is a Japanese electronics engineer. He was one of the architects of the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. In 1968, Shima worked for Busicom in Japan, and did the logic design for a specialized CPU to be translated into three-chip custom chips. In 1969, he worked with Intel's Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor to reduce the three-chip Busicom proposal into a one-chip architecture. In 1970, that architecture was transformed into a silicon chip, the Intel 4004, by Federico Faggin, with Shima's assistance in logic design.

He later joined Intel in 1972. There, he worked with Faggin to develop the Intel 8080, released in 1974. Shima then developed several Intel peripheral chips, some used in the IBM PC, such as the 8259 interrupt controller, 8255 programmable peripheral interface chip, 8253 timer chip, 8257 direct memory access (DMA) chip and 8251 serial communication USART chip. He then joined Zilog, where he worked with Faggin to develop the Zilog Z80 (1976) and Z8000 (1979).

Early life and career
He studied organic chemistry at Tohoku University in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. With poor prospects for employment in the field of chemistry, he went to work for Busicom, a business calculator manufacturer, joining in Spring 1967. There, he learned about software and digital logic design, from 1967 to 1968.

Intel 4004
After Busicom decided to use large-scale integration (LSI) circuits in their calculator products, they began work on what later became known as the "Busicom Project", a chipset for the Busicom 141-PF calculator that led to creating the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. In April 1968, Shima was asked to design the logic for what was intended to become a future chipset to be designed and produced by a semiconductor company. Shima designed a special-purpose LSI chipset, along with his supervisor Tadashi Tanba, in 1968. His design consisted of seven LSI chips, including a three-chip CPU. Shima's initial design included arithmetic units (adders), multiplier units, registers, read-only memory, and a macro-instruction set to control a decimal computer system. Busicom wanted to produce a general-purpose LSI chipset, for not only desktop calculators, but also other equipment such as a teller machine, cash register and billing machine. Shima began work on a general-purpose LSI chipset in late 1968, and Busicom then approached the American companies Mostek and Intel for converting the logic into MOS circuits and the chip's layout for manufacturing. The job was given to Intel, who back then was more of a memory company and had facilities to manufacture the high density silicon gate metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) chip Busicom required.

Shima went to Intel in June 1969 to present the proposal. Due to Intel lacking logic engineers to understand the logic schematics or circuit engineers to convert them, Intel asked Shima to simplify the logic. Intel wanted a one-chip CPU design, influenced by Sharp's Tadashi Sasaki who had presented the concept to Intel in 1968. This was then formulated by Intel's Marcian "Ted" Hoff in 1969, simplifying Shima's initial design down to four chips, including a one-chip CPU. Due to Hoff's formulation lacking key details, Shima came up with his own ideas to find solutions for its implementation. They both eventually realized the 4-bit microprocessor concept, with the help of Intel's Stanley Mazor to interpret the ideas of Shima and Hoff. Shima was responsible for adding a 10-bit static shift register to make it useful as a printer's buffer and keyboard interface, many improvements in the instruction set, making the random-access memory (RAM) organization suitable for a calculator, the memory address information transfer, the key program in an area of performance and program capacity, the functional specification, decimal computer idea, software, desktop calculator logic, real-time input/output (I/O) control, and data exchange instruction between the accumulator and general-purpose register. The specifications of the four chips were developed over a period of a few months in 1969, between an Intel team led by Hoff and a Busicom team led by Shima.

After Shima went back to Japan in late 1969 and then returned to Intel in early 1970, he found that no further work had been done on the 4004 since he left, and that Hoff was no longer working on the project. The project leader had become Federico Faggin, who had only joined Intel a week before Shima arrived. Faggin was hired from Fairchild Semiconductor, where he had developed the original MOS silicon gate technology, the only technology that could be used to design a chip of the complexity and speed of the 4004. Shima worked with him, assisting him with the logic design the 4004 processor  He worked at the Intel offices for six months, from April until October 1970. His company then sold the rights to use the 4004 to Intel, with an exception for use in business calculators.

Intel 8080 to Zilog Z8000
After the 4004, Intel designed the 8008 (architecture by Computer Terminal Corporation, design by Federico Faggin and Hal Feeney). Shima then joined Intel in 1972. He was employed to implement the transistor-level logic of Intel's next microprocessor, which became the Intel 8080 (conception and architecture by Federico Faggin), released in 1974. Shima then developed several Intel peripheral chips, some used in the IBM PC, such as the 8259 interrupt controller, 8255 parallel port chip, 8253 timer chip, 8257 DMA chip and 8251 serial communication USART chip. He was not involved in the creation of the Intel 8088 or 8086.

Shima moved to Zilog in 1975 and, using only a few assistants, developed the transistor-level and physical implementation of the Zilog Z80, under the supervision of Faggin, who conceived and designed the Z80 architecture to be an instruction set compatible with the Intel 8080. This was followed by the same task for the 16-bit Z8000.

According to coworkers from Intel, Faggin's method that Shima used was to design all logic at the transistor level, directly and manually, not at the gate and/or register level. The schematics were thus hard to read, but as transistors were drawn in such a way that they suggested a "floorplan" of the chip, it helped when making the physical chip layout. However, according to Shima, the logic was first tested on breadboards using transistor–transistor logic (TTL) chips, before being manually translated into MOS transistor equivalents.

After returning to Japan, Shima founded the Intel Japan Design Center in 1980, and VM Technology Corporation in 1986. At VM, he developed the 16-bit microprocessor VM860 and 32-bit microprocessor VM 8600 for the Japanese word processor market. He became a professor at the University of Aizu in 2000.

Prizes
1997 Kyoto Prize (Advanced Technology)
2009 Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his work as part of the team that developed the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor."

Notes

External links
Interview with Masatoshi Shima regarding his role in the design of the 4004

1943 births
Living people
People from Shizuoka (city)
Computer designers
Japanese chemists
Japanese electronics engineers
Japanese inventors
Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
Intel people
Tohoku University alumni

Masatoshi Shima


Lauren Reed is a fictional character played by Melissa George in the ABC television series Alias. She is Michael Vaughn's wife during the third season of the series.

Character biography

Lauren is the daughter of Senator George and Olivia Reed, and was introduced at the beginning of the third season of the show as Vaughn's wife, having married him during Sydney's two-year absence under the control of The Covenant. Though Lauren reveals early in the season she was trained as a CIA field agent at the Farm, her father, believing the occupation to be too dangerous, used his influence to make sure she did not receive a field rating. Thus, she became an agent of the NSC, serving as its liaison to the CIA and working in the same CIA office with both Sydney Bristow and Michael Vaughn.

Lauren and Sydney have an antagonistic relationship from the start, with Lauren in particular feeling threatened that her husband's former lover is now back in his life. Eventually, Sydney and Lauren start co-operating and even go on missions together. Their dynamic briefly falters when Lauren discovers that the murder of a Russian diplomat that she was investigating was committed by Sydney during her two-year absence and Vaughn worked with Sydney's associates to conceal the truth; however, when Lauren witnesses Sydney being subjected to brutal interrogation and threatened with a lobotomy, she assists Vaughn, Jack, and Sloane in breaking Sydney out of prison. During this mission, Lauren shoots and kills one of Sydney's interrogators, an act which apparently leaves her distraught.

However, it is soon revealed Lauren is actually a double agent for the Covenant, working to sabotage the CIA's work against the criminal organization and to gain more information about Sydney through Vaughn. Her first known mission for the Covenant was the assassination of Andrian Lazarey. She is also, contrary to her air of innocence, a cold-blooded killer, yet she also appears to have a soft side since she can't bring herself to pull the trigger when tasked to murder her own father when he is given evidence of her true affiliations and to shore up her faltering relationship with Vaughn. It was her mother that stepped in and pulled the trigger herself, revealing she too is an agent of The Covenant.

Lauren is also an adulterer, for not only does she seduce Vaughn and some of her targets, but also becomes involved (both personally and professionally) with Julian Sark, who is also now working for The Covenant. Eventually, her true nature is discovered by the CIA and she becomes a marked woman, with both Sydney and Vaughn wanting to kill her, but this doesn't stop her from infiltrating CIA headquarters disguised as Sydney, shooting Marshall Flinkman, and causing major damage to the building and killing and injuring several agents with remote-triggered bombs before murdering an innocent motorist and stealing his car to escape.

Vaughn becomes obsessed with revenge and is even encouraged by Jack Bristow to kill Lauren. Vaughn eventually captures Lauren, who tells him that she fell in love with him, but then Sydney came back and he didn't need her anymore. She also claimed that the Covenant hadn't been in contact with her for two years by that point and she thought they'd leave her with him in peace. Her 'confession' is ambiguous as she does appear to have developed feelings for Vaughn, as is evident by her reaction to Sark's earlier observation that it killed her when Michael dropped his gun, which was trained on her, to save Sydney. Vaughn's plans are thwarted by Katya Derevko who helps Lauren escape.

In the season three finale, Sydney loses to Lauren during vicious hand-to-hand combat, but Lauren is shot by Vaughn before she can kill Sydney. Before her death, she reveals to Sydney the location of a safe deposit box containing vital information about Sydney's family. This information turns out to be evidence that Jack Bristow was authorized by the CIA to kill his ex-wife, Sydney's mother Irina Derevko, an order he apparently carried out.

In the fourth season episode, "A Man of His Word", Lauren's corpse was shown in a special high-security crypt after Sark demands to see her body. For reasons not yet explained, the CIA determined Lauren's death should not be made public knowledge, and the double agent's remains are housed in the CIA crypt. Melissa George makes a cameo appearance as the dead woman.

Casting and creation
Katherine Heigl auditioned for the role of Lauren Reed but did not get it. Melissa George was working on Charmed when J.J. Abrams called to tell her she had landed the part. George had auditioned to play lead character Sydney Bristow, but lost out to Jennifer Garner. When that happened, ABC cast her on Thieves instead. It was originally planned that George would guest-star for several episodes but she was quickly upgraded to regular. To explain her character's accent (George is Australian), the writers wrote that she was born in the United States but grew up in London.

Characterization and fan reaction
At the beginning of the third season, George said of Reed: "I think it would be interesting if we did see Lauren turn evil, because she seems so pleasant, and innocent and lovely, which makes it more exciting if she was evil..." Looking back on her character, George said: "Nobody cared about Lauren Reed, because she had no heart. Zero. There was nothing to like about her. But that was beautiful at the same time, because she was an assassin, after all. I mean, you see Jason Bourne or James Bond or any of the other characters, they kill and they're vengeful characters, but you don't hate them. Lauren Reed, though, you hate."

The character of Lauren Reed received quite a bit of animosity from fans of the show, according to series creator J. J. Abrams, in part because she disrupted the romance between Sydney and Vaughn. However, Abrams indicated that the revelation of Lauren being a turncoat was planned from the beginning and was not because of fan response. George has said that "I got offered a couple of films so I decided to kind've [sic] move on." George has joked "my character was written out for being too evil".

Since Lauren died "off screen" there were rumors during the fourth season that the character would return. George herself said "there is talk of me coming back at some point, because obviously in Alias you're never written out completely.... [but] I wouldn't want to go back unless she got some focus." These rumors were put to rest when Lauren's corpse was shown in the ninth episode of season 4. The season 4 gag reel, included in the DVD release of that season, includes footage in which Melissa George as Lauren makes a surprise appearance during a scene, before George breaks character and begins to laugh.

References

Alias (TV series) characters
Television characters introduced in 2003
Fictional secret agents and spies in television
Female characters in television

Lauren Reed


The Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory is the unicameral legislature of the Northern Territory of Australia. The Legislative Assembly has 25 members, each elected in single-member electorates for four-year terms. The voting method for the Assembly is the full-preferential voting system, having previously been optional preferential voting. Elections are on the fourth Saturday in August of the fourth year after the previous election, but can be earlier in the event of a no confidence vote in the Government. The most recent election for the Legislative Assembly was the 2020 election held on 22 August 2020. The next election is scheduled for 24 August 2024.

Persons who are qualified under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 to vote for a member for the Northern Territory in the House of Representatives are qualified to vote at an election for the Legislative Assembly. Voting is compulsory for all those over 18 years of age. Since 2004, elections have been conducted by the Northern Territory Electoral Commission, which also organises regular electoral redistributions.

Current distribution of seats
, the current distribution of seats is:

 13 votes as a majority are required to pass legislation.

Powers

In 1978, the Northern Territory was granted limited self-government by the Northern Territory (Administration) Act 1974 (Cth), an act of the Australian federal parliament. The federal government retains control of certain legislative areas, including Aboriginal land, industrial relations, national parks and uranium mining. For inter-governmental financial purposes the Northern Territory has been regarded by the Commonwealth as a State since 1 July 1988.

All questions arising in the Assembly are determined by a majority of votes and the Speaker, or other member presiding, is also entitled to vote. Where there is an equality of votes the Speaker, or other member presiding, shall have a casting vote.

Legislation passed by the Assembly requires assent by the Administrator of the Northern Territory, acting on the advice of the Government, a practice analogous to the royal assent of an Australian state governor. Under Australian constitutional practice, assent is usually a formality. After the Administrator gives assent, the Governor-General of Australia also has the power to reject a law on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia and the federal Cabinet, but this power has also been only rarely exercised. The federal government also retains power to legislate for the Territory in all matters, including the right to override legislation passed by the Assembly.

The party or coalition with the most seats in the Assembly is invited by the Administrator to form government. The leader of that party subsequently becomes the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, and their senior colleagues become ministers responsible for various portfolios. As Australian political parties traditionally vote along party lines, most legislation introduced by the party commanding a majority will pass through the Legislative Assembly.

History
When South Australia turned the Northern Territory over to Commonwealth hands in 1911, the federal government ran the Territory directly through the relevant minister, and the only elective body in the Territory was the Darwin town council. The territory was split in 1927 into the territories of North Australia and Central Australia, both of which had a four-member Advisory Council that was half-elected and half-appointed; in addition, development of North Australia was left to the locally-based North Australia Commission. These changes were reversed in 1931, with the Northern Territory reformed and the federal government resuming control until the 1947 formation of the Northern Territory Legislative Council, which was half-elected and half-appointed.

The Legislative Assembly was created in 1974 by the Northern Territory (Administration) Act 1974 (Cth), an act of the Australian federal parliament, which was a fully-elected body in contrast to the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consisted of 19 fully elected members, but initially lacked significant powers, until limited self-government was granted in 1978. For the 1983 election, the number of members was increased to 25.

From its inception prior to the 1974 election until the 2001 election, the Legislative Assembly was controlled by the conservative Country Liberal Party, which since 1979 has been affiliated with the federal Liberal–National coalition. In 2001, the Labor Party won a one-seat majority, and Clare Martin became the Territory's first Labor and first female chief minister. At the 2005 election, the Martin-led ALP won 19 seats to the CLP's 4; however, Martin resigned in 2007 and was succeeded by Paul Henderson as ALP leader, and retained government with another one-seat majority at the 2008 election. Labor lost its majority when Marion Scrymgour went to the cross-benches as an independent. She re-joined the party after Alison Anderson left the party to sit as an independent. Anderson joined the CLP in September 2011. The 2012 election resulted in the return of the CLP under Terry Mills with 16 seats to the ALP's 8. Mills resigned in 2013 and Adam Giles became CLP leader. The CLP was reduced to a one-seat majority in 2014 when three CLP members defected to join the Palmer United Party. One defector later rejoined the CLP. After further defections, CLP numbers fell to minority government status in July 2015.

The 2016 election saw a landslide CLP defeat which brought Labor to power led by Chief Minister Michael Gunner. The position of Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was held by CLP-turned-independent MP Kezia Purick from 23 October 2012. Despite Labor's massive majority following the 2016 election, the incoming Labor government re-appointed Purick as Speaker. Following an ICAC investigation into allegations Kezia Purick had engaged in corrupt conduct, she resigned, and the role was filled by Chansey Paech on 23 June 2020. Following the 2020 election, Paech resigned in September 2020 to serve as a minister in Gunner's cabinet, and Ngaree Ah Kit was acting speaker for a month until her substantive election on 20 October 2020.

Chan Contemporary Artspace

Chan Contemporary Artspace is an exhibition gallery located in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. It is located in a former administrative building and home of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly. For five years between 2010 and 2014 the Chan was the site of a changing exhibition program featuring works from local and regional contemporary artists auspiced through the Northern Centre for Contemporary Art. In 2015 the Northern Territory government announced a major refit and extension of facilities there for the site to be redeveloped as a second facility for the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.

History
The Chan Building was part of a series of administrative structures built in Darwin in the post-war period. Between 1990 and the end of 1994, the building was the home of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly while the current Parliament House was under construction. The building was then used for a variety of purposes and in 1999 underwent a major refit of $1.4m when Darwin hosted APEC 2000. In 2010 the Northern Territory government announced that the site would become the location of a contemporary art gallery. In the 2015 Budget the Northern Territory government announced a dedicated visual art gallery in Darwin's historic Chan Building with a proposed budget of $18.3m sourced from a combination of government and private sources featuring gallery space, cafe and retail space. It is intended that the space become the second campus of the existing Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory at Bullocky Point showcasing contemporary art while the Bullocky Point facility remains a centre for science and history.

See also
 2020 Northern Territory general election
 Parliaments of the Australian states and territories
 Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
 Northern Territory ministries
 List of museums in the Northern Territory
 List of Northern Territory by-elections

Notes

References

External links
 Northern Territory Legislative Assembly

Parliament of the Northern Territory
1974 establishments in Australia
Museums in the Northern Territory

Northern Territory Legislative Assembly


Todd Larkham (* 13. Oktober 1974 in Canberra) ist ein ehemaliger australischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Larkhams Eltern besaßen ein Tenniszentrum und arbeiteten beide als Tennistrainer. Sowohl Todd als auch sein zwei Jahre jüngerer Bruder Brent wurden daher von Kindesbeinen an den Tennissport herangeführt. 1993 wurde er Tennisprofi und spielte zumeist auf Turnieren der ATP Challenger Tour. 1992 gewann er an der Seite des Briten Chris Wilkinson das Challenger-Turnier von Olbia. Seinen zweiten und letzten Doppeltitel holte er in Grenoble mit seinem Landsmann Michael Tebbutt. Seinen einzigen Einzeltitel errang er 2003 in Scheveningen durch einen Finalsieg gegen Diego Veronelli. Bei Turnieren der ATP World Tour scheiterte er meist schon in der Qualifikation, eine nennenswerte Ausnahme bildeten die Bournemouth Open 1998, als er gegen Miles Maclagan siegte und in der zweiten Runde Stefan Koubek unterlag.

Im Laufe seiner Karriere konnte er einen Einzeltitel und zwei Doppeltitel auf der Challenger-Tour erringen. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennis-Weltrangliste erreichte er 2003 mit Position 136 im Einzel sowie 1998 mit Position 168 im Doppel.

Sein bestes Einzelergebnis bei einem Grand-Slam-Turnier war das Erreichen der zweiten Runde bei den Australian Open 2003, wobei er nach drei Qualifikationsrunden und seinem Erstrundensieg gegen Cecil Mamiit in der zweiten Runde gegen Lleyton Hewitt unterlag. Besonderes Losglück hatte er bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren nicht, er traf in seinen Erstrundenpartien unter anderem auf Andre Agassi, Tim Henman und Pete Sampras. In der Doppelkonkurrenz erreichte er jeweils 1996 und 1998 die zweite Runde der Australian Open.

Larkham trat 2004 vom Profisport zurück.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Australien)
Australier
Geboren 1974
Mann

Todd Larkham


Kulaklık, 2 küçük hoparlörün kullanıcının kulağına yakın yerde durmasını sağlayan bir çevre birimidir.

Genellikle kullanım amaçları, kullanan kişi dışında başka kişileri rahatsız etmemek, dışarıdaki ortam gürültüsünü önlemek sesi ve basları daha net şekilde algılamak veya kulakları korumaktır.

Çeşitleri

Kulaklıkların yerinde nasıl durduğu, kulağı nasıl örttüğü, ses sinyalini kendisi nasıl aldığı, sesi nasıl ürettiği ve sesi kulak içindeki duyma organlarına nasıl ulaştırdığına göre birçok çeşitleri vardır.

Yerleştirme:
kafa kulaklığı,
Ense üstü,
Gözlük tipi,
Kulağa tutunan,
Kulak içi kulaklık
Örtme:
Kulak çevreleyen,
Kulak üstü,
Kulak içi,
Şakak temaslı
Sinyal alış:
Analog kablolu (örn. TRS konnektörü),
Sayısal kablolu (örn. USB),
Kablosuz sayısal radyolu (örn. Bluetooth),
Kablosuz analog radyolu (örn. FM Stereo),
kızıl ötesi iletişimli (örn. IrDA),
Ya da bunlardan bir kaçı birden
Sesi üretme:
Hoparlör (hareketli sargı),
Elektrostatik,
Elektret,
Orthodynamik,
Dengeli armatür,
Termoakustik,
Ve başka ses dönüştürücü teknolojiler
Sesi ulaştırma:
Kulak içindeki havayı ve kulak zarını titreterek (hava iletimli),
Kafatası kemiklerini titreterek (kemik iletimli).

Başka özellikler:
gürültü yalıtma,
Aktif gürültü azaltma (gürültüyü karşı gürültüyle iptal etme),
dokunmalı ya da geri konuşan gibi özel kullanıcı arayüzü detaylı,
mikrofonlu,
cep telefonu ile kullanabilmek için kontrol butonlu.
Pilli : Kablosuz olan kulaklıklar, ve Aktif gürültü azaltma veya gürültü iptal özelliği olan kulaklıklar, pilli olurlar. Bu pilin ne kadar dayandığı, nasıl doldurulduğu ya da değiştirildiği de kullanım rahatlığını etkileyen önemli birer etkenlerdir.
kablosuz, kulak içi, ve dışarıdan görülemeyecek kadar küçük mikro kulaklık.
kablolu ise,
kablosunun yuvarlak, yassı, ortak eksenli, PVC/FEP/vs.. ceketli, naylon örgülü vs.. olduğu,
Kulaklık jakı'nın 2.5 mm mono (TS), 3.5 mm mono (TS), 3.5 mm stereo (TRS), ya da 6.35 mm (1⁄4 in) (TRS) olması, ayrıca 2,3, ya da 4 konnektörlü olması, düz ya da yana bakan şekilde olması,
Bazen kulaklık, daha karmaşık bir birimin parçası olabilir. Ôrnek: Google Glass da kemik iletimli bir kulaklık, ekran, bilgisayar, kamera, internet bağlantısı ve bir takım çevre algılayıcıları ile birlikte bir gözlük olarak bütünleştirilmiştir.

Kafa Üstü Kulaklık

Kafa Üstü kulaklıklar (İng. Headphones), genellikle bilgisayarlar için kullanılan kulaklıklardır. Çok yer kapladığından ve taşınabilir olmadığından dolayı mobil cihazlarda pek tercih edilmezler. Kulaklık firmaları bu sorunu çözmek için kulaklıklara katlanabilme-dönebilme özellikleri eklemektedir. Üzerine mikrofon entegre edilmiş modelleri de bulunmaktadır. Kullanım yelpazesi geniştir. Bilgisayar kullanıcıları, oyuncular, radyocular, disk jokeyler vb. bu kulaklık türünü tercih etmektedir.

Ense Üstü Kulaklık

Ense Üstü kulaklıklar şapka ve başlıkla birlikte kullanma bakımından daha rahattır. Kafa Üstü kulaklıklar gibi öne doğru kayma sorunları daha azdır. Spor yaparken tercih edilirler.

Hem Ense Üstü kulaklıklar hem de Kafa Üstü kulaklıklar ses kalitesi bakımından kulak içi kulaklıklardan daha kaliteli ses üretirler. İki kulaklık süngerinin içinde 2 hoparlör olabileceği gibi ek olarak bas hoparlörleri ve tiz hoparlörleri de eklenebilir.

Kulak İçi Kulaklık

Kulak İçi kulaklıklar (İng. Earbuds veya Earphones), kafa üstü kulaklıkların gündelik kullanıma uyarlanmış modelidir. Dış veya orta kulak içine takılabilen modelleri vardır. Orta kulak içine takılan modellerin baş kısmında şapkamsı, silikon bir yapı mevcuttur. Günümüzde bu kulaklıkların içine de birden çok hoparlör yerleştirilebilmekte, MP3 entegre edilebilmektedir. Bu kulaklık türü mobil cihazların yanında tercih edilmektedir. Bluetooth kulaklıklar da bu kulaklık türüne dahildir. Beats, Sony, Samsung ve Apple, kulak içi kulaklık üreten büyük firmalardan bazılarıdır. Ayrıca bu kulaklıklar, üretici tarafından üretilen cihazların yanında da verilir.

Diğer Kullanım Alanları

Kulaklık ses üretimi gerekmeyen durumlarda da kullanılmaktadır:
 Kulakların üşümelerini önlemek: bu soğuk ülkelerde kış aylarında özellikle şapka giyilmediğinde kullanılır.
 Dışarıdaki yüksek gürültüyü dolayısıyla işitme kaybı riskini engellemek: Gürültülü işyerlerinde, gürültülü makinaları kullanırken, bazı konserlerde, ve gürültülü bir ortamda gürültüye rağmen uyuyabilmek için kullanılır.
 kulağa herhangi bir maddenin kaçmasını engellemek,
ve benzeri amaçlarla...

Bunların bazıları kulak tıkacı, kulak koruma, gibi başka isimlerle de anılır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.apple.com/tr/ipod/in-ear-headphones/
 http://www.sony.com.tr/electronics/hoparlorler/t/kafa-bantli-kulakliklar
 http://www.sony.com.tr/electronics/hoparlorler/t/kulak-ici-kulakliklar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140313175021/http://steelseries.com/products/audio
 http://www.beatsbydre.com/
 http://www.logitech.com/tr-tr/voip-headsets

Kulaklıklar
Ses teknolojileri
Haberleşme tekniği

Kulaklık


Le benzocyclobutène (BCB) est un hydrocarbure aromatique polycyclique de formule , ayant un cycle benzénique uni à un cycle cyclobutane.

Le BCB est fréquemment utilisé pour créer des polymères photosensibles. Les polymères diélectriques à base de BCB peuvent être filés ou bien appliqués sur divers substrats. Ils peuvent ensuite être utilisés dans les systèmes microélectromécaniques (MEMS) et dans le traitement microélectronique. Des applications possibles sont la liaison de plaquettes, les interconnexions optiques, les diélectriques à faible κ ou même les implants neuronaux intracorticaux.

Réactions
Le benzocyclobutène est un système contraint qui, porté à environ , fait subir au cyclobutène une réaction d'ouverture de cycle conrotatoire, le produit formé est l'o-xylylène. Ce processus détruisant l'aromaticité du cycle benzénique, la réaction inverse est fortement favorisée, le cycle benzénique étant très stable.

Les o-xylylènes ainsi générés sont souvent utilisés lors des réactions de cycloaddition, qui restaurent l'aromaticité du cycle benzénique, tout en formant une nouvelle espèce par une réaction d'annélation.

Usages
Le fragment benzocyclobutène apparaît aussi dans un certain nombre de composés chimiques aux propriétés pharmacologiques, comme l'ivabradine et le S33005.

De plus, l'analogue benzocyclobutène du 2C-B, une drogue hallucinogène, a été synthétisé et une amphétamine dérivée du benzocyclobutène a été brevetée.

Voir aussi
 Benzocyclobutadiène

Références

Benzocyclobutène


Janečka oder Janecka ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Allen Janecka (1949–2003), US-amerikanischer Auftragsmörder
 Marek Janečka (* 1983), slowakischer Fußballspieler

Janečka


Portland is a port city in the U.S. state of Oregon located at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers. Established in the 1830s as a camp along the Oregon Trail, Portland evolved into a major West Coast industrial city during the twentieth century. Contemporarily, it is the most populous city in Oregon, and the second-largest city in the Pacific Northwest.

This list of notable people includes persons who were either born in, are current residents of, or have lived in Portland. A person who lives in or comes from Portland, Oregon is called a Portlander.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

References

Citations

Sources

Portland, Oregon
People, Portland

people

List of people from Portland, Oregon


Nada Đurevska (Skoplje, 8. siječnja 1952. − Sarajevo, 13. rujna 2017.),  bosanskohercegovačka kazališna, televizijska i filmska glumica podrijetlom iz Makedonije. Bila je prvakinja Drame Narodnog kazališta u Sarajevu.

Životopis
Nada Đurevska je rođena 1952. godine u Skoplju. U Sarajevo se doselila kao šestogodišnja djevojčica, gdje je zavšila osnovnu i Srednju medicinsku školu, a zatim upisala glumu. Godine 1979. diplomirala je glumu na Odsjeku scenskih umjetnosti sarajevskog Filozofskog fakulteta. Njena prva uloga bila je u Čehovljevoj drami Višnjik, glumila je Varju. Od 1974. do 1979. bila je angažirana u Kamernom teatru, a od 1979. članica je Narodnog kazališta. Osim u kazalištu, ostvarila je brojne uloge u televizijskim serijama i filmovima.

Javnosti je ostala poznata kao glumica koja je bila izuzetno talentovana, a nikada nije žudila za isticanjem. Bila je protagonistica u filmu Hasanaginica reditelja Aleksandra Jevđevića, a scenarij je pisao cijenjeni književnik Alija Isaković. Neka od ostvarenja u kojima je također glumila su: Igmanski marš, Miris dunja, Od zlata jabuka, Moj brat Aleksa, Kod amidže Idriza, Dobro uštimani mrtvaci i drugi.

Igrala je u predstavama: Izgubljeni sin, Woyzeck, Hamlet, Medeja, Tartuffe, Višnjik, Legenda o Ali-paši, Derviš i smrt itd. Bila je aktivna na kazališnim daskama i tijekom agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu.

Osvojila je brojne nagrade, među kojima je Zlatni lovorov vijenac za doprinos umjetnosti teatra MESS 2002. godine. Predstavom Višnjik Narodnog kazališta Sarajevo 2004. godine obilježila je 30 godina umjetničkog rada i tom prilikom uručena joj je Plaketa Grada Sarajeva. Dobitnica je Zlatnih arena za najbolju glavnu žensku ulogu u filmu Obrana i zaštita iz 2013. i za najbolju sporednu žensku ulogu u filmu Od zlata jabuka iz 1986. godine. Godine 2014. dodijeljena joj je Šestotravanjska nagrada Grada Sarajeva.

Dana 13. rujna 2017. preminula je u Sarajevu u 65. godini.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Bosanskohercegovački filmski glumci
Bosanskohercegovački kazališni glumci
Bosanskohercegovački televizijski glumci
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Nada Đurevska


Die Müllverwiegung ist eine Methode, die Kosten der Müllentsorgung gerechter zu ermitteln. Dazu sind mit einem Chip markierte Müllgefäße sowie eine Wiegeeinrichtung am Müllwagen notwendig. Seit den frühen 1990er Jahren wurden dazu bereits Versuche in der Steiermark durchgeführt. Einige Gemeinden des Saarlands wie in Saarbrücken und St. Ingbert wenden die Technik seit 2011 praktisch an, nachdem die Umstellung in Lebach bereits zehn Jahre früher durchgeführt worden war. Der Grund für die Umstellung waren die zu hohen Kosten des damals landesweiten Entsorgers Entsorgungsverband Saar (EVS), dessen Vertrag zum Ende 1999 gekündigt worden war. Für die neu zu organisierende Entsorgung wurde damals der Lebacher Abfallzweckverband (LAZ) gegründet.

Die Müllmengen konnten in allen drei Kommunen reduziert werden. Dies liegt nach Angaben der jeweiligen Verwaltungsmitarbeiter zum einen an einer gewissen Müllvermeidung, vor allem aber an einer besseren Mülltrennung.

Auch andere Kommunen wie beispielsweise Landeck, Heiligenhaus und Monheim am Rhein sowie im Landkreis Schweinfurt und drei anderen Landkreisen in Bayern haben inzwischen die Müllverwiegung eingeführt.

Einzelnachweise

Abfallwirtschaft

Müllverwiegung


Allophylus cobbe es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia de las sapindáceas. Se distribuye por el Viejo Mundo.

Descripción
Tiene las hojas alternas y dispuestas en espiral. El fruto es  comestible, como en Sapindus trifoliatus.

Taxonomía
Allophylus cobbe fue descrita por (Carl Linnaeus) Ernst Adolf Raeuschel y publicado en Nomenclator Botanicus, ed. 3 108. en el año 1797.
Variedades aceptadas
 Allophylus cobbe var. pinnatus (Choux) Capuron
Sinonimia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

cobbe

Allophylus cobbe


ඉංගී‍්‍රසි භාෂාව කථාකරන ජනයා, විශේෂයෙන්ම එංගලන්තයේ වර්ධනය වූ නීති පද්ධතිය වන පොදු නීතියට වඩා වෙනස් වූවක් ලෙස සිවිල් නීතිය හඳුනාගනු ලැබේ.

මූලික වෙනස වන්නේ පොදු නීතිය ලිඛිත නීති බිහිවීමට පෙර පැවැති සම්ප‍්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වෙමින් වර්ධනය වූ නීතියක් වීමත්, ලිඛිත නීති බිහිවීමෙන් පසුවද එම නීති අධිකරණයන් විසින් යොදාගනු ලැබ තිබිමත්ය. සිවිල් නීතිය වර්ධනය වූයේ ජස්ටීනියන්ගේ රෝම නිතියෙනි.

පසුකාලීනව සිවිල් නීතිය ප‍්‍රමාණික ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ චාරිත‍්‍රමය නෛතික සිද්ධාන්තයන්ගේ සංගෘහිත කිරීමක් ලෙස සැලකිල්ලට ලක්විය. 18 වන සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී පුද්ගලික නීතිය සංගෘහිත කිරීම සඳහා දරන ලද්දාවූ උත්සාහයන් දැකගත හැක. කෙසේවෙතත් සිවිල් නීති සංග‍්‍රහයන්ගේ බලපෑම වඩාත් තදින් දැනෙන්ට පටන් ගත්තේ ප‍්‍රංශ විප්ලවයෙන් පසුකාලයේදීය. ප‍්‍රංශය, ඔස්ට්‍රියාව, ක්විබෙක්, ඉතාලිය, පෘතුගාලය, ස්පාඥ්ඥය, නෙදර්ලන්තය සහ ජර්මනියේද මෙය පැතිරින. කෙසේවෙතත් සංගෘහිත කිරීම සිවිල් නීති පද්ධතියේ අනිවාර්ය ලක්‍ෂණයක් නොවුනි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානු රටවල සිවිල් නීතියේ වැඩි කොටසක් සංගෘහිත කොට නොමැත. මේ අතර පොදු නීති අධීකරණ බලයන් විශාල වශයෙන් සංග‍්‍රහ කරනු ලැබ ඇත. මේ දෙකෙහි මිශ‍්‍ර ස්වභාවයක් දැකගත හැකි නීති පද්ධතීන්ද පවතී. ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය, ක්විබෙක්, පිලිපීනය, නැමීබියාව සහ දකුණු අපි‍්‍රකාව මීට උදාහරණයන්ය.
මේ අනුව සිවිල් නීතිය සහ පොදු නීතිය අතර වෙනස පවතින්නේ සංගෘහිත කිරීම මත නොව නීති සංග‍්‍රහයන් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාවන් වෙත දක්වනු ලබන ක‍්‍රමවේදී ප‍්‍රවේශය මත බව පෙනීයයි. සිවිල් නීති රටවල ව්‍යවස්ථා සම්පාදනය නීතියේ මූලික මූලාශ‍්‍රය වෙයි. මේ අනුව අධිකරණයන් සිය තීන්දු ලබාදීමේදී නීති සංග‍්‍රහයන් සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාවන් මත පදනම් වෙයි. මෙහිදී කිසියම් කරුණක් අරභයා නිශ්චිත නෛතික ප‍්‍රතිපාදනයක් නොමැති අවස්ථාවක් උද්ගත වූ විට නීති සංග‍්‍රහයේ පොදු රීති හා මූලධර්මයන් කෙරෙහි අධිකරණය සලකා බලයි. මීට වෙනස්ව පොදු නීති පද්ධතියේදී නීතියේ ප‍්‍රාථමික මූලාශ‍්‍රය වන්නේ නඩු තීන්දුය. ව්‍යවස්ථාවන් පොදු නීතිය තුලට පසුව පැමිණි ද්විතීයික මූලාශ‍්‍රයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර ඒවා පටු ලෙස අර්ථ දැක්වීම සිදු කරනු ලබයි.

බලය බෙදීමේ සංකල්පය කෙරෙහිද සිවිල් නීති හා පොදු නීති රටවල ආකල්පය එකිනෙකට වෙනස් වෙයි. සමහර පොදු නීති රටවල විශේෂයෙන්ම එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජයේ අනෙකුත් ශාඛාවන්හි බලය සමතුලිත කරන තැනැත්තන් ලෙස විනිශ්චයකාර වරුන්ව සලකනු ලැබේ. මීට වෙනස්ව ප‍්‍රංශයේ බලය බෙදීම පිලිබඳ මූලික සංකල්පය වන්නේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය සහ විනිශ්චකාරවරුන්ට එකිනෙකට වෙනස් භූමිකාවන් පවරා දීමයි. මෙහිදී විනිශ්චකාරවරුන් නීතිය ප‍්‍රායෝගික සිද්ධීන්ට අදාල කරන්නන් ලෙසින් පමණක් සලකනු ලබයි. එනම් බොහෝ සිවිල් නීති රටවල් අධිකරණ පූර්ව නිදර්ශන න්‍යාය ප‍්‍රතික්ෂේප කරසිටීම හෝ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ බලය සීමා කිරීමට පියවර අනුගමනය කොට ඇත.

විවිධ සිවිල් නීති රටවල නෛතික ක‍්‍රමවේදයන්හි හඳුනාගත හැකි වෙනස්කම් රැසක්ද පවතී. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස නිතර ප‍්‍රකාශවන අදහසක් වන්නේ පොදු නීති උපදේශයන් වඩාත් දිගු විස්තර හා හේතුදැක්වීම් සහිත වන බවත් සිවිල් නීති රටවල නීති උපදෙස් ඉතා කෙටි සහ ස්වභාවයෙන්ම විධිමත් ඒවා වන බවත්ය. මෙම මූලධර්මය ප‍්‍රංශය සම්බන්ධයෙන් සත්‍යයක් වන අතර නඩු තීන්දුවලදී විනිශ්චයකාරවරුන් ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත නීතිය මිස පූර්ව නඩු තීන්දු සඳහන් නොකරති (කෙසේවෙතත් ඔවුන් සිය තීරණයන්ට එළැඹීමේදී ඒවා සැලකිල්ලට නොගන්නා බවත් මින් අදහස් නොවේ). මීට වෙනස්ව ජර්මන් භාෂාව කථාකරන රටවල අධිකරණ තීන්දු ඉංග‍්‍රීසි අධිකරණ තීන්දු තරම්ම දීඝ වියහැක. එමෙන්ම ඒවායේ පූර්ව අධිකරණ තීන්දු සහ ශ‍්‍රාස්ත‍්‍රාලීය ලිවීම් පිලිබඳවද ගැඹුරින් සාකච්ඡා කරනු ලබයි.
කෙසේවෙතත් මෙහි සමහර සමාජවිචාරාත්මක වෙනස්කම් පවතී. සමහර සිවිල් නීති රටවල විනිශ්චකාරවරු නීතීඥයින්ගෙන් වෙන්වූ වෙනමම පිරිසක් ලෙස පුහුණු කිරීම සහ උසස්වීම් ලබාදීම සිදුකරනු ලැබේ. පොදු නීති විනිශ්චකාරවරුන් තොරාගනු ලබන්නේ පිලිගැනීමට ලක්වූ නීතීඥයින් අතුරිනි. ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානු රටවල විනිශ්චකාරවරුන් වන්නේ එකී ධුරය සඳහා ඉල්ලූම් කරනු ලැබූ නීතීඥයින්ය. ප‍්‍රංශයේ විනිශ්චකාරවරුන් සඳහා වෙන්වූ වෙනමම පාසැලක් පවතී.

අපරාධ නඩු විධාන කාර්ය පටිපාටිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත්කළ සිවිල් නීති පද්ධතීන් පදනම් වන්නේ චෝදනාත්මක ක‍්‍රමය අනුව නොව විමර්ෂනාත්මක ක‍්‍රමය මතය. පොදු නීති රටවල මෙවැනි ආකාරයේ අධිකරණ සංවිධානයක් එහි ඇති නිර්දෝෂීභාවයේ පූර්ව නිගමනය හේතුවෙන් විවේචනයට ලක්වී ඇත. මානව හිමිකම් පිලිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප‍්‍රඥප්තියේ පාර්ශ්වයන් වන බොහෝ යුරෝපීය රටවල් 'සාධාරණ නඩු විභාගයක් සඳහා ඇති අයිතිය' සහ නිර්දෝෂීභාවයේ පූර්ව නිගමනය සුරක්‍ෂිත කරනු ලබයි. මෙම ප‍්‍රඥප්තිය සියලූම සාමාජිකයින් විසින් සිය ව්‍යවස්ථාවන් මගින් බලාත්මක කොට ඇත. සමහර සිවිල් නීති රටවල මෙම ප‍්‍රඥප්තියට පෙර සිටම නිර්දොෂීභාවයේ පූර්ව නිගමනය සංකල්පයක් ලෙස පැවතින. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස නෝර්වේහි මෙම පූර්ව නිගමනය එරට චාරිත‍්‍රමය නීතිය තුල අන්තර්ගතව පැවති අතර එරට ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය විසින්ද එය පිලිගනු ලැබ පැවතින.

නිර්දෝෂීභාවයේ පූර්ව නිගමනය පැවතුනද විමර්ෂනාත්මක ක‍්‍රමයේ වෙනස වඩාත් නිරූපනය වනනේ පොදු නීති රටවල මහත් අවධානයක් යොමු කරනු ලබන ජූරියේ සමානත්වය තුලය. විමර්ෂනාත්මක ක‍්‍රමයන් තනි විසුරුවරයකු හෝ විනිශ්චය සභාවකින් සමන්විත විනිශ්චයාසනයන් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට උන්නදු වෙයි. සමහර ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානු රටවල එක් සිවිල් වැසියකු සහ පුහුණුවලත් නීති වෘත්තිකයින් දෙදෙනකුගෙන් සමන්විත විනිශ්චය සභාවන් කි‍්‍රයාත්මක වේ. මෙම විමර්ෂනාත්මක ක‍්‍රමයේ එක් ප‍්‍රතිඵලයක් වන්නේ ජූරි නඩු විභාගයන් අවම වීම නඩු විභාගයන්හි සාක්‍ෂි සම්බන්ධයෙන් විශාල වෙනස්කමක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතුවීමය. සාක්‍ෂි පිලිබඳ පොදු නීතියේ රීතීන් පදනම්ව ඇත්තේ ජූරිය නොමඟ යවන සහ විශ්වාසනීය නොවන සාක්‍ෂි වෙත අනවශ්‍ය ලෙස රැඳීම වැලැක්වීම සඳහාය.  විමර්ෂනාත්මක ක‍්‍රමයේදී සාක්‍ෂි සම්බන්ධයෙන් කි‍්‍රයාත්මක රීති එතරම් සංකීර්ණ නොවන අතර එයට හේතුවී ඇත්තේ විශ්වාසනීය සාක්‍ෂි හඳුනාගැනීමේ හැකියාව නීති වෘත්තිකයන්ට පැවතීමය. මෙහි වඩාත් වැදගත් රීතිය වන්නේ ප‍්‍රවාදක සාක්‍ෂි පිලිබඳව වන රීතියයි. පොදු නීතියේ ප‍්‍රවාදක සාක්‍ෂි පිලිබඳව වන රීතියට දළ වශයෙන් ව්‍යතිරේඛයන් 32 ක් යොදාගැනීම වලක්වා ඇත්තේ අධිකරණයෙන් පිටදී කරන ලද ප‍්‍රකාශයන් භාවිතා කිරීම වැලැක්වීම සඳහාය.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29#Civil_versus_common_la

සිවිල් නීතිය සහ පොදු නීතිය


Çufo este un canal de televiziune albanez pentru copiii cu vârste cuprinse între 1-14 ani. Sistemul de rating este împărțit în 3 grupe: copiii cu vârsta cuprinsă între 1-5 ani, copii de la 6-9 ani și adolescenți cu vârsta cuprinsă între 11-14 ani. A fost lansat pe 18 decembrie 2006 de către platforma TV Digitalb.

Note

Canale de televiziune
Televiziuni din Albania
Fondări în 2006

Çufo


Jean Howard, née Ernestine Mahoney le 13 octobre 1910 à Longview, Texas et morte le 20 mars 2000  à Beverly Hills, Californie, est une Ziegfeld Girl et , actrice de cinéma et photographe professionnelle américaine.

Biographie
Jean Howard est née à Longview, au Texas, et a grandi à Dallas.  Elle décroche un contrat avec la Metro Goldwyn Mayer en tant que choriste dans le tube d'Eddie Cantor à Broadway, Whoopee !    .

Jean Howard apparait à Broadway dans trois productions : The Age of Innocence avec Franchot Tone ; Ziegfeld Follies de 1931 avec Iris Adrian et Harry Richman ; et Evensong.

En 1931 Jean Howard rencontre les Porter pour la première fois chez  qui donne des soirées après le théâtre à New York. Jean devient la plus proche amie de  et de Cole Porter. Après sa mère et Linda, Jean est la femme la plus aimée de Cole depuis leur rencontre en 1931 jusqu'à sa mort. Après la mort de Linda, Jean lui devient encore plus cher, et ils voyage beaucoup ensemble.

Jean Howard prend au sérieux la photographie dans les années 1940 en étudiant au Art Center College of Design de Los Angeles et utilise son appareil photo pour capturer des moments à Hollywood dans les années 1940 et 1950. Elle reçoit des missions de magazines comme Life et  Vogue . Elle photographie des fêtes, des rassemblements, des tournois sportifs, etc., prenant en photo Tyrone Power, Gene Tierney, Richard Burton, Cole Porter, Judy Garland, Grace Kelly, Hedy Lamarr, Jennifer Jones, Deborah Kerr, Geraldine Page, Ethel Barrymore, Laurence Olivier et Vivien Leigh. En 1989, elle publie son livre, Jean Howard's Hollywood, un hommage à l'âge d'or d'Hollywood.

Cinéma
 1930 : Whoopee !, film musical américain réalisé par Thornton Freeland.
 1933 : The Prizefighter and the Lady (Un cœur, deux poings), film américain réalisé par W. S. Van Dyke.
 1935 : Break of Hearts (Cœurs brisés), film américain réalisé par Philip Moeller.
 1941 : Claudia, film américain en noir et blanc réalisé par Edmund Goulding.

Vie privée
Jean Howard a été courtisée par Louis B. Mayer, le chef tyrannique de la MGM, qui lui a proposé le mariage, promettant de divorcer de sa femme. En 1935, Jean Howard épouse l'agent américain Charles K. Feldman. leur maison à  devient le centre de la vie sociale hollywoodienne. Ils se battent fréquemment et divorcent en 1947; Cependant, ils restent  bons amis et continuent même à partager une maison pendant un certain temps.

Héritant d'une fortune en bijoux de ses amis  et Cole Porter; Howard a vécu sur l'île de Capri où elle s'est mariée avec Tony Santoro, un musicien italien. Elle est décédée en 2000, à l'âge de 89 ans, dans sa maison de Coldwater Canyon, à Beverly Hills, en Californie. Elle est enterrée dans le mausolée de l'Abbaye des Psaumes du Hollywood Forever Cemetery, à Hollywood, en Californie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 :

.
.
.
 The Stars of Hollywood Forever: 1901-2006, Tony Scott Publishing, 2001 / /ASIN : B0006SA7KO.

Liens externes

.

Naissance en octobre 1910
Naissance à Longview (Texas)
Ziegfeld Girl
Danseuse américaine du XXe siècle
Photographe américaine
Actrice américaine de théâtre
Actrice américaine de cinéma
Décès en mars 2000
Décès à Beverly Hills
Décès à 89 ans
Personnalité américaine incinérée
Personnalité inhumée au Hollywood Forever Cemetery

Jean Howard


El topónimo Williamsport puede hacer referencia a varios lugares de Estados Unidos:

 el pueblo de Williamsport, en el estado de Indiana;
 el municipio de Williamsport, en el estado de Kansas;
 el pueblo de Williamsport, en el estado de Maryland;
 la villa de Williamsport, en el estado de Ohio; o
 la ciudad de Williamsport y su área metropolitana, en el estado de Pensilvania.

Williamsport


Shohei Yokoyama (født 9. august 1993) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Thespakusatsu Gunma og FC Machida Zelvia.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shohei Yokoyama


الداء التنكسي  هو داءٌ تتدهور فيه وظيفة أو بنيان الأنسجة أو الأعضاء التي تُصاب به بمرور الوقت بسبب التقدم في العمر أو بسبب العادات المرتبطة بنمط الحياة مثل ممارسة الرياضة أو نمط التغذية. وتختلف الأمراض التنكسية عن الأمراض المعدية في الكثير من النواحي.

أمثلة على الأمراض التكنسية
 مرض الزيمر.
 مرض باركنسون.
 تصلب عصيدي.
 مرض شاركو-ماري-توث
 الشلل فوق النووي المترقي.
 السكري.
 السرطان.
 أمراض القلب.
 ضمور المقلة الوراثي أو داء نوري.
 التهاب البروستات.
 داء الأمعاء الالتهابي.
 التهاب المفاصل.
 تخلخل العظام.
 التهاب المفاصل الرثياني.

انظر أيضًا
 شيخوخة
 مرض
 إطالة الحياة
 مرض متصاعد
 تمزق الغضروف الهلالي

المراجع

أمراض واضطرابات
عمليات التشيخ
هرم (فيزيولوجيا)

مرض تنكسي


Vandring, hiking eller trekking er en tilbagelægning af en strækning over flere timer. Tidligere var det en fælles rejseform, er det nu først og fremmest er en fritidsaktivitet. Vandring er forbundet med en oplevelse af omgivelserne (som oftest naturen), en moderat sportsart og en vigtig økonomisk faktor indenfor sommerturisme. I Europas naturskønne områder forefindes ofte et veludviklet net af vandrestier.

Definition
Der skelnes mellem vandring med og uden formål. Vandring kun med det mål at vandre, som nydelsesform eller bedregørelse, mens der som udgangspunkt også findes formålsbestemt vandring betinget af arbejdssøgning, flugt eller handel (se Vandring (demografi)), eller handel og militær march.

Historie

Opståelse
Som den første historisk dokumenterede vandrer "uden formål" anses italieneren Francesco Petrarca, som i 1336 besteg Mont Ventoux sammen med sin bror. I mange århundreder er der kun dokumenteret få vandringer af denne art. Men vandrer-begrebet var kendt i Tyskland i middelalderen. Først i forbindelse med oplysningstiden blev denne nye måde at komme rundt på, vandring, et symbol på oplyst frigørelse af borgerskab og adel. Man mødte således verden med oprejst pande og betragtede natur og folk.

Romantikken
Efter oplysningstiden tog romantikken vandring til hjerte og formede begrebet som man kender det i dag. I modsætning til oplysningstiden var øjnene ikke længere rettet mod den sociale og politiske situation, men først og fremmest på landskabet, som man anså for at være et sjælens spejl. De søgte ensomheden for at finde kosmos i selvet. I det 19. århundede, som forlængelse af industrialiseringen, opsøgte man i højere og højere grad naturen og fjerne egne med karet eller med jernbane, og man vandrede i stigende grad langs markerede strækninger.

Institutionalisering
Fra midten af det 19. århundrede opstod der således en stigende institutionalisering gennem vandre- og bjerglag. Disse var pionerer i udviklingen af vandrestier, vejvisere, vandrekort, vandrehytter og udsigtstårne. 1864 opstod Schwarzwaldverein, det første bjergvandrelaug, og i 1896 dannedes det første alpine redningscenter i Steiermark (Østrig) efter en bjergvandrerulykke.

Dansk Vandrelaug (DVL) blev stiftet i 1930 og der per udgangen af 2016 9.500 medlemmer i 20 lokalforeninger.

Et godt eksempel på udviklingen set med danske øjne er hærvejen.

Former

Fjernvandring, hike og trekking
Fjernvandring betegnes som en vandring, hvor man er af sted i flere dage, eller hvis man ikke har til hensigt at vende tilbage til udgangspunktet. Trekking er fjernvandring udenfor afmærkede ruter.

En hejk, eller hike er en vandretur, som inkluderer primitiv overnatning som stalde, hølofter, bivuakker eller bare under åben himmel, hvis vejret tillader det. Oftest foregår en hejk på spejderlejre eller andre former for friluftsture og varer som regel 2 dage. Den første dag går man ud til stedet, hvor man skal overnatte, og den anden dag går man tilbage til hovedlejren. Med Speedhiking forstås hurtiggang med stokke og let udstyr i udfordrende terræn.

I løbet af 1960'erne og 1970'erne opstod i stigende grad afmærkede ruter, blandt andet fordi man indså den økonomiske gevinst ved brugen af lokale ressourcer. Således opstod i 1969 idéen om at lave et langdistancenetværk af egnede vandrestier gennem hele Europa. Se Fjernvandreveje.

Parallelt hertil opstod der en "Wilderness"-bevægelse i Nordamerika, hvor man med udgangspunkt i naturreservaterne lavede såkaldte trails. Trekking er blevet et verdensomspændende fænomen, hvor "eksotiske" bjerge såsom Himalaya- eller Andesbjergene blev grundlaget for en særlig form for "ekspeditions"turisme.

Bjergvandring
Vandring i bjergrigt terræn betegnes som bjergvandring, men grænsen mellem vandreture, bjergvandring og bjergbestigning er ikke er præcist defineret. Bjergbestigning adskiller sig fra bjergvandring gennem brugen af hænder, groft sagt. Bjergvandring bliver til højdevandring hvis det foretages i høje højder. I Alperne findes der bemandede og ubemandede hytter, blandt andet drevet af Deutscher & Österreichischer Alpenverein, hvor man i sommerhalvåret kan overnatte. Til de ubemandede hytter kan man mod depositum få en nøgle gennem blandt andet Alpenverein. Visse hytter kan også tilgås om vinteren, hvis der er taget de rette forholdsregler. Bjergvandring er nemlig ikke uden risiko. Årsag til alpine dødsulykker er i 64% af tilfældende glid eller fald, i 21% af tilfældende udmattelse og overbelastning, de resterende 15% mistede orienteringen, blev ramt af lynet, fik hede- eller kuldeskader, eller blev ramt af laviner.

Vintervandring
Mange turistorganisationer tilbyde flerdagsture, hvor bagagen mod en vis afgift transporteres fra hotel til hotel. Du kan sammensætte en rute og spørge på hotellerne, om de vil være villige til at overtage bagagetransporten.

Dannelsesvandring
Tidens trend er vandring med dannelsesmæssige formål. Vandrestier med samme tema binder områder med lignende interesser sammen, såsom Walserwege i Østrig eller Kulturweg der Alpen. Vandreguider i forklædning bruges til markedsføringsformål for at lokke flere turister med interesse for vandring. Sentiero della Pace er et tredje eksempel.

Natvandring
Natvandringer udføres, som navnet antyder, som oftest i mørke. Disse kan også have en religiøs baggrund, herunder opstigningen til Sri Pada i Sri Lanka.

Barfodsvandring
Talrige barfodsparker i Tyskland, Østrig og Schweiz gør det muligt at opleve barfodsvandring under ordnede forhold. Men også en tur på vadehavet er en perfekt måde at afprøve barfodsvandring.

Geocaching
Se Geocaching.

Nøgenvandring
Naturister søger "total frihed og nærhed til naturen", og for at undgå misforståelser, foretrækker de mindre befærdede ruter. Men der findes officielle nøgenvandrestier, såsom Harz Naturistenstieg.

Se også
 Fjernvandreveje

Eksterne henvisninger

Vandring


Berschad ( und ;  und , ) ist eine Stadt in der ukrainischen Oblast Winnyzja mit etwa 13.000 Einwohnern.

Geografische Lage
Die Stadt liegt knapp 124 km südöstlich der Oblasthauptstadt Winnyzja am Ufer der Dochna und war bis Juli 2020 das Verwaltungszentrum des gleichnamigen Rajons Berschad.

Durch die Stadt verläuft die Regionalstraße P–54 und die Territorialstraße T–02–02. Im südlich angrenzenden Dorf Floryne befindet sich eine Bahnstation des Schmalspurnetzes Hajworon.

Geschichte
Die Ortschaft wurde 1459 zum ersten Mal schriftlich erwähnt und gehörte zunächst in der Woiwodschaft Bracław zu Polen. Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde sie zu einem der Zentren chassidischer Tradition und Kultur, die mehr als 200 Jahre alte Synagoge des Schtetls ist die weltweit älteste erhaltene Synagoge in Lehmbauweise. 1795 kam Berschad im Rahmen der dritten Aufteilung Polen-Litauens zum Russischen Reich und wurde verwaltungstechnisch in das Gouvernement Podolien eingegliedert. Die starke jüdische Einwohnerschaft nahm in Friedenszeiten zu, wurde aber wiederholt auch durch eine Reihe von Pogromen blutig reduziert, erstmals im größeren Rahmen während der Massaker des Chmelnyzkyj-Aufstands 1648–1657, und nahm insbesondere Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts auch durch Abwanderung nach Amerika wieder ab.

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde der Ort durch rumänische und deutsche Truppen besetzt und erhielt den romanisierten Namen Berșad. Das ab Ende Juli 1941 eroberte Gebiet verwalteten die rumänischen Besatzer unter dem Namen Transnistrien. Vor Kriegsausbruch hatte Berschad 4000 bis 5000 jüdische Bewohner. Beim Einmarsch in die Stadt töteten die Angreifer rund 10.000 Ukrainer und Juden. Die verbliebenen Juden wurden in ein am 29. Juli 1941 in einem Stadtteil eingerichtetes Ghetto verbracht. Das Ghetto von Berschad wurde zum größten Lager für Juden in Transnistrien. Es war mit etwa 20.000 aus Bessarabien deportierten Juden gefüllt, die bis zur Ankunft wochenlange Fußmärsche von den bessarabischen Zwischenlagern (etwa Mărculești, Edineț) oder Bahnstationen (Otaci, Rezina, Bender) hinter sich hatten. Das Ghetto bestand aus zwölf engen Gassen eines jüdischen Viertels mit 300 bis 350 heruntergekommenen Lehmhäusern. In jedem Haus lebten etwa 60 Menschen. Im Herbst und Winter breitete sich Typhus im Ghetto von Berschad und in anderen Ghettos der Region aus. Beim Ausbruch der Epidemie lebten in Berschad insgesamt 24.000 bis 25.000 Juden. Davon starben während und durch die Typhusepidemie 16.000 Juden allein in Berschad.

Nach der Befreiung 1944 gehörte Berschad weiter zur Ukrainischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik innerhalb der Sowjetunion und bis 1966 hatte der Ort nur den Status einer Siedlung städtischen Typs. Mit dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion in 1991 ist die Stadt ein Teil der heutigen Ukraine.

Literatur
 Zvi Harry Likwornik: Als Siebenjähriger im Holocaust - Nach den Ghettos von Czernowitz und Bérschad in Transnistrien ein neues Leben in Israel 1934–1948–2012. 2., durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage. Hartung-Gorre Verlag, Konstanz 2013, ISBN 978-3-86628-426-5.

Weblinks

 Eintrag zum Ort im Geographischen Verzeichnis des Königreichs Polen und anderer slawischer Länder

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Winnyzja
Ersterwähnung 1459
Rajon Hajssyn

Berschad


Nate Prosser (* 7. Mai 1986 in Elk River, Minnesota) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler. Der Verteidiger bestritt zwischen 2010 und 2021 über 300 Partien für die Minnesota Wild, St. Louis Blues und Philadelphia Flyers in der National Hockey League (NHL).

Karriere
Nate Prosser begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den Sioux Falls Stampede, für die er von 2003 bis 2006 in der Juniorenliga United States Hockey League aktiv war. Anschließend besuchte er vier Jahre lang das Colorado College, für deren Eishockeymannschaft er parallel in der Western Collegiate Hockey Association spielte. 2010 wurde er in das All-Academic Team sowie das zweite All-Star Team der WCHA gewählt. Daraufhin erhielt er am 18. März 2010 einen Vertrag als Free Agent bei den Minnesota Wild, für die er gegen Ende der Saison 2009/10 sein Debüt in der National Hockey League gab. Bis Saisonende bereitete er in drei Spielen ein Tor vor. In der folgenden Spielzeit lief der US-Amerikaner überwiegend für Minnesotas Farmteam Houston Aeros in der American Hockey League auf und scheiterte mit der Mannschaft erst im Finale um den Calder Cup an den Binghamton Senators, während er für Minnesota nur zwei Mal in der NHL auf dem Eis stand. In der Saison 2011/12 lief er erstmals überwiegend in der NHL für die Minnesota Wild auf.

Nach vier Jahren wurde sein Vertrag in Minnesota nicht verlängert, sodass er sich im Juli 2014 den St. Louis Blues anschloss. Dort konnte er sich in der Saisonvorbereitung nicht durchsetzen und kehrte, ohne ein Pflichtspiel absolviert zu haben, über den Waiver nach Minnesota zurück. Im Sommer 2017 wurde sein auslaufender Vertrag von den Wild erneut nicht verlängert, sodass er im August 2017 abermals einen Zweijahresvertrag bei den St. Louis Blues unterzeichnete. Im Gegensatz zur Situation vor drei Jahren bestritt Prosser diesmal bis Ende November 2017 eine Partie für die Blues, ehe er erneut über den Waiver nach Minnesota zurückkehrte.

Im Juli 2019 wechselte Prosser als Free Agent zu den Philadelphia Flyers, bei denen er einen Zweijahresvertrag erfüllte, der im Sommer 2021 nicht verlängert wurde. Anschließend verkündete er im Januar 2022 das Ende seiner aktiven Karriere, in der 360 NHL-Partien bestritten hatte.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2010 WCHA All-Academic Team
 2010 WCHA Second All-Star Team

Karrierestatistik

Weblinks

Eishockeyspieler (Colorado College Tigers)
Eishockeyspieler (Houston Aeros, AHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Minnesota Wild)
Eishockeyspieler (St. Louis Blues)
Eishockeyspieler (Iowa Wild)
Eishockeyspieler (Lehigh Valley Phantoms)
Eishockeyspieler (Philadelphia Flyers)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1986
Mann

Nate Prosser


Fatma Omar (en ), née le  au Caire, est une haltérophile handisport égyptienne concourant en -67 kg. Elle détient quatre titres mondiaux (1998, 2002, 2006, 2014) et quatre titres paralympiques (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012).

Carrière
Elle est victime de la poliomyélite à l'âge de un an.

En mai 2014, elle est suspendue 2 ans et reçoit une amende de 1 500 € après un contrôle positif de ses urines au clomifène. Un an plus tard, sa sentence est réduite à un an de suspension.

Fatma Omar remporte le titre paralympique sur quatre éditions des Jeux (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012) avant de remporter l'argent lors des deux éditions suivantes (2016, 2020). Elle la première athlète égyptienne a rafler quatre titres aux Jeux paralympiques et l'athlète égyptienne la plus médaillée avec six médailles au total.

Références

Liens externes

Haltérophile égyptienne
Championne paralympique d'haltérophilie
Championne paralympique égyptienne
Médaillée d'argent paralympique égyptienne
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2000
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2004
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2008
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2012
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2016
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Cas de poliomyélite
Naissance en octobre 1973
Naissance au Caire

Fatma Omar


Parodia muricata ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Parodia in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton muricata leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort muricate ab und verweist auf die Mitteldornen der Art.

Beschreibung
Parodia muricata wächst einzeln oder sprosst reichlich. Die glauk leuchtend grünen, kugelförmigen bis säulenförmigen Triebe erreichen Durchmesser von bis zu 20 Zentimeter. Der Triebscheitel ist häufig eingesenkt. Die 16 bis 20 welligen Rippen sind stumpf. Die drei bis vier bräunlichen Mitteldornen weisen eine Länge von bis zu 1,8 Zentimeter auf. Die 15 bis 20 (selten ab 10) haarartigen Randdornen sind weiß und bis zu 0,8 Zentimeter lang.

Die gelben Blüten erreichen Längen von bis zu 3 Zentimeter und Durchmesser von 4,5 Zentimeter. Ihr Perikarpell und die Blütenröhre sind mit Wolle und Borsten besetzt. Die Narben sind dunkelrot. Die tönnchenförmigen Früchte werden bei Reife olivgrün und weisen Längen von bis zu 1 Zentimeter (selten bis zu 3 Zentimeter) auf.

Verbreitung, Systematik und Gefährdung
Parodia muricata ist im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Rio Grande do Sul verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Echinocactus muricatus durch Ludwig Georg Karl Pfeiffer wurde 1837 veröffentlicht. Andreas Hofacker stellte die Art 1998 in die Gattung Parodia. Weitere nomenklatorische Synonyme sind Malacocarpus muricatus  (1922, unkorrekter Name ICBN-Artikel 11.4), Notocactus muricatus  (1929) und Peronocactus muricatus  (1999, unkorrekter Name ICBN-Artikel 11.4).

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als "", d. h. als stark gefährdet geführt.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Fotos von Parodia muricata

Parodia (Kakteen)
muricata

Parodia muricata


The Australian Terrier is a small breed of dog of the terrier dog type. The breed was developed in Australia, although the ancestral types of dogs from which the breed descends were from Great Britain.

Appearance

The Australian Terrier is a small dog with short legs, weighing around  and standing about  at the withers, with a medium length shaggy harsh double coat that is not normally trimmed. Fur is shorter on the muzzle, lower legs, and feet, and there is a ruff around the neck. The coat colours are blue or silver and tan with a lighter coloured topknot, and with markings on face, ears, body and legs of a colour described in the breed standard as "tan, never sandy", or a solid red with a sandy variation. The tail was traditionally docked, in order to protect the dog from spinal injury while working and hunting in the field. As with most pet dog breeds, all proportions and aspects of the body and head as well as colours and markings are extensively described in the breed standard.

History

The Australian Terrier is descended from the rough coated type terriers brought from Great Britain to Australia in the early 19th century. The ancestral types of all of these breeds were kept to eradicate mice and rats.  The Australian Terrier shares ancestors with the Cairn Terrier, Shorthaired Skye Terrier, and the Dandie Dinmont Terrier; Yorkshire Terriers and Irish Terriers were also crossed into the dog during the breed's development.

Development of the breed began in Australia about 1820, and the dogs were at first called the Rough Coated Terrier. The breed was officially recognised in 1850, and later renamed as the Australian Terrier in 1892. The Australian Terrier was shown at a dog show for the first time in 1906 in Melbourne, and was also shown in Great Britain about the same time. The Kennel Club (UK) recognised the breed in 1933. The American Kennel Club recognised the Australian Terrier in 1960, and the United Kennel Club (US) in 1970. It is now recognised by all of the kennel clubs in the English speaking world, and also is listed by various minor kennel clubs and other clubs and registries.

Health
There are three completed health surveys for Australian Terriers.  Two surveys, one in 1997 and one in 2002, have been conducted by the Australian Terrier Club of America. The Club is currently collecting data for their next survey.
The UK Kennel Club has a 2004 survey, but it has a much smaller sample size than the Australian Terrier Club of America surveys.  Some of the respondents in the American surveys were from Australia, but there is no separate Australian health survey.

Mortality
In both 1997 and 2002 Australian Terrier Club of America surveys, median longevity of Australian Terriers was 11 years (total sample size of 230 deceased dogs).  In the Kennel Club (UK) 2004 survey, median longevity was 12.1 years, but the sample size was only 11 deceased dogs.  11 years is a typical median longevity for purebred dogs in general, but on the low end of longevities for breeds similar in size to Australian Terriers.

Major causes of death in the 2002 survey were cancer (67%), old age (17%), undetermined (16%), and diabetes (13%).

Morbidity
Among 619 living dogs in the 2002 Australian Terrier Club of America survey, the most commonly reported health problems were endocrine (primarily diabetes), allergic dermatitis, and musculoskeletal (primarily luxating patella and ruptured cranial cruciate ligament).  Other conditions reported among more than 4% of the surveyed dogs were adult onset cataracts and ear infections.  The much smaller 2004 UKC survey, with 28 living dogs, suggested similar health concerns.

Temperament
The breed standard describes the ideal Australian Terrier temperament as spirited, alert, "with the natural aggressiveness of a ratter and hedge hunter". Aussies  rank 34th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of above average "Working and Obedience" intelligence, indicating good trainability. They tend to get along well with other dogs, although some males may not get along well with other males in the house. An Australian Terrier should never start a fight, but they will not back down from an attacker. Since the Australian Terrier was also bred for companionship, they tend to be very people friendly, and enjoy interacting with people.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds
 Terrier
 Australian Silky Terrier
 Terrier Group

References

External links

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Australia
Terriers

Australian Terrier


Myocastor is a genus of rodent that contains the living nutria (or coypu), as well as several fossil species.

Taxonomy
Due to similar cranial morphology, the nutria was once considered a close relative of the Caribbean hutias and placed together with them in the family Capromyidae. Later, it was more accepted to place it in its own family, the Myocastoridae. Recent molecular studies place them in the family Echimyidae, in the tribe Myocastorini.

Fossil record
Kerber et al. (2013) recognize the following species as valid:

Myocastor columnaris (Middle Pleistocene)
Myocastor obesus (Late Miocene)
Myocastor paranensis (Late Miocene)

Other species described but no longer considered valid include Myocastor minor, Myocastor perditus, and Myocastor priscus.

References

Rodent genera
Mammal genera with one living species
Taxa named by Robert Kerr (writer)
Echimyidae

Myocastor


Nikkei 225 (Nikkei 225, stock Average, jap. 日経平均株価', 日経225) — je jedan od najvažnijih dioničkih indeksa u Japanu. Indeks je prvi put objavljen 7. rujna 1950. na Tokijskoj burzi pod nazivom TSE Adjusted, stock Price Average.
Od 1970. indeks izračunava japanska novina The Nihon Keizai, himbun.

Dana 15. veljače 2021. Nikkei 225 je prešao granicu od 30.000 bodova, što je bio najveći rezultat u posljednjih 30 godina. Razlog rasta je program monetarnih poticaja koji provodi Banka Japana kako bi ublažila financijski učinak pandemije COVID-19.

Od kraja 2021. Tokyo Electron (TYO: 8035) ima najveći utjecaj na indeks.

Izračun indeksa
Indeks se izračunava određivanjem zbroja "prilagođenih cijena dionica" i dijeljenjem tog iznosa s "djeliocem". "Prilagođena cijena" dionice je njezina cijena pomnožena s koeficijentom prilagodbe cijene. Koeficijent prilagodbe cijene je obično 1 za većinu dionica, ali je niži za dionice s relativno visokim cijenama. "Djelilac" se prilagođava kada se košarica dionica mijenja, te tijekom dijeljenja dionica ili obrnutih podjela dionica, kako bi se spriječila oštra promjena indeksa tim netržišnim događajima.

Indeks Nikkei 225 sastoji se od dionica poduzeća. Dionice investicijskih fondova, burzovni fondovi, nekretnenski fondovi i povlaštene dionice nisu uključeni. Odabiru se dionice koje se najviše trguju. Ako tvrtka u indeksu ispadne zbog spajanja ili stečaja, traži se zamjena u istom tržišnom sektoru.

Od siječnja 2010. indeks se obnavlja svakih 15 sekundi tijekom trgovanja. Istovremeno, popis tvrtki uključenih u Nikkei 225 pregledava se jednom godišnje, u listopadu.

Izvori

Financije

Nikkei 225


Made in Bangladesh est un film bangladais réalisé par Rubaiyat Hossain, sorti en 2019.

Synopsis
À la suite d'un incendie dans l'usine de textile dans laquelle elle travaille à Dacca, Shimu, 23 ans, décide de fonder un syndicat pour défendre les ouvrières.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Made in Bangladesh
 Réalisation : Rubaiyat Hossain
 Scénario : Philippe Barrière et Rubaiyat Hossain
 Musique : Mayeen Uddin Rehman et Tin Soheili
 Photographie : Sabine Lancelin
 Montage : Sujan Mahmud et Raphaëlle Martin-Holger
 Production : François d'Artemare et Ashique Mostafa
 Société de production : Les Films de l'Après-Midi, Khona Talkies, Beofilm et Midas Filmes
 Société de distribution : Pyramide Distribution (France)
 Pays : , ,  et
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 95 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Shahana Goswami : Nasima
 Mita Rahman : la mère de Moyna
 Momena Chowdhury : l'officier du ministère du travail
 Novera Rahman : Daliya
 Shatabdi Wadud : Reza
 Mostafa Monwar : Sohel
 Reekita Nondini Shimu : Shimu Akhtar
 Mayabi Rahman : Tania
 Deepanwita Martin : Reshma
 Sayem Rahmaan : Sayem
 Parvin Paru : Maya
 Samina Lutfa : Farzana
 Sajed Hossein : Imran
 Wahida Mollick Jolly : Rahima

Distinctions
Le film a été présenté dans plusieurs festivals. Il a reçu le prix pour la paix au Festival international du film de Tromsø, a été présenté en sélection officielle en compétition au Festival international du film de Toronto et au Festival international du film de Stockholm et a obtenu trois prix au Festival international du film d'Amiens (prix CMCAS, prix spécial du jury fiction et prix du public).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2019
Film danois sorti en 2019
Film portugais sorti en 2019
Film dramatique bangladais
Film dramatique français
Film dramatique danois
Film dramatique portugais
Film sur le syndicalisme

Made in Bangladesh


Michael Clark, más conocido como Michael French (Bow, Londres, 17 de septiembre de 1962), es un actor inglés conocido por haber interpretado a Nick Jordan en las series Casualty y Holby City y a David Wicks en EastEnders.

Biografía
Michael es hijo de David y Sheila, tiene dos hermanas mayores Helen y Jane French.

Asistió al Mountview Theatre School de donde se graduó en 1992.

En 1996 Michael reveló que era gay.

Carrera
El 23 de diciembre de 1993 se unió al elenco de la exitosa y aclamada serie británica EastEnders donde interpretó al coqueto David Wicks hasta 1996. Después de 21 años el 1 de enero de 2012 Michael regresó a la serie para asistir al funeral de su madre Pat, su última aparición el 13 de enero del mismo año, después de que su personaje decidiera irse de Walford. En marzo del 2013 se anunció que Michael regresaría a la serie de forma permanente en septiembre del mismo año. hasta el 30 de mayo de 2014 después de que su personaje decidiera irse de Walford luego de que su personaje sufriera un ataque al corazón y su relación con Carol no funcionara.

En 1998 apareció por primera vez en la serie Casualty donde interpretó al doctor Niccolo "Nick" Jordan, más tarde regresó a la serie en el 2005 y de nuevo en el 2008 hasta el 2 de febrero de 2013 luego de que su personaje decidiera irse del hospital después de la muerte de su novia la oficial Yvonne Rippon (Rachel Shelley).

Entre 1999 y el 2010 ha aparecido como personaje invitado en la serie Holby City donde también interpreta a Nick.

En el 2002 apareció en la serie Born and Bred donde dio vida al doctor Tom Gilder hasta el 2004.

Filmografía
Televisión

Películas

Videojuegos

Teatro

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy Celebrity News :: Michael French
 BBC - Drama Faces - Michael French
 Michael French on TV.com

Actores de cine de Inglaterra

Michael French


Dragutin Nežić (Donja Reka kraj Jastrebarskoga, 29. siječnja 1908. – Pula, 30. siječnja 1995.), hrvatski katolički svećenik, porečko-pulski biskup, crkveni povjesničar

Životopis
Rodio se u Donjoj Reci kraj Jastrebarskoga 1908. godine. Poslije realne gimnazije u Karlovcu završio je studij bogoslovije u Zagrebu, te je zaređen za svećenika 7. rujna 1930. Isprva je bio kapelanom u Požegi, potom je nastavio studij na Gregorijani u Rimu (1932. – 1935.), gdje je postigao stupanj doktora teologije.

Zatim je u Zagrebu bio nadbiskupskim ceremonijarom i bilježnikom (1935–39) te istodobno predavačem asketike i mistike na Bogoslovnom fakultetu. Potom je bio duhovnikom u Hrvatskom zavodu sv. Jeronima u Rimu, a 1941. – 47. u Bogoslovskom sjemeništu u Zagrebu. Od 1947. obavlja dužnost administratora jugoslavenskog dijela biskupija Tršćanske i Koparske (apostolska administratura). Imenovan je i punim administratorom na tome području 1948., a 1949. i administratorom Porečko-pulske biskupije. Tako je u njegovoj osobi bila ujedinjena istarska Crkva, iako još (do 1977.) formalno podijeljena u Porečko-pulsku biskupiju i jugoslavenski dio Tršćansko-koparske biskupije.

Biskup dr. Dragutin Nežić bio je krajem srpnja 1955., na Okružnom sudu u Puli okrivljen i osuđen što je, među ostalima, u Crkvenim obavijestima od 1. rujna 1954. godine objavio da su bogoslovi u Rijeci bili u istražnom zatvoru, odnosno na vojnoj vježbi u drugoj polovici 1953. i 1954., a da te Crkvene obavijesti nije dostavio kotarskom tužilaštvu. Uslijedila je kazna od 40 tisuća dinara.

Sustavno je sa suradnicima radio na školovanju budućih svećenika. Godine 1955. u zgradi pazinskoga sjemeništa otvorio Bogoslovno sjemenište i Visoku teološku školu, na kojoj je bio rektorom i profesorom apologetike i dogmatike. Dekretom od 21. rujna 1955. godine, biskup Nežić proglasio je otvorenim Bogoslovsko sjemenište i Višu vjersku školu za spremanje svećenika u Pazinu. Dr. Nežić postao je rektorom Bogoslovskog sjemeništa, dok je rektorom Visoke teološke škole imenovao Božu Milanovića, a tajnikom vlč. Slavka Kalca. Visoka teološka škola u Pazinu prestala je s radom 1965. godine kada je osnovano središnje sjemenište u Rijeci i za Istru. Dekret o prestanku djelovanja škola Nežić je potpisao 15. siječnja 1967. godine.

Rezidencijalnim biskupom Porečko-pulske biskupije imenovao ga je papa Ivan XXIII., a tu je dužnost preuzeo 1960. Sudjelovao je u radu II. vatikanskoga sabora (1962. – 66.), posebno u komisiji za apostolat laika. Umirovljen je 1984., i potom živio u Poreču. Bavio se historiografijom, te je objavio više članaka i studija o povijesti poglavito istarske Crkve. U Istarskoj Danici i Ladonji surađivao je crticama s povijesnim temama, a za Leksikon ikonografije, liturgike i simbolike zapadnog kršćanstva (1979.) napisao je enciklopedijski tekst o istarskim svecima i blaženicima. Objavio je više knjiga: Barbanski kraj (1971.), Istarska crkva jedna (1978.), dvadesetak rasprava Iz istarske crkvene povijesti (ur. A. Hek, 2000), te djelo o sisačkome mučeniku Sveti Kvirin, biskup sisački (2003.).

Literatura
 A. Močibob, Život za Istru i Istrane, Istarska Danica, 1996; J. Bratulić, Dragutin Nežić, biskup i povjesnik, u: D. Nežić, Iz istarske crkvene povijesti, Pazin 2000.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Riječki teološki časopis, god. 17 (2009), br. 2 Ilija Jakovljević: Biskup Nežić i osnivanje metropolije, izlaganje na znanstvenom skupu

Hrvatski biskupi
Hrvatski povjesničari
Životopisi, Pula
Životopisi, Poreč
Hrvatski crkveni povjesničari
Crkveno školstvo u Hrvatskoj
Porečki i pulski biskupi

Dragutin Nežić


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Lučenec enthält die 59 nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Lučenec im Okres Lučenec.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Lucenec
!


Der Velebiter Aufstand, auch Likaner Aufstand () genannt, war ein Terrorakt der kroatischen Ustascha-Bewegung.

Hauptakt war ein bewaffneter nächtlicher Angriff auf die königlich-jugoslawische Gendarmeriestation im Ort Brušane bei Gospić in der Lika vom 6. auf den 7. September 1932. Das Ziel der Aktion war die Bereitschaft und den Widerstand der jugoslawischen Behörden zu erkunden und wenn möglich einen allgemeinen Aufstand in Kroatien zu entfachen, das zu diesem Zeitpunkt Teil des Königreichs Jugoslawien war. Die militärische Vorbereitung der Aktion lag in den Händen des ehemaligen österreich-ungarischen Oberstleutnants Stjepan Duić. Die Durchführung lag in der Hauptsache in den Händen von Andrija Artuković.

Vorbedingungen
Als Mitglied der illegal in Jugoslawien tätigen Inlands-Ustascha gründete Andrija Artuković, der eine Anwaltskanzlei in Gospić führte, dort einen Zweig der Ustascha-Bewegung, der unter seiner Leitung zur stärksten im Königreich Jugoslawien wurde.

Dies veranlasste den Ustascha-Führer Ante Pavelić, eine größere Aktion der Inlands-Ustascha in Gospić und Umgebung zu planen. Im österreichischen Spital am Semmering trafen sich u. a. die Ustascha-Führer Ante Pavelić, Vjekoslav Servatzky und Gustav Perčec und beschlossen, nach Forderungen italienischer Persönlichkeiten, probeweise einen bewaffneten Aufstand zu inszenieren. Der Zeitpunkt wurde so gewählt, dass das Königreich Jugoslawien, nach der Nichterneuerung des ersten Adriapaktes mit Italien, bei einem innenpolitischen Konflikt auch dem außenpolitischen Paktsystem und damit der Einkreisung Italiens gegenübergestanden hätte.

Die Leitung der Aktion wurde Andrija Artuković und Marko Došen übertragen.

Vorbereitung
Zu Beginn des Jahres 1932 trafen über die damals zu Italien gehörenden Städte Zadar und Rijeka die ersten Waffenlieferungen ein. Im Juli 1932 wurden fünf uniformierte und bewaffnete Ustaschen über Italien eingeschleust, die dort in eigens dafür eingerichteten Lagern militärisch ausgebildet worden waren.

Am 28. August 1932 wurde der größte Teil an Gewehren und Munition durch ein italienisches Schiff in den Hafen von Zadar gebracht. Von dort aus wurden die Waffen ins Velebit-Gebirge gebracht und an Ustascha-Mitglieder verteilt, die diese wiederum an zuverlässige Personen verteilen sollten.
Mit dem Schiff kamen weitere fünf Ustaschen, so dass ein Stoßtrupp von zehn Mann an den Ausläufern des Velebit-Gebirges zusammengekommen war. Auch Pavelić kam heimlich über Rijeka ins Land.

Die militärische Ausbildung der Mitglieder der Inlands-Ustascha war zuvor von dem, dafür eigens nach Kroatien gekommenen, ehemaligen k.u.k. Oberstleutnant Stjepan Duić durchgeführt worden.

Ausführung
Die Aktion begann in der Nacht vom 6. auf den 7. Juni 1932 mit der Sprengung des Denkmals des jugoslawischen Königs Peter I. in Otočac, welches auf dem Sockel des Denkmals des k. k. Likaner Grenz-Infanterieregiments Nr. 1 errichtet worden war. Drei Monate später folgte dieser Tat, in der Nacht vom 6. auf den 7. September 1932 der Hauptakt, ein Feuerüberfall auf die Gendarmeriestation im Ort Brušane. Hierzu kamen Pavelić und Perčec vorher persönlich in die Lika. Die zehn militärisch ausgebildeten Ustaschen vereinigten sich mit örtlichen Mitstreitern und attackierten die Gendarmeriestation. Bei dem halbstündigen Feuergefecht wurde kein Gendarm getötet und neun der zehn Ustaschen kehrten daraufhin in ihre sicheren Ausgangshäfen zurück. Andrija Artuković flüchtete über die damals italienischen Städte Zadar und Rijeka nach Italien. Auch Pavelić und Perčec konnten nach Italien entkommen.

Königlich-jugoslawisches Militär und Gendarmerie kesselte das Gebiet mit 3.000 Soldaten und 2.000 Gendarmen ein und einige hundert Personen wurden verhaftet. Über der örtlichen unbeteiligten kroatischen Bevölkerung brach eine Welle der Unterdrückung durch die königlich-jugoslawischen Behörden herein, die sich in zahllosen Verhaftungen und Misshandlungen äußerte und auf der Suche nach Waffen wurden Bauernhöfe niedergebrannt.

Reaktionen
Die Aktion sorgte für großes nationales und internationales Aufsehen und wurde daher von der Ustascha für ihre Propaganda genutzt. Die Zeitung Ustaša schrieb in der Dezemberausgabe des Jahres 1932:

Selbst die Kommunistische Partei Jugoslawiens verurteilte den Aufstandsversuch nicht, da sie selbst ein autonomes "Sowjet-Kroatien" auf Grundlage des "Rechts der unterdrückten Völker auf Selbstbestimmung bis hin zur Abspaltung" forderte.

Bei den nachfolgenden Gerichtsprozessen in Jugoslawien wurde aufgedeckt, dass auch jugoslawische Militärangehörige in den "Aufstand" verwickelt waren. Die Gerichte verhängten schwere Kerker- und auch Todesstrafen und die Repressalien der jugoslawischen Behörden verursachten eine neue Welle kroatischer Nationalisten, die ins Ausland flüchteten und die Ustascha stärkten.

Sonstiges
Den Beteiligten wurde vom Ustascha-Hauptquartier die Velebiter Tapferkeitsmedaille verliehen.

Am 7. September 1998 errichtete die örtlichen HDZ an der Landstraße in Brušane, eine großformatige Gedenktafel aus Marmor, die den an den Velebiter Aufstand erinnert. Umrahmt von Kroatischem Flechtwerk trägt sie in Majuskeln die Inschrift:

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Aufstand in Europa
Königreich Jugoslawien
Ustascha
Konflikt 1932
Politik 1932
Aufstand (20. Jahrhundert)
Aufstand in Kroatien
Kriminalfall in Kroatien

Velebiter Aufstand


An Ehrharta godefroyi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni C.Cordem.. An Ehrharta godefroyi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ehrharta, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha R�union. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ehrharta

Ehrharta godefroyi


මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස් (පෙර 'මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත්) යනු පරිශීලකයන් හට ගණිත හා විද්‍යාත්මක ගැටළු විසඳීමට ඉඩ ලබා දෙන, මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස් වෙනුවෙන් නිර්මාණය කළ, නොමිලේ බාගත කළ හැකි අධ්‍යාපනික වැඩසටහනකි. මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් විසින් සංවර්ධන කළ හා නඩත්තු කරන මෙය අධ්‍යාපනික මෙවලමක් ලෙස මූලිකවම සිසුන් වෙනුවෙන් සාදා ඇත.

මීට අදාළ සමාන ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයක් ඇති නොමිලේ දෙන සංකලනයක් මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස් එඩ්-ඉන් ෆොර් වර්ඩ් ඇන්ඩ් වන් නෝට් ලෙස මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වෙතින් ලබා දේ (වර්ඩ් 2007 හෝ ඉහළ සංස්කරණයක් අවශ්‍යය).

ටෙක් ඇන්ඩ් ලර්නිං මැගසින් වෙතින් 2008 දී මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් වෙත විශිෂ්ඨතා සම්මානයක් පිළි ගන්වන ලදි.

පහසුකම්
මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් සතුව ගණිතමය, විද්‍යාත්මක හා තාක්ෂණයට අදාළ ගැටළු විසඳීමට සහය දෙන මෙන්ම පරිශීලකයන්ට අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීමට විවිධ අංග ඇත. ප්‍රස්ථාර ගණක යන්ත්‍රය හා ඒකක පරිවර්ථකය වැනි අංග මෙම යෙදවුම ලබා දේ. ඊට අමතරව එහි ඇති ත්‍රිකෝණ විසඳනය හා සමීකරණ විසඳනය සැම ප්‍රශ්නයටම පියවරෙන් පියවර විසඳුම් ලබාදේ.

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් 3.0 ස්ථායී සංස්කරණය කලනය හා අත් අකුරු හඳුනාගැනීමට ද සහය දැක්වීම නිසා පරිශීලකයන්ට අතින් ගැටලු ලිවිය හකි අතර මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් ඒවා හඳුනා ගනී.

සංස්කරණ
 මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් 1.0 – 2006 දී මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ස්ටුඩන්ට් හි පමණක් භාවිතවිය.
 මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් 2.0 – 2007 දී මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ස්ටුඩන්ට් හි පමණක් භාවිතවිය.
 මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් 3.0 – අංග සම්පූර්ණ සංස්කරණය තනිව මිලදී ගත හැකි විය. එන්කාටා කැල්කියුලේටර් නම් අගයෙන් අඩු සංස්කරණයක් මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ස්ටුඩන්ට් හි කොටසක් ලෙස තිබුනි. අංග සම්පූර්ණ සංස්කරණයට මූලිකව කලන හැකියාව, අංකිත තීන්ත (අත් අකුරු) හඳුනාගැනීමේ හැකියාව හා ප්‍රදර්ශක සඳහා විශේෂ දර්ශන අකාරක් වීය. මෙම ස්ථායී සංස්කරණය නිෂ්පාදන සක්‍රීය කිරීමක් සහිත පළමු මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස් සංස්කරණය විය.
 මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස් 4.0 – මෙම සංස්කරණය නොමිලේ බාගතකළ හැකි ලෙස බිට්-32 හා බිට්-64 සංස්කරණය සහිතව 2011 ජනවාරි මස නිකුත් කරන ලදි. එහි රිබන් අතුරු මුහුණතක් විය.

පද්ධති අවශ්‍යථා
මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් සඳහා පද්ධති අවශ්‍යථා:

වින්ඩෝස් මොබයිල් ඇප්
2015 දී මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වෙතින් මේ සන්නාමයෙන්ම මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැත් නමින් (මීට අමතරව නොකියා මොබයිල්-මැතමැටික්ස් හෝ නොකියා මොමැත් ලෙසද හැඳින්විය) වින්ඩෝස් මොබයිල් සඳහා ජංගම යෙදවුමක් පූර්ව මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස් සමග සම්බන්ධයක් නොතිබූ දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු හා ටැන්සානියානු සිසුන් වෙනුවෙන්ම නිකුත් කරන ලදි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

බාගත කිරීමේ විස්තරය: මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස් 4.0

මයික්‍රෝසොෆ්ට්
ගණිත අධ්‍යාපනය
ගණිතය

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් මැතමැටික්ස්


USS Kalinin Bay (CVE-68) was a  of the United States Navy.

She  originally designated an AVG, was classified ACV-68 on 20 August 1942; laid down under a Maritime Commission contract 26 April 1943 by the Kaiser Shipbuilding Co., Inc., Vancouver, Washington; reclassified CVE-68 on 15 July 1943; launched 15 October 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Anna Mary Updegraff, mother of Captain William N. Updegraff, U.S. Navy; and commissioned 27 November at Astoria, Oregon, Captain C. R. Brown in command.

USS Kalinin Bay was named after a bay on the northern shore of Kruzof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska.

Service history
After shakedown along the Pacific Coast, Kalinin Bay departed San Diego 3 January 1944 for replenishment duty in the Pacific. Laden with troops and a cargo of planes, she steamed via Pearl Harbor for the Gilbert Islands, arriving off Tarawa Atoll 24 January to supply 5th Fleet carriers then engaged in the conquest of the Marshalls. For more than two weeks she provided logistic support from Tarawa to Majuro Atoll before returning to Alameda, California, 24 February.

Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign
With Composite Squadron 3 (VC-3) embarked 9 April, Kalinin Bay reached Majuro, Marshalls, 23 April; conducted ASW air patrols off Mili Atoll; and proceeded to Pearl Harbor 1 May to prepare for the Marianas operation. She departed Pearl Harbor 30 May; and, while en route to Saipan, she successfully evaded a Japanese torpedo that crossed her bow close aboard. Touching at Eniwetok 9 June, Kalinin Bay reached the eastern coast of Saipan 15 June and commenced air operations in support of the invasion. After repelling an enemy air attack at dusk on the 17th, she sailed 19 June to ferry planes to and from Eniwetok. Returning to Saipan 24 June, she resumed effective air strikes against enemy positions on the embattled island until 9 July when she steamed via Eniwetok for similar duty at Guam. Arriving 20 July, she launched direct support and ASW sorties until 2 August, then returned to Eniwetok to prepare for operations in the Palau Islands.

Mariana and Palau Islands Campaign
Kalinin Bay cleared Eniwetok 18 August and proceeded via Tulagi, Florida Island, to the Southern Palaus where she arrived 14 September with units of the 3rd Fleet. Ordered to furnish air support for the capture, occupation, and defense of Peleliu, Angaur, and Ngesebus, she launched air strikes to support landing operations. For 2 weeks her planes, flying almost 400 sorties, inflicted heavy damage on enemy ground installations and shipping. On 25 September, alone, they sank or destroyed three cargo transports and six landing barges.

Philippines Campaign
She departed the Palaus 30 September; and, upon arriving Seeadler Harbor, Manus Island, 3 October, she received a new commanding officer, Captain T. B. Williamson. Kalinin Bay departed Manus 12 October en route to the Philippine Islands. Ordered to provide air coverage and close air support during the bombardment and amphibious landings on Leyte Island, she arrived off Leyte 17 October. After furnishing air support during landings by Ranger units on Dinagat and Homonhon Islands in the eastern approaches to Leyte Gulf, she launched air strikes in support of invasion operations at Tacloban on the northeast coast of Leyte. Operating with Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague's "Taffy 3" (Task Unit 77.4.3), which consisted of 6 escort carriers and a screen of 3 destroyers and 4 destroyer escorts, Kalinin Bay sailed to the east of Leyte and Samar as her planes, flying 244 sorties from 18 to 24 October, struck and destroyed enemy installations and airfields on Leyte, Samar, Cebu, Negros, and Panay Islands.

The Battle off Samar
Main Article: Battle off Samar

Steaming about 60 miles east of Samar before dawn 25 October, Taffy 3 prepared to launch the day's initial air strikes. At 0647, Rear Admiral Sprague received word that a sizable Japanese fleet was approaching from the northwest. Comprising four battleships, eight cruisers, and eleven destroyers, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force steadily closed and at 0658 opened fire on Taffy 3.

So began the Battle off Samar—one of the most memorable engagements in U.S. naval history. Outnumbered and outgunned, the slower Taffy 3 seemed fated for disaster; but the American ships defied the odds and gamely accepted the enemy's challenge.

Kalinin Bay accelerated to flank speed, and, despite fire from three enemy cruisers, she launched her planes, ordering the pilots "to attack the Japanese task force and proceed to Tacloban airstrip, Leyte, to rearm and regas." As salvos fell "with disconcerting rapidity" increasingly nearer Kalinin Bay, her planes, striking the enemy force with bombs, rockets, and gunfire, inflicted heavy damage on the closing ships.

Coming under heavy fire.
As the trailing ship in the escort caravan, Kalinin Bay came under intense enemy fire. Though partially protected by chemical smoke, by a timely rain squall, and by valiant counterattacks of screening destroyers and destroyer escorts, she took the first of 15 direct hits at 0750. Fired from an enemy battleship, the large caliber shell struck the starboard side of the hangar deck just abaft the forward elevator. Of the four capital ships present at the battle, Haruna only straddled two escort carriers with her main guns, scoring no hits, while both Kongō and Yamato never targeted Kalinin Bay, meaning this shell that hit her was most likely a 16.1-inch (41 cm) naval shell from the Japanese battleship Nagato.

By 0800, the Japanese heavy cruiser Haguro, the only "Nachi class cruiser" present in the engagement, was spotted steaming off Kalinin Bay's port quarter, closed to within 18,000 yards. Kalinin Bay gamely responded to their straddling salvos with rapid fire from her single 5 inch gun, which only intensified the enemy fire. Three 8-inch armor-piercing projectiles from Haguro struck her within minutes of each other. At 0825, the carrier's  5-incher scored a direct hit from 16,000 yards on Haguro No. 2 turret and a second hit shortly thereafter forced the enemy ship to withdraw temporarily from formation.

At 0830, five enemy destroyers steamed over the horizon off her starboard quarter. The closing ships opened fire from about 14,500 yards, and, as screening ships engaged the cruisers and laid down concealing smoke, Kalinin Bay shifted her fire, and, for the next hour, traded shots with Japan's Destroyer Squadron 10. Many salvos exploded close aboard or passed directly overhead, and, though no destroyer fire hit Kalinin Bay directly, she took ten more 8-inch (203 mm) hits from the now-obscured Haguro. One shell passed through the flight deck and into the communications area, where it destroyed all the radar and radio equipment.

Under heavy attack from the air and harassed by incessant fire from American destroyers and destroyer escorts, the enemy cruisers broke off action and turned northward at 0920. At 0915, the enemy destroyers, which were kept at bay by the daring and almost single-handed exploits of the destroyer , launched a premature torpedo attack from 10,500 yards. As the torpedoes approached the escort carriers, they slowed down. A Grumman TBF Avenger from  strafed and exploded two torpedoes in Kalinin Bay wake about 100 yards astern, and a shell from the latter's 5 inch gun deflected a third from a collision course with her stern.

At about 0930, as the enemy ships fired parting salvos and reversed course northward, Kalinin Bay scored a direct hit amidships on a retreating destroyer. Five minutes later, she ceased fire and retired southward with the surviving ships of Taffy 3. At 1050, the task unit came under a concentrated air attack. During the 40-minute battle, the first attack from a Kamikaze unit in World War II, all except  were damaged. One plane of Lieutenant Yukio Seki and his Shikishima squadron crashed through St. Lo flight deck and exploded her torpedo and bomb magazine, mortally wounding the carrier. Four diving planes attacked Kalinin Bay from astern and the starboard quarter. Intense fire splashed two close aboard; but a third plane crashed into the port side of the flight deck, damaging it badly. The fourth hit destroyed the aft port stack.

As part of Taffy 3, Kalinin Bay had prevented a Japanese penetration into Leyte Gulf and saved General Douglas MacArthur's beachhead in the Philippines. At a cost of five ships and hundreds of  men, Taffy 3, aided by her own planes and those of "Taffy 2" (Task Unit 77.4.2), sank three enemy cruisers, seriously damaged several other ships, and turned back the "most powerful surface fleet which Japan had sent to sea since the Battle of Midway."

Despite the battle damage, Taffy 3 cleared the air of attacking planes; at noon, the escort carriers retired southeastward while their escort searched for survivors from St. Lo. Though Kalinin Bay suffered extensive structural damage during the morning's furious action, she counted only 5 dead among her 60 casualties. Weary and battle scarred, Kalinin Bay was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for heroic conduct as a unit of Taffy 3. She steamed via Woendi, Schouten Islands, to Manus, arriving 1 November for emergency repairs. Getting under way for the United States 7 November, the escort carrier reached San Diego 27 November for permanent repairs and alterations.

End of career
Repairs completed 18 January 1945, the veteran escort carrier departed San Diego 20 January to ferry planes and men to Pearl Harbor and Guam. For more than 8 months, she served as a replenishment carrier in the Pacific Carrier Transport Squadron; and, during six cruises between the West Coast and Pearl Harbor, Eniwetok, and Guam, she transported more than 600 planes. Departing San Diego 2 September, she steamed to the Philippines, arriving at Samar 28 September to participate in Operation Magic Carpet. With 1,048 men embarked, she departed Samar 1 October and arrived San Francisco 19 October.

After conducting two more voyages between California and Pearl Harbor, Kalinin Bay departed San Diego 8 December for the Far East. On 25 December, while she steamed to Yokosuka, Japan, an intense storm heavily damaged her flight deck. Arriving the 27th, she received emergency repairs, then sailed 3 January 1946 for the West Coast and arrived San Diego 17 January. On 13 February, she proceeded to the eastern seaboard, reaching Boston 9 March. Kalinin Bay was decommissioned 15 May, and she was sold for scrap 8 December to Patapsco Steel Co., Baltimore, Maryland.

Awards
In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation, Kalinin Bay received five battle stars for World War II service.

References

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1943 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Kalinin Bay