Broken Sword is a series of adventure games. The first game in the series, Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars, was released and developed in 1996 by British developer Revolution Software. Its sequel, Broken Sword II: The Smoking Mirror, was released a year later, and was followed by Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon in 2003, Broken Sword: The Angel of Death in 2006, and Broken Sword 5: The Serpent's Curse in 2013. A remake of the first game in the series, known as Broken Sword: Shadow of the Templars – The Director's Cut, was released in 2009, and a remake of the second game in the series, Broken Sword: The Smoking Mirror – Remastered, in 2010 for iOS devices; other platforms followed in 2011.

The main protagonists of the series are George Stobbart, an American patent lawyer, and Nicole "Nico" Collard, a French freelance journalist. While Nico does not appear as a playable character in the original version of The Shadow of the Templars, she does become playable in the Director's Cut.

The Broken Sword series was conceived in 1994 by Charles Cecil, Noirin Carmody and Sean Brennan, while talking about the mythology of the Knights Templar. The first three games in the series as well as the fifth game were developed by Revolution Software, while the fourth game was co-developed by Revolution and Sumo Digital. The Shadow of the Templars and The Smoking Mirror were critical and commercial successes, selling millions. However, The Sleeping Dragon and The Angel of Death received mixed reviews and were not as popular as the first two games. This was mainly due to the switch to 3D graphics and because the third game left the "point and click" interface for a more action-oriented gameplay. The latest game in the series, The Serpent's Curse, returned to the series' 2D roots. The series appeared on several top adventure game lists. A comic book was produced for each remake of the first two Broken Sword games.

Games

Story overview
In The Shadow of the Templars, American George Stobbart is touring Europe. He becomes both a witness and victim of a bomb attack on a Parisian café "La Chandelle Verte", caused by a clown, later revealed to be an assassin named Khan. The perpetrator steals an old man's briefcase and sets off a bomb inside the café. Stobbart meets a French photo-journalist, Nicole "Nico" Collard, a resident of Rue Jarry in Paris, with whom he tries to discover who is responsible for the murder of the old man, Plantard, and while doing so, end up unraveling a conspiracy relating to the Knights Templar. The third and fourth game, The Sleeping Dragon and The Angel of Death, follow the Templar-related storyline: The Sleeping Dragon continuing the story from The Shadow of the Templars with a number of returning characters, while in The Angel of Death, George and Nico, with a newly introduced character Anna-Maria, unravel a mystery related to the Catholic Church. Unlike the other installments, in The Smoking Mirror, George and Nico unravel a Mayan mystery, involving the Mayan god Tezcatlipoca. The Serpent's Curse follows a storyline related to the Gnostic Gospels.

Development

The Shadow of the Templars and The Smoking Mirror
Video game designer, writer and director Charles Cecil began working on the scenario for Broken Sword, Revolution Software's third game following Lure of the Temptress (1992) and Beneath a Steel Sky (1994), in 1992, which would be set in Paris with a Knights Templar storyline. After visiting Paris and reading The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Cecil was certain the Templars would be a good subject for a game. Cecil, Dave Cummins and Jonathan L. Howard began work on the story and design. Cecil and Cummins attended a film-writing course and their script was read by senior BBC scriptwriter and dramatist Alan Drury. Steve Ince, who created initial location sketches for the game before working on Beneath a Steel Sky, was promoted to producer halfway through the project. In 1994 Cecil and Noirin Carmody met with Sean Brennan, then-head of publishing at Virgin Interactive, and Virgin agreed to publish the game's PC version, but were not interested in publishing the game on the PlayStation, feeling that only 3D games would sell for the console. As a result, Cecil contacted Sony Computer Entertainment, who agreed to publish the game for the console. Tony Warriner and David Sykes were the game's designer-programmer Carmody the executive producer. The game uses the Virtual Theatre engine, as do Revolution's previous two games.

One of Cecil's goals was to depart from the humour-based adventure games more popular at the time by creating a game with good pacing and a complex storyline, a reason he thought the Knights Templar would be an ideal subject. Broken Sword offered a unique "conversation icon" system which would not reveal to the player what the protagonist was about to say; Cecil's intention was to make the game more cinematic. Although aiming at designing a game with a cinematic feel, Cecil felt the game should not resemble interactive movies of that time, which he felt were "mimicking movies". He wanted to create two protagonists who would exchange ideas, helping drive the game along. He made George American and Nico French to appeal to US and European markets. Revolution believed they needed to utilise the best of other creative industries.
Hand drawn artwork was animated by artists including Don Bluth Studios' Eoghan Cahill and Neil Breen and Red Rover Studio's Mike Burgess, resulting in graphics animated in a style resembling classic animated films. The game's final cost was one million pounds.

Broken Sword II: The Smoking Mirror was conceived in 1997, by Cecil and Revolution's crew. The artwork for Broken Sword 2 was developed through a number of stages. Initially pencil drawings were made of characters which were then digitally coloured in, before being cleaned up. The background layouts were produced in a similar way, also starting out as pencil designs. They were all drawn by Eoghan Cahill and Neil Breen, who both previously worked on the original Broken Sword game, while they were now working together with Amy Berenz and Lee Taylor. The music in the game was again composed by Barrington Pheloung, with Bob Sekar adding the closing score. While Rolf Saxon returns to voice actor of George, Jennifer Caron Hall a bilingual actress and daughter of French actress Leslie Caron, was cast as Nico. Theatre director Edward Hall rehearsed the assembled actors and took no more than a week to record the entire game, according to an interview given by Rolf Saxon in 2011. Alternative Magazine The game was first released for Windows on October 31, 1997.

The Sleeping Dragon and The Angel of Death
Revolution first discussed the idea of a third Broken Sword in 2000. At first, The Sleeping Dragon was planned to have similar cartoon-quality visuals to the first two Broken Sword games; however, Revolution decided not to use the "flat" look, claiming it lacked visual depth. The team wanted the game to look believable, but not necessarily realistic, similar to Japanese animated films. Textures were hand drawn to achieve the "cartoon" look, while the light-map employed radiosity to create realistic lighting. Advances in hardware plus the changes in methodology allowed the game to move to 24-bit color. To make the game feel like a film, Revolution brought in a cinematic consultant, Bob Keen, who made sure the game conveyed emotions and atmospheres appropriate for each scene. The music in the game was composed by Ben McCullough. The voice recording was scheduled to take five days; however, the entire process took four days. The voices were recorded with the voice actors together, enabling better getting into their parts. The full script is 6,000 lines in total, similar to Broken Sword II. While Rolf Saxon returns to voice George, Nico was this time played by Sarah Crook. The game's final cost was two million pounds.

Revolution Software and THQ announced Broken Sword: The Angel of Death in August 2005. According to Charles Cecil, the Broken Sword was originally planned to be a trilogy, but after the release of Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon, the demand from fans for a sequel was overwhelming. Though The Sleeping Dragon benefited commercially from being released on console as well as PC, this approach required certain development compromises as the PC version was held back by the constraints of the console versions. As a result, The Angel of Death was written for PC only "so as to really push the boundaries in terms of the technology and graphics". As a series' first, Revolution was not the only developer, but was co-developed by Revolution and Sumo Digital. Cecil believed that because of the requirement for ever larger team sizes, it was no longer possible to maintain a large development team to write single original titles, resulting in Revolution closed the production side in order to concentrate on design, and Sumo to concentrate on production. It was the first game to use the amBX lighting technology. Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon was criticised for featuring a high number of action elements. Cecil stated that he aimed to put the player under pressure. While he still stood behind this principle, he thought the action elements were not the right approach. The Sleeping Dragon was also criticised for using a high number of crate puzzles, resulting in Cecil reducing the number of them. The music in the game was composed by Ben McCullough and features tracks by Übernoise. While Rolf Saxon returns to voice George Stobbart, Nicole "Nico" Collard was this time played by Katherine Pageon.

The Shadow of the Templars – Director's Cut and The Smoking Mirror – Remastered
On March 21, 2009, Ubisoft released a special edition of The Shadow of the Templars for the Wii and Nintendo DS. According to Cecil, the Director's Cut came about thanks to a group of Broken Sword fans, who started an online petition begging him to bring the series to the Wii and DS.

When considering the project, Cecil played the game again and noticed many issues, including that backgrounds were pixelated, the movies and audio were of poor quality, and he also felt some dialogue was out of place. He thought all these elements could be addressed and improved in a remastered edition, in which they could add a diary, hint system, and new artwork from Dave Gibbons, which they could offer as an interactive digital comic.

The game starts a day before the Parisian cafe explosion in the original game, filling in some of Nicole Collard's back-story. Gibbons, with whom Revolution worked previously on their 1994 cult classic adventure Beneath a Steel Sky, worked on visual references for the game; he also produced a comic book to accompany the game's DS release.

Hazel Ellerby returns to voice Nicole Collard in the new sections, playing Nico again for the first time since the original game's release. Rolf Saxon, as in every sequel, also returns to voice George Stobbart. Unlike in the original game, players control Nicole Collard for selected game sections. Besides the new character artwork by Gibbons during conversations, the Director's Cut also features a new first person view for certain puzzles. In the DS version, there is no spoken dialogue, only subtitles.

A version for iPhone and iPod Touch was released on January 20, 2010. Later in May, a version with higher resolution and a digital comic was released on the iPad. A PC version was released on August 27 on various digital distribution services.

Broken Sword: The Smoking Mirror – Remastered for Apple iOS devices was released on December 16, 2010. The new features include an exclusive interactive digital comic from Dave Gibbons, fully animated facial expressions, enhanced graphics, high quality music, a context-sensitive hint system, diary, and a Dropbox integration which facilitates a unique cross-platform save-game feature, enabling players to enjoy the same adventure simultaneously on multiple devices. It also featured full Game Center integration – including in-game achievements. The Mac and PC versions followed in early 2011.

The Serpent's Curse
A fifth title in the series, Broken Sword 5: The Serpent's Curse, had been in development for six months and returned to the series' 2D graphical style; it was released in 2013. Cecil said that, despite interest from the "industry's biggest third party publisher", funding for the game's remaining development was sought via Kickstarter with a target of $400,000. It received its funding of $771,561 on September 22, 2012.

Remaster Test by Tony Warriner
In August 2021, Tony Warriner did a test run to see how Broken Sword 1 would look as a remastered game, he was kind enough to share the screenshots with Pixel Refresh of which Tony said "Hey guys, take a look at these two images. One is original BS1, the other we've scaled using some fancy ai system to double res. Looks nice I think. Now imagine a pure BS1 Remastered".

Shadow of the Templars Reforged
At Gamescom 2023 Microsoft event Revolution announced a remaster if the original Broken Sword. The original game has been remastered in 4K resolution using a mixture of AI tools and brand new hand-painted background art. The game also includes new features, such as one that removes incorrect items used in puzzles if you have used it once already, in order to guide the player to the correct answers. The reforged game is due to release in 2024. It will be based on the original game not the directors cut.

Parzival's Stone
Also at the Gamescom 2023 Microsoft event a new game in the series was announced, entitled Parzival's Stone. It will feature a "Super 2D" visual design using hand-painted background art imposed onto three-dimensional scenes to make the game's scenes feel more cinematic and believable.

Reception and legacy

Sales and critical reception
The Broken Sword franchise is Europe's most successful adventure series, selling six million units; The Shadow of the Templars and The Smoking Mirror are Revolution's best-selling titles, each selling a million copies. With the decline of the adventure genre at the beginning of the 2000s, sales of the Broken Sword series decreased as well, with The Sleeping Dragon and The Angel of Death selling a few hundred thousand copies. During the so-called "adventure renaissance", the two Broken Sword remakes were met with success; in 2011, the Director's Cut and The Smoking Mirror: Remastered sold 500,000 copies on the iOS alone. By 2005, before the release of Broken Sword 4, the series had shipped above 2.5 million units to retailers worldwide.

The series' installments have received positive reviews, with The Shadow of the Templars often being cited as a classic in the adventure genre, ranking high on various "top" lists. The remakes were met with acclaim, most notably the iOS versions, often called one of the best games on the platform.

Other media
In May 2007, Charles Cecil was interested in making a film based on the game franchise .

Dave Gibbons produced comics for each remake of the first two Broken Sword games; Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars – Director's Cut, and Broken Sword: The Smoking Mirror – Remastered.

On September 28, 2008, mindFactory released a fan-made freeware Broken Sword game, called Broken Sword 2.5: The Return of the Templars.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Broken Sword at MobyGames

Adventure games
Video game franchises introduced in 1996
Video games adapted into comics

Broken Sword


Mortimer Weisinger (; April 25, 1915 – May 7, 1978) was an American magazine and comic book editor best known for editing DC Comics' Superman during the mid-1950s to 1960s, in the Silver Age of comic books. He also co-created such features as Aquaman, Green Arrow, Johnny Quick, and the original Vigilante, served as story editor for the Adventures of Superman television series, and compiled the often-revised paperback 1001 Valuable Things You Can Get Free.

Biography

Early life and SF fandom
Weisinger was born in the Washington Heights section of New York City, New York and was raised in the Bronx, as the son of Austrian Jewish parents. His father was a businessman in the garment trade. At 13, he was introduced to science fiction by means of a borrowed copy of the August 1928 issue of Amazing Stories (featuring Buck Rogers and The Skylark of Space). By 1930, Weisinger was active in some of the earliest SF fan clubs and fanzines, including The Planet. In 1931, Weisinger hosted a meeting of pioneer SF fan club "The Scienceers," which was attended by a young Julius Schwartz, who recalled that the two became "very friendly... [and] got along well together." A year later, Weisinger, Schwartz and Allen Glasser joined fellow-future professional editor Forrest J. Ackerman in founding The Time Traveller, which they styled "Science Fiction's Only Fan Magazine". The claim was more than mere youthful bravado, according to SF historian Sam Moskowitz, who described the 'zine as the first devoted entirely to science fiction. Drawing on information they had gleaned from writing letters to the SF magazines and authors of the day, the young fans published interviews with, and short pieces by, established SF writers, and in the process gained increasing familiarity with the personalities and situations of the genre in that era. The first issue featured "a one-page biography of Edward 'Doc' Smith... [and] some news items."

Early career
After high school, Weisinger attended New York University, where he worked as editor of the college's newspaper and magazine, but left before graduating. With Schwartz, he approached the editor of Amazing Stories (T. Connor Sloane) and "sold his first story": 'The Price of Peace'. In late 1934, Weisinger suggested that he and Schwartz "ought to go into the agency business," noting (according to Schwartz) that the duo had

Schwartz concurred, and they formed the Solar Sales Service ("We always believed in alliteration," noted Schwartz), the first literary agency to specialize in the related genres of SF, horror, and fantasy. Edmond Hamilton was the agency's first client, and Otto Binder soon followed. Solar Sales eventually represented many prominent SF and fantasy writers, including John Russell Fearn, Alfred Bester, Stanley Weinbaum, H. P. Lovecraft, and Ray Bradbury. But while Schwartz continued the agency into the early 1940s, Weisinger moved on; he took a job with the Standard Magazine chain, publisher of a range of pulp magazines. Standard had acquired writer-publisher Hugo Gernsback's defunct Wonder Stories and added it to Standard series of "Thrilling" publications (Thrilling Detective, Thrilling Western, and others). Weisinger became the editor of Thrilling Wonder Stories, and bought stories by Hamilton and others from his former partner Schwartz. Weisinger was soon editing a range of other pulps by Standard, including Startling Stories and Captain Future, and "was in charge of no fewer than 40 titles" by 1940.

National Periodical Publications (DC Comics)

Army service
In March 1941, Weisinger moved from Standard Magazines to National Periodicals (later DC Comics) primarily as editor of the Superman and Batman titles. Among his earliest jobs, however, was the task of "dream[ing] up some new characters" - these resulted in the line-up of More Fun Comics #73, and took the form of Aquaman, Green Arrow, Johnny Quick and Vigilante. Weisinger's fledgling career was soon interrupted when he was conscripted in 1942, and he served as a sergeant in Special Services. Stationed at Yale (and rooming with Broderick Crawford and William Holden), he wrote scripts for a U.S. Army "radio show called 'I Sustain the Wings' " in New York City.

He met and married (Sept. 27, 1943) his wife, the former Thelma Rudnick. They had two children, a daughter, Joyce, and son, Hendrie.

Superman innovations

Weisinger returned to his job at National after his discharge from military service in 1946, and resumed his editorship of the Superman comics, the Batman titles and others. His tenure was marked by the introduction of a variety of new concepts and supporting characters, including Supergirl, Krypto the Superdog, the Phantom Zone, the bottle city of Kandor, the Legion of Super-Heroes, and a variety of types of kryptonite. Attempting to rationalize Superman's powers, it was under Weisinger's watch that the "concept that in a world circling a yellow sun [as opposed to Krypton's red sun] his [Superman's] powers are multiplied" came to be introduced to the Superman mythology.

Realizing that "Batman was my favorite [character]," Weisinger realised that the crucial difference was that "Batman can get hurt." In order to better allow the reader to identify with the invulnerable Man of Steel, Weisinger frequently featured stories in which "Superman lost his powers and had to survive on his natural wits." Pitted against Superman's wits was Lois Lane, and under Weisinger's editorship stories in which she sought to prove that Superman was Clark Kent abounded.

Weisinger "enjoyed surprising the readers," and to that end introduced a number of "live personalities... real people" into the comics, including Candid Camera's Allen Funt, This Is Your Life's Ralph Edwards, Steve Allen, Ann Blyth and Pat Boone among others. Weisinger was particularly "proud of having dreamed up the "imaginary story" gimmick to motivate otherwise impossible stories," (non-canonical 'what if...?' scenarios not bound to series or character continuity, timeframe or logic), and for "having conceived the idea of DC's first giant anthology - The Superman Annual."

The Adventures of Superman
Weisinger "eventually gave up editorship of Batman and many of the other magazines and concentrated on the #1 superhero," both in the comics and elsewhere. In the early 1950s, he was "called out to California by Whitney Ellsworth . . . to work as story editor for the Superman TV series." Weisinger recalled in 1975 about this experience that

Through Weisinger's previous "experience with television," Reeves landed "a guest star spot, "Big Red S" and all, on the I Love Lucy show."

Weisinger's influences on up-and-coming writers in SF and comics also extended, by these means, to television. Jackson Gillis was shepherded from his work on The Adventures of Superman to Perry Mason and Columbo (alongside many, many other credits). Weisinger also highlights David Chantler, William Woolfolk and Leigh Brackett as "examples of proteges and associates who have surpassed him in term of success."

Superman editorship
Weisinger was sole editor of all of the Superman titles from 1958 until his retirement from comics in 1970.

Many of Weisinger's ideas came from talking to kids in his neighborhood, asking them what they wanted to see, and then attempting to riff on those ideas. Such talks inspired him to create the Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen spin-off titles "over a lot of opposition" from the management who "protested that the characters weren't strong enough." Weisinger later bought a story from Jim Shooter while unaware of the writer's age, and hired him for a popular run on "The Legion of Super-Heroes" even after discovering that he was only 14 years old.

Weisinger encouraged a static picture book style of illustration in his stories, and was known for reusing previously published stories as new story ideas. A noted example of this is a 1950s story featuring Superman encountering an alien being he thought might have been his long-lost brother; this was reused in the early 1960s as a Superboy story introducing Mon-El.

Over time, Weisinger found himself growing disenchanted, and even embarrassed to reveal his primary job, saying "When people asked me what I did for a living, I would suppress the fact that I was editing Superman. I'd tell people that I wrote for Collier's or The Saturday Evening Post." He recalls that he attempted to get himself removed from his editorial position by "asking for bigger and bigger raises," but instead found his demands met - even to the extent that he was given "generous stock options" and "made a vice president of public relations for the company." He did eventually leave, and bought himself a white Cadillac to "bolster my ego."

Management style
Weisinger was criticized by some for having a micromanaging attitude and a heavy-handed, overbearing treatment of his writers and artists. He was well known for his abusive treatment of the DC employees. Indeed, his son also confirms he was abusive to restaurant waiters as well. Criticism has also been leveled at Weisinger for quashing creativity by dictating storylines. Jim Shooter, who wrote for years under his editorship, praised Weisinger's "rules" for writing comics but criticized his rigid adherence to them: ". . . Mort's rules always worked, story-mechanics-wise. Easy, idiot-proof, safe. Trying things that explored the frontiers beyond the confines of Mort's rules was tricky—fraught with opportunities to fail—but if you were daring, if you had the necessary depth of understanding and the skills, you could do wonderful things."[emphasis in original] Weisinger has commented, "People have always accused me of being an egomaniac as an editor because I always gave the writers my own plots. I did that for a reason. If I asked a writer to bring in his own plots, and he spent a weekend on four of them, and I didn't like any of the four, then he's wasted a whole weekend. . . . . The least I could do was to think of a plot for the writer and if he liked it — I'd never force it down his throat — we'd kick it around and evolve a story."

One concept Weisinger brought to comics from the pulps was creating a story "around a pre-drawn cover," a concept taken up across the industry, most notably by colleague Julius Schwartz. During Weisinger's reign, the Superman comics maintained a reasonably tight internal continuity, but related little to the rest of the DC Universe. Weisinger was succeeded in 1970 by his childhood friend and longtime colleague Julius Schwartz. Weisinger was later immortalized within the Superman comics "as a bust in Clark Kent's apartment."

Articles and books
In addition to his SF agency and extensive editorial work for DC Comics, Weisinger found time - particularly after his retirement from DC - to write a considerable number of articles for a wide variety of magazines. Weisinger was reported, in 1975, as having "had articles in The Journal of the AMA, Reader's Digest, Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post... [and] Parade." His articles ranged from one on the Comics Code for Better Homes and Gardens to an article entitled "How Ralph Edwards Fools 'Em" for which he "accompanied Edwards on several This Is Your Life escapades to get the story of how the clever impresario suckered the celebrities whom he was to honor on his popular '50s show."

Weisinger occasionally contributed articles to the writers' magazines—Writer's Digest, The Author & Journalist, etc.—from the 1930s through the 1950s.

Weisinger had a particular interest in Beauty contests, writing an article for Parade on "why certain finalists in the Miss America pageant can never win the crown," as well as a "best-selling novel" entitled The Contest (published in hardback by World, and in paperback by New American Library). Weisinger had once been a "judge in a preliminary Miss America contest," through which he "learned the inside story," later travelling to Europe with the then-"world-famous host of the real-life contest," a friend of Weisinger's at the time who refused to talk to him again after reading the resulting novel. For the author, however, The Contest netted a $125,000 movie option and "printings in several foreign languages."

Weisinger's best known book was "a compendium of freebies available to anyone" entitled 1001 Valuable Things You Can Get For Free, first published in 1955 and which (as of 1975) had "gone through 41 paperback printings and sold over three million copies." Weisinger's book was praised by Abbie Hoffman in Steal This Book, and earned its author a place in "Who's Who".

Later life
Weisinger lived for much of his life in Great Neck, New York, and stayed there until his death from a heart attack. In 1985, he was posthumously named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.

Notes

References
 Moskowitz, Sam. Seekers of Tomorrow: Masters of Modern Science Fiction. World Publishing, Cleveland, Ohio, 1996. Ballantine Books, New York, 1967; pp. 107–22.
 Schwartz, Julius, with Brian M. Thomsen. Man of Two Worlds: My Life in Science Fiction and Comics. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, 2000.
 Legion of Super-Heroes Archive, Volume 8 (DC Comics, 1998, ), p. 242, "Biographies".

External links

 Mort Weisinger Papers at the University of Wyoming - American Heritage Center
 Blog posts related to Weisinger's work based on the AHC archives

1915 births
1978 deaths
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Jewish American artists
Jewish American writers
Comic book editors
Silver Age comics creators
DC Comics people
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
20th-century American Jews
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Inkpot Award winners

Mort Weisinger


Mitsuo Watanabe (født 4. juni 1953) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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|1975||12||3
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|1976||3||0
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|1977||0||0
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|1978||0||0
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|1979||6||0
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!Total||28||4
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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Mitsuo Watanabe


Raynham is the name of multiple places

United States:
Raynham, Massachusetts
Raynham Center, Massachusetts
Raynham (New Haven, Connecticut), historic house
Raynham, North Carolina

United Kingdom:
Raynham, Norfolk
site of Raynham Hall

See also
 Rainham (disambiguation)

Raynham


Augustin Ghilezan (n. 31 ianuarie 1883, Opaița și d. 19 august 1943, Ciacova) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Studii
A urmat cursurile Academiei Teologice de la Caransebeș și ale Institutului Pedagogic din Arad.

Biografie
Augustin Ghilezan a fost protopop de Ciacova (1911-1943), unde a fondat "Reuniunea femeilor române", a fost președintele Despărțământului local al "Astrei", ctitor al Gimnaziului "Alexandru Mocioni" din Ciacova și a reînființat "Reuniunea de cântări".

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii : trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba-Iulia,2003
 Ioan I. Șerban (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1883
Decese în 1943
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Preoți români
Protopopi români

Augustin Ghilezan


Hanefi Avcı (d. 15 Şubat 1956; Karakesekli, Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş) Türk bürokrat ve polis amiri. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü İstihbarat Dairesi Eski Başkan Yardımcısı.

Eğitimi
1956 yılında Kahramanmaraş'ın Pazarcık ilçesinin Karabıyıklı köyünde dünyaya gelen Hanefi Avcı, öğrenim yaşamına doğduğu köydeki Karabıyıklı İlkokulu'nda başladı. Ortaokulu Gaziantep'teki Karşıyaka Ortaokulu'nda, liseyi ise Ankara'daki Polis Koleji'nde bitirdi. Ardından Polis Enstitüsü'nde okudu ve lisans öğrenimi için girdiği Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden 1980 yılında mezun oldu.

Kariyeri
Hanefi Avcı daha sonra İçişleri Bakanlığı'na girdi ve bu dönemde sırasıyla Mersin merkez ve Gülnar ilçelerinde görev yaptı. Daha sonra Diyarbakır ve İstanbul illerinde şube müdürlüklerinde çalıştı.

1996 yılında Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü istihbarat dairesinin başkan yardımcısı oldu. Bu görevi sürdürürken 4 Şubat 1997'de Susurluk skandalı'nı araştıran TBMM komisyonuna ifade verdi. İfadesinde terörle mücadele adı altında devlet içinde çete kurulduğunu ileri sürdü ve Mehmet Ağar, Korkut Eken, Veli Küçük gibi isimler hakkında suçlamalarda bulundu.

28 Şubat süreci'nde bu görevdeyken köstebek olayı olarak da bilinen deniz kuvvetlerindeki Batı Çalışma Grubu belgelerinin Emniyet İstihbarat Dairesi'ne sızdırılması olayı meydana geldi. Avcı, olay patlak verdikten sonra darbe hazırlığı varsa, bunu izlemenin polisin görevi olduğunu savundu. Bu olay nedeniyle tutuklanan daire başkanı Bülent Orakoğlu açığa alındı, Avcı ise istihbarat dairesindeki görevinden alındı ve ana komuta kontrol merkezi kadrosuna atandı. Daha sonra açılan "köstebek davası"nda bütün sanıklar beraat etti.

Katıldığı bir televizyon programında Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı hakkında yaptığı açıklamalar nedeniyle "devletin gizli kalması gereken sırlarını ifşâ etmek" ile suçlandı ve 10 Şubat 1998'de açığa alındı. Daha sonra Ankara 1 No'lu Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi'nin nöbetçi hakimi Tanju Güvendiren'in kararıyla 20 Şubat 1998'de tutuklanarak Beypazarı Cezaevi'ne kondu. 2 Mart 1998'de tutuksuz yargılanmak üzere tahliye edilen Avcı, hakkında açılan davadan da beraat etti.

Beraat ettikten sonra idare mahkemesi kararıyla görevine geri döndü. 2003'e kadar geri hizmetlerde çalıştı. 2003 yılında Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı'na getirildi. Avcı; 2005 yılında geçici olarak, 2006 yılında ise asaleten Edirne İl Emniyet Müdürü oldu. 2006 yılında TASAM'ın "stratejik vizyon sahibi bürokrat ödülü"nü kazandı.

Hanefi Avcı, Edirne İl Emniyet Müdürlüğü yaptığı sırada, 18 Haziran 2009 tarihinde Resmî Gazete'de yayımlanan ortak kararname ile Eskişehir İl Emniyet Müdürlüğü'ne atandı.

Kitapları ve tutukluluğu
Ağustos 2010 tarihinde "Haliç'te Yaşayan Simonlar" adlı kitabı Angora Yayıncılık tarafından basıldı. Kitabında Gülen Cemaati'nin emniyet teşkilâtında örgütlendiğini ve telefon dinlemesi dahil yasadışı faaliyetlerde bulunduğunu iddia etti. Daha sonra merkeze alınmayı talep etti, talebi kabul edildi.

Avcı, Devrimci Karargâh örgütüne yardım etmek suçlamasıyla 28 Eylül 2010 tarihinde tutuklanarak Silivri Cezaevi'ne kondu. İstanbul 12. Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi, aralarında Hanefi Avcı'nın da bulunduğu 14'ü tutuklu 22 kişi hakkında hazırlanan iddianameyi kabul etti.

Son olarak "Devrimci Karargâh Örgütü" üyesi oldukları ve örgüte yardım ettikleri öne sürülen 89 sanığın yargılandığı davada mütalaasını açıklayan cumhuriyet savcısı, eski Emniyet Müdürü Hanefi Avcı'nın 22 yıl 9 aydan 49 yıl 6 aya kadar hapisle cezalandırılmasını istedi.

Hanefi Avcı, 2011 milletvekili seçimleri için İstanbul 3. bölgeden bağımsız milletvekili adayı oldu. Fakat seçimlerden birkaç gün önce çekildiğini açıkladı.

Devrimci Karargâh Örgütü'ne yardım ettiği gerekçesiyle 15 yıl 4 ay 5 gün hapis cezası alan eski emniyet müdürü Hanefi Avcı, Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin hak ihlâli tespit etmesi neticesinde 20 Haziran 2014'te tahliye oldu.

19 Temmuz 2013'te İstanbul 9. Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi tarafından karara bağlanan Devrimci Karargâh davasında 15 yıl 4 ay 15 gün hapis cezasına çarptırıldı.

23 Haziran 2022 tarihinde Avcı'nın tüm rütbelerinin sökülmesine karar verildi.

Kitapları
 Haliç'te Yaşayan Simonlar: Dün Devlet Bugün Cemaat
 Cemaat'in İflası, Hoca'nın Ayağının Kaydığı Yer (Tekin Yayınevi, 2015)
 Erken Uyarı: Devlet Bilgisi (Tekin Yayınevi, 2017)

Kaynakça

1956 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş doğumlular
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk istihbaratçılar

Hanefi Avcı


Die Philipp-Reis-Plakette (ursprünglich: "Philipp Reis-Plakette der Deutschen Bundespost") wurde vom Bundespostminister Hans Schuberth am 26. Oktober 1952, zusammen mit der Heinrich-von-Stephan-Plakette der Deutschen Bundespost gestiftet.

Anlass
Um Persönlichkeiten, die sich auf dem Gebiet des Fernmeldewesens hervorragend verdient gemacht haben, den Dank und die Anerkennung der Deutschen Bundespost öffentlich zum Ausdruck zu bringen, stiftete der Bundespostminister Hans Schuberth die Philipp Reis-Plakette.

Der Verleihungstag ist gewählt, weil am 26. Oktober 1861 Philipp Reis im Physikalischen Verein zu Frankfurt am Main den ersten öffentlichen Experimentalvortrag über den von ihm erfundenen Fernsprecher hielt, und weil 1877, ebenfalls am 26. Oktober, Heinrich von Stephan den Fernsprecher zum staatlichen Nachrichtenmittel bestimmt hat.

Nach der Auflösung des Bundespostministeriums 1998 nimmt der Bundeswirtschaftsminister die Verleihung an verdiente Persönlichkeiten aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und auf dem Gebiet der Telekommunikationsdienstleistungen wahr.

Plakette und Urkunde
Die Plakette ist 52 × 52 Millimeter groß und zeigt auf der Vorderseite das Bild von Philipp Reis und am Rande die umlaufende Schrift "Philipp Reis 1834–1874"". Die Rückseite zeigt das Bild des Erzengels Gabriel mit Botenstab und Schriftband und am Rande die umlaufende Schrift "Für hervorragende Verdienste". Der Entwurf für die Plakette stammt von Gottfried Kappen aus Kirchhellen.

Die Preisträger erhielten eine Verleihungsurkunde mit der Unterschrift des Bundespostministers und wurden im Amtsblatt der Bundespostministeriums bekannt gegeben. Die Plakette geht in das Eigentum des Preisträgers über.

Preisträger
 1952: Martin Hebel
 1953: Karl Küpfmüller
 1954: Karl Dohmen
 1955: Hans Rukop
 1956: Bruno Pohlmann
 1957: keine Verleihung
 1958: Hans Raettig
 1959: Hermann Düll
 1960: keine Verleihung
 1961: Johannes D. H. van der Toorn (Niederlande) und Hans Ferdinand Mayer
 1962: Hans Georg Möller
 1963: Leo Pungs
 1964: Hans Busch
 1965: Karl Herz
 1966: Richard Feldtkeller (TH Stuttgart)
 1967: Gustav Adolf Wettstein (Schweiz)
 1968: Arthur Mehlis
 1969: Friedrich Gladenbeck
 1970: Günter Wuckel
 1971: Helmut Bornemann
 1972: Franz Etzel (Siemens & Halske)
 1973: Thomas Ellsworth Nelson (US State Department)
 1974: Josef Lennertz
 1975: Adolf Heilmann (TH Darmstadt und Leiter der Funkabteilung beim FTZ)
 1976: Fritz Locker (Schweiz) oder Fritz Locher
 1977: ?
 1978: Mohamed Mili
 1979: ?
 1980: Alfred Lotze, Direktor des Instituts für Nachrichtenvermittlung und Datenverarbeitung der Universität Stuttgart.
 1981: ?
 1982:	Hans Pausch
 1983: ?
 1984: ?
 1985: ?
 1986: ?
 1987–1992: keine Verleihung
 1993: Thomas Haug (Swedish Telekom)
 1994: ?
 1995: ?
 1996: ?
 1997: ?
 1998: ?
 1999: ?
 2000: ?
 2001: Peter Mihatsch

Literatur
 Handwörterbuch des Postwesens; Herausgegeben vom Bundesministerium für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen:
 2. völlig überarbeitete Auflage, Frankfurt am Main, 1953; S. 70 und 485
 3. Auflage, '1. Band A – F', Berlin, Juli 1971; S. 559 (»Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen« – V. Auszeichnungen der Deutschen Bundespost)
 Zeitschrift für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen (ZPF) mit Unterstützung des Bundesministers für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen herausgegeben und verlegt im Josef Keller Verlag
 Hans Hübner: Ausgezeichnet! Anerkennung für besondere Verdienste und Treue bei Reichspost, Bundespost und Deutscher Post; in: Das Archiv Heft 2/2013; S. 70–76

Einzelnachweise

Deutsche Auszeichnung
Deutsche Bundespost Telekom
Erstverleihung 1952
Philipp Reis

Philipp-Reis-Plakette


التعلم بواسطة الأجهزة المحمولة هو مصطلح لغوي جديد يشير إلى أستخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات المحمولة، مثل المساعد الرقمي الشخصي (PDA)، والهواتف المحمولة وأجهزة الكمبيوتر الشخصي والكفي وملحقاتها مثل: مشغلات الـ أم بي 3، أم بي 4 في عملية التعليم. هذا الأسلوب متعلق إلى حد كبير بالتعليم الإلكتروني والتعليم عن بعد. هذه التكنولوجيا بالإضافة إلى الإنترنت أصبحت ضرورة للعملية التعليمية والتعلمية، لانتشار التكنولوجيا وفعاليتها وسهولة استخدامها والتعامل معها أكثر من التعليم والتعلم التقليدي. فالتكنولوجيا تستطيع أن تقوم بدور التعلم والتعليم التقليدي الذي يعجز حتى عن محاكاة دور التكنولوجيا، وهذا ما أثبته التطور التكنولوجي والمتسارع في أيامنا

يركز هذا المصطلح على استخدام التقنيات المتوفرة بأجهزة الاتصالات اللاسلكية لتوصيل المعلومة خارج قاعات التدريس. حيث وجد هذا الأسلوب ليلائم الظروف المتغيرة الحادثة بعملية التعليم التي تأثرت بظاهرة العولمة. مصطلحالتعلم الجوال، أو «التعليم المتنقل»، له معاني كثيرة في المجتمعات المختلفة.وبالرغم من ارتباطه بالتعليم الإلكتروني والتعليم عن بعد، إلا إنه يركز على التعلم في جميع السياقات والتعلم من خلال الأجهزة المحمولة. تعريف واحد للتعلم النقال هو: أي نوع من التعلم الذي يحدث عندمالا يكون المتعلم في موقع ثابت ومحدد قبلا، أو التعلم الذي يحدث عندما يستفيد المتعلم من فرص التعلم التي تتيحها التقنيات النقالة. وبعبارة أخرى فإن التعليم الجوال يقلل من التقييد في موقع التعلم بالتنقل الذي تتيحه الأجهزة المحمولة الشائعة.

ويشمل المصطلح: التعلم باستخدام التقنيات المحمولة بما في ذلك -ولكن لا تقتصر- على أجهزة الكمبيوتر المتنقلة، ومشغلات MP3، وأجهزة الكمبيوتر المحمولة والهواتف المحمولة. التعلم الجوال يركز على أن يكون المتعلم متنقلا، ويتفاعل مع التقنيات المحمولة، ويعكس التركيز على كيفية قيام المجتمع ومؤسساته باستيعاب ودعم الأجهزة المحمولة والتي تتزايد.

التعليم الجوال مناسب من حيث أنه يمكن الوصول إليه من أي مكان تقريبا. وهو مثل غيره من أشكال التعليم الإلكتروني، وهوأيضا تعاوني، ويحقق التبادل الفوري تقريبا بين كل شخص يستخدم نفس المحتوي، مما يؤدي إلى استقبال ردود الفعل الفورية والنصائح. ويحقق انتشاراقويا عن طريق الاستعاضة عن الكتب والمذكرات ب «ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي» RAMs ، والتي تكون مليئة بمحتويات التعلم المصممة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، هو من البساطة استخدامه للحصول على تجربة أكثر فعالية ومسلية.

نبذة تاريخية

قبل 1970s

يمكن القول إن المرحلة الأولى من التعلم النقال تعود إلي عام 1901 عندما أصدر ينغوافون سلسلة من الدروس في اللغة على اسطوانات سمعية. وأتبع ذلك بعدة سنوات عندما تحسنت التكنولوجيا، ليتم استخدام أشرطة الكاسيت المضغوطة، والشريط ذو 8 مسارات، والأقراص المدمجة.

1970s و 1980s

الاستخدام
إن انتشار الهاتف المحمول وأجهزة الكمبيوتر الكفي وبأسعار معقولة أكثر من أجهزة الكمبيوتر العادية، وارتباطها بالانترنت ولأنه أصبح من الصعب جدا التخلي عنها، جعلها تعتبر من أهم وسائل التعليم التقنية، ما أفسح المجال للمؤسسات التعليمية وللمتعلم نقل المعلومات بسهولة كبيرة واستثمار أكبر قدر من الوقت في عملية التعليم والتعلم. لم يعد يخفى على أحد أن معظم الأجهزة المحمولة مفيدة في مجال التعلم والإدارة والتنظيم بالإضافة لكونها وسائل تعليمية للمعلمين. تبقى هناك عيوب في استخدامها متمثلة في أن أغلب الهواتف المحمولة ذات شاشات صغيرة، محدودية قدرات التخزين، محدودية قدرات البطارية وسهولة فقدانها والتي قد تتسبب بفقدان المعلومات.

نص العنوان

انظر أيضاً
 نيك مارتن
 تعلم مدمج

مراجع

الحوسبة والمجتمع
تعليم إلكتروني
تعليم بديل
تعليم عن بعد
تقانة المحمول
تكنولوجيا التعليم
محاكاة

تعلم جوال


Rombo ist ein Distrikt der Kilimandscharo-Region im Osten Tansanias. Der Distrikt grenzt im Norden und Osten an Kenia, im Süden grenzt er an den Distrikt Moshi und im Westen an den Distrikt Hai und den Distrikt Siha.

Geographie
Der Distrikt hat bei einer Größe von 1442 Quadratkilometer und 275.314 Einwohner (Volkszählung 2022). Der Verwaltungssitz ist in der Stadt Mkuu. Das Gebiet umfasst den Gipfel des Kilimandscharo und dessen nördliche und östliche Abhänge bis zur Grenze von Kenia.
Das Klima im Distrikt ist warm und gemäßigt, Cfa nach der effektiven Klimaklassifikation. Es fallen das ganze Jahr über Niederschläge mit einer Spitze in den Monaten April und Mai, im Jahresmittel regnet es über 1000 Millimeter. Die Temperatur liegt zwischen 20 und 30 Grad Celsius.

Verwaltungsgliederung
Der Distrikt wird in 28 Gemeinden (Wards) gegliedert:

Bevölkerung
Von der Volkszählung 2012 bis 2022 gab es einen jährlichen Bevölkerungszuwachs von 0,5 Prozent.

Die Alphabetisierungsrate der über Fünfzehnjährigen betrug 87,8 Prozent (Stand 2012), zwei Drittel sprachen nur Swahili, fast ein Fünftel Swahili und Englisch.

Einrichtungen und Dienstleistungen
 Bildung: für die Bildung der Jugend gibt es im Distrikt 159 Vorschulklassen und 175 Grundschulen, wovon 160 öffentlich und 15 privat geführt werden. In den 51 weiterführenden Schulen gab es im Jahr 2017 in 41 öffentlich geführten Schulen 16.434 Schüler und 2797 Schüler in zehn Privatschulen.
 Gesundheit: Im Distrikt gibt es zwei Krankenhäuser, die von kirchlichen Organisationen betrieben werden, sechs staatliche Gesundheitseinrichtungen und 37 Apotheken. Von diesen sind 21 staatlich, neun von kirchlichen Organisationen und sechs werden privat betrieben (Stand 2019).
 Wasser: Im Bezirk gibt es 30 Quellen, die je nach Jahreszeit 22.000 bis 27.000 Kubikmeter Wasser pro Tag liefern. Der Tagesbedarf liegt bei 40.000 Kubikmeter (Stand 2019).

Naturschutzgebiete, Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kilimandscharo: Der mit 5895 Meter höchste Gipfel Afrikas liegt im Distrikt Rombo. Bekannt ist der Aufstieg über die Nalemuru-Route, die durch den Distrikt führt.
 Kilimandscharo Nationalpark: Dieser 1668 Quadratkilometer große Nationalpark wurde 1987 zum UNESCO-Welterbe erklärt.
 Chala-See: An der Grenze zu Kenia liegt der See in einem 3 mal 2,4 Kilometer großen Krater, dessen Wände bis zu hundert Meter hoch aufragen. Neben endemisch vorkommenden Cichliden gibt es rund um den See 200 Vogelarten und verschiedene Affen.

Weblinks
 WEB-Page Rombo District
 Kilimanjaro Regional Profile

Einzelnachweise

Distrikt (Tansania)
Kilimandscharo (Region)

Rombo (Distrikt)


Kas sistemi canlıya hareket yeteneği sağlayan sistemdir. Kas sistemi omurgalılarda sinir sisteminin kontrolü altında olmasına rağmen bazı kaslar (örneğin kalp kası) tamamen otonom çalışabilir.

Kaslar
İnsan vücudunda üç çeşit kas bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; çizgili kas (ya da iskelet kası), düz kas ve kalp kasıdır.

Çizgili kas (iskelet kası)
İskelet kası, liflerden oluşmuş, hücre çekirdekleri hücre zarının hemen altında konumlanmış çok çekirdekli hücrelere sahiptir. Hücrelerinin içinde miyofibril adlı telcikler bulunur. Bu telcikler hücrenin içinde boydan boya uzanır. Her bir kas hücresinin içinde bulunan en küçük kasılma birimine sarkomer denir. Her bir sarkomer kalın miyozin ve ince aktin protein telciklerini içerir. Aktin filaman, miyozin üzerinde kaydığında kasılma gerçekleşir.
Bir iskelet kası eşik değeri üzerinde bir uyaran ile uyarıldığında her bir sarkomer koordineli olarak kasılmaya başlar. Kasılma için aksiyon potansiyelinin oluşması gerekir.
Kas hücreleri de enerjilerini tıpkı diğer hücreler gibi ATP'den elde ederler. Kas Hücreleri çok az ATP depolayabilir. Bu yüzden ADP dönüştürülerek harcanan her molekül, çabucak ATP'ye geri dönüştürülür. Kaslar aynı zamanda ek enerji desteği sağlayan kreatin fosfat adlı bir molekül depolarlar. Kreatin fosfat molekülünün yapısında bulunan fosfat, ADP'nin ATP'ye dönüştürülmesinde kullanılır.
Kas kasılmasında aynı zamanda Kalsiyum iyonları da gereklidir. Kalsiyum iyonları, kas hücresi kasılma uyarısı aldığında sarkoplazmik retikulumdan sarkomere salınır. Kalsiyum iyonları aktin proteininin miyozine bağlanarak kayması için gereklidir. Kasılma uyarısı bittiğinde kalsiyum iyonları sarkomerden sarkoplazmik retikuluma geri pompalanır.
İnsan vücudunda yaklaşık 639 iskelet kası bulunmaktadır.

Kalp kası
Kalp kası yapı bakımından çizgili kaslara benzese de kas liflerinin konumu itibarı ile bazı farklılıklar gösterir. Ayrıca tıpkı düz kaslar gibi insan kontrolü altında değildir.

Düz kas
Düz kaslar otonom sinir sistemi tarafından kontrol edilir. İstemsiz yapılan hareketlerin gerçekleşmesini sağlar. Bağırsak, mide, atardamar, toplardamar gibi organların yapısında bulunur. Sadece oksijenli solunum yaparlar. Miyoglobin içermezler. Kreatin fosfat metabolizmasını kullanmazlar. Depo şeker olarak glikojen sentezlemezler.

Kas sistemi


Bøler Station (Bøler stasjon) er en metrostation på Østensjøbanen på T-banen i Oslo. Stationen betjener satellitbyen Bøler sydøst for Oslo.

Historie
Stationen åbnede 20. juli 1958, da Østensjøbanen, der dengang var sporvej, blev forlænget hertil fra Oppsal. Sporvognene endte i en vendesløjfe med af- og påstigning på den side, der vendte mod nuværende General Ruges vei eller Ytre Ringvei. Ved den sydlige ende af den nuværende T-baneperron for tog mod centrum står der stadig et rødmalet hus, der i sin tid fungerede som stationsbygning med kiosk på sydsiden og opholdsrum for vognstyrere og konduktører i resten af bygningen. Mens bygningen var i brug, var den malet blå med hvide vinduesrammer.

I 1967 blev Østensjøbanen ombygget til T-bane og forlænget videre til Skullerud. I den forbindelse blev stationsrådet hegnet ind, kiosken nedlagt, vendesløjfen fjernet og den nedre del af Guristuveien, mod krydset Eterveien (eller den nyligt anlagte General Ruges vei) og Bølerlia, lukket.

Inde på det gamle sløjfeområdet står den første Don Quixote-skulptur, der blev flytter dertil fra området, hvor Bøler bad kom. Senere fik Bøler-kunstneren Fritz Røed til opgave at lave en ny Don Quixote-skulptur, der står oppe ved Bøler Senter. Under broen opsattes i 1973 udsmykningen "Gjenspeilng" af Bøler-kunstneren Irma Salo Jæger. Almindeligt hærværk og mangel på vedligeholdelse medførte imidlertid, at værket blev demonteret og fjernet i 1990.

Fra 7. april 2015 til 10. januar 2016 var stationen lukket, mens den blev opgraderet til metrostandard. I den forbindelse fik den en fuldstændig overhaling med universel standard, LED-belysning, seks adgangsveje og tydelig skiltning.

Eksterne henvisninger

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1958

Bøler Station


Aliciella, biljni rod iz porodice jurničevki (Polemoniaceae) raširen po zapadnim predjelima Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i sjeverozapadnog Meksika

Postoji dvadesetak vrsta od kojih je tipična rijetka jednogodišnja biljka Aliciella triodon, opisana prvi puta kao Gilia triodon Eastw.. Raste od Kalifornije do Novog Meksika i Colorada na istok, a lokalno je poznata kao coyote gilia.

Opis
Aliciella je citološki složen rod od 24 vrste trajnica, jednogodišnjih i dvogodišnjih biljaka koje stvaraju rozete endemičnih za zapadnu Sjevernu Ameriku. Iako je povijesno uključena u Giliju, molekularni podaci jasno pokazuju da Aliciella nije u srodstvu s Giliom; koji se javljaju u drugom plemenu (Gilieae). Morfološki, Aliciella se razlikuje od Gilie po tome što ima ovojnice sjemena koje ne stvaraju obilne sluzi kada se navlaže, a također ne proizvode antocianine u svojim žljezdanim trihomima (Porter 1998).

Aliciella heterostyla jedina je heterostilna vrsta porodice Polemoniaceae (Cochrane & Day 1994).

Filogenija
Na temelju morfoloških i molekularnih podataka Porter (1998.) je podijelio Aliciella u dva podroda (Aliciella i Gilmania). Podrod Aliciella sadrži dva odjeljka (Aliciella i Giliandra) s tim da odjeljak Aliciella sadrži dva pododjeljka (Aliciella i Subnudae). Noviji filogenetski dokazi doveli su u pitanje monofiliju sekcije Alicella (Rose & Sytsma 2021).

heterostilni

Vrste
 Aliciella caespitosa (A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella cliffordii J.M.Porter
 Aliciella formosa (Greene ex Brand) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella haydenii (A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella heterostyla (S.Cochrane & A.G.Day) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella humillima (Brand) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella hutchinsifolia (Rydb.) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella latifolia (S.Watson) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella leptomeria (A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella lottiae (A.G.Day) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella mcvickerae (M.E.Jones) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella micromeria (A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella monoensis J.M.Porter & A.G.Day
 Aliciella nyensis (Reveal) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella pentstemonoides (M.E.Jones) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella pinnatifida (Nutt. ex A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella ripleyi (Barneby) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella sedifolia (Brandegee) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella stenothyrsa (A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella subacaulis (Rydb.) J.M.Porter & L.A.Johnson
 Aliciella subnuda (Torr. ex A.Gray) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella tenuis (F.J.Sm. & Neese) J.M.Porter
 Aliciella triodon (Eastw.) Brand

Izvori

Jurničevke

Aliciella


Alberto Manzi (Roma, 3 de noviembre de 1924 - Pitigliano, 4 de diciembre de 1997), fue profesor de escuela, escritor y presentador de televisión italiana, conocido sobre todo por ser el presentador del programa televisivo "Non è mai troppo tardi" (nunca es demasiado tarde) retransmitido entre los años 1959 y 1968.

Biografía
Realizó estudios de marina antes de terminar sus estudios primarios en la universidad y llegó a cruzar simultáneamente tres carreras, biología, pedagogía y filosofía.

Trabajó como educador en una prisión de adolescentes de Roma antes de ejercer como profesor de escuela.

Fue escogido para presentar el programa televisivo "Non è mai troppo tardi", que lo convirtió en una celebridad y que le llevó a ser reconocido como una gran ayuda en la lucha social en contra de analfabetismo.

El programa televisivo retransmitía lecciones de la vida real en un aula de escuela primaria, con conceptos revolucionarios en los métodos didácticos en esos momentos (Manzi rompía los guiones que le eran entregados e improvisaba las lecciones).

Retransmitido durante casi una década, causó gran interés y relevancia social: se estima que casi millón y medio de espectadores fueron capaces de conseguir conocimientos similares a los adquiridos en la enseñanza primaria con estas innovadoras clases de aprendizaje a distancia, de hecho, llevó a cabo un segundo curso, siendo realizado éste por las tardes, teniendo lugar antes de la cena. Manzi utilizaba grandes lienzos de papel colocados sobre un trípode donde escribía, con la ayuda de un bastón de carbón, simples letras o palabras, siendo siempre acompañado de un dibujo poco atractivo como referencia. En otros casos utilizaba un proyector (algo muy impresionante para esos tiempos). La ERI (editorial de la RAI) publicaba los materiales auxiliares para las lecciones, como cuadernos o facsímiles.

Una vez finalizado el programa y tras algunas breves y esporádicas apariciones en radio y televisión con temas relacionados con la educación, Manzi se dedica a la enseñanza a tiempo completo, apareciendo de vez en cuando en campañas de alfabetización para extranjeros del italiano.

En Roma y otras ciudades italianas se fundaron varias escuelas con el nombre de Alberto Manzi, dedicadas en su honor.

Fue alcalde de Pitigliano del partido Izquierda Democrática entre los años 1995 y 1997.

También publicó varias novelas, de las cuales la más famosa de es Orzowei (1955), de la que se extrajo una serie televisiva para la "Tv dei ragazzi" (una cadena especialmente para niños ya desaparecida.

Bibliografía
 E venne il sabato, Ediciones Gorée, (ISBN 88-89605-00-6)
 El Loco, Ediciones Gorée, (ISBN 88-89605-17-0)
 Gugù, Ediciones Gorée, (ISBN 88-89605-06-5)
 La luna nelle baracche, Ediciones Gorée, (ISBN 88-89605-10-3)
 Orzowei collana "Classici illustrati", 2006,
 Grogh, storia di un castoro, BUR Biblioteca Univ. Rizzoli, 2011 (ISBN 8817000302)
 Tupiriglio, BUR Biblioteca Univ. Rizzoli, 2011 (ISBN 8817000310)

Bibliografía sobre Alberto Manzi
 Daniele Giancane (1975), Alberto Manzi o il fascino dell'infanzia, Milano, Rino Fabbri Editore.
 Roberto Farné (a cura di) TV buona maestra? La lezione di Alberto Manzi, documentario, ita 1997, 25 min. Regia di Luigi Zanolio, produzione Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Educazione - Università di Bologna.
 Roberto Farné (2003), Buona maestra TV. La RAI e l'educazione da "Non è mai troppo tardi" a "Quark", Roma, Carocci.
 Francesco Genitoni e Ernesto Tuliozi (a cura di) (2007), Non è mai troppo tardi. Alberto Manzi: storia di un maestro, consulenza scientifica di Roberto Farné, Catalogo della mostra prodotta da Festivalfilosofia, Comune di Carpi (MO)
 Roberto Farné (2008), Comunicazione educativa. Le sfide e il futuro. Editoriale della mostra dedicata a Alberto Manzi, in: Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica, Università degli Studi di Bologna, v. 3, in Internet:
 Roberto Farné (2008), Alberto Manzi: non è mai troppo tardi per ricordarlo, in: Janus. Medicina, cultura, culture, 29, pp. 121-125.
 Roberto Farné (2011), Alberto Manzi. L'avventura di un maestro, Bologna, Bononia University Press.

Profesores de Italia
Escritores de Italia del siglo XX
Nacidos en Roma
Fallecidos en Pitigliano

Alberto Manzi


Tony, nom de scène de Manfred Oberdörffer, (né le  à Hambourg) est un chanteur allemand.

Biographie
Oberdörffer se fait connaître d'abord sous le nom de Tony ou Tony Tornado comme un chanteur de beat et de rock. Il fait partie du groupe Die Tonics dans les années 1960. À partir de cette époque, il fait des enregistrements avec le groupe The Automatic Blues Inc., sous le nom de "Leadsinger Jerry Blow", un autre pseudonyme d'Oberdörffer. Ils sont publiés par label allemand Europa, qui, entre autres, s'est spécialisé dans la production de disques bon marché avec des groupes sans nom qui sont principalement vendus dans les grands magasins. Au début des années 1970, il passe à la musique pop et obtient quelques succès, avec lesquels il fait notamment des apparitions au ZDF-Hitparade. Entre 1969 et 1977, il fait un total de 13 apparitions dans cette émission. La première est le  avec Dynamite Woman, la dernière est le  avec Der nächste Sommer kommt bestimmt. Son premier album Mädchen mit roten Haaren paraît chez Philipps en 1972. Il cesse de publier régulièrement des singles à partir du milieu des années 1970 et se contente de quelques compositions pour d'autres artistes schlager comme Die Flippers ou Nicole. Il tente de se relancer en participant au concours pour représenter l'Allemagne au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 1978 avec Mädchen wie Helena, chanson qu'il a écrite, mais finit neuvième des quinze présentations au public.

En 1991, il fonde le groupe Tony und die Strandpiraten avec Karsten Runge (), qui avait connu le succès avec le trio Muskelkater à la fin des années 1970, et Ronald David (). Il agit en tant que "Käpt'n". Le groupe participe au concours de chansons de Basse-Saxe Lieder so schön wie der Norden en 1991 ; cependant, leur chanson Lüd vunne Woderkant est seulement treizième. Néanmoins, le groupe est invité à des programmes musicaux les années suivantes, notamment dans le nord de l'Allemagne.

Discographie
Albums
 1972 : Mädchen mit roten Haaren
 Einfach verrückt
 St. Pauli Polonaise

Singles
 1968 : Tausend Rosarote Pfeile
 1969 : Dynamite Woman
 1970 : Nuevo Laredo
 1971 : Ich bin ein Mann
 1971 : Hey, heut Nacht
 1971 : Mädchen mit roten Haaren
 1972 : Mädchen, du hast mich verliebt angesehn
 1972 : Laß das!
 1972 : Fräulein Annette
 1972 : Carnaval New Orleans
 1972 : Roly Poly
 1973 : Wer hat noch Geld (Sands of Sahara)
 1974 : Mein letztes Geld geb ich für Blumen aus
 1974 : Ich denk' an Annie
 1975 : Komm mal raus, Renate
 1977 : Der nächste Sommer kommt bestimmt
 1978 : Kleine Mädchen müssen früher schlafen gehn

Références

Liens externes

Source de la traduction

Chanteur de schlager allemand
Naissance en mai 1944
Naissance à Hambourg
Nom de scène
Naissance dans le Troisième Reich

Tony (chanteur)


Grabtown est une communauté non constituée en société du comté de Johnston en Caroline du Nord, aux États-Unis.

Grabtown est située à  au sud-est de Smithfield. Elle est incluse dans la région métropolitaine de Raleigh-Durham.

Personnalité notable
 Ava Gardner (1922–1990), actrice américaine née à Grabtown.

Notes et références

Article connexe

Caroline du Nord

Grabtown (Caroline du Nord)


Julian Junca, né le  à Prades (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), est un gardien de but professionnel français et espagnol de hockey sur glace.

Biographie
Son père est espagnol et sa mère est française.

Carrière en club
Il a débuté le hockey sur glace au CG Puigcerdà avant de rejoindre les équipes de jeunes des Diables rouges de Briançon pendant cinq ans. Lors de la saison 2015-2016, il intègre l'équipe première des Diables rouges qui évolue en Ligue Magnus et est la doublure du suédois Sebastian Idoff où il est amené à jouer plusieurs rencontres au sein d'une équipe en difficulté sportive finalement reléguée en division 1 à l'issue de la saison.

En 2016, il rejoint les Brûleurs de loups de Grenoble et évolue chez les juniors pendant deux saisons. En parallèle, en 2017-2018, il porte les couleurs des Grizzlys de Vaujany dans la Division 2.

En 2018, il retrouve la Ligue Magnus chez les Boxers de Bordeaux où il est la doublure de Clément Fouquerel.

En 2020, il signe chez les Rapaces de Gap, où il est en concurrence avec Jimmy Darier au cours de la saison 2021, et s'impose définitivement comme le titulaire à partir de la saison 2022.

Julian Junca et les Gap s'incline en finale de la Coupe de France 2022 contre Angers 5-4 après prolongation et en 2023 3-2 face à Grenoble.

En 2023, il remporte le trophée Jean-Ferrand remis au meilleur gardien du championnat de France.

Durant l'été 2023, il signe aux Oilers de Tulsa dans l'ECHL. Début octobre, il est mis à l'essai par les Wolves de Chicago dans la Ligue américaine de hockey puis décroche un contrat le 24 octobre.

Carrière internationale
Il représente la France au niveau international.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

|-
| 2015-2016 || Diables rouges de Briançon || Ligue Magnus || 7 || 0 || 7 || 395 || 36 || 5,47 || 81,6 || || 0 || 2 || 0 || 1 || || || 12,00 || 55,6 || ||
|-
| 2016-2017 || Brûleurs de loups de Grenoble || Ligue Magnus || 0 || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Les Grizzlys de Vaujany || Division 2 || 17 || 5 || 11 || || || 4,02 || || || || 2 || || || || || 5,50 || || ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Boxers de Bordeaux || Ligue Magnus || 10 || 1 || 5 || 447 || 18 || 2,42 || 91,8 || || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || || || 2,16 || 90,5 || || 0
|-
| 2019-2020 || Boxers de Bordeaux || Ligue Magnus || 12 || 5 || 5 || 629 || 42 || 4,00 || 89,2 || || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || || || 2,10 || 90,0 || ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Rapaces de Gap || Ligue Magnus || 20 || 12 || 8 || 1161 || 42 || 2,17 || 92,3 || || 0 || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || Rapaces de Gap || Ligue Magnus || 35 || 14 || 14 ||  ||  || 2,74 || 91 || 1 ||  || 6 || 0 ||1  ||  ||  || 2,54 ||92,1  ||0  ||
|-
| 2022-2023 || Rapaces de Gap || Ligue Magnus ||39 || 17 || 16 ||  ||  || 2,64 || 92,1 ||3 ||  || 5|| || || || || 4,64|| 82,8||0 ||

En équipe de France

|-
| 2016 || Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans || 0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 2018 || Championnat du monde junior || 3 || 0 || 2 || || || 2,77 || 92,6 || ||

Récompenses
 Trophée Jean-Ferrand : 2023

Notes et références

Joueur des Rapaces de Gap
Joueur des Boxers de Bordeaux
Joueur du Grenoble métropole hockey 38
Joueur des Diables rouges de Briançon
Gardien de but de hockey sur glace
Joueur international français de hockey sur glace
Joueur espagnol de hockey sur glace
Naissance en février 1998
Naissance à Prades (Pyrénées-Orientales)

Julian Junca


Gibraltar — território ultramarino britânico no sul da Península Ibérica
Gibraltar (Michigan) — cidade dos Estados Unidos
Campo de Gibraltar — comarca espanhola
Reino de Gibraltar — estado muçulmano medieval da Península Ibérica
Estreito de Gibraltar — estreito que liga o mar Mediterrâneo ao oceano Atlântico

Desambiguações de topônimos

Gibraltar (desambiguação)


بلدية سان بارتولومي دي بيخار (بالإسبانية: San Bartolomé de Béjar) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية سان بارتولومي دي بيخار 49 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية سان بارتولومي دي بيخار

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

سان بارتولومي دي بيخار


A Temporada da PLK de 2020–21, também conhecida como Energa Basket Liga por motivos de patrocinadores, foi a 88ª edição da principal competição da modalidade no país. O Arged BM Slam Stal Ostrów Wielkopolski defendeu seu título nacional.

Participantes

Temporada regular

Classificação Temporada Regular

Resultados

Playoffs

Confrontos

Quartas de final

Semifinal

Decisão de terceiro colocado

Final

Premiação

Copa da Polônia - Lublin 2022

A fase aguda da Copa da Polônia em 2022 foi novamente em Lublin entre os dias 17 e 18 de fevereiro.

Premiação

Supercopa da Polônia de 2021

Premiação

2022 no basquetebol
Liga Polonesa de Basquetebol

Temporada da PLK de 2021-22


Edmond Fayçal Tapsoba (Ouagadougou, 2 de fevereiro de 1999) é um futebolista burquinês que joga como zagueiro. Atualmente defende o .

Vida pessoal
Na infância, Tapsoba costumava faltar à escola para jogar futebol nas ruas. Já como profissional, passou a ser empresariado pelo ex-jogador Deco.

Em 2020, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, doou máscaras, luvas e álcool para um mercado na capital de Burquina Fasso.

Carreira
Atuou por Salitas FC e US Ouagadougou em seu país, e entre 2017 e 2020 defendeu Leixões (não jogou nenhuma partida) e Vitória de Guimarães, onde alternou entre os times B e principal.

Em janeiro de 2020, assinou por 5 temporadas e meia com o  por 18 milhões de euros, fazendo seu primeiro gol pelo clube apenas em fevereiro de 2021, contra o Augsburg.

Carreira internacional
A primeira partida de Tapsoba pela seleção de Burquina Fasso foi em agosto de 2016, num amistoso contra o Uzbequistão.

Convocado para a Copa das Nações Africanas de 2021, ficou de fora da estreia contra Camarões, sendo substituído por Patrick Malo. Voltou ao time na partida contra Cabo Verde, atuando em todos os minutos na campanha dos Garanhões no torneio desde então.

Estilo de jogo
Comparado a Jérôme Boateng por sua velocidade, força, precisão nos passes e compostura, o zagueiro também é conhecido por sua habilidade em fazer gols (principalmente em cobranças de pênalti). Entre suas inspirações no futebol, citou John Stones, Virgil van Dijk e Per Mertesacker

Links
 Perfil de Edmond Tapsoba - OGol.com.br

Futebolistas de Burquina Fasso
Futebolistas do Vitória Sport Clube
Futebolistas do Bayer 04 Leverkusen
Jogadores da Seleção Burquinense de Futebol
Naturais de Uagadugu
Jogadores do Campeonato Africano das Nações de 2021

Edmond Tapsoba


Grand Prix de Fourmies 2018 var den 86. udgave af cykelløbet Grand Prix de Fourmies. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 2. september 2018. Det blev vundet af tyske Pascal Ackermann fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Magnus Cort kørte for
 Jonas Gregaard kørte for
 Mikkel Frølich Honoré kørte for
 Mads Pedersen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Grand Prix de Fourmies 2018


විජිතපුර සටන දුටුගැමුණු රජු විසින් දකුණු ඉන්දියානු එළාර නම් සොලී ආක්‍රමනයට එරෙහිව දියත් කරන ලද තිරණාත්මක සටනක් විය.එළාර ආක්‍රමණිකයගෙන් නැවත රට මුදාගැනීමට සටන දියත් කිරීමෙන් පසු විජිතපුරයට පැමිණීමට පෙර දුටුගැමුණු රජු විසින් එළාරගේ ශක්තිමත් බලකොටු කිහිපයක් අත්පත් කරගන්නා ලදී. මාස හතරක නොනවතින සටනේ රජුගේ සේනාව සහ රාජකීය ඇතා මෙහිදී විශේෂ කාර්යක් ඉටු කරන ලදී. රජුගේ දස මහා යෝධයින් ගැන ඉපැරණි වංශකථාවන්හි පැහැදිලිව සදහන් කර ඇති අතර ඔවුන් යුද්ධයට සමබන්ද වීමට පෙර එකිනෙකා කරන ලද විවිධ අපහසු සහ රසවත් සිදුවීම්ද දක්වා ඇත.

එළාරගේ මරණය සහ සේනාවන්හි පරාජයත් සමග දුටුගැමුණු රජුට ජයග්‍රහණය ලැබීමෙන් අනතුරුව සටන අවසන් වූ අතර එම සටන සිදුවූ ප්‍රදේශය නිශ්චිතව හදුනාගත නොහැකි වුවත්  යම් යම් ප්‍රදේශ විජිතපුරය යැයි ඉතිහාසඥයන් විසින් අනුමාන කර ඇත. ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ඉතිහාසයේ වැදගත් සිදුවීමක් ලෙස මෙය සදහන් වී ඇති අතර මෑත කාලීනව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැවති සිවිල් යුද්ධය සමයේ රටේ ජනතාවට නිතර සිහියට නැගුණු සිදුවීමක් ද විය.

වාර්තා

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැරණි වංශකථා වන මහාවංශය, දීපාවලිය,රාජාවලිය සහ ථුපවංශය යන ඉපැරණි වංශකථාවන්හි එළාරට එරෙහිව දුටුගැමුණු රජුගේ සටන තොරතුරු සහිතව සදහන් වී ඇත.එම සෑම සටහනකම මෙම සිදුවීම විස්තර කර ඇති අතර එයට ඉහල වටිනාකමක්ද එක් කර ඇත. රට තුල නැවත බුද්ධ ධර්මය පිහිටුවීමේ අරමුණින් මෙම සටන දියත් වු නිසා එය ධාර්මික සටනක් ලෙසද දැක්විය හැකි අතර එම නිසා දුටුගැමුණු රජු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉතිහාසය තුල වීරවරයෙක් ලෙස සලකයි.

පසුබිම

එකල  එළාර අනුරාධපුරය පාලනය කල  රජු විය.ඔහු දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි චෝල අධිරාජ්‍ය ජාතික පාලකයෙක් වූ අතර අසේල නම් සිංහල රජු පරාජය කිරීමෙන් රටේ බලය අල්ලා ගන්නා ලදී. ආක්‍රමණයක් සිදුවුවත් එළාර බුද්ධ ධර්මයට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වු පාලකයෙක් විය. රටේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශ මෙම  එළාර රජුගේ පාලනයට යටත් වූ අතර නමුත් රුහුණු ප්‍රදේශය කාවන්තිස්ස නම් සිංහල රජු පාලනය කල අතර එම නිසා ඔහු එළාරගේ ප්‍රධාන සතුරා විය. දුටුගැමුණු යනු කාවන්තිස්ස රජුගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයා විය.

කාවන්තිස්ස රජුගේ වියෝවත් සමග දුටුගැමුණු රුහුණේ පාලකයා බවට පත්විය.දුටුගැමුණු යලි රට තුල බුදු දහම පිහිටුවීමේ අදිටනින් එළාරට එරෙහි සටන දියත් කල අතර මාගම සිට මහවැලි  ගඟ හරහා පැමිණ එළාර යටතේ පාලනය වූ බලකොටු සහ නගර අල්ලාගනිමින් ඔහුගේ සේනාවේ සිටි ඉහල නායකයන් ඝාතනය කරන ලදි.  එහිදී එළාර යටතේ සිටි බොහෝ පිරිස දෙමළ ජාතිකයන් වූ අතර දිඝබය නම් දුටුගැමුණු රජුගේ ඥාති සහෝදරයෙක් එළාර සමග එක්වු බව ඉතිහාසයේ සදහන් වේ.

විජිතපුර

මෙම ජයග්‍රහණයන් සමග දුටුගැමුණුගේ සේනාව ඉතා වැදගත් බලකොටුවක් වන විජිතපුරය අල්ලාගැනිමට යොමු විය.  සීගිරිය සහ මින්නේරිය අතර වූ මාවතකට දුටුගැමුණුගේ සේනාව ස්ථාන ගතවූ අතර එම මාවත ලංකාවේ තවත් පැරණි ශ්‍රේෂ්ට පාලකයෙක් වන පණ්ඩුකාභය රජු යුද කටයුතු සදහා යොදාගත් ප්‍රදේශයක් විය.

ආසන්න වශයෙන් අවුරුදු 300 කට පෙර පඩුවස්දේව රජුගේ මස්සිනා විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද විජිතපුරය මහාවංශයේ සදහන් වන්නේ විජිත නගර යන නමිනි. එළාර සමයේ විජිතපුරය ඔහුගේ ශක්තිමත් බලිකෘත බලකොටුවක් විය.ඉතිහාසයේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි එම බලකොටුව ප්‍රාකාර තුනකින් වටවී තිබී ඇති අතර එම එක් ප්‍රාකර බිත්තියක උස රියන් 18 වූ බව කියවේ. බලකොටුවේ උතුරු, දකුණු, නැගෙනහිර සහ බස්නාහිර යන දිසා හතරෙහි යකඩ වලින් නිමවන ලද ශක්තිමත් ගේට්ටු හතරක් තිබී ඇත. රාජාවලියේ විස්තර ඇති පරිදි විජිතපුරය දෙවන වන්නේ අනුරාධපුරයට පමණි.

විජිතපුර බලය දෙපාර්ශවයටම තීරණාත්මක විය.බලකොටුවෙහි බලය අහිමිවීම එළාරගේ සේනාවන්ගේ දිරිය සුන් කිරීමක් විය. විජිතපුර නගරයේ බලය අල්ලා ගැනීම යනු දුටුගැමුණුගේ සේනාවේ අනුරාධපුරය අල්ලා ගැනීම වේගවත් කිරීමකි.

වටලෑම

යම් යම් ප්‍රදේශයන්හි ඇතිවූ දරුණු සටන් වලින් පරාජයවූ එළාරගේ සේනාව ජීවිත ආරක්ෂාව සහ නැවතත් ශක්තිමත් වීමේ අරමුණින් විජිතපුරය කරා පසු බැස ගියහ. නමුත් ජයග්‍රාහී දුටුගැමුණුගේ සේනාව එම බලකොටුව ආසන්නයටද පැමිණ කදවුරු බැදගන්නා ලදී. එම කදවුරුලාගත් ප්‍රදේශය පසුව බනදාවර පිත්ති හෝ කදවුරුපිටිය ලෙස හැදින්වුයේය. ඔවුන් ස්ථානගතවීමෙන් අනතුරුව බලකොටුව වෙත පහරදීම් සිදුකල අතර එළාරගේ සේනාවද සටන ඔවුන්ගේ පාර්ශවය දෙසට හරවා ගැනීමට සටන් කල අතර නමුත් දෙපාර්ශවයටම එය ඉටුකර ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය. මාස හතරක කාලයක් නගරය ආසන්නව කදවුරුලා සිටීමෙන් අනතුරුව නැවතත් බලකොටුව අල්ලාගැනීමට දුටුගැමුණුගේ සියළුම සේනාවෝ එක්ව සැලසුම් සහගත දැවැන්ත පහරදීමකට යොමු විය. එහිදී රජුගේ දසමහා යෝධයින් සහ සේනා සංවිධායකවරුන් ඉතා සුවිශේෂී කාර්යක් සටනේදී ඉටුකර ඇත.

රණශූර පරික්ෂාව

සටනට පෙර දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා විසින් රණශූරයින්ගේ දක්ෂතාවයන් පරික්ෂාවට ලක්කර ගැනීමට කරනලද විවිධ පරීක්ෂණ ඉපැරණි වංශකතා ගෙනහැර දක්වයි. ඉන් පලමු පරීක්ෂණය ලෙස රා කල්දේරමක් පානය කලහැකි අයෙක් මේ අතර සිටින්නෙදැයි විමසු විට සියළු දෙනා එය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කල අතර නමුත් සුරනිමල  යෝධයා ඉදිරියට පැමිණ එම රා කල්දේරම කිසිදු අපහාසුතාවයකින් තොරව පානය කර ඇත.දෙවන පරීක්ෂණය සේනාවේ අණදෙන්නාවූ නන්දමිත්‍ර යෝධයා වෙත විය. දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා ළග කණ්ඩුල නම් රාජකීය ඇතෙක් විය.කණ්ඩුල ඇතා කෝපාවිෂ්ට කර නන්දමිත්‍ර සමග සටනට යොමු කරනලද අතර නන්දමිත්‍ර කණ්ඩුල ඉදිරියේ සිටගත් අතර ඔහු ඇතාගේ දළ දෙකෙන් අල්ලා ඉහලට උස්සා දළ දෙකෙන්ම පොලවේ ගැසුවේය.මේ සියලුදේ අවසානයේ දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා යුධබෙර නාදය හා ධජ ඉහලට එසවීමෙන් අනතුරුව විජිතපුරයට පහරදීම ආරම්භ කලේය.

අවසන් පහරදීම

දුටුගැමුණුගේ සේනාව එකවරම නගරයේ ගේට්ටු හතර අක්‍රමණය කලේය. ඔහු නන්දමිත්‍ර, සුරනිමල සහ කන්ඩුල ඇතා සමග ප්‍රධාන පහරදීම දකුණු ගේට්ටුව දෙසට දියත් කරන අතරතුර භරණ, කච්චදේව, ඵුස්සදේව සහ ලාභියවසභ පෙරටුකරගත් සේනාව උතුරු සහ බටහිර ගේට්ටු දෙසට ප්‍රහාර දියත් කලේය. මහසෝන, ගෝඨයිම්බර, ථේරපුත්තාභය සහ වේළුසුමන එක්ව නැගෙනහිර ගේට්ටු වෙත පහරදුනි. වේළුසුමනගේ අශ්වාරෝහක සටන දැක සහ සේනාව නැගෙනහිර ගේට්ටුව දෙසට දියත් කල  මෙහෙයුමෙන් ගේට්ටුවේ ආරක්ෂකයන් බියවී ගේට්ටුව අත්හැර පලාගියේය.

එළාරගේ සේනාව පවුරේ උඩ සිට පවුරු බිත්තිය බිදීමට දරණ සෑම ප්‍රයත්නයකදීම ඉහල සිට උණු කරන ලද යකඩ පහල සිටින සේනාව දෙසට විසිකරන අතරතුර ඔහුගේ දුනු හේවායින් පවුරේ සිට ඊතල විදිමින් ඔවුන් දෙසට එන ආක්‍රමණය වැලැක්වීමට දැඩි ප්‍රයත්නයක් දැරුවේය. දකුණු ගේට්ටුව බිද දැමීමට කන්ඩුල ඇතා ප්‍රයත්න දරන අතරතුර එවන් ප්‍රහාරකට ඇතා ලක්වූයේය. තුවාලවලට ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමෙන් හා ඝන සමකින් ඇතාගේ සම ආවරණය කරමින් පසු දුටුගැමුණු රජතුමා පවුර බිද දමන ලෙස ඇතාට විදානය කලේය. එය බිද දැමීමත් සමග නගරයට ඇතුලුවූ දුටුගැමුණුගේ හමුදාව විජිතපුරය බලකොටුව අල්ලා ගත්තේය. මෙහිදී දසමහා යෝධයින් කල කාර්ය සුවිශේෂිය. ඔවුන්ද පවුරු බිත්තිය තැන් කිහිපයකින් බිද දමා නගරයට අතුල්වී එළාරගේ හමුදාවට දැඩි ප්‍රහාරයක් දියත් කලේය. නගරය අත්හල  එළාරගේ සේනාව අනුරාධපුරය දෙසට පලාගියේය.

ජයග්‍රහණය

විජිතපුර ජයග්‍රහණය අනුරාධපුරය අල්ලා ගැනීමේ සටන වේගවත් කලේය.ඉන් අනතුරුව තවත් ශක්තිමත් බලකොටු දෙකක් අල්ලාගනිමින් සටන අනුරාධපුරය දෙසට ලගාවූ අතර එහිදී දුටුගැමුණු එල්ලකරන ලද එක පහරකින් එළාර මියගිය අතර ඒ සමගම දුටුගැමුණු අනුරාධපුරයෙහි පමනක් නොව ලක් දිවයිනෙහිම පාලකයා බවට පත්විය.

වර්තමානය

විජිතපුර සටන ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ ඉතා සුවිශේෂී සිදුවීමක් වන අතර රට තුල නැවත බුදු දහම පිහිටුවීමේ සටනේ ඉතා තීරනාත්මක සිද්ධියකි. විජිතපුර නගරයේ නියම පිහිටි ස්ථානය.කලවැව යන  ප්‍රදේශය ආසන්න වශයෙන් විජිතපුරය වියහැකි යැයි පුරාවිදාඥයන් ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. තවද හමුදාව කඩු ගෑ ගලක් පන්සල ආසන්නයේ අදටද දැකගත හැක.ඉපැරණි බලකොටුවකින් හමුවූ නටබුන් වලි

න් ඉතිහාසඥයන් හා පුරාවිදයාඥයන් මෙය පොලොන්නරුවට ආසන්න කදුරුවෙල නම් ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා තිබෙන්නට ඇතයි විශ්වාස කරයි.

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සම්බන්ධිත ගැටුම්
පුරාතන සටන් යුගයන්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යුදමය ඉතිහාසය

විජිතපුර සටන


Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali 2019 var den 34. udgave af det italienske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 27. til 31. marts 2019. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2019 og var i kategorien 2.1. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev australske Lucas Hamilton fra . Danske Alexander Kamp fra  vandt løbets pointtrøje.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Matti Breschel kørte for
Mathias Norsgaard Jørgensen kørte for
Alexander Kamp kørte for
Rasmus Quaade kørte for
Mikkel Bjerg kørte for

Etaperne

1a. etape

1b. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

UCI Europe Tour 2019
2019


Mette Knudsen har flere betydninger:

 Mette Knudsen – en dansk filminstuktør
 Mette Knudsen (diplomat) – en dansk diplomat
 Mette Hjort Knudsen – en dansk håndboldspiller

Mette Knudsen (flertydig)


Onthophagus tabidus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Balthasar em 1935.

Referências

Ligações externas

tabidus
Coleópteros descritos em 1935

Onthophagus tabidus


La Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas designó el 1.º de octubre el Día Internacional de las Personas de Edad.

Día Internacional de las Personas de Edad 2023

El 14 de diciembre de 1990, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en la Resolución 45/106, designó el 1.º de octubre como el Día Internacional de las Personas de Edad.

Principios de las Naciones Unidas en favor de las personas de edad

Los Principios de las Naciones Unidas en favor de las personas de edad fueron aprobados por resolución 46/91 de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas de fecha 16 de diciembre de 1991. Alientan a los gobiernos a que introduzcan en sus programas nacionales cada vez que sea posible los principios a favor de las personas de edad.

Los derechos de los adultos mayores más vulnerados en Iberoamérica son: Cuidado, Toma de conciencia, Salud, Seguridad socia, discriminación, maltrato y trabajo.

En países de Latinoamérica los adultos mayores son protegidos de los abusos por leyes.

Días internacionales anteriores

Véase también

 Decenio del Envejecimiento Saludable (2020-2030)
 Año Internacional de las Personas de Edad (1999)
 Día Mundial de Toma de Conciencia del Abuso y Maltrato en la Vejez (15 junio)
 Día Mundial de la Población (11 julio)
 Día Internacional de la Cobertura Sanitaria Universal (12 diciembre)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial del Día Internacional de las Personas de Edad

Personas
Tercera edad
Introducciones de 1990


Robert Stack (født Charles Langford Modini Stack 13. januar 1919, død 14. maj 2003) var en amerikansk skuespiller, sportsmand og tv-vært. Udover at optræde i mere end 40 spillefilm, spillede han i ABC-tv-serien The Untouchables (1959-63), som han vandt 1960 Emmy Award for bedste skuespiller i en dramaserie og senere vært vært for Unsolved Mysteries ( 1987-2002). Han blev også nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle for sin præstation i filmen Dårskabens timer (1956).

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Los Angeles
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere
Emmy-vindere

Robert Stack


Ambongia, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice primogovki, smješten u tribus Justicieae. Jedina vrsta je  A. perrieri, madagaskarski endem.

Izvori

Justicieae

Ambongia


Folgend die Ergebnisse und Platzierungen bei den Commonwealth Games 1982 im Herreneinzel im Badminton.

Ergebnisse

Endstand

Weblinks
 Medaillengewinner der Commonwealth Games
 thecgf.com

1982
Badminton
Badminton 1982
Badmintonwettbewerb in Brisbane

Commonwealth Games 1982/Badminton (Herreneinzel)


Lista de metropolitas de Ungro-Valáquia (até a reorganização de 1990, depois de Muntênia e Dobruja).

Metropolitas da Ungro-Valáquia

 Jacinto (1359-1372);
 Caritônio (1372-1381);
 Anfim (1381-1394?);
 Atanásio (1394 - ?);
 Teodoro I (?—?);
 José (1462-1474?);
 Macário I (1477-1490);
 Ilarião I (1490/92-1501/02);
 Maximo (1503-1508);
 Macário II (1512-1520);
 Metrofanes (1520-1521);
 Ilarião II (1521-1524);
 Metrofanes (1524-1536);
 Barlaão (1536-1544);
 Ananias (1544-1558);
 Simeão (1558-1560);
 Efraim (1560-1566);
 Daniel (1566-1568);
 Eutímio I (1568-1577);
 Serafim (1577-1585);
 Miguel I (1585-1589/90);
 Nicéforo (1589/90-1594/1595);
 Eufêmio II (1594/95-1595);
 Miguel II (1595-1603);
 Jeremias (1603-1605);
 Lucas (1605-1629);
 Gregório (1629-1637);
 Feófilo (1637-1648);
 Estêvão I (1648-1653);
 Inácio (1653-1655);
 Estevão I (1659-1668) - Segunda vez;
 Teodósio (1668-1672);
 Barlaão II (1672 - 1679);
 Teodósio (1679 - 1708) - Segunda vez;
 Anfim (1708 - 1716);
 Metrofanes II (1716-1719);
 Daniel II (1719-1732);
 Estêvão II (1732 - 1738);
 Neófito (1738-1754);
 Filareto I (1754 - julho de 1760);
 Gregório II (28 de julho de 1760-1770);
 Gregório III (1770-1774);
 Gregório II (1774 - 1787);
 Cosmas (1787 - 1792);
 Filareto II (1792 - 1793);
 Dositeu (1793 - 1810);
 Inácio II (1810 - 1812);
 Nectário (1812 - 1819);
 Dionísio (Lupu) (1819-1823);
 Gregório IV (Dascal) (1823 - 1829);
 Neófito (1829 - 1833).
 Gregório IV (Daskal) (1833 - 1834);
 Neófito (1834-1840).
 Neofito (Yanoglu) (1840 - 1849);
 Nifonte (Rusaile) (1850 - 1865).

Metropolitas da Ungro-Valáquia - Primazes de Toda a Romênia

 Nifonte (1850–1875);
 Calinico (1875–1886);
 José (1886–1893);
 Genádio (1893–1896);
 José (1896–1909) - Reimpossado;
 Atanásio (1909–1911);
 Conon (1912–1919);
 Miron (1919–1925).

Metropolitas da Ungro-Valáquia - Patriarcas de Toda a Romênia

 Miron (1925–1939);
 Nicodim (1939–1948);
 Justiniano (1948–1977);
 Justino (1977–1986);
 Teoctista (1986–2007).

Metropolitas da Muntenia e Dobruja - Patriarcas de Toda a Romênia

 Teoctista (1986–2007);
 Daniel (2007-).

Referências
Listas de cristianismo
Cristianismo na Romênia
Igreja Ortodoxa Romena

Lista de metropolitas da Ungro-Valáquia


Die Scharnhorststraße in der Kreisstadt Düren (Nordrhein-Westfalen) ist eine Innerortsstraße im Siedlungsbereich Grüngürtel.

Lage

Die Straße verläuft in gerader Linie von der Merzenicher Straße bis zur Brückenstraße.

Angrenzende Bauten

An der Straße Scharnhorststraße liegen viele denkmalgeschützte Gebäude, die Häuser Scharnhorststraße 143 bis 151.

Im Bereich Grüngürtel/Scharnhorststraße steht die Antonius-Kirche.

Geschichte

Der Stadtrat beschloss am 5. Oktober 1911 einstimmig die Benennung nach Gerhard von Scharnhorst, preußischer General.

Siehe auch

 Liste der Straßen in Düren

Quellen

 Josef Geuenich: Die Dürener Straßennamen, Düren 1965, herausgegeben von der Stadt Düren und dem Dürener Geschichtsverein

Urbaner Freiraum in Düren
Straße in Düren
Gerhard von Scharnhorst als Namensgeber

Scharnhorststraße (Düren)


السياحة الدينية من أقدم أنواع السياحة والهدف منها هو القيام بشعائر دينية كما هو الحال عند المسلمين من حج والعمرة، كذلك الترويح والتوسعة على أفراد الأسرة كما ورد في تعاليم الإسلام.

وفي الشق الإسلامي من السياحة الدينية، فقد دعت العديد من الشخصيات الإسلامية إلى ضرورة تطوير برامج سياحية بمقاييس إسلامية، ففي هذا الصدد أشار الحبيب علي الجفري إلى الاشكاليات التي تواجهها السياحة الإسلامية اليوم، حيث أن تصرفات الشعوب والحكومات لا تنطلق من دراسات معمقة فيما يخص هذا الموضوع الذي وصفه بالبالغ الأهمية، داعيًا في ذات الوقت إلى تجذير الصلة بين الخطاب الإسلامي وواقع السياحة، كما أشار صفوت حجازي إلى أن الدين الإسلامي فيه الكثير من السعة والفسحة والمحبة، لذا فإنه اعتبر قضية السياحة الإسلامية ذات أهمية.

مناطق جذب للسياحة الدينية عند المسلمين
 مكة
 المدينة
 القدس
 دمشق
 القاهرة
 فاس
 القيروان
 إسطنبول
 اليمن
 النجف
 دسوق
 بغداد
 ماليزيا
 الإسكندرية
 حلب
 الرباط
 مشهد
 تونس
 جدة
 قم
 تلمسان
 كربلاء
 سامراء

السياحة الدينية في مصر
من أكثر مدن العالم للسياحة يوجد بمصر سياحة دينية كبيرة منها:
 جامع عمرو بن العاص: يقع جامع عمرو بن العاص بالفسطاط بحي مصر القديمة، وهو أول جامع بني بمصر بعد أن فتحها عمرو بن العاص سنة 20 للهجرة الموافق سنة 641 ميلاديا. بني هذا الجامع سنة 21 هجريا الموافق 641 ميلاديا وكان عند إنشائه مركزاً للحكم ونواة للدعوة للدين الإسلامي بمصر، ومن ثم بنيت حوله مدينة الفسطاط التي هي أول عواصم مصر الإسلامية، ولقد كان الموقع الذي اختاره عمرو بن العاص لبناء هذا الجامع في ذلك الوقت يطل على النيل كما كان يشرف على حصن بابليون الذي يقع بجواره، ولأن هذا الجامع هو أول الجوامع التي بنيت في مصر فقد عرف بعدة أسماء منها الجامع العتيق وتاج الجوامع.
 جامع الأزهر: الجامع الأزهر هو أشهر مسجد للعلوم والفكر الإسلامي منذ إنشائه قبل أكثر من ألف عام حتى اليوم..وهو أهم المعالم الإسلامية في مدينة القاهرة وفي مصر كله فعندما قدم القائد جوهر الصقلي الكاتب إلى مصر عام 358 هـ / 969م من قبل الخليفة الفاطمي المعز لدين الله الفاطمي لفتحها تم له ذلك لينهي بذلك عصر الدولة الطولونية ويبدأ عصر الدولة الفاطمية، وإذا كان جامع عمرو بن العاص هو أول جامع بني بمصر الإسلامية فإن الجامع الأزهر هو رابع الجوامع التي بنيت بها وأول جامع بني بمدينة القاهرة. شرع جوهر الصقلي في بناء هذا الجامع مع القصور الفاطمية بمدينة القاهرة ليصلي فيه الخليفة وليكون مكانا للدعوة فبدأ البناء به سنة 359 هـ / 970م وأقيمت أول صلاة جمعة به سنة 361 هـ / 973م وعرف بجامع القاهرة.
 جامع محمد علي: في قلعة الجبل بالقاهرة وهو أكثر معالم القلعة شهرة حتى أن الكثيرين يعتقدون أن قلعة صلاح الدين الأيوبي هي قلعة محمد على باشا لشهرة هذا الجامع بها، كما يسمي أيضا جامع المرمر وهو نوع من أنواع الرخام النادر الذي كسي به.
ذكرت المصادر والمراجع المختلفة أنه ما أن أتم محمد علي باشا إصلاح قلعة صلاح الدين الأيوبي وفرغ من بناء قصوره ودوواينه وعموم المدارس رأى أن يبني جامعا كبيرا بالقلعة لأداء الفرائض وليكون به مدفنه. وبدأ في إنشاء الجامع سنة 1246 هـ / 1830م واستمر العمل حتى وفاة محمد على باشا سنة 1265 هـ / 1848م ودفن في المقبرة التي أعدها لنفسه بداخل الجامع. يمتاز جامع محمد على باشا بعدة مميزات معمارية وفنية جعلته متفردا، فمئذنتيه شاهقتين إذ يبلغ ارتفاعها حوالي 84 مترا فإذا أضفنا إليها ارتفاع القلعة المشيد عليها الجامع الذي يبلغ حوالي 80 مترا يصل ارتفاع المئذنتين إلى حوالي 164 مترا عن مستوى البحر، كما أن عدد المشكاوات التي توجد بهذا الجامع هو 365 مشكاة بعدد أيام السنة لوحظ أنها تعزف ألحانا موسيقية في حالة الهدوء، كما تميز الجامع بظاهرة صدي الصوت الظاهر عند ارتفاع الأصوات داخل بيت الصلاة. أما المقصورة التي دفن بها محمد على باشا فإنها تقع في الركن الجنوبي الغربي للجامع وهى عبارة عن مقصورة نحاسية مذهبة جمعت بين الزخارف العربية والتركية والمصرية يتوسطها تركيبة رخامية بها قبر محمد على باشا.

 جامع الناصر محمد بن قلاوون: بنى هذا الجامع منذ نحو 700 عام ويقع وسط القلعة تقريبا وكان يشغل قديما الزاوية الجنوبية الشرقية من الساحة أو الرحبة التي كانت تعرف باسم «الرحبة الحمراء» في مواجهة باب القلعة وكان يقابله الإيوان الناصري الكبير في الزاوية الشمالية الغربية، وظل هذا المسجد هو المسجد الجامع للقلعة حتى أقام محمد على باشا جامعه في مقابله. وقد شيده الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاوون في سنة 718 هـ / 1318م.
 قلعة صلاح الدين الأيوبي: قلعة صلاح الدين الايوبى والمعروفة باسم قلعة الجبل إحدى أهم معالم القاهرة الإسلامية وتقع في حي «القلعة» وقد أقيمت على إحدى الربى المنفصلة عن جبل المقطم على مشارف مدينة القاهرة، وتعتبر من أفخم القلاع الحربية التي شيدت في العصور الوسطى، فموقعها استراتيجي من الدرجة الأولى بما يوفره هذا الموقع من أهمية دفاعية لأنه يسيطر على مدينتي القاهرة والفسطاط، كما أنه يشكل حاجزاً طبيعياً مرتفعاً بين المدينتين. وقد أسس صلاح الدين هذه القلعة على ربوة من جبل المقطم، وأكمل بناءها أخوه الملك العادل عام 1208م، بهدف تأمين القاهرة ضد الغزوات المحتملة.
وقد وفق صلاح الدين تماماً في اختيار مكان القلعة، إذ إنها بوضعها المرتفع حققت الإشراف على القاهرة إشرافاً تاماً، لدرجة أن حاميتها كانت تستطيع القيام بعمليتين حربيتين في وقت واحد، هما إحكام الجبهة الداخلية وقطع دابر من يخرج منها عن طاعة السلطان، ومقاومة أي محاولات خارجية للاستيلاء على القاهرة. يعتبر السور الذي أقامه صلاح الدين حول القاهرة للدفاع عنها ضد أي اعتداء خارجي، من المنشآت الحربية المهمة التي أكملت دور القلعة في العصور الوسطى، وهو السور الذي تم اكتشافه مؤخراً، فبعد أن تولى صلاح الدين (1171 - 1193م) حكم مصر اهتم بعمران المنطقة الواقعة خارج القاهرة الفاطمية بين باب زويلة وجامع أحمد بن طولون، وقسمها إلى خطوط عدة بينها خط الدرب الأحمر الذي لا يزال يعرف بهذا الاسم حتى اليوم. ويتصدر هذه المنطقة جامع الصالح طلائع بن رزيك الذي يعتبر آخر أثر من عصر الفاطميين في مصر.

 مسجد سيدي إبراهيم الدسوقي: يقع بمدينة دسوق، وبه ضريح العارف بالله سيدي إبراهيم الدسوقي آخر الأقطاب الأربة الصوفية وأعظمهم. وهو من المساجد العريقة في العالم الإسلامي حيث يقصده الالاف من الزوار من جميع أنحاء مصر والدول العربية والإسلامية والاوربية، ويقال إنه من أكبر عشرة مساجد في العالم ويعد ترتيبه السادس عالمياً.
 مسجد سيدي جابر: يقع مسجد سيدي جابر في الحي المسمى باسمه فيما بين محطة الترام وشارع بورسعيد وفي مواجهة مستشفي مصطفى كامل العسكري. كان المسجد في البداية زاوية صغيرة بنيت في منتصف القرن السابع الهجري تقريباً..
وبقيت هذه الزاوية على حالتها حتى بني على أنقاضها مسجد في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي. في عام 1955م أزيل المسجد القديم ليبنى مكانه المسجد الحالي.

 مسجد سيدي بشر: ينسب مسجد سيدي بشر إلى الشيخ بشر بن الحسين بن محمد بن عبيد الله بن الحسين بن بشر الجوهري.
وهو من سلالة آل بشر الذين وفدوا إلى الإسكندرية في أواخر القرن الخامس الهجري أو أوائل القرن السادس الهجري مع من جاء من علماء المغرب والأندلس في تلك الفترة واشتهر بين الناس بصلاحه وتقواه ولما توفي عام 528 هجرية

 مسجد الإمام البوصيري: يقع مسجد الإمام البوصيري بمدينة الإسكندرية على شاطيء البحر بحي الأنفوشي في منطقة ميدان المساجد وفي مواجهة مسجد أبي العباس المرسى ويأخذ نفس الشكل المعماري تقريباً.. وقد كان المسجد قديماً زاوية صغيرة حتى شيد المسجد الحالي عام 1274 هـ / 1858م ويتكون من مربعين منفصلين. يُعد البوصيري من تلاميذ أبو العباس المرسى، واشتهر بالشعر الصوفي في حب الله ومدح الرسول ومن قصائده: نهج البردة.
 مسجد سيدي أبي العباس المرسي: يقع بمنطقة الأنفوشي ويمتاز بمنارته الشاهقة الارتفاع وقبابه الأربع.
وقد ظل قبر أبي العباس المرسي قائما عند الميناء الشرقية بالإسكندرية بلا بناء حتى كان عام 706 هـ / 1307م فزاره الشيخ زين الدين القطان كبير تجار الإسكندرية وبني عليه ضريحا وقبة وانشأ له مسجدا حسنا وجعل له منارة مربعة الشكل وأوقف عليه بعض أمواله وأقام له إماما وخطيبا وخدما. ظل المسجد كذلك حتى أمر الملك فؤاد الأول بإنشاء ميدان فسيح يطلق عليه ميدان المساجد علي إن يضم مسجدا كبيرا لأبي العباس المرسى ومسجدا للإمام البوصيري والشيخ ياقوت العرش.

 دير سانت كاترين: يقع دير سانت كاترين St. Catherine's Monastery في جنوب سيناء بمصر أسفل جبل كاترين أعلى الجبال في مصر، بالقرب من جبل موسى. ويقال عنه أنه أقدم دير في العالم، يعد مزارا سياحيا كبيرا، حيث تقصده أفواج سياحية من جميع بقاع العالم، وهو معتزل يديره رهبان من الكنيسة اليونانية الأرثوذكسية لا يتكلمون العربية فهم ليسوا مصريين أو عربا ولا يتبع الدير بطريركية الإسكندرية، وإنما هم من أصول يونانية، على الرغم من أن الوصاية على الدير كانت لفترات طويلة للكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الروسية.
 الكنيسة المعلقة: تقع الكنيسة المعلقة في حي مصر القديمة، في منطقة القاهرة القبطية الأثرية الهامة، فهي على مقربة من جامع عمرو بن العاص، ومعبد بن عزرا اليهودي، وكنيسة القديس مينا بجوار حصن بابليون، وكنيسة الشهيد مرقوريوس (أبو سيفين)، وكنائس عديدة أخرى. وسميت بالمعلقة لأنها بنيت على برجين من الأبراج القديمة للحصن الروماني حصن بابليون، ذلك الذي كان قد بناه الإمبراطور تراجان في القرن الثاني الميلادي، وتعتبر المعلقة هي أقدم الكنائس التي لا تزال باقية في مصر.[1]

انظر أيضًا
 سياحة مسيحية

مصادر

أنواع السياحة
السلوك والخبرة الدينية

سياحة دينية


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Die Hakata-Minami-Linie () ist eine von JR Nishinihon () betriebene japanische Eisenbahnstrecke, die von Shinkansen-Hochgeschwindigkeitszügen genutzt wird, allerdings verkehrsrechtlich dem konventionellen Eisenbahnnetz zugeordnet ist. Die Strecke wird von Zügen der San'yō-Shinkansen und seit 2011 auch von Zügen der Kyūshū-Shinkansen genutzt.

Geschichte
Die 8,5 km kurze Hakata-Minami-Linie wurde 1975 als Zuführung der Züge der San'yō-Shinkansen vom Bahnhof Hakata zum Shinkansen-Betriebswerk Hakata errichtet. Zu dieser Zeit war die umliegende Stadt Kasuga noch überwiegend ländlich geprägt, so dass zunächst keine Nachfrage nach einem Shinkansen-Halt gab. Durch die starke Suburbanisierung aus Fukuoka wurde die Gegend allerdings in den 1980er-Jahren zunehmend bebaut, so dass JR West beschloss, auf dem Gelände des Betriebswerks den Bahnhof Hakata-Minami einzurichten. Der Bahnhof besteht aus einem einzelnen Seitenbahnsteig am westlichsten Gleis der Aufstellfläche des Bahnbetriebswerkes. Einzelne Züge zum oder aus dem Betriebswerk können so ohne zusätzlichen betrieblichen Aufwand an dem Bahnhof halten.

Der Bahnhof und somit auch die eigentliche, fahrgastrelevante Strecke wurde am 1. April 1990 eröffnet. Baulich hat die gesamte Strecke vollen Shinkansen-Ausbaustandard. Allerdings ist die Geschwindigkeit auf 120 km/h begrenzt.

Angebot und Fahrzeugeinsatz

Eine Vielzahl an Kodama-Verbindungen der San'yō-Shinkansen wird von Hakata über die Hakata-Minami-Linie zum Bahnhof Hakata-Minami verlängert. Da die Strecke allerdings eisenbahnrechtlich nicht als Shinkansen-Strecke kategorisiert ist, werden die Fahrten auf diesem Streckenabschnitt formell als Limited Express-Verbindungen durchgeführt. Eine Fahrt zwischen Hakata und Hakata-Minami kostet ¥300 und dauert 10 Minuten.

Zur Eröffnung kamen zunächst Fahrzeuge der Baureihe 0 zum Einsatz, später der Baureihen 100, 500 und 700. Die letzten Fahrzeuge der Baureihe 100 sind im März 2012 außer Dienst gestellt worden.

Die Züge der am 12. März 2011 eröffneten Kyūshū-Shinkansen nutzen zwar ebenfalls die Hakata-Minami-Linie, halten allerdings nicht am Bahnhof Hakata-Minami, da vor dem Gelände des Bahnbetriebswerks die eigentliche Neubaustrecke beginnt, die am Gelände vorbeiführt.

Streckenverlauf

Siehe auch

 Gala-Yuzawa-Linie

Einzelnachweise

Schnellfahrstrecke in Japan
Verkehrsbauwerk in der Präfektur Fukuoka
West Japan Railway Company
Shinkansen

Hakata-Minami-Linie


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Die Bahnstrecke Salzburg–Lamprechtshausen, meist als Lokalbahn bezeichnet, ist eine 25,598 Kilometer lange Nebenbahn in Österreich. Die normalspurige und elektrifizierte Strecke führt vom Salzburger Hauptbahnhof nach Lamprechtshausen. Betrieblich eng verbunden ist sie mit der in Bürmoos abzweigenden Zweigstrecke nach Ostermiething. Beide Bahnen werden heute von der Salzburg AG (zusammen mit der Pinzgauer Lokalbahn) unter der Marketingbezeichnung Salzburger Lokalbahn (SLB) betrieben. Der Lamprechtshausener Ast ist als S1 in das Netz der S-Bahn Salzburg integriert, die Züge von und nach Ostermiething verkehren – teilweise durchgehend bis Salzburg – als S11. Früher wurde die Bahn in Anlehnung an die Farbgebung der Fahrzeuge auch Rote Elektrische genannt.

Im Süden bestand bis 1953 eine Fortsetzung durch die vom gleichen Unternehmen betriebene Lokalbahn Salzburg–Hangender Stein samt Zweigstrecke nach Parsch, zur Abgrenzung von dieser Südlinie beziehungsweise Südlokalbahn genannten Strecke bezeichnete man den Lamprechtshausener Ast früher auch als Nordlinie beziehungsweise Nordlokalbahn. Der Südast war wiederum eng mit der ebenfalls stillgelegten Straßenbahn Salzburg (Gelbe Elektrische) und der ehemaligen Bahnstrecke Berchtesgaden–Hangender Stein (Grüne Elektrische) verknüpft.

Geschichte
Noch vor Baubeginn war vorgesehen, die Salzburger Lokalbahn mit der Mattigtalbahn zu verbinden. Die Strecke hätte über Bürmoos bis zu einer noch nicht bestimmten Stelle der Mattigtalbahn führen sollen. Als möglicher Endpunkt findet Braunau am Inn Erwähnung. Die Genehmigung für technische Vorarbeiten wurde 1884 erteilt. Zu der angedachten Verbindung kam es jedoch nie.

Die Lokalbahn in den Flachgau wurde ursprünglich als Dampfstraßenbahn betrieben, sie wurde von der früheren Salzburger Eisenbahn- und Tramwaygesellschaft (SETG) in zwei Teilabschnitten in Betrieb genommen:

 20. Jänner 1896: Salzburg Lokalbahnhof–Oberndorf
 16. Mai 1896: Oberndorf–Lamprechtshausen

Später wurde die Strecke wie folgt mit 1000 Volt Gleichstrom elektrifiziert:

 1. Juli 1909: Salzburg Lokalbahnhof–Remise Itzling
 26. August 1923: Remise Itzling–Maria Plain
 15. Mai 1927: Maria Plain–Bergheim
 4. Mai 1947: Bergheim–Anthering
 16. November 1948: Anthering–Oberndorf Bahnhof
 13. Jänner 1950: Oberndorf Bahnhof–Lamprechtshausen

Nach der 1948 erfolgten Abwicklung der SETG waren die Städtischen Verkehrsbetriebe Salzburg für die Strecke zuständig, die wiederum 1950 in den Salzburger Stadtwerken aufgingen.

Nachdem die Lokalbahn in den 1970er Jahren als einstellungsgefährdet galt, gelang es den Verantwortlichen, die Strecke zu modernisieren und ihre Zukunft zu sichern. Markanteste Ausbaumaßnahme war dabei die Errichtung einer neuen unterirdischen Endstation in Salzburg ("Neuer Lokalbahnhof"); diese ging 1996 in Betrieb.

Vom 30. Mai 2016 bis zum 16. Mai 2017 wurde der Bahnhof Weitwörth-Nußdorf modernisiert und der Teilabschnitt zwischen Weitwörth-Nußdorf und Oichtensiedlung zweigleisig ausgebaut.

Der Haltepunkt Oberndorf Stadt, der bis zur Erhebung des Marktes Oberndorf zur Stadtgemeinde im Jahr 2000 die Bezeichnung Oberndorf Markt trug, heißt seit Ende Mai 2016 Oberndorf-Laufen, da die Oberndorf gegenüberliegende bayrische Stadtgemeinde Laufen in fußläufiger Entfernung liegt.

Im Rahmen des Projektes Salzburger Lokalbahn 2020+ sind umfangreiche Bestandsverbesserungs- und Sanierungsarbeiten in drei Ausbaustufen bis 2031 geplant:

 Zielfahrplan 2023: Der Bahnhof Oberndorf wird modernisiert und der Bahnhof Bürmoos mit einer zweigleisigen Ausfahrt neu gebaut. Der Abschluss dieser Arbeiten soll zu Stoßzeiten einen 15-Minuten-Takt ermöglichen.
 Zielfahrplan 2027: Die Bahnhöfe Bergheim und Anthering werden neu gebaut und zweigleisig ausgeführt. Zusätzlich ist ein zweigleisiger Ausbau in den Abschnitten Haidenöster – Bürmoos (2,2 km) und Eching – Irlach   geplant. Diese Maßnahmen erlauben einen 15-Minuten-Takt in beiden Fahrtrichtungen zwischen Bürmoos und Salzburg.
 Zielfahrplan 2031: Neubau der Bahnhofes in Salzburg Itzling und ein zweigleisiger Ausbau der Strecke zwischen Itzling und Bergheim ermöglichen eine Verdichtung auf einen 7,5-Minuten-Takt zwischen Salzburg Hbf. und Bergheim.

Weiters wurde ab 2015 eine mögliche Verlängerung der Strecke bis Hallein inklusive einer unterirdischen Querung der Salzach und der Altstadt untersucht. Ein erster Abschnitt der Regionalstadtbahn Salzburg befindet sich 2023 in der Phase der Bauvorbereitung. Einer Studie zufolge wäre dabei mit circa 30.000 Fahrgästen täglich zu rechnen. In weiterer Folge wäre diese Verlängerung die Basis für zukünftige Projekte in Richtung Berchtesgaden, Mondsee, Königssee, Fuschlsee sowie in weiterer Folge auch die Reaktivierung der Salzkammergut-Lokalbahn bis Bad Ischl. Die Planungs- sowie Bauzeit für die erste Ausbaustufe wurden 2015 mit jeweils fünf bis sechs Jahren angegeben. Das bedeutet, dass mit einer Inbetriebnahme frühestens ab 2025 gerechnet werden konnte.

Die Planungen für diesen Ausbau Richtung Salzburg-Süd und Hallein wurden 2017 zunächst eingestellt und 2018 wieder aufgenommen. Im Jahr 2018 wurde als erster Schritt vom Stadtsenat eine Verlängerung der unterirdischen Strecke um ca. 750 m bis zum Mirabellplatz beschlossen, wobei mit einem Fahrgastaufkommen von bis zu 1,1 Millionen pro Jahr gerechnet wird. Seit 2021 läuft das Projekt unter dem Namen S-Link. Es ist in vier Bauabschnitte unterteilt, deren erster, die Strecke vom Hauptbahnhof zum Mirabellplatz, Ende 2024 in Angriff genommen werden soll. Weitere Abschnitte sollen die Akademiestraße, Salzburg-Süd und schließlich das zehn Kilometer entfernte Hallein erreichen.

Die Bahn ist in den Salzburger Verkehrsverbund (SVV), der grenzübergreifend mit Bayern agiert, eingebunden.

Galerie

Literatur
 Markus Inderst: Typenatlas Österreichische Privatbahnen – Technik, Geschichte, Einsatz, Verlag Geramond, München 2015, ISBN 978-3-95613-021-2.

 Alois Fuchs: Salzburger Nahverkehr, Verlag A. Winter, Salzburg 1986, ISBN 3-85380-053-X
 Heinrich Harrer, Bruce Holcomb: Salzburger Lokalbahnen, Verlag Slezak, Wien 1980, ISBN 3-900134-14-6
 Gunter Mackinger: Die elektrische Lokalbahn in Salzburg, Verlag Pospischil, Wien 1992
 Gunter Mackinger: Die Salzburger Lokalbahn – Gestern Heute Morgen, Salzburger Stadtwerke, Salzburg 1996

Weblinks

 Website der Salzburg AG
 Die Bahnstrecke Salzburg–Lamprechtshausen auf www.regionale-schienen.at

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke im Land Salzburg
Verkehr (Land Salzburg)
Bahnstrecke SalzburgLamprechtshausen
Bahnstrecke SalzburgLamprechtshausen
Bahnstrecke SalzburgLamprechtshausen
Bahnstrecke SalzburgLamprechtshausen

Bahnstrecke Salzburg–Lamprechtshausen