Idele lui Marte (în , în latina târzie: ) este o zi din calendarul roman care corespunde cu 15 martie. A fost marcată de câteva sărbători religioase și reprezenta pentru romani ultima zi de plătit datoriile. În anul 44 î.Hr. a devenit celebră datorită asasinării lui Iulius Cezar. Moartea lui Cezar a făcut din Idele lui Marte un punct de cotitură în istoria romană, fiind unul dintre evenimentele care au marcat tranziția de la Republică la Imperiu.

Cu toate că martie era a treia lună în calendarul iulian, în vechiul calendar roman era prima lună a anului, fiind dedicată zeului Marte. Sărbătorile observate la romani premergătoare zilelor de Ide reflectă deseori originea lor ca festivitate de anul nou.

Idele
Romanii nu numerotau zilele unei luni consecutiv de la prima până la ultima zi. În schimb, ei numărau în sens invers având ca reper trei puncte fixe ale lunii: Nones (a 5-a sau a 7-a zi, depinzând de durata lunii), Ide (a 13-a sau a 15-a zi) și Kalend (prima zi a lunii următoare). Idele avea loc la jumătate, în ziua de 13 a majorității lunilor, dar pe 15 în martie, mai, iulie și octombrie. Idele era calculat în funcție de Luna plină, reflectând originea Lunară a calendarului roman. În cel mai vechi calendar, Idele lui Marte ar fi avut loc după prima Lună plină a noului an.

Sărbătorile religioase

Idele fiecărei luni erau închinate lui Jupiter, zeitatea supremă a romanilor. Flamen Dialis, preotul dedicat al lui Jupiter, conducea "oile lui Ide" (ovis Idulius) pe Via Sacra către Arx Capitolina, unde erau sacrificate.

Pe lângă sacrificiile lunare, de Idele lui Marte avea loc și Festinul Annei Perenna, o zeiță a anului (Latină annus) a cărei festival încheia inițial ceremoniile de anul nou. Ziua era celebrată cu entuziasm printre oamenii obișnuiți cu picnicuri, băutură și orgii. O sursă din antichitatea târzie plasează și Mamuralia de Idele lui Marte. Această sărbătoare, care are aspecte asemănătoare cu ritualurile pharmakos grecești de țap ispășitor, implicau bătaia unui om bătrân îmbrăcat în piei de animal și, eventual, alungarea lui din oraș. Ritualul ar fi putut fi o festivitate de anul nou ce reprezenta expulzarea anului trecut.

În epoca Imperială târzie, Idele deschidea o "săptămână sfântă" de festivități în care erau celebrați Cybele și Attis, fiind ziua de Canna intrat ("Trestia intră"), atunci când Attis s-a născut și a fost găsit printre trestiile de pe marginea unui râu din Frigia. El a fost descoperit de păstori sau de zeița Cybele, care era cunoscută și ca Magna Mater ("Mama Supremă"). O săptămână mai târziu, pe 22 martie, celebrarea solemnă a Arbor intrat ("Copacul intră") comemora moartea lui Attis sub un pin. Un grup de preoți, numit dendrophoroi ("purtătorii copacului") tăiau anual un copac, agățau de acesta o imagine a lui Attis, și îl duceau la templul Mamei Supreme în timp ce jeleau. Ziua a devenit oficială în calendarul roman în timpul domniei lui Claudius (d. 54 d.Hr). Urma o perioadă de doliu de trei zile, ce culmina cu sărbătoarea renașterii lui Attis pe 25 martie, data echinocțiului vernal în calendarul iulian.

Asasinarea lui Cezar

În vremurile moderne, Idele lui Marte este cel mai bine cunoscut ca fiind data la care Iulius Cezar a fost asasinat în anul 44 î.Hr. Cezar a fost înjunghiat mortal în timpul unei întruniri a Senatului. În jur de 60 de conspiratori, conduși de Brutus și Cassius, au fost implicați. Conform lui Plutarh, un profet a avertizat că i se va întâmpla un rău lui Cezar până de Idele lui Marte. În drum spre Teatrul lui Pompei, unde urma să fie asasinat, Cezar a trecut pe lângă profet și a glumit, "A sosit Idele lui Marte", sugerând că profeția nu s-a împlinit, la care profetul a răspuns "Da, Cezare; dar nu s-a încheiat încă." Această întâlnire este faimos dramatizată în piesa Iulius Caesar a lui William Shakespeare, atunci când Cezar este avertizat de un tălmăcitor să "aibă grijă de Idele lui Marte". Biograful roman Suetonius îl identifică pe "profet" ca fiind un haruspiciu pe nume Spurinna.

Moartea lui Cezar a fost evenimentul care a încheiat criza Republicii Romane (ce se presupune că ar fi început în 134 î.Hr.) și a declanșat un război civil care va avea ca rezultat preluarea puterii de către moștenitorul adoptat al lui Cezar, Octavian (cunoscut ulterior ca Augustus). Scriind sub Augustus, Ovidiu descrie asasinatul ca pe un sacrilegiu, de vreme ce Cezar era și Pontifex Maximus al Romei și preotul zeiței Vesta. În 40 î.Hr, la patru ani după asasinat și după ce a obținut o victorie în timpul asediului Perugiei, Octavian a executat 300 de senatori și cavaleri care au luptat alături de Lucius Antonius, fratele lui Marc Antoniu. Execuțiile au făcut parte dintr-o serie de măsuri luate de Octavian pentru a răzbuna moartea lui Cezar. Suetonius și istoricul Cassius Dio au caracterizat măcelul ca pe un sacrificiu religios, notând că a avut loc de Idele lui Marte, la noul altar al lui Divus Julius.

Vezi și

 Julius Caesar, o piesă scrisă de William Shakespeare

Referințe

Legături externe
Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Julius Caesar
Nicolaus of Damascus, Life of Augustus (translated by Clayton M. Hall)

Iulius Caesar (piesă)
Asasinarea lui Iulius Cezar
Martie
Fraze shakespeariene
Calendarul roman

Idele lui Marte


සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේලක් යනු හොද සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වයක් වර්ධනය ක කිරීම හා සම්බන්ධ ප්‍රායෝගීකරණයකි.

මෙය සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ සියළුම ආහාර කාණ්ඩවලින් ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ ලැබෙන අන්දමින් පරිභෝජනයට ගැනීම මගිණි. මෙහිදී ආහාරයට ප්‍රමාණවත් පරිදි ජලය එකතු කර ගැනීම ද එකසේ වැදගත්ය. මානව පෝෂණය වඩාත් සංකිර්ණ මාතෘකාවක් වන අතර සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේලක් යන්න එක් එක් අවස්ථාවන්වලදී විවිධ වේ. ඒ සදහා පුද්ගලයාගේ ප්‍රවේනික සැලැස්ම, අවට පරිසරය සහ සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වය බලපායි. මානව ජනගහනයෙන් 20% කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේලක් ලබා නොගැනීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වී ඇති ප්‍රධානතම අවහිරතාවය වී ඇත්තේ ආහාර ඌණතාවය සහ මන්ද පෝෂණයයි. මීට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ වශයෙන් සංවර්ධිත රටවල ඇති ප්‍රධ‍ානතම ගැටළුව වනුයේ අධි ස්ථුලතාවයයි.

පෝෂණය පිළිබද සමස්ත විග්‍රහයක්
පොදුවේ ගත් කළ සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේලක් අන්තර්ගත වනුයේ ;

	පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ පරිවෘත්තිය සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයන් පවත්වා ගත හැකි පරිදි ප්‍රමාණවත් කැළරි ප්‍රමාණයකින් සහ එය සිදු කළ යුත්තේ සම්පුර්ණ දේහස්කන්ධයෙන් 30% කටත් වඩා ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයකට මේද ගබඩාවීමක් සිදු නොවන පරිදිය. බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් සදහා දිනකට අවශ්‍යයැයි සම්මත කරන ලද ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණය කැළරි 2000 ක් වන අතර එය පුද්ගලයාගේ වයස , ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ භාවය, උස හා බර අනුව වෙනස් වේ.
	ඒක අසංතෘප්ත, බහු අසංතෘප්ත සහ සංතෘප්ත මේද සමග සමතුලිත ඔමේගා - 6 සහ ඔමේගා - 3 ලිපිඩ ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් අන්තර්ගත වන පරිදි මේදය ආහාරයට ගත යුතුය. මෙහි දිනකට අවශ්‍ය යැයි සම්මත කරන ලද මේද ප්‍රමාණය ග්‍රෑම් 65 කි.
	කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට සහ ලිපිඩ අතර නිවැරදි අනුපාතයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යාම. මෙය 4 : 1 අනුපාතයට ලබාගත යුතු අතර කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට ග්‍රෑම් 4 කට ලිපිඩ ග්‍රෑම් 1 ක් වන පරිදි ලබාගත යුතුය.
	අතිරේක වශයෙන් සංතෘප්ත මේදය ලබාගැනීමෙන් වැළකීම.
	අන්තර් මේද පරිභෝජනයෙන් වැළකීම.
	සෛල ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය සහ පරිවාහක ප්‍රෝ‍ටීන සෑදීම සදහා ප්‍රමාණවත් පරිදි අත්‍යවශ්‍ය ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල පරිභෝජනය කිරීම. (සියළුම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල සතුන් තුළ අන්තර්ගත වන අතර සහල් සහ මෑ කුලේ ශාක හැර ඇතැම් ශාක මගින් අත්‍යවශ්‍ය ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල ලබාදෙනු ලැබේ)
	විටමින් සහ ඇතැම් ඛනිජ ලවණ වැනි අත්‍යවශ්‍ය ක්ෂුද්‍ර පෝෂක වර්ග ලබාගත යුතුය.
	සෘජුවම විෂ සහගත (බරලෝහ) සහ පිළිකාකාරක (බෙන්සීන්) ද්‍රව්‍ය ආහාරයට නොගැනීම.
	මානව ව්‍යාධි ජනකයින් විසින් අපවිත්‍ර වූ ආහාර ද්‍රව්‍ය පරිභෝජනයෙන් වැළකීම. (උදා - e.coli, සහ පටිපණුවන්ගේ බිත්තර)
	කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයේ මාත්‍රා වලින් සහ ඉදහිට පරිභෝජනය කිරීමෙන් හානි දායක නොවන හෝ වාසි සහගත වන ඇතැම් ආහාර වර්ග දිගු කාලයක් හෝ විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ මාත්‍රා වන්ගෙන් ආහාරයට නොගෙනීම.

	විශාල වශයෙන් දිගු කාලයක් භාවිතා කිරීමේදී සෘජුවම හානිකර ප්‍රතිඵල ලබාදෙන ආහාර හෝ ද්‍රව්‍යයන් උදා - එතිල් මධ්‍යසාරය
	සිරුරේ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාවලීන් සමග අධි මාත්‍රාවන්වල දී ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයට බාදා පමුණුවන ආහාර වර්ග. උදා - පිරිසිදු කරන ලද මේස ලුණු
	සිරුරෙහි සාමාන්‍ය ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයන් අපහසුතාවයට ලක්කරන ආහාර වර්ග. උදා - ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් තන්තු අන්තර්ගත නොවන පිරිසිදු කරන ලද කාබොහයිඩ්‍රේට වර්ග

සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේල


The year 1961 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 December - Demolition of the Euston Arch in London begins.
 Archigram is founded as an avant-garde architectural group based at the Architectural Association, London, and publishes its manifesto Archigram I. It will work through hypothetical projects and an associated magazine.
 Ahrends, Burton and Koralek is formed as an architectural practice in London.
 Building Design Partnership is formed in Preston, Lancashire.
 St Eusebius' Church, Arnhem, Netherlands, is restored by Berend Tobia Boeyinga.
 The first apartment blocks in Hungary of Panelház (large panel building) construction are erected in Dunaújváros.
 Construction of Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban (house of the national parliament of Bangladesh) in Dhaka, designed by Louis Kahn, begins.
 Double tee beams are first used by Gene Leedy in constructing his own office at Winter Haven, Florida.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened

February 6 - Olin Library at Cornell University, designed by Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde, opens.
March 11 - Benton Park School, Leeds, England, designed by Sir John Burnet, Tait and Partners, formally opened.
May 17 - Guildford Cathedral, England, designed by Sir Edward Maufe, dedicated.
May 18 - The Henninger Turm in Frankfurt, Germany, designed by Karl Leiser, inaugurated.
September 17 - The Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, United States, designed by Mitchell and Ritchey, is completed (demolished 2011-2012).
October 17 - The Kremlin Palace of Congresses in Moscow, Soviet Union, designed by a team led by M. Posokhin.
November 20 - Dungeness Lighthouse on the south coast of England, designed by Philip W. Hunt (engineer) and Ronald Ward and Partners (architects), illuminated.
December 17 - New Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (Gedächtniskirche) in Berlin, designed by Egon Eiermann, consecrated.
date unknown -  Rose Art Museum in Waltham, Massachusetts, designed by Harrison & Abramovitz.

Buildings completed

December 8 - The Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, United States, designed by Edward Carlson, John Graham and Victor Steinbrueck.
date unknown
Hyvinkää Church in Hyvinkää, Finland, designed by Aarno Ruusuvuori.
The Palazzo del Lavoro and Palazzetto dello sport in Turin, designed by Pier Luigi Nervi.
One Chase Manhattan Plaza in New York City, United States, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.
The Empress State Building in London, England, designed by Stone, Toms & Partners.
Brasenose College, Oxford, England, Staircases 16, 17 and 18, designed by Powell and Moya.
Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, England, Wolfson Quadrangle library and entrance, designed by Raymond Erith.
Yokohama Marine Tower in Yokohama, Japan.
Chungking Mansions in Hong Kong, China.
Park Hill Flats, Sheffield, England, designed by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith.
Keelson (house for Olga Kennard), Hills Avenue, Cambridge, England, designed by Danish architect Eric Sørensen.
Embassy of the United States, Baghdad, Iraq, designed by Josep Lluís Sert, is completed (abandoned 1990).
Michael Faraday Memorial at Elephant and Castle in London, designed by Rodney Gordon.
Service station with hyperbolic paraboloid concrete shell roof at Markham Moor, Nottinghamshire, England, designed by Sam Scorer.

Publications
Jane Jacobs - The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Lewis Mumford - The City in History
Gordon Cullen - The Concise Townscape

Awards
AIA Gold Medal - Le Corbusier.
RAIA Gold Medal - Louis Laybourne-Smith.
RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Lewis Mumford.
Rome Prize - Max Abramovitz

Births
July - Simon Allford, English architect
November 18 - Dietmar Feichtinger, Austrian architect based in Paris
Patrik Schumacher, German-born architect

Deaths
January 5 - Yehuda Magidovitch, Israeli architect (born 1886)
July 18 - Olaf Andreas Gulbransson, German architect (born 1916)
August 3 - Gilbert Stanley Underwood, American architect best known for his National Park lodges (born 1880)
September 1 - Eero Saarinen, Finnish architect and industrial designer (born 1910)
September 16 - Walter Godfrey, English architectural historian and architect (born 1881)
October 19 - Jan Buijs, Dutch architect (born 1889)
December 13 - Henry Hornbostel, American architect and educator (born 1867)

References

20th-century architecture

1961 in architecture


Return of the Terror é um filme estadunidense de 1934, dos gêneros terror e mistério, dirigido por Howard Bretherton, e estrelado por Mary Astor, Lyle Talbot, John Halliday e Frank McHugh. O roteiro de Peter Milne e Eugene Solow foi baseado na peça teatral homônima de 1927, de Edgar Wallace.

A produção é uma refilmagem de "The Terror" (1928), que também foi baseada na mesma história.

Elenco
 Mary Astor como Olga Morgan
 Lyle Talbot como Dr. Leonard Goodman
 John Halliday como Dr. John Redmayne
 Frank McHugh como Joe Hastings
 Robert Barrat como Pudge Walker
 Irving Pichel como Daniel Burke
 George E. Stone como Soapy McCoy
 J. Carrol Naish como Steve Scola
 Frank Reicher como Franz Reinhardt
 Robert Emmett O'Connor como Inspetor Bradley
 Renee Whitney como Virginia Mayo
 Etienne Girardot como Sr. Tuttle
 Maude Eburne como Sra. Elvery
 Charley Grapewin como Jessup
 George Humbert como Tony
 Edmund Breese como Editor
 George Cooper como Cotton
 Cecil Cunningham como Srta. Doolittle
 Frank Conroy como Advogado de Acusação
 Howard Hickman como Juiz
 Lorena Layson como Empregada
 Harry Seymour como Repórter da Cidade
 Philip Morris como Guarda
 Bert Moorhouse como Primeiro Soldado
 Eddie Shubert como Segundo Soldado

Recepção
A.D.S., em sua crítica para o The New York Times, escreveu que "o filme foi administrado com a habilidade usual de Hollywood nas propriedades físicas, mas sua estrutura possui um aspecto reparador. Como um repórter suspeito, Frank McHugh cria algumas risadas, mas a escrita de seu personagem é estritamente rotineira e o humor necessário é, em grande parte, ausente. Robert Emmett O'Connor é excelente como um detetive durão, e os outros principais, John Halliday, Mary Astor, Lyle Talbot e Robert Barrat, estão totalmente satisfatórios".

Preservação
Uma impressão em 35 mm foi preservada pela Biblioteca do Congresso dos Estados Unidos, e uma impressão em 16 mm do filme sobrevive no Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Foi transformado em um filme em 16 mm pela Associated Artists Productions na década de 1950, e depois exibido na televisão.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1934
Filmes de terror dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de terror da década de 1930
Filmes de mistério dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de mistério da década de 1930
Filmes da First National Pictures
Filmes da Warner Bros.
Filmes baseados em peças de teatro
Filmes baseados em obras de autores do Reino Unido
Filmes baseados em obras de Edgar Wallace
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa

Return of the Terror


Gheorghe Alboiu () a fost un inginer în industria lemnului și politician comunist român, membru supleant al Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist Român în perioada 28 noiembrie 1974–23 noiembrie 1979.

Biografie

Studii
După ce a făcut Școala Medie Tehnică din Pitești între anii 1948 și 1952, a urmat Facultatea de Industria Lemnului la Institutul Politehnic Brașov  și curs fără frecvență la Universitatea Serală de Marxism-Leninism.

Activitate
A fost membru de partid din 1956, secretar al Comitetului orășenesc de partid și membru supleant al biroului Comitetului orășenesc de partid Râmnicu Vâlcea între anii 1964 și 1966.

A fost, printre altele, șef al Sectorului de coordonare și asistență tehnică din cadrul Comisiei economice la Comitetul
județean de partid Vâlcea (din 1968); din 1969, director general al Combinatului de Exploatarea și Industrializarea Lemnului Râmnicu Vâlcea; membru al biroului Comitetului județean de partid Vâlcea (din ian. 1973); director al Întreprinderii Forestiere de Exploatare și Transport Râmnicu Vâlcea, din martie 1973; prim-vicepreședinte al Comitetului executiv al Consiliului popular al județului Vâlcea, din iulie 1973 până în 1977); adjunct al șefului Comisiei economice, de pregătire profesională și autoconducere muncitorească la Consiliul Central al U.G.S.R. până la 11 aprilie 1983 și, din 11 aprilie 1983, prim-secretar al Comitetului municipal de partid Râmnicu Vâlcea.

Gheorghe Alboiu a fost primar al municipiului Râmnicu Vâlcea.

Note

Bibliografie
 Florica Dobre (coordonator): Consiliul Național pentru Studiera Arhivelor Securității. Membrii C.C. al P.C.R. 1945–1989. Dicționar. Editura Enciclopedică, București 2004, , S. 61 (PDF; 12,1 MB).

Vezi și
 Lista membrilor Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist Român

Nașteri în 1934
Decese în 1993
Ingineri români
Comuniști români
Membri ai Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist Român
Politicieni români din secolul al XX-lea
Oameni din județul interbelic Argeș
Primari din România
Nașteri pe 27 septembrie
Membri ai Partidului Muncitoresc Român
Membri ai Partidului Comunist Român

Gheorghe Alboiu


The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.41 Albemarle was a twin-engine transport aircraft developed by the British aircraft manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth and primarily produced by A.W. Hawksley Ltd, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company. It was one of many aircraft which entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.

The Albemarle had been originally designed as a medium bomber to fulfil Specification B.9/38 for an aircraft that could be built of wood and metal without using any light alloys; however, military planners decided to deemphasise the bomber role in favour of aerial reconnaissance and transport missions, leading to the aircraft being extensively redesigned mid-development. Performing its maiden flight on 20 March 1940, its entry to service was delayed by the redesign effort, thus the first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle, No. 295 at RAF Harwell, did not receive the type in quantity until January 1943. As superior bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington, were already in use in quantity, all plans for using the Albemarle as a bomber were abandoned.

Instead, the Albemarle was used by RAF squadrons primarily for general and special transport duties, paratroop transport and glider towing, in addition to other secondary duties. Albemarle squadrons participated in Normandy landings and the assault on Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. While the Albemarle remained in service throughout the conflict, the final examples in RAF service were withdrawn less than a year after the war's end. During October 1942, the Soviet Air Force also opted to order 200 aircraft; of these, only a handful of Albemarles were delivered to the Soviets prior to the Soviet government deciding to suspend deliveries in May 1943, and later cancelling the order in favour of procuring the American Douglas C-47 Skytrain instead.

Development

Background
The origins of the Albemarle can be traced back to the mid-1930s and the issuing of Specification B.9/38 by the British Air Ministry. This sought a twin-engine medium bomber of wood and metal construction, without the use of any light alloys, in order that the aircraft could be readily built by less experienced manufacturers from outside the aircraft industry. Furthermore, the envisioned aircraft had to be engineered in a manner that would allow it to be divided into relatively compact subsections, all of which had to fit on to a standard Queen Mary trailer to facilitate the adoption of a dispersed manufacturing strategy. At the time, the Air Ministry was particularly concerned that, in the event of a major conflict arising, there would be restrictions on the supply of critical materials that could undermine mass production efforts.

Several aircraft manufacturing firms, including Armstrong Whitworth, Bristol and de Havilland, were approached to produce designs to meet the specification. Bristol proposed two designs – a conventional undercarriage and an  wingspan capable of 300 mph and a tricycle undercarriage design with  span with a maximum speed of . Both designs, known as the Type 155, used two Bristol Hercules engines. The rival Armstrong Whitworth AW.41 design used a tricycle undercarriage and was built up of sub-sections to ease manufacture by firms without aircraft construction experience. The AW.41 was designed with Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in mind, but also with provisions for the use of Bristol Hercules as an alternative powerplant.

In June 1938, mock-ups of both the AW.41 and Bristol 155 were examined, while revised specifications B.17/38 and B.18/38 were drawn up for the respective designs; de Havilland opted against submitting a design. The specification stipulated  at  economical cruise while carrying  of bombs. Bristol was already busy with other aircraft production and development and stopped work on the 155. Changes in policy made the Air Staff reconsider the Albemarle as principally a reconnaissance aircraft capable of carrying out bombing. Among other effects, this meant more fuel to give a  range. An upper dorsal turret and a (retractable) ventral turret for downward firing were added.

Into production
In October 1938, 200 aircraft were ordered "off the drawing board" (i.e. without producing a prototype). The aircraft had a positive reputation and there were initially high hopes for its performance,  however it never quite lived up to expectations. Furthermore, according to aviation author Oliver Tapper, the brief was a relatively difficult one for any company to fulfil. Initially, physical work centred around the construction of a pair of lead aircraft, which were to be test flown prior to the commencement of full-rate manufacture of the type. The first Albemarle, serial number P1360, was assembled at Hamble Aerodrome by Air Service Training; the aircraft performed its maiden flight on 20 March 1940.

This first flight had actually been unintended, the test pilot having picked up too much speed during a ground taxi run, and had only taken off with the barest margin after traversing the entire runway. Months later, P1360 was damaged after a forced landing during the test flight programme, but was promptly repaired. Early flights of the type by test pilots typically described it as being relatively average and being free of flaws. A number of modifications were made to the design during this late stage of development, including the extensive redesign of the aircraft's structure by Lloyd at Coventry. Further measures were made to improve the Albemarle's take-off performance, such as the adoption of a wider span  wing, and the thickening of the rudder's trailing edge to correct a tendency to over-balance. Occurrences of the engines overheating were never fully resolved, the main change in this area being the raising of the maximum permissible operational temperature from 280C to 300C.

The Albemarle's production run was principally undertaken by A.W. Hawksley Ltd of Gloucester, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company, which was specifically formed to construct the Albemarle. Originally, Gloster was to have undertaken this work itself at its Brockwood facility. Both Gloster and Armstrong Whitworth were member companies of the Hawker Siddeley group, one of the largest aircraft manufacturing interests in Britain. Individual parts and sub-assemblies for the Albemarle were produced by in excess of 1,000 subcontractors. Amongst the companies that were subcontracted were MG Motor, to produce the forward fuselage, Rover, which constructed the wing centre section, and Harris Lebus, which built the tailplane units. Production of the Albemarle was terminated during December 1944, by which point 602 aircraft had been completed.

Design
The Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle was a mid-wing cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage was built in three primary sections; the structure being composed of unstressed plywood over a steel tube frame, including four circular steel longerons; most elements were bolted together via gusset plates. The structure was intentionally divided in order that it might readily permit individual sections to be removed and replaced in the event of battle damage being sustained. The centre section of the wing was a single piece that ran through the fuselage, being built around a steel tube girder; it formed the attachment points for the central and nose fuselage sections, as well as the engines, main undercarriage legs, and extension wings. Aside from a portion of the leading edge that used light alloys, the majority of the wing was covered in plywood. The extension wings were almost entirely made of wood, save for the bracing of the two spars by steel tubing; the Frise-type ailerons and tailplane were also composed of wood. The structure of the forward section used stainless steel tubing as to reduce interference with magnetic compasses.

The Albemarle featured a Lockheed-designed hydraulically-operated, retractable tricycle undercarriage, the main wheels retracting back into the engine nacelles, and the nose wheel retracting backwards into the front fuselage, while the tail wheel was fixed in position, albeit semi-concealed by a "bumper" configuration. It was one of the particularly notable design features of the Albemarle, according to Tapper, it was the first British-built aircraft with a retractable nose-wheel to be built in quantity for the Royal Air Force. Power was provided by a pair of Bristol Hercules XI air-cooled radial engines, each capable of 1,590 hp and driving a three-blade de Havilland Hydromatic propeller unit. Fuel was typically stored in four tanks, two in the center fuselage and two within the wings centre section; in circumstances where extended range would be required, a maximum of additional auxiliary tanks could be installed within the aircraft's bomb bay. This sizable bomb bay was equipped with hydraulically-operated doors and spanned from just aft of the cockpit to roughly halfway between the wings and the tail.

The two pilots sat side by side in the forward portion of the cockpit, while the radio operator was seated behind the pilots. The navigator's position was in the aircraft's nose, and thus was forward of the cockpit. The bomb aimer's sighting panel was incorporated into the crew hatch in the underside of the nose. In the rear fuselage, several glazed panels were present so that a "fire controller" could help coordinate the aircraft's defensive turrets against attackers. The dorsal turret was a Boulton-Paul design, which was electrically operated and originally armed with four Browning machine guns. A fairing forward of the turret automatically retracted as the turret rotated to fire forwards. The original bomber configuration of the Albemarle required a crew of six including two gunners; one in the four-gun dorsal turret and one in a manually operated twin-gun ventral turret but only the first 32 aircraft, the Mk I Series I, were produced in such a configuration.

As a bomber, the Albemarle was commonly considered to be inferior to several other aircraft already in RAF service, such as the Vickers Wellington; according to aviation author Ray Williams, the type was only used ever used as a bomber on two occasions. Accordingly, later built aircraft were configured as transports, called either "General Transport" (GT) or "Special Transport" (ST). Amongst the modifications made was the elimination of the ventral turret, while the dorsal unit was downgraded to a manually-operated twin gun arrangement; the internal space was heavily altered by the elimination of bomb-aiming apparatus and the rear fuselage tank. Additions also included a quick-release hook, installed at the rearmost part of the fuselage for the towing of gliders. When used as a paratroop transport, a maximum of ten fully armed troops could be carried; these paratroopers were provided with a dropping hatch in the rear fuselage along with a single large loading door in the starboard side of the fuselage.

Operational history
Ambitions to use Albemarle in the bomber role were dropped almost immediately upon the type reaching service; this was due to it not representing an improvement over current medium bombers (such as the Vickers Wellington) and possessing inferior performance to the new generation four-engined heavy bombers that were also about to enter service with the RAF. However, the aircraft was considered to be suitable for general reconnaissance and transport duties, and thus was re-orientated towards such missions.

The Soviet Air Force placed a contract for delivery of 200 Albemarles in October 1942. An RAF unit – No. 305 FTU, at RAF Errol near Dundee – was set up to train Soviet ferry crews. During training, one aircraft was lost with no survivors. The first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle was No. 295 at RAF Harwell in January 1943. Other squadrons to be equipped with the Albemarle included No. 296, No. 297 and No. 570. The first operational flight was on 9 February 1943, in which a 296 Squadron Albemarle dropped leaflets over Lisieux in Normandy.

A Soviet-crewed Albemarle flew from Scotland to Vnukovo airfield, near Moscow, on 3 March 1943, and was followed soon afterwards by eleven more aircraft. Two Albemarles were lost over the North Sea, one to German fighters and the other to unknown causes. Tests of the surviving Albemarles revealed their weaknesses as transports (notably the cramped interior) and numerous technical flaws; in May 1943, the Soviet government suspended deliveries and eventually cancelled them in favour of abundant American Douglas C-47 Skytrains. The Soviet camp at Errol Field continued until April 1944: apparently the Soviet government had hoped to secure de Havilland Mosquitos. Tapper speculated that a major reason for the Soviet's interest in the Albemarle had been its Bristol Hercules engines, which were reverse engineered and subsequently copied by Soviet industries.

From mid-1943, RAF Albemarles took part in many British airborne operations, beginning with the invasion of Sicily. The pinnacle of the aircraft's career was a series of operations for D-Day, on the night of 5/6 June 1944. 295 and 296 Squadrons sent aircraft to Normandy with the pathfinder force, and 295 Squadron claimed to be the first squadron to drop Allied airborne troops over Normandy. On 6 June 1944, four Albemarle squadrons and the operational training unit sent aircraft during Operation Tonga; 296 Squadron used 19 aircraft to tow Airspeed Horsas; 295 Squadron towed 21 Horsas, although it lost six in transit; 570 Squadron sent 22 aircraft with ten towing gliders; and 42 OTU used four aircraft. For Operation Mallard on 7 June 1944, the squadrons towed 220 Horsas and 30 Hamilcars to Normandy. On 17 September 1944, during Operation Market Garden at Arnhem, 54 Horsas and two Waco Hadrian gliders were towed to the Netherlands by 28 Albemarles of 296 and 297 squadrons; 45 aircraft were sent the following day towing gliders. Of the 602 aircraft delivered, 17 were lost on operations and 81 lost in accidents.

The final RAF unit to operate the Albemarle was the Heavy Glider Conversion Unit, which replaced its examples with Handley Page Halifaxes during February 1946, at which point the type was formally retired from all operational units.

Variants
Over the course of its production life, a number of variants of the Albemarle were built:
 ST Mk I – 99 aircraft
 GT Mk I – 69
 ST Mk II – 99
 Mk III – One prototype only.
 Mk IV – One prototype only.
 ST Mk V – 49
 ST Mk VI – 133
 GT Mk VI – 117

Most Marks were divided into "Series" to distinguish differences in equipment. The ST Mk I Series 1 (eight aircraft) had the four gun turret replaced with hand-operated twin-guns under a sliding hood. As a special transport, a loading door was fitted on the starboard side and the rear fuel tank was removed. The 14 ST Mk I Series 2 aircraft were equipped with gear for towing gliders. The Mk II could carry ten paratroops and the Mk V was the same but for a fuel jettison system. All production Albemarles were powered by a pair of  Bristol Hercules XI radial engines. The Mk III and Mk IV Albemarles were development projects for testing different powerplants; the former used the Rolls-Royce Merlin III and the latter used the  Wright Double Cyclone.

Operators

 Twelve aircraft were exported to the Soviet Union (two more lost in transit).
 Transport arm of 1st Air Division, later 10th Guards Air division (to 1944); naval air units until retirement in 1945.

Royal Air Force
 No. 161 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from October 1942 to April 1943 at RAF Tempsford.
 No. 271 Squadron RAF operated one aircraft at Doncaster between October 1942 and April 1943.
 No. 295 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1943 to July 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle II from October 1943 to July 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle V from April 1944 to July 1944 at RAF Harwell.
 No. 296 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from January 1943 to October 1944 at RAF Hurn, RAF Stoney Cross including operations in North Africa. Albemarle II from November 1943 to October 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle V from April 1944 to October 1944 at RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle VI from August 1944 to October 1944 at RAF Brize Norton.
 No. 297 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from July 1943 to December 1944 at RAF Thruxton, RAF Stoney Cross and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle II from February 1943 to December 1944 at RAF Stoney Cross and then RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle V from April 1944 to December 1944 at RAF Brize Norton. Albemarle VI from July 1944 to December 1944 at RAF Brize Norton.
 No. 511 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1942 to March 1944 at RAF Lyneham.
 No. 570 Squadron RAF – Albemarle I from November 1943 to August 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle II from November 1943 to August 1944 at RAF Hurn and then RAF Harwell. Albemarle V from May 1944 to August 1944 at RAF Harwell.
 No. 1404 Flight RAF used three aircraft at RAF St Eval from September 1942 to March 1943
 No. 1406 Flight RAF used two aircraft at RAF Wick from September to October 1942.
 No. 13 Operational Training Unit RAF at RAF Finmere (two aircraft between October 1942 and April 1943)
 No. 42 Operational Training Unit RAF at RAF Ashbourne from September 1943 to February 1945.
 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Brize Norton and RAF North Luffenham from January to April 1943 and August 1944 to October 1944 when it became No. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit.
 No. 21 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Brize Norton from 1944, moved to RAF Elsham Wolds in December 1945 and withdrew the last operational Albemarles in February 1946.
 No. 22 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Keevil and RAF Blakehill from October 1944 to November 1945.
 No. 23 Heavy Glider Conversion Unit at RAF Peplow from October to December 1944.
 No. 3 Glider Training School operated eight Albemarles at RAF Exeter between January and August 1945.
 No. 301 Ferry Training Unit operated four Albemarles at RAF Lyneham from November 1942 to April 1943.
 No. 305 Ferry Training Unit bases at RAF Errol from January 1943 to train Soviet Air Force crews, disbanded in April 1944.
 Torpedo Development Unit at Gosport used one aircraft between April and September 1942
 Telecommunications Flying Unit at RAF Defford used one aircraft during May 1943,
 Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment at RAF Ringway and RAF Sherburn-in-Elmet between May 1942 and October 1944.
 Coastal Command Development Unit used two aircraft at RAF Tain between September and December 1942.
 Central Gunnery School at RAF Sutton Bridge used one aircraft between September and November 1942.
 Bomber Development Unit used three aircraft at RAF Gransden Lodge between August and November 1942.
 Operation Refresher Training Unit at RAF Hampstead Norris from May 1944 to February 1945
Aircraft were also operated for tests and trials by aircraft companies, the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment. One was operated by De Havilland Propellers for research into reversing propellers.

Specifications (ST Mk I)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

Air Transport Auxiliary Ferry Pilots Notes. Elvington, Yorkshire, UK: Yorkshire Air Museum, Reproduction ed. 1996. .
 Bowyer, Michael J.F. Aircraft for the Royal Air Force: The "Griffon" Spitfire, The Albemarle Bomber and the Shetland Flying-Boat. London: Faber & Faber, 1980. .
 Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. 1994. .
 Morgan, Eric B. "Albemarle". Twentyfirst Profile, Volume 1, No. 11. New Milton, Hants, UK: 21st Profile Ltd. ISSN 0961-8120.
 Tapper, Oliver. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913. London: Putnam, 1988. .
 Williams, Ray. "The Unloved Albemarle". Air Enthusiast, Thirty-nine, May–August 1989, pp. 29–42. ISSN 0143-5450.
 "Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle", Flight. 27 January 1944. pp. 87–91.
 Neil, Tom. "The Silver Spitfire" 2013. Wing Cmdr Neil includes his impressions of the Albemarle and his hair raising attempts to fly one without any instruction or manual.

External links
 "Whitley and Albemarle", Flight 4 April 1946

Albemarle
1940s British bomber aircraft
1940s British military transport aircraft
Glider tugs
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle


Anastasija Suslova (  ; født 11. oktober 1996) er en Russisk håndboldspiller, som spiller i ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra ŽRK Budućnost
Håndboldspillere fra Rusland
Personer fra Volgograd

Anastasija Suslova


Valentino Ravnić, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Izbornik mlade reprezentacije Vedran Ćurak pozvao ga je na okupljanje reprezentacije za svjetsko juniorsko prvenstvo u Brazilu 2015.

Igrač PPD Zagreb. Član šireg popisa hrvatskih reprezentativaca. Hrvatski izbornik Lino Červar uvrstio ga je travnja 2017. na popis igrača za reprezentativno okupljanje dogovoreno za početak svibnja 2017. godine.

S seniorskom hrvatskom reprezentacijom osvojio je zlato na Mediteranskim igrama u Tarragoni 2018.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Valentino Ravnić


The Museo Egizio () or Egyptian Museum is an archaeological museum in Turin, Italy, specializing in Egyptian archaeology and anthropology. It houses one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities, with more than 30,000 artifacts, and is considered the second most important Egyptological collection in the world, after the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. In 2019, it received 853,320 visitors, making it
one of the most visited museums in Italy.

History

The first object having an association with Egypt to arrive in Turin was the Mensa Isiaca in 1630, an altar table in imitation of Egyptian style, which Dulu Jones suggests had been created for a temple to Isis in Rome. This exotic piece spurred King Charles Emmanuel III to commission botanist Vitaliano Donati to travel to Egypt in 1753 and acquire items from its past. Donati returned with 300 pieces recovered from Karnak and Coptos, which became the nucleus of the Turin collection.

In 1824, King Charles Felix acquired the material from the Drovetti collection (5,268 pieces, including 100 statues, 170 papyri, stelae, mummies, and other items), that the French General Consul, Bernardino Drovetti, had built during his stay in Egypt. In the same year, Jean-François Champollion used the huge Turin collection of papyri to test his breakthroughs in deciphering the hieroglyphic writing. The time Champollion spent in Turin studying the texts is also the origin of a legend about the mysterious disappearance of the "Papiro dei Re", that was only later found and of which some portions are still unavailable. In 1950, a parapsychologist was contacted to pinpoint them, to no avail.

In 1833, the collection of Piedmontese Giuseppe Sossio (over 1,200 pieces) was added to the Egyptian Museum. The collection was complemented and completed by the finds of Egyptologist Ernesto Schiaparelli, during his excavation campaigns between 1900 and 1920, which further filled out the collection. Its last major acquisition was the small temple of Ellesiya, which the Egyptian government presented to Italy for her assistance during the Nubian monument salvage campaign in the 1960s.

Through all these years, the Egyptian collection has always been in Turin, in the building designed for the purpose of housing it, in Via Accademia delle Scienze 6. Only during the Second World War was some of the material moved to the town of Agliè. The museum became an experiment of the Italian government in privatization of the nation's museums when the Fondazione Museo delle Antichità Egizie was officially established at the end of 2004. The building itself was remodelled in celebration of the 2006 Winter Olympics, with its main rooms redesigned by Dante Ferretti, and "featured an imaginative use of lighting and mirrors in a spectacular display of some of the most important and impressive Pharaonic statues in the museum collection."

On April 1, 2015, a new layout of the museum was opened.

The new logo, the coordinated image and the exhibition system have been designed by the studio Migliore+Servetto Architects, whose founders, Ico Migliore and Mara Servetto, are creative advisor for the museum.

Collection

There are more than 37,000 items in the museum, covering a period from the Paleolithic to the Coptic era. The most important are:

 the 'Assemblea dei Re' (Kings Assembly), a term originally indicating a collection of statues representing all the kings of the New Kingdom
 the Temple of Ellesyia, donated as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia
 sarcophagi, mummies and Books of the Dead originally belonging to the "Drovetti collection"
 a painted fabric from Gebelein dated at about 3500 BC, discovered in 1930 by Giulio Farina
 an ostracon of Prince Sethherkhepshef
 funerary paraphernalia from the Tomba di Ignoti (Tomb of Unknown) from the Old Kingdom
 the tomb of Kha and Merit (TT8), found intact by Schiaparelli in 1906 and transferred as a whole to the museum
 the Bembine Tablet
 the 'Tomba dipinta' (Painted Tomb) usually closed to the public
 the papyrus collection room, originally collected by Drovetti and later used by Champollion during his studies for the decoding of the hieroglyphics
 the Turin King List (or Turin Royal Canon)
 the Turin Papyrus Map
 the Turin Erotic Papyrus
 the Judicial Papyrus of Turin

The Egyptian Museum owns three different versions of the Egyptian Book of the Dead, including the most ancient copy known. An integral illustrated version and the personal copy of the architect Kha, found by Schiaparelli in 1906, are normally shown to the public.

Gallery

See also

 List of museums of Egyptian antiquities
 Egyptian Museum
 Grand Egyptian Museum
 Egyptian Museum (Milan)
 List of Jesuit sites

Notes

Works
 Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Berlin 2013, Verlag Brunner Christoph,
 Wolfgang Kosack: Basilios "De archangelo Michael": sahidice Pseudo - Euhodios "De resurrectione": sahidice Pseudo - Euhodios "De dormitione Mariae virginis": sahidice & bohairice : < Papyruskodex Turin, Mus. Egizio Cat. 63000 XI. > nebst Varianten und Fragmente. In Parallelzeilen ediert, kommentiert und übersetzt von Wolfgang Kosack.  Verlag Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2014. .

External links
 Official website

Museums established in 1824
1824 establishments in Italy
Egyptological collections in Italy
Archaeological museums in Italy
Museums in Turin
National museums of Italy
1824 establishments in the Kingdom of Sardinia

Museo Egizio


Arronches, Portekiz'in Alentejo bölgesine bağlı Alto Alentejo alt bölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 3 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Assunção (Arronches)
 Esperança
 Mosteiros

Portekiz'in belediyeleri
Alto Alentejo

Arronches


Andrien ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Ferdinand Andrien (um 1770–um 1830), französischer Gesangsmeister, siehe Ferdinand Adrien

 Martin Joseph Andrien (1776–1822), französischer Opernsänger und Komponist, siehe Martin Joseph Adrien

Andrien


Eschenlach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Feuchtwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weiler liegt achteinhalb Kilometer südöstlich der Stadtmitte von Feuchtwangen am Ende einer südlichen Ausbuchtung der Stadtgemarkung, weniger als hundert Meter vom linken Ufer der hier ostwärts laufenden Sulzach entfernt. Zwischen Ortsrand und Ufer fließt dem Fluss das Auengewässer Seeholzgraben parallel. Im Nordosten liegen die Waldgebiete Dorn- und Angerholz.

Die Kreisstraße AN 42 führt nach Dürrwangen zur AN 41 (0,8 km westlich) bzw. nach Angerhof zur AN 53 (1,1 km östlich).

Geschichte
Eschenlach lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Grundherr des Hofes war das Verwalteramt Röckingen. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Eschenlach dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Dentlein am Forst zugeordnet. Vor 1840 wurde der Ort nach Krapfenau umgemeindet. Am 1. Januar 1972 wurde es im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern nach Feuchtwangen eingegliedert.

Bis in den 1960er Jahren wurde der Ort auch Eschenbach genannt.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach Zur Lieben Frau (Dorfkemmathen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Feuchtwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken
Ort an der Sulzach

Eschenlach


Calum Angus (* 15. April 1986 in London) ist ein englischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler.

Sportlicher Werdegang
Angus spielte in der Jugend beim FC Portsmouth, ehe er 2005 nach dem Erhalt eines Stipendiums in die USA zu den Saint Louis Billikens wechselte. Ab 2007 lief er in der USL Premier Development League für die St. Louis Lions auf. 2009 gehörte er zu den Nachwuchsspielern im Draft für die Major League Soccer, wurde aber nicht gewählt. Daraufhin schloss er sich den Wilmington Hammerheads in der USL Second Division an.

Im Sommer 2009 wechselte Angus nach Schweden. Beim Göteborger Klub GAIS unterschrieb er einen Vertrag bis zum Saisonende. Er blieb jedoch über das Jahresende hinaus in Schweden und wurde zum Leistungsträger in der Abwehr.

Im Sommer 2013 wechselte Angus nach Indien, wo er bis zum Karriereende 2016 spielte.

Weblinks
 gais.se:  ()

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Wilmington Hammerheads)
Fußballspieler (GAIS Göteborg)
Fußballspieler (Pune FC)
Fußballspieler (Dempo SC)
Sportler (London)
Engländer
Brite
Geboren 1986
Mann

Calum Angus


Loggerheads es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Newcastle-under-Lyme, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Loggerheads tiene una superficie de 47,88 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Loggerheads tenía 4193 habitantes (49,94% varones, 50,06% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 87,57 hab/km². El 18,39% eran menores de 16 años, el 74,31% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 7,3% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,7 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 19,84% estaban solteros, el 66,98% casados, y el 13,18% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 98,62% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,55% mestizos, el 0,5% asiáticos, el 0,17% negros, el 0,1% chinos, y el 0,07% de cualquier otro. La mayor parte (97,23%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,19% de la población, mientras que el 1,57% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 83,84%, el budismo por el 0,12%, el hinduismo por el 0,07%, el judaísmo por el 0,07%, el islam por el 0,19%, el sijismo por el 0,24%, y cualquier otra religión por el 0,12%. El 10,2% no eran religiosos y el 5,15% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 1686 hogares con residentes y 51 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Loggerheads


Književnost u 1974. godini.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Osnivanja
Napisana djela, nastanak žanra, oživljenje žanra, prvo (posljednje kod izumrlih jezika) djelo na nekom jeziku u nekom žanru ili općenito, antološka djela..., osnivanja studija određenih jezičnih književnosti, književne povijesti, književne teorije, književnih časopisa, književnih priloga u inim tiskovinama, književnih emisija na radiju i televiziji, književne stranice na internetu, pojava književne kritike, književne manifestacije...

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih osoba u svezi s književnošću.
10. siječnja: Aljoša Pužar, hrvatsko-slovensko-talijanski kulturolog, antropolog i pisac

Smrti
Smrti poznatih osoba u svezi s književnošću.

Nagrade i priznanja
Uvođenje i dodjele književnih nagrada i priznanja, kao i neknjiževničke nagrade književnicima za književni rad (n.pr. nagrada grada itd.).

Svijet
Napisana djela, nastanak žanra, oživljenje žanra, prvo (posljednje kod izumrlih jezika) djelo na nekom jeziku u nekom žanru ili općenito, antološka djela..., osnivanja studija određenih jezičnih književnosti, književne povijesti, književne teorije, književnih časopisa, književnih priloga u inim tiskovinama, književnih emisija na radiju i televiziji, književne stranice na internetu, pojava književne kritike, književne manifestacije...

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih osoba u svezi s književnošću.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih osoba u svezi s književnošću.

Nagrade i priznanja
Uvođenje i dodjele književnih nagrada i priznanja, kao i neknjiževničke nagrade književnicima za književni rad (n.pr. nagrada grada itd.).

Izvori

Godine 20. stoljeća
1974.

Književnost u 1974.


Zheleznodorozhnogo raziezda Redutski  es un posiólok del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar del sur de Rusia. Está situado en las tierras bajas de Kubán-Azov, al norte del embalse de Krasnodar, 19 km al este de Dinskaya y 37 km al nordeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 22 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Vasiúrinskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
''Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Железнодорожного разъезда Редутский
El municipio en el sitio web del raión .

Localidades del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Zheleznodorozhnogo raziezda Redutski


Åsgards fall (norveški: "Pad Asgarda") drugi je EP norveškog black/viking metal sastava Helheim. EP je 1. studenog 2010. godine objavila diskografska kuća Karisma Records.

O albumu
Prve su četiri pjesme na EP-u bile napisane i skladane izričito za ovo glazbeno izdanje. Peta pjesma, "Dualitet og ulver", bila je naknadno objavljena na sedmom studijskom albumu sastava Heiðindómr ok mótgangr. Šesta pjesma, "Jernskogen", ponovno je snimljena inačica istoimene pjesme koja se prvi put pojavila na albumu Blod & ild iz 2000. godine.

Objava
Nakon objave EP-a 25. listopada 2010. u Norveškoj, Helheim je krenuo na dvotjednu europsku turneju sa sastavima Vulture Industries, Taake i Sulphur te je održao koncerte u Francuskoj, Švicarskoj, Italiji, Srbiji, Rumunjskoj, Slovačkoj, Sloveniji, Češkoj i Njemačkoj.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Helheim
 V'gandr – vokali, bas-gitara
 Hrymr – bubnjevi, perkusija, drombulja, snimanje
 H'grimnir – vokali, ritam gitara, naslovnica
 Noralf – gitara, snimanje
Ostalo osoblje
 Bjørnar E. Nilsen – produkcija, snimanje, inženjer zvuka
 Herbrand Larsen – mastering

Dodatni glazbenici
 Hoest – vokali (na pjesmi 5)
 Gunnar Emmerhoff – vokali (na pjesmama 1, 2 i 3)
 PV – vokali (na pjesmama 1, 2 i 3)
 Trine Mjanger – rog (na pjesmama 1, 3 i 5)

Izvori

EP
Albumi iz 2010.
Albumi sastava Helheim

Åsgards fall


فيما يلي قائمة بالشركات المتداولة علنًا والتي تتمتع بأكبر قيمة سوقية. تعتمد هذه القائمة بشكل أساسي على فاينانشال تايمز غلوبال 500.

يتم حساب القيمة السوقية من سعر السهم (كما هو مسجل في اليوم المحدد) مضروبة في عدد الأسهم القائمة. يتم تحويل الأرقام إلى ملايين الدولارات (باستخدام السعر من اليوم المحدد) للسماح للمقارنة. فقط الشركات التي لديها تعويم حر لا يقل عن 15٪ مدرجة، يتم استبعاد قيمة فئات الأسهم غير المدرجة. شركات الاستثمار ليست مدرجة في القائمة.

القيمة السوقية البالغة تريليون دولار

الشركات المتداولة علنا
جميع أرقام القيمة السوقية بالمليون دولار أمريكي .

2019
هذه القائمة محدثة . التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2018
هذه القائمة محدّثة . التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2017
هذه القائمة محدّثة . التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2016
هذه القائمة محدّثة . التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2015
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date . التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2014
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date . التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2013
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2013. التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2012
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2012. التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2011
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2011. التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2010
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2010. التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2009
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2009. التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2008
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2008. التغيرات المشار إليها في القيمة السوقية مرتبطة بالربع السابق.

2007
This فاينانشال تايمز–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2007. Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.

2006
This فاينانشال تايمز–based list is up to date as of December 2006. Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.

2004
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2005.

2003
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2004.

2002
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2003.

2001
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2002.

2000
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2001.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! مرتبة
! اسم
! مقر
! الصناعة الأساسية
! القيمة السوقية (بمليون دولار أمريكي )
|-
| 1 || جنرال إلكتريك || United States || تكتل (شركة) || 477,406
|-
| 2 || سيسكو سيستمز || United States || عتاد الشبكة || 304,699
|-
| 3 || إكسون موبيل || United States || صناعة نفطية || 286,367
|-
| 4 || فايزر || United States || رعاية صحية || 263,996
|-
| 5 || مايكروسوفت || United States || صناعة البرمجيات || 258,436
|-
| 6 || وول مارت || United States || تجارة التجزئة || 250,955
|-
| 7 || سيتي غروب || United States || مصرف (أموال) || 250,143
|-
| 8 || فودافون || المملكة المتحدة || اتصال عن بعد || 227,175
|-
| 9 || إنتل || United States || عتاد الحاسوب || 227,048
|-
| 10 || رويال داتش شل || The Netherlands || Oil and gas || 206,340

1999
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2000.

1998
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 1998.

1997
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 1997.

1996
هذه القائمة تستند إلى فاينانشال تايمز محدثة اعتبارًا من 30 سبتمبر 1996 .
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! مرتبة
! Name
! مقر
! الصناعة الأساسية
! القيمة السوقية (بمليون دولار أمريكي )
 |-
| 1 || جنرال إلكتريك || United States || تكتل (شركة) || 136,515
|-
| 2 || رويال داتش شل || The Netherlands || صناعة نفطية || 128,206
|-
| 3 || كوكا كولا (شركة) || United States || مشروب || 117,258
|-
| 4 || إن تي تي || Japan || اتصال عن بعد || 113,609
|-
| 5 || إكسون موبيل || United States || Oil and gas || 102,161

 Non-public companies

This 'Financial Times Non-Public 150''' based list is up to date as of December, 2006. All companies in top 10 are مشاريع مملوكة من قبل الدولةs. Figures are in USD millions.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة الشركات حسب الدخل
 قائمة الشركات حسب الموظفين
 قائمة أكبر الأرباح والخسائر للشركات
 قائمة أغنى المنظمات
 قائمة أكبر الشركات توظيفا في الولايات المتحدة

ملاحظات

مراجع

أسواق مالية
قوائم متعلقة بشركات

قائمة الشركات حسب رأس المال السوقي


Naselja u BiH:
 Konjikovići (Tuzla, BiH), naselje u općini Tuzla
 Konjikovići (Lopare, BiH), naselje u općini Lopare

Konjikovići


Ivan Čižmek (Zagreb, 23. listopada 1937.) hrvatski je arhitekt i urbanist.

Životopis
Gimnaziju je pohađao u Bjelovaru, a 1962. godine diplomirao je na Arhitektonskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu gdje su na njega utjecali neoavangarda i modernistička arhitektura te će oni utjecati na njegov razvoj. Ostao je raditi na fakultetu gdje je upoznao Josipa Vaništu koji je bio član Grupe Gorgona te je njihov utjecaj dolazio do Čižmeka. Godine 1965. odlazi u Pariz gdje se zapošljava u uredu Josic, Candils & Woods a na tamošnjem bijenaleu postaje izuzetno cijenjen među pariškim kolegama. Do 1972. godine radi u uredima Alfreda Albinija, Vjenceslava Richtera i Ivana Vitića, a povremeno surađuje i s tzv. grupama "X" i "Z".Od 1972. do 1990-ih zaposlen je u Urbanističkom Institutu Hrvatske gdje će ostvariti nekoliko uspješnih projekata kao što su Gornji Jadran i Boka kotorska. S Tomislavom Odakom, Zdenkom Vazdarom i Tomislavom Bilićem 1977. godine projektina zagrebačko stambeno naselje Dugave što predstavlja prekretnicu u odnosu na dotadašnju hrvatsku urbanističku i arhitektonsku praksu. Radi se o prvom naselju izvedenom u sustavu novoutemeljenog modela Društveno usmjerene stambene izgradnje.  Ova ideja humanog stanovanja i odustajanja od estetike pravog kuta vidljiva je i ranije, 1975. godine na nerealiziranom projektu stambenog naselja Bili Brig u Zadru te kasnije 1979. godine kroz projekt stambenog naselja Sloboština u Novom Zagrebu.

Ostat će zapamćen kao jedan od osnivača Europana Jugoslavija (od 1991. godine transformiran u Europan Hrvatska) ogranka međunarodnog znanstveno-kulturnog projekta EUROPAN, koji je mladim arhitektima od 1989. godine omogućavao sudjelovanje na europskom sustavu natječaja, razmjenu novih ideja i rješenja u širem europskom kontekstu.

Godine 1993. proglašen je počasnim članom Europana a iste godine s kolegama i prijateljima kreirao je Zadarsku povelju posvećenu obnovi hrvatskih gradova nakon stradanja u Domovinskom ratu.

Izvori

Dobitnici nagrade Vladimir Nazor
Hrvatski arhitekti
Životopisi, Zagreb

Ivan Čižmek


Gloucester County may refer to:

 Gloucestershire, a county in the U.K. after which the others are named
 Gloucester County, New South Wales, Australia
 Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada
 Gloucester County, New Jersey, U.S.
 Gloucester County, Virginia, U.S.

Gloucester County


An Anthurium fontoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Richard Evans Schultes. An Anthurium fontoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium fontoides


Patronyme

 Christian Storz (1865-1943), avocat et homme politique allemand.
 Daniel Storz (1948-), photographe belge, artiste plasticien et éditeur belgo-suisse.
 Erich Storz (1927-2016), chanteur, producteur et éditeur de musique allemand.
 Harry Storz (1904-1982), athlète allemand spécialiste du 400 mètres.

Entreprise
 Karl Storz Endoskope, entreprise allemande de matériel médical.

Storz


Prezbiterij je naziv za svetište u kršćanskim crkvama. To je dio crkve za klerike. Svojstveno mu je da je od ostatka crkve ograđen posebnom ogradom (Bema, kanceli, septum, ikonostas, pričesna klupa) i da je obično za nekoliko stuba povišen od ostalog dijela crkve.

Izvori

Crkvena arhitektura

Prezbiterij (kršćanstvo)


Búkolla er íslensk þjóðsaga sem fjallar um hjón sem senda dóttir sína í leit að kú þeirra sem heitir Búkolla.

Tvær gerðir af sögunni koma fram í Þjóðsögum Jóns Árnasonar, ein um Búkollu og strákinn og önnur um Búkollu og systurnar þrjár.

Heimildir

Hlekkir

 Búkolla (sagan um Búkollu og strákinn)
 Búkolla (sagan um Búkollu og systurnar þrjár)

Íslenskar þjóðsögur

Búkolla


San Pedro de las Cuevas es una localidad del municipio de Santa Eufemia del Barco, en la comarca de Alba, provincia de Zamora, España.

Historia
Se atribuye su origen a un antiguo castro astur, que durante la Edad Media habría sido repoblado por la monarquía leonesa dentro del proceso repoblador llevado a cabo en la zona, naciendo así como localidad San Pedro de las Cuevas, que quedó integrado en el Reino de León. En época medieval se data también el yacimiento arqueológico de Sierra Molino, dados los fragmentos hallados de vasijas que apuntan a dicha época.

Con la creación de las actuales en 1833, la localidad quedó integrado en la provincia de Zamora, dentro de la Región Leonesa, integrándose en 1834 en el partido judicial de Alcañices, dependencia que se prolongó hasta 1983, cuando fue suprimido el mismo e integrado en el Partido Judicial de Zamora.

Patrimonio
 Iglesia parroquial de San Pedro. Encumbrada por una original veleta, está ubicada en lo alto del castro sobre el que asienta el pueblo. En ella se venera la imagen de la Virgen del Remedio.
 Arquitectura rural, de adobe, madera, pizarra y piedra con detalles de forja en casas típicas, fuentes, pontones y un perfil agrícola y ganadero, mantienen algunos huertos esplendorosos con hortalizas, frutales, Viñedo y un contacto íntimo con la naturaleza entre silencios y paisajes…
 Puente del Arroyo de San Ildefonso. Sepultado bajo las aguas del embalse, sus restos son visibles cuando el nivel de agua del mismo se encuentra muy bajo. Su atribución cronológica oscila entre medieval y moderna.
 Viaducto del Esla-San Pedro de las Cuevas. Es un viaducto de la línea de alta velocidad ferroviaria en España situado sobre el río Esla a su paso por el embalse de Ricobayo en el límite municipal de San Pedro de las Cuevas.

Fiestas
San Pedro de las Cuevas rinde homenaje a su patrón, San Pedro Regalado, el 13 de mayo, pero, debido a la despoblación, se aprovecha la presencia de emigrantes en agosto para programar con más actividades los festejos de verano, ofreciendo un programa de convivencia con juegos, folclore, bailes y actividades tradicionales, culturales y etnográficas.

Referencias

Municipios desaparecidos de la provincia de Zamora
Localidades de Santa Eufemia del Barco
Localidades de Tierra de Alba
Localidades de la provincia de Zamora

San Pedro de las Cuevas


Chiaki Kuriyama (栗 山 千 明 Kuriyama Chiaki, n. 10 octombrie 1984) este o actriță japoneză, cântăreață și model.

Ea este cel mai bine cunoscut în occident pentru rolurile sale în filmele Kinji Fukasaku, Battle Royale și Kill Bill.

Viața și cariera
Ea s-a născut în Tsuchiura, Ibaraki. Kuriyama a fost un model popular din Japonia la mijlocul anului 1990. În 1997, ea a apărut în albumul foto Shinwa-shojo (Fata mitului) și Shōjokan (Girl Residence), fotografiată de Kishin Shinoyama. Shinwa-Shojo a devenit cel mai vândut album, dar, deoarece conținea nuditate, a fost întrerupt de către editor în 1999, după instituirea noilor legi privind pornografia anti-copil.  De asemenea, ea a pozat ca model pentru reviste de modă pentru copii Nicola (1997-2001) și Pichi de lămâie (1996-2001).

Ea a obținut prima recunoaștere pe scară largă ca actriță în Japonia pentru rolurile ei din filmele de groază Shikoku (1999) și Ju-on (2000), de asemenea a apărut și în filmul de acțiune 2000 Battle Royale.

Ca urmare a aparițiilor caracteristică pe mai multe programe notabile de televiziune japoneze (inclusiv Rokubanme no Sayoko), Kuriyama a făcut debutul la Hollywood în 2004 în filmul Kill Bill regizat de Quentin Tarantino, este garda de corp a lui yakuza,O-Ren Ishii (Lucy Liu), alte apariții de film, Kuriyama a inclus roluri majore în drama Azumi 2: Death or love, și Takashi Miike.

În 2010, ea a lansat single-ul "Ryūsei nu Namida" la DefStar Records. Piesa a fost folosită ca prima temă care se încheie pentru Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn. Acest single a fost urmat de alte trei sub numele ei așa cum scrie în mod tradițional în japoneză: "Kanōsei Girl", "Cold Finger Girl", și "Oishii Kisetsu" / "Ketteiteki Sanpunkan"; "Kanōsei Girl" a fost folosit ca a treia temă de deschidere pentru Yorinuki Gin Tama-san și "Cold Finger Girl" a fost folosită ca deschiderea pentru adaptarea anime Level E. Ea a urmat single cu un album, Circus, în 2011.

Filmografie
 Toire no Hanako-san (1995)
 Gonin (1995)
 Shikoku (1999)
 Kamen Gakuen (2000)
 Ju-on: The Curse (2000)
 Battle Royale (2000)
 Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003)
 Itsuka 'A' Torein ni Notte (2003)
 Kagen no Tsuki (2004)
 Mail (2005)
 Azumi 2: Death or Love (2005)
 Into the Sun (2005)
 The Great Yokai War (2005)
 Scrap Heaven (2005)
 Kisarazu Cats Eye: World Series (2006)
 Exte (エクステ Ekusute?) (2007)
 Tengu Gaiden (2007)
 Kids (2008)
 GS Wonderland (2008)
 Komori Seikatsu Kojo Club (2008) a
 Kamogawa Horumo (2009)
 Hagetaka: The Movie (2009)
 Neck (2010)
 Ghostwriter Hotel (2012)
 Gekijouban SPEC: Ten (2012)
 Toshokan Sensō (2013)
 Gekijouban SPEC: Kurôzu - Zen no hen (2013)
 Gekijouban SPEC: Kurôzu - Kou no hen (2013)
 Ataru the First Love & the Last Kill (2013)
 Team Batista Final: Kerberos no Shōzō (2014)
 Tanemaku tabibito: Kuni umi no sato (2015)
 Himitsu – Top Secret (2016)
 Blade of the Immortal (2017)

Premii și nominalizări

Legături externe
Site web

Kuriyama pe IDMb

Note

Actrițe japoneze
Nașteri pe 10 octombrie
Nașteri în 1984

Chiaki Kuriyama


Mandorla (ital.: "mandel") kaldes den aflange mere eller mindre mandelformede strålekrone, aureole, der på billeder fra Middelalderen ofte omgiver Jesus, Maria og hellige mænd og kvinder. Mandorlaen er meget ofte tilspidset foroven og forneden.

Galleri

Noter

Kilde
 "Mandorla" i Salmonsens konversationsleksikon, bind 16, side 523 af professor V. Schmidt

Eksterne henvisninger
  Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relaterede til Mandorla –  Vesica piscis

 Mandorla  på Kunsthistorie.com
 Mandorla af Hans Jørgen Frederiksen i Den Store Danske

Kunsthistorie

Mandorla


Sussan Penelope Ley (pron. , "Susan Lee"; ; born  14 December 1961) is an Australian politician who has been deputy leader of the Liberal Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition since May 2022. She has been member of parliament (MP) for the New South Wales seat of Farrer since 2001 and was a cabinet minister in the Abbott, Turnbull and Morrison governments.

Ley was born in Nigeria to English parents. She grew up in the UAE and England before moving to Australia as a teenager. Prior to entering politics she worked as a commercial pilot, farmer and public servant based in Albury, New South Wales. Ley was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2001 federal election. She was a parliamentary secretary in the Howard government and became a senior opposition frontbencher following the government's defeat in 2007. In the Abbott and Turnbull governments, Ley held the ministerial portfolios of Assistant Minister for Education (2013–2014), Minister for Health (2014–2016), Sport (2014–2017), Aged Care (2015–2016), and Health and Aged Care (2016–2017). She resigned from the ministry in January 2017 following a controversy over her travel expense claims, but returned in August 2018 when Scott Morrison succeeded Malcolm Turnbull as prime minister. She subsequently served as Assistant Minister for Regional Development and Territories (2018–2019) and Minister for the Environment prior to the government's defeat at the 2022 federal election. In the 47th Australian Parliament, Ley represents the Opposition in the roles of Shadow Minister for Women, Industry, Skills and Training, as well as Small and Family Business.

Early years and background
Ley was born on 14 December 1961 in Kano, Kano State, Federation of Nigeria. The daughter of English parents, her family moved to the United Arab Emirates when she was one year old, where her father worked as a British intelligence officer. Ley attended boarding school in England until she was 13, when her family migrated to Australia. Her parents bought a hobby farm in Toowoomba, but quickly sold it due to a crash in beef prices. They then moved to Canberra, where her father worked for the Australian Federal Police. She was educated at Campbell High School, Dickson College, La Trobe University, the University of New South Wales and Charles Sturt University, and has master's degrees in taxation and accountancy. She changed her name from Susan to Sussan after reading about numerology.

When Ley was 19 she enrolled in flight school and gained her commercial pilot's licence when she was 20. She has worked as a waitress and cleaner, and trained as an air traffic controller, but did not complete the course. She did become a commercial pilot, and was later a farmer and shearers' cook. She met John Ley while aerial stock-mustering in south-west Queensland. They married in 1987, settled on her husband's family farm in north-east Victoria, and had three children before their 2004 divorce. Ley was Director of Technical Training at the Australian Taxation Office in Albury from 1995 to 2001 before entering politics.

Politics
Ley joined the Liberal Party's Tallangatta branch in 1994.

Government (2001–2007)

Ley was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2001 election, winning the New South Wales seat of Farrer for the Liberal Party following the retirement of former National Party leader and deputy prime minister Tim Fischer. At the time of her election she was living across the border in Old Tallangatta, Victoria, and had recently lost Liberal preselection for the Victorian seat of Indi to Sophie Mirabella. She campaigned in "a large caravan, brightly painted in Liberal blue", ultimately winning a narrow victory on preferences.

In the Howard government, Ley was appointed Parliamentary Secretary (Children and Youth Affairs) in October 2004 and Parliamentary Secretary for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in January 2006.

Opposition (2007–2013)

Following the 2007 election, Ley was appointed Shadow Minister for Housing and Shadow Minister for Status of Women by Opposition Leader, Dr Brendan Nelson, moving to Shadow Minister for Customs and Justice when Malcolm Turnbull became Opposition Leader in September 2008.

When Tony Abbott became Opposition Leader in December 2009 she was given the portfolio of Shadow Assistant Treasurer and was moved to Shadow Minister for Employment Participation and Shadow Minister for Childcare and Early Childhood Learning after the 2010 election.

Abbott and Turnbull governments (2013–2018)

In September 2013, following the Coalition's victory at the 2013 federal election, Ley was appointed Assistant Minister for Education in the Abbott government, with responsibility for childcare. Following a ministerial reshuffle, she was promoted to cabinet in December 2014 as Minister for Health and Minister for Sport. She was also made Minister for Aged Care in September 2015 following the replacement of Tony Abbott with Malcolm Turnbull.

In January 2017, an examination of Ley's expenditure claims and travel entitlements revealed she had purchased an apartment on the Gold Coast, close to the business premises of her partner, for $795,000 while on official business in Queensland. Ley defended the purchase, saying her work in the Gold Coast was legitimate, that all travel had been within the rules for entitlements, and that the purchase of the apartment "was not planned nor anticipated" (a claim which was widely derided). On 8 January, Ley released a statement acknowledging that the purchase had changed the context of her travel, and undertaking to repay the government for the cost of the trip in question as well as three others. The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Ley had made 27 taxpayer-funded trips to the Gold Coast in recent years.

On 9 January 2017, Ley announced that she would stand aside from her ministerial portfolios until an investigation into her travel expenses was completed by the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. She announced that she would not be making her diaries public. On 13 January 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that Ley had resigned from the ministry. Greg Hunt was appointed as Ley's replacement as the Minister for Health and Sport, and Ken Wyatt was appointed Assistant Minister for Health and Minister for Indigenous Health and Aged Care, both with effect from 24 January 2017.

Morrison government (2018–2022)
During the 2018 Liberal leadership spills, Ley reportedly voted for Peter Dutton against Malcolm Turnbull in the first vote. She subsequently signed the petition requesting to hold a further party meeting to determine the leadership of the Liberal party, and again voted for Dutton against Scott Morrison in the second spill days later, which saw Morrison replace Turnbull as prime minister.

On 26 August 2018, Ley was appointed Assistant Minister for Regional Development and Territories in the Morrison government. In May 2019, following the party's victory at the 2019 election, she replaced Melissa Price as Minister for the Environment.

Since 2020, Ley has been a member of the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, co-chaired by Sheikh Hasina and Mia Mottley.

In March 2022, Ley successfully appealed a Federal Court ruling that she had a "duty of care to children to consider climate change harm when approving coal mines".

Also in March 2022, Ley approved a Coalition decision to scrap 176 out of 185 recovery plans designed to prevent the extinction of threatened species and habitats, including the Tasmanian devil. This was despite a government call for feedback, which received 6701 responses, all disagreeing with the proposed removal of the recovery plans.

Opposition (2022–present)
Following the Coalition's defeat at the 2022 election, it was reported that Ley would be a candidate to replace Josh Frydenberg as deputy leader of the party, following his electoral defeat. Ley was elected unopposed on 30 May 2022.

In July 2022, Environment Minister Tanya Plibersek accused former Environment Minister Sussan Ley of hiding a document that was handed to the coalition government in December 2021, ahead of the 2022 Australian federal election. The document outlined the poor and declining health of the Australian ecosystem. "It tells a story of crisis and decline in Australia's environment [and] of a decade of government inaction and wilful ignorance," Ms Plibersek said.

In August 2022, ahead of the Jobs and Skills Summit of Australia, Sussan Ley falsely stated that no one in the world is making an electric ute. "We know we're not going to have electric vehicles tomorrow," Ms Ley said. "And no one in the world is making an electric ute, by the way, and even if they were it would be unaffordable." . After commentators pointed out that electric utes were already in production, a spokesperson for Ms Ley said that Ms Ley meant that, "EV utes are not yet commercially available in Australia and even if EV utes arrived here overnight, cost-effective models — which invariably have lower distance ranges — are not yet suitable for practical use in rural and regional Australia."

In March 2023, Ley dressed up as Tina Turner in Parliament to raise money for cancer.

Political positions
In March 2021, The Sydney Morning Herald stated that Ley was a member of the centre-right faction of the Liberal Party. However, in May 2022 ABC News reported that she was "not aligned with the conservative or moderate factions".

In 2011, Ley publicly supported the admission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations and was reported to be a member of the cross-party Parliamentary Friends of Palestine group.

In May 2018 Ley introduced a private member's bill to ban the live export of sheep.

In 2023 Ley supports the No vote in the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum.

Ley identifies as a feminist.

References

External links

 Minister for the Environment v Sharma Federal Court of Australia online file

1961 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Farrer
University of New South Wales alumni
Women members of the Australian House of Representatives
La Trobe University alumni
Charles Sturt University alumni
English emigrants to Australia
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Politicians from Kano
People from Dubai
Abbott government
Turnbull government
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Women government ministers of Australia
People educated at Dickson College
Commercial aviators
Morrison government
Australian women commercial aviators
Australian Ministers for Health
Australian feminists

Sussan Ley


El palacio Unzué, también conocido como Quinta Unzué, fue la residencia presidencial de la República Argentina durante la presidencia de Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1955), y se transformó en un lugar de peregrinación y culto luego de la muerte de Eva Perón en 1952. El grado de simbolismo que tomó el edificio fue tal, que luego del golpe militar que derrocó a Perón en 1955, los dictadores que tomaron el poder ordenaron su demolición total, para borrar todo rastro de sus últimos ocupantes.

La residencia ocupaba un amplio terreno en Buenos Aires de casi tres manzanas de superficie con jardines arbolados, entre Avenida del Libertador, Austria, Agüero y Avenida Las Heras. En su predio se construyó, entre 1962 y 1992, la actual Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina.
La residencia en cuestión, producida la Revolución Libertadora, un tiempo después del episodio que terminó con Perón exiliado en Paraguay, la residencia fue abierta la público donde se pudo acceder a sus interiores y observar prendas, joyas de la sra de Perón, utensilios personales, y accediendo a un gran Playón trasero donde se encontraba un vehículo Cadillac regalado al ex presidente.

Historia
La historia del Palacio Unzué está documentada a partir de fines del gobierno de Juan Manuel de Rosas (1835-1852), cuando tres ingleses habrían comprado los terrenos para construir allí una casa de veraneo. La propiedad fue habitada durante algunos años por el político rosista Manuel de Arrotea y su mujer, Josefa Vivot. En 1855 el predio pasó a manos de Mariano Saavedra (hijo de Cornelio Saavedra, presidente de la Primera Junta en 1810) quien construyó su propia residencia allí, en donde se celebraron numerosas reuniones mientras fue Gobernador de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Por aquellos años, esta zona del actual barrio de Recoleta era un rincón marginal y semi-rural en una Buenos Aires todavía reducida hasta la zona de la actual Avenida Callao, y era difícil acceder a la casa de Saavedra.

Entre 1883 y 1887 (según diversas fuentes), la quinta fue adquirida por el terrateniente Mariano Unzué (1836-1906) junto a su esposa Mercedes Baudrix. Este matrimonio era de gran relieve social para la época donde uno de los cargos más importantes que tuvo Mariano fue el de Presidente del Banco de La Nación. En tiempos de gran crecimiento de Buenos Aires e inéditas ganancias para los productores agropecuarios de familias tradicionales como los Unzué, Don Mariano pudo construir allí una gran residencia de descanso inaugurada el 17 de noviembre de 1888 donde celebró el matrimonio de su hija Elena Unzué y Alfredo Peña Lezica. Aquí su familia vivió durante las siguientes décadas, alternando con su vivienda céntrica en la calle Florida (entre Sarmiento y Corrientes).

En 1910, durante la Exposición del Centenario, el Palacio Unzué fue sede principal de la Exposición de Salud e Higiene, que mostró algunos adelantos técnicos de la época como el inodoro, nuevos sistemas cloacales e instrumental médico de vanguardia. Finalmente, luego de la Gran Depresión de 1930, el modelo agroexportador argentino se agotó definitivamente y las familias antes millonarias gracias a ese sistema perdieron sus fortunas y su poder, de tal forma que muchas debieron rematar sus grandes residencias. En el caso del Palacio Unzué, fue el Estado Nacional quien, para saldar deudas en 1937, expropió el edificio y su parque de 21.154,0345 m² con el fin de convertirlos en la residencia presidencial. En el año 1938 el presidente Roberto Marcelino Ortiz decidió fundar por decreto un «Jardín de Infancia», trasladándose al mismo el curso de profesorado de la materia.

El edificio debió sufrir reformas hasta el año 1942. Asimismo, sabemos por los planos guardados en el CeDIAP que hasta abril de 1942 continuaron las obras de adaptación del edificio a jardín de infancia. Sin embargo, ya llegados a diciembre de 1942 (presidencia de Ramón S. Castillo), figuran planos donde al edificio se lo destina nuevamente a residencia presidencial.

El edificio no fue utilizado por los presidentes, el primero en hacerlo sería Edelmiro Farrell (1944-1946), quien usó esporádicamente el Palacio Unzué como residencia, en épocas en que el domicilio presidencial estaba en la calle Suipacha 1034. El primer presidente en utilizarlo regularmente Juan Domingo Perón, electo en 1946, quien se instaló definitivamente en el Palacio Unzué, alejándose del centro porteño hacia este barrio arbolado y residencial, considerando que además por la Avenida Alvear (actual Av. del Libertador) tenía un rápido acceso a la Casa Rosada.

Eva Perón trabajó en la Residencia Presidencial una vez que el cáncer que la afectaba le impidió trasladarse a sus oficinas en el Palacio de la Legislatura, donde funcionaba la Fundación con su nombre. Finalmente, agotados todos los recursos posibles para curarla, Evita falleció en el Palacio Unzué el 26 de julio de 1952. Durante su convalecencia, numerosos seguidores habían estado en vela en los portones de la residencia, dejando imágenes, velas y cartas; y luego de la muerte el lugar alcanzó proporciones místicas, mientras Perón seguía viviendo allí.

La planta baja no era demasiado utilizada. Perón y Evita se instalaron en el primer piso, donde estaba el dormitorio principal y un cuarto de huéspedes, vestidores, biblioteca, escritorio y un pequeño comedor diario, además de las dependencias de servicio y de las administrativas. La escalera de mármol tenía forma de «Y», y llevaba a las alas derecha e izquierda de la planta, que se asomaban a un balcón desde el cual podía observarse la planta baja de la mansión. También había un ascensor que se encontraba del otro lado de la casa, entre la biblioteca y el salón dorado.

Fue en esa casa donde Evita otorgaba entrevistas y donde murió, en 1952. Allí vivió Perón hasta su derrocamiento, en 1955, por la Revolución Libertadora, cuando la casa sufrió un sospechoso conato de incendio.

El 16 de septiembre de 1955, durante los bombardeos aéreos que buscaban derrocar a Perón, uno de los artefactos explosivos fue arrojado sobre el palacio presidencial, pero cayó sobre los jardines del edificio sin destruirlo. Durante los días posteriores al golpe de Estado de 1955 la casa sufrió un incendio y saqueos de parte de militares cercanos al bando golpista. En 1956, el poder quedó en manos del General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, dictador (que gobernó entre 1955 y 1958) y acérrimo enemigo del presidente depuesto , el cual determinó que el Palacio Unzué debería ser demolido completamente en 1958. Aramburu fue el primer gobernante argentino que utilizó la Quinta de Olivos como domicilio presidencial, función que mantuvo hasta la actualidad.

Ya restablecido el orden democrático, el presidente Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) impulsó en 1960 la construcción en el predio de la nueva Biblioteca Nacional. La Biblioteca fue concursada en 1962, y el proyecto ganador fue el de Clorindo Testa, Francisco Bullrich y Alicia Cazzaniga, sin embargo las obras se desarrollaron con inusitada lentitud, siendo recién abierto el edificio al público por el presidente Carlos Menem en 1992.

En el vestíbulo de la Biblioteca, numerosas placas de bronce recuerdan tanto a Eva Perón como a la demolición del Palacio Unzué con que se pretendió borrar una parte de la historia argentina. Una estatua con la imagen de Evita remata los jardines del edificio, sobre la esquina de Avenida del Libertador y Austria.

Arquitectura
El Palacio Unzué era una característica residencia familiar de familia aristocrática porteña de fines del . Construida en la década de 1880, ostentaba el estilo academicista francés que era favorito de esa clase social por aquellos años. En un amplio terreno con jardines y una barranca que caía hacia el norte, el edificio miraba a la actual Avenida del Libertador, y estaba recostado sobre el lado de la calle Agüero, donde se encontraban las construcciones de servicio.

En este tipo de residencias de la oligarquía se solía optar por materiales de alta calidad, tales como herrajes franceses, marmoles italianos, pisos de roble y hasta instalación de agua parcialmente potabilizada mediante filtros de arena y un moderno sistema de iluminación eléctrica.

Si bien en algunas publicaciones se nombra a Carlos Thays y en otras al poeta Rubén Darío como los autores del parque, no se han encontrado documentos que certifiquen a uno o a otro. Tenía una extensión de 21.154 m² y estaba rodeado por la Avenida Libertador y las calles Austria y Agüero. Contenía numerosas especies, entre ellas Magnolias, Cedros, Araucarias, Palmeras Phoenix, Plátanos, Pinos, Castaños, Eucaliptos, Naranjos, Tipas, Álamos, Higueras, Acacias, Cipreses, Paraísos, Aguaribayes, Olivos, Jacarandás, coníferas y Gomeros. Además contaba con un lago y en los archivos del CeDIAP figura el proyecto para una pajarera.

La fachada del edificio lucía una mansarda de pizarra (un elemento característico de la arquitectura francesa) y una galería con columnas que protegía el acceso principal y la planta baja, a la cual se accedía por una escalinata de mármol. La residencia se encontraba sobre la barranca, y para acceder a ella había que atravesar los jardines supuestamente diseñados por Rubén Darío con senderos curvos, fuentes, palmeras y faroles de hierro.

Si bien se desconoce el nombre del arquitecto que construyó el caserón en 1887, sabemos por los planos firmados a comienzos del  que la familia contrató como constructores a los arquitectos «Martín Vismara» y «A. Gonsalez» para las modificaciones del edificio.

En el año 1942 cuando el edificio se destinó nuevamente a residencia presidencial se demolió la rampa y se construyó una escalera de pino y cedro, de formato similar a la que estaba en épocas de los Unzué, aunque de menor tamaño. También se unificaron dos ambientes para agregar una biblioteca. Los muros se recubrieron con boiseries y anaqueles realizados en nogal claro, y se instaló un gran frente de chimenea de mármol veteado. Se realizó también la separación del salón a través de un muro, decorado con dos nichos, una gran araña y apliques de cristal, y muebles franceses estilo Luis XV.

Al ser la Quinta Unzué la residencia oficial del presidente de la Nación debía contar ésta con dependencias para alojar al Regimiento de Granaderos que está a cargo de la custodia del primer mandatario, e instalaciones para el guardado de los vehículos que lo trasladaban. Para ello se adaptaron las antiguas dependencias de servicio ubicadas detrás de la residencia como pabellones para las tropas y cochera presidencial.

En la actualidad, los únicos restos del edificio emblemático que quedan en pie son el Instituto Juan Domingo Perón, antiguamente la casa de los mayordomos, y la Sede del Coro Polifónico Nacional de Ciegos, anteriormente el Hogar Transitorio No. 3 de la Fundación Eva Perón, ambos ubicados sobre la calle Austria.

También podemos encontrar en la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo, FADU, en el cuarto piso frente al Centro de Arqueología Urbana, CAU, fragmentos reales de lo que rescataron de lo que fue el Palacio Unzué.

A su vez, se ubica en el hall de la hemeroteca de la Biblioteca Nacional nombrado el Mirador de la Memoria, una edificación octogonal de vidrio que alberga una maqueta de dos niveles del viejo Palacio Unzué, predio de la actual Biblioteca Nacional. La obra es del artista Daniel Santoro. La idea fue propuesta por el secretario general de la Presidencia, Oscar Parrilli, y el octógono vidriado estará en un extremo de la Plaza del Lector, en Las Heras y Agüero. La maqueta de Santoro reproduce lo que a mediados del  se intentó borrar: el palacio Unzué. En la parte inferior de la maqueta está la actual Biblioteca Nacional.

Véase también
 Casa Rosada
 Quinta presidencial de Olivos
 Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina

Referencias

Edificios desaparecidos de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Edificios del barrio de Recoleta (Buenos Aires)
Palacios de Argentina del siglo XIX
Arquitectura de los años 1860
Años 1860 en Argentina
Residencias presidenciales de Argentina

Palacio Unzué


Euro am Sonntag (eigene Schreibweise: €uro am Sonntag) ist eine deutsche Finanz- und Wirtschaftszeitung. Die Wochenzeitung wird vom Finanzen Verlag herausgegeben und hat ihren Redaktionssitz in München.

€uro am Sonntag erschien erstmals im Oktober 1998 als Nachfolger der seit 1995 vom Verlag publizierten "Geldzeitung". Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war der Axel Springer Verlag am Finanzen Verlag beteiligt. Die gemeinsame Idee: €uro am Sonntag sollte Springers Bild am Sonntag und Welt am Sonntag um einen Wirtschaftstitel für den Sonntag ergänzen.

Inzwischen erscheint €uro am Sonntag jeweils freitags. Mit den inhaltlichen Schwerpunkten Wirtschaft, Börse und Vermögensaufbau zielt €uro am Sonntag mit gründlich recherchierten Hintergrundinformationen und Analysen auf das Interesse sowohl von Privatanlegern als auch von Mitarbeitern der Finanz- und Versicherungsbranche.

Im Rahmen einer Kooperation stellt die Redaktion von €uro am Sonntag Deutschlands größtem Finanzportal, Finanzen.net, täglich Wirtschafts- und Finanznachrichten zur Verfügung.

Auszeichnungen

2016 wurde €uro am Sonntag  von der Fachzeitschrift Wirtschaftsjournalist und dem PR Report zur besten Wirtschaftszeitung in der Sparte Anleger-/Verbrauchermagazin gekürt.

Für Titelseite, Visualisierung und Illustration wurde €uro am Sonntag 2006
bis 2014 mit dem European Newspaper Award ausgezeichnet.

Chefredakteure
 Frank-Bernhard Werner (1998–2013)
 Joachim Spiering (2014–2016)
 Peter Gewalt (2016–2017)
 Jens Castner, Peter Gewalt, Markus Hinterberger (seit Januar 2018)

Einzelnachweise

Zeitung (München)
Wirtschaftszeitung (Deutschland)
Ersterscheinung 1998
Axel Springer SE
Deutschsprachige Wochenzeitung

Euro am Sonntag


El museo Torre Balldovina de Santa Coloma de Gramanet, en la comarca del Barcelonés, es un museo local pluridisciplinar que tiene por objetivo proteger, conservar, estudiar y difundir el patrimonio cultural y natural del territorio, colaborando con las entidades públicas y privadas de la ciudad. El Museo, que está integrado en la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona, atiende las colecciones que componen su fondo y el patrimonio monumental de Santa Coloma conservado in situ.

Edificio
El museo tiene su sede en la Torre Balldovina, un edificio que ha sufrido varias transformaciones con el tiempo: fue una torre de defensa en el , un edificio de carácter agrícola en el , una casa solariega en el  y, finalmente, residencia de veraneo de la familia del escritor Josep Maria de Sagarra. En 1972 la torre fue adquirida por el Ayuntamiento y desde 1987 acoge el Museo Municipal y el Archivo Histórico de la ciudad.

Historia del Museo
El museo tiene su origen en los primeros hallazgos hechos por Joan Palà y Ferran de Sagarra en 1902 de fragmentos de cerámica en la ladera de la colina del Pollo, que dieron lugar al descubrimiento del yacimiento del Puig Castellar. Los materiales arqueológicos encontrados en las excavaciones en el Puig Castellar en la década de 1950 y dipositados en el Centro Excursionista Puigcastellar o CEP, por un lado, y la cantidad de materiales de ciencias naturales recogidos por los miembros de la Sección de Estudios del CEP, por el otro, llevaron al Ayuntamiento a abrir las puertas del Museo Puig Castellar en 1974. La aportación de nuevas donaciones y el interés que el museo despertó entre la población de Santa Coloma hizo necesaria la creación de un nuevo museo que dispusiera de un espacio y unas instalaciones más adecuadas para la conservación de los materiales y la exposición al público. En 1982 el Ayuntamiento y los miembros del Museo Puig Castellar llegaron a un acuerdo para hacer un museo nuevo: el Museo Torre Balldovina. El museo se inauguró en 1987 y en 1995 amplió su oferta de servicios con una sala de actos y una aula-taller para el trabajo escolar.

Fondo
En las colecciones que conforman el actual fondo del Museo Torre Balldovina destacan especialmente los materiales arqueológicos iberos procedentes del poblado del Puig Castellar y del asentamiento de Can Calvet, los materiales medievales procedentes del molino d'en Ribé (un molino harinero del ) y del Mas Fonollar, y los objetos que dan testimonio de la vida agrícola de la Santa Coloma rural. Su fondo comprende también una importante colección de historia natural, generada alrededor de la colección Castells, que incluye especímenes locales y foráneos de geología, paleontología, botánica y zoología. En los últimos años se ha iniciado, además, un fondo de arte vinculado a la programación de exposiciones temporales en la ciudad.

Exposición permanente
La exposición de referencia, llamada Santa Coloma de Gramenet: la montaña, el río, la ciudad, refleja la historia y la continuidad del territorio de Santa Coloma y de su población, desde el asentamiento de los iberos en el Puig Castellar hasta la actualidad, y lo hace a partir de los tres elementos físicos básicos de la población: la montaña (Puig Castellar), el río (Besós) y la ciudad (Santa Coloma), cada uno de ellos vinculado al desarrollo de los distintos tiempos históricos de Santa Coloma.

Véase también
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Barcelona

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña
 Sitio oficial

Museos de la Ciudad de España
Museos de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona
Museos de España inaugurados en 1987
Bienes culturales de interés nacional de la provincia de Barcelona
Santa Coloma de Gramanet
Torres defensivas de la provincia de Barcelona

Museo Torre Balldovina


Die Irish Open 1911 waren die zehnte Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Irland im Badminton. Sie fanden vom 3. bis zum 5. Februar 1911 in Ball's Bridge in Dublin statt. Bei dieser Auflage wurden nur vier Disziplinen ausgetragen, auf die Ausspielung des Dameneinzels wurde verzichtet.

Sieger und Finalisten

Referenzen
 Stewart Marsden Massey: Badminton, London, G. Bell & Sons 1911, S. 144–146

1911
Badminton 1911
Badmintonwettbewerb in Dublin

Irish Open 1911


Rhein-Sieg Kent Birliği, Almanya'da Bonn kenti ve komşu idari merkezler arasında başta ekonomik olmak üzere pek çok alanda iş birliğini öngören birlik. Bonn, 1991'de varılan ve başkentin Berlin'e taşınmasını öngören karardan bu yana, Rhein-Sieg Kent Birliği ve güneyde Remagen kentinin bağlı olduğu Ahrweiler iliyle iş birliğini daha da artırdı. Bu iş birliği, "Bonn/Rhein-Sieg/Ahrweiler Bölgesel Kalkınma, Planlama ve Ulaşım Çalışma Grubu'nun kurulmasıyla somut halini aldı. Yaklaşık 1 milyon kişinin yaşadığı söz konusu bölge, "Bonn/Rhein-Sieg" ya da "Bonn/Rhein-Sieg/Ahrweiler" adlarıyla anılır. Kuzeyde yer alan Neuwied ili de Bonn coğrafi bölgesine dahil kabul edilir.

Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya

Rhein-Sieg Kent Birliği