George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, Baron Jellicoe of Southampton,  (4 April 1918 – 22 February 2007), was a British politician, diplomat and businessman.

Lord Jellicoe was the only son but sixth and youngest child of John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, who was a First World War naval commander, commander at the Battle of Jutland, and Admiral of the Fleet; and his wife Florence Gwendoline (died 1964), who was the second daughter of Sir Charles Cayzer, 1st Bt., of Gartmore, Perthshire. He inherited the title Earl Jellicoe at the age of 17, on the death of his father. As well as commanding the Special Boat Service in the Second World War, George Jellicoe was a long-serving parliamentarian, being a member of the House of Lords for 68 years (1939–2007).

Early life
Jellicoe was born at Hatfield and was christened on 29 July 1918 by the Most Rev. and Right Hon. Cosmo Lang, 89th Archbishop of York, while King George V (represented by Admiral Sir Stanley Colville) and Princess Patricia of Connaught (later known as Lady Patricia Ramsay) stood sponsor as two of his godparents. The others were: Miss Lilian Lear, Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey (Third Sea Lord), Mr. Eustace Burrows (cousin), Major Herbert Cayzer (uncle), and The Rev. Frederick G. G. Jellicoe (uncle, and Rector of New Alresford).

Much of his childhood was spent at St Lawrence Hall, near Ventnor on the Isle of Wight; at St Peter's Court, a prep school at Broadstairs, Kent; in London; and in the Dominion of New Zealand, where his father was viceroy with the title of Governor-General between 1921 and 1924. He was educated at Winchester College, where he was styled and known as Viscount Brocas. He won the Vere Herbert Smith history prize and secured an exhibition to Trinity College, Cambridge (matriculated 1936. BA, Modern History tripos 1939, but awarded 1966). He was chairman of the Pitt Club, and his tutor Steven Runciman became a lifelong friend.

Second World War
In October 1939, Jellicoe was a cadet in the first wartime intake at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards on 23 March 1940, before joining No. 8 (Guards) Commando, with whom on 31 January 1941 he sailed to the Middle East with Colonel Robert Laycock's Layforce (whose commando officers included Evelyn Waugh, Randolph Churchill, Philip Dunne, Carol Mather, David Stirling, and many distinguished others). He served with L Detachment (from April 1942) (with some of the above and Stephen Hastings), which was the nucleus of the Special Air Service. He was mentioned in despatches thrice, and wounded (bullet in shoulder) once whilst with the 3rd Battalion, Coldstream Guards, in 22 (Guards) Brigade in the Western Desert in January 1941. He won the DSO, and Croix de Guerre, in November 1942 for operating on a raid that claimed to have blown up more than 20 German aircraft (Ju 88s) on Heraklion airfield, Crete, that June:
His cool and resolute leadership, skill and courage throughout this very hazardous operation were mainly responsible for the high measure of success achieved. He ... placed charges on the enemy aircraft and brought off the survivors after the four Free French members of the party had been betrayed and killed or captured.
In September 1943, Jellicoe was sent to the Italian-held island of Rhodes to negotiate with the Italian Admiral Inigo Campioni for the surrender of his forces to the Allies. However, negotiations were pre-empted by a surprise German attack on the island on 9 September. He was able to escape from Rhodes during the resulting chaos while the Italian garrison was captured by the German invasion force. This was part of the Dodecanese Campaign.

In 1943, he was named Commander of the Special Boat Regiment, Middle East, and he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was eventually promoted to brigadier. For the remainder of the war, his SBS command conducted secretive and dangerous operations along the coasts of Italy and Yugoslavia. In 1944, he won the MC for one of these actions. At the end of the war, Jellicoe was among the first Allied soldiers to enter German-occupied Athens, beating the communist-controlled guerrillas ELAS, to create a pro-Allied presence in the capital.

Years later, when First Lord of the Admiralty, Jellicoe told at least one reporter, "The only serious military distinction I ever achieved was having a new type of assault boat named after me. It was called I am ashamed to say, the Jellicoe Inflatable Intruder Mark One."

In March 1944, Lord Jellicoe married Patricia Christine O'Kane (October 1917 – March 2012), who was employed at the British Embassy in Beirut. She had been born and raised in Shanghai and was the daughter of a Greenock-born Irish father and an English mother. Patricia, Countess Jellicoe (popularly known as Patsy Jellicoe), would remain married to Lord Jellicoe until 1966, when they divorced. They had two sons and two daughters together, the eldest son being the 3rd Earl Jellicoe.

HM Foreign Service 1947–1958
Soon after the war, Lord Jellicoe joined His Majesty's Foreign Service (appointed a Foreign Service Officer, Grade 8, in the Senior Branch of the Foreign Service, 10 September 1947). He served in London (German political department, Third Secretary); Washington (Third Secretary, when Donald Maclean of the Cambridge five was Head of Chancery, and then as one of the 11 Second Secretaries with H. A. R. Philby, seeing NATO signed on 4 April 1949, all when Sir Oliver Franks was Ambassador); transferred to Brussels 10 September 1951 (Head of Chancery) acted as Chargé d'Affaires in 1952); London (no. 2 in Northern department in charge of the Soviet Desk from September 1953); and Baghdad from January 1956 (First Secretary and Deputy Secretary General of the Baghdad Pact Organisation). The Suez Crisis (from July 1956) wrecked everything the Pact was trying to achieve; Jellicoe was appalled by British policy and came close to resigning (L. Windmill p. 136).

Jellicoe eventually left the Foreign Office in March 1958, after marital difficulties had caused an impasse (February 1958, Permanent Secretary Sir Derek Hoyar-Millar wrote; 'You have a choice of ceasing your relationship with this lady [Philippa Dunne] or changing your job'). He became a director of the Cayzer dynasty's Clan Line Steamers (cargo ships), and Union Castle Steamship Co. (passengers).

However, enthusiasm for his mother's family's businesses ultimately gave way to the call of the Palace of Westminster, where, back from Iraq, he took the Oath in the Lords on 3 December 1957, in the Third Session of the 41st Parliament.

House of Lords and 1960s

Having first sat in parliament on 25 July 1939, Jellicoe waited until 28 July 1958 to make his maiden speech in the House of Lords during a debate entitled "The International Situation: The Middle East". He spoke from the Cross-Benches about the Baghdad Pact and Iraq:

By October 1958 he had joined the Conservatives, in the Lords a natural home for such a distinctly pink Whig, who gave him the honour of moving "an humble Address in Reply to Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech"

On 7 May 1959, he asked a prescient starred question on the planning of motorways:

On 20 July 1959, he initiated a debate on Western aid for uncommitted countries, and by January 1961 he was a Lord-in-waiting to H.M. the Queen, a Government Whip, in Macmillan's administration. He was Joint Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government June 1961 – July 1962; Minister of State, Home Office July 1962 – October 1963; First Lord of the Admiralty October 1963 – April 1964; Minister of Defence for the Royal Navy April–October 1964; delegate to the Council of Europe and the Western European Union (WEU) 1965–1967; president of the National Federation of Housing Societies 1965–1970; a governor of the Centre for Environmental Studies 1967–1970; chairman of the British Advisory Committee on Oil Pollution at Sea 1968; chairman of the third International Conference on oil pollution of the sea 1968; an hon. vice-president of PEST (Pressure for Economic and Social Toryism); and deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Lords 1967–1970. From April 1967 Lords Jellicoe and Carrington represented the Conservatives in the Lords on the Inter-Party conference group on Lords' reform, which came up with the unsuccessful Parliament (No.2) Bill (1968–1969). Leading the debate for the (Conservative) Opposition in November 1968 Jellicoe said:

During the late 1960s he worked in the City of London where he became chairman of British Reserve Insurance and a director of S G Warburg (Finance and Development) Ltd.

Cabinet minister and resignation
In Ted Heath's administration he was Minister in charge for the Civil Service Department (CSD), Lord Privy Seal (as such he was eighth on the Roll of The Lords) and Leader of the House of Lords from 20 June 1970 until 24 May 1973.

Having earlier re-established relations with the miners' union leaders in February 1972, Heath appointed Jellicoe "energy supremo" to restore power supplies around the time of the Three-Day Week and had him set up and chair a Civil Contingencies Unit, which was, when an internal crisis arose, to operate through "COBRA" (Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms).

In June 1972 Jellicoe was sent to lead Concorde's first sales expedition. As Alan Trengove in My Lord, the super salesman, in the Australian The Sun of 22 June 1972 put it,

Trengove considered Sir George Edwards and Sir Geoffrey Tuttle "equally impressive members of the sales team". (Supersonic flights were on the prototype Concorde G-BSST, certificate signed by Brian Trubshaw, and dated 15 June 1972.)

Jellicoe, with the help of his very experienced Chief Whip, the second Earl St Aldwyn, steered the European Communities Act (1972) through the Lords, allowing no amendments. The Industrial Relations Act was another legislative highlight.

In May 1973, Jellicoe admitted "some casual affairs" with call girls (from Mayfair Escorts) in the wake of an accidental confusion with Lord Lambton's prostitution scandal. His name seems to have emerged as a result of a connection between Lambton, the madame Norma Levy, and a tenement house or community hall in Somers Town in the London district of St. Pancras called Jellicoe Hall or House, after Basil Jellicoe (1899–1935) the housing reformer and priest. The word Jellicoe was seen in Levy's notebook, and a connection was assumed to the Minister rather than the building; a structure named after the earl's distant cousin, and one that may have been opened by the Admiral himself in June 1928.

The resignation ended Jellicoe's third career in government service. After the resignation (over his marginal involvement in a minor indiscretion) Richard Crossman, writing in The Times, 30 May 1973 (page 18), described Jellicoe as:

On return from the Whitsun recess, tributes were paid in the Lords to their departed leader: the (Labour Party) Opposition leader and Jellicoe's predecessor as Lord Privy Seal, Lord Shackleton said:

Lord Byers for the Liberal Party added: "we regret bitterly his resignation ... He was a reforming innovator and the House owes a great deal more than it probably knows to the interest he took in this House and to his initiatives." (Hansard, 5 June 1973)

From the cross-benches Lord Strang added:

William Kendall, general secretary of the Civil and Public Services Association, said:

In July 1973, the Diplock Commission, which had been set up to look into the security implications of Lambton and Jellicoe's adventures, concluded its section on Jellicoe (paragraph 24):

Business and post-government public career
With no estates to distract him, Jellicoe was free to re-join S. G. Warburg & Co. (1 October 1973), and with the help of Alan Lennox-Boyd, who was soon to retire from the board, he became a non-executive director of the sugar company Tate & Lyle in 1973, a position held until 1993. Thanks in the main to Sir Saxon Tate, and presumably because he had succeeded as chairman (until June 1978) of their subsidiary Tunnel Refineries, the family made him Tate & Lyle's first non-family chairman 1978–1983. Having revived and retrenched Tate & Lyle, Jellicoe became chairman of Booker Tate, 1988–91.

Other non-governmental jobs included: chairman of engineering plant company the Davy Corporation (Davy McKee) (now subsumed into Aker Kværner) 1985–1990; director Sotheby's Holdings 1973–1993; Morgan Crucible 1974–88; Smiths Industries Ltd 1973–1986; S. G. Warburg & Co 1964–1970, 1973–1988. He was president of the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1979–1982. He succeeded Lord Limerick as chairman of the Department of Trade and Industry's British Overseas Trade Board (BOTB) 1983–1986, for which he was knighted. That was followed by chairmanship (1986–1990) and then the presidency (1990–1995) of the East European Trade Council (EETC). He was chairman of the Greek Fund Ltd 1988–1994 (Schroders) and of European Capital Ltd 1991–1995.

Lord Jellicoe was chairman of the council of King's College London (KCL) 1974–1983; chairman of the Medical Research Council (MRC) 1982–1990; a trustee of the National Aids Trust (alongside the likes of Lord Goodman, David Puttnam and Robert Maxwell); president of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) (and of the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) after amalgamation) 1993–1997; president of the Anglo-Hellenic League 1978–1986; president of the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust 1987–1994; president of the UK Crete Veterans Association 1991–2001; president of the British Heart Foundation (BHF) 1992–1995; chancellor of Southampton University 1984–1995, and has been closely associated with research and higher education. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1990.

In 1995 he helped found Hakluyt & Company, a strategic intelligence and advisory firm, for which he was a director 1996–2000. He was president of the SAS Regimental Association 1996–2000, when he became its patron. Jellicoe was a member of the Onassis International Prizes Committee (1983–1992); a vice-president of The European-Atlantic Group and of the Byron Society; he was on the board of the Hellenic College London; patron of the City of Southampton Society; a patron of the Greek Archaeological Committee (UK); one of five patrons of The Community Foundation for Wiltshire and Swindon; a director of The Landscape Foundation (now dormant); patron of Friends of The Royal Hospital School; patron of the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology; a member of the World Innovation Fund (WIF) and an associate member of INEED. In 2002 he became a patron of The Second World War Experience Centre in Leeds.

Later state contributions
He was chairman of the Lords' Select Committee on Committees (1990–1993) and President of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (1980–1983). In 1983 he was author of the Jellicoe Report which reviewed the operation of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976. The Times saw this appointment as the end of nine years penance in the political wilderness.

Between 1963 and 1973, Jellicoe had averaged 90 House of Lords daily attendances per parliamentary session. From 1973 to 1989, his attendance fell to an average of nine appearances per session. However, between 1990 and 2001, he made an average of 72 visits per session. He maintained this rate until early 2006, though his last full speech in the Lords was made as part of the Address in Reply to Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech (the Queen's Speech debate) on 28 October 1996; his subject was Ukraine.

When the House of Lords Act 1999 removed his hereditary automatic entitlement to attend and sit in the House of Lords, he was created a life peer as Baron Jellicoe of Southampton, of Southampton in the County of Hampshire, so that he could continue to be summoned:1. Earl Jellicoe (Lord Jellicoe of Southampton) —The Rt Hon. George Patrick John Rushworth Earl Jellicoe, having been created Baron Jellicoe of Southampton, of Southampton in the County of Hampshire, for life by Letters Patent dated 6 o'clock in the forenoon of 17th November 1999, took and subscribed the oath pursuant to statute.

Lord Jellicoe remained an active member of the House of Lords for the rest of his life. At his death in 2007, Lord Jellicoe was the longest-serving member of the House of Lords, and arguably the longest-serving parliamentarian in the world, having succeeded his father on 20 November 1935 and come of age and sat first in parliament on 25 July 1939. Because he waited until 28 July 1958 to make his maiden speech, a few peers (viz. Earl Ferrers and Lords Renton, Carrington, Healey, and Strabolgi) could have been considered to have been active parliamentarians longer. Moreover, at the time of his death, on the Privy Council only the Duke of Edinburgh (1951) and Lords Carrington (1959), Deedes and Renton (both 1962) had served longer.

Character
In May 1973, at the time of his resignation from the government, friends are quoted as saying:

In July 1970, as one of the first people to be breathalized, he was banned from driving for a year and fined 75 pounds with 20 guineas costs for having consumed more than the permitted level of alcohol in Old Brompton Road at 4 a.m. on 21 March 1970. Luck saw to it that the case came after the General Election and the ban coincided with the arrival of his right to a full-time government car.

In 2000, his friend, the former British Ambassador to the United States, Sir Nicholas Henderson, wrote:
Lorna Windmill's biography termed Jellicoe a "British Achilles" on account of two of his careers derailing as a result of women: in the 1950s for love, and in the 1970s for escorts.

Personal life
Lord Jellicoe married firstly, 23 March 1944, Patricia O'Kane (1917–2012), by whom he had two sons and two daughters. He married secondly, in 1966, Philippa, daughter of Captain Philip Dunne (1904–1965), by whom he had one son and two daughters. He had eight children in total, born between 1944 and 1984. He was a member of Brooks's (since 1940), the Special Forces Club, the Ski Club of Great Britain and was a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Mercers.

He died on 22 February 2007, aged 88, at Tidcombe Manor, his house in Wiltshire.

Honours

 Page of Honour (one of nine) to King George VI at his Coronation (12 May 1937)
 Distinguished Service Order (DSO) (1942)
 Military Cross (MC) (1944)
 1939–45 Star
 Africa Star
 Italy Star
 1939–45 War Medal
 Légion d'honneur (France) (1945)
 Croix de Guerre (France) (1945)
 Greek Order of Honour (1950)
 Greek War Cross (1950)
 Privy Counsellor (PC) (1963)
 Freeman of the City of Athens
 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) (1986)
 Honorary Citizenship of the Village of Southampton, New York (12 September 1987)
 Companion of the British Institute of Management (elected 11 October 1988)
 Hon. Admiral in the Texas Navy (1988)
 27 October 1988 was Lord Earl Jellicoe Day in the City of Houston
 Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) (8 November 1990)
 Grand Commander Order of Honour (Greece, 1991)
 La Medaille de la Ville de Paris (echelon vermeil), (6 June 1994)
 UK life peer (1999)
 27 April 2001 was Earl Jellicoe Day in the City of Vancouver
 Winston S. Churchill Allied Nations Award from World War II Veterans Committee (8 November 2003, USA).
 Hon. degrees from:
King's College London (Fellow (FKC) 1979)
Southampton University (LLD, 1985)
Long Island University (Doctor of Laws, 12 September 1987).

Bibliography
 George Jellicoe, SAS and SBS Commander, by Nicholas Jellicoe, Pen and Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley, 2021
 Old Friends and Modern Instances, by Nicholas Henderson, Profile, 2001 (all chapter nine, pages 105–116).
 A British Achilles: The Story of George, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, by Lorna Almonds Windmill, Pen and Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley, 2006.
 Dod's Parliamentary Companion, 2007.
 Burke's Peerage, 107th edition, 2003.
 Review of the Operation of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976, by the Rt. Hon. Earl Jellicoe, DSO, MC., Command 8803, HMSO, February 1983.
 The Boxer Rebellion, The Fifth Wellington Lecture, University of Southampton, by the Rt Hon the Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, LLD, FRS, PC, University of Southampton, 1993.
 Lord Shackleton, by Lord Jellicoe, in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, number 45, 1999, printed by the Cambridge University Press for the Royal Society.
 Special Boat Squadron, The Story of the SBS in the Mediterranean, by Barrie Pitt, Century Publishing, London, 1983.
 The Life of John Rushworth, Earl Jellicoe, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O, L.L.D., D.C.L., by Admiral Sir R. H. Bacon, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., D.S.O., Cassell, London, Toronto, Melbourne & Sydney, 1936.
 Tatler, 30 August 1939.
 News Chronicle, 30 January 1942.
 (Australian) The Sun, Alan Trengove, 22 June 1972
 International Herald Tribune, 21 February 1978. Article on Patricia, Countess Jellicoe by Naomi Barry.
 Financial Weekly, 20 April 1979, profile by Judi Bevan, page 12.
 Country Life, 1 July 1999, profile, with a photo by Derry Moore.
 Twenty-One: Coming of Age in the Second World War, by James Holland, HarperCollins, London, 2006 (whole of chapter five).
 Lord Chidgey in The House Magazine, Dods, 12 February 2007.
 House of Lords Hansard, Monday 26 February 2007: Tributes: Earl Jellicoe.
 Obituaries
The Independent (Dennis Kavanagh), Saturday 24 February 2007.
The Times, The Daily Telegraph, & The Guardian (Andrew Roth): Monday 26 February 2007.
Financial Times, (Sue Cameron): Tuesday 27 February 2007.
Yesterday in Parliament, (David Wilby), BBC Radio Four, Tuesday 27 February 2007.
The Scotsman, (Alasdair Steven), Wednesday 28 February 2007.
The Times, (Lives Remembered, by Christopher Roberts), 28 February 2007.
The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald, Thursday 1 March 2007.
The Week, (a digest of the above), 3 March 2007.
The Spectator, (Patrick Leigh Fermor), 3 March 2007.
BBC Radio Four, Last Word (John Wilson), Friday 2 March 2007, (tx: circa 15:20–15:28).
The Herald, Glasgow, Monday 5 March 2007.
The Anglo-Hellenic Review, no. 36, Autumn 2007.
 The Times, and The Daily Telegraph, 1 June 2007, approximate list of those who attended his memorial service at the Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, Birdcage Walk, St James's Park, Westminster, on 31 May 2007.
The Oldie, James Hughes Onslow on Earl Jellicoe's memorial service, page 69, July 2007.
 The Anglo-Hellenic League's reception in remembrance of its former Chairman and Patron, Cholmondeley Room, House of Lords, 14 February 2008. Spoken tributes by Lord Moynihan, Tryphon Kedros, John Julius Norwich, Sir James Gowans, Dimitris Paraskevas, & the Hon. Nicholas Jellicoe. This event was reported in The Anglo-Hellenic Review, no. 37, Spring 2008, page 2.

References

External links

 Announcement of his taking the oath for the first time as Baron Jellicoe of Southampton, House of Lords Minutes of proceedings, 23 November 1999
 Speech to The Churchill Centre Inc., from proceedings of the International Churchill Societies 1994–95.
 Jellicoe on the Ukraine. His last full speech in the Lords, 28 October 1996.
 Independent obituary
 Tributes: Earl Jellicoe Link to Hansard, Monday 26 February 2007.

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Jellicoe
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Jellicoe

George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe


La Petite pièce est une œuvre de Claude Debussy pour clarinette et piano composée en 1910.

Présentation
La Petite pièce pour clarinette en si bémol et piano L 127 (120) est une composition de Claude Debussy, alors membre du conseil supérieur du Conservatoire de Paris depuis 1909. Elle constitue le morceau à déchiffrer au concours de clarinette au conservatoire de Paris de 1910 associé à la Première Rhapsodie et a été composée en juillet 1910 .

Contrairement à la Première Rhapsodie composée à la même occasion et comportant la dédicace , cette pièce en est dépourvue.

La Petite pièce est publiée en décembre 1910 par les éditions Durand.

Elle porte l'indication « modéré et doucement rythmé » et comporte trois dièses à la clé ; la difficulté de la pièce insiste sur le passage délicat entre registre chalumeau et clairon de la clarinette. Bien que l'œuvre soit courte et composée pour une épreuve de concours, elle est fréquemment jouée en concert par des solistes et lors d'auditions.

En 1911, paraît chez Durand une transcription pour piano seul de la Petite pièce, due à Jacques Charlot.

Enregistrements
 Reginald Kell, avec Brooks Smith (piano), 1957

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 .

Liens externes

Œuvre de Claude Debussy
Debussy, Petite pièce
Debussy, Petite pièce

Petite pièce de Debussy


Niko Grünfeld (født 13. marts 1975, Sønderborg) er en københavnsk kommunalpolitiker. I januar-oktober 2018 var han kultur- og fritidsborgmester i Københavns Kommune for Alternativet. Han var i 2013 sammen med blandt andre Uffe Elbæk og Rasmus Nordqvist med til at grundlægge Alternativet, men forlod partiet i 2020 og blev løsgænger i Københavns Borgerrepræsentation.

20. april 2020 stiftede han sammen med Uffe Elbæk og Sikandar Siddique partiet Frie Grønne - Danmarks nye venstrefløjsparti.. Niko Grünfeld repræsenterer Frie Grønne i Københavns Borgerrepræsentation og er derudover leder i Frie Grønne Råd, der er partiets hovedbestyrelse.

Uddannelse og arbejde
Niko Grünfeld har en (HD) i økonomi, ledelse og organisationsteori fra Handelshøjskolen i Aarhus. I mere end 10 år var han direktør og indehaver af den internationale ledelses- og uddannelsesvirksomhed, WIP, og var i en årrække også udviklingsleder og underviser på iværksætterskolen, KaosPiloterne. Grünfeld har desuden en fortid som PR- og Marketingskonsulent i Swindon Town Football Club og AGF Kontraktfodbold A/S.

Grünfeld er folkevalgt til Københavns Borgerrepræsentation og bestyrelsesmedlem i Rådet for Visuel Kunst, Kulturskolerne i København, Vurderingsnævnet m.fl.

Da Grünfeld i 2015 var folketingskandidat for Alternativet, publicerede Altinget.dk opstillede kandidaters CV'er; her havde Grünfeld afkrydset i rubrikken "lang videregående uddannelse", hvilket senere skabte debat, da en HD i økonomi, ledelse og organisationsteori bør angives som en mellemlang videregående uddannelse. Desuden havde Grünfeld fejlagtigt godkendt en faktaboks, der senere blev publiceret i Altinget.dk og Politiken, som inkluderede en efteruddannelse i positiv psykologi fra Aarhus Universitet, som han aldrig havde taget.

Politik
Grünfeld er tidligere Kulturborgmester i København og nu medlem af Borgerrepræsentationen, hvor han repræsenterer Frie Grønne. Grünfeld sidder i Gruppeformandskredsen, Børne- og Ungdomsudvalget samt Sundheds- og Omsorgsudvalget. Han er også bestyrelsesmedlem af Rådet for Visuel Kunst m.fl.

Grünfeld var sammen med Uffe Elbæk en af Alternativets grundlæggere. Som en af de skabende kræfter bag partiets markante fremdrift var han af flere omgange medlem af Alternativets Hovedbestyrelse, stiftede lokalforeninger i København og blev i foråret 2017 valgt til partiets spidskandidat i Københavns Kommune ved kommunalvalget 2017. Grünfeld førte her Alternativet København til en historisk valgsejr for et nyt parti, hvor Alternativet som det tredjestørste parti og 10,5% af stemmerne blev valgt ind i den københavnske borgerrepræsentation. Grünfeld selv opnåede det fjerde højeste personlige stemmetal (4005).

Efter valget indgik partiet i en konstitueringsaftale, der gav Alternativet bestyrelsesposter i Metroselskabet til en værdi af 125.000 kr. og fik desuden 4. valg blandt borgmesterposterne i kommunen. Grünfeld blev herefter indstiftet som kultur- og fritidsborgmester.

Konstitueringsaftalen udløste utilfredshed blandt visse aktivistgrupper i Alternativet, som især gav sig til kende på facebooksider og i de sociale medier. Alternativets medlemmer af borgerrepræsentationen og den københavnske kommunalbestyrelse i partiet meddelte dog, at valget af borgmesterposten i Kultur- og Fritidsforvaltningen på forhånd havde været en klar prioritet for partiet, hvorfor denne beslutning ikke blev ændret.

Grünfeld argumenterede for valget af kulturborgmesterposten med denne kronik i Politiken, som skabte ny debat om betydningen af kultur, kunst og folkeoplysning. Mens han var borgmester, besad han samtidig posten som 1. suppleant til Folketinget i Østjyllands Storkreds. Da han fik muligheden for at indtræde i Folketinget, i forbindelse med at Josephine Fock forlod sin folketingspost for en ansættelse i Dansk Flygtningehjælp, valgte Grünfeld dog at fastholde sit engagement i københavnsk lokalpolitik.

I efteråret 2018 skabte Niko Grünfeld negative overskrifter, da Radio24syv viderebragte historien om, at Grünfeld efter at være blevet valgt til Kultur- og Fritidsborgmester havde ommøbleret sit borgmesterkontor. Indretningen inkluderede blandt andet nye, danskproducerede møbler for cirka 85.000 kroner ekskl. moms.  Dette var for nogen kontroversielt, da Alternativet med Grünfeld i spidsen havde talt for en mere bæredygtig indkøbspolitik.

Efter kritik af forbrug, uro i baglandet og forkerte oplysninger ifm. uddannelseskategorisering meddelte Grünfeld 17. oktober 2018, at han af hensyn til sin familie trak sig fra borgmesterposten.

I februar 2020 meddelte Grünfeld, at han forlod Alternativet i en erkendelse af, at "partiets sjæl er ædt op indefra", og "den syge politiske kultur" ikke var i overensstemmelse med Grünfelds værdier. I marts måned 2020 valgte også partistifter, Uffe Elbæk, og tre andre folketingsmedlemmer at blive løsgængere og dermed forlade Alternativet. Han blev senere medstifter af partiet Frie Grønne.

I 2020 blev forslag fra Grünfeld i Borgerrepræsentationen om, at København skulle undersøge muligheden for at hyre en stadsgartner samt muligheden for at give større transportfradrag til de af kommunens ansatte, der cykler på arbejde, vedtaget. I et debatindlæg i Politiken i september 2020 stillede han spørgsmål ved, om byen var mere optaget af at virke klimabevidst end at være klimabevidst.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af Københavns Borgerrepræsentation fra Alternativet
Medlemmer af Københavns Borgerrepræsentation i 2000-tallet
Personer fra Sønderborg
Borgmestre i København
Politikere fra Alternativet
Politikere fra Frie Grønne

Niko Grünfeld


Hamlin Beach State Park is a  state park located on the shore of Lake Ontario in the Town of Hamlin in Monroe County, New York, United States. The Lake Ontario State Parkway passes through the park.

History
Hamlin Beach first became a park in 1929, after Monroe County purchased a total of  for $169,373. The park, initially known as Northwest Beach Park, consisted of the former Charles Wolf property and surrounding farmland. The park's name was changed to Hamlin Beach Park in 1930.

While under county ownership, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp was constructed at the park, and workers lodged at the camp labored to improve the park's facilities between 1935 and 1941. During World War II, the site was used as a Prisoner of War camp, housing German POWs between 1944 and 1946. The camp served as a labor hub, providing workers to local farms and food processing plants in the Hamlin area. The camp was dismantled when the war was over.

The site was transferred to New York State's ownership in 1938, and was renamed Hamlin Beach State Park. After World War II, the Lake Ontario State Parkway was extended through the park, increasing accessibility. The parking lot was expanded to handle the increase in visitors, and the campgrounds were built.

Evidence of the Civilian Conservation Corps' park improvements can be seen, including stone-work on headwalls, barriers and pavilions. Their work on the park was responsible for six buildings and the reclamation of swampland on the eastern end.

During the 1970s, the park, specifically the beach, was suffering from large amounts of erosion from storms. State and Federal funding was provided and the beaches were rebuilt and jetties were added to help prevent further damage. Development on the Yanty Creek Nature trail began as well. It is now a mile-long trail with educational markers along the way.

In 2008, volunteers from the Friends of Hamlin Beach began clearing brush from the grounds of the former CCC/POW camp which is located off of Moscow Road in Hamlin. An interpretive trail explaining the history of the camp was officially opened in 2014.

Park description
Hamlin Beach State Park offers a beach, picnic tables with pavilions, a playground, recreation programs, a nature trail, surfing, hiking and biking, fishing, a campground with 264 tent and trailer sites, ice skating, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, a boat launch, and a food concession.

The park is open year-round, and swimming is permitted from the middle of June through Labor Day. Campsites are available from early May through Columbus day. The beach occasionally closes due to pollution.

Three parking lots, with the capacity to hold 2,500 vehicles, are available along the main road through the park. A $7 parking fee is assessed for vehicles (Deducted to $3 for the 2019 season). The park is handicap accessible. Pets are permitted on leashes of  or less, and must have proof of inoculation before entering the camping area. No animals are allowed on the beach.

Boats may be launched from either a designated hand launch north of the Area 1 parking lot or from a car-top launch on the eastern end of the beach near the Yantee Creek parking area.

In 2016, it was announced that Governor Cuomo was giving Hamlin Beach State Park $2.25 Million for a park enhancement program. With this money, the old 1939 sandstone bathhouse, built by members of the Civilian Conservation Corps, underwent heavy remodeling. They were gutted, and improved. Also, new bathrooms were installed in loops A & B in the campground area.

Trails

The Yanty Creek Nature Trail is on the eastern end of the park and the trailhead is accessible by the park road. There is parking for about 10 cars at the trailhead. The trail is stone or mulch and winds around in a loop. Informational placards are provided along the way. The Shoreline Trail is a paved trail that runs along the lake east to west, passing by the beaches. There are several other small trails within the campgrounds and other wooded areas.

The Devil's Nose is a sand bluff on the westernmost end of the park. The tree-covered bluff is part of a larger sand and clay shoal that extends approximately  under the lake. The above-water section of the Nose used to be much larger, but rising lake levels and erosion has drastically reduced the size. In 2018, work began to re-open the trails to the public. Mulch was laid down, fences placed, and the trails were re-opened in 2019 for public access. Stay back signs posted frequently because of nearly 80 foot drop.

Devil's Nose is the site of many shipwrecks, including the York in December 1799; the C. Reeve on November 22, 1862; the Almira on June 8, 1863; and the John Weeden on October 27, 1869.

See also
 List of New York state parks

References

External links
 New York State Parks: Hamlin Beach State Park
 Friends of Hamlin Beach State Park

State parks of New York (state)
Parks in Monroe County, New York

Hamlin Beach State Park


Carlos Guzmán-Böckler (Jalapa, Guatemala, 6 de agosto de 1930 - San Lucas Sacatepéquez, 31 de enero de 2017) fue un abogado y sociólogo guatemalteco, autor de varias obras centrales para la comprensión del desarrollo de la sociología y antropología en la Guatemala del  y , así como para el movimiento de reivindicación étnica conocida como Movimiento Maya. Su trabajo se centró principalmente en el estudio de las relaciones interétnicas entre indígenas y ladinos en Guatemala.

Biografía
Carlos Guzmán-Böckler nació el 6 de agosto de 1930 en Jalapa, departamento del oriente de Guatemala. Su niñez transcurrió en la Antigua Guatemala, junto a su madre, que en virtud de los tratados vigentes se consideraba alemana, a pesar de haber nacido en Guatemala. Ella trabajaba como docente y traductora jurada, gracias a su formación en colegios de Alemania y el Reino Unido. A raíz de un accidente sufrido por su hermana, se trasladan de la Antigua Guatemala a la ciudad capital. De niño estudió en el Colegio Alemán de Guatemala, hasta que éste fue cerrado durante la II Guerra Mundial. Con la inminente amenaza de expulsión de todo ciudadano alemán, se dejó de hablar ese idioma en su casa y su madre vendió sus propiedades antes que fueran congeladas. No obstante, al momento de formar los contingentes para internación en Canadá se consideró a la familia como guatemalteca por haberse casado con un ciudadano del país y tener hijos igualmente nacidos en el mismo.

Refiere el autor que ingresó a la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, por ser la única opción humanista, pues "nunca [le] satisfizo la cuestión esta del derecho, aunque [ganó] los cursos y todo" (entrevista). En su tiempo de estudiante trabajó en los Tribunales, en el Juzgado de Primera instancia, y luego fue nombrado Juez Séptimo de Paz de la ciudad de Guatemala, donde ejercía al momento de la caída de Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. En este tiempo, no tuvo más remedio que esperar pacientemente a que le relevaran, tragándose su descontento ante el nuevo orden. Fue dirigente estudiantil de la Asociación de Estudiantes "El Derecho", pero nunca ingresó al Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT), como varios de sus compañeros.

Tras graduarse se interesó por cuestiones laborales y fue por, dos años, abogado del SAMF (Sindicato de Acción y Mejoramiento Ferrocarrilero), y luego del sindicato del Banco Agrícola-Mercantil. No satisfecho con este trabajo, en 1959 aplicó a una beca en la recién creada Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales en Chile, donde completó la Maestría en la Enseñanza e Investigación Universitarias en Sociología. Fue ahí donde leyó por primera vez a Max Weber, que tendría una profunda influencia en su obra. De regreso en Guatemala, se alejó de la abogacía, dedicándose cada vez más a la enseñanza. Cuando unos años después, la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala abrió la Escuela de Estudios Generales, se le encomendó el diseño y la enseñanza de la cátedra de Ciencias Sociales, pudiendo al fin aplicar lo aprendido en Chile.

En 1965 salió a París para completar un posgrado en sociología en la Universidad de Montpellier. Allí escuchó las clases del profesor Touraine. En 1969 partió de nuevo a París, esta vez para completar el programa de doctorado en Sociología, y no en Antropología Social, como se ha dicho, bajo la dirección de Georges Balandier en la VI Sección de la Escuela Práctica de Altos Estudios. En 1970 se publicó en México su obra "Guatemala: una interpretación histórico-social". El libro fue el resultado, por una parte, de profundas reflexiones de Guzmán-Böckler, y del trabajo de campo hecho por Jean-Loup Herbert en Santa María Chiquimula, comunidad indígena de Guatemala. Pero no solo la extrema derecha azuzó a las fuerzas represivas contra ellos; también la izquierda política ortodoxa descalificó sus planteamientos, mediante la circulación de panfletos, alegando que la lucha verdadera de clases solo podía darse entre la burguesía y el proletariado, y no entre ladino e indígena, como ellos proponían.

En 1972 viajó de nuevo a París, para defender su tesis doctoral. De regreso en Guatemala, mantuvo largos diálogos con el comandante Rodrigo Asturias Amado, apodado Gaspar Ilom, hijo de Miguel Ángel Asturias y dirigente de la Organización Revolucionaria del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA), lo que llevó a la publicación en español de su tesis, con el nombre de "Colonialismo y Revolución", ganando el premio al mejor libro del año de la Asociación de Periodistas de Guatemala. En 1977, se enteró de que el gobierno fraguaba su muerte, por lo que, mediante el comandante Gaspar Ilóm, logró una plaza en el CIS-INAH en México (que luego sería el CIESAS) donde coordinó proyectos de investigación antropológica. El proyecto más importante fue la formación de los primeros lingüistas indígenas en México, siendo una de "las mejores experiencias de [su] vida". Luego, se trasladó, junto con la sede de CIESAS, a San Cristóbal de las Casas, donde hubo de retirarse en 1997 por problemas de la vista.

Obra y pensamiento
La interpretación marxista que Guzmán-Böckler hace de la sociedad guatemalteca, difiere del marxismo ortodoxo en no considerar que la principal contradicción se da entre la burguesía y el proletariado, sino entre ladinos e indígenas.  De esta manera, "la relación ladinos-indígenas constituye una relación de clase", que es la contradicción dominante en la sociedad guatemalteca. Esta contradicción básica abarca "tanto las desigualdades económicas, como a la discriminación racial" y es herencia de la sociedad colonial en que se fraguó como justificación ideológica de las relaciones económicas del modo de producción colonial.

El modo de producción colonial es la infraestructura sobre la cual ha descansado la estructura social guatemalteca desde la invasión colonial española. Se trata de la extracción de productos agrícolas cultivados extensamente en latifundios trabajados por mano de obra barata, masiva y estacional. Estos productos se exportan como materias primas a una metrópoli en el mercado internacional capitalista, que fija los precios y volumen de las exportaciones. El intermediario entre la metrópoli y la mano de obra se ubica en los centros urbanos y no tiene sino una pequeña posibilidad de acumular capital, pues la mayoría de excedentes los absorbe la metrópoli de turno, produciendo un empobrecimiento generalizado de la población dominada (mano de obra indígena) que acrece su dependencia con respecto al acumulador parcial y, luego, al acumulador final. Este último, mediante la cooperación internacional evita que el sistema colapse, manteniéndole al "límite de sus posibilidades". Internamente, el racismo es la ideología que justifica este sistema.

Para Guzmán-Böckler, los ladinos-urbanos están tan alienados de su propia historia que, para la derecha, no existe racismo, y para la izquierda, solo las diferencias económicas cuentan, y las diferencias raciales son producto de éstas, lo que es una forma de ser racista, sin confesarlo, según Guzmán-Böckler. Nuestra sociedad depende ideológicamente de ideas extranjeras que acepta sin cuestionar. El marxismo ortodoxo es una de ellas, puesto que se ha aplicado sin cuestionar que el contexto guatemalteco es sumamente distinto al europeo. En Guatemala, por ejemplo, no aplican los modelos de sociedades industriales, pues el proceso de industrialización fue muy distinto al europeo. La principal contradicción en nuestra sociedad debe buscarse en las relaciones interétnicas y no entre clases sociales propiamente dichas.

Sin embargo, cuando Guzmán-Böckler escribía, la Izquierda política colonizada seguía siendo un sostén del sistema bicolonial, pues se componía solamente de ladinos-urbanos que consideraban que naturalmente lescorrespondía la dirección de la sociedad y una posición rectora ante los indígenas. El movimiento revolucionario no podría triunfar a menos que lograra una amplia participación de la población indígena y para esto, era necesario que el ladino se desalienara, arrancando de raíz el racismo que le impedía concebir al indígena como dirigente guerrillero.

En el 2006, su biblioteca particular especializada en ciencias sociales fue incorporada al acervo documental del Centro de Formación de la Cooperación Española en La Antigua Guatemala. El Fondo Guzmán-Böckler está integrado por cerca de 15.000 registros, en español, francés y alemán.

El ladino como ser ficticio
Carlos Guzmán-Böckler plantea por primera vez, las profundas contradicciones en la identidad del ladino, quien se define por exclusión y negación del otro: ladino, entonces, es el que niega ser indígena. Para Guzmán-Böckler, en Guatemala los ladinos son una clase alienada que necesita una toma de conciencia para "desladinizarse". siendo la alienación del ladino uno de los logros más completos de la colonización española. Su desalienación implicaría un mayor conocimiento de su historia, y la conciencia de ser el resultado de un proceso dialéctico en su relación con el indígena.

El ladino se percibe distinto del occidental, a quien admira, pero también ve diferencias irreconciliables con el indio, y entonces se encierra en sí mismo, en las áreas urbanas, y en una visión del mundo en que solo cabe su historia, con sus héroes y sus mentiras. Niega la participación del indio en la construcción de su nación, y de su propia identidad. Así, el ladino sería extranjero en su propio país: desconoce a más de la mitad de su población (la indígena), y a la vez, en su papel de intermediario en el sistema de producción colonial, no puede agenciarse de una identidad que le sea propia. Por esto, opta por acercarse al habitante de la metrópoli, que lo discrimina, y diferenciarse del indígena. Esto nunca podrá hacerlo porque evidentemente es mestizo, y muy lejano del modelo blanco y rubio que tanto admira. El hecho que el ladino no pueda acercarse a su propio modelo de belleza es fuente de fuertes frustraciones que lo hacen un fugitivo de sí mismo, buscando otras maneras de representar su adhesión al tipo de la metrópolis, ya sea en el hablar, el vestir, el pensar, o en el querer representar lo que es de otros.

Véase también
 Demografía de Guatemala
 Historia de Guatemala

Notas

Referencias

Nacidos en Jalapa (Guatemala)
Sociólogos de Guatemala
Abogados de Guatemala
Escritores de Guatemala
Historiadores de Guatemala
Antropólogos culturales
Alumnado de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala

Carlos Guzmán-Böckler


Die literarische Welt. Unabhängiges Organ für das deutsche Schrifttum war ein Periodikum in der Weimarer Republik, das als Wochenschrift von Ernst Rowohlt und Willy Haas 1925 in Berlin gegründet wurde. Die Zeitschrift erschien von 1925 bis 1933 unter der Herausgeberschaft von Willy Haas. 1934, im Verlauf der von den NS-Machthabern sogenannten "Gleichschaltung" wurde sie in Das deutsche Wort umbenannt. Seit 1998 erscheint die Literarische Welt als Beilage der Tageszeitung Die Welt.

Geschichte
Zunächst erschien die Zeitschrift in der Literarische Welt Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin-Lichterfelde. Die Redaktion saß in der Passauer Straße. Nach Haas' Emigration wurde sie kurzzeitig als "Neue Folge" gleichen Titels (1933–1934) fortgesetzt, herausgegeben von Karl Rauch. Nachdem die Zeitschrift im Sinn der nationalsozialistischen "Gleichschaltung" seit 1934 Das deutsche Wort genannt wurde, erschien sie im Berliner Verlag Bott. Sie wurde 1941 eingestellt.

Wiederaufnahme des Titels für eine Zeitungsbeilage
Ab 1998 gab die Tageszeitung Die Welt als Samstagsbeilage Ein Journal für das literarische Geschehen unter dem Titel Die literarische Welt heraus, mit dem Hinweis: "Gegründet von Willy Haas, 1925". Von 2001 bis 2013 gab Rachel Salamander die Literaturbeilage heraus. Von 2013 bis 2017 wurde die Die literarische Welt von Richard Kämmerlings geleitet. Im März 2017 übernahm Mara Delius die Leitung. Sie war seit 2011 Feuilletonredakteurin und eine weitere Autorin der Welt gewesen. Die Literarische Welt ist seitdem noch ein regelmäßiger, fast täglicher Twitter-Auftritt der Redaktion. Die gedruckten Inhalte firmieren, wie bei allen anderen Zeitungen auch, jetzt unter Feuilleton – Kultur – Literatur.

Autoren
Zu den historischen Autoren gehören u. a.:

Literatur
 Willy Haas: Die literarische Welt. Lebenserinnerungen. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-596-25607-0 (Nachdruck von 1957)
 Die literarische Welt. Unabhängiges Organ für das deutsche Schrifttum. Kraus, Nendeln FL 1973 ().
 Pascale Avenel: Willy Haas et le périodique "Die literarische Welt" 1925–1933. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, Villeneuve d'Ascq 1997, ISBN 2-284-00204-8 (Dissertation Universität Lille 1995).

Weblinks

 Peter Stephan Jungk: Oberhirte der Literatur. Vor 80 Jahren erschien die erste "Literarische Welt" welt.de, 8. Oktober 2005, abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2013

Einzelnachweise

Literaturzeitschrift (Deutschland)
Antiquarische Zeitschrift (Berlin)
Ersterscheinung 1925
Erscheinen eingestellt 1933

Die literarische Welt


باب العسة هي قرية و دائرة إدارية مغربية شمال شرق مدينة أحفير، ضمن إقليم بركان شمال شرق البلاد.

قرى المغرب
إقليم بركان

دائرة باب العسة (المغرب)


Corps of Royal Marines, som regel bare kaldet Royal Marines (RM), er den britiske flådes amfibiske infanteri. Korpset blev oprettet d. 28. oktober 1664 og er en af de ældste grene af Storbritanniens væbnede styrker. Oprindeligt var styrken, under navnet Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, underlagt den britiske hær, men i 1755 blev de 50 kompagnier i tre divisioner, under navnet His Majesty's Marine Forces, overført til admiralitetets kontrol. I 1802 fik tropperne navnet Royal Marines. I 1923 blev marineinfanteriet slået sammen med Royal Marine Artillery til Corps of Royal Marines.

RM er i dag organiseret i en kommandobrigade, 3 Commando Brigade, med tre underliggende kommandoer på bataljonsstørrelse, samt et antal andre afdelinger, deriblandt Royal Marines Band, et træningscenter, en stormgruppe og en flådebeskyttelsesgruppe.

Specialstyrken Special Boat Service er også en del af Royal Marines.

Grader og distinktioner

Kilde:

Eksterne

Noter

Royal Navy
Marineinfanteri

Royal Marines


Aflyttet er et ugentligt radioprogram der bliver sendt på Radio24syv omhandlende overvågning, efterretningsvæsen, og sikkerhedspolitik.
Programmet beværtes af Anders Kjærulff der interviewer tilbagevendende og aktuelle gæster, eksperter, samt præsenterer rapportager og nyhedshistorier. Aflyttet har været sendt siden februar 2012 , hvormed det er et af de længst fortløbende radioprogrammer på Radio24syv. Programmets slogan er 'Radio iført skæg og blå briller', og afdækker både udenlandske og indenlandske nyheder om overvågning, så som Edward Snowdens whistleblowerafsløringer og problemer med NemID og Rejsekortet. Anders Kjærulff modtog i 2015 databeskyttelsesprisen for sit arbejde med aflyttet.

Emner
Aflyttet følger aktuel lovgivning og afsløringer om overvågning fra efterretningstjenester og beskriver hvordan man som borger kan sikre sig mod overvågning på internettet og i mødet med staten. Det dækker også udvikling af ny teknologi der udfordrer gængse overvågningsformer så som Bitcoins, darknet og kryptologi.
Programmet tilbyder, sammen med Radio24syv, et sikkert kommunikationssystem for whistleblowers der gerne vil rapportere om magtmisbrug eller korruption, en såkaldt secure drop service.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 aflyttets hjemmeside

Radioprogrammer fra Radio24syv
Sikkerhed

Aflyttet


Agrilus nixius é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, em 1896.

Referências

nixius

Agrilus nixius


Pokhara Premier League () is a franchise Twenty20 cricket tournament held in Nepal. The tournament is managed by Queen's Event Management.

The league is an auction-based tournament where players will be sold based on different price ceilings.

Lead by the board member of Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN), Chhumbi Lama, the idea of organizing it in Pokhara is mainly to create a benchmark for domestic cricket, initiate sports tourism mechanism within the region and establish it as one of the cricketing hubs within the country. All matches are shown be live on Himalayan TV HD. This is the third largest national level league played in Nepal.  Before this, Everest Premier League and Dhangadhi Premier League were two national level hitting leagues.

Teams

Current

Former

Results

See also

 Dhangadhi Premier League
 Everest Premier League

References

External links
 Official Website
 Pokhara Premier League - 2018 at Cricinfo

Cricket in Nepal
2018 establishments in Nepal

Pokhara Premier League


Cortina d'Ampezzo (; , ; historical ) is a town and comune in the heart of the southern (Dolomitic) Alps in the province of Belluno, in the Veneto region of Northern Italy. Situated on the Boite river, in an alpine valley, it is an upscale summer and winter sport resort known for its skiing trails, scenery, accommodation, shops and après-ski scene, and for its jet set and Italian aristocratic crowd.

In the Middle Ages, Ampezzo fell under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1420 it was conquered by the Republic of Venice. From 1508, it then spent much of its history under Habsburg rule, briefly undergoing some territorial changes under Napoleon, before being returned to the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary), which held it until 1918. From the nineteenth century, Cortina d'Ampezzo became a notable regional centre for crafts. The local handmade products were appreciated by early British and German holidaymakers as tourism emerged in the late nineteenth century. Among the specializations of the town were crafting wood for furniture, the production of tiled stoves, and iron, copper and glass items.

Today, the local economy thrives on tourism, particularly during the winter season, when the population of the town typically increases from about 7,000 to 40,000. The Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo was built between 1769 and 1775 on the site of two former thirteenth and sixteenth-century churches; it is home to the parish and the deanery of Cortina d'Ampezzo. The town also contains the Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, established in 1975, the Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum, and the Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum.

Although Cortina d'Ampezzo was unable to go ahead with the scheduled 1944 Winter Olympics because of World War II, it hosted the Winter Olympics in 1956 and subsequently a number of world winter-sports events. Cortina d'Ampezzo will host the Winter Olympics for a second time when it co-hosts the 2026 Winter Olympics with Milan. The town is home to SG Cortina, a top league professional ice hockey team, and Cortina d'Ampezzo is also the start and end point of the annual Dolomites Gold Cup Race.

Several films have been shot in the town, most notably The Pink Panther (1963), For Your Eyes Only (1981), and Cliffhanger (1993).

History

Prehistory
The discovery in 1987 of a primitive tomb at Mondeval de Sora high up in the mountains to the south of Cortina testifies to the presence of Mesolithic man in the area as far back as the 6th millennium B.C. In the 6th century B.C., Etruscan writing was introduced in the province of Cadore, in whose possession it remained until the early 5th century. From the 3rd century B.C., the Romans assimilated the Veneti people, giving the area the name of Amplitium (from amplus meaning wide), today's Ampezzo.

Middle Ages to 19th century
No historical information exists on the Cadore region from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Lombard period. It is assumed that during the Barbarian invasions, the inhabitants fled to the Fassa, Badia, Cordevole and Ampezzo valleys.

In the Middle Ages, Ampezzo fell under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1420, the village was conquered by the Republic of Venice. In 1508 it was conquered by the Habsburgs, and by 1511 people of Ampezzo swore loyalty to the Emperor Maximilian, and that area was subsequently adjoined to the region of Pusterthal. In 1797, when the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed, Napoleon initially permitted the Habsburg Empire to retain it, but in 1810 he added Ampezzo to the Department of Piave, following an attack on the town in which it was burned by the French. It was short-lived; the Austrian Empire reclaimed it in 1813, and it remained in its possession even after the battles of Custoza and Sadowa in 1866 when Venice was ceded to Italy. The town gained a reputation as a health resort; it was reportedly free of diseases such as cholera.

In 1874 the Ampezzo forest became the property of the Carnic Woods Consortium. Although remaining an Austrian possession until 1920 (as a part of kronland Tyrol), aside from being home for an ethnic German-speaking minority, Ampezzo never became a German-speaking territory and conserved its original language Ladin, a Rhaeto-Romance language.

20th century

When Italy entered World War I in 1915, most of the male inhabitants were fighting for Austria-Hungary on the Russian front. 669 male inhabitants (most of them under 16 or over 50) tried to fight the Italian troops. Outnumbered by the Italians, they had to retreat. After the Austrian recovery in 1917, the town was occupied again by the Tyrolean Standschützen. On 24 November 1917, the Habsburg Emperor Charles (Karl) traveled through Ampezzo and was received with enthusiasm by the population. A little girl handed the emperor a letter with the request to send her father home from the front because his wife and mother of nine children had died. After ten days, Bepe Manaigo was with his children. A total of 144 Ampezzans died as a result of the war. Ampezzo soldiers received 16 silver and 4 bronze medals for bravery. In the surrounding area of the town there were 38 military cemeteries, everywhere trenches, barbed wire, impact holes, splinters, ammunition and barracks; 2,450 hectares of forest were devastated.

The mountains surrounding Cortina were themselves the theatre of several battles during the Great War.

Following Italy's victory in World War I, Ampezzo was (together with the central and southern part of Tyrol) definitively ceded to Italy in 1920. Three years later, it was separated from Tyrol (along with Colle Santa Lucia and Livinallongo del Col di Lana) and incorporated into the province of Belluno, itself part of the Veneto region.

After the war the city was renamed "Cortina d'Ampezzo" (Curtain of the Ampezzo Valley), adopting the name of one of the six villages that made up the territory of Ampezzo, located in the middle of the Ampezzo valley.

Cortina d'Ampezzo was designated as a major redoubt and held a large ammunition storage depot (46°36'50"N / 12°09'27"E). In 1945 it was assigned as a holdout by Italian and German troops to prevent the Americans and British from advancing into Austria.  The town and the depot were scheduled to be attacked on 26 April 1945. Only last-minute weather prevented this strike by the 15th AF / 49th BW.

Already an elite destination for the first British tourists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after World War I Cortina d'Ampezzo became a resort for upper-class Italians, too. Cortina d'Ampezzo was chosen as the venue of the 1944 winter Olympics, which did not take place due to World War II. Thanks to finally hosting the winter Olympics in 1956,  Cortina grew into a world-famous resort, with a substantial increase in tourism. With a resident population of 6,150 people in 2008, Cortina has a temporary population of around 50,000 during peak periods such as the Christmas holidays and mid-August. The Ford Cortina, the UK's best-selling car of the 1970s, was named after Cortina d'Ampezzo.

21st-century politics
In 2002 the Ampezzaner rifle company Ŝizar Anpezo Hayden was brought back to life. Since Otto von Habsburg, the then head of the Habsburg family, visited Cortina in 2005, their patron has been Charles I of Austria. Especially because of the eventful history, the Habsburg brand is still very present in Cortina in the 21st century, as many pictures and photos of Franz Joseph I of Austria and of Charles I, who is particularly revered here, in inns, restaurants, bars and hotels testify. Since 2011 there has been a memorial for Maximilian I on the main square in memory of the year 1511 and the union of the Ampezzo valley basin with Tyrol.

The town voted in October 2007 to secede from the region of Veneto and join the neighbouring region, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. This was motivated by cultural ties with the Ladin-speaking community in South Tyrol and the attraction of lower taxes. The referendum is not executive, and a final decision on the matter can only be made by law from the Italian parliament with consent of both regional councils of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

In the European elections of 2014, the leading party was the Democratic Party with 30.4% of the vote, followed by Forza Italia (19.4%) and the autonomist Südtiroler Volkspartei with 14.1%.

Geography and climate

Cortina is situated more or less in the centre of the Ampezzo valley, at the top of the Valle del Boite in the Dolomites, which encircle the town. The Boite river flows directly through the town of Cortina itself. The mountains in the area are described as "craggy" and "soaring", "unmistakable; like a massive coral reef ripped from the sea, strung with conifers and laced with snow". The town is positioned between Cadore (to the south) and the Puster Valley (to the north), Val d'Ansiei (to the east) and Agordo (to the west). Originally it consisted of numerous frazioni, isolated villages and hamlets, but from the 1950s it grew rapidly as a result of tourism. Only the most remote villages have remained isolated from the main town. San Vito di Cadore is  to the south of Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Among the surrounding mountains are Tofane to the west, Pomagagnon to the north, Cristallo to the northeast, Faloria and Sorapiss to the east, and Becco di Mezzodì, Croda da Lago and Cinque Torri to the south. Monte Antelao (Nantelou in Ladin) is at 3264 m the highest mountain in the Ampezzo Dolomites and the second highest in the Dolomites. When the weather is good, Monte Antelao is clearly visible from the rive in Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. The town centre is located at an elevation of , the closest high peak is that of Tofana di Mezzo, which towers at . There are numerous fast flowing rivers, streams and small lakes in the territory, such as the Ghedina, Pianozes and d'Ajal, which fill particularly during the summer snow-melt season. Fauna include marmots, roe deer, chamois and hares and, on occasion, wolves, bears and lynx. Much of the area of Cortina is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites".

Frazioni
The comune contains the following frazioni (parishes/wards) with their Ladino names in parentheses: Acquabona (Agabòna), Alverà, Bigontina (Begontina), Cadelverzo (Cadelvèrzo), Cademai, Cadin (Ciadìn), Campo (Ciànpo), Chiamulera (Ciamulèra), Chiave (Ciàe), Cianderìes, Coiana (Cojana), Col, Cortina, Crìgnes, Doneà, Fiames (Fiàmes), Fraìna, Gilardon (Jilardòn), Gnòche o Gràa, Guargné, Lacedel (Lazedèl), Manaigo, Majon, Melères, Mortisa (Mortìja), Pecol (Pecòl), Pezié, Pian da Lago, Pocol (Pocòl), Rònco, Salieto, Socol, Staulin (Staulìn), Val, Verocai, Vera (Vèra), Zuel (Zuèl).

Climate
Cortina d'Ampezzo has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with short summers and long winters that vacillate between frigid, snowy, unsettled, and temperate. In late December and early January, some of Italy's lowest recorded temperatures are to be found in the region, especially at the top of the Cimabanche Pass on the border between the provinces of Belluno and Bolzano. The other seasons are generally rainy, cool to warm, and windy. During the summer, temperatures can reach 25°C.

Demographics

Cortina's population grew steadily from the time when it was annexed to the Italian State until the 1960s. Thereafter, it underwent a sharp decline (down by 2,099 inhabitants over a 30-year period), with signs of recovery only in the very last few years. Nevertheless, with 6,112 inhabitants, Cortina d'Ampezzo is the seventh most populous place in the province following Belluno (36,509), Feltre (20,688), Sedico (9,734), Ponte nelle Alpi (8,521), Santa Giustina (6,795) and Mel (6,272). In 2008, there were 44 births (7.1 ‰) and 67 deaths (10.9%), resulting in an overall reduction of 23 inhabitants (−3.8 ‰). The town's 2,808 families consisted on average of 2.2 persons.

The presence of foreign residents in Cortina d'Ampezzo is a fairly recent phenomenon, accounting for only a small number of inhabitants in what in any case is a fairly small town. There are 298 resident foreigners in the town, representing 4.9% of the total population. This compares with 7.0% in the town Belluno, 6.4% in the entire province of Belluno, and 10.2% in the Veneto region.

Language and dialects
In addition to Italian, the majority of the population speak fluent Ampezzano, a local variant of Ladin, now recognized as a language rather than a dialect. Ladin is a Rhaeto-Romance language and closely resembles Romansh, which is spoken in Switzerland. The preservation of the local language, as a living medium used by younger generations, is seen as a symbol of pride and attachment to local heritage. Ladin and Tyrolean culture continues to survive despite the increasing pressure faced in recent years. Its importance is even beginning to be recognized by the local authorities who in December 2007 decided to use Ladin on signs for the names of streets and villages in compliance with regulations for the protection of linguistic minorities in force since 1999.

Economy

Beginning in the 19th century, Ampezzo became a notable regional centre for crafts. The growing importance of this sector led the Austrian Ministry of Commerce to authorize the opening of a State Industrial School in 1874, which later became the Art Institute. It became a reputable institution in teaching wood and metalwork, admitting boys from the age of 13 for up to four years of study. The local handmade products were appreciated by early British and German vacationers as tourism emerged in the late 19th century. Some of the local items were said to have mythical qualities; the Austrian journalist and anthropologist Karl Felix Wolff, for example, stated in 1935 that according to legend a local man "once made a sword that was so flexible that you could bend it over, tie it up, and then allow it to straighten out again". Among the specializations of the town were crafting wood for furniture; the production of tiled stoves; and iron, copper, and glass items.

Today the local economy thrives on tourism, particularly during the winter season, when the population of the town typically increases from about 7,000 to 40,000. Lonely Planet refers to Cortina d'Ampezzo as "one of Italy's most famous, fashionable and expensive ski resorts", which "boasts first-class facilities (skiing, skating, sledding, climbing) and superb hiking".

Cortina d'Ampezzo is home to some of the most prestigious names in fashion (including Bulgari, Benetton, Gucci, and Geox) and various artisan shops, antiquarians, and craft stores. It is also home to many stores specializing in mountaineering equipment. The symbol of Cortina shopping remains La Cooperativa di Cortina, founded on 28 June 1893 as Consumverein Ampezzo. In this shopping centre many trades can be found, from confectioners to newspaper vendors, toys, gift shops, skiing stores, and blacksmiths. The building is divided into three levels (more a raised plan and a balcony). The cooperative in Cortina was one of the first cooperatives founded in the Italian Peninsula and currently provides employment to approximately 200 people.

The five-star Miramonti Majestic Grand Hotel, of James Bond fame, is more than 100 years old. Previously an Austro-Hungarian hunting lodge, it contains 105 rooms. Other hotels of note include Hotel Cornelio on Via Cantore, Hotel Montana on Corso Italia, Hotel Menardi on Via Majom, Hotel Villa Gaiai on Via Guide Alpine, and the Grand Hotel Savoia on Via Roma. There are several mountain hostels in the vicinity, including Rifugio Faloria, Rifugio son Forca, Rifugio Capanna Tondi and Rifugio duca d'Aosta, which contains restaurants.

Landmarks

Near the bridge on the Bigontina River is the Town Hall, a palace in the Tyrolean style. Piazza Angelo Dibona houses several landmarks. The Ciasa de ra Regoles is one of the more important legal buildings in Cortina d'Ampezzo, where the "regolieri" — a council for the local villages that stood before the town merged — train the community and give administrative orders. It was at one time the see of Cortina d'Ampezzo's primary school. Currently it contains the offices of Comunanza delle Regole d'Ampezzo and the Modern Art Museum "Mario Rimoldi". The main square of Cortina d'Ampezzo is named after the famous local mountain guide Angelo Dibona.

Museums
The Regole d'Ampezzo administer the Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo, which covers three museums:
Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum, and Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum.

The Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, established in 1975, is a paleontological museum with a collection of hundreds of fossils of all colors, shapes, and sizes, which were found, gathered, and cataloged by local photographer Rinaldo Zardini. All of the pieces were found in the Dolomites and tell of a time when these high mountain peaks were still on the bottom of a large tropical sea, populated by marine invertebrates, fish, corals, and sponges.

The Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum is an ethnographic museum situated in an old restored Venetian sawmill at the confluence of the Boite and Felizon rivers to the north of the town. There are objects related to everyday life, rural, and pastoral practices in the vicinity; agricultural tools; techniques; materials processing; and clothing typical of the valley.

The Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum is an art gallery, established in 1941, which preserves over 800 works by major Italian artists of the 20th century including Filippo De Pisis, Felice Carena, Pio Semeghini, Renato Guttuso, Tullio Garbari, Massimo Campigli, and many others. It also hosts temporary exhibitions on various topics.

The Great War Tour stretches over  across the mountains between Lagazuoi and Sass de Stria. It includes the Great War Open Air Museum with its trenches and tunnels. In winter it is accessible to skiers, but it is easier to visit on foot or by mountain bike in the summer months.

Churches

The Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo was built between 1769 and 1775 on the site of two former 13th and 16th-century churches; it is home to the parish and the deanery of Cortina d'Ampezzo. Its high wooden altar, crowned by a figure of Christ the Redeemer, was carved by Andrea Brustolon. On the ceiling are three frescoes by Luigi Ghedina: "Christ Purifying the Temple", "The Martyrdom of St. Philip", and "The Beheading of St. James".

The Chiesa della Madonna della Difesa was built in 1750 on the site of a ruined 14th-century building. Its façade features an intricate fresco depicting the Madonna della Difesa, and the interior is decorated with a wealth of statues, paintings, polychrome marble, and gold leaf.

The Cappella della Beata Vergine di Lourdes (Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes) was completed in 1907. Decorated by artist Corrado Pitscheider of the Val Gardena, it is a small church of particular interest given the reconstruction sculpture.

The Cappella di Sant'Antonio da Padova in the village of Chiave was completed in 1791, but the interior was renovated in 1809 after serious fire damage caused by the Napoleonic troops. The furnishings include two wooden busts of Christ and St. Catherine as well as a richly designed altar.

Sacrario militare di Pocol (also known as Ossario di Pocol) is a cemetery and shrine located at an altitude of  towards Passo Falzarego, in the locality of Pocol. The small church and cemetery were built in 1916 as a military cemetery by the 5th Alpine group. A shrine was built in 1935 as a memorial to the thousands who lost their lives during World War I on the Dolomite front. It is a massive square tower of stone, clearly visible from the entire Ampezzo valley below. In a crypt in the centre of the structure rests the body of general Antonio Cantore, who was awarded the gold medal for military valor.

Castles and forts

The Castello de Zanna is a small fortress, situated in the vila of Minel. It consists of low, white outer walls and two white corner towers, with a small chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The construction of the castle began in 1694, but on 19 August 1696 work was interrupted; the building remained unfinished in 1809 when it was burned by French revolutionary troops who had invaded Ampezzo. Since then the castle has undergone restoration.

Forte Tre Sassi (or Forte Tra i Sassi) is a fortress constructed in 1897 during the Austro-Hungarian period on the Passo Valparola. It lies between Sass de Stria and Piccolo Lagazuoi, dominating the passage between the Passo Falzarego and Val Badia in South Tyrol (Alto Adige). It was part of the large complex of Austrian fortifications built on the Italian border in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Rendered unusable due to a bombing by the Italians on 5 July 1915, the ruins remained in a state of disrepair until the advent of the 21st century, when it was restored by the local administration of Cortina d'Ampezzo with the assistance of the Lacedelli family. The fort houses a museum containing relics related to the First World War.

Castello di Botestagno (also known as Podestagno) was a medieval fort perched on a rock in the valley of the river Boite, a little farther north of Cortina d'Ampezzo. It is believed that it was first erected as a stakeout during conflict with the Lombards between the 7th and 8th centuries, with the aim of dominating the three valleys that converge beneath it: the Boite, the Val di Fanes, and the Val Felizon. The cornerstone, however, probably dates to the 11th century. It was held by the Germans until 1077, and then by the patriarchs of Aquileia (12th century) and Camino (13th century), until Botestagno became the seat of a captaincy. It then passed into Venetian hands and finally to the Habsburgs. During the 18th century the castle gradually lost importance until it was auctioned in 1782 by order of Emperor Joseph II. Today the fort has now almost completely disappeared; only the remnants of what must have been the wine cellars and the foundations remain, now weathered and largely covered up by vegetation.

Culture

Cortina d'Ampezzo has a long tradition in hosting writers, intellectuals, poets and editors from all over the world. Ernest Hemingway, Saul Bellow, Dino Buzzati, Vittorio Gassman, Leonardo Sciascia, Leonardo Mondadori and many others, spent their vacations in the town and took part in the cultural life of the city. Through the years, this led to a continuous activity of literature festivals and book presentations, like Una Montagna di Libri ("A Mountain of Books"), held twice a year since 2009. The festival attracted to Cortina d'Ampezzo writers as Azar Nafisi, Peter Cameron and Emmanuel Carrère.

Music is important to the locals of Cortina d'Ampezzo, with a guitar found in most houses, and young musicians are often found walking the streets. Every year, from the end of July to early August, Cortina d'Ampezzo hosts the Dino Ciani Festival and Academy. It is held in honour of the celebrated Italian pianist Dino Ciani (1941–1974) who died when he was only 32. The festival attracts young pianists from around the world who are able to benefit from classes with some of the world's leading performers. The Festival of the Bands is another annual musical event featuring brass bands from Italy and beyond during the last week of August. Cortina d'Ampezzo's own band, parading in traditional costumes, is a central attraction dating back to 1861. Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 1953 Miss Italia contest, won by Marcella Mariani. Traditionally, on the eves of the festivals of Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity and St Philip and St James, the youth of the town would climb the hills at sunset and light fires.

After Ernest Hemingway's wife Hadley lost a suitcase filled with Hemingway's manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon in Paris, he took a time off. He began writing that same year in Cortina d'Ampezzo, writing Out of Season.

The dominant religion in the comune of Cortina d'Ampezzo is Roman Catholicism.
Among the religious minorities, mainly a result of recent immigration, there is a small community of Eastern Orthodox Christians and Muslims. There is also a congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, which has its headquarters in Pian da Lago.

The surroundings of Cortina have been the location for a number of movies, including mountain climbing scenes for Cliffhanger, Krull and  The Pink Panther. The resort was the primary area for location shooting in Sergio Corbucci's Revisionist Spaghetti Western The Great Silence; the resort was used to represent Utah in the winter of 1898. It was a glamorous location for Elizabeth Taylor in Ash Wednesday (1973), and was also a major location for the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only. Roger Moore's James Bond meets the character Luigi Ferrara (John Moreno) at the peak of Tofana and stays at the Hotel Miramonti. A number of action sequences were shot in the town involving Bond and Erich Kriegler (John Wyman), as Kriegler competes in the biathlon. The battle culminates in one of the famous ski chase sequences in film, where Bond has to escape Kriegler and a crew of assassins on a spike-wheeled motorcycles, his route taking them all onto the bobsleigh run. The actual town centre was also the scene of the first attack on Bond and his partner Melina Havelock (Carole Bouquet) by two motorcyclists who attempted to run them over, only for Bond to eliminate them both, putting one of them through the window of a local florist.

Sports

Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics, originally scheduled for 1944, but cancelled because of World War II. The 1927 Nordic, 1941 Nordic, and 1941 Alpine World Championships were held in Cortina d'Ampezzo as well, although both 1941 championships were withdrawn by the International Ski Federation (FIS) in 1946. The region lost Winter Olympics bids in 1988 to (Calgary, Alberta and 1992 to Albertville, France.

Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 2021 Alpine World Championships, and, with Milan, will jointly host the 2026 Winter Olympics and the 2026 Winter Paralympics.

The town is home to SG Cortina, a professional ice hockey team in Serie A1, Italy's top division. Cortina d'Ampezzo is also the start and end point of the annual Dolomites Gold Cup Race, a historical re-evocation event for production cars on public roads. The town hosted the Red Bull Road Rage in 2009.

Cortina d'Ampezzo also offers skiing facilities for amateurs, centrally located among the 12 resorts of the Dolomiti Superski area. Cortina d'Ampezzo itself has  of pistes with 34 lifts and guaranteed snow coverage of over 95% from December to April. There are six ski schools (two for cross-country) and some 300 instructors. The Faloria-Cristallo-Mietres ski area has views over the Ampezzo Valley and is suitable forall abilities, including children. The Tofane area offers more challenging opportunities from an elevation of  with the Canalone and Schuss ski runs. The longest run, the Armentarola piste in the Lagazuoi-5 Torri area, starts next to the Lagazuoi refuge at  and is reached by cable car. With the Forcella Staunies (currently not in operation) and the Forcella Rossa, the ski area has one of the steepest slopes in the Dolomites. There are numerous ski freeride and tour options in the mountains around Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Facilities also exist for cross-country skiing, including a long stretch of the old railway line. In and around Cortina d'Ampezzo, there are opportunities to participate in many other winter sports such as curling, ski mountaineering, snowboarding, sledding, and extreme skiing. In the summer months, sports include trekking, trail running, biking, rock climbing, tennis, golf, swimming, and ice skiing. Cortina d'Ampezzo is known for the many via ferratas in the surrounding mountains such as the VF Ivano Dibona that was used in the movie Cliffhanger. The annual Lavaredo Ultra Trail series of international trail running races is based at Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Transport
Cortina Airport was built for the 1956 Winter Olympics, but is currently closed. The town has its own bus service, connecting the centre to surrounding villages and cable car lifts. The nearest airports are those serving Venice: the distance to Treviso is  while that to Venice Marco Polo Airport is . Both can be reached in about two and a quarter hours by road. The railway station for Cortina d'Ampezzo is Calalzo di Cadore,  to the south east, with rail connections to Venice and a bus service to Cortina d'Ampezzo. The total journey time to Venice is about three and a half hours. There are also direct bus links from Venice Mestre and Padova railway stations, coordinated with the arrivals and departures of Eurostar trains.

Cortina d'Ampezzo was the principal intermediate station on the narrow-gauge (950mm) Dolomites Railway from Calalzo to Toblach. When the line was electrified in 1929  the only sub-station was established at Cortina d'Ampezzo. The line closed in 1964 but in February 2016 the regional governments of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige announced that they are to commission a feasibility study to build a new line between Calalzo, Cortina d'Ampezzoand Toblach.

Notable people
Cortina d'Ampezzo has attracted many distinguished guests, often inspiring them in their creative work. They include the Italian novelists Dino Buzzati (1906–1972), author of The Tartar Steppe, Goffredo Parise (1929–1986) and Fernanda Pivano (1917–2009). Ernest Hemingway, author of A Farewell to Arms, also arrived in the area in 1918 as a young ambulance driver. Other notable visitors include John Ball (1818–1889), the Irish mountaineer and naturalist who climbed Monte Pelmo in 1857, the Italian mountaineers Emilio Comici (1901–1940), Angelo Dibona (1879–1956) and Lino Lacedelli (1925–2009), the Italian skier Kristian Ghedina (born 1969), the Italian bobsledder Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), the Austrian mountaineer Paul Grohmann (1838–1908) and the Austrian skier Toni Sailer (1935–2009). Frequent visitors include the Italian businessman and former racing driver Paolo Barilla (born 1961) and the journalist and writer Indro Montanelli (1909–2001).

Among the distinguished sportsmen from Cortina d'Ampezzo itself are the skiers Enrico Colli, his younger brother Vincenzo, and Giuseppe Ghedina who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics, Severino Menardi who participated in the 1932 and 1936 Winter Olympics, and Stefania Constantini, gold-medalist curler in the 2022 Winter Olympics. Other local citizens include the climbers Angelo Dibona (1879–1956) and Lino Lacedelli (1925–2009), and the painter Luigi Gillarduzzi (1822–1856). and Simone Durante

International relations

Twin towns / sister cities

Cortina is twinned with:
  Cattolica, Italy (since 16 March 1971)
  Skardu, Pakistan

See also
 Italian front (World War I)
 White War

References

Citations

General sources

External links

Cortina d'Ampezzo
Cities and towns in Veneto
Ski areas and resorts in Italy

Cortina d'Ampezzo


Olaylar
 Menteşe Beyliği kuruldu (dağılışı 1424).
 İnançoğulları Beyliği kuruldu (dağılışı 1368).
 Latin İmparatorluğu yıkıldı (kuruluşu 1204).
 İznik İmparatorluğu yıkıldı (kuruluşu 1204).
 Aydın, Saruhan Karesi ve II. Türk Beylikleri kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 9 Ekim - I. Diniz, Portekiz Krallığı'nın 6. kralı (ö. 1325)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Władysław, Polonya kralı (ö. 1333)
 Konstantinos Paleologos, Paleologos Hanedanı'ndan Bizanslı prens (ö. 1306)
 Alâüddevle Semnâni, Horasanlı mutasavvıf (ö. 1336)

Ölümler
 12 Nisan - Ahî Evran, Ahiliğin kurucusu sayılan debbağların (dericilerin) piri, 32 çeşit esnaf ve sanatkârın lideri (d. 1171)
 25 Mayıs - IV. Alexander, papa (d. 1185 / 1199)

1261


Kék je selo u Mađarskoj.

Upravna organizacija
Upravno pripada Szabolčkoj-szatmárskoj-bereškoj županiji.

Gradonačelnik
Gradonačelnik sela je Poór Sándor.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica sela

Naselja u Mađarskoj

Kék


Das dänische Küstenpanzerschiff Tordenskjold entstand wegen des Fehlens ausreichender Haushaltsmittel als ein großes gepanzertes Kanonenboot. Wegen der starken eigenen Torpedobewaffnung und der Möglichkeit, zwei kleine Torpedoboote mitzuführen, wurde es anfangs als "torpedoskib" (Torpedoschiff) bezeichnet und erst 1885 zum "panserskib" (Panzerschiff) umklassifiziert.
Die Tordenskjold war das erste Schiff der dänischen Marine, das überwiegend aus Stahl gebaut war und das eine elektrische Beleuchtung aufwies. Das Kaliber ihrer 35,5-cm-Bugkanone war das größte, das je auf einem skandinavischen Kriegsschiff zum Einsatz kam.

Benannt war das Küstenpanzerschiff nach dem norwegisch-dänischen Seehelden Peter Wessel Tordenskjold (1690–1720, zuletzt Vizeadmiral), dessen Namen zuvor schon eine von 1854 bis 1872 in Dienst befindliche Fregatte von 1453 t getragen hatte.

Baugeschichte

Die dänische Marine plante 1877 eine verbesserte Version ihres noch im Bau befindlichen Panzerschiffes Helgoland von 5480 t. Die Mittel im Haushalt der Jahre 1878–1879 reichten jedoch nur für ein gepanzertes Kanonenboot und so wurde die Tordenskjold nicht einmal halb so groß so groß wie die Helgoland. Ihre Panzerung beschränkte sich auf ein Panzerdeck und den Schutz der Hauptwaffe. Diese war bei einem Kaliber von 35,5 cm der größte Hinterlader, den ein Kriegsschiff in Skandinavien je hatte. Die von Krupp gelieferte Kanone war 8,9 m lang und hatte den Spitznamen "Langer Tom". Die schwere Kanone konnte allerdings nur einmal in 10 Minuten feuern und erschütterte dann das ganze Schiff. Mit einer Hydraulik wurde die Kanone bewegt und gerichtet sowie die Munition aus dem Magazin zur Waffe transportiert, so dass die Bedienung auf 16 Mann reduziert werden konnte. Die Helgoland benötigte für die Bedienung ihrer 30,5-cm-Kanone noch 19 Mann. Die Reichweite der 35,5-cm-Krupp-Kanone betrug 9000 m.

Die vier 12-cm-Geschütze auf dem Achterdeck konnten alle zwei Minuten feuern. Sie waren ursprünglich ungeschützt, bekamen aber 1889 Stahl-Schutzschilde. Die Tordenskjold konnte zwei kleine Torpedoboote 2. Klasse von 15 t mit sich führen, die als Nummer 4 und 5 bezeichnet wurden. Diese von Thornycroft gelieferten Boote und die vier eigenen Torpedorohre der Tordenskjold führten zu der anfänglichen Klassifizierung als "Torpedoschiff".
Die kleinen Thornycroft-Boote von 18,8 m Länge liefen 15,6 kn und waren mit zwei Torpedorohren und einer Revolverkanone bewaffnet. Am 18. Dezember 1885 wurde die Tordenskjold den Panzerschiffen zugewiesen; die kleinen Torpedoboote wurden von da an nicht mehr mitgeführt. Sie blieben aber bis 1898 (Verlust N°5 durch Kollision) bzw. 1911 im Dienst.

Einsatzgeschichte

Während der Dienstzeit der Tordenskjold waren die dänische Marineeinheiten in der Regel nur im Sommer in Dienst, was auch für die Marineeinheiten anderen Nationen zumindest zu einem hohen Teil galt.

1882, 1883 und 1884 nahm das Schiff an den sommerlichen Geschwaderübungen mit seinen Torpedobooten teil. Ab 1885 wurde auf deren Mitführung verzichtet und sie wurden als kleine Verkehrsboote eingesetzt. Die Tordenskjold gehörte auch 1887, 1891, 1894 zur Manöverflotte und nahm an Besuchen in Deutschland und Russland teil. Während der Einsatzzeit im Jahre 1897 führte das Schiff zusammen mit der Helgoland und den vier Torpedobooten der Støren-Klasse im September einen Besuch in Stockholm anlässlich des 25-jährigen Regierungsjubiläums des schwedischen Königs Oscar II. durch. Nach einer Überholung kam die Tordenskjold 1899 erneut zum Einsatz und dann letztmals vom 20. Juli bis zum 28. September 1901.

Am 14. Mai 1908 wurde das in Reserve befindliche Schiff zum Abwracken nach Stettin verkauft.

Die folgenden dänischen Küstenpanzerschiffe

Erneute Namensverwendung

Ab 1978 erhielt die dänische Marine drei Korvetten der Niels-Juel-Klasse (1320 ts), darunter 1982 als drittes Schiff die Peter Tordenskiold (F 354). Die drei Korvetten wurden 2009 außer Dienst gestellt.

Literatur
 R. Steen Steensen: Vore panserskibe. Marinehistorisk Selskab, 1968.

Weblinks

 Tordenskjold
 Torpedoboot 2.Kl. No.4
 Torpedoboot 2.Kl. No.5

Einzelnachweise

Panzerschiff (Dänemark)
Küstenpanzerschiff
Einzelschiff
Peter Wessel Tordenskiold
Orlogsværftet

Tordenskjold (Schiff, 1880)


Galip Hasan Kuşçuoğlu, (d. 27 Mart 1919, Çorum - ö. 14 Aralık 2013, Antalya), Galibîlik tarikatının kurucusu.

Hayatı
Galip Hasan Kuşçuoğlu, hicrî 1335, milâdî 1919 senesinde Çorum'da dünyaya geldi. İlkokulu Çorum'da tamamladı. Çorum'da Paşa Hamamı'nı işleten babasına yardım edebilmek için okulu bırakmak zorunda kaldı. İkinci Dünya Savaşı döneminde, Gümüşhane'nin Torul ilçesinde 44 ay süren mecburî askerlik vazifesini 1945 yılında tamamladı.

Bir dönem marangozluk yaptı. Çankırı'da Devlet Demiryolları işletmesinde marangoz olarak çalıştı. 1949 yılında Ankara'ya taşındı. 1992 yılında da Antalya'ya taşındı. 2010 yılında İstanbul'un Beylikdüzü ilçesinin Gürpınar semtine yerleşti. 14 Aralık 2013 tarihinde İstanbul'da  öldü. Cenazesi, bakanlar kurulu kararıyla Gürpınar'daki Galibî dergahının bahçesine gömüldü.

Tasavvuf hayatı
Galip Hasan Kuşçuoğlu 1950 yılında Ali Sezâî Kurtaran'ın halifesi Maraşlı Hacı Mustafa Yardımedici'ye intisap etti. 1956 yılında irşad yetkisi aldı. 1993 yılına kadar mürşidlik vazifesini ifa ettikten sonra 1993 yılında pîrliğini ilân etti.

Eserleri

 Hz. Kur'an'da Tesettür Hicap ve Edep / Galibi Tasavvuf Külliyatı (6 Kitap), Uludağ Yayınları, 2009, ISBN 978-9756799499

Hakkında Yazılan Eserler
 Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi yüksek lisans tezi (İslamda Tasavvuf ve Galibilik) .
 Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Temel İslam Bilimleri bölüm tezi. .
 Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Tasavvuf bilim dalı Lisans tezi .
 Ankara Gönül Erleri (yazar Sıddık Demir) .

Notlar

1919 doğumlular
2013 yılında ölenler
Türk mutasavvıflar
Türk tüccarlar
Galibilik

Galip Hasan Kuşçuoğlu


Sexual maturity is the capability of an organism to reproduce. In humans, it is related to both puberty and  adulthood. However, puberty is the process of biological sexual maturation, while the concept of adulthood is generally based on broader cultural definitions.

Most multicellular organisms are unable to sexually reproduce at birth (animals) or germination (e.g. plants): depending on the species, it may be days, weeks, or years until they have developed enough to be able to do so. Also, certain cues may trigger an organism to become sexually mature. They may be external, such as drought (certain plants), or internal, such as percentage of body fat (certain animals). (Such internal cues are not to be confused with hormones, which directly produce sexual maturity – the production/release of those hormones is triggered by such cues.)

Role of reproductive organs
Sexual maturity is brought about by a maturing of the reproductive organs and the production of gametes. It may also be accompanied by a growth spurt or other physical changes which distinguish the immature organism from its adult form. In animals these are termed secondary sex characteristics, and often represent an increase in sexual dimorphism.

After sexual maturity is achieved, some organisms become infertile, or even change their sex. Some organisms are hermaphrodites and may or may not be able to "completely" mature and/or to produce viable offspring. Also, while in many organisms sexual maturity is strongly linked to age, many other factors are involved, and it is possible for some to display most or all of the characteristics of the adult form without being sexually mature. Conversely it is also possible for the "immature" form of an organism to reproduce. This is called progenesis, in which sexual development occurs faster than other physiological development (in contrast, the term neoteny refers to when non-sexual development is slowed – but the result is the same - the retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood).

Puberty vs. sexual maturity
In some animals, there is a difference between puberty and sexual maturity. For example, in bulls, puberty is characterized by the accelerated growth of the genital system, an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, and the onset of spermatogenesis. Sexual maturity, however, signifies the attainment of full reproductive capacity, which may take up to 6–9 months after puberty.

See also
Gonadosomatic index
Generation time

References

Gynaecological endocrinology
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction
Sexuality
Adulthood

Sexual maturity


Čoha (regionalizam čoja), vrsta mekanog debelog sukna od valjane vune. Uporablja se za izradu kaputa, haljina, hlača i druge odjeće, kao pokrov biljarskih stolova i za druge namjene. Izrađuje se najčešće tvornički, odnosno industrijski, a rjeđe obrtnički ili u domaćoj radinosti, jer postupak izrade ima svoje tehnološke zahtjeve, to jest odgovarajuću strojnu opremu, znanje i vještinu.

Odlike

Čoha je sukno čija su obilježja da je čvrsto, glatko, nepromočivo i da dobro štiti od hladnoće. Ovisno o namjeni, izrađuje se kao jednobojna, uglavnom u crvenoj, zelenoj (biljarski stol), modroj, plavoj, smeđoj, crnoj ili bijeloj boji.

Od čohe se izrađuju pojedini odjevni predmeti za sinjske alkare, a komad te tkanine, duge 311 centimetara i u crvenoj boji, daje se kao nagrada pobjedniku završne probe koja se održava jedan dan prije tradicionalnog središnjeg natjecanja alkarskih konjanika-kopljanika u svečanoj odori početkom kolovoza svake godine u gradu Sinju.

U vrijeme Hrvatskog narodnog preporoda, odnosno Ilirskog pokreta u 19. stoljeću, muška je surka od modre čohe, oplemenjena gajtanskim ukrasima i metalnim aplikacijama, bila dio nošnje Iliraca.

U Turopolju je čoha naziv za vrstu duge kabanice s rukavima, kakvu su nekad često nosile i žene i muškarci, a nešto slično se nosilo i u Hrvatskom zagorju.

Čohi vrlo slično sukno je darovac ili loden, gusto, jako valjano sukno koje se izrađuje od grebenane vunene pređe, i to najčešće u kepernom vezu.

Galerija

Vidi još

 Tekstil
 Tkanina
 Kaput
 Biljar

Vanjske poveznice

 Nazivi za čohu su još darovac, skrlet, riza, pano, svita
 Muška surka od modre čohe bila je dio nošnje pripadnika Ilirskog pokreta u 19. stoljeću
 Sinjski alkari odjeveni su u "gaće" i dolamu od modre čoje
 Barjak od 311 centimetara crvene čoje, sinonim pobjede na Čoji, nosi sinjski alkar na svom koplju
 Loden ili darovac - čohi slično sukno

Tekstil
Odjeća

Čoha


17 se poate referi la:

 anul 17
 anul 17 î.Hr.
 17 (număr), numărul natural aflat între 16 și 18

17 (dezambiguizare)