Rodos (Yunanca: Ρόδος) Ege Denizi'nde ada, [12 Adalar]]ın en büyüğü, Yunanistan'ın, Meis adası hesaba katılmazsa, en doğuda bulunan adası, adanın aynı adlı idari merkezi. Türkiye kıyılarının en yakın noktası olan Bozburun Yarımadası'ndan 18 km (11 mil) mesafededir. Adanın 2019 nüfusu 130.000 olup, bunun 55.000'i Rodos şehrinde yaşamaktadır. Rodos şehri Yunanistan'ın On İki Adalar (Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekanisa) idari bölgesinin ve (Sömbeki, Herke, İleki ve Meis adalarını da içeren) Rodos ilinin (nomos) merkezidir.

Dünyanın yedi harikasından biri kabul edilen Rodos Heykeli (Kolossos) MÖ 280 yılında Dorlar tarafından Rodos liman girişinde inşa edilmiştir. Rodos şehrinin Tapınak Şövalyeleri tarafından inşa edilmiş kalesi ve Orta Çağ'dan kalma mahallesi UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi'ndedir. Adada ayrıca, Rodos Diagoras Uluslararası Havaalanı ile Rodos şehri arasında kalan kesimde toplanmış 5.500 nüfusluk bir Türk azınlık bulunmaktadır. İç kısımları ormanlıktır ve Türk çamı da denilen Pinus brutia ağaçları kızılçamlar ile kaplıdır. Adanın flora ve faunasının, genel
olarak, Yunanistan'ın kalan kısımlarından ziyade Türkiye'nin batı sahillerini andırdığı kabul görmektedir. Adanın kuzey ucundaki Rodos dışındaki en önemli yerleşim, güneydoğu sahilindeki Lindos'tur.

İsim
Ada tarihi boyunca Yunanca'da (Yunanca: Ρόδος)(Ródos) olarak bilinmiştir. Aynı zamanda Lindos olarak da anılıyordu. Ayrıca adaya İtalyanca: da Rodi, Türkçe: Rodos ve Yahudi ispanyolcası: רודי (Rodi) ya da רודיס (Rodes) denir.

Adanın adı Eski Yunanca: Rhódon (gül) 'den gelir ve bazen güller adası olarak da anılır.
The Travels of Sir John Mandeville yanlışlıkla Rodos'un eski adının Colossus of Rhodes ve  Paul's Epistle to the Colossiansun bir araya getirilmesiyle "Collosus" olarak adlandırıldığını bildirir.
Adanın adı antik çağda birçok yılana ev sahipliği yaptığı için Fenike dilindeki yılan anlamındaki "erod" kelimesinden türetilmiş olabilir.

Coğrafya

Rodos adası'nın şekli mızrak ucu'na benzer. 79,7 km uzunluk ve 38 km genişlik ile toplam alanı yaklaşık 1.398 km² dir (540 mil kare). Deniz sahili yaklaşık 220 km dir.

Rodos şehri adanın kuzey ucundadır ve aynı zamanda antik ve modern ticari limanların bulunduğu yerdir.

Ana havayolu kapısı, Rodos Diagoras Uluslararası Havalimanı'dır (IATA kodu: RHO). Havalimanı, Paradisi şehrinin 14 km güneybatısındadır.

Karayolu ağı, şehirden doğu ve batı sahilleri boyunca yayılmıştır.

Adanın ana kayası kireç taşı'dır.
Sahiller kayalık iken adanın içleri, ekilebilir topraklara sahiptir.

Rodos şehrinin dışında adada beyaz badanalı küçük köyler ve kaplıca tatil köyleri vardır. Bunların içinde Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki, Pefkos,  Arçangelos, Afantu,  Ixia, Koskinu, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi ve Trianta (Ialysos) sayılabilir.
1.216 m rakımlı Attaviros dağı adanın en yüksek noktasıdır.

Rodos, Yunan ana karasının 363 km (226 mil) doğu-güneydoğusunda ve Türkiye'nin güney kıyısından 18 km (11 mil) uzaklıktadır.

Turizm, adanın birincil gelir kaynağıdır.

Flora
Adanın iç kısmı dağlıktır, seyrek yerleşimlidir ve çam (Pinus brutia) ve selvi (Cupressus sempervirens) ormanlarıyla kaplıdır. Kıyılar kayalık olsa da adada turunçgiller, şaraplık üzüm, sebzeler, zeytin ve diğer mahsullerin yetiştirildiği ekilebilir arazi şeritleri vardır. Adanın adını aldığı birçok çiçekli bitki bol miktarda vardır.

Fauna
2005 yılında Rodos alageyik nüfusunun genetik olarak farklı olduğu ve acilen korunması gerektiği ortaya çıktı.
Yunanca: Petaloudes "Kelebekler Vadisi"'nde  yazın çok sayıda kaplan güvesi ve kelebek toplanır.

Depremler
Tarihi depremlerden Rodos Heykeli'ni yok eden M.Ö. 226 depremi; Rodos şehrinin büyük kısmını yok eden 3 Mayıs 1481 Rodos depremi; ve 26 Haziran 1926' depremi sayılabilir.
15 Temmuz 2008'de Rodos birkaç eski binada küçük hasara ve bir ölüme neden olan 6.3 büyüklüğündeki 2008 Dodecanese depremi ile sarsıldı.

iklim
Rodos yarı kurak sıcak yaz mevsimli Akdeniz iklimine sahiptir. (Köppen iklim sınıflandırması na göre Csa dır).

Tarihçe

Antik Zamanlar

Adaya yerleşimi kayıtlı tarihi M.Ö. 2,500'den önceki  dönemlere dayanır.

M.Ö. 16. yüzyılda Girit Uygarlığı adaya yerleşti. Ondan daha sonra Yunan Mitolojisi yeni bir Rodos ırkı isimlendirdi Telchines. Rodos ve Danaus (Mitolojik bir karakter) ile ilişkilendiriliyordu. Bazen takma adı Telchinis ile adlandırıldı.

Miken Dönemi

Yunan efsanesinde Rodos'un Tlepolemus önderliğinde Truva Savaşı'na katıldığı iddia edilir.

MÖ 15. yüzyılda, Miken Yunanlıları Akhalar adayı istila etti.
Bronz Çağı Çöküşü sonrasında, ilk yenilenen dış bağlantılar Kıbrıs ile oldu.

M.Ö. 11. yüzyılda Dorların gelmesiyle ada gözde olmaya başladı.

Arkaik Çağ

M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda İstanköy, Knidos ve Halikarnas (ana karada) ile birlikte üç önemli şehir olan Lindos, Ialysus ve Kameiros'u kuran Dorlar'ın gelişiyle adada yerleşimler oluşmaya başladı. -Dorian Hexapolis (Yunancada altı şehir anlamına gelir) denir.

Şair Pindaros kasidesinde "Ada, güneş tanrısı Helios ile perisi Rhodos'un birleşmesinden doğdu ve şehirlere onların üç oğlunun adı verildi" der. Roda adanın doğal çiçekli bitkisi pembe Hibiscusdur. Diodorus Siculus, Helios ve Rhode'un oğullarından Actis'in Mısır'a gittiğini sözlerine ekler. Heliopolis şehrini kurdu ve Mısırlılara astrolojiyi öğretti.

MÖ 8. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Athena kutsal alanı, kültürel temasların göstergesi Yakın Doğu'dan küçük fildişleri ve Suriye'den bronz objeler olan adak hediyeleri aldı. Kuzeybatı kıyısındaki, tapınağın MÖ 8. yüzyılda kurulduğu eski bir Tunç Çağı bölgesi olan Kameiros'ta, oyma fildişi figürinlerin çağdaş bir başka dikkate değer dizisi daha vardır. Kameiros ve Ialyssos mezarlıkları, MÖ 7. ve 6. yüzyılın başlarına tarihlenen Oryantalizan Rodos takılarının birkaç mükemmel örneğini ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Klasik Çağ

Pers istilasının adayı kaplamasının ardından M.Ö. 478'de Perslerin Atina güçleri tarafından yenilmesi ile Rodos adası şehirleri Atina Birliği'ne (Atina tarafından yönetilen, MÖ 5. yüzyıldaki Yunan şehir devletleri birliği) bağlandı. MÖ 431 yılında Peloponez Savaşı çemberi yardığında Rodos geniş bir şekilde tarafsız kaldı. Birliğe bağlı olmasına rağmen savaş 404 yılına kadar sürdü. Fakat Rodos bu zamanda çatışmadan tamamen geri çekildi ve kendi yoluna devam etmeye karar verdi. MÖ 408 yılında şehir devletleri bir ülke oluşturdular ve yeni Rodos'u yeni başşehir olarak adanın en kuzey ucunda inşa ettiler. Onların düzenli planı Atinalı mimar Hippodamus tarafından gözden geçiriliyordu. Mamafih Pelepones savaşları tüm Yunan kültürünü zayıflatmıştı ve istilaya açıktı. MÖ 357 yılında ada Karyalılar tarafından kral Mausolus tarafından fethedildi. Daha sonra da MÖ 340'ta Persler'in eline geçti. Fakat onların dönemi kısa oldu bu şehir halkı için rahatlatıcı bir durum oldu. Rodos, MÖ 332'de Makedonyalı III.İskender'in Persleri yenmesinden sonra büyüyen bu imparatorluğun parçası oldu. İskender 'in ölümünü takiben generalleri krallığı kontrol etme çekişmesine girdi. Generallerden üçü Ptolemy, Seleucus ve Antigonus krallığı kendi aralarında böldü. Rodos Ptolemies ile ticari ve kültürel bağlarını İskenderiye ile kuvvetlendiriyordu ve baraberce şekillendirdikleri Rodos-Mısır birliği Akdeniz'de ticareti boydan boya kontrol ediyordu. M.Ö. 3. yüzyılda şehir denizcilik, ticaret ve kültür merkeziyle gelişti ve şehrin parası Akdeniz'in her tarafında dolaşımdaydı. Rodos'un meşhur felsefe okulu bilim, edebiyat ve hitabeti İskenderiye'li üstadları ile paylaşıyordu. Tanınmış isimler Rodos'ta bir okul kuran Atinalı hitabet Aeschines, Apollonius of Rhodes (MÖ 3. yüzyıl-MÖ 246, epik şair, bilim insanı ve İskenderiye kütüphanesi direktörü), astronom Hipparchus ve Geminus ve hitabetçi Dionysios Trax. Heykel okulu zenginlik, dramatik stilde gelişti. Ve bu Hellenistic Baraque Hellenistik Barok tarzı olarak nitelendirilebilir.

 Rodos Heykeli

Ortaçağ Dönemi
1309'da Bizans çağı, adanın Hospitalier Şövalyeleri (1080 yılında Kudüs'te kurulan ve Saint John Kudüs, Rodos ve Malta tarikatı, Malta şövalyeleri, Rodos şövalyeleri ve Malta silahşorlarını içeren bir organizasyon) tarafından zapt edilmesiyle son buldu. Yeni ismiyle Rodos Şövalyeleri yönetimi altında şehir Orta Çağ Avrupa ideal modeline göre yeniden inşa edildi.

Şehrin meşhur anıtlarının çoğunu Palace of the Grand Master Büyük Üstatların Sarayı içerir. Bu dönemde yapılmıştır. Şövalyelerin inşa ettiği bu kuvvetli duvarlar 1444 deki Mısır Sultanı ataklarına ve II. Mehmed'in 1480 deki ataklarına karşı koyup ayakta kaldılar. Son olarak Rodos Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın 29 Aralık 1522 deki geniş ordusuna karşı yenik düştü. Kalan birkaç şövalyeye Sicilya Krallığı'nda istirahat etmelerine izin verildi. Şövalyeler daha sonra onların operasyon merkezi Malta'ya hareket edeceklerdi. Ada yaklaşık 400 yıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu mülkiyetinde kalmıştır.

Modern tarih
1912'de Trablusgarp Savaşı sırasında Rodos İtalya tarafından işgal edildi. Rodos, Onikiada'nın diğer adalarıyla birlikte, İtalya'nın 1947'de Paris Antlaşması'nı imzalamasıyla beraber Yunanistan'a katıldı. Adada bulunan Türk azınlık 1923'teki Türkiye-Yunanistan Nüfus Mübadelesi sırasında İtalya topraklarında sayıldıkları için mübadeleden kurtuldular. Bu nedenle günümüzde Rodos'ta küçük bir Türk azınlığı bulunmaktadır.

Ada, İtalyan hükûmeti tarafından atanan birçok "vali" yüzünden acı çekti. Böylelikle 1938'de, diğer Avrupa ülkelerinde teşvik edilen antisemitik politikaların ayak izlerini taklit eden "Leggi razziali" (Irk Yasaları) çıkarıldı. Ordu da dahil olmak üzere hükûmette görev yapan tüm Yahudiler istifaya zorlandı, okul çocukları eğitimlerini bırakmaya zorlandı ve Yahudilerle herhangi bir alışverişi içeren her türlü ticaret yasaklandı. Yarım bin yıl Rodos'ta barış içinde yaşadıktan sonra, Yahudi Juderia vatandaşlıktan çıktı.

8 Eylül 1943'teki İtalyan Mütarekesi'nin ardından İngilizler, Rodos'taki İtalyan garnizonunu taraf değiştirmeye çalıştı. Bu, Rodos Savaşı ile adayı işgal etmeyi başaran Alman Ordusu tarafından önceden tahmin edilmişti. Büyük ölçüde, Alman işgali, sonraki On İki Ada Seferi İngilizlerin başarısızlığına neden oldu.

Eylül 1943'ten sonra Yahudiler toplama kamplarına gönderildi. Ancak Türk Konsolosu Selahattin Ülkümen, kendisini ve ailesini büyük bir riske atarak, Türk vatandaşı veya Türk vatandaşlarının ailelerine mensup 42 Yahudi aileyi, toplamda yaklaşık 200 kişiyi kurtarmayı başardı.

8 Mayıs 1945'te Otto Wagener komutasındaki Almanlar, Rodos'u ve Oniki Ada'yı bir bütün olarak İngilizlere teslim etti ve İngilizler kısa süre sonra adaları askeri himaye olarak işgal etti.

Paris Barış Antlaşmaları'nda Rodos, Şubat 1947'de Oniki Ada'nın diğer adalarıyla birlikte Yunanistan'a bağlandı. 6.000 İtalyan sömürgeci adayı terk etmeye zorlanarak İtalya'ya döndü.

Ulaşım

Deniz ulaşımı

Ege'nin güneyinde, Muğla ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan turistik bölgemiz Fethiye'den Rodos Adası'na yıl boyunca düzenli olarak feribot seferleri yapılmaktadır.

Doğal bir liman olma özelliği sayesinde yatçılık ve deniz taşımacılı konusunda gelişmiş bir yer olan Marmaris, On iki Yunan Adaları'nın en büyüğü olan Rodos'a açılan tatil kapısı olmayı başarmıştır. Marmaris'ten Rodos'a düzenli olarak feribot seferleri düzenlenmektedir.

Rodos'un üçü Rodos Şehri'nde, biri Kamiros yakınındaki batı kıyısında ve biri de Lardos yakınlarında doğu kıyısında olmak üzere beş limanı vardır.

 Merkez Liman: Rodos şehrinde bulunan, sadece Türkiye'ye/Türkiye'den tarifeli servisler, yolcu gemileri ve yatlardan oluşan uluslararası trafiğe hizmet vermektedir. 2012 yazından bu yana, liman aynı zamanda yaz döneminde Costa Cruises için bir ana limandır.
 Kolona Limanı: Merkez limanın karşısında ve kuzeyinde, Oniki Ada içi trafiğe ve her boyuttaki yatlara hizmet vermektedir.
 Akandia Limanı: Adanın yeni limanı, güneyde ve merkez limanın yanında, 1960'lardan beri iç hat, kargo ve genel amaçlı trafik için inşa ediliyor. 2017 yazından bu yana bir kafe ve bekleme salonlarına ev sahipliği yapan bir yolcu terminali nihayet kullanımdadır.
 Mandraki Limanı: Rodos şehir merkezinde, adanın en eski limanıdır. Pek çok kruvaziyer teknesi, Lindos'a kadar Symi adasına veya güney doğu sahiline günlük gezilerine başlar.
 Kamiros Skala Rıhtımı:  şehrin güney batısında Antik Kamiros harabeleri esas olarak Halki adasına hizmet eder.
 Lardos Rıhtımı: eskiden yerel endüstrilere hizmet veriyordu, şimdi hava koşulları nedeniyle merkezi limanın erişilemez olduğu zamanlar için alternatif bir liman olarak geliştiriliyor. Rodos'un güneydoğusundaki Lardos köyü yakınlarında kayalık bir kıyıdadır.

Mutfak

Mutfakta Rodos geleneği zengindir. Koriantolino ve Souma (üzümün damıtılmasından üretilen renksiz alkollü içecek) Rodos'un başlıca alkollü içkileridir. Yerel yiyecekler şunlardır:

Escharitis, ekmek türü
Pitaroudia
Milla ve Tsiriggia, et yağı
Pougia turta
Lakani, nohutlu keçi eti
Keçi ile Lópia (fasulye)
Matsi, geleneksel bir tarif olan Koulouría yapımında kullanılan el yapımı makarna
Synoro, geleneksel peynir
Tahinopita
Zvigoi, türü loukoumades
Melekouni
Fanouropita
Takakia (Mantinades)
Katimeria (tiganitler, krepler)
Amygdalota, beyaz bademli kurabiye
Moschopougia

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Akdeniz'deki adalar listesi
 Rodos Akvaryumu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Flickr: Rodos 1973

Güney Ege

Rodos


Sveti Leonard, Sveti Leonard iz Limogesa ili Sveti Leonard iz Noblaca (6. st.) francuski je redovnik i svetac.

Životopis
Jedan od najpopularnijih europskih svetaca rodio se u Galiji za vrijeme vladavine bizantskog cara Anastazija u plemićkoj obitelj koja je služila franačkom kralju Klodvigu. Unatoč obiteljskim očekivanjima, Leonard nije pristupio vojnoj službi nego se stavio u službu svetom Remigiju koji će krstiti kralja Klodviga. Kako je Remigije imao povlasticu oslobađanja zarobljenika, i Leonard je također zaželio tu povlasticu te ju je na kraju i dobio te mu je to zapečatilo budući put. Klodvig mu je ponudio časti i biskupski naslov, ali Leonard nije pristao nego se povukao u šumu u blizini Limogesa i počeo živjeti pustinjačkim životom.

Leonard je živio mirnim životom sve do jednog dana kad je kralj Klodvig došao u šumu kako bi lovio divlje životinje. S njima je bila i kraljica koja je trpjela bolove, Leonard se pobrinuo da kraljica obavi bezbolan porod. Kralj je Leonardu za zahvalu darovao zemlju gdje je Leonard sagradio samostan.

Nakon smrti postao je zaštitnik zatorenika, ratnih zarobljenika, rodilja, pa čak ga se i zaziva i protiv mraza te konjskih bolesti. Jedan od najpoznatijih zaziva dogodio se 1103. kada su Boemunda od Antiohije za vrijeme križarskih ratova zarobili muslimani te se on molio Svetom Leonardu da ga oslobodi što se na posljetku i dogodilo.

Svetog Leonarda se štuje diljem Europe i Hrvatske, gdje su mu podignute oko 600 vjerskih objekata od kojih je najpoznatiji samostan i crkva Svetog Leonarda u Kotarima kraj Samobora.

s

U selu Komarnica (St. Pet. Selo) sagrađena je kapelica u spomen na Sv Leonarda, koji se slavi kao seoski kirvaj.

Izvori

Francuski sveci
Sveci

Sveti Leonard


Das Haus Steinweg 40 ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lage
Es befindet sich in der historischen Quedlinburger Neustadt an der Ecke von Steinweg und Augustinern und gehört zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe.

Architektur und Geschichte
Das dreigeschossige Fachwerkhaus entstand vermutlich in der Zeit der Spätgotik in der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts. Im Quedlinburger Denkmalverzeichnis ist es als Wohnhaus eingetragen. Das Obergeschoss kragt über das Erdgeschoss vor. Ursprünglich vorhandene Bügen und Balkenköpfe wurden später abgesägt. Das Erdgeschoss wurde um 1780 umgebaut und östlich der Hauseingangstür ein kleines, später wieder zurückgebautes, Ladengeschäft eingefügt. Die Fenster wurden vergrößert und Zierausmauerungen der Gefache eingefügt. Darüber hinaus erhielt das Gebäude eine reich verzierte Tür.

Aus der Bauzeit des Hauses stammt auch der Seitenflügel.

Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 252 f.

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg
Fachwerkhaus in Quedlinburg
Wohngebäude in Quedlinburg
Erbaut im 16. Jahrhundert
Steinweg (Quedlinburg)
Augustinern (Quedlinburg)

Steinweg 40 (Quedlinburg)


The Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as the Treaty of Oreshek (; ; ), is a conventional name for the peace treaty signed at Oreshek (; ) on 12 August 1323. It was the first settlement between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic regulating their border mostly in the area that is also known as Finland today. Three years later, Novgorod signed the Treaty of Novgorod with the Norwegians.

Name
The treaty had no special name at the time, as it was just called a "permanent peace" between the parties. Modern English language publications most often use the name "Treaty of Nöteborg" for it, which is a direct translation of Nöteborgsfreden by which the treaty has conventionally been referred to in the Swedish language literature. "Treaty of Oreshek" is a similar translation from the Russian Ореховский мир. Both "Nöteborg" and "Oreshek" are old names of a fortress in Shlisselburg, used respectively in Swedish and Russian.

Recently, the name "Treaty of Pähkinäsaari" has appeared in some of the English language literature, as a direct translation of the contemporary Finnish name of the treaty, Pähkinäsaaren rauha. "Pähkinäsaari" was and is the Finnish name for the island on which the fortress was built. The Finnish name means literally 'nut island', and is cognate with the Swedish name ('nöt' meaning nut).

Contents
The original text of the treaty has been lost. It has survived in partial copies in Russian, Swedish, and Latin, which are somewhat conflicting.

The treaty was negotiated with the help of Hanseatic merchants in order to conclude the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. As a token of goodwill, Novgorod ceded three Karelian parishes to Sweden; Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and Danish Duchy of Estonia. Both sides would also promise to refrain from building castles on the new border.

The treaty defined the border as beginning east and north of Viborg Castle, running along the Sestra and Volchya Rivers, splitting the Karelian Isthmus in half, running across Savonia and, according to traditional interpretations, ending in the Gulf of Bothnia near the Pyhäjoki River. However the wording "the sea in the north" can as well mean the Arctic Ocean.

Only the southern part of the border, close to Viborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty. Borders in the wilderness were defined very roughly, and presumably considered less important than the line across the Karelian Isthmus. It has also been suggested that the treaty would have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to northern Ostrobothnia and Lappland.

Aftermath
Finnic tribes living on both sides of the border, mainly Karelians, Finns, and Tavastians, had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already de facto established their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia, with Karelians under Russian rule and other tribes in the west under Swedish rule. The treaty established international approval for that structure, but the concept of "permanent peace" did not have much effect on the long-term conflict between Novgorod and Sweden.  The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness in which the Hansa and its diplomats were not interested, but these areas became a bone of contention between Sweden and Novgorod soon thereafter. Within five years after the treaty was signed, Swedish colonists started making inroads into northern Ostrobothnia. Sweden also established castles at Uleåborg around 1375 and Olofsborg in 1475, clearly on the Novgorodian side of the border.

In 1595,  the Treaty of Teusina acknowledged the Swedish text as the correct one. However, long before that, Sweden had succeeded in permanently taking over large areas on the Novgorod side of the original border, including Ostrobothnia and Savonia. Eventually, the territory west of the border, along with the expanse to the north, evolved into the country known today as Finland.

See also
Birkarls
List of treaties

References

Further reading

Ingrid Bohn Finland: From the Origins to Our Times (Riva Publishers)

External links
Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns. Andra delen  (Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Nr 427:2, VIII + s. 239-509.  Jarl Gallén, John Lind. 1991)

Noteborg
Noteborg
14th century in Finland
1323 in Europe
History of the Karelian Isthmus
Noteborg
Treaties of the Novgorod Republic

Treaty of Nöteborg


Dibaba Tola (* 10. November 1987 in Gelanidoro (Äthiopien); auch gelistet als Seboka Dibaba Tola) ist ein äthiopischer Marathonläufer.

Karriere
2009 wurde er Zweiter beim San-Sebastián-Marathon, und 2011 gewann er die Premiere des Lago-Maggiore-Marathons. 2012 verbesserte er als Neunter des Dubai-Marathons seinen persönlichen Rekord um mehr als siebeneinhalb Minuten auf 2:06:17 h und stellte beim Düsseldorf-Marathon mit 2:08:27 h einen Streckenrekord auf.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 Halbmarathon: 1:03:31 h, 25. Oktober 2009, Arezzo
 Marathon: 2:06:17 h, 27. Januar 2012, Dubai

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Marathonläufer (Äthiopien)
Äthiopier
Geboren 1987
Mann

Dibaba Tola


Statist je naziv za nijemog glumca u kazališnoj predstavi, televizijskoj seriji ili filmu.

U prenesenom značenju predstavlja beznačajnog čovjeka ili pokornog izvršitelja naloga (tzv. pijuna).

Izvori

Zanimanja
Kazalište
Televizija

Statist


"The War Prayer" is the seventh episode of the first season of the science fiction television series, Babylon 5. It first aired on 9 March 1994.

Plot
A string of attacks on aliens has occurred on Babylon 5, the latest being the stabbing and branding of Minbari poet, Shaal Mayan. Commander Sinclair is pressured by Minbari ambassador Delenn to find the culprit, and he orders Security Chief Garibaldi to investigate in depth. Narn ambassador G'kar, however, insists more action must be done, and beings to rally the other aliens aboard, creating a tense situation.

Meanwhile, Centauri ambassador Londo Mollari must deal with his aide Vir Cotto's cousin Kiron and his girlfriend Aria, who have fled the Centauri homeworld as they have been arranged to be wed into different families. Mollari asserts that it is Centauri morals for assigned marriages, love having no place in their society. That evening, Kiron and Aria are attacked in a similar manner to the previous attack, leaving Kiron in a coma.

Elsewhere, Ivanova discovers that her former associate from the academy, Malcolm Biggs, has arrived on the station. While he remains secretive as to his business reasons for being there, Malcolm does express interest in rekindling his relationship with Ivanova.

Aria stays by Kiron's side, but Mollari suggests that there is no point in Aria waiting around should Kiron die. After Aria leaves, Shaal talks to Mollari about love, and that that from her writings, she found that the measure of a value of a person is how much capacity they have to love and love others. Vir finds Mollari later: Mollari tells Vir a tale from his father who had complained that his shoes were too tight, but it did not matter as he had forgotten how to dance; Mollari now feels the same way.

When Kiron wakes, Mollari gladly tells him and Aria that he has arranged for the two to return to Centauri Prime and stay with his cousin, a powerful figure in the government, to be schooled in Centauri customs in such that when they are old enough, they will be able to choose who they can marry.  This solution pleases both them and Vir.

Ivanova brings Malcolm to a reception where Sinclair purposely speaks out against the alien presence. Malcolm later invites Sinclair and Ivanova to a meeting, there introducing them to his agents that have been behind the attacks. Malcolm explains their intent to assassinate the four key ambassadors on Babylon 5 in an attempt to force the alien ambassadors off Earth. Sinclair and Ivanova turn on Malcolm and his men, as security officers arrive to arrest them.

As they are taken off the station, Ivanova expresses her resentment to Malcolm for the direction he has taken.

Production

Cast
The Home Guard leader Malcolm Biggs was played by Australian-American actor Tristan Rogers, best known for playing Robert Scorpio in General Hospital. Earlier, he played roles in a number of prominent Australian serials such as Number 96, Bellbird. and The Box.  In 2019 he won a Daytime Emmy Award for his role as Doc in the series Studio City.

Minbari poet Shaal Mayan was played by Nancy Lee Grahn, who also appears in General Hospital, playing Alexis Davis, winning a Daytime Emmy Award in 2012.  Grahn also starred as Julia Wainwright Capwell on Santa Barbara, winning an Emmy Award in 1989.

Vir's cousin Kiron Maray was played by Canadian actor Rodney Eastman, best known for playing Joey Crusel in the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series.  He is also a musician with the Los Angeles band King Straggler with fellow actors John Hawkes and Brentley Gore.

Kiron's girlfriend Aria Tensus was played by actress, mathematician and mathematics educator Danica McKellar. McKellar played Winnie Cooper in The Wonder Years, and Elsie Snuffin in The West Wing. In 1997 she co-authored an academic paper on the statistical analysis of magnetic properties of materials, and has authored several mathematics books for children and secondary school students, some being New York Times bestsellers.

American actor Michael Paul Chan played Roberts, the man picked by as a suspect in the attack on Shaal Mayan. Chan is known for playing the role of Lieutenant Michael Tao in The Closer and Major Crimes.  He also played roles in The Goonies, Batman Forever, Batman & Robin and Falling Down.

Music, sound and visual effects
The Babylon 5 makeup department involved in this episode – consisting of Everett Burrell, Greg Funk, Mary Kay Morse, Ron Pipes and John Vulich – won the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series for episode 5 of the season, "The Parliament of Dreams"

The design for the Vorlon ambassador, Kosh was created by Steve Burg for the pilot episode. Due to Kosh's encounter suit costume being too large for the set doors, the character was never shown entering or leaving through a door.

For its visual effects scenes, Babylon 5 pioneered the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) scenes – instead of using more expensive physical models – in a television series.<ref name="Britt">{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |title=5 Things that Babylon 5 did that changed science fiction forever. |last=Britt |first=Ryan |date=11 July 2019 |website=www.syfy.com |publisher=SYFY Media LLC. |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009164702/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |archive-date= 2021-10-09 |quote=And though this may seem shocking now, in the early and mid-'90s, CGI was not the default for sci-fi special effects. Most big sci-fi shows and movies (like Star Trek) all still used physical models, which are notoriously more expensive. But all of Babylon 5'''s spaceships and space stations were made in a computer.}}</ref> This also enabled motion effects which are difficult to create using models, such as the rotation of fighter craft along multiple axes, or the rotation and banking of a virtual camera. The visual effects were created by Foundation Imaging using 24 Commodore Amiga 2000 computers with Lightwave 3D software and Video Toaster cards, 16 of which were dedicated to rending each individual frame of CGI, with each frame taking on average 45 minutes to render. In-house resource management software managed the workload of the Amiga computers to ensure that no machine was left idle during the image rendering process.

Music for the title sequence and the episode was provided by the series' composer, Christopher Franke. Franke developed themes for each of the main characters, the station, for space in general, and for the alien races, endeavoring to carry a sense of the character of each race. The voice effects for the Vorlon ambassador Kosh, were also designed by Franke, with the character voiced by Ardwight Chamberlain.

Writing
According to showrunner J. Michael Straczynski, the title refers to a short prose writing of the same title – written to highlight the humanity of participants of both sides in war – by Mark Twain, which, according to Straczynski, "should be read by ."

Regarding Mark Twain, Straczynski wrote, "He's always been a seminal influence on my work. I have pretty much everything he's ever written, absent the five volume set of his journals that's only available to libraries. 'The Man Who Corrupted Hadleyburg' is still one of my favorite pieces, as is 'The War Prayer,' leading to its nod in B5."

As Babylon 5 was conceived with an overall five-year story arc, the episode was written as both an individual story and with another level, where the hints of the larger story arc were given. The series' creator, J. Michael Straczynski indicates that the episodes can be watched for the individual stories, the character stories, or the story arc.

The episode was written by D.C. Fontana who has written episodes for many television series, including a large number of episodes for various Star Trek series. Fontana was a writer for the Star Trek: The Next Generation pilot episode, "Encounter at Farpoint." She also wrote two other Babylon 5 scripts, "Legacies" and "A Distant Star". Fontana wrote the episode, based on a premise by Straczynski the series creator. Only the pilot was available for research purposes, so she spent some time speaking with Straczynski to get a feel for the series.

Reviews
Rowan Kaiser, writing in The A.V. Club, notes that the episode develops the idea that human culture in the year 2258 isn't entirely pleasant. Kaiser writes, "This isn't a necessary revelation after 'Infection' and 'Mind War', but it's not meant to be a revelation—it's a premise."

Kaiser also identifies the theme of regret appearing throughout the episode. He writes, "Ivanova has regrets, though she claims not to, about leaving Malcolm eight years prior. Delenn has a conversation with her friend, where she's asked 'Do you regret the choices that you've made?' 'Sometimes,' responds Delenn, but she makes it clear that those don't define her. Londo, on the other hand, lets his regrets define him. 'My shoes are too tight. But it does not matter, for I have forgotten how to dance,' he tells Vir, as a metaphor for him forgetting himself in favor of tradition, of propriety, and of power."

Elias Rosner, writing in the Multiversity Comics website, also singles out this scene, with Londo discussing with Vir about what it means to be trapped in his own ways, to have forgotten what it is to be young. Rosner observes, "It's a profound scene that's the right balance of clarity and mystique. Londo's words carry all the weight in the world and in that moment, we understand where he is and what he is thinking. [...] It's a fantastic bit of dialogue that is revealing in all the right ways."<ref name="Rosner">{{cite web |url=http://www.multiversitycomics.com/tv/babylon-5-war-prayer/|title='Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "The War Prayer."' |last=Rosner |first=Elias |date=4 July 2018 |website=Multiversity Comics |publisher=Matthew Meylikhov |access-date= }}</ref>

References

External linksThe War Prayer'' text of 1905 piece by Mark Twain

Babylon 5 episodes
1994 American television episodes

The War Prayer (Babylon 5)


Brigitte Houssou, née en , est une restauratrice béninoise qui a ouvert le premier restaurant gastronomique africain en France.

Biographie

Enfance et formations
Brigitte Houssou est née en 1980. Elle a quatre frères et la fratrie est initiée au monde des affaires par leurs parents depuis leurs plus jeunes âges.

Carrière
Brigitte, avec ses quatre frères, lance en 2017 le restaurant Villa Massai à Paris.

Elle est considérée comme femme d'influence au Bénin et en France. Son concept de restauration, jugé en essor, est cité dans la presse en France.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Nicole Okala Bilaï
 Georgiana Viou

Personnalité féminine béninoise
Cuisine béninoise

Brigitte Houssou


An Phalaenopsis amabilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Phalaenopsis amabilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. a. amabilis
 P. a. moluccana
 P. a. rosenstromii

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis amabilis


Hatem Trabelsi (ara. حاتم الطرابلسي) (Aryanah, Tunis, 25. siječnja 1977.) je bivši tuniški nogometaš i nacionalni reprezentativac.

Igrao je na poziciji braniča dok je tijekom nogometne karijere branio boje CS Sfaxiena, Ajaxa i Manchester Cityja. Za Tunis je nastupao na tri svjetska prvenstva dok je s njime 2004. osvojio Afrički Kup nacija.

Njegovim najjačim osobinama smatrali su se tempo i agilnost iako su kritičari ponekad dovodili u pitanje njegovu predanost.

Karijera

Klupska karijera
Iako rođen u Aryanahu, Trabelsi je odrastao u Sfaxu gdje je i započeo nogometnu karijeru. Ondje je nastupao za CS Sfaxien, najprije igravši na poziciji napadača. Nakon igračke ozljede, Hatema se konvertiralo u obranu gdje je postao standardan član momčadi kao desni bek.

Tijekom 2001. godine igrač je potpisao za amsterdamski Ajax. Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja u klubu, igrač je osvojio po dva naslova nizozemskog prvenstva i kupa. Također, uoči sezone 2004./05. bio je na probnom razdoblju u Arsenalu kod Arsèna Wengera. Tada je zadivio Topnike te je između dva kluba dogovorena cijena transfera. Također, japanski proizvođač igara Konami već ga je uvrstio u svojoj igri Pro Evolution Soccer 4 u londonsku momčad. Međutim, Hatem je zbog osobnih razloga odbio transfer te se vratio u Ajax.

U ljeto 2006. povezivalo ga se s nekoliko engleskih klubova, međutim, najbrži je bio Manchester City koji ga je doveo 10. kolovoza kao slobodnog igrača. Ozljeda i problemi s radnom dozvolom nisu mu omogućavali da odmah debitira za novu momčad. Svoj prvi gol za Građane, Trabelsi je zabio u gradskom derbiju protiv Manchester Uniteda. Tada je svladao Edwina van der Sara ali Crveni vragovi su svejedno pobijedili s 3:1. S vremenom je nogometaš izgubio svoje mjesto u prvoj momčadi u konkurenciji s Micahom Richardsom i Nedumom Onuohom. Nakon jedne sezone igrač je napustio klub te je jedno kraće razdoblje nastupao za saudijski Al-Hilal.

Reprezentativna karijera
Trabelsi je debitirao za Tunis u svibnju 1998. uoči Svjetskog prvenstva u Francuskoj. Za nacionalnu reprezentaciju je nastupao i na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2002. dok je 2004. osvojio Afrički Kup nacija kojem je upravo Tunis bio domaćin. Nakon poraza od Ukrajine na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2006. a samim time i eliminacije iz daljnjeg natjecanja, Trabelsi je najavio povlačenje iz nacionalne selekcije.

Pogoci za reprezentaciju

Osvojeni trofeji

Klupski trofeji

Reprezentativni trofeji

Izvori

Nogometaši Ajaxa
Nogometaši Manchester Cityja
Tuniški nogometaši

Hatem Trabelsi


An Theriophonum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Theriophonum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Theriophonum

Theriophonum


Leuciscus merzbacheri est une espèce de poissons cypriniformes de la famille des Cyprinidae.

Habitat et distribution
L'espèce se rencontre dans les eaux douces de la région de la Dzoungarie, au Xinjiang, en Chine. Il affectionne les eaux de bas-fond peu agitées de lacs ou de rivières de plaines tempérées.

Description
L'espèce a une peau gris foncé sur son dos et son arrière, mais son ventre est d'un blanc argenté, tandis que ses nageoires anales, pectorales et pelviennes sont jaunes. Sa nageoire dorsale est située vers l'arrière du corps et les nageoires pectorales et pelviennes restent courtes. La longueur du poisson peut atteindre .

Alimentation
Son alimentation se compose principalement de diatomées et de petits insectes.

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Leuciscus merzbacheri (Zugmayer, 1912).

L'espèce a été initialement classée dans le genre Aspiopsis sous le protonyme Aspiopsis merzbacheri Zugmayer, 1912.

Leuciscus merzbacheri a pour synonyme :
 Aspiopsis merzbacheri Zugmayer, 1912

Étymologie
Son épithète spécifique, merzbacheri, lui a été donnée en l'honneur du géographe allemand Gottfried Merzbacher (1843-1926) qui a collecté l'holotype.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Cypriniformes
Espèce décrite en 1912
Faune endémique du Xinjiang

Leuciscus merzbacheri


Saybrook-on-the-Lake é uma comunidade sem personalidade jurídica e local designado pelo censo (CDP) às margens do Lago Erie, no condado de Ashtabula, Ohio, Estados Unidos. Foi listado pela primeira vez como CDP antes do censo de 2020.

O CDP fica no norte do condado de Ashtabula, no canto noroeste do município de Saybrook. É limitado ao norte pelo Lago Erie, a oeste pelo município de Genebra e a leste pela Ohio State Route 45 . State Route 531 é a estrada principal através da comunidade, paralela à margem do lago e levando leste-nordeste  para Ashtabula Harbour e oeste-sudoeste  para Genebra-on-the-Lake . State Route 45 leva ao sul  para a US Route 20 em Saybrook Township e  para a Interestadual 90 em Austinburg.

Referências

Regiões censitárias do Ohio
Localidades do condado de Ashtabula

Saybrook-on-the-Lake


තත්පරයට මීටර යනු වේගය (අදිශය) සහ ප්‍රවේගය (විශාලත්වය හා විශේෂිත දිශාවක් යන දෙකම දක්වන දෛශික රාශිකය) යන දෙකම සඳහා, මීටර වලින් දැක්වෙන දුර  තත්පර වලින් දැක්වෙන  කාලයෙන් බෙදීම යනුවෙන්  අර්ථදැක්වෙන  SI ව්‍යුත්පන්න ඒකකයකි.

තත්පරයට මීටර


Nándor Steven Tánczos (, ; born 29 May 1966) is a New Zealand social ecologist, researcher, educator, activist and political commentator. He is currently a councillor in the Whakatāne District Council. He is also co-director of He Puna Manawa social and political change agency.

Tánczos was a member of the New Zealand Parliament from 1999 to 2008, and represented the Green Party as a list MP.

Early life
The younger of two sons, Tánczos was born in King George Hospital, London, and lived in Ilford, Hackney, and Clayhall prior to the family's emigration to New Zealand after Christmas 1973.

Tánczos's Hungarian-born father fled after the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956; his South African-born mother is Cape Coloured and has Khoi, Dutch, and German ancestry.

The family returned to England, where Tánczos studied journalism at Darlington Polytech. While living in County Durham he got involved in supporting the 1984–85 Miners' Strike by collecting support funds. He later said, "That was the first time I'd ever seen the police used so explicitly as a political force. What I saw in Britain was the police used to destroy a movement." He also got involved in the anti-nuclear and peace movements, and regularly visited Molesworth Peace Camp.

He attended the Stonehenge Free Festival in 1984 and joined the Peace Convoy the following year. He was at the Battle of the Beanfield and featured in the BBC 2 documentary about those events, 'Trashed'. He returned to New Zealand in 1986.

Tánczos has a Permaculture Design Certificate, a Diploma in Sustainable Land Management from Carrington Polytech, a Bachelor of Social Sciences and a Post Graduate Diploma in Management and Sustainability from Waikato University and a certificate in Te Reo Māori me Ōna Tikanga from Te Whare Wananga o Aotearoa.

Career

First elected in 1999, Tánczos briefly lost his seat in the 2005 General Election, but returned to Parliament following the sudden death of Rod Donald just prior to the first sitting of Parliament, as he was next ranked on the party list. In 2006, he contested the male co-leadership of the Green Party, but was beaten by non-MP Russel Norman in a STV vote by delegates from electorates around the country at the 2006 AGM. In 2008, he resigned from Parliament, though he intended to remain a political activist.

Tánczos was the NZ Green Party spokesperson for the Environment and Sustainable Land Management, Justice, Information and Communication Technology, Constitutional issues, Treaty Issues and Commerce.

The New Zealand media portrayed Tánczos primarily as the voice advocating the liberalisation of the cannabis law in New Zealand, although he also actively campaigned against genetic engineering, and in favour of restorative justice. He also has a reputation as New Zealand's first and only Rastafarian MP. His most significant legislative achievement, the Clean Slate Act, conceals non-violent criminal offences if the offender does not re-offend after seven years. His Misuse of Drugs (Hemp) amendment bill led the way for regulation changes to allow hemp growing in New Zealand. He introduced the Waste Minimisation Bill to parliament with a narrow majority but succeeded in building near unanimous support across parliament. Because of this and other activitie such as the Cross Party Accord on Justice that he convened, he built a reputation in Parliament of being able to work collaboratively across party lines. He negotiated the establishment of an Independent Prison Ombudsman, and has advocated for a Criminal Cases Review Office to look at miscarriages of justice, and against unsustainable dairy farming. In addition to his political policies, Tánczos also supports open source software, and uses the Ubuntu Linux-based operating system on his computer.

1999 election

Tánczos first gained election to Parliament in the 1999 election, having held the fifth place on the Green Party's list. His previous involvement with parliamentary politics had involved the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party. In the 2002 election, Tánczos occupied the fourth Green list place, and remained in Parliament. In the 1999, 2002 and 2005 elections, Tánczos also contested the Auckland Central electorate, winning 9.2%, 20.0% and 14.4% of the vote respectively.

2005 election
In April 2005 the Green Party announced their list for the 2005 election. Tánczos ranked 7th, moving down 3 places from 2002.

As of election night (17 September) the Green Party polled 5.07% of the vote, qualifying them for 6 seats, which meant that Tánczos stood to lose his parliamentary seat.  In both the 1999 and 2002 elections, the number of special votes for the Green party had sufficed to earn them an extra seat once the official count finished. The final total in 2005 (announced on 1 October) fell just short of the number required for a seventh seat, leaving Tánczos out of parliament.

However, on 6 November 2005, the Green Party co-leader Rod Donald died suddenly, a day before the new parliament met for the first time. This allowed Tánczos to return to Parliament as the next candidate on the Green list.

Return to grassroots politics
Following the death of Rod Donald, Tánczos stood for the leadership of the Green Party but was defeated by Russel Norman. On 17 January 2008 Tánczos announced he would not be standing in the 2008 election. It was initially not clear when he would resign his seat as he intended to see his member's bill, the Waste Minimisation Bill, through Parliament. The bill was due back in the house in March 2008, after passing its first reading with Government support in 2006. He also wanted Russel Norman the Greens co-leader to enter Parliament in his place (because of the advantages in having the co-leader in Parliament in an election year); ex-MP Mike Ward, who was above Norman on the party list, initially declined to stand aside but changed his mind.

Tánczos left Parliament on 26 June 2008, giving a last speech,. He commented that his opinions of parliamentarians had changed during his time as an MP, from initially seeing them as a bunch of 'bastards' to recognising that "there are many good people here. The very notion that all politicians are dishonest is misconceived." Expecting politicians to be dishonest and venal is letting them off the hook, he added. He said that he believed most MPs came to Parliament with honest intentions, but not many left with their honesty intact because of how the system itself compromises people. His main point was that in almost every country, governments of whatever flavour are so compromised by corporate agendas that they cannot do what is needed in the face of our environmental crisis. It will be up to people working in community to take control: "When the people lead, the leaders will follow."

Tánczos ended by noting that he had bought a watch for the first time when he entered Parliament and had since been chained to time as a prison rather than an ally. He then took it off and smashed it, saying, "When I look at the state of our rivers, our atmosphere and our communities, I don't need a watch to know what time it is". In 2010, two years after he left politics, Tanczos cut off his dreadlocks as a part of a purification process following his departure from Parliament.

Whakatāne District Council
Tanczos has been one of 5 councillors for the Whakatāne-Ōhope ward of Whakatāne District Council since 2016. He chairs the Strategy and Policy Committee. Excluding sewage emissions, the council has reduced its carbon footprint by 23%.

Personal life
Tánczos co-founded Hempstore Aotearoa, a business that produces hemp-related products such as cosmetics and clothing.

A Rastafarian, Tánczos has attracted controversy for his admission that he uses cannabis, in accordance with Rastafari ritual. He is, however, a teetotaller. Tánczos has an official exemption from wearing a bike safety-helmet, granted on religious grounds by the New Zealand Police.

He lives in Whakatāne with his wife Ngahuia Murphy, who's from Murupara, and their two children.

Notes

References

External links

Green Party biography
Nándor's website
Dread Times Tánczos' old blog

1966 births
New Zealand people of Dutch descent
New Zealand people of Hungarian descent
New Zealand people of South African descent
Khoikhoi
Cape Coloureds
New Zealand cannabis activists
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand MPs
New Zealand Rastafarians
University of Waikato alumni
Unitec Institute of Technology alumni
New Zealand psychedelic drug advocates
Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party politicians
New Zealand list MPs
New Zealand republicans
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1996 New Zealand general election
Living people
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2005 New Zealand general election
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
People from Ilford

Nándor Tánczos


Wainuiomata est une importante banlieue de la ville de Lower Hutt, située dans la région de Wellington dans l'Île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Population
Lors du recensement de 2013 en Nouvelle-Zélande, le secteur de la ville de Wainuiomata avait une population de .

Toponymie
Le nom de la ville est souvent abrégé en 'Wainui' par les résidents locaux .
Le mot 'Wainui-o-mata' est un nom Māori formé des mots Wai = eau, Nui = gros, O = de, et Mata – qui peut faire référence à un nom de femme.
L'origine du mot est discuté  mais on accepte communément le fait que la traduction fait référence à une femme, qui a franchi les collines de "Wainuiomata Hill" pour échapper à des tribus de maraudeurs venant du nord et qui s'assit, pleurant, près du ruisseau, après le massacre de sa parenté.
De cela nous avons «faces streaming with water» ou «tears » (pleures) bien que cela puisse aussi faire référence à un grand bassin d'eau qui siège au-delà de la surface humide (face) de l'extrémité nord de la vallée, ou de la rivière elle-même, qui est connue pour inonder la route côtière de la vallée de Wainui.

Géographie
Les collines entourent Wainuiomata de .
La topographie locale réduit ainsi l'effet des flux du vent, dont il résulte des températures minimums plus basses en hiver et des températures maximums plus élevées en été que dans les autres parties de la région de Wellington et de la vallée de Hutt.

La vallée du fleuve Orongorongo , accessible via la vallée de la rivière  Wainuiomata, est caractérisée par ses promenades dans le bush et ses paysages spectaculaires de forêt native.

Histoire
Wainuiomata occupe un bassin de la source de la rivière Wainuiomata, situé  entre l'est des collines de Hutt et celles d'Orongorongos.
Il y a peu d'évidence de l'occupation Māori du secteur avant 1840, probablement parce qu'elle était couverte d'une forêt dense et d'importants marais.

Le Séisme de 1855 :  rehaussa ces terres humides et favorisa l'installation des colons Européens.
Les premiers villages furent basés autour de la rivière où les scieries fournissaient des bois d'œuvre pour la région de Wellington, dont la demande était importante dans les années 1850 à 1860.
Aujourd'hui, le secteur est connu sous le nom de "The Village" bien qu'il ait aussi été connu sous le nom de "Homedale".
La nature isolée de Wainuiomata était un problème pour les premiers colons.
L'étroite route des collines, passant dans le village, en était le seul accès pendant la période des années 1850 à 1860.
À la fin du , il y avait néanmoins  dans la vallée : la route principale et l'autre route nommée : 'Fitzherbert Road' (connue localement comme la route du marais "Swamp Road") .

Économie
L'économie de la ville durant la période initiale fut largement basée autour des scieries de troncs provenant de la forêt située autour de la rivière Wainuiomata.
En 1850, Sir William Fitzherbert mis en route un moulin à flax dans le nord de la vallée  mais cela ne s'avéra pas viable économiquement .
En 1866, l'église méthodiste de la route côtière de 'Wainuiomata Coast Road' fut construite sur un terrain donné par le colon Richard Prouse. C'est la plus ancienne église méthodiste et la troisième plus ancienne église de la région de Wellington. Elle fut utilisée pour un service régulier jusqu'à ce que la congrégation devienne trop grande et se déplaça vers la nouvelle église « St Stephens » en 1957.

Une fois que la forêt eut été éclaircie, des élevages de moutons et des fermes laitières commencèrent à représenter une part importante de l'économie locale.
Le village commença à se développer dans les années 1920.
En 1928, la société  « Wainui-o-Mata Development Limited » fut constituée dans le but de développer la vallée de Wainuiomata par l'acquisition de  (ou ) de terrain, le subdiviser et le revendre pour des lots résidentiels.
Une part importante du projet fut la construction du  reliant la vallée de Hutt et la vallée de Wainuiomata pour améliorer l'accès au nouveau village.
La construction du tunnel commença en 1932, mais la grande dépression entraîna un arrêt des travaux et de nombreux investisseurs de la compagnie y perdirent de l'argent.
Après la deuxième guerre mondiale, une croissance majeure survint du fait du développement des maisons disponibles, qui attirèrent de nombreux jeunes couples, qui vinrent transformer la ville de Wainuiomata en une communauté de travailleurs.
L'afflux de familles plus jeunes gagna à la communauté le surnom de "Nappy Valley" dans les années 1950 .

Gouvernance
Depuis 1989, la ville de Wainuiomata fait partie de la gouvernance de la cité de Lower Hutt.
Le « ward de Wainuiomata » couvre la banlieue et les environs ruraux du secteur, élisant  pour le .
À la suite des , le ward est représenté par   et Margaret Willard .
Au niveau national, Wainuiomata tombe dans le secteur électoral général de  et l'électorat Māori de .
Le résident de Wainuiomata et membre du Parti travailliste : , représente le  secteur de «Hutt South».

Activités sportives
Wainuiomata est réputée pour son enthousiasme sportif, en particulier pour la ligue de rugby.
La Grande Finale du NRL d'Australienne en 2005 vit s'affronter les équipes, qui contenaient plusieurs des anciens membres des .

L'enthousiasme de la ville pour les sports est relatif à un incident, qui attira l'attention des médias nationaux en  : un gérant de motel de Palmerston North bannit tous les résidents de la ville de Wainuiomata du fait de leur arrogance.
Cela survint après une série d'infractions mineures par des visiteurs venant de là.

Les nombreuses stars sportives originaires de Wainuiomata comprennent le : rugby union All Blacks Piri Weepu, Neemia Tialata et Tana Umaga  ainsi que le joueur de du Leinster Rugby .

Média
Wainuiomata fut marquée par la première série de la production de la télévision de , dans laquelle : un homme est tué dans l'ancien collège de Wainuiomata avec l'aide de plusieurs résidents .

La série documentaire « Heartland » fit de Wainuiomata le focus d'un film de  durant la saison de 1994.

Le show fit le succès du nom de Chloe Reeves, un aspirant chanteur de jazz, qui exprimait ses rêves romantiques tout en portant des pantoufles de tigre de marque déposée.

Reeves, ou Chloe de Wainuiomata, devint un synonyme en Nouvelle-Zélande pour la démographie de la classe socio-économique inférieure de Wainuiomata.

, la femme d'un ancien premier ministre d'Australie, Tony Abbott, a elle aussi grandit dans Wainuiomata.

Transport
La route de « Wainuiomata Hill Road » est la seule route majeure dans et autour de la ville de Wainuiomata, reliant la banlieue à Gracefield et la localité de Waiwhetū,
Cette   ( formée de  dans chaque direction), est l'une des routes les plus raides de la région de Wellington dans le secteur de Gracefield, sur le côté de Lower Hutt mais la route monte de  en , soit en moyenne une pente de 10,3 % .

 réguliers desservent Wainuiomata : le N°160 Wainuiomata North et le N°170 Wainuiomata South.
Les  de bus partent de « Lower Hutt Queensgate » via , où ils sont reliés aux services de trains de la  en direction de la cité de Wellington.
Le parcours du bus N°160 dessert la partie nord, au-delà de Parkway, Arakura et Glendale, alors que le parcours du bus 170 dessert la partie sud, vers «Fernlea» et Homedale ;
les deux parcours passent par le centre commercial.
Deux services aux heures de pointe, le 80N et le 80S, suivent respectivement le trajet du 160 et du 170 dans Wainuiomata, mais se dirigent via Gracefield et Petone en express vers le centre de Wellington.

Une branche de la ligne de chemin de fer de banlieue  (voir ) fut discutée à une certaine époque au cours du  mais ne fut jamais réalisée.

Éducation
La ville de Wainuiomata a  : , une école intermédiaire et une école secondaire.

L'école Arakura School est une école d'état contribuant au primaire (allant de l'année 1 à 6) et située dans Arakura, et elle avait  en 2019.
L'école Fernlea School est une école d'état contribuant au primaire (allant de l'année 1 à 6) et avait  en 2019.
L'école Konini Primary School est une école d'état contribuant au primaire (allant de l'année 1 à 6) située dans la localité de Parkway, et avait  en 2019. Elle fut fondée en 2002 à la suite de la fusion des écoles de « Parkway School » et « Sun Valley School ».
L'école Pukeatua Primary School est une école d'état, primaire complète (allant de l'année 1 à  8) située dans Glendale, et avait  en 2019. Elle fut fondée en 2002 à la suite de la fusion de « l'école de Glendale » et  de « l'école de Pencarrow ».
L'école St Claudine Thevenet School est une école catholique , assurant entièrement le primaire (allant de l'année 1 à 8) et avait  en 2019. Elle fut fondée en 2005 à la suite de la fusion de « l'école St Matthew » et « l'école  St Patrick ».
L' est une école secondaire d'état (allant de l'année 9 à 13) située dans la localité de Parkway, et qui avait un effectif de  en 2019. Elle fut établie en 2002 à la suite de la fusion de  « Parkway College » et « Wainuiomata College ».
L'école Wainuiomata Intermediate School est une école d'état intermédiaire (allant de l'année 7 à 8) située dans Parkway, et qui avait un effectif de  en 2019. Elle fut établie en 2002 à la suite de la fusion de « Parkway Intermediate School » et « Wainuiomata Intermediate School ».
L'école Wainuiomata Primary School est une école d'état contribuant au primaire (allant de l'année 1 à 6) située dans la localité de Homedale et qui avait un effectif de  en 2019. Elle fut établie en 1857  et fusionnée avec l'école de « Wood Hatton School » en 2002.

La brigade de sapeurs pompiers
La localité de Wainuiomata a bénéficié d'une brigade de pompiers volontaires, établie en 1944, à la suite d'un incendie majeur de maisons survenu en 1943. Le premier superintendant fut  Mr J.S. Dunn.
La station de pompier, elle-même fut construite en 1945 sur un terrain à l'opposé de l'école de « Wainuiomata Primary School ».
La « Wainuiomata Development Company » fit don du terrain et du bois d'œuvre à la brigade, alors que d'autres brigades ou compagnies firent dons de tuyaux, lances et d'échelles.
La brigade de Stokes Valley a, pour sa part, fourni une pompe sur remorque .
Dans les premiers temps, aucun véhicule disponible ne pouvaient tirer la pompe et la remorque lors des appels.
Souvent, ce fut un bus de  qui la tira, dans la mesure où c'était un des membres fondateurs, Mr Artie Kilmister, qui était le conducteur local du bus.
En 1946, la brigade prit possession de son véritable premier engin d'intervention contre le feu : un Ford V8  4-roues motrices.
Le camion, qui était un fourgon de l'armée de l'air, resta en service jusqu'en 1965.
Il n'avait aucun gyrophare mais seulement une sirène et quand parfois elle faisait défaut, il n'était pas inhabituel pour les membres de l'équipe perchés sur le camion de crier  "get out of the way", ou d'autres mots, qui faisaient cet effet.
La  Brigade de Wainuiomata des volontaires du feu rejoignit le « United Fire Brigades Association » de Nouvelle-Zélande (UFBA) en 1944.

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Autres lectures

Liens externes
 Wainuiomata online

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Banlieue
Région de Wellington

Wainuiomata


An Palmorchis colombiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Palmorchis colombiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Palmorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Palmorchis

Palmorchis colombiana


The Prytanée national militaire is a French military school managed by the French military, offering regular secondary education as well as special preparatory classes, equivalent in level to the first years of university, for students who wish to enter French military academies. The school is located in western France in the city of La Flèche.

At first founded in 1604 by the king Henri IV, the school was given to the Jesuits in the aim to "instruct the young people and make it fall in love with sciences, honour and virtue, in order to be able to serve". It then became the "Prytanée" wanted by Napoleon in 1800.

History

From the Château-Neuf to the creation of the royal college
Françoise d'Alençon, who had become a widow in 1537, decided to retire in her land of La Flèche, which she had received as a gift from her husband Charles de Bourbon. The old feodal castle, actually Château des Carmes, was too old and with no comfort, Françoise d'Alençon ordered the construction of a new building. The "Château-Neuf" (New Castle) was erected between 1539 and 1541 outside of the city, in the place of the Prytanée Militaire and following the plans of the architect Jean Delespine. Some recent new elements give a better idea of the original castle and garden.

In 1550, after her death, her son Antoine of Navarre inherits of her possessions. With his wife Jeanne d'Albret, inheritor of the Kingdom of Navarre, he stays in La Flèche multiple times, as in February 1552 and then in May 1553, a few months before their son's birth, the future king Henri IV.

On 3 December 1603, by letters patent sent from Rouen, Henri IV authorised the return of the Jesuits, who had been banned by the parliament of Paris in 1594 after the failed attack against the King made by one of their latter pupils, Jean Châtel. The King allows them to live in the places where they were before their departure and in other cities. Henri IV recommends them to particularly stay in his house of La Flèche in order to establish their college.

The first Jesuits priests arrive to La Flèche in the beginning of November 1603, led by Pierre Barny, named rector of the college. In January 1604, the college welcomes its first students. From its first year, the college knows a success and counts around 1 000 pupils. Their number grows fast in the following years.

The Jesuit College (1604–1762)

The first Jesuits left Pont-à-Mousson on 16 October 1603, and reached La Flèche on 2 January 1604. They started to teach grammar, rhetorics, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, philosophy, mathematics, and theology. A foundation edict was issued at Fontainebleau in May 1607, in which the building started to take its present shape.

René Descartes was one of the first and most illustrious students of the school from 1607 to 1615, and introduced the school in his Discourse on Method under the phrase "I was studying in one of the most celebrated schools in Europe".

The College continued to expand, and, upon the death of Henry IV, a vast church was built, in which the hearts of Henry IV and his wife queen Marie de Medicis were enshrined.

Missions to China and the Americas

Many of the Jesuit missionaries who went to the China during the 17th century had been trained at the College. Among them were Énemond Massé, who became an early missionary to Canada and became Minister of the College upon his return in 1614. When he went back to Canada, he was accompanied by Charles Lalemant, another alumnus of the school. Paul Le Jeune, also a student of the College, is considered as the "father of the Jesuit missions in New France", and was the Superior of the Jesuits in Quebec from 1632 to 1639. Others were Erard Bille, Jacques Buteux, Nicolas Adam, Barthélemy Vimont, Paul Ragueneau, Claude de Quentin, Isaac Jogues.

In China also, numerous students of the College became active participants in the missions. Three of the five Jesuits sent by Louis XIV to China were from the Collège: Jean de Fontaney, the Superior of the mission, who had been a professor of mathematics there and became rector of the school until 1710 after his return from China; Joachim Bouvet, who was a philosophy student in 1676, became a teacher to the Kangxi Emperor; Claude Visdelou, who was a repetitor and a teacher at the school from 1676 to 1678. Others included Guillaume le Couteux, Pierre Foureau, Charles de Broissia, Emeric de Chavagnac, Jean-François Fouquet, and Joseph Labbe.

Around 1650, the College became a centre of cosmopolitan learning, as "Americans, Indians, Tartars, Russians, and even Chinese visited it". In 1751, two Chinese students were enrolled: Yang Dewang (Etienne Yang Tche-teh), and Gao Ren (Louis Kao Fen).

Cadets school (1764–1776)
In 1764 following the expulsion of the Jesuits, after a lapse of two years, the school was transformed by Louis XV and Choiseul into a military institution designed to train young cadets for admission to the École Militaire, the "École de cadets ou École militaire préparatoire à l'École militaire du Champ de Mars". These efforts at creating military institutions followed military defeats in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). The school was reserved to 250 students of noble extraction, as well as sons of officers who were wounded or died in combat, and the sons of the Chevaliers de Saint-Louis.

College (1776–1793)
In 1776 the Count of St Germain attempted to close the school, but it was re-established by Louis XVI, who gave its management to the "Fathers of the Christian Doctrine" (Pères de la Doctrine chrétienne). Among others, they educated the future General Bertrand, who accompanied Napoléon to Saint Helena, and the two Chappe brothers, who invented the aerial telegraph.

The College was closed in 1793 following the advent of the French revolution. For a while, the buildings were used for a variety of purposes, such as becoming a cordonery for the Army of the Republic.

Prytanée militaire (1808–present)
On 24 March 1808, Napoléon renamed the school "Prytanée militaire", in a classic reference to the Greek prytaneis (literally "Presidents"), an executive body acting as the religious and political heart of ancient Greek cities. As Napoleon had moved to Fontainebleau to establish his court, he had decided to transfer the "École spéciale Militaire de Fontainebleau" to Paris, and the "Prytanée de Saint-Cyr" to La Flèche. Since then various names were adopted for the school, such as "École royale militaire" (1814–1830), Collège royal militaire (1831–1848), Collège national militaire (1848–1853), Prytanée impérial militaire (1853–1870), Prytanée militaire and Prytanée national militaire (since 1870).

During World War II in 1940, the Prytanée had to be moved for a few years successively to Billom, Valence, then Briançon.

Today

Today the Prytanée provides secondary education and also has "Classes préparatoires", that is, preparatory classes to the entrance examinations of the French elite Grandes Écoles, such as École polytechnique, the Navy École navale, the Army École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, the École de l'Air and various civilian engineering or commercial graduate schools.

The school's students are nicknamed "Brutions", as a classic reference to the inhabitants of the Bruttium region of Roman Italy, who had a reputation for their roughness and fighting spirit.

Insignas
The school grades received by students are even today symbolized by military insignias which are worn on the traditional uniform (Uniforme de tradition), starting with "Sergent-Major" (4 golden chevrons) for the top of a class, "Sergent" (3 golden chevrons), "Caporal-Chef" (2 red and 1 golden chevrons), and finally "Caporal" (2 red chevrons). Typically, the top ten students of each class during a given quarter would receive such insignias.

Students also have colored shoulder badges for each year, attached to the daily fatigues ("Uniforme de travail"), starting with blue for the first year of high school, orange for the second, and green for the third. These badges can further be adorned with various small symbols and decorations, especially expressing the type of career to which each student is aspires.

Famous alumni

The Prytanée has trained various military and non-military celebrities. In chronological order:

Marin Mersenne (1588–1648), theologian, mathematician
Pierre Séguier, statesman and Chancellor of France (1588–1672)
René Descartes, philosopher (1596–1650)
Comte de Guébriant (1602–1643), Marshal of France
La Rochefoucauld (1613–1680), writer
François de Laval (1623–1708), first Bishop of New France
Jean Picard (1629–1682), astronomer
Joseph Sauveur (1653–1716), mathematician and physicist
James Fitz-James (1670–1734), Duke of Berwick and Marshal of France
du Petit Thouars (1760–1798), Navy officer, hero of the Battle of Aboukir Bay
Claude Chappe (1763–1805), inventor of the optical telegraph
Bertrand (1773–1844), General, follower of Napoleon at Saint Helena
Auguste Davezac (1780–1851), United States Ambassador to the Netherlands
Pélissier (1794–1864), Marshal of France
René François Regnier (1794–1881), ecclesiastical writer
Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France
Antoine Brutus Menier (1795–1853), entrepreneur and founder of Chocolat Menier
Antoine François Prévost (1797–1863), novelist
Alessandro Barnabò (1801–1874), Catholic Cardinal
Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines(1804–1877), General
Courtot de Cissey (1810–1882), General
Charles-Denis Bourbaki (1816–1897), General
Adrien Joseph Deutsch (1818–1895)
Louis Rossel (1844–1871), Minister of War in the Paris Commune
Gallieni (1849–1916), Marshal of France
Amédée-François Lamy (1858–1900), French officer, conqueror of Chad
Georges Catroux (1877–1969), French general
Gabriel Voisin (1880–1973), aeronautical pioneer
Émile Mireaux (1885–1969), economist, Minister of Education
Prince Husain Bey (1893-1964/9), Crown Prince of Tunisia
Jacques Massu (1908–2002), General
Pierre Guillaumat (1909–1991), entrepreneur and statesman (Minister of the Army, Education)
Kléber Haedens (1913–1973), writer
François Missoffe (1919–2003), statesman
Jean-Claude Brialy (1933–2007), actor
Pierre Agostini (1941–), French experimental physicist and the 2023 Nobel laureate in physics
Michel Virlogeux (1946–), architect of Millau Viaduct, the tallest vehicular bridge in the world
Patrick Baudry (1946–), astronaut
Antoine Compagnon (1950–), writer
Jean-François Clervoy (1958–), astronaut
Caroline Aigle (1974–2007), first French female fighter pilot
Rodolphe Belmer (1969–), Canal+ program director general

Famous professors
Pierre Laromiguière (1756–1837)
Léon Fleuriot (1923–1987)

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

Notes
 On vit arriver au Collège "des Américains, des Indiens, des Tartares, des Russes et même des Chinois", Marchant de Burbure (1803)

References

Li, Shenwen, 2001, Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle-France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, L'Harmattan,

External links

History and alumni of the Prytanée
 Cofat site
"Prytanée historique" by Jacques Maillard

Lycées in Pays de la Loire
Buildings and structures in Sarthe
Educational institutions established in the 1600s
1604 establishments in France
Boarding schools in France
Education in Pays de la Loire
Military high schools

Prytanée national militaire


محمد الهاشمي الحامدي هو سياسي وكاتب وإعلامي تونسي. هو مؤلف كتب "السيرة النبوية للقرية العالمية" و "رسالة التوحيد" و"رسالة الدولة العادلة في إطار المبادئ الإسلامية"، وهو مؤسس ورئيس قناة المستقلة الفضائية في لندن.  ورئيس تيار العريضة الشعبية للحرية والعدالة والتنمية، الذي تغير اسمه إلى  تيار المحبة في 22 ماي 2013. في 2018 استقال الهاشمي من رئاسة الحزب. الهاشمي الحامدي مقيم بالعاصمة البريطانية لندن منذ 1987ومعارض تونسي سابق. اتهمه خصومه بأنه مقرب من زين العابدين بن علي وحزب التجمع الدستوري المنحل. لكنه نفى ذلك نفيا قاطعا، مبرهنا على كلامه بأنه عاش طيلة فترة حكم بن علي في الخارج وفتح الباب لمعارضيه في برنامج المغرب الكبير بقناة المستقلة، البرلمان الشهير الذي وصفته جريدة ليبراسيون الفرنسية بأنه شاشة للحرية تأسر التونسيين . كان الهاشمي الحامدي أحد أعضاء حركة النهضة الإسلامية التونسية قبل أن يخرج منها بسبب خلافه مع زعيمها راشد الغنوشي ويتحول إلى سياسي مستقل.

بالإضافة لكونه سياسيًا، فهو أيضًا كاتب وإعلامي من مواليد سيدي بوزيد في تونس.، ومالك قناة المستقلة الفضائية التي انطلقت عام 1999. وقناة الديمقراطية التي انطلقت عام 2005. و بخلاف ما يروج عنه من خصومه بأنه رجل أعمال ومن أثرياء تونس فهذا ليس صحيحا على الإطلاق كما أكد ذلك هو بنفسه مرات عديدة، وكما أكدت صحيفة لوموند الفرنسية التي زارت مقر قناة المستقلة في لندن وكتبت بأنه مقر متواضع بإمكانيات متواضعة. وهو أحد المرشحين لمنصب الرئاسة في تونس بعد الثورة التونسية عام 2011 بصفته رئيسًا لتيار العريضة الشعبية للحرية والعدالة والتنمية. وكمؤسس لحزب المحافظين التقدميين الذي تتبع له العريضة الشعبية. حيث خسر بعد أن حقق تيار العريضة الشعبية الذي يترأسه المركز الثالث في انتخابات المجلس الوطني التأسيسي.

في 2011، وبعد الثورة التونسية، أعلن محمد الهاشمي الحامدي عن رغبته في الترشح لمنصب رئاسة تونس.
قدم ترشحه للانتخابات الرئاسية التونسية لسنة 2014

الخلفية
ولد الهاشمي الحامدي في سيدي بوزيد بتونس ونال شهادة الإجازة في اللغة والآداب العربيتان من كلية الآداب من جامعة تونس عام 1985 ودرجة الماجستير عام 1990 من جامعة لندن في التاريخ والآداب العربية والدراسات الإسلامية المعاصرة، ودرجة الدكتوراه من قسم دراسات الشرق الأوسط في كلية الدراسات الشرقية والأفريقية في جامعة لندن عام 1996. الهاشمي الحامدي عمل في صحيفة الشرق الأوسط السعودية كمحرر وكاتب لصفحة لقسم الدين التراث اليومية منذ العام 1988 حتى العام 1991 حين تركها للعمل في مجلة العالم الإيرانية. أسس صحيفة المستقلة التي كانت تصدر بشكل اسبوعي عام 1993، ومجلة الدبلوماسي الفصلية عام 1996 وقناة المستقلة عام 1999 وقناة الديمقراطية عام 2005.

العمل بالسياسة

الترشح للانتخابات الرئاسية في تونس
بعد نجاح الثورة التونسية أسس الحامدي تيار العريضة الشعبية للحرية والعدالة والتنمية وأعلن نيته الترشح رسميًا في مارس 2011 لانتخابات الرئاسة في تونس بصفته رئيسًا، ومؤسسا ل حزب المحافظين التقدميين. الذي تتبع له العريضة الشعبية.

وبعد أن حلت العريضة الشعبية في المركز الثالث بعد حركة النهضة الإسلامية وحزب المؤتمر من أجل الجمهورية بعد حصولها على 27 مقعدًا. أعلن كمال الجندوبي رئيس الهيئة العليا المستقلة للانتخابات عن إسقاط 6 من قوائمها واحدة منها من سيدي بوزيد مسقط رأس الحامدي بسبب مخالفات مالية. وردًا على هذا، أعلن الهاشمي الحامدي وفي اتصال له مع وكالة الصحافة الفرنسية (أ.ف.ب) أنه سيسحب العريضة من المجلس الوطني التأسيسي اعتراضا على القرار. وبعد أن أعلن عن إسقاط القوائم، خرجت مظاهرة مضادة لحركة النهضة في سيدي بوزيد تحتج على فوزها وعلى تصريحات الأمين العام لحركة النهضة حمادي الجبالي ضد العريضة. حيث قام المتظاهرون بإشعال النار في مكتب رئيس بلدية سيدي بوزيد ومقر بلدية سيدي بوزيد ومقر المعتمدية ومقر المحكمة وعدة محال تجارية ومقر حزب حركة النهضة الإسلامية وسيارة وقاموا برشق رجال أمن كانوا أمام مقر مديرية الأمن بالحجارة. كما قام المحتجون باقتحام مسكنا للفتيات تابعا لأحد مراكز التدريب المهني وقاموا بتخريب محتوياته. وهو ما أدى إلى قيام الشرطة باستخدام قنابل الغاز المسيل للدموع بشكل كثيف لتفريق المظاهرة. وكان الهاشمي الحامدي دعا لتلك المظاهرات بشكل غير مباشر عندما هدد في لقائه مع قناة المستقلة "أن أنصاره مستعدون للزحف على الجبالي"، "وبأن محافظة سيدي بوزيد التي كانت شرارة الثورة التونسية "قد تثور مرة أخرى على الحكومة المركزية". كما حذر من أن قيام فتنة أو قيام حركات مناهضة لحركة النهضة إذا كان حمادي الجبالي الأمين العام لحركة النهضة رئيسًا للوزراء. غير أن حركة النهضة أتهمت قوى الثورة المضادة وراء تلك المظاهرات. لأنها كانت تحاول تعكير جو الانتخابات. نتيجة لذلك، أعلنت الشرطة التونسية حظر للتجوال في سيدي بوزيد. لاحقًا قام الحامدي بتقديم طعون في قرارات الهيئة. وقد قامت المحكمة الإدارية بإعادة سبع مقاعد للعريضة وهذا ما جعلها الكتلة الثانية من حيث عدد المقاعد ب 26 مقعد بعد حركة النهضة، والكتلة الثالثة بعد حركة النهضة والمؤتمر من أجل الجمهورية من حيث عدد الأصوات. وقد وصفت العريضة من قبل العديد من وسائل الإعلام بعد فوزها بأنها مفاجأة الانتخابات التونسية.

في نهاية نوفمبر 2011، أعلن الهاشمي الحامدي عن تأسيس تحالف تونس الجميلة ليكون بديلا عن تيار العريضة الشعبية.

فقد الهاشمي الحامدي فرصة رئاسة تونس حين جرى انتخاب المنصف المرزوقي رئيسًا. كما لم يشارك حزبه العريضة الشعبية / تيار المحبة بالحكومة حيث انشق عدد كبير من نوابه عنه ليصبحوا مستقلين حيث أصبح الحزب ممثلًا ب7 نواب فقط عند نهاية أعمال المجلس.

في 4 فبراير، 2012، تم انتخاب الهاشمي الحامدي لمنصب الأمين العام لحزب المحافظين التقدميين التونسي.

في انتخابات العام 2014
فقد تياره السياسي، تيار المحبة 24 مقعدًا من الانتخابات السابقة التي حققها في العام 2011 حين حقق مقعدين فقط في الانتخابات التشريعية التونسية 2014. كما فشل مرة أخرى في رئاسة تونس في الانتخابات الرئاسية التونسية 2014 حيث صوتت له دائرة واحدة من 27 دائرة.

محاولة العودة إلى تونس بعد الثورة
بعد أن كانت آخر زيارة له في نوفمبر 1998، أعلن الهاشمي الحامدي أنه سيعود إلى تونس يوم السبت 12 نوفمبر 2011. لكن وفي نفس اليوم الذي قرر فيه العودة إلى تونس «يوم السبت»، قال الأمين العام ل حزب المحافظين التقدميين إسكندر بوعلاقي أن الهاشمي الحامدي قد قرر إرجاء عودته إلى تونس بسبب وجود حملة تستهدفه. الهاشمي الحامدي نفسه أصدر بيانًا على موقعه الرسمي أكد فيه ما قاله بو علاقي. تزامن الإعلان مع ورد اسمه في تقرير عن الفساد مكون من 354 صفحة يوم الجمعة 11 نوفمبر 2011  التقرير احتوى على رسالة كتبها الهاشمي الحامدي للرئيس المخلوع زين العابدين بن علي وعرض على التلفزة الوطنية التونسية. تبين من نص الرسالة أنها كانت تتعلق بمقترح لتنظيم ندوة حوارية في قناة المستقلة يشارك فيها الحزب الحاكم والمعارضة ولا علاقة لها بالفساد من قريب أو من بعيد.

العودة إلى تونس في العام 2014
في العام 2014، عاد الهاشمي الحامدي إلى تونس. وشارك في الإنتخابات الرئاسية، وحل في المركز الرابع من بين 27 مترشحا، وفي المركز الأول في ولاية سيدي بوزيد.

الجدل
في 14 أبريل 2011، تشاجر شيعي من حزب الدعوة الإسلامية وسني من حزب البعث في قناة المستقلة / الديمقراطية المملوكة للهاشمي الحامدي بسبب خلاف حول حكم الرئيس العراقي الراحل صدام حسين للعراق. بعد هذا تقدم ممثل المؤتمر الوطني العراقي في بريطانيا بشكوى إلى القضاء ضد القناة بسبب المشاجرة حيث اعتبر أن الضيف الشيعي قد تعرض للظلم. لكن بالتثبت في هذه المعلومة يتضح أنها خاطئة تماما، حيث لم ترفع قضية ضد قناة المستقلة من المؤتمر الوطني العراقي مطلقا في أي وقت.

قناة المستقلة قناة فضائية عربية دولية، بدأت بثها في 28 يناير 1999 وهي امتداد لصحيفة المستقلة الدولية التي أسسها محمد الهاشمي الحامدي وصدر عددها الأول في 1 يناير 1993. اشتهرت القناة بعدة برامج لقيت صدى واسعا في العالم العربي، مثل برنامج الحوار الصريح بعد التراويح عن تاريخ الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية، وبرنامج المغرب الكبير عن حقوق الإنسان في تونس، وبرنامج زيارة إلى المدينة المنورة، وبرنامج الرحلة العمانية، ومسابقة شاعر العرب التي هي أول مسابقة للشعر العربي الفصيح في تاريخ الفضائيات العربية. أما ما قيل عن تجنبها الحديث في بعض الموضوعات لضغوط خارجية فروايات من خصوم الهاشمي وقناته.

الحياة الشخصية
الحامدي متزوج من زبيدة بنت عمار قمادي وهي جزائرية. وله أربع أطفال. وقد كتب ملخص سيرته الذاتية ونشرها في موقعه الإلكتروني: www.alhachimi.info كما توجد في هذه الموقعة كتبه: رسالة التوحيد، السيرة النبوية للقرية العالمية، ورسالة الدولة العادلة في إطار المبادئ الإسلامية، بنظام بي دي اف.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سيدي بوزيد
أشخاص من سيدي بوزيد (تونس)
أصحاب أعمال تونسيون
إعلاميون تونسيون
بريطانيون متجنسون
خريجو جامعة تونس
خريجو جامعة لندن
خريجو مدرسة الدراسات الشرقية والإفريقية
سياسيون تونسيون
شخصيات أعمال تونسية في القرن 21
شخصيات حركة النهضة التونسية
كتاب وكاتبات تونسيون
مرشحو الانتخابات الرئاسية التونسية 2019
مرشحون للانتخابات الرئاسية التونسية
مرشحون للانتخابات الرئاسية التونسية 2014
مهاجرون تونسيون إلى المملكة المتحدة
مواليد 1383 هـ
مواليد 1964
مواليد في سيدي بوزيد (تونس)

محمد الهاشمي الحامدي


Oeconomus, œconomus, ili oikonomos (grčki οἰκονόμος, od oiko- 'kuća' i 'upravljati, pravo') je drevna grčka riječ koja znači "upravitelj" ili "domaćin". U bizantskom razdoblju izraz je korišten kao naslov upravitelje ili rizničara neke organizacije.

Primjer da se oekonomus onda rabio za označiti "upravitelja" nalazi se u Evanđelju po Luki 12:42 "Gospod Bog je odgovorio:" Tko je onda vjeran i mudar oekonomus (upravitelj), kojega gospodar stavlja na čelo da svojim slugama pravovremeno daje njihovo sljedovanje u hrani?'

U današnje vrijeme oekonomus je naslov u Rimokatoličkoj crkvi. U Zakonu o kanonskom pravu iz 1983., oekonomus je naveden kao upravitelj financijama (ekonom) dijeceze (biskupije).

Izvori

Literatura

 Luka Evanđelist.

Stari Rim
Kršćanstvo
Bizant

Oekonomus


Nürnberg veya Nuremberg:
Nürnberg
 Nürnberg: Almanya'da, Bavyera eyâletinde yer alan bir kent.

 Nürnberg (film): 2000 yılı yapımı Nürnberg Uluslararası Askeri Ceza Mahkemesi'ni konu alan Yves Simoneau'un yönettiği, başrolünde Alec Baldwin'in oynadığı tarihi film.
 Nüremberg Duruşması, Stanley Kramer'in yönettiği 1961 ABD yapımı film, özgün adı Judgment At Nuremberg olan film Türkiye'de sinemalarda "Nüremberg Duruşması"(veya "Nuremberg Duruşması") televizyonlarda da "Nuremberg Mahkemesi" adlarıyla gösterildi.

 1. FC Nürnberg, Almanya'nın Nürnberg kentinde kurulmuş olan spor kulübü

Nürnberg (anlam ayrımı)


Kahverengi veya Boz kırmızı ve yeşil, turuncu ve mavi veya sarı ve mor pigmentlerin karıştırılması ile elde edilebilen bir renktir.

Kahverengi renginin hex değeri "#964B00", RGB değeri "150;75;0", ve CMYK değeri "0;50;100;41"dir.

Kelimenin kökeni
1400'lü yıllarda Türklerin kahveyle tanışması sonrasında zaman içinde kahve bu renge adını vermiştir. Japonlar aynı renge, çay rengi anlamında "chairo" (Cha:çay, İro:renk) derlermiş, Osmanlıda "Fındıki" diye adlandırılmıştır. İngilizcede de adını fındıktan (hazel) almıştır. Günümüzde "alageyik, alabalık" örneklerinde gördüğümüz ve "rengârenk" anlamındaki "ala" sözcüğü Türkçede kahverengi anlamında kullanılmıştır. "Ela"nın kaynağı da bu sözcüktür. Eski Türkçede kahverengi anlamında kullanılan sözcük ise "konur" (kongur)dur. Bu sözcüğün anlamı kaynaklarda "yanık al, yağızımsı al" diye verilmektedir. Açık kahverengi saçlar için kullandığımız "kumral" da bu sözcükle "al"ın bileşiminden (konural) "kumral" olmuştur. Türkçe boz sözcüğünün bir anlamı da kahverengidir. Boz ayı, kahverengi ayı anlamındadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ala(Türk Dili Dergisi 'nde). Kahverengi ile ilgili sözcüklerinin etimolojisi hakkında.

Renkler

Kahverengi


Premiul de stat austriac pentru literatură europeană este un premiu internațional acordat de Republica Austria. Acest premiu a fost acordat prima dată de către ministerul de Educație sub numele de premiul Nikolaus Lenau și poartă numele lui din 1965. Acesta este acordat în fiecare an unui scriitor european. În 1969, 1979 și 1985, nu a fost acordat niciunui scriitor. Recompensa este în prezent de 25.000 de euro.

Câștigătorii

Referințe

Legături externe
 Premiul austriac de stat pentru literatură europeană

Premii europene


Expose, exposé, or exposed may refer to:

News sources
 Exposé (journalism), a form of investigative journalism
 The Exposé, a British conspiracist website

Film and TV

Film
 Exposé (film), a 1976 thriller film
 Exposed (1932 film), a 1932 film starring Barbara Kent
 Exposed (1938 film), a 1938 film starring Glenda Farrell
 Exposed (1947 film), a 1947 film starring Adele Mara
 Exposed (1983 film), a 1983 film starring Nastassja Kinski
 Exposed (2003 film), a 2003 American independent comedy film
 Exposed (2011 film), a 2011 film starring Jodi Lyn O'Keefe
 Exposed (2016 film), a 2016 film starring Keanu Reeves

Television
 "Exposé" (Lost), a 2007 episode of Lost
 Exposé: America's Investigative Reports, a PBS news/documentary series
 eXposed, the pilot of the American television show The Gifted
 Exposed (U.S. game show), a 2007 American dating game show that aired on MTV
 Exposed (Canadian TV program), a 2004 Canadian music television program that aired on MuchMusic
 "Exposed" (Heroes), a 2009 episode of Heroes
 "Exposed" (UFO) (UFO), a 1970 episode of UFO

Music
 Exposé (group), a 1980s and 1990s vocal group that reformed in 2006

Albums
 Exposé (Exposé album), 1992
 Exposé (Paul Murphy and Larry Willis album), 2008
 Expose (Shizuka Kudo album), 1994
 Exposed (Boom Boom Satellites album), 2007
 Exposed (Chanté Moore album)
 Exposed (CoCo Lee album)
 Exposed (Kristinia DeBarge album)
 Exposed (Mike Oldfield album), 1979
 Exposed (Vince Neil album), 1993
 Exposed (Kiss), a 1987 video by Kiss
 Exposed (Mike Oldfield video), a 1979 live concert video by Mike Oldfield

Song
 "Expose" (song), a 2013 song by Japanese boy band KAT-TUN

Other
 Exposé, now Mission Control, a window management tool for macOS
 Exposed (heights), situation with a significant risk of falling from heights e.g. when climbing
 EXPOSE, astrobiology equipment on the International Space Station
 The Exposed (novel), a novel in the Animorphs series, by K.A. Applegate

See also
 Exeposé, the University of Exeter student newspaper
 expo.se, website for Swedish magazine Expo
 Exposure (disambiguation)
 Exposition (disambiguation)
 Xposé, Irish television programme
 The Xposé, 2014 Hindi film
 Xposed, album by G.E.M.
 X-Posed (R.O.C. album)

tl:Lantad

Expose


Ma Yun (în , ) este un antreprenor chinez în domeniul tehnologiei și internetului, fiind cunoscut ca fiind fondatorul și directorul platformei "Alibaba Group".

Este unul dintre cei bogați oameni din China, cu o avere estimată, în ianuarie 2018, la 50,5 miliarde de dolari, conform Bloomberg.
Magazinul "Fortune" l-a considerat ca fiind al doilea dintre cei mai influenți oameni ai anului 2017.
De asemenea, Jack Ma ocupă locul 36 în topul Forbes al miliardarilor.

S-a născut într-o familie săracă.
A absolvit universitatea din orașul natal cu specialitatea Engleză, limbă pe care a studiat-o de mic copil și pe care o va preda pe la diverse universități.
În 1995 participă ca traducător la o delegație chineză în SUA, unde ia contact cu internetul și înțelege potențialul de viitor al acestuia.
În același an, înființează China Pages, unul dintre primele site-uri chineze.

În 1999 fondează "Alibaba Group", site de comerț electronic care în scurt timp a ajuns să concureze cu marile platforme de profil, ca: Walmart, Amazon sau eBay.
Astfel, conform Forbes, în luna noiembrie 2017, Alibaba Group poseda 550 de milioane de utilizatori activi.

Note

Legături extrene
  Mediafax: "Povestea fondatorului Alibaba: 10 lucruri despre Jack Ma, cel mai bogat om din China și al 36-lea miliardar al lumii "

Nașteri în 1964
Nașteri pe 10 septembrie
Miliardari
Chinezi din secolul al XX-lea
Chinezi din secolul al XXI-lea
Oameni de afaceri chinezi
Chinezi în viață

Jack Ma


Chlamydia, Chlamydiaceae familyasında yer alan bir bakteri cinsidir.

Chlamydia cinsine ait türlerden 3 tanesi:
 Chlamydia muridarum, yalnızca Muroidea üst familyasındaki fare, sıçan ve cırlak sıçan (hamster) gibi canlılarda enfeksiyon etkenidir.
 Chlamydia suis, yalnızca domuzlarda enfeksiyon etkenidir.
 Chlamydia trachomatis, yalnızca insanlarda enfeksiyon etkenidir.

"Chlamydia" (italik değil; metin içinde baş harfi küçük), örneğin İngilizce'de Chlamydiae şubesine ait herhangi bir bakteriye bağlı enfeksiyonu tanımlamak için kullanılan ortak bir terimdir. Bu tarz kullanımın Türkçeleşmiş karşılığı ise "klamidya" ya da "klamidya enfeksiyonu" şeklindedir.

Kaynakça

Chlamydiaceae
Bakteri cinsleri

Klamidya (bakteri)


Cette page liste les albums musicaux ayant eu le plus de succès au cours de l'année 1969 aux États-Unis d'après le magazine Billboard.

Historique
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Artiste(s)
! Titre
!Référence
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|rowspan="5"|The Beatles
|rowspan="5"|The Beatles (The White Album)
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|rowspan="1"|Diana Ross and the Supremes et The Temptations
|rowspan="1"|TCB
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|rowspan="3"|The Beatles
|rowspan="3"|The Beatles (The White Album)
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|rowspan="3"|Glen Campbell
|rowspan="3"|Wichita Lineman
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|rowspan="1"|Blood, Sweat and Tears
|rowspan="1"|Blood, Sweat and Tears
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|-
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|rowspan="1"|Glen Campbell
|rowspan="1"|Wichita Lineman
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|-
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|rowspan="2"|Blood, Sweat and Tears
|rowspan="2"|Blood, Sweat and Tears
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|rowspan="13"|Casting original
|rowspan="13"|Hair
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|rowspan="4"|Blood, Sweat and Tears
|rowspan="4"|Blood, Sweat and Tears
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|rowspan="4"|Johnny Cash
|rowspan="4"|At San Quentin
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|rowspan="2"|Blind Faith
|rowspan="2"|Blind Faith
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|rowspan="4"|Creedence Clearwater Revival
|rowspan="4"|Green River
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|rowspan="8"|The Beatles
|rowspan="8"|Abbey Road
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|rowspan="1"|Led Zeppelin
|rowspan="1"|Led Zeppelin II
|

Liens externes
Classement des albums sur Billboard.com

Etats-Unis
1969 aux États-Unis

Liste des albums musicaux numéro un au Billboard 200 en 1969


Fantastični film, žanr igranog filma koji obrađuje fantastične teme koje uključuju magiju, fantastične svjetove, mitološka bića (vile, čarobnjaci, vještice, zmajevi, goblini, čudovišta) i folklor. Zajedno s horor filmovima i znanstveno-fantastičnim filmovima pripada nadžanru fantastike, a ponekad se preklapa s tim žanrovima, iako se vodi kao poseban žanr.

U žanru, osim mita i fantazije, prevladava pustolovina, neobično i eskapizam. Istaknuti primjeri fantastičnih filmova su Izgubljeni svijet (1925.), King Kong (1933.), Čarobnjak iz Oza (1939.), Bagdadski lopov (1940.), Sedmi pečat (1957.), Jazon i argonauti (1963.), Excalibur (1981.), Conan barbarin (1982.), Beskrajna priča (1984.), Edward Škaroruki (1990.), Beskrajni dan (1993.), Vrana (1994.), Jumanji (1995.), Biti John Malkovich (1999.), Gospodar prstenova: Prstenova družina (2001.), Harry Potter i Kamen mudraca (2001.), Gospodar prstenova: Dvije kule (2002.), Harry Potter i Odaja tajni (2002.), Gospodar prstenova: Povratak kralja (2003.), Van Helsing (2004.), Harry Potter i zatočenik Azkabana (2004.), Panov labirint (2006.), Conan barbarin (2011.), Hobit: Neočekivano putovanje (2012.), Zlurada (2014.) itd.

Filmski žanrovi
Fantastični filmovi

Fantastični film


Jägermeister (/ˈjeɪɡərˌmaɪstər/ Germană: [ˈjɛːɡɐˌmaɪstɐ]) este o băutură alcoolică germană creată dintr-un amestec de peste 56 ierburi și mirodenii, cu un conținut alcoolic de 35% alcool pe volum.

Băuturi alcoolice
Băuturi distilate

Jägermeister


Hradce (deutsch Hradzen) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt zehn Kilometer südwestlich von České Budějovice in Südböhmen und gehört zum Okres České Budějovice.

Geographie

Hradce befindet sich rechtsseitig über dem Tal des Baches Dehtářský potok auf einer Hochfläche in den östlichen Ausläufern des Blanský les. Im Süden erhebt sich der Švehlany (520 m), südwestlich die Kašparka (612 m) und der Kluk (740 m), im Westen der Haberský vrch (718 m). Südlich des Ortes verläuft die Bahnstrecke České Budějovice–Černý Kříž, die Bahnstation Hradce liegt 500 m außerhalb des Dorfes im Wald Paniny.

Nachbarorte sind Lipí im Norden, U Zajíčka und Kaliště u Lipí im Nordosten, Závraty, Nové Homole und Dvůr Koroseky im Osten, U Nové Hospody, Koroseky und Vrábče im Südosten, U Veverků, U Zastávky, Zahrádky und Zahrádka im Süden, Mříč, Na Padělků und Slavče im Südwesten, U Konopí, Hastrman, Povišer, Adámek und Chmelná im Westen sowie Cihlář, Ludvík, Vobr und Habří im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Nördlich des Dorfes wurden in der Flur Travní Reste einer frühzeitlichen Siedlung aus der Bronze-, Hallstatt- und Latènezeit aufgefunden. Unweit davon wurde bei der Einschicht U Zajíčka ein Hügelgrab aus der Zeit um 750–500 v. Chr. entdeckt, in dem ein hallstattzeitliches Fürstengrab vermutet wird.

Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung des Dorfes erfolgte im Jahre 1375 in einer Besitzurkunde über drei Huben Wald und zwei Teiche in Hradcziich. Im Jahre 1840 bestand das zur Herrschaft Krumau untertänige Dominikaldorf Hradzen / Hradec aus sechs Häusern mit 39 Einwohnern. Pfarrort war Duben, der Schulunterricht wurde in Prabsch abgehalten.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Na Hradci / Hradzen ab 1850 eine Ansiedlung der Gemeinde Vrábče in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft Budějovice/Budweis. Zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde das Dorf zeitweilig als Hradec bezeichnet. 1891 nahm südlich des Dorfes die von der Österreichischen Lokaleisenbahngesellschaft errichtete Lokalbahn Budweis – Gojau den Verkehr auf. 1914 lebten in dem Dorf 33 durchweg tschechischsprachige Personen. 1924 wurde der amtliche Ortsname von Na Hradci in Hradce geändert. Am 12. Juni 1960 erfolgte die Abtrennung des Dorfes von Vrábče und Umgemeindung nach Homole. Seit dem 24. November 1990 bildet Hradce erstmals in seiner Geschichte eine eigene Gemeinde.

Gemeindegliederung
Für die Gemeinde Hradce sind keine Ortsteile ausgewiesen. Zu Hradce gehören die Einschichten U Veverků (Wewerka) und U Zajíčka (Zagic).

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Nischenkapelle am Ortsrand
 Nischenkapelle, nördlich des Dorfes an der Straßengabelung nach Lipí und Závraty
 Gehöfte im südböhmischen Bauernbarock
 Steinerner Transformatorenturm

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Präsentation auf den Webseiten der Mikroregion Blanský les - podhůří
 Präsentation auf selskebaroko.unas.cz

Ersterwähnung 1375

Hradce


Festival dalmatinskih klapa Omiš 1980. bila je glazbena manifestacija klapskog pjevanja u Omišu u Hrvatskoj. Festival se održao tijekom 6 večeri u periodu od 12. do 26. srpnja 1980. godine.

Poredak nakon večeri:

Nagrade

Uspješnice poslije festivala

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

1980

Festival dalmatinskih klapa – Omiš 1980.


FROSISTA est une marque de caviar fabriquée par Sichuan Runzhao Fisheries Co., Ltd. de Chine. L'entreprise, avec ses propres fermes d'esturgeons et installations de transformation, a produit 24,1 tonnes de caviar en 2020, ce qui en fait l'un des principaux producteurs de caviar au monde et se partage 8 % du marché mondial.

Histoire
Fondée en 2006, Sichuan Runzhao Food Co., Ltd. est une entreprise de pêche en tant que directeur de l'Association nationale chinoise pour la conservation de la faune aquatique (NAWCA) et l'un des fondateurs de la China Sturgeon Industry Alliance. L'usine de transformation du caviar a été construite en 2012 et la marque FROSISTA a été enregistrée en 2015.

Historiquement, les esturgeons étaient pêchés dans la mer Caspienne et leurs œufs vendus sous forme de caviar principalement par la Russie et l'Iran. La surpêche des esturgeons a conduit à la quasi-extinction de plusieurs espèces. Depuis 1998, le commerce international de toutes les espèces d'esturgeons et de produits apparentés est réglementé par la CITES(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Le caviar est traditionnellement un secteur d'exportation pour les entreprises chinoises, qui sont entrées en masse sur le marché après la fermeture de la production de caviar sauvage iranien et russe en raison de la surpêche.

Production
La production d'esturgeons de la province du Sichuan se classe parmi les meilleures en Chine, et la température de croissance appropriée de l'esturgeon est maintenue à 5-20 °C toute l'année.
Plusieurs fermes d'esturgeons sont construites sur le bord oriental du Plateau Tibétain, dans la province du Sichuan, où le taux de couverture forestière atteint 70%, avec des ressources en eau abondantes de bonne qualité, une température de l'eau de 4 à 23 ℃ toute l'année, offrant des conditions de haute qualité pour le croissance de l'esturgeon.

Le sexe peut être déterminé par échographie après une moyenne de trois ans d'élevage, les espèces diffèrent. Pendant cette période, les esturgeons mâles et femelles sont élevés et, après détermination du sexe, les mâles sont récoltés. Pour récolter le caviar, les poissons femelles sont surveillés par ultrasons pour déterminer s'ils sont prêts à frayer et si les œufs sont prêts à être récoltés. Les femelles qui sont proches de la récolte sont purgées dans des réservoirs séparés avec de l'eau fraîche et plus froide et retirées de la nourriture pendant quatre à six semaines.

Les esturgeons matures sont transportés dans des camions remplis d'eau depuis les fermes jusqu'à une installation de transformation à Ya'an, où leur sac d'œufs est retiré et roulé à la main sur des grilles métalliques pour séparer les œufs. Ensuite, les œufs seront rincés, cueillis, calibrés et légèrement salés, puis égouttés et placés dans des boîtes de différentes tailles. L'ensemble du processus est en moins de 15 minutes. Le reste du poisson est congelé ou fumé et exporté principalement vers la Russie et le Kirghizistan.

Espèce
Il y a 5 espèces différentes d'esturgeons élevées dans les fermes:

Osciètre caviar de Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii;
 On l'appelle aussi Esturgeon du Danube en Europe
Caviar hybride de Acipenser SCH*DAU;
Un hybride d'esturgeon Kaluga/Amour (Huso dauricus x acipenser schrenckii)
Caviar sibérien de Acipenser baerii;
Amur de Acipenser schrenckii ;
Le Kaluga caviar de Huso dauricus ;
Souvent appelé River Beluga

Accueil
Le caviar Frosista est largement reconnu dans plus de 30 pays/régions, a également commencé à gagner en popularité en Chine.

Références

Entreprise ayant son siège à Chengdu
Entreprise ayant son siège dans la province du Sichuan
Entreprise agroalimentaire ayant son siège en Chine
Marque chinoise

Frosista


Glazba u 1999. godini.

Svijet

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Koncertne turneje
Održane koncertne turneje.
 Shania Twain – Come on Over Tour, 1998. – 1999.
 Nine Inch Nails –  Fragility, 1999. – 2000.
 Cher – Do You Believe?,  1999. – 2000.

Istaknuti koncerti
Povijesno važni koncerti, prvi povijesni koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta ili posljednji (oproštajni) koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta.

Europska natjecanja
Europska glazbena natjecanja.

 Pjesma Eurovizije:
 Dječja Pjesma Eurovizije:

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba i sl.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.
 9. travnja – Lil Nas X

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Hrvatska

Dora

Festivali

Nagrade

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba i sl.

Održane prve Večeri dalmatinske pisme u Kaštelima.
Ivan Dečak osnovao sastav Vatru.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Izvori

1999.
Godine 20. stoljeća

Glazba u 1999.