PISA olarak kısaltılan Uluslararası Öğrenci Değerlendirme Programı (İngilizce: Programme for International Student Assessment) adında Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) tarafından 1997'de geliştirilen uygulama uluslararası çapta üç yılda bir 15 yaşındaki öğrencilerin başarısını sınamaktadır.

PISA çalışmasının amacı eğitim yöntemlerinde standartlaştırmayı ve gelişmeyi arttırmakla birlikte dünyada okul çocuklarının başarısını karşılaştırmak ve test etmektir.

2018 PISA sonuçları

PISA 2018 sonuçları 3 Aralık 2019 günü açıklandı. Çin'in sonuçları sadece Pekin, Şanghay kentleri ile Jiangsu ve Zhejiang eyaletlerini yansıtır.

2003 PISA değerlendirmesinde ilk 6 sıralaması

Programa katılım

1997'de geliştirilen bu değerlendirme programı ilk kez 2000 yılında uygulanmıştır. Üç yılda bir verilen sınavlar her dönemde belli bir derse yoğunlaşır ancak öğrenciler diğer ana derslerden de sınanır.

2000 yılında yapılan 32 farklı ülkeden 265.000 öğrenciye PISA uygulandı. Bu ülkelerin 28'i OECD üyesi ülkelerdi. 2002 yılında aynı sınav OECD üyesi olmayan 11 ülkeye de uygulandı. Okuma becerilerine yoğunlaşan 2000'deki sınavın sorularının 3'te 2'si bu alandandı.

2003 yılında içinde 30 OECD ülkesinin de bulunduğu 41 ülkede 275.000'den fazla öğrenciye PISA sınavı uygulandı. (İngiltere yeterli sayıda öğrenciye sınavı veremediğinden uluslararası karşılaştırmaya dahil edilmemiştir.) Bu sınavdaki ana konu matematiğin yararlı olduğu gerçek hayattaki durumların sorgulandığı matematik okur yazarlığıydı. Bu sınavda ilk kez problem çözme de test edilmiştir.

2006 yılında 56 ülkenin katıldığı PISA sınavında ana tema fen bilgisi okur yazarlığı oldu. 2009'daki sınavda ana tema yeniden okuma (anlama) becerileri olacak ve bu alandaki karşılaştırmaların yapılması için olanak sağlayacak.

Ülkelerin puan karşılaştırması

Türkiye

Türkiye'nin Performansına Yönelik Tartışmalar

Sonuncusu 2018 yılında gerçekleştirilen PISA değerlendirmesinin sonuçları Türk kamuoyunda büyük bir tartışmayı yeniden doğurmuştur. Bu tartışmalar erken yaşta eğitim, okul özerkliği ve öğretmen maaşları gibi konular çerçevesinde dönmüştü. Özellikle, erken yaşta eğitimin yetersiz olması, PISA'da Türk öğrencilerin kötü performans sergilemesindeki faktörlerden birisi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye'de okul öncesi eğitime katılım süresi ortalama 1 yıl iken OECD ülkelerinde ortalama 3 yıldır. OECD'nin yaptığı çalışmalara göre gerçekten de okul öncesi eğitim almış olan öğrenciler PISA'dan daha yüksek puan almaktadır. Ayrıca öğretmen maaşlarının düşüklüğü ve özellikle Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın bütçesine yönelik tartışmalar da sürmektedir. Özellikle, tecrübeli öğretmenlerin maaşlarının OECD ortalamasına göre oldukça düşük oranda artıyor olmasının, devlet okullarındaki eğitimin kalitesini düşürdüğüne yönelik eleştiriler bulunmaktadır. Ders kitaplarının ezbere yönelik olduğu ve öğrencinin yorumlama kapasitesini ölçmediğine yönelik ciddi tartışmalar bulunmaktadır. Türkçe ders kitapları incelenerek yapılan bir çalışmaya göre 6. sınıf Türkçe ders kitabındaki bir soru hariç hiçbir Türkçe ders kitabında PISA'daki 6. seviyeyi ölçen (en ileri seviye) bir soru bulunmamaktadır. Öğretim programı ve ders kitapları PISA sonuçlarıyla doğrudan bağlantılıdır. Ders kitapları, öğretim programının yegâne uygulama aracıdır. 25.09.2018 tarihli Bakanlık yazısı ile ders kitapları dışındaki diğer yardımcı materyallerin; okullarda/kurumlarda reklam ve tanıtımının yapılmasına izin verilmemesi yönetmelikle istenmiştir. Bu yönetmelik doğrultusunda devlet okullarında yalnızca ders kitabı kullanılabilmektedir. Bu sebeple ders kitaplarındaki okuduğunu anlamaya dönük soruların PISA ve ABİDE sonuçlarına bakılarak yeniden gözden geçirilmesi temel okuryazarlık becerilerinin geliştirilmesi bakımından daha da önem taşımaktadır.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 PISA resmi internet sayfası
 Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı PISA raporu
 National IQ means transformed from PISA Scores
 Türkiye'nin PISA karşılaştırması  Word (.doc) dosyası
 PISA 2003 sonuçları  (İngilizce)
 Ülke kıyaslamaları
 PISA 2006 Finlandiya

Sınavlar
OECD
Sertifikasyon programları
Uluslararası sıralamalar


Anouar Tarkhatt (en ), né le , est un footballeur marocain évoluant au poste de défenseur central au FAR de Rabat.

Biographie
Le 24 avril 2019, lors du premier tour de Coupe du Trône 2018-2019, Anouar Tarkhatt fait ses débuts avec le FAR de Rabat contre le Wydad de Casablanca, (victoire, 3-1).

Il marque son premier but en professionnel d'une tête sur corner dans le match aller du premier tour dans la Coupe de la confédération 2021-2022 contre les Buffles du Borgou dans une victoire 3-1. Il prend son premier et unique carton rouge le 30 avril 2022 lors du match opposant le Wydad de Casablanca au FAR de Rabat (défaite 3-0) à la suite d'un tacle sur Muaid Ellafi.

Le 14 mai 2022, il remporte la Coupe du Maroc après une victoire de 3-0 au Stade Adrar d'Agadir face au Moghreb de Tetouan.

Palmarès

En club
 FAR de Rabat
 Coupe du Maroc (1) :
 Vainqueur : 2022.

Statistiques

Statistiques détaillées

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance au Maroc
Naissance en septembre 1997
Footballeur marocain
Joueur du Wydad de Fès
Joueur de l'AS FAR

Anouar Tarkhatt


South Park, animasyon ve komedi dizisi.
 South Park (havza), Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Colorado eyaletinde bulunan bir havzadır.

South Park (anlam ayrımı)


Mihail Jora a fost un politician din secolul al XIX-lea, ministru de externe în guvernul Mihail Kogălniceanu din Iași, în intervalul 30 aprilie 1860 - 17 ianuarie 1861.

Mihail politician
Guvernele Mihail Kogălniceanu
Politicieni români din secolul al XIX-lea
Români din secolul al XIX-lea

Mihail Jora (politician)


قُتَيْلَة بنت عبد العزَّى بن سعد، وقيل: قَتْلة، وقيل: قتيلة بنت سعد بن عامر القرشيَّة العامريَّة، هي زوجة أبو بكر الصديق، وأم أسماء بنت أبي بكر وعبد الله بن أبي بكر، طلقها أبو بكر في الجاهلية، وعن أسماء بنت أبي بكر قالت: قدِمَت أمي عليّ وهي مشركة في عهد قريش، ومدتهم التي عاهدوا النبي  فاستأذنت رسول الله  فقلت:  قال: .

قال ابن الأثير الجزري: .

وأوردها المستغفريّ في الصَّحابيات، وقال: تأخَّر إسلامها، وقال ابن حجر العسقلاني: .

المراجع

بنو عامر بن لؤي
صحابيات
عائلة أبي بكر الصديق
قرشيون

قتيلة بنت عبد العزى


An Telipogon gymnostele in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Telipogon gymnostele in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon gymnostele


Le campus de Moulins est un centre pédagogique et universitaire qui comprend une bibliothèque, un département de l'IUT et une antenne de l'Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation (INSPé) de l'Université Clermont-Auvergne, un atelier Canopé et un restaurant. Il s'étend sur 11 725 m² (surface SHON).

Situation
Le campus universitaire de Moulins est situé 28, rue des Geais, au nord de Moulins. Le campus appartient au département de l'Allier et fait l'objet d'une cogestion assurée par le département et l'Université Clermont Auvergne.

Historique

Le site a une vocation pédagogique depuis 1882, date de construction de l'École normale d'instituteurs sur une parcelle d'environ 1,5 ha.

Entre 1955 et 1960, le complexe a connu une restructuration. Entre 2000 et 2003, de nouveaux travaux ont changé la physionomie des lieux pour en faire un campus, avec la construction d'un amphithéâtre, d'une grande salle de 80 places et la restructuration complète d'une aile pour accueillir l'actuelle bibliothèque universitaire et Canopé. Les locaux ont été inaugurés une première fois en janvier 2002 et une seconde fois en décembre 2003. L'IUFM a souhaité développer son offre in situ, en implantant un groupe de doctorants du laboratoire Acté, à compter de la rentrée 2012. Dans la foulée, l'IUFM a ouvert une licence professionnelle sur la thématique de l'éducation à la santé à la rentrée 2014. Enfin, en septembre 2017, le département Techniques de commercialisation de l'IUT de l'Université Clermont Auvergne a rallié le campus. En septembre 2022, le parcours préparatoire au professorat des écoles, adossé à la Licence de l'éducation de l'INSPé Clermont-Auvergne a ouvert à Moulins, en partenariat avec le lycée Jean-Monnet.

Composantes et services
 INSPE
 Licence Sciences de l'éducation, parcours préparatoire au professorat des écoles
 Master MEEF, premier degré, parcours « Enseigner en France »
 IUT
 Techniques de commercialisation
 Bibliothèque universitaire
 Canopé
 Services pour les étudiants
 Restaurant
 Sport (SUAPS)
 Culture (SUC)
 Infirmerie

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Marie-France Paquier, « De la création d'une école normale à Moulins (Allier) en 1833 à la construction des nouveaux bâtiments de l'antenne de l'Allier de l'institut universitaire de formation des maîtres d'Auvergne au début des années 2000 », Les Cahiers bourbonnais, , automne 2000, .
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), « Faire parler les murs de l'IUFM », 13 mai 2000
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), « Un pôle universitaire ouvert sur la ville », 27 janvier 2000
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), « Equipements pour un pôle d'enseignement plus performant », 24 janvier 2002
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), « Inauguration : un IUFM plus performant », mercredi 24 décembre 2003
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), « Moulins soutient trois chercheurs basés à l'IUFM : ils ont différentes thèses sur la santé », 5 octobre 2012
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), « la première promotion d'une licence professionnelle est rentrée lundi à Moulins : un diplôme Bac+3 pour exercer dans l'éducation à la santé », 17 octobre 2014
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), «Le regroupement de l'IUT et de l'ESPE est effectif depuis hier dans le centre de Moulins : un campus à taille humaine », 5 septembre 2017
 La Montagne (édition de Moulins), «Une nouvelle licence ouvre à Moulins », 22 janvier 2022

Enseignement supérieur en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Moulins (Allier)
Université Clermont-Auvergne

Campus de Moulins


La Basilica della Santissima Trinità di Saccargia (español: "Basílica de la Santísima Trinidad de Saccargia") es una iglesia en la comuna de Codrongianos, al norte de Cerdeña (Italia). Es el sitio románico más importante de la isla. La construcción está hecha totalmente con piedra local (basalto negro y piedra caliza), con una apariencia típica del estilo románico toscano.

La iglesia fue terminada en 1116 sobre las ruinas de un monasterio pre-existente, y consagrado el 5 de octubre del mismo año. Su construcción fue ordenada por el duque Giudicato di Torres. Fue confiada a los monjes de la Orden de la Camáldula que aquí fundaron una abadía, que más tarde fue ampliada en estilo pisano, incluyendo la adición de la torre del campanario de altura. El pórtico de la fachada es también, probablemente, una adición más actual, y se atribuye a los trabajadores de Lucca.

La iglesia fue abandonada en el , hasta que fue restaurada y reabierta en el

Referencias

Basílicas de Cerdeña
Iglesias románicas de Italia
Iglesias de Italia del siglo XII
Saccargia
Provincia de Sácer

Basílica de Saccargia


15 Temmuz Şehitleri Fen Lisesi, eğitim öğretim hayatına 1996 yılında Çorum Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi bünyesinde başlamıştır. Çorum çıkışında, yirmi dokuz dönümlük bir arazi üzerine kurulmuş, pansiyon ve ana binadan oluşmaktadır.

Okul, yeni yapılan otobüs terminali yanındadır. Okulda proje çalışmaları çerçevesinde öğrencilerin bireysel kullanımına açık olmayan, devlet tarafından ciddi miktarda para harcanmamış , iki kimya iki biyoloji iki fizik, öğleden sonraları öğrenci kullanımına ara sıra açık 1.5 mbps hızında internet bağlantılı 22 bilgisayarlık bir bilgisayar laboratuvarı vardır. 2013 yılında okula Çorum Belediyesi tarafından Z tipi bir kütüphane kazandırılmıştır. Her yıl sayısal alandaki birçok önemli üniversitelere öğrenci gönderen okul 2008 yılında ÖSS Türkiye 2.si, 2014 yılında ise LYS Türkiye 9.si çıkararak başarılara imza atmıştır. 23000 metrekarelik dev bir alana kurulan okul, 1996'da yapılan binasındadır.

Okulun adı 1 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde Çorum Valiliği tarafından "15 Temmuz Şehitleri Fen Lisesi" olarak değiştirilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 15 Temmuz Şehitleri Fen Lisesi resmi sitesi

Çorum ilinde bulunan okullar
Fen liseleri

Çorum 15 Temmuz Şehitleri Fen Lisesi


An Elegia microcarpa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Moline och Hans Peter Linder. An Elegia microcarpa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elegia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elegia (Restionaceae)

Elegia microcarpa


Janet Norton Lee Auchincloss, previously Bouvier, (December 3, 1907 – July 22, 1989) was an American socialite. She was the mother of the former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and Princess Lee Radziwill.

Early life
Janet Norton Lee was born on December 3, 1907, in Manhattan, New York City. She was the middle daughter of James Thomas Aloysius Lee (1877–1968), a lawyer and real estate developer, and Margaret A. Merritt (1880–1943). Although she made differing claims about her genealogy, including that she was "from the Maryland Lees," both her parents were of Irish Catholic descent. She had two sisters: Marion Merritt Lee (1904–1947), who married John J. Ryan Jr., and Margaret Winifred Lee (1910–1991), who married Franklin D'Olier.

Life
Janet graduated from Miss Spence's School and attended Sweet Briar and Barnard Colleges. She was a member of the Barnard College class of 1929 but records show that she did not graduate. She was a three-time winner of the hunter championship at the National Horse Show.

She served as a board member of the Newport Historical Society and the Redwood Library.  She was also the honorary director of the Robert E. Lee Memorial Association in Stratford, Virginia.

Personal life
Janet was married three times.  In 1928, she married her first husband, John Vernou Bouvier III (1891–1957).  He was the son of Major John Vernou Bouvier Jr. (1866–1948), a successful attorney, and Maude Frances Sergeant (1870–1940). He was also the brother of Edith Bouvier Beale (1895–1977), later known as the subject of the documentary film, Grey Gardens.  Together, they were the parents of two daughters:

Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929–1994), who married John F. Kennedy in 1953. After his assassination in 1963, she later married Aristotle Onassis in 1968 and remained married to Onassis until his death in 1975.
Caroline Lee Bouvier (1933–2019), who married Michael Temple Canfield in 1953. Their marriage was annulled in 1962, and later that same year she married Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł. They divorced in 1974. In 1988 she married the director Herbert Ross. They also divorced in 2001.

Mr. Bouvier's womanizing and drinking led to a separation in 1936, a brief reconciliation for a few months in 1937, and then a divorce in 1940.

In 1942, she married her second husband, Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr., an attorney and Standard Oil heir; becoming his third wife. Together, they had two children:

Janet Jennings Auchincloss (1945–1985), who was married to Lewis Polk Rutherfurd in 1966.
James Lee Auchincloss (born 1947)

Hugh Auchincloss died in 1976. In 1979, she married for a third time, to her childhood friend Bingham Willing "Booch" Morris (1906–1996). Jacqueline served as her witness. Morris, a widower, was a retired investment banker who lived in Southampton, New York, a graduate of St. George's School and Harvard, where he was a member of the Iroquois and Hasty Pudding Clubs, and was the son of Violet Lee (née Willing) Morris and John Boucher Morris of Baltimore.  His late wife, Mary (née Rawlins) Morris, was a bridesmaid at Janet's first wedding. They separated in 1981, but remained married until her death from complications arising from Alzheimer's disease in 1989.

References

Further reading
740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building, by Michael Gross
Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Onassis, by Jan Pottke.
"Obituary of James Thomas Lee", The New York Times, January 4, 1968.

1907 births
1989 deaths
American people of Irish descent
American socialites
Auchincloss family
Bouvier family
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in Rhode Island
People from Newport, Rhode Island
People from Manhattan
Sweet Briar College alumni
Barnard College alumni
Burials at Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery
Spence School alumni

Janet Lee Bouvier


V85 peut faire référence à :
 Moto Guzzi V85 TT, une moto du constructeur italien Moto Guzzi ;
 Occupant d'un véhicule spécial de construction blessé dans un accident de transport, d'après la classification internationale des maladies.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

V85


Gould est un hameau du canton de Lingwick, dans Le Haut-Saint-François, au Québec (Canada).

Il est le plus ancien établissement de Lingwick, mais perd de l'importance au fur et à mesure du dépeuplement anglo-protestant, à la faveur de Sainte-Marguerite-de-Lingwick, catholique et francophone.

Toponymie
Le hameau est nommé d'après Nathaniel Gould, gouverneur adjoint de la British American Land Company, entreprise londonienne responsable de la colonisation des cantons de Lingwick, Bury et Eaton.

Nathaniel Gould est aussi l'un des argentiers de l'entreprise de William Price.

Géographie
Gould est situé dans la municipalité de canton de Lingwick, dans Le Haut-Saint-François, en Estrie. Le hameau est établi au croisement des routes 108 et 257. Il est situé à  au nord-ouest de Scotstown et à  au nord-est de Sherbrooke.

Il est implanté à la confluence de la rivière au Saumon et du ruisseau McGill, qui draine les lacs Moffatt et McGill.

Son paysage est fait de collines de faible élévation, dominées par le mont Mégantic.

Histoire
Le canton de Lingwick est proclamé en 1807 et concédé à des investisseurs bas-canadiens, qui ne le colonisent pas. Le canton retourne donc au domaine de la Couronne. Le canton est concédé de nouveau à la société British American Land Company, qui ouvre un bureau à Sherbrooke afin de coordonner l'implantation de colons dans les cantons de Lingwick, Bury et Eaton.

Les premiers colons, originaires d'Irlande et de l'île de Lewis dans les Highlands écossais, s'installent à Victoria dès 1837, mais l'entreprise est un échec. En 1841, une seconde vague d'Écossais colonise les environs de Gould ― parmi lesquels , qui devient éventuellement administrateur d'institutions locales, lieutenant-colonel de milice, marchand à Cookshire, poète et député de Compton à l'Assemblée législative du Québec.

Une église presbytérienne en bois est construite en 1845. Elle est remplacée en 1891-1892 par une église de brique. Une église épiscopalienne est érigée en 1861, légèrement en retrait de l'église presbytérienne.

Au milieu du , Gould compte environ . Un bureau de poste est implanté dès 1851. Il devient le plus important des bureaux de poste du canton et demeure ouvert jusqu'en 1969.

À la fin du , on recense environ , dont environ 80 % de presbytériens. À cette époque, Gould est un véritable village, avec plusieurs magasins généraux, des moulins à scie et à farine, un hôtel.

La fondation d'une paroisse catholique à Sainte-Marguerite-de-Lingwick en 1908 attire de nombreux Canadiens français dans le canton de Lingwick. L'instauration d'institutions catholiques pourrait expliquer le déclin de Gould au profit de Sainte-Marguerite.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Le Haut-Saint-François
Localité en Estrie

Gould (Québec)


Georg Bernhard Simson, né en 1817 à Königsberg et mort le  à Berlin, est un juriste et homme politique prussien, membre du Parlement de Francfort de 1848 à 1849.

Biographie
Fils d'un père marchand et courtier, Simson est né en 1817 à Königsberg dans la province de Prusse-Orientale. De religion juive, il se convertit au christianisme protestant en 1823. Après avoir étudié le droit à Königsberg puis Berlin jusqu'en 1839, il devient assesseur auprès de la cour d'appel régionale à Preußisch Stargard et reçoit, plus tard, le titre de conseiller privé de justice ().

En 1848, à l'instar de son frère Eduard Simson, il est élu député à l'Assemblée nationale, dite Parlement de Francfort, dans la  de la province de Prusse, représentant l'. Il prend ses fonctions le  et rejoint la fraction Casino (centre-droit). En , il vote en faveur de l'élection du roi de Prusse  comme empereur des Allemands et, du 14 au , exerce la fonction de sécrétaire de l'Assemblée nationale avant de la quitter.

Par la suite, il s'établit à Berlin où il meurt le .

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en 1817
Naissance à Königsberg
Décès en décembre 1897
Décès à Berlin
Membre du Parlement de Francfort

Georg Bernhard Simson


Als Irruption () wird in der Ökologie eine sprunghafte Einwanderung von nicht ansässigen Tierarten, meist Insekten und Vögeln, in ein Gebiet bezeichnet. In ihrem Ursprungsgebiet bezeichnet man diese Wanderung hingegen als Eruption (). Die entsprechenden Arten werden in der Ornithologie als Irruptions- beziehungsweise Eruptionsvögel bezeichnet. Ursache ist meist eine Gradation im Herkunftsgebiet, also ein sprunghafter Populationsanstieg. Eine solche Fluktuation in der Populationsdynamik wird etwa durch viele erfolgreiche Bruten im Frühjahr oder eine verstärkte Rückwanderung aus den Winterquartieren bei Zugvögeln hervorgerufen. Bei gleichzeitigem Unterangebot an Nahrung oder Brutplätzen entsteht ein Populationsdruck, der viele Individuen zur Evasion in ansonsten gemiedene Regionen veranlasst. Häufig kehren diese Vögel nicht in ihre Ursprungsgebiete zurück und werden auch nicht in den Regionen heimisch, in die sie abwandern. Stattdessen kommt es zu einem Totwandern, das heißt, die Tiere kommen um, ohne zurückzukehren.

Quellen

Literatur
 Rald Wassmann: Ornithologisches Taschenlexikon. Erklärung von Fachbegriffen. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-89104-627-8.

Einzelnachweise

Tierökologie

Irruption (Ökologie)


Evkafteke, Manisa ilinin Akhisar ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Eski adı Çalık Bey obasıdır.

Coğrafya
Manisa il merkezine 80 km, Akhisar ilçesine 28 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Akhisar'ın mahalleleri

Evkafteke, Akhisar


Rosulja (lat. Agrostis), rod trajnica iz porodice travovki. Postoji nekih 200 vrsta raširenih po svim kontinentima.

U Hrvatskoj je prisutno nekoliko vrsta, to su pasja (A. canina), obična ili Rosulja tankolisna (A. capillaris), bizantska (A. castellana), bijela (A. gigantea), kamenjarska rosulja (A. rupestris) i troskot ili rosulja vriježasta (A. stolonifera). A. parlatorei Breistr. sinonm je za Agrostis castellana.

Planinska rosulja (A. alpina Scop.), ponekad se uključuje u rod Alpagrostis. Pješčani treskot, A. subspicata, koji raste i u Hrvatskoj, nekada je uključivan u rod Chaetopogon kao Chaetopogon fasciculatus (Link) Hayek, sinonim za Agrostis.

Vrste

 Agrostis alpina Scop.
 Agrostis ambatoensis Asteg.
 Agrostis anadyrensis Soczava
 Agrostis angrenica (Butkov) Tzvelev
 Agrostis arisan-montana Ohwi
 Agrostis arvensis Phil.
 Agrostis atlantica Maire & Trab.
 Agrostis australiensis Mez
 Agrostis balansae (Boiss.) Tzvelev
 Agrostis barceloi L.Sáez & Rosselló
 Agrostis barikii P.Agnihotri & D.Prasad
 Agrostis basalis Luces
 Agrostis bergiana Trin.
 Agrostis bettyae S.W.L.Jacobs
 Agrostis blasdalei Hitchc.
 Agrostis boormanii Vickery
 Agrostis bourgaei E.Fourn.
 Agrostis boyacensis Swallen & García-Barr.
 Agrostis brachiata Munro ex Hook.f.
 Agrostis brachyathera Steud.
 Agrostis breviculmis Hitchc.
 Agrostis burmanica Bor
 Agrostis calderoniae Acosta
 Agrostis canina L.
 Agrostis capillaris L.
 Agrostis carmichaeli Schult. & Schult.f.
 Agrostis castellana Boiss. & Reut.
 Agrostis clavata Trin.
 Agrostis clemensorum Bor
 Agrostis comorensis A.Camus
 Agrostis congestiflora Tutin & E.F.Warb.
 Agrostis continuata Stapf
 Agrostis crinum-urai Mez
 Agrostis cypricola H.Lindb.
 Agrostis czernjaginae Prob.
 Agrostis decaryana A.Camus
 Agrostis delislei Hemsl.
 Agrostis densiflora Vasey
 Agrostis diemenica D.I.Morris
 Agrostis diffusa S.M.Phillips
 Agrostis divaricatissima Mez
 Agrostis dshungarica (Tzvelev) Tzvelev
 Agrostis dyeri Petrie
 Agrostis elliotii Hook. ex Scott Elliot
 Agrostis elliottiana Schult.
 Agrostis emirnensis (Baker) Bosser
 Agrostis exarata Trin.
 Agrostis filipes Hook.f.
 Agrostis flaccida Hack.
 Agrostis foliata Hook.f.
 Agrostis gariana Taheri
 Agrostis ghiesbreghtii E.Fourn.
 Agrostis gigantea Roth
 Agrostis glabra (J.Presl) Kunth
 Agrostis goughensis C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis gracilifolia C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis gracililaxa Franco
 Agrostis griffithiana (Hook.f.) Bor
 Agrostis hallii Vasey
 Agrostis hendersonii Hitchc.
 Agrostis hesperica Romero García, Blanca & C.Morales
 Agrostis hideoi Ohwi
 Agrostis hirta Veldkamp
 Agrostis holgateana C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis hookeriana C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.
 Agrostis hooveri Swallen
 Agrostis howellii Scribn. ex Vasey
 Agrostis hugoniana Rendle
 Agrostis humbertii A.Camus
 Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.
 Agrostis idahoensis Nash
 Agrostis imbecilla Zotov
 Agrostis imberbis Phil.
 Agrostis inaequiglumis Griseb.
 Agrostis inconspicua Kunze
 Agrostis infirma Buse
 Agrostis innominata Enustsch.
 Agrostis insularis Rúgolo & A.M.Molina
 Agrostis isopholis C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis jahnii Luces
 Agrostis joyceae S.W.L.Jacobs
 Agrostis juressi Link
 Agrostis keniensis Pilg.
 Agrostis kilimandscharica Mez
 Agrostis kolymensis Kuvaev & A.P.Khokhr.
 Agrostis korczaginii Senjan.-Korcz.
 Agrostis kurczenkoae Prob.
 Agrostis lacuna-vernalis P.M.Peterson & Soreng
 Agrostis laegaardii A.M.Molina & Rúgolo
 Agrostis laxissima Swallen
 Agrostis lazica Balansa
 Agrostis lehmannii Swallen
 Agrostis lenis Roseng.
 Agrostis leptotricha É.Desv.
 Agrostis longiberbis Hack. ex L.B.Sm.
 Agrostis mackliniae Bor
 Agrostis mannii (Hook.f.) Stapf
 Agrostis marojejyensis A.Camus
 Agrostis masafuerana Pilg.
 Agrostis media Carmich.
 Agrostis mertensii Trin.
 Agrostis meyenii Trin.
 Agrostis micrantha Steud.
 Agrostis microphylla Steud.
 Agrostis montevidensis Spreng. ex Nees
 Agrostis muelleriana Vickery
 Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsl.
 Agrostis muscosa Kirk
 Agrostis musjidii Rajeswari, R.R.Rao & Arti Garg
 Agrostis myriantha Hook.f.
 Agrostis nebulosa Boiss. & Reut.
 Agrostis nervosa Nees ex Trin.
 Agrostis neshatajevae Prob.
 Agrostis nevadensis Boiss.
 Agrostis nevskii Tzvelev
 Agrostis obtusissima Hack.
 Agrostis olympica (Boiss.) Bor
 Agrostis oregonensis Vasey
 Agrostis oresbia Edgar
 Agrostis pallens Trin.
 Agrostis pallescens Cheeseman
 Agrostis parviflora R.Br.
 Agrostis paulsenii Hack.
 Agrostis peninsularis Hook.f.
 Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck.
 Agrostis personata Edgar
 Agrostis peschkovae Enustsch.
 Agrostis petriei Hack.
 Agrostis philippiana Rúgolo & De Paula
 Agrostis pilgeriana C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis pilosula Trin.
 Agrostis pittieri Hack.
 Agrostis platensis Parodi
 Agrostis pourretii Willd.
 Agrostis producta Pilg.
 Agrostis propinqua S.W.L.Jacobs
 Agrostis quinqueseta (Steud.) Hochst.
 Agrostis reuteri Boiss.
 Agrostis rossiae Vasey
 Agrostis rupestris All.
 Agrostis salaziensis C.Cordem. ex Cordem.
 Agrostis salsa Korsh.
 Agrostis sandwicensis Hillebr.
 Agrostis scabra Willd.
 Agrostis scabrifolia Swallen
 Agrostis schaffneri E.Fourn.
 Agrostis schischkinii Paszko
 Agrostis schleicheri Jord. & Verl.
 Agrostis schraderiana Bech.
 Agrostis sclerophylla C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis serranoi Phil.
 Agrostis setacea Curtis
 Agrostis sichotensis Prob.
 Agrostis sinocontracta S.M.Phillips & S.L.Lu
 Agrostis sinorupestris L.Liu ex S.M.Phillips & S.L.Lu
 Agrostis sozanensis Hayata
 Agrostis stolonifera L.
 Agrostis subpatens Hitchc.
 Agrostis subrepens (Hitchc.) Hitchc.
 Agrostis subspicata (Willd.) Raspail
 Agrostis subulata Hook.f.
 Agrostis subulifolia Stapf
 Agrostis tateyamensis Tateoka
 Agrostis taylorii C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis tenerrima Trin.
 Agrostis thompsoniae S.W.L.Jacobs
 Agrostis tibestica Miré & Quézel
 Agrostis tilenii Nieto Fel. & Castrov.
 Agrostis tolucensis Kunth
 Agrostis trachychlaena C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis trachyphylla Pilg.
 Agrostis tsaratananensis A.Camus
 Agrostis tsiafajavonensis A.Camus
 Agrostis tsitondroinensis A.Camus
 Agrostis turinensis Tzvelev
 Agrostis turrialbae Mez
 Agrostis tuvinica Peschkova
 Agrostis uliginosa Phil.
 Agrostis umbellata Colla
 Agrostis ushae Noltie
 Agrostis valvata Steud.
 Agrostis variabilis Rydb.
 Agrostis venezuelana Mez
 Agrostis vidalii Phil.
 Agrostis vinealis Schreb.
 Agrostis virescens Kunth
 Agrostis volkensii Stapf
 Agrostis wacei C.E.Hubb.
 Agrostis zenkeri Trin.
 Agrostis ×amurensis Prob.
 Agrostis ×aquitanica Romero Zarco & Romero Garcia
 Agrostis ×avatschensis Prob.
 Agrostis ×bjoerkmanii Widén
 Agrostis ×castriferrei Waisb.
 Agrostis ×clavatiformis Prob.
 Agrostis ×dimorpholemma Ohwi
 Agrostis ×gigantifera Portal
 Agrostis ×hegetschweileri Brügger
 Agrostis ×lapenkoi Prob.
 Agrostis ×lapponica Montell
 Agrostis ×murbeckii Fouill.
 Agrostis ×novograblenovii Prob.
 Agrostis ×paramushirensis Prob.
 Agrostis ×sanionis Asch. & Graebn.
 Agrostis ×stebleri (Asch. & Graebn.) Portal
 Agrostis ×subclavata Prob.
 Agrostis ×torgesii Portal
 Agrostis ×ussuriensis Prob.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Agrostidinae

Rosulja (biljni rod)


An Platycoryne guingangae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Platycoryne guingangae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platycoryne, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platycoryne

Platycoryne guingangae


Onthophagus neboissi é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente por Frey em 1970.

Referências

Ligações externas

neboissi
Coleópteros descritos em 1970

Onthophagus neboissi


Morten Tyldum (født 19. maj 1967 i Bergen) er en norsk filminstruktør.

Liv og virke

Barndom
Tyldum voksede op i Fyllingsdalen og senere på Sotra, men boede i Tønsberg fra han var fem til otte år gammel. Tyldum studerende ved Universitetet i Bergen, før han flyttede til New York som 20-årig. Der blev han uddannet ved School of Visual Arts.

Karriere
Tyldum arbejdede i NRK Drama og var med til at starte ungdomsserien U i 1991. Han instruerede også kortfilm, novellefilm og reklamefilm. I 1999 blev Tyldum kåret til Årets filmtalent i Dagbladet. Han havde sin spillefilmdebut med dramakomedien Buddy (2003), med Nicolai Cleve Broch, Aksel Hennie, Anders Baasmo Christiansen, Pia Tjelta, Janne Formoe og Edward Schultheiss i hovedrollerne. Filmen vandt prisen for bedste norske biograffilm under Amandaprisen 2004. Tyldum instruerede derefter kriminalfilmen Varg Veum - Falne engler (2008), med Trond Espen Seim, Bjørn Floberg og Pia Tjelta i hovedrollerne. Filmen er baseret på Gunnar Staalesens roman Falne engler og er den fjerde i filmserien om privatdetektiven Varg Veum.

Tyldum gjorde sig bemærket internationalt med kriminalfilmen Headhunterne (2011), med Aksel Hennie, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau og Synnøve Macody Lund i hovedrollerne. Filmen er baseret på Jo Nesbøs Hodejegerne. Den blev solgt til over 50 land og blev den første norske film til at blive nomineret til BAFTA for bedste udenlandske film. Filmen vandt publikumsprisen under Amandaprisen 2012. Tyldum havde også success med den historiske thriller The Imitation Game (2014), med Benedict Cumberbatch og Keira Knightley i hovedrollerne. Filmen er baseret på den britiske matematiker Alan Turings indsats under Anden Verdenskrig. Den blev nomineret til otte Oscar under Oscaruddelingen 2015, inkluderet for bedste filmatisering, og Tyldum blev som den første nordmand nomineret til bedste instruktør. Han blev også nomineret til Directors Guild of America Award for bedste instruktion i en spillefilm.

Privatliv
Tyldum bosatte sig efteråret 2012 i Beverly Hills med konen Janne, som han har en søn sammen med. Han har også en steddatter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Norge

Morten Tyldum


Ilie Gropșianu (n. 24 iunie 1889, Sasca Montană – d. 3 decembrie 1965, Sasca Montană) a fost delegat titular al Cercului electoral Sasca Montană la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
A fost avocat la Sasca Montană, unde a deschis la 16 noiembrie 1918, adunarea românilor care a hotărât formarea Consiliului Național Român (președinte Ilie Gropșianu) și a Gărzii Naționale. A publicat numeroase studii și articole în Analele Banatului.

Note

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1889
Decese în 1965
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Avocați români

Ilie Gropșianu


Jón Kristján Hólm Ingimarsson (f. á Akureyri 6. febrúar 1913, d. 15. febrúar 1981) var formaður Iðju, félags verksmiðjufólks um áratuga skeið og einn aðsópsmesti verkalýðsleiðtogi landsins. Hann starfaði einnig að ýmsum öðrum málefnum, jafnt á sviði stjórnmála og íþrótta á Akureyri.

Lífshlaup
Jón Ingimarsson var sonur Ingimars Jónssonar iðnverkamanns og Maríu Kristjánsdóttur. Hann ólst upp í Tóvinnuvélahúsinu, eða Gefjunarhúsinu, sem stóð í hallanum sunnan við Gefjunarverksmiðjuna á Akureyri. Faðir hans starfaði við verksmiðjuna meira en þrjátíu ár og Jón hóf sjálfur störf þar á táningsaldri og starfaði til ársins 1946. Eftir það varð verslunarmaður hjá Pöntunarfélagi verkalýðsins og síðar vörubílsstjóri. Árið 1954 hóf hann störf fyrir fulltrúaráð verkalýðsfélaganna og á Akureyri.

Afskipti Jóns af verkalýðsmálum hófust þegar hann var einn af stofnendum Iðju árið 1936. Hann var snemma kjörinn gjaldkeri og síðar ritari. Árið 1946 var hann svo kjörinn formaður félagsins og gegndi því til dauðadags 35 árum síðar.

Í stjórnmálum fylgdi Jón Sósíalistum og síðar Alþýðubandalaginu að málum. Hann var lengi viðloðandi bæjarmálin á Akureyri, bæði sem aðal- og varamaður í bæjarstjórn.

Jón var virkur í starfsemi skákhreyfingarinnar og sat um tíð í stjórn Skáksambands Íslands. Hann var einnig liðtækur áhugaleikari og starfaði mikið að leiklistarmálum.

Tengill
 Æviágrip á vef Iðnaðarsafnsins

Íslenskir verkalýðsleiðtogar

Jón Ingimarsson


Tour of the Alps 2018 var den 42. udgave af det italienske etapeløb Tour of the Alps, tidligere kendt som Giro del Trentino. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2018 og blev arrangeret mellem 16. og 20. april 2018. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev franske Thibaut Pinot fra .

Hold og ryttere

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Sprintkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

UCI Europe Tour 2018
2018

Tour of the Alps 2018


Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré este un spital universitar renumit în lumea întreagă, aflat în Garches, Franța. Parte a Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris și spital universitar aparținând de Universitatea Versailles.

A fost înființat în 1936.

Note

Legături externe
 Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré

Spitale
Hauts-de-Seine
Fondări în 1936
Clădiri și structuri din Franța

Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré


جرذ العشب الحبشي أو جرذ زيتوني  هو نوع من القوارض ينتمي لعائلة الفأريات . يتواجد في إثيوبيا و ايريتريا. موئله الطبيعي هو مرتفعات المناطق المدارية و الشبه المدارية المروج و الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة و الأراضي الرعوية.

مراجع

أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
ثدييات إثيوبيا
ثدييات وصفت في 1842
جرذ العشب

حيوانات متوطنة في إثيوبيا

جرذ العشب الحبشي


عينطورة هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء كسروان في محافظة جبل لبنان.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء كسروان
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

عينطورة (كسروان)


Iulian Mihăescu (n. 11 septembrie 1962, Târgoviște) este un antrenor de fotbal, fost jucător dinamovist.

Ca jucător, Iulian Mihăescu a câștigat în tricoul lui Dinamo București două titluri de campion al României (1990 și 1992), Cupa României (1986 și 1990), fiind titular în echipa antrenată de Mircea Lucescu, care a jucat o semifinală de Cupa Cupelor în 1990 (1-2 și 0-1 cu Anderlecht) și s-a calificat, un an mai devreme, în sferturile de finală ale aceleiași competiții europene (1-1 și 0-0 cu Sampdoria).

Ca antrenor secund al echipei Dinamo București, Iulian Mihăescu a câștigat titlul de campion (2004), Cupa României (2003, 2004, 2005), Supercupa României (2005), pregătind de-a lungul timpului echipa secundă a clubului, Dinamo II București, CFR Cluj, Unirea Urziceni, FC Drobeta-Turnu Severin și Poiana Câmpina în România, Al-Ettifaq, Al-Ahli și CSKA Sofia în străinătate.

Note

Nașteri în 1962
Nașteri pe 11 septembrie
Fotbaliști ai FC Dinamo București
Antrenori români de fotbal
Oameni în viață
Târgovișteni

Iulian Mihăescu


Chaundee Dwaine Brown Jr. (Orlando, 4 de dezembro de 1998) é um jogador norte-americano de basquete profissional que atualmente joga no Atlanta Hawks da National Basketball Association (NBA) e no College Park Skyhawks da G-League.

Ele jogou basquete universitário na Universidade Wake Forest e na Universidade de Michigan.

Carreira no ensino médio
Brown frequentou a Dr. Phillips High School em Dr. Phillips, Flórida e foi transferido para a The First Academy em Orlando, Flórida em seu terceiro ano. Em sua última temporada, ele teve médias de 24,7 pontos e 6,7 rebotes. Brown foi nomeado o Jogador Gatorade do Ano da Florida.

Ele se comprometeu a jogar basquete universitário na Universidade Wake Forest, rejeitando as ofertas de Kansas, Indiana e Flórida, entre outros. Um recruta de quatro estrelas, Brown se tornou o compromisso mais bem classificado da universidade desde Al-Farouq Aminu e Tony Woods em 2008.

Carreira universitária
Como calouro, Brown foi titular regular em Wake Forest e teve médias de 7,6 pontos e 3,0 rebotes. Em sua segunda temporada, ele teve médias de 11,9 pontos e 4,9 rebotes. Brown teve médias de 12,1 pontos e 6,5 rebotes em sua terceira temporada.

Para sua última temporada, Brown se transferiu para a Universidade de Michigan. Ele recebeu uma isenção de elegibilidade imediata da NCAA. Ele teve médias de 8,0 pontos e 3,1 rebotes. Em 10 de abril de 2021, Brown se declarou para o draft da NBA de 2021 renunciando a um ano extra de elegibilidade universitária.

Carreira profissional
Depois de não ser selecionado no draft da NBA de 2021, Brown assinou com o Los Angeles Lakers em 10 de agosto de 2021. No entanto, ele foi dispensado em 15 de outubro. Em 23 de outubro, Brown assinou com o South Bay Lakers como jogador afiliado.

Em 16 de novembro de 2021, Brown assinou um contrato de mão dupla com os Lakers. Ele foi dispensado em 21 de dezembro, depois de jogar em dois jogos.

Em 27 de dezembro de 2021, o Atlanta Hawks assinou um contrato de 10 dias com Brown. Depois que seu contrato expirou, ele voltou para o South Bay.

Em 9 de abril de 2022, Brown assinou um contrato de mão dupla com os Hawks e o College Park Skyhawks.

Estatísticas da carreira

NBA

Temporada regular

Universitário

Basquetebolistas do Los Angeles Lakers
Basquetebolistas do Atlanta Hawks
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1998
Basquetebolistas da Flórida

Chaundee Brown


Panoroma var en udstillingsbygning i Jernbanegade i København. Bygningen var med sin cirkulære grundplan beregnet til udstilling af panoramamalerier, hvor beskueren bevægede sig i midten af bygningen og oplevede fremmede udsigter og fjerne verdener omkring sig. Malerierne var opspændt på ydervæggen og var 115 meter lange og 16 meter høje.

Bygningen blev opført i 1881-82 af et nederlandsk firma, der stod bag lignende bygninger i flere andre europæiske storbyer. Bygningerne var opført med ens dimensioner, så de udstillede malerier kunne cirkulere mellem byerne.

Blandt de udstillede malerier var Konstantinopel med udsigt over Det gyldne Horn, Pariserkommunens sidste dag 27. maj 1871, Slaget ved Sanct Privat og Pompejis ødelæggelse under Vesuvs udbrud år 79.

Bygningen blev kort efter opførelsen flankeret af Dagmarteatret (opført 1881-83) og Cirkusbygningen (opført 1885-86).

Publikum mistede dog hurtigt interessen, og allerede i 1887 måtte udstillingen lukke ned, og bygningen blev solgt og nedrevet.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Københavns Bymuseum. Panoramabygningen i Jernbanegade

Etableret i 1882
Ophørt i 1887
Forsvundne bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i København
Indre By (København)
Museer i København

Panorama (København)


Pär Hansson (nacido el 22 de junio de 1986 en Vejbystrand, Suecia) es un exfutbolista sueco que jugaba en la posición de arquero. Fue profesional entre 2005 y 2019, obligándose a retirar debido a una lesión en el cuello.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en SvenskFotboll.se
 Ficha del jugador en Transfermarkt
 Ficha del jugador en Soccerway

Futbolistas de Suecia en la Eurocopa 2012
Futbolistas del Helsingborgs IF
Futbolistas del Ängelholms FF
Futbolistas del Feyenoord Rotterdam
Guardametas de fútbol de Suecia

Pär Hansson


Chemotactismul reprezintă răspunsul la excitanți chimici a materiei vii.
Constă în mișcarea dirijată a organismelor inferioare, a unor celule mobile (spermatozoizi, leucocite etc.) sau chiar a unor părți componente ale celulei (nucleu, plastide) față de stimuli chimici.

Chemotactismul joacă un rol important în căutarea hranei și în procesul de fagocitoză.

Percepție
Procese celulare

Chemotactism


Barbara Barrie (født Barbara Ann Berman; 23. maj 1931) var en amerikansk skuespiller og forfatter. Hendes filmgennembrud kom i 1964 med sin præstation som Julie i den skelsættende film Giv mig mit barn, for hvilken rolle hun vandt prisen for bedste skuespillerinde ved Filmfestivalen i Cannes. Hun er bedst kendt for sin rolle som Evelyn Stoller i Udbrud, som bragte hende en nominering til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle i 1979 og en Emmy Award nominering i 1981, da hun genoptog rollen i tv-serien, som er baseret på filmen.

Barrie også er kendt for sit omfattende arbejde på teatret, der tæller en Tony Award nominering for bedste skuespiller i en musical i 1971 for rollen som Sarah i Stephen Sondheim's Company.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Illinois
Forfattere fra USA
Personer fra Chicago
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Barbara Barrie


Dies ist eine Liste der österreichischen Gesandten in Bayern.

Geschichte
Bis 1806 stellte das habsburgische Haus Österreich die Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, nur unterbrochen 1743–1745. Diplomatische Vertretungen der Habsburger waren zuallererst kaiserliche und repräsentierten dem Anspruch nach das ganze Reich. Während des spanischen Erbfolgekrieges wurde München von 1705 bis 1714 durch kaiserliche Truppen besetzt. Von 1867 bis 1918 war Österreich Teil von Österreich-Ungarn. Bayern war ab 1623 ein Kurfürstentum, ab Januar 1806 ein Königreich, ab 1815 Mitglied des Deutschen Bundes und ab 1871 ein Gliedstaat des Deutschen Reichs.

Gesandte

Quelle

Siehe auch
 Liste der bayerischen Gesandten in Österreich

Einzelnachweise

Bayern
Osterreich


Öz (saf) şiir, Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk şiirinde özellikle 1930'lardan sonra şiirde ses güzelliğine önem veren, anlamı ve anlatmayı arka plana atmayı tercih eden şairleri anlatmak için kullanılır, retorik önemsenmez. Sembolizmin ciddi etkileri görülür. Öncüleri Ahmet Haşim ve Yahya Kemal Beyatlı olmuştur.

Millî edebiyat dönemi sanatçılarının milli duygularla oluşturduğu şiirlerin kişide bir heyecan yarattığı kesindir fakat bu heyecan geçtiğinde ortada şiir değil, manzume olduğu görülmüştür. Saf şiiri savunan şairler Milli edebiyat şairlerinin sığ, gerçeklikten uzak memleketçiliklerine karşı çıkmışlardır. Şiiri doyumsuz bir soylu sanat olarak görüp şiirsel söylemin doruğuna çıkmayı hedeflemişlerdir.

Özellikleri
Özellikleri aşağıda sıralanmıştır:
 Sanatın form sorunu olduğuna inanan bu şairler için önemli olan iyi ve güzel Şiir yazmaktır. Bu anlayışla kendilerine özgü özel imge düzeni oluştururlar.
 Özgün ve yaratıcı olan bu imgeler dilin mantığına uygun ve dilin anlam alanını genişletip dile yeni olanaklar sunacak bir yapıya sahiptir.
 Dilde saflaşma düşüncesi kendini rahat şiir yazma şeklinde başat öğe olarak gösterir.
 Şiirsel söylemin zirvesine ulaşmak düşüncesiyle dilin yücelişi paralellik gösterir.
 Şiiri soylu bir sanat olarak kabul eden bu şairlerde düşsel ve bireysel yön ağır basar.
 İçsel ve bireysel bir yaklaşımla evrensel insan tecrübesini dile getirirler.
 Şiirde biçim endişisesi duyan bu şairlerde dize ve dil baş tacıdır.
 Disiplinli çalışarak mükemmele varan halis şiir yazma endişesi kendisini hissettirir.
 Şairlerde sembolizm akımının izleri görülür.
 Gizemselcilik bireyselcilik, ruh, ölüm, masal, mit temaları yoğun olarak işlenir.

Kaynakça

Şiir akımları

Öz Şiirciler


Title insurance is a form of indemnity insurance predominantly found in the United States and Canada which insures against financial loss from defects in title to real property and from the invalidity or unenforceability of mortgage loans. Unlike some land registration systems in countries outside the United States, US states' recorders of deeds generally do not guarantee indefeasible title to those recorded titles. Title insurance will defend against a lawsuit attacking the title or reimburse the insured for the actual monetary loss incurred up to the dollar amount of insurance provided by the policy.

The first title insurance company, the Law Property Assurance and Trust Society, was formed in Pennsylvania in 1853. Typically the real property interests insured are fee simple ownership or a mortgage. However, title insurance can be purchased to insure any interest in real property, including an easement, lease, or life estate.

There are two types of policies – owner and lender. Just as lenders require fire insurance and other types of insurance coverage to protect their investment, nearly all institutional lenders also require title insurance to protect their interest in the collateral of loans secured by real estate. Some mortgage lenders, especially non-institutional lenders, may not require title insurance. Buyers purchasing properties for cash or with a mortgage lender often want title insurance as well.

A loan policy provides no coverage or benefit for the buyer/owner and so the decision to purchase an owner policy is independent of the lender's decision to require a loan policy.

Title insurance is available in many other countries, such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Mexico, New Zealand, Japan, China, South Korea, and throughout Europe. However, while a substantial number of properties located in these countries are insured by U.S. title insurers, they do not constitute a significant share of the real estate transactions in those countries. They also do not constitute a large share of U.S. title insurers' revenues. In many cases these are properties to be used for commercial purposes by U.S. companies doing business abroad, or properties financed by U.S lenders. The U.S. companies involved buy title insurance to obtain the security of a U.S. insurer backing up the evidence of title that they receive from the other country's land registration system, and payment of legal defense costs if the title is challenged.

History
Prior to the invention of title insurance, buyers in real estate transactions bore sole responsibility for ensuring the validity of the land title held by the seller. If the title were later deemed invalid or found to be fraudulent, the buyer lost his investment.

In 1868, the case of Watson v. Muirhead was heard by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Plaintiff Watson had lost his investment in a real estate transaction as the result of a prior lien on the property. Defendant Muirhead, the conveyancer, had discovered the lien prior to the sale but told Watson the title was clear after his lawyer had (erroneously) determined that the lien was not valid.

The courts ruled that Muirhead (and others in similar situations) was not liable for mistakes based on professional opinions. As a result, in 1874, the Pennsylvania legislature passed an act allowing for the incorporation of title insurance companies.

Joshua Morris, a conveyancer in Philadelphia, and several colleagues met on March 28, 1876, to incorporate the first title insurance company. The new firm, Real Estate Title Insurance Company of Philadelphia, would "insure the purchasers of real estate and mortgages against losses from defective titles, liens and encumbrances," and that "through these facilities, transfer of real estate and real estate securities can be made more speedily and with greater security than heretofore."

Morris' aunt purchased the first policy, valued at $1,500, to cover a home on North 43rd Street in Philadelphia.

Purpose
There are two types of title systems used worldwide: Land registration and land recording.

Most of the industrialized world uses land registration systems for the transfer of land titles or interests in them. Under these systems, the government determines title ownership and encumbrances using its land registration; with only a few exceptions, the government's determination is conclusive. Governmental errors lead to monetary compensation to the person damaged by the error but that aggrieved party usually cannot recover the property. The Torrens title system is the basis for land registration systems in several common law countries. Nineteen jurisdictions in the United States, such as Minnesota and Massachusetts, adopted a form of this system between 1896 and 1917, however it fell out of favor after a single judgement in Imperial County, California, bankrupted the state's title indemnification fund, and the vast majority of U.S. states have opted for a system of document recording in which no governmental official makes any determination of who owns the title or whether the instruments transferring it are valid.

In the recording system, each time a land title transaction takes place, the parties record the transfer instrument with a local government recorder located in the jurisdiction (usually the county) where the land lies. The government indexes the instrument by the names of the grantor (transferor) and the grantee (transferee) and photographs it so any member of the public can find and examine it. If such a transaction goes unrecorded for any reason or length of time, an unscrupulous grantor could sell the property to another grantee. In many states, the grantee whose transaction is recorded first becomes the legal owner, and any other would-be buyers are left without recourse.

The advantage of the recording system is:
 In a registration system, the cost and risk are borne by the general public, but in a recording system, cost and risk are borne by the users of the system.
 In a recording system, an independent authority reviews government land transfers. In a registration system government can decide registration disputes in its favor, preventing separation of powers and the constitutional right to due process of law.
 A recording system can provide for conveyance of land for situations beyond the capacity of public records, such as homesteading and inheritance.
 A recording system combined with title insurance decentralizes records, creating redundancy. For example, when many records were destroyed in San Francisco's 1906 earthquake, out-of-town title companies maintained records that allowed landowners to prove ownership of their property.

Under this system, to determine who has title, one must:
 Examine the indexes in the recorders' offices, pursuant to various rules established by state legislatures and courts.
 Scrutinize the recorded instruments.
 Determine how they affect the title under applicable law. The final arbiters of title matters are the courts, which make decisions in suits brought by disagreeing parties. Historically, the person who wanted to understand the title would hire an abstractor to write a property abstract showing the chain of title. However, if the abstractor makes an error, the client may only be compensated if the attorney is negligent, subject to the limit of his financial responsibility (including his liability insurance). However, the willingness of these professionals to accept strict liability varies.

Title insurers conduct a title search on public records before they agree to insure the purchaser or mortgagee of land. Specifically, after a real estate sales contract has been executed and escrow opened, a title professional will search the public records to look for any problems with the home's title. This search typically involves a review of land records going back many years. More than one-third of all title searches reveal a title problem that title professionals will insist on fixing before the transaction closes. For instance, a previous owner may have had minor construction done on the property, but never fully paid the contractor (resulting in a mechanic's lien), or the previous owner may have failed to pay local or state taxes (resulting in a tax lien). Title professionals seek to resolve problems like these before the transaction closes, since otherwise, their employer, the title insurer, will be required to fix such title defects by paying such unpaid fees or taxes.

Title insurance policies are fairly uniform, and backed by statutory reserves, which is especially important in large commercial real estate transactions where the buyer and their lender have a large amount of money at stake. The insurer also pays for the defense of its insured in legal contests.

At least 20 U.S. states have experimented with Torrens title or other title registration systems at one time or another, but most have retreated to title recording under pressure from title insurers or from lack of interest. According to Karl Llewellyn, one Torrens title on one lot in New York City can render the entire block unavailable for large-scale improvement (i.e., skyscrapers); no lender will finance the purchase of such a lot because no New York title insurer will guarantee a Torrens title. The U.S. title insurance industry has successfully opposed land registration systems by saying that they are vulnerable to fraud (a severe problem in most land registration jurisdictions) and by contending that an inherently contingent property system more effectively protects property rights. Their contention is also that, while it is possible to fortify land registration systems to prevent the registration of forged deeds, the necessary countermeasures are complex and expensive. A 2007 book attacking the American title insurance "cartel" acknowledged that "[m]ore extensive use of Torrens certification would require setting up a special judicially supervised bureaucracy."

Types of policies
Standardized forms of title insurance exist for owners and lenders. The lender's policies include a form specifically for construction loans, though this is rarely used today.

Owner's policy
The owner's policy assures a purchaser that the title to the property is vested in that purchaser and that it is free from all defects, liens and encumbrances except those listed as exceptions in the policy or are excluded from the scope of the policy's coverage. It also covers losses and damages suffered if the title is unmarketable. The policy also provides coverage for loss if there is no right of access to the land. Although these are the basic coverages, expanded forms of residential owner's policies exist that cover additional items of loss.

The liability limit of the owner's policy is typically the purchase price paid for the property. As with other types of insurance, coverages can also be added or deleted with an endorsement. There are many forms of standard endorsements to cover a variety of common issues. The premium for the policy may be paid by the seller or buyer as the parties agree. Usually a custom in a particular state or county on this matter reflects in most local real estate contracts. One should inquire about the cost of title insurance before signing a real estate contract that provides that he pay for title charges. A real estate attorney, broker, escrow officer (in the western states), or loan officer can provide detailed information as to the price of title search and insurance before the real estate contract is signed. Title insurance coverage lasts as long as the insured retains an interest in the land insured and typically no additional premium is paid after the policy is issued.

Lender's policy
This is sometimes called a loan policy and it is issued only to mortgage lenders. Generally speaking, it follows the assignment of the mortgage loan, meaning that the policy benefits the purchaser of the loan if the loan is sold. For this reason, these policies greatly facilitate the sale of mortgages into the secondary market. That market is made up of high volume purchasers such as Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation as well as private institutions.

The American Land Title Association (ALTA) forms are almost universally used in the country though they have been modified in some states. In general, the basic elements of insurance they provide to the lender cover losses from the following matters:

The title to the property on which the mortgage is being made is either
Not in the mortgage loan borrower,
Subject to defects, liens or encumbrances, or
Unmarketable.
There is no right of access to the land.
The lien created by the mortgage:
is invalid or unenforceable,
is not prior to any other lien existing on the property on the date the policy is written, or
is subject to mechanic's liens under certain circumstances.

As with all of the ALTA forms, the policy also covers the cost of defending insured matters against attack.

Elements 1 and 2 are important to the lender because they cover its expectations of the title it will receive if it must foreclose its mortgage. Element 3 covers matters that will interfere with its foreclosure.

Of course, all of the policies except or exclude certain matters and are subject to various conditions.

There are also ALTA mortgage policies covering single or one-to-four family housing mortgages. These cover the elements of loss listed above plus others. Examples of the other coverages are loss from forged releases of the mortgage and loss resulting from encroachments of improvements on adjoining land onto the mortgaged property when the improvements are constructed after the loan is made.

Construction loan policy
In many states, separate policies exist for construction loans. Title insurance for construction loans require a Date Down endorsement that recognizes that the insured amount for the property has increased due to construction funds that have been vested into the property.

Land title associations and standardized policies
In the United States, the American Land Title Association (ALTA) is a national non-profit trade association representing the interests of nearly 4,500 title insurance companies, title agents, independent abstracters, title searchers and attorneys across the United States. ALTA members conduct title searches, examinations, closings, and issue title insurance that protects real property owners and mortgage lenders against losses from defects in titles.

Founded in 1907, ALTA has created standard forms of title insurance policy "jackets" (standard terms and conditions) for Owners, Lenders and Construction Loan policies. ALTA forms are used in most, but not all, U.S. states. ALTA also offers special endorsement forms for the various policies; endorsements amend and typically broaden the coverage given under a basic title insurance policy. ALTA does not issue title insurance; it provides standardized policy and endorsement forms that most title insurers issue.

Some states, including Texas and New York, may mandate the use of forms of title insurance policy jackets and endorsements approved by the state insurance commissioner for properties located in those jurisdictions, but these forms are usually similar or identical to ALTA forms.

In addition to ALTA, the National Association of Independent Land Title Agents (NAILTA) is a national non-profit trade association that represents the interests of independent title insurance agents and independent real estate settlement professionals from across the United States. It was created by independent real estate settlement professionals to further the agenda of small business owners from within the title insurance, abstracting, surveying, and real estate community who lack representation at local, state and national levels.  NAILTA is a national trade association that serves thousands of independent title and real estate professionals across the United States who collectively comprise over 60% of the national title insurance market, and identify themselves as independent settlement service providers. NAILTA represents the interests of those independent settlement service providers who serve over 31 million real estate purchase consumers per year, who close an estimated $514.8 billion's worth of refinance mortgages per year, and who collectively insure approximately $1.67 trillion in total national title insurance liability per year.

Comparison with other forms of insurance
Title insurance differs in several respects from other types of insurance. Where most insurance is a contract where the insurer indemnifies or guarantees another party against a possible specific type of loss (such as an accident or death) at a future date, title insurance generally insures against losses caused by title problems that have their source in past events. This often results in the curing of title defects or the elimination of adverse interests from the title before a transaction takes place. Title insurance companies attempt to achieve this by searching public records to develop and document the chain of title and to detect known claims against or defects in the title to the subject property. If liens or encumbrances are found, the insurer may require that steps be taken to eliminate them (for example, obtaining a release of an old mortgage or deed of trust that has been paid off, or requiring the payoff, or satisfying involuntary liens such as abstracts of judgment and tax liens) before issuing the title policy. Title insurance companies also have the ability to discharge ancient mortgages under the Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (RPAPL) in New York. Ancient mortgages are ones that are presumed to be satisfied or complete and have been for over 20 years. In the alternative, it may except from the policy's coverage those items not eliminated. Title plants are sometimes maintained to index the public records geographically, with the goal of increasing searching efficiency and reducing claims. In some states title plants are required to index the real-property records geographically and also maintain a name file for judgments, probates and other general matters.

The explanation above discloses another difference between title insurance and other types: title insurance premiums are not principally calculated on the basis of actuarial science, as is true in most other types of insurance. Instead of correlating the probability of losses with their projected costs, title insurance seeks to eliminate the source of the losses through the use of the recording system and other underwriting practices. As a result, a relatively small fraction of title insurance premiums are used to pay insured losses. The great majority of the premiums is used to finance the title research on each piece of property and to maintain the title plants used to efficiently do that research. There is significant social utility in this approach as the result conforms with the expectations of most property purchasers and mortgage lenders. Generally, they want the real estate they purchased or lent money on to have the title condition they expected when they entered the transaction, rather than money compensation and litigation over unexpected defects. This is not to say that title insurers take no actuarial risks. There are several matters that can affect the title to land that are not disclosed by the recording system but that are covered by the policies. Some examples are deeds executed by minors or mentally incompetent persons, forged instruments (in some cases), corporate instruments executed without the proper corporate authority and errors in the public records. However, historically, these problems have not amounted to a high percentage of the losses paid by the insurers. A more significant percentage of losses paid by the insurers are the result of errors and omissions in the title examining process itself.

Homeowner's right to choose a title insurance company
In an April 2007 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report on Title Insurance, the GAO recommended that state and federal legislators and regulators improve consumers ability to shop for title insurance based on price, encourage price competition, and ensure consumers are paying reasonable prices for title insurance.

A federal law called the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) entitles an individual homeowner to choose a title insurance company when purchasing or refinancing residential property. Typically, homeowners do not make this decision for themselves and instead rely on their bank's or attorney's choice; however, the homeowner retains the right to choose a different insurer. RESPA makes it unlawful for any bank, broker, or attorney to mandate that a particular title insurance company be used. Doing so is a violation of federal law and any person or business doing so can be fined or lose its license.

Section 9 of RESPA prohibits a seller from requiring the buyer to use a particular title insurance company, either directly or indirectly, as a condition of sale. Buyers may sue a seller who violates this provision for an amount equal to three times all charges made for the title insurance. The only exception to this rule applies to commercial real estate transactions, which is not within the parameters of RESPA.

The new Loan Estimate form (LE) is the latest step taken by Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to protect and assist consumers. In the past, lenders had provided potential borrowers with Good Faith Estimates (GFEs).

1. Lenders must issue the LE within three business days of loan application. However, many will provide the form to borrowers who are still in the shopping phase. Note that the LE provides more protections for consumers than a "worksheet" or "scenario" because lenders must by law adhere to its costs and indicate how long that rate and fee will be in effect.

If a loan originator does not provide the LE within three business days of receiving a completed loan application, it is in violation of Section 5 of RESPA. HUD provides the specific criteria for what constitutes a complete loan application:

 Borrower's name
 Borrower's monthly income
 Borrower's Social Security number (SSN) (to obtain a credit report)
 Property address
 The estimated value of the property
 Loan amount
 Anything else the lender deems necessary

2. The new LE is standardized
All lenders must provide consumers with the exact same document. Loan charges, third-party fees, and other costs must be displayed uniformly.

3. The new LE encourages consumers to shop
Since lenders are now required to issue a standardized LE in a specific time frame, consumers are provided an opportunity to compare lenders and their products. Further, HUD states that prior to the issuance of a LE, lenders can only charge potential borrowers a fee to cover the expense of a credit report. The relative low cost of credit reports ($15–30) results in consumers' ability to comparison shop many lenders at a minimal cost.

4. Lenders are accountable for their quotes
The new LE form puts the most important facts about a mortgage on the first page instead of burying them in small print throughout the form. This information includes:
 Loan amount, interest rate, and principal and interest payment.
 The existence of prepayment penalties, negative or balloon payments
 It alerts the borrower if the interest rate, loan balance or payment can increase during the loan's term
 Projected payments in future years, based on current financial indexes (mostly applies to adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)
 Estimated escrows (also called impounds), which are payments for property taxes and homeowners insurance added to the monthly payment. the lender then pays these amounts on behalf of the borrower when they come due
 Total closing costs and cost to close (how much the borrower must bring to the closing)

5. At the closing, lenders must issue a Closing Disclosure (CD) disclosing the actual costs. The borrower can compare the actual costs to the estimated costs. Costs fall into several categories, and differences between the actual and estimated costs are treated accordingly:

a. 0% Tolerance. If at the closing, any item in the 0% Tolerance category is higher on the corresponding section of the CD compared to the original LE, the lender is responsible for covering the difference.
b. 10% Tolerance. Unlike the 0% Tolerance category, these items are not compared individually to their corresponding section in the CD. Instead, all items in the category are aggregated on the LE and compared to the aggregated corresponding items on the CD. In the event that the CD has a total more than 10% higher than the total on the LE, the lender is responsible for any expense in excess of the 10% increase. This means that individual items in the 10% Tolerance category may increase more than 10% from the LE to the CD without a penalty to the lender, as long as the sum of all the items does not increase more than 10%.
c. No Tolerance. A few sections of the new LE fall into the No Tolerance category. These quotes can change with no penalty to the lender.
Again, depending on the state, region, and vendor, homeowners can save substantial money by shopping around for title insurance except in some states, such as Texas, in which the rates are codified by law. In light of the changes made by RESPA and those to the LE, notable consumer and business publications have featured articles about the benefits of shopping around for title insurance, such as The Wall Street Journal, Kiplinger's Personal Finance, HSH.com, Forbes.com, and The New York Times.

Affiliated business arrangements

Sometimes, several businesses that offer settlement services are owned or controlled by a common corporate parent. These businesses are known as "affiliates", while the relationship is called an affiliated business arrangement (ABA).

When a lender, real estate broker, or other participant refers his homebuyer to an affiliate for a settlement service (such as when a real estate broker refers his homebuyer to a mortgage broker affiliate), the law requires the referring party to provide an affiliated business arrangement disclosure. This disclosure informs homebuyers they are not required to use the affiliate and are free to shop for other providers.

Despite advances in technology that allow homebuyers to shop for title services, many homebuyers remain unaware that they may select their own title insurance or settlement company.

A recent survey from the Ohio Association of Independent Title Agents (OAITA), conducted from 2009 through 2010, showed when homebuyers are made fully aware of ABAs, they become uncomfortable and prefer a title company or title agent to be a third party (i.e., independent) to the transaction.

While 77% of respondents did not independently select their settlement company, when made fully aware of the ABA relationships 50% of respondents said they prefer a title company that does not share profits with a referral source compared to 6% of respondents saying they prefer a title agent that shares profits with a referral source. Further, 58% of respondents said they believe that ABAs are a conflict of interest.

The OAITA stands in stark contrast to two Harris Interactive surveys used by the Real Estate Services Providers Council in a January 2011 meeting with Federal Reserve staff to claim that homebuyers were more satisfied with the ABA settlement service providers.

 A 2002 study used by the proponents revealed that 64% of homebuyers who used "one-stop shopping" programs had a better overall experience with their home purchase transaction.
 A 2008 study revealed that homebuyers who used "one-stop shopping" in their latest real estate transaction were more satisfied with their home buying experience compared to those who used services of multiple providers.

Organizations such as the National Association of Independent Land Title Agents seek to restore transparency and credibility to the land title process and to preserve an objective and impartial role at the closing table to improve the consumer experience, by addressing the proliferation of controlled business arrangements and eliminating conflicts of interest between title agents and their referral sources, as well as between all real estate settlement service providers and their sources of business.

Cost of title insurance
The cost of title insurance has two components: premium charges and service fees.

Title insurance premium rates are based on five cost considerations, including those related to:

 Maintaining current title information on property local to that operation, i.e., title plant
 Searching and examining the title to subject properties
 Resolving or clearing defects to title
 Covering title defects
 Allowing for a reasonable profit

Premium charges
Like the rates for other forms of insurance, rates for title insurance usually are regulated by state governments to ensure that premiums are not excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory to the public. States have different methods of regulating title insurance rates. The types of rate regulation used include:
 Promulgation: State regulatory body sets the rates. An example is Texas, where rates are set after comprehensive hearings each year.
 Prior approval: Insurers propose rates, which must be reviewed formally and approved explicitly or deemed approved by the regulatory body before they can be charged.
 File and use: Insurers set rates, but they cannot be charged until the regulator has been notified and allowed time to review and action, if necessary. In some prior-approval states, almost the same result is achieved through a so-called deemer provision. Under a deemer, rates proposed by insurers are deemed approved if the regulatory body takes no action to disapprove a filing within a specified time, and the filer notifies the state that the rates are being deemed approved.
 Use and file: Insurers set rates that can be charged immediately, as long as the new rate schedule is filed with the regulatory body.
 No direct rate regulation: Insurers set rates that can be changed at an insurer's discretion. Even in this apparent unregulated situation, a regulatory body still is charged with overseeing the title insurance industry and can question the propriety of a rate that appears to be unfairly discriminatory or otherwise violates statutory standards. Examples are Illinois, Georgia and Massachusetts.

The rates may include discounts if title insurance is ordered within a specified time after the last policy issued or if the mortgage being insured is a refinance of an earlier mortgage. In the states employing any of these regulations, it is illegal for title insurance companies to charge a higher or lower rate than the regulated rate.

For example: In Pennsylvania there are two rates, basic rate and reissue rate. The basic rate would apply if it has been more than ten years since the last policy was issued. If less than ten years, the reissue rate applies. The reissue rate offers a discount of approximately ten percent off of the basic rate. If the transaction is a refinance, the savings can be as much as thirty percent off of the reissue rate. These rates and applicable discounts are filed with and approved by the Pennsylvania Insurance Commission.

Title insurance is substantially different from other lines of insurance because it emphasizes risk prevention rather than risk assumption. This means the majority of the premium dollar, about 80 percent, covers the work performed by title professionals, such as the search examination, curative work, policy issuance and, frequently, the settlement or closing. The remaining 20 percent covers the insurance policy, a significant portion of which is put into reserves for claims that could occur 10 or 20 years in the future. According to a 2006 survey by ALTA, title problems that required curative action were found in 36 percent of all residential real estate transactions in 2005. This was up from 25 percent in 2000, due to the booming real estate market and an increase in transactions.

Service fees
In some states, the regulated premium charge does not include part of the underwriting costs necessary for the process. In those states, title insurers may also charge search or abstracting fees for searching the public records, or examination fees to compensate them for the title examination. These fees are usually not regulated and in those cases may sometimes be negotiated. In some states, regulation requires that the title insurer base its policy on the opinion of an attorney. The attorney's fees are not regulated. They are also not part of the title insurance premium, though the title insurer may include those fees within its invoice as a convenience to the attorney rendering the opinion. Similarly, fees for closing a sale or mortgage transaction are not regulated in most states though the charge for closing may appear in the invoice disclosing the total charges for the transaction.

Industry profitability

The title industry is highly dependent on real estate markets, which, in turn, are highly sensitive to mortgage interest rates and the overall economic well-being. During the housing bubble from 2000 through 2006, the industry's revenue more than doubled. As the surge in real estate transactions drove up title insurance revenue—along with a greater incidence of claims—the economic downturn that started in 2007 pared back revenue significantly for several years. To compare, the industry reported nearly $17 billion in title insurance premiums in 2005, but volume fell to $9.6 billion in 2009.

In 2012, according to ALTA, the industry paid out about $908 million in claims, about 8.1% percent of the $11.2 billion taken in as premiums. By comparison, the boiler insurance industry, which like title insurance requires an emphasis on inspections and risk analysis, pays 25% of its premiums in claims. As mentioned above, professionals in the land title industry seek to prevent claims through up-front preventive measures before a policy is issued and therefore the industry's claims ratio is different from other lines of insurance.

According to the statutory accounting rules for title insurance, only reported claims are reflected in the loss expense, while in other lines—both reported and unreported claims are included in the loss expense. As a result, timing differences occur in the reporting of losses and loss-adjustment expenses for title insurance when compared to other lines. In addition, title insurance, unlike most other property/casualty exposures, has no termination date and no time limitation on filing claims.

In many states, the price of title insurance is regulated by a state insurance commission. In these states, the title insurance companies lobby state legislators and other politicians and donate to their campaigns, in the hopes of maintaining the rates high. Unlike other forms of insurance (such as life, medical, or home owners), title insurance is not paid for annually, as it has one payment for the term of the policy, which is in effect until the property is resold or refinanced.

Relative market share among U.S. title insurers
The following discloses the relative 2012 market shares among the four U.S. national families of title insurers (Fidelity National Financial, First American, Stewart, and Old Republic), and the regional companies, i.e., those not affiliated with the national families.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Market share 2012
|-
!Family!!Share
|-
!Fidelity National Financial
|33.86%
|-
!First American Corporation
|26.34%
|-
!Old Republic National Title Insurance Company
|13.53%
|-
!Stewart Title Guaranty Company
|12.95%
|-
!Regional companies
|13.32%
|-
!Total
|100.00%
|-
!Source: American Land Title Association
|}

As of January 2009, Fidelity National Financial held the highest market share, due to its acquisition of LandAmerica's Commonwealth Land Title, Lawyers Title, and United Capital Title units subsequent to LandAmerica's declaration of bankruptcy.

References

Insurance in the United States
Property law in the United States

Title insurance


Norman Levine (* 22. Oktober 1923 in Ottawa; † 14. Juni 2005 in Barnard Castle, County Durham) war ein kanadischer Schriftsteller, der Sprache als eine "Zwangsjacke" sah, die das Aufregende trübt, und wollte, dass das von ihm Geschriebene mit der Unmittelbarkeit der abstrakten Malerei gesehen wurde, die ihm in der Künstlerkolonie St Ives in Cornwall begegnete, in der er dreißig Jahre lang lebte.

Leben

Herkunft, Militärdienst und Studium
Levine, dessen Eltern aus Polen nach Kanada einwanderten, wuchs in Ottawa auf, wo sein Vater als Obsthändler tätig war. Als Sohn orthodoxer Juden lebte er in der Lower Town von Ottawa, einem damals überwiegend von Frankokanadiern bewohnten Viertel, so dass er sich dort als Außenseiter fühlte.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges kam er 1943 als Angehöriger der Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) erstmals nach Großbritannien und diente dort als Pilot des in Yorkshire stationierten Avro Lancaster-Bombergeschwaders. Nach Kriegsende und seiner Rückkehr nach Kanada begann er ein Studium der Anglistik an der McGill University in Montreal.

Mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch ein Stipendium konnte er 1949 einen Gaststudienaufenthalt am King's College London absolvieren und einen Sommer in Cornwall verbringen. Später führte er dazu aus, dass er ohne das Leben unter den Malern in der Künstlerkolonie St Ives nicht zu dem Schriftsteller geworden wäre, der er wurde.

Literarisches Schaffen

Früher Einfluss durch das Leben in der Künstlerkolonie St Ives
Die körperliche Anwesenheit des ihn prägenden Fischerörtchens St Ives tauchte erstmals in The Tight-rope Walker (1950) auf, der zweiten von drei Gedichtsammlungen. Das sichtbare, von der Malerei inspirierte Element seines Schreibens entwickelte er dadurch, dass er bei seinen Spaziergängen ein Notizbuch mitnahm und beschrieb, was er sah. Die Idee dazu kam ihm, als er den Maler Ben Nicholson beim Malen von Fischerbooten im Hafen des Ortes sah. Zu seinem Bekanntenkreis in St Ives gehörten die Künstler Patrick Heron, Terry Frost, David Haughton und Peter Lanyon.

Während seines Studiums veröffentlichte er 1952 seinen autobiografischen Debütroman The Angled Road, in dem er seine Erlebnisse während des Militärdienstes im Zweiten Weltkrieg beschrieb. Zur selben Zeit entdeckte er für sich als Form seines schriftstellerischen Wirkens die Kurzgeschichte.

Zu Beginn seiner literarischen Tätigkeit war er auf finanzielle Unterstützung aus dem Fonds des Veterans Act angewiesen und entwickelte in seinen Kurzgeschichten der 1950er und 1960er Jahre einen Geschmack für das harte Leben. In der Kurzgeschichte I'll Bring You Back Something Nice, in der ein verarmter Schriftsteller ein Alumni-Treffen der McGill University nutzt, um seine Freunde auf der Herrentoilette um einen Kredit zu fragen, zeigte Levine seinen Sinn für Schwarzen Humor. Die Person des autodidaktischen Malers Alfred Wallis, eines der Gründer der Künstlerkolonie St Ives, inspirierte ihn zur Kurzgeschichte A Sabbath Walk, die nach ihrer Veröffentlichung in der Zeitschrift Botteghe Obscure 1956 internationale Aufmerksamkeit erhielt.

Die Geschichte We All Begin In A Little Magazine beschrieb, wie Levine Boden für sein literarisches Frühwerk in kleinen britischen Literaturzeitschriften fand, ehe er seinen Durchbruch in internationalen Magazinen wie Harper's Bazaar und Vogue hatte.

Canada Made Me und die Kritik an seinem Geburtsland
1958 veröffentlichte er das Reisebuch Canada Made Me, das der kanadische Schriftsteller und Literaturkritiker Robertson Davies als "eine Abhandlung über das Land in einer Ausdrucksweise von Provinzialität, Vulgarität und enttäuschten Hoffnung" beschrieb.

Das Buch verursachte so viel Feindseligkeit in seinem Geburtsland, dass ein anderer Literaturkritiker die Leser in einer Rezension des Buches aufforderte, Stecknadeln in Voodoo-Puppen mit dem Gesicht Levines zu stecken. Dies trug mit dazu bei, dass von der ersten Ausgabe nur fünfhundert Exemplare in Kanada verkauft wurden.

Ein weiteres Ergebnis war, dass der kanadische Literaturmarkt faktisch für Levine für Jahrzehnte geschlossen war. Trotz seiner Kritik an seinem Geburtsland in Canada Made Me wurde er 1965 als erster Schriftsteller zum Writer in Residence an der University of New Brunswick (UNB) berufen, und seine Kurzgeschichten wurden als Hörspiele für das Radioprogramm von CBC/Radio-Canada adaptiert.

Freundschaft mit Francis Bacon und From A Seaside Town
Eine enge persönliche Freundschaft pflegte er mit dem Maler Francis Bacon, den er 1959 in St Ives kennenlernte. Levine glaubte, dass die nach 1964 entstandenen Gemälde Bacons durch das Ende von The Angled Road geprägt waren. Andererseits inspirierten ihn Gespräche mit Bacon dazu, dass ein einfacher und direkter Schreibstil anspruchsvoller sei.

In seinem zweiten und letzten Roman From A Seaside Town (1970) lieferte ihm Bacon die Vorlage für die Hauptperson, den Maler Charles Garter, dessen Besuche bei einem erfolglosen Reiseschriftsteller und seiner Familie seltene Ruhepausen von ihrer sozialen Isolation in ihrem Wohnort verschaffen, bei dem es sich unübersehbar um St Ives handelte. Die darin enthaltene Frustration von Levines Kunst wird deutlich in der deutschsprachigen Übersetzung des Romans durch den späteren Literatur-Nobelpreisträger Heinrich Böll.

Rückkehr nach Kanada
1979 erreichte Levine, dass der Verlag Denis Deneau als Bedingung für die Veröffentlichung von Levines nächster Kurzgeschichtensammlung Thin Ice das umstrittene Buch Canada Made Me in Kanada neu auflegte.

Kurz darauf kehrte er nach Kanada zurück und lebte in den 1980er Jahren in Toronto.

Levine sah Sprache als eine Zwangsjacke, die das Aufregende trübt. Er wollte, dass das von ihm Geschriebene mit der Unmittelbarkeit der abstrakten Malerei erschien, die ihm in der Künstlerkolonie St Ives in Cornwall begegnete, in der er dreißig Jahre lang lebte. Diese Umgebung beschrieb er in dem Essay Sometimes It Works, der 1993 in How Stories Mean von John Metcalf und J. R. Struther veröffentlicht wurde. Das Leben als Kanadier in diesem Exil sah er als Bedingung, um Schriftsteller zu sein.

In der Folgezeit hatte er größeren Erfolg in Kanada und gewann 2001 als zweiter Preisträger den Matt-Cohen-Preis, der seit dem Jahr 2000 jährlich vom Writers' Trust of Canada in Erinnerung an den kanadischen Schriftsteller Matt Cohen für das Lebenswerk eines kanadischen Schriftstellers vergeben wird. 2002 veröffentlichte der Verlag Key Porter Books die Kurzgeschichtensammlung The Ability To Forget, die Levines letzte veröffentlichte Kurzgeschichten enthalten.

Levine veröffentlichte insgesamt neun Sammlungen mit Kurzgeschichten, die in elf Sprachen übersetzt wurden und auch in Brailleschrift erschienen.

Veröffentlichungen

Kurzgeschichten

 One Way Ticket 1961
 Übers. Annemarie Böll, Heinrich Böll, Reinhard Wagner: Ein kleines Stückchen Blau. Claassen, Hamburg 1971
 Einzelerzählung, Übers. Annemarie Böll, Heinrich Böll: Ein kleines Stückchen Blau. In: Die weite Reise. Kanadische Erzählungen und Kurzgeschichten. Verlag Volk und Welt, Berlin 1974, S. 118–134
 Übers. Annemarie Böll, Heinrich Böll, Reinhard Wagner, Gabriele Bock: Der Mann mit dem Notizbuch. Erzählungen. Reclams Universalbibliothek, 617. Leipzig 1975; 2. erw. Aufl. mit Ill. (und 11 zusätzl. Erz.) Nachw. Karla El-Hassan, ebd. 1979
 I don't know anyone too well and other stories. 1971
 Django, Karfunkelstein, and Roses. 1971
 Übers. Gabriele Bock u. a.: Django, Karfunkelstein und Rosen. Erzählungen. Claassen,  Düsseldorf 1987 (Die einzelnen Erzählungen und ihre Übersetzer)
 Thin Ice. 1979
 Why Do You Live So Far Away? 1984
 Champagne Barn. 1984
 The Beat and the Still. 1990
 Something Happened Here. 1991
 The Ability to Forget. 2003

Romane
 The Angled Road. 1952
 From a Seaside Town. 1970
 Dt. Übersetzung Aus einer Stadt am Meer. Halle (Saale) 2020

Gedichtbände
 Myssium. 1948
 The Tight-rope Walker. 1950
 I Walk by the Harbour. 1976

Essays
 Canada Made Me. 1958
 Übers. Heinz Winter: Kanada hat mich gemacht. Claassen, Hamburg 1967
 Auszug, Übers. Annemarie Böll, Heinrich Böll: Eine kanadische Jugend, in Kanada erzählt. Hg. Stefana Sabin. Fischer TB 10930, Frankfurt 1992, S. 160 – 167 (A Canadian youth.)
 Sometimes It Works. 1993

Weblinks
 Literaturnachweis in der Open Library
 Norman Levine. Novelist with a painter's perception, The Guardian, 1. Juli 2005
 Fiction, Faction, Autobiography. Norman Levine at McGill University, 1946-1949, von Robert H. Michel
 Norman Levine: Notes toward the revival of the jewish left. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory - Revue canadienne de theorie politique et sociale, Vol. 13, no. 1–2, 1989

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Kanadische Literatur
Roman, Epik
Kurzgeschichte
Lyrik
Autobiografie
Person (Toronto)
Kanadier
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2005
Mann

Norman Levine


Barakat! es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
En algún lugar de Argelia, en los años 90. Amel es médico en un hospital. Se esfuerza todo lo que puede en ejercer su profesión y en vivir su vida de mujer joven, a pesar de la guerra civil que causa estragos entre los islamistas y el ejército. Una noche, cuando vuelve a casa tras una larga guardia, Amel se da cuenta de que su marido, periodista, ha desaparecido. Frente a la indiferencia y la inercia de las autoridades, decide ir en su búsqueda. Le acompaña Khadija, enfermera que, durante su juventud, combatió por la independencia. En su aventura incierta y peligrosa, las dos mujeres se descubrirán la una a la otra, al mismo tiempo que se enfrentarán a los hombres de su país…

Premios
 2006 Milan African Asian and Latin American Film Festival
 2006 Barcelona International Women's Film Festival
 2006 Biennale des Cinémas Arabes à Paris
 2006 Festival internacional de Cine de Dubái
 2007 FESPACO

Referencias

Barakat!