 1945 in Echterdingen bei Stuttgart. Ausgerüstet mit der Messerschmitt Bf 109 G und der Messerschmitt Bf 109 K wurde er im Rahmen der Reichsluftverteidigung eingesetzt. Am 2. April 1945 musste er vor der herannahenden Front nach Erbenschwang ausweichen, wo er sich Ende April auflöste.

Kommandeure

Geschwaderkommodore

Gruppenkommandeure
 I. Gruppe
 Hauptmann Lothar von Janson, 1. Mai 1939
 Hauptmann Albert Blumensaat, 1. Juli 1940
 Hauptmann Hans-Karl Mayer, 1. September 1940
 Hauptmann Hans-Heinrich Brustellin, Oktober 1940
 Oberleutnant Dr. Winfried Balfanz, 1. Juni 1941
 Hauptmann Franz von Werra, Juli 1941
 Hauptmann Ignaz Prestele (in Vertretung), August 1941
 Major Herbert Kaminski, 1. November 1941
 Hauptmann Walter Spies, August 1942
 Hauptmann Friedrich-Karl Müller, November 1942
 Major Jürgen Harder, 15. Februar 1944
 Hauptmann Wolfgang Ernst (in Vertretung), Januar 1945
 Hauptmann Erich Hartmann (in Vertretung), Februar 1945
 Hauptmann Helmut Lipfert, 15. Februar 1945 – 17. April 1945

 II. Gruppe
 Major Hubert Merhart von Bernegg, 1. Mai 1939
 Major Freiherr von Maltzahn, 19. August 1939
 Hauptmann Heinz Bretnütz, 9. Oktober 1940
 Hauptmann Walter Spies, Juni 1941
 Hauptmann Gerhard Michalski, Juli 1942
 Hauptmann Hans-Jürgen Westphal (in Vertretung), 19. Juni 1943 –
 Major Karl-Heinz Schnell (in Vertretung), Juli 1943
 Major Julius Meimberg, 24. April 1944

 III. Gruppe
 Hauptmann Werner Mölders, 1. November 1939
 Hauptmann Rolf Pingel (in Vertretung), 5. Juni 1940
 Hauptmann Harro Harder, Juli 1940
 Hauptmann Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke, 13. August 1940
 Major Erich Gerlitz, Mai 1942
 Hauptmann Franz Götz, Oktober 1942
 Hauptmann Siegfried Luckenbach, 18. Januar 1945
 Hauptmann Wolfgang Ernst (in Vertretung), April 1945

 IV. Gruppe
 Hauptmann Hans Morr, 25. Oktober 1944
 Hauptmann Friedrich Müer, Oktober 1944
 Hauptmann Alfred Hammer, 9. Januar 1945

 Ergänzungsgruppe
 Hauptmann Hubert Kroeck, November 1940

Bekannte Geschwaderangehörige
 Ernst-Dieter Bernhard (1924–2017), war von 1976 an, stellvertretender Befehlshabers der Alliierten Luftstreitkräfte Europa-Mitte und von 1980 bis 1984 Deutscher Militärischer Vertreter im NATO-Militärausschuss
 Christoph von Hessen (1901–1943), war Leiter des sogenannten Forschungsamtes des Reichsluftfahrtministeriums
 Julius Meimberg (1917–2012), war ein Erfinder im Bereich der Textilindustrie

Literatur
 Die Luftstreitkräfte (Fliegende Verbände). Flakeinsatz im Reich 1943–1945. In: Georg Tessin: Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945. Band 14: Die Landstreitkräfte. Namensverbände. Biblio-Verlag, Bissendorf 1980, ISBN 3-7648-1111-0.
 Wolfgang Dierich (Hrsg.): Die Verbände der Luftwaffe. 1935–1945. Gliederungen und Kurzchroniken. Eine Dokumentation. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-87943-437-9.
 Jochen Prien, Gerhard Stemmer, Peter Rodeike, Winfried Bock: Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945. Mehrere Bände.
 Jochen Prien: Pik-As. Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 53. 3 Bände. Flugzeug-Publikations, Illertissen 1989–1991;
 Band 1: Aufstellung des Geschwaders, Vorkriegszeit, Sitzkrieg, Frankreichfeldzug, Einsatz gegen England, Russlandfeldzug, Holland, Einsatz gegen Malta, März 1937 – Mai 1942. 1989, ISBN 3-927132-01-2;
 Band 2: Bis nach Stalingrad und El Alamein, Tunesien, Sizilien, Italien, Mai 1942 bis Januar 1944. 1990, ISBN 3-923457-14-6;
 Band 3: Das Ende in Italien 1944, Rumänien – Ungarn 1944/45, Einsatz zur Verteidigung des Reiches 1943 – 1945. 1991, ISBN 3-923457-16-2.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Jagd #::53
Gegründet 1939
Aufgelöst 1945

Jagdgeschwader 53


Muck (; ) is the smallest of four main islands in the Small Isles, part of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Today, much of the island is used for grazing. Residents use wool to make rugs and clothing. There are several ancient monuments and some facilities for visitors. The few residents are served by a single school, Muck Primary School & Nursery. The island is owned by the MacEwen family.

Geology
The larger part of the island is formed from olivine-phyric basalt flows erupted during the Palaeocene. Flows of hawaiite can also be found around the south coast. Together these form the Eigg Lava Formation, a greater part of which is exposed on Eigg itself. The lava flows are cut through by a swarm of Palaeocene age basalt and dolerite dykes generally aligned NNW-SSE. A handful of faults are mapped on a similar alignment, the most significant one of which stretches SE from Bagh a Ghallanaichy of Laig. Gabbro is exposed along the eastern side of the bay of Camas Mor whilst on its western side are a suite of sedimentary rocks including small exposures of the Valtos Sandstone, Duntulm and Kilmaluag formations representing the upper part of the middle Jurassic Great Estuarine Group which is more extensively exposed on nearby Eigg.

There are some peat and till deposits on the island, albeit restricted in extent.

Geography

Muck is adjacent to the other Small Isles (Canna, Rùm and Eigg). It measures roughly  east to west. The island's tallest hill is Beinn Airein ().

The island's population was 27 as recorded by the 2011 census four fewer than the 31 usual residents in 2001; during the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. The populace mostly live near the harbour at Port Mòr. The other settlement on the island is the farm at Gallanach. The island's only road, about  long, connects the two.

Muck is also known for its seal population, and for the porpoises in the surrounding waters.

Facilities

A causeway and slipway were built at Port Mòr in 2005. This allows vehicles to be driven on and off the Caledonian MacBrayne ferry, , which links Muck and the neighbouring Small Isles with the mainland port of Mallaig (2½ hours away). However, visitors are not normally permitted to bring vehicles to the Small Isles. During the summer months the islands are also served by Arisaig Marine's ferry MV Sheerwater from Arisaig,  south of Mallaig.  It is featured in the on-line newspaper West Word.

The island has no church, shop or post office, and, uniquely among Scottish islands with a population of this size, it has no post box. Until 1970 it had no electricity supply; this was initially provided by means of diesel generators, but in 1999 two large wind turbines were built. There is a hotel, Gallanach Lodge, and a range of other holiday accommodation.

Etymology
The English name of the island derives from the Gaelic word muc which James Boswell in 1785 took this to mean that the name of the island meant Sow's Island. It is now thought to refer to the high number of porpoises around it, loosely called muc-mhara 'sea-pig' (cf mereswine). The laird in Boswell's era disliked the name, especially as it meant him being referred to as Muck, and thus had attempted to persuade Samuel Johnson and Boswell that the authentic name was "Isle of Monk".

History

Early history

A thumbnail scraper found at Toaluinn on Muck indicates possible occupation in the Neolithic Era. This appears to have continued into the Bronze Age, if a dagger found on Muck, and dating between 800 and 400 BC, is anything to go by. A number of cairns, of ambiguous date, are scattered around Port Mòr, and elsewhere on the island. At some point in the Iron Age, a natural stack – Caistel nan Duin Bhan – in a commanding position near Port Mòr, was fortified by construction of a thick wall around the summit; it remained in use until medieval times.

According to local traditions, after Columba, a 6th-century Irishman, established a campaign (based at Iona) to Christianise the region, he himself visited Muck. A field adjacent to the ancient graveyard in Kiel was historically named Dail Chill Fionain (the field of Finnian's Church), in reference to Columba's tutor; the undated remains of an ancient chapel lie within the graveyard, which also contained two inscribed slabs which seem to date from this period. The name of Glen Martin is likewise traditionally ascribed to a hermit who supposedly lived there at this time.

Kingdom of the Isles

In the 9th century, Vikings invaded the Small Isles, along with the rest of the Hebrides, and the gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to the south, establishing the Kingdom of the Isles throughout these lands. For a long time, the only known evidence of Viking presence in Muck were Norse-based placenames such as Godag and Lamhraig, but more recently, limited remains were found in Northern Muck of a building which could date to this era. Following Norwegian unification, the Kingdom of the Isles became a crown dependency of the Norwegian king; to the Norwegians it was Suðreyjar (meaning southern isles). Malcolm III of Scotland acknowledged in writing that Suðreyjar was not Scottish, and king Edgar quitclaimed any residual doubts. However, in the mid 12th century, Somerled, a Norse-Gael of uncertain origin, launched a coup, which made Suðreyjar entirely independent.

Following his death, Norwegian authority was nominally restored, but in practice the kingdom was divided between Somerled's heirs; the MacRory, a branch of Somerled's descendants, ruled a region stretching from Uist to the Rough Bounds, and including the Small Isles. In 1209, the MacRory donated Muck to the (Norwegian) Bishop of the Isles.

Bishop of the Isles

Little is recorded of how the Bishop dealt with Muck, but in 1266, by the Treaty of Perth, the Scottish king purchased the whole of Suðreyjar. At the turn of the century, William I had created the position of Sheriff of Inverness, to be responsible for the Scottish highlands, which theoretically now extended to Muck; nevertheless, the Treaty explicitly preserved the status of the various divisions of Suðreyjar as crown dependencies, leaving the Bishop effectively sovereign. Awkwardly, the Bishopric remained part of the Norwegian Archdiocese of Niðarós, until Shetland and Orkney also joined the Scottish king's possessions, in 1472 (at which point the Bishopric became part of the new Archdiocese of St Andrews).

In 1549, conducting a survey, the Dean of the Isles (Donald Monro) wrote:

The Dean's account is the first known written reference to Muck. He went on to describe the offshore islet of Eilean nan Each as "in Englishe the Horse ile, guid for horse and uther store, perteining to the Bishope of the iles.". At this time, the Bishopric was based on Iona (called Icolmkill at this time – the Isle of Columba's Church); many centuries later, Boswell reported being told by the inhabitants that the island had been "churchland belonging to Icolmkill".

According to the Bishop's rental accounts, of 1561, his tenants in Muck were the MacIans. The MacIans were the lairds of Ardnamurchan on the adjacent mainland, but no records have yet been found to indicate when or why they became tenants on Muck as well; Muck is the most fertile of the Small Isles, so the land would certainly have been desirable.

MacLeans and MacIans

The MacIans were a branch of the MacDonalds, with whom the MacLeans of Duart had a longstanding feud, concerning the Rhinns of Islay. In 1588, some of the remains of the Spanish Armada found refuge with the MacLeans, who demanded the Spanish supply 100 soldiers, in return for refuge; they having agreed, the Maclean leader took the opportunity to attack the Small Isles in relation to his feud with the MacDonalds. The MacIans fought them off, and the Spanish eventually departed from the region without even paying for the provisions given to them by the MacLeans.

The Scottish reformation was rapidly sweeping through the region at this time; the MacLeans, and even Dean Monro himself, became presbyterians. In 1617, Andrew Knox, a presbyterian who reluctantly held the post of Bishop of the Isles, sold Muck to Lachlan Maclean, the laird of Coll. Lachlan expelled the MacIans at once, then gave Muck to his younger son, Hector. Coll, along with the lands of the MacLeans of Duart, was under the shrieval authority of the sheriff of Argyll; under pressure from the Earl of Argyll, one of the most powerful Scottish political figures of the age, shrieval authority over Muck was transferred from Inverness to the latter sheriff, which was under the control of the Earl's family.

In 1650, the MacIans lost control of Ardnamurchan as well, and decided to seek revenge on Hector for the way Lachlan had treated them. They landed on Muck at night, and started rustling away the cattle. Hector happened to be outside at the time, and shot at them; in turn, Gillespie MacIan Shaor, one of the MacIans present, shot back, killing Hector. By this point Hector had a son, and therefore founded the line of MacLeans of Muck. Their comital authority was extinguished by the Heritable Jurisdictions Act, in 1746, but they retained considerable power as lairds.

Religion and disease

On Muck, the reformation had left the population balanced between presbyterians and Roman Catholics; in 1764, each amounted to nearly half the population. A few years later, however, the MacLeans showed a streak of religious totalitarianism, demanding that all tenants reject Roman Catholicism, or face eviction. In 1770, the MacLean laird's wife even locked up a Roman Catholic priest, who had just arrived to visit his parishioners, telling him she was following "Boisdale's example"; the priest was deported to the Scottish mainland as soon as a ship became available.

When Samuel Johnson and James Boswell visited the region in 1773, though they didn't visit Muck in person, the laird was keen to ensure they were aware of his philanthropy, which Johnson subsequently reported in his book A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland:

Prosperity and poverty

Johnson's work also gives an insight into the prosperity on Muck:

Nevertheless, Lachlan, his nephew and eventual heir, fell into debt, as a result of being appointed Resident Governor of the Tower of London; in 1802 he therefore sold Muck to the leader of Clan Ranald.

Following the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars, a decade after Johnson's visit, the availability of certain minerals became restricted, causing the price for kelp to rocket. The Clan Ranald leader had no compunction in taking advantage of this, by deliberately halving tenancies in size – turning 24 plots into 47 – in order to stop them being self-sufficient; tenants would have to take on other work – such as kelp harvesting – to survive.

In 1813, shortly after the kelp price peaked, Muck was sold to Colonel Alexander MacLean, leader of the MacLeans of Coll, for the comparatively large price of £9,975. However, when the Napoleonic Wars ended, just a few years later, the kelp price collapsed, making rents impossible for the population of Muck to afford. With no way to get value from his purchase, Colonel MacLean fell into debt, and in 1826 decided to replace his tenants with sheep. Several had already emigrated to Canada, in 1822, and in 1828 the Colonel bade 100 more to join them. The remaining population built the village of Keil, by Port Mòr, and moved there. By 1835, however, most have moved to other areas of Scotland or emigrated.

Cows and fish

In the late 1830s, the island was leased to John Cameron, a famed cattle-drover, who replaced the sheep with cattle. In 1846, the lease was transferred to James Thorburn, who re-introduced sheep. Five years later, Muck was sold to Captain Swinburne, with the Thorburns keeping a lease of the farmland, under him. While the Thorburns built roads and installed a threshing machine, Swinburne was keen to invest in fishing, and built dykes (Scottish term for dry stone walls), and a pier at Port Mòr; when not working on the farm, the remaining islanders fished the Rockall area. The Thornburns introduced Cheviot sheep and were successful in this endeavour.

In 1870, a family from Ayrshire – the Wiers – became the tenants of the farmland, transforming it into an arable establishment, and dairy farm, specialising in cheese. In 1889, administrative counties were formally created in Scotland, on shrieval boundaries, by a dedicated Local Government Act; Muck therefore became part of the new county of Argyll. However, the Act established a boundary review, which decided, in 1891, to move Muck to the county of Inverness, where Eigg already sat.

In 1896 Muck was sold to Robert Lawrie Thomson, who owned Eigg and Strathaird Estate on Skye. Thomson died in 1913, and Muck was left to his older brother, John MacEwen. When John died in 1916, he left Muck to his nephew, Lieutenant William Ivan Lawrence MacEwen, who left the Royal Navy, and retrained at agricultural college, subsequently taking over the running of the farm in 1922. His descendants have owned the island ever since. In the early 1970s, the family built the hotel at Port Mòr. In the 21st century Muck is operated by a Trust set up by the MacEwen family.

Prince of Muck
On 18 May 2022, BBC Four broadcast the documentary Prince of Muck about Lawrence MacEwen, laird of the island. The documentary had previously had a showing on BBC Scotland in April, with the programme getting a national broadcast slot on BBC Four just two days after MacEwen died, aged 81, on 16 May 2022. Prince of Muck
received a 5 star review in The Telegraph with reviewer Benji Wilson saying the documentary by director Cindy Jansen was a "film of elegiac brilliance".

See also

 List of islands of Scotland

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Isle of Muck website
 Isle of Muck History

Small Isles, Lochaber
Populated places in Lochaber
Islands of Highland (council area)
Islands of the Inner Hebrides

Muck, Scotland


Ephraim was a Biblical patriarch.

Ephraim may also refer to:

Tribe of Ephraim
Ephraim (given name)
Ephraim (surname)
Ephraim the Syrian (c. 306–373)
Ephraim of Nea Makri (1384–1426), Greek saint
Mount Ephraim, biblical region
Ephraim in the wilderness from John 11
Ephraim, Utah, USA
Ephraim, Wisconsin, USA
Ephraim (Fire Emblem), a character in Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones

See also
Wood of Ephraim, a place mentioned in the Bible
Mount Ephraim (disambiguation)
Old Ephraim, a grizzly bear
Ephrem (name)
Yefremov (disambiguation)
The Book of Ephraim, a 1976 poem by James Merrill in his 1982 trilogy The Changing Light at Sandover

Ephraim (disambiguation)


Magic Beyond Words – Die zauberhafte Geschichte der J. K. Rowling (Originaltitel: Magic Beyond Words: The JK Rowling Story) ist ein US-amerikanischer Fernsehfilm aus dem Jahr 2011.

Inhalt
Der Film erzählt die Lebensgeschichte von Joanne K. Rowling, insbesondere die Jahre, in denen sie als alleinerziehende Mutter auf Sozialhilfe angewiesen ist, wie sie in dieser Zeit die Idee zu Harry Potter bekommt und ihre weltberühmte Romanreihe über den Zauberlehrling beginnt. Der Film endet mit ihrem Durchbruch in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Veröffentlichung des ersten Kinofilms der Reihe, Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen.

Kritiken

Hintergrund
Der US-amerikanische Fernsehfilm wurde in Kanada gedreht, auch wenn die Handlung in England spielt.
Der Film wurde erstmals im Juni 2011 im US-amerikanischen Fernsehen gezeigt. Er wurde danach auch in Kanada, Frankreich und Ungarn vertrieben.
Im April 2012 erschien der Film in Deutschland auf DVD. Im deutschen Fernsehen lief der Film erstmals am 1. Mai 2012 auf RTL.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2011
US-amerikanischer Film
Fernsehfilm (Lifetime Television)
Filmbiografie über Schriftsteller
Harry Potter


Das Friedrichs-Gymnasium und -Realschule war eine 1850 eröffnete höhere Schule in Berlin-Mitte, Friedrichstraße 126.

Geschichte
Das 1848/49 als erster Schulbau der Friedrich-Wilhelm-Stadt errichtete Gebäude nahm am 11. April 1850 als Friedrich-Wilhelmstädtische höhere Lehranstalt den Lehrbetrieb auf. Die Trägerschaft lag bei der Stadt. 1856 wurde die Schule nach König Friedrich II. umbenannt. Gründungsdirektor war Adolf Ferdinand Krech. Der Bau in der Friedrichstraße 126 bestand ursprünglich aus einem Vorder- und einem Hintergebäude; ein zweites Hintergebäude wurde 1889 erbaut. 1858 fand die erste Abiturprüfung statt. 1860 wurde ein Seminar für neue Sprachen unter Ludwig Herrig angeschlossen. Direktoren waren der Literaturhistoriker Ernst Voigt und ab 1902 sein Nachfolger Adolf Trendelenburg (Jahresgehalt 6900 Mark).

Mit dem Gymnasium war bis 1875 eine Realschule verbunden, die als Friedrichs-Realgymnasium dann in einen Neubau von Hermann Blankenstein in der Albrechtstraße 27 umzog, bevor diese in der Tempelhofer Vorstadt den 1905/06 von Ludwig Hoffmann errichteten Bau zwischen Schleiermacher- und Mittenwalder Straße bezog (jetzt Leibniz-Schule). Den Namen behielt sie bis 1938, danach hieß sie bis 1945 nach General Karl Litzmann.

Parallel dazu bestand im eingemeindeten Neukölln von 1921 ein Kaiser-Friedrich-Realgymnasium, das 1930 in Karl-Marx-Schule in einem größeren Schulkomplex umbenannt wurde

Das Gebäude in der Albrechtstraße 27 diente in der DDR-Zeit als Sitz der Fach-/Berufsschule für Gaststätten und Hotelwesen. Danach war hier das Oberstufenzentrum Verkehr, Wohnungswirtschaft, Steuer untergebracht.

Literatur
 Paul Goldschmidt:
 Zur Geschichte des Friedrichs-Gymnasiums 1850–1900. 1. Teil. Berlin 1900. Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum Jahresbericht des Friedrichs-Gymnasiums zu Berlin; Ostern 1900 (Programm Berlin Friedrichs-Gymnasium).
 Zur Geschichte des Friedrichs-Gymnasiums 1850–1900. Nachtrag, enthaltend Gedächtnisreden. Berlin 1901 (Programm Berlin Friedrichs-Gymnasium).

Weblinks
 L. A. Wiese: Das höhere Schulwesen in Preußen. Berlin 1864, S. 103.

Einzelnachweise

Ehemalige Schule in Berlin
Gymnasium in Berlin
Berliner Geschichte (19. Jahrhundert)
Gegründet 1850
Berlin
Schule in Berlin-Mitte

Friedrichs-Gymnasium Berlin


Boxing in the 1940s in many ways reflected worldwide events that affected other endeavors as well.

World War II raged early in the decade, and just like baseballers, many popular boxers went overseas to fight for their countries, Joe Louis, Billy Conn, Beau Jack, and Bob Montgomery among them. Louis was used to entice Americans to join the war against Germany, a couple of propaganda movies starring Louis and many propaganda posters being produced. The posters in particular are collectors' items today. Louis'  great rival, Max Schmeling, a lifelong opponent of the Nazi regime, was forced by Adolf Hitler to join the German military after his loss to Louis at their 1938 rematch.

Because of the war many world championship divisions were frozen. Sometimes, a title bout was held five years after the last title bout in that division had been held.

Television was in its infancy in the 1940s, but nonetheless, viewers were treated to many 10-round, non-title fights, and many crown challengers became household names under the absence of so many world champions.

The 1940s did have some historic world title fights and rivalries. Sugar Ray Robinson and Jake LaMotta began their series of famous bouts towards the middle of the decade, Jack and Montgomery fought four times, and Rocky Graziano and Tony Zale starred in what boxing critics have often called one of the fiercest rivalries in boxing history.

The heavyweight division was dominated by Louis, the only man in history to be world champion throughout every year of a decade. He became world champion in 1937 and kept the title until 1949.

LaMotta lost a highly controversial fight to Billy Fox in 1947. LaMotta later testified he threw the fight to earn a title shot at world middleweight champion Marcel Cerdan,

1941
January 13 – Anton Christoforidis becomes the first Greek world boxing champion in history, beating Melio Bettina by a fifteen-round decision for the National Boxing Association's vacant world Light-Heavyweight title, in Cleveland.
January 17 – Fritzie Zivic retains his world Welterweight title with a twelfth-round knockout of Henry Armstrong at their New York City rematch.
May 22 – Gus Lesnevich wins the world Light-Heavyweight title, with a fifteen-round decision over Anton Christoforidis, at New York.
May 23 – In an extremely controversial bout, Joe Louis retains his world Heavyweight title with a seventh round disqualification win over Max Baer's brother, Buddy Baer. After the bell to end round six, Louis landed a blow that dropped Baer. Said time-keeper Billy Dechard: Joe hit Baer at least three seconds after the bell sounded. Looking for a disqualification win, Baer's manager announced his fighter would not come out for round seven, and Baer wound up getting disqualified instead. The controversial fight took place in Washington, DC.
June 18 – Behind on the scorecards, Joe Louis scores a thirteenth-round knockout of former world Light-Heavyweight champion Billy Conn to retain the world Heavyweight title, at New York.
July 29 – Freddie Cochrane wins the world Welterweight title, defeating Fritzie Zivic with a fifteen-round decision, in Newark.
a

1942
January 9 – In a rematch of their controversial 1941 bout, Joe Louis retains his world Heavyweight title with a first-round knockout of Buddy Baer, at New York City. The fight is fought as a benefit to the New York Auxiliary of the Naval Relief Society.
February 13 – Former world Light-Heavyweight champion Billy Conn beats world Middleweight champion Tony Zale by a twelve-round unanimous decision in a non-title bout, at New York. This would be Conn's last fight in four years, as he would go on to serve in World War II.
June 20 – Freddie Mills conquers the British version of the world Light-Heavyweight title with a second-round knockout over Len Harvey, in London.
August 7 – Manuel Ortiz becomes world Bantamweight champion with a twelve-round unanimous decision over Lou Salica, in Hollywood.
November 20 – -Willie Pep wins the world Featherweight championship with a fifteen-round decision over Chalky Wright, at New York

1943
February 5 – In their second of their classic six fight rivalry, Jake LaMotta defeats Sugar Ray Robinson by a ten-round unanimous decision, in Detroit. This fight would be portrayed 37 years later in LaMotta's biographic movie, Raging Bull.
March 10 – Manuel Ortiz retains his world Bantamweight title with an eleventh-round knockout of former world champion Lou Salica, at their Oakland rematch.
June 8 – Willie Pep retains his world featherweight title with a fifteen-round decision over future world champion Sal Bartolo, in Boston.
June 19 – Jackie Paterson wins the world's Flyweight title with a first-round knockout of defending champion Peter Kane, in Glasgow, Scotland.
August 27 – Sugar Ray Robinson beats his childhood hero, Henry Armstrong, by a ten-round unanimous decision, at New York.
November 19 – Beau Jack and Bob Montgomery fight the second of their four-fight series, as Jack beats Montgomery by a fifteen-round unanimous decision for New York state's version of the world Lightweight championship.

1944
March 3 – The third chapter of the Bob Montgomery-Beau Jack rivalry, as Montgomery beats Jack by a fifteen-round decision, at New York City.
March 10 – Sal Bartolo beats Phil Terranova by a decision in fifteen rounds to win the National Boxing Association's world Featherweight title, in Boston. Nonetheless, Willie Pep continues being recognized as the sole world Featherweight champion by most fans and the press.
May 5 – Sal Bartolo retains his NBA world Featherweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Phil Terranova at their Boston rematch.
August 4 – The "War Bonds Fight", $36m is raised to fund the war effort as Beau Jack wins a ten-round decision over arch-rival Bob Montgomery in New York. A few weeks later, they were both drafted on the same day by the Army.
September 9 – Willie Pep retains the world Featherweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Chalky Wright at their New York rematch.
September 12 – Manuel Ortiz retains the world Bantamweight title with a fourth-round knockout over Luis Castillo, in Los Angeles.
November 14 – Manuel Ortiz once again retains his world Bantamweight title with a knockout over Luis Castillo in Los Angeles, this time in round nine.

1945
(note on boxing in 1945: because of the events of World War II during this year, there were only two world championship boxing bouts in 1945).
February 19 – Willie Pep retains his world Featherweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Phil Terranova, in New York City.
February 24 – Sugar Ray Robinson and Jake LaMotta fight chapter four of their rivalry. Robinson wins a ten-round unanimous decision, at New York.
April 18 – Ike Williams wins the National Boxing Association's world Lightweight title, knocking out champion Juan Zurita in two rounds, at Mexico City, Mexico.
September 28 – Rocky Graziano stops Harold Green in two rounds at New York. Green later claimed he was paid to lose the fight.

1946

June 7 – Willie Pep unifies the world Featherweight title with a twelve-round knockout victory over Sal Bartolo, at New York City.
June 9 – In a rematch of their 1941 bout, Joe Louis retains the world Heavyweight title with an eighth-round knockout over former world Light Heavyweight champion Billy Conn, in New York.
September 27 – Tony Zale and Rocky Graziano fight each other for the first time, starting one of boxing's most notorious rivalries. World Middleweight champion Zale retains the crown, knocking out Graziano in round six, at New York.
December 20 – Sugar Ray Robinson becomes world champion for the first time, defeating Tommy Bell by a fifteen-round unanimous decision for the vacant world Welterweight championship, in New York.

1947
January 6 – Harold Dade becomes world Bantamweight champion, knocking out Manuel Ortiz in six rounds, at San Francisco.
February 28 – Gus Lesnevich retains his world Light-Heavyweight title with a tenth-round knockout over Billy Fox (the guy against whom Jake LaMotta later alleged to have thrown a fight), in New York City.
March 11 – In their rematch, Manuel Ortiz regains the world Bantamweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Harold Dade, in Los Angeles.
July 16 – Rocky Graziano becomes world Middleweight champion, knocking out Tony Zale in round six of the second chapter of their boxing rivalry.
August 4 – Ike Williams unifies the world Lightweight title with a sixth-round knockout over Bob Montgomery, at their Philadelphia rematch.
October 20 – Rinty Monaghan regains the world Flyweight title (National Boxing Association version) with a fifteen-round decision over Dado Marino, in London.
December 5 – Joe Louis retains his world Heavyweight title for the 24th. time, with a fifteen-round split decision over Jersey Joe Walcott, in New York.

1948
February 20 – Tragedy strikes, as Ezzard Charles defeats Sam Baroudi in Chicago, by a knockout in round ten. Baroudi died as a consequence of the blows suffered, on February 21.
March 5 – In their rematch, world Light-Heavyweight champion Gus Lesnevich retains the title with a first-round knockout over Billy Fox, at New York City.
March 23 – Rinty Monaghan unifies the world's Flyweight title with a seventh-round knockout win over Jackie Patterson in Belfast, Northern Ireland, then gets accidentally knocked out himself by a well wisher during the ensuing party.
June 10 – The final chapter of the Zale-Graziano trilogy, as Tony Zale defeats Rocky Graziano by knockout in round three to regain the world's Middleweight title, in Newark.
June 25 – Joe Louis retains his world Heavyweight title for the twenty-fifth and final time, this time knocking out Jersey Joe Walcott in round eleven of their New York rematch. Louis would retire, officially leaving the title, in 1949. His twenty five title defenses are a record for any division in boxing.
July 11 – Ike Williams retains the world Lightweight title with a sixth-round knockout over former two time world champion Beau Jack, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
July 26 – Freddie Mills outpoints Gus Lesvenich over fifteen rounds in London, to win the world's Light-Heavyweight title.
September 23 – Marcel Cerdan conquers the world Middleweight title with a twelfth-round knockout win over Tony Zale, in Jersey City.
October 29 – In the first fight of their notorious boxing rivalry, Sandy Saddler conquers the world Featherweight title, defeating Willie Pep by a fourth-round knockout, in New York.

1949
February 11 – Willie Pep recovers the world Featherweight title, beating Sandy Saddler by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, in the second of their four bout rivalry, at New York City.
February 28 – future world champions Ezzard Charles and Joey Maxim meet at Cincinnati, with Charles winning a ten-round majority decision.
March 1 – Joe Louis announces his retirement, leaving the world Heavyweight title vacant after 11 years, six months, and a world record 25 defenses as world champion.
March 1 – Manuel Ortiz retains his world Bantamweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over Dado Marino for his eighteenth title defense, a division record, in their Honolulu rematch.
June 16 – Jake LaMotta wins the world Middleweight championship, knocking out Marcel Cerdan in ten rounds, at Detroit.
June 21 – Ezzard Charles wins the vacant world Heavyweight title, defeating Jersey Joe Walcott, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, in Chicago.
July 11 – Sugar Ray Robinson retains the world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over future world champion Kid Gavilán, in Philadelphia.
August 10 – Ezzard Charles retains his world Heavyweight title, knocking out world Light-Heavyweight champion Gus Lesvenich in round eight, at New York.
October 27 – Marcel Cerdan dies when his plane, an Air France Constellation, crashes over the Azores when he was returning to the United States for a rematch with Jake LaMotta.
December 6 – Sandy Saddler wins the vacant world Jr. Lightweight title, defeating Orlando Zulueta by a fifteen-round decision in the last title fight of the decade, held at Cleveland.

References

 1940s
1940s in sports

1940s decade overviews

Boxing in the 1940s


Jennifer Jason Leigh (n. Jennifer Leigh Morrow, 5 februarie 1962) este o actriță americană, nominalizată la BAFTA, Globul de Aur și Premiul Oscar pentru cea mai bună actriță în rol secundar pentru rolul lui Daisy Domergue din The Hateful Eight.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1962
Nașteri pe 5 februarie
Actrițe americane

Jennifer Jason Leigh


Büyüksevin, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Afşin ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 151 km, Afşin ilçesine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Afşin'in mahalleleri

Büyüksevin, Afşin


Dioničko društvo Motor Sich ukrajinski je proizvođač zrakoplovnih motora sa sjedištem u Zaporožje. Tvrtka proizvodi motore za avione i helikoptere, kao i industrijske brodske plinske turbine i instalacije.

Pregled
Motor-Sich trenutno proizvodi turbofan Ivchenko Progress D-18 koji pokreće varijante teretnjaka Antonov An-124 i An-225, iako serije Ivchenko Progress D-36 / Ivchenko Progress D-436 ostaju motori s najvišom stopom proizvodnje u CIS.

Motor Sich je naslijedio neke od sposobnosti proizvodnje zrakoplovnih motora bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza. Proizvodi turboventilatorske, turboelisne i turboosovinske motore s rotacijskim krilima koji pokreću zrakoplove u ruskoj službi, poput vojnih helikoptera serije Mi i Ka.

Godine 2017. pekinški Skyrizon Aviation kupio je 41% udjela u Motor Sichu. Skyrizon Aviation pristao je najprije uložiti 250 milijuna dolara u ukrajinske tvornice Zaporizhzhia i pomoći Motor Sichu da postavi novu tvornicu za montažu i servisiranje u Chongqingu.

Tvrtka je objavila da planira lansirati vlastiti helikopter, nazvan Nada, 2018.

U svibnju 2021. Ukrajina je u pregovorima s Turskom o prodaji tvrtke, izvješćeno je o prodaji 50% udjela turskoj tvrtki budući da je postala glavni kupac motora za svoje bespilotne letjelice Bayraktar TB2 i Bayraktar Akinci te helikopter TAI T929 ATAK 2.  Generalni direktor Motor Sicha Vjačeslav Bohuslajev napomenuo je da kineski zajam od 100 milijuna dolara treba vratiti 2026.

Galerija

Izvori

U izradi, Zrakoplovstvo

Motor Sič


سلطان سلطنة عمان هو حاكم سلطنة عمان وهو أرفع منصب في البلاد. ينحدر سلاطين عُمان من أسرة آل بو سعيد وهي الأسرة الحاكمة في عمان منذ منتصف القرن الثامن عشر.

قائمة الأئمة (751–1406)

قائمة الأئمة (1406–1749)

أسرة بني نبهان (1406–1624)

دولة اليعاربة (1624-1748)

الدولة البوسعيدية (1749- حتى الآن)

انظر أيضًا

 تاريخ عمان

مراجع

تاريخ سلطنة عمان
سلاطين عمان
قوائم الرؤساء حسب البلد أو الدولة
قوائم متعلقة بسلطنة عمان
قوائم ملوك

قائمة سلاطين عمان


Yer'in ekseni veya axis mundi, dinlerde ve mitolojilerde yer ile cennet ve cehennem gibi ya da Tanrı/tanrıların ikamet ettiği yer arasındaki ilişkinin sağlandığına inanılan yer. Daha yüksek ve daha alçak alemler arasındaki seyahatler ve iletişim bu nokta üzerinden sağlanır. Aşağı alemlerdekiler bu noktadan daha yukarı çıkarak yukarı alemdekilerle iletişim kurarlar, yukarı alemlerde olanlar ise aşağıda alemlere ve her yere bu yer üzerinden lütuflarını yayarlar. Bu nokta yerin Antik Yunan'da dünyanın başlangıç noktası sayılan omphalos (yerin göbeği) ile benzer bir işlev görür.

Yerin merkezine ilişkin Axis mundi imajı (belki de beslenmeyi sağlayan göbek bağına benzer şekilde) genellikle dişil betimlenir. Bu bir doğal obje (dağ, ağaç, asma, sürgün, duman veya ateş gibi) ya da insanlar tarafından üretilmiş bir şey (kule, merdiven, mayıs direği, haç, çan kulesi ya da minare, ip, totem direği, sütun) olabilir. Göğe yakınlığı bazen dini(pagoda, tapınak tepesi, minare, kilise) bazen seküler(obelisk, deniz feneri, roket, gökdelen) anlamlar taşıyabilir ve dinsel veya seküler bağlamlarda görülür. Axis mundi sembolizmi şaman pratiklerinden, animist inanç sistemlerine, büyük dünya dinlerinden teknolojik gelişmenin ürettiği "urban center"lara kadar birçok alanda görülebilir. Mircea Eliade'nin dediği gibi "Kozmogoni, tüm inşalarda örnek alınan oluşumdur. İnşa edilen her yeni şehir, her yeni ev, dünyanın yaradılışını bir anlamda bir daha tekrarlar. Aslında her şehir ve her konut "evrenin merkezinde" bulunmaktadır.

Mircea Eliade'ye göre merkez simgeciliği ve kozmolojik imaları üç ana unsur etrafında toplanırlar:
 Dünyanın merkezinde, yerle göğün birleştiği "kutsal dağ" bulunmaktadır.
 Her tapınak ya da saray ve biraz daha geniş bakarsak her kutsal ev "kutsal dağla" özdeşleştirilir ve böylece "merkez" olur.
 Axis mundi'nin geçtiği yerler olarak kutsal şehir ya da tapınak, gök, yer ve yeraltının birleştiği bir yer olarak görülür.

Yerin merkezi olarak dağlar
Hint inanışlarına göre Meru Dağı, dünyanın ortasında bulunmakta ve üzerinde kutup yıldızı parlamaktadır. Filistin'de bulunan Tabor dağının adı, "göbek", "omphalos" anlamına gelen tabbur'dan gelmektedir.Gerizim dağı da dünyanın göbeği olarak bilinir. Hıristiyanlara göre Gogoda tepesi dünyanın merkezinde bulunmaktadır, hem dağın zirvesi hem de Adem'in gömüldüğü yer burasıdır.

Tapınakların ve şehirlerin kozmik bir dağ ile özdeşleştirilmesine de sık sık rastlanır. Kral Gudea döneminden kalma bir silindir mühürde "(Kralın) inşa ettirdiği (Tanrının) odası, kozmik dağ gibidir" yazmaktadır. Doğudaki her şehir dünyanın merkezinde bulunmaktadır. Mezopotamya ziguratları da kozmik dağlar sayılmıştır. Güney Asya'daki Borobudur tapınağı ve Angkor Vat kozmik dağlara benzer biçimde inşa edilmiş tapınaklardan en bilinenleridir.

Yerin merkezi olarak ağaç

Hayat ağacı ile ilgili mitlerde ve efsanelerde evrenin merkezinde bulunan ve göğü, yeri ve cehennemi birbirine bağlayan bir Hayat ağacı düşüncesi sık sık karşımıza çıkar. Bu mitsel yapının İskandinavya ve Orta Asya inançlarında, özellikle de Altay ve Cermen halklarında özel bir değeri vardır. Ancak kökenin Mezopotamya olduğu sanılmaktadır. Genelde ağaç, dünyanın merkezinde bir dağın zirvesinde bulunur. Şaman göğe çıkarken, mistik yolculuğu sırasında dokuz ya da yedi basamaklı bir ağaca tırmanır. Genelde bu yolculuğu yedi basamaklı kutsal bir direk üzerinde gerçekleştirir; bu direğin dünyanın merkezinde olduğu varsayılır. Kutsal direk ve ağaç, evrenin merkezinde bulunan ve dünyayı taşıyan kozmik direkle örtüşen simgelerdir. Altaylılar tanrıların atlarını bu direğe bağladığına; takımyıldızların bu direğin etrafında oluştuğuna inanır. Aynı kavrama İskandinavya'da da rastlanır. Odin atını Yggdrasil'e (kelime anlamı Odin'in atıdır) bağlar.

Saksonların benzer kozmik direğinin adı ise Irminsul'dur.

Hintlerde de evrenin ortasında bulunan Hayat Ağacı ya da bir direk tarafından temsil edilen kozmik bir eksen vardır.

Çin mitolojisinde mucize ağaç evrenin merkezinde yükselir ve devletin merkezi de buradadır. Dokuz Gök, Dokuz Pınar'la bu noktada birleşir. Bu ağaca Dikili Ağaç (Kien-Mou) denilir ve öğle vaktinde onun yanında dimdik duranların gölgesi olmadığı söylenir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yaşam ağacı
 Gök katları
 Göğün göbeği
 Şamanizmde Yer'in Ekseni

Kaynakça

Kutsal yerler
Mitolojik kavramlar

Yer'in ekseni


La microrregión de Franco da Rocha fue una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de São Paulo perteneciente a la mesorregión Metropolitana de São Paulo. Su población fue estimada en 2010 por el IBGE en 453.684 habitantes y estaba dividida en cuatro municipios. Tenía un área total de 600,469 km².

Municipios
 Caieiras
 Francisco Morato
 Franco da Rocha
 Mairiporã

Referencias

Extinción
En 2017, IBGE extinguió las mesorregiones y microrregiones, creando un nuevo marco regional, con nuevas divisiones geográficas llamadas, respectivamente, regiones geográficas intermedias y inmediatas.

Microrregiones de São Paulo

Microrregión de Franco da Rocha


El tuquito gris (en Argentina, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay) (Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus), también denominado atrapamoscas coronidorado (en Colombia), mosquero-pizarroso coronado (en Perú), suirirí cabeza negra (en Uruguay) o atrapamoscas copete negro y amarillo (en Venezuela), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae. Es la única del género monotípico Griseotryrannus, colocada en el género Empidonomus por algunos autores. Es nativa de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
El tuquito gris nidifica desde el noreste de Brasil, hacia el sur, por Bolivia, Paraguay, hasta el centro sur de  Argentina y Uruguay, migra hacia el oeste de la Amazonia en Brasil, sureste de Colombia, este de Ecuador, este de Perú y  sur de Venezuela durante los inviernos australes. Se le ha registrado en Calama, Chile.

Esta espécie es considerda común en sus hábitats naturales: los bosques húmedos subtropicales o tropicales de tierras bajas y las sabanas secas con pocos árboles dispersos. Hasta los 2000 m de altitud en Bolivia. En su mayoría migra hacia el oeste y el centro de la cuenca del Amazonas como residente no reproductivo, excepto en el sureste, bordeando el Cerrado y el Pantanal, donde reside en gran parte del cerrado oeste y hacia el sur. Allí prefiere el dosel y los bordes de bosques, generalmente permaneciendo bien arriba del suelo.

Descripción
Mide 18 cm de longitud. Es gris pardusco por arriba, con una corona negra contrastante, con una mancha amarilla semioculta; lista superciliar gris y lista oscura por el ojo. Por abajo es gris pizarroso, más claro en el vientre. Su apariencia general es grisácea y a veces parece tener el alto de la cabeza achatado.

Comportamiento

Alimentación
En general es solitario, posa en locales expuestos, como lo alto de árboles, desde donde parte para capturar insectos alados en vuelo, volviendo después para la misma percha; ocasionalmente se alimenta también de frutos.

Vocalización
En general es silencioso, durante la reproducción da un «psi-sí» débil (que recuerda la vocalización del tuquito rayado), a veces en serie.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie G. aurantioatrocristatus fue descrita por primera vez por los naturalistas franceses Alcide d'Orbigny y Frédéric de Lafresnaye en 1837 bajo el nombre científico Tyrannus aurantio-atro cristatus [sic]; la localidad tipo es: «Valle Grande, Santa Cruz, Bolivia».

El género Griseotyrannus fue descrito por el ornitólogo estadounidense Wesley Edwin Lanyon en 1984.

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Griseotyrannus» se compone de las palabras del latín «griseus» que significa 'gris', y del género Tyrannus que significa 'tirano', 'dictador'; y el nombre de la especie «aurantioatrocristatus», se compone de las palabras del latín «aurantius» que significa 'dorado', «ater, atri» que significa 'negro' y «cristatus» que significa 'crestado'.

Taxonomía
A pesar de sus plumajes muy diferentes, por mucho tiempo estuvo colocada en el género Empidonomus debido a las similitudes de vocalización y comportamiento; más tarde separado en su propio género con base principalmente en varias diferencias derivadas exclusivas en la morfología de la siringe.

La mayoría de los autores y clasificaciones, como el Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC), Aves del Mundo (HBW), y Birdlife International (BLI), colocan a la presente especie en un género monotípico propio, sin embargo, el Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC) y Clements Checklist/eBird continúan a situarlo en Empidonomus como el sinónimo Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus. Estas clasificaciones sostienen que la distancia genética entre las dos especies es todavía menor que la distancia entre especies similares pertenecientes a un único género, como demostrado por los estudios de Tello et al. (2009).

Los amplios estudios genético-moleculares realizados por Tello et al. (2009) descubrieron una cantidad de relaciones novedosas dentro de la familia Tyrannidae que todavía no están reflejadas en la mayoría de las clasificaciones. Siguiendo estos estudios, Ohlson et al. (2013) propusieron dividir Tyrannidae en cinco familias. Según el ordenamiento propuesto, Griseotyrannus permanece en Tyrannidae, en una subfamilia Tyranninae , 1825, en una tribu Tyrannini , 1825, junto a Pitangus, Philohydor, Machetornis, Tyrannopsis, Megarynchus, Myiodynastes, Conopias (provisoriamente), Phelpsia (provisoriamente), Myiozetetes, Empidonomus y Tyrannus.

Un dato curioso acerca del nombre científico de esta especie es que su nomenclatura binomial es la más larga de todas las especies de aves, totalizando quince sílabas.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del IOC y Clements Checklist, se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus pallidiventris (, 1929) - centro este de Brasil (este de Pará hacia el este hasta Maranhão y Piauí, al sur hasta el norte de Goiás).
 Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus aurantioatrocristatus (, 1837) - nidifica en el norte y este de Bolivia (al sur desde el Beni), centro oeste y sur de Brasil (sur de Mato Grosso al este hasta el oeste de Minas Gerais, al sur hasta Mato Grosso do Sul, extremo oeste de Paraná, Santa Catarina y oeste de Río Grande del Sur), norte y centro de Argentina (al sur hasta Mendoza, La Pampa, norte de Río Negro y Buenos Aires), Paraguay (especialmente al oeste del río Paraguay) y Uruguay; migra hacia el norte hasta el oeste de la Amazonia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Empidonomus aurantiocatrocristatus en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de peitica-de-chapéu-preto Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus en Wikiaves.

Tyrannidae
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1837
Taxones descritos por Alcide d'Orbigny
Taxones descritos por Frédéric de Lafresnaye

Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus


Franjo von Allmen, né le , est un skieur alpin suisse s'alignant dans toutes les disciplines, mais particulièrement en vitesse.

En 2022, il est vice-champion du monde junior de descente, de Super G et de combiné.

Il fait partie du Cadre B de Swiss-Ski durant la saison 2022-2023.

Biographie

Saison 2017-2018 : dans le top20 au niveau FIS
Il dispute sa première course FIS le  à l'occasion du slalom de Diavolezza. Il réussit son premier top30 à ce niveau dès le  lors du slalom de Saas Fee (), puis son premier top20 lors du second slalom le lendemain où il prend le  rang. En fin de saison, il est également  du slalom de Zinal.

Saison 2018-2019 : dans le top10 au niveau FIS
Durant cette saison, il est dans le top30 au niveau FIS à dix reprises et pour la première fois dans le top10 le 20 décembre 2018 à l'arrivée du géant de Veysonnaz (9ème).

Il est par ailleurs sacré en mars champion de Suisse U18 en slalom et en géant.

Saison 2019-2020 : dans le top5 au niveau FIS
Ses résultats continuent de progresser sur le circuit FIS avec son premier top5 lors de la descente de Davos le 31 janvier 2020 (5ème).

Durant la saison, il réussit dix top30, dont deux top10, au niveau FIS.

Saison 2020-2021 : premier top30 en Coupe d'Europe

Il attire l'attention en début de saison par sa médaille de bronze aux championnats de Suisse 2020 en combiné.

Le 7 janvier à Davos, il monte pour la première fois sur un podium FIS, 2ème en slalom, avant de fêter au même endroit sa première victoire lors du combiné quelques jours plus tard.

Il prend ses deux premiers départs en Coupe d'Europe les 18 et 19 janvier pour les Super G de Zinal, d'abord 37ème et déjà dans le top30 (25ème) le lendemain.

En février et mars, il gagne trois nouvelles courses FIS, un slalom à San Bernardino, un géant à Stoos et une descente à Zinal. Il réussit au total sur la saison 17 top30, dont 9 top10, 6 top5, 5 podiums et 4 victoires dans 4 disciplines différentes.

Il devient en fin de saison champion de Suisse U21 de combiné et vice-champion U21 de descente.

Saison 2021-2022 : triple vice-champion du monde junior

En novembre, il est vice-champion de Suisse U21 de géant.

En décembre, il fait partie d'un groupe de huit jeunes skieurs suisses qui se rendent au Canada (à Panorama où auront lieu les Mondiaux juniors plus tard dans la saison) pour s'entraîner et disputer plusieurs compétitions du circuit Nor-Am. Dès sa première course, il prend la  place d'un Super G.

En janvier, il remporte trois médailles d'or aux championnats de Suisse U21 (descente, Super G et combiné) à Davos et certains médias commencent à faire le parallèle avec Marco Odermatt qui avait gagné sur la même piste cinq médailles d'or aux Mondiaux junior 2018 et son succès commence à en faire une véritable star régionale. En février, il part en Norvège disputer les dernières épreuves de vitesse de Coupe d'Europe avant les finales. Il obtient d'abord le 30ème rang en descente à Kvitfjell avant de réussir son premier top10 à ce niveau le lendemain en prenant la  place du Super G, avant de se classer encore  et  dans la même discipline quelques jours plus tard à Oppdal. En 14 départs de Coupe d'Europe durant la saison, il est entré six fois dans le top30, dont deux fois dans le top10.

Il débute les Mondiaux juniors de Panorama en pleine confiance et devient successivement vice-champion de descente, puis de Super G et enfin de combiné. Il bénéficie alors d'une importante couverture médiatique, que ce soit pour s'interroger sur son avenir au plus haut niveau, raconter son retour triomphal dans son village ou le présenter déjà comme la prochaine star du ski suisse.

Il conclut sa saison par un nouvel exploit lors des championnats de Suisse où il prend la troisième place de la descente, à seulement 0''12 de Niels Hintermann, alors qu'il n'a toujours pas pris de départ en Coupe du Monde.

Il a réussi également dans la saison huit top30 sur le circuit FIS, dont six top10, trois podiums et une victoire, lors de la descente de Davos en janvier.

Palmarès

Championnats du monde juniors

Coupe d'Europe

 Premier départ : 18 janvier 2021, Super G de Zinal, 37ème
 Premier top30 : 19 janvier 2021, Super G de Zinal, 25ème
 Premier top10 : 11 février 2022, Super G de Kvitfjell, 8ème
 Premier podium : aucun
 Première victoire : aucune

 Meilleur résultat : 8ème (dernière mise à jour : avril 2022)

 Total top10 : 2 (dernière mise à jour : avril 2022)
 Total podiums : 0 (dernière mise à jour : avril 2022)
 Total victoires: 0 (dernière mise à jour : avril 2022)

Nor-Am Cup
5 courses disputées en décembre 2021, dont 1 podium.

Championnats de Suisse

 Troisième du combiné 2020

 Troisième de descente 2022

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

 Son profil officiel sur ski-fis.com

Skieur alpin suisse
Naissance en juillet 2001
Sportif bernois
Naissance dans le canton de Berne

Franjo von Allmen


Las Revoluciones radicales fueron varios levantamientos armados ocurridos en la Argentina y protagonizados por la Unión Cívica Radical. Ocurrieron hacia finales del  y principios del .

 Revolución del Parque, protagonizada en 1890 por la Unión Cívica.
 Revolución radical de 1893, protagonizada por Leandro Alem e Hipólito Yrigoyen.
 Revolución radical de 1905, protagonizada por Hipólito Yrigoyen.
 Revolución radical de 1932, protagonizada por Atilio Cattáneo.

Revoluciones radicales


Aceasta este o listă a ariilor protejate din Bulgaria care include: 3 parcuri naționale, 11 parcuri naturale și 55 de rezervații naturale. Politica națională de conducere și de gestionare a ariilor protejate este implementată de către Ministerul Mediului și Apelor.

Parcuri naționale

Parcuri naturale

Rezervații naturale

Referințe

Legături externe
 Register of protected areas and protected zones in Bulgaria
 Parks in Bulgaria

Liste de rezervații naturale

Lista ariilor protejate din Bulgaria


دوارات مترادفة  وأحيانا تسمى دوار مزدوج، وهو نوع من المروحيات يكون لديها دواران أفقيان، بدلا من نظام دوار رئيسي ودوار خلفي أصغر.

المعروف بأن المروحية ذات الدوار رئيسي تحتاج إلى دوار خلفي صغير ليعادل عزم الحركة الملتوي الناتج من الدوار الرئيسي. أما مروحية ذات الدوار المترادف فتستخدم دوارات متعاكسة الدوران، فكل دوار يلغي عزم دوران الآخر. فريش تلك الدوارات لن تصطدم ببعضها البعض في حالة دخولها طريق الأخرى.

من مميزات هذا التشكيل بماأن لديه مجموعتين من الريش أنه قادر على حمل وزن أكثر مع ريش أقصر طولا. بالإضافة إلى أن الطاقة المستخدمة من المحرك فتستخدم كلها للرفع، بينما المروحية ذات الدوار المفرد فتستخدم جزءا من طاقتها ليعاكس عزم الدوران من خلال الدوار الخلفي. لهذا السبب فالمروحيات ذات الدوارات المترادفة تكون من أقوى المروحيات وأسرعها، ومثال على ذلك طائرة شينوك وتعتبر من أسرع المروحيات التي لا تزال بالخدمة على الإطلاق.

انظر أيضا
 دوار المروحية
 شينوك
 دوارات محورية

مراجع

مروحيات دوارة ترادفية
مكونات المروحيات

دوارات مترادفة