Iosif Csaba Pál () este un cleric romano-catolic din România, din anul 2018 episcop romano-catolic de Timișoara.

Biografie
Studiile gimnaziale au fost la Școala de Cantori din Alba Iulia. După gimnaziu a studiat la Institutul Teologic Romano-Catolic din Alba Iulia, fiind hirotonit preot în 21 iunie 1981 de episcopul Antal Jakab. După hirotonire a activat 4 ani drept capelan la Biserica Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul din Târgu Mureș, iar în anul 1985 a continuat în Dieceza de Timișoara. Episcopul Sebastian Kräuter l-a numit paroh de Bacova, Buziaș și Nițchidorf. În anul 1987 a devenit preot paroh la Biserica Maria Zăpezii din Reșița ca preot-paroh, ulterior fiind numit decan, respectiv arhidiacon al Arhidiaconatului Banatului Montan. În cadrul Capitlului Catedralei primește titlul de Canonicus Carolinus Senior. Din 1994 este directorul responsabil al revistei diecezane "Vita Catholica Banatus".

Episcop romano-catolic de Timișoara
În mai 2018 papa Francisc l-a numit pe preotul Pál în funcția de episcop al Diecezei de Timișoara. Consacrarea episcopală a avut loc în data de 6 august 2018 în Catedrala Sfântul Gheorghe din Timișoara.

Note

Nașteri în 1955
Nașteri pe 3 decembrie
Episcopi romano-catolici români
Maghiari din România
Oameni în viață
Oameni din județul Harghita

Iosif Csaba Pál


Mario Madrid-Malo Garizábal, (Barranquilla), 5 de mayo de (1945) es un abogado colombiano, profesor universitario, defensor de los derechos humanos y autor de libros sobre temas jurídicos y religiosos.

Madrid-Malo Garizábal obtuvo en 1969 el título de Doctor en Derecho, conferido por la Universidad Externado de Colombia. Entre 1974 y 2007 ejerció la docencia en varias universidades de Bogotá, entre ellas la Universidad Externado de Colombia, la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, la Escuela Superior de Administración Pública (ESAP), la Universidad Libre de Colombia, la Universidad Nacional y la Fundación Universitaria San Alfonso, de la congregación redentorista. En 2008 la ESAP le otorgó el título de Profesor Distinguido.

En su labor docente Madrid-Malo tuvo a su cargo cátedras de derecho constitucional, derechos humanos, derecho internacional humanitario, derecho público eclesiástico, derecho concordatario e instituciones eclesiásticas. En la ESAP fue designado, por concurso, profesor titular de derecho constitucional colombiano.

Entre 1985 y 1993 Madrid-Malo cumplió labores de trabajador voluntario de Amnistía Internacional en Colombia. Entre 1988 y 1994 formó parte  del el Comité Ejecutivo para la Vida, la Justicia y la Paz de la Conferencia Episcopal colombiana.

Entre 1991 y 1993 Madrid-Malo  fue Director del Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Escuela Superior de Administración Pública. Entre 1993 y 1996 se desempeñó como Director Nacional de promoción y divulgación de derechos humanos de la Defensoría el Pueblo. Entre 1997 y 2007 ocupó el cargo de Asesor Legal de la Oficina en Colombia del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos. Durante los años 2002-2009 ejerció las funciones de Conjuez de la Corte Constitucional.

También desempeñó Madrid-Malo los cargos de Secretario General de la Caja Nacional de Previsión (1973-1974), Secretario General de la Administración Postal Nacional (1974-1977), Secretario General del Departamento Administrativo del Servicio Civil (1977-1979), Director General del Instituto Nacional de Radio y Televisión (1980-1981), Subdirector de postgrado de la Escuela Superior de Administración Pública (1987-1988) y Decano de la Facultad de estudios avanzados de la misma institución (1988-1991).

Madrid-Malo es autor, entre otras, de las siguientes obras: "Los derechos humanos en Colombia" (1979, 1990), "Diccionario jurídico colombiano" (1988), "El Presidente de la República" (1990), "Derechos Fundamentales" (1992, 1997, 2004), "Siluetas para una historia de los derechos humanos" (1993), "El derecho a la objeción de conciencia" (1994, 2003), "Estudio sobre derechos fundamentales" (1995), "Nuevas siluetas para una historia de los derechos humanos(1995) "Sobre las libertades de conciencia y de religión" (1996), "Diccionario de la Constitución Política de Colombia" (1997, 1998, 2005), "Tú eres Pedro. El papado en la historia" (2006), "Diccionario básico de la religión católica" (2007), "Otras siluetas para una historia de los derechos humanos" (2008), "Violencia contra los más débiles. Episodios para una crónica sobre la victimización de los niños colombianos" (2011), "Teatro Bíblico" (2014) y "Mujeres de la Biblia" (2017).

Madrid-Malo ha sido columnista de los periódicos "El Colombiano", "Vanguardia Liberal", "El Heraldo", "La Patria", "El Universal", "El Liberal" y "El Catolicismo". En la actualidad mantiene la bitácora marioenelblog.

El 7 de agosto de 1996 Madrid-Malo recibió de la Defensoría del Pueblo la Orden de los Derechos Humanos en el grado de Comendador.

El 14 de agosto de 2015 Madrid-Malo recibió de la ESAP un reconocimiento por su aporte a la educación en derechos humanos en Colombia.

El 16 de febrero de 2017 Madrid-Malo presentó en Bogotá su libro "Mujeres de la Biblia", obra que mereció la felicitación epistolar del Cardenal  Rubén Salazar, Arzobispo de aquella capital.

Entre 2015 y 2019 Madrid-Malo donó los siete mil libros de su biblioteca personal a la Escuela Superior de Administración Pública en Bogotá, al Seminario Mayor de la misma ciudad y a la Universidad del Norte de Barranquilla.

Desde mayo de 2019 Mario Madrid-Malo reside en la ciudad de Santa Marta.

Enlaces externos

 "Diccionario de Colombia", Bogotá, 2006, p,600.

Categoría:Juristas de Colombia

Categoría:Alumnado de la Universidad Externado de Colombia

Categoría: Profesores de Derecho de Colombia
Profesores de la Universidad Libre (Colombia)
Profesores de Derecho de Colombia
.

Mario Madrid-Malo Garizábal


La clemenza di Scipione (en español, La clemencia de Escipión) es una ópera seria en tres actos con música de Johann Christian Bach y libreto en italiano anónimo. El libreto desarrolla el tema de la historia clásica denominado la clemencia de Escipión

Se estrenó el 4 de abril de 1778 en el King's Theatre de Londres y es la última obra teatral que el Bach londinense compuesta para la capital inglesa, y en total su penúltima ópera; de hecho, al año siguiente, con la puesta en escena de la tragédie lyrique Amadis de Gaule en París, terminó la carrera del compositor, que lo había visto activo durante casi veinte años en los teatros primero italianos y luego londinenses.

La clemenza di Scipione está considerada en términos generales la mejor ópera que J. C. Bach compuso para Londres y la que adquirió mayor éxito. Como testimonio de ello, el drama fue repuesto en escena en el mismo teatro en el año 1805, pocos años después del fallecimiento del autor, probablemente gracias al apoyo de una alumna, una tal Mrs. Billington (caso excepcional para la época, en cuando las óperas usualmente permanecían en escena durante sólo un breve período de tiempo).

Referencias
Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas en italiano
Óperas de Johann Christian Bach
Óperas de 1778
Óperas estrenadas en Londres
Cornelios Escipiones

La clemenza di Scipione


Asta Nielsen er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1967 instrueret af Henrik Stangerup og efter manuskript af Asta Nielsen.

Handling
Henrik Stangerups portrætfilm om Asta Nielsen blev aldrig udsendt. Asta Nielsen var iflg. dagspressen voldsomt utilfreds med resultatet og anså filmen om sit liv for en 'fornærmelse'.

Medvirkende

 Asta Nielsen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1967

Asta Nielsen (dokumentarfilm fra 1967)


Los inmigrantes argentinos en Bolivia son un total de 45.424 habitantes, lo que constituye la sexta comunidad de argentinos en el exterior tras los de España, Estados Unidos, Chile, Paraguay e Israel. Los argentinos también conforman el mayor número de inmigrantes en Bolivia.

Debido a la fuerte devaluación del peso argentino, la crisis económica, la alta inflación y el desempleo en Argentina, la inmigración argentina en Bolivia ha comenzado a aumentar significativamente a partir de 2018, ya que muchos argentinos han empezado a emigrar hacia el sur de Bolivia (en especial a Tupiza) en busca de trabajo. Porcentualmente, los ciudadanos argentinos que se encuentran buscando trabajo en Bolivia habrían aumentado en un 40 % en 2019.

Estadísticas
Desde el año 1900 hasta 2012 y de acuerdo a los diferentes censos bolivianos, se puede observar que la comunidad argentina residente en Bolivia, ha pasado de solo 1300 argentinos en el año 1900 a más de 36 200 argentinos viviendo en Bolivia para el año 2012

Cifras Históricas
La inmigración argentina en Bolivia comienza durante la segunda mitad del . El censo boliviano del año 1900, muestra que había unos 1368 argentinos viviendo en Bolivia en ese entonces. Se puede observar también que los primeros argentinos que ingresaron a Bolivia a principios del , se encontraban mayormente concentrados en el sur del país, en unos cinco principales departamentos, los cuales eran: Potosí, Tarija, Chuquisaca, así como también La Paz y Santa Cruz

Durante el año 1900, de todos los extranjeros que se encontraban viviendo en Bolivia durante aquella época, la comunidad argentina representaba al 18,42 % del total.

Cifras Actuales

En la actualidad y según el último censo boliviano de 2012, en Bolivia viven unos 36 200 ciudadanos argentinos.

Actualmente, la mayoría de los argentinos que viven en el país, se concentran más que todo en los departamentos del eje central de Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba y Santa Cruz) además de Tarija y Potosí (estas dos últimas por ser regiones fronterizas con Argentina).

Otras cifras

Según las cifras de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, los residentes argentinos en Bolivia han aumentado en un 117,5 % durante los últimos 30 años (1990-2020), pasando de solo 21.923 argentinos en 1990 a 47.695 argentinos viviendo en Bolivia para el año 2020.

Hacia el censo de 2001, los argentinos conformaban el 30,3% de los extranjeros en territorio boliviano.

Las estimaciones del año 2008 indicaban que 36.261 argentinos residían en Bolivia, representando el 4,49% de los argentinos en el exterior, concentrándose principalmente en el Departamento de Potosí, y también en otros departamentos como La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija y Cochabamba. Hacia 2006 los argentinos en Bolivia enviaron alrededor de 14 millones de dólares estadounidenses, representando el 3,5% de las remesas recibidas por Argentina.

Hacia 2012, los argentinos en Bolivia representaban el 4,67% de la diáspora argentina, conformando 45.424 habitantes y manteniéndose como el sexto destino de los argentinos en el exterior.

Cuestión de Abra de Santa Cruz
El 28 de noviembre de 2013 Argentina y Bolivia instalaron un nuevo hito fronterizo en el Abra de Santa Cruz, departamento Santa Victoria, provincia de Salta, el cual densificó la división fronteriza entre ambos países sobre una línea geométrica imaginaria entre los ya existentes hito Peña Horco y cerro Mecoya, colocados en marzo de 1940. La acción definió que el poblado colla de Abra de Santa Cruz y las nacientes del río Santa Cruz quedaron en territorio boliviano, generando reclamos de las 17 familias argentinas que lo pueblan. Debido al nuevo límite, los niños argentinos comenzaron a asistir a la escuela boliviana del lugar en lugar de la argentina, ya que la primera cuenta con playones deportivos, suministro eléctrico y otros servicios.

Vinicultores en Tarija
Bolivia ha reiniciado su producción vitivinícola en su territorio, convirtiéndose en una nación joven en producción de vinos a diferencia de países vecinos como Argentina y Chile, los cuales cuentan con una larga tradición vinícola industrial, razón que orilló a grupos de argentinos (incluyendo bolivianos con doble nacionalidad) emigrar hacia Bolivia.

Véase también
 Relaciones Argentina-Bolivia
 Inmigración en Bolivia
 Anexo:Argentinos en el mundo
 Emigración argentina
 Inmigración boliviana en Argentina
 Bolivia durante la Guerra de las Malvinas

Referencias

Argentina
Bolivia
Relaciones Argentina-Bolivia

Inmigración argentina en Bolivia


185576 Covichi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
185576 Covichi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la La Cañada de Juan Lacruz. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,45 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 2,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 185001-186000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

185576 Covichi


La mosquée Faik-Pacha (en turc : camii Faik Paşa, en  / ), connue localement sous le nom d'Imaret d'Árta (), est un édifice ottoman situé à Árta, en Grèce. Du nom du conquérant ottoman de la ville en 1449, la mosquée formait un complexe composé notamment de bains, d'un imaret et d'une madrassa.

Localisation
La mosquée Faik-Pacha est située dans l'ancienne localité de Maráti, près du village de , sur la rive droite du fleuve Árachthos et à environ  au nord du . À l'époque ottomane, la zone entourant l'édifice portait le nom général de Top-Alti, terme turc décrivant le secteur qui se trouvait à portée de canon du . Plus précis, le voyageur Evliya Çelebi évoqua le village musulman de Karye-i Imaret, duquel découle le toponyme grec Maráti.

Histoire
La mosquée Faik-Pacha fut vraisemblablement érigée à l'emplacement d'une église byzantine dédiée à Saint-Jean-Baptiste. Son commanditaire est Faik Pacha, conquérant de la ville et vizir ottoman. Deux hypothèses de datation coexistent. La première, formulée par le métropolite d'Árta Seraphim de Byzance, fait remonter l'édifice vers 1455. Selon des informations orales recueillies au milieu du  auprès d'un habitant ottoman, Faik Pacha nomma un imam pour la mosquée mais à la mort de celui-ci, ne trouvant pas de digne remplaçant, le pacha décida de se retirer de l'armée et d'endosser lui-même la fonction d'imam. Faik Pacha serait resté imam pendant environ quarante ans, jusqu'à sa mort en 1499. Sur la base de ces informations, le métropolite d'Árta data la construction de la mosquée de l'époque du sultan Mehmed II. La seconde hypothèse place la construction de la mosquée en 1492-1493, sous le règne de Bayezid II. Cette datation apparaît plus affermie que la conjecture précédente, dans la mesure où l'historien ottoman Aşıkpaşazade fit référence vers 1478 à la mosquée comme étant à l'état de projet et que la charte de fondation (vakıf) de l'institution de Faik Pacha, comprenant un imaret et une madrassa, date de 1493.

L'institution tirait ses revenus de terres agricoles dans les villages de  et Maráti, qui appartenaient avant l'occupation ottomane au monastère de la Panagía de Rodiá, ainsi que de propriétés près de Thessalonique et Giannitsá.

Durant la guerre d'indépendance grecque, la zone fut le théâtre de combats durant le . La mosquée fut un camp de retranchement pour Yánnis Makriyánnis, Márkos Bótzaris et quelques centaines d'hommes, qui résistèrent aux assauts de la garnison ottomane le . Quelques années plus tard, le lieu fut visité par François Pouqueville, qui souligna la présence de roseaux de Perse, d'oliviers, de citronniers et d'orangers, tandis qu'en 1835, William Martin Leake le décrit comme riche en noisetiers.

Lors de la guerre gréco-turque de 1897, la zone autour de la mosquée fut à nouveau un champ de bataille entre les forces grecques du colonel Thrasývoulos Mános et ottomanes d'. Après la libération d'Árta, la mosquée fut convertie en une église dédiée à saint .

En 1938, l'édifice fut déclaré site historique protégé par décret royal. En 1994, des fouilles permirent la découverte de plusieurs membres architecturaux du porche et des travaux de restauration conduisirent à la remise en état du sol pavé. Fin 2019, les études de restauration générale du monument furent approuvées par le  et les travaux mis aux enchères à l'été 2022. Le site est placé sous la responsabilité du  Éphorat des antiquités byzantines du ministère de la Culture et des Sports.

Architecture
La mosquée Faik-Pacha est composée d'une salle de prière carrée aux dimensions extérieures de  de côté, surmontée d'un dôme dont le tambour est orné de « triangles turcs ». Sur la façade principale, au nord, s'élevait autrefois un porche (revak) dont les vestiges sont encore visibles. Construite en appareil cloisonné, la maçonnerie intègre certains matériaux provenant de l'église byzantine de la Panagía Parigorítissa, de l'ancienne Nicopolis ainsi que de divers bâtiments antiques d'Ambracie. Des éléments architecturaux du porche effondré proviennent ainsi du monastère voisin de la Panagía Pantánassa, fondée au milieu du  par Michel II Doukas. À l'angle nord-ouest s'élève un minaret en briques conservé jusqu'au balcon, vraisemblablement reconstruit pour la dernière fois au . À l'intérieur, le monument conserve les traces de sa double utilisation comme mosquée et église : le mihrab occupe le centre du mur méridional tandis que des restes de l'iconostase sont observables sur le mur oriental.

Hormis la mosquée, les vestiges des bains situés à quelques dizaines de mètres au nord-ouest sont les seules traces parvenues jusqu'à nous du complexe monumental de Faik Pacha.

Galerie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .

 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste de mosquées en Grèce
 Grèce ottomane

Épire
Grèce ottomane
Faik Pacha

Mosquée Faik-Pacha


An Schizochilus lepidus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Schizochilus lepidus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schizochilus

Schizochilus lepidus


(Rienzi, the last of the tribunes; WWV 49) is an early opera by Richard Wagner in five acts, with the libretto written by the composer after Edward Bulwer-Lytton's novel of the same name (1835). The title is commonly shortened to Rienzi. Written between July 1838 and November 1840, it was first performed at the Königliches Hoftheater Dresden, on 20 October 1842, and was the composer's first success.

The opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzo (1313–1354), a late medieval Italian populist figure who succeeds in outwitting and then defeating the nobles and their followers and in raising the power of the people. Magnanimous at first, he is forced by events to crush the nobles' rebellion against the people's power, but popular opinion changes and even the Church, which had urged him to assert himself, turns against him. In the end the populace burns the Capitol, in which Rienzi and a few adherents have made a last stand.

Composition history

Rienzi is Wagner's third completed opera, and is mostly written in a grand opera style. In his 1860 essay "Music of the Future," Wagner called it "a work full of youthful fire" which was inspired by "the heroic opera of Spontini" and the Parisian grand opera of Daniel Auber, Giacomo Meyerbeer, and Fromental Halévy. Rienzi'''s depictions of the mob, the liberal ethos associated with the hero and the political intervention of a reactionary clergy recall Spontini's La vestale (1807), Halévy's La Juive (1835), and Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots (1836). Each act ends with an extended finale ensemble and is replete with solos, duets, trios and crowd scenes. There is also an extended ballet in act 2 according to the accepted Grand Opera format. Hans von Bülow was later to joke that "Rienzi is Meyerbeer's best opera".

Wagner began to draft the opera in Riga in 1837, after reading Lytton's novel (although John Deathridge has argued that Wagner's work also bears the influence of Mary Russell Mitford's 1828 "highly successful English play" Rienzi). During a 1839 visit to the bathing resort town of Boulogne, Wagner approached Meyerbeer with a partial draft of Rienzi, and the elder composer responded with encouragement. Meyerbeer also introduced Wagner to Ignaz Moscheles, who was also staying at Boulogne; as Ernest Newman comments, this was "Wagner's first meeting with real international musical celebrities". When the opera was completed in 1840, Wagner hoped for it to be premiered at the Berlin Royal Opera or the Paris Opéra.

Several circumstances, including his lack of influence, prevented this. Moreover, Wagner's wife Minna, in a letter of 28 October 1840 to Wagner's friend Apel, who had likely first made the suggestion that Wagner compose Rienzi, mentions a plan to perform the overture to Rienzi "a fortnight hence", but contains a clear indication that her husband had just been committed to a debtors' prison. The full score of Rienzi was completed on 19 November 1840.

In 1841 Wagner moved to Meudon, just outside Paris, where the debt laws could be more easily evaded, whilst awaiting developments for Rienzi, having already written to King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, requesting that he order a production of the work in Dresden.

With the support of Meyerbeer, a staging of Rienzi was arranged in Dresden; Meyerbeer wrote to the Director of the Opera in Dresden, Baron von Lüttichau, that he found the opera "rich in fantasy and of great dramatic effect". This, with the proposed staging of Der fliegende Holländer in Berlin, also supported by Meyerbeer, persuaded Wagner to return to Germany in April 1842. During rehearsals the performers were highly enthusiastic; the tenor Tichatschek, in the title role, was so impressed with a passage from act 3 (later deleted because of the opera's length), that "at each rehearsal, each of the soloists contributed a silver groschen to [a] fund that Tichatschek had started ... No one suspected that what was an amiable joke for them was the means of buying [Wagner] an extra morsel of sorely-needed food."

The premiere of Rienzi took place on 20 October 1842 in the new Dresden Opera House, designed by the architect Gottfried Semper and opened the previous year. Semper and Wagner were later to become friends in Dresden, a connection which eventually led to Semper providing designs which became a basis of Wagner's Festspielhaus in Bayreuth.

The first performance of Rienzi was well received in Dresden despite running over six hours (including intermissions). One legend is that, fearful of the audience departing, Wagner stopped the clock above the stage. In his later memoirs, Mein Leben, Wagner recalled:
No subsequent experience has given me feelings even remotely similar to those I had on this day of the first performance of Rienzi. The only too well-founded anxiety as to their success has so dominated my feelings at all subsequent first performances of my works that I could never really enjoy them or take much notice of the way the audience was behaving.[...] The initial success of Rienzi was no doubt assured beforehand. But the uproarious way in which the public declared its partiality for me was extraordinary ... The public had been forcibly predisposed to accept it, because everyone connected with the theatre had been spreading such favourable reports ... that the entire population was looking forward to what was heralded as a miracle ... In trying to recall my condition that evening, I can remember it only as possessing all the features of a dream.

Subsequently, Wagner experimented with giving the opera over two evenings (at the suggestion of von Lüttichau), and making cuts to enable a more reasonable performance in a single evening.

Performance history
Despite Wagner's reservations, Rienzi remained one of his most successful operas until the early 20th century. In Dresden alone, it reached its 100th performance in 1873 and 200th in 1908 and it was regularly performed throughout the 19th century in major opera houses throughout Europe and beyond, including those in America and England in 1878/9. The Paris premiere of Rienzi finally took place on 6 April 1869 at the Théâtre Lyrique under the baton of Jules Pasdeloup. The US premiere took place on 4 March 1878 at the Academy of Music in New York and was followed on 27 January 1879 by the first UK performance at Her Majesty's Theatre in London. The overture was the first work performed at the inaugural Henry Wood Promenade Concert at the Queen's Hall in London in August 1895.

A staging at the English National Opera in London, produced by Nicholas Hytner in 1983, placed the hero in the context of 20th-century totalitarianism. A production by David Pountney at the Vienna State Opera in 1999 set the work in the "near future". Of this production Pountney wrote:
Wagner invested the musical realization of Rienzi with the unashamed extravagance and tasteless exaggeration of a Las Vegas hotel ... only the self-consciously deliberate and unabashed use of kitsch could match this musical egomania.

Other contemporary productions have been rare. Performances were given at the Theater Bremen in April/May 2009 and at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and Oper Leipzig in April/May 2010. In July 2013, the bicentennial year of Wagner's birth, performances of all three of Wagner's early operas, including Rienzi, took place for the first time at Bayreuth, at the Oberfrankenhalle. This performance trimmed some parts, including the second-act ballet. The Boston premiere was produced in concert by Odyssey Opera in September 2013 as their inaugural performance. The Australian premiere was a concert performance by Melbourne Opera in December 2013, as part of the bicentennial celebrations.

 Roles

Synopsis
Overture

The opera opens with a substantial overture which begins with a trumpet call (which in act 3 we learn is the war call of the Colonna family) and features the melody of Rienzi's prayer at the start of act 5, which became the opera's best-known aria. The overture ends with a military march.

Act 1Outside Rienzi's houseThe patrician Orsini and his cronies attempt to kidnap Rienzi's sister Irene. Stefano Colonna, also a patrician but inclined to support Rienzi, prevents them. Raimondo appeals to the parties in the name of the Church to stop their fighting; Rienzi's eventual appearance (marked by a dramatic key shift, from D to E flat) quells the riot. The Roman people support Rienzi's condemnation of the nobles. Irene and Adriano realise their mutual attraction (duet "Ja, eine Welt voll Leiden" – Yes, a world of sorrows). A gathering crowd of plebeians, inspired by Rienzi's speeches, offers Rienzi the crown; he demurs, insisting that he wishes only to be a Tribune of the Roman people.

Act 2A hall in the CapitolThe patricians plot the death of Rienzi; Adriano is horrified when he learns of this. Rienzi greets a group of ambassadors for whom an entertainment is laid on (a lengthy ballet). Orsini attempts to stab Rienzi, who however is protected by a vest of chain mail. Adriano pleads with Rienzi for mercy to the nobles, which Rienzi grants.

The act 2 ballet is noteworthy as Wagner made a clear attempt to make it relevant to the action of the opera (whereas in most Grand Operas the ballet was simply an entertaining diversion). The Rienzi ballet was intended to tell the tale of the 'Rape of Lucretia'. This storyline (in which Tarquinius, the last king of Rome, attempts to rape the virtuous Lucretia), parallels both the action of Rienzi (Orsini's attempt on Irene) and its background (patricians versus the people). In its original form the ballet lasts for over half an hour – in modern performances and recordings it is generally drastically cut.

Act 3The Roman ForumThe patricians have recruited an army to march on Rome. The people are alarmed. Rienzi rouses the people and leads them to victory over the nobles, in the course of which Adriano's father Stefano is killed. Adriano swears revenge, but Rienzi dismisses him.

Act 4Before the Lateran ChurchCecco and other citizens discuss the negotiations of the patricians with the Pope and with the Emperor of Germany. Adriano's intention to kill Rienzi wavers when Rienzi arrives together with Irene. Raimondo now announces that the Pope has laid a papal ban on Rienzi, and that his associates risk excommunication. Despite Adriano's urgings, Irene resolves to stay with Rienzi.

Act 5Scene 1: A room in the CapitolRienzi in his prayer "Allmächt'ger Vater" (Almighty Father!) asserts his faith in the people of Rome. He suggests to Irene that she seek safety with Adriano, but she demurs. An apologetic Adriano enters and tells the pair that the Capitol is to be burnt and they are at risk.Scene 2: The Capitol is ablazeRienzi's attempts to speak are met with stones and insults from the fickle crowd. Adriano, in trying to rescue Rienzi and Irene, is killed with them as the building collapses.

In the original performances, Rienzi's final words are bitter and pessimistic: "May the town be accursed and destroyed! Disintegrate and wither, Rome! Your degenerate people wish it so." However, for the 1847 Berlin performance Wagner substituted a more upbeat rhetoric: "Ever while the seven hills of Rome remain, ever while the eternal city stands, you will see Rienzi's return!".

Reception and performancesRienzi was an immediate success.  This, his first real success of any kind, was crucial in Wagner's career, launching him as a composer to be reckoned with. It was followed, within months, by his appointment as Kapellmeister at the Dresden Opera (February 1843), which also gave him considerable prestige. It also received critical acclaim elsewhere in Europe. The young Eduard Hanslick, later to be one of Wagner's foremost critical adversaries, wrote in 1846 in Vienna:
I am of the firm opinion that [Rienzi] is the finest thing achieved in grand opera in the last twelve years, that it is the most significant dramatic creation since Les Huguenots, and that it is just as epoch-making for its own time as were Les Huguenots, Der Freischütz, and Don Giovanni, each for its respective period of musical history.

Other critical comments through the ages have included (apart from von Bulow's jibe about it being 'Meyerbeer's best opera'), 'Meyerbeer's worst opera' (Charles Rosen), 'an attack of musical measles' (Ernest Newman) and ' the greatest musical drama ever composed' (Gustav Mahler).

Franz Liszt wrote a "Fantasy on Themes from Rienzi" (S. 439) for piano in 1859.

Wagner later perceived Rienzi as an embarrassment; in his 1852 autobiographical essay, "A Communication to My Friends", he wrote "I saw it only in the shape of 'five acts', with five brilliant 'finales', with hymns, processions and the musical clash of arms". Cosima Wagner recorded Wagner's comment in her diary for 20 June 1871:

Rienzi is very repugnant to me, but they should at least recognize the fire in it; I was a music director and I wrote a grand opera; the fact that it was this same music director who gave them some hard nuts to crack – that's what should astonish them.

Thus the work has remained outside today's Wagner canon, and was only performed at the Bayreuth Festival in 2013, staged by Matthias von Stegmann. Although the composer disclaimed it, it can be noted that Rienzi prefigures themes (brother/sister relationships, social order and revolution) to which Wagner was often to return in his later works.

Rienzi and Adolf Hitler
August Kubizek, a boyhood friend of Adolf Hitler, claimed that Hitler was so influenced by seeing Rienzi as a young man in 1906 or 1907 that it triggered his political career, and that when Kubizek reminded Hitler, in 1939 at Bayreuth, of his exultant response to the opera Hitler had replied, "At that hour it all began!" Although Kubizek's veracity has been seriously questioned, it is known that Hitler possessed the original manuscript of the opera, which he had requested and been given as a fiftieth birthday present in 1939. The manuscript was with Hitler in his bunker; it was either stolen, lost or destroyed by fire in the destruction of the bunker's contents after Hitler's death (the manuscript of Wagner's earlier work Die Feen is believed to have met with the same fate). Thomas Grey comments:

In every step of Rienzi's career – from ... acclamation as leader of the Volk, through military struggle, violent suppression of mutinous factions, betrayal and ... final immolation – Hitler would doubtless have found sustenance for his fantasies.

Albert Speer claims to have remembered an incident when Robert Ley advocated using a modern composition to open the Party Rallies in Nuremberg, but Hitler rejected this idea:

"You know, Ley, it isn't by chance that I have the Party Rallies open with the overture to Rienzi. It's not just a musical question. At the age of twenty-four this man, an innkeeper's son, persuaded the Roman people to drive out the corrupt Senate by reminding them of the magnificent past of the Roman Empire. Listening to this blessed music as a young man in the theater at Linz, I had the vision that I too must someday succeed in uniting the German Empire and making it great once more."

Editions
The original performance version of Rienzi was lost in the Dresden bombing of 1945, and the manuscript (on which it had been based) was lost in Berlin in 1945. No full copies had been made of either version, as far as is known. However, Rienzi was never established by the composer into a finalized version, so all performances of it since 1945 have been reconstructions.

A vocal score of the early 1840s, based on Wagner's draft, remains as the only existing primary source. Two surviving full scores made in Dresden in the early 1840s (under Wagner's supervision) already reflect the heavy cuts made in performances. The first printed score that was made under Wagner's supervision in 1844 reflects even heavier cuts.

A critical edition of the opera was prepared by Schott's in Mainz in 1976 as volume III of their scholarly complete edition of Wagner's works. This edition was edited by Wagner scholars Reinhard Strohm and Egon Voss; it uses the extant sources but also contains the 1844 piano version prepared by Gustav Klink, (which includes some of the passages excised from early performances).

Overall it is not possible to accurately reconstruct Wagner's "original" Rienzi, but Rienzi on the other hand was clearly never finished by the composer. It was constantly being altered during the 1840s (and, it seems, possibly throughout Wagner's lifetime), so it is not feasible to fully determine Wagner's exact or final intentions based on existing evidence.

Recordings
Complete recordings (and performances) of Rienzi are rare, although the overture is regularly found on radio broadcasts and compilation CDs. Significant cuts to the score are common in recordings.

Audio recordings include:
 Winfried Zillig conducting the Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks. Günther Treptow, Trude Eipperle, Helmut Fehn, Erna Schlüter, Rudolf Gonszar, Heinz Prybit. Frankfurt, 1950.
 Josef Krips conducting the Vienna Symphony Orchestra. Set Svanholm, Walter Berry, Christa Ludwig, Alois Pernerstorfer, Paul Schöffler. 1960 (Melodram).
 Heinrich Hollreiser conducting the Dresden Staatskapelle. René Kollo, Siv Wennberg, Janis Martin, Theo Adam. 1976 (EMI). (Complete recording of Wagner's shortened 1843 version)
 Edward Downes conducting the BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra. John Mitchinson, Lorna Haywood, Michael Langdon, Raimund Herincx. 1976 (Ponto POCD1040) (Complete and uncut recording of Wagner's "original" 1842 version)
 Wolfgang Sawallisch conducting the Bavarian State Opera Orchestra. René Kollo, Jan-Hendrik Rootering, Cheryl Studer, John Janssen. 1983 (Orfeo d'Oro)
 Sebastian Weigle conducting the Frankfurter Opern- und Museumorchester. Peter Bronder, Christiane Libor, Falk Struckmann, Claudia Mahnke. 2013 (Oehms Classics)

Video recordings include:
 Philipp Stölzl (director) and Sebastian Lang-Lessing (conductor) at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, starring Torsten Kerl (Rienzi), Camilla Nylund (Irene), Kate Aldrich (Adriano). 2010 (Unitel Classica / Arthaus Musik)
 Jorge Lavelli (director) and Pinchas Steinberg (conductor) at the Toulouse Théâtre du Capitole, starring Torsten Kerl (Rienzi), Marika Schönberg (Irene), Daniela Sindram (Adriano). 2013 (Opus Arte)

Recordings of the overture include:
Hans Knappertsbusch conducting the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra,
Otto Klemperer conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra,
James Levine conducting the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra,
Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra,
George Szell conducting the Cleveland Orchestra,
Lorin Maazel conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra,
Leopold Stokowski conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra,
Zubin Mehta conducting the New York Philharmonic Orchestra,
Mariss Jansons conducting the Oslo Philharmonic,
Daniel Barenboim conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and
Karl Böhm conducting the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.

References
Notes

Sources

Further readingThe New Kobbé's Complete Opera Book'' (11th edition), 1997.

External links

 Synopsis from Stanford University
 , Max Lorenz, 1941
 Recordings of Rienzi on Wagner Discography site
 Complete text of Bulwer-Lytton's Rienzi at Project Gutenberg.
 MIDI recording of the overture

Operas by Richard Wagner
Libretti by Richard Wagner
Grand operas
German-language operas
Operas set in Italy
1842 operas
Operas
Operas based on works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton

Rienzi


Michael Sporer (* 21. November 1967 in Wolfratshausen bei München) ist ein deutscher Moderator, Sprecher, Coach und Kommunikationstrainer.

Leben
Michael Sporer arbeitete bereits mit 16 Jahren neben der Schule als freier Mitarbeiter und Fotograf in der Sportredaktion des Isar-Loisachboten/Münchner Merkur. Anschließend folgte ein Volontariat und damit die Ausbildung zum Redakteur. Mit dem Ziel Wirtschaftsjournalist zu werden, absolvierte er zusätzlich ein BWL-Studium zum Diplom-Kaufmann an der Münchner Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.

Radio und Fernsehen
Um sein journalistisches Spektrum zu erweitern, wechselte der Jungredakteur im Anschluss an das Volontariat vom Print- in den Hörfunkbereich. Beim Münchner Großstadtradio 95.5 Charivari moderierte er zwischen 1990 und 2012 alle Sendeslots, darunter die Morning-Show und Drive-Time am Nachmittag. Zusätzlich machte er in dieser Zeit als Moderator der Lifestyle-Sendung Aufblende auf tv.münchen erste Erfahrungen vor der Kamera.

Seit 2000 ist Michael Sporer im Bayerischen Fernsehen als Moderator von Blickpunkt Sport tätig und moderiert seit 2003 zudem auch das werktägliche Nachmittags-Magazin Wir in Bayern im Bayerischen Fernsehen.

Michael Sporer ist außerdem Event-Moderator und Sprecher für Werbung, Industriefilme und Hörbücher. Zudem ist der Systemische Management-Coach auch als Einzelcoach und Trainer mit dem Schwerpunkt Kommunikation und Präsenz tätig.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehmoderator (Deutschland)
Hörfunkmoderator
Geboren 1967
Deutscher
Mann

Michael Sporer


An Hechtia pedicellata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sereno Watson. An Hechtia pedicellata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hechtia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hechtia

Hechtia pedicellata


() a fost un actor englez, vedetă de film, regizor și scenarist. Este cel mai notabil pentru munca sa la filmele lui Charlie Chaplin.

Filmografie

Note

 The New York Times obituary, 19 august 1953 (accessed via http://select.nytimes.com, 10 noiembrie 2008)
 Charlie Chaplin's Collaborators, British Film Institute, accessed Nov. 10, 2008

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de actori englezi

Nașteri în 1881
Decese în 1953
Actori englezi

Albert Austin


Alan Patrick Vincent Whitehead (born 15 September 1950) is a British politician who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton Test since 1997. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Shadow Minister for Energy Security, previously Green New Deal and Energy, since 2015. He served as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions from 2001 to 2002.

Early life and career
Whitehead was born in the London suburb of Isleworth and attended Isleworth Grammar School. He studied Politics and Philosophy at the University of Southampton, where he became President of University of Southampton Students' Union and received a PhD in Political Science. From 1979 to 1982 he was Director of OUTSET, then from 1983 to 1992 he worked for BIIT, being Director, both being charities. Before becoming an MP, Whitehead was the Leader of Southampton City Council from 1984 to 1992 and a professor of Public Policy at Southampton Institute.

Parliamentary career
Whitehead stood for Parliament unsuccessfully for New Forest in 1979. He then stood three times for Southampton Test before finally gaining the seat in 1997.

 1997–1999: Member of the Select Committee on Environment Transport and the Regions
 1999: Parliamentary Private Secretary to Baroness Blackstone, Minister for Higher and Post-16 Education
 June 2001 – May 2002: Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (responsible for local government, the regions and the Fire Service – Whitehead was the minister responsible for Health and Safety)
 October 2016 – April 2020: Shadow Minister for Energy and Climate Change
January 2020 – April 2020: Shadow Minister for Waste and Recycling in the Shadow DEFRA Team.
 March 2020 – Present: Shadow Minister for Energy and the Green New Deal

Previous committee memberships:
 Member of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee

Other Memberships
Chair of PRASEG, the Associate Parliamentary Renewable and Sustainable Energy Group
Co-chair, Associate Parliamentary Sustainable Waste Group
Executive Member, SERA – Labour's Environment Campaign
Secretary of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Poland
Member, Associate Parliamentary Ports and Merchant Navy Group
Member, Group on Charitable Giving
Member, Estonia All-Party Parliamentary Group

Whitehead voted against the Iraq War on the basis of the mission not receiving endorsement from the UN. He lobbied for changes to the Government's Education White Paper. He does not support building new nuclear power stations, believing that nuclear is uneconomic. He voted in favour of ID cards and for a ban on fox hunting. He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election.

Brexit

Whitehead was one of the 52 Labour MPs who defied Jeremy Corbyn and voted against triggering Article 50. He claimed that triggering Article 50 without clarity on what would be done was not in the UK's best interest, and he was not prepared to stand by and allow the country to go down what he regarded as a potentially very dangerous path.

Renewable energy
Whitehead has lobbied for the increased use of sustainable energy sources, particularly microgeneration. He criticised the results of the Energy Review, and was the co-author of EDM 2204 which states 'the case for nuclear has not yet been made' and urges the government to 'recognise the enormous potential for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by energy efficiency and conservation, greater use of combined heat and power, and rapid investment in the full range of renewable technologies, including microgeneration.'

As leader of Southampton City Council in 1986, Whitehead proposed that the city council take measures to become a 'self sustaining city' with regard to energy generation. One such measure was the conversion of Southampton Civic Centre to being heated by local reservoirs of geothermal energy.

Whitehead sits as a non-executive director of a non-profit making company called SSEL Ltd, formed to deliver a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) project, which was partially funded by the Government as part of the regeneration of outer Shirley.

The CHP system recycles the by-product 'low grade heat' made during the electricity generation process and uses the by-product to heat water which is piped to local homes. This scheme has been criticised by the current Cabinet Member with Responsibility for Environment & Transport, Matthew Dean, for being unviable and the council's involvement in the project has now ended.

Whitehead's Private Members Bill, was 'talked out' by Conservative backbenchers in 2005, but many of the Bill's most important aspects were incorporated into the Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006, sponsored by Mark Lazarowicz MP.

Whitehead's amendments to the bill included:
 requiring better compliance of building regulations for energy efficiency
 the removal of planning permission for microgeneration in homes
 new regulations to ensure a minimum energy standard in new homes including microgeneration

Whitehead is an outspoken supporter of action on anthropogenic climate change, and has called debate by members of parliament who reject the scientific view a "flat earth love-in".

Houses in multiple occupancy
Due to the high concentration of houses in multiple occupation in Southampton, in 2007 Whitehead proposed changing planning regulations which would mean a landlord would be required to apply for planning permission if they wanted to convert a family home into an HMO housing more than four people. The proposal was considered as part of the government's current review of the private housing sector, to report in October 2008.

Pre-pay meters
Alan Whitehead is currently campaigning with the National Housing Federation to end the current pricing practice used by several energy companies which sees customers who pay for their electricity or gas via pre-pay meters pay more for the same amount of energy than customers who pay via direct debit. Whitehead argues:
"Ten per cent of pre-pay electricity customers are in fuel poverty compared with only 3.5 per cent of direct debit customers. In short, those who need affordable energy most pay far more for it than those who do not. What is worse, because of the nature of pre-payment, most of them are not aware of that fact."

Education Bill 2006

Along with fellow Labour MPs Estelle Morris, John Denham and Martin Salter, Whitehead co-wrote the so-called alternative education white paper 'Shaping the Education Bill- Reaching for Consensus,' which criticised the weakening of the role of local education authorities in the provision of education services and called for the schools admissions code to be made mandatory.  He voted for the Bill when Alan Johnson, the new Education Secretary, accepted many of the alternative white paper's proposals.

Rebellions
Whitehead has rebelled against a government 3-line whip on the following issues:
 The renewal of the UK Trident programme
 The invasion of Iraq

Whitehead's rebellion against a government 3-line whip on Trident renewal is not surprising, given that archived documents have emerged showing that in 1982–83 Whitehead paid a subscription to Southampton CND.

2006 World Cup
In June 2006, the UK Parliamentary Football Team ran a charity match in Portugal against the Portuguese Parliament, which coincided with part of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The match and the trip were sponsored by McDonald's as part of their Football in the Community Programme. The UKPFC by the British Medical Association was criticised for accepting McDonald's sponsorship. Whitehead, who at the time played in goal for the UKPFC, fully declared the sponsorship in his register of members interests. He also pointed out the trip was part of a long-standing fundraising campaign between the UKPFC and McDonald's that raised over 20,000 euros for local charities.

In Southampton
Whitehead is a Fellow of the Institute of Waste Management, and member of the Board for The Environment Centre (Southampton) and Third Age Centre (Southampton).  He is a visiting professor in the Faculty of Media, Arts and Society at Southampton Solent University.

In January 2022 Whitehead announced that he would be standing down at the next general election.

Personal life
Whitehead married Sophie Wronska in 1979, and they have a son and daughter.

He is a member of the Saints Trust and plays in the UK parliamentary football team. After looking at the possibility of being the first MP to install a wind turbine installed on his constituency home roof in Highfield, Southampton, Whitehead installed a number of solar panels that were integrated into the roof. During the summer months, Whitehead says he sells electricity from this source back to the national grid.

See also
 Energy policy of the United Kingdom
 Geothermal power in the United Kingdom
 Wessex Constitutional Convention

Notes

References

External links

Alan Whitehead MP official constituency site
 PRASEG, the Associate Parliamentary Renewable and Sustainable Energy Group
Unfair energy pricing
 Homes for all?  The best way to tackle Southampton's housing crisis
 Alan Whitehead's Spring 2005 newsletter
 Southampton is a low carbon city
 The situation in Iraq

1950 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Academics of Solent University
Councillors in Hampshire

Alan Whitehead


Tetsumasa Kimura (født 24. januar 1972) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Ventforet Kofu.

Han har tidligere trænet SC Sagamihara.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Tetsumasa Kimura


NGC 7788 je otvoreni skup u zviježđu Kasiopeji.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7788
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7788 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7788 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7750 - 7799

7788

NGC 7788


HMAS Cowra (J351/M351), named for the town of Cowra, New South Wales, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including Cowra) ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Cowra was laid down by Poole & Steel at Balmain, New South Wales on 12 August 1942. She was launched on 27 May 1943 by the wife of Percy Spender, the Federal Treasurer and member of the Advisory War Council, and was commissioned into the RAN on 8 October 1943.

Operational history
Cowra began active service in November 1943 as a convoy escort along the east coast of Australia. She continued until March 1944, when she was reassigned to New Guinea as an escort and anti-submarine patrol vessel. In June 1944, the corvette sailed to Melbourne for refits, which concluded on 19 August. She returned to New Guinea at the end of the month, and for the next eleven months was primarily assigned to escort and patrol duties near Morotai. In January 1945, Cowra fired on Japanese shore positions at Yalela Bay, before visiting Brisbane briefly in February 1945. On 17 July, she was recalled to Australian waters, where she spent the rest of World War II. The ship was awarded two battle honours—"Pacific 1943–45" and "New Guinea 1944"—for her wartime service.

Following the end of the war, Cowra was assigned to the 20th Minesweeping Flotilla, and performed mine clearance operations in the waters of Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. On 2 December 1946, Cowra returned to Sydney and was decommissioned into reserve.

On 20 February 1951, Cowra was recommissioned for use as a training ship for National Service trainees.

Decommissioning and fate
Cowra was paid off for the second time on 26 June 1953. In January 1961, the corvette was sold to the Kinoshita Company of Japan for scrapping.

A memorial to the ship located outside the Cowra Services Club was dedicated on 15 March 2006.

Citations

References
Books

Journal and news articles

External links

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
1943 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia

HMAS Cowra


Fagforeningskvinder er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1981.

Handling
Tre aktive HK'ere fra Randers har lavet en video med tre syersker, som tidligere var fagligt aktive i byen. Meningen har været at fastholde lidt af disse faglige veteraners erfaringer. Det er blevet til en barsk, men også munter beretning om opvækstvilkår

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1981

Fagforeningskvinder


Der Bloody Tower ist ein rechteckiger Turm in der Festungsanlage des Tower of London. Durch den im 13. Jahrhundert als Garden Tower gebauten Turm führt das Tor vom äußeren in den inneren Festungsring im Tower.

Geschichte
Seinen heutigen Namen erhielt der Turm, da er zeitweise als Gefängnis diente. Der 1597 erstmals nachgewiesene Name soll auf Folter und Mord hindeuten, die dort geschehen sein sollen. Insbesondere soll er auf den ungeklärten Tod von Henry Percy, 8. Earl of Northumberland im Tower im Jahr 1585 anspielen. Der Legende nach ist der Bloody Tower auch der Ort, an dem die Prinzen im Tower ermordet wurden. Für den Zusammenhang mit dem Bloody Tower allerdings gibt es wenig Nachweise. Seinen ursprünglichen Namen verdankt er der Tatsache, dass er den Garten des Konstablers des Towers überblickte. Heute ist dort ein Teil des Parade Grounds.

Der englische König Heinrich III. ließ den Turm im Jahr 1225 als Teil seiner Ausbauten des Tower of London errichten. Als Edward I. 1280 einen weiteren Festungsring bauen ließ, ließ er ebenfalls den Garden Tower zum Land hin vergrößern, wo er den neu errichteten St Thomas's Tower ergänzte.

In den Jahren 1360 bis 1362 erfolgte ein kompletter Neubau der oberen Stockwerke durch den Baumeister Robert Yevele. Vermutlich wurden diese als Wohnräume des Konstablers des Tower ausgebaut. Der Turm wurde 1603 erhöht, um als Gefängnis für Walter Raleigh zu dienen. Die obersten Bauten des Turms stammen aus den Jahren 1868/69 und wurden im Zuge der neugotischen Umgestaltung des Towers of London unter Anthony Salvin erbaut. Dabei ließ Salvin auch die Fenster aus dem frühen 17. Jahrhundert durch neugotische Konstruktionen des späten 19. Jahrhunderts ersetzen.

An der Außenseite stammt das wasserseitige Tor noch aus der ursprünglichen Bauphase, während das landseitige Tor ebenso wie die Innenverkleidung des Tordurchgangs aus der Zeit des Ausbaus 1280 stammt. Auf der Rückseite lassen sich besonders gut Übergänge zwischen Mauerwerk aus dem 13. und 14. Jahrhundert erkennen.

Der Turm ist über eine westliche Außentreppe in das erste Stockwerk zugänglich. Die erste Kammer beherbergt ein Fallgitter und eine Winde, die vermutlich aus dem 16. Jahrhundert stammen. In der größeren hinteren Kammer ist ein gekachelter Boden aus den 1360er Jahren erhalten, dessen Muster unter anderem Löwen, Fleur-de-Lys, Blätter und Pflanzen zeigt. Ebenfalls aus den 1360er Jahren stammen noch das westliche Fenster, die – wiederhergestellte – Feuerstelle und eine Garderobenkammer im Südosten.

Im oberen Stockwerk wurden 1974 nach archäologischen Funden die Raumteiler wiederhergestellt, die die Zelle Walter Raleighs teilten. Im oberen Stockwerk zeigt ein langer Raum auf der Flussseite den Ort, an dem der ehemalige Mauergang in den Turm integriert wurde. Raleigh verbrachte insgesamt zwölf Jahre im Bloody Tower. Ihm war erlaubt, im Garten des Konstablers spazieren zu gehen. Raleigh schrieb im Bloody Tower sein Buch History of the World. Der Dichter Thomas Overbury hingegen wurde im September 1613 im Turm vergiftet, nachdem er dort im April 1613 eingeliefert worden war. Das anschließende Gerichtsverfahren über seinen Tod mit wahrscheinlicher Mitwirkung des Königs sorgte für einen Skandal im Königreich. In den religiösen Auseinandersetzung des 17. Jahrhunderts fanden sich diverse hochrangige Anhänger der anglikanischen oder der katholischen Kirche im Bloody Tower wieder, wie Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer und Nicholas Ridley. Diese drei wurden mit einem Schiff aus dem Tower abgeholt, über die Themse nach Oxford gefahren und dort verbrannt. Weitere Gefangene der religiösen Auseinandersetzungen verbrachten hier teilweise ihre letzten Lebenstage. Darunter waren Teilnehmer am Gunpowder Plot und Anhänger des Königs im Bürgerkrieg mit dem Parlament.

Bei der Ceremony of the Keys wurde über lange Zeit das Fallgitter im Bloody Tower heruntergelassen.

Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Simon Bradley, Nikolas Pevsner: London 1, The city of London, 1997, London : Penguin. ISBN 0140710922, S. 363

Weblinks

Tower of London
Turm in England
Bauwerk im London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert
Turm in Europa

Bloody Tower


බරීස් යිෆිමරීච් නිම්සෝෆ් ( ; 9 ඔක්තොම්බර් 195927 පෙබරවාරි 2015) යනු, රුසියානු විද්‍යාඥයෙක්, රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙක් සහ  ලිබරල් දේශපාලනඥයෙක් විය. 1990 ගණන් වලදී ජනාධිපති බොරීස් යෙල්ට්සින් යටතේ සාර්ථක දේශපාලන අභිවෘත්තියක නියැලී සිටි ඔහු , 2000 වසරෙහි පටන් ව්ලැඩීමිර් පූටින් නොවළහා විවේචනය කලේය. මොස්කව්හී  ක්‍රෙම්ලිනය සහ රතු චතුරස්‍රය  අසබඩ පාලමක් මතදී,   2015 පෙබරවාරියේදී  ඔහු වෙඩිතබා මරා දැමිණි.

රුසියානු ආර්ථිකයට ධනවාදය හඳුන්වාදීමේදී නිම්සෝෆ්  ඉතා වැදගත් චරිතයක් විය.ඝාතනය සිදු වන විට, නිම්සෝෆ්  මොස්කව්හී සිටියේ,  යුක්‍රේනයේ යුද්ධයට  රුසියාව සම්බන්ධ වීමට සහ ආර්ථික අර්බුදයට එරෙහිව රැළියක් සංවිධානය කිරීමට සහාය වීමටය. ව්ලැඩීමිර් පූටින්ගේ රජය හා සමගින් නිම්සෝෆ්ගේ ගැටුමට හේතු වශයෙන් තිබුණේ,    සෝචි ඔලිම්පික් තරග වලට පෙරාතුව, පුළුල් ලෙසින්  මුදල් වංචා කිරීම සහ ලාභ උපැයීම මෙන්ම, යුක්‍රේනය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය විය. ඔහුගේ මරණයට පෙර සති කිහිපය තුලදී, රුසියානු ජනාධිපති ව්ලැඩීමිර් පූටින් විසින් ඔහු මරාදැමීම සකසනු ඇති බවට  නිම්සෝෆ්  බිය පල කලේය.  පසුපසින් එල්ල කල වෙඩි පහර සතරකට ඔහු ගොදුරු විය. ක්‍රෙම්ලිනය සහ ආලෝකවත් ශාන්ත බැසිල්ගේ ආසන දෙව්මැදුර පසුබිමෙහි පවතින පරිදී ඔහුගේ දේහය "අහම්බෙන් හෝ අරමුණු සහිතව හෝ නාට්‍යානුකාර ලෙසින් හොවා ඇති අයුරු" විස්මයජනක පුවත් ඡායාරූපයකින් දැක්වුණි.

නිම්සෝෆ්ගේ මරණයට සිදුවන විට,   2013 වසරෙහි සිට  යරොස්ලව්ස්ක්යා ඔබ්ලාස්ටයෙහි  ප්‍රාදේශීය පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙක් ලෙසින්, ආර්පීආර්-පීඒආර්එන්ඒඒස් හි සම-සභාපතිත්වයක් දරමින්, යුරෝපියානු ලිබරල් -ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සන්ධානයෙහි සාමාජිකයෙක් ලෙසින් සහ, සෙලිඩාර්නෙස්ට් විපක්ෂ ව්‍යාපාරයෙහි නායකයෙකු ලෙසින් ඔහු ක්‍රියාකරමින් සිටියේය.

නිම්සෝෆ්,    නිෂ්නි නොව්ගර්ඩ් ඔබ්ලාස්ටයෙහි  පළමු ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා (1991–97) විය. ඉන්පසුව,  ඉන්ධන සහ බලශක්ති අමාත්‍යවරයා (1997), රුසියාවේ උප අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා සහ  1997 සිට 1998 දක්වා ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙක් වශයෙන් රුසියානු රජය සඳහා ඔහු සේවය කලේය. 1998 වසරෙහිදී, යං රෂියා ව්‍යාපාරය ඔහු විසින්  ආරම්භ කරන ලදි. 1998 වසරෙහිදී, රයිට් කෝස් (1998) නමැති සභාග කණ්ඩායමෙහි සමාරම්භකයෙක් වූ ඔහු, 1999 වසරෙහිදී, පළමුව මැතිවරණමය කාණ්ඩයක් සහ අත්‍යන්තයේ දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක්වූ,  යූනියන් ඔෆ් රයිට් ෆෝර්සර්ස් සම-සංස්ථාපනය කිරීමට දායකත්වය සැපයීය. රුසියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකු වශයෙන් ඔහු කිහිප වතාවක් තේරී පත්වී ඇත.  මහජන නියෝජිතයන්ගේ කොංග්‍රසයෙහි (1990), ෆෙඩරේෂන් කවුන්සිලයෙහි (1993–1997) සහ රාජ්‍ය ඩූමාවෙහි (1999–2003) නිම්සෝෆ් මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙක් විය. රාජ්‍ය ඩූමාවෙහි උප කතානායකවරයෙක් සහ  යූනියන් ඔෆ් රයිට් ෆෝර්සර්ස් පාර්ලිමේන්තු කණ්ඩායමෙහි නායකයාද ලෙසින් ඔහු ක්‍රියා කර ඇත. 2008 වසරෙහිදී යූනියන් ඔෆ් රයිට් ෆෝර්සර්ස් හී බිඳීම සමගින්, ඔහු විසින් සෙලිඩාර්නෙස්ට් සමාරම්භ කෙරිණි. 2010 වසරෙහිදී ඔහු විසින්  පීපල්ස් ෆ්‍රීඩම් පාටි "ෆෝ රෂියා විත්අවුට් ලෝලස්නස් ඇන්ඩ් කරප්ෂන්" සභාගය සමසංස්ථාපන කරන ලද අතර, එය දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් ලෙසින් ලියාපදිංචිය සඳහා කරන ලද ඉල්ලීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කෙරිණි. ලියාපදිංචි දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් වන, රිපබ්ලිකන් පාටි ඔෆ් රෂියා – පීපල්ස් ෆ්‍රීඩම් පාටි (ආර්පීආර්-පීඒආර්එන්ඒඑස්) හී සම-සභාපතිත්වය, 2012 මුල් භාගයෙහි සිට නිම්සෝෆ් විසින් දරන ලදි.

ඔහු විසින් ලියැවුනු ප්‍රකාශන කිහිපයක් විසින්, පුටින් පරිපාලනය විවේචනය කෙරුණු අතර,   විමතිකයන්ගේ පෙළපාළි, ස්ට්‍රැටර්ජි-31 සිවිල් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සහ  "සාධාරණ මැතිවරණ සඳහා" රැළි යනාදියේ ඔහු සක්‍රීය සංවිධායකයෙක් මෙන්ම සහභාගියෙක්ද විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

රුසියාව
1959 උපත්
2015 මරණ
රුසියානු ජනයා

බරීස් නිම්සෝෆ්


Emma Dolujanoff (Ciudad de México, 8 de diciembre de 1922-ibídem, 23 de abril de 2013) fue una escritora y psiquiatra mexicana. A la par de desempeñarse como médico internista en diversas instituciones de la capital mexicana, cultivó diversos géneros literarios como la novela, el cuento, el ensayo y el teatro, en los que exploró diversos temas, como las relaciones interpersonales dentro del pueblo mayo, los conflictos y problemas mentales vistos desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica y la delincuencia juvenil.

Biografía
Emma Dolujanoff nació el 8 de diciembre de 1922 en la Ciudad de México.  Hizo sus estudios primarios en el Colegio Alemán y los terminó en 1933; los secundarios, en las Escuelas Secundarias números 2 y 11, en la Ciudad de México.  Se graduó en 1945 de la Escuela Nacional de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México como médico cirujano y se especializó en neuropsiquiatría.  Fue médica interna del Sanatorio Floresta hasta 1957.  Fue médica del Departamento de Psicopedagogía y directora de exámenes de admisión de la UNAM de 1966 a 1983.  Fue becaria del Centro Mexicano de Escritores de 1957 a 1959 con Héctor Azar, Juan García Ponce, Elena Poniatowska, Tomás Mojarro, Emilio Uranga, entre otros.  Publicó algunos de sus poemas en la "página médica" de El Universal. Además de ejercer medicina, como escritora se dedicó a escribir cuento y novela.  Debido a su profesión de siquiatra, Dolujanoff explora los problemas mentales de sus personajes literarios.  Se da a conocer con Cuentos del desierto en el cual brinda un trabajo profundo y conmovedor sobre el mundo de los mayos de Sonora.

Murió el 23 de abril de 2013 en la Ciudad de México a los 92 años de edad víctima de un infarto al miocardio.

Obras selectas

Cuento
Cuentos del desierto (Editorial Botas, 1959)
El gallo de oro (Anuario del cuento mexicano, INBA, 1960)
El venado niño (Anuario del cuento mexicano, INBA, 1962, p. 92-93)

Novela
Adiós, Job (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1961)
La calle de fuego (UNAM, 1966)

Teatro
Las muñecas (1957)

Referencias

Bibliografía

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Escritores de la Ciudad de México
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Escritoras de México del siglo XX
Novelistas de México del siglo XX
Cuentistas de México del siglo XX
Dramaturgas de México
Poetisas de México
Poetas de México del siglo XX
Psiquiatras de México
Alumnado de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Cirujanos de México
Académicos e investigadores de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Médicas de México
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México

Emma Dolujanoff


Rapagnano (im lokalen Dialekt: Rapagnà) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Fermo in den Marken. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 11 Kilometer westlich von Fermo. Die südöstliche Gemeindegrenze bildet der Tenna.

Geschichte
Der heutige Ort geht auf eine römische Siedlung mit einem Janustempel zurück, der dem Ort nach dem italienischen Giano den Namen gab. Zwischen 600 und 700 nach Christus wurde der Ort durch ein Erdbeben zerstört.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in den Marken

Rapagnano


Der Paterberg ist eine 80 m hohe, zur Gemeinde Kluisbergen gehörende Erhebung in der belgischen Provinz Ostflandern. Der Hügel ist mit seinem unter Denkmalschutz stehenden, kopfsteingepflasterten Anstieg seit 1986 fester Bestandteil des Radsportklassikers Flandern-Rundfahrt. Seit 2012 ist diese 400 m lange, bis zu 20 % steile Kopfsteinpflasterstraße der letzte Anstieg der Flandernrundfahrt vor dem Ziel in Oudenaarde. Der Paterberg wird auch beim E3-Preis Flandern und bei Quer durch Flandern überquert.

Weblinks

 Radsport-Steckbrief für den Paterberg

Radsport-Anstieg
Kluisbergen

Paterberg (Belgien)


Glenea subadelia é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Stephan von Breuning em 1969.  É conhecida a sua existência no Bornéu.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

subadelia
Coleópteros descritos em 1969

Glenea subadelia


In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theoretical physics because it relates a theory in which calculations are difficult to a theory in which they are easier.

In quantum field theory, S-duality generalizes a well established fact from classical electrodynamics, namely the invariance of Maxwell's equations under the interchange of electric and magnetic fields. One of the earliest known examples of S-duality in quantum field theory is Montonen–Olive duality which relates two versions of a quantum field theory called N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. Recent work of Anton Kapustin and Edward Witten suggests that Montonen–Olive duality is closely related to a research program in mathematics called the geometric Langlands program. Another realization of S-duality in quantum field theory is Seiberg duality, which relates two versions of a theory called N=1 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory.

There are also many examples of S-duality in string theory. The existence of these string dualities implies that seemingly different formulations of string theory are actually physically equivalent. This led to the realization, in the mid-1990s, that all of the five consistent superstring theories are just different limiting cases of a single eleven-dimensional theory called M-theory.

Overview

In quantum field theory and string theory, a coupling constant is a number that controls the strength of interactions in the theory. For example, the strength of gravity is described by a number called Newton's constant, which appears in Newton's law of gravity and also in the equations of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. Similarly, the strength of the electromagnetic force is described by a coupling constant, which is related to the charge carried by a single proton.

To compute observable quantities in quantum field theory or string theory, physicists typically apply the methods of perturbation theory. In perturbation theory, quantities called probability amplitudes, which determine the probability for various physical processes to occur, are expressed as sums of infinitely many terms, where each term is proportional to a power of the coupling constant :

 .

In order for such an expression to make sense, the coupling constant must be less than 1 so that the higher powers of  become negligibly small and the sum is finite. If the coupling constant is not less than 1, then the terms of this sum will grow larger and larger, and the expression gives a meaningless infinite answer. In this case the theory is said to be strongly coupled, and one cannot use perturbation theory to make predictions.

For certain theories, S-duality provides a way of doing computations at strong coupling by translating these computations into different computations in a weakly coupled theory. S-duality is a particular example of a general notion of duality in physics. The term duality refers to a situation where two seemingly different physical systems turn out to be equivalent in a nontrivial way. If two theories are related by a duality, it means that one theory can be transformed in some way so that it ends up looking just like the other theory. The two theories are then said to be dual to one another under the transformation. Put differently, the two theories are mathematically different descriptions of the same phenomena.

S-duality is useful because it relates a theory with coupling constant  to an equivalent theory with coupling constant . Thus it relates a strongly coupled theory (where the coupling constant  is much greater than 1) to a weakly coupled theory (where the coupling constant  is much less than 1 and computations are possible). For this reason, S-duality is called a strong-weak duality.

In quantum field theory

A symmetry of Maxwell's equations

In classical physics, the behavior of the electric and magnetic field is described by a system of equations known as Maxwell's equations. Working in the language of vector calculus and assuming that no electric charges or currents are present, these equations can be written

Here  is a vector (or more precisely a vector field whose magnitude and direction may vary from point to point in space) representing the electric field,  is a vector representing the magnetic field,  is time, and  is the speed of light. The other symbols in these equations refer to the divergence and curl, which are concepts from vector calculus.

An important property of these equations is their invariance under the transformation that simultaneously replaces the electric field  by the magnetic field  and replaces  by :

In other words, given a pair of electric and magnetic fields that solve Maxwell's equations, it is possible to describe a new physical setup in which these electric and magnetic fields are essentially interchanged, and the new fields will again give a solution of Maxwell's equations. This situation is the most basic manifestation of S-duality in a field theory.

Montonen–Olive duality

In quantum field theory, the electric and magnetic fields are unified into a single entity called the electromagnetic field, and this field is described by a special type of quantum field theory called a gauge theory or Yang–Mills theory. In a gauge theory, the physical fields have a high degree of symmetry which can be understood mathematically using the notion of a Lie group. This Lie group is known as the gauge group. The electromagnetic field is described by a very simple gauge theory corresponding to the abelian gauge group U(1), but there are other gauge theories with more complicated non-abelian gauge groups.

It is natural to ask whether there is an analog in gauge theory of the symmetry interchanging the electric and magnetic fields in Maxwell's equations. The answer was given in the late 1970s by Claus Montonen and David Olive, building on earlier work of Peter Goddard, Jean Nuyts, and Olive. Their work provides an example of S-duality now known as Montonen–Olive duality. Montonen–Olive duality applies to a very special type of gauge theory called N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, and it says that two such  theories may be equivalent in a certain precise sense. If one of the theories has a gauge group , then the dual theory has gauge group  where  denotes the Langlands dual group which is in general different from .

An important quantity in quantum field theory is complexified coupling constant. This is a complex number defined by the formula

where  is the theta angle, a quantity appearing in the Lagrangian that defines the theory, and  is the coupling constant. For example, in the Yang–Mills theory that describes the electromagnetic field, this number  is simply the elementary charge  carried by a single proton. In addition to exchanging the gauge groups of the two theories, Montonen–Olive duality transforms a theory with complexified coupling constant  to a theory with complexified constant .

Relation to the Langlands program

In mathematics, the classical Langlands correspondence is a collection of results and conjectures relating number theory to the branch of mathematics known as representation theory. Formulated by Robert Langlands in the late 1960s, the Langlands correspondence is related to important conjectures in number theory such as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, which includes Fermat's Last Theorem as a special case.

In spite of its importance in number theory, establishing the Langlands correspondence in the number theoretic context has proved extremely difficult. As a result, some mathematicians have worked on a related conjecture known as the geometric Langlands correspondence. This is a geometric reformulation of the classical Langlands correspondence which is obtained by replacing the number fields appearing in the original version by function fields and applying techniques from algebraic geometry.

In a paper from 2007, Anton Kapustin and Edward Witten suggested that the geometric Langlands correspondence can be viewed as a mathematical statement of Montonen–Olive duality. Starting with two Yang–Mills theories related by S-duality, Kapustin and Witten showed that one can construct a pair of quantum field theories in two-dimensional spacetime. By analyzing what this dimensional reduction does to certain physical objects called D-branes, they showed that one can recover the mathematical ingredients of the geometric Langlands correspondence. Their work shows that the Langlands correspondence is closely related to S-duality in quantum field theory, with possible applications in both subjects.

Seiberg duality

Another realization of S-duality in quantum field theory is Seiberg duality, first introduced by Nathan Seiberg around 1995. Unlike Montonen–Olive duality, which relates two versions of the maximally supersymmetric gauge theory in four-dimensional spacetime, Seiberg duality relates less symmetric theories called N=1 supersymmetric gauge theories. The two N=1 theories appearing in Seiberg duality are not identical, but they give rise to the same physics at large distances. Like Montonen–Olive duality, Seiberg duality generalizes the symmetry of Maxwell's equations that interchanges electric and magnetic fields.

In string theory

Up until the mid 1990s, physicists working on string theory believed there were five distinct versions of the theory: type I, type IIA, type IIB, and the two flavors of heterotic string theory (SO(32) and E8×E8). The different theories allow different types of strings, and the particles that arise at low energies exhibit different symmetries.

In the mid 1990s, physicists noticed that these five string theories are actually related by highly nontrivial dualities. One of these dualities is S-duality. The existence of S-duality in string theory was first proposed by Ashoke Sen in 1994. It was shown that type IIB string theory with the coupling constant  is equivalent via S-duality to the same string theory with the coupling constant . Similarly, type I string theory with the coupling  is equivalent to the SO(32) heterotic string theory with the coupling constant .

The existence of these dualities showed that the five string theories were in fact not all distinct theories. In 1995, at the string theory conference at University of Southern California, Edward Witten made the surprising suggestion that all five of these theories were just different limits of a single theory now known as M-theory. Witten's proposal was based on the observation that type IIA and E8×E8 heterotic string theories are closely related to a gravitational theory called eleven-dimensional supergravity. His announcement led to a flurry of work now known as the second superstring revolution.

See also

Montonen–Olive duality
Nielsen–Olesen vortex
Dual graviton
T-duality
 Mirror symmetry
 AdS/CFT correspondence

Notes

References

Gauge theories
String theory

S-duality


The London Knights are a junior ice hockey team from London, Ontario, Canada, playing in the Ontario Hockey League, one of the leagues of the Canadian Hockey League. The Knights started out in 1965 as the London Nationals but changed to their current name in 1968.  The Knights have won two Memorial Cup championships.

History

Early days
The London Nationals were granted a franchise in the OHA for the 1965–66 season under the ownership of the London Gardens arena, with the Toronto Maple Leafs controlling the team's players. Upon the collapse of the Metro Junior A League in 1963, the Leafs were left with only one sponsored OHA team, the Toronto Marlboros, with which to place their prospects. The team in London replaced the old Toronto St. Michael's Majors, who had folded a couple of years earlier. The Leafs originally wanted the Nationals to begin play in 1963–64, but it wasn't until a year later that the Nats became the Leafs' second team.

The Nationals were named for their sponsor, the Canadian National Recreation Association, an organization of Canadian National Railways employees, and took their uniforms as copies of those of the Maple Leafs, except for the words "London Nationals" spelled out on the Leaf instead of the familiar Toronto Maple Leafs script.

After three seasons, direct NHL sponsorship of junior teams ended. The team and Gardens was sold to businessman Howard Darwin for $500,000, who renamed the team to the Knights and changed the colours to green and gold.

The Darwin era: 1968–1986
In 1968, businessman Howard Darwin bought the London Nationals (he also owned the Ottawa 67's) as the era of NHL sponsorship of junior hockey ended. Darwin wanted to give a fresh look to the team, and so held a contest to rename the team. Londoner Brian Logie suggested the name Knights, and the team's colours were changed to green, white and gold. In 1970 the team also hired trainer Don Brankley, who stayed with the team until retiring at the end of the 2007–08 season. The team grew from a chronic also-ran in the late 1960s and early 1970s to a contender near the end of the decade. The highlight of the Darwin era came in 1976–77, when a powerful Knights team led by future NHLers Rob Ramage, Brad Marsh and Dino Ciccarelli defeated the St. Catharines Fincups in the conference final on an overtime goal by Dan Eastman to advance to the OHL final against the 67's. However, the 67's were triumphant in six games in the league final. Following the retirement of long time head coach Bill Long following the 1979–80 season the franchise struggled to find success under new coach Paul McIntosh. Don Boyd was hired as McIntosh's replacement starting the 1983–84 season and the Knights fortunes began to improve. The Knights finished second in the Emms Division during the 1984–85 season lead by future NHL players Brian Bradley, Dave Lowry, Jeff Reese, Bob Halkidis and Jim Sandlak. Despite the team's depth, they were eliminated 3 games to 1 by the Hamilton Steelhawks in the second round of the playoffs. The following two seasons saw the team struggle under the newly hired head coach Wayne Maxner in spite of the emergence of future NHL star Brendan Shanahan. The 1985–86 team grabbed the final playoff spot in the Emms division during the last weekend of the regular season before exiting the playoffs 4-0-1 against the North Bay Centennials, while the 1986–87 Knights failed to qualify for the playoffs.

New Owners, new dawn: 1986–1994
In 1986 Howard Darwin sold the Knights and the arena to Paris, Ontario businessmen Jack Robillard, Al Martin and Bob Willson. The trio also owned the Hamilton Steelhawks. The Knights were sold for a dollar but the London Gardens was sold at market value. The new ownership group modified the team's logo, which incorporated black into the color scheme and renovated the Gardens. Under their stewardship the Knights would go on a run of success. Between 1987 and 1993 the team would finish no lower than third in the Emms Division, including a division title in 1989–90. However, regular season success did not translate into playoff success, as the Knights would never make the league final in these years.

"Knightmare" and redemption: 1994–2000
In 1994 the Knights were sold to St. Thomas, Ontario, real estate developer Doug Tarry Sr. He died before the team had played a game under his ownership, and the team was inherited by his son, Doug Tarry Jr. Upon taking command, Tarry carried out further renovations on the Gardens including a name change to the "London Ice House."  He also alienated a fair portion of the team's fan base by changing the team's colours from green, gold and black to eggplant and teal, and changing the logo to a cartoon logo instantly and derisively nicknamed "Spiderknight" by the faithful.

The Knights' 1995–96 OHL season went down as the worst in the history of the Canadian Hockey League. The Knights finished the season with only nine points and a 3–60–3 record. The years following the so-called "Knightmare" season were improved, but the team was still a long way from the league's upper echelon. Meanwhile, the Ice House was falling apart as the Tarry family had stopped putting money into it as a part of their lobbying the city of London for a new arena. However, the re-signing of former head coach Gary Agnew, and the signing of future NHLers Rico Fata and Tom Kostopoulos heralded a marked turnaround for the team's fortunes. In 1999, the Knights went on an unexpected playoff run, in which they defeated the number-one-in-the-CHL Plymouth Whalers in seven games in the quarterfinals and ultimately went all the way to the OHL championship, which they lost in seven games to the Belleville Bulls.

The Hunter era: 2000–present
In 2000, former NHL players Dale Hunter, Mark Hunter and Basil McRae bought the Knights from Doug Tarry Jr. The sale was brokered by George Georgopoulos, who was negotiating with the city of London for the development of a state of the art multipurpose entertainment centre and arena – the John Labatt Centre. The Hunters began the process of rebuilding by firstly joining in the lobbying for a new 9,900 seat arena in Downtown London and putting together a smart scouting network. The Ice House was scheduled to be sold and closed at the conclusion of the 2001–02 OHL season, and the Knights changed back to the 1986–94 green, gold and black colour scheme in February 2002. In October that year the Labatt Centre opened, and new uniforms featuring black as the dominant color debuted.

The 2003–04 OHL season would mark the beginning of a remarkable dynasty. The Knights had the best regular season record in the CHL and set an OHL record with 110 points, but lost the OHL Western Conference final to the Guelph Storm. In the 2004–05 season, the Knights set a new CHL record by going 31 games in a row without a loss (29–0–2). The previous record of 29 games, held by the 1978–79 Brandon Wheat Kings (who went 25–0–4 during their streak), was broken with a 0–0 tie against the Guelph Storm on December 10, 2004. The streak ended at 31 games after a 5–2 loss to the Sudbury Wolves on December 17. The Knights finished the season with 120 points (59 wins, 7 losses, 2 ties), breaking their own OHL record set the previous season. In the playoffs, the Knights started by sweeping two best-of-seven series against the Guelph Storm and Windsor Spitfires. In the Western Conference final, the Knights defeated the Kitchener Rangers 4–1 to win the Wayne Gretzky Trophy. In the OHL finals against the Ottawa 67's, the Knights won the series 4–1 to win their first J. Ross Robertson Cup, ending the longest championship drought in the CHL. That same year, the London Knights and the John Labatt Centre (renamed Budweiser Gardens in 2012) were awarded the right to host 2005 Memorial Cup Tournament, which was played from May 21 to May 29. In the tournament, they defeated the Rimouski Océanic 4–3 on May 21, the Kelowna Rockets 4–2 on May 23, and the Ottawa 67's 5–2 on May 26. This earned the Knights a bye into the championship game. On May 29, the Knights defeated Rimouski 4–0 to win their first Memorial Cup. In 2005–06, the team won their third consecutive Hamilton Spectator Trophy for winning the regular season title, but their run into the playoffs ended with a loss to Peterborough in the OHL final. In 2006–07 the Knights continued their run of success, winning their fourth consecutive Hamilton Spectator Trophy as regular season champions. However, they lost the Western Conference Championship to the Plymouth Whalers.

On January 9, 2009, the London Knights made a blockbuster trade. They acquired future number one pick in the 2009 NHL draft, John Tavares, from the Oshawa Generals. The Knights also received defenceman Michael Del Zotto and goaltender Darryl Borden. In return, the Generals received defenceman Scott Valentine, forward Christian Thomas, goaltender Michael Zador, four second-round draft picks (2009–12) and two third-round picks (2010–11). After a strong 2009–10 season, the Knights decided to turn to young players for the 2010–11 season. They traded several veterans for future draft picks throughout the season, and at the deadline in hopes of re-building another contender.

On November 28, 2011, Dale Hunter resigned as head coach to become head coach of his former NHL team, the Washington Capitals. Brother Mark Hunter assumed the coaching helm. Under Mark's guidance, the Knights won their second OHL title in 2011–12, defeating the Niagara IceDogs four games to one in the league final and advancing to the 2012 Memorial Cup. The Knights finished the round robin in first place, but lost in the championship final 2–1 in overtime to the host Shawinigan Cataractes.

Despite a successful season in Washington — coaching the struggling Capitals to the playoffs and an upset of the defending Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins in the first round before being eliminated by the New York Rangers — Dale Hunter announced on May 14, 2012, he would not return to coach the Capitals in the 2012–13 season, choosing instead to return to the London Knights.

With Hunter once again behind the bench, the Knights continued their winning ways in the 2012–13 season, handily leading the league with 105 points in the regular season en route to their second-straight Hamilton Spectator Trophy. They then cruised through the first three rounds of the playoffs, defeating the Saginaw Spirit, Kitchener Rangers and Plymouth Whalers in four, five and five games respectively. The Knights capped their OHL season with a thrilling game seven win over the Barrie Colts as Bo Horvat scored the game-winning goal in the last second of the third period to capture the Knights' second consecutive J. Ross Robertson Cup. At the 2013 Memorial Cup the Knights finished 1–2 in the round robin, forcing them to play a tie-breaker against the host Saskatoon Blades. Though the Knights handily defeated the Blades 6–1, they lost to the Portland Winterhawks 2–1 in the semifinal.

London finished the 2013–14 season third in the OHL with 103 regular season points. However, the only two teams above them were their division opponents, the Guelph Storm and Erie Otters, thus denying the Knights a third straight division title. After sweeping the Windsor Spitfires in the first round the Knights were eliminated by the Storm in five games. Nevertheless, the Knights earned a berth in the 2014 Memorial Cup, their third straight, by virtue of being selected to host the tournament the day after winning the OHL championship the year before. Faced with stiff competition, the Knights finished last in the round robin and were eliminated from the tournament.

On October 21, 2014, Mark Hunter resigned as Knights general manager after being appointed director of player personnel for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Basil McRae succeeded Hunter as GM, though Hunter retained his ownership interest in the Knights and continued as vice president of the team.

The 2014–15 season was a rebuilding for the Knights. Despite this, the team finished second in the Midwest division and made it to the second round of the playoffs before being swept by the Erie Otters.

A renewed and powerful Knights team finished the 2015–16 season tied with the Erie Otters for the league lead with 105 points, but were denied the Hamilton Spectator Trophy by virtue of a tiebreaker. In the first round of the playoffs the Owen Sound Attack forced a sixth game before the Knights finished them off and began a thirteen-game winning streak, sweeping the Kitchener Rangers, Erie Otters and Niagara IceDogs en route to their third OHL championship and fourth Memorial Cup appearance in five seasons. The Knights entered the 2016 Memorial Cup as favourites due to their impressive winning streak and did not disappoint, dominating the round robin and outscoring their opponents by a combined score of 20–5. In the championship game, the Knights faced off against the CHL number-one ranked Rouyn-Noranda Huskies. The Huskies pushed the Knights to the limit, carrying a 2–1 lead late into the third period before Christian Dvorak scored with 4:11 remaining to force overtime, where a goal by Matthew Tkachuk earned the Knights their 17th-straight win and second Memorial Cup championship.

Championships
The London Knights have won the Memorial Cup tournament two times, won the J. Ross Robertson Cup four times, won the Western Conference seven times, and have won fifteen division titles.

Memorial Cup (CHL champions)
2004–05 Champions vs. Rimouski Océanic
2011–12 Lost to Shawinigan Cataractes
2012–13 Finished 3rd place
2013–14 Finished 4th place
2015–16 Champions vs. Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

J. Ross Robertson Cup (OHL champions)
1976–77 Lost to Ottawa 67's
1998–99 Lost to Belleville Bulls
2004–05 Champions vs. Ottawa 67's
2005–06 Lost to Peterborough Petes
2011–12 Champions vs. Niagara IceDogs
2012–13 Champions vs. Barrie Colts
2015–16 Champions vs. Niagara IceDogs
2022–23 Lost to Peterborough Petes

Hamilton Spectator Trophy (Most points in regular reason)
2003–04 – 110 points – 53–11–2–2
2004–05 – 120 points – 59–7–2–0
2005–06 – 102 points – 49–15–1–3
2006–07 – 104 points – 50–14–1–3
2011–12 – 99 points – 49–18–0–1
2012–13 – 105 points – 50–13–2–3

Wayne Gretzky Trophy (Western Conference champions)
1998–99
2004–05
2005–06
2011–12
2012–13
2015–16
2022-23

Division trophies
1977–78 – Emms Division
1989–90 – Emms Division
1997–98 – West Division
2003–04 – Midwest Division
2004–05 – Midwest Division
2005–06 – Midwest Division
2006–07 – Midwest Division
2008–09 – Midwest Division
2009–10 – Midwest Division
2011–12 – Midwest Division
2012–13 – Midwest Division
2018–19 – Midwest Division
2019–20 – Midwest Division
2021–22 – Midwest Division
2022–23 – Midwest Division

Awards

Canadian Hockey League

CHL Player of the Year
1981–82 – Dave Simpson
1993–94 – Jason Allison
2015–16 – Mitch Marner

Ed Chynoweth Trophy
Top Scorer at the Memorial Cup
2016 - Mitch Marner

George Parsons Trophy
Most Sportsmanlike Player at the Memorial Cup
2013 – Bo Horvat

Hap Emms Memorial Trophy
Outstanding Goaltender at the Memorial Cup
2005 – Adam Dennis
2016 - Tyler Parsons

Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy
Most Valuable Player at the Memorial Cup
2005 – Corey Perry
2016 – Mitch Marner

Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award
2003–04 – Dale Hunter

CHL Executive of the Year
1997–98 – Paul McIntosh

CHL Defenceman of the Year
2004–05 – Danny Syvret

CHL Goaltender of the Year
2011–12 – Michael Houser

CHL Humanitarian of the Year
1997–98 – Jason Metcalfe

CHL Rookie of the Year
2006–07 – Patrick Kane

CHL Top Draft Prospect Award
2006–07 – Patrick Kane
2008–09 – John Tavares

CHL Top Scorer Award
1993–94 – Jason Allison
2006–07 – Patrick Kane

Ontario Hockey League

Bobby Smith Trophy
Scholastic Player of the Year
1981–82 – Dave Simpson

Dan Snyder Memorial Trophy
Humanitarian of the Year
1998 – Jason Metcalfe

Dave Pinkney Trophy
Lowest Team G.A.A.
2003–04 – Ryan MacDonald & Gerald Coleman
2004–05 – Adam Dennis & Gerald Coleman
2015–16 – Brendan Burke & Tyler Parsons

Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy
Top Scorer
1981–82 – Dave Simpson
1993–94 – Jason Allison
2004–05 – Corey Perry
2005–06 – Rob Schremp
2006–07 – Patrick Kane
2008–09 – John Tavares

Emms Family Award
Rookie of the Year
1972–73 – Dennis Maruk
1987–88 – Rick Corriveau
2000–01 – Rick Nash
2006–07 – Patrick Kane

F.W. "Dinty" Moore Trophy
Lowest G.A.A. among Rookie Goaltenders
1976–77 – Barry Heard
1989–90 – Sean Basilio
2003–04 – Ryan MacDonald
2017–18 – Jordan Kooy
2019–20 – Brett Brochu
2022–23 – Zach Bowen

Jack Ferguson Award
Top Draft Pick
1996 – Rico Fata

Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy
Highest Scoring Right Winger
1972–73 – Dennis Ververgaert
1977–78 – Dino Ciccarelli
1997–98 – Maxim Spiridonov
2003–04 – Corey Perry
2004–05 – Corey Perry
2005–06 – Dave Bolland
2006–07 – Patrick Kane
2012–13 – Seth Griffith
2014–15 – Mitch Marner

Matt Leyden Trophy
Coach of the Year
1976–77 – Bill Long
1992–93 – Gary Agnew
1997–98 – Gary Agnew
2003–04 – Dale Hunter
2004–05 – Dale Hunter
2009–10 – Dale Hunter

Max Kaminsky Trophy
Most Outstanding Defenseman
1975–76 – Rick Green
1977–78 – Brad Marsh and Rob Ramage
1984–85 – Bob Halkidis
1999–00 – John Erskine
2004–05 – Danny Syvret
2018–19 – Evan Bouchard

Mickey Renaud Captain's Trophy
Team Captain that Best Exemplifies Leadership
2014-15 – Max Domi

OHL Executive of the Year
1997–98 – Paul McIntosh
2003–04 – Mark Hunter

OHL Goaltender of the Year
2005–06 – Adam Dennis
2006–07 – Steve Mason
2011–12 – Michael Houser

Red Tilson Trophy
Most Outstanding Player
1974–75 – Dennis Maruk
1981–82 – Dave Simpson
1993–94 – Jason Allison
2004–05 – Corey Perry
2011–12 – Michael Houser
2015–16 – Mitch Marner

Roger Neilson Memorial Award
Top Academic College/University Player
2007–08 – Scott Aarssen

Wayne Gretzky 99 Award
Playoffs MVP
2005 – Corey Perry
2012 – Austin Watson
2013 – Bo Horvat
2016 – Mitch Marner

William Hanley Trophy
Most Sportsmanlike Player
1981–82 – Dave Simpson
1993–94 – Jason Allison

Coaches
The London Nationals were coached by Jack McIntyre for the 1965–66 season. For their second and third seasons from 1966 to 1968, the Nationals were coached by Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender Turk Broda.

London Knights coaches have won the Matt Leyden Trophy, emblematic of the OHL's Coach of the Year, five times. Bill Long won it once, in 1976–77, Gary Agnew twice, in 1992–93 and in 1997–98, and Dale Hunter twice, in 2003–04 and 2004–05. Dale Hunter also won the Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award, emblematic of CHL Coach of the Year honours, in 2003–04.

As London Nationals:
1965–1966 — Jack McIntyre
1966–1968 — Turk Broda
As London Knights:

Notes: Mike Fedorko was entering his second season as Knights' coach and GM in the autumn of 1995. He was fired in October 1995 when the Knights began the season with a 13-game losing streak. Assistant Murray Nystrom took over coaching duties temporarily. Tom Barrett, who had led the Kitchener Rangers to the 1984 Memorial Cup, was named head coach in December. Barrett died of cancer in April 1996, shortly after the conclusion of the season. Moe Mantha was originally named the head coach to take over from Barrett, but left to coach the Baltimore Bandits of the American Hockey League before coaching a game. Brad Selwood was ultimately named Barrett's replacement for 1996–97 but was fired mid-season and GM Paul McIntosh took over on an interim basis for the rest of the season. Gary Agnew was rehired at the start of 1997–98.

Players

NHL or WHA alumni
The following is a complete list of London Knights who later played in the National Hockey League or World Hockey Association.

London Nationals

London Knights

First round picks in NHL or WHA drafts

The London Knights have had at least one player drafted in each NHL Entry Draft from 1969 onward.

The following players were selected in the first round of the NHL entry draft:

The following players were selected in the first round of the WHA amateur draft:
Reg Thomas – 1973, 8th overall by the Los Angeles Sharks
Rick Green – 1976, 10th overall by the Quebec Nordiques
Scott Campbell – 1977, 1st overall by the Houston Aeros

Retired numbers
List of numbers retired by the London Knights.
5 – Rob Ramage
8 – Dino Ciccarelli
9 – Darryl Sittler
19 – Brendan Shanahan
22 – Brad Marsh
61 – Rick Nash
88 – Patrick Kane
91 – Dave Bolland
94 – Corey Perry

Hall of Famers
List of London Knights players in the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Dino Ciccarelli
Brendan Shanahan
Darryl Sittler

Season-by-season results

Legend: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, SL = Shoot-out losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Notes

Arenas

The London Gardens was built in 1963 and served as the home of the Knights from the team's inception in 1965 to its closing in 2002. The building was renamed London Ice House in 1994. The Knights final game played at the arena was in the 2002 playoffs, where the Knights lost in overtime in the sixth game of the second round to the eventual OHL Champion Erie Otters. The Knights used the Ice House for their training camp and exhibition schedule for the 2002–03 season and moved out permanently in October 2002.

The Budweiser Gardens opened on October 11, 2002 as the Knights played host to the Plymouth Whalers. The arena, located in downtown London, is the largest in Western Ontario. Tickets for the 2005–06 season in the building sold out in one day, and there is currently a cap on season tickets due to the team's popularity.

See also
List of ice hockey teams in Ontario

References

External links
Official website

Ontario Hockey League teams
Ice hockey clubs established in 1965
Toronto Maple Leafs minor league affiliates
1965 establishments in Ontario

London Knights


Peyton Roi List () este o actriță și model american. Peyton este cunoscută pentru rolul ei din serialul Jessie de la Disney Channel și pentru rolul din Jurnalul unui puști. În 2015 ea a jucat rolul Emmei Ross în serialul Tabăra cu peripeții de la Disney Channel, iar în 2016 a avut un rol principal în filmul original Disney Channel - Schimbul.

Filmografie

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1998
Nașteri pe 6 aprilie
Oameni în viață
Americani în viață
Actrițe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Fotomodele din Statele Unite ale Americii

Peyton List