Walter Reginald Hammond (19 June 1903 – 1 July 1965) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Gloucestershire in a career that lasted from 1920 to 1951. Beginning as a professional, he later became an amateur and was appointed captain of England. Primarily a middle-order batsman, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack described him in his obituary as one of the four best batsmen in the history of cricket. He was considered to be the best English batsman of the 1930s by commentators and those with whom he played; they also said that he was one of the best slip fielders ever. Hammond was an effective fast-medium pace bowler and contemporaries believed that if he had been less reluctant to bowl, he could have achieved even more with the ball than he did.

In a Test career spanning 85 matches, he scored 7,249 runs and took 83 wickets. Hammond captained England in 20 of those Tests, winning four, losing three, and drawing 13. His career aggregate of runs was the highest in Test cricket until surpassed by Colin Cowdrey in 1970; his total of 22 Test centuries remained an English record until Alastair Cook surpassed it in December 2012. In 1933, he set a record for the highest individual Test innings of 336 not out, surpassed by Len Hutton in 1938. In all first-class cricket, he scored 50,551 runs and 167 centuries, respectively the seventh and third highest totals by a first-class cricketer.

Although Hammond began his career in 1920, he was required to wait until 1923 before he could play full-time, after his qualification to play for Gloucestershire was challenged. His potential was spotted immediately and after three full seasons, he was chosen to visit the West Indies in 1925–26 as a member of a Marylebone Cricket Club touring party, but contracted a serious illness on the tour. He began to score heavily after his recovery in 1927 and was selected for England. In the 1928–29 series against Australia he scored 905 runs, then a record aggregate for a Test series. He dominated county cricket in the 1930s and, despite a mid-decade slump in Test form, was made captain of England in 1938. He continued as captain after the Second World War, but his health had deteriorated and he retired from first-class cricket after an unsuccessful tour of Australia in 1946–47. He appeared in two more first-class matches in the early 1950s.

Hammond was married twice, divorcing his first wife in acrimonious circumstances, and had a reputation for infidelity. His relationships with other players were difficult; teammates and opponents alike found him hard to get along with. He was unsuccessful in business dealings and failed to establish a successful career once he retired from cricket. He moved to South Africa in the 1950s in an attempt to start a business, but this came to nothing. As a result, he and his family struggled financially. Shortly after beginning a career as a sports administrator, he was involved in a serious car crash in 1960 which left him frail. He died of a heart attack in 1965.

Early life and career

Childhood and school life
Hammond was born on 19 June 1903 in Dover in Kent. His parents, William—a bombardier in the Royal Garrison Artillery—and Marion Hammond (née Crisp), lived in the married quarters at Dover Castle where Walter was born. They had wed the previous December. Hammond spent his early years in Dover, often playing cricket. When he was five years old, his father was posted to Hong Kong to serve on the China Station and promoted to sergeant. The family remained there until 1911, followed by a posting to Malta until 1914. Hammond later recalled playing cricket in Malta using improvised equipment, including a soldier's old bat which he believed taught him to strike the ball powerfully.

When the First World War broke out, the Hammonds returned to England with the rest of the 46th Company of the Royal Garrison Artillery. William was subsequently posted to France where, promoted to major, he was killed near Amiens in 1918. Marion settled in Southsea and sent Walter to The Portsmouth Grammar School, before moving him in 1918 to board at Cirencester Grammar School, believing that he would benefit from living away from home and hoping to encourage a career in farming. He did not enjoy an easy relationship with his mother, often staying with friends during holidays in preference to returning home.

At both Portsmouth and Cirencester, Hammond excelled at sports including cricket (playing for the Portsmouth Grammar School second eleven), football and fives. At Cirencester, he played football for the school first eleven in his first term. He quickly reached the school cricket first eleven, where he outperformed the other players and became captain in his second season; his headmaster, quickly spotting his potential, encouraged him. His first century was scored in a match against a parents' team from the school. In an inter-house match, he scored 365 not out, albeit against very weak bowling. These achievements brought him some local acclaim. Hammond enjoyed less success in the classroom; his marks were usually low, and he preferred to be out playing cricket.

Leaving Cirencester in July 1920, Hammond planned to go to Winchester Agricultural College, following the path into farming mapped out by his mother. However, his plans changed when his headmaster wrote to the captain of Gloucestershire, Foster Robinson, reporting Hammond's school cricket record and suggesting that they take a look at him. Hammond, who scored a century in his first appearance in adult cricket days after leaving school, played in a trial match for the Gloucestershire Club and Ground, scoring 60 runs, taking two wickets and impressing the local press. Subsequently, two members of Gloucestershire's committee visited Hammond's mother in an attempt to sign him for the club. Hammond's mother was initially reluctant, but his eagerness finally convinced her and he signed a professional contract.

First years with Gloucestershire

Hammond made his first-class debut for Gloucestershire in August 1920. Although his first four innings yielded only 27 runs, the local press saw enough to predict a great future for him. He spent the winter working on a farm on the Isle of Wight, then moved to Bristol for the start of the 1921 English cricket season. Playing only two first-class matches in 1921, both against the powerful Australian tourists, Hammond scored two runs in three innings, overwhelmed by fast bowler Jack Gregory. In between these games, Gloucestershire arranged his appointment as assistant coach at Clifton College, Bristol, where he worked on his batting technique with former county cricketers John Tunnicliffe and George Dennett.

Gloucestershire gave Hammond an extended run at the start of the 1922 season. He played five matches without passing 32 runs in an innings at a batting average of under ten. He did not have the opportunity to improve his record as Lord Harris, the Marylebone Cricket Club (M.C.C.) treasurer, noticed that Hammond was born in Kent. He had not resided in Gloucestershire long enough to be eligible to play for the team under County Championship rules, and was barred for the rest of the season. The press criticised the ruling for interrupting the career of a player seen as very promising, despite his lack of success thus far. Hammond spent the rest of the summer, which he later described as the most miserable of his life, watching county games, although Gloucestershire continued to pay him in full.

Football career
In the winter of 1921–22, Hammond, needing work, signed to play professional football for Bristol Rovers F.C. in Division Three South, following his success at school and in the Bristol Downs Football League. After some time in the reserves, he made four appearances for the first team that season. He played in ten games the following season, and four times in 1923–24. His usual position was on the right wing. Despite scoring twice in his career, he never showed much enthusiasm for the game and was cautious around tackles, mindful that his main career was cricket. He was criticised in the local press for his role in two defeats shortly before his final appearance. After he was left out of the team, he never played again and left the club, deciding that he could not play two sports professionally. Even so, the Rovers' trainer, Bert Williams, and manager, Andy Wilson, believed that Hammond, one of the fastest players they had seen at the club, would have had the potential to play international football.

Making an impression
Conscious of the need to improve after his uncertain start to first-class cricket, Hammond scored his maiden first-class century in the first match of the 1923 season, making 110 and 92 opening the batting against Surrey. He did not reach three figures again that season, but his performances and batting technique impressed several critics, such as cricket correspondent Neville Cardus, former England and Middlesex captain Plum Warner, and The Times correspondent; Cardus described him as a future England player. In all first-class matches that season, Hammond scored 1,421 runs at an average of 27.86. With the ball, he took 18 first-class wickets at an average of 41.22, including figures of six for 59 against Hampshire. Reviewing the season, Wisdens correspondent declared that Hammond "has all the world before him and there is no telling how far he may go".

Hammond reached 1,239 runs in 1924, scoring a century against Somerset and reaching fifty against Oxford, Essex and Hampshire. In the final County Championship match of the season, against Middlesex, he scored 174 not out after Gloucestershire had been bowled out for 31 in their first innings. He finished the season with an average of 30.21 and supplemented his batting with 29 wickets. He improved on this record in 1925 with 1,818 runs at an average of 34.30 and 68 wickets at an average of just under 30, more than doubling his career aggregate of wickets. His bowling performances led critics to describe him as a potentially good all-rounder. Hammond was not satisfied with his batting form in 1925, but against Lancashire at Old Trafford, he scored 250 not out, repeatedly hooking the short-pitched bowling of Australian Test bowler Ted McDonald. Cardus described it as "one of the finest innings that can ever have been accomplished by a boy of his age". Over these two seasons, Hammond increasingly batted in the middle order, where he remained for most of his career.

Serious illness
Hammond's performances earned him selection for the M.C.C. winter tour of the West Indies in the 1925–26 season. At that time, such tours were popular with amateur cricketers, who were often chosen for social rather than cricketing reasons. The touring party contained only eight professionals, who were expected to do most of the bowling and provide the cricketing quality. The West Indies team did not have Test status, so no official internationals were scheduled, but a series of representative matches against a West Indian team were played. Rain disrupted much of the cricket, but Hammond enjoyed the experience. In first-class matches, he scored 732 runs at an average of 48.80, with two hundreds and two fifties, and took 20 wickets at an average of 28.65. He scored 238 not out in the first representative game against a West Indies side. Following the tour, he won praise from Warner and the captain of the M.C.C. team, Freddie Calthorpe, and was believed to be close to the full England side.

Towards the end of the tour, Hammond fell seriously ill; according to him, a mosquito stung him in the groin area, close to a strain he had suffered, causing blood poisoning. Playing against Jamaica, he moved awkwardly and his teammates observed him to be in pain. He missed the remaining matches of the tour, and none of the doctors he saw were able to help. On the journey home, during which no doctor was available, his condition worsened, confining him to his cabin with a severe fever for most of the trip. The day after his arrival home, in April 1926, Hammond had the first of 12 operations at the nursing home to which he was taken. His condition worsened to the point where the doctors believed he would die; they considered amputating his leg, a suggestion vetoed by his mother out of concern for his career. Hammond later claimed that his illness remained a mystery to those treating him. A visit from Warner encouraged Hammond to believe recovery was possible, and he began a slow return to health about a month after his return to England. By July, he could watch Gloucestershire playing in Bristol, though he missed the entire 1926 season. No official announcement about Hammond's illness was made, other than to say he was in a nursing home. Although the cause of the illness was never made clear, David Foot has argued that it was syphilis or a related sexually transmitted disease. He has also suggested that its treatment, which in the days before antibiotics probably involved mercury, adversely affected Hammond's subsequent character and personality, leading to moody and depressive behaviour. Rumours of this nature circulated among his contemporaries for many years before Foot published his theory. That winter, Hammond coached in South Africa, where it was felt the climate might aid his recovery.

Test cricketer

Test debut
On his return to first-class cricket in the 1927 season, Hammond made an immediate impact, becoming only the second man, after W. G. Grace, to score 1,000 runs in May, traditionally the first month of the English cricket season. This sequence included another effective performance against Lancashire, regarded by some observers as one of the best innings ever played. He scored 99 in the first innings and 187 in the second to ensure the match was drawn. He again hooked McDonald effectively, at one point hitting five consecutive fours. Hammond played in the prestigious Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's for the first time, although he neither batted nor bowled, as well as two Test trials. Coming close to scoring 1,000 runs in June as well, he finished the season with 2,969 runs, including 12 centuries. His average of 69.04 was the fifth highest in first-class cricket. He won selection for the M.C.C. team that would tour South Africa in the winter and the accolade of being named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

While on tour in South Africa in 1927–28, Hammond did not dominate as expected. Still recovering from his illness, he was worn out from the strain of a long season. He showed good batting form, but once George Geary was injured, a strong but not fully representative side found itself short of bowling, forcing Hammond to play as an all-rounder. In all first-class matches on the tour, he scored 908 runs at an average of 47.78, and took 27 wickets at an average of 23.85. His Test debut came in the first match of the series, as he scored a quick 51 in his only innings and took five wickets for 36 runs in the South African second innings. At one point, he took three wickets for no runs and his bowling was described by Wisden as a key factor in an England victory. His best innings came in the third Test as he reached 90. He had some good bowling spells, and in the fourth Test he removed both South African openers. An innings of 66 in the fifth and final Test left him with 321 runs at an average of 40.12 in his debut series, while his 15 wickets cost 26.60 runs each. All of Hammond's batting appearances were at number four in the order; of his 140 career Test innings, 118 were at number three or four. The series was drawn 2–2.

In the following season of 1928, Hammond scored 2,825 runs (average 65.69) with three double centuries, took 84 wickets (average 23.10), his highest total in a season, and held 79 catches, a single season record. These performances helped Gloucestershire to mount a rare but unsuccessful challenge for the County Championship. At the Cheltenham festival, in six days, Hammond scored 362 runs, took 11 wickets and held 11 catches. Against Surrey, he scored a century in both innings and held ten catches, including six in the second innings, which remains a first-class record as of 2015. In the following match, against Worcestershire, Hammond scored 80. Bowling off-spin on a testing pitch, he then took nine wickets for 23, the best bowling figures of his career. He followed up with six for 105 as Worcestershire followed on. He played in a Test trial and in the Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's for the second time, before participating in the three Test matches against the West Indies cricket team. While England won the series 3–0, Hammond had mixed success. Despite scores of 45 in the first Test and a careful 63 in the second, he made just 111 runs in the series at an average of 37.

1928–29 tour of Australia

In the winter of 1928–29, Hammond toured Australia with the M.C.C. The side was a strong one which overpowered Australia, winning the five-match series 4–1. Hammond was remarkably successful in his first campaign for The Ashes. Wisden described his batting as a "series of triumphs". He scored 779 runs in five consecutive Test innings, totalling 905 runs at an average of 113.12 in the series, a record passed only by Don Bradman since. In all first-class matches, he scored 1,553 runs (average 91.35). However, except for one inspired spell in the final Test, in which he bowled the first three batsmen, Wisden described his bowling as disappointing. He began the tour with a century and a double century before the Test series. He scored 251 in a seven-hour innings in the second Test. This was his maiden Test century and the second highest Test score between England and Australia. In the next Test, Hammond scored 200 against an accurate attack, again taking around seven hours. In the fourth Test he scored 119 not out and then 177, in what Wisden judged his best innings of the tour due to his mastery of the bowlers and the difficult match situation when he came in to bat. Hammond had altered his usual batting style, playing more carefully and avoiding risk as runs were certain to come in the easy Australian batting conditions if a batsman did not get out. He eliminated the hook shot entirely from his repertoire and rarely played the cut shot. Unless the bowler bowled a bad ball, he limited his scoring between extra cover and midwicket, as the Australians unsuccessfully tried to block his shots in that area. Wisden stated that, even with his more cautious play, his batting on tour had shown skill and beauty.

Hammond married Dorothy Lister almost immediately after returning home, just before the 1929 season began. Gloucestershire's inspirational new captain, Bev Lyon, led another Gloucestershire challenge for the County Championship. He used Hammond's bowling less due to the emergence of Tom Goddard, but Hammond was less dominant with the bat than was expected. In first-class cricket, he scored 2,456 runs at an average of 64.63. He played in four of the five Tests against South Africa, missing the fourth due to injury; he also suffered an injury in the second Test which required him to use a runner. Adopting tactics similar to those with which he had success in Australia, he scored two centuries—an unbeaten 138 in the first Test, and a match-saving 101 not out in the final Test which gave England a 2–0 series victory. His only other innings over fifty was played in the third Test. He ended the series with 352 runs at an average of 58.66. At the time, critics considered him the best batsman in the world.

Career in the early 1930s

The 1930 season saw the Australians tour England, Bradman's first tour. Over five Tests, the young Australian scored 974 runs in an excellent batting display to break Hammond's record run aggregate and average set in the 1928–29 series. While Bradman dominated, Hammond found it very difficult to play the leg spin bowling of Clarrie Grimmett, who dismissed him five times. Hammond scored 306 runs at an average of 34.00, passing fifty just twice. He batted over five hours for a match-saving 113 in the third Test. On a difficult pitch and with little support, he made a hard-hitting 60 in the final Test in a losing cause. The visitors took the series 2–1, and the newspapers unfavourably compared Hammond's scoring with Bradman's. Later in the season, Hammond scored 89 for Gloucestershire in a tied match against the Australians which he described as the most exciting of his career. One player said that he had never seen Hammond as excited as he was at the conclusion of the game. In all first-class cricket that season, he scored 2,032 runs (average 53.47) and for Gloucestershire, he came top of the batting averages as the club finished second in the Championship. He took 30 wickets, including match figures of 12 for 74 against Glamorgan.

Hammond toured South Africa in the winter of 1930–31, in a weak M.C.C. side without some of the best English players. The tourists were short of opening batsmen, frequently forcing Hammond into the role. Although successful, he brought a more wary approach than usual to his unaccustomed position. In all first-class cricket, he scored 1,045 runs (average 61.47). In the five-Test series, which South Africa won 1–0, he scored 517 runs (average 64.62), passing fifty five times in nine innings. A very cautious approach batting at number three saw Hammond score 49 and 63 in the first Test. Opening the batting in the second Test, he scored two fifties to save the game; he also kept wicket for a time following an injury to the regular wicketkeeper. Hammond continued to open in the third Test, playing more aggressively for 136 not out, before returning to number three and making 75 in the fourth Test. In the final Test, he opened both the batting and the bowling.

In 1931, Hammond increased his first-class wicket total to 47, and scored 1,781 runs at an average of 42.40. Although he remained a key batsman for Gloucestershire, both his aggregate and average fell, at least partly due to wet weather that often led to difficult batting conditions. In the three Tests against New Zealand, their first in England, he made an attacking century in the second Test, England's only victory. He did not pass fifty in the rest of the series, ending the victorious campaign with 169 runs at an average of 56.33. In 1932, Hammond was appointed vice-captain of Gloucestershire, but it was noted in Wisden that he sometimes failed to inspire his team. Hammond himself felt unable, as a new captain, to take the same risks that Lyon had done. He scored 2,528 runs (average 56.17), including his then highest score of 264, and his first hundred for the Players against the Gentlemen. He also took 53 wickets.

Bodyline tour
Hammond was selected for the M.C.C. tour of Australia in 1932–33. Known as the Bodyline series, it became notorious for the controversial English tactic of bowling short on the line of leg stump, making the ball rise towards the batsman's body to create deflections that could be caught by leg-side fielders. Hammond, one of the first players selected, was part of the selection committee on tour, and the M.C.C. captain, Douglas Jardine, may have discussed tactics with him on the outward journey. Hammond disapproved of Bodyline bowling, believing it to be dangerous, although he understood some of the reasons for its use. He kept his feelings hidden during the tour, preferring to go along with his captain and the rest of the team. It was not until 1946 that he openly voiced his opinion.

Wisden described Hammond's campaign as successful, although he failed to reach the heights of his previous tour. In the Tests, Hammond scored 440 runs (average 55.00) and took nine wickets (average 32.33), while scoring 948 runs (average 55.76) and taking 20 wickets (average 28.90) in all first-class matches. Although Wisden said that Hammond accomplished little with the ball, team manager Plum Warner praised his bowling, claiming that during the first Test it was comparable to that of revered former England bowler Sydney Barnes. His best performance was in a match against New South Wales, where he took six for 43, including the wicket of Bradman. In an early game on tour against Victoria, Hammond was instructed by Jardine to attack the bowling of Chuck Fleetwood-Smith, who was on the verge of making his Test debut. Hammond scored 203, freely punishing Fleetwood-Smith's bowling and in effect delaying his Test debut for several years.

In England's victory in the first Test, Hammond scored 112, playing powerfully through the off side. He took two wickets in two balls in the second Australian innings, making the ball move around. In the second Test, he bowled spin, as England left out Hedley Verity, their specialist spinner; his bowling impressed Jardine and the Wisden correspondent. His bowling against Bradman, who scored an unbeaten century, produced a personal duel that struck observers as particularly tense. Hammond took three for 23 in the second innings but achieved little with the bat as England lost the match. In the third Test, he appeared uncomfortable facing Tim Wall's fast, short bowling, and was heard to say, "If that's what the bloody game's coming to, I've had enough of it!" He scored 85 in the second innings before being bowled by a full toss from Bradman, to his annoyance. Hammond did not pass 20 runs in England's Ashes-securing victory in the fourth Test, attracting criticism from Wisden and others for overcautious batting. He returned to form in the final Test at Sydney, a ground on which he was often successful, scoring 101 and 75 not out. Wisden praised his style and brilliant play, and he ended the match with a six, securing England's third successive victory and a 4–1 series win.

A short tour of New Zealand followed; Hammond scored 621 runs in three first-class innings. In the first Test, he scored 227, and in the second and final Test, he broke the world record for a Test innings on 1 April by scoring 336 not out. His record innings began cautiously, but against a weak bowling side, he increased his scoring rate after making his century and again after reaching 200. As he passed Bradman's record of 334, he shouted "Yes!" He hit ten sixes, then a Test record, including three from consecutive balls. However, the weakness of the bowling compared to that faced by Bradman and the importance of Ashes matches meant that Hammond's record was not as prestigious as the Australian's. When Len Hutton broke the record in 1938, he considered Bradman's 334 the score to beat.

Loss of Test form
The Bodyline controversy continued into the 1933 season. Bodyline tactics were used in several matches, including by the West Indian tourists in the second Test. In all first-class cricket, Hammond, no longer vice-captain of Gloucestershire, scored 3,323 runs, passing 3,000 in a season for the first time. With an average of 67.81, he topped the first-class tables for what would be the first of eight successive seasons. He also took 38 wickets. However, his highest score in three Test innings was 34. In the second Test, unsettled by Bodyline, Hammond was cut on the chin by a short ball, causing him to retire hurt. He again commented that he would quit rather than face such bowling; soon after his return, he was out. Les Ames, who played in the three-match series, won by England 2–0, believed that the West Indian pacemen worried Hammond, who showed a weakness against short, fast bowling.

Hammond spent much of the 1934 season troubled by sore throats and back problems which restricted his appearances for Gloucestershire. His form for his county was good and in all first-class matches, he scored 2,366 runs (average 76.32), although he took fewer wickets at a higher average than the previous season. Awarded a benefit match, which raised just over £2,600, Hammond was idolised by the press and public for his achievements. In Tests, it was a different story; according to Wisden, he failed badly. England lost the Ashes, 2–1, in a series overshadowed at times by the Bodyline controversy. Hammond played in all five Tests against Australia but his top score was 43; he scored 162 runs at an average of 20.25, and took five wickets at an average of 72.80. Although the press and selectors supported him, there were some suggestions he should be left out of the side, and Hammond felt under great pressure.

The pattern of failure in Test matches but success elsewhere continued during the 1934–35 tour of the West Indies. In all first-class cricket he scored 789 runs, averaging 56.35, with an innings of 281 not out the highest of his three centuries. The four-Test series, which England lost 2–1, was another matter. Wisden noted that the West Indian pace attack, considered the best in the world by Bob Wyatt, unsettled the English batsmen; the home bowlers were accused of intimidation by some of the England side. Hammond had a top score of 47 and scored 175 runs at an average of 25.00. He played well in difficult batting conditions, which he believed were among the worst he ever faced, in the first Test. In the first innings he scored 43, before dominating the bowlers at a critical time in his unbeaten 29 in the second innings, winning the match with a six.

Hammond's health remained poor at the start of the 1935 season. He developed septic tonsillitis which made it difficult for him to breathe, eat and sleep, and ultimately required an operation to remove his tonsils in early 1936. Hammond's form was indifferent and he believed it was his worst season. In first-class matches, he scored 2,616 runs (average 49.35) and took 60 wickets (average 27.26). He became the ninth player to reach 100 first-class centuries, emerging from a run of bad form against Somerset. Long a regular in the side, for the first time he captained the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's. In the five-Test series against South Africa, a run of low scores again brought press speculation about his place in the national side. He did not pass fifty until the third Test, when he scored 63 and 87 not out, ending a run of 22 innings without a fifty, in which time he averaged 23.47 over 14 Tests. Hammond made two more fifties in the last two Tests, although they were insufficient to prevent England from losing 1–0, their third successive series defeat. He finished the series with 389 runs at an average of 64.83, but remained unsatisfied with his form.

Return to form

As the 1936 season began, Hammond remained weak from the recent removal of his tonsils. Returning to cricket too soon, he was in poor form; he took a longer rest, which caused him to miss the first of three Tests against India. It was July before he felt fully well. In all first-class cricket that season, Hammond scored 2,107 runs, averaging 56.94, and took 41 wickets. In county cricket, Gloucestershire appointed a new captain, Dallas Page. Hammond had been offered the joint captaincy with Bev Lyon, conditional on his becoming assistant secretary at the club to enable him to play as an amateur, but declined for financial reasons. Hammond returned to the England side for the second Test, making 167, his first century in 28 innings, scoring quickly throughout. He was praised by Wisden for his control. Hammond continued to score heavily in the third Test, making 217 after being dropped twice early on. His highest score came in the last county match of the season, at Gloucestershire, which was Tom Goddard's benefit match. A difficult pitch meant that wickets tumbled on the first day, prompting fears of an early finish which would possibly lose money for Goddard. Hammond batted all of the second day, ensuring the match lasted the full three days, to score 317 out of a total of 485.

Selected for the M.C.C. tour of Australia in 1936–37 under the captaincy of Gubby Allen, Hammond was again part of the tour selection committee. He was successful with bat and ball, scoring 1,206 runs (average 67.00) and taking 21 wickets (average 24.57) in all first-class matches in Australia (he played two more in New Zealand at the conclusion of the tour). In Tests, Hammond scored 468 runs at an average of 58.50 and took 12 wickets at an average of 25.08. His tour began with four consecutive first-class hundreds against the state teams, but Wisden reported that he never recaptured this form during the remainder of the tour, owing to the bowling of Bill O'Reilly. Hammond could not overcome O'Reilly's use of slow leg theory in the later Tests which restricted scoring. England won the first two Tests, although Hammond did not contribute in the first, making a first ball duck. In the second he scored an unbeaten 231, then took three for 29 with the ball in Australia's second innings, during a period when the other bowlers lost control. From this point, his contributions fell away, although he believed that the best innings of his life, on one of the most difficult pitches he ever confronted, was his 32 in the third Test. Neville Cardus, who saw it, described it as remarkable. However, his free-scoring 51 in the second innings was not enough to prevent defeat in the face of an unrealistic target. In the fourth Test, Hammond took five for 57 in Australia's second innings, but his dismissal on the final morning by Fleetwood-Smith ensured that Australia won the match to level the series. One of Hammond's teammates opined that Bradman would not have been dismissed as easily in a similar situation. In the decisive final Test, he was restricted by O'Reilly's leg theory attack and failed in the first innings. His 56 in the second innings was not enough to prevent Australia's third win in succession to take the Ashes 3–2.

In the 1937 season, Hammond scored 3,252 runs at an average of 65.04, passing 3,000 runs a second time, and taking 48 wickets. In the three Tests against New Zealand, he passed the previous record number of England appearances, overtaking Frank Woolley's 64 Tests. While scoring 140 in the first Test, he passed the total number of runs scored by Jack Hobbs to become the leading run scorer in Tests, a record he held until it was broken by Colin Cowdrey in December 1970. This innings was his only score above fifty in the series, in which he scored 204 runs (average 51). At the end of the season, in November 1937, it was announced that he had accepted a job, joining the Marsham Tyres board of directors, meaning he would play as an amateur in the future. This led to immediate speculation that he would be made captain of England in the 1938 Ashes series. The chairman of selectors, Plum Warner, later wrote that there was never any doubt from then that Hammond would be captain.

Amateur cricketer

England captain
In the 1938 season, his first as an amateur, Hammond scored 3,011 runs at an average of 75.27. During the season, he was elected to life membership of Gloucestershire and membership of the M.C.C., which barred professionals. He captained the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord's—having previously led the Players, he is the only person to skipper both teams. Early in the season, he led England in a Test trial before, as expected, being given the role full-time against Australia. His leadership during the series, which was drawn 1–1, won him praise. He was criticised, however, for his handling of bowlers, specifically for not giving enough work to spinners Hedley Verity in the first Test or Doug Wright in the fourth. In the second Test, he scored 240, briefly a record for an England batsman playing at home, to rescue the side from a poor start. This innings was lauded by observers including Warner, Bradman and Cardus, and The Times correspondent pronounced it one of the best ever. The match, like the first, was drawn and with the third Test completely washed out by rain, the crucial match proved to be the fourth. In a low-scoring game, Hammond scored 76, holding England's first innings together. In the second innings, however, he made a first-ball duck; an English batting collapse allowed Australia to win the match and retain the Ashes. England had some consolation with a massive victory in the final Test; following Hammond's instructions to be cautious, the side slowly amassed a record total of 903 for seven, with Hutton beating Hammond's Test record innings by scoring 364. Hammond scored 59, giving him 403 runs at an average of 67.16 in the series.

In the 1938–39 season, Hammond captained the M.C.C. tour of South Africa in a five-match series. Wisden criticised both sides for slow play, and the almanack's correspondent felt Hammond was reluctant to try to force a win. In general, though, judgements on his captaincy were positive; his teammates and opponents believed he had firm control of the side and E. W. Swanton complimented his tactics. In the Tests, he used the cautious batting method which had been successful in Australia. He scored three Test centuries, making 181 after a shaky start in the second Test, a quick 120 in the third and 140 in the fifth. England won the third match, the only one in the series with a result, and Hammond was praised for his use of bowlers. The final match, in which Hammond lost the toss, having previously won it eight consecutive times, was drawn after ten days' play. In the fourth innings, England faced a victory target of 696. Hammond was credited with nearly forcing a remarkable win, first by promoting Bill Edrich, who had failed thus far in the series but scored 219, and then by playing himself what Wisden described as "one of the finest innings of his career" before rain forced the match to be abandoned. Hammond also tallied two fifties in the series to score 609 runs in total, at an average of 87.00. In all first-class tour matches, he scored 1,025 runs (average 60.29). While on tour, he met Sybil Ness-Harvey, who was to become his second wife.

Appointed as Gloucestershire captain for the 1939 season, Hammond led the team to third in the County Championship and recorded a rare double victory over Yorkshire. While Wisden commended his adventurous style of leadership, others such as Basil Allen, his predecessor as captain, did not approve; their main criticism was his failure to encourage his players. In first-class cricket, he scored 2,479 runs at an average of 63.56. He placed at the top of the first-class averages for the seventh successive season, although some critics detected a decline in his abilities. While he led England to a 1–0 series victory over West Indies in three Tests, Wisden reported some criticism of his captaincy. R. C. Robertson-Glasgow said that "Hammond does not rank among the more imaginative England captains", although he concluded by defending Hammond as "experienced and sound". In the second match, he took his 100th catch in Tests, and in the third, he scored 138, his final Test century. In the series, Hammond scored 279 runs (average 55.80). The impending war overshadowed much of the season; throughout the Tests, Hammond made public appeals for citizens to join the armed forces. On the outbreak of the Second World War, he joined the services and was commissioned as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) in October 1939.

Career in the war
Hammond was posted to a training wing of the Royal Air Force (RAF) at Hastings in Sussex before he moved with his unit to Torquay. He had mainly administrative duties, including instructing recruits, for whom he made life hard. He played some games of cricket in 1940 for various teams before being posted to Cairo in December. His responsibilities in Egypt included organising, promoting and playing in cricket matches. Posted there until 1943, he was promoted to flight lieutenant and then to squadron leader. While Hammond may have helped to raise morale, Cairo was an easy posting during the war and he was not involved directly in combat. He also spent much time in South Africa, where he played cricket and was reunited with Sybil Ness-Harvey. At the beginning of 1944, Hammond was posted back to England, where he lectured and drilled cadets. Playing as captain in many one-day cricket matches, he was praised by Wisden for encouraging exciting contests. Others applauded his batting, including his hitting of many sixes, fitting the games' relaxed atmosphere. In December 1944, Hammond, suffering from fibrositis, was discharged from the RAFVR on health grounds and returned to work at Marsham Tyres. Once the war ended in Europe in May 1945, several first-class matches were organised. Hammond played in six, scoring 592 runs at an average of 59.20 with two centuries. In a match for an England team against the Dominions at Lord's, he made a century in each innings, becoming the first man to do this seven times.

End of career
During 1946, the first full season after the war, Hammond played only 26 innings but scored 1,783 runs at an average of 84.90, topping the first-class averages for the eighth time in succession—still an English record as of 2015. At times, he began to show technical weaknesses. Captaining England to a 1–0 victory in a three-Test series against India, he scored one fifty, making 119 runs at an average of 39.66. He batted fifth in the order in the final match, as he would in four of his five remaining Tests. Gloucestershire fell to fifth in the County Championship, and Hammond, after enthusiastically making the team very competitive at the start of the season, became increasingly affected by pain, particularly in damp weather. As captain, he could be irritable and consciously created remoteness and division.

Remaining captain of England, Hammond led the M.C.C. side which toured Australia in 1946–47. The visit was unsuccessful as England lost the five-match Test series 3–0. According to Wisden, Hammond's inability to make large scores was one of the reasons for the failure. Nor was he a success as captain. He was criticised for his field placement and people at home wondered if he had lost control of the team. While he suffered some ill luck, Wisden said that he "was not the same inspiring leader as at home against Australia in 1938". Other journalists noted that he did not consult his players, one of whom later commented that he showed little imagination in his use of bowlers. Hammond approached the tour as an exercise in goodwill, promising his men an enjoyable time. It was noted that Bradman, the Australian captain, took a more competitive attitude towards the series. Team spirit was good on the outward journey, but Hammond's forthcoming divorce and other domestic concerns caused him to become isolated from the players and increasingly moody. He had poor relations with the press, who were very critical of his captaincy and reporting details of the dissolution of his marriage. As the tour progressed, he lost his dynamism as a leader, gave poor advice to the batsmen and made poor selections for the team.

As a batsman, Hammond started the tour well, scoring 208 in an early game, but lost form once the Tests began. One of the turning points of the series was a disputed catch in the first Test. Bradman, who looked in poor form and uncertain to continue his cricket career for much longer, had reached 28 when the English team believed he had edged the ball to Jack Ikin at slip. Bradman, as was his entitlement, waited for the umpire's decision instead of leaving the field. The fielders were certain that he was out, but the umpire said he was not, believing the ball had bounced before it was caught; opinion among other participants and spectators was divided. However, Hammond was extremely angry, saying loudly, either to Bradman or the umpires, "a fine fucking way to start a series". Afterwards, relations between Hammond and Bradman deteriorated and there was a coldness between them. Bradman went on to score 187 and Australia won the match and, ultimately, the series. In that first Test, Hammond played two good innings on a very difficult wicket, but in the series, he did not pass fifty, scoring 168 runs at an average of 21.00 before missing the final Test. In all first-class cricket, he scored 633 runs (average 45.21). He suffered increasing pain from fibrositis throughout the series, and later admitted that he felt close to a breakdown. Hammond played his last Test in New Zealand at the end of the tour, scoring 79 in his final innings. He ended his career with 7,249 Test runs at an average of 58.46. His 22 centuries remained an English record until surpassed by Alastair Cook in December 2012.

Hammond decided to retire from all cricket after the tour, not returning for Gloucestershire in 1947. Within 24 hours of his arrival back in England, he married Sybil Ness-Harvey. He played only two more first-class games. He scored an unbeaten 92 for the M.C.C. against Ireland in 1950. To help boost a Gloucestershire membership drive, he joined his former side for a match the following year. Although given an excellent reception by the crowd, his tired appearance and struggle to score seven runs before being dismissed embarrassed many of those present. In all first-class cricket, Hammond scored 50,551 runs at an average of 56.10 with 167 centuries. He remains seventh on the list of highest run scorers in first-class cricket and has the third highest number of centuries, as of 2015.

Style and technique
Wisden's obituary described Hammond as one of the top four batsmen who had ever played, calling him "a most exciting cricketer. ... The instant he walked out of a pavilion, white-spotted blue handkerchief showing from his right pocket, bat tucked underarm, cap at a hint of an angle, he was identifiable as a thoroughbred." Throughout the 1930s, the public and critics regarded Hammond as England's best batsman, succeeding Jack Hobbs, and next to Bradman, the best in the world (although George Headley also had a claim). Among English batsmen, only Herbert Sutcliffe, with a higher Test average, was similarly successful. According to Alan Gibson, however, although Sutcliffe was dependable in a crisis, "his batting never gave quite the same sense of majesty and excitement that Hammond's did". More recently, Hammond was one of the inaugural inductees into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, launched in January 2009, and was selected by a jury of cricket journalists as a member of England's all-time XI in August 2009.

Balanced and still at the crease, Hammond was known for the power and beauty of his driving through the off side, although he could play any shot. A very attacking player early in his career, he later became more defensive, playing more frequently off the back foot and abandoning the hook shot as too risky. He was particularly effective on difficult wickets, scoring runs where others struggled to survive. Many of his contemporaries believed that he was the finest off-side player in the history of cricket. In the words of Patrick Murphy, fellow players considered him "on a different plane—majestic, assured, poised, a devastating amalgam of the physical and mental attributes that make up a great batsman." County bowlers who played against him considered it an achievement merely to prevent him scoring runs.

However, Australian bowlers such as O'Reilly and Grimmett troubled him by bowling at his leg stump, restricting his scoring as he had fewer effective leg-side shots. Occasionally, he displayed discomfort against the fastest bowlers. His teammate Charlie Barnett said that he did not relish fast bowling, although he was capable of playing it well in the initial stages of his career. Other colleagues, such as Les Ames, Bob Wyatt and Reg Sinfield, believed that he did not like to face the new ball, and he was occasionally happy for the other batsmen to face the difficult bowling.

His bowling was smooth and effortless, with a classical action. He could bowl fast, but more often bowled at fast-medium pace. He could make the ball swing in humid weather, and deliver off-spin when conditions were suitable. However, Hammond was reluctant to bowl, particularly for Gloucestershire. Bill Bowes believed that he was a very good bowler who would not take it seriously. In his obituary, Wisden said that "at slip he had no superior. He stood all but motionless, moved late but with uncanny speed, never needing to stretch or strain but plucking the ball from the air like an apple from a tree." He was also able to field further away from the batsmen than was the norm, particularly in his younger days, as he could chase the ball quickly and had a very good throwing arm.

Personal life

Personality
Hammond struck his contemporaries as a sad figure, a loner with few friends in cricket. He rarely encouraged young players or gave out praise. He liked to mix with middle-class people, spending money he did not really have, leading to accusations of snobbery. Teammates regarded him as moody, private and uncommunicative. Often silent in the company of others, he could be arrogant and unfriendly. Charlie Barnett and Charles Dacre, two of his Gloucestershire teammates, came almost to hate him. Dacre often played in a reckless way of which Hammond disapproved; Hammond, in turn, may have been jealous of him. Hammond once tried hard to injure Dacre by bowling fast at him while he was wicketkeeper. Barnett began as a close friend but fell out over Hammond's treatment of his first wife and later his refusal to play in Barnett's benefit match. Other players who were involved in disputes with Hammond included Denis Compton, whose cavalier approach Hammond disliked, and Learie Constantine, who believed Hammond insulted him in the West Indies in 1925, although the two later made peace. Hammond's ultimate rivalry was with Bradman, who overshadowed him throughout his career, and with whom he developed an increasing obsession. It was not enough for Hammond to be the second-best batsman in the world, and he disliked the constant comparisons made between them in Bradman's favour. He felt not only that he had to do well, but also that he had to score more than Bradman.

Marriage
David Foot quotes an unnamed cricketer saying that the two ruling passions of Hammond's life "were his cricket bat and his genitals". His strong desire for women was noticed by teammates from early in his career. Foot believes that Hammond had sexual relationships with many women, sometimes several contemporaneously, before and during his first marriage, some of which led to marriage proposals. This was widely known in cricket circles, prompting disapproval from figures such as Barnett.

In 1929, Hammond married Dorothy Lister, the daughter of a Yorkshire textile merchant, in a highly publicised ceremony at a parish church in Bingley. They met at a cricket match in 1927 but spent little time together before the wedding, having little in common. When married, they rarely communicated or got on well. Acquaintances believed Hammond treated her badly, particularly once her father lost nearly everything in the Depression, causing them financial worry. She remained loyal, but their relations gradually broke down, even after she sailed to South Africa, joining Hammond on tour in 1939 in an attempt to save the marriage. By that time, he was already seeing his future second wife, Sybil Ness-Harvey, a former beauty queen whom he had met while on tour.

During the war, Hammond spent much of his leave with Ness-Harvey in South Africa. In 1945, she followed him back to England, but did not like it. When Hammond left to tour Australia in 1946–47, Ness-Harvey remained behind with his mother, with whom she did not get along. This was one of the factors which led to Hammond's problems on the tour. His divorce went through, and on his return, he and Sybil married at Kingston Register Office. She had already changed her name to Hammond by deed poll. Their first child, Roger, was born in 1948. Carolyn was born in 1950 and Valerie was born in 1952.

Business
Hammond was involved with several businesses. In 1933, to ease his financial concerns, he took a job with the Cater Motor Company. He was used as a sales promotions manager, which mainly involved publicity and meeting customers, although he also test-drove cars. Taking a job with Marsham Tyres in 1937 enabled him to become an amateur cricketer. He joined the board of directors and was again used for publicity, but he was never a hard worker or determined salesman. Returning to Marsham's after he was discharged from the RAF in 1944, he supplemented his income by working as a journalist. He wrote for The Star during the 1948 Test series and penned three books with the assistance of a ghostwriter.

In 1951, Hammond resigned from Marsham's; his wife was homesick, leading Hammond to plan a business in South Africa with a partner. However, after moving to Durban, they realised they had insufficient money. He took a job with Denham Motors in Durban, where he was forced to work much harder than in England. He lost his job in 1959 when the firm went out of business, and the Hammond family again found themselves in financial trouble.

Final years
At the end of 1959, Hammond was offered a job as a sports administrator at University of Natal with the aim of developing its sports facilities. In February 1960, he was involved in a serious car crash. It was uncertain whether he would survive, but he pulled through. Three months after the accident, he returned to work and became involved with coaching. In 1962, Hammond visited England as part of a drive to recruit new members for Gloucestershire. He showed some interest in taking over a pub, but nothing came of it. On the M.C.C. tour of South Africa in 1964–65, he joined the England dressing room, becoming popular with the players. On 1 July 1965, he had a heart attack and died after a few hours' illness.

International statistics

Hammond made 22 centuries in international cricket.  he sits joint 62nd in the list of century-makers in international cricket. After making his Test debut against South Africa in December 1927, he scored his first Test century against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 14 December 1928, scoring 251 runs. He scored his final Test century against the West Indies at The Oval in London on 19 August 1939, making a score of 138, and his final Test match was against New Zealand at Lancaster Park in Christchurch on 21 March 1947.

He played in a total of 85 Test matches, and held the record for the most runs in Test cricket at the time, with 7,249 runs. Hammond's highest score in Test cricket was 336 not out, scored against New Zealand at Eden Park, Auckland on 31 March 1933, at the time the highest score in an innings by a batsman until it was surpassed by Len Hutton's 364 in 1938. All but one of his Test centuries was made batting at number three or four in the batting order; the exception being his 136 not out opening the innings against South Africa at Durban in 1931.

Test centuries

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1903 births
1965 deaths
Military personnel from Kent
People educated at The Portsmouth Grammar School
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
England Test cricketers
England Test cricket captains
Gloucestershire cricketers
Gloucestershire cricket captains
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
People from Cirencester
Cricketers from Dover, Kent
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
People educated at Cirencester Grammar School
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Gentlemen cricketers
Players cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Men's association football wingers
North v South cricketers
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team
English men's footballers
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Air Force squadron leaders
Marylebone Cricket Club West Indian Touring Team cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club South African Touring Team cricketers
Cricketers from Gloucestershire

Wally Hammond


ني وين  14 ايار / مايو 1911 أو في 10 تموز / يولية 1910 إلى 5 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2002) كان رجل الدولة والقائد العسكري بورمي. وكان رئيس وزراء بورما من 1958 إلى 1960 و 1962 إلى عام 1974 وأيضا رئيسا للدولة من 1962 إلى 1981. وهو أيضا مؤسس ورئيسا للحزب البرنامج الاشتراكي لبورما من 1963 إلى 1988 ، والتي في الفترة من عام 1964 حتى عام 1988 كان الحزب السياسي الوحيد.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من باغو
البورمية متعاونون مع إمبراطورية اليابان
جنرالات بورميون
حكام اشتراكيون
خريجو جامعة يانغون
دولة بورما
رؤساء حكومات سجنوا لاحقا
رؤساء ميانمار
رؤساء وزراء ميانمار
سياسيون بورميون من أصل صيني
سياسة عسكرية
عسكريون بورميون
قادة دولة ميانمار
قادة وصلوا إلى السلطة عن طريق انقلاب
متمردون بورميون
مواليد 1910
مواليد عقد 1910
مواليد في ميانمار
وفيات 2002
وفيات في يانغون
نواب رؤساء وزراء ميانمار

ني وين


إدارة المعرفة الشخصية (بالإنجليزية: Personal knowledge management) يقصد بها مجموعة من العمليات التي يقوم بها الشخص لجمع، تصنيف، تخزين، البحث عن، ومشاركة المعرفة (المعلومات) في الأنشطة اليومية العادية. إدارة المعرفة الشخصية تعني كذلك أن «عاملي المعرفة» (وهم الأشخاص الذين يكون رأس مالهم الرئيسي هو العلم، كالأطباء والمهندسين) هم مسؤولون عن تعلمهم الشخصي ونموهم الفكري.

انظر أيضاً
 إدارة المعرفة
 قاعدة المعرفة الشخصية

مراجع

أنظمة معلومات
إدارة
إدارة المعرفة
تنقيب البيانات
علم المكتبات

إدارة المعرفة الشخصية


Lactobacillus crispatus é uma espécie comum em forma de bastonete do gênero Lactobacillus e é um peróxido de hidrogênio (H 2 O 2) produzindo espécies benéficas de microbiota localizadas tanto na vagina, através do corrimento vaginal, quanto no trato gastrointestinal de vertebrados. A cepa CTV-05 é usada como um probiótico que pode ser usado por mulheres na pré- menopausa e pós -menopausa que apresentam infecções recorrentes do trato urinário. Está sendo avaliado especificamente para a prevenção e tratamento da vaginose bacteriana, que é caracterizada pela ausência da flora de Lactobacillus necessária para proteger o hospedeiro da infecção.

História
O nome da espécie deriva do latim , que significa "enrolado", referindo-se à forma das bactérias. L. crispatus foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1953 por Brygoo e Aladame, que o propuseram como uma nova espécie do gênero Eubacterium. Na década de 1970, a cepa tipo VPI 3199 (ATCC 33820) de L. crispatus (na época ainda denominada "Eubacterium crispatum") foi depositada na coleção do Anaerobe Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI), onde foi identificado como um Lactobacillus e caracterizado por Moore e Holdeman. Abordando o problema da heterogeneidade genética entre um grande número de cepas identificadas como L. acidophilus com base na similaridade fenotípica, Johnson et al. realizaram experimentos de homologia de DNA em 89 cepas de L. acidophilus previamente propostas e delinearam seis grupos de homologia distintos. Apenas as estirpes pertencentes ao grupo de homologia de ADN A1 foram ainda designadas L. acidophilus . As estirpes nos grupos de homologia A2, A3, A4, B1 e B2 foram propostas como espécies distintas e posteriormente reclassificadas como L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gallinarum, L. gasseri e L. johnsonii, respectivamente. No caso de L. crispatus isso aconteceu em 1983 quando Cato e seus colaboradores recaracterizaram a cepa VPI 3199 e descobriram 100% de homologia de DNA com VPI 7635 (ATCC 33197), a cepa tipo de " L. acidophilus " grupo A2.

Taxonomia
É uma espécie do filo Bacillota, da classe Bacilli, da ordem Lactobacillales, da família Lactobacillaceae e do gênero Lactobacillus. É uma das 122 outras espécies identificadas dentro do gênero.

Genoma
Mesmo dentro de L. crispatus há variação genética substancial: cepas de L. crispatus têm tamanhos de genoma que variam de 1,83 a 2,7 Mb e codificam 1.839 (EM-LC1) a 2.688 (FB077-07) proteínas.

O genoma da cepa ST1 de Lactobacillus crispatus, que coloniza galinhas, é composto por cerca de 2.043.161 nucleotídeos e codifica 2.024 proteínas, 76 genes de RNA e possui uma forma cromossômica circular.

Ecologia
A cepa de Lactobacillus crispastus foi originalmente isolada de uma bolsa na garganta de uma galinha e é considerada um dos lactobacilos produtores de H 2 O 2 mais fortes. Como muitas outras espécies de Lactobacillus, pode ser severamente alterada por alterações no sistema imunológico, nos níveis hormonais e pelo uso de antimicrobianos. Lactobacillus crispatus é um habitante normal do trato reprodutivo inferior em mulheres saudáveis.

Uso de probióticos
Cápsulas de supositório de gelatina CTV-05 (LACTIN-V) são inseridas na vagina como um probiótico que pode ajudar a manter a flora saudável. Estudos mostraram que L. crispastus CTV-05 colonizou efetivamente a vagina e ajudou a prevenir e tratar vaginose bacteriana recorrente e outras infecções genitais. Os cientistas afirmaram que as evidências de ensaios clínicos sugerem que esses probióticos tratarão com segurança e eficácia a vaginose bacteriana se usados sozinhos ou juntamente com um tratamento com antibióticos, se uma infecção já tiver surgido.

O uso do preservativo mostrou maior colonização de Lactobacillus crispatus na vagina porque protege tanto contra a vaginose bacteriana (BV) quanto contra o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV).

Referências

Ligações externas

 Tipo estirpe de Lactobacillus crispatus em Bac Dive - o Metadatabase de Diversidade Bacteriana
 https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/news/2019/5/27/A-healthy-vagina-with-Lactobacillus-crispatus-bacteria/

Probióticos
Lactobacillaceae

Lactobacillus crispatus


Ceaudiscou er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Mads Tobias Olsen efter manuskript af Mads Tobias Olsen.

Handling
Ind & ud & ind & ud / så simpelt lyder første bud / vrid din krop til sammenbrud, / ryst din ting & gnid din hud / mmmm / der er intet i verden så stille som sne / - men i den her video kan alting ske...

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1992

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Ceaudiscou


Amr Mustapha Mourad Fahmy (Giza, Egipat, 28. kolovoza 1983. – Kairo, Egipat, 23. veljače 2020.) bio je egipatski nogometni dužnosnik, koji je bio glavni tajnik Afričke nogometne konfederacije od 2017. do 2019. godine. Bio je zviždač protiv korupcije. Umro je u dobi od 36 godina nakon bitke s tumorom.

Rođen je u Gizi, sin je Mustafe Fahmyja, koji je bio glavni tajnik Afričke nogometne konfederacije od 1982. do 2010. godine, prije nego što se pridružio FIFA-i kao direktor natjecanja. Fahmyev djed, Mourad Fahmy, bio je jedan od članova osnivača Afričke nogometne konfederacije i bio je glavni tajnik od 1961. do 1982. Prije nego što se pridružio Afričkoj nogometnoj konfederaciji, Fahmy je pohađao FIFA-in magisterij iz menadžmenta, prava i humanizma u sportu.

Fahmy je bio poznat kao jedan od osnivača Ultras Ahlawy, najveće navijačke skupine egipatskoga nogometnoga diva Al-Ahly S.C. Organizirao je navijačku scenu po uzoru na navijačke skupine u Europi, koje je proučavao za vrijeme studija. Vodio je navijače u prosvjedima protiv tadašnjega egipatskoga predsjednika Hosnija Mubaraka u sklopu sukoba Arapskoga proljeća 2011. godine.

Radio je u francuskom poduzeću "Lagardère Sports and Entertainment" kao direktor operacija za Afriku. Fahmy je također radio u Odjelu za natjecanja Afričke nogometne konfederacije između 2007. i 2015. godine, posebno služeći kao direktor za Afrički kup nacija u Ekvatorijalnoj Gvineji 2015. Bio je glavni tajnik Afričke nogometne konfederacije od 2017. do 2019. godine. Uveo je VAR u egipatski nogomet, a pokrenuo je i reforme vezane uz sudačke organizacije. Fahmy je radio u tišini, skupljajući dokaze o nogometnoj korupciji do trenutka kada je postao siguran da ih ima dovoljno. U ožujku 2019. poslao je dokumente FIFA-inom etičkom odboru optužujući predsjednika Afričke nogometne konfederacije Ahmada Ahmada za korupciju, primanje mita i seksualno uznemiravanje. Ubrzo su Fahmyja otpustili zbog toga. Fahmy je optužio Ahmada Ahmada jer je naložio, da se plati 20,000 američkih dolara mita predsjednicima afričkih nogometnih saveza. U dokumentima ga je također optužio za prekomjerno trošenje dodatnih 830,000 američkih dolara naručivanjem opreme od francuske posredničke tvrtke "Tactical Steel". Francuske su vlasti 7. lipnja 2019. uhitile Ahmada Ahmada i ispitale ga u vezi s tim. Pušten je dan kasnije bez optužbe.

Dana, 3. prosinca 2019. Fahmy je najavio da će se kandidirati na predsjedničkim izborima Afričke nogometne konfederacije 2021., ali ih nije doživio. Preminuo je 23. veljače 2020. u dobi od 36 godina nakon bitke s tumorom. Ahmad Ahmad naknadno je ipak suspendiran zbog korupcije na dvije godine i nije se mogao kandidirati za novi predsjednički mandat.

Nakon njegove smrti, članovi Ultrasa Ahlawyja podigli su zastave i transparente u utakmici Lige prvaka Afričke nogometne konfederacije protiv Sundowna. Navijači Crvene zvezde iz Beograda i SC Freiburga također su istakli transparente, kojima odaju poštovanje Fahmyju.

Izvori

Životopisi, Egipat
Športski djelatnici
Nogomet

Amr Fahmy


El 1 de julio de 2011 se produjo un eclipse solar parcial que fue visible en una pequeña parte al sur de Sudáfrica y al norte de la Antártida.
Es el primer eclipse de la serie de saros 156. En la mayor ocultación, su magnitud fue de 0.097. Es la primera serie de saros que empieza desde la serie de saros 155 con el eclipse parcial del 17 de junio de 1928.

Este eclipse es el tercero de cuatro eclipses solares parciales en 2011, junto con los demás que ocurrieron el 4 de enero de 2011, 1 de junio de 2011 y 25 de noviembre de 2011.

Referencias

20110701
Ciencia de 2011

Eclipse solar del 1 de julio de 2011


Benjamin Marqué né le 11 août 2000, est un joueur français de hockey sur gazon. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant au Royal Daring, en Belgique et avec l'équipe nationale française.

Il a remporté la médaille de bronze à la Coupe du monde des moins de 21 ans en 2021.

Carrière

Championnat d'Europe
 Top 8 : 2021

Coupe du monde (moins de 21 ans)
  : 2021

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 2000
Joueur français de hockey sur gazon

Benjamin Marqué


An Carex henryi in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lun Kai Dai. An Carex henryi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex henryi


John August List (nascido em 25 de setembro de 1968) é um economista americano da Universidade de Chicago, onde atua como Professor Distinto Kenneth C. Griffin. De 2012 a 2018, atuou como Presidente do Departamento de Economia. Desde 2016, ele atua como Visiting Robert F. Hartsook Chair em Fundraising na Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. List é conhecido por suas contribuições pioneiras para experimentos de campo em economia, com o economista ganhador do prêmio Nobel George Akerlof e o notável professor de direito Cass Sunstein escrevendo que "List fez mais do que qualquer outra pessoa para avançar os métodos e a prática de experimentos de campo". O economista vencedor do Prêmio Nobel Gary Becker comentou que "o trabalho de John List em experimentos de campo é revolucionário".

De maio de 2002 a julho de 2003, atuou como Economista Sênior do Conselho de Assessores Econômicos do Presidente dos EUA. Em 2011, List foi eleito para a Academia Americana de Artes e Ciências. Em 2015 foi eleito Fellow da Econometric Society e, segundo o RePEc, foi o economista mais bem classificado do mundo entre os 40.000 economistas que se formaram nos últimos 20 anos. Em maio de 2022, o RePEc o classifica como o 7º economista mais influente do mundo.

Carreira
John frequentou a Sun Prairie High School, graduando-se em 1987. Ele recebeu seu Ph.D. da Universidade de Wyoming em 1996 sob a supervisão de Shelby Gerking. Ele começou sua carreira na Universidade da Flórida Central como professor assistente em 1996. Tornou-se professor associado em 2000 na Universidade do Arizona, onde trabalhou com Vernon L. Smith na promoção de seus métodos experimentais de campo. Em 2001 ele foi premiado com uma cátedra na Universidade de Maryland, College Park. Ele ocupou esse cargo até 2004, quando recebeu uma nomeação como professor titular no Departamento de Economia da Universidade de Chicago. Em janeiro de 2011, List foi premiado com uma cátedra no Departamento de Economia da Universidade de Chicago por seu trabalho na área de experimentos de campo.

Além de sua carreira universitária, List atuou como economista-chefe da empresa de táxi Uber e, mais tarde, da competidora Lyft.

Prêmios
Em 2015, List foi indicado ao Prêmio Nobel de economia pela Reuters (ao lado de Charles Manski e Richard Blundell). List e Blundell foram posteriormente favoritos para ganhar nas casas de apostas. List por seu trabalho em experimentos de campo e Blundell por economia do trabalho. Aos 46 anos, List era a previsão mais jovem da Reuters em quase 20 anos. Em abril de 2011 List foi selecionado para a Academia Americana de Artes e Ciências. Em 2012, List foi selecionado para receber o prêmio Yrjo Jahnsson Lecture Series, concedido pela Fundação Yrjö Jahnsson. O prêmio, concedido a cada 2 anos pela Fundação Finlandesa, reconheceu as conquistas da List para a sociedade desde o pioneirismo no uso de experimentos de campo. Dez dos dezenove destinatários anteriores ganharam o Prêmio Nobel de Economia. Em agosto de 2017, List recebeu o Klein Prize da International Economic Review por seu trabalho em experimentos de campo. Seis dos vinte destinatários ganharam o Prêmio Nobel.

Obra
Seu trabalho se concentra em questões microeconômicas e inclui mais de 250 publicações acadêmicas. Entre esses artigos estão experimentos de campo usando vários mercados diferentes para obter dados, incluindo atividades de angariação de fundos para caridade, o Chicago Board of Trade, CEOs da Costa Rica, o novo mercado de automóveis, mercados de recordações esportivas, mercados de moedas, mercados de reparo de automóveis, mercados ao ar livre localizados em todos os lugares — dos Estados Unidos ao Marrocos e à Índia, vários locais na internet, vários locais de leilão, shopping centers, vários mercados de trabalho e escolas de gramática e ensino médio.

Economia comportamental
A pesquisa de List sobre economia comportamental se concentrou em testar teorias como troca de presentes, preferências sociais e teoria da perspectiva. Os testes tradicionais dessas teorias dependiam do recrutamento de estudantes universitários para participar de experimentos por uma pequena quantia de dinheiro. Em vez disso, List recrutou indivíduos em mercados reais para participar de experimentos, às vezes sem o conhecimento deles.

Economia ambiental
List publicou pesquisas sobre o impacto da regulamentação ambiental na produção econômica e em espécies ameaçadas de extinção.

Doações de caridade
A List também trouxe preferências sociais e valor de bens públicos para o mercado testando os determinantes da doação de caridade. List descobriu que várias técnicas tradicionais no mundo da filantropia não são bem compreendidas. Por exemplo, quanto maior o capital semente anunciado, mais as pessoas doam. Além disso, as concessões correspondentes aumentam as doações, mas não importa se a correspondência é 1:1 ou 3:1. List também descobriu que dar é facilmente influenciado por incentivos que desconsideram a importância do altruísmo na motivação de doar. Por exemplo, List descobriu que a beleza e a pressão social são motivadores importantes para doar. Em um experimento por meio de uma solicitação enviada a 300.000 famílias no Alasca, List descobriu que as pessoas são mais propensas a doar porque querem se sentir bem, e não por puro altruísmo.

Educação
A pesquisa recente de List se concentra no aumento do desempenho educacional. Em 2008 ele trabalhou com Chicago Heights, IL para criar incentivos em dinheiro para alunos da nona série e seus pais para aumentar o desempenho acadêmico.

Alunos da Universidade de Wyoming
Professores da Universidade de Maryland
Professores da Universidade de Chicago
Professores da Universidade do Arizona
Pessoas vivas
Membros da Academia de Artes e Ciências dos Estados Unidos
Nascidos em 1968

John A. List


ගූගල් ග්ලාස් ("GLΛSS" ලෙසින් ශෛලීගත) යනු, ප්‍රොජෙක්ට් ග්ලාස් පර්යේෂණ සහ ප්‍රවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘතියෙහි, ගූගල් විසින් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කෙරෙමින් පවතින හිසෙහි-පැළඳෙන ප්‍රකාශ සංදර්ශකයක් (OHMD) සහිත පැලඳිය හැකි පරිගණකයක්  වන අතර ව්‍යාපෘතියෙහි පරමාර්ථය වන්නේ සමූහ-වෙළෙඳපොළ වෙත සාර්වත්‍රික පරිගණකයක් නිපැයීමය.

ආශ්‍රිත

ගූගල්

ගූගල් ග්ලාස්


Sanderson Miller (1716 - ) est un pionnier anglais de l'architecture néo-gothique et paysagiste. Il est connu pour ajouter des folies ou d'autres bâtiments et éléments de jardin pittoresques au terrain d'un domaine.

Biographie

Miller est le fils d'un marchand de laine du même nom, High Sheriff of Warwickshire en 1728, décédé en 1737. Il est né et passe toute sa vie à Radway, sur le domaine du Warwickshire acheté par son père en 1712.

À l'âge de 15 ans, Miller s'intéresse déjà aux sujets historiques et, tout en étudiant à St Mary Hall, à Oxford, il continue à développer son intérêt pour le passé de l'Angleterre, sous l'influence de . Il hérite de Radway Grange à l'âge de 21 ans et, quelques années plus tard, commence à redessiner la maison élisabéthaine dans un style gothique.

Dans le parc, il ajoute un cottage à Toit de chaume et une tour octogonale basée sur la Tour Guy au Château de Warwick. La tour évoque non seulement visuellement le passé à travers sa conception médiévale, mais elle a également de fortes associations historiques d'autres types : par exemple, elle est destinée à abriter une statue de Caractacus et est située à l'endroit traditionnellement associé au roi levant l'étendard avant la bataille d'Edgehill.

Mécénat et développements
Ce travail à Radway établit la réputation de Miller en tant que gentleman ou amateur, architecte et paysagiste. Son large cercle social et les contacts développés par l'intermédiaire de son mécène George Lyttelton, conduisent à de nombreuses demandes pour ses créations. Il produit des bâtiments classiques comme Shire Hall à Warwick et Hagley Hall, Worcestershire, mais est plus souvent associé à des travaux de renaissance gothique, comme à Albury Hall, Oxfordshire et le Grand Hall de l'Abbaye Sainte-Marie de Lacock. Il est surtout connu pour les faux châteaux « en ruine » évocateurs qu'il créés à Hagley, Wimpole Hall et Ingestre Hall, Staffordshire, bien que ce dernier ait depuis été démoli. Il travaille aussi à Farnborough Hall, Abbaye de Wroxton, Upton House, Sham Castle, et Siston Court et Tudor Court, Hanworth Park, la partie restante d'un pavillon de chasse royal utilisé par .

Famille
Miller épouse Susanna, fille d'Edward Trotman et ils ont six enfants : Fiennes, Charles, Susanna, Mary, Hester et Anna.

Galerie

Références

Sources

 William Hawkes, Les journaux de Sanderson Miller (Dugdale 2005)
 Jennifer Meir, Sanderson Miller et ses paysages (Phillimore 2006)
 Michael Cousins, « Wroxton Abbey, Oxfordshire : un domaine du  », Follies Journal,  (2005), .
 Michael Cousins, "La fausse ruine, Hagley", Follies Magazine, , non. 1 (1998), .
 Michael Cousins, "Grotte de Lady Elizabeth [Hagley]", Follies Magazine, #64, .
 Michael Cousins, "Hagley Park, Worcestershire", Garden History, , suppl. 1 (2007), .

Liens externes

Architecte britannique du XVIIIe siècle
Décès en avril 1780
Naissance en 1716

Sanderson Miller


Fabio Zerpa ()  un actor, parapsiholog și ufolog. A locuit în Argentina din 1951.

Biografie
S-a născut ca Fabio Pedro Alles Zerpa. A ajuns în Argentina în 1951. După o scurtă carieră actoricească, a început să fie interesat de viața extraterestră, având deja studii de psihologie. După câțiva ani de investigații, Zerpa a început să organizeze primele sale conferințe începând cu anii 1960. În 1966 a creat o emisiune radio denumită Más allá de la cuarta dimensión (Dincolo de dimensiunea a patra). De atunci, Fabio Zerpa a investigat peste 3000 de cazuri de întâlniri cu OZN-uri. Din 2001 este director al revistei online El Quinto Hombre (Al cincilea om). În decembrie 2005 Zerpa a fost numit ambasador cultural  al orașului Colonia din țara sa de naștere.

Lucrări publicate
 Un hombre en el Universo  (Un om în univers, Cielosur – Argentina – 1975)
 El OVNI y sus misterios  (OZN și misterele sale, Nauta – Spain – 1976)
 Dos científicos viajan en OVNI  (Doi cercetători călătorind cu OZN-urile, Cielosur – Argentina – 1977)
 Los Hombres De Negro y los OVNI (Oamenii în negru și OZN-urile, Plaza & Janes – Spania – 1977) (Retipărită de Planeta – Argentina in 1989)
 El reino subterráneo (Regatul ascuns, Planeta – Argentina – 1990)
 El mundo de las vidas anteriores  (Lumea vieților anterioare, Planeta – Argentina – 1991)
 Apertura de lo insólito (Descoperind insolitul, Club de Lectores – Argentina – 1991)
 Predicciones de la Nueva Era (Predicțiile noii ere, CS – 1992)
 La vida desde adentro (Viața din interior, Beas – 1993)
 Los OVNIs existen y son extraterrestres (OZN-urile există și sunt extraterestre, Planeta – Argentina – 1994/5)
 Ellos, los seres extraterrestres (Ei, începuturile extraterestre, Ameghino – 1996)
 Los verdaderos Hombres De Negro  (Adevărații Oameni în Negru, Ameghino – 1997)
 Predicciones para el nuevo siglo (Predicțiile noului secol, H&H Editors – 1999)
 El Nostradamus de América – (Nostradamusul Americii, Ediciones Continente – 2003)

Filmografie
Ca actor
  Largo viaje (1969)
  La culpa (1967) …Marcos Ferrari
  La muchachada de a bordo (1967)
  El galleguito de la cara sucia (1966)
  Un viaje al más allá (1964)
  El gordo Villanueva (1964)
  Club del Clan (1964)
  Los inocentes (1963)
  Las modelos (1963)
  Una jaula no tiene secretos (1962)
  El jefe (1958) …Policía
  Más pobre que una laucha

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 http://www.fabiozerpa.com.ar/ Site-ul oficial

Vezi și
Listă de ufologi

Nașteri în 1928
Parapsihologi
Oameni din Rosario, Uruguay
Scriitori despre OZN-uri
Ufologi
Scriitori uruguayeni
Actori uruguayeni
Decese în 2019

Fabio Zerpa


Egitalidele (Aegithalidae), sau pițigoii codați, este o familie de păsări arboricole insectivore paseriforme răspândite din Europa de Vest până în Himalaia și Orientul Îndepărtat. Familia conține 13 specii în trei genuri, toate, cu excepția uneia, se găsesc în Eurasia. Pițigoiii sunt păsări active, care se mișcă aproape constant în timp ce caută insecte în arbuști și copaci. O specie, pițigoiul codat (Aegithalos caudatus), locuiește și România și Republica Moldova.

Descriere
Sunt păsări mici cu cozile relativ lungi și penajul înfoiat care le dă un aspect pufos și zbârlit. Au ciocul foarte mic, scurt și conic, destul de gros și puțin comprimat lateral. Aripile sunt scurte și rotunjite, cu zece remige primare. Coada este lungă sau foarte lungă. Coloritul penajului este în general deasupra întunecat, cenușiu sau brun sau mai deschis, și adesea alb dedesubt. Mai multe specii au o mască facială neagră, iar unele specii au o nuanță roză pe pene. Au o lungime de 8,9-16 cm și o greutate de 4-9 g.

Taxonomie
Familia egitalidelor cuprinde 3 genuri și 13 specii:

Note

Legături externe
 Long-tailed Tits videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Aegithalidae
Familii de păsări

Egitalide


|}
Die Bahnstrecke Petingen–Ettelbrück (auch bekannt als Attertstrecke, luxemburgisch Atertlinn) ist eine größtenteils stillgelegte Bahnstrecke im Großherzogtum Luxemburg. Heute werden nur noch zwei kurze Streckenabschnitte der ehemals 52 km langen, eingleisigen nie elektrifizierten Strecke im Güterverkehr bedient.

Geschichte
Erbaut und betrieben wurde die Strecke von der Prinz-Heinrich-Eisenbahngesellschaft.

Der erste Abschnitt Petingen–Steinfort wurde am 1. August 1873 eröffnet. Großkunde der Bahnstrecke war das Steinforter Hüttenwerk. 1876 wurden 8000 Waggons Minette, 2700 Waggons Koks und 2400 Waggons mit Gusseisen transportiert (insgesamt 13.100 Waggons zu je ca. 10 Tonnen). Die Transportkosten betrugen für eine Tonne Minette 1,95 Franc, wobei dieser Betrag vom Hüttenwerk als zu hoch eingestuft wurde.

Zunächst war noch ein Kopfmachen in Kleinbettingen notwendig, 1877 wurde die Spitzkehre beseitigt, die Bahnstrecke kreuzte nun die Bahnstrecke Namur–Luxemburg auf einer Brücke und mündete kurz vor dem Bahnhof Hagen wieder in die alte Strecke ein. Personenzüge wurden dennoch weiter über Kleinbettingen geführt, was eine erhebliche Fahrzeitverlängerung bedeutete und die Strecke in späteren Jahren für den Personenverkehr wenig attraktiv machte.

Die Fortsetzung bis Ettelbrück wurde am 17. April 1880 eröffnet. Auf diesem Streckenabschnitt befand sich mit dem 690 m langen Hobscheider Tunnel der damals längste Eisenbahntunnel in Luxemburg. Seine Länge wurde erst 1889 durch Lengeler Tunnel der Vennbahn übertroffen.

Die Strecke wurde vor allem im Interesse der Montanindustrie für den Transport von Eisenerz und Steinkohle zwischen den Industriegebieten im Südwesten von Luxemburg und dem Deutschen Reich gebaut. Der Personenverkehr blieb stets bescheiden, nur im Berufsverkehr zwischen Nördingen und Petingen sowie Kleinbettingen hatte die Verbindung eine gewisse Bedeutung. Nach der Eröffnung der Vennbahn verstärkte sich das Transportaufkommen noch, da die Verbindung über die Attertstrecke und die Vennbahn nun auch die Züge zwischen Luxemburg und dem Deutschen Reich befuhren, die vorher den längeren Weg durch Belgien nutzen mussten. Die Blütezeit währte aber nur kurz, da 1900 mit der Bahnstrecke Petingen–Luxemburg eine noch kürzere Verbindung ihren Betrieb aufnahm. Als das Steinforter Hüttenwerk 1932 seine Tätigkeit einstellte, begann der Niedergang auch der Eisenbahnstrecke.

Den Zweiten Weltkrieg überstand die Attertstrecke weitgehend unbeschädigt, nur zwei Brücken bei Schieren wurden zerstört.

Im Mai 1948 wurde der vereinfachte Nebenbahndienst eingeführt und die bisherige Hauptbahn zur Nebenbahn heruntergestuft. Der Personenverkehr auf der gesamten Strecke wurde am 24. September 1967 eingestellt, der Güterverkehr nur noch nach Bedarf durchgeführt. Auch der wurde am 19. Mai 1969 eingestellt, lediglich die Abschnitte Kleinbettingen–Steinfort und Colmar-Werk–Ettelbrück wurden noch bedient. Seit 1975 wird auch Bissen wieder angefahren, da dort ein großer metallverarbeitender Betrieb ein Anschlussgleis erhielt.

Literatur
 Erny Drouet: "Schmelz" Steinfort. Die Familie Collart. Centre d'initiative et de gestion local Steinfort, Steinfort 2013. ISBN 978-99959-0-007-6
 Ed Federmeyer: Eisenbahnen in Luxemburg – Band 1, Wolfgang Herdam Fotoverlag, Gernrode/Harz 2007. ISBN 978-3-933178-21-3

Weblinks
 www.rail.lu Strecke Petingen–Nördingen–Ettelbrück (Attertlinie)

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Luxemburg

Bahnstrecke Petingen–Ettelbrück


Theresa (Portuguese: Teresa; Galician-Portuguese: Tareja or Tareixa; Latin: Tarasia) ( 1080 – 11 November 1130) was Countess of Portugal, and for a time claimant to be its independent Queen. She rebelled against her half-sister Queen Urraca of León. She was recognised as Queen by Pope Paschal II in 1116, but was captured and forced to accept Portugal's vassalage to León in 1121, being allowed to keep her royal title. Her political alliance and amorous liaison with Galician nobleman Fernando Pérez de Traba led to her being ousted by her son, Afonso Henriques, who with the support of the Portuguese nobility and clergy, defeated her at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128.

Birth and marriage

Theresa was the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of León by Jimena Muñoz. In 1093, her father married her to a French nobleman, Henry of Burgundy, who was a nephew of Queen Constance, a brother of the Duke of Burgundy, and a descendant of the kings of France in the male line. Henry was providing military assistance to his father-in-law against the Muslims on the Portuguese march.

Between the years 1096 and 1105, Henry and his cousin Raymond of Burgundy, husband of Queen Urraca, reached an agreement whereby each swore under oath that Raymond would give Henry the kingdom of Toledo and one-third of the royal treasury after King Alfonso's death and, if that was not possible, Henry would receive the kingdom of Galicia, while Henry, in turn, promised to support his cousin Raymond in securing all of the king's dominions and two-thirds of the treasury.

Alfonso VI had entrusted Theresa and Henry with the county of Portugal in 1096. Historians who date the pact closer to 1096 hypothesize that King Alfonso, after becoming aware of this covenant, appointed Henry governor of all the land between the Minho River and Santarém, governed until then by Raymond, thereby limiting his son-in-law's government to Galicia. The two cousins then, instead of being allies, would have become rivals, each vying to obtain the king's favor.

Other historians, however, have showed that the pact could not have been made before 1103, several years after the two counts had been granted their respective title, with Henry's appointment answering the need for military command in the southwest.

Upon the death of King Alfonso, Henry and Theresa continued governing these lands south of the Minho and extending to the Mondego river and valley, and, later, in December 1111, under the reign of Queen Urraca, were also governing Zamora.

Reign

Struggle with sister
At first, Theresa and Henry were vassals of her father, but Alfonso VI died in 1109, leaving his legitimate daughter, Queen Urraca of Léon as the heir to the throne. As a daughter Theresa could be a vector of royal authority; as a wife she bestowed that authority to her husband. As a widow it was accepted that she might continue to exercise authority on behalf of her (male) children. Henry invaded León, hoping to add it to his lands. When he died in 1112, Theresa was left to deal with the military and political situation. She took on the responsibility of government, and occupied herself at first mainly with her southern lands, that had only recently been reconquered from the Moors as far as the Mondego River. In recognizing her victory in defending Coimbra, she was called "Queen" by Pope Paschal II and in light of this recognition, she appears in her documents as "Daughter of Alphonso and elected by God", explicitly being called queen in an 1117 document, leading some to refer to her as the first monarch of Portugal. Pope Paschal II referred to her as queen in the papal bull FRATRUM NOSTRUM issued on 18 June 1116.

In 1116, in an effort to expand her power, Theresa fought her half-sister, Queen Urraca. They fought again in 1120, as she continued to pursue a larger share in the Leonese inheritance, and allied herself as a widow to the most powerful Galician nobleman for that effect. This was Fernando Pérez, Count of Traba, who had rejected his first wife to openly marry her, and served her on her southern border of the Mondego. In 1121, she was besieged and captured at Lanhoso, on her northern border with Galicia, while fighting her sister Urraca. A negotiated peace was coordinated with aid from the Archbishops of Santiago de Compostela and Braga. The terms included that Theresa could go free only if she held the County of Portugal as a vassal of the Kingdom of León as she had received it initially.

Rebellions

By 1128, the Archbishop of Braga and the main Portuguese feudal nobles had had enough of her persistent Galician alliance, which the first feared could favour the ecclesiastical pretensions of his new rival, the Galician Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, Diego Gelmírez, who had just started to assert his pretensions to an alleged discovery of relics of Saint James in his town, as his way to gain power and riches over the other cathedrals in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Portuguese nobles and warlords rebelled, and the Queen was deposed after a short civil war. Her son and heir, Afonso, defeated Theresa's troops at the Battle of São Mamede near Guimarães and led her, along with the Count of Traba and their children, into exile in the Kingdom of Galicia, near the Portuguese border, where the Traba had founded the monastery of Toxos Outos. Theresa died soon afterwards in 1130. She was succeeded by her son, who would eventually lead Portugal into becoming a fully independent kingdom, and, later, nation state.

Issue

By Henry, Count of Portugal, Theresa had:

 Urraca of Portugal (c. 1095 – after 1169), wife of Bermudo Pérez de Traba, son of count Pedro Fróilaz, tenente in Trastámara, Viseu, Seia, and Faro in A Coruña, with issue;
 Sancha of Portugal (c. 1097–1163), married the nobleman Sancho Nunes de Celanova. On 15 July 1129, the abbess of the Monastery of San Salvador de Ferreira de Pantón acquired from Mendo Núñez and from his brother Sancho Núñez and his wife, Infanta Sancha Henriques, some properties in Estriz. One of their daughters, María Sánchez, was the abbess of the Monastery of San Salvador de Sobrado de Trives. They were also the parents of Velasco, Gil, Fernando and Teresa Sánchez. She married, after being widowed, Fernando Mendes de Bragança, without any issue from this second marriage;
 Teresa of Portugal (born c. 1098);
 Afonso Henriques (1109–1185), the first king of Portugal, named after his maternal grandfather, perhaps as "a reminder that the blood of the Emperor of all Hispania also ran through the veins of this grandson";

She had two daughters with count Fernando Pérez de Traba:
 Teresa Fernández de Traba (d. 1180) wife of count Nuño Pérez de Lara and, when widowed, the second wife of King Ferdinand II of León.
 Sancha Fernández de Traba (d. after March 1181). Married before 1150 count Álvaro Rodríguez de Sarria, with issue. After being widowed, she became the second wife of count Pedro Alfonso and, widowed again, married count Gonzalo Ruiz; without any issue from these two marriages.

References

Bibliography

1080 births
1130 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
11th-century women rulers
12th-century women rulers
11th-century Portuguese women
House of Jiménez
House of Burgundy
Burials at Braga Cathedral
Counts of Portugal (Asturias-León)
People of the Reconquista
Regents of Portugal
Illegitimate children of Alfonso VI
County of Portugal
Women in medieval European warfare
12th-century counts of Portugal (Asturias-León)
Women in 12th-century warfare
12th-century Portuguese women
Daughters of emperors
Daughters of kings

Theresa, Countess of Portugal


Süryani Kadim Kilisesi ya da Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi Doğu Hristiyan mezhebidir ve Orta Doğu'da yaşayan Hristiyan Semitik bir halk olan Süryaniler'in çoğu bu mezhebe üyedir.

Aslında Süryani Kadim Kilisesi adı bu Hristiyan mezhebe ve ona bağlı olanlara verilen gayr-i resmî tanımlamadır. Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi olarak da bilinir.

Kilisenin ve bazı mensuplarının kullandığı dil İsa'nın da konuştuğu Süryanice (Aramice)'dir.

Tarihçe
Kudüs Hristiyan cemaatinden sonra Hristiyanlığın en eski kilisesi olarak kabul edilir. MS 34 yılında Havari Petrus tarafından kurulmuştur. Süryani Patriği, Havari Petrus'un makamını taşır ve kanuni halifesidir.

Günümüzde

Patriklik Merkezi'nin adı her ne kadar "Antakya Süryani Patrikliği" olsa da Patriklik merkezi bugün Şam'da bulunmaktadır. 20. yüzyılın başında ise Patriklik Merkezi Mardin şehriydi.

Süryani Kadim Kilisesi'inde Patriğe bağlı 20 Metropolit bulunmaktadır. Bunların 4 tanesi Türkiye'de bulunur. Şimdiki patrikleri Mor Iğnatius II Afrem Kerimdir. Şu anda kendileri Şam'da bulunmaktadır. Şu anki İstanbul metropoliti ise Mor Filuksinos Yusuf Çetin'dir. Bulunduğu yer ise Tarlabaşı Meryemana Metropolitlik Kilisesidir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Süryaniler
 Aziz Tomas Hristiyanları
 Yusuf Çetin
 Süryanice (Aramice)
 Doğu Asur Kilisesi
 Mar Benyamin Şimun XXI
 Keldani Katolik Kilisesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi


Vilarinho de Samardã Portekiz'de Vila Real belediyesine bağlı olan, 21,69 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 807 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Real'ın bucakları

Vilarinho de Samardã


Cătălin Tănase ()  un biolog (micologie și botanică), profesor la Facultatea de Biologie din cadrul Universității "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iași. De asemenea, este director al Grădinii Botanice "Anastasie Fătu" din Iași. A fost ales membru corespondent al Academiei Române în 2018.

Note

Legături externe
 CV
 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – T

Nașteri în 1962
Nașteri pe 19 februarie
Biologi români
Membri corespondenți ai Academiei Române
Cercetători români
Cadre didactice universitare ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași
Oameni în viață

Cătălin Tănase


The Pixiphone was a range of toy glockenspiels (although they were inaccurately labelled as xylophones on their packaging). The larger Pixiphones had a 'raiser-bar' which could be used to end a note abruptly, rather than letting the sound fade naturally. Although marketed as a children's toy, the Pixiphone could be tuned pitch-perfect and was very robust, resulting in many children using them at British schools for music instruction, and occasional use on professional recordings by established musicians (see "recordings" below).

Manufacturer
The Pixiphone was manufactured by Chas E. Methven Ltd, Chatham, Kent, England, and distributed by Playcraft Toys Ltd England from the 1950s to the 1970s (or possibly later).

Recordings
The Pixiphone was played by Steve Took on three Tyrannosaurus Rex albums, where it is incorrectly (or jokingly) credited as a Pixiephone.

The instrument was also used on the Badfinger song "She Came Out of the Cold" which featured on the compilation album Without You, by Jeremy Baines on the first Henry Cow album, and by Daisy Chute on the single "Lazy Daze". Ben Christophers also used one on two Marianne Faithfull songs, "Late Victorian Holocaust" and "Deep Water" on her Give My Love to London album, although again it is misspelled pixiephone in the booklet. It was also used on David Bowie's The World of David Bowie.

Similar instruments

A similar but unrelated instrument was sold as the Sooty Pixie Xylophone (Pixie with an e) in the same period.

References

Keyboard percussion instruments
Struck idiophones
Toy instruments and noisemakers

Pixiphone


Utopija (djelo Tome Morusa)
utopija (sociologija)
Utopija, naslov više filmova
Utopija, naslov više književnih djela
Utopija, ime više glazbenih sastava
Utopija, naslov više glazbenih albuma
Utopija, naslov više skladbi
Utopia Planitia, udarni krater na Marsu
Utopia, ime više naselja
Utopija (punk fanzin), Zagreb

Vidi
distopija

Utopija


Tawfiq Ziyad (en árabe  توفيق زيّاد , en hebreo  תאופיק זיאד, Nazaret, 7 de mayo de 1922 – Valle del Jordán, 5 de julio de 1994) fue un poeta y político palestino.

Biografía
Nacido en Galilea, estudió literatura en la Unión Soviética y al regresar a Palestina fue elegido alcalde de Nazaret en 1973 con el partido político Rakah.

De joven se afilió al Partido Comunista de Israel y desde 1948 luchó política y literariamente a favor de los derechos de los palestinos. Fue miembro de la Knéset y alcalde de Nazaret durante 19 años, hasta su muerte en un accidente de coche en 1994.

Zayid disfrutó de una gran popularidad y el 30 de marzo de 1976 lideró «el día de la tierra» (día de la Intifada Nacional) a pesar de la oposición de los comités locales. Literariamente, destaca por su poesía directa y representa un de los máximos exponentes de la obra lírica de la Resistencia palestina. Rotundo, poco ortodoxo, poderoso, su estilo contundente va dirigido a un interlocutor relacionado con su pueblo con objetivo de reivindicar justicia y libertad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
(en árabe) Página oficial
(en árabe) toarab.net
(en catalán) Llibres de l'autor a les Biblioteques de Barcelona

Nacidos en Nazaret
Políticos de Israel del siglo XX
Políticos de Palestina
Escritores de Israel del siglo XX
Escritores de Palestina
Escritores en árabe del siglo XX
Miembros de la Knéset

Tawfiq Ziyad


Järve ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Kohtla (Kohtla vald). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 657 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2010). Es liegt unmittelbar nordöstlich der Stadt Kohtla-Järve an der Überlandstraße zwischen der estnischen Hauptstadt Tallinn und der zweitgrößten russischen Stadt Sankt Petersburg.

Der Ort wurde erstmals 1241 im Liber Census Daniae urkundlich erwähnt. Er trug damals den Namen Jeruius.

Bei dem Bauerngehöft Laasiku wurde in den 1930er Jahren ein Opferplatz aus der Wikingerzeit entdeckt.

1916 fanden bei dem Dorf der erste Probeabbau von Ölschiefer statt.

Burg Järve
Das Gut von Järve ist seit 1497 urkundlich belegt. Es gehörte damals der Familie Lode und trug den Namen Türpsal. Mit dem Bau der Vasallenburg wurde kurze Zeit später, 1508, begonnen. Sie diente befestigten Wohnzwecken.

Das Gut gehörte damals der Familie Paykull, die bis 1815 Eigentümer blieben. Letzter Besitzer vor der Enteignung im Zuge der estnischen Landreform 1919 war die adlige deutschbaltische Familie Dehn.

Für den Bau der Burg wurde örtlicher Kalkstein verwendet. Von den ehemaligen drei Geschossen sind die unteren beiden noch erhalten. Die Mauern sind 1,75 bis 2 Meter dick. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs haben Brände die Gebäude stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen.

Ganz in der Nähe der Burg befand sich früher das Landhaus "Friedenthal". Der lebte und arbeitete von 1795 bis 1797 der Dramatiker August von Kotzebue (1761–1819).

Literatur
 Kalvi Aluve: Eesti keskaegsed linnused. Tallinn: 1993, S. 56

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Kohtla
Ersterwähnung 1241
Geographie (Toila)

Järve (Kohtla)