Henry Joseph Darger Jr. (; April 12, 1892 – April 13, 1973) was an American writer, novelist and artist who worked as a hospital custodian in Chicago, Illinois. He has become famous for his posthumously discovered 15,145-page fantasy novel manuscript called The Story of the Vivian Girls, in What Is Known as the Realms of the Unreal, of the Glandeco-Angelinian War Storm, Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion, along with several hundred drawings and watercolor illustrations for the story.

The visual subject matter of his work ranges from idyllic scenes in Edwardian interiors and tranquil flowered landscapes populated by children and fantastic creatures, to scenes of horrific terror and carnage depicting young children being tortured and massacred. Much of his artwork is mixed media with collage elements. Darger's artwork has become one of the most celebrated examples of outsider art.

Life
Darger was born on April 12, 1892, in Chicago, Illinois, to Henry Darger Sr., a German immigrant from Meldorf, and Rosa Fullman. Cook County records show he was born at home, located at 350 W. 24th Street. When he was four years old, his mother died of puerperal fever after giving birth to a daughter, who was given up for adoption; Darger never knew his sister. One of his biographers, the art historian and psychologist John M. MacGregor, discovered that Rosa had two children before Henry, but did not discover their whereabouts.

By Darger's own account, his father was kind and reassuring to him. Darger Sr. was a tailor with disabilities, and his poor health made caring for his son difficult. They lived together until 1900, when his father was taken to St. Augustine's Home for the Aged. Because of his apparent intellect, the young Darger had been enrolled in public school at the third grade level; after his father's hospitalization, Darger was moved to the Mission of Our Lady of Mercy, a Roman Catholic orphanage. After bad behavior, he was relocated to the Illinois Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children in Lincoln, Illinois, also called the Lincoln State School (today the Lincoln Developmental Center), with the diagnosis, according to Stephen Prokopoff, that "little Henry's heart is not in the right place". According to John MacGregor, the diagnosis was actually "self-abuse", a euphemism for masturbation.

Darger himself felt that much of his problem was being able to see through adult lies and becoming a "smart-aleck" as a result, which often led to his being punished by teachers and ganged up on by classmates. He also felt compelled to make unusual noises. The Lincoln asylum's practices included forced child labor and severe punishments, which Darger would later seemingly incorporate into his writing. Darger later said that, to be fair, there were also "good times" at the asylum, he enjoyed some of the work, and he had friends as well as enemies.

In 1908, Darger received word that his father had died in St. Augustine's Home for the Aged; Darger never had a chance to visit him since his departure eight years prior. He attempted to escape in 1908 by freight train, but was thwarted by police after reaching Chicago and forced back into the asylum. He escaped once more in 1909 and succeeded, now free in Chicago.

With the help of his godmother, Darger found menial employment in a Catholic hospital and in this fashion continued to support himself until his retirement in 1963.

Except for a brief stint in the U.S. Army during World War I, his life took on a pattern that seems to have varied little. A devout Catholic, he attended Mass daily, frequently returning for as many as five services. He collected found objects from the streets – including shoes, eyeglasses, and balls of string – to exhibit alongside artwork in his home-studio. His dress was shabby, although he attempted to keep his clothes clean and mended, and he was largely solitary.

His close friend of 48 years, William Schloeder, was of like mind on the subject of protecting abused and neglected children, and the pair proposed founding a "Children's Protective Society" that would put such children up for adoption to loving families. Schloeder left Chicago sometime in the mid-1930s, but he and Darger stayed in touch through letters until Schloeder's death in 1959. Darger's biographer Jim Elledge speculates that Darger and Schloeder may have had a romantic relationship while Schloeder lived in Chicago, and Darger sometimes referred to Schloeder as his "special friend."

In 1930, Darger settled into a second-floor room on Chicago's North Side at 851 W. Webster Avenue in the Lincoln Park section of the city, near the DePaul University campus. It was in this room for the next 43 years that Darger would imagine and write his massive tomes (in addition to a 10-year daily weather journal and assorted diaries) and collect and display artwork until his death at St. Augustine's Home for the Aged (the same institution at which his father had died) on April 13, 1973, one day after his 81st birthday.

In the last entry in his diary, Darger wrote: "January 1, 1971. I had a very poor nothing like Christmas. Never had a good Christmas all my life, nor a good new year, and now... I am very bitter but fortunately not revengeful, though I feel should be how I am..."

Darger is buried at All Saints Cemetery in Des Plaines, Illinois, in a plot called "The Old People of the Little Sisters of the Poor Plot". His headstone is inscribed "Artist" and "Protector of Children".

Works

In the Realms of the Unreal
In the Realms of the Unreal is a 15,145-page work bound in fifteen immense, densely typed volumes (with three of them consisting of several hundred illustrations, scroll-like watercolor paintings on paper derived from magazines and coloring books) created over six decades. Darger illustrated his stories using a technique of traced images cut from magazines and catalogues, arranged in large panoramic landscapes and painted in watercolors, some as large as 30 feet wide and painted on both sides. He wrote himself into the narrative as the children's protector.

The largest part of the book, The Story of the Vivian Girls, in What is Known as the Realms of the Unreal, of the Glandeco-Angelinian War Storm Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion, follows the adventures of the daughters of Robert Vivian, seven princesses of the Christian nation of Abbieannia who assist a daring rebellion against the child slavery imposed by John Manley and the Glandelinians. Children take up arms in their own defense and are often slain in battle or viciously tortured by the Glandelinian overlords. The elaborate mythology includes the setting of a large planet, around which Earth orbits as a moon (where most people are Christian and mostly Catholic), and a species called the "Blengigomeneans" (or Blengins for short), gigantic winged beings with curved horns who occasionally take human or part-human form, even disguising themselves as children. They are usually benevolent, but some Blengins are extremely suspicious of all humans, due to Glandelinian atrocities.

Once released from the Lincoln asylum, Darger repeatedly attempted to adopt a child, but his efforts failed. Images of children often served as his inspiration, particularly a portrait from the Chicago Daily News from May 9, 1911: a five-year-old murder victim, named Elsie Paroubek. The girl had left home on April 8 of that year telling her mother she was going to visit her aunt around the corner from her home. She was last seen listening to an organ grinder with her cousins. Her body was found a month later in a sanitary district channel near the screen guards of the powerhouse at Lockport. An autopsy found she had probably been suffocated—not strangled, as is often stated in articles about Darger. Paroubek's disappearance and murder, her funeral, and the subsequent investigation, were the subjects of a huge amount of coverage in the Daily News and other papers at the time.

This newspaper photo was part of a growing personal archive of clippings Darger had been gathering. There is no indication that the murder or the news photo and article had any particular significance for Darger, until one day he could not find it. Writing in his journal at the time, he began to process this forfeiture of yet another child, lamenting that "the huge disaster and calamity" of his loss "will never be atoned for", but "shall be avenged to the uttermost limit". According to his autobiography, Darger believed the photo was among several items that were stolen when his locker at work was broken into. He never found his copy of the photograph again. Because he could not remember the exact date of its publication, he could not locate it in the newspaper archive. He carried out an elaborate series of novenas and other prayers for the picture to be returned. The fictive war that was sparked by Darger's loss of the newspaper photograph of Paroubek, whose killer was never found, became Darger's magnum opus. He had been working on some version of the novel before this time (he makes reference to an early draft which was also lost or stolen), but now it became an all-consuming creation.

In The Realms of the Unreal, Paroubek is imagined as Annie Aronburg, the leader of the first child slave rebellion. "The assassination of the child labor rebel Annie Aronburg... was the most shocking child murder ever caused by the Glandelinian Government" and was the cause of the war. Through their sufferings, valiant deeds and exemplary holiness, the Vivian Girls are hoped to be able to help bring about a triumph of Christianity. Darger provided two endings to the story, one in which the Vivian Girls and Christianity are triumphant and another in which they are defeated and the godless Glandelinians reign.

Darger's human figures were rendered largely by tracing, collage, or photo enlargement from popular magazines and children's books (much of the "trash" he collected was old magazines and newspapers, which he clipped for source material). Some of his favorite figures were the Coppertone Girl and Little Annie Rooney. He is praised for his natural gift for composition and the brilliant use of color in his watercolors. The images of daring escapes, mighty battles, and painful torture are reminiscent not only of contemporaneous epic films such as The Birth of a Nation (which Darger might easily have seen) but of events in Catholic history; the text makes it clear that the child victims are heroic martyrs like the early saints. Art critic Michael Moon explains Darger's images of tortured children in terms of popular Catholic culture and iconography. These included martyr pageants and Catholic comic books with detailed, often gory tales of innocent female victims.

One idiosyncratic feature of Darger's artwork is that his girl subjects are shown to have penises when unclothed or partially clothed. Darger biographer Jim Elledge speculates that this represents a reflection of Darger's own childhood issues with sexual identity and homosexuality. Darger's second novel, Crazy House, deals with these subjects more explicitly. However this may simply reflect Darger's lack of knowledge of anatomy as girls are always depicted either with no genitalia at all, or with penises.

In a paraphrase of the Declaration of Independence, Darger wrote of children's right "to play, to be happy, and to dream, the right to normal sleep of the night's season, the right to an education, that we may have an equality of opportunity for developing all that are in us of mind and heart."

Crazy House: Further Adventures in Chicago
A second work of fiction, provisionally titled Crazy House: Further Adventures in Chicago, contains over 10,000 handwritten pages. Written after The Realms, it takes that epic's major characters—the seven Vivian sisters and their companion/secret brother, Penrod—and places them in Chicago, with the action unfolding during the same years as that of the earlier book. Begun in 1939, it is a tale of a house that is possessed by demons and haunted by ghosts, or has an evil consciousness of its own. Children disappear into the house and are later found brutally murdered. The Vivians and Penrod are sent to investigate and discover that the murders are the work of evil ghosts. The girls go about exorcising the place, but have to resort to arranging for a full-scale Holy Mass to be held in each room before the house is clean. They do this repeatedly, but it never works. The narrative ends mid-scene, with Darger having just been rescued from the Crazy House.

The History of My Life
In 1968, Darger became interested in tracing some of his frustrations back to his childhood and began writing The History of My Life. Spanning eight volumes, the book only spends 206 pages detailing Darger's early life before veering off into 4,672 pages of fiction about a powerful tornado called "Sweetie Pie", probably inspired by memories of a tornado he had witnessed in 1908.

Posthumous fame and influence

Darger's landlords, Nathan and Kiyoko Lerner, discovered his work shortly before his death. Nathan Lerner, an accomplished photographer whose long career, The New York Times wrote, "was inextricably bound up in the history of visual culture in Chicago," immediately recognized the artistic merit of Darger's work. By this time Darger was in St. Augustine's, operated by the Little Sisters of the Poor, where his father had died.

The Lerners took charge of the Darger estate, publicizing his work and contributing to projects such as the 2004 documentary In the Realms of the Unreal. In cooperation with Kiyoko Lerner, Intuit: The Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art dedicated the Henry Darger Room Collection in 2008 as part of its permanent collection. Darger has become internationally recognized thanks to the efforts of the people who salvaged his work. After Nathan Lerner's death in 1997, Kiyoko became the sole figure in charge of both her husband's and Darger's estates. The U.S. copyright representative for the Estate of Henry Darger and the Estate of Nathan Lerner is the Artists Rights Society.

Darger is today one of the most famous figures in the history of outsider art. At the Outsider Art Fair, held every January in New York City, and at auction, his work is among the highest-priced of any self-taught artist. The American Folk Art Museum in New York opened a Henry Darger Study Center in 2001. His work now commands upwards of $750,000.

Darger left no will and no immediate surviving relatives when he died in 1973. In 2021, Ron Slattery, a photographer who had lost the rights to photographs by Vivian Maier after her distant heirs were uncovered, read a law article questioning Kiyoko Lerner's legal right to Darger's artwork. He located Darger's legal heirs by himself and notified them of their legal claim. In June 2022, a probate judge agreed to make one of the distant relatives, Christen Sadowski, "the supervised administrators of the estate," making him "authorized to take possession of and collect the assets of the Estate, including its copyright and personal property interests." The estate immediately sued Kiyoko Lerner for control of the artworks. In March 2023, Lerner's motion to dismiss was denied on multiple grounds, and as of April 2023 the lawsuit is currently proceeding.

Collections and exhibits
Darger's works are included in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the American Folk Art Museum in New York, Intuit: The Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art, the New Orleans Museum of Art, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Collection de l'art brut, the Walker Art Center, the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, High Museum of Art, and the Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art in Villeneuve d'Ascq, and the Museum of Old and New Art, in Tasmania; Australia.

Darger's art also has been featured in many notable museum exhibitions, including "The Unreality of Being" exhibit curated by Stephen Prokopoff. It was also seen in "Disasters of War" (P.S. 1, New York, 2000), where it was presented alongside prints from the famous Francisco Goya series The Disasters of War and works derived from these by the British contemporary-art duo Jake and Dinos Chapman. Darger's work has also been shown at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Setagaya Art Museum, and the Collection de l'art brut, La Maison Rouge, Museum Kunstpalast, Musée d'Art Moderne de Lille-Métropole, and the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.

In 2008, the exhibition at the American Folk Art Museum, titled "Dargerism: Contemporary Artists and Henry Darger", examined the influence of Darger's œuvre on 11 artists, including Trenton Doyle Hancock, Robyn O'Neil and Amy Cutler, who were responding not only to the aesthetic nature of Darger's mythic work – with its tales of good versus evil, its epic scope and complexity, and its transgressive undertone – but also to his driven work ethic and all-consuming devotion to artmaking.

Also in 2008, Intuit: The Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art in Chicago opened its permanent exhibit of the Henry Darger Room Collection, an installation that meticulously recreates the small northside Chicago apartment where Darger lived and made his art.

See also
James Hampton, another janitor outsider artist who became famous posthumously
Charles Dellschau

Citations

General and cited sources
 Anderson, Brooke Davis. Darger: The Henry Darger Collection at the American Folk Art Museum. New York: American Folk Art Museum in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2001.
 Ashbery, John. ''Girls on the Run: A Poem. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1999.
 Bonesteel, Michael (ed.). Henry Darger: Art and Selected Writings. New York: Rizzoli, 2000.
 Bourrit, Bernard. Henry Darger: Espace mouvant. In "La Part de l'Oeil" n° 20, Bruxelles, 2005: 252–259.
 Collins, Paul, Not Even Wrong: Adventures in Autism. New York: Bloomsbury, 2004. .

 Jones, Finn-Olaf, "Landlord's Fantasy", Forbes, April 25, 2005.
 Kitajima, Keizo (photographs), and Koide, Yukiko and Tsuzukimota, Kyoichi (text), Henry Darger's Room: 851 Webster. Tokyo, Japan: Imperial Press, 2007.
 MacGregor, John M. Henry Darger: In the Realms of the Unreal. New York: Delano Greenidge Editions, 2002. .
 Morrison, C. L. The Old Man in the Polka-Dotted Dress: Looking for Henry Darger. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 2005.
 Schjeldahl, Peter. Folks, The New Yorker, January 14, 2002: 88–89.
 Peter Schjeldahl's illustrated review of an exhibit of Darger's art at the American Folk Art Museum in New York City.
 Shaw, Lytle, The Moral Storm: Henry Darger's "Book of Weather Reports", Cabinet. An examination of Darger's 10-year weather diaries and their relation to his work and to Christian painting.
 William Swislow's review of "Henry Darger: Desperate and Terrible Questions", The Outsider.
 Perry, Grayson, and Jones, Wendy, Grayson Perry: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Girl. Vintage, 2007. .
 Trent, Mary. "'Many Stirring Scenes': Henry Darger's Reworking of American Visual Culture." American Art 26 (Spring 2012), 74–101.

External links
 Henry Darger at the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction''

 American Folk Art Museum's Henry Darger Collection
 Henry Darger Room Collection
 Sara Ayers' Henry Darger Page.
 Carl Hammer Gallery page
 Revolutions of the Night: The Enigma of Henry Darger

1892 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American painters
20th-century diarists
American people of German descent
American Roman Catholics
American collage artists
American diarists
American fantasy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
American speculative fiction artists
Artists from Chicago
Fantastic art
Janitors
Naïve painters
Novelists from Illinois
Outsider artists
Self-taught artists
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers
Writers from Chicago
Writers who illustrated their own writing

Henry Darger


Cuba deltog første gang i olympiske lege under sommer-OL 1900 i Paris og har siden deltaget i 20 af 28 sommerlege. Cuba har aldrig deltaget i vinterlege.

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Cubas OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

Cuba ved sommer-OL
OL

Cuba ved OL


O Grupo F das Qualificações para o Campeonato Europeu de Futebol de 2024 é um dos dez grupos que irão decidir os participantes do Campeonato Europeu de Futebol de 2024. As duas melhores seleções se classificam.

Classificação

Partidas
As partidas foram divulgadas pela UEFA em 10 de outubro de 2022. Para as partidas é utilizado o fuso horário UTC+1 e UTC+2.

Ligações externas
 Qualificação Europeia - UEFA.com

2023 no futebol
Desporto na Europa em 2023

Qualificações para o Campeonato Europeu de Futebol de 2024 – Grupo F


Augustin Jianu (n. 23 mai 1986) este un antreprenor român care a ocupat funcția de ministru al Comunicațiilor și Societății Informaționale în guvernul condus de politicianul Sorin Grindeanu. Augustin a fost .

Referințe

 Politicieni români în viață
 Nașteri în 1986
 Nașteri pe 23 mai

Augustin Jianu


Spectrofotometria este o ramură a spectroscopiei cu aplicații în chimia analitică, în special în analiza cantitativă. Se ocupă cu determinarea cantitativă a proprietăților de reflexie sau de transmisie ale unei substanțe în funcție de lungimea de undă. Face parte din spectroscopia electromagnetică, iar radiațiile electromagnetice folosite în această tehnică analitică sunt radiațiile din spectrul vizibil (VIS), ultraviolet apropiat (UV) și infraroșu apropiat (IR).

Spectrofotometrul

Vezi și
 Spectroscopie
 Legea Beer-Lambert

Referințe

Legături externe
 Spectrofotometria

Spectroscopie
Fotochimie

Spectrofotometrie


Panik je naseljeno mjesto u općini Bileća, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina.

Povijest
U rimsko doba ovdje je nalazila putna stanica Leusinium oko koje se razvio čitav građevinski kompleks. Villa urbana na lokalitetu Crkvina-Parežani bila je smještena na najljepšem položaju uz rijeku Trebišnjicu, izgrađena u obliku "U vile". Dva kompleksa prostorija koja su ležala naspramno, i obuhvaćala banju i reprezentativne prostorije, bile su na jednom kraju vezane trijemovima i tako zatvarali veliki četverokutni prostor, vjerojatno vrt. Gabariti objekta, sitni nalazi, luksuznost u opremanju, posebice stambenih dijelova, blizina manjih vila rustika koje su ulazile u domeni ovih velikih zdanja ukazuju na to da je ova vila bila sjedište jednog velikog posjeda. U jednoj od prostorija pronađeni su najraniji tragovi kršćanstva u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prostorija je u obliku križa iz vremenu kada je kršćanstvo bilo van zakona i proganjano. U njoj se u određenoj mjeri sačuvao mozaik izuzetnih umjetničkih vrijednosti.

Vila rustika na Dračevoj strani posjedovala je pomoćne prostorije u funkciji radionica, ostava, staja i slično. Utvrđeno je postojanje i tri grupe zgrada koje se sastoje od uskih i dugih krakova jednakih širina i u njima se nalazio jedan red velikih ili dva reda manjih prostorija. Po nalazima poljoprivrednog oruđa i velikih kamenih sudova za preradu poljoprivrednih proizvoda (mlinovi za mljevenje žita) može se zaključiti da su ove gospodarske prostorije služile, prije svega, za radove u vezi s poljoprivredom.

Podizanjem brane Grančarevo na rijeci Trebišnjici stvoreno je Bilećko jezero. Voda je prekrila nekoliko naselja, među kojima i naselje Panik. Osim kuća i imanja, ispod Bilećkog jezera tada je ostalo i bogato kulturno-povijesno naslijeđe. Jedan manji pokretni dio nalaza prebačen je u muzej u Nikšiću.

Stanovništvo

Popisi 1971. – 1991.

Popis 2013.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene mrežne stranice općine Bileća

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj
Bileća

Panik


التسريحة أو التصفيفة أو القَصَّة التي عادة تشير إلى طريقة تصفيف شعر فروة رأس الإنسان، قد تعني أحيانًا طريقة تعديل شعر الوجه والجسم. ويمكن عد طريقة التسريحة أحد جوانب العناية الشخصية، بما يتناسق مع الأزياء ومستحضرات التجميل، مع ان الاعتبارات العلمية والثقافية والموضة الشائعة، تؤثر في اختيار بعض تسريحات الشعر.

أقدم تصور معروف عن طريقة تصفيف الشعر هو تجديل الشعر، الذي يعود تاريخه إلى نحو 30,000 عام. في التاريخ، غالبًا ما كان شعر المرأة يجري تصفيفه بعناية وبطرائق خاصة، رغم أنه غالبًا ما كان يُغطى خارج المنزل، وخاصةً النساء المتزوجات. منذ عهد الإمبراطورية الرومانية حتى العصور الوسطى، جعلت معظم النساء شعرهنَّ ينمو إلى حد نموه الطبيعي. في أواخر القرن الخامس عشر وأواخر القرن السادس عشر، اتُبِعت طريقة لتصفيف الشعر بشكل يجعله يبدو عاليًا من جهة الجبهة، الذي كان يعد جذابًا. قرابة الفترة الزمنية ذاتها، كان غالبية الرجال الأوربيين يقصون شعرهم حتى يوازي الكتف. في أوائل القرن السابع عشر، بقي الرجال على تسريحاتهم، ولكنهم جعلوا الشعر ينمو أطول مما كان؛ لتظهر التسريحة المتموجة أو المجعدة، التي كانت مرغوبة في تلك الفترة.

ابتكر الملك لويس الثالث عشر ملك فرنسا (1601-1643) شعر الرجال المستعار في عام 1624. وأدخِلت كلمتي الشعر القصير أو الشعر المستعار للرجال في العالم الإنجليزي مع الأنماط الفرنسية الأخرى في عام 1660. كان الشعر المستعار مموجًا وطويلًا في أواخر القرن السابع عشر، وأصبح أقصر طولًا في منتصف القرن الثامن عشر، إذ كان الرجال بيض البشرة هم الذين يضعون الشعر المستعار في تلك الفترة الزمنية. كان الشعر القصير موضة الرجال العصريين في نتاج الحركة الكلاسيكية الجديدة.

في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر، عادت موضة لحية الذكور، وكذلك الشوارب والسوالف، إذ عادت إلى الظهور وبقوة. من القرن السادس عشر إلى القرن التاسع عشر، ومع تقليل ظاهرة تغطية الرأس أو ارتداء الحجاب لدى النساء الأوربيات أصبح شعرهنَّ أكثر وضوحًا وتمييزًا من قبل. تطوَّر أسلوب الموضة في منتصف القرن الثامن عشر، إذ اتجهت معظم النساء في أنحاء العالم إلى اختيار موضة الشعر القصير، التي كان من السهل تصفيفها، وذلك خلال فترة الحرب العالمية الأولى. في بدايات خمسينيات القرن الماضي، كان شعر النساء مجعدًا ومُرتبًا على أشكال وتنسيقات مختلفة. في الستينيات، اتجهت العديد من النساء لاختيار قصات حديثة للشعر القصير مثل قصة شعر الجني، بينما كان الشعر أكثر طولًا ومرونة في السبعينيات. أي وكما أوضحنا، إن النساء والرجال كان شعرهم طويلًا ومُستقيمًا في الستينيات والسبعينيات من القرن الماضي. في الثمانينيات، ظهرت موضة سحب الشعر إلى الخلف لدى النساء، وخلال هذه الفترة، اختار العديد من الناس تسريحات موسيقي الروك الـ Punk.

عصور ما قبل التاريخ
على مر العصور، تنوعت طرق التسريحة التي تتبعها الناس، التي حددتها الثقافة المنتشرة في تلك العصور ونمط معيشتهم إلى حد كبير. طريقة التسريحة علامة تدل على الطبقة والحالة الاجتماعية، والعمر، والهوية العرقية، والمعتقدات السياسية، التي تدل على الجنس.

يغطي بعض الناس شعرهم كُليًا، وذلك لأسباب ثقافية أو دينية. إذ ترتدي النساء المسلمات الحجاب الذي يغطي الرأس بالكامل. وفي الديانة اليهودية، ترتدي النساء المتزوجات الشيتل أو التيشل. وفي شعب الهيمبا، ترتدي النساء المتزوجات غطاء رأس يغطي شعرهن، ويلبسن هذا الغطاء في جميع الأوقات، ما عدا حالة الحداد لديهم. ويرتدي رجال الطوارق -الذين يجوبون الصحاري- الحجاب الذي يغطي الرأس بالكامل، إذ يظهر العينين فقط، وفي الثقافة السيخية، يرتدي الرجال والنساء المعمدين الداستر.

العصر الحجري القديم
تعود أقدم نسخة موجودة ومعروفة لتضفير الشعر إلى نحو 30000 عام، أي تمثال فينوس ويلندورف، المعروف الآن في الأوساط الأكاديمية باسم امرأة ويليندورف، إذ يقدر أن تمثال الأنثى هذا نُحت منذ العصر الحجري القديم بين نحو 28000 و25000 قبل الميلاد. يبلغ عمر فينوس براسيمبوي نحو 25000 سنة، الذي يظهر بصورة مؤكدة التسريحة.

معرض صور

اقرأ أيضا
 مصفف الشعر
 ذيل حصان

مراجع

تسريحات الشعر
تصفيف الشعر
نظافة شخصية

تسريحة شعر


ඔබට අවශ්‍ය විෂයය තෝරාගන්න:

 හුණුගල්
 පිළිස්සූ හුණු
 දියගැසූ හුණු -හෙවත් අළු හුණු
 කැල්සියම් කාබනේට් -CaCO3 හෙවත් හුණුගල් පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාත්මකව
 කැල්සියම් ඔක්සයිඩ්-CaO හෙවත් පිළිස්සූ හුණු පිළිබඳව විද්‍යාත්මකව
 කැල්සියම් හයිඩ්‍රොක්සයිඩ් -Ca(OH)2  හෙවත් දියගැසූ හුණු පිළිබඳව විද්‍යාත්මකව

වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණ පිටු

හුණු (බහුරුත්හරණය)


La autopista Elliott y conocida en inglés como Elliott Highway es una carretera estatal ubicada en el estado de Alaska. La autopista comienza por el Oeste, en la autopista Dalton en Manley Hot Springs y acaba al Este en la autopista Steese, en Fox. Tiene una longitud de 245 km (152 mi). La autopista Elliott también forma parte de la Ruta de Alaska 2.

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras federales, la autopista Elliott es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte y Servicios Públicos de Alaska (con siglas en inglés DOT&PF).

Localidades principales
La autopista Elliott es atravesada por las siguientes localidades.
 Fox, milla 0 (km 0)
 Livengood, milla 71 (km 114)
 Minto, milla 110 (km 177)
 Manley Hot Springs, milla 152 (km 245)

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de DOT&PF
 Lista de autopistas por estado

Carreteras estatales de Alaska
Borough de Fairbanks North Star
Área censal de Yukón–Koyukuk

Autopista Elliott


Kamena ploča s natpisom Radovca Vukanovića nalazi se u mjestu Gornje Hutovo u općini Neum. Proglašena je nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine.

Prema arheologu Pavlu Anđeliću nastala je u 15. stoljeću. Poznata je od kraja 19. stoljeća kada ju je objavio Vid Vuletić Vukasović u Starinaru Srpske akademije nauka 1884. godine i N. Jorga u Notes II, 61. Obišao ju je i zabilježio Šefik Bešlagić, a s komentarima objavio Marko Vego. Do 1991. stajala je in situ.

Sam natpis nalazio se na prirodnoj stijeni u Novkovića klancu, uz zapadni rub polja Zablatka, koje se nalazi južno od glavnog puta Stolac – Hutovo – Velja Međa (Popovo polje), u Donjem Hutovu, koje se nalazi oko 2 km udaljeno od Gornjeg Hutova. Natpis je nepravilne gornje plohe dimenzija: dužine 1,9 m, širine od 2 do 0,60 m, a pisan je bosančicom. Prema Marku Vegi glasi: ASE PIŠE RADOVAC VUKANOVIĆ KUJI ZNAH CARINU U VOJVODE I DOK MU NE ZGRIŠIH PRIJATELJE NE IZGUBIH. Natpis je potvrdio postojanje carine u Zablatku.

Kamena ploča bila je udaljena oko 2 km od srednjovjekovne nekropole na lokalitetu Crkvina u Hutovu, a 1991. premještena je u dvorište crkve.

Izvori

Neum
Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine
Arheološki artefakti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Kamena ploča s natpisom Radovca Vukanovića u Gornjem Hutovu


76 mm Gun Motor Carriage M18 ABD Ordusunun II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kullandığı tank imha edicilerinden biridir. Savaş sırasındaki süratinden dolayı, ki bunda Wright Continental R-975 motorun payı büyüktür, ona kısaca Hellcat denirdi. Renkli çizimi

Tarihçe
Aralık 1941 ayında Ordu Ağır Toplar Bölümü, Christie süspansiyonlu, Wright Continental R-975 motorlu ve 37 mm toplu tank yokedici üzerinde çalışıyordu. Fakat Kuzey Afrika muharebelerinde bu topun yetersiz kalması üzerine 57 mm topun kullanılmasına karar verildi. Yapılan çalışmalar ve denemelerden sonra önce 75 oradanda 76 mm topta karar kılındı. Aynı şekilde Chiristie süspansiyonlar atılarak yerine burma yaylı süspansiyona geçildi. Şubat 1943'te proje tamamlandı ve Haziran 1943'te üretime geçildi.

Üretim aşamasında Amerikan ordusuna bağlı askerlerin de görüşlerinin alınmasının faydası çok olmuştur. Aracın motoru ve aksamları çok kolaylıkla yerlerinden çıkarılabiliyor, tamir edilip kolayca takılıyordu.

M18'e ait T70 prototipi ilk olarak 1944 yazında Anzio,İtalya'da kullanıldı.

M10'dan farklı temelde hızlı olmak üzere tasarlandı. Bundan dolayı daha küçük ve hafifti bu da hızlı olmasını sağlıyordu. Üzerinde Sherman 76 modelinde de kullanılan 76 mm top taşıyordu. İçerisinde 5 kişilik mürettebat, 45 top mermisi ve M2 makinalı tüfeği bulunmasına rağmen rahat bir iç hacmi vardı.

En büyük sorunu zayıf zırhı ve etkisiz topuydu. Normal bir mermi ile Alman Tiger ve Panther tanklarının ön zırhında sadece ufak bir hasar verebiliyordu. Aslında hızlı olması için zırhı inceltilmiş ve topu ufaltılmıştı. Savaşın sonlarına doğru kullanılan yüksek tahrip güçlü mermiler sayesinde 76 mm topun gücü arttı.

Varyasyonları
M18'in sadece bir değişik modeli üretildi. Taretsiz bu modele Armored Utility Vehicle M39 deniyordu. Personel ve kargo nakilinde veya top çekicisi olarak kullanılıyordu.

Üretimi
M18'ler savaşın sonlarına yakın 1944 Kasım'ına kadar toplamda 2.507 adet üretildi. Bir tanesinin maliyeti 57.500 USD idi. Savaştan sonra Amerikan Ordusu'nun elinde ihtiyacından fazla M18 bulunuyordu. Bunların çoğunu başka ülkelere verildi. Örneğin 90'lı yıllara kadar Yugoslav Ordusu'nda kullanıldı. Daha sonra Sırbistan Ulusal Muhafızları tarafından 90'lı yıllardaki Yugoslavya iç savaşında kullanıldılar.

Bağlantılı Araçlar
.
 105mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T88 - M18 üzerine 105mm T12 howitzer konuldu, savaş sonunda iptal edildi
 Armoured Utility Vehicle T41/M39 - Taretsiz M18 çekici ya da piyade taşıyıcı olarak kullanıldı.Silah olarak .50cal Browning M2 makinalı tüfek vardı.(900 mermi mühimmat)
 76mm Gun Motor Carriage T86 (Amfibik) - M18 özel kule dizaynı ile yüzebiliyordu.
 76mm Gun Motor Carriage T86E1 (Amfibik) -  T86 ile aynı,yeni iticiler eklendi.
 76mm Gun Motor Carriage T87 (Amfibik) - Üzerine 105mm T12 howitzer topu kondu ve T88 dendi.Savaş sonrası bütün amfibik araçların üretimi durduruldu.

Dış bağlantılar

 OnWar (İngilizce)
 WWII Vehicles(İngilizce)

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tank imha edicileri

M18 Hellcat


Za optimalno funkcioniranje današnjeg svijeta, potrebni su različiti oblici energije. Nezamislivo je voditi kućanstvo ili neki poslovni objekt bez struje, grijanja, hlađenja ili rasvjete.  Stoga je za i očekivati velike potrebe čovječanstva za potrošnjom energije. U kućanstvima i poslovnim objektima, u 2017. godini je ukupna potreba za potrošnjom energije iznosila otprilike 76 000 TWh. Od ukupne potrebe za potrošnjom energije                                                                                u kućanstvima, skoro 64% otpada na grijanje.

Biomasa je jedan od energenata koji se koristi za grijanje ljudi i objekata još od pamtivijeka. Najbolji primjer za to je drvo, koje je do otkrića fosilnih goriva bilo najzastupljeniji energent za grijanje. Osim drvne, u biomasu još spadaju i ostaci iz poljoprivrede, od životinja te biomasa iz otpada. Glavna prednost korištenja biomase za zagrijavanje, u odnosu na fosilna goriva, je u tome što ne dolazi do otpuštanja štetnog ugljikovog dioksida u atmosferu. Prema podacima za 2017., potrošnja biomase za potrebe grijanja u kućanstvima i poslovnim prostorima iznosi približno 34% udjela od ukupne potrebe za potrošnjom energije u navedenim objektima, odnosno skoro 53% od ukupnog udjela energije koji se koristi za grijanje u kućanstvima.

Jedno od modernijih, ali istodobno elegantnih rješenja problema grijanja, bilo u poslovnim prostorima ili kućanstvima, je sustav za centralno grijanje (CTS).                                                                                Izvedba tog sustava se sastoji od zajedničkog uređaja ili postrojenja, iz kojeg se toplina prijenosnicima dovodi do daljnjih prostorija ili objekata.                                                                                Potrošnja topline iz sustava za centralno grijanje u kućanstvima i poslovnim objektima, za 2017. godinu, predstavlja oko 13% od ukupne potrebe za potrošnjom                                                                                energije u istima. Također, udio potrošnje topline iz sustava za centralno grijanje predstavlja i gotovo 20% ukupnog udjela energije, potrebnog za grijanje kućanstva.

Poveznice
http://lert.co.nz/map/  - stranica gdje su izrađene karte

Izvori

Energetika

Raspodjela izvora energije u sustavima grijanja kućanstva i poslovnih prostora


La  du Trofeo Pollença-Port d'Andratx a lieu le , sur un parcours de 170,1 kilomètres tracé dans les Îles Baléares en Espagne, avec un départ à Pollensa et une arrivée à Andratx. La course est la quatrième manche du Challenge de Majorque 2022 et fait partie du calendrier UCI Europe Tour 2022 en catégorie 1.1.

Équipes participantes
25 équipes participent à la course - 10 WorldTeams, 9 ProTeams et 6 équipes continentales :

Classement final

Classement UCI
La course attribue des points aux coureurs pour le Classement mondial UCI 2022 selon le barème suivant :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Challenge de Majorque 2022

Trofeo Pollença-Port d'Andratx 2022


La Rata costera de Galápagos también conocida como rata de arrocera de Galápagos u Oryzomys Galápagos (Aegialomys galapagoensis), es una especie de roedor en la familia Cricetidae de las Islas Galápagos.

Taxonomía
Pertenece al género Aegialomys de la tribu Oryzomyini, pero fue puesto previamente en Oryzomys como galapagoensis Oryzomys.

Hábitat
Su hábitat natural son los matorrales secos subtropicales o tropicales. Al igual que muchos de los animales de las Galápagos, es manso y no tiene miedo de los humanos. Los científicos que trabajan en la isla Santa Fe y la isla Fernandina han informado de que es necesario mantener las tiendas de campaña abiertas para evitar que estas ratas de arroz las mastiquen durante la noche. La subespecie A. g. bauri de la Isla Santa Fe a veces se considera que representan una especie completa. la A. g. galapagoensis se encontraba anteriormente en la isla San Cristóbal, donde Charles Darwin capturó a varios especímenes vivos en el segundo viaje del HMS Beagle en 1855. Sin embargo, se cree que se extinguió décadas sólo después de la visita de Darwin, y las muestras siguientes fueron recogidas junto a restos de subfósiles encontrados en los tubos de lava por David Steadman y sus colegas en 1984. Su pariente más cercano es la Aegialomys xanthaeolus, la única otra especie en el género, que se encuentra en la costa de Ecuador y Perú.

Referencias

Isla Fernandina
Aegialomys galapagoensis
Mamíferos de las islas Galápagos

Aegialomys galapagoensis


أرماند أمار  موزع وملحن موسيقي فرنسي من أصل يهودي مغربي، يتحدث اللهجة المغربية بالإضافة إلى اللغتين الفرنسية والعبرية بطلاقة. ولد سنة 1953 في مدينة القدس الغربية، بعد أن هاجرت عائلته من المغرب إلى إسرائيل بعد إنشاء هذه الدولة شأنها شأن العديد من العائلات المغربية المنحدرة من أصول يهودية. قررت عائلته العودة إلى موطنها الأصلي المغرب بعد توتر الأجواء في الشرق الأوسط بعد حرب 1948 بين إسرائيل وبعض الدول العربية بسبب فلسطين، حيث سيقضي طفولته بالكامل في المغرب قبل الهجرة مع عائلته ثانية إلى فرنسا. من هذا المنطلق سيكون أرماند أمار ثقافة ثلاثية الأبعاد مكونة من مزيج مغربي يهودي فرنسي انعكس أيضا على مساره الفني من خلال توزيعاته وألحانه الموسيقية. تخصص منذ سنة 1997 في أداء الموسيقى التصويرية في المسلسلات والأفلام الفرنسية الكبيرة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مهاجرون مغاربة إلى فرنسا
مواليد 1953
مواليد في القدس
موسيقيون مغاربة
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام فرنسيون
مؤلفو موسيقى تصويرية
يهود مغاربة

أرماند أمار


Ani-Lab (animation laboratorie) er flere steder i Danmark, hvor man laver animationsfilm. (10-18 år). Ani-lab er støttet af Statens Kunstfond.

Kilder/referencer

Animationsfilm

Ani-Lab


كليمنصو (ار 98) (بالفرنسية Clemenceau (R 98)) كانت أفضل سفينة من صنفها وحاملة الطائرات الثامنة للبحرية الفرنسية. عملت من 1961 إلى 1997، وهي ثاني سفينة حربية فرنسية تسمى نسبة لجورج كليمنصو.

التاريخ
تمثل السفينة نجاح جهود فرنسا في إنتاج صنف خاص بها من حاملات الطائرات متعددة الأغراض لتحل محل السفن الأمريكية والبريطانية التي حصلت عليها فرنسا بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية. تصميم الحاملة فعال وتقلد الحاملات الأمريكية لكن مقاسها أصغر.

شكلت كليمنصو مع أختها فوش نواة الأسطول الفرنسي، وأبحرت خلال حياتها أكثر من مليون ميل بحري في 3125 يومًا في كل بحار العالم.

المهمات
 1974-1975 : استقلال جيبوتي، في المحيط الهندي
 1982-1984 : الحرب الأهلية في لبنان
 1987-1988 : الحرب بين إيران والعراق
 1991 : حرب الخليج الأولى
 1993-1996 : الحرب في يوغوسلافيا

التصميم

مراجع

حاملات طائرات فرنسية

سفن 1957
سفن بنيت في فرنسا

كليمنصو (حاملة طائرات)


La microrregión de Três Passos es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Rio Grande do Sul perteneciente a la mesorregión Noroeste Rio-Grandense. Su población fue estimada en 2005 por el IBGE en 141.637 habitantes y está dividida en veinte municipios. Posee un área total de 3.856,166 km².

Municipios
 Barra do Guarita
 Boa Vista do Buricá
 Bom Progresso
 Braga
 Campo Novo
 Crissiumal
 Derrubadas
 Doutor Maurício Cardoso
 Esperança do Sul
 Horizontina
 Humaitá
 Miraguaí
 Nova Candelária
 Redentora
 São Martinho
 Sede Nova
 Tenente Portela
 Tiradentes do Sul
 Três Passos
 Vista Gaúcha

Microrregiones de Río Grande del Sur

Microrregión de Três Passos


Ziraat Bankası A.Ş., Türkiye'deki faaliyet gösteren altı kamu bankasından biri. 1863 yılında Osmanlı Devleti döneminde Midhat Paşa tarafından kurulan Memleket Sandıkları'nın devamı niteliğindedir.

Tarihçe

1863-1880'ler
İlk olarak Ahmed Şefik Midhat Paşa, 1863 yılında Pirot kasabasında kurduğu ilk Memleket Sandıkları oluştururken Türk gelenekleri arasında zaten var olan ve karşılıklı yardımlaşma esasına dayanan imece geleneğinden esinlenmiş ve 1867 yılında "Memleket Sandıkları Nizamnamesi"nin yürürlüğe girmesiyle Osmanlı Devleti'nin her yanında sandıklar faaliyete başlamış ve uzun yıllar başarıyla hizmet vermiştir. 15 Ağustos 1888 tarihinde ise Menafi Sandıkları'nın yerine işlevlerini üstlenecek modern finans kuruluşu olarak Ziraat Bankası resmen kurulmuş, o tarihte faaliyette bulunan Menafi Sandıkları da Banka şubelerine dönüştürülerek faaliyete başlamıştır.

1920-2000'ler
I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra ülkenin işgale uğraması üzerine işgal altındaki topraklarda bulunan şubeler, Yunanların İzmir'de kurdukları "Ziraat Bankası İdare Merkezi"ne bağlanmıştı. 1920'de TBMM'nin açılmasından sonra TBMM kontrolünde bulunan yerlerdeki şubeler Ankara şubesine bağlandı. 1922'de İzmir ve İstanbul teşkilatları da Ankara'ya tabi oldu ve banka tekrar bütünlüğe kavuştu. 1924 yılında çıkarılan kanunla banka, bir devlet kurumu olmaktan çıkarılıp bir anonim şirket haline geldi. 1975'te Hamburg'da temsilcilik, Kıbrıs'ta 3 şube açıldı. 1977'de bölge müdürlükleri kuruldu ve yerinden yönetim anlayışına geçilmeye başladı. 1981'de Türkiye'nin ilk banka müzesi olan Ziraat Bankası Müzesi kuruldu. 1988'de ilk kez tarımı desteklemede bir bölge tek başına ele alınarak Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi bölgesi üreticilerine, bölgenin özelliklerine uygun kredi desteği verilmeye başlandı. 1989'da ilk kredi kartı verildi, ilk tüketici kredisi verildi, altın satışına (Ziraat Altın) başlandı; bankanın ilk yatırım fonu kuruldu. 2001 yılında Türkiye Emlak Bankası, Ziraat Bankası ile birleştirilerek kapatıldı. 2001 Türkiye ekonomik krizinin ardından diğer kamu bankalarıyla ortak bir yönetim kurulu tarafından yönetilmeye başlandı, bu uygulama 2005 yılında sona erdi.

Türkiye dışındaki faaliyetleri
Ziraat Bankası'nın iştiraki Turkish Ziraat Bank Bosnia dd, 19 Mart 1997 tarihinde Bosna-Hersek'te faaliyete geçen ilk yabancı sermayeli banka ve halen Bosna-Hersek'teki tek Türk bankasıdır. Yaklaşık 26 milyon euro olan sermayesinin yüzde 68'i Ziraat Bankası A.Ş., yüzde 32'si ise sermayesinin tamamı Ziraat Bankası A.Ş.'ye ait olan Almanya merkezli Ziraat Bank International A.G.'ye ait.

2004 yılına kadar Saraybosna'da tek şube ile faaliyetini sürdüren Turkish Ziraat Bank Bosnia dd. 2004 ve 2005 yıllarında Zenica, Tuzla, Ilıca, Mostar ve Bihaç şubelerini de faaliyete geçirerek toplam şube sayısını 6'ya yükseltti. Şubelerin dışında 2 alt şube ve 6 ofisle birlikte toplam faaliyet gösteren birim sayısı 14'e ulaştı.

Resim galerisi

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ziraat Katılım
 Ziraat Bankası Genel Müdürlük Binası
 Ziraat Bankası Müzesi
 Ziraat Bankası (erkek voleybol takımı)
 İhap Hulusi Görey

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kredi Koruma Sigortası - Ziraat Sigorta
 Ziraat Hayat ve Emeklilik A.Ş.: Ana Sayfa
 Anasayfa - Ziraat Bank International AG

Ziraat Bankası


الآلاتية الهيدروليكية  هي آلاتية وأدوات تستخدم قدرة السائل لتقوم بالعمل. والآلاتية الثقيلة هي خير مثال على ذلك. في هذه النمط من الآلات، ينتقل السائل الهيدروليكي ذو الضغط العالي عبر الآلاتية إلى العديد من المحركات والأسطوانات الهيدروليكية. يمكن التحكم بالسائل الهيدروليكي مباشرة باستخدام صمامات التحكم، ويوزع خلال الخراطيم والأنابيب.

إن شيوع الآلات الهيدروليكية يعود إلى كمية القدرة الكبيرة التي تنتقل خلال الأنابيب الصغيرة والخراطيم المرنة، والتنوع الكبير للمحركات التي تستطيع استخدام هذه القدرة.

مبدأ مضاعفة القوة

إحدى السمات المهمة للأنظمة الهيدروليكية، قدرتها على مضاعفة القوة. لنفترض  أولى (C1) ذات قطر D1=1 cm، وأسطوانة ثانية (C2) ذات قطر D2=10 cm. فإذا طبقنا قوة (F1=1 KN) على الأسطوانة الأولى، فإن القوة المقدمة من الإسطوانة الثانية هي F2=100 KN، لأن مساحة الأسطوانة الثانية أكبر بمئة مرة من الأسطوانة الأولى (S=πr²).

الدارات الهيدروليكية

لكي ينجز السائل الهيدروليكي عمل ما، يحب عليه أن يتدفق إلى المحرك الهيدروليكي، ثم يعود إلى مستودع السائل. يصفى السائل ويعاد ضخه. الطريق الذي قطعه السائل الهيدروليكي يسمى بالدارة الهيدروليكية، وهي ذات عدة أنواع. تستخدم «الدارات ذات المركز المفتوح» في المضخات التي تعطي جريان مستمر. يعاد الجريان إلى الخزان خلال المركز المفتوح لصمام التحكم، وهكذا عندما يتمركز صمام التحكم، فإنه يفتح طريقاً مفتوحاً للسائل للعودة إلى الخزان ولا يضخ السائل إلى ضغط عالٍ. أما إذا تم تفعيل صمام التحكم، فإنه يسد الطريق من وإلى الخزان. سيرتفع ضغط السائل الهيدروليكي ليواجه أي مقاومة طالما أن للمضخة حمل ثابت. وإذا ارتفع الضغط جداً، فإن السائل يعود إلى الخزان عبر صمام الأمان. ويمكن تركيب عدة صمامات تحكم على التسلسل. يمكن في هذا النوع من الدارات استخدام مضخات رخيصة ذات إزاحة ثابتة. «الدارات ذات المركز المغلق» تعطي ضغطا كاملا على صمامات التحكم بغض النظر إن كان الصمام مغلقاً أم مفتوحاً. تغير المضخة معدل الجريان فيها، فتضخ كمية صغيرة من السائل الهيدروليكي مالم يفتح المشغل الصمام. وبالتالي فإن صمام التحكم لا يحتاج لأن يكون موصولا بمركز مفتوح ليعيد السائل إلى الخزان. يمكن ربط الصمامات على التوازي بحيث يكون الضغط متساوي على كل الصمامات.

خصائص الأنظمة الهيدروليكية بالموائع الزيتية
ويوفر استخدام السوائل في أنظمة الهيدروليكا بعض المزايا في التطبيقات الهندسية المتعددة، وذلك مقارنة بالأنظمة الميكانيكية (التروس والسيور...إلخ) والأنظمة البنيوماتيكية (الهواء المضغوط):

 سرعة الاستجابة Response العالية في نقل الإشارات. موجات الضغط تنتقل عبر السوائل بـسرعة الصوت.
 الحساسية Sensititvity والدقة الفائقتان، وذلك بسبب أن انضغاطية السوائل تكاد تكون معدومة.
 إمكانية نقل مستويات عالية من القدرة بالمقارنة بغيرها من الأنظمة. بمعنى آخر أن نسبة القدرة المنقولة لكتلة المعدات تعتبر عالية نسبياً.

انظر أيضاً
 مضخة هيدروليكية
 أسطوانة هيدروليكية

مراجع

جريان الموائع
آليات هندسية
علم حركة السوائل
آلات هيدروليكية

آلة هيدروليكية


بوليانا مسلسل رسوم متحركة أو أنمي مكون من 51 حلقة، أنتجته شركة نيبون أنيميشن في اليابان عام 1986.

قصة المسلسل مقتبسة من رواية بوليانا التي ألفتها الكاتبة الأمريكية إليانور بورتر  عام 1913. القصة هي عن فتاة يتيمة فقدت أمها منذ ولادتها، ثم يتوفى أبوها فتنتقل للعيش مع خالتها بولي. تواجه بوليانا في البداية صعوبة في العيش في منزل خالتها بولي، ولكن مع مرور الوقت تتأقلم بوليانا مع الخالة وتنشأ بينها وبين خالتها علاقة قوية معتمدة على ممارستها للعبة السعادة.

الشخصيات
 بوليانا:الطفلة اليتيمة
 بولي: خالة بوليانا
 جيمي: صديق بوليانا
 الدكتور شلتون: طبيب بوليانا والاقرب ال بوليانا
 شب ماك : سنجاب بوليانا وصديق بوليانا الوفي
جيمس الصغير: صديق بوليانا
ميكي: صديق بوليانا

انظر أيضا
 قائمة مسلسلات كرتون

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أنمي ومانغا تاريخية
أنمي ومانغا درامية
برامج تلفزيون فوجي
برامج تلفزيونية مبنية على روايات أمريكية
سلسلة مسرح تحف العالم
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في بوسطن
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في فيرمونت
مسلسلات أنمي
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1986
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في عقد 1920
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 1986
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية بدأ عرضها في 1986
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية عن الأيتام

بوليانا (أنمي)


Miguel Antonio Osuna Millán (1 de marzo de 1970) Agua Caliente de Gárate, Concordia, Sinaloa; es un odontólogo y político mexicano, miembro del Partido Acción Nacional y diputado federal en representación del VI Distrito Electoral Federal de Baja California en la LXI Legislatura en donde fue presidente de la Comisión de Salud. Fue Secretario de Salud de Baja California desde 2013 a 2014, cuando solicita separarse de su cargo para buscar la diputación local obteniendo el triunfo y tomando protesta para el periodo 2016-2019.

Enlaces externos
 Miguel Antonio Osuna Millán en la página oficial de la Cámara de Diputados

Miembros del Partido Acción Nacional

Miguel Antonio Osuna Millán


Hiperpigmentacijaje poremećaj boje kože kojeg karakteriziraju tamna područja na koži uzrokovana porastom količine melanina, tamnog pigmenta kože. U najvećem broju slučajeva pojavljuju se na licu, rukama i drugim vidljivim dijelovima tijela koji su izloženi suncu. Kako je sunce svake godine sve snažnije sve više ljudi bori se s ovim poremećajem kojeg je često teško sakriti.

Zašto nastaje hiperpigmentacija?

Glavni razlog nastajanja hiperpigmentacijskih mrlja je porast proizvodnje melanina (pigmenta koji našoj koži, kosi i očima daje njihovu prirodnu boju) u pojedinim dijelovima kože. Povećana količina melanina pretvara se u vidljive mrlje na koži. Na prekomjernu proizvodnju melanina utječe niz čimbenika, ali se najvažnije povezuje s izlaganjem suncu, genetikom, hormonalnim utjecajima te ozljedama ili upalama na koži.

1. Prekomjerno izlaganje suncu
U određenoj količini izlaganje suncu je poželjno ali nekontrolirano i prekomjerno izlaganje može negativno utjecati na kožu. Baš prekomjerno izlaganje suncu glavni je uzrok hiperpigmentacije, s obzirom na to da sunčeva svjetlost potiče proizvodnju melanina. Kada kože nije oštećena melanin djeluje kao prirodna zaštita kože od sunca štiteći je od štetnih UV zraka. Melanin omogućava koži i preplanulu put. Međutim, prekomjerno izlaganje suncu može poremetiti ovaj prirodni proces i izazvati hiperpigmentaciju. Jednom kada pigmentacijske mrlje nastanu daljnje izlaganje suncu, bez adekvatne njege, može samo pogoršati stanje. Racionalno izlaganje suncu, zaštita odjeća i proizvodi za zaštitu od sunca s visokim faktorom SPF, zaštitom od UVA, UVB i HEVIS svjetlosti mogu smanjiti rizik od nastanka hiperpigmentacije, pogoršanja postojećim tamnih mrlja i duže sačuvati mladenački izgled kože.

2. Genetika
U prošlosti se hiperpigmentacija se najviše javljala kod žena s Bliskog istoka, iz Indije, Južne Amerike i Azije. Kako je danas ozonski omotač sve više oštećen i ne pruža toliku zaštitu kao nekoć nitko nije pošteđen od opasnosti koje pružaju UV zrake.
Iako nije pravilo često ako majka ima problema s hiperpigmentacijom ili je tijekom trudnoće imala tvz. trudničku masku (poseban oblik hiperpigmentacije koji se javlja kod trudnica) velika je vjerojatnost da će i kćer imati slične probleme.

3. Hormoni
Hormoni, estrogen i progesteron, glavni su uzročnici posebne vrste hiperpigmentacije poznate kao melasma. Najčešće se javlja tijekom ili poslije trudnoće, a manifestira se u obliku velikih pigmentacijskih mrlja najčešće na licu, pogotovo na obrazima, čelu i gornjoj usnici, iako mogu biti zahvaćeni i drugi dijelovi tijela.

4. Ozljede ili upale na koži
Hiperpigmentacijske mrlje mogu uzrokovati i ožiljci od operacije, udarci, porezotine te akne i slični upalni procesi na koži. Za razliku od melasme, posebnog oblika hiperpigmentacije koja se javlja tijekom trudnoće, u ovom slučaju tamna područja na koži se ne povlače sama od sebe.

5. Pojedine bolesti ili lijekovi
Hiperpigmentacija je također simptom nekih bolesti, primjerice, pojedinih autoimunih bolesti i bolesti probavnog sustava, metaboličkih poremećaja te pokazati nedostatka određenog vitamina u organizmu. Hiperpigmentacija se može javiti i kao nuspojava nekih hormonskih terapija, kemoterapije, antibiotika, antimalarijskih lijekova, antiepileptika i drugih lijekova.

6. Određeni tipovi posla
Poslovi koji iziskuju rad na izravnom suncu ili rad s kemikalijama uključuju rizik od nastanka hiperpigmentacije. Ako se bavite poslom na otvorenom ne zaboravite nanijeti kremu s vrlo visokim zaštitnim faktorom kako biste spriječili trajna oštećenja kože.

Najčešći oblici hiperpigmentacije

Postoji mnogo oblika hiperpigmentacije, no sljedeći su najčešći:

1. Pigmentacijske mrlje
Najčešći oblike pigmentacijskih mrlja uzrokovanih suncem poznat je pod nazivom staračke pjege. Pojavljuju se na licu, rukama i drugim područjima koja su često i najviše izložena suncu, a izgledaju kao male mrlje tamije od ostatka kože. Najčešće se javljaju kod osoba

starijih od 40 godina, no u nekim se slučajevima mogu pojaviti i ranije. Same staračke pjege ne predstavljaju zdravstveni već estetski problem koji često vodi do pada samopouzdanja. Kao i ostali oblici hiperpigmentacije nastaju zbog povećane aktivnosti melanocita, stanice koja proizvodi melanin koji je inače zaslužan za preplanuli ten. Ako smo previše izloženi suncu, bez odgovarajuće zaštite, melanocit počinje proizvoditi previše melanina koji se onda pretvara u tamne mrlje na koži.

Kako ukloniti staračke pjege?
Najbolji savjeti je pametno izlaganje suncu uz kvalitetnu zaštitu kako do nastanka mrlja ne bi ni došlo. Ako su mrlje već nastale laserskim tretmani ih je moguće ukloniti ili odgovarajućim preparatima smanjiti vidljivosti postojećih i sprječiti nastanak novih.

2. Melasma
Melasma se često naziva i trudničkom maskom jer se u najvećem broju slučajeva pojavljuje u trudnoći. Tijekom trudnoće hormon estrogen potiče prekomjernu proizvodnu melanina što uvjetuje nastanak mrlja na koži. Melasmase

pojavljuje se u obliku velikih mrlja na licu (obrazi, čelo, nos), premda mogu biti zahvaćeni i drugi dijelovi tijela. Iako se javlja kod svih etničkih skupina, ljudi tamnije boje kože skloniji su melazmi. Za razliku od staračkih pjega melazma se može povući sama od sebe nakon poroda.

Postoje tri tipa melazme: dermalna, epidermalna i mješovita. Dermalna melazma zahvaća dermu – srednji i dublji sloj kože, epidermalna melazma zahvaća površinski sloj kože i ostavlja smeđe mrlje te mješovita (kombinacija epidermalne i dermalne).  Zbog dubine pigmenata melanina teže je liječiti dermalnu i mješovitu melazmu.
Za smanjenje tamnih mrlja koje ostavlja melasma potrebno je koristiti njegu koja sadrži sastojak butil rezorcinol. B-rezicol utječe na smanjenje proizvodnje melanina u izvoru i dokazano smanjuje tamne mrlje unutar 4 tjedna od početka korištenja.

3. Postupalna hiperpigmentacija
Poznatija kao hiperpigmentacija uzrokovana upalom najčešće se javlja kao reakcija na upalu ili ozljedu. Može se pojaviti kako na licu tako i na tijelu. Često nakon akni ili estetskih tretmana može doći do postupalne

hiperpigmentacije. Istiskivanje prištića također može dovesti do nastanka hiperpigmentacije uzrokovane upalom. Kada se koža upali zbog ozljede ili upale potiče melanocite na prekomjernu proizvodnju melanosoma koji onda ostavlja tamne mrlje na koži. Takve mrlje mogu varirati u boji od ružičaste do crvene, smeđe ili crne boje, ovisno o boji kože i stupnju diskoloracije.

Postupalna hiperpigmentacija, kao i melasma, s vremenom se može smanjiti i bez tretmana. Trajanje oporavka ovisi o razlici u boji tamnih mrlja i ostatka kože, može trajati i više od 2 godine dok se ten kože ne ujednači. Kako biste ubrzali postupak uklanjanja neželjenih mrlja koristite specijalizirane preparate koji će vam u tome pomoći.

Patite li od postupalne hiperpigmentacije ne izlažite se suncu bez odgovarajuće zaštite te budite strpljivi jer sam proces ozdravljenja može biti dugotrajan.

Liječenje hiperpigmentacije

Uklanjanje hiperpigmentacijskih mrlja je dugotrajan posao te zahtjeva upornost i dosljednost od strane pacijenta. To je osobito važno u slučajevima kada je hiperpigmentacija uzrokovana unutarnjim čimbenicima na koje ponekad ne možemo utjecati.
Najčešće korištena terapija u borbi protiv hiperpigmentacije:

Terapija laserom

Terapija laserom provodi se tokom zima kada su sunčeve zrake smanjenog intenziteta. Uključuje spaljivanje područja koje je zahvaćeno tamnom mrljom. Učinkovitija je od kemijskom pilinga jer se može preciznije tretirati samo željeno područje. Spomenuti tretman može biti vrlo djelotvoran u borbi protiv hiperpigmentacije, ali je i jako skup.

Kemijski pilinzi
Kod tretmana kemijskim pilingomkiselina se nanosi na dijelove tijela koji su zahvaćeni hiperpigmentacijom. Nanesene kemikalije uzrokuju pojavu plikova i ljuštenje kože nakon kojeg se koža sam obnavlja i pojavljuje vidljiva nova i ujednačeno pigmentirana koža.

Preparati za smanjenje hiperpigmentacije

Imate li problema s hiperpigmentacijom, a ne želite odlaziti na skupocjene tretmane laserom i kemijske pilinge, potražiti njegu s aktivnim sastojcima koji će smanjiti proizvodnju melanina i učiniti tamne mrlje manje vidljivim6. Tvari u preparatima koje se koriste u kod hiperpigmentacije često su hidrokinon, azalaična kiselina, renol, retinoična kiselina, antioksidansi, te se moraju obavezno koristiti uz vrlo visoki zaštitni faktora od sunca. Kako bi se postigao željeni učinak treba biti uporan i terapija provoditi mjesecima. Jedan od svakako najefikasnijih aktivnih sastojaka koji će smanjiti proizvodnju melanina i tako djelovati protiv hiperpigmentacije jest B-rezorcinol. Želite li smanjenje neželjenih tamnih mrlja unutar 4 tjedna od početka korištenja terapije izaberite njegu koja sadrži B-rezorcinol.

Koji god od navedenih tretmana izabrati ne zaboravite svakodnevno koristiti zaštitu od sunca s vrlo visokim faktorom koja će zaštititi vašu koža od negativnog utjecaja UVA, UVB i HEVIS svjetlosti.

Vanjske poveznice

 Eucerin SUN zaštita od sunca https://www.eucerin.hr/proizvodi/zastita-od-sunca
 Hiperpigmentacija: melazma - Prepoznavanje i liječenje pojave poznate kao "maska trudnoće" https://www.eucerin.hr/o-kozi/indikacije/melazma
 O aknama općenito: Simptomi, uzroci i rješenja https://www.eucerin.hr/kozna-oboljenja/acne-prone-skin/opcenito-o-kozi-sklonoj-aknama
 Eucerin Photoaging Control losion SPF 50+ https://www.eucerin.hr/proizvodi/zastita-od-sunca/sun-fluid-anti-age-spf-50

Izvori

kožne bolesti

Hiperpigmentacija


S/2012 P 1 ( S/2012 (134340) 1 හෝ P5 ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙයි) යනු  එහි පැවැත්ම 2012 ජූලි 11 දිනදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත්වුනු ප්ලූටෝගේ කුඩා ස්වභාවික චන්ද්‍රිකාවකි. ප්ලූටෝගේ යැයි සොයා ගැනුණු සතරවන චන්ද්‍රයා වූ S/2011 P 1 සොයාගැනීමෙන් දළ වශයෙන් වසරකට පසුව සොයාගැනුනු මෙය, ප්ලූටෝගේ යැයි සහතික වශයෙන් ප්‍රකාශිත පස්වන චන්ද්‍රිකාවයි.

S/2012 P 1


Las protestas en Kuwait de 2011-2012 fueron una serie de protestas en Kuwait con el fin de unas reformas gubernamentales en el estado de Kuwait. En noviembre de 2011, el gobierno de Kuwait renunció en respuesta a las protestas, convirtiendo a Kuwait en uno de los varios países afectados por la Primavera Árabe que experimentó importantes cambios gubernamentales debido a los disturbios. Las protestas comenzaron con personas apátridas (Bedoon).

Cronología

Protestas beduinas
Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah , el emir de Kuwait , dio a cada ciudadano kuwaití 1000 dinares (3.580 $) y una subvención de comida gratis por un año el 18 de enero de 2011, oficialmente para conmemorar el 20 aniversario de Kuwait la liberación de la ocupación de Irak las fuerzas durante la primera Guerra del Golfo , así como el 50 º aniversario de la independencia del Estado.

Sin embargo, la subvención no se extendió a los apátridas beduino que viven en Kuwait. Decenas demostrado en la ciudad de Kuwait el 19 de febrero en contra de su supuesta condición de segunda clase.
Los Líderes de la oposición  política de Kuwait pidió más protestas en marzo a la presión del primer ministro Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah a renunciar.

Los Beduinos  continuaron la protesta en enero de 2012 a pesar de la prohibición de la protesta, resultando protestas en masa los días  13 y 14 de enero en los barrios pobres cerca de la ciudad de Kuwait para pedir el derecho a la ciudadanía.

En ambos días, estalló la violencia, con la policía antimotines enfrentándose a manifestantes y fuerzas del orden arrestando a docenas de beduinos varios de ellos  el día  13 de enero y gases lacrimógenos para dispersar a los asistentes a reunión el 14 de enero.

Protestas Políticas
En junio de 2011, cientos de kuwaitíes se manifestaron en una protesta contra el gobierno, pidiendo la dimisión del primer ministro.

Un niño egipcio de 10 años de edad llamado Bassem fue expulsado de la educación en el país para preguntar en clase, "¿Por qué no hay una revolución en su país? " Acusado de incitar a una revolución, la expulsión provocó una protesta, lo que resulta en su reincorporación ese mismo mes.

Poco tiempo después, surgieron informes de una creciente crisis en el país como un parlamento rebelde incrementado la presión sobre la familia gobernante más acusaciones de mala gestión de los fondos públicos, la corrupción y la ineficiencia.

El 21 de septiembre, varios miles de personas marcharon en la ciudad de Kuwait. Las estimaciones del número de ralliers varió considerablemente, desde 5000 en la parte baja, a 70.000 en el extremo superior.

Los Pequeños incidentes continuaron después de eso, y en octubre, la industria del petróleo se declararon en huelga, así como más de tres mil los agentes de aduanas, y el 20 de octubre, hubo otra manifestación muy grande en la capital.

En respuesta, el primer ministro denunció las protestas como "ir demasiado lejos" y amenazó con una ofensiva de seguridad.

La oposición en el Parlamento formó una comisión para la reforma constitucional.

Toma del Parlamento de Kuwait
el día 17 de noviembre, cuando miles de manifestantes entraron por la fuerza en el Parlamento después de que la policía emplease la fuerza para disolver una marcha que pedía la renuncia del jefe del Gobierno.

En octubre, las protestas motivaron la renuncia del ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, Mohamed Salem al Sabah, vinculado a una supuesta trama de corrupción en la que miembros del Ejecutivo pagaron sobornos a parlamentarios para "ganar su lealtad".

Las desavenencias en la Asamblea Parlamentaria y las crisis gubernamentales son una constante en este rico reino petrolero del golfo Pérsico, que cuenta con uno de los Parlamentos más democráticos de la región.

Respuesta del Gobierno
Después de la toma de la Asamblea Nacional, el Emir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, convocó a una reunión del gabinete de emergencia el 17 de noviembre para discutir el caso. El emir denunció la manifestación como "un paso sin precedentes en el camino a la anarquía y la anarquía" y culpó a los enfrentamientos del "sabotaje planificada de antemano" por "agitadores". Lo llamó "Día Negro".

La oposición kuwaití respondió dando a entender a la familia real intentó hacer Kuwait en un "estado policial". Legisladores de la oposición se comprometió a intensificar las protestas "sin importar el precio".

El primer ministro y su gabinete presentaron su renuncia el 28 de noviembre antes de una manifestación masiva para pedir su salida del poder. El emir aceptó la renuncia y se espera que nombre un nuevo primer ministro en cuestión de días, aunque Nasser estarán en funciones hasta la formación de un nuevo gobierno.

Hasta 50 mil personas marcharon en Kuwait horas a la ciudad después de las renuncias se dieron a conocer.
El 6 de diciembre, el emir disolvió el parlamento y fijó las elecciones para el 2 de febrero de 2012.

Elecciones
La oposición islamista ganó por amplia mayoría las elecciones parlamentarias en Kuwait, al arrebatar varios escaños a partidarios de la familia gobernante del emir kuwaití, señalaron las autoridades locales.

Las elecciones anticipadas realizadas la víspera se convocaron en diciembre después de que el gobierno del emir, el jeque Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah disolviera el Parlamento en respuesta a la crisis política y las protestas callejeras.

Fallo de la Corte Suprema Constitucional de Kuwait
El Tribunal Constitucional de Kuwait ha anulado la legitimidad del parlamento  kuwaití surgido de las elecciones legislativas del pasado febrero, que dio la mayoría a la oposición islamista, y ha ordenado restablecer la asamblea anterior. A lo largo del año se han producido un incremento de las tensiones entre los legisladores del Gobierno y los de la mayoría islamista, que amenazaron con paralizar el nombramiento de los nuevos ministros y las leyes de planificación económica del país.

El monarca del país, jeque Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah, había suspendido durante un mes el Parlamento. El emir, que tiene la última palabra en cuestiones políticas y la potestad de nombrar al primer ministro, podía tomar la medida de emergencia de acuerdo con la Constitución del estado del Golfo para dar tiempo a las negociaciones y evitar una crisis más profunda.

Referencias

Manifestaciones y protestas en 2012
Kuwait en 2011
Kuwait en 2012
Protestas en el mundo árabe de 2010-2011

Protestas en Kuwait de 2011-2012


Apostasia nipponica ist eine Art aus der Gattung Apostasia und gehört somit zur Familie der Orchideen (Orchidaceae). Die kleinen krautigen Pflanzen besiedeln ein disjunktes Areal auf den Ryūkyū-Inseln und in Vietnam.

Beschreibung
Apostasia nipponica wird fünf bis zehn, nach de Vogel bis 15 cm groß. Die Pflanzen bilden ein Rhizom von 1,5 mm Durchmesser, es wird von trockenen, 3 bis 3,5 mm langen Niederblättern umhüllt. Die Wurzeln entspringen nicht nur entlang des Rhizoms, sondern auch oberirdisch im Bereich der unteren Blätter. Sie messen 1 mm im Durchmesser.

Die Laubblätter sind oval bis länglich-oval, sie enden spitz mit einer kleinen, 0,2 bis 0,5 mm langen fadenförmigen Spitze. Der Blattgrund ist deutlich abgesetzt. Die Blattspreite enthält zehn bis 15 Längsadern, von denen drei deutlich hervortreten. Die Blätter messen 30 mm Länge bei 5,6 bis 13,5 mm Breite. Averyanov gibt für Vietnam etwas kleinere Maße für die Blätter an, 15 bis 25 mm Länge und 5 bis 10 mm Breite.

Der Blütenstand steht aufrecht, er kann unverzweigt sein oder einige Seitenachsen aufweisen. Auf den Ryukyu-Inseln wurden blühende und fruchtende Exemplare im Juli und August gefunden, in Vietnam liegt die Blütezeit im April und Mai. Je Teilblütenstand sind drei bis sieben Blüten vorhanden, auch hier gibt es für die vietnamesische Population mit ein bis vier Blüten eine geringe Zahlenangabe. Die Blüten sind gelb und messen 12 bis 19 mm. Der Fruchtknoten wird 7,5 bis 11 mm lang bei einem Durchmesser von 1,1 bis 1,8 mm. Sepalen und Petalen unterscheiden sich kaum. Die drei äußeren Blütenblätter sind 4 bis 5 mm lang und 1,1 bis 1,4 mm breit, die drei inneren 4 bis 5 mm lang und 1 bis 1,7 mm breit. Eine Differenzierung der seitlichen inneren Blütenblätter vom mittleren inneren Blütenblatt (Lippe) gibt es nicht. Die Säule entsteht aus den am Grund miteinander verwachsenen Staubfäden und dem Griffel. Sie ist gerade und 0,9 bis 1 mm lang. Es sind zwei fruchtbare Staubblätter und ein unfruchtbares Staminodium vorhanden. Das Staminodium liegt der Säule eng an, die Spitze ist rundlich geformt. Der freie Teil der Staubfäden wird 0,2 bis 0,5 mm lang, die Staubbeutel werden 2,5 bis 3,5 mm lang und 0,5 bis 0,8 mm breit. der freie Teil des Griffels ist 2,5 bis 4 mm lang und überragt damit die Staubblätter um 0,5 bis 0,7 mm. Der Griffel ist mit zwei längs verlaufenden Leisten versehen, er trägt am Ende die rundliche bis zweilappige Narbe. Die entstehende Kapselfrucht misst 6 bis 16 mm in der Länge und 1 bis 1,5 mm im Durchmesser.

Vorkommen
Apostasia nipponica wurde zuerst von den Ryukyu-Inseln beschrieben. Die Art kommt dort auf den Inseln Tanegashima, Yakushima und Okinawa vor. Sie wächst dort in etwa 700 m Höhe. In Vietnam liegen die Standorte in Höhenlagen von 300 bis 1000 m in den Provinzen Ha Tinh und Thua Thien-Hue. Die Pflanzen wachsen im Schatten immergrüner Wälder auf Böden mit Schiefer, Sandstein oder Granit als Ausgangsgestein.

Systematik und botanische Geschichte
Apostasia nipponica wurde 1935 von Genkei Masamune erstmals beschrieben. 1963 stellte Masamune die Pflanzen zu Apostasia wallichii, einmal als Unterart, Apostasia wallichii subsp. nipponica und im selben Jahr auch als Varietät, Apostasia wallichii var. nipponica. De Vogel erkannte in seiner Revision 1969 Apostasia nipponica als eigenständige Art an. Neuere Untersuchungen der DNA sehen dagegen Apostasia wallichii als näher verwandt mit Apostasia odorata als mit den Pflanzen aus Japan.

Innerhalb der Gattung Apostasia ordnete de Vogel Apostasia nipponica in die Sektion Apostasia ein; diese Pflanzen besitzen im Gegensatz zur Sektion Adactylus ein Staminodium.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Typusexemplar im Herbarium der National Taiwan University

Apostasioideae (Orchideen)
Apostasioideae

Apostasia nipponica


1988 ආසියානු කුසලානය (විල්ස් ආසියානු කුසලානය ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ) 1988 ඔක්තෝබර් 26 සිට නොවැම්බර් 4 දක්වා කාලය තුළ බංග්ලාදේශයේ පැවති තුන්වන ආසියානු කුසලාන තරඟාවලිය වේ. තරඟාවලියට කණ්ඩායම් හතරක් සහභාගී විය: ඉන්දියාව, පකිස්ථානය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සත්කාරක රට වන බංග්ලාදේශය . පළමු වරට ලැයිස්තුගත A වර්ගීකරණයේ තරග බංග්ලාදේශයේදී පැවැත්වූ අතර එවකට ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ (ICC) සහකාර සාමාජිකයෙකු වූ අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රතිවාදීන් සියල්ලෝම පූර්ණ සාමාජිකයෝ වූහ.

1988 ආසියානු කුසලානය රවුන්ඩ් රොබින් තරගාවලියක් වූ අතර එහිදී සෑම කණ්ඩායමක්ම අනෙක් කණ්ඩායම් තුන සමග ක්‍රීඩා කළ අතර අවසන් කණ්ඩායම් සඳහා ස්ථානයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සුදුසුකම් ලැබූ ඉහළම කණ්ඩායම් දෙක සමත් විය. දෙවන ආසියානු කුසලානය දිනා ගැනීමට ඉන්දියාව සමත්වූයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව කඩුලු 6 කින් පරාජය කරමිනි.

තරග

මූලික අධියර

අවසාන තරගය

මූලාශ්‍ර

 CricInfo: බංග්ලාදේශයේ ආසියා කුසලානය (බංග්ලාදේශය, ඉන්දියාව, පකිස්ථානය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව): 1988 ඔක්තෝබර් / නොවැම්බර් http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/OD_TOURNEYS/ASIA/

බාහිර සබැදි

 Tournament page at ESPN Cricinfo

ආසියානු කුසලානය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

ආසියානු කුසලානය 1988


Sveučilište u Heidelbergu, službeno i Sveučilište Ruprecht Karl Heidelberg, najstarije je sveučilište u Njemačkoj i iza Bečkog sveučilišta, drugo najstarije sveučilište u zemljama njemačkog govornog područja. Osnovano je 1386. godine na poticaj pape Urbana VI. kao treće sveučilište u tadašnjem Svetom Rimskom Carstvu. Na njemu su djelovali brojni ugledni mislioci i znanstvenici, među kojima i Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Od 1899. godine na sveučilištu studiraju i žene. Sastoji se od 12 fakulteta s oko 100 preddiplomskih, diplomskih i poslijediplomskih studija. Podijeljeno je na tri kampusa: fakulteti humanističkih znanosti pretežno su smješteni u heidelberškom starom gradu, prirodnih znanosti i medicine u gradskom naselju Neuenheimer Feld na sjevernoj obali rijeke Neckar, a društvenih znanosti u predgrađu. Veći broj studija predaje se i na engleskom jeziku, jer 20 % svih studenata čine strani studenti iz oko 130 zemalja.

Svake godine na sveučilištu se obrani prosječno 1000 doktorata, od čega trećina onih stranih studenata. Na sveučilištu je studiralo, radilo ili predavalo 56 nobelovaca. Ubraja se među najbolja europska sveučilišta, ima naslov Njemačkog sveučilišta izvrsnosti i jedno je od osnivača Lige europskih istraživačkih sveučilišta i Grupe Coimbra. Članica je Udruženja sveučilišta Europe (EUA-e) i njemačkog sveučilišnog udruženja U-15.

Bilješke
 Prije su osnovana samo sveučilišta u Pragu (1348.) i Beču (1365.)
 Nikad nije bilo rangirano izvan 20 najboljih europskih sveučilišta.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice sveučilišta pri www.uni-heidelberg.de

Njemačka sveučilišta

Sveučilište u Heidelbergu


Bir hücresel ağda, servislerden yararlanırken (yani, GSM'de konuşma veya veri iletişimi sırasında) kullanıcının yer değiştirmesi; kullanıcının bir hücrenin kapsama alanından çıkıp başka bir hücrenin kapsama alanına girmesini gerektirir.

Hücreler arası geçiş, kullanıcı hücre değiştirirken var olan iletişimin kesilmemesini sağlar. Bu, şu şekilde elde edilir:

 Hücre değiştireceğini "anlayan" mobil cihaz, diğer hücrenin baz istasyonuna "geçiş isteği" mesajı gönderir. Bu esnada, servis hala eski hücrenin baz istasyonu tarafından verilir.
 Bu baz istasyonunun yönetim ünitesi, bazı kontrollerin ardından geçiş isteğini kullanıcının o an bağlı olduğu baz istasyonuna gönderir.
 İki baz istasyonu aralarında anlaştıktan sonra, mobil cihaza "baz istasyonu değiştir" sinyali gönderir.
 Bu durumda, mobil cihaz yeni baz istasyonuna bağlanır ve görüşme veya veri iletişimi o istasyondan devam eder. Bağlantı tamamlanınca mobil cihazın eski istasyonunda kullanmakta olduğu kaynaklar diğer kullanıcıların kullanımına açılır.

Telekomünikasyon

Hücreler arası geçiş


Ladeira da Misericórdia a été la première voie publique de la ville de Rio de Janeiro.

Il a été ouvert, certainement en 1567, lorsque la ville fondée par Estácio de Sá a été transférée à Morro do Castelo.

Au sommet de celui-ci, se trouvait le Largo do Castelo avec le bâtiment du Colégio dos Padres Jesuítas, de la Compagnie de Jésus.

En 1878, lorsque toutes les propriétés de la ville furent enregistrées et renumérotées, Ladeira da Misericórdia comptait onze bâtiments.

Après la démolition de Morro do Castelo en 1922, une petite section initiale de celui-ci reste, à côté de l'église de Nossa Senhora do Bonsucesso. Malgré une fin abrupte, la voie présente toujours son pavé d'origine.

Cette rue est désignée comme l'adresse du Vigário-Major dans le roman " Mémoires d'un sergent de milice ", de Manuel Antônio de Almeida .

Références

Bibliographie
 CAVALCANTI, J. Cruvello. Nouvelle numérotation des bâtiments de la ville de Rio de Janeiro (Collection Mémoire de Rio 6-I/II) . Rio de Janeiro : hôtel de ville, sd.

Voie à Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro

Ladeira da Misericórdia


is a Japanese masculine given name and family name meaning "dragon", "noble", "prosperous", or "flow". Ryū, Ryu, or ryu may also refer to:

Fiction
 Ryū (manga), a 1986 series by Masao Yajima and Akira Oze
 , a 1919 book by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
 Monthly Comic Ryū, a manga magazine in Japan

Characters
 Ryu (Breath of Fire), the protagonist in the Breath of Fire series
 Ryu (Street Fighter), a leading character in the Street Fighter franchise
 Ryu Hayabusa, the protagonist in the Ninja Gaiden series
 Ryu Higashi, a character from J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai
 Ryu Jose, a character from Mobile Suit Gundam
 Ryu Kumon, a minor character in Ranma 1/2
 Ryu Nakanishi, Science Ninja Team member G-5
 Ryu Tanaka, a character from Haikyuu!!
 Ryu Tendoh, a character from Choujin Sentai Jetman
 Ryū Tsuji, a character from Special A
 "Wooden Sword" Ryu, a Shaman King character
 A character from Fist of the North Star

People
 Chishū Ryū (笠 智衆, 1904–1993), Japanese actor
 Hirofumi Ryu (笠 浩史, born 1965), Japanese politician
 Ryu Fujisaki (藤崎 竜, born 1971), Japanese manga artist
 Ryu Lee, an alternate ring name of the Mexican wrestler Dragon Lee
 Ryu Matsumoto (松本 龍, born 1951), Japanese politician
 Ryu Shionoya (塩谷 立, born 1950), Japanese politician
 Ryu, a member of the musical group Styles of Beyond
 Ryutaro Nakahara (Ryu☆), Japanese musician and DJ

Other uses
 Ryū, the word for a Japanese dragon
 Ryū (school), a school of thought or discipline (for example a fighting school)
 ryu, the ISO 639-3 code for the Okinawan language
 Ryu SDN, an open source component-based Software-defined networking framework

See also
 Ryu (Korean name) (유 or 류 / 柳, 劉, 兪, 庾), a common Korean family name

Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names

Ryu


Robert Norman Ross () a fost un pictor american, instructor de arte, și gazdă de televiziune. El a fost creatorul și gazdă a emisiunii Bucuria de a picta (), un program de televiziune instructiv care a fost difuzat din 1983 până în 1994 pe PBS în Statele Unite, și, de asemenea, difuzate în Canada, America Latină și Europa. Cu o voce moale și o tunsoare afro, Ross a devenit, de la o personalitate de televiziune din anii 80 si 90, o celebritate pe Internet, cu fani pe YouTube si multe alte site-uri.

Biografie

Viața timpurie
Ross s-a născut în Daytona Beach, Florida, și a crescut în Orlando, Florida. El a avut un frate vitreg, Jim, pe care l-a menționat în treacăt în emisiunea lui. În timp ce lucra ca tâmplar cu tatăl său, Ross a pierdut o parte din degetul arătător stâng, dar acest lucru nu i-a afectat modul în care ținea paleta in timp ce picta.

Viața personală
Ross a avut doi fii, Bob și Steven, cu prima lui soție, Lynda Brown. Steven, de asemenea, un pictor talentat, a aparut ocazional in Bucuria de a picta și a devenit un "instructor certificat de Ross. Ultimul episod din Sezonul 1 a fost sub forma unui forum întrebare-și-răspuns în care Steven a citit o serie generală de întrebări "cum-să" trimise de telespectatori în timpul sezonului, și Bob le-a răspuns pe rând la fiecare, tehnică cu tehnică, până când el a terminat o intreagă pictură.

Căsătoria dintre Ross și Brown s-a încheiat într-un divorț în 1981. Ross și a doua lui soție, Jane, a avut un fiu pe nume Morgan, care este, de asemenea, un bun pictor. În 1993, Jane a murit de cancer, și Ross nu s-a recăsătorit.

Cariera militară
Ross s-a înrolat în forțele Aeriene a Statelor Unite la 18 ani și a servit ca un tehnician de dosare medicale.

În cele din urmă a avansat la rangul de sergent major și a servit ca sergent al U.S. Air Force Clinic de la Eielson Air Force Base în Alaska, , unde a văzut pentru prima dată zăpadă și munți, care mai târziu au devenit teme recurente în operele lui de arta. El și-a dezvoltat rapid tehnica de pictură pentru a creea arta de vânzare în timpul pauzelor scurte de la lucru. Deținând poziții militare care-i cereau să fie, în propriile sale cuvinte, "dur" și "răutăcios", "tipul care te face să cureți latrina, tipul care te face să-ți faci patul, tipul care țipa la tine că ai intârziat la muncă", Ross a decis că, dacă va pleca din armată, nu va mai țipa niciodată.

Cariera ca pictor
În timpul șederii în Alaska, Ross a lucrat part-time ca barman când a descoperit un show TV numit Magia Picturii în Ulei, găzduită de pictorul german Bill Alexander. Ross a studiat cu Alexander și după aceea a descoperit că putea sa câștige mai mult din vânzarea de opere de artă decât dacă ar fi lucrat în Air Force. Ross s-a retras din forțele Aeriene după 20 de ani de serviciu, având gradul de Sergent major, și a devenit celebru în întreaga lume pentru crearea și găzduirea programului TV Bucuria de a picta.

Înainte de premiera show-ului, Ross a avut puțin succes în promovarea tehnicii sale de pictura. Marca sa: permanentul a apărut ca o măsură de reducere a costurilor, atunci când tunsorile obișnuite au devenit prea scumpe. Ross nu s-a simțit niciodată confortabil cu stilul, dar a devenit o caracteristică iconică a imaginii de marcă.

Emisiunea  a fost difuzată între 11 ianuarie 1983 și 17 mai 1994, dar reluările continua să apară în multe zone de difuzare și țări. În timpul fiecărui segment de jumătate de oră, Ross instruia spectatorii în pictură în ulei , folosind o tehnica de studiu-rapid din imaginație  care a folosit o paletă limitată de vopsele și a defalcat procesul în pași simpli. Criticul de artă Mira Schor l-a comparat cu Fred Rogers, gazdă a Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, menționând că vocea moale și ritmul lent al discursului său erau similare.

Ross a construit o afacere de 15 milioane de dolari din vânzarea liniei sale de rechizite și cărți, și prin comercializarea cursurilor de pictura predate de instructori instruiți în " metoda Bob Ross ". Toate veniturile sale, a spus el, sunt derivate din aceste surse; toate picturile sale, inclusiv a celor create în timpul emisiunilor sale, au fost donate stațiilor PBS.

De asemenea, Ross a filmat fauna sălbatică, veverițe, în special, de obicei în grădina lui, și el va adopta de multe ori veverițe și alte animale rănite sau abandonate . Animale mici au apărut de multe ori pe tablouri Bucuria de a picta.

Tehnica
Bob Ross utiliza tehnica alla prima de pictură în ulei, care presupune adăugarea mai multor straturi succesive de vopsea fără a-l lăsa pe precedentul să se usuce.

În 2015, Bob Ross a fost inclus într-o reclamă pentru HGTV Sherwin-Williams vopsea, împreună cu Leonardo da Vinci, Andy Warhol, Michelangelo și Vincent van Gogh.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1942
Decese în 1995
Pictori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Personalități de televiziune din SUA

Bob Ross


Asbjørn Joensen (født 11. juli 1927 i Skálavík, død 21. oktober 1993) var en færøsk politiker (SF), tekniker og skolemand. Han var uddannet maskinmester fra 1951 og ingeniør fra 1959. Han var direktør (rektor) ved den tekniske skole i Klaksvík fra 1966 til 1991.

Politisk karriere
Joensen var kommunalbestyrelsesmedlem i Klaksvíkar kommuna fra 1966 til 1980 og borgmester fra 1966-68. Han var formand for Føroya Kommunufelag fra 1966 til 1972. Joensen var kommunal-, kultur- og skoleminister fra 1972 til 1975. Han repræsenterede Sjálvstýrisflokkurin i Lagtinget fra 1974 til 1988, og på ny fra 1990 til sin død, begge gange indvalgt for Norðoyar. Karl Heri Joensen mødte i hans sted resten af valgperioden.

Referencer
Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 298. (PDF )

Ingeniører fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Sjálvstýrisflokkurin
Skoleledere fra Færøerne
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Kommunalministre fra Færøerne
Kulturministre fra Færøerne
Skoleministre fra Færøerne
Personer fra Sandø
Maskinmestre fra Færøerne

Asbjørn Joensen


O torneio feminino de polo aquático nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 foi realizado entre 24 de julho e 7 de agosto de 2021 no Centro Internacional de Natação Tokyo Tatsumi, em Tóquio.

Originalmente programado para 2020, em 24 de março daquele ano as Olimpíadas foram adiadas para 2021 devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Pela mesma razão todas as partidas foram realizadas com os portões fechados.

Os Estados Unidos conquistaram sua terceira medalha de ouro consecutiva e geral após uma vitória nas finais sobre a Espanha, enquanto a Hungria conquistou a medalha de bronze.

Medalhistas

Calendário

Qualificação

Dez equipes se classificaram para o torneio feminino de polo aquático:

 Notas:

Formato
As dez equipes foram divididas em dois grupos para uma fase inicial. Cada uma joga contra todas as demais equipes do grupo, totalizando quatro partidas. As quatro primeiras colocadas de cada grupo avançam para a fase eliminatória, enquanto a quinta é eliminada. A fase eliminatória começa com as quartas de final e os vencedores avançam para as semifinais, enquanto os perdedores das quartas de final disputam a classificação do quinto ao oitavo lugar. Os dois vencedores das semifinais disputam a medalha de ouro, enquanto os dois perdedores disputam o bronze.

Fase de grupos
A tabela de jogos e a composição dos grupos foi anunciada em 9 de março de 2021.

Todas as partidas seguem o fuso horário local (UTC+9).

Grupo A

Grupo B

Fase final

Quartas de final

Classificação 5º–8º lugar

Semifinal

Disputa pelo sétimo lugar

Disputa pelo quinto lugar

Disputa pelo bronze

Final

Classificação final

Ligações externas

Feminino

Polo aquático nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 - Feminino


Svijet

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 19. siječnja Zdenko Balabanić, hrvatski slikar i likovni pedagog († )

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Slikarstvo u 1927.


{| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;"
 Fugakukai  富嶽會
Osnivač aikidaMorihei Ueshiba
Osnivači školeCarl Geiss Tsunako MiyakeTakeshi Inoue
|-
!
Osnovana1982.
VještinaAikido
Olimpijski šport -
|}
Fugakukai, (jap.: 富嶽會) škola koja podučava aikido. Fugakukai doslovno znači "sretna udruga na planinske vrhove". Trenutno se jedan Fugakukai dođo nalazi u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, a drugi u Kanadi. Škola pored aikida, podučava džudo, i đođucu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Fugakukai International Aikido Association homepage

Škole aikida

Fugakukai


Afrocanthium es un género  de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Rubiaceae.  Se encuentra en África desde Etiopía hasta Sudáfrica. Comprende 47 especies descritas y de estas, solo 17 aceptadas.

Taxonomía
El género fue descrito por (Bridson) Lantz & B.Bremer y publicado en Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 278. 2004.

Especies aceptadas
A continuación se brinda un listado de las especies del género Afrocanthium aceptadas hasta mayo de 2015, ordenadas alfabéticamente. Para cada una se indica el nombre binomial seguido del autor, abreviado según las convenciones y usos.
 Afrocanthium burttii (Bullock) Lantz
 Afrocanthium gilfillanii (N.E.Br.) Lantz
 Afrocanthium keniense (Bullock) Lantz
 Afrocanthium kilifiense (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium lactescens (Hiern) Lantz
 Afrocanthium mundianum (Cham. & Schltdl.) Lantz
 Afrocanthium ngonii (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium parasiebenlistii (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium peteri (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium pseudorandii (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium pseudoverticillatum (S.Moore) Lantz
 Afrocanthium racemulosum (S.Moore) Lantz
 Afrocanthium rondoense (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium salubenii (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium shabanii (Bridson) Lantz
 Afrocanthium siebenlistii (K.Krause) Lantz
 Afrocanthium vollesenii (Bridson) Lantz

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Vanguerieae

Afrocanthium


Altera Corporation was a manufacturer of programmable logic devices (PLDs) headquartered in San Jose, California. It was founded in 1983 and acquired by Intel in 2015.

The main product lines from Altera were the flagship Stratix series, mid-range Arria series, and lower-cost Cyclone series system on a chip field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); the MAX series complex programmable logic device and non-volatile FPGAs; Quartus design software; and Enpirion PowerSoC DC-DC power solutions.

The company was founded in 1983 by semiconductor veterans Rodney Smith, Robert Hartmann, James Sansbury, and Paul Newhagen with $500,000 in seed money. The name of the company was a play on "alterable", the type of chips the company created. In 1984, the company formed a long-running design partnership with Intel, and 1988, became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO). In 1994, Altera acquired the PLD business of Intel for $50 million.

On December 28, 2015, the company was acquired by Intel and became the newly formed business unit called Programmable Solutions Group (PSG). In October 2023, Intel announced it would be spinning off PSG into a separate company at the start of 2024, while maintaining majority ownership and intending to seek an IPO within three years.

Products

FPGAs

The Stratix series FPGAs were the company's largest, highest bandwidth devices, with up to 1.1 million logic elements, integrated transceivers at up to 28 Gbit/s, up to 1.6 Tbit/s of serial switching capability, up to 1,840 GMACs of signal-processing performance, and up to 7 x72 DDR3 memory interfaces at 800 MHz.

In September 2000, the company acquired Northwest Logic to expand its design services for delivery of complete system-on-chip solutions.

In May 2013, Altera made available SDK for OpenCL, enabling software programmers to access the high-performance capabilities of programmable logic devices.

System on a chip FPGAs
Beginning in December 2012, the company produced system on a chip FPGA devices using a fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) chip manufacturing process. These devices integrated FPGAs with full hard processor systems based around ARM architecture onto a single device.

PowerSoC
In May 2013, Altera acquired embedded power chipmaker Enpirion for approximately $140 million in cash, providing Altera with power system on a chip DC-DC converters that enabled greater power densities and lower noise performance compared with their discrete equivalent. Unlike converters made from discrete components, Enpirion DC-DC converters were simulated, characterized, validated and production qualified at delivery.

Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
Altera offered a publicly available ASIC design flow based on HardCopy ASICs, which transitioned an FPGA design, once finalized, to a form which is not alterable. This design flow reduced design security risks as well as costs for higher volume production. Design engineers could prototype their designs in Stratix series FPGAs, and then migrate these designs to HardCopy ASICs when they were ready for volume production.

The unique design flow made hardware/software co-design and co-verification possible. The flow was benchmarked to deliver systems to market 9 to 12 months faster, on average, than with standard-cell solutions. Design engineers were able to employ a single RTL, set of intellectual property (IP) cores, and Quartus II design software for both FPGA and ASIC implementations. Altera's HardCopy Design Center managed test insertion.

In 2007, Altera's Nios II FPGA soft processor core became available for standard cell ASIC designs.

Semiconductor intellectual property cores
Altera and its partners offered an array of semiconductor intellectual property cores that served as building blocks that design engineers can drop into their system designs to perform specific functions. IP cores eliminate some of the time-consuming tasks of creating every block in a design from scratch. In 2000, Altera acquired Designpro, a provider of IP cores.

Altera offered soft processor cores on the Nios II embedded processor, the  Freescale ColdFire v1 core (free for Cyclone III FPGA), and the ARM Cortex-M1 processor as well as a hard IP processor core on the ARM Cortex-A9 processor.

Design software

All of Altera's devices were supported by a common design environment, Quartus II design software. Quartus II software was available in a subscription-based edition and a free Web-based edition. It included  tools to foster productivity.

Technology

40-nm technology
In May 2008, Altera introduced the first 40-nm programmable logic devices: the Stratix IV FPGAs and HardCopy IV ASICs. Both devices were available with integrated transceiver options.

In February 2009, the company introduced Stratix IV GT FPGAs, which had 11.3 Gbit/s transceivers for 40G/100G applications, and Arria II GX FPGAs, which had 3.75 Gbit/s transceivers for power- and cost-sensitive applications.

Altera's devices were manufactured using techniques such as 193-nm immersion lithography and technologies such as extreme low-k dielectrics and strained silicon.

28-nm technology
In April 2010, Altera introduced the FPGA industry's second 28-nm device, the Stratix V FPGA (to Xilinx's Kintex-7 FPGA), available with transceivers at speeds up to 28 Gbit/s. This device family has more than 1 million logic elements, up to 53 Mb of embedded memory, up to 7 x72 DDR3 DIMMs at 800 MHz, 1.6 Gbit/s LVDS performance, and up to 3,680 variable-precision DSP blocks.

In August 2011, Altera began shipping 28-nm Stratix V GT devices featuring 28-gigabits-per-second transceivers.

Embedded HardCopy blocked harden standard or logic-intensive applications, increasing integration and delivering twice the density without a cost or power penalty. Altera developed a user-friendly method for partial reconfiguration, so core functionality can be changed easily and on the fly. There is a path to HardCopy V ASICs, when designs are ready for volume production. Altera's 28 nm FPGAs aimed to reduce power requirements to 200 mW per channel. In 2004, the company began collaborating with Synopsys on HardCopy Structured ASICs.

In December 2012, the company announced the shipment of its first 28 nm Cyclone V SoC devices, which had a dual-core ARM architecture Cortex-A9 processor system with FPGA logic on a single chip. These SoCs were targeted for wireless communications, industrial, video surveillance, automotive and medical equipment markets. With these SoCs devices, users were able to create custom field-programmable SoC variants for power, board space, performance and cost optimization.

14-nm technology
In February 2013, Altera announced an agreement with Intel to use Intel's foundry services to produce its 14-nm node for the future manufacturing of its FPGAs, based on Intel's 14 nm tri-gate transistor technology, in place of Altera's ongoing agreement with TSMC.

In October 2016, nearly one year after Intel's integration with Altera, STRATIX 10 was announced, which is based on Intel's 14 nm Tri-Gate process.

Restatement of financial results
On June 21, 2006, after an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the company restated its financial results from 1996 to 2005 to correct accounting errors related to options backdating. The chief financial officer of the company resigned. Altera filed a petition to overturn related regulations but was, under Intel, denied in 2020.

Acquisition by Intel
In December 2015, Intel acquired Altera for $16.7 billion in cash. Altera became Intel's newly formed business unit called the Programmable Solutions Group (PSG). The Altera brand was phased-out quickly after, and all Altera products are now branded as Intel.

In October 2023, Intel announced it would be spinning off PSG into a separate company at the start of 2024, while maintaining majority ownership and intending to seek an IPO within three years.

See also
 Xilinx
 AMD

References

1983 establishments in California
1980s initial public offerings
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Electronics companies disestablished in 2015
Electronics companies established in 1983
Intel acquisitions
Defunct computer companies of the United States

Altera


An Leptochloa neesii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Bentham. An Leptochloa neesii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leptochloa

Leptochloa neesii


Bitka za Zavrtaljku bila je bitka u bošnjačko-hrvatskom sukobu.

U razdoblju od 31. siječnja do 5. veljače, HVO je pokrenuo akciju Zavrtaljka s ciljem zauzimanja dominantnih kota u kiseljačkoj općini.

Zauzimanjem Zavrtaljke, brda oko 3 km jugozapadno od Bilalovca, na cesti Busovača-Kiseljak, s kojeg se pruža pogled na dio bojišnice u Lašvanskoj dolini južno od Busovače, HVO je otežao napredovanje Armije BiH ta tom pravcu i rasteretio pritisak na snage HVO-a u Lašvanskoj dolini.

U borbama s Armijom BiH poginulo je 11 vojnika HVO-a.

Posljedice
Dana 15. veljače, postrojbe Viteške brigade HVO-a su nakon višednevnih teških borbi zauzele viteško naselje Buhine Kuće, izgubljeno mjesec dana ranije, i time vratiti pod nadzor prometnicu Vitez - Busovača.

Spomen-obilježje poginulima je u Brestovskom, u blizini Zavrtaljke.

Poveznice
 Bitka za Meoršje
 bitka na Bašinom Brdu
 Bitka za Buhine kuće

Izvori

Zavrtaljka

Bitka za Zavrtaljku