صادق بن مهدي بن حبيب الله الحسيني الشيرازي (1942 - الآن). هو مرجع شيعي عراقي مقيم في مدينة قم الإيرانية. وينتمي لعائلة الشيرازي، فهو ثالث أبناء مهدي بن حبيب الله الشيرازي، وله من الأشقاء محمد الشيرازي وحسن الحسيني الشيرازي، ومجتبى الشيرازي. ومن مشاهير هذه العائلة أيضاً: محمد حسن الشيرازي الذي قاد ثورة التبغ في إيران، ومحمد تقي الشيرازي الذي قاد ثورة العشرين في العراق.

تصدى للمرجعية الدينية بعد وفاة شقيقه الأكبر محمد الشيرازي سنة 2001، وكان من المُتوقع أن يتصدى للمرجعية من بعده ابن أخيه محمد رضا الشيرازي غير أنه قتل قبل ذلك في بيته بمدينة قم الإيرانية ليلة 1 يونيو 2008.

ولصادق الشيرازي أربعة أولاد علي وحسين وأحمد وجعفر
و له قناة فضائية باسم قناة المرجعية الفضائية لنشر علوم أهل البيت عليهم السلام على 4 أقمار

الولادة والنشأة
ولد في العشرين من ذي الحجة عام 1360 هـ في كربلاء.

مؤلفاته
كتب صادق الحسيني الشيرازي عدداً من الكتب المختلفة في الفقه والأصول والتاريخ والثقافة الإسلامية العامة ومن كتبه:

» المؤلفات العلمية

 بيان الفقه. طبع إلى الآن 4 مجلدات منها
 شرح العروة الوثقى. هذا الكتاب شرح استدلالي معمق لمسائل كتاب «العروة الوثقى» لمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، و يقع في عدة مجلدات، طبع المجلد الأول في الاجتهاد والتقليد.
ويتضمن المجلد الأول 72 مسالة من كتاب الاجتهاد والتقليد ويقع في أكثر من 700 صفحة. طبع في بيروت قبل ربع قرن، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وهناك نسخة مخطوطة راجعها المؤلف في قم مع بعض التنقيح والإضافات العلمية. .
 حاشية العروة الوثقى. هذا الكتاب حاشية على كتاب «العروة الوثقى» لمحمد كاظم الطباطبائي اليزدي، ويحتوي تعليقاته الفقهية على مسائل الكتاب.
 بيان الأصول. هذا الكتاب بحث مفصّل في علم الأصول ويقع في عشرة مجلدات وهو بحث علمي استدلالي مفصل في علم الأصول من أوله إلى آخره. وهو أفضل وأعمق ما كتب في بابه .
 شرح اللمعة/ 10 مجلدات:. هذا الكتاب شرح تعليقي واف على كتاب «اللُمعة الدمشقية» لزين الدين بن علي الجبعي العاملي، الملقب بالشهيد الثاني الذي يعد من أهم الكتب الدراسية في الحوزات العلمية..
 توضيح شرائع الإسلام / 4 مجلدات. هذا الكتاب شرحٌ توضيحي على كتاب «شرائع الإسلام في أحكام الحلال والحرام» لجعفر الحلي الملقب بالمحقق الحلي في الحوزات العلمية، يشتمل على آلاف من التعليقات في مختلف أبواب الفقه من العبادات والمعاملات والايقاعات وغيرها. وقد ألفه في كربلاء.
 شرح تبصرة المتعلمين / مجلدان. هذا الكتاب شرح مزجي على كتاب «تبصرة المتعلمين في أحكام الدين» للعلامة الحلي، ويشتمل عى مختلف أبواب الفقه من الطهارة إلى الديات. وقد ألفه في كربلاء، بتاريخ 1382 هـ، يقع المجلد الأول في 468 صفحة، والمجلد الثاني في 534 صفحة، طبع عدة مرات، وكانت الطبعة الأولى منها في النجف الأشرف مطبعة الآداب 1382 هـ.
 شرح السيوطي. هذا الكتاب شرحٌ على كتاب «البهجة المرضية في شرح الألفية» لجلال الدين السيوطي، ويقع في مجلدين، وهو من المتون الدراسية في الحوزات العلمية، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، بتاريخ 15 شعبان 1386 هـ، ويقع المجلد الأول في 454 صفحة والمجلد الثاني في 444 صفحة، طبع عدة مرات واستقبل استقبالاً جيداً من طلاب السطوح في الحوزات العلمية.
 شرح الصمدية. هذا الكتاب شرحٌ على كتاب «الصمدية» لعبد الصمد العاملي وهو من ضمن الكتب الدراسية في الحوزات العلمية، كتبه في كربلاء، وطبع أكثر من عشر مرات في النجف الأشرف وقم .
 شرح العوامل. هذا الكتاب شرحٌ على كتاب «العوامل» للفيض الكاشاني وهو من ضمن الكتب الدراسية في الحوزات العلمية. وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وكان قد انتهى من تأليفه بتاريخ 8 رمضان 1384 هـ، ويقع في 183 صفحه، طبع عدة مرات.
  القياس في الشريعة الإسلامية. يبحث الكتاب عن مسألة القياس وحكمها في الشريعة الإسلامية، وقد ألفه في كربلاء .
  صلاة الجماعة ومنزلتها في الإسلام. يشتمل الكتاب على أحاديث شريفة في فضل صلاة الجماعة، وبيان فلسفة ذلك، وقد ألفه في الكويت.
  الموجز في المنطق. يشتمل على أوليات علم المنطق بأسلوب واضح، كتبه المؤلف للمبتدئين في الحوزات العلمية، وقد أصبح الكتاب من ضمن المنهج الدِراسي في بعض الحوزات العلمية. وقد ألفه في كربلاء، بتاريخ 2 محرم 1384 هـ.

» المؤلفات العقائدية

 المهدي سلام الله عليه في القرآن. يشتمل الكتاب على ما ورد في القرآن الكريم من الآيات المباركة في الإمام المهدي سلام الله عليه جمعها المؤلف من مصادر العامة وأسانيدهم الموثقة، من سورة البقرة إلى سورة البروج. وفيها عشرات الآيات المباركة من 46 سورة. وقد ألفه في الكويت، ويقع في 260 صفحة، وطبع عدة مرات.
 المهدي سلام الله عليه في السنة. يشتمل الكتاب على مجموعة كبيرة من الروايات التي وردت عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله حول الإمام الحجة سلام الله عليه في كتب السنة ومصادرهم، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، ويقع في 126 صفحة، طبع عدة مرات. وكانت الطبعة الأولى 1400 هـ 1980 م مؤسسة الوفاء بيروت لبنان.
 أهل البيت سلام الله عليهم في القرآن. يشتمل الكتاب على آيات نزلت في أهل البيت سلام الله عليهم جمعها المؤلف من مصادر العامة، من سورة الفاتحة إلى سورة الكوثر. وفيها عشرات الآيات المباركة. وقد ألفه في الكويت، ويقع في 407 صفحة.
 الشيعة في القرآن. يتضمن الكتاب ما ورد من آيات شريفة في القرآن الحكيم وفسر بشيعة الإمام علي بن أبي طالب سلام الله عليه وكل ذلك من مصادر العامة وكتبهم، طبع في لبنان.
 حقائق عن الشيعة. يشتمل الكتاب على إثبات عقائد الشيعة والإجابة على الشبهات التي أوردها الوهابيون عليهم، وهو بأسلوب الحوار الواضح، وقد ألفه في كربلاء ويقع في 80 صفحة، وطبع عدة مرات.
  علي سلام الله عليه في القرآن / مجلدان. جمع 711 آية شريفة من القرآن الكريم التي نزلت في أمير المؤمنين علي بن أبي طالب سلام الله عليه، بحسب ما جاء في مصادر العامة وكتبهم المعتبرة، تبدأ من سورة الفاتحة إلى سورة الإخلاص. وقد ألفه في كربلاء، ويقع المجلد الأول في 404 صفحة، والمجلد الثاني 528 صفحة.
  فاطمة الزهراء سلام الله عليها في القرآن . يشتمل الكتاب على بيان الآيات التي نزلت في فاطمة الزهراء سلام الله عليها وبحسب مصادر العامة، وقد كتبه في قم بتاريخ 17 رجب 1408 هـ يقع الكتاب في 360 صفحة من الحجم الكبير. وقد طبع عدة مرات.

» المؤلفات الفكرية والتوعوية

 الربا المشكلة الاقتصادية القائمة. يشتمل الكتاب على أضرار الربا في الاقتصاد العالمي، وما ينبغي في حل تلك المعضلة. طبع في الكويت.
  تمهيدات في الاقتصاد الإسلامي. طبع في الكويت
 السياسة من واقع الإسلام . يشتمل الكتاب على بيان وجهة نظر الإسلام في السياسة وبيان سيرة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله وأمير المؤمنين سلام الله عليه والأئمة الطاهرين سلام الله عليهم في ذلك، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، ويقع في 414 صفحة، طبع عدة مرات.
 الخمر كوليرا المجتمع. يبحث الكتاب عن أضرار الخمر في المجتمع، وقد ألفه في كربلاء وطبع عدة مرات، في النجف الأشرف وقم .
  مساوئ السفور. يتضمن الكتاب بحثاً حول ضرورة الحجاب ومساوئ السفور، وقد ألفه في كربلاء .
  قصص توجيهية . يشتمل على مجموعة من القصص الهادفة التوجيهية، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، طبع عام 1378 هـ النجف الأشرف.
 العقوبات في الإسلام . يشتمل الكتاب على فلسفة العقوبات الإسلامية وبيان بعض شرائطها وأحكامها، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وطبع في بيروت.
 الإصلاح الزراعي في الإسلام.يشتمل الكتاب على فلسفة العقوبات الإسلامية وبيان بعض شرائطها وأحكامها، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وطبع في بيروت.
 الطريق إلى بنك إسلامي. الكتاب محاولة لإعطاء الصيغة العامة للبنك الإسلامي، ويعالج فيها الأسئلة التي تثار حول نتائج إلغاء الربا من نظام البنك، ويتعرض فيها لذكر الأعمال الرئيسية للبنك الإسلامي ويشكل مقارن بآخر النظريات المصرفية. وقد ألفه في كربلاء، ويقع في 104 صفحة، الطبعة الأولى 1392 هـ 1972 م دار الصادق بيروت لبنان.

» المؤلفات الأحكام

 الصوم. يبحث الكتاب عن فلسفة الصيام وأحكامه بشكل موجز، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وطبع في النجف الأشرف.
 مناسك الحج. طبع هذا الكتاب باللغتين العربية والفارسية، ويحتوي على آرائه الفقهية في مسائل الحج والعمرة.
 المسائل الإسلامية. وهو رسالته العملية في العبادات والمعاملات.
 منتخب المسائل.يشمل على مجموعة منتخبة من فتاويه في جميع أبواب الفقة ابتداءاً من مسائل الاجتهاد والتقليد إلى الحدود والديات. وتم طبعه بالفارسية أيضاً. ويُذكر أن العديد من الكتب المذكورة قد تم ترجمتها وطبعها باللغة الفارسية والأردية.

» المؤلفات التاريخية

 ًمالك الأشتر النخعي. ترجمة لشخصية مالك الأشتر النخعي رضوان الله تعالى عليه، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، طبع عام 1387 في مطبعة الغري الحديثة في النجف الأشرف.
 الشهيد الأول.ترجمة مختصرة للشهيد الأول الشيخ شمس الدين أبي عبد الله محمد بن جمال الدين المكي بن شمس الدين محمد المطلبي الدمشقي العاملي الجزيني الهمداني، وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وهو من ضمن سلسلة (أعلام الشيعة) وقد طبع في النجف الأشرف.
 الشهيد الثاني.ترجمة مختصرة للشهيد الثاني: الشيخ زين الدين علي بن أحمد الجبعي العاملي. وقد ألفه في كربلاء، وهو من ضمن سلسلة (أعلام الشيعة) وطبع في النجف الأشرف.
 الوالد.يشتمل على مجموعة نقاط بارزة من حياة آية الله العظمى ميرزا مهدي الشيرازي، كتبها بإصرار من بعض المؤمنين، بمناسبة الذكرى السنوية الأربعين لرحيل والده المعظم.

اساتذته
ومن كبار أساتذته:
 والده ميرزا مهدي بن حبيب الله الشيرازي.
 أخوه الأكبر محمد الشيرازي.
 محمد هادي الحسيني الميلاني.
 الشيخ محمد رضا الأصفهاني.
 الشيخ محمد الشاهرودي.
 الشيخ محمد الكلباسي.
 حسن الحسيني الشيرازي.
 الشيخ جعفر الرشتي.
 الشيخ محمد حسين المازندراني.
 الشيخ عبد الرحيم القمّي.
وقد بدأ صادق الشيرازي ـ كما مر ـ بتدريس الخارج فقهاً وأصولاً منذ أكثر من عشرين عاماً وذلك من الكويت عام 1398 هـ ولا زال مستمراً في قم بتدريس الفقه والأصول ويحضره الكثير من العلماء والفضلاء.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

 موقع «مؤسسة الرسول الأكرم الثقافية» - مكتب الشيرازي في قم
 موقع «الشيرازي نت» - مكتب الشيرازي في كربلاء

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من قم
عراقيون من أصل إيراني عربي
علماء دين شيعة عراقيون
علماء مسلمون في القرن 14 هـ
علماء مسلمون في القرن 15 هـ
مراجع الشيعة
مواليد 1361 هـ
مواليد 1941
مواليد 1942
مواليد في كربلاء

صادق الحسيني الشيرازي


{{Taxobox
| culoare =  lightblue
| nume =  Suillus cavipes sin.  Boletinus cavipes
| image = Hohlfußroehrling (1).JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Pitoașcă cu picior gol, fântâna melcilor
| domain = Eucariote
| regnum = Fungi
| divisio = Basidiomycota
| classis = Agaricomycetes
| ordo = Boletales
| familia = Suillaceae
| genus = Suillus
| species = S. cavipes
| binomial = Suillus cavipes
| binomial_authority = (Klotzsch) A.H.Sm. & Thiers (1964)
| synonyms = * Boletus cavipes  Klotzsch (1835)
 Boletinus cavipes (Klotzsch) Kalchbr. (1867)
 Paxillus porosus (Klotzsch) Kalchbr. (1867)
 Euryporus cavipes (Klotzsch) Quél. (1886)
 Boletus porosus (Klotzsch) Sacc. (1891)
 Solenia cavipes  (Klotzsch) O.Kuntze (1898)
 Boletopsis cavipes (Klotzsch) Henn. (1900)
}}Suillus cavipes (Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1835 ex  Alexander H. Smith și Harry D. Thiers, 1964), sin.  Boletinus cavipes (Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1835 ex Karl Kalchbrenner, 1867), din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Suillaceae și de genul Suillus, este o ciupercă comestibilă care coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). Buretele este denumit în popor pitoașcă cu picior gol, fântâna melcilor sau voineasa. Apare în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord numai sub  larici pe toate tipurile de sol, tinde însă spre cele acide și evită cele tare calcaroase, Buretele crește deseori în mase, dezvoltându-se în grupuri de tufe, rar solitar, prin păduri de conifere sau mixte, de la câmpie la munte, din iulie până în octombrie.Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, p. 56-57, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2

 Taxonomie

Buretele a fost descoperit și descris sub denumirea Boletus cavipes de micologul german Johann Friedrich Klotzsch (1805-1860) într-un articol publicat de renumitul savant suedez Elias Magnus Fries în cartea sa Boleti, Fungorum generis, illustratio din 1835 și redenumit de micologii americani Alexander H. Smith și Harry D. Thiers în 1964 sub numele actual. În anul 1867, micologul austro-ungar Karl Kalchbrenner (1807-1886) i-a da numele Boletinus cavipes, valabil ca nume generic pentru destul de lung timp.

Toate celelalte sinonime (listate în înfocasetă) rămân valabile, dar nu sunt aplicate. Taxonul botanistului prusac Wilhelm Opatowski (1810–1838), a fost declarat invalid, fiind descris sub același nume generic de abia în 1836.

O discuție dusă de ani de zile, dar în principiu încă nefinalizată, se referă la relațiile dintre genurile Suillus și Boletinus, insa special privind statutul lui Suillus cavipes. Privind relația strânsă între acești doi taxoni, nu există nicio controversă, însă poziția Boletinus ca gen independent este neclară. Ușor generalizat, se pot distinge două modele diferite cu privire la relația de familie dintre Suillus și Boletinus: Reprezentanții direcției practicate în Statele Unite îl văd pe Boletinus ca parte al genului Suillus, iar direcția europeană acceptă pe Boletinus ca gen independent, susținuți de constatările chemi-taxonomice, fără îndoială importante. Astfel, bureții arată alături de ingrediente comune de asemenea câteva specific proprii.

Studii filogenetice ulterioare au arătat, că apartenența speciei aici descrise la genul Boletinus nu poate fi menținută. Astfel, în momentul de față (2018), buretele este clasificat ca ciupercă de genul Suillus.

 Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 4-12 (15) cm, este destul de cărnoasă și compactă, moale, dar ușor elastică, fiind inițial semisferică cu marginea răsfrântă în jos, apoi convexă și la bătrânețe întinsă, câteodată adâncită și/sau cu un gurgui central. Cuticula, care nu se separă ușor de pălărie, este uscată, tomentoasă și solzoasă. Coloritul variază de la galben închis la portocaliu până la brun de scorțișoară și castaniu, dar poate fi de asemenea galben de lămâie până galben-auriu, la maturitate de obicei cu o bordură albicioasă pe margine.
 Tuburile și porii: sunt mult mai scurte decât grosimea pălăriei, unghiulare, la început aderate la picior, apoi decurente reticular, slab galbene până  galben-măslinii, precum dificil separabile de pălărie. Porii sunt foarte largi (la exemplare mature mari 1 cm), unghiulari, neregulați, compuși, prelungiți radial și aproape lineari. Coloritul seamănă celui al tuburilor. Inițial sunt acoperiți de un văl parțial alb care rupe după scurt timp.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori netezi și fusiformi, murdar galben-măslinii și măsoară de 8.5-10 x 3,2-4 microni. Pulberea lor este brun-măslinie. Basidiile (organe sporifere care produc spori exogeni) clavate cu 2-4 sterigme fiecare au o mărime de 25-35 x 7-12 microni, cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție) fusiforme sau cilindric clavate de 40-80  x 8-10 microni.
 Piciorul: El are o înălțime de 3-9 cm și o lățime de 0,8-3 cm, este cilindric, cu solzi mici până mari, deja din tinerețe gol pe interior, fragil și fibros, cu o zonă inelară albuie nu prea accentuată, fiind de culoarea pălăriei, spre vârf mai galben, dar rozaliu-brun la baza ușor îngroșată. Acolo se pot vedea hifele albicioase ale miceliului.
 Carnea: este moale, dar destul de elastică, fiind de culoare slab galbenă, aproape albă care nu se decolorează după tăiere. Mirosul este slab aromatic, ca de ciuperci și gustul plăcut. Ciuperca este adesea năpădită de larvele unor diptere din familia Mycetophilidae care se dezvoltă în interiorul corpurilor de fructificație.
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se colorează cu acid sulfuric portocaliu, cu Hidroxid de potasiu brun închis și cu sulfat de fier murdar verzui.

 Confuzii
Bureții pot fi confundați numai cu specii asemănătoare, cu toate comestibile, din familia Suillaceae, de exemplu cu Suillus bresadolae, Suillus bovinus, Suillus flavidus, Suillus granulatus, Suillus tridentinus, Suillus variegatus, sau cu Buchwaldoboletus lignicola sin. Pulveroboletus lignicola, Chalciporus piperatus, sin. Boletus piperatus, Gyrodon lividus, Xerocomellus chrysenteron Boletus ferrugineus sin. Xerocomus ferrugineus, Xerocomellus porosporus sin. Boletus porosporus, Xerocomus porosporus Xerocomellus pruinatus sin. Boletus pruinatus, Xerocomus pruinatus și Boletus subtomentosus din familia Boletaceae, respectiv Gyrodon lividus, din familia Paxillaceae''.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Este o specie de comestibilitate mediocră, în gust mai delicată ca sfârcurile uscate, care ar trebui să fie ingerată numai în stadiu tânăr, fiind în vârstă foarte moale și puțin prezentabilă. Piciorul nu se folosește. Cel mai bine se pregătește împreună cu alte ciuperci de pădure. Se pretează și la conservarea în oțet sau ulei.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Giacomo Bresadola: "Iconographia Mycologica, vol. XIX, Editura Società Botanica Italiana, Milano 1931, p. 902+tabl.
 Bruno Cetto: vol. 1-3, 7 (vezi sus)
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
  J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: " Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Suillus cavipes, film în limba poloneză

Suillus
Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1835 în știință

Suillus cavipes


An Crepidium maaikeae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Marg., Szlach. ngan Kubala. An Crepidium maaikeae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium maaikeae


Kick iii (estilizado como KicK iii) é o sexto álbum de estúdio da cantora, compositora e produtora venezuelana Arca. O álbum estava programado pra ser lançado no dia 3 de Dezembro de 2021, mas a cantora antecipou o seu lançamento para o dia 1º de Dezembro de 2021, através da gravadora XL Recordings. Kick iii é uma continuação de seu álbum lançado em 2020, Kick I (estilizado como KiCk i), e é o 3º álbum da série. "Para mim, KicK iii é a entrada mais incendiária no universo do kick. O álbum é um portal direto para as paletas sonoras mais maníacas, violentamente eufóricas e agressivamente psicodélicas da série.", escreveu Arca quando o álbum foi anunciado. Kick iii conta com 12 músicas frenéticas, sendo "Bruja" a primeira delas.

Composição
Enquanto Kick ii é mais puxado para o genêro reggaeton, Kick iii é um álbum experimental de música eletrônica, seguindo acordes severos da música club somados a puro caos. Isso é mostrado na faixa Bruja, onde Arca mostra sua capacidade de transformar caos em música, fragmentando elementos como vozes destorcidas, ruídos e pequenas sobreposições sintéticas que lembram a produção de outros álbuns como Mutant, de 2015, e Xen, de 2014. O disco é muito profundo e complexo para se definir em ousado ou ambicioso, ele reúne sonoriedades de gltich e modern club e pode ser o maior trabalho da cantora até hoje.

Recepção crítica

No geral, o álbum foi muito bem elogiado. No Metacritic, o álbum ganhou uma nota média de 81/100, baseado em 11 críticas profissionais. Na Pitchfork, teve uma nota de 8.3.

Lista de faixas
Todas as faixas foram escritas e produzidas por Arca, exceto onde indicado.

Álbuns de reggaeton
Álbuns produzidos por Arca
Álbuns de 2021

Kick III


Le ganglion supérieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien (ou ganglion d'Ehrenritter) est un ganglion sensitif inconstant du système nerveux périphérique.

Il est situé sur la racine supérieure du nerf glosso-pharyngien à son entrée dans le foramen jugulaire. Il est plus petit et au-dessus du ganglion inférieur du nerf glossopharyngien.

Les neurones du ganglion supérieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien assurent l'innervation sensorielle de l'oreille moyenne et de la surface interne de la membrane tympanique.

Les axones de ces neurones se ramifient à partir du nerf glosso-pharyngien au niveau du ganglion inférieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien et forment le nerf tympanique avec les axones parasympathiques pré-ganglionnaires du noyau salivaire inférieur.

Le nerf tympanique traverse ensuite le canalicule tympanique inférieur jusqu'à la cavité tympanique formant le plexus tympanique.

De là, les axones sensoriels assurent l'innervation de l'oreille moyenne et de la surface interne de la membrane tympanique.

Les axones parasympathiques partent du plexus tympanique en tant que nerf petit pétreux pour se diriger vers le ganglion otique.

Le traitement central des informations  du ganglion supérieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien est pris en charge par le noyau spinal du trijumeau.

Notes et références

Nerf crânien

Ganglion supérieur du nerf glosso-pharyngien


Farveløse verden er en dansk kortfilm fra 2002 med instruktion og manuskript af Rasmus Høgdall Mølgaard.

Handling
Den unge drømmer Mauritzen forsøger at smugle en blå blomst til sin kæreste i en verden, hvor blomster er forbudt af en totalt kontrollerende regering.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

Farveløse verden


An Agrostis joyceae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs. An Agrostis joyceae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New South Wales. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis joyceae


මරියන් රිවේරා (උපත 1984 අගෝස්තු 12 මැඩ්රිඩ් , ස්පාඤ්ඤයේදී ) known professionally as Marian Rivera, is a Spanish Filipino commercial model and actress, best known for her roles in Marimar, Dyesebel, Amaya, and Temptation of Wife.

1984 උපත්

මරියන් රිවේරා


Klaus Döge (* 21. Juli 1951  in Schrobenhausen; † 12. Oktober 2011 in Dresden) war ein deutscher Musikwissenschaftler.

Leben
Klaus Döge studierte Musikwissenschaft und Geschichte an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und war anschließend als Herausgeber und Autor für Musikverlage, Rundfunk und Fernsehen tätig. 1992 wurde er Mitarbeiter der Richard-Wagner-Gesamtausgabe in München und promovierte 1993 mit einer Arbeit über Antonín Dvořák. 2003 übernahm er die Leitung der Münchner Forschungsstelle.

Zum 1. Juli 2010 wechselte Döge von der Wagner-Gesamtausgabe, deren Finanzierung nicht mehr gesichert war, an die Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Dresden zur Schumann-Briefedition. Döge verstarb 2011 in Dresden und wurde in Freiburg beigesetzt.

Bücher
 Dvořák. Leben – Werke – Dokumente, Mainz: Schott und München: Piper 1991, ISBN 3-7957-8277-5 (Schott), ISBN 3-492-18277-1 (Piper); 2. Aufl. 1997
 "Schlagen Sie die Kraft der Reflexion nicht zu gering an". Beiträge zu Richard Wagners Denken, Werk und Wirken, hrsg. von Klaus Döge, Mainz: Schott 2002
 Klingende Denkmäler. Musikwissenschaftliche Gesamtausgaben in Deutschland, Ausstellungskatalog, hrsg. von Klaus Döge, Ulrich Krämer und Salome Reiser für die Fachgruppe Freie Forschungsinstitute in der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung, Mainz 2007

Aufsätze (Auswahl)
 Ein Komponist ohne Problembewußtsein? Bausteine zu einem differenzierteren Dvořák-Bild, in: Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, Band 149, Heft 9/1988, S. 5–10
 VIII. Symphonie in F-Dur op. 93. In: Die 9 Symphonien Beethovens. Entstehung, Deutung, Wirkung. Hrsg. von Renate Ulm, Kassel u. a. 1994, S. 227–243.
 "...über den wird noch viel geredet werden". Ein Einblick in die neuere Dvořák-Literatur, in: Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa, Band 1 (1997), S. 217–230
 Richard Wagner und Heinrich Marschner, in: Richard Wagner und seine "Lehrmeister". Bericht der Tagung am Musikwissenschaftlichen Institut der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 6./7. Juni 1997, Egon Voss zum 60. Geburtstag, hrsg. von Christoph-Hellmut Mahling, Mainz 1999, S. 215–231
 Wagner beim Wort genommen. Über das thematische Formgewebe im Lohengrin, in: Der Komponist Richard Wagner im Blick der aktuellen Musikwissenschaft. Symposion Würzburg 2000, hrsg. von Ulrich Konrad und Egon Voss, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel 2003, S. 95–104, ISBN 3-7651-0329-2
 Richard Wagner und Wilhelm Müller oder Anfang und Ende des Liedes. Zum Liedentwurf WWV 7, in: Intermedialität. Studien zur Wechselwirkung zwischen den Künsten, Freiburg: Rombach 2004, S. 177–192
 "... wenn auch nur in sehr flüchtigen Umrissen..." Zur Lohengrin-Skizze Hs 120 W, in: Musiktheorie, Band 20 (2005), S. 131–150
 Wagner – Polyphonie – Kontrapunkt – angewendeter Bach, in: Bach und die deutsche Tradition des Komponierens. Wirklichkeit und Ideologie. Festschrift Martin Geck zum 70. Geburtstag; Bericht über das 6. Dortmunder Bach-Symposion 2006, Dortmund 2009, S. 181–186
 Das entsetzliche Grauen zum Ausdruck gebracht. Anmerkungen zu Martinůs "Memorial to Lidice", in: Bohuslav Martinů, hrsg. von Ulrich Tadday, München: Ed. Text + Kritik 2009, S. 78–91, ISBN 978-3-86916-017-7
 Schumanns Dresdner "Fugenpassion", in: Schumann und Dresden. Bericht über das Symposion "Robert und Clara Schumann in Dresden – biographische, kompositionsgeschichtliche und soziokulturelle Aspekte" in Dresden vom 15. bis 18. Mai 2008, hrsg. von Thomas Synofzik und Hans-Günter Ottenberg, Köln: Dohr 2010, S. 99–107, ISBN 978-3-936655-88-9
 "meine Dichtung – sie enthält der Welt Anfang und Untergang". Zu Richard Wagners Bühnentetralogie "Der Ring des Nibelungen", in: Göttliche, menschliche und teuflische Komödien. Europäische Welttheater-Entwürfe im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, hrsg. von Albert Gier, Bamberg 2011, S. 119–139
 "mich einmal recht bestimmt und besonnen über Liszt urteilen zu hören". Schriftstellerisches aus der Feder Wagners über einen geliebten Freund, in: Wagnerspectrum, Band 7 (2011), Heft 1, S. 59–67
 "welche nicht nur dem Publikum, sondern auch mir selbst wirklich gefiel". Richard Wagners Einlegearie zu Joseph Weigls "Die Schweizerfamilie", in: Aria. Eine Festschrift für Wolfgang Ruf, hrsg. von Wolfgang Hirschmann, Hildesheim: Olms 2011, S. 639–655, ISBN 978-3-487-14711-6

Noteneditionen (Auswahl)
 Antonín Dvořák, Messe in D op. 86 (Orchesterfassung), Stuttgart: Carus 1986
 Gioacchino Rossini, Petite Messe solennelle, Stuttgart: Carus 1993
 Gioacchino Rossini, Stabat Mater, Stuttgart: Carus 1993
 Richard Wagner, Lohengrin WWV 75, hrsg. von John Deathridge und Klaus Döge, Mainz: Schott 1996, 1998 und 2000 (= Wagner-Gesamtausgabe, Band 7, I–III)
 Antonín Dvořák, Slawische Tänze für Orchester op. 46, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel 2001
 Antonín Dvořák, Konzert für Violoncello und Orchester h-Moll op. 104, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel 2001
 Antonín Dvořák, Stabat Mater op. 58, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel 2004
 Richard Wagner, Siegfried WWV 86 C, hrsg. von Klaus Döge, Mainz: Schott 2006 und 2008 (= Wagner-Gesamtausgabe, Band 12, I–III)

Weblinks

Musikwissenschaftler
Opernforscher
Wagner-Forscher
Deutscher
Geboren 1951
Gestorben 2011
Mann

Klaus Döge


Golful Jibrieni, numit în unele studii științifice și golful Jebriani (în ) sau golful Jibriana, baia Jibrieni ,  este un golf mic al Mării Negre, situat în partea de nord a brațului Chilia al Deltei Dunării, la sud-est de satul Primorsk (Jibrieni) pe teritoriul raionului Chilia din regiunea Odesa a Ucrainei. Litoralul nisipos al golfului este utilizat ca plajă pentru recreere. Golful Jibrieni este o parte a zonei peisajelor antropice a Rezervației Biosferei Dunării, creată în 1998. În partea de sud a golfului se află portul comercial maritim Ust-Dunaisk construit în anii 1970. Pentru a asigura trecerea șlepurilor din Marea Neagră în Dunăre, Golful Jibrieni a fost legat cu brațul Prorva (care este un braț secundar al brațului dunărean Oceacov) în 1979 printr-un canal care are o lungime de 1,5 km, cu un șenal navigabil de 45 m lățime și 3,5 m adâncime

Note

Legături externe
 Harta regiunii Odesa
 Жебриянская бухта
 Harta Golfului Jibrieni. Google Maps
  Harta Golfului Jibrieni. Yandex
 Жебриянская бухта. Карта Украины

Delta Dunării
Golfurile din Marea Neagră

Golful Jibrieni


Antonio Pereira da Silveira Frade, Barão de Muaná, (Marajó, c.1802 – 1892) foi um político, militar e, nobre/barão brasileiro da província do Grão-Pará, integrante da Imperial Ordem da Rosa.

Biografia
Filho do então major Matias da Silveira Frade e Maria Florinda Pereira de Sousa (neto de Florentino da Silveira Frade então coronel e ex-governador da ilha de Joanes e inspetor geral das Fazendas Nacionais), nasceu numa família de militares, como o sargento-mor José da Silveira Frade e seu pai.

Em 1827, Antonio Silveira Frade virou alferes de milicias do esquadrão da ilha de Marajó.

Serviu por diversas vezes cargos de autoridades, de Juiz Municipal de Órfãos, cargo de suplência de presidentes da Província (nomeação), e por votação foi eleito vereador da então Villa da Cachoeira (1830-1834, Marajó) e em Belém (1842-1866).

Em 1843, foi agraciado com a honraria militar Imperial Ordem da Rosa e, com o título de nobreza de barão (decreto 03/02/1883) pelo imperador D. Pedro II por sua habilidade em conter rebeliões, durante as rebeliões que passou a província do Grão-Pará, obtendo assim o direito ao uso do Brasão de Armas. (Antonio Pereira da Silveira Frade – 18.08.1883): em campo de prata, 3 faixas vermelhas, sobre elas um escudinho de ouro com um emblema de indústria com sua cor natural. Coroa de barão, paquife das cores e metal do escudo.

Desde 1863, Antonio virou tenente-coronel comandante do primeiro batalhão da reserva da Guarda Nacional na capital do Pará.

Antonio Silveira Frade era dono de um estabelecimento rural próximo à capital à margem direita do rio Guajará, contendo olaria, caieiras e, escravos.

O sobrenome Silveira Frade representa uma antiga família paraenses, de proprietários na Ilha de Marajó, que iniciou com Rodrigo da Silveira Frade (c.1695 – ?, bisavô de Antônio Silveira), com numerosa descendência do casamento com Maria Josefa Antônia de Seixas.

Militares do Pará
Barões do estado do Pará
Comendadores da Imperial Ordem da Rosa
Nobres do Brasil

Barão de Muaná


Amateurs in Space er en film instrueret af Max Kestner.

Handling
Peter Madsen (42) og Kristian von Bengtson (39) arbejder hårdt for at gøre deres drømme til virkelighed. De er i færd med at bygge en rumraket, der skal kunne føre et menneske med sig ud i rummet. Peter skal være astronauten på den første tur. Det har Kristians kæreste bedt om. Peter og Kristian står i et gammelt, beskidt værksted på Refshaleøen og bygger raketten. Hver dag ankommer Kristian kl. 9:15, når han har afleveret børnene i institutionen. Lige før han ankommer, sender han Peter en sms om at han er på vej. På den måde kan Peter lige nå at trille ud fra sin soveplads under raketten og springe i tøjet. Peter Madsen er selvlært ubådsbygger med speciale i at få det umulige til at ske. Han har ansvaret for booster-delen, der skal skubbe rumfartøjet ud af jordens atmosfære. Kristian von Bengtson er tidligere ansat i NASA og har ansvaret for rumskibs-delen, der skal bære Peter ud i rummet - og hjem igen. Alt i raketten er hjemmebygget, og materialerne er købt i det lokale byggemarked.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2015

Copenhagen Suborbitals
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Amateurs in Space


Hemodialysis, also spelled haemodialysis, or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally. This type of dialysis achieves the extracorporeal removal of waste products such as creatinine and urea and free water from the blood when the kidneys are in a state of kidney failure. Hemodialysis is one of three renal replacement therapies (the other two being kidney transplant and peritoneal dialysis). An alternative method for extracorporeal separation of blood components such as plasma or cells is apheresis.

Hemodialysis can be an outpatient or inpatient therapy. Routine hemodialysis is conducted in a dialysis outpatient facility, either a purpose-built room in a hospital or a dedicated, stand-alone clinic. Less frequently hemodialysis is done at home. Dialysis treatments in a clinic are initiated and managed by specialized staff made up of nurses and technicians; dialysis treatments at home can be self-initiated and managed or done jointly with the assistance of a trained helper who is usually a family member.<ref></ref>

Medical uses

Hemodialysis is the choice of renal replacement therapy for patients who need dialysis acutely, and for many patients as maintenance therapy. It provides excellent, rapid clearance of solutes.

A nephrologist (a medical kidney specialist) decides when hemodialysis is needed and the various parameters for a dialysis treatment. These include frequency (how many treatments per week), length of each treatment, and the blood and dialysis solution flow rates, as well as the size of the dialyzer. The composition of the dialysis solution is also sometimes adjusted in terms of its sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate levels. In general, the larger the body size of an individual, the more dialysis he/she will need. In North America and the UK, 3–4 hour treatments (sometimes up to 5 hours for larger patients) given 3 times a week are typical. Twice-a-week sessions are limited to patients who have a substantial residual kidney function. Four sessions per week are often prescribed for larger patients, as well as patients who have trouble with fluid overload. Finally, there is growing interest in short daily home hemodialysis, which is 1.5 – 4 hr sessions given 5–7 times per week, usually at home. There is also interest in nocturnal dialysis, which involves dialyzing a patient, usually at home, for 8–10 hours per night, 3–6 nights per week. Nocturnal in-center dialysis, 3–4 times per week, is also offered at a handful of dialysis units in the United States.

 Adverse effects
Disadvantages
Restricts independence, as people undergoing this procedure cannot travel around because of supplies' availability
Requires more supplies such as high water quality and electricity
Requires reliable technology like dialysis machines
The procedure is complicated and requires that care givers have more knowledge
Requires time to set up and clean dialysis machines, and expense with machines and associated staff

Complications
Fluid shifts
Hemodialysis often involves fluid removal (through ultrafiltration), because most patients with renal failure pass little or no urine. Side effects caused by removing too much fluid and/or removing fluid too rapidly include low blood pressure, fatigue, chest pains, leg-cramps, nausea and headaches. These symptoms can occur during the treatment and can persist post treatment; they are sometimes collectively referred to as the dialysis hangover or dialysis washout. The severity of these symptoms is usually proportionate to the amount and speed of fluid removal. However, the impact of a given amount or rate of fluid removal can vary greatly from person to person and day to day. These side effects can be avoided and/or their severity lessened by limiting fluid intake between treatments or increasing the dose of dialysis e.g. dialyzing more often or longer per treatment than the standard three times a week, 3–4 hours per treatment schedule.

Access-related
Since hemodialysis requires access to the circulatory system, patients undergoing hemodialysis may expose their circulatory system to microbes, which can lead to bacteremia, an infection affecting the heart valves (endocarditis) or an infection affecting the bones (osteomyelitis). The risk of infection varies depending on the type of access used (see below). Bleeding may also occur, again the risk varies depending on the type of access used. Infections can be minimized by strictly adhering to infection control best practices.

Venous needle dislodgement
Venous needle dislodgement (VND) is a  fatal complication of hemodialysis where the patient experiences rapid blood loss due to a faltering attachment of the needle to the venous access point.

Anticoagulation-related
Unfractioned heparin (UHF) is the most commonly used anticoagulant in hemodialysis, as it is generally well tolerated and can be quickly reversed with protamine sulfate. Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is however, becoming increasingly popular and is now the norm in western Europe. Compared to UHF, LMWH has the advantage of an easier mode of administration and reduced bleeding but the effect cannot be easily reversed. Heparin can infrequently cause a low platelet count due to a reaction called heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). In such patients, alternative anticoagulants may be used. The risk of HIT is lower with LMWH compared to UHF. Even though HIT causes a low platelet count it can paradoxically predispose thrombosis. In patients at high risk of bleeding, dialysis can be done without anticoagulation.

First-use syndrome
First-use syndrome is a rare but severe anaphylactic reaction to the artificial kidney. Its symptoms include sneezing, wheezing, shortness of breath, back pain, chest pain, or sudden death. It can be caused by residual sterilant in the artificial kidney or the material of the membrane itself. In recent years, the incidence of first-use syndrome has decreased, due to an increased use of gamma irradiation, steam sterilization, or electron-beam radiation instead of chemical sterilants, and the development of new semipermeable membranes of higher biocompatibility.  New methods of processing previously acceptable components of dialysis must always be considered.  For example, in 2008, a series of first-use type of reactions, including deaths, occurred due to heparin contaminated during the manufacturing process with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate.

Cardiovascular
Longterm complications of hemodialysis include hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis, neuropathy and various forms of heart disease. Increasing the frequency and length of treatments has been shown to improve fluid overload and enlargement of the heart that is commonly seen in such patients.

Vitamin deficiency
Folate deficiency can occur in some patients having hemodialysis.

 Electrolyte imbalances
Although a dyalisate fluid, which is a solution containing diluted electrolytes, is employed for the filtration of blood, haemodialysis can cause an electrolyte imbalance. These imbalances can derive from abnormal concentrations of potassium (hypokalemia, hyperkalemia), and sodium (hyponatremia, hypernatremia). These electrolyte imbalances are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality.

Mechanism and technique

The principle of hemodialysis is the same as other methods of dialysis; it involves diffusion of solutes across a semipermeable membrane. Hemodialysis utilizes counter current flow, where the dialysate is flowing in the opposite direction to blood flow in the extracorporeal circuit. Counter-current flow maintains the concentration gradient across the membrane at a maximum and increases the efficiency of the dialysis.

Fluid removal (ultrafiltration) is achieved by altering the hydrostatic pressure of the dialysate compartment, causing free water and some dissolved solutes to move across the membrane along a created pressure gradient.

The dialysis solution that is used may be a sterilized solution of mineral ions and is called dialysate. Urea and other waste products including potassium, and phosphate diffuse into the dialysis solution. However, concentrations of sodium and chloride are similar to those of normal plasma to prevent loss. Sodium bicarbonate is added in a higher concentration than plasma to correct blood acidity. A small amount of glucose is also commonly used. The concentration of electrolytes in the dialysate is adjusted depending on the patient's status before the dialysis. If a high concentration of sodium is added to the dialysate, the patient can become thirsty and end up accumulating body fluids, which can lead to heart damage. On the contrary, low concentrations of sodium in the dialysate solution have been associated with a low blood pressure and intradialytic weight gain, which are markers of improved outcomes. However, the benefits of using a low concentration of sodium have not been demonstrated yet, since these patients can also develop cramps, intradialytic hypotension and low sodium in serum, which are symptoms associated with a high mortality risk.

Note that this is a different process to the related technique of hemofiltration.

Access

Three primary methods are used to gain access to the blood for hemodialysis: an intravenous catheter, an arteriovenous fistula (AV) and a synthetic graft. The type of access is influenced by factors such as the expected time course of a patient's renal failure and the condition of their vasculature. Patients may have multiple access procedures, usually because an AV fistula or graft is maturing and a catheter is still being used. The placement of a catheter is usually done under light sedation, while fistulas and grafts require an operation.

Types
There are three types of hemodialysis: conventional hemodialysis, daily hemodialysis, and nocturnal hemodialysis. Below is an adaptation and summary from a brochure of The Ottawa Hospital.

Conventional hemodialysis

Conventional hemodialysis is usually done three times per week, for about three to four hours for each treatment (Sometimes five hours for larger patients), during which the patient's blood is drawn out through a tube at a rate of 200–400 mL/min. The tube is connected to a 15, 16, or 17 gauge needle inserted in the dialysis fistula or graft, or connected to one port of a dialysis catheter. The blood is then pumped through the dialyzer, and then the processed blood is pumped back into the patient's bloodstream through another tube (connected to a second needle or port). During the procedure, the patient's blood pressure is closely monitored, and if it becomes low, or the patient develops any other signs of low blood volume such as nausea, the dialysis attendant can administer extra fluid through the machine. During the treatment, the patient's entire blood volume (about 5000 cc) circulates through the machine every 15 minutes. During this process, the dialysis patient is exposed to a week's worth of water for the average person.

Daily hemodialysis
Daily hemodialysis is typically used by those patients who do their own dialysis at home. It is less stressful (more gentle) but does require more frequent access. This is simple with catheters, but more problematic with fistulas or grafts. The "buttonhole technique"  can be used for fistulas requiring frequent access. Daily hemodialysis is usually done for 2 hours six days a week.

Nocturnal hemodialysis
The procedure of nocturnal hemodialysis is similar to conventional hemodialysis except it is performed three to six nights a week and between six and ten hours per session while the patient sleeps.

Equipment

The hemodialysis machine pumps the patient's blood and the dialysate through the dialyzer. The newest dialysis machines on the market are highly computerized and continuously monitor an array of safety-critical parameters, including blood (QB) and dialysate QD) flow rates; dialysis solution conductivity, temperature, and pH; and analysis of the dialysate for evidence of blood leakage or presence of air.  Any reading that is out of normal range triggers an audible alarm to alert the patient-care technician who is monitoring the patient. Manufacturers of dialysis machines include companies such as Nipro, Fresenius, Gambro, Baxter, B. Braun, NxStage and Bellco. QB to QD flow rates have to reach 1:2 ratio where QB is set around 250 ml/min and QD is set around 500 ml/min to ensure good dialysis efficiency.

Water system

An extensive water purification system is critical for hemodialysis. Since dialysis patients are exposed to vast quantities of water, which is mixed with dialysate concentrate to form the dialysate, even trace mineral contaminants or bacterial endotoxins can filter into the patient's blood. Because the damaged kidneys cannot perform their intended function of removing impurities, molecules introduced into the bloodstream from improperly purified water can build up to hazardous levels, causing numerous symptoms or death. Aluminum, chlorine and or chloramines, fluoride, copper, and zinc, as well as bacterial fragments and endotoxins, have all caused problems in this regard.

For this reason, water used in hemodialysis is carefully purified before use. A common water purification system includes a multi stage system.

The water is first softened. Next the water is run through a tank containing activated charcoal to adsorb organic contaminants, and chlorine and chloramines.  The water may then be temperature-adjusted if needed.  Primary purification is then done by forcing water through a membrane with very tiny pores, a so-called reverse osmosis membrane. This lets the water pass, but holds back even very small solutes such as electrolytes. Final removal of leftover electrolytes is done in some water systems by passing the water through an electrodeionization (EDI) device, which removes any leftover anions or cations and replace them with hydroxyl and hydrogen ions, respectively, leaving ultrapure water.

Even this degree of water purification may be insufficient. The trend lately is to pass this final purified water (after mixing with dialysate concentrate) through an ultrafiltration membrane or absolute filter.  This provides another layer of protection by removing impurities, especially those of bacterial origin, that may have accumulated in the water after its passage through the original water purification system.

Dialysate

Once purified water is mixed with dialysate (also called dialysis fluid) concentrate consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and dextrose mixed in an acid solution; this solution is mixed with the purified water and a chemical buffer. This forms the dialysate solution, which contains the basic electrolytes found in human blood. This dialysate solution contains charged ions that conducts electricity. During dialysis, the conductivity of dialysis solution is continuously monitored to ensure that the water and dialysate concentrate are being mixed in the proper proportions. Both excessively concentrated dialysis solution and excessively dilute solution can cause severe clinical problems.
Chemical buffers such as bicarbonate or lactate can alternatively be added to regulate the pH of the dialysate. Both buffers can stabilize the pH of the solution at a physiological level with no negative impacts on the patient. There is some evidence of a reduction in the incidence of heart and blood problems and high blood pressure events when using bicarbonate as the pH buffer compared to lactate. However, the mortality rates after using both buffers do not show a significative difference.

Dialyzer
The dialyzer is the piece of equipment that actually filters the blood. Almost all dialyzers in use today are of the hollow-fiber variety. A cylindrical bundle of hollow fibers, whose walls are composed of semi-permeable membrane, is anchored at each end into potting compound (a sort of glue).  This assembly is then put into a clear plastic cylindrical shell with four openings. One opening or blood port at each end of the cylinder communicates with each end of the bundle of hollow fibers. This forms the "blood compartment" of the dialyzer. Two other ports are cut into the side of the cylinder. These communicate with the space around the hollow fibers, the "dialysate compartment." Blood is pumped via the blood ports through this bundle of very thin capillary-like tubes, and the dialysate is pumped through the space surrounding the fibers. Pressure gradients are applied when necessary to move fluid from the blood to the dialysate compartment.

Membrane and flux
Dialyzer membranes come with different pore sizes. Those with smaller pore size are called "low-flux" and those with larger pore sizes are called "high-flux." Some larger molecules, such as beta-2-microglobulin, are not removed at all with low-flux dialyzers; lately, the trend has been to use high-flux dialyzers. However, such dialyzers require newer dialysis machines and high-quality dialysis solution to control the rate of fluid removal properly and to prevent backflow of dialysis solution impurities into the patient through the membrane.

Dialyzer membranes used to be made primarily of cellulose (derived from cotton linter). The surface of such membranes was not very biocompatible, because exposed hydroxyl groups would activate complement in the blood passing by the membrane. Therefore, the basic, "unsubstituted" cellulose membrane was modified. One change was to cover these hydroxyl groups with acetate groups (cellulose acetate); another was to mix in some compounds that would inhibit complement activation at the membrane surface (modified cellulose). The original "unsubstituted cellulose" membranes are no longer in wide use, whereas cellulose acetate and modified cellulose dialyzers are still used. Cellulosic membranes can be made in either low-flux or high-flux configuration, depending on their pore size.

Another group of membranes is made from synthetic materials, using polymers such as polyarylethersulfone, polyamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polycarbonate, and polyacrylonitrile. These synthetic membranes activate complement to a lesser degree than unsubstituted cellulose membranes. However, they are in general more hydrophobic which leads to increased adsorption of proteins to the membrane surface which in turn can lead to complement system activation. Synthetic membranes can be made in either low- or high-flux configuration, but most are high-flux.

Nanotechnology is being used in some of the most recent high-flux membranes to create a uniform pore size. The goal of high-flux membranes is to pass relatively large molecules such as beta-2-microglobulin (MW 11,600 daltons), but not to pass albumin (MW ~66,400 daltons). Every membrane has pores in a range of sizes.  As pore size increases, some high-flux dialyzers begin to let albumin pass out of the blood into the dialysate. This is thought to be undesirable, although one school of thought holds that removing some albumin may be beneficial in terms of removing protein-bound uremic toxins.

Membrane flux and outcome
Whether using a high-flux dialyzer improves patient outcomes is somewhat controversial, but several important studies have suggested that it has clinical benefits. The NIH-funded HEMO trial compared survival and hospitalizations in patients randomized to dialysis with either low-flux or high-flux membranes. Although the primary outcome (all-cause mortality) did not reach statistical significance in the group randomized to use high-flux membranes, several secondary outcomes were better in the high-flux group. A recent Cochrane analysis concluded that benefit of membrane choice on outcomes has not yet been demonstrated.  A collaborative randomized trial from Europe, the MPO (Membrane Permeabilities Outcomes) study, comparing mortality in patients just starting dialysis using either high-flux or low-flux membranes, found a nonsignificant trend to improved survival in those using high-flux membranes, and a survival benefit in patients with lower serum albumin levels or in diabetics.

Membrane flux and beta-2-microglobulin amyloidosis

High-flux dialysis membranes and/or intermittent internal on-line hemodiafiltration (iHDF) may also be beneficial in reducing complications of beta-2-microglobulin accumulation. Because beta-2-microglobulin is a large molecule, with a molecular weight of about 11,600 daltons, it does not pass at all through low-flux dialysis membranes. Beta-2-M is removed with high-flux dialysis, but is removed even more efficiently with IHDF. After several years (usually at least 5–7), patients on hemodialysis begin to develop complications from beta-2-M accumulation, including carpal tunnel syndrome, bone cysts, and deposits of this amyloid in joints and other tissues. Beta-2-M amyloidosis can cause very serious complications, including spondyloarthropathy, and often is associated with shoulder joint problems. Observational studies from Europe and Japan have suggested that using high-flux membranes in dialysis mode, or IHDF, reduces beta-2-M complications in comparison to regular dialysis using a low-flux membrane.KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hemodialysis Adequacy, 2006 Updates. CPR 5.

Dialyzers and efficiency
Dialyzers come in many different sizes. A larger dialyzer with a larger membrane area (A) will usually remove more solutes than a smaller dialyzer, especially at high blood flow rates.  This also depends on the membrane permeability coefficient K0 for the solute in question. So dialyzer efficiency is usually expressed as the K0A – the product of permeability coefficient and area. Most dialyzers have membrane surface areas of 0.8 to 2.2 square meters, and values of K0A ranging from about 500 to 1500 mL/min. K0A'', expressed in mL/min, can be thought of as the maximum clearance of a dialyzer at very high blood and dialysate flow rates.

Reuse of dialyzers
The dialyzer may either be discarded after each treatment or be reused. Reuse requires an extensive procedure of high-level disinfection. Reused dialyzers are not shared between patients. There was an initial controversy about whether reusing dialyzers worsened patient outcomes. The consensus today is that reuse of dialyzers, if done carefully and properly, produces similar outcomes to single use of dialyzers.

Dialyzer Reuse is a practice that has been around since the invention of the product. This practice includes the cleaning of a used dialyzer to be reused multiple times for the same patient. Dialysis clinics reuse dialyzers to become more economical and reduce the high costs of "single-use" dialysis which can be extremely expensive and wasteful. Single used dialyzers are initiated just once and then thrown out creating a large amount of bio-medical waste with no mercy for cost savings. If done right, dialyzer reuse can be very safe for dialysis patients.

There are two ways of reusing dialyzers, manual and automated. Manual reuse involves the cleaning of a dialyzer by hand. The dialyzer is semi-disassembled then flushed repeatedly before being rinsed with water. It is then stored with a liquid disinfectant(PAA) for 18+ hours until its next use. Although many clinics outside the USA use this method, some clinics are switching toward a more automated/streamlined process as the dialysis practice advances. The newer method of automated reuse is achieved by means of a medical device that began in the early 1980s. These devices are beneficial to dialysis clinics that practice reuse – especially for large dialysis clinical entities – because they allow for several back to back cycles per day. The dialyzer is first pre-cleaned by a technician, then automatically cleaned by machine through a step-cycles process until it is eventually filled with liquid disinfectant for storage. Although automated reuse is more effective than manual reuse, newer technology has sparked even more advancement in the process of reuse. When reused over 15 times with current methodology, the dialyzer can lose B2m, middle molecule clearance and fiber pore structure integrity, which has the potential to reduce the effectiveness of the patient's dialysis session. Currently, as of 2010, newer, more advanced reprocessing technology has proven the ability to eliminate the manual pre-cleaning process altogether and has also proven the potential to regenerate (fully restore) all functions of a dialyzer to levels that are approximately equivalent to single-use for more than 40 cycles. As medical reimbursement rates begin to fall even more, many dialysis clinics are continuing to operate effectively with reuse programs especially since the process is easier and more streamlined than before.

Epidemiology

Hemodialysis was one of the most common procedures performed in U.S. hospitals in 2011, occurring in 909,000 stays (a rate of 29 stays per 10,000 population).  This was an increase of 68 percent from 1997, when there were 473,000 stays.  It was the fifth most common procedure for patients aged 45–64 years.

History
Many have played a role in developing dialysis as a practical treatment for renal failure, starting with Thomas Graham of Glasgow, who first presented the principles of solute transport across a semipermeable membrane in 1854. The artificial kidney was first developed by Abel, Rountree, and Turner in 1913, the first hemodialysis in a human being was by Haas (February 28, 1924) and the artificial kidney was developed into a clinically useful apparatus by Kolff in 1943 – 1945. This research showed that life could be prolonged in patients dying of kidney failure.

Willem Kolff was the first to construct a working dialyzer in 1943. The first successfully treated patient was a 67-year-old woman in uremic coma who regained consciousness after 11 hours of hemodialysis with Kolff's dialyzer in 1945. At the time of its creation, Kolff's goal was to provide life support during recovery from acute renal failure. After World War II ended, Kolff donated the five dialyzers he had made to hospitals around the world, including Mount Sinai Hospital, New York. Kolff gave a set of blueprints for his hemodialysis machine to George Thorn at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. This led to the manufacture of the next generation of Kolff's dialyzer, a stainless steel Kolff-Brigham dialysis machine.

According to McKellar (1999), a significant contribution to renal therapies was made by Canadian surgeon Gordon Murray with the assistance of two doctors, an undergraduate chemistry student, and research staff.  Murray's work was conducted simultaneously and independently from that of Kolff.  Murray's work led to the first successful artificial kidney built in North America in 1945–46, which was successfully used to treat a 26-year-old woman out of a uraemic coma in Toronto.  The less-crude, more compact, second-generation "Murray-Roschlau" dialyser was invented in 1952–53, whose designs were stolen by German immigrant Erwin Halstrup, and passed off as his own (the "Halstrup–Baumann artificial kidney").

By the 1950s, Willem Kolff's invention of the dialyzer was used for acute renal failure, but it was not seen as a viable treatment for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). At the time, doctors believed it was impossible for patients to have dialysis indefinitely for two reasons. First, they thought no man-made device could replace the function of kidneys over the long term. In addition, a patient undergoing dialysis developed damaged veins and arteries, so that after several treatments, it became difficult to find a vessel to access the patient's blood.

The original Kolff kidney was not very useful clinically, because it did not allow for removal of excess fluid. Swedish professor Nils Alwall encased a modified version of this kidney inside a stainless steel canister, to which a negative pressure could be applied, in this way effecting the first truly practical application of hemodialysis, which was done in 1946 at the University of Lund. Alwall also was arguably the inventor of the arteriovenous shunt for dialysis.  He reported this first in 1948 where he used such an arteriovenous shunt in rabbits. Subsequently, he used such shunts, made of glass, as well as his canister-enclosed dialyzer, to treat 1500 patients in renal failure between 1946 and 1960, as reported to the First International Congress of Nephrology held in Evian in September 1960.  Alwall was appointed to a newly created Chair of Nephrology at the University of Lund in 1957.  Subsequently, he collaborated with Swedish businessman Holger Crafoord to found one of the key companies that would manufacture dialysis equipment in the past 50 years, Gambro. The early history of dialysis has been reviewed by Stanley Shaldon.

Belding H. Scribner, working with the biomechanical engineer Wayne Quinton, modified the glass shunts used by Alwall by making them from Teflon.  Another key improvement was to connect them to a short piece of silicone elastomer tubing.  This formed the basis of the so-called Scribner shunt, perhaps more properly called the Quinton-Scribner shunt. After treatment, the circulatory access would be kept open by connecting the two tubes outside the body using a small U-shaped Teflon tube, which would shunt the blood from the tube in the artery back to the tube in the vein.

In 1962, Scribner started the world's first outpatient dialysis facility, the Seattle Artificial Kidney Center, later renamed the Northwest Kidney Centers. Immediately the problem arose of who should be given dialysis, since demand far exceeded the capacity of the six dialysis machines at the center. Scribner decided that he would not make the decision about who would receive dialysis and who would not. Instead, the choices would be made by an anonymous committee, which could be viewed as one of the first bioethics committees.

For a detailed history of successful and unsuccessful attempts at dialysis, including pioneers such as Abel and Roundtree, Haas, and Necheles, see this review by Kjellstrand.

See also
 Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
 Aluminium toxicity in people on dialysis

References

External links

Your Kidneys and How They Work – (American) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH.
Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure – (American) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH.
Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis – (American) National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, NIH.

Renal dialysis
Toxicology treatments
Membrane technology

Hemodialysis


İbrahim Ağa Camii, İstanbul'un Kadıköy ilçesindeki bir camidir.

Mescit olarak inşa edilmişti. 3. Murat'ın Babüssaade Ağası İbrahim Ağa tarafından 1588'de yapılan bina uzun süre Kadiri Tekkesi olarak kullanılmış, 1. Mahmut döneminde tekrar camiiye dönüştürülmüştür.

Mimar Levent Ersun'un araştırmalarına göre çatı ahşap, duvarlar kâgir, minaresi de tuğladandır. Sonradan bir minare daha eklenmiştir.

Kadıköy'deki camiler
Koşuyolu, Kadıköy
İstanbul'daki Osmanlı camileri

İbrahim Ağa Camii


Néa Iraklítsa, en , est un village du dème de Pangéo dans le district régional de Kavála en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace en Grèce. La localité est située dans la partie occidentale du golfe de Kavála.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace
Géographie de Kavála (district régional)

Néa Iraklítsa


El cacique de yelmo o conoto de casquete (Cacicus oseryi) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de América del Sur. Fue clasificado en el género monotípico Clypicterus aunque los análisis genéticos lo han situado en el género Cacicus.

Se encuentra en Bolivia, Brasil, Ecuador y Perú. Su hábitat natural son los bosques húmedos de tierras bajas tropicales o subtropicales.

Referencias

oseryi
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Émile Deville

Cacicus oseryi


Mirotvorac (eng. Peacemaker) je američka televizijska serija koju je stvorio James Gunn za streaming uslugu HBO Max. Snimljena kao spin-off filma Odred otpisanih: Nova misija (2021.), to je prva televizijska serija proizvedena unutar DC Extended Universea.

Serija se fokusira na Christophera Smitha / Mirotvorca, lika iz stripa DC Comicsa, počevši od njegovog ulaska u Projekt leptir, tajnu misiju koju je smislila savezna agentica Amanda Waller s ciljem pobjede nad prijetnjom invazije vanzemaljaca.

Serija je premijerno puštena 13. siječnja 2022., na HBO Max-u, a 16. veljače iste godine serija je obnovljena za drugu sezonu.

Glumačka postava
 John Cena kao Christopher Smith / Peacemaker: preživio pucnjavu Bloodsporta,[4] Waller ga je regrutirala kako bi se suprotstavio invaziji vanzemaljskih parazita. Posvećen ostvarenju mira na sve moguće načine, prati ga maskota Eagly. Ima problematičan odnos s ocem Augustom Smithom, čiji okrutni karakter odbija priznati.
 Danielle Brooks kao Leota Adebayo: kći Amande Waller, nevoljko ulazi u Projekt Leptir posebno kako bi izvršila tajni zadatak koji je naručila njezina majka. Udana za Keeyu Adebayo, uskoro dokazuje svoju neadekvatnost za misije koje je obavljao Murnov tim.
 Freddie Stroma kao Adrian Chase / Vigilante: nemilosrdni ekscentrični tajni krvnik, odlučuje se pridružiti Projektu Leptir kako bi ostao na strani Mirotvorca, prema kojem ima duboku i bizarnu naklonost.
 Chukwudi Iwuji kao Clemson Murn: A.R.G.U.S.-ov agent na čelu Projekta Leptir.
 Jennifer Holland kao Emilia Harcourt: cinična A.R.G.U.S.-ova agentica, često je nenaviknuta da se upozna sa svojim kolegama. Međutim, zahvaljujući Mirotvorčevoj raskoši, počet će popuštati.
 Steve Agee kao John Economos: A.R.G.U.S.-ov agent zadužen za tehničku podršku.
 Robert Patrick kao August "Auggie" Smith / White Dragon: Mirotvorčev otac, poremećen čovjek, vođa bande neonacista poznate kao "Arijevsko carstvo" (očita referenca na Ku Klux Klan). Ima nezdrav odnos sa sinom, kojeg prezire od dana kada je slučajno ubio starijeg brata (i Augustovog najstarijeg sina) Keitha.

Viola Davis ponavlja svoju filmsku ulogu DCEU-a kao Amanda Waller u nekreditiranom cameu, [27] kao i Jason Momoa kao Arthur Curry / Aquaman i Ezra Miller kao Barry Allen / The Flash. Pojavljuju se i članovi Lige pravde Clark Kent / Superman i Diana Prince / Wonder Woman. Osim toga, Dee Bradley Baker posuđuje glas za Mirotvorčevog orla, Eaglyja.

Pregled serije
Mirotvorac je emitiran počevši od 13. siječnja 2022. na HBO Maxu, sa svoje prve tri epizode. Ostalih pet epizoda objavljeno je tjedno do 17. veljače. Na televiziji je premijerno emitiran u Hrvatskoj na HBO 1, od 23. siječnja 2023.

Produkcija
Dok je završavao rad na filmu Odred otpisanih: Nova misija (2021.) u kolovozu 2020., tijekom mjera COVID-19, pisac i redatelj James Gunn počeo je pisati spin-off televizijsku seriju s naglaskom na podrijetlo Mirotvorca, lika kojeg u filmu glumi John Cena. Gunn je rekao da je to učinio "uglavnom iz zabave", a ideju je spomenuo producentu filma Peteru Safrana kao nešto što bi želio nastaviti.

HBO Max naručio je Peacemaker u rujnu 2020., a Gunn je napisao svih osam epizoda prve sezone i režirao pet. Gunn i Peter Safran izabrani su za izvršne producente, dok je Cena bila ko-izvršni producentic. Seriju produciraju Gunn's Troll Court Entertainment i The Safran Company u suradnji s Warner Bros. Television.

U kolovozu 2021., Gunn je izjavio da želi napraviti drugu sezonu serije i obećao da će to učiniti ako HBO Max obnovi seriju. Ponovio je to nakon premijere serije u siječnju 2022., unatoč činjenici da on i Cena još uvijek nisu imali dogovora za povratak u drugu sezonu, a Gunn je želio uzeti pauzu nakon nekoliko napornih godina.

Početkom studenog 2020. godine Gunn je stigao u Kanadu u dvotjednu karantenu prije nego što je započeo produkciju serije. Snimanje je započelo 15. siječnja 2021. u Vancouveru u Kanadi pod radnim nazivom "The Scriptures". Gunn je odlučio snimati u Vancouveru jer je želio da serija bude smještena na sjeverozapadu Pacifika i zato što je smatrao da će tamo produkcija biti sigurnija jer će se Kanada bolje nositi s pandemijom od Sjedinjenih Država. Gunn je režirao pet epizoda serije, zajedno s Jody Hill, Rosemary Rodriguez i Bradom Andersonom. Jedna od prvih scena koju je snimila produkcija bila je postkreditna scena Odred otpisanih: Nova misija koja je služila kao početak Mirotvorca.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  warnerbros.com
 Mirotvorac na hbomax.com

Američke serije
Dramske serije
Humoristične serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2022.

Mirotvorac (televizijska serija)


Hrvatska je nastupila na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama u Pyongyangu 2018. godine. Hrvatski sportaši nastupili su u tri disipline alpsko skijanje, nordijski skijanje te snowboarding.

Popis hrvatskih natjecatelja

U Pyongyangu nastupio je rekordni broj hrvatskih reprezentativaca na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama, njih sedmero u tri discipline:
 Lovro Dokić - alpsko skijanje
 Dino Sokolović - alpsko skijanje
 Damir Mizdrak - alpsko skijanje
 Eva Goluža - alpsko skijanje
 Josip Zima - nordijsko skijanje
 Antun Bošnjaković - nordijsko skijanje
 Bruno Bošnjak - snowboard

Ostvareni rezultati

Alpsko skijanje

Snowboard

Nordijsko skijanje

Izvori

Vidi još

 Paraolimpijske igre
 XII. Zimske paraolimpijske igre – Pyeongchang 2018.
 Popis zemalja osvajača odličja na ZPI 2018.

Hrvatska na Paraolimpijskim igrama

Hrvatska na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama 2018.


Ambrosio Arce de los Reyes = Ambrosio de los Reyes y Arce (Madrid, ¿1621? - ibid., 1661), dramaturgo español del Siglo de Oro, es autor de Cegar por ver mejor, El hechizo de Sevilla, El Hércules de Hungría, y La mayor victoria de Constantino. También escribió, con Agustín Moreto, Juan de Matos Fragoso, Juan Bautista Diamante,  Francisco de Avellaneda y Sebastián de Villaviciosa, una pieza teatral colaborativa sobre La vida y muerte de San Cayetano.

Bibliografía
Ralph J. Michels, 'A seventeenth century dramatist: Ambrosio de los Reyes y Arce,' Hispanic Review, vol. 5, no. 2 (1937), pp. 159-169.

Arce de los Reyes, Ambrosio
Arce de los Reyes, Ambrosio
Arce de los Reyes, Ambrosio
Dramaturgos de la Comunidad de Madrid
Nacidos en Madrid

Ambrosio Arce


An Pennisetum unisetum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Bentham. An Pennisetum unisetum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pennisetum

Pennisetum unisetum


Proba de patinaj viteză, urmărire echipe feminin de la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 de la Pyeongchang, Coreea de Sud a avut loc pe 21 februarie 2018 la Gangneung Oval, Gangneung.

Program
Orele sunt orele Coreei de Sud (ora României + 7 ore).

Rezultate

Sferturi de finală
Deși aceste curse sunt numite sferturi, nu au avut loc eliminări directe. În schimb echipele au fost clasate ținându-se cont de timp, primele patru echipe ajungând în semifinale.

Sferturile de finală au avut loc la 18 februarie, ora 20:00.

Semifinale

Semifinalele au avut loc pe 21 februarie la ora 20:00.

Finale
Finalele au avut loc pe 21 februarie la 20:54.

Referințe

Patinaj viteză la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018

Patinaj viteză la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 - Urmărire echipe (feminin)


The Shire of Glenelg is a local government area in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia, located in the south-western part of the state. It covers an area of  and in June 2018 had a population of 19,665. It includes the towns of Casterton, Heywood, Merino and Portland. Although a shire of the same name existed before the amalgamations of the mid-1990s, the current Shire was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the former Shire of Glenelg with the Shire of Heywood and City of Portland.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Glenelg Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Portland, it also has service centres located in Casterton and Heywood. The Shire is named after the Glenelg River, a major geographical feature that meanders through the Shire.

At the 2001 Census, the population of the Shire was distributed in the following way:
Portland: 49.7%, Casterton: 8.7%, Heywood: 6.3%, Dartmoor: 1.3%, Merino: 1.1%, Narrawong: 0.9% and Rural Balance: 32%.

Service industries, timber production, grazing and manufacturing are the Shire's main economic activities.

Traditional ownership
The formally recognised traditional owners for the area in which Glenelg Shire sits are the Gunditjmara People who are represented by the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation.

Council

Current composition
The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality. The current councillors, in order of election at the 2020 election, are:

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Portland Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Portland, and its service centres in Casterton and Heywood.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the shire had a population of 20,152 up from 19,557 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

See also

List of localities (Victoria)

References

External links
Glenelg Shire Council official website
Metlink local public transport map
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas of Victoria (state)
Barwon South West (region)

Shire of Glenelg


මනුෂ්‍යයන් විසින් ගින්දර සොයා ගැනීමේ සිට රත් කිරීම හා ආහාර පිසීම සඳහා ඝන ජෛව ඉන්ධන ආකාරයෙන් ජෛව ස්කන්ධ ඉන්ධන භාවිතා කර ඇත. විද්‍යුතයේ සොයා ගැනීමෙන් පසුව විදුලි බලය ගණනය කිරීමට ද ජෛව ඉන්ධන යොදා ගැනීමට හැකි විය. කෙසේ නමුත් පොසිල ඉන්ධනවල (ගල් අඟුරු, වායු හා තෙල්)සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ ප්‍රවාහනය තාපය හා ජවය සඳහා දියුණු වූ ලෝකයේ යොදා ගන්නා ජෛව ස්කන්ධ ඉන්ධන ප්‍රමාණය සීඝ්‍රයෙන් අඩු වී ඇත.

ද්‍රව ජෛව ඉන්ධන වාහන කර්මාන්තයේ මුල් දිනවල සිටම භාවිතයට ගෙන ඇත. අභ්‍යන්තර දහන එන්ජිමෙහි නිර්මාතෘ වූ ජර්මානු ජාතික නිකොලස් ඕගස්ට් ඔටෝ ඔහුගේ හඳුන්වාදීම ධාවනය කළේ එතනෝල් වලිනි. ඩීසල් එන්ජිමෙහි නිර්මාතෘ වූ ජර්මානු ජාතික රුඩොල්ෆ් ඩීසල් එය රටකජු තෙල් මත ධාවනය වීමට නිර්මාණය කළ අතර හෙන්රි ෆෝඩ් විසින් 1903- 1926 දක්වා නිෂ්පාදිත කාරයක් වූ Ford Model T කාරය නිර්මාණය කළේ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම  කංසාවලින් නිපදවන ලද ජෛව ඉන්ධන මඟින් ධාවනය වන ලෙසය. කෙසේ නමුත් පෙන්සිල්වේනියා හා ටෙක්සාස්වල බොරතෙල් විශාල සැපයුම් සොයා ගැනිමත් සමඟ පෙට්‍රෝලියම් ඉන්ධන මිළෙන් අඩු වූ අතර ඉක්මනින් බහුලව භාවිතා කිරීම ආරම්භ විය. මෝටර් රථ හා ට්‍රක් මඟින් ඛනිජ තෙල් / පෙට්‍රෝලියම්: ගැසොලයින්/ පෙට්‍රල් හෝ ඩීසල් මඟින් නිෂ්පාදිත ඉන්ධන යොදා ගැනීම ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.

කෙසේ නමුත් දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයට පෙර හා අතිශය වැදගත් යුධ කාලය තුළ දී ජෛව ඉන්ධන ආනයනික තෙල්වලට විකල්පයක් ලෙස අගයනු ලැබීය. යුධ කාලයේ දී ජර්මනියට අතිශය තෙල් හිඟවලට මුහුණ දීමට සිදු වූ අතර එමනිසා ශක්ති නව නිපැයුම් සිදු විය. මෙයට අර්තාපල්වලින් පැසවූ ඇල්කොහොල් සමඟ ගැසොලයින් මිශ්‍ර කිරීමෙන් සෑදු Reichskraftsprip ලෙස හැඳින්වූ මිශ්‍රණයක් යොදා ගෙන වාහන ධාවනය කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ දී ඩිස්ටිලර්ස් සීමා සහිත සමාගම විසින් discol යන නම යටතේ ධාන්‍ය ඇල්කොහොල පෙට්‍රල් සමඟ මිශ්‍ර කර ඊසෝගේ අනුබද්ධ ක්ලේව්ලන් හරහා වෙළඳපොළ ගත කිරීම සිදු කරන ලදී.

සාම පසු යුධ කාලයේ දී මැද පෙරදිග මිළෙන් අඩු තෙල් මඟින් ජෛව ඉන්ධනවල ආර්ථික හා භූ දේශපාලනික උනන්දුව අඩු කරන ලදී. ඉන්පසුව 1973 දී හා 1979 දී මැදපෙරදිග භූ දේශපාලනික ගැටුම් නිසා ඔපෙක් සංවිධානය විසින් අපනයනය කිරීම් නැවැත් වූ අතර එමනිසා ඔපෙක් සංවිධානයට අයත් නොවන රටවල් ඔවුන්ගේ තෙල් සැපයුම්වල ඉතා විශාල අඩු වීම්වලට මුහුණ දුනි. මෙම ශක්ති අර්බුදය ප්‍රබල හිඟ වීම්වලට හේතු වූ අතර අධි වැදගත්කමකින් යුත් තෙල් මත පදනම් වූ නිෂ්පාදන සීඝ්‍රයෙන් වර්ධනය විය. (විශේෂයෙන් පෙට්‍රල්/ ගැසොලින්) ශක්ති අර්බුදය හා ජෛව ඉන්ධන පිළිබඳ ආණ්ඩු හා අධ්‍යාපන අංශ යොමු කරන අවධානය ද ක්‍රම ක්‍රමයෙන් වැඩි විය. සැපයුමෙහි හා ඉල්ලුමෙහි අඩු වැඩි වීම්, ශක්ති ප්‍රතිපත්ති, යුධ ගැටුම් හා පාරිසරික බලපෑම් යන සියල්ල ශක්තිය හා ඉන්ධන සඳහා වූ අතිශය සංකීර්ණ හා චංචල වෙළඳපොළ සඳහා දායක වී ඇත.

වසර 2000 දී හා ඉන්පසුව ජෛව ඉන්ධන පිළිබඳ අලුත් වූ අවධානයන් දක්නට ලැබුණි. ජෛව ඉන්ධන පර්යේෂණ හා දියුණු කිරීම්වලට දායක වූ සාධකවලට දිනෙන් දින වැඩි වන තෙල් මිළ විය හැකි තෙල් උද්ධමනය, හරිතාගාර වායු විමෝචනය (ගෝලීය උණුසුම්කරණය හා දේශගුණික වෙනස් වීම් ඇති කරන) , ප්‍ර‍දේශීය ප්‍රදේශ දියුණු කිරීම හා මැද පෙරදිග අස්ථායී බව ඇතුළත් වේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#History_and_policy

ජෛව ඉන්ධන - ඉතිහාසය හා ක්‍රියා මාර්ග


Die Moreland Motor Truck Company war ein US-amerikanischer Kraftfahrzeughersteller.

Beschreibung
Watt Moreland, der vorher für die Durocar Manufacturing Company tätig war, gründete 1909 die Moreland Motor Car Company. Das Unternehmen wurde auf Betreiben lokaler Unternehmer in Burbank (Kalifornien) angesiedelt. Zunächst entstanden einige wenige Personenkraftwagen. Schon bald, etwa 1911, wurde der Schwerpunkt auf Nutzfahrzeuge gelegt. Zu dieser Zeit war dann schon die neue Firmierung gültig. Die Marke war ein Pionier von Lastkraftwagen mit Doppelachsen, der Leichtbauweise im Nutzfahrzeugbereich und des Dieselantriebs.

Die ersten Moreland-Lkw waren mit einem Gesamtgewicht von 1½, 3, 3½ oder 5 tons erhältlich. Die Kraftübertragung erfolgte bei den kleineren Modellen mit Kardanwelle, bei den größeren wie üblich mit Antriebsketten. Moreland kaufte die Motoren von externen Zulieferern, vor allem Hercules und Continental. Getriebe kamen üblicherweise von Brown-Lipe, die Elektrik von Dixie oder Auto-Lite und Vergaser von Miller oder Dixi.

1924 ergänzte eine Version mit 6 tons das Angebot nach oben und Moreland stellte einen Doppeldeckerbus mit Doppelachse für 60 Passagiere auf die Räder. Der Antrieb erfolgte durch einen Sechszylindermotor von Continental auf beide hinteren Achsen. Das Fahrzeug hatte sowohl hydraulische Bremsen von Lockheed wie Luftdruckbremsen von Westinghouse. Es war für einen rentablen Busbetrieb jedoch zu teuer und ging nicht in Serie.

Mit dem TX6 erschien im folgenden Jahr ein größerer Lkw mit einem Continental-Sechszylindel Modell 14H und einer Doppelachse eigener Konstruktion. Moreland war damit praktisch zeitgleich mit einem kalifornischen Mitbewerber, Fageol als erster auf dem Markt. Einige Modelle erhielten Motoren von Waukesha. Mit dem Ace erschien ein Zweiachser mit 1,7 tons. Ebenfalls zwei Achsen hatte der deutliche schwerere Californian mit einem Leergewicht von 4 tons und einer Zuladung von 3 tons. Das für die Zeit günstige Leistungsgewicht wurde durch konsequente Leichtbauweise ermöglicht.

Moreland war Ende der 1920er Jahre der größte Nutzfahrzeughersteller im Westen der USA. Das beste Jahr des Unternehmens war 1929. Das Unternehmen lieferte annähernd 1000 Lkw, Omnibusse und Anhänger aus und unterhielt in Kalifornien neben dem Hauptsitz in Burbank das Unternehmen Niederlassungen in Los Angeles, San Diego, Bakersfield, Stockton, Oakland, Santa Ana, El Centro, Fresno, Sacramento und San Francisco. Weitere gab es in Portland (Oregon), Spokane (Washington), Salt Lake City (Utah) und Seattle (Washington). Die großen Moreland-Modelle erhielten Doppelachsen eigener Konstruktion; für kleinere Modelle wie den Road Runner RR wurden sie von Timken zugekauft. Die Road Runner Baureihe umfasste Zweiachser mit 2-5 tons und Road Preserver Dreiachser mit 5-6 tons oder 10 tons.

Das Programm für 1929 umfasste:

 Road Runner RR (Zweiachser, 2 tons, Motor Continental Six Red Seal)
 Road Runner BX (Zweiachser, 2-2½ tons, Motor Continental Six Red Seal)
 Road Runner EXX (Zweiachser, 2½-3½ tons)
 Road Runner AXX (Zweiachser, 3½-5 tons)
 Road Preserver SX (Dreiachser, 5-6 tons)
 Road Preserver TX (Dreiachser, 10 tons)

Dank der Doppelachsen wurden Lastwagen für den Einsatz in der Forstwirtschaft eine Spezialität. So erhielt das Forstamt von Los Angeles (LA Division of Forestry) 1930 einen Moreland 3-Tonner und rüstete ihn selber zu einem Feuerwehrfahrzeug zur Bekämpfung von Buschbränden aus. In den folgenden Jahren ging die Produktion deutlich zurück. Moreland verlegte sich zunehmend auf den Anhänger- und Karosseriebau und entwickelte ein Kühlfahrzeug. 1931 wurde mit Fageol über eine Fusion verhandelt die jedoch nicht zustande kam. Das Unternehmen produzierte schließlich mehr oder weniger auf Bestellung. Durch den Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde es zunehmend schwieriger, notwendige Materialien zu erhalten. Die Lkw-Herstellung endete deshalb 1941. Im Moreland-Werk montierte die Vega Aircraft Corporation mehrere Tausend Kampfflugzeuge und Bomber. Moreland selber bestand als Ersatzteillieferant bis 1949.

Modelle (Auswahl)
 19C (Zweiachser, 2½ tons, Motor Continental E4 Vierzylinder mit 5,6 Liter Hubraum, ab ca. 1919)
 TX6 (Dreiachser, 6 und 10 tons; ab 1925)
 Ace (Zweiachser, 1.72 tons, Motor Continental)
 Californian (Zweiachser, 7 tons, Motor Hercules)
 Road Runner (Baureihe)
 Road Preserver
 WS6

Personenkraftwagen
1909, 1912, 1916, 1917 und 1924 wurden einige Pkw hergestellt. So sind für 1912 sechs Pkw überliefert. Das Modell von 1916 blieb ein Prototyp mit einer besonderen Kraftübertragung. 1917 waren in Kalifornien vier Pkw von Moreland registriert. Für 1924 war eine luxuriös ausgestattete Limousine angekündigt, die ebenfalls ein Prototyp blieb.

Weblinks

 coachbuilt.com: Markengeschichte (englisch)
 hankstruckpictures.com: Moreland (englisch)
 trombinoscar.com: Moreland 19C 2.5 tons Flachbett-Lkw (1919) (französisch)
 trombinoscar.com: Moreland Feuerwehr zum Einsatz bei Buschbränden (1930) (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Lkw-Hersteller (Vereinigte Staaten)
Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Kalifornien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Burbank, Los Angeles County)
Gegründet 1909
Aufgelöst 1949
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Burbank, Los Angeles County)

Moreland Motor Truck Company


Burg Wachenheim, gelegentlich auch Oberburg Wachenheim, Schloss Wachenheim (Pfrimm) oder heute Schlossgut Lüll genannt, ist eine im Kern mittelalterliche Burg- bzw. Schlossanlage in Wachenheim im südlichen Rheinhessen.

Sie ist nicht zu verwechseln mit der Wachenburg, der gelegentlich fälschlicherweise ebenso bezeichneten Wachtenburg oder mit Schloss Wachenheim in dem etwas südlicher gelegenen Ort Wachenheim an der Weinstraße und der sich hier befindenden Sektkellerei Schloss Wachenheim.

Lage
Die Anlage befindet sich in der Ortsmitte der Gemeinde Wachenheim im Zellertal (Verbandsgemeinde Monsheim) im rheinland-pfälzischen Landkreis Alzey-Worms. Sie steht auf einer Höhe von etwa 160 m über NHN gut 200 m südlich (rechts) der Pfrimm. Die Adresse lautet: "Hauptstraße 41–45, 67591 Wachenheim". Die zugehörige Parkanlage wird im Süden von der "Wormser Straße" (B 47) begrenzt. Hier befindet sich auch unweit entfernt der Haltepunkt Wachenheim-Mölsheim an der in den Sommermonaten an Sonn- und Feiertagen im Touristenverkehr betriebenen Zellertalbahn.

Geschichte
Der Ursprung der Burg ist unbekannt. Nach Karl Würth gab es ursprünglich drei Burganlagen in Wachenheim. Die älteste soll sich im Bereich des Romberger Hofs befunden haben und vom Erzstift Trier erbaut worden sein oder sich in dessen Besitz befunden haben. Hierüber gibt es offenbar aber weder einen gesicherten Nachweis durch historische Quellen noch durch archäologische Funde.

Geschichtlich gesichert ist, dass Pfalzgraf Ludwig der Strenge 1278 Emich IV. aus dem Leininger Grafengeschlecht zum Burgmann in Wachenheim ernannt hat, wobei angenommen wird, dass es sich um den gleichnamigen Ort an der Pfrimm handelt. Die Existenz einer Burg in Wachenheim seit 1324 ist urkundlich belegt, als ein "Ritter Dietz von Wachenheim" dem Pfalzgrafen Adolf die Lehensrechte des ihm gehörigen Anteils der Burg auftrug. Schon zu jener Zeit war die damalige Anlage offenbar ein Ganerbe der Herren von Wachenheim, da 1336 auch ein weiterer Teileigentümer, "Gerhard von Wachenheim" dem Trierer Erzbischof Balduin von Luxemburg seinen Besitzteil zum Lehen vermachte. In den folgenden Jahren wurde die Burg, die sich teilweise im Familienbesitz derer von Wachenheim befand bzw. belehnt und danach offenbar zumindest teilweise rückübertragen wurde, von den Mitgliedern des Geschlechts derer von Wachenheim bewohnt. Bei dieser älteren Burganlage handelte es sich um die "Unterburg" oder das "Unterschloss", von dem heutzutage keine baulichen Relikte mehr vorhanden sind.

Die heute noch bestehende Burg, auch "Oberburg" oder "Oberschloss" genannt, wurde um 1471 bzw. 1480 (eventuell nach einer teilweisen Zerstörung der Unterburg) in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft mit dem heute noch bestehenden Wohnturm als Ursprung oder Kern der neuen Burg erbaut. Zunächst sich noch in den Händen der Herren von Wachenheim befindlich, wechselten die Eigentums-, Besitz-,  Lehens- und Wittumsrechte an der Burg in der Folgezeit mehrfach. So werden unter anderem die Adelsgeschlechter von der Leyen, Landschad von Steinach, Carben, und Leiningen-Westerburg als Teileigentümer, Lehensgeber und -nehmer genannt. Im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert ging Burg Wachenheim in das Eigentum derer von Botzheim über.

Die weder im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg noch von französischen Revolutionstruppen zerstörte Burg wurde im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert ausgebaut und erweitert. 1889 verkaufte die Witwe Julie Valerie Steeg das Oberschloss mit dem zugehörigen Gut an Gutsbesitzer Jakob Heinrich Stauffer und seine Gemahlin Margareta, geborene Schilling aus Ibersheim für 232.000 Mark. Nach dessen Tod 1925 kam das Anwesen auf dem Heiratsweg in den Besitz von Karl Lüll, 1943 an Hans Lüll und 1976 an Hans und Lotti Lüll.

Beschreibung
Ältester erhaltener Teil der Burg ist der gotische Bergfried (offenbar) aus der Zeit um 1470/71. Er überragt die übrigen Schlossgebäude sowie die Wohnhäuser des Ortes deutlich und ist eine charakteristische Landmarke in der Silhouette von Wachenheim. Der im Grundriss rechteckige Turm mit einer Seitenlänge von 11 × 8 Metern und einer Mauerstärke von etwa 1,1 m ist aus (heute nur noch teilweise verputzten) Bruchsteinen errichtet, wobei einige Ecksteine aus Buntsandsteinen bestehen. Er diente als Wohnturm und gilt mit seinen auf dem Kellergewölbe aufragenden sechs Vollgeschossen und dem nicht ausgebauten Dachgeschoss unter dem Walmdach als der höchster seiner Art in Rheinhessen. An der nördlichen Seite ist ein halbrunder Treppenturm angebaut, der bis zur dritten Etage reicht. Ein Seitentrakt wird in seiner Erbauung auf das Jahr 1572 datiert.

Das offenbar älteste der den geräumigen Innenhof umgebenden  Wirtschaftsgebäude stammt aus dem Jahr 1617. Die Toranlage wurde 1892 erbaut und die übrigen eingeschossigen Wirtschaftstrakte und Stallungen stammen aus der Zeit um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert.

Die die weitläufige Parkanlage mit einem barocken Gartenhaus einfriedende Burg- oder Wehrmauer wird auf das 14. bis 16. Jahrhundert datiert.

Das wohl jüngste denkmalgeschützte Gebäude der Anlage ist das nördlich des Wohnturms stehende 1901 im neugotischen Stil errichtete villen- bzw. schlösschenähnliche Wohngebäude. Der zweieinhalb- bis dreigeschossige Bau besteht aus verputztem und hell gestrichenen Mauerwerk, während unter anderem das Kellergeschoss, eine Hochterrasse mit angebautem Torbogen, die Eckpilaster, die Umrahmungen der Türen und Fenster sowie weitere Zierelemente der Fassade in unverputzten roten Buntsandsteinen ausgeführt sind. Aus der Frontfassade des Wohnbaus tritt ein achteckiges Türmchen mit etwa gleicher Höhe hervor. An der Westflanke befindet sich ein zweiter, etwas höherer runder steinerner Turm, dessen in Fachwerkbauweise erbautes Obergeschoss ebenfalls eine oktogonale Form aufweist.

Denkmalschutz
Die Burganlage steht unter Denkmalschutz und ist in der Liste der Kulturdenkmale des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz eingetragen.

Heutige Nutzung
Die Burg wird heute von dem Eigentümer bewohnt und als Weingut bewirtschaftet. In den Räumen der Burg sowie in der etwa 17.000 m² großen Parkanlage, die um 1747 im Stil des Spätbarock/Rokoko angelegt wurde und teilweise als Skulpturengarten dient, finden private Feierlichkeiten oder gelegentlich allgemein zugängliche Veranstaltungen statt. Hierbei können der Innenhof, die Parkanlage und gegebenenfalls einzelne Gebäude besichtigt werden.

Literatur
 Friedrich Wilhelm Krahe: Burgen des Deutschen Mittelalters, Grundriss-Lexikon. Weidlich/Flechsig, Würzburg 1994, ISBN 3-8035-1372-3, S. 630.
 Pfälzisches Burgenlexikon. Band 4.2: St-Z. Kaiserslautern 2007, ISBN 978-3-927754-56-0.

Weblinks

 Homepage von Schlossgut Lüll
 Die Oberburg in Wachenheim

Einzelnachweise

Burg
Kulturdenkmal im Landkreis Alzey-Worms
Wachenheim
Wachenheim

Burg Wachenheim


Calcitonin (også kendt som thyrocalcitonin) er et af tre hormoner som produceres i thyroidea, skjoldbruskkirtlen; de to andre er triiodthyronin (T3) og thyroxin (T4). Den vigtigste funktion er at virker modsat PTH, parathyroideahormonet på knoglestoffskiftet. PTH stimulurer osteoklasterne til at nedbryde knoglemasse. Disse celler bevirker at magnesium og calcium frigøres, således at blodkoncentrationerne af disse stoffer forøges. Calcitonin hindrer at knoglerne afgiver calcium til blodet, ved at inhibere osteroklasterne, og stimulerer knoglebyggende osteoblast celler. Calcium regnes for at være det mineral som er strengest reguleret i kroppen, styret af komplicerede prosesser.

Calcitonin er blevet fundet i fisk, krybdyr, fugle og pattedyr.

Calcitonin er et peptidhormon, der består af 32 aminosyrer.

Funktion

Calcitonin deltager i calcium- og fosformetabolismen og modvirker derved parathyreoideahormonet (PTH) og D-vitamin

Mere specifikt sænker calcitonin blodets koncentration af calciumioner (Ca2+) på to måder:

 Større virkning: Hæmmer aktiviteten af osteoclaster, de knoglenedbrydende celler.
 Mindre virkning: Hæmmer den renale tubulære reabsorption af calciumioner (Ca2+) og fosfat i de tubulære celler i nyrerne udskillelsen i urinen fremmes.

Biokemi

Calcitonin dannes ved proteolytisk spaltning af et større prepropeptide, der er translateret fra CALC1 genet (CALCA). Dette gen udtrykker en familie af forstadier til relatede hormoner: Beta-amyloid eller islet amyloid precursor protein, CGRP eller calcitonin gen-relateret peptid og forstadiet til adrenomedullin.

Calcitonin består af en kæde af 32 aminosyrer. Forskellen mellem calcitonin fra menneske og fra laks er en variation i 16 aminosyrer.
 Calcitonin fra laks:
      Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro
 Calcitonin fra menneske:
      Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro

Sekretion af calcitonin er stimuleret af:

 en stigning i serumkoncentrationen af calciumioner
 gastrin og pentagastrin.

Receptoren for calcitonin receptor findes på osteoklaster, i nyrer og i regioner af hjernen. Receptoren er en G-protein-koblet receptor, og signaltransduktionen sker via Gs, adenylatcyclase og dannelse af cAMP.

Som lægemiddel

Calcitonin fremstilles ud fra fisk, specielt fra laks, som lægemiddel.

Calcitonin kan bruges terapeutisk til behandling af osteoporose.

Eksterne links og referencer

Hormoner
Lægemidler

Calcitonin