Leigh Raymond Matthews (born 1 March 1952) is a former Australian rules footballer and coach. He played for Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and coached  and the  in the VFL and renamed Australian Football League (AFL).

Squat, short-legged and barrel-chested, Matthews earned the iconic nickname "Lethal Leigh" due to his physical as well as skillful style of play. He is officially recognised as the "best player of the 20th century" according to the AFL, is a 'Legend' in the Australian Football Hall of Fame, named in the Hawthorn and AFL teams of the century, and is one of the most successful AFL coaches of all time. Matthews is now an AFL commentator on television with the Seven Network and on radio with 3AW.

Early life

Matthews played his junior football at the Chelsea Football Club. He was part of a footballing family: Matthews' brother Kelvin played 155 games at Hawthorn and Geelong. Matthews was married and had his first child at 18.

Playing career

Hawthorn

1960s
Matthews joined Hawthorn in January 1969, aged sixteen and having already played senior suburban football. He made his senior debut for the Hawks in Round 16 of the 1969 season against Melbourne as a forward pocket, crumbing around the feet of Hawthorn's champion full forward, Peter Hudson. Matthews kicked a goal with his first kick and went on to kick at least one goal in each of his five games that year, winning the club's Best First Year Player award. By midway through 1970, Matthews had earned a regular place in the team as a rover rotating forward. He was immediately impressive, kicking 20 goals from 16 games for the season.

1970s
Though still a teenager, Matthews became one of the most important players in a dominant Hawthorn team in 1971. He developed an uncanny ability to win contests, especially near the goals. He kicked 43 goals at an average of 1.9 in 1971 and earned his first of fourteen Victorian guernseys, his first of eight Hawthorn best and fairest awards, and his first of four playing premiership medallions.

On 17 July 1971, Matthews notoriously felled one of the game's fairest and best rovers, Barry Cable, with an elbow to the head. This was the first in a series of occasional violent lapses that punctuated, and ultimately soiled, Matthews' stellar career, culminating in his conviction for criminal assault arising out of an on-field incident in 1985.

In Round 2 of 1972, Matthews destroyed North Melbourne for the first of what would end up being many times during his playing career. He kicked 8 goals in the absence of Hudson (who suffered a season-ending knee injury the previous week). Matthews kicked another six goals against South Melbourne in Round 18 and finished the season with 45 goals at 2.1 per game; additionally, he won his second club best and fairest—all this before his 21st birthday.

Matthews made his presence felt early again in 1973 with an amazing 11-goal haul against Essendon in Round 3, also amassing 42 possessions in the same game. The rest of his season was comparatively quiet; however, his total of 51 goals from 19 games was an impressive figure given the increased time he spent in the midfield. By 1974, Matthews had become one of the toughest and most damaging players in the game. Strong, quick and almost impossible to tackle, Matthews regularly turned matches with brilliant solo efforts. Against Collingwood in a semi-final, Matthews proved the difference with 7 goals from 24 disposals. He went on to win his third best and fairest, averaging 21.8 disposals and kicking 52 goals for the season.

After six seasons in the VFL, Matthews established himself as a superstar of the competition in 1975, winning the Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal kicker, with 67 goals (68 including finals), while averaging 22.9 disposals per game. While 67 goals was an unusually low tally, it was a rare result for a non-full forward to lead the competition. He started the season brilliantly with 47 goals in the first 12 games, including five bags of 5 or more. His 6 goals from 28 kicks in Round 9 against Footscray was a highlight. He was unable to maintain this pace in the second half of the season and could manage only 21 goals in his last 11 appearances. Hawthorn made the grand final; however, they fell to North Melbourne, with Matthews going goalless on the day.

Another brilliant season in 1976 confirmed Matthews as one of the best players in the game. He kicked more goals than most full-forwards, while also being one of the most effective ball-winners in the game. For the season, Matthews kicked 71 goals at 3.2 per game and averaged 22.5 disposals, winning his fourth best and fairest. His best game for the year came in a qualifying final against North Melbourne, when he had 31 kicks and kicked 7 goals from 13 scoring shots. It was an immense performance in a hard-fought win. Hawthorn again played North in the grand final, and although Matthews was not amongst the best this time, his second premiership medal was just reward for a brilliant season.

In the 1977 season, Matthews went from being from one of the best players in the league to one of the best of all time, with what was among the greatest individual seasons by any player in history. Matthews posted career highs in kicks, marks, handballs and goals, averaging 27.1 disposals per game and kicking 91 goals at 3.8 per game. He had 41 disposals in Round 10 against Melbourne, but the peak of Matthews' form came during the last eight games of the home-and-away season, during which he averaged 29.8 disposals and 5.1 goals. He kicked 7 goals and had 30-plus disposals three times in seven weeks and finished the season with another 30 disposals and 6 goals against Essendon in Round 22. He won Hawthorn's best and fairest for the fifth time. Matthews' 91 goals that year was a record for goals kicked by a non-full-forward until it was broken in 1990 by Collingwood's Peter Daicos (whom Matthews was then coaching).

Matthews' performances in 1978 further confirmed his status as the game's number-one player, as he added another 71 goals to his career tally and averaged 25.5 disposals and a career-high 6.4 marks in a year that saw him win his sixth best and fairest and his third premiership medallion. The Hawks again played North Melbourne in the 1978 VFL Grand Final, but this time a best-afield display of 28 disposals and 4 goals by Matthews ensured the win for Hawthorn.

Matthews was on track for another stellar season in 1979 before injury forced him out of all but two of the last 10 games of the year. A 7-goal performance against Richmond in Round 5 was a highlight in a season that saw him spend less time in front of goals and more in the midfield.

1980s
In 1980, Matthews became the captain of Hawthorn, a position he held until his retirement in 1985. He was also selected as captain of the Victorian State of Origin team for the only time in his career, and he won his seventh club best and fairest. This year, Matthews spent less time in the forward line, and while it was the first time since 1971 that he averaged fewer than two goals per game, his 26.9 disposals per game was the second-highest in the league.

Hawthorn opened the 1981 season against Melbourne in Round 1 and Matthews, under a slight injury cloud, lined up at full-forward to great effect. In a dominating performance, he took 10 marks and kicked 11 goals. Matthews missed five games between Rounds 3 and 8 before returning to his customary role, alternating between the forward line and midfield for the rest of the season. He maintained impressive form for most of the year, averaging 23.5 disposals and 3 goals in his 16 games. Matthews finished the season as Hawthorn's leading goal kicker and would continue this feat for the next four consecutive years.

After three seasons interrupted by injury and inconsistent form, Matthews returned to his best in 1982, winning the inaugural Players' Association Most Valuable Player award (which was later renamed, in Matthews' honour, to the Leigh Matthews Trophy). He kicked 7 goals in Round 16 against North Melbourne and two weeks later against Collingwood kicked 8 more and had 25 disposals. Matthews averaged 22.5 disposals and 3.4 goals per game for the year and won his eighth Hawthorn best and fairest award.

Matthews earned the nickname "Lethal" for his reputation for giving (and taking) very hard bumps, and in 1982 this reputation was enhanced to the point of legend when he famously collided with a behind post at Windy Hill and broke it. A piece of the post (measuring about one metre) broke off, hitting the boundary umpire, after Matthews ran into its base. It is believed that, to comply with a VFL directive, groundsmen at Windy Hill had glued an extension to the top of the post which broke loose after Matthews collided with it. At the time, commentator Lou Richards called him a "He-Man" due to his large size and strength.

Going into his fifteenth season in the VFL, Matthews showed no signs of slowing down in 1983. He averaged 22.3 disposals and 2.9 goals in his first twelve games before, in Round 15, he made the move to full-forward and remained there for the rest of the season. He went on to kick at least three goals in each of the last 10 games of the year, including the grand final, in which he kicked 6 goals and 5 behinds in his fourth premiership win. For the season, he averaged 20.1 disposals and 3.6 goals per game.

Retirement
The 1985 season was Matthews' last as a player. During a wild game versus  which was marred by numerous brawls and reports, Matthews struck his opponent Neville Bruns in an off-the-ball incident, breaking Bruns' jaw. Geelong's Steve Hocking exacted swift retribution, breaking Matthews' nose, and an all-in melee ensued. No report was laid by umpires against Matthews. However, the 'behind play' incident had been captured on camera. After much public outcry, the VFL launched an investigation and subsequently deregistered Matthews for four weeks. He was also charged with assault and fined $1,000. His conviction was later overturned on appeal. The charge remains the only time a top-level player has been charged for an on-field incident.

Matthews' 332nd and final game was the 1985 grand final loss to Essendon.

Upon retirement, Matthews had scored 915 goals, which remains the highest VFL/AFL tally by a non-full-forward. At the time of his retirement, it was the fourth-highest tally by any player; he is now ninth in the all-time list. Matthews also accrued 202 Brownlow Medal votes in his career, currently the sixth-most of all time. His tally was the most by a player who has not won the award.

Coaching career

Collingwood
Following his retirement, Matthews turned to coaching, becoming assistant coach at the Collingwood Football Club before taking over the head coaching role as senior coach from Bob Rose after three rounds in 1986. Matthews guided Collingwood to finish sixth at the end of the 1986 season, just missing out on the finals with twelve wins and ten losses. In the 1987 season, Collingwood under Matthews did not fare much better, where they finished twelfth at the end of the season with seven wins and fifteen losses.

In the 1988 season, Matthews guided Collingwood to finish second on the ladder, but they were eliminated by Melbourne in the semi-final. The following year, Matthews guided Collingwood to finish fifth on the ladder, but they were again knocked out by Melbourne, this time in the elimination final. In the 1990 grand final, the first under the new AFL banner, Collingwood defeated Essendon, ending its 32-year premiership drought generally referred to as "the Colliwobbles".

In the 1991 season, Collingwood under Matthews just missed out on the finals, where they finished seventh on the ladder. The next season, Matthews guided Collingwood to finish third on the ladder, but they were eliminated by St Kilda in the elimination final. In 1993, Collingwood under Matthews just missed out on the finals, where they finished eighth on the ladder. Matthews returned Collingwood to the finals in 1994 after they finished eighth on the ladder, but were eliminated by the eventual premiers West Coast in the qualifying final.

Matthews was sacked as Collingwood senior coach at the end of the 1995 season, following an unsuccessful year where Collingwood finished tenth on the ladder, thereby missing out on the finals. After the sacking, Matthews stated, "I can see where they're coming from, so there's animosity. Sometimes you just need a change and sometimes the easiest position to change is the coaching position". Matthews was replaced by Collingwood premiership captain Tony Shaw as Collingwood senior coach. Matthews coached a total of 224 games in ten seasons with 125 wins, 94 losses and 5 draws for a winning percentage of fifty-five percent with the Magpies. Under Matthews' guidance, Collingwood won one premiership in 1990, Matthews' fifth premiership medallion, and for which he would later be retrospectively awarded one of his four Jock McHale Medals.

Brisbane Lions
After three years, Matthews was coaxed out of retirement by the struggling Brisbane Lions, who had finished sixteenth, the last on the ladder for the 1998 wooden spoon. Matthews became the senior coach of Brisbane for the 1999 season, when he replaced caretaker senior coach Roger Merrett, who replaced John Northey after Northey was sacked in the middle of the 1998 season. Matthews' impact at the Lions was immediate, lifting the team from bottom to third on the ladder in 1999 and making the finals, but they were eliminated by eventual premiers the Kangaroos in the preliminary final. The Lions made the finals again in 2000, before being eliminated by Carlton in the semi-final by 82 points.

In 2001, Matthews famously used the Predator quote, "if it bleeds, we can kill it", to inspire his team for its Round 10 game against Essendon, who sat atop the ladder, was the defending premier, and had lost only two of its previous 34 games. Brisbane finished as 28-point victors. Throughout the remainder of the season, the Lions were undefeated, eventually meeting and once again defeating Essendon in the 2001 grand final for their sixteenth consecutive win, and their first AFL premiership in club history. This would be the first of three consecutive premierships for the Lions under Matthews, including Collingwood in both the 2002 grand final and the 2003 grand final. These wins gave Matthews a total of eight premiership medallions as a player or coach. His tenure crested at this point. A bid for a fourth consecutive premiership was brought undone by Port Adelaide in the 2004 grand final, when the Lions lost by 40 points.

In the 2005 season, the Lions finished eleventh on the ladder with ten wins and twelve losses, missing the finals for the first time under Matthews. During the year, after his mother died, Matthews took a leave of absence for one game, which was coached by assistant coach John Blakey. Blakey filled in as caretaker coach in the absence of Matthews for the Round 18 game against the Western Bulldogs, which the Lions lost. In the 2006 season, the Lions did not fare much better, when their form dropped further as they finished thirteenth (third-last) on the ladder with seven wins and fifteen losses. In the 2007 season, the Lions under Matthews finished tenth on the ladder with nine wins, two draws and eleven losses. That year, Matthews coached his 200th game with the club, making him the first person to play or coach 200 games with three clubs. In the 2008 season, the Lions finished tenth on the ladder again for the second straight year in a row, this time with ten wins and twelve losses.

Matthews resigned from his position as Brisbane Lions senior coach on 1 September 2008, at the end of the 2008 season, stating that he "felt the time was right". Matthews was then replaced by Michael Voss as Brisbane Lions senior coach.

Matthews coached Brisbane Lions to a total of 237 games with 142 wins, 92 losses and 3 draws with a winning percentage of 60 percent. Matthews' coaching style at the Lions was reportedly incredibly strict, although obviously successful. Despite his four premierships as a coach, Matthews never coached a team to the minor premiership—though he did finish second with Collingwood twice and second with Brisbane three times.

Statistics

Playing statistics

|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1969 ||  || 32
| 5 || 7 || 4 || 60 || 15 || 75 || 6 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 12.0 || 3.0 || 15.0 || 1.2 || 2
|-
| scope=row | 1970 ||  || 32
| 16 || 20 || 27 || 249 || 48 || 297 || 53 || 1.3 || 1.7 || 15.6 || 3.0 || 18.6 || 3.3 || 3
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 1971# ||  || 32
| 23 || 43 || 47 || 443 || 84 || 527 || 111 || 1.9 || 2.0 || 19.3 || 3.7 || 22.9 || 4.8 || 10
|-
| scope=row | 1972 ||  || 3
| 21 || 45 || 50 || 432 || 49 || 481 || 107 || 2.1 || 2.4 || 20.6 || 2.3 || 22.9 || 5.1 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1973 ||  || 3
| 19 || 51 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 48† || 426 || 47 || 473 || 81 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 22.4 || 2.5 || 24.9 || 4.3 || 23
|-
| scope=row | 1974 ||  || 3
| 21 || 52 || 52 || 394 || 53 || 447 || 72 || 2.5 || 2.5 || 18.8 || 2.5 || 21.3 || 3.4 || 15
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1975 ||  || 3
| 23 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 68† || 48 || 452 || 50 || 502 || 73 || 3.0|| 2.2 || 20.5 || 2.3 || 22.8 || 3.3 || 10
|-
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 1976# ||  || 3
| 22 || 71 || 42 || 416 || 79 || 495 || 67 || 3.2 || 1.9 || 18.9 || 3.6 || 22.5 || 3.0 || 23
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1977 ||  || 3
| 24 || 91 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 57† || 514 || 144 || 658 || 133 || 3.8 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 2.6† || 21.4 || 6.0 || 27.4 || 5.5 || 34
|-
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 1978# ||  || 3
| 23 || 71 || 58 || 463 || 123 || 586 || 147 || 3.1 || 2.5 || 20.1 || 5.3 || 25.5 || 6.4 || 3
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1979 ||  || 3
| 13 || 30 || 25 || 237 || 100 || 337 || 55 || 2.3 || 1.9 || 18.2 || 7.7 || 25.9 || 4.2 || 6
|-
| scope=row | 1980 ||  || 3
| 17 || 32 || 34 || 364 || 93 || 457 || 78 || 1.9 || 2.0 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 21.4† || 5.5 || 26.9 || 4.6 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1981 ||  || 3
| 16 || 48 || 36 || 292 || 84 || 376 || 98 || 3.0 || 2.3 || 18.3 || 5.3 || 23.5 || 6.1 || 11
|-
| scope=row | 1982 ||  || 3
| 22 || 74 || 55 || 383 || 111 || 494 || 109 || 3.4 || 2.5 || 17.4 || 5.0 || 22.5 || 5.0 || 17
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 1983# ||  || 3
| 22 || 79 || 51 || 364 || 78 || 442 || 127 || 3.6 || 2.3 || 16.5 || 3.5 || 20.1 || 5.8 || 5
|-
| scope=row | 1984 ||  || 3
| 24 || 77 || 52 || 318 || 127 || 445 || 111 || 3.2 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 5.3 || 18.5 || 4.6 || 4
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1985 ||  || 3
| 21 || 56 || 36 || 210 || 72 || 282 || 77 || 2.7 || 1.7 || 10.0 || 3.4 || 13.4 || 3.7 || 4
|- class=sortbottom
! colspan=3 | Career
! 332 !! 915 !! 722 !! 6017 !! 1357 !! 7374 !! 1505 !! 2.8 !! 2.2 !! 18.2 !! 4.1 !! 22.3 !! 4.5 !! 202
|}

Coaching statistics

|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1986 ||
| 19 || 12 || 7 || 0 || 63.2% || 6 || 12
|-
| scope=row | 1987 ||
| 22 || 7 || 15 || 0 || 31.8% || 12 || 14
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1988 ||
| 24 || 15 || 8 || 1 || 64.6% || 2 || 14
|-
| scope=row | 1989 ||
| 23 || 13 || 10 || 0 || 56.5% || 5 || 14
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 1990# ||
| 26 || 19 || 6 || 1 || 75.0% || 2 || 14
|-
| scope=row | 1991 ||
| 22 || 12 || 9 || 1 || 56.8% || 7 || 15
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1992 ||
| 23 || 16 || 7 || 0 || 69.6% || 3 || 15
|-
| scope=row | 1993 ||
| 20 || 11 || 9 || 0 || 55.0% || 8 || 15
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1994 ||
| 23 || 12 || 11 || 0 || 52.2% || 8 || 15
|-
| scope=row | 1995 ||
| 22 || 8 || 12 || 2 || 40.9% || 10 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 1999 ||
| 25 || 18 || 7 || 0 || 72.0% || 3 || 16
|-
| scope=row | 2000 ||
| 24 || 13 || 11 || 0 || 54.2% || 6 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2001# ||
| 25 || 20 || 5 || 0 || 80.0% || 2 || 16
|-
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2002# ||
| 25 || 20 || 5 || 0 || 80.0% || 2 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2003# ||
| 26 || 17 || 8 || 1 || 67.3% || 3 || 16
|-
| scope=row | 2004 ||
| 25 || 18 || 7 || 0 || 72.0% || 2 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2005 ||
| 21 || 10 || 11 || 0 || 47.6% || 11 || 16
|-
| scope=row | 2006 ||
| 22 || 7 || 15 || 0 || 31.8% || 13 || 16
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2007 ||
| 22 || 9 || 11 || 2 || 45.5% || 10 || 16
|-
| scope=row | 2008 ||
| 22 || 10 || 12 || 0 || 45.5% || 10 || 16
|- class=sortbottom
! colspan=2 | Career totals
! 461 !! 267 !! 186 !! 8 !! 58.8% !! colspan=2 |
|}

Honours and achievements

Playing honours
Team
 4× VFL premiership player (): 1971, 1976 , 1978, 1983
 2× Minor premiership (): 1971, 1975
 2× Night Series Winner (): 1969, 1977

Individual
 VFLPA MVP Award (Later named the Leigh Matthews Trophy): 1982
 Coleman Medal: 1975
 All-Australian team: 1972
 Hawthorn Captain: 1981–1985
 8× Peter Crimmins Medal: 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982
 6× Hawthorn leading goalkicker: 1973, 1975, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984
 Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1982
 2× Victoria Australian rules football team: 1972, 1975
 Australian Football League Team of the Century
 Hawthorn Football Club Team of the Century

Coaching honours
Team
 AFL Premiership coach (): 1990
 3× AFL Premiership coach (): 2001, 2002, 2003

Individual
 4× Jock McHale Medal: 1990, 2001, 2002, 2003
 3× All-Australian team: 2001, 2002, 2003
 Brisbane Lions Team of the Decade (1997–2006)

Hall of Fame/Life membership
 Australian Football Hall of Fame – Legend Status
 Hawthorn Football Club Hall of Fame – Legend Status
 Collingwood Hall of Fame (1990 premiership team)
 Brisbane Lions Hall of Fame
 Queensland Hall of Fame – Legend status
 Hawthorn life member
 Brisbane Lions life member

Post-career honours
Matthews was named "Player of the Century" and inducted as an inaugural official Legend of the Australian Football Hall of Fame, the highest individual honour that can be bestowed upon a football personality. He was also named in both the AFL and Hawthorn teams of the century, in the forward pocket for the AFL and as rover for Hawthorn. In 2002, the AFLPA MVP award, of which Matthews was the inaugural recipient, was renamed the Leigh Matthews Trophy.

Matthews is one of only four Australian rules footballers recognised as a Legend of Australian Sport in the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, alongside Ron Barassi, Ted Whitten and Bob Skilton.

Outside football

Before coaching the Brisbane Lions, Leigh Matthews made several media appearances as guest commentator. He since returned to perform special commentary of AFL matches on the Seven Network. Matthews commentated throughout the 2008 finals series as well as in the 2008 grand Final. He is also a commentator of the game for 3AW and a feature writer and commentator for the Herald Sun.

References

Bibliography

External links

1952 births
All-Australians (1953–1988)
All-Australian coaches
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Brisbane Lions coaches
Brisbane Lions premiership coaches
Collingwood Football Club coaches
Collingwood Football Club premiership coaches
Coleman Medal winners
Matthew, Leigh
Hawthorn Football Club premiership players
Peter Crimmins Medal winners
Leigh Matthews Trophy winners
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Chelsea Football Club (Australia) players
Australia international rules football team coaches
Radio personalities from Melbourne
3AW presenters
VFL/AFL premiership players
VFL/AFL premiership coaches
People from Frankston, Victoria
Color commentators

Leigh Matthews


Kledin (lat. Cledinus) je bio Hrvatski ban (lat. banus) za vremena vladanja kraljeva Kolomana (1102. – 1116.) i Stjepana II. Arpadovića (1116. – 1131.), obnašavši bansku dužnost od 1116. pa do 1124. godine.

Životopis
Kao knez (lat. comes) prvi put se spominje 1102. godine u ispravi koju je izdao kralj Koloman Samostanu Sv. Marije u Zadru, a onda i u pratnji kralja Kolomana 1111. godine kao jedan od njegovih župana za vrijeme kraljeva boravka u hrvatskim krajevima.

Unatoč priznanju Kolomana za hrvatskog kralja 1102. godine, njegova vlast u predjelu Hrvatske južno od Gvozda je bila tek nominalna dok su stvarnu vlast polako počelo preuzimati lokalno plemstvo na koje se kralj morao oslanjati pri obnašanju i provođenju vlasti.

Kledin tako od 1105. godine nosi naslov Zadarskog kneza, naslov koji će u sljedećih nekoliko desetljeća zamijeniti onu priora. Pritom se zaklinje zadarskom prioru Vitači na poštovanje slobode grada, pružanje vojne pomoći po potrebi i zaštitu grada, dok za uzvrat zadarski prior obećava prijateljstvo vladaru i plaćanje uobičajnog poreza.

Od 1116. nosi i naslove izravnog kraljevog namjesnika te Hrvatskog bana u Hrvatskoj i Dalmaciji (''per gratiam deiet jussionem domini mei stephani regis princeps hujus provincie et banus'').

Mletački ratovi
Godine 1115. Mletački dužd Ordelafo Faliero (1102. – 1117.) krenuo je na vojni pohod s ciljem stavljanja hrvatskog dijela Jadranske obale pod svoju vlast. Bez borbe se predao otok Rab, nakon čega je u svibnju 1116. godine opsjednut i sam Zadar na čelu čije obrane je bio ban Kledin. Mlečani su zauzeli većinu grada osim same tvrđave, te su nakon toga osvojili i Biograd. Nakon pada Biograda Mlečani su iste godine uspješno dovršili i zauzimanje zadarske tvrđave.

Banska vojska predvođena banom Kledinom porazila je Mlečane sljedeće godine u bitci kod Zadra, pri čemu je poginuo i sam dužd Faliero. Nakon toga je dogovoreno petogodišnje primirje kojim je Mlečanima pripao grad Zadar i otok Rab, dok su Biograd, Šibenik, Trogir i Split došli pod vlast Hrvatsko-Ugarskog kralja.

Primirje ipak nije održano jer već sljedeće godine pod vodstvom novog dužda Domenica Michiela (1117. – 1130.) Mlečani najprije zauzimaju Osor, a uskoro nakon toga i većinu hrvatskog dijela Jadranske obale.

Posljednje spominjanje bana Kledina datira iz 1124. godine kada se navodi kao svjedok u jednoj ispravi kralja Stjepana II. Arpadovića.

Izvori

Hrvatska za narodnih vladara
Hrvatski banovi

Kledin


El municipio del General Sampaio es un municipitación de Brasil del estado del Ceará. Según el Censo del IBGE del año dos mil diez, su población era más de seis mil habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Ceará

General Sampaio


Zuzana Čaputová (rođ. Strapáková, 21. lipnja 1973., Bratislava) slovačka je političarka, odvjetnica i predsjednica Slovačke. Mandat joj je počeo 15. lipnja 2019. godine i prva je žena u Slovačkoj na tom položaju. Ujedno je i najmlađa predsjednica u povijesti Slovačke.

Bila je potpredsjednica socijalno-liberalne i progresivne stranke Progresivna Slovačka. S 58% glasova pobijedila je na predsjedničkim izborima 2019. godine.

Rani život
Čaputová je rođena u radničkoj obitelji u slovačkom glavnom gradu Bratislavi, a odrasla u obližnjem gradu Pezinoku. Opisala je svoje djetinjstvo kao odrastanje u "kući otvorenog uma".

Studirala je pravo na Pravnom fakultetu Komenskovog sveučilišta u Bratislavi i diplomirala je 1996. godine.

Politička stajališta

Jednakost
Na mrežnoj stranici kampanje, Čaputová navodi da se "pravda u Slovačkoj ne primjenjuje uvijek jednako na sve". Planira uvesti promjene u pravni sustav i policiju. Smatra da policija mora biti neovisna institucija odvojena od političke vlasti, a da ured javnog tužitelja mora postati institucija javne uprave.

Zaštita okoliša
Čaputová zagovara zaustavljanje ilegalne deforestacije i želi proglasiti najmanje 5% ekološki najvažnijih površina strogo zaštićenim prostorom. Zalaže se i za strožu regulaciju potencijalno opasnih odlagališta smeća.

Prava LGBT osoba

Čaputová podržava registrirana partnerstva za istospolne parove, kao i edukaciju javnosti o istima. Tijekom rasprave koju su organizirale dnevne novine SME, natuknula je mogućnost posvajanja za istospolne parove: "Preferiram da dijete ima biološku majku i oca. Ako bi dijete odraslo u [državnim] institucijama, smatram da bi mu bolje bilo s dvoje bića punih ljubavi, čak i da su istog spola."

Pobačaj i reproduktivna prava
Što se tiče pobačaja, Čaputová podržava pravo žena na odabir: "Ako postoji ekstremna situacija i dilema između usvajanja pravnim normi koje bi zadirale u osobne živote građana ili omogućavanja ženama osobni odabir i odgovornost, biram odgovornost žena."

Osobni život
Čaputová je rastavljena i majka dviju kćeri. Živi u Pezinoku.

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica

Izvori

Slovački predsjednici
Životopisi, Bratislava

Zuzana Čaputová


Pedro Valdemar Soares Gonçalves (Lisboa, ) é um treinador de futebol português. Atualmente é o treinador da seleção nacional de Angola.

Carreira

Gonçalves iniciou a sua carreira de treinador no Amora Futebol Clube em 1997, ainda como adjunto. Mais tarde, passou pelo CD Cova da Piedade e ingressou depois no Sporting Clube de Portugal em 2000, primeiro como scout, e depois passando a treinador das camadas jovens em 2001. Esteve como treinador na academia do Sporting até 2015.

Ainda em 2015, partiu para Angola onde esteve à frente dos escalões de sub-15 e sub-17 do 1º de Agosto, e mais tarde conquistou o campeonato angolano. Em 2018 foi eleito selecionador da seleção nacional angolana de sub-17. No mesmo ano conquistou a Taça Cosafa e foi protagonista da primeira qualificação de sempre de Angola ao Mundial sub-17, realizado em 2019.

Após passagens pelos sub-20 e sub-23 dos Palancas Negras, Pedro Soares Gonçalves tornou-se treinador da seleção principal angolana em 2019, cargo que ocupa atualmente. Em 2022 conseguiu a qualificação angolana para o Campeonato das Nações Africanas (CHAN), que se realizou em 2023, ficando no segundo lugar do Grupo D.

Em setembro de 2023 fez mais uma vez história ao qualificar a seleção angolana para o CAN 2023, tornando-se assim o único selecionador dos "Palancas Negras" a conseguir uma qualificação para um Campeonato das Nações Africanas (CHAN) e para um CAN.

Treinadores de futebol de Portugal
Treinadores da Seleção Angolana de Futebol

Pedro Soares Gonçalves


Film, hareketli resimlerin seri şekilde gösterilmesi ile ortaya çıkan bir yapıttır. Filmler, gerçek insan ve objelerin kamerayla kayıt edilmesiyle veya animasyon teknikleri, özel efektler gibi teknikler ile her iki unsurun yaratılmasıyla ortaya çıkar. Filmlerde bir seri tekil çerçeveler oluşturulur ancak bu çerçeveler ardışık ve hızlıca gösterildiğinde, optik illüzyon oluşur ve bu optik illüzyon izleyicinin, sırayla hızla izlenen ayrı çerçeveler arasındaki sürekli hareketi algılamasına neden olur (Phi fenomeni nedeni ile). Film yapım süreci hem bir sanat hem de bir endüstridir.

Film tarihi

İki boyutlu imajların hareketli olarak gösterilmesi mekanizmasının varlığı 1860'lı yıllara kadar geri gider. Bu yıllarda zoetrope ve praxinoscope denilen basit optik aygıtların gelişmişi olan aygıtlar kullanılmaktaydı.

Fotoğrafçılıkta hâlâ kullanılan selüloit filmin geliştirilmesiyle nesnelerin gerçek zamanlı hareketini yakalamak mümkün olmuştur. İlk versiyonlarda izleyicinin akış halindeki resimleri görmesi için özel bir aygıtın içine bakması gerekiyordu. 1880'lere kadar olan gelişmelerle kameraların gerçek zamanlı görüntüleri yakalaması filme kayıt etmesi ve perde üzerine yansıtarak tüm bir izleyici kitlesine izletilmesi mümkün olmuştur. "Hareketli resimler" (motion pictures) denilen bu gösterilerde görüntüler üzerinde herhangi bir sinema tekniği kullanılarak oynanamamaktaydı.

İlk öykülü film 1902 yılında Georges Méliès tarafından  Le Voyage dans la Lune (Aya Seyahat) adlı filmle gerçekleştirildi. 19. yüzyıla kadar hareketli resimler tamamen görsel bir sanat olmasına karşın ilk sessiz filmlerin kamu tarafından beğenilmişti. 20. yüzyılın başında filmler öyküsel bir yapı geliştirmeye başladı. Kamera hareketleri filmin hikâyesini daha etkili kılacak şekilde uygulanmaya başladı. Filmler sessiz olduğundan seyirciler salon sahipleri filmdeki hikâyenin geçiş şekline göre müzik üretecek bir piyanist veya orkestra kiralamaya başladılar. 1920'lerin başlarında çoğu film için bu amaçla hazır müzik listeleri oluşturuldu.

Film kuramı
Film kuramı film/sinemaya bir sanat olarak uygulanacak özlü, sistematik kavram arayışıdır. Klasik film kuramı teknik, öyküleme, tür, öznellik, yazarlık gibi klasik konular için uygulanacak yapısal bir çatı sağlamaktadır. Daha yakın dönemde analizler psikoanalitik film kuramı, yapısalcı film kuramı, feminist film kuramı ortaya çıkmıştır.

Film eleştirisi

Film eleştirisi filmlerin analiz ve değerlendirmesidir. Genellikle akademisyenlerce yapılan akademik eleştirmenlik ile gazete ve diğer medyalarda görülen gazeteci film eleştirmenliği şeklinde ikiye ayrılır.

Gazete, dergi ve kablolu yayıncılıkta görülen film eleştirmenliği temelde yeni yapımlara göz atıştır. Bu alanlarda yer alan eleştirmenlerin filmleri seyredip görüşlerini yayına hazırlamaları için önlerinde kısa bir süre vardır. Bundan dolayı bu tarz eleştiriler, derin bir film analizi olmayıp izleyicileri filmin konusu, türü, yönetmeni hakkında kısaca bilgilendiren ve filme karşı eleştirmenin tavrını (beğeni ya da hoşnutsuzluğunu) gösteren tanıtıcı makalelerden ibarettir. Kitlesel tüketime giren aksiyon, korku ve komedi filmleri için yapılan eleştirilerin bu tarz filmlerin hasılatına yapabileceği etki azımsanamayacak boyuttadır. Kitleleri etkileme gücü nedeniyle gazeteci film eleştirileri, sinema sektöründe önemli bir yere sahiptir.

Akademik film eleştirmenleri ise filmlere daha akademik bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşır, filmi gerçek anlamda analiz etmeyi amaçlar. Bu tip çalışmalar film kuram veya film çalışmaları şeklinde bilinir. Bu film eleştirilerinde filmin niçin yapıldığı, nasıl sürdüğü ve insanlar üzerindeki etkileri anlaşılmaya çalışılır. Bu tip eleştiriler bilimsel dergilerde veya kitap olarak yayımlanır.

Bağımsız film yapımı
Bağımsız filmler genellikle Hollywood dışında veya diğer büyük stüdyo sistemleri tarafından yapılır. Bağımsız bir film büyük sinema stüdyoları tarafından finansmanı veya dağıtımı yapılmayan filmdir. Alternatif arayışlar, iş dünyası ve teknolojideki gelişmeler 20. yüzyılın sonunda ve 21. yüzyılın başlarında bağımsız film yapımının gelişmesine katkıda bulunan unsurlardır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Film endüstrisi
 Film türü
Etnolojik film

Kaynakça

Fransız icatları

Film


Dredg, Los Gatos, Kaliforniya çıkışlı alternatif rock grubu.

Okul arkadaşı olan grup elemanları dredg'i 1995 yılında kurdular. 2001 yılında Leitmotif, 2002'de El Cielo, 2005'te Catch Without Arms ve 2011'de de Chuckles and Mr. Squeezy albümlerini yayınlayan grubun 1996, 1997 ve 2002 yıllarında yayınladıkları 3 tane de EP'leri bulunuyor.

Grup üyeleri
 Gavin Hayes - Vokal, Slide gitar
 Drew Roulette - Bas
 Mark Engles - Gitar
 Dino Campanella - Davul, Piyano

Epleri

* "Conscious" (1996)
 Conscious
 Juggernaut
 Ignore me
 Conscious
 Nuhgm

* "Orph EP" (1997)
 Is Not Everything
 Orph
 Kayasuma

* "Extended Play for the Eastern Hemisphere EP" (2002)
 Of the Room (2001 Version)
 Symbol Song
 Movement I: @45ºN. 180ºW
 Yatahaze
 Movement V: 90 Hour Sleep

Su Ana Kadar Cıkan Albümleri

* "Leitmotif" (2001)
 Symbol Song
 Movement I: @45 Degrees N, 180 Degrees W
 Lechium
 Movement II: Crosswind Minuet
 Traversing Through The Artic Cold We Search For The Spirit Of Yuta - Intermission
 Movement III: Lyndon
 Penguins In The Desert
 Movement IV: RR
 Yatahaze
 Movement V: 90 Hour Sleep

* "El Cielo" (2002)
 Brushstroke: Debtfoabaaposba
 Same Ol' Road
 Sanzen
 Brushstroke: New Heart Shadow
 Triangle
 Sorry But It's Over
 Convalescent
 Brushstroke: Walk In The Pack
 Eighteen People Living In Harmony
 Scissor Lock
 Brushstroke: (Reprise)
 Of The Room
 Brushstroke: An Elephant In The Delta Waves
 It Only Took A Day
 Whoa Is Me
 Canyon Behind Her

* "Catch Without Arms" (2005)
 Ode To The Sun
 Bug Eyes
 Catch Without Arms
 Not That Simple
 Zebraskin
 The Tanbark Is Hot Lava
 Sang Real
 Planting Seeds
 Spitshine
 Jamais Vu
 Hung Over On A Tuesday
 Matroshka (The Ornament)

* "The Pariah, the Parrot, the Delusion" (2009)

 Pariah
 Drunk Slide
 Ireland
 Stamp Of Origin - Pessimistic
 Lightswitch
 Gathering Pebbles
 Information
 Stamp Of Origin - Ocean Meets Bay
 Saviour
 R U O K
 I Don´t Know
 Mouring This Morning
 Stamp Of Origin - Take A Look Around
 Long Days And Vague Clues
 Cartoon Showroom
 Quotes
 Down To The Cellar
 Stamp Of Origin - Horizon

* "Chuckles and Mr. Squeezy" (2011)

 Another Tribe
 Upon Returning
 The Tent
 Somebody is Laughing
 Down without a Fight
 The Ornament
 The Thought of Losing You
 Kalathat
 Sun Goes Down
 Where I'll End Up
 Before It Began

Dış bağlantılar
 dredg.com
 traversing.net
 kayasuma

Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Dredg


Počasni doktorat (lat. gradus doctoris honoris causa) dodjeljuje se uglednim osobama koje su svojim radom pridonijele napretku određenog sveučilišta, znanosti i kulturi pojedine države ili za značajni doprinos pojedinoj znanstvenoj ili kulturnoj grani. Postupak dodjele pokreću obrazloženim prijedlogom pojedina sveučilišna tijela, fakulteti ili pojedinci. Senat imenuje stručno povjerenstvo i donosi konačnu odluku na temelju izvješća toga povjerenstva.

Prema europskoj sveučilišnoj tradiciji dodjela počasnog doktorata izniman je događaj za sveučilište, a svaki počasni doktor osim časti i naslova prima na sebe čuvanje ugleda i dostojanstva sveučilišta. Diplome počasnih doktora svečanije su od ostalih diploma, pisane su latinskim jezikom, ovjerene potpisom rektora i promotora te opečaćene suhim žigom sveučilišta utisnutim u pečatni vosak.

Izvori

Visoko obrazovanje

Počasni doktorat


Sigur Rós (vurgu ilk harflerde olacak şekilde sigür rous diye okunur); melodik, klasik ve minimalist öğeler kullanan, İzlandalı bir post-rock grubudur. Grup, özellikle de havai sesleri ve vokal yapan Jónsi'nin falsettosuyla anılmaktadır. Gruptan etkilenerek müzik yapan gruplar arasında, Múm ve Amiina rahatlıkla sayılabilir. Bu grupların hepsi İzlanda'nın yaratıcı ve renkli müzik sahnesinden gelişmiştir.

Tarihi
Jón Þór (Jónsi) Birgisson, Georg Hólm ve Ágúst Ævar Gunnarsson grubu 1994 Ağustos'unda Reykjavík'te kurdu. İsimleri, Jónsi'nin grubun kurulduğu günde doğan kız kardeşi Sigurrós'tan gelmektedir. Kısa zaman içerisinde, Sugarcubes'un Bad Taste adlı plak şirketinden anlaşma ayarlayabildiler. 1997'de, Von'u (Umut), 1998'de de albümdeki parçaların remixlerini barındıran Von brigði çıkardılar. Remixlerin bulunduğu albümün adı İzlandaca bir kelime oyunudur: "Vonbrigði", "hayalkırıklığı" anlamına gelirken, "Von brigði", "umut değişimi" anlamına gelmektedir.

Uluslararası başarıları, 1999'da Kjartan Sveinsson'un gruba katılımından sonra çıkardıkları Ágætis byrjun'la (Fena olmayan bir başlangıç) geldi. Grubun müziği hakkındaki konuşmalar, albümden sonraki iki sene boyunca ortalıklarda dolaştı. Grubun albümü, grup Radiohead ve diğer büyük isimlerle çalmaya başlayınca, eleştirmenler tarafından döneminin en iyi albümü olarak görülmeye başladı. Üç şarkı (Ágætis byrjun'un isim parçası, onun ilk single'ı olan "Svefn-g-englar" ve daha sonra yayımlanınca "Untitled #4" adını alacak olan canlı "Njósnavélin"), Cameron Crowe'nin filmi Vanilla Sky'da yer aldı. Bunun arkasından birçok dizi ve filmde, grubun müzikleri kullanılmaya başladı.

Ágætis byrjun'un çıkmasından sonra, grup, Jónsi'nin bir çello yayını gitarında kullanarak akışkan ve havai bir ses çıkarmasıyla da ünlüdür.

Davulcu Ágúst, Ágætis byrjun'un kayıtları bittikten sonra grubu terk etti ve onun yerini Orri Páll Dýrason aldı. 2002'de, oldukça ilgi gören albümleri ( ) yayımlandı. Albüm ilk çıktığında, şarkıların hepsi isimsizdi; ancak daha sonra isimleri, grubun internet sitesinde yayınlandı. Albümdeki tüm şarkılar, volenska (bazen Hopelandic olarak da anılmakta) adı verilen İzlandaca'ya benzeyen seslerden oluşan anlamsız vokalizasyonların varolduğu bir dilde söylenmiştir. Bunun bir yapılma amacının da dinleyicinin, dinlediklerinden kendi anlamlarını çıkarıp, albüm kitapçığındaki boş sayfalara yazması olduğu söylenmiştir.

Sigur Rós, 2003 Ekim'inde Radiohead'e katılarak Mere Cunningham'ın dans parçası olan Split Sides için üç parça besteledi. 2004 Mart'ında piyasaya sürülen bu şarkılar ("Ba Ba", "Ti Ki" ve "Di Do") bir araya getirilerek Ba Ba Ti Ki Di Do adlı bir EP halinde çıkarıldı. Aynı yıl, grubun çıkış albümü Von, nihayetinde Amerika ve İngiltere'de de yayımlanabildi.

13 Eylül, 2005'te piyasaya çıkan son albümleri, Takk... (Teşekkürler...), ikinci albümlerindeki tarzlarını, daha rock-vari ve planlanmış bir müziğe dönüştürdü. Albümün ilk single'ı "Glósóli", 15 Ağustos'ta internetten indirilebilir bir hale geldi. Kuzey Amerika'daki hayranlar içinse, 16 Ağustos'ta ilk önce "Sæglópur" adlı parça indirilebilir hale geldi. Takk...'tan ikinci resmi single olan "Hoppípolla", dana önce Von'da yayımlanmış olan "Hafsól" adlı parçanın yeni bir versyonuyla 28 Kasım'da piyasaya çıktı. "Hoppípolla", BBC'nin oldukça ses getiren belgesel serisi Planet Earth'te kullanıldı. Aynı zamanda birkaç popüler spor karşılaşmasının televizyon yayınlarında da yer aldı. Parça, Children of Men adlı filmde de kullanılınca, EMI tarafından daha yaygın hale getirildi.

Genişletilmiş bir Sæglópur EP'si 10 Temmuz, 2006'da piyasaya sürüldü. Aslında, bu EP'nin çıkış tarihi 5 Mayıs'tı, ancak "Hoppípolla"ya duyulan ilgi yüzünden tarih biraz ertelendi. Bu EP'de, üç yeni parça ("Refur", "Ó Fridur" ve "Kafari") bulunuyordu.

Sigur Rós, 2006 Temmuz'unda Avrupa, Amerika, Kanada, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda, Hong Kong ve Japonya'yı da içine alan büyük bir dünya turnesini bitirdi. Bunun arkasından, daha sonra bir DVD olarak piyasaya sürülmek için kamerya alınan, İzlanda'da bir dizi açık hava konserleri verdiler. 2006'nın sonu itibarıyla da, Takk...'tan sonraki bir albümü kaydetmek için stüdyoya girdiler. 2007 bitmeden, albümün kayıtlarının biteceğini düşünmekteler.

Grup, bugün itibarıyla 2 milyondan fazla bir satış yakalamıştır.

Grubun 8. resmi olarak yayınlanan stüdyo albümü Meğ suğ í eyrum viğ spilum endalaust 23 Haziran 2008 tarihinde piyasaya çıktı. Her zamanki gibi İcelandic ve Hopelandic dilleri ile birbirinden güzel şarkı sözlerinin yazıldığı albümde Sigur Rós tarihinde bir ilk olarak bir adette İngilizce şarkı bulunmaktadır. "All Allright" adındaki bu şarkı grubun olağanüstü sese sahip solisti Jónsi tarafından bir erkeğe hitaben yazıldığı söylenmektedir. Grup albümün çıkışından hemen sonra başladığı yeni bir dünya turnesi ile albümlerini tüm dünyaya dinleterek hayran kitlesini iyice genişletmektedir.

Grup üyeleri Game of Thrones dizisinin 4. sezonunda henüz açıklanmayan bir rolde oynayacaklardır. Grup The Simpsons'a da kısa süreli olarak konuk olmuştu.

Grup üyeleri
 Jón Þór "Jónsi" Birgisson - Gitar
 Georg "Goggi" Hólm - Bas gitar
 Orri Páll Dýrason - Bateri

Diskografi

Albümler
 Von, 1997
 Von brigði, 1998
 Ágætis byrjun, 1999
 ( ), 2002
 Takk..., 2005
 Hvarf-Heim, 2007
 Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust, 2008
 Valtari, 2012
 Kveikur, 2013
 Route One, 2018
 Variations On Darkness, 2019
 22° Lunar Halo, 2019
 Átta, 2023

Single ve EPler
 Svefn-g-englar, 1999
 Ný batterí, 2000
 Steindór Andersen / Rímur EP, 2001
 Untitled #1 (a.k.a. Vaka), 2003
 Ba Ba Ti Ki Di Do, 2004
 Hoppípolla, 2005
 Sæglópur, 2006
 Gobbledigook, 2008
 Inní mér syngur vitleysingur, 2008
 Við spilum endalaust, 2008
 Ekki Múkk, 2012
 Varúð, 2012

Diğer çalışmalar
 Smekkleysa í hálfa öld, 1994
 Popp í Reykjavík (albüm), 1998
 Popp í Reykjavík (film), 1998
 Englar alheimsins (albüm), 2000
 Englar alheimsins (film), 2002
 Hlemmur Film Müzikleri, 2002
 Hrafnagaldur Óðins, 2002
 The Loch Ness Kelpie Film Müzikleri, 2004

Dış bağlantılar
 Eighteen Seconds Before Sunrise Grubun resmi internet sayfası
 Sigur Ros Discography

İzlandalı post-rock grupları
İzlandalı alternatif rock grupları
XL Recordings sanatçıları
1994'te kurulan müzik grupları
İzlandalı pop müzik grupları
FatCat Records sanatçıları

Sigur Rós


غريبة (مسلسل).
 كنيس الغريبة: كنيس يهودي في جزيرة جربة.

 غريبة (أكلة).
 غريبة (فيلم).
 الغريبة.
 غريبة: اسم جنس نبات، وهو المشعلية.

غريبة (توضيح)


أنا وأختي  مسلسل أنمي تلفزيوني ياباني، من إنتاج شركة سنرايز عرض في 10 يناير عام 1992 واستمر عرضه حتى 25 ديسمبر 1992، وتكون 51 حلقة.

القصة

النسخة المدبلجة للعربية
القصة هي عن فرح، فتاة تدرس في الصف الرابع، سافر والداها إلى الهند فتأتي ابنة خالتها لتعيش معها، وفي ذات اليوم الذي يسافر فيه والداها، تظهر فتاة صغيرة في المنزل قادمة من كوكب آخر، وعلمت فيما بعد أن اسمها مروة، من خلال اتصال والدة الطفلة عن طريق جهاز خاص كان معها عندما ظهرت.

في أول الأمر كانت فرح خائفة جدا منها، ولكن مع مرور الوقت تعلقت بها وأصبحت تخاف عليها كأنها أختها، مع العلم أن نجوى في الأول كانت تكرهها متحججة بأنها تسبب لها الصداع ولكن مع الوقت أحبتها وأحنت عليها، وتبدأ بعد ذلك أحداث طريفة لإخفاء الطفلة ريثما يصل والداها، إلى أن يعرف الجميع -في النهاية- بأمرها، فيخترع أحد علماء الأرض مركبة فضائية توصل الطفلة بأمان إلى كوكبها، لكن فرح المسكينة وجميع الاصدقاء وحتى نجوى ولؤي حزنو كثيرا على فراق الصغيرة.

النسخة الأصلية
القصة هي عن فتاة تدرس في الصف الرابع اسمها ناتسومي، سافر والداها إلى لندن فتأتي خالتها لتعيش معها، وفي ذات اليوم الذي يسافر فيه والداها، تظهر فتاة صغيرة في المنزل قادمة من المستقبل من عام 2007 حيث كانوا هم وقتها في سنة 1992، وكانت والدتها هي ناتسومي المستقبلية أي فرح.

وقد حاولت ناتسومي أن تعرف من هو زوجها فقد ظنت انه فو كازاوا (سامح) وعندما علم دايسكي (لؤي) بالأمر جن جنونه لانه يحب فرح كثيرا وتبين أنه في النهاية زوجها المستقبلي.

الشخصيات
 فرح (ناتسومي): البطلة وهي فتاة تدرس في الصف الرابع.
 ميمي (مروة) (ميراي): في الدبلجة العربية اتت من كوكب زيروس وفي الاصلي اتت من المستقبل.
 نجوى (ايزومي): كاتبة قصص مصورة، عصبية وحادة الطباع تقوم بالعناية بفرح بعد سفر والديها، هي خالتها في النسخة الأصلية وابنة خالتها في النسخة العربية.

 لؤي (دايسكي) : زميل فرح في المدرسة وهما يتشاجران كثيرا إلا أنه بعد أن علم بأمر مروة وبأنها ابنته من زواجه المستقبلي بفرح (ناتسومي) أصبح يساعدها على العناية بالصغيرة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أعمال مركز الزهرة
أنمي ومانغا خيال علمي
أنمي ومانغا خيالية
برامج تلفزيون نيبون
برامج قناة سبيستون
سلسلات مانغا
سنرايز
مانغا 1993
مانغا شوجو
مانغا شوغاكوكان
مسلسلات أطفال تلفزيونية يابانية
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1992
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 1992
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة فنتازية علمية تلفزيونية يابانية للأطفال

أنا وأختي


Maximag war eine Schweizer Automarke.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Motosacoche aus Carouge stellte bereits Motorräder und Einbaumotoren her. Ab 1922 entstanden unter dem Markennamen Maximag auch Automobile. 1928 endete die Automobilproduktion nach etwa 200 hergestellten Fahrzeugen.

Fahrzeuge
Das Modell 5 CV war ein Kleinwagen. Er hatte einen Vierzylindermotor mit seitlichen Ventilen und 1093 cm³ Hubraum (Bohrung 59 mm, Hub 100 mm). Der Motor war vorn eingebaut und trieb über ein Dreiganggetriebe und eine Kardanwelle die Hinterräder an. Zur Wahl standen Karosserien mit zwei und vier Sitzen. Bei den ersten Modellen wurde auf Vierradbremsen verzichtet.

Drei Fahrzeuge dieser Marke haben überlebt. Davon ist eines im Musée de l'automobile de la Fondation Pierre Gianadda in Martigny zu besichtigen.

Eine Anzeige nennt auch eine Sportausführung 8 PS Grand Sport. Hier soll der Motor gleicher Größe 30 PS geleistet haben.

Literatur

 George Nick Georgano (Chefredakteur): The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 2: G–O. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1, S. 978. (englisch)
 Ernest Schmid: Schweizer Autos. Die schweizerischen Automobilkonstruktionen von 1868 bis heute. Auto-Jahr, Lausanne 1978, ISBN 2-88001-058-6, S. 123–125.

Weblinks

 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Schweiz)
Unternehmen (Kanton Genf)
Carouge
Gegründet 1922
Aufgelöst 1928

Maximag


Počivala su etnografsko nalazište u selu Gornjem Ogorju, općina Muć, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Etnografsko nalazište "Počivala" u Gornjem Ogorju značajno je obilježje starog pučkog pogrebnog obreda. Tu se zaustavljala povorka s pokojnikom na putu od zaseoka do groblja. Na tom se mjestu pokojnik okretao tri puta "naoposun" – u pravcu kretanja sunca, spuštao se na zemlju, a uz glavu i noge se stavljao kamen s uklesanim imenom ili samo inicijalima, te godinom rođenja i smrti ili pak bez ikakvih oznaka. Vjerovalo se da se tu duša odvaja od tijela. Ovo je jedinstven primjer pogrebnog počivala zajedničkog nekolicini zaseoka sačuvan u Dalmaciji.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-95 zavedena su kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "memorijalna obilježja i mjesta".

Izvori

Zaštićena memorijalna obilježja i mjesta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Muć

Počivala u Gornjem Ogorju


O Imperatritsa Maria (Императрица Мария) foi um couraçado operado pela Marinha Imperial Russa e a primeira embarcação da Classe Imperatritsa Maria, seguido pelo  e . Sua construção começou em outubro de 1911 nos estaleiros da Russud em Nikolaev e foi lançado ao mar em outubro de 1913, sendo comissionado na frota russa em junho de 1915. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por doze canhões de 305 milímetros montados em quatro torres de artilharia triplas, tinha um deslocamento normal de mais de 23 mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de 21 nós (39 quilômetros por hora).

O Imperatritsa Maria entrou em serviço no meio da Primeira Guerra Mundial e atuou no Mar Negro. Ele participou de operações contra o Império Otomano dando cobertura para forças de bombardeio litorâneo compostas de antigos pré-dreadnoughts. Ele também atacou o cruzador rápido Midilli em mais de uma ocasião, mas nunca conseguiu acertá-lo. O couraçado afundou no porto de Sebastopol na manhã do dia 20 de outubro de 1916 após uma explosão interna em um de seus depósitos de pólvora. Seus destroços foram reflutuados após uma complexa operação de salvamento, porém estavam muito deteriorados e acabaram sendo desmontados em 1926 depois da Guerra Civil Russa.

Características

O Imperatritsa Maria tinha 168 metros de comprimento de fora a fora, boca de 27,43 metros e calado de 8,36 metros. Seu deslocamento normal de  toneladas, aproximadamente mil toneladas a mais do que seu deslocamento projetado de  toneladas. O sistema de propulsão tinha vinte caldeiras Yarrow mistas que alimentavam quatro conjuntos de turbinas a vapor Parsons. Estas tinham uma potência indicada de 26 mil cavalos-vapor (19,1 mil quilowatts), mas alcançaram 33,2 mil cavalos-vapor (24,4 mil quilowatts) durante seus testes marítimos, para uma velocidade máxima de 21 nós (39 quilômetros por hora). Podia carregar até  toneladas de carvão mais 510 toneladas de óleo combustível, o que proporcionava uma autonomia de  milhas náuticas ( quilômetros) a uma velocidade de dez nós (dezenove quilômetros por hora). A energia elétrica provinha de três turbo geradores Curtiss de 360 quilowatts e duas unidades auxiliares de 200 quilowatts.

Era armado com uma bateria principal de doze canhões Obukhovskii Padrão 1907 de 305 milímetros montados em quatro torres de artilharia triplas dispostas pelo decorrer do comprimento da embarcação. Seu armamento secundário tinha vinte canhões B7 Padrão 1913 de 130 milímetros montados em casamatas no casco. Estas ficavam divididas em dois grupos: seis em cada lateral da primeira torre de artilharia até a segunda chaminé, enquanto as restantes ficavam na altura da última torre de artilharia. Também foi equipado com quatro canhões antiaéreos de 75 milímetros, um no topo de cada torre de artilharia. Por fim, havia quatro tubos de torpedo de 450 milímetros submersos, dois em cada lateral. O cinturão de blindagem tinha entre 125 milímetros de espessura nas extremidades e 262 milímetros a meia-nau. O convés era protegido por uma blindagem entre nove e 37 milímetros. As torres de artilharia tinham laterais de 250 milímetros e tetos de 125 milímetros, ficando em cima de barbetas com 250 milímetros acima do convés superior e 125 milímetros abaixo. Por fim, a torre de comando tinha laterais de trezentos milímetros e teto de duzentos.

História

O Imperatritsa Maria foi nomeado em homenagem à imperatriz Maria Feodorovna, a mãe do imperador . Foi construído pelo estaleiro Russud em Nikolaev, nas margens no Mar Negro. Seu batimento de quilha ocorreu em 30 de outubro de 1911 junto com seus irmãos  e , porém isto foi apenas um evento cerimonial pois o projeto ainda não tinha sido finalizados e os contratos assinados. Foi lançado ao mar em 13 de outubro de 1913 e chegou em Sebastopol no dia 13 de julho de 1915, onde sua equipagem foi finalizada pelos meses seguintes e realizou testes marítimos. A embarcação mostrou-se muito pesada na proa e grandes quantidades de água entravam pelas casamatas. Para tentar compensar isso, as munições de 305 milímetros guardadas no depósito dianteiro foram reduzidas de cem para setenta para cada arma, enquanto as munições de 130 milímetros foram reduzidas de 245 para cem para cada arma. Entretanto, isto não resolveu totalmente o problema.

O navio partiu em 1º de outubro de 1915 para dar cobertura aos antigos couraçados pré-dreadnought da Frota do Mar Negro enquanto bombardeavam alvos em Kozlu, Zonguldaque e Karadeniz Ereğli, no Império Otomano. Uma operação semelhante ocorreu entre os dias 20 e 22 de outubro na Bulgária e depois contra a cidade de Varna no dia 27. O cruzador rápido otomano Midilli escapou por pouco do Imperatritsa Maria em 4 de abril de 1916, com o couraçado tendo disparado várias vezes antes do navio inimigo ter conseguido escapar. Três meses depois, em 4 de julho, o Imperatritsa Maria e o Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaia, alertados por transmissões de rádio interceptadas, partiram de Sebastopol para tentarem interceptarem o cruzador de batalha Yavuz Sultan Selim enquanto este retornava de um bombardeio do porto russo de Tuapse. O Yavuz Sultan Selim desviou para o norte e escapou dos russos seguindo pelo litoral búlgaro até o Bósforo. O Midilli colocou minas navais próximas de Novorossiisk em 21 de julho, mas os russos, novamente alertados por transmissões de rádio, tentaram pegá-lo em sua viagem de volta. O cruzador entrou no alcance dos canhões do Imperatritsa Maria no dia seguinte enquanto perseguia o contratorpedeiro Schastlivy, mas conseguiu fugir tendo sofrido apenas danos de estilhaços.

Um incêndio foi descoberto no depósito de pólvora dianteiro do Imperatritsa Maria na manhã de 20 de outubro de 1916 enquanto estava ancorando em Sebastopol, porém ele explodiu antes de quaisquer esforços para combater o fogo. Marinheiros liderados pelo engenheiro-mecânico aspirante Ignatiev conseguiram inundar o depósito de munição dianteiro antes que este também explodisse, porém isso custou suas vidas. Suas ações impediram uma detonação catastrófica e todos os outros depósitos foram inundados por precaução. Uma segunda explosão ocorreu aproximadamente quarenta minutos depois da primeira perto do compartimento de torpedos, rompendo a integridade de todas as anteparas dianteiras. O Imperatritsa Maria começou afundar pela proa e adernar para estibordo. Ele emborcou alguns minutos depois, com 228 marinheiros morrendo. A investigação que se seguiu determinou que a explosão ocorreu provavelmente devido à combustão espontânea do propelente a base de nitrocelulose enquanto se decompunha.

Os destroços foram reflutuados em 18 de maio de 1918 depois de uma longa e complexa operação de salvamento, sendo movidos ainda de cabeça para baixo para dentro de uma doca seca em Sebastopol no dia 31. O caos da Revolução Russa e da posterior Guerra Civil Russa impediu mais trabalhos, porém seus canhões de 130 milímetros foram removidos. Os blocos de madeira que apoiavam o casco dentro da doca já estavam apodrecendo em meados de 1923, assim a doca foi inundada e os destroços encalhados em uma área de água rasa próxima. Permissão para desmontagem foi concedida em junho de 1925 e a embarcação foi removida do registro naval em 21 de novembro de 1925, porém os trabalhos só começaram no ano seguinte, quando foi reflutuado novamente e levado de volta para a doca seca. Suas torres de artilharia tinham caído do couraçado quando ele emborcou e foram depois recuperadas. Duas delas foram usadas como a 30ª Bateria de Defesa Costeira durante o Cerco de Sebastopol na Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe Imperatritsa Maria
Navios de 1913
Navios construídos na Rússia
Couraçados da Marinha Imperial Russa
Couraçados da Rússia na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Acidentes marítimos de 1916
Navios afundados por explosões internas

Imperatritsa Maria (couraçado)


São José do Rio Preto () is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is located in the northwestern region of the state, approximately  from the city of São Paulo and  from Brasília. With a population of 469,173 inhabitants as of the 2021 census, it is the 11th largest city in São Paulo and the 36th largest in Brazil.

The city was founded in 1852 and has a rich history closely tied to commercial activities, service provision, and agriculture.

São José do Rio Preto is the principal city of the Mesoregion of São José do Rio Preto, which has a population of 1,569,220. In 2020, the Microregion of São José do Rio Preto had a population of 763,534.

The city celebrates its anniversary on the same day as Saint Joseph's Day.

History
Prior to the 19th century, the region of São José do Rio Preto was inhabited by the Kaingang indigenous population. Over time, their numbers gradually declined as a result of migration, exploratory expeditions known as "bandeiras" and intermixing with other groups.

The city was established on March 19, 1852, by João Bernardino de Seixas Ribeiro, an immigrant from Minas Gerais. The local farmer, Luiz Antônio da Silveira, generously contributed a portion of his land to establish the new city as a tribute to the patron saint, Saint Joseph.

São José do Rio Preto was officially founded in 1894, and the territory ceased to be a part of Jaboticabal. The railway reached the city in 1912 following the expansions of the Araraquarense Railway (Estrada de Ferro Araraquara). Upon completion, the railway played a crucial role in the development of São José do Rio Preto. The city served as a commercial hub for the region's inhabitants, as well as a center for the storage and transportation of goods between the region and the city of São Paulo.

Toponym
The name São José do Rio Preto, is derived from the combination of the words "São José" and "Rio Preto", which translates literally as "Saint Joseph of the Black River". São José, refers to Saint Joseph, who is the city's patron saint, and Rio Preto, translates to "black river", which is the appellation given to the local river that runs through the city.

Between 1906 and 1944, the city was known by the toponym Rio Preto. In 1944, a proposal was made to change the name to Iboruna, signifying "Black River" in the Tupi language, but this proposal did not materialize.

Geography
São José do Rio Preto is located in northwest of the state of São Paulo in a region between the rivers Grande, Paraná and Tietê. The ecological makeup of the region blends elements of the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) with remnants of the Atlantic Forest. In terms of topography, the area is characterized by gently rolling terrain, with an average elevation of .

Climate
The climate in São José do Rio Preto is classified as tropical (Aw), characterized by hot and rainy summers, as well as mild and dry winters.

The average annual temperature is around . The city typically receives an average annual precipitation ranging from . In 2008, the recorded rainfall reached .

Neighborhoods
North: Ipiguá and Onda Verde
South: Cedral and Bady Bassitt
East: Guapiaçu
West: Mirassol

Districts

 South side: Engenheiro Schmitt
 Extreme North side: Talhado

Economy
The service sector is the main economy of São José do Rio Preto representing 84,53% of the total income and followed by the industry (15,19%).

In 2020, the gross value of São José do Rio Preto's economy reached R$18.7 billion reais, making it the 53rd largest economy in Brazil. Over the years, the city has diversified and emerged as a regional hub, hosting medical centers, educational institutions, parks, concert venues, and shopping centers.

The industrial complex in São José do Rio Preto comprises three industrial districts and thirteen mini-districts, with the primary employers being small and medium-sized businesses, totaling 75 companies. Agriculture and livestock make up a negligible portion of the GDP, accounting for less than 1%. The primary agricultural products in the region include sugarcane, rubber, oranges, and maize.

Demographics

According to the Brazilian Human Development Index (HDI), São José do Rio Preto was classified as having a high level of development in 2010, with a value of 0.797. This ranking places it at the 50th position out of 5,565 municipalities in Brazil, and 27th out of 645 municipalities in the state of São Paulo.

Religion
The city is home to the Diocese of São José do Rio Preto, a local heritage site situated at the same location where the first chapel was built in 1852. The cathedral serves as the epicenter of the city and houses various artworks, including a sculpture of Saint Joseph dating back to the 19th century.

According to the 2010 census, the city's population consists of the following religious affiliations: Roman Catholics (58.7%), Brazilian Protestants (23.79%), Spiritists (6.81%), individuals with no religious affiliation (5.57%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1.47%), Atheists (0.38%), members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (0.18%), Buddhists (0.18%), practitioners of Umbanda and Candomblé (0.17%), Eastern Orthodox Christians (0.07%), and Jews (0.03%).

Public Security
In 2018, São José do Rio Preto experienced its highest number of homicides in 16 years, with 45 recorded murders compared to 47 in 2002. The following year, in 2019, the number of homicides decreased to 24 but then increased to 30 in the subsequent year. On the other hand, the number of robberies saw a slight decrease in 2020, with 968 reported cases compared to 1,258 in the previous year.

Indicators

 Total Population: 469,173 (2021)
 Number of Households: 137,233 (2010)
 Area (2020):
 Urban Area:
 Population Density (2020):
 Urbanization Rate: 93.9% (2010)
 Sex Ratio (Males to Females): 92.58 (2012)
 Birth Rate: 12.63 per 1,000 inhabitants (2011)
 Infant Mortality Rate: 7.11 per 1,000 births (2011)
 Literacy Rate: 96.8% (2010)
 Number of Vehicles: 405,608 (2020)

Culture

Music
The Symphony Orchestra of São José do Rio Preto (Orquestra sinfônica de São José do Rio Preto is a non-profit organization founded in 1942 and holds the distinction of being the oldest orchestra in the city. It has also been recognized as a historical heritage.

Literature
The São Jose do Rio Preto Public Library (Dr. Fernando Costa) currently houses approximately 46,000 volumes. It was officially inaugurated in 1943.

Theater
The city is host to several local concert venues, including the Primitivist Art Museum (MAP), Naif - Art Museum, the Public Archive, the Municipal Theater (Humberto Sinibaldi Neto), and the Municipal Theater: Paulo Moura, among others.

Additionally, São José do Rio Preto is known for hosting cultural events such as the International Theater Festival (FIT) and the Book Biennial (Bienal do Livro).

Parque da Represa
The São José do Rio Preto Urban Linear Park is located in the western part of the city. It was established in 1955 with the aim of enhancing the water supply and conserving the natural environment along the banks of the Black River. In 2011, new trails and a bike path were added, spanning the entire length of the park. Presently, the park boasts over 10,000 native species of local fauna, as well as kiosks and free outdoor gym equipment.

Infrastructure

Healthcare
São José do Rio Preto is host to eight general medical hospitals, comprising one public, four private, and three philanthropic institutions. In 2009, the city accommodated a total of 157 medical facilities, including 124 private hospitals with a combined capacity of 1,611 beds, and 33 public hospitals with a total capacity of 28 beds.

Education
The Hospital de Base (Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto) is recognized as the second largest teaching hospital in Brazil. As of 2010, it employed a workforce of 860 physicians and 4,100 staff members, providing medical care to approximately 3,500 inpatients per month across its 708 beds. Serving a population of around 1.5 million residents in 101 municipalities, the hospital has gained renown for its successful transplant procedures, having conducted 292 transplants in 2010. Additionally, catering specifically to the healthcare needs of children, the Hospital da Criança e Maternidade (HCM) was established in 2013 and is located within the FAMERP campus, standing as the largest pediatric hospital in Brazil with 255 beds.

In 2018, primary schools in São José do Rio Preto reported a total enrollment of 48,200 students, while secondary schools recorded 15,335 enrollments. The year 2017 witnessed a total of 27,352 enrollments in higher education institutions.

The city is supported by a network of 36 public schools and 51 private schools, providing education from preschool to secondary levels. Furthermore, the municipality operates 153 public schools, including elementary, middle, and high schools.

São José do Rio Preto is also home to two public universities: IBILCE (specializing in biosciences, languages, and exact sciences), and FATEC (which offers programs in technology). Additionally, the city houses a significant number of for-profit educational institutions.

In São José do Rio Preto there are also several faculties, university centers and private universities, among them, the Centro Universitário do Norte de São Paulo - UNORTE, which is one of the most traditional in the city, founded in 1972, it is authorized by the Ministry of Education to offer undergraduate and graduate courses in all areas of knowledge, both on-site and at a distance. private universities

Transportation

Bus
There are 2 companies operating the public transit system in the municipality with 230 buses on 80 different routes: Circular Santa Luzia, and Itamarati.

Rail
Rumo Logística currently operates the freight transport services in São José do Rio Preto.

Air
São José do Rio Preto Airport provides commercial flights operated by three airlines, connecting to various destinations including São Paulo, Campinas, Guarulhos, Cuiabá, and Porto Seguro.

Roads

 SP-310 (Washington Luís - State highway) - São Paulo ()
 BR-153 (Transbrasiliana - Federal highway) - Brasília ()
 SP-425 (Assis Chateaubriand - State highway) - Presidente Prudente ()
 SP-427 (Délcio Custódio da Silva - State highway) - Mirassolândia ()

Media
Three daily newspapers are circulated in São José do Rio Preto: Diário da Região and Bom Dia.

São José do Rio Preto serves as the headquarters for Rede Vida, a Brazilian broadcast television network. Rede Vida offers a diverse range of programming, catering to various interests and demographics. Its content includes Catholic-oriented shows such as TV masses, novenas, and rosaries, as well as news programs, variety shows, sports coverage, and more. The channel reaches audiences throughout Brazil via its affiliates and satellite services, covering a significant portion of the country.

Sports
The city is the home of two football clubs, namely América Futebol Clube and Rio Preto Esporte Clube.

América Futebol Clube typically plays their matches at the Teixeirão Stadium, which has a seating capacity of over 32,000 people.

Rio Preto Esporte Clube competes at the Anisio Haddad Stadium (Rio Pretão) with a capacity of 17,000.

São José do Rio Preto is also the base of the Rio Preto Weilers, an American football team. Established in 2010 by a group of passionate enthusiasts, their aim was to promote the sport in the city and other regions of Brazil.

The Weilers participate in the Liga BFA - Elite, and have already secured two national titles and one state title. Moreover, the team actively supports alternative sports groups for individuals with disabilities, including wheelchair basketball, and swimming. These groups consist of members from the philanthropic organization Clube Amigos dos Deficientes (Friends of the Disabled Club), who also compete at the national level.

International relations

São José do Rio Preto has established twinning relationships with:
 Nantong, Jiangsu – China

References

External links

  City Hall's Official Site

1852 establishments in Brazil
Populated places established in the 19th century
Municipalities in São Paulo (state)

São José do Rio Preto


صرباهي بلدة لبنانية في قضاء كسروان أحد أقضية محافظة جبل لبنان. تتبع لبلدية جونيه عاصمة القضاء.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء كسروان
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان

صربا


Stephen Chebogut (* 1984) ist ein kenianischer Marathonläufer.

2010 siegte er beim Kilimandscharo-Marathon und beim Reims-Marathon.

Mit einer persönlichen Bestzeit von 2:08:02 h wurde er Sechster beim Paris-Marathon 2011.

Im folgenden Jahr gewann er den Istanbul-Marathon nach 2:11:05 h.

Im Frühjahr 2015 lief er zunächst als Dritter beim Hamburg-Marathon durchs Ziel und unterbot dabei seine persönliche Bestzeit um eine Sekunde auf 2:08:01 h. Im Herbst, am 11. Oktober, siegte er dann erneut in persönlicher Bestzeit von 2:05:52 h beim Eindhoven-Marathon.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 Halbmarathon: 1:00:19 h, 5. September 2015, Lille
 Marathon: 2:05:52h, 11. Oktober 2015, Eindhoven

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt bei marathoninfo.free.fr

Einzelnachweise

Marathonläufer (Kenia)
Leichtathlet (Kenia)
Kenianer
Mann
Geboren 1984

Stephen Chebogut


Agrilus umbratus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Harold, 1869.

Referências

umbratus

Agrilus umbratus


Plochtchad 1905 goda (en  et en ) est une station de la ligne 1 du métro d'Iekaterinbourg.

Mise en service en 1994, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne 1.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Plochtchad 1905 goda, est une station de passage de la ligne 1 du métro d'Iekaterinbourg. Elle est située entre la station Dinamo, en direction du terminus nord Prospekt Kosmonavtov, et la station Gueologuitcheskaïa, en direction du terminus sud, Botanitcheskaïa.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire
La station Plochtchad 1905 goda est mise en service le . La station est due aux architectes A. Zaslavski, V. Demintsev, A. Smirnov, V. Trefilov, V. Koussenko et aux artistes céramistes V. Stepanov.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte
Plochtchad 1905 goda est desservie par les rames de la ligne 1.

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transcription du russe en français
 Métro d'Iekaterinbourg

Liens externes

 .

Station du métro d'Iekaterinbourg
Station de métro mise en service en 1994

Plochtchad 1905 goda (métro d'Iekaterinbourg)


Charles Francis Adams Jr. (May 27, 1835 – March 20, 1915) was an American author, historian, and railroad and park commissioner who served as the president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890. He served as a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war, he was a railroad regulator and executive, an author of historical works, and a member of the Massachusetts Park Commission.

Early life
Adams was born in Boston, May 27, 1835, into a family with a long legacy in American public life. He was the great-grandson of United States President John Adams and the grandson of President John Quincy Adams. His father Charles Francis Adams Sr. was a lawyer, politician, diplomat, and writer.  His siblings were older sister Louisa Catherine Adams, wife of Charles Kuhn, of Philadelphia; older brother Hon. John Quincy Adams II, father of Charles Francis Adams III;  historian Henry Brooks Adams; Arthur Adams, who died in childhood; Mary Adams, who married Henry Parker Quincy, of Dedham, Massachusetts; and historian Peter Chardon Brooks Adams, of Beverly Farms, Massachusetts, who married Evelyn Davis.

Adams graduated from Harvard University in 1856 and then studied law in the office of Richard Henry Dana Jr. and was admitted to the bar in 1858. In 1895, he received an LL.D. degree from Harvard University.

Civil War

Adams served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  He was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry on December 28, 1861. He was promoted to captain on December 1, 1862. He fought with distinction during the Gettysburg Campaign, where his company was heavily engaged at the Battle of Aldie.  When the regiment's 3-year enlistment ended it was reduced to a battalion, and Adams was mustered out of service on September 1, 1864.

On September 8, 1864, he was commissioned as the lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry (officially designated "5th Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry"). He was promoted to colonel and assumed command of the regiment on March 14, 1865, shortly before the end of the war. When he assumed command, the regiment was assigned guarding Confederate prisoners of war at Point Lookout, Maryland.

Adams, who wished to lead his regiment in combat, was able to get horses for his regiment and had it reassigned to front-line duty during the closing days of the campaign against Richmond. Adams wrote in his autobiography that he regretted having his unit reassigned since he came to the conclusion that the regiment's black soldiers were ill-suited for combat duty. He led his regiment into Richmond shortly after it was captured in April 1865. Adams returned to Massachusetts in May due to illness (probably dysentery) and resigned from the Army on August 1, 1865.

On July 9, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Adams for the award of the rank of brevet (honorary) brigadier general, United States Volunteers, "for distinguished gallantry and efficiency at the battles of Secessionville, South Carolina and South Mountain and Antietam, Maryland, and for meritorious services during the war" to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U. S. Senate confirmed the award on July 23, 1866.

Adams was a Veteran Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS).

Railroad reformer

Massachusetts Railroad Commission
Following the Civil War, he was appointed to the Massachusetts Railroad Commission. There he attempted to persuade (rather than coerce) railroads into compliance with accepted business norms. Thomas McCraw called Adams's approach to regulation "the Sunshine Commission," because the purpose of the commission was to expose the corrupt business practices in the hope that, once out in the open, the businessmen would be shamed into mending their ways. It was in this vein that he wrote Chapters of Erie. However, true to his regulatory philosophy, he favored the protection of businessmen over that of the consumers. He saw regulation as necessary to protect investors and other businessmen from the capriciousness of a hostile public or the machinations of other unscrupulous stock jobbers.

Union Pacific Railroad
Congress distrusted the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and in 1884 forced it to hire Adams as the new president. Adams had long promoted various reform ideas, as in his book Railroads, Their Origin and Problems (1878), but he had little practical experience in management. As railroad president, he was successful in getting a good press for the UP, and he set up libraries along the route to allow his employees to better themselves. He had poor results dealing with the Knights of Labor. When the union refused extra work in Wyoming in 1885, Adams hired Chinese workers. The result was the Rock Springs massacre, which killed scores of Chinese and drove all the rest out of Wyoming. He tried to build a complex network of alliances with other businesses, but they provided little help to the UP. He had great difficulty in making decisions and in coordinating his subordinates. Adams was unable to stanch the worsening financial condition of the UP, and in 1890 the railroad's owner Jay Gould forced him to resign.

Historian

Adams was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1871 and a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1891.

After 1874, he devoted much of his time to the study of American history. In recognition of his work, Adams became vice-president of the  Massachusetts Historical Society in 1890, he was chosen president of this society in 1895 and the American Historical Association in 1901. His writings and addresses on problems of railway management and other historical subjects frequently gave rise to widespread controversy.

In 1875, he published an essay on "The Granger Movement" in the North American Review. It exposed the railroad rate rigging and monopoly practices that prompted the movement.

Adams also wrote an autobiography, completed in 1912 and published posthumously in 1916. At the beginning of the autobiography is a memorial address about Adams written by Henry Cabot Lodge.

Philanthropic activity

Massachusetts Park Commission
From 1893 to 1895, he was chairman of the Massachusetts Park Commission, and as such took a prominent part in planning the present park system of the state.  He was influential in establishing the Blue Hills Reservation and the Middlesex Fells Reservation.

Single-tax supporter
In 1900, he wrote a open letter to the President of the Massachusetts Single Tax League, declaring himself a supporter of the reform Henry George had proposed, which would later be known as Georgism. An excerpt of that letter appeared in The Outlook, December 15, 1900.

National Civic Confederation
Adams represented the public on the board of arbitration in the industrial department of the National Civic Confederation in New York city, December 17, 1901.

Personal life
On November 8, 1865, he married Mary Hone Ogden (1843–1934), daughter of Edward and Caroline Callender Ogden. The couple had three daughters and twin sons, both of whom graduated from Harvard in 1898. The five children were:
 Mary Ogden ("Molly") Adams (b. 1867), who married Grafton St. Loe Abbott (1856–1915), a son of U.S. Representative Josiah Gardner Abbott. They were the parents of Mary Ogden Abbott.
 Louisa Catherine Adams (1872–1958), who married Thomas Nelson Perkins (1870–1937).
 Elizabeth Ogden ("Elise") Adams (1873–1945).
 John Francis Adams (1875–1964), who married Marian Morse Adams (1878–1959).  They were the parents of Thomas Boylston Adams.
 Henry Quincy Adams (1875–1951).

Death and burial
Adams died May 20, 1915. He is buried in Mount Wollaston Cemetery in Quincy, Massachusetts.

Works
 Chapters of Erie, and Other Essays (New York, 1871), with brother Henry Adams
 Railroads, Their Origin and Problems (New York, 1878)
 Notes on Railroad Accidents (New York, 1879)
 Richard Henry Dana: A Biography (Boston, 1890)
 Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (Boston, 1892), a work that gives an account of the settlement of Boston Bay, of the Antinomian controversy, and of church and town government in early Massachusetts
 Massachusetts: Its Historians and Its History (Boston, 1893)
 Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1636–1638 (1894)
  (1898).
 Charles Francis Adams (Boston and New York, 1900), in the American Statesmen series (biography of Charles Francis Adams Sr.)
 Lee at Appomattox, and Other Papers (1902)
 "Reflex Light From Africa," The Century Magazine, vol. 72, pp. 101–111 (1906)
 "Lee's Centennial: An Address by Charles Francis Adams Delivered at Lexington Virginia Saturday January 19 1907"
 Whence the Founders Travel  (1907)
 "'The Solid South' and the Afro-American Race Problem," "Speech of Charles Francis Adams at the Academy of Music, Richmond, Va., Saturday Evening, 24 October, 1908"
 Published as a book, with "A few changes in language ... and a paragraph added." Boston, 1912
 Tis Sixty Years Since. Address of Charles Francis Adams, Founders' Day, January 16, 1913, University of South Carolina (New York, 1913)
 Charles Francis Adams, 1835–1915: An Autobiography (1916)
 Before and After the Treaty of Washington: The American Civil War and the War in the Transvaal. An address delivered before the New York Historical Society on its ninety-seventh anniversary, Tuesday, November 19, 1901 (New York, 1902)

Family tree

See also

List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
List of railroad executives
Massachusetts in the American Civil War

References

Bibliography
 De Gruccio, Michael, "Manhood, Race, Failure, and Reconciliation: Charles Francis Adams Jr. and the American Civil War," The New England Quarterly, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Dec., 2008), pp. 636-675.
 Egerton, Douglas, "The Fall of the House of Adams: Charles Francis Adams Jr. on Race and Public Service," We're History, November 25, 2019.
 Egerton, Douglas R. Heirs of an Honored Name: The Decline of the Adams Family and the Rise of Modern America. Basic Books, 2019.
 Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. .
 Garrett, Mrs. Wendell, "The Published Writings of Charles Francis Adams, II (1835-1915): An Annotated Checklist," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol. 72 (Oct., 1957 - Dec., 1960), pp. 238-293.
 Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R., Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. Olde Soldier Books, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, 1990. .
 Kirkland, Edward Chase, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., 1835–1915: The Patrician at Bay. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
 McCraw, Thomas K. Prophets of Regulation: Charles Francis Adams, Louis D. Brandeis, James M. Landis, Alfred E. Kahn. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984.

External links

 (1913)

Notes on Railroad Accidents, 1879
Shall Cromwell Have a Statue?, 1902

1835 births
1915 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
Adams, Charles Francis II
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University alumni
Historians of the United States
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers
Union Pacific Railroad people
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Historians from Massachusetts
American male non-fiction writers

Charles Francis Adams Jr.


Das Entscheidungsspiel um die Meisterschaft der DDR-Fußball-Oberliga 1950/51 fand am 20. Mai 1951 zwischen der BSG Turbine Erfurt und der BSG Chemie Leipzig statt. Es war notwendig geworden, da beide Mannschaften nach Abschluss der Saison punktgleich an der Spitze standen. Für diesen Fall sah die Spielordnung der DDR-Fußball-Sektion ein Entscheidungsspiel vor. Mit einem 2:0-Sieg sicherte sich Chemie Leipzig die Meisterschaft.

Vorgeschichte
Die Schlussphase der Meisterschaft wurde lange von dem Dreikampf Motor Zwickau, Chemie Leipzig und Turbine Erfurt bestimmt. Da die Zwickauer jedoch beide Spiele gegen die unmittelbaren Kontrahenten verloren, landeten sie am Ende nur auf Platz drei. Zwei Spieltage vor Saisonende sahen die Leipziger wie der Meister aus, führten einen Punkt vor Erfurt. Doch am letzten Spieltag verspielten sie die alleinige Tabellenführung nach einer 2:3-Niederlage in Babelsberg. Da gleichzeitig Erfurt gegen Zwickau mit 2:0 gewann, standen am Ende Chemie Leipzig und Turbine Erfurt punktgleich an der Spitze.

Spielverlauf
Während Chemie Leipzig mit der Stammbesetzung der letzten Begegnungen antreten konnte, fehlten bei Turbine Erfurt mit Stopper Nordhaus und Mittelstürmer Nitsche zwei wichtige Leistungsträger. Beide waren wegen disziplinarischer Entgleisungen beim Fußball-Ländervergleich DDR – Polen gesperrt worden. Einen weiteren Verlust musste Erfurt zwölf Minuten nach Spielbeginn verkraften, als ihr Stürmer Heinz Hammer verletzt ausschied. Zuvor hatte Leipzigs Angreifer Zenker mit einer Großchance die Gefährlichkeit seiner Mannschaft angedeutet. Zunächst gelang es den Erfurtern noch, das Spiel offen zu gestalten und hatten ihrerseits in der 25. Minute die Möglichkeit, in Führung zu gehen. Wozniakowskis Freistoß prallte jedoch an die Lattenkante. Der schwachen Leistung der linken Angriffsseite der Leipziger mit Fröhlich und Grupe hatten es die Erfurter zu verdanken, dass der Ausfall von Nordhaus zunächst ohne Folgen blieb.

Die zweite Halbzeit begann mit einer Großoffensive von Turbine Erfurt. In dieser Phase bewies die von Eilitz organisierte Abwehr von Chemie Leipzig ihre Klasse. Sie hatte schon in der abgelaufenen Oberligasaison die wenigsten Gegentreffer erhalten und hielt nun auch dem Erfurter Sturmlauf stand. In der 52. Minute erzielte Erfurt ein reguläres Tor, das Schiedsrichter Liebschner fälschlich wegen angeblicher Abseitsstellung nicht anerkannte. Mitten in die Erfurter Drangperiode konterte Chemie mit einem überraschenden Spielzug. Rudolf Krause ließ zwei Erfurter Spieler aussteigen und passte den Ball nach innen. Dort nahm Helbig den Ball auf und überwand den Erfurter Torwart mit einem Direktschuss zur 1:0-Führung. Fünf Minuten später fanden sich beide Spieler erneut zu einer Kombination zusammen. Diesmal vollendete Krause mit einem 16-Meter-Gewaltschuss zum 2:0. Obwohl Erfurts bester Spieler Jochen Müller das Spiel seiner Mannschaft weiter antrieb, gelang es der Turbine-Elf nicht mehr, das Ergebnis noch zu wenden.

Statistik

Siehe auch
 DDR-Fußball-Oberliga 1950/51
 Entscheidungsspiel der DDR-Fußball-Oberliga 1952/53

Quellen
 DDR-Sportzeitung Deutsches Sportecho, Ausgaben vom 21. und 25. Mai 1951
 Andreas Baingo, Michael Horn: Die Geschichte der DDR-Oberliga. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-89533-428-6, S. 26.

Fußballspiel
DDR-Fußball-Oberliga
Fußballveranstaltung 1951
FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt
BSG Chemie Leipzig

Entscheidungsspiel der DDR-Fußball-Oberliga 1950/51


بلدية كونستانثانا (بالإسبانية: Constanzana) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية كونستانثانا 124 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية كونستانثانا

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

كونستانثانا


Pons, ön beyin, beyincik ve omurilik soğanı arasında yer alan bu yapı enine sinir tellerinden oluşur. Varoli köprüsü de denilen bu yapı beyinciğin iki yarım küresi arasındaki impuls iletimini sağlar. Boyutu ortalama 2,5 cm dir. Pons her iki serebral hemisferi birbirine bağlar. Bu yüzden Latince "köprü" anlamına gelen "Pons" ismini almıştır. Medulla oblongatanın üstünde, orta beynin altında ve beyinciğin önünde yer alır. Pons ön ve arka olarak iki bölümde incelenir; ön bölümde çoğunlukla lifler bulunur. Arka kısımda ise çekirdekler vardır. Beyaz cevheri beyinden beyincik ve medullaya bilgi gönderen yolları ve talamusa duyu sinyali taşıyan yolları içerir. Solunumla ilgili önemli bir merkez de yine buradadır. Vücuttaki aynı tür kasları, aynı anda farklı işler için kullanabilmemizi sağlar.

Embriyonik Gelişim
Embriyonik metensefalon gelişim sırasında iki yapıya dönüşür: Pons ve beyincik.

Kraniyal Sinir Çekirdekleri
N. trigeminalis (V.),N. abdusens (VI.), N. fasialis (VII.) ve N. vestibülokoklearise (VIII.) ait önemli çekirdekler ponstadır. Bu dört sinire ait bazı önemli fonksiyonlar işitme, denge, tat alma, yüzün dokunma ve ağrı duyuları, göz hareketleri, çiğneme, mimik kaslarının çalışması, yutma, tükrük salınımıdır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Diagram at UCC

Beyin sapı

Pons