Ott Lepland (* 17. Mai 1987 in Tallinn) ist ein estnischer Sänger. Er vertrat Estland beim Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku (Aserbaidschan).

Leben und Musik
Ott Lepland steht seit 1995 als Sänger im Rampenlicht. 1995/1996 erschienen vier Kassetten mit (Kinder-)Liedern, die der Junginterpret aufgenommen hatte. Später startete Ott Lepland eine professionelle Jazz- und Popkarriere.

Im Herbst 2009 gewann Lepland die dritte Staffel von Eesti otsib superstaari, der estnischen Ausgabe von "Deutschland sucht den Superstar". Er gewann 100.000 Estnische Kronen und einen Plattenvertrag mit dem renommierten Label Crunch Industry. 2010 erschien sein erstes Profialbum unter dem Namen Ott Lepland. Ein Jahr später folgte das Album Laulan ma sind (etwa "Ich singe für dich").

2010 stand Ott Lepland im Kinder- und Jugendtheater von Tallinn im Musical Keskkoolimuusikal auf der Bühne, das auf dem US-amerikanischen High School Musical basiert. Lepland spielte die Rolle des Troy Bolton.

2011 nahm Ott an der TV-Show Laulupealinn (etwa: Hauptstadt des Gesangs) teil, bei der Ott die estnische Stadt Kärdla vertrat. Er trat jede Woche mit anderen Partnern aus Kärdla oder dem Bezirk Hiiumaa auf, einschließlich seiner Großmutter, seinem Neffen und dem örtlichen Chor. Lepland gewann die Show und Kärdla trägt nun den Titel Singende Hauptstadt Estlands.

Am 3. März 2012 gewann Lepland den estnischen Vorentscheid für den Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku. Er vertrat dort Estland mit dem estnischsprachigen Lied Kuula ("Höre!"). Die Musik stammt von Ott Lepland, der Text von Aapo Ilves. Am 24. Mai 2012 qualifizierte sich Lepland für das Finale des Song Contests, wo er schließlich mit 120 Punkten den sechsten Platz erreichte.

Ab Februar 2012 war Ott Lepland in Estland auch als Schauspieler im Kino zu sehen. Er spielt eine der Hauptrollen in der estnischen Kriminalkomödie Vasaku jala reede (Regie: Andres Kõpper und Arun Tamm).

Im Dezember 2012 erschien sein drittes Studioalbum Öö mu kannul käib (etwa "Die Nacht folgt mir") und eine Live-DVD "Ott Lepland - ETV Live" mit einem Konzertmitschnitt aus dem russischen Kulturhaus in Tallinn vom 14. November 2012.

Seit 2013 tritt Lepland auch als Teil der Gruppe Vallatud Vestid auf. Die Band, deren Musikstil ein Mix aus Pop, Rock und Folkmusik ist, veröffentlichte im Februar 2013 das erste gemeinsame Album Lugusid meestest ja naistest (Geschichten von Frauen und Männern), aus dem die Single Jõesäng (Flussbett) veröffentlicht wurde. Das zweite gemeinsame Album Kelmid ja pühakud (Gauner und Heilige) erschien im Dezember 2013 und enthält die Single Lumisel teel (Verschneite Straße).

Im Mai 2015 erschien sein viertes Studioalbum Siinpoolne.

Diskografie

Alben
 Oti jõululaulud (Seafarm Recs, 1995)
 Oti suvelaulud (Seafarm Recs, 1996)
 Ott ja valged jänesed (BG Muusik, 1996)
 Ott ja sõbrad (BG Muusik, 1996)
 Ott Lepland (Crunch Industry, 2010)
 Laulan ma sind (Crunch Industry, 2011)
 Öö mu kannul käib (Crunch Industry, Dezember 2012)
 Lugusid meestest ja naistest (mit Vallatud Vestid, Juni 2013)
 Kelmid ja pühakud (mit Vallatud Vestid, Dezember 2013)
 Siinpoolne (Crunch Industry, Mai 2015)

Singles
 Otsides ma pean su jälle leidma (Dezember 2009)
 Süte peal sulanud jää (Februar 2010)
 Läbi öise Tallinna (EE: # 1; April 2010)
 Üheskoos on olla hea (Juni 2010)
 Kohtume jälle (Oktober 2010)
 Sinuni (gemeinsam mit Lenna Kuurmaa, Dezember 2010)
 Öö (April 2011)
 Tunnen elus end (Oktober 2011)
 Kuula (Januar 2012)
 Imede öö (Mai 2012)
 Kodu (November 2012)
 Maagiline maa (Dezember 2012)
 Jõesäng (mit Tanel Padar und Jalmar Vabarna als Vallatud Vestid) (Februar 2013)
 Planeet oma teel (Juni 2013)
 Lumisel teel (mit Tanel Padar und Jalmar Vabarna als Vallatud Vestid) (Dezember 2013)
 Pool tundi veel (Januar 2014)
 Pea meeles head (gemeinsam mit Birgit Õigemeel) (März 2014)
 Jäädagi nii (29. Mai 2014)
 Värvid (mit Tanel Padar und Jalmar Vabarna) (16. Juni 2014)
 Kiigu ja liugle (mit Tanel Padar, Jalmar Vabarna und der Band Kõrsikud) (November 2014)
 Ajaga võidu (15. Januar 2015)
 Iga päev (4. Mai 2015)

DVDs
 Ott Lepland - ETV Live. DVD (Dezember 2012)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

 Text von Kuula

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Interpret eines estnischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Teilnehmer am estnischen Vorentscheid zum Eurovision Song Contest
Sieger von Eesti otsib superstaari
Sowjetbürger
Este
Geboren 1987
Mann

Ott Lepland


Eusèbe Renaudot (; 20 July 16461 September 1720) was a French theologian and Orientalist.

Biography
Renaudot was born in Paris, and brought up and educated for a career in the church. After being educated by the Jesuits, and joining the Oratorians in 1666, he was in poor health, left his order, and never took more than minor orders. Despite his interest in theology and his title of abbé, much of his life was spent at the French court, where he attracted the notice of Colbert and was often employed in confidential affairs.

He was a prominent supporter of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, in the controversies with Richard Simon, François Fénelon and the Jesuits. In later life his attitudes became Gallican and Jansenist. He became a member of the Académie française (1689), the Academy of Inscriptions (1691), and the Accademia della Crusca of Florence.

Works
The learning in Eastern languages which he acquired in his youth and maintained amid the distractions of court life did not bear fruit until he was sixty-two.

Renaudot's best-known books are Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum (Paris, 1713 which is translation of original work by Severus Ibn al-Muqaffa) and Liturgiarum orientalium collectio (2 vols., 1715–16). The latter argued for continuous Christian belief in the sacraments, the topic on which most of his theological writings turned, and which was then, in consequence of the controversies attaching to Antoine Arnauld's Perpétuité de la foy de l'Église, a major matter of debate between French Catholics and Protestants.

Other works were Gennadii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Homiliae de Eucharistia (Paris, 1709) and Anciennes relations des Indes et de la Chine (Paris, 1718, see fr).

See also
 Théophraste Renaudot, grandfather of Eusèbe Renaudot

Notes

References

1646 births
1720 deaths
Members of the Académie Française
French orientalists
17th-century French theologians
Clergy from Paris
18th-century French male writers

Eusèbe Renaudot


An Micropera loheri in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Louis Otho Otto Williams, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Micropera loheri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Micropera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Micropera

Micropera loheri


ආශ්‍රිත

ග්‍රීක පුරාණෝක්තිවේදය අනුව නම් කෙරුණු ක්ෂුද්‍ර ග්‍රහයෝ
C-වර්ගයේ ක්ෂුද්‍ර ග්‍රහයෝ
ප්‍රධාන වළල්ලට අයත් ක්ෂුද්‍ර ග්‍රහයෝ
1868දී සොයාගත් තාරකා විද්‍යාත්මක වස්තූන්

98 අයියැන්තී


Herrernes holdtidskørsel ved VM i landevejscykling blev for første gang arrangeret ved VM i landevejscykling 1962. Det bestod af landshold med fire ryttere på hvert hold. Efter VM i landevejscykling 1994 blev det taget af programmet. Holdtidskørsel blev genindført ved VM i landevejscykling 2012, men da for kommercielle hold, ikke nationer, med seks ryttere.

Landshold (1962–1994)

Holdtidskørslen for landshold havde fire ryttere på hvert hold, og ruten var på omkring 100 km.

UCI-hold (2012–)
Ved VM i landevejscykling 2012 var første gang kommercielle hold (UCI-registrerede hold) fik deltagelse som hold ved VM. Der er seks ryttere pr. hold, og ruten skal i henhold til reglementet ikke være over 60 km. For UCI World Team er det obligatorisk at deltage, og de kan også tjene optil 200 point på UCI World Tour.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Road Cycling World Championships – Men: Team Time Trial

Holdtidskørsel (herrer)

VM i landevejscykling – Holdtidskørsel (herrer)


Stefan Erik Wallin (1 de junio de 1967, Vaasa, Finlandia) es un político finlandés de habla sueca. Fue Ministro de Cultura y Deporte de Finlandia en el gabinete de Matti Vanhanen 2007-2011, Ministro de Defensa en el gabinete de Jyrki Katainen 2011-2012 y miembro del Parlamento 2007-2019.

Biografía

Wallin nació en Vaasa y estudió en la Universidad Åbo Akademi en Turku, donde se graduó con una Maestría en Ciencias Sociales. Trabajó como reportero para el periódico Vasabladet de 1989 a 1993 antes de actuar como asistente de investigación para el Partido Popular de Suecia. Se desempeñó como Asesor Especial sucesivamente para los Ministros de Transporte, Asuntos Europeos y Comercio Exterior, Interior y Defensa de 1994 a 2000.

Fue Subdirector Jefe y escritor líder del periódico Åbo Underrättelser de 2000 a 2005. Luego se desempeñó como Secretario de Estado del Ministro de Medio Ambiente de 2005 a 2007.

Wallin fue nombrado Ministro de Medio Ambiente y Ministro del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores responsable de la cooperación nórdica por el presidente Tarja Halonen el 29 de diciembre de 2006. Sucedió a Jan-Erik Enestam, quien también fue el predecesor de Wallin como presidente del Partido Popular Sueco. El 22 de junio de 2011 fue nombrado ministro de Defensa. Renunció al cargo en 2012, cuando fue sucedido por Carl Haglund como ministro de Defensa, así como el presidente del partido.

El 14 de junio de 2016, Wallin fue elegido presidente del grupo parlamentario sueco, después de que la anterior presidenta, Anna-Maja Henriksson, hubiera sido elegida como líder del partido. En febrero de 2018, Wallin anunció que no participaría en las elecciones parlamentarias de 2019. En abril de 2019, poco después de las elecciones parlamentarias, Wallin fue anunciado como el nuevo CEO de Milton Networks.

Referencias

Políticos de Finlandia del siglo XXI
Luteranos de Finlandia
Nacidos en Vaasa

Stefan Wallin


Les élections municipales de 1983 à Nice ont eu lieu le .

Mode de scrutin
Le mode de scrutin à Nice est celui des communes de plus de  : la liste arrivée en tête obtient la moitié des sièges du conseil municipal. Le reste est réparti à la proportionnelle entre toutes les listes ayant obtenu au moins 5 % des voix. Un deuxième tour est organisé si aucune liste n'atteint 50 % des suffrages exprimés ; seules les listes ayant obtenu au  moins 10 % peuvent s'y présenter, elles peuvent alors fusionner avec les listes ayant obtenu au moins 5 % des voix.

Comme dans toutes les communes de plus de , hormis Paris, Lyon et Marseille, le conseil municipal de Nice est composé de 69 conseillers municipaux.

En 1977, la ville de Nice était divisée en trois secteurs, comprenant respectivement 17, 18 et 14 sièges au conseil municipal. La liste arrivant en tête dans un secteur remporte la totalité des sièges du secteur. Il y avait donc 49 conseillers municipaux en tout. Comme précisé ci-dessus, leur nombre passe à 69 en 1983.

Contexte

Rappel des résultats de l'élection de 1977

Les listes du maire sortant Jacques Médecin (CR) arrivent en tête au second tour dans les trois secteurs, malgré un faible écart de voix avec les listes de Charles Caressa (PCF).

Cependant, l'élection dans le troisième secteur est annulée. Une élection partielle a lieu le . Elle est remportée par la liste conduite par Virgile Pasquetti (PCF) face à la liste conduite par Roger Binda (RPR) et soutenue par Jacques Médecin.

Candidats
 Max Gallo conduit une liste du PS, du PCF et du MRG
 Henri Roubault mène une liste écologiste
 M. Panizzoli mène une liste divers droite
 Fernand Icart conduit une liste dissidente de l'UDF
 Jacques Médecin, maire sortant est soutenu par le RPR et l'UDF
 Alain Seiller conduit une liste du FN

Résultats

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Élections municipales françaises de 1983
 Élections municipales à Nice

Nice
1983

Élections municipales de 1983 à Nice


Die Ponte Dona Ana ist eine Eisenbahnbrücke über den unteren Sambesi zwischen den Orten Sena und Mutarara in Mosambik und verbindet so die beiden Hälften des Landes.

Die insgesamt 3543 m lange Brücke mit einem Kapspur-Gleis galt als die längste Eisenbahnbrücke der Welt und ist gegenwärtig die längste Eisenbahnbrücke Afrikas. Sie besteht aus 33 stählernen, genieteten Fachwerkbögen mit Pfeilerachsabständen von 80 m und 7 Bögen von 50,3 m sowie einer 550,4 m langen Vorlandbrücke, die an eine niedrige Trestle-Brücke erinnert. An ihrer nördlichen, flussaufwärts gelegenen Seite hat sie einen Fußgängersteg.

Die Brücke wurde zwischen 1931 und 1935 während der portugiesischen Kolonialzeit erbaut, um das britische Protektorat Nyassaland (bis 1907 British Central Africa, heute Malawi) und die mosambikanischen Kohleminen von Moatize mit dem Hafen von Beira zu verbinden. Auftraggeber waren die Central Africa Railway Company und die ebenfalls britische Trans-Zambesia Railway Company. Finanziert und betrieben wurde die neue Strecke mit der Brücke von der Nyasaland Railways Ltd. Gebaut wurde die damals Lower Sambesi Bridge genannte Brücke von der Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co., die 40 Jahre zuvor die Victoria Falls Bridge gebaut hatte. Auf der Baustelle waren zeitweise zwischen vier- und sechstausend Mitarbeiter beschäftigt. Erst 1968 wurde die Strecke von portugiesischen Unternehmern erworben.

Ende 1982, während des mosambikanischen Bürgerkriegs, machten RENAMO-Rebellen das Bauwerk unbrauchbar.

1995 konnte die Brücke, gefördert durch Mittel des USAID, als einspurige Straßenbrücke wieder instand gesetzt werden. Sie war damit zwar nicht Teil einer großen Verkehrsstraße, bot aber eine alternative Möglichkeit, in Mosambik den Sambesi zu queren. Die einzige andere Möglichkeit war die Ponte Samora Machel in Tete. Die Ponte Dona Ana war bis dahin die letzte Brücke vor der Mündung des Sambesi in den Indischen Ozean. 2007 begannen jedoch die Bauarbeiten an der Ponte Armando Guebuza bei Caia, die die Fähre von Caia ersetzt und seit ihrer Fertigstellung im August 2009 die letzte Brücke vor dem Ozean ist.

Die Ponte Don Ana wurde ab 1. Juli 2006 umgebaut und ist seit 2009 wieder als Eisenbahnbrücke in Betrieb.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Dona Ana
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren
Provinz Tete
Provinz Sofala
Brücke in Afrika
Sambesibrücke

Ponte Dona Ana


Bel-Aire bezeichnet mehrere Orte

in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Bel-Aire (Kansas)
 Bel-Aire (Tiburon), Stadtteil von Tiburon, Kalifornien
 Bel-Aire (Tennessee)
 Bel-Aire (Norfolk), Stadtteil von Norfolk, Virginia

in Kanada:
 Bel-Aire (Calgary), Stadtteil von Calgary

Siehe auch:
 Bel-Air
 Bellaire

Bel-Aire


Drugi svjetski rat po nadnevcima: 5. siječnja u Drugom svjetskom ratu.

1942.
Prema dogovoru s Trećim Carstvom, 1. korpus Bugarskih oružanih snaga započeo okupaciju jugoistoka Srbije.

Drugi svjetski rat po nadnevcima

5. siječnja u Drugom svjetskom ratu


Türkün Ateşle İmtihanı, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ve yakın tarihinin, belli bir zaman kesitinde, şartların, bu şartlar içerisinde nasıl bir zaferin kazanıldığını konu alan, Halide Edib Adıvar'ın o günlerin bir portresini yazdığı anıları.

4-Ocak-2009 tarihli Fatih Altaylı'nın Teke Tek programına katılan Dr. Yusuf Hakan Erdem kendi kitabında da değindiği, Turkish Ordeal'ın Halide Edip Adıvar'ın yazdığı Türk'ün Ateşle İmtihanı isimli kitabının İngilizce çevirisi olmadığını anlattı. Dr. Yusuf Hakan Erdem, Vedat Günyol'un bir röportajında olayı itiraf olarak anlattığını söyledi. Şöyle ki; Halide Edip Adıvar bu kitabını hazırladığı dönemde hastadır ve kitabın Türkçe halini dikte ile Vedat Günyol'a yazdırmıştır. Daha sonra İngilizce hali Turkish Ordeal'ı Vedat Günyol'un hazırlamasını istemiştir. Vedat Günyol ise Halide Edip Adıvar'a kızgınlığından dolayı kitabın İngilizce halindeki bazı noktalarda orijinalinden farklı ve zıt ifadeler kullanmıştır.

Anı kitapları
Halide Edib Adıvar Hatıratı
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Türkün Ateşle İmtihanı


Sanz es un apellido común en España. A nivel de España es el apellido 24º por frecuencia. Según datos del 2019 del INE, lo llevan como primer apellido 92.066 españoles y 90.809 como segundo apellido.
Es un apellido de origen alemán, puesto que proviene de la región germana de Sajonia, más concretamente de la familia de los condes de Anhalt, regidora de la región. Se dice que su origen en España radica en la localidad valenciana de Játiva, donde se situó su casa solariega más antigua. Jacques de Sanz, un noble pariente de esta familia, fue el primero en portar este apellido en España cuando ayudó al rey Jaime I de Aragón en sus conquistas. Gracias a las conquistas llevadas a cabo por el rey Jaime I y Jacques de Sanz el apellido se fue extendiendo por el territorio.

Distribución

Está distribuido en España por frecuencia, principalmente en la provincia de Segovia, seguido de las provincias de Soria y Valladolid y otras provincias de Castilla y León.

Heráldica

El escudo principal consiste en: En campo de azur, una ala de plata; el jefe de oro con cuatro palos de gules. Otros tienen: En campo de plata, una banda de azur, de tres piezas, con bordura de azur

Bibliografía
 Blasones de Armas y Linajes de España, de Diego Urbina.
 Blasones, de Juan Francisco de Hita,
 Estudios de Heráldica Vasca, de Juan Carlos de Guerra.
 Nobiliario de Aragón, de Pedro Vitales.
 Nobiliario, de Jerónimo de Villa.
 El Solar Catalán, Valenciano y Balear, de A. y A. García Carraffa con la colaboración de Armando de Fluvià y Escorsa de la "Sociedad Catalana de Estudios Históricos".
 Apuntes de Nobiliaria y Nociones de Genealogía y Heráldica.
 Diccionario Etimológico de los Apellidos Españoles.
 Nobiliari General Català, de Félix Domenech y Roura
 Armería del Palacio Real de Madrid.
 Blasonario de la Consanguinidad Ibérica.
 Nobiliario Español, de Julio de Atienza.
 Observaciones Histórico Críticas a las Trovas.
 Armería Patronímica Española.

Referencias

Apellidos patronímicos del español

Sanz (apellido)


Cajobi es un municipio brasileño situado en el estado de São Paulo. Tiene una población estimada, en 2021, de 10 649 habitantes.

Localizada en la región norte del estado, Cajobi está a aproximadamente 430 km de la capital estadual, a una altitud de 565 metros.

Con un clima subtropical, el municipio hace límite con Severínia, Monte Azul Paulista, Embaúba y Tabapuã.

El municipio está formado por la sede y un distrito, llamado Monte Verde.

Geografía

Se localiza a una latitud 20º52'47" sur y a una longitud 48º48'34" oeste.

Posee un área de 176.93 km².

Demografía

Datos del Censo - 2010

Población Total: 9.768
 Urbana: 9.133
 Rural: 635
 Hombres: 5.025
 Mujeres: 4.743

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 55,22

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 13,79

Expectativa de vida (años): 72,36

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,40

Tasa de Alfabetización: 89,36%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,775
 IDH-M Salario: 0,674
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,789
 IDH-M Educación: 0,862
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Hidrografía
 Río Turvo
 Río de la Onça

Carreteras
 SP-322

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de la prefectura
 Cajobi en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo
Toponimia guaraní de Brasil

Cajobi


Parenteralna primjena lijeka je ona metoda primjene lijeka kojom se zaobilazi probavni trakt. Izvodi ju se izravnim unošenjem u tkivo. Prednost primjene je brzina, potpunost i što lijek u nepromijenjenom obliku stiže na željeno mjesto ili krvotok. Kemijska nepromijenjenost je važan razlog, jer neki lijekovi se prolaskom kroz probavni sustav razgrađuju poput inzulina. Izravni dolazak na ciljano mjesto ima i drugi razlog, jer trajanje učinka je drugačije, a tu je selektivnost učinka, jer lijek ide na pravo mjesto, dok doticajem s drugim dijelovima organizma mogu se dogoditi neželjeni učinci. Oblici kojim se unosi u organizam su ampula, infuzijske otopine, a načini injektiranjem (ubrizgavanjem) u venu (intravenski), u mišić (intramuskularno) ili pod kožu (subkutano).

Izvori

Medicina

Parenteralna primjena


Preko dvije milijarde ljudi govori engleski, čime je engleski jezik najveći jezik po broju govornika, a treći najveći jezik po broju izvornih govornika. S 300 milijuna izvornih govornika, Sjedinjene Države su najveća država koja govori engleski jezik. Kao što je prikazano na donjem pita grafikonu, većina izvornih govornika engleskog jezika su Amerikanci.

Uz to, u Velikoj Britaniji ima 60 milijuna izvornih govornika, 29 milijuna u Kanadi, 25,1 milijuna u Australiji, u Republici Irskoj i 4,9 milijuna u Novom Zelandu.

U Europskoj uniji engleski je jedan od 24 službena jezika i široko ga koriste institucije, a većina stanovništva kao materinski jezik u Irskoj te kao drugi jezik u ostalim državama članicama.

Procjene koje uključuju govornike drugog jezika uvelike se razlikuju, od 470 milijuna do više od 2 milijarde. David Crystal izračunava da su, od 2003., govornici kojima engleski nije izvorni nadmašili broj izvornih govornika u omjeru 3 prema 1. Kod kombiniranja izvornih i stranih govornika, engleski je jezik koji se u svijetu najčešće govori.

Pored glavnih sorti engleskog jezika, kao što su američki engleski, britanski engleski, kanadski engleski, australski engleski, irski engleski, novozelandski engleski i njihove podvrsta, zemlje poput Južne Afrike, Indije, Nigerije, Filipina, Jamajke, Trinidada i Tobaga također imaju milijune izvornih govornika dijalektnog nastavka, u rasponu od kreolskih jezika koji imaju engleski jezik do standardnog engleskog. Ostale zemlje, poput Gane i Ugande, također koriste engleski jezik kao svoj glavni službeni jezik.

Od 2012. godine, Indija tvrdi da ima drugu najveću svjetsku populaciju na govornika engleskog jezika. Najpouzdanija procjena je oko 10% njezinog stanovništva (125 milijuna ljudi), drugo mjesto u Sjedinjenim Državama, a očekuje se da će se učetvorostručiti u sljedećem desetljeću.

Zemlje koje govore engleski jezik kao materinski jezik

Postoji šest velikih zemalja s većinom izvornih govornika engleskog jezika koji su ponekad grupirani pod izraz Anglosfera. U broju govornika engleskog jezika to su: Sjedinjene Američke Države (najmanje 231 milijun), Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo (u Engleskoj, Škotskoj, Walesu i Sjevernoj Irskoj) (60 milijuna), Kanada (najmanje 20 milijuna), Australija (najmanje 17 milijuna), Republika Irska (4,8 milijuna) i Novi Zeland (4,8 milijuna).

Engleski je također primarni materinski jezik u zemljama i teritorijama Angvila, Antigve i Barbude, Bahama, Barbadosa, Belizea, Bermuda, teritorija britanskog Indijskog oceana, Britanskih Djevičanskih otoka, Kajmanskih otoka, Dominike, Falklandskih otoka, Gibraltara, Grenade, Guama, Guernseya, Gvajane, otoka Man, Jamajke, Jerseya, Montserrata, Pitcairnovog Otočja, Svete Helene, Ascenciona i Tristana da Cunhe, Svetog Kristofora i Nevisa, Svetiog Vincenta i Grenadinija, Južne Georgije i otočja Sandwich, Trinidada i Tobaga, Otoka Turks i Caicos i Djevičanskih otoka Sjedinjenih Država.

Iako većina svijeta ne govori engleski jezik, još uvijek se smatra diplomatskim jezikom zbog široke prisutnosti u razvijenim zemljama. To su široko kritizirali znanstvenici koji smatraju da bi trebali postojati i drugi jezici koji se smatraju "diplomatskim" usprkos sjedištu Ujedinjenih naroda koje je u New Yorku.

Vidi još
 Engleski jezik
 Anglosfera
 Povijest engleskog jezika

Izvori

Engleski jezik

Anglofonski svijet


خوسيه فيلالونغا ليورنتي، من مواليد 12 ديسمبر 1919، وتوفي في 8 أغسطس 1973، مدرب كرة قدم إسباني سابق.

درب نادي ريال مدريد منذ عام 1955 وحتى عام 1957، وفي عام 1959 انتقل إلى تدريب نادي أتلتيكو مدريد، واستمر في تدريبهم حتى عام 1962، وفي عام 1962 درب منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم حتى عام 1966.

مراجع

رياضيون من قرطبة
مدربو أتلتيكو مدريد
مدربو الدوري الإسباني
مدربو ريال مدريد
مدربو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
مدربو كأس العالم 1966
فيلالونغا
مدربو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
مدربون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدربون فائزون بدوري أبطال أوروبا
فيلالونغا
مواليد في قرطبة
فيلالونغا
وفيات في قرطبة

خوسيه فيلالونغا


The Alap (; ) is the opening section of a typical North Indian classical performance. It is a form of melodic improvisation that introduces and develops a raga. In dhrupad singing the alap is unmetered, improvised (within the raga) and unaccompanied (except for the tanpura drone), and started at a slow tempo.
For people unfamiliar with the raga form, it introduces the mode (the pattern of ascending and perhaps different descending scale) to the listener. It defines the raga, its mood, and the emphasized notes and notes with a secondary role. It's like an invocation.

Instead of wholly free improvisation, many musicians perform alap schematically, for example by way of vistar, where the notes of the raga are introduced one at a time, so that phrases never travel further than one note above or below what has been covered before. In such cases, the first reach into a new octave can be a powerful event.

In instrumental music, when a steady pulse is introduced into the alap, it is called jor; when the tempo has been greatly increased, or when the rhythmic element overtakes the melodic, it is called jhala (dhrupad: nomtom). The jor and jhala can be seen as separate sections of the performance, or as parts of the alap; in the same way, jhala can be seen as a part of jor.

Several musicologists have proposed much more complicated classifications and descriptions of alap. In the same way as traditional four-part compositions have a sthai, antara, sanchar and abhog, some treat alap with a four-part scheme using the same names. Bengali researcher Bimalakanto Raychoudhuri in his Bharatiya Sangeetkosh suggests classification both by length (aochar being the shortest, followed by bandhan, kayed and vistar) and by performance style (according to the four ancient vanis or singing styles – Gohar, Nauhar, Dagar and Khandar), and proceeds to list thirteen stages:

 Vilambit
 Madhya laya
 Drut
 Jhala
 Thok
 Lari/Ladi
 Larguthav
 Larlapet
 Paran
 Sath
 Dhuya
 Matha
 Paramatha

Even though Raychoudhuri admits the 13th stage is wholly extinct, as we see we are in jhala already at the fourth stage; the sthai-to-abhog movement is all part of the first stage (vilambit). Stages six and up are for instrumentalists only. Other authorities have forwarded other classifications. For example, when alap is sung with lyrics or at least syllables, as in dhrupad, it is called sakshar as opposed to anakshar.

See also
 Alapana
 Hindustani classical music
 Buka

References

Hindustani music terminology
Formal sections in music analysis

Alap


Cocquio Trevisago ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) in der Provinz Varese in der Region Lombardei.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 10,5 Kilometer nordwestlich von Varese und bedeckt eine Fläche von 9,56 km². Zu Cocquio Trevisago gehören die Fraktionen Caldana, Cerro di Caldana, Sant'Andrea und Torre. Cocquio Trevisago liegt am Parco del Campo dei Fiore. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Azzio, Besozzo, Cuvio, Gavirate, Gemonio und Orino.

Geschichte
Der Ort wird in den Statuten der Straßen und Gewässer des Contado di Milano von 1346 erwähnt und gehört zur Gemeinde Brebbia. Sie gehörte zu den Gemeinden, die zur Instandhaltung der Rho-Straße beitrugen (1346). In den Registern des Estimo des Herzogtums Mailand von 1558 und den nachfolgenden Aktualisierungen im 17. Jahrhundert war Trevisago noch in derselben Pfarrei enthalten.

Nach den Antworten auf die 45 Fragen von 1751 der II. Junta der Volkszählung wurde Trevisago zum glücklichen Andenken des Grafen Giulio Visconti Borromeo Arese belehnt, an den es jedes Jahr insgesamt 20 Lire und 5 Soldi als feudale Zählung und gepolsterte Abgabe zahlte.
Die Justiz wurde durch den Podestà von Gavirate ausgeübt. Der Gemeindekonsul leistete einen Eid auf die Strafbank des Vikariats von Seprio in Gallarate und zahlte 22 Soldi und 6 Denari pro Jahr.

Es gab weder einen allgemeinen noch einen besonderen Rat. Die einzigen Beamten waren der Kanzler, der Bürgermeister und der Konsul. Wenn Entscheidungen zu treffen waren, lud der Konsul die Familienoberhäupter nach vorheriger Ankündigung auf den öffentlichen Platz ein. Der Kanzler, der ein Jahresgehalt von 34 Lire erhielt, führte die öffentlichen Aufzeichnungen, bestehend aus dem Grundbuch und der jährlichen Lastenverteilung. Die Quittungen für die Zahlungen an die herzogliche Schatzkammer wurden vom Bürgermeister aufbewahrt.

Bevölkerung

 1809 Fusion mit Gavirate

Verkehr
Die Gemeinde liegt mit einem Bahnhof an der Bahnstrecke Saronno–Laveno. Durch die Gemeinde führt ferner die Staatsstraße 394.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Pfarrkirche Purificazione della Beata Maria Vergine bewahrt das Gemälde Heiligen Jerome, Augustinus und Teresa von Avila von Pietro Gilardi (um 1721 und 1722).
 Der Turm von Trevisago.

Literatur
 Cocquio Trevisago (italienisch) auf ilvaresotto.it

Weblinks

 Cocquio Trevisago (italienisch) auf lombardiabeniculturali.it, abgerufen am 17. Dezember 2015.
 Cocquio Trevisago (italienisch) auf tuttitalia.it
 Cocquio Trevisago (italienisch) auf comuni-italiani.it
 Cocquio Trevisago (italienisch) auf lombardia.indettaglio.it

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Lombardei

Cocquio Trevisago


Idas y vueltas es el tercer álbum de estudio del grupo catalán Muchachito Bombo Infierno publicado en 2010.

El disco está marcado por la influencia y las letras del líder de la banda, Jairo Perera que mezcla estilos tan dispares como rumba, funk, swing o rock and roll.

En el disco colaboran varios grupos del panorama español,  el dúo catalán Estopa en la canción "Cuestión de suerte", Soniquete de Jerez en la canción "Palabras" y el grupo G-5 en "La pandilla voladora".

Se lanzó como sencillo la canción "La noche de los gatos".

Lista de canciones
La noche de los gatos - 3:13
Caraguapa - 3:04
Tiras de mi corazón - 3:35
Cuestión de suerte - 3:20
Palabras - 3:27
La pandilla voladora - 3:22
El hombre cabra - 3:10
En el río - 3:22
La quiero a morir - 3:11
La mejor - 3:46
Cuatro días tú y yo - 3:24
Tiempos modernos - 3:43
La Bella y el Músico - 4:16

Referencias
Página oficial

Álbumes de Muchachito Bombo Infierno
Álbumes de 2010

Idas y vueltas


مرهم الكبريت هو دواء أو شكل صيدلانيٍ يستخدم علاج مرض الجرب وهو مرض جلدي طفيلي شائع

مرض الجرب
الجرب مرض جلدي يسببه حشرة الجرب اسمها  Sarcobic scabie، أعراضه عبارة عن بثور تسبب الهيجان الجلدي والحكة الشديدة ويزداد تأثيرها ليلا ، تنتشر في أماكن محددة في الجسم بشكل خاص في الساعدين والقدمين ومنطقة الحوض. مرض الجرب مرض معدي ينتقل بسرعة وسهولة خاصة بين أفراد البيت الواحد، وتستخدم هذه الميزة من أجل التفريق بين الجرب وأعراض الحساسية.

يشعر الناس بالخجل لكونهم مصابين بمرض الجرب ويجب اقناع المريض بأن المرض لا يختلف عن غيره من الأمراض الجلدية وذلك حتى لا يكابر ويرفض الخضوع للعلاج أو لكي لا يعطي معلومات خاطئة للطبيب لا تساعد على التشخيص الصحيح.

مكونات المرهم

المواد الفعالة
يتكون المرهم بشكل أساسي من مسحوق الكبريت كمادة فعالة لها القدرة على قتل الطفيل المسبب للجرب ويحتوي أيضا على مسحوق أكسيد الزنك الذي يؤثر كملطف ويزيل التأثير الحارق لمسحوق الكبريت على الجلد ، ويستخدم المسحوق أيضا في تحضير معاجين خاصة بمعالجة السماط أو ما يعرف بالالتهابات الجلدية الشائعة لدى الأطفال وأصحاب البشرة الحساسة.

المواد الإضافية المساعدة
يستخدم زيت البارافين بكميات قليلة جدا لكي يسهل عملية التحضير كما يستخدم الفازلين وهو مادة شبه صلبة كمادة ناقلة للمادة الفعالة وتعطي للمرهم قواميته.

نسب المكونات
تختلف نسبة المادة الفعالة في تحضيرة الدواء تبعا لكل لحالة كل إصابة، ولكن بشكل عام يمكن اعتماد النسب التالية:

مسحوق الكبريت = 10%

مسحوق اكسيد الزنك = 3%

زيت البارافين = 5%

الفازلين = يتم إضافة كمية تكمل وزن التحضيرة حتى 100%

طريقة التحضير
تستخدم طريقة الطحن من أجل التحضير باستخدام الأدوات الخزفية. توضع في البداية المواد الصلبة واحدا فالآخر وتطحن طحنا جيدا باتجاه معاكس لاتجاه عقارب الساعة ثم يوضع زيت البارافين وتطحن لمدة قصيرة ثم يوضع الفازلين شيئا فشيئا وتحطن المكونات وتخلط جيدا ويتم اختبار مدى جاهزية المرهم للاستخدام عن طريق وضعه على اليد ومحاولة نشره على أكبر مساحة من الجلد ويجب أن لا يلاحظ وجود أي مواد صلبة تحتك بالجلد ويجب أن يكون المرهم معتدل القوامية.

مراجع

مراهم

مرهم الكبريت


Cam Akers, né le 22 juin 1999 à Jackson au Mississippi, est un joueur américain de football américain qui évolue au poste de running back. Il joue pour la franchise des Rams de Los Angeles dans la National Football League (NFL).

Biographie

Carrière universitaire
Étudiant à l'université d'État de Floride, il joue avec les Seminoles de Florida State de 2017 à 2019.

Carrière professionnelle
Il est sélectionné au deuxième tour,  rang au total, par les Rams de Los Angeles à la draft 2020.

Lors de la semaine 11 contre les Buccaneers de Tampa Bay, Akers marque son premier touchdown en carrière dans la NFL dans la victoire de 27 à 24.

Il remporte le Super Bowl LVI avec les Rams le 13 février 2022.

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1999
Naissance à Jackson (Mississippi)
Joueur américain de football américain
Running back
Joueur de football américain des Seminoles de Florida State
Joueur des Rams de Los Angeles
Choix de draft des Rams de Los Angeles
Joueur vainqueur du Super Bowl

Cam Akers


لوكاس ستيفين غرابيل معروف بـ(لوكاس غرابيل) ولد في (23 نوفمبر 1984) في سبرينج فيلد، مايسوري في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ممثل ومغني أمريكي، اشتهر بعد دوره في الفيلم الغنائي  الذي قدمته قناة ديزني.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
راقصون أمريكيون
كتاب مثليون
مسيحيون أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنون من ميزوري
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلو مسرحيات موسيقية أمريكيون
ممثلو هاي سكول ميوزيكال
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
ممثلون من ولاية ميزوري
مواليد 1984
مواليد في سبرينغفيلد (ميزوري)
موسيقيون من سبرينغفيلد (ميزوري)
ناشطو حقوق إل جي بي تي أمريكيون

لوكاس غرابيل


පළමුවන සහස්‍රකයෙහි වැඩි කාලයක් තුල, කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපය සහ මැන්චූරියාවේ කොටස් අභිභවනය කළ,  කොකුරියෝ, බෙක්ජේ සහ සිල්ලා යන  පුරාතන කොරියානු රාජධානි හැඳින්වෙන්නේ කොරියාවේ රාජධානි තුන () ලෙසිනි. රාජධානි තුනෙහි යුගය පැවතුනේ ක්‍රිව  57 සිට ක්‍රිව 668 දී සිල්ලා රාජධානිය විසින් කොකුරියෝ රාජධානිය යටත් කරගැනුම තෙක් වන අතර, ඉන් අනතුරුව, දකුණු ප්‍රදේශයෙහි එක්සත්වූ සිල්ලා  සහ උතුරෙහි  බෝහායි යන රාජ්‍යයන් සහිතව උතුරු සහ දකුණු රාජ්‍ය යුගය (남북국시대) ඇරඹිණි.

මෙම රාජ්‍යයන් සියල්ලෙන් සම්පූර්ණ රාජධානි බවට ප්‍රවර්ධනය වීමට පෙර, මෙම යුගයට පෙර පැවති කාල පරිච්ඡේදය, සමහරවිට කොරියාවේ ප්‍රාග්–රාජධානි තුන  ලෙසින් හැඳින්වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

කොරියාවේ රාජධානි තුන


Odelir José Magri MCCJ (* 18. April 1963 in Campo Erê, Santa Catarina, Brasilien) ist ein brasilianischer Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Chapecó.

Leben
Odelir José Magri trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Comboni-Missionare bei, legte am 26. Juni 1988 die Profess ab und empfing am 18. Oktober 1992 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 11. Oktober 2010 zum Bischof von Sobral. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Apostolische Nuntius in Brasilien, Erzbischof Lorenzo Baldisseri, am 12. Dezember desselben Jahres; Mitkonsekratoren waren José Antônio Aparecido Tosi Marques, Erzbischof von Fortaleza, und Aldo Gerna MCCJ, Altbischof von São Mateus.

Papst Franziskus ernannte ihn am 3. Dezember 2014 zum Bischof von Chapecó. Die Amtseinführung fand am 14. Februar des folgenden Jahres statt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Bischof von Chapecó
Comboni-Missionar
Brasilianer
Geboren 1963
Mann
Person (Sobral, Ceará)
Religion (Ceará)

Odelir José Magri


Myrtuvíðir (Salix myrsinites) er runni af víðisætt  sem er uppruninn frá Norður-Evrópu. Hann verður lágvaxinn og þéttur. Myrtuvíðir kýs rakan jarðveg, visnuð laufin standa langt fram á vetur eða vor. Hann lifir upp í allt að 1800 metra hæð í Jotunheimen í Noregi.

Tenglar

Lystigarðurinn -Myrtuvíðir
Kjarnaskógur - Myrtuvíðir

Víðir
Víðisætt

Myrtuvíðir


Kandahār (; Kandahār, ;  Qandahār) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country, sharing a border with Pakistan, to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city, which is located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar. The Emir of Afghanistan sends orders to Kabul from Kandahar making it the de facto capital of Afghanistan, although the main government body operates in Kabul. All meetings with the Emir take place in Kandahar, meetings excluding the Emir are in Kabul.

The province contains about 18 districts, over 1,000 villages, and approximately 1,431,876 people (the 6th most populous province), which is mostly tribal and a rural society. The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the ethnic Pashtuns. They are followed by the Baloch people, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens and Hazaras.

Etymology
There is speculation revolving around the origin of the name "Kandahar". It is believed to have started as one of many cities named after the Hellenistic conqueror Alexander the Great throughout his vast (mainly ex-Achaemenid) empire, its present form deriving from the Pashto rendering of Arabic Iskandariya = Ancient Alexandria (in Arachosia).

A temple to the deified Alexander as well as an inscription in Greek and Aramaic by the emperor Ashoka, who lived a few decades later, have been discovered in the old citadel.

History

Excavations of prehistoric sites by archaeologists such as Louis Dupree and others suggest that the region around Kandahar is one of the oldest human settlements known so far.

The area was called Arachosia and was a frequent target for conquest because of its strategic location in Asia, which connects Southern, Central and Southwest Asia. It was part of the Medes territory before falling to the Achaemenids. In 330 BC it was invaded by Alexander the Great and became part of the Seleucid Empire following his death. Later it came under the influence of the Indian emperor Ashoka, who erected a pillar there with a bilingual inscription in Greek and Aramaic. The territory was ruled by the Zunbils before Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate arrived in the 7th century.

Mahmud of Ghazni made the area part of the Ghaznavids in the 10th century, who were replaced by the Ghurids. After the destructions caused by Genghis Khan in the 13th century, the Timurids established rule and began rebuilding cities. From about 1383 until his death in 1407, Kandahar was governed by Pir Muhammad, a grandson of Timur. By the early 16th century, it fell to Babur briefly. From then on the province was controlled as their easternmost territories by the Shia Safavids, who regularly had wars with the Sunni Mughals -who ruled Qandahar as a short-lived subah (imperial province), bordering Kabul and Multan subahs, from the 1638 conquest till its loss in 1648 to the great Safavid rival- over the region, until the rise of Mir Wais Hotak in 1709. He rebelled against the Safavids and established the Hotaki dynasty which became a powerful Afghan empire until 1729 when Nader Shah declared war on the Ghilzai rulers. By 1738 the last Hotaki ruler Shah Hussain was defeated in what is now Old Kandahar.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founding father of Afghanistan, gained control of the province in 1747 and made the city of Kandahar the capital of his new Afghan Empire. In the 1770s, the capital of the empire was transferred to Kabul. Ahmad Shah Durrani's mausoleum is located in the center of the city.

British-led Indian forces occupied the province during the First Anglo-Afghan War from 1832 to 1842. They also occupied the city during the Second Anglo-Afghan War from 1878 to 1880. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until the late 1970s.

During the Soviet occupation of 1979 to 1989, Kandahar province witnessed many fights between Soviet and local Mujahideen rebels. After the Soviet withdrawal the city fell to Gul Agha Sherzai, who became a powerful warlord and controlled the province.

At the end of 1994, the Taliban took over the area and set out to conquer the rest of Afghanistan. Since the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001, Kandahar again came under the control of Gul Agha Sherzai. He was replaced in 2003 by Yousef Pashtun followed by Asadullah Khalid and others. In the meantime, the United States established bases in the province. The various soldiers of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) were also housed in the bases. The main base was at Kandahar International Airport. Their main objective is to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) as well as build government institutions and assist the local population.

In spring 2010, the province as well as its capital city became a target of American operations following Operation Moshtarak in neighboring Helmand province. Kandahar has been the site of much of the violence in the War on Terror in Afghanistan. That year Kandahar was known as "the most dangerous, most unmerciful area of the country."

Politics and governance

Yousaf Wafa is the current governor of the province. His predecessor was Rohullah Khanzada. Gul Agha Sherzai was governor of the province before and after the Taliban five-year government. In early 2003, then-President Hamid Karzai transferred Sherzai from Kandahar to Jalalabad as Governor of Nangarhar Province. Sherzai was replaced by Yousef Pashtun in Kandahar.

In 2005, when Karzai won the first Afghan Presidential Elections, he appointed Yousef Pashtun as the Minister of Urban Development. After Pashtun, Asadullah Khalid governed the province until the appointment of Rahmatullah Raufi in August 2008. Raufi was replaced by Toryalai Wesa in December 2008.

Demographics

According to the National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA), the total population of the province was estimated at 1,431,876. Pashtuns make up the majority in province. There are also communities of Baloch people, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Hazaras and others. The main language spoken throughout the province is Pashto. Dari and Balochi is also understood by some, especially in the city of Kandahar where learning of Dari as a second language is promoted in public schools.

Tribes
The main tribes in the province are as follows:
Durrani
Barech
Popalzai
Alikozai
Barakzai
Achakzai
Momand
Mohammadzai
Ghilzai
Kakar
Babai
Tokhi
Norzai
Hotak
Taraki
Loudin
Brahui
Quraish
Sayed
Zurmati
Yousafzai

District information
In 1914 Kandahar was divided into the following districts:

 Kariajat (includes the suburbs of Kandahar and the Arghandab Valley)
 Mahalajat (Old Kandahar and surroundings)
 Daman
 Tirin
 Derawat
 Dahla
 Deh-i Buchi
 Khakrez
 Kushk-i Nakhud
 Maiwand
 Nish
 Ghorak
 Kalat-i Ghilzai
 Arghastan
 Tarnak
 Mizan
 Maruf
 Kadanai (named after the Kadanai river that flows through it)
 Shorawak

Today the province is divided into the following administrative divisions:

Transport and economy

The Ahmad Shah Baba International Airport is located east of the city of Kandahar. It is for civilian and military use. It serves the population of southern Afghanistan by providing domestic flights to other cities and international flights to Dubai, Pakistan, Iran and other regional countries. The airport was built by the United States in the 1960s under the United States Agency for International Development program. It was later used by Soviet and Afghan forces during the 1980s and again during the 2001–2021 NATO-led war. The airport was upgraded and expanded during the last decade by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

There is currently no rail service but reports indicate that at least one will be built between the city of Kandahar and the border town of Spin Boldak in the south, which will then connect with Pakistan Railways. Ground transport of goods is done by trucks and cars. A number of important roads run through the province and this helps the area's economy. The town of Spin Boldak serves as a major transporting, shipping, and receiving site. It is being developed so that trade with neighboring Pakistan increases.

Kandahar province has bus services to major towns and village headquarters. Its capital, Kandahar, used to have a city bus service that took commuters on daily routes to different destinations throughout the city. There are taxicabs that provide transportation service inside the city as well as throughout the province. Other traditional methods of ground transportation are also used. Private vehicles are on the rise in the country, with large showrooms selling new or second-hand vehicles imported from the United Arab Emirates. More people are buying new cars as the roads and highways are being improved.

Kandahar has been known for having well-irrigated gardens and orchards, and was famous for its grapes, melons, and pomegranates. The main source of trade is to Pakistan, Iran and other regional countries. Kandahar is an agricultural area and several of the districts are irrigated by the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority. The Dahla Dam is located in the province, north of the city of Kandahar. There are approximately 700 greenhouses in the entire province but farmers want the government to build more.

Healthcare

There are a number of hospitals in the province, most of them in the city of Kandahar. They include Aino Mina Hospital, Al Farhad Hospital, Ayoubi Hospital, Mirwais Hospital, Mohmand Hospital, Sial Curative Hospital and Sidal Hospital.

Education

Kandahar University is one of the largest educational institutions in the province. It has over 5,000 students, about 300 of which are female students. In partnership with the Asia Foundation, Kandahar University conducted a pilot project that provided female high school graduates with a four-month refresher course to prepare for the college entrance examination. The university is one of two universities in Kandahar that serve all of southern Afghanistan. The conditions in the university are poor but improving slowly. Kandahar University is far behind many of the other universities in the country because of insecurity and shortage of funding,

There are approximately 377 public and private schools in Kandahar province. The total number of students is 362,000. Of this, 79,000 are female students. Due to insecurity and other issues, many female students drop out before obtaining a diploma. Almost 150 educational institutes were closed in the past, according to the education ministry. Some of the well known public schools in Kandahar are Ahmad Shah Baba High School, Mahmud Tarzi High School, Mirwais Hotak High School, Nazo Ana High School, Shah Mahmud Hotak High School, and Zarghuna Ana High School. Private schools include Afghan Turk High Schools.

Notable people from Kandahar Province
 Royalty and statesmen
 Abdul Aziz Hotak – Second ruler of the Hotaki dynasty
 Abdur Rahman Khan – King of Afghanistan
 Ahmad Shah Durrani – Founding father of Afghanistan (Father of the Nation)
 Ashraf Hotaki – Hotak Emir of Afghanistan and shortly Shah of Persia (1725–1729)
 Dost Mohammad Khan – Founder of the Barakzai dynasty/Emirate of Afghanistan
 Hamid Karzai – President of Afghanistan
 Hussain Hotaki – Last ruler of the Hotaki dynasty
 Mahmud Hotaki – Third ruler of the Hotaki dynasty and Shah of Persia
 Mir Wais Hotak – Founder of Hotaki dynasty
 (Mohammad) Ayub Khan – Afghan Emir, defeated the British in Second Anglo-Afghan War
 Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal – Prime Minister of Afghanistan
 Nur Jahan – Empress of the Mughal Empire
 Sher Ali Khan – Emir of Afghanistan
 Timur Shah Durrani – Second ruler of the Durrani Empire
 Zaman Shah Durrani – Third ruler of the Durrani Empire

 Other politics, generals and administration
 Ghulam Haider Hamidi – Mayor of Kandahar who was killed in July 2011
 Abdul Ahad Karzai – Former tribal leader of Popalzai tribe, former Deputy Speaker of Afghan Parliament
 Yahya Maroofi – Secretary General of ECO
 Mohammad Arif Noorzai – tribal leader, former Deputy Speaker of Afghan Parliament
 Yousef Pashtun – Senior Advisor to the Afghan President, Former Minister of Urban Development, Former Governor of Kandahar Province
 Mohammad Omar Shairzaad - former member of the House of Elders
 Gul Agha Sherzai – Governor of Nangarhar Province
 Toryalai Wesa – Former Governor of Kandahar Province
 Muhammad Yousuf Wafa - Current Governor of Kandahar Province

 Culture
 Abdul Bari Jahani – Poet, writer, author of the Afghan National Anthem
 Abdul Hai Habibi- Poet, Writer, Historian, Founder and Developer of Academic Pashto era.
 Faizullah Kakar - Afghan epidemiologist. Previous Chief of Staff to President Ashraf Ghani, the Afghan Ambassador to Qatar, the Adviser to president for Health and Education, and the Deputy Minister of Public Health for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

See also
Kandahar
Khosrow Sofla
Lower Babur
Registan Desert
Tarok Kolache

References

Further reading
 Vogelsang, W. (1985). Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West.
 Dupree, Louis. (1973) Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Rashid, Ahmed. (2000) Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

External links

 Kandahar Provincial Overview by Naval Postgraduate School
 The Taliban's Campaign for Kandahar by Institute for the Study of War

Provinces of Afghanistan
Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Kandahar Province


HIT und CLOU sind ein Programmpaket zur Textverarbeitung, das ab 1983 gemeinsam von InterFace Computer GmbH und InterFace Connection GmbH, jetzt InterFace AG, entwickelt wurde. Für lange Zeit war es das Standard-Textsystem auf Rechnern von Siemens Nixdorf unter Sinix/reliantUnix und ist auch auf anderen Unix-Derivaten ablauffähig. CLOU läuft auch unter Windows.

Das Programmpaket wurde ab 1983 in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Siemens als Programm zur Textverarbeitung unter Sinix entwickelt. Dort löste es Microsoft Word 1.1 ab.
Zunächst nur als 'elektronische Schreibmaschine' mit integriertem Trennprogramm und Serienbriefgenerator konzipiert, wurde die Funktionalität in den folgenden Versionen rasch erweitert:
 Eine Büroumgebung, das HIT-MENÜ (genannt FIT), und Funktionen zur Formatierung und Bearbeitung von Dokumenten kommen hinzu.
 Ab Version 3, Ende 1986, wird CLOU, eine Programmiersprache (4GL) für die automatisierte Erstellung von Texten, Bestandteil des Programmpakets.
 Ab Version 3.1 enthält CLOU eine Schnittstelle zu SQL-fähigen Datenbanken.
 Ab Version 4.0 wird auch Proportionalschrift unterstützt.
 Mit Version 5.0, ab 1993, werden Wörterbücher der Firma Langenscheidt in acht europäischen Sprachen für die Rechtschreibprüfung verwendet.
 CLOU/CS (Client-Server) ermöglicht heute die Arbeit mit UNIX und Windows-Servern und die Generierung von Microsoft-Office-, RTF- und OpenDocument-Dokumenten.

HIT/CLOU wurde von vielen Behörden, z. B. der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, der Polizei der Länder Bayern/Nordrhein-Westfalen/Thüringen, aber auch in zahlreichen Unternehmen der Privatwirtschaft mit einem hohen Aufkommen an Schriftverkehr eingesetzt. Einer der ersten großen Kunden war der Gerling-Konzern. Weitere große Kunden waren beispielsweise ING-DiBa, Otto-Versand und die Stadt Hamburg.

Literatur
 Lars Schmiedeberg: HIT-Einstieg Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1990, ISBN 3-446-14976-7.
 Lars Schmiedeberg: CLOU Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1988, ISBN 3-446-15270-9
 Broßmann, Falkner, Schmiedeberg, "Systemhandbuch HIT V5.0", Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1993, ISBN 3-446-17493-1
 HITNews Ausgabe 1–29, Die Zeitschrift für HIT-Anwender, InterFace Connection GmbH, erschienen ab Oktober 1988 – November 1995,

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Textverarbeitung
Softwarepaket
Windows-Software
Unix-Software

HIT/CLOU (Textverarbeitung)


GS1 je neprofitna organizacija koja razvija i održava globalne standarde za poslovnu komunikaciju. Najpoznatiji od tih standarda je barkod, simbol otisnut na proizvodima, koji se može elektronički skenirati. GS1 barkodovi se skeniraju više od šest milijardi puta svaki dan.

GS1 standardi su dizajnirani kako bi poboljšali efikasnost, sigurnost i transparentnost opskrbnog lanca u fizičkim i digitalnim kanalima u 25 sektora. Oni formiraju poslovni jezik koji identificira, prikuplja i razmjenjuje ključne informacije o proizvodima, lokacijama, imovini i druge.

GS1 ima 112 lokalnih organizacija članica i 1,5 milijuna tvrtki korisnika. U Hrvatskoj, GS1 Croatia (Hrvatsko udruženje za automatsku identifikaciju, elektroničku razmjenu podataka i upravljanje poslovnim procesima) ima sva ovlaštenja nacionalne organizacije međunarodnog GS1 sustava te je s više od 3000 članica isključivi nositelj licencije GS1 u Republici Hrvatskoj.

Povijest

Godine 1969. sektor maloprodaje u SAD-u tražio je način da ubrza proces obrade na blagajnama u trgovinama.  Kako bi se pronašlo rješenje, formiran je ad hoc odbor za tzv. Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code.

Godine 1973. ta skupina odabrala je Jedinstveni kôd proizvoda (engl. Universal Product Code - UPC) kao prvi standard za jedinstvenu identifikaciju proizvoda, a 1974. osnovan je Uniform Code Council (UCC) za administriranje tog standarda. Dana 26. lipnja 1974. paketić Wrigley's gume za žvakanje postao je prvi proizvod s barkodom za skeniranje u trgovini.

Godine 1976. originalni 12-znamenkasti kôd proširen je na 13 znamenki, što je omogućilo korištenje identifikacijskog sustava i izvan granica SAD-a. Godine 1977. članice-osnivačice iz 12 zemalja u Bruxellesu su osnovale European Article Numbering Association (ЕАN).

Godine 1990. EAN i UCC potpisali su globalni sporazum o suradnji i proširili svoju prisutnost na 45 zemalja. Godine 1999. EAN i UCC pokrenuli su Auto-ID Centre, kako bi razvili Electronic Product Code (EPC), omogućivši da se GS1 standardi koriste i za RFID.

Godine 2004. EAN i UCC pokrenuli su Global Data Synchronisation Network (GDSN), globalnu inicijativu temeljenu na internetu, koja omogućuje trgovinskim partnerima da efikasno razmjenjuju matične podatke o proizvodima.

Godine 2005. organizacija, prisutna u više od 90 zemalja, počela je koristiti ime GS1.

Barkod

Barkod je najpoznatiji GS1 standard, jedinstveni simbol koji kodira identifikacijski broj proizvoda koji se može elektronski skenirati. To omogućuje praćenje, obradu i pohranu podataka o proizvodima diljem svijeta.

Barkodovi omogućuju veću sigurnost, pouzdanost, brzinu i efikasnost opskrbnih lanaca. Oni imaju ključnu ulogu u sektoru maloprodaje, omogućujući ne samo bržu obradu na blagajnama, nego i poboljšano upravljanje zalihama i isporukama i priliku za online prodaju na globalnoj razini. Uvođenje barkodova u sektor maloprodaje samo u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu je rezultiralo uštedama 10,5 milijardi funta godišnje.

Neki od barkodova kojima upravlja GS1 su: EAN/UPC (koristi se većinom za robu široke potrošnje), GS1 DataMatrix (koristi se većinom na medicinskim proizvodima), GS1-128 (za transport i logistiku), GS1 DataBar (za svježu hranu) i GS1 QR kod (za marketinške informacije).

Globalni lokacijski broj (GLN)
GLN (Globalni lokacijski broj, engl. Global Location Number) je numerički kod koji jedinstveno identificira bilo koju pravnu, funkcionalnu ili fizičku lokaciju u sklopu neke poslovne ili organizacijske strukture,

GLN se sastoji od brojeva koji nemaju posebno značenje te služe kao ključ za dohvat informacija iz baza podataka prilikom elektroničke razmjene podataka (engl. Electronic Data Interchange – EDI).

Prilikom učlanjenja, novim članicama GS1 Croatia se obavezno dodjeljuje tzv. primarni GLN broj koji se veže uz adresu sjedišta te OIB tvrtke.

GS1 u suradnji sa UN-om podržava održivu poljoprivredu diljem svijeta
Inicijativa pod nazivom "The Blue Number Initiative, A Global Registry for Sustainable Farmers" oslanja se na GS1 registar lokacija i GS1 standarde označavanja (GLN), što poljoprivrednicima, državnim institucijama i drugima omogućuje jedinstvenu identifikaciju lokacija te međusobnu komunikaciju kroz cijeli opskrbni lanac, uz upotrebu zajedničkog poslovnog jezika.

Koristeći GLN, GS1 registar svakom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu, neovisno o veličini i proizvodnji, dodjeljuje jedinstveni identifikator te evidentira certifikat svakog pojedinog gospodarstva, vezan uz održivi razvoj. Sve to dodatno otvara vrata globalnog tržišta hrane manjim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima, osobito iz država u razvoju.

Standardi
Najvažniji GS1 standard je GTIN (Globalni broj trgovačke jedinice, engl. Global Trade Item Number). On jedinstveno identificira proizvod diljem svijeta i formira bazu GS1 sustava.

Osnovni GS1 standardi su:

 ALE
 CBV
 EAN/UPC barkodovi
 EPC/RFID tags
 EPCIS
 GDSN
 GDTI
 GEPIR
 GIAI
 GINC
 GLN
 GPC
 GRAI
 GS1 DataBar
 GS1 Datamatrix
 GS1 EANCOM
 GS1 EDI
 GS1 SmartSearch
 GS1 XML
 GSIN
 GSRN
 GTIN
 HF Air Interface
 LLRP
 SSCC
 TDS
 TDT
 Traceability
 UHF Gen2 Air Interface

Mnogi GS1 standardi su također i ISO standardi, na primjer GTIN, GLN, SSCC.

GS1 također djeluje i kao sekretarijat za ISO Tehnički odbor za Tehnike automatske identifikacije i prikupljanja podataka (engl. ISO's Automatic identification and data capture techniques technical committee - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31).

GS1 standardi se razvijaju i održavaju kroz GS1 Global Standards Management Process (GSMP), forum temeljen na zajednici koja spaja predstavnike iz različitih industrija i tvrtki. Zajednički oni traže i implementiraju rješenja temeljena na standardima, kako bi riješili česte izazove u opskrbnom lancu.

Sektori

Maloprodaja
Maloprodaja je prvi sektor u kojem je GS1 počeo raditi i ostala je njegov primarni fokus. Danas GS1 djeluje u četiri maloprodajna podsektora na globalnoj razini: tekstilna industrija, svježa hrana, prehrambeni sektor i roba široke potrošnje.

Ključna područja fokusa u maloprodaji uključuju održivost, kvalitetu podataka, usklađenost s regulatornim zahtjevima, sljedivost proizvoda od izvora do isporuke i integraciju između proizvođača i dobavljača.

Budući da se potrošači nastavljaju prebacivati s kupovine u fizičkim trgovinama na online trgovine i obratno, oni očekuju konzistentno iskustvo kupovine, efikasnost, sigurnost i brzinu. GS1 je razvio standarde koji jedinstveno identificiraju proizvode za dobrobit potrošača i tražilica, digitalno pružajući točne i potpune podatke o proizvodu.

Velike internetske trgovine poput eBaya, Amazona i Google Shoppinga zahtijevaju od tvrtki korištenje GS1 standarda kao uvjet za prodaju na njihovim web-stranicama.

Zdravstvo
GS1 već mnogo godina djeluje u sektoru zdravstva s primarnim ciljem povećanja sigurnosti pacijenta i povećanja efikasnosti opskrbnog lanca.

Korištenje GS1 standarda u zdravstvu podržava sljedivost proizvoda od proizvođača do pacijenta, doprinosi detektiranju krivotvorenih proizvoda, pomaže prevenciji pogrešaka u vezi s lijekovima, omogućuje efikasan opoziv proizvoda i podržava kliničke procese.

Iz navedenih razloga regulatorna tijela diljem svijeta nalažu implementaciju GS1 standarda na lijekove i medicinska pomagala.

Serijalizacija lijekova
Cilj Direktive 2011/62/EU (FMD – Falsified Medicine Directive) i Delegirane uredbe EU 2016/161 je spriječiti ulazak krivotvorenih lijekova u legalan opskrbni lanac. Zahtijevaju se sigurnosna svojstva i jedinstvena identifikacija lijekova koji se izdaju na recept na razini cijele Europske unije, a rok za provedbu u zemljama članicama EU-a je 9. veljače 2019.

Direktiva i delegirana uredba uvode dva obvezna sigurnosna elementa koja omogućuju verifikaciju i autentifikaciju lijekova:
 Jedinstveni identifikator - mora se kodirati koristeći 2D DataMatrix te zapisati u obliku čitljivom ljudskom oku, a mora sadržavati oznaku proizvoda (GTIN), serijski broj, rok valjanosti i broj serije;
 Zaštita od otvaranja (engl. Anti-Tampering Device) - sigurnosna oznaka koja omogućava provjeru je li pakiranje lijeka otvarano ili izmijenjeno.
Medicinska pomagala i in-vitro dijagnostički medicinski proizvodi

Europska komisija, US FDA i IMDRF (International Medical Device Regulator Forum) nastoje omogućiti globalno usklađen i postojan pristup povećanju sigurnosti pacijenata, predlažući usklađenu regulativu za medicinske proizvode, koristeći globalne standarde.

Uredba EU 2017/745 o medicinskim proizvodima (primjenjuje od 26. svibnja 2020.),  EU 2017/746 o in-vitro dijagnostičkim medicinskim proizvodima (primjenjuje od 26. svibnja 2022.) i US FDA UDI (engl. Unique Device Identification) zahtijevaju jedinstvenu identifikaciju medicinskih proizvoda u cilju osiguravanja bolje zaštite javnog zdravlja i sigurnosti pacijenata. Navedeno zakonodavstvo usmjereno je na poboljšanje kvalitete, sigurnosti i pouzdanosti medicinskih proizvoda, povećanje transparentnosti informacija za korisnike, kao i na poboljšanje praćenja sigurnosti primjene i nadzora nad tržištem medicinskih proizvoda.

GS1 DataMatrix simbologija može se izravno primijeniti na različite vrste medicinskih proizvoda, čime se postiže efikasna identifikacija i praćenje instrumenata od korištenja do sterilizacije i pohrane. Osnovna karakteristika 2D kodova je mogućnost zapisa brojnih informacija na maloj površini i zato je ta vrsta simbologije najprimjerenija za instrumente, čija je površina ograničena.

Drugi sektori
GS1 globalno djeluje u još četiri ključna sektora: transport i logistika, posluživanje hrane, tehničke industrije i humanitarna logistika. GS1 organizacije-članice u više od 100 zemalja svijeta zajednički su usredotočene na više od 25 sektora.

Članstvo
GS1 ima više od 1,5 milijuna članica diljem svijeta. Tvrtke mogu postati članice tako da se učlane u bilo koju od 112 lokalnih GS1 organizacija-članica (u Hrvatskoj djeluje GS1 Croatia). Članstvo u GS1 organizaciji je dobrovoljno.

Upravljanje i struktura
Upravljanje GS1 ima tri razine:
 Prva razina - GS1 Generalna skupština (engl. GS1 General Assembly) koju čine predstavnici svih organizacija-članica.
 Druga razina - GS1 Upravni odbor (engl. GS1 Management Board) odgovoran je za globalne strateške odluke, a čine ga ključne osobe iz multinacionalnih kompanija i GS1 organizacija-članica. Lokalni GS1 odbori odgovorni su za lokalne strateške odluke, a čine ih ključne osobe iz nacionalnih kompanija. U odborima su jednakomjerno uključeni predstavnici tvrtki-proizvođača i trgovaca. Članovi GS1 Upravnog odbora su visoko rangirani predstavnici sljedećih kompanija:
 Abudawood
 Amazon
 Alibaba Group
 B. Braun Меlsungen
 Beijing Hualian Group
 Campbell Soup Company
 Carrefour
 Crossmark
 Deutsche Post DHL
 eBay
 Future Retail
 Google
 Independent Grocers Association
 Johnson & Johnson
 LF Logistics
 Маttel
 Mondelez
 Nestlé
 Procter & Gamble
 Smuckers
 Target
 Walgreens
 Walmart
 Wegmans
 GS1 Argentina, GS1 Australia, GS1 Canada, GS1 China, GS1 Germany, GS1 India, GS1 Malta, GS1 UK, GS1 US

 Treća razina – GS1 Globalni ured i lokalne GS1 organizacije-članice. GS1 Globalni ured vodi razvoj i održavanje novih standarda. Lokalne organizacije-članice fokusirane su na lokalnu implementaciju usluga i standarda.
Također, postoje dva odbora na globalnoj razini:
 GS1 Data Excellence Board (zadužen za GS1 strategiju o podacima)
 GS1 Innovation Board (zadužen za GS1 inovaciju i istraživanje i razvoj).

Financiranje
GS1 organizacije-članice diljem svijeta financiraju svoje lokalne članice putem godišnjih članarina i naknada za servise s dodanom vrijednošću: sljedivost, Data Quality, EANCOM, GDSN, itd.

Partneri
GS1 je partner mnogih međunarodnih organizacija, među kojima su:
 Consumer Goods Forum
 International Standards Organisation (ISO)
 NATO
 Ujedinjeni narodi
 UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR)
 Svjetska carinska organizacija (WCO)
 International Society for Quality in Health Care (ISQua)
 Joint Initiative Council (JIC)
 GCI (Global Commercial Initiative)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 www.gs1.org
 www.gs1hr.org

Neprofitne organizacije
Međunarodne organizacije

GS1


في الرياضيات، الإحداثيات المتجانسة التي تم تقديم مفهومها من قبل أوغست فيرديناند موبيوس في عام 1827 تسمح بتمثيل التحويلات الأفينية بشكل بسيط باستخدام المصفوفات. كما تسهل إجراء الحسابات في فضاء الإسقاط كما يسهل نظام الإحداثيات الديكارتية هذه الحسابات في الفضاء الإقليدي.

تكتب الإحداثيات المتجانسة لنقطة تنتمي إلى فضاء الإسقاط ذو البعد n بالصيغة (x : y : z : ... : w) على شكل متجه من صف واحد طوله n+1.

مراجع

العلم في 1827
جبر خطي
هندسة إسقاطية

إحداثيات متجانسة


الأداة النقدية أو التعليق النقدي (باللاتينية apparatus critics) معلومات نقدية من المصادر الأولية ترافق طبعة نصٍ ما، وتكون عادةً نتيجة للنقد النصي.

مراجع

ببليوجرافيا
نقد نصي

أداة نقدية


Zdeněk Švestka, né le  à Prague (Tchécoslovaquie) et mort le  à Bunschoten (Pays-Bas), est un astronome tchèque. Pendant plusieurs décennies, il a été le plus grand expert mondial des éruptions solaires. Il a étudié les mathématiques et la physique à l'université Charles de Prague jusqu'à l'obtention de son diplôme en 1948. Avec Cornelis de Jager, il a été cofondateur et rédacteur en chef de la revue . Pendant , de la création de la revue en 1967 jusqu'à sa retraite en 2005, il s'est occupé de tous les articles sur les éruptions solaires, tandis que De Jager s'est occupé de tout le reste. La planète mineure  porte son nom.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1925
Naissance à Prague
Décès en mars 2013
Décès dans la province d'Utrecht
Étudiant de l'université Charles de Prague
Astronome tchécoslovaque
Astronome tchèque du XXe siècle
Astronome tchèque du XXIe siècle
Éponyme d'un objet céleste
Décès à 87 ans
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Zdeněk Švestka


Jordan Habets (né le  à Maastricht) est un coureur cycliste néerlandais, membre de l'équipe Metec-Solarwatt-Mantel.

Biographie

En 2020, Jordan Habets rejoint le club WP Groot Amsterdam. Il s'impose sur la Carpathian Couriers Race, réservée aux coureurs de moins de 23 ans. L'année suivante, il se classe quatrième de cette même course et cinquième du Trofeo Alcide Degasperi.

Il intègre l'équipe continentale Metec-Solarwatt-Mantel à partir de 2022.

Palmarès
 2019
  de l'Omloop der Vlaamse Gewesten
 2020
 Carpathian Couriers Race
 2022
  du Circuit des Ardennes international
  du Hel van Voerendaal
 2023
  de l'Alpes Isère Tour
  du Prix national de clôture

Classements mondiaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste néerlandais
Naissance en novembre 2001
Naissance à Maastricht

Jordan Habets


Kersti Kaljulaid (født 30. december 1969 i Tartu) er en estisk politiker som var Estlands præsident fra 2016 til 2021. Hun var det første kvindelige statsoverhoved i Estland siden landet erklærede uafhængighed i 1918, samt den yngste præsident (46 år) på tidspunktet for hendes valg.

Kaljulaid er en tidligere statsembedsmand, der fungerede som Estlands repræsentant ved Den Europæiske Revisionsret fra 2004 til 2016. Efter flere mislykkede valgrunder ved det estiske præsidentvalg i 2016 blev Kaljulaid nomineret den 30. september 2016 af et flertal af partierne som en fælles præsidentkandidat, som den eneste officielle kandidat til den næste valgrunde. Kaljulaid blev valgt til præsident den 3. oktober 2016 med 81 stemmer og 17 som undlod at stemme.

Referencer

Estlands præsidenter
Politikere fra Estland
Personer fra Tartu

Kersti Kaljulaid


Francisco Javier Martínez de Zaldúa y Racines was a Colombian, lawyer and politician, elected President of Colombia in 1882.

Biographic data
Zaldúa was born in Bogotá, Cundinamarca, on December 3, 1811. He died in the same city, in the Government Palace, on December 21, 1882. He was the first Colombian President to die while in office.

Early life
His father was don Manuel Maria Zaldúa, a prominent member of the Nueva Granada high society and a very wealthy man. He donated most of his fortune to the cause of independence and in particular to General Antonio Nariño. When the Spanish "Pacificador", General Pablo Morillo, made his triumphant entry in Bogotá, the Zaldúa family was attending the military parade. Zaldúa's father was so offended and outraged, that he suffered a massive heart attack and died instantly.

Zaldúa studied jurisprudence and theology at the "Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé", where he graduated with a double mayor and obtained diplomas in Law and Divinity.

Professional career
Zaldúa was a professor of Civil Law and Canonical Law between 1837 and 1866. He later entered the judicial branch where he advanced all the way to Justice of the Supreme Court. As President of this legislative body, Zaldúa became the de facto President of the United States of Colombia for 6 days, when President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera ceded executive power to the convention, and until the said convention elected a Council of Ministers to serve collectively as the Colombian head of state.

Political career

Zaldúa initiated his political career by being elected to the City Council of Bogotá. In 1840 he was elected to the House of Representatives and, later to the Senate, both in representation of his native state of Cundinamarca. He was also appointed as Minister of Government during the administration of President José Hilario López.

Zaldúa served as President of the Rionegro Convention, a constituent assembly that created the United States of Colombia, now the Republic of Colombia.

Presidency
In 1881, the presidential campaign to succeed the conservative President Rafael Núñez was taking place. Zaldúa was a man of immense prestige and reputation and José María Rojas Garrido nominated him as candidate for the presidency. The Colombian Liberal Party, which had been divided for many years, united around his name.

Zaldúa was 71 years old by then. Former president Aquileo Parra led the convention's commission that went to his home to request his acceptance. Zaldúa, in his acceptance speech said: "In the sunset  of my life, I have nothing else to offer to the liberal party, but my last days. I hereby accept this nomination as my death sentence". The Conservative Party abstained from the elections, and Zaldúa defeated fellow Liberal Solón Wilches. He was inaugurated on April 1, 1882.

Notes

References

1811 births
1882 deaths
Politicians from Bogotá
Presidential Designates of Colombia
Colombian people of Basque descent
Colombian Liberal Party politicians
19th-century Colombian lawyers
Presidents of Colombia

Francisco Javier Zaldúa


Tuanku Sir Syed Harun Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail  (Jawi: ; 25 November 1920 – 16 April 2000) was the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya, and later of Malaysia and sixth Raja of Perlis.

Early career
He was the son of Syed Hassan bin Syed Mahmud Jamalullail (1897–18 October 1935), sometime Bakal Raja or heir presumptive to the throne of Perlis, by his commoner wife Wan Teh binti Wan Endut (1898 – 27 December 1952). Born in Arau, he was educated at the Arau Malay School and later at Penang Free School between 1937 and 1939.   At the age of 18, he joined the Perlis administrative service, becoming a magistrate and in 1940, was transferred to Kuala Lumpur to serve as Second Magistrate in the Criminal Court.

The Perlis Succession Dispute
The fourth Raja of Perlis, Syed Alwi ibni Syed Safi Jamalullail (born 1881; reigned 1905–1943) was childless.  However, he had several half-brothers who were competing for the role of heir presumptive.  The succession to the Perlis throne was not automatic and an heir presumptive had to be confirmed in that post by the State Council comprising the Raja and several others.

Syed Putra's paternal grandfather Syed Mahmud (died 1919), was the oldest son of Raja Syed Safi ibni Almarhum Syed Alwi Jamalullail (the third Raja).  He was also a half brother of Raja Syed Alwi. He served as Raja Muda until 1912 when he was convicted and jailed in Alor Star, Kedah until 1917.  Two years later, he died in Alor Star.  On 6 December 1934, Syed Mahmud's son Syed Hassan was, by a three to one vote, selected by the State Council as Bakal Raja or heir presumptive.  However, Syed Hassan died on 18 October 1935.

On 30 April 1938, again by a three to one vote, the State Council chose Syed Putra (son of Syed Hassan) as the Bakal Raja.  This choice was opposed by Syed Hamzah, the younger half-brother of Raja Syed Alwi and himself Vice-President of the State Council on the grounds that Syed Putra was too far removed from the throne under the Islamic inheritance laws (primogeniture did not then apply in Perlis).  However, the British colonial rulers supported Syed Putra.

Japanese occupation
On the outbreak of the World War II, Raja Syed Alwi retreated to Kuala Kangsar, Perak.  He returned to Perlis on 28 December 1941 but was already very ill and state affairs were exercised by Syed Hamzah. Syed Putra was at the time serving in the judiciary in Kuala Lumpur and had been advised by Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor to remain there.  In May 1942, Syed Hamzah persuaded Raja Syed Alwi to withdraw Syed Putra's appointment as Bakal Raja and instead Syed Hamzah himself was appointed to that post.  Raja Syed Alwi died in Arau on 1 February 1943 and a day later, before the funeral,  Syed Hamzah was proclaimed fifth Raja of Perlis, by the consent of the Japanese Military Governor of Kedah and Perlis.

Syed Putra and his family stayed in Klang until 15 May 1942 when he returned to Perlis.  He lived in a hut near the Arau railway station and received a $90 a month allowance from Raja Syed Alwi but this ceased on the latter's death. On 29 March 1945 he left for Kelantan, the home state of his consort Tengku Budriah, where he sold cakes and sundry goods for a living.

Return of the British
The British Military Administration (BMA) under Lord Louis Mountbatten refused to recognise Syed Hamzah as Raja.  On 18 September 1945, Syed Hamzah abdicated. He went into exile in Thailand and died in Arau on 20 February 1958.

On 4 December 1945 the British proclaimed Syed Putra as sixth Raja of Perlis. He returned to Perlis from Kelantan, via Padang Besar. He was installed on 12 March 1949.

The Malayan Union experiment
Raja Syed Putra objected to the Malayan Union treaty on the grounds that it contravened the 1930 British-Perlis Treaty giving governing power to the Raja-in-council.  However, his protests that he signed under duress was rejected by the British.  Subsequently, like all other Malay rulers, Raja Syed Putra repudiated the Malayan Union treaty.

Election as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Raja Syed Putra was elected Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong by the Malay rulers and served in that office from 14 April 1960 until the death of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah on 1 September 1960.

Election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Raja Syed Putra was elected as the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong of independent Malaya and served in that office from 21 September 1960. At 39 years and 301 days, he is the youngest Yang di-Pertuan Agong ever elected. He was installed at Istana Negara on 4 January 1961. On 16 September 1963 upon the proclamation of the Malaysian Federation comprising Malaya, British Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore, he became Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. He completed his term in office on 20 September 1965. His son, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was elected as the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong and served from 2001 to 2006 after the death of the incumbent, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah.

Role as Yang di-Pertuan Agong
In September 1963, Malaysia was formed and Tuanku Syed Putra became known as the last King of Malaya before changed to Malaysia as he was first king under new federation and the only King of Malaysia that Singapore has ever had in modern history.

Raja Syed Putra's term of office as Yang di-Pertuan Agong was marked by the Indonesian Confrontation between newly created Malaysia and its larger neighbour, Indonesia.  He offered to stay on as Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the end of his term, to see out the end of Confrontation, but this suggestion was rejected by then prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman.

As Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he instructed proper treatment of the royal regalia, which he believed was partly responsible for the mysterious final illness and death of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, his immediate predecessor.

Later role
Raja Syed Putra became the doyen of the Malay rulers, giving advice to more junior Rulers especially during the constitutional crisis with the then prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad in 1983 and again in 1993.

Death
He died at the National Heart Institute, Kuala Lumpur on 16 April 2000 from a heart attack. At that time, he was the longest reigning monarch in the world, a position he inherited from Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein in 1989. He was buried at the Royal Mausoleum in Arau, Perlis.

Family life
Tuanku Syed Putra married twice:
 in 1941 to Tengku Budriah binti Tengku Ismail (1924–2008) of the Patani Sultanate in Thailand. She served as his consort with the title of Raja Perempuan of Perlis and as Raja Permaisuri Agong.  She is the mother of the current Raja of Perlis, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin as well as five sons and five daughters.
 in 1952 to Che Puan Mariam (née ; 23 April 1923–1986) by whom he had three sons and one daughter. She was a Thai Muslim from Bangkok and Miss Siam in 1939.

Awards and recognitions
He has been awarded:

Honours of Perlis
  :
 Recipient of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (DK)
  Knight Grand Companion (Dato' Sri Setia) of the Most Esteemed Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (4.12.1995) - SSPJ
  Knight Grand Commander (Dato' Sri Paduka) of the Most Illustrious Order of the Crown of Perlis (= the Star of Safi) - SPMP

Malaysian Honours
  (as Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1960-1965) :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Malaysia - DKM (1966, after reign)
  Grand Master (1960-1965) of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
  Grand Commander (SMN) and  Grand Master (1960-1965) of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
  Founding Grand Master (3–20 September 1965) of the Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia
  :
  Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (31 August 1958)
  :
  First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I)
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK)
  :
 Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK)
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS)
  :
 Member 1st class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK I) (24 October 1980)
  :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Perak (DK) (1985)
  :
  First Class of the Royal Family Order of Selangor (DK I) (1970)
 :
  First Class Member of the Royal Family Order of Terengganu (DK I)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) - Datuk Seri Panglima (1971)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) - Datuk Patinggi

Foreign Honours
  :
  Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) (1948)
  Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
 Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – Sir (1956)
  :
 Recipient of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB) (24 September 1958)
  :
 Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (21 December 1962)
  :
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile (17 April 1965)
  :
 Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (15 June 1964)
  :
 Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (24 April 1965)
  :
 1st class of the Nishan-e-Pakistan (28 December 1961)
  :
 Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna (GCS) (10 February 1961)
  :
 Collar of the Order of the Badr Chain (3 April 1965)
  :
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (20 June 1962)

Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
 Jalan Syed Putra, a stretch of the Federal Highway (Federal Route 2) between the old Kuala Lumpur railway station and Mid Valley Megamall.
 Tuanku Syed Putra Mosque in Kangar, Perlis
 SMS Tuanku Syed Putra in Kangar, Perlis
 Tuanku Syed Putra Stadium in Kangar, Perlis
 Kompleks Sukan Tuanku Syed Putra in Kangar, Perlis
 Dewan Tuanku Syed Putra, MRSM Beseri, Perlis
 SK Putra, a primary school in Kangar, Perlis
 Bangunan Tuanku Syed Putra in Penang
 Dewan Tuanku Syed Putra, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang
 Jambatan Tuanku Syed Putra in Kuala Perlis, Perlis
 Persiaran Syed Putra in Kuala Lumpur
 Kem Syed Putra, a military camp in Ipoh, Perak
 Tuanku Syed Putra Football Cup
 Tuanku Syed Putra Junior International Tennis Championship

Notes

 A nostalgic tale of two Putras, The Star, 14 August 2007.

Monarchs of Malaysia
Putra
1920 births
2000 deaths
Putra
Putra
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian people of Arab descent

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Members of the Royal Family Order of Kedah
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak
First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia
People from British Malaya
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm

Putra of Perlis


Genevieve O'Reilly (født 6. januar 1977) er en irsk skuespillerinde, der har medvirket i flere film og tv-serier. Hun er kendt for at have spillet oprørslederen Mon Mothma i Star Wars Episode III: Sith-fyrsternes hævn (2005) og Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016).

O'Reillys første optræden i tv var i en gæsterolle i afsnittet Slayer's Return i den canadiske serie BeastMaster i 2001. Året efter medvirkede hun i rollen som Kimberly Oswald i afsnittet Asylum Seekers i Young Lions. Fra 2002 til 2005 havde hun en fremtrædende rolle som Leanne Curtis i All Saints. Fra 2011 til 2014 medvirkende hun i en tilbagevendende rolle i serien Episodes sammen med Matt LeBlanc. Senere i 2014 medvirkede hun som Frances Pirsig i miniserien The Honourable Woman. I 2015 medvirkede hun som Mary Johnson i BBC's tv-serie Banished. I 2016 medvirkede hun i den britiske dramaserie The Secret, hvor hun blev rost af kritikkerne.

Udover sin optræden i tv er O'Reilly også kendt for hendes filmkarriere. Blandt de mere bemærkelsesværdige roller er Dash MacKenzie i Avatar (2004), Eve i kærlighedsfilmen Forget Me Not (2010) og Lady Flora Hastings i periodedramaet The Young Victoria (2009). En af hendes senere optrædener er i rollen som Tarzans mor i The Legend of Tarzan (2016).

Eksterne henvisninger

 Genevieve O'Reilly hos United Agents

Noter

Skuespillere fra Irland

Genevieve O'Reilly


آر  الاسم القديم: Arole، هو رافد لنهر الراين في سويسرا. هو إلى حد بعيد أهم رافد للراين قياسا على كمية المياه التي تصل عبره إلى نهر الراين، وذلك قبل نهر الموسيل ونهر الماين. طول نهر الآر هو 288 كيلومترا، والانحدار 1565 مترا، ومنطقة الاستجماع 17620 كيلومترا مربعا، ومتوسط تصريفه 590 متر مكعب / ثانية. وهو أطول نهر يبقى داخل سويسرا من منبعه إلى مصبه.

معرض صور

مراجع

أنهار الألب
أنهار سويسرا
أنهار كانتون أرجاو
أنهار كانتون برن
النقل المائي في سويسرا

نهر آر


Vikunjaen (Vicugna vicugna) er et dyr, som tilhører familien kameldyr og lever i Andesbjergene i Sydamerika.
Dyret når en mankehøjde mellem 75 og 85 centimeter og vejer mellem 35 og 65 kg. Vikunjaens pels er ret langhåret og er gulbrun på ryggen, mens den er hvid på strube og bryst. Hovedet er lidt kortere end hos dens slægtning guanakoen, mens ørerne er lidt længere. Den leverer en meget fin uld, som er meget dyr, idet vikunjaen kun kan klippes hvert tredje år og man skal indfange de vildtlevende dyr først.

På grund af den fine uld har dyret været efterstræbt i mange år og var ved at være truet, da det blev beskyttet gennem lovgivning i 1974, hvor bestanden blev anslået til at være omkring 6.000 dyr. Fredningen har hjulpet, idet der nu skønnes at være omkring 350.000 dyr.

Referencer

Eksterne links

Sydamerikas fauna
Kameler og lamaer

Vikunja


التجربة الدانماركية فيلم مصري من إنتاج عام 2003، بطولة عادل إمام ونيكول سابا.

قصة الفيلم
تدور الأحداث حول فيلم كوميدي يروي قصة فتاة دنماركية جميلة جدًا ومتحررة تنزل ضيفة على قدري وزير الشباب والرياضة وأولاده الشباب الأربعة ويتنافسون على نيل إعجاب الضيفة، إلا أن قدري يكسب ودها وتتبدل حياة العائلة.

الممثلين
 عادل إمام : (قدري المنياوي وزير الشباب والرياضة)
 نيكول سابا : (أنيتا هنري جوتنبرج الدنماركية)
 مجدي كامل : (محمود الأبن الأكبر لقدري وكان صحفيا يهاجم أبيه الوزير)
 خالد سرحان : (عبد الرحمن ابن ثاني لقدري)
 تامر هجرس : (إبراهيم ابن ثالث لقدري وبطل ملاكمة)
 أحمد التهامي : (حسين الابن الأصغر)
 سامي سرحان : (خدام فيلا الوزير)
 أحمد راتب : (شكري السيد مدير مكتب وسكرتير قدري)
 محمد الدفراوي : (رئيس الوزراء)
 غريب محمود : (صديق لقدري)
 طلعت زكريا : (ضابط شرطة)
 سعيد طرابيك : (صديق قديم لقدري المنياوي)
 خالد شبل : (بهاء)
 هبة عبد الحكيم : (ضيف شرف العروسة الخبرة)
 سيد صادق : (زوج والدة العروس الخبرة)
 رجاء الجداوي : (ضيفة شرف)
 أحمد حلمي : (ضيف شرف بشخصيته الحقيقية)
 منى زكي : (ضيفة شرف بشخصيتها الحقيقية)
 مصطفى هريدي : (ضيف شرف كدليفري بيتزا)
 يوسف عيد : (ضيف شرف بالمطار)
 حسن عبد الفتاح : (ضيف شرف بالمكتبة)
 حسين مملوك : (بطل برنامج (إديني عقلك))
 منير مكرم : (بطل برنامج (إديني عقلك))

فريق العمل
 إخراج: علي إدريس
 إنتاج: عصام إمام
 توزيع: الشركة العربية للإنتاج والتوزيع السينمائي
 تأليف: يوسف معاطي
 مونتاج: منى ربيع
 موسيقى تصويرية: خالد حماد
 مدير التصوير: أحمد عبد العزيز

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أحمد راتب
أفلام إنتاج 2003
أفلام باللغة العربية في عقد 2000
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مصر
أفلام عادل إمام
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام محمد الدفراوي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2003
أفلام نيكول سابا

التجربة الدنماركية (فيلم)


University of British Columbia (UBC) er et offentligt forskningsuniversitet beliggende i British Columbia i Canada. Universitetet blev grundlagt i 1908 som McGill University College of British Columbia og blev i 1915 uafhængigt og ændrede navn til sit nuværende. Det er British Columbias ældste højere læreanstalt og har i dag over 60.000 studerende ved sine afdelinger i Vancouver og i Kelowna i Okanagan Valley. De fleste studerende er tilknyttet de fem største fakulteter: Arts, Science, Applied Science, Medicine og Sauder School of Business.

Ifølge de årlige ranglister over universiteter er UBC blandt de tre bedste canadiske universiteter, og blandt de 30-40 bedste offentlige universiteter i verden. Syv forskere og tidligere studerende ved UBC har modtaget Nobelprisen og tre af Canadas premierministre har læst ved UBC, herunder landets nuværende (2017) premierminister Justin Trudeau.

Universitets bibliotek, UBC Library, er med 9,9 millioner eksemplarer et af de største forskningsbiblioteker i Canada.

UBC har siden 1968 været hjemsted for Canadas nationallaboratorium for partikel- og kernefysik, der råder over verdens største cyklotron. Andre faciliteter og institutioner omfatter The Chan Centre for the Performing Arts, The Beaty Biodiversity Museum med mere end 2 millioner genstande i sin samling, UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, The Nitobe Memorial Garden og Museum of Anthropology med mere end en halv million genstande.

UBC råder endvidere over to kollegier ('college'), der stilles til rådighed for kandidater: St. John's College og Green College.

Referencer

Ekterne henvisninger
 Universitetets hjemmeside

British Columbia
Etableret i 1908

University of British Columbia


La Eldorado Business Tower es uno de los mayores rascacielos de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, está ubicada en la calle "Rua Ofélia" en la zona oeste de la ciudad y posee 141 metros de altura o 462 pies, 36 plantas y su construcción terminó en el año 2007.

Véase también
 Anexo Rascacielos de Brasil
 Anexo:Rascacielos de São Paulo

Rascacielos de la Ciudad de São Paulo
Arquitectura de Brasil del siglo XXI
Arquitectura de 2007
Rascacielos de Brasil entre 100 y 149 metros

Eldorado Business Tower


Crocoideae, biljna potporodica, dio porodice perunikovki. Sastoji se od 5 tribusa. Najvažniji rodovi su šafran i gladiola.

Rodovi

 Subfamilia Crocoideae Burnett
 Tribus Tritoniopsideae Goldblatt & J. C. Manning
 Tritoniopsis L. Bolus (23 spp.)
 Tribus Watsonieae Klatt
 Watsonia Mill. (53 spp.)
 Pillansia L. Bolus (1 sp.)
 Thereianthus G. J. Lewis (11 spp.)
 Micranthus (Pers.) Eckl. (7 spp.)
 Codonorhiza Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (7 spp.)
 Savannosiphon Goldblatt & Marais (1 sp.)
 Cyanixia Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (1 sp.)
 Schizorhiza Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (1 sp.)
 Lapeirousia Pourr. (27 spp.)
 Afrosolen Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (15 spp.)
 Tribus Ixieae Dumort.
 Subtribus Gladiolinae Goldblatt
 Gladiolus L. (285 spp.)
 Subtribus Melasphaerulinae Goldblatt & J. C. Manning
 Melasphaerula Ker Gawl. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Freesiinae Goldblatt
 Zygotritonia Mildbr. (7 spp.)
 Xenoscapa (Goldblatt) Goldblatt & Manning (3 spp.)
 Freesia Eckl. ex Klatt (16 spp.)
 Crocosmia Planch. (8 spp.)
 Devia Goldblatt & J. C. Manning (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Hesperanthinae Goldblatt
 Geissorhiza Ker Gawl. (102 spp.)
 Hesperantha Ker Gawl. (92 spp.)
 Subtribus Tritoniinae Goldblatt
 Babiana Ker Gawl. (93 spp.)
 Chasmanthe N. E. Br. (3 spp.)
 Sparaxis Ker Gawl. (16 spp.)
 Duthieastrum M. P. de Vos (1 sp.)
 Dierama K. Koch (43 spp.)
 Tritonia Ker Gawl. (30 spp.)
 Ixia L. (100 spp.)
 Subtribuas Radinosiphoninae Goldblatt & J. C. Manning
 Radinosiphon N. E. Br. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Crocinae Benth. Hook.
 Crocus L. (243 spp.)
 Romulea Maratti (112 spp.)
 Afrocrocus J. C. Manning & Goldblatt (1 sp.)
 Syringodea Hook. fil. (7 spp.)

Izvori

Perunikovke

Crocoideae


Rodrigue Biron (born September 8, 1934) is a politician in Quebec, Canada. He was leader of the Union Nationale political party from 1976 to 1980, when he joined the Parti Québécois (PQ). He served as Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism in the PQ government.

Background

Biron was manager of his family's sewer pipe factory in Sainte-Croix, Quebec.  He and his wife Huguette Dionne have had three children.  His father Paul ran as the Liberal candidate for Lotbinière in the 1958 federal election.  Biron's late brother Paul Jr. (1933-2015) was a perennial candidate in provincial politics who has run under different labels including Parti Québécois in the Lévis in 1970 and Parti démocratie chrétienne du Québec, which was renamed Parti Unité Nationale in 2012.  Prior to entering provincial politics, Rodrigue Biron had been a card-carrying supporter of the Liberal Party of Quebec.  He also served as Chair of the federal Liberal Association for Lotbinière in 1962.

Mayor

Biron served as Mayor of the Town of Sainte-Croix, Quebec, from 1971 to 1973.

Member of the legislature

He became the leader of the conservative Union Nationale (UN) party on May 23, 1976.  The UN had once dominated Quebec provincial politics, but in the 1973 election, it lost all of the seats that it had held in the previous National Assembly.  However, the party returned to the National Assembly of Quebec by winning a by-election in 1974.

Biron led the party to a modest comeback in the 1976 election, winning 11 seats.  The party won one anglophone riding, where UN candidate William Shaw was elected capitalizing on discontent with Bill 22 language legislation passed by the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa.

The 1976 election had been won by the sovereigntist PQ, however, and the nationalist vote on which the UN had counted for support gravitated toward that party.  Biron resigned as Union Nationale leader on March 3, 1980, campaigned in favor of the Yes side in the 1980 Quebec referendum on sovereignty and joined the PQ on November 11 of that year.

In the 1981 election, he was elected as a PQ member of the National Assembly, and served as Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism.  Meanwhile, his former party, the Union Nationale, was again wiped out in the 1981 election, this time for good—the party never won another seat, and eventually ceased to exist.

The PQ lost the 1985 election, and Biron lost his seat.

Federal politics

In 1997, he unsuccessfully ran for the leadership of the Bloc Québécois, a federal (Canadian) sovereigntist party. When Preston Manning wanted to form the United Alternative, he recruited Biron to the steering committee.

Footnotes

See also
Politics of Quebec
History of Quebec
List of Quebec general elections
List of third party leaders (Quebec)

External links

1934 births
Living people
Mayors of places in Quebec
Parti Québécois MNAs
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
Leaders of the Union Nationale (Quebec)

Rodrigue Biron


قد يقصد بالحشوي:
 العضو الموجود في تجويف البطن، ولذلك يسمى بالعضو الحشوي
 الحشوية تسمية أطلقت على جماعة من أهل الحديث، طالع مصطلح الحشوية

حشوي (توضيح)


ඡායාරූපකරණයේ දී පෙරහනක් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ කැමරාවේ ප්‍රකාශ පෙත හරහා යෙදිය හැකි ප්‍රකාශ පෙරහනකින් යුත් කැමරා උපාංගයකි. රඳවනයකට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇති මෙවන් පෙරහනක් සමචතුරස්‍රාකාර හෝ සෘජුකෝණාස්‍ර ව්‍යුහයක් විය හැකිය. පොදුවේ මේවා ප්ලාස්ටික් හෝ ලෝහ වලයක් (මෙය කාචය හා සම්බන්ධ කළ හැක.) හා සම්බන්ධ කර ඇති වීදුරු හෝ ප්ලාස්ටික් තැටියක ස්වභාවය ගනී.

පෙරහන් මඟින් ඡායාරූපකරුවාට, ඡායාරූප නිර්මාණය සම්බන්ධයෙන් අමතර පාලන හැකියාවක් ලබා දෙයි. ඇතැම් විටෙක ඒවා ඡායාරූපයකට ඉතා සියුම් වෙනස් කම් සිදු කිරීමට භාවිතා වන අතර ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවලදී ලබා ගන්නා ඡායාරූප පෙරහනක් යොදා නොගෙන ලබා ගත නොහැකි වන තරමට පෙරහන මඟින් ඡායාරූපය වෙත එල්ල කරන බලපෑම ප්‍රබල විය හැකිය.

පෙරහන් භාවිතය නිසා ඇති වන සෘණාත්මක ප්‍රතිඵලයන් නොසළකා හැරිය හැකි තරම්ය. එවන් ප්‍රතිඵලයයන් අතරට සීරුනු හෝ අපිරිසිදු පෙරහන් භාවිතා කළ විට ඡායාරූපයේ පැහැදිලි බවට හානි සිදු වීම සහ පෙරහන හරහා ප්‍රචාරණය වන ආලෝක ප්‍රමාණය අඩු වීම නිසා අනාවරණය ඉහළ නැංවීමට සිදු වීම යන ඒවා අයත් වේ. මේ ගැටලු අතරින් පළමු වැන්න ප්‍රවේශමෙන් පෙරහන් භාවිතය සහ ඒවා නිසි අයුරින් රැක බලා ගැනීම මඟින් වළකාගත හැකි වේ. දෙවැනි ගැටලුව බොහෝ විට භාවිතා කරන ක්‍රමවේදය හේතුවෙන් හට ගන්නක් වන අතර නිසි ලෙස සැලසුම්කරණය සිදු කළහොත් ගැටලුවක් බවට පත් නොවේ. කෙසේ නමුත් ඉහත දෙවන කරුණ හේතුවෙන් ඇතැම් තත්ත්ව යටතේ පෙරහන් භාවිතය ප්‍රයෝගික නොවේ.

බොහෝ පෙරහන් ඒවායේ රැටන් (Wratten) අංකය මඟින් හඳුනාගැනේ.

ඡායාරූපකරණය අමුද්‍රව්‍ය සහ නිපදවීම

ඡායාරූප පෙරහන සෑදීම සඳහා බොහෝ විට වීදුරු භාවිත වේ.ඒ හැර ඇස් කණ්නාඩි සෑදීමට ගන්නා රෙසින් ප්ලාස්ටික්, පොලිඑස්ටර සහ පොලිකාබනේට් ද ඇතැම් විට ඇසිටේට් ද ඊට භාවිතා කෙරේ. අතීතයේ දී මෙම පෙරහන සෑදීම සඳහා ජෙලටින් හෝ ජෙල් භාවිතා කරන ලදි.

ඇතැම් විට පෙරහනයේ වර්ණය එය සෑදු අමුද්‍රව්‍ය සමග මිශ්‍රකොට ඇති අතර, තවත් විටෙක එය පිරිසිදු වීදුරු හෝ ප්ලාස්ටික් අතර තුනී පටලයක් ලෙස අන්තර්ගත කර ඇත..

විවිධ වර්ග වල පෙරහන් වීදුරු දෙක අතර විවිධ සංයෝග භාවිතා කරයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ධ්‍රැවීකරණ පෙරහන විශේෂ පටල භාවිතා කරයි.

පෙරහන් වල භාවිතා වන මුදු බොහෝ විට ඇළුමිනියම් වලින් සාදා ඇත. ඉතා වටිනා කාච වලනම් මේවා තඹ වලින් සාදා ඇත. ඇළුමිනියම් පෙරහන් මුදු, අඩු බරින් යුක්ත වුවද ඒවා ඉස්කුරුප්පු වලින් ඉවත් කිරීමට පෙරහන අඩුවක් අවශ්‍ය වේ.

පරාවර්තනය අඩු කිරීමට සහ පෙරහනය තුළට වැඩි ආලෝකයක් ඇතුළු වීම සඳහා උසස් තත්ත්වයේ පෙරහන වල ප්‍රකාශ ආලේපන කිහිපයක්ම ගල්වා ඇත. මෙසේ ආලේප කර නැති පෙරහනවලින් 9% ප්‍රතිශතයකින් ආලෝකයේ ගමන වළක්වාලන අතර ප්‍රකාශ ආලේපන කිහිපයක් ගල්වා ඇති පෙරහන මගින් 99.7% ක ප්‍රතිශතයකින්,ආලෝකය ඇතුලු වීමට සලස්වයි. ප්‍රකාශ ආලේපන නිපදවන්නන් මෙම පෙරහන විවිධ නම් වලින් අලෙවි කරයි.
 Hoya: HMC (Hoya Multi Coating)
 B+W: MRC (Multi Resistant Coating)

පරාවර්තනය හේතුවෙන් ඡායාරූපලව පිළිස්සුම් ඇතිවන අතර ආලෝකය අඩුවේ. මෙම සංසිද්ධිය ඉවත් කිරීමට බහු ආ‍ලේපන පෙරහන යොදා ගැනීම වැදගත් වේ. මීට වෙනත් විසඳුමක් ලෙස අධෝරක්ත හෝ පාරජම්බුල ඡායාරූපකරණය යොදාගත හැකිය

ඡායාරූපී උපකරණ
ප්‍රකාශ පෙරහන්

ඡායාරූපී පෙරහන


Norther; Helsinki, Finlandiya'dan bir melodik death metal grubudur.

Tarihi
Norther'in tarihi 1996 yılına, Toni Hallio ve Petri Lindroos'un, iki elemanla birlikte Monicker Requiem de çalması ile başladı. Kısa bir ayrılık ve prova yeri sorunundan sonra grubun elemanları üçlü olarak bulabildikleri yerlerde; evde, Hallio'nun
büyükannesinin tavan arası da dahil olmak üzere gençlik merkezleri ve kilerlerde çaldılar.

Grup, 1996 yılında Petri Lindroos ve Toni Hallio tarafından kurulmuştur. Şimdi ise vokalde Aleksi Sihvonen, gitarda Kristian Ranta, bateride Heikki Saari, basta Jukka Koskinen, klavyede Tuomas Planman bulunmaktadır.

Gruba ilk olarak bakıldığında Children of Bodom, Old Mans Child, Brimstone, Ethernal Tears of Sorrow gibi isimlere benzemektedir. Ancak çıkardıkları ilk albümde Final Countdown şarkısına yaptıkları scream dolu başarılı cover, "Youth Gone Wild" ve "Tornado of Souls" coverları, sahne performansları, melodik parçaları ve araya koyulan power riffleri grubun farklı bir tarz yarattığının göstergesidir.

Norther grubu çıkardığı N ve Till Death Unites Us albümleriyle tüm dünyada dikkat çekti ve hayranlarını bir kez daha etkilemeyi başardı. Sözlerinin pek beğenilmediği görüşünü savunanlar bu albüm ile birlikte az eleştiri kullandılar. Vokalin güzelliği ve melodiye uyumu gerçekten dinleyeni keyifli ve tat yakalamış tarza bürüdüler. Eski albümlerine nazaran daha melodik ve daha sert bir albüm ve daha çok klavye ön plana çıkarak türüne çok güzel bir örnek olmuştur. Gruptan Petri Lindroos ayrılmış, vokallere Aleksi Sihvonen geçmiştir.

Grup üyeleri

Şimdiki üyeler
 Kristian "Kride" Ranta – gitar, temiz vokal (2000–günümüz)
 Jukka "Jukkis" Koskinen – bas gitar (2000–günümüz)
 Tuomas Planman – klavye, synthesizer (2000–günümüz)
 Heikki Saari – bateri (2005–günümüz)
 Aleksi Sihvonen – temiz & scream vokal (2009–günümüz)
 Daniel Freyberg – gitar (2009–günümüz)

Eski üyeler
 Petri Lindroos – vokal, gitar (1996–2009)
 Toni Hallio – bateri (1996–2005)
 Tuomas (Stubu) – bas gitar (1996–1997)
 Roni Korpas – gitar (1996–1999)
 Sebastian Knight – klavye (2000)
 Joakim Ekroos – bas gitar (2000)

Üye kronolojisi

Diskografi

Stüdyo albümleri
 Dreams of Endless War (2002)
 Mirror of Madness (2003)
 Death Unlimited (2004)
 Till Death Unites Us (2006)
 N (2008)
 Circle Regenerated (2011)

Demolar ve EP'ler
 Warlord (2000)
 Solution 7 (2005)
 No Way Back (2007)

Tekliler
 "Released" (2001)
 "Unleash Hell" (2003)
 "Spreading Death" (2004)
 "Spreading Death" (DVD) (2004)
 "Scream" (2006)
 "Break Myself Away" (Çevrimiçi tekli) (2010)

Videografi

Aranjmanlar
 "Youth Gone Wild" (Skid Row)
 "The Final Countdown" (Europe)
 "Smash" (The Offspring)
 "Tornado of Souls" (Megadeth)
 "Sabotage" (Beastie Boys)
 "Bimbo" (Lambretta)

Dış bağlantılar

 Norther's official website

 An interview with Jukka and Petri @ ME Metalhour
 Norther  at Encyclopaedia Metallum

Fin melodik death metal grupları
1996'da kurulan müzik grupları
Century Media Records sanatçıları
Müzikal altılılar

Norther