O ORP Garland foi um contratorpedeiro operado pela Marinha de Guerra Polonesa e uma embarcação pertencente à Classe G. Sua construção começou em agosto de 1934 nos estaleiros da Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company em Govan e foi lançado ao mar em outubro de 1935, sendo originalmente comissionado na Marinha Real Britânica como HMS Garland em março do ano seguinte. Era inicialmente armado com uma bateria principal composta por quatro canhões de 120 milímetros e oito tubos de torpedo de 533 milímetros, tinha um deslocamento carregado de quase duas mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de 36 nós (67 quilômetros por hora).

O Garland atuou na Guerra Civil Espanhola entre 1937 e 1938 reforçando o bloqueio marítimo imposto pelo Reino Unido e França contra o país. O navio foi seriamente danificado pouco depois do início da Segunda Guerra Mundial pela explosão de uma carga de profundidade e passou seis meses em reparos, sendo transferido durante esse período para a Polônia em maio de 1940. A embarcação principalmente escoltou comboios pelo Mar Mediterrâneo, Oceano Atlântico, Mar do Norte e Mar de Barents. O navio foi seriamente danificado em maio de 1942 por ataques aéreos alemães enquanto escoltava o Comboio PQ 16 para Murmansk, na União Soviética, necessitando três meses de reparos.

O contratorpedeiro voltou para funções de escolta no Atlântico e permaneceu no local até dezembro de 1943, quando foi transferido para a África Ocidental. O Garland retornou em abril de 1944 para o Mediterrâneo, onde ficou até novembro, quando voltou ao Reino Unido para manutenção. Depois do fim da guerra transportou suprimentos de emergência para a Bélgica e Países Baixos. Foi devolvido para controle britânico em 1946 e vendido alguns meses depois para a Marinha Real Holandesa, que inicialmente o usou como navio de treinamento. Foi reformado em 1958, renomeado para Hr.Ms. Marnix em 1950 e reclassificado como fragata em 1952, servindo até 1964 e sendo desmontado em seguida.

Características
O Garland tinha um deslocamento padrão de 1 350 toneladas e um deslocamento carregado de 1 913 toneladas. Seu comprimento de fora a fora era de 98,5 metros, sua boca de 10,1 metros e calado de 3,8 metros. Seu sistema de propulsão era composto por duas turbinas a vapor Parsons que giravam duas hélices e geravam 34 mil cavalos-vapor (25 mil quilowatts) de potência para uma velocidade máxima de 36 nós (67 quilômetros por hora). O vapor das turbinas provinha de três caldeiras Admiralty. A embarcação carregava até 480 toneladas de óleo combustível, o que lhe dava uma autonomia de 5 530 milhas náuticas (10 240 quilômetros) a quinze nós (28 quilômetros por hora). Sua tripulação era de 137 oficiais e marinheiros em tempos de paz, porém chegava a 146 em tempos de guerra.

Seu armamento consistia em quatro canhões Marco IX calibre 45 de 120 milímetros em montagens únicas, designadas "A", "B", "X" e "Y" da proa para a popa. A defesa antiaérea tinha oito metralhadoras Vickers Marco III de 12,7 milímetros em duas montagens quádruplas. O navio foi equipado com oito tubos de torpedo de 533 milímetros. Um trilho e dois lançadores de cargas de profundidade foram instalados; o Garland originalmente carregava vinte cargas, porém este número cresceu para 35 depois do início da guerra. Em meados de 1940 o total carregado subiu para 44.

Modificações
A maioria dos navios da Classe G teve seu lançador de torpedos de ré substituído por um canhão antiaéreo de 76 milímetros após a evacuação de Dunquerque em 1940, porém não se sabe exatamente quando essa modificação ocorreu no Garland. O armamento antiaéreo foi aprimorado em 1942 com dois canhões Oerlikon de 20 milímetros em sua plataforma de holofotes e outros dois nas asas da ponte de comando. O canhão principal "Y" foi removido para permitir um maior armazenamento de cargas de profundidade. As metralhadoras foram posteriormente substituídas por mais dois Oerlikons. A torre de controle direto e telêmetro acima da ponte foram substituídos depois de 1942 por um radar de indicação de alvo Tipo 271, enquanto o canhão "B" foi removido em favor de um morteiro antissubmarino. Um radar de varredura de superfície de curto alcance Tipo 286 foi provavelmente instalado em algum momento. O contratorpedeiro também recebeu um localizador de direção de alta-frequência no alto de seu mastro principal.

História

Serviço britânico
O Garland foi encomendado em 5 de março de 1934. Seu batimento de quilha ocorreu em 22 de agosto nos estaleiros da Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company em Govan, Escócia. Foi lançado ao mar em 24 de outubro de 1935 e finalizado em 3 de março de 1936. Seu custo foi de 250 664 libras esterlinas, tirando os equipamentos pagos pelo governo, como seu armamento. Foi designado para a 1ª Flotilha de Contratorpedeiros na Frota do Mediterrâneo. A embarcação fez patrulhas durante a Guerra Civil Espanhola, forçando os éditos do Comitê de Não-Intervenção entre 1937 e 1938. Passou por reforças em Sheerness de 24 de maio a 5 de julho de 1937 e depois de 31 de maio a 28 de julho de 1938, durante as quais suas turbinas foram consertadas. O navio fez patrulhas próximas de Chipre em julho de 1939.

O contratorpedeiro estava viajando entre Alexandria e Adem em setembro de 1939 quando a Segunda Guerra Mundial começou, chegando no dia 6. Foi colocado na escolta de um comboio para Malta, porém uma de suas cargas de profundidade explodiu em 17 de setembro e danificou seriamente a popa. O Garland precisou ser rebocado de volta para Alexandria onde reparos temporários foram feitos. Foi então rebocado para Malta para reparos, que duraram de 11 de outubro de 1939 a 8 de maio de 1940. Pouco antes deles serem finalizados, o navio foi emprestado para a Marinha de Guerra Polonesa no dia 3 de maio, aniversário de sua constituição de 1791.

Serviço polonês

O Garland escoltou um comboio para a Grécia no final de junho de 1940. Ele foi levemente danificado por ataques aéreos italianos em 31 de agosto enquanto escoltava um comboio para Malta. Foi transferido em meados de setembro para o Comando das Abordagens Ocidentais e designado para o 10º Grupo de Escolta. O navio foi seriamente danificado em 13 de novembro durante uma tempestade enquanto escoltava o couraçado , exigindo um mês de reparos. Dois marinheiros foram varridos para o mar na tempestade e morreram. No início de 1941 a embarcação foi equipada com um novo sistema ASDIC. Foi transferido em abril para o 14º Grupo de Escolta e brevemente colocado junto com a Frota Doméstica, escoltando em julho um navio-tanque para desembarques em Spitsbergen, na Noruega. Ao retornar o Garland foi designado para o Grupo de Escolta B3 no Oceano Atlântico.

O contratorpedeiro polonês  juntou-se ao grupo no final de setembro na escolta de um grande comboio para Malta. Os dois escoltaram o couraçado  de volta para Gibraltar depois deste ter sido torpedeado durante a operação. O Garland em seguida retornou ao Grupo de Escolta B3. Passou por manutenção entre 28 de fevereiro e 5 de maio de 1942 em Middlesbrough e então foi designado no final de maio para a escolta do Comboio PQ 16. Neste, uma bomba jogada por um bombardeiro Junkers Ju 88 caiu nove metros a estibordo da embarcação, matando 22 marinheiros e ferindo outros 37 que operavam os canhões "A" e "B", o canhão Oerlikon de estibordo e uma metralhadora. O diretório de controle de disparo e o telêmetro foram destruídos. O Garland recebeu ordens para seguir para Murmansk por conta própria a fim de receber reparos temporários. Estes demoraram um mês e o contratorpedeiro partiu para Troon em 4 de julho, parte do Comboio QP 13, com os reparos permanentes só terminando em 21 de setembro.

O Garland voltou a integrar o Grupo de Escolta B3 e passou por grande reforma de em maio de 1943 a 8 de setembro. Ao voltar foi designado para o 8º Grupo de Suporte e escoltou pequenos comboios transportando tropas Aliadas até os Açores para a construção de bases aéreas, que foram autorizadas por Portugal em setembro. De novembro de 1943 até abril de 1944 operou a partir de Freetown, em Serra Leoa, para escoltar comboios entre a África Ocidental e Gibraltar. Em maio foi transferido para a 14º Flotilha de Contratorpedeiros no Mediterrâneo, onde escoltou comboios que apoiavam operações Aliadas no Mar Egeu. O Garland, na companhia de dois contratorpedeiros britânicos, afundou o submarino alemão U-407 próximo de Santorini em 19 de setembro de 1944. No mês seguinte ele deu apoio para a libertação da Grécia depois da retirada alemã.

O contratorpedeiro retornou para o Reino Unido em 20 de novembro a fim de passar por um longo processo de reformas em Devonport que só terminaram em 31 de março de 1945. Em seguida foi designado para integrar a 8ª Flotilha de Contratorpedeiros, novamente parte do Comando das Abordagens Ocidentais, porém a guerra terminou logo em maio. Imediatamente depois o transportou suprimentos de emergência para a Bélgica e Países Baixos. O Garland participou da Operação Deadlight no final do ano, deliberadamente afundando u-boots alemães capturados. Ele patrulhou o litoral norueguês no início de 1946 e foi designado em junho para a Esquadra Polonesa em Rosyth. No mês seguinte ele foi retirado de serviço e o empréstimo para a Polônia foi encerrado. Foi desarmado no final de agosto e colocado na reserva Categoria C em setembro.

Serviço holandês

O Garland foi vendido para a Marinha Real Holandesa em 14 de novembro de 1946 por nove mil libras esterlinas a fim de ser usado como um navio-escola. Foi reformado em 1948 para poder atuar como navio-escola antissubmarino. Foi provavelmente nesse momento que foi rearmado com dois canhões antiaéreos de 105 milímetros nas posições "A" e "X", um morteiro na posição "B" e seis canhões Oerlikon. Quatro lançadores de cargas de profundidade e dois trilhos foram instalados. Foi renomeado para Hr.Ms. Marnix em 16 de janeiro de 1950 e fez várias visitas para portos britânicos do sul em março. O navio foi reclassificado como uma fragata em 1952 e passou por uma nova reforma entre 1955 e 1956. Foi descomissionado em 31 de janeiro de 1964 e depois desmontado.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Navios de 1935
Navios construídos na Escócia
Contratorpedeiros da Marinha Real Britânica
Contratorpedeiros do Reino Unido na Segunda Guerra Mundial
Contratorpedeiros da Marinha da Polônia
Contratorpedeiros da Polônia na Segunda Guerra Mundial
Navios de guerra dos Países Baixos

ORP Garland (H37)


Boris Juraj Kovačević (Zagreb, 8. ožujka 1960.) je hrvatski kazališni redatelj. Diplomirao je kazališnu režiju i radiofoniju na Akademiji za kazalište, film i televiziju 1983. g. u Zagrebu.

Režirao je tridesetak kazališnih djela te velik broj radio-drama, tv reklama i manifestacija. Voditelj je glumačkih seminara i radionica te suradnik institucija za dramski odgoj. Od značajnijih režija ističu se: "Münchhausen" i "Ja, tata!" u Teatru Exit, "Mi djeca s kolodvora Zoo" i "Dr. Dolittle" u Zekaemu, "Cabaret tri praščića" u Kazalištu KNAP, "Maturanti" u Dječjem kazalištu Dubrava, "Izumitelj" u Satiričkom kazalištu Kerempuh, "Muškarci su s Marsa, žene su s Venere" na Sceni Vidra.

Bio je zaposlen kao redatelj i dramski pedagog u Zekaemu, dramaturg u Teatru u gostima, voditelj Dječjeg kazališta Dubrava, redatelj u Gradskom kazalištu Žar Ptica. Od 2009. do 2022. bio je voditelj je kazališta KNAP u Kulturnom centru KNAP u Zagrebu. Dobitnik je nagrada na kazališnim festivalima u zemlji i inozemstvu. Član je Hrvatskog društva dramskih umjetnika.

Izvori

Hrvatski kazališni redatelji

Boris Kovačević


" Inner Smile " é uma canção da banda escocesa de rock alternativo Texas, originalmente prevista par ser lançada no álbum de maiores sucessos, The Greatest Hits 2000. Escrita por Gregg Alexander e Rick Nowels e arranjada por Texas, a música é baseada na demo inédita de Alexander, "Inner Child", que foi escrita e executada entre 1995 e 1998.

"Inner Smile" estava inicialmente programado para ser lançado em 25 de dezembro de 2000, mas foi adiado para 8 de janeiro de 2001, quando foi lançado como o segundo single de The Greatest Hits . A canção obteve sucesso e alcançou a sexta posição no UK Singles Chart, alcançou a oitava posição na Espanha e ficou entre as 20 primeiras na Irlanda, Itália e Holanda.

Singles de Texas (banda)
Singles de 2001

Inner Smile


Nortorf er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Wilstermarsch i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Nortorf ligger vest for byen Wilster.

Bundesstraße B5 går gennem kommunen ligesom jernbanelinjen Itzehoe – Wilster – Brunsbüttel Süd (fragter kun gods).

Vandløbene Wilster Au og Vierstieg-Hufner-Wettern løber gennem kommunens område.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Nortorf (Wilstermarsch)


138 (CXXXVIII) salı günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar
 Tivoli'deki Hadrianus'un Villası'nın yapımı tamamlandı.

Doğumlar
 Zhi, Çin imparatoru (ö. 146)

Ölümler
 1 Ocak - Lucius Aelius Caesar, Romalı siyasetçi (d. 101)
 10 Temmuz - Hadrianus, Roma İmparatoru (d. 76)

138


Hvítblástursætt (latína: Albuginaceae) er ætt sjúkdómsvaldandi eggsveppa af blaðmyglubálki. Aðeins ein tegund af ættinni er þekkt á Íslandi, hvítblástur (Albugo candinda).

Tilvísanir

Hvítblástursætt
Blaðmyglubálkur

Hvítblástursætt


Mollinedia salicifolia é uma espécie de  planta do grupo Mollinedia, da família Monimiaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi decrita em 1900 por Janet Russell Perkins. A localidade tipo é em Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro.

Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:

 Mollinedia salicifolia campanulacea  Perkins
 Mollinedia salicifolia denticulata  Perkins

Possui afinidade morfológica com Mollinedia pachysandra Perkins pelos tricomas curtos e acinzentados na face abaxial das folhas e receptáculo das flores estaminadas cupuliforme. Essas espécies necessitam de estudo mais aprofundado para que seja possível concluir se realmente se trata ou não da mesma entidade.

Mollinedia salicifolia se diferencia das demais espécies de Monimiaceae pelas folhas coriáceas, discolores, face abaxial mais clara, devido a pubescência densa e alva e quando secas se tornam acinzentadas; os ramos frescos apresentam manchas enegrecidas e quando secos, se tornam totalmente enegrecidos. Os espécimes do Espírito Santo se diferenciam daqueles da localidade tipo (Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro) pelas folhas de maior tamanho, elíticas; as folhas dos espécimes da localidade tipo são de menor tamanho e ovadas a oblongas.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e arbórea. As árvores atingem até 14 metros de altura.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

No Espírito Santo foi encontrada apenas no cume de encostas, em Floresta Ombrófila Densa montana nos municípios de Santa Maria de Jetibá e Santa Teresa. Tem ocorrência registrada em duas unidades de conservação: Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi (Nova Lombardia) e Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, ambas em Santa Teresa.

Foi assinalada na Flora de São Paulo, no entanto, apesar de o espécime citado apresentar características vegetativas que poderiam permitir a inclusão deste em M. salicifolia (como formato e pilosidade das folhas), o fruto, que apresenta caracteres constante na espécie, não corresponde ao da espécie.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 disponibilizado em Jacques, E.L.; Gregório, B.S. 2020. Begoniaceae in Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Disponível em: <https://floradobrasil2020.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB34128>. Acesso em: 25 abr. 2022 e texto em CC-BY-4.0 de Elton John de Lírio et al. 2017.

Ligações externas

 Mollinedia salicifolia no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Monimiaceae
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo
Plantas descritas em 1900

Mollinedia salicifolia


أركاتا  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة هومبولدت، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 2 فبراير، 1858.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لأركاتا في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان أركاتا 16,651 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 7,051 أسرة وعدد العائلات 2,815 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 7,272 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 84.51% من البيض و1.56% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و2.65% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و2.27% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.20% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و3.49% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.31% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و7.22% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 7,051 أسرة كانت نسبة 21.6% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 25.9% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 10.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 3.7% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 60.1% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 34.8% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 7.1% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.16، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.81.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 25.8 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 15.1% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 24.9% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 27.2% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 15.7% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 8.5% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 100.7 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 98.8 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 22,315 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 36,716 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 26,577 دولارًا مقابل 24,358 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 15,531 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 14.3% من العائلات ونسبة 32.2% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 23.7% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 6% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان أركاتا 17,231 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 7,381 أسرة وعدد العائلات 2,625 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 7,722 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 81.79% من البيض و2.04% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و2.28% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و2.63% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.20% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و4.46% من الأعراق الأخرى و6.59% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و11.61% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 7,381 أسرة كانت نسبة 17.3% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 22.4% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 8.8% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 4.4% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 64.4% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 37% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 7.1% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.10، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.73.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 26.1 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 12.6% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 34.2% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 26.8% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 18.3% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 8.2% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 49.8% ذكور و50.2% إناث.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لأركاتا:

أعلام

 ناعومي لانغ
 جيري جوزيف
 أماندا لونكار
 كريستا جونسون
 كريستوفر باكلي
 غريغ ستافورد

مراجع

أركاتا (كاليفورنيا)
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1850
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1858
تأسيسات سنة 1850 في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1858 في كاليفورنيا
مدن جامعية في الولايات المتحدة
مدن ساحلية في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة هومبولت (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

أركاتا (كاليفورنيا)


අප ශරීරයේ විවිධ කොටස්වලට ජීවත් වීමට ආහාරත් ඔක්සිජන් නැමති වායුවත් වුවමනා වේ.මෙම ද‍්‍රව්‍යය එම විවිධ කොටස් වෙත ගෙන යනු ලබන්නේ රුධිරය මගිනි.දේහයේ ඇති මෙම කොටස් වෙත රුධිරය පොම්ප කරන්නේ හෘදය නැමති අවයවය මගිනි.මෙය ශරීරයේ මධ්‍යය රේඛාවෙන් වම් පස‍ට ආනතව පෙනහලු දෙක අතර වම් පෙනහල්ලට අවපාතයක් ඇති කරමින් පිහිටා ඇත.උරස් කුහරය තුළ පිහිටා ඇති හෘදය පුද්ගලයෙකු දකුණු අත මිට මෙළවූ විට ලැබෙන පරිමාවට සමාන යැයි කිව හැක.එමෙන්ම වැඩුණුපුද්ගලයෙකුගේ හෘදය ග්‍රෑරෑම් 300 ක් පමණ වේ.මෙම හෘදයට අදාල සියලු රෝග හෘදයාබාධ ලෙස හැදින්වුවද හෘදයාබාධය(මයෝ කාඩියල් ඉන්පාක්ෂන්) ලෙස හදුන්වන්නේ ප්‍රමාණවත් ලේ සැපයුමක් නොලැබී යාම නිසා හෘද පේශියේ කොටසක් හානියට පත්වීමයි.මෙය බහු හේතුක රෝගයකි.

හෘදයේ කොටස්
හෘදය තුළ කුටීර හතරක් දක්නට ලැබේ.ඉන් ඉහළ කුටීර කර්ණිකා ලෙස හැදින්වෙන අතර පහළ කොටස් කෝෂිකා ලෙස හැදින්වේ.කර්ණිකා හා කෝෂිකා සම්බන්ධ වන කපාට යුගලක් හෘදය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත.වම් පැත්තේ ඇති කපාටය ද්වි-තුණ්ඩ නොහොත් මයිට්‍රල් කපාටය ලෙස හැදින්වේ.දකුණු පැත්තේ ඇත්තේ ත්‍රි-තුණ්ඩ කපාටයයි.(tricuspid Value)මෙම කපාට මගින් කර්ණිකා වලින් කෝෂිකා වලට රුධිරය ගලා යාමට සලස්වන අතර එම රුධිරය ආපසු කර්ණිකා වලට ගැලීම වළක්වනු ලැබේ.හෘදයේ කෝෂිකා වලට සම්බන්ධ ධමනි ආරම්භයේ දී අඩසඳ කපාට ද පිහිටා ඇත.හෘද ස්පන්ධනහය් දී "ලබ් ඩබ්" ලෙස ශ්‍රවණය වන්නේ කපාට වල පියන්පත් ඇරීම සහ වැසිමයි.හෘදයේ සමහර ආබාධ වලදී මෙම හඩේ වෙනසක් දැකිය හැක.සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක් හෘද ස්පන්දනයක් සදහා ගතවන්නේ තත්පර 0.8ක කාලයකි.මිනිත්තුව තුළදී හෘදයෙන් පිටවන රුධිර ප්‍රමාණය මිලි ලීටර් 5040 පමණ වනු ඇත.

හෘදයට සම්බන්ධ රුධිරවාහිනී

 වම් කර්ණිකාව-	පෙනහලුවල සිට රැධිරය ගෙන එන පුප්ඵුශීය ශිරා(plomanryVains)හතර සම්බන්ධ වේ.
 දකුණු කර්ණිකාව-	හෘදයට ඉහළින් ඇති කොවස් වලින් රුධිරය ගෙන එන පූර්ව මහ ශිරාවත්(Inferiorvanacave)සම්බන්ධ වේ.
 වම් කෝෂිකාව -	මුළු සිරුර පුරාම රුධිරය බෙදාහරින සංස්ථානික මහා ධමනිය (Aorta)වම් කෝෂිකාව හා යාවේ.
 දකුණු කෝෂිකාව-	පෙනහලු කරා රුධිරය ගෙන යන පුප්ඵුශී ධමනිය (Pulmonary artery)දකුණු කෝෂිකාවට සම්බන්ධවේ.

හෘදයෙන් පිටතට රුධිරය ගෙන යන ධමනියක් වන සංස්ථානික මහා ධමනියේ ආරම්භයත් සමගම එහි මුල්ම ශාඛාව කිරීටක ධමනිය ආරම්භ වේ.හෘද පේශින්ට රුධිරය සපයනු ලබන්නේ මෙය මගිනි.මෙම ධමනියේ හෝ ශාඛාවන්හි ඇතුල් බිත්ති වල මේද තැන්පත් වීමත් අවහිර වීමත් නිසා හෘදයාබාධය ඇති වේ.

හෘදයාබාධයක් ඇතිවීමට බලපාන සාධක
 රුධිර පීඩනය
 දියවැඩියාව
 මේද අනුපාතය
 ස්ථූලතාවය
 දුම්බීම
 මානසික අසහනය
 කායිකවර්ධනය
 ජන්ම ප්‍රවේණිය

ඉහත සාධක එකක් හෝ ඊට වැඩියෙන් පවතීනම් හෘදයාබාධයකට ගොදුරුවීමේ අවධානමක් තිබේ.මෙහිදී ජන්ම ප්‍රවේණිය හැර අනෙක් සියලු සාධක අපට පාලනය කළ හැකි සාධකයෝය.ඇතැම් සාධක නිසා හෘදයාබාධය ඇති වන්නේ ඇයි යන්න විද්‍යාත්මකව ඔප්පු කර නොමැති වුවද ඒ අතර යම් සබදතාවක් ඇති බව දක්නට ලැබේ.ඉහත සාධක පාලනය කිරිමෙන් හෘදයාබාධයක් වැළදීමේ අවධානම අඩු කර ගත හැක.

රුධිරපීඩනය

රුධිරපීඩනය යනු ලේ ගමන් කරවීම සඳහා හදවත මගින් යොදන බලපෑමයි. අධිරුධිර පීඩනය යනු හෘදයේ සිට පිටතට රුධිරය ගෙන යන ධමනි තුළ පවත්නා රුධිර පීඩනය රෝගියාගේ වයසටත් ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂභාවයටත් නොගැල‍පෙන සේ දිගින් දිගටම ඉහළ ගොස් පැවතීමයි.

ඇතිවීමට බලපාන සාධක
 වැඩිපුර ජලය හා ලුණු එකතුවීම නිසා රුධිර පීඩනය වැඩි වූ විට.
 හදවතේ සිට රුධිරය ගෙන යන රුධිර නාල බිත්ති මහත් වී කුහරයන් පටු වීම.
 හදවත මගින් රුධිරය වඩා වේගයෙන් හා තදින් පොම්ප කරන විට

වැළදීමට හේතු
 පරම්පරාවෙන්
 වැඩිපුර ලුණු කෑමෙන්
 පොටෑසියම් ලවණ අඩුවෙන් ගැනීමෙන්
 තරබාරුකම
 අධික ප්‍රෝටින් ආහාර අනුභවය
 මානසික අසහනය

රෝග ලක්ෂණ
 උදෑසන බෙල්ල පිටුපස ඉහළ ප්‍රදේශයේ සහ හිස මුදුනේ ඇතිවන හිසරදය හා කරකැවිල්ල
 හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුව
 නාසයෙන් ලේ ගැලීම
 අධික මුත්‍රා යාම
 පෙනීමේ අපහැදිලි බව
 අතපය පණ නැති කම

ප්‍රතිඵල
 හදවතට බලපෑමෙන්	-හෘදයාබාධ
 මොළයට බලපෑමෙන් -අංශභාගය
 ඇස්වලට බලපෑමෙන්	- අන්ධභාවය
 වකුගඩුවලට බලපෑමෙන් - වකුගඩු අක්‍රීය වීම

දියවැඩියාව

දියවැඩියාව යනු ලේවල සීනි මට්ටම ඉහළ යාමයි.ලෝක සෞඛ්‍යය සංවිධානය අර්ථ දක්වන අන්දමට උදෑසන නින්දෙන් නැගිට කිසිවක් කෑමට හෝ බීමට පෙර රුධිර පරික්ෂා කිරීමේදි ලේ ඩෙසිලීටරයක තිබෙන ග්ලූකෝස් ප්‍රමාණය මිලි ග්‍රෑරෑම් 136 කට වඩා වැඩිනම් ඔහු හෝ ඇය දියවැඩියා රෝගියෙක් ලෙස දක්වයි.
දියවැඩියා රෝගයට ගොදුරුවීමෙන් හෘදයාබාධයකට ගොදුරු වීමේ අවධානම දෙගුණයකින් වැඩිය.වයස අවුරුදු 25-35ත් අතර අයකු එකවර හෘදයාබාධයකට ගොදුරු වීමේ ප්‍රධාන හේතුව වන්නේ නොදැනුවත්ව හෝ නිසි ලෙස පාලනය නොකර හෝ දියවැඩියා රෝගයෙන් පෙළීමයි.මෙවැනි රෝගියෙකුට එක හෘදයාබාධයක් වැළදුණු විට තවත් හෘදයාබාධයක් ඇති වීමේ වේගය වැඩිය.දියවැඩියා රෝගය හේතුවෙන් හෘදයාබාධයක් ඇතිවීමේදි ඇතිවන වේදනා නොදැනීම ඇතිවිය හැක.එය ඉතා බරපතල තත්‍වයකි.දියවැඩියා රෝගය හේතුවෙන් පිරිමියෙකුට හෘදයාබාධ වැළදීමේ ප්‍රවණතාව 50%කින් වැඩිය.ගැහැණු අයෙකු නම් 300ගුණයකින් වැඩිය.මේ හේතුවෙන් අඩු වයස් හෘදයාබාධයන්ට ගොදුරු වීමේ ප්‍රතිශතයද ඉහළය.

කොලොස්ටරෝල්

කොලොස්ටරෝල් යනු රුධිරයේ ඇති ස්වාභාවික මේද වර්ගයකි.මෙය ආහාර මගින් ලැබෙන අතර ශරීරය තුළිනුත් නිපදවයි.පුද්ගලයාගෙන් පුද්ගලයාට මෙම මට්ටම වෙනස් වන අතර කොලොස්ටරෝල් අධික වීම නිසා හෘදයාබාධ වැළදීමේ අවධානම ඉහළය.කොලොස්ටරෝල් වර්ග දෙකකි.H.D.Lහා L.D.Lයනුවෙනි.LDLඉහළ යෑම අහිතකරය.රුධිරයේ කොලොස්ටරෝල් මට්ටම වැඩි කරන ආහාර වන්නේ සත්‍ව ආහාර(මස් ,බටර් ,සීනි ,බිත්තර) හා ශාක ආහාර (පොල්, පොල්තෙල් ,පාම් තෙල්(Palm oil) ආධියේ අඩංගු සංතෘප්ත මේදය කොලොස්ටරෝල් මට්ටම ඉහළ දමයි. මෙම මට්ටම අඩු කර ගත හැක්කේ නිවරැදි ආහාර පුරුදු අනුගමනය කිරීමෙන් හා ශරිරයේ බර අඩු කර ගැනිමෙනි.ඇතැම් අයට ඖෂධ වර්ග ලබාදීමටද සිදුවේ.

කොලොස්ටරෝල් අධික රෝගින්ට සුදුසු ආහාර
 එළවලු හා පළතුරු
 පලා වග්‍ර්
 කුරුට්ට සහිත ධාන්‍ය
 කෙඳි සහිත ආහාර
 සතියකට දෙවරක් මාළු
 මේදය අඩු කිරි හා කිරි ආහාර

රෝග ලක්ෂණ
හෘදරෝගයක් ඇතැයි හගවන සුලභ රෝග ලක්ෂණ
 සුළු කාර්යයක පවා නිරත වන විට ඇතිවන හතිය

 කය මෙන්ම සිත වෙහෙසන විට පපුව මැද ඇතිවන වේදනාව(වෙහෙස නිවෙන විට වේදනාවද නැති වී 	යයි)
 කරන කාර්යයට අනුකූල නොවන වේදනාව(ආහාර වේලකින් පසුව පපුව හිරවීම හෝ හතිය ඇති වීම)
 කැස්ස(වියලි)
 කකුල් ඉදිමීම
 ක්ලාන්ත වීම හෝ ඇස් ඉදිමී යාම (අධික වෙහෙස වීමකදී)
 පපුවේ ගැස්ම
 හිසරදය(හිස මුදුනෙන් දැනෙන හා උදෑසන ඇතිවන)

හාදයාබාධයක් වැළදි ඇති බව හදුනා ගැනීමේ ලක්ෂණ
 පපුවේ සිට වම් අත දිගේ ඇගිලි තුඩු දක්වාත් පපුවේ සිට බෙල්ලේ වම් පැත්තේ ඉහළ පෙදෙස දක්වාත් ඉදිකටු ඇනෙන්නාක් මෙන් ඇතිවන වේදනාව
 හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුව
 හදිසි ක්ලාන්ත ගතිය
 කරකැවිල්ල
 හෘද ස්පන්දනය වේගවත් වීම.
 කිසිදු හේතුවක් නොමැතිව ඇද වැටීම

හෘදයාබාධයකින් පසු

ඔහු හෝ ඇය සිටින කාර්යයෙන් ඉවත් කර ඉක්මනින් වෛද්‍ය ප්‍රතිකාර සදහා යොමු කිරීම කළ යුතුය.රෝගියාට පහසු ඉරියව්වකින් සිටීමට සැලැස්විය යුතුය. හෘද රෝගියෙකු නම් වෛද්‍යවරකු දිව යට තබා ගැනීමට දී ඇති පෙත්ත ලබා දිය යුතුය.වෛද්‍යවරයාට භාර දෙන තුරු ස්වසන හා නාඩි වැටීම පිළිබද සැලකිලිමත් විය යුතුය.
හෘදයාබාදයක් යනු නිසිලෙස රුධිර සැපයුම නොලැබීම නිසා හාද වස්තුවේ මාංශපේශින් තුවාල වීම නිසා හටගන්නා රෝගයයි.තුවාල වූ මාංශපේශින්ගෙන් කොටසක් අනිවාර්යෙන්ම හානියට පත්වේ.හානියට පත් වු කොටස කුඩා නම් එයින් ජීවිතයට හානියක් වන්නේ නැත.මන්ද ඉතිරි මාංශපේශි ප්‍රදේශය අවශ්‍යය කාර්යය නිසි ලෙස ඉටු කරයි.හානියට පත් වූ මාංශපේශි ප්‍රදේශය තුවාල කැළලක් මෙන් සුව වේ.කැළල සුවපත් විමට සති 6-8 ක කාලයක් ගතවේ.එම කාලය තුළ විවේක ගත යුතුය.

හෘදයාබාධයකින් පසු කාලය ගත කළ යුතු ආකාරය
 මුල් පැය 48- පුරා රෝගියාට සම්පූර්ණ ඇද විවේකය ලබා දිය යුතු අතර දියරමය ආහාර පමණක් ලබා දිය යුතුය.කෝපි කෘත්‍රිම එළවලුසාර පාන මේද අඩංගු කිරි පිටි මෙම කාලය තුළ නොදිය යුතුය.දත් මැදීම මුහුණ සේදීම තනිව නොකළ යුතුය.මළ මුත්‍රා බැහැර කිරීම සදහා ඇදෙන් බැස යාම සුදුසු නැත.

 තෙවන දින-ප්‍රධාන ආහාර වේල් තුනටම ක්‍රීම් ක්‍රැකර්,කුරකක්කන් ක්‍රැකර් යන විස්කෝතු වලින් දෙක බැගින් ද බත් මිශ්‍ර කැද කෝප්ප 1/3 ක් සෑහේ.එම ආහාර ගැනිමට අකමැතිනම් පැපොල් වැනි පළතුරක් දිය හැක.එමෙන්ම මෙම දිනයේදි රෝගියාට ඇදමත වාඩිවීමට පුලුවන.නමුදු එය කළ යුතු වන්නේ ශරිරයට බර නොදැනෙන පරිදිය.

 සිව්වන දිනය-මෙදින රෝගියාට දෙන ආහාර මදක් වැඩි කල යුතුය.මදක් කායික වෙහෙසක් ද ලබා දිය යුතුය.එනම් ඇද අසල පුටුවක් තබා දුන් විට තනිවම ඇදෙන් බැස ඒ මත වාඩිවිය හැක.විනාඩි 15 ක් පමණ එසේ සිට යලිත් ඇදට යා යුතුය.දිනකට තෙවරක් මෙය කළ යුතුය.

 පස් වන දින-මෙම දිනය වන විට හදිසි අවස්ථා බොහෝ දුරට මග හැරි තිබේ.ඇද අසලට ගෙන යන බේසමෙන් තනිව මුහුණ සේදීම යනාදිය කිරිමට හැකියාවක් ඇත.

 සයවන දිනය-රෝගියා ගෙදර යැවිම සදහා හුරු කරවනු ඇත.තනිව වැසැකිළි යාම වාට්ටුට දෙපස සෙමෙන් දෙවරක් ඇවිදිම යනාදිය මෙදින සිදු කරනු ඇත.
 සත්වන දින-සංකූලතා හෝ අමතර රෝග ලන්ෂණ නොමැති නම් රෝගියා ගෙදර යවයි.

ආහාර

සුදුසු ආහාර
හෘදයාබාධයකට පසු ආහාර පිළිබද සැළකිලිමත් වීම ඉතා වැදගත්ය.
 නිවුඩු හාල් බත්
 කුරක්කන් පිටි ඉදිආප්ප රොටි ආදිය
 එළවලු
 අලිගැටපේර හැර කැමති පළතුරක්
 පියලි ඇට වර්‍ග(පරිප්පු, කඩල, මුං)
 හුරුල්ලන් වැනි කුඩා මාළු
 බිත්තර සුදු මදය''
 ලූණු,සුදු ලූණු

සම්පූර්ණයෙන් නතර කළ යුතු ආහාර
 මුදවපු කිරි,යෝගට්,මේද සහිත පිටි කිරි
 මස් වර්‍ග
 බිත්තර කහමදය
 ක්‍රීම් සහිත බිස්කට්
 ඉස්සො,දැල්ලො,පොකිරිස්සො

හෘදයාබාධයකට පසු ව්‍යායාම
(දෙවන දින පටන්)
මෙවැනි රෝගියෙක් ඉතා ක්‍රමානුකූලව ව්‍යායාම කළ යුතුය.එක් වරම ශාරීරික ව්‍යායාම බරපතල ලෙස කළ හොත් එය තුවාල වුණු හෘදයවස්තුවට දරා ගැනිමට අපහසුය.එබැවින් ව්‍යායාම වැඩිකළ යුත්තේ ක්‍රමානුකූලවය.ශාරීරික ව්‍යායාම මනින්නේ මේට් (Met) නම් වූ ඒකක මගිනි. මිනිසෙකු කිසිම සෙලවීමක් නොමැතිව ඇදේ නිදා සිටින විට වැය වන්නේ මිනිත්තුවකට මේට් 1 ක් පමණ ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණයකි.
සරල ව්‍යායාමයක්
රෝගියා නිරෝගි වූ විට සුදුසු සරල ව්‍යායාමයකදි ශක්තිය මේට් 1/2-2 දක්වා වැය වේ.

1.ව්‍යායාමය

 වරකට එක බැගින් එක් එක් කකුල දණ හිසෙන් හොදින් කෙලින් නර උකුල සන්දියෙන් ඉහළට පහලට කරන්න.ඇදේ සිට අගල් 3 ක් පමණ එසවීම සුදුසුය.

 වළලුකර සන්ධියෙන් පාදය වටේට කරකවන්න.එසේ කීපවරක් කර පයේ ඇගිලි වලින් රවුමක් අදින්න.(ඇදේ හාන්සි වි සිටින අතර)

2.දණ හිසෙන් කකුල නවා උදරය දෙසට ගන්න.

3.දෑත් පපුව මත තබා ගැඹුරින් හුස්ම ගන්න.පහත හෙළන්න.(පැය දෙකකට වරක් ඉහත සදහන්ව්‍යායාමය 3 වරක් කිරිම සුදුසුය.

සතර වන දිනයේ පටන්

මෙම ව්‍යායාමය සදහා මේට් 2-3 දක්වා වැය වේ.

4.ඇද උඩ හොදින් ඇදට හේත්තු වී කෙලින් අතට වාඩි වෙන්න.කොන්දට කොට්ටයක් තබා වාඩිවීම සුදුසුය.

 ඇදේ වාඩි වී කද ඉදිරියට නවා පයේ වළලු කර අල්ලන්න

 අඩි 1 1/2 ක් (අගල් 18)ක් උස පුටුවක වාඩි වී හිද එයින් නැගිට යලිත් වාඩි වන්න.මේසයකට බර දි එක් කකුලක් පිටුපසට දිගු කරන්න.යලිත් තිබූ තැනට ගන්න.එසේ දෙපා මාරු කරමින් පස්සට ලඟට ගන්න

මදක් බර ව්‍යායාමයක්
ශක්තිය (3-5)දකිවා වැය වේ.නිවසට පැමිණි පසු කිරීම සුදුසුය.
 කෙලින් සිට ගන්න.එක් කකුලක් දණ හිසෙන් මදක් උඩට ඔසවන්න.(දෙපා එකිනෙක ඔසවන්න)
 කෙලින් සිට ගන්න. අත් දෙක ඉදිරියට දික් කරන්න.පයේ ඇගිලි තුඩු වලින් ඉස්සෙන්න.යලිත් පහත් වෙන්න.පහත් වෙන විට දණ හිසෙන් මදක් නවන්න.
5.කෙලින් සිට කදින් දෙපැත්තට නැවෙන්න.

6.ඇද උඩ වාඩි වෙන්න.කද කෙලින් කර වාඩිවන්න.අත් දිගු කරන්න. දණ හිසි නොනමා පයේ ඇගිලි තුඩු අල්ලන්න.
මෙම ව්‍යායාම හතරම එකවර කිරිමට උත්සහ නොකරන්න.

නුසුදුසු ව්‍යායාම
පහත සදහන් ව්‍යායාම කරන විට මේට් 9ක් හෝ ඊට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් වැය වේ.එබැවින් හෘදයාබාධිත රෝගින්ට මෙම ව්‍යායාම නුසුදුසුය.
 බරක් ඔසවාගෙන පඩිපෙළ නැගීම
 බරක් ඔසවාගෙන ඉක්මනින් ඇවිදීම.
 බයිසිකලයක් පැදගෙන කදු නැගීම
 පැයට 21km වේගයෙන් බයිසිකල් පැදීම.
 ඉතා වේගයෙන් පඩිපෙල් නැගීම.

ඇවිදීමේදි මතක තබා ගත යුතු කරුණු
 ව්‍යායාමයක් ලෙස ඇවිදීමේදි තරගකාරි ලෙස වේගයෙන් ඇවිදිම නුසුදුසුය.
 දැඩි සුළඟ තිබෙන විට එයට එරෙහිව ඇවිදීම නොකළ යුතුය.
 සීතල දිනෙක ඇවිදීම අහිතකරය.

ව්‍යායාම කරන විට පහත ගැටලු පැන නැගුණොත්වහාම වෛද්‍ය උපදෙස් ගත යුතුය.
 පපුවේ වේදනාවක්
 පපුවේ බර ගතියක්
 හුස්ම ගැනිමේ අපහසුවක්
 හිස කරකැවිල්ල
 අධික තෙහෙට්ටුව
 හෘදයාබාධයකින් මාසයක් පමණ ගිය තැන නිවසේ පිටත සෙමෙන් ඇවිදීම සුදුසුය.ඇවිදිමට ප්‍රථම දවසේ පළමු ඖෂධ වේල ගෙන තිබිය යුතුය.ඉන් පැයකට පමණ පසු ඇවිදීම සුදුසුය.බරට ආහාර ගෙන ඇත්නම් ඇවිදිම නුසුදුසුය.

හෘදයාබාධයකින් පසුව දැනෙන සුළු රෝග ලක්ෂණ
 ඇගේ පතේ වේදනාව
 විවේකිව සිටියදිත් දැනෙන අධික තෙහෙට්ටුව
 ඇගට පණ නැතුවා සේ දැනීම
මේවා බොහෝ විට හිතට නැගෙන බිය නිසා ඇතිවේ.හතිය ඇතිවන බව බොහෝ රෝගිහු පවසති.වැඩ කළත් නොකළත් එකම ලෙසට හතිය දැනේ නම් එය රෝග ලක්ෂණයක් ලෙස නොසැලකිය යුතුය.
 පපුවේ වේදනාව
 පපුවේ ඉදිකටු අනිනවාක් මෙන් දැනිම
 කඩියෙකු කනවා මෙන් දැනිම
මෙම වේදනාව පපුවේ වම් පසින් බොහෝ විට ඇතිවේ.එසේම එම වේදනාව තැනින් තැන ගමන් කරයි.ව්‍යායාම කරන විටත් වැඩි නොවේ.මෙසේ වන්නේ හෘදයේ මතු පිට මාංශපේශිහි වේදනාවය.එය හෘදයට සම්බන්ධනොමැති නිසා බිය විය යුතු නැත.

සැලකිලිමත් විය යුතු ලක්ෂණ
මෙම ලක්ෂණ ඇති වුවොත් පමා නොකර වෛද්‍යවරයා වෙත යා යුතුය.
 පපුවේ මැද ඇතිවන වේදනාව
 ව්‍යායාම කරන විට වේදනාව වැඩි වීම
 විවේක ගන්නා විට වේදනාව අඩුය
 උගුර දෙසට හෝ හකු දෙසට හෝ වම් අතේ ඇතුලු පැත්තට හෝ උරපතු දෙක අතරට විහිදි යන වේදනාව
 පපුවේ තෙරපීමක් හිර විමක් බරකිරිමක් වැනි වේදනාවක් දැනිම
 සුළු වෙහෙසකදි උදරයේ උඩු කොටසේ දැවිලි ගතියද සැලකිලිමත් විය යුතු ලක්ෂණය.එහිදි වෛද්‍ය උපදෙස් ලබාගත යුතුය.
හෘදයාබාධය ඇතිවීමට බලපාන සාධක පාලනය කිරීමෙන් හෘදරෝග නිවාරණය කර ගත හැක.

මේ අඩවිත් බලන්න
 දියවැඩියාව
 දියවැඩියාවෙහි රෝග ලක්ෂණ
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය ප්‍රශ්නය
 ස්ථුලතාව

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
 හෘදයාබාධ නිවාරණය, වෛද්‍ය රුවන් ඒකනායක, හෘද රෝග විශේෂ‍ඥ, ජාතික රෝහල.

 සිරිකත පුවත්පත, ආරෝග්‍යා ලිපි පෙළ, වෛද්‍ය රුවන් ඒකනායක.

 අධිරුධිර පීඩනය, විශේෂ‍ඥ වෛද්‍ය රුවන් ඒකනායක, වෛද්‍ය වරුණ ගුණතිලක,

සෞඛ්‍යය
වයස්ගතවීම හා සම්බන්ධ රෝග
මරණයට හේතු
වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාත්මක හදිසි තත්ත්ව

හෘදයාබාධය


Duncanson ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bert Duncanson (1911–2000), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Robert S. Duncanson (1821–1872), US-amerikanischer Landschaftsmaler

Duncanson


Hot Hot Heat was a Canadian indie rock band from Victoria, British Columbia, formed in 1999. The band was signed by Seattle label Sub Pop in 2001 and released its first EP, Knock Knock Knock, and first full-length album, Make Up the Breakdown, the following year. The band released five full-length albums, the last being the self-titled Hot Hot Heat in 2016. The band's style makes use of electronic and traditional instruments and has variously been categorized as dance-punk, post-punk revival, new wave, and art-punk. They made an appearance on Yo Gabba Gabba!, with the song, "Time to Go Outdoors". It was featured on the "Talent" episode.

After five years of little activity, on March 13, 2016, Hot Hot Heat announced new music in the form of a special 7" titled "Nature of Things" to be released for Record Store Day (April 16, 2016). Following on from this, on April 5, the band announced via Twitter they would be releasing their fifth and final self-titled album on June 24. New song "Kid Who Stays in the Picture" was premiered the same day.

Career
Dustin Hawthorne, a drugstore clerk, and Steve Bays, a personal assistant, had been in many different bands together since 1995 and met Paul Hawley in 1998. In 1999, Hawley bought a Juno 6 keyboard and asked Bays to try playing it, as no one else knew how. Hawley took over the drums from Bays and Hawthorne played bass. Matthew Marnik, who was a friend of the band, sang vocals. The band's original sound can be considered electropunk.

The band soon changed direction to a more melodic, pop-influenced style, losing Marnik and adding guitarist Dante DeCaro. Strongly influenced by the new wave sound of 1980s bands The Cure, XTC, The Clash, and Elvis Costello and the Attractions, the new lineup, with Steve on vocals, quickly released a series of 7" singles and toured extensively in Canada and the American Pacific Northwest, joining up with similarly styled indie rock bands such as Les Savy Fav, The French Kicks, Radio 4, Ima Robot, and Pretty Girls Make Graves, and opening for established Canadian rockers Sloan on a national tour.

The band's touring exposure attracted the interest of Seattle record label Sub Pop, who signed Hot Hot Heat in 2001, leading to the early 2002 release of EP Knock Knock Knock, produced in part by Chris Walla of Death Cab for Cutie. Although Hot Hot Heat got its start as a hardcore band, by the time it made contact with Sub Pop, its sound had mutated into what would soon be known as dance-punk. The band stood at the forefront of a movement that would explode on the indie rock scene within another year.  That release was followed up quickly by the band's first full-length release, Make Up the Breakdown, produced by Nirvana and Soundgarden producer Jack Endino.

That album quickly found critical acclaim, and its singles "Bandages" and "Talk to Me, Dance With Me" received regular airplay on MTV and radio, including influential Los Angeles, California station KROQ-FM, on whose charts both reached No. 1.

However, their track "Bandages" was removed from radio in the UK, from the playlist at BBC Radio 1, in the light of the war in the Middle East. This was thought to have hindered its position at No. 25 in the UK charts. The track had been on the B list on the station, guaranteeing 15 plays a week and a potential audience of millions. It was removed because of a "prevalence of the word 'bandages' in the song", a spokesperson said. In 2002, the band signed with Warner in the U.S.

In 2003 the band re-released the 2001 album of tracks recorded prior to their Sub Pop recordings, Scenes One Through Thirteen, on the OHEV Records label. Reflecting the band's transition period between their original sound and the present, and thus very much unlike what fans had heard on Knock Knock Knock and Make Up the Breakdown.

In 2004 Make Up the Breakdown won "Favourite Album" at the Canadian Independent Music Awards by popular vote. Guitarist Dante DeCaro announced his departure from the band in October 2004, but stayed to complete their next album, and in 2005 joined Montreal band Wolf Parade. That album, Elevator was the band's major label debut and was released commercially by Warner Bros. In April 2005, Dante handed guitar duties over to replacement Luke Paquin when the band started their 2005 tour.  In June Elevator appeared in the top ten of the !earshot Campus and Community Radio chart.

In 2005, the band opened for Weezer and Foo Fighters on the "Foozer Tour".

Hot Hot Heat played an opening set for American synth rock group The Killers at Red Rocks Amphitheatre on May 17, 2007.  However, The Killers were forced to pull out after three songs because lead singer Brandon Flowers was suffering from bronchitis.

The follow-up to Elevator, Happiness Ltd.,  was released on September 11, 2007.  In late March 2007, the band posted the song "Give Up?" on their MySpace page as a sample of the album, and it was released on iTunes as a single on May 15. A second single entitled "Let Me In" was released on July 16.

Hot Hot Heat toured in 2007 with Snow Patrol as their opening act on the U.S. leg of their summer tour. Their headlining tour of Germany, Canada and U.S. started September 3, 2007.

"Let Me In" debuted on KROQ-FM at number 8. On August 8, 2007, the music video for "Let Me In" premiered on Myspace Music. Also, on September 6, 2007, Hot Hot Heat posted their new album on their MySpace.

The band spent most of 2008/2009 recording and constructing their own studio. Experimenting with 5/4 disco grooves and electro loops, they went into the studio with producer/musician Ryan Dahle from Limblifter/Age of Electric awhile doing a brief Canadian tour opening for Bloc Party. At some point during this period Dustin Hawthorne apparently left the band with little to no explanation as to why since. Parker Bossley (from Fake Shark - Real Zombie!) became their newest bassist, and then later Louis Hearn.

Fourth album Future Breeds was released June 8, 2010 through Dine Alone Records. To build anticipation for the release the band performed residencies at small clubs in NY (Public Assembly in May), and in LA (Bootleg Theater in June).

Hot Hot Heat's public activity was scant in the 2010s; however, they debuted a new song, "Mayor of the City", in May 2013. In response to a fan's question on Twitter, Hot Hot Heat mentioned a release for an album in the fall of 2015. On September 10, 2015 Hot Hot Heat announced new material via their Instagram page for a spring 2016 release. On Friday June 24, 2016 Hot Hot Heat released a 10-track self-titled album and announced it would be their final album.

After the band split, Bays reunited with former bass player Parker Bossley to form Fur Trade.

Members

Final lineup
Paul Hawley – drums (1999–2016)
Steve Bays – keyboards (1999–2016), lead vocals (2000–2016)
Luke Paquin – guitar (2005–2016)
Louis Hearn – bass (2010–2016)

Former members
Dustin Hawthorne – bass (1999–2008)
Matthew Marnik –  lead vocals (1999–2000)
Dante DeCaro – guitar (2001–2005)
Parker Bossley – bass (2008–2010)
• Jimmy Sweet - keys/guitar/percussion (2007-2010)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums

Compilations
Scenes One Through Thirteen (2002)

EPs
Hot Hot Heat four song 7" (1999)
Hot Hot Heat Split the Red Light Sting (2000)
Hot Hot Heat three song 7" (2001)
Knock Knock Knock (2002)
Happiness Ltd. EP (2007)

Singles

See also

Music of Vancouver
Canadian rock
List of Canadian musicians
List of bands from Canada
List of bands from British Columbia
:Category:Canadian musical groups

References

External links

Hot Hot Heat on PureVolume
Hot Hot Heat Photography
Live pictures of HHH in Edmonton
Hot Hot Heat at New Music Canada
"Fanning the Fame: Hot Hot Heat Sets the World on Fire" CBC Radio 3 session
Hot Hot Heat fansite

Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
Canadian alternative rock groups
Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian indie pop groups
Canadian new wave musical groups
Musical groups from Victoria, British Columbia
Sub Pop artists
Dance-punk musical groups
Dine Alone Records artists
1999 establishments in British Columbia
2016 disestablishments in British Columbia
Dangerbird Records artists
Sire Records artists
Warner Records artists
Record Collection artists

Hot Hot Heat


උතුරු භාරතයේ ප්‍රාන්තයකි. අගනුවර: සිම්ලා. හිම සහිත ප්‍රදේශයකි.

ඉන්දියාව
ඉන්දියාවේ ප්‍රාන්ත

හිමාචල් ප්‍රදේශ්


Die Route nationale 716, kurz N 716 oder RN 716, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Boussac-Bourg und Montluçon verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 32 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 716 auf WikiSara (französisch)

716

Route nationale 716


Morris King Udall (June 15, 1922 – December 12, 1998) was an American attorney and Democratic politician who served as a U.S. representative from Arizona from May 2, 1961, to May 4, 1991. He was a leading contender for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. He was noted by many for his independent and liberal views.

In 1961, Udall won a special election to succeed his brother, Stewart Udall, as the congressman for Arizona's 2nd congressional district.  In Congress, the younger Udall became a prominent and popular figure for his independent ways, his leading role in the conservation and environmental protection movements, his key role in reforming Congress and political campaigns, and his pioneering role in opposing the Vietnam War.

Udall sought the Democratic Party nomination in the 1976 presidential election, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter. He supported Ted Kennedy's strong challenge to Carter in the 1980 Democratic primary, and delivered the keynote address at the 1980 Democratic National Convention.

He served as Chairman of the House Interior Committee from 1977 to 1991. Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1980, Udall resigned from Congress in 1991 as the effects of the disease worsened. He died in 1998. His son, Mark Udall, represented Colorado in the United States Senate from 2009 to 2015, and his nephew Tom Udall served as a United States Senator from New Mexico from 2009 to 2021. Both also served multiple terms in the  U.S. House of Representatives.

Early life and education
Udall was born in 1922 in St. Johns, Arizona, one of six children (New York Times says three sons, two daughters) of Louisa (née Lee) and Levi Stewart Udall. His father was a lawyer who served as Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court from 1946 to 1960. His mother was a writer keenly interested in Indian life and culture. His father preached the importance of responsible people entering public service. Udall and his siblings attended local schools in St. Johns.

He lost his right eye to a friend's pocket knife at the age of six, while the two were attempting to cut some string. Because his family lacked the money to get him prompt adequate treatment, he lost that eye. Udall wore a glass eye for the rest of his life. The loss  influenced his personality and politics.

He described his early rural/small-town life in the desert as harsh and primitive, in a town where "everybody worked."  Noting they had "no tractors," he added, "we had horses and plows."

While in high school, despite the lost eye, Udall was a star athlete in basketball, and in football as quarterback leading an undefeated team. He also marched in the school band, wrote a political column for the school paper, and took the lead in the school play.

Military service
Udall attempted to enlist in the Army Air Forces during World War II, and almost succeeded by covering his glass eye each time he was told to alternate during the eye exam. After he was medically cleared, another potential enlistee complained that he had been medically rejected for flat feet, while Udall had passed with one eye. The examiners retested Udall under closer scrutiny, and he was rejected. Later, medical standards changed and Udall served in the Army. He joined the Army Air Forces as a private in 1942 and later received his commission as an officer. He commanded an all-black squadron for two years in Louisiana, an experience of which Udall later said, "That really shaped my life," because he had "fought their fights with them... over local discrimination." Udall later served in the South Pacific and achieved the rank of captain before being discharged in 1946.

Higher education and basketball career
After the war, Udall completed his bachelor's degree at the University of Arizona, where he was a star basketball player (team co-captain), President of the Associated Student Government, and a member of Sigma Chi fraternity.

For one year following graduation, Udall played professional basketball with the Denver Nuggets during the 1948–49 National Basketball League season. At the same time, he attended the University of Denver College of Law. He completed his studies at the University of Arizona's law school, where he graduated in 1949 with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree.

Career statistics

NBL
Source

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1948–49
| style="text-align:left;"| Denver
| 57 || 125 || 121 || 171 || .708 || 371 || 6.5

Personality and philosophy
Udall was a tall (6'5"), Lincolnesque figure with a self-deprecating wit and easy manner. Because of his wit, columnist James J. Kilpatrick deemed him "too funny to be president", which also ended up being the title of his autobiography in the 1980s.

He once said that his physical stature and one eye kept him from ever having a date in high school, and led to his use of self-deprecating humor to survive.

Known for his humor, his irreverent and casual style (particularly his colorful western wear and cowboy boots), and his ethics, Udall was summarized by leading political journalist James M. Perry as "funny, smart, down-to-earth, honest, sassy, patient."

Raised Mormon, his spiritual views began to change. He ceased being active in church by the time he returned from military service. While in college, as he read philosophy and history, Udall abandoned his Mormon faith. In particular, he rejected the cultural view among some Church members of the time that black people were "cursed."

Early career
In 1949 Udall, with his brother, Stewart, started the law firm of Udall & Udall in Tucson, Arizona, practicing law in Tucson until 1961.

Udall was elected as the Pima County chief deputy attorney (1950–1952) and county attorney (1953–1954).  In 1954, he failed in a bid to be nominated for a Superior Court judgeship.

He taught labor law at the University of Arizona law school (1955, 1956). In 1961 he became vice-president of the Arizona Bar Association. Udall co-founded the Bank of Tucson, and the Catalina Savings and Loan Association, and in 1960 became president of Tucson's YMCA.

Political career
Throughout his early life, Udall dreamed of public office, but—under pressure from his wife—deferred a congressional race opportunity to his older brother, Stewart Udall. The latter won  seat in 1954. The younger Udall's hopes for a seat on the Arizona Supreme Court (where their father had served) were dashed when the seat went to his ultra-conservative uncle instead.

Congressman

In 1961, his brother was appointed as Secretary of the Interior in the John F. Kennedy administration. Mo then won a special election for his brother's vacant seat by 2,000 votes, with 51% of the vote.  He won the seat in his own right in 1962, and was reelected 13 more times.  He faced only one other close race, in 1978, when he received 52 percent of the vote. He held the post until his resignation May 4, 1991.

For his first term, Udall represented the entire state outside of Maricopa County.  After the 1960s round of redistricting, his district was reduced to the southern portion of the state, centered on Tucson.  After a mid-decade redistricting ordered as a result of Wesberry v. Sanders, his district absorbed some outer portions of the Phoenix area.

From 1977 until his retirement in 1991, Udall chaired the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (on which he'd served since 1963). He also served as ranking member of the Committee of the Post Office and Civil Service, chairman of the Office of Technology Assessment and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs

Vietnam War
Udall first gained national political notice for a speech October 23, 1967, in Tucson at a major regional civic meeting, with an audience of 2,800—largely civic leaders, mostly supportive of President Johnson's policy on the Vietnam War. Despite their leanings, Udall gave a firm and direct speech calling the nation's involvement in Vietnam "a mistaken and dangerous road." He called for reversing American escalation of the war, and eventual U.S. withdrawal—the first major figure in the U.S. Democratic Party to openly oppose the Democratic president on the war.  The speech drew a standing ovation, and reverberated nationwide, drawing national media and political attention, and initiating the Democratic Party's gradual split over the war.

Labor legislation
On labor legislation, however, Udall was less liberal. Though he opposed right-to-work laws that undermined labor unions, his constituents very strongly supported it, so Udall did, too—particularly in a 1965 congressional vote that labor leaders held against him for years.

Conservation and the environment
On conservation and environmental protection, Udall's record was mixed—and extreme in both directions—though he is largely credited with being generally a defender of those causes (he first joined the House Interior committee in 1961), particularly as chairman of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. He fought for environmental protection, and expansion of the National Park System, ushered legislation through Congress absorbing 8 million acres into the federal wilderness system across 20 states, and attempted to restructure the energy industry.

An important exception was his defense of planned dam-and-reservoir projects in Arizona that threatened to inundate key wilderness areas, including a hydroelectric dam that threatened to flood some of the Grand Canyon.  Hostile campaigning by the nation's leading conservation organization, the Sierra Club, led to Udall's bitter fight with them, and the eventual loss of their tax-exempt status, which some have blamed on Udall's complaints about them to the Internal Revenue Service.  The projects were eventually abandoned, replaced with coal-fired powerplants that Udall thought more polluting than the dams would have been.

However, in the opposite extreme, Udall's "proudest achievement" was passage of an Alaska lands bill, permanently preserving 104.3 million acres of extraordinary scenic wilderness, over the furious opposition of many in Alaska and in the natural resource industries.

In 1973, Udall was named "Legislator of the Year" by the National Wildlife Federation.

However, in 1974, his Land Use Bill was defeated—some environmentalists blaming Udall's inability to work the bill effectively on the floor of the House.

From the beginning of his work on the Interior committee in 1961, Udall had been interested in limiting the controversial practice of strip mining, blamed for massive destruction of wilderness and extensive environmental damage, particularly across the American West.  However, it took several years of wrangling with industry, Congress and administrations (Republican President Gerald R. Ford vetoed the legislation twice), before he was able to pass a limited bill, into law (signed by Democratic President Jimmy Carter), which constrained the strip-mining of coal, and forced the reclamation of millions of acres of strip-mined areas.

Udall helped write and pass the Alaska Lands Act of 1980, and landmark 1982 legislation addressing nuclear waste management.

Government legislative reform
Udall challenged the arcane and Byzantine rules and protocols of the House of Representatives, demanding a reduction in the ability of powerful leaders to covertly control legislation and dominate committees. Udall's efforts eventually led to substantial reform of congressional rules and operations.

Udall gained early national political notoriety for being the first congressman in the 20th century to challenge a sitting Speaker of the House for his seat. He challenged Rep. John McCormack, in 1968.  Though defeated, Udall tried again two years later, against House Majority Leader, Hale Boggs; he lost again but shook the foundations of the House seniority system. This was eventually reformed, largely as a result of the revolt begun by Udall.

Like any freshman congressman, Udall struggled to adapt to the office during his first term; but in his second term, he responded to the experience by organizing a school for other incoming freshmen congressman, to teach them the complex and subtle ways of the House of Representatives, and how to navigate the Washington bureaucracy. To aid this effort, Udall wrote a 1966 guidebook, The Job of a Congressman.

Government campaign reform
Udall co-sponsored the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and was a key factor in its success. The first major campaign-finance reform legislation since 1925, it required candidates to file campaign finance reports. (President Richard Nixon ran afoul of these requirements in actions related to the Watergate scandal). Udall also co-sponsored the 1974 Campaign Reform Act, which was signed by President Ford. He fought for financial disclosure legislation, and disclosed his own finances and tax returns.

Government administrative reform
Reforming civil service and the U.S. Post Office were a major focus of Udall's efforts in Congress.  On the Committee of the Post Office and Civil Service since 1961, he eventually became the ranking member. He attempted to revise pay scales for federal employees and establish merit pay.

Ultimately, Udall was one of the principal leaders effecting the first substantial reform of the U.S. civil service system since the 1883 creation of that merit-based government-employment system. The bill created performance incentives for workers in the bureaucracy, and made firing federal workers easier. Although the bill was a favorite project of President Carter, whom Udall disliked, the congressman pushed the bill through Congress, against numerous roadblocks thrown up by federal employees (and by congressmen representing districts that employed many of them). Udall compromised until getting a consensus bill before the whole House, fighting through additional opposition to success.

Udall sought to change the Post Office Department from a purely governmental agency into a semiprivate organization (today, it is: the U.S. Postal Service). He was a key force in passage of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970.

Other issues
Because of having lost his eye as a child due to inadequate family finances, he strongly believed that people should have access to competent medical care regardless of their financial condition.

In 1963, Udall attempted to get cigarettes (and other tobacco) regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It took years before the scale of tobacco damage due to smoking was known.

On the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Udall opposed Reagan administration policies toward Central America.

Presidential campaign
In 1976, Udall ran for the Democratic nomination for President as a liberal alternative to Jimmy Carter, the former Governor of Georgia. Carter had gone from obscure maverick to front runner after a string of early caucus and primary victories, beginning in Iowa and New Hampshire. At the time of the Wisconsin primary in April, most of the original 10 candidates had dropped out, leaving Udall, Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson of Washington, Governor George Wallace of Alabama, and Carter. It appeared that Udall would win the primary, which might have slowed Carter's momentum. Udall was projected the winner, exclaiming "Oh, how sweet it is". But Carter eventually won in Wisconsin.

Some newspapers proclaimed Udall the winner because of his lead late the night before. They had been wrong before, in the 1948 presidential election, in which the headlines of the Chicago Tribune erroneously proclaimed "Dewey Defeats Truman."

Carter won in Wisconsin by 1%, no more than 7,500 votes. He won 37% to Udall's 36%, gaining one more convention delegate than Udall. Despite the small margins, Carter got the headlines and a further boost to his momentum, and pulled away from Udall and the other candidates. Udall finished second in the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, South Dakota, and Ohio primaries, and won the caucuses in his home state of Arizona, while running even with Carter in the New Mexico caucuses. Udall finished a distant second to Carter at the Democratic National Convention, where his name was placed in nomination by Archibald Cox, and Udall's speech received great applause from his supporters.

During the Michigan primary Coleman Young, the mayor of Detroit, accused Udall of racism for belonging to the LDS church. At the time, it still prohibited blacks from serving in the church's priesthood (this was changed in 1978 by LDS Church President Spencer W. Kimball).  Udall had been a longtime critic of that church policy, and had ceased being an active member because of it. Carter's subsequent sweeping of the black vote in the Michigan primary was key to his crucial and narrow victory in Michigan.

Udall supported Senator Edward Kennedy's challenge to President Carter in 1980, and Kennedy won the Arizona caucuses, one of only three wins for Kennedy in the West.  Udall delivered the keynote speech at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, which was a typically witty Udall speech. He considered running for president again in 1984, but he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1979 and his illness kept him on the sidelines.  At the convention that summer, Udall introduced his former opponent, President Carter.

Legacy
In 1992, the US Congress founded the Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation. It is an agency of the executive branch of the federal government, and among other functions, gives scholarships to students of environmental policy. In 2009, Congress added Mo's brother, Stewart Udall, as an honoree of the  foundation by renaming it as the Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation.

Federal funds for Parkinson's research are designated through the Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Act of 1997. The legislation funded a national network of "Centers of Excellence" to diagnose and treat Parkinson disease patients and to refer patients into research protocols.

In 1996 Udall received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Clinton.

Point Udall on Guam, considered the westernmost point of the United States, was named for him in 1987. The easternmost spot, Point Udall, U.S. Virgin Islands, was named for his brother Stewart in 1968. This means that "America's day ... begin(s) and end(s) at a Point Udall."

In Tucson, Arizona, the main post office was named in his honor in 2007 as well as a local park.

Family life

Udall was married three times. In 1949, he married Patricia "Pat" Emery, with whom he had six children. Patricia, who hated politics, had arthritis and spent much time in a wheelchair. She and Udall rarely saw each other due to his hectic political schedule. By Mo Udall's own account, Pat had become unsatisfied with her life caused by her illnesses and uninterest in politics. She was also a high-spirited person who had a tendency to frequently start arguments.

Pat Udall struggled emotionally due to the strain of raising six children while struggling with arthritis. Unwilling to undergo psychological counseling due to social stigma, she finally acquiesced and filed for divorce in 1966. Mo Udall, who was opposed to the divorce, did not object to the dissolution of the marriage, mainly because he was more focused on politics than on his family.

Both the Udalls later regretted the divorce, explaining that the marriage ended because Pat had failed to get counseling or help and had simply acquiesced to pressure and made a poor impulse decision. Pat Udall herself stated that she was "ashamed" by her decision to end the marriage. Pat went on to marry and divorce three more times in the seven years following her split from Udall, all of which were brief marriages that she later regretted. Mo and Pat eventually reconciled, and they remained close friends for the rest of his life.

Two years after the divorce, Mo Udall married Ella Lee Royston, a marriage that would last until Royston's suicide in 1988. In 1989, he married his third wife, Norma Gilbert, and they remained together until his death in 1998. His years in retirement were plagued by Parkinson's disease.

Udall's son Mark Udall was elected to the U.S. Congress from Colorado's 2nd district in 1998, and to the U.S. Senate in 2008. His nephew Tom Udall of New Mexico was also elected to the U.S. Senate in 2008. Mo Udall's second cousin, Republican Senator Gordon Smith of Oregon, was defeated for re-election the same year.

Books and archives
With the exception of Udall's first book, his books have been described as "humorous and informative works."
 Arizona Law of Evidence (1960).
 The Job of a Congressman (1966) – a guidebook for freshmen Congressmen.
 Education of a Congressman (1972).
 Too Funny to Be President (1988) — his autobiography.

Udall's archives of his professional career and personal life are located the University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections in Tucson, Arizona.
 MS 325 Papers of Morris K. Udall, 1920–1995

UAL Special Collections is also home to the Morris K. Udall Oral History Project, MS 396 that includes interviews from former Presidents, former and current Congressmen, Senators, journalists, key staff members, campaign aides, family and friends of Mo Udall and the Udall family.

See also

 Udall family
 Lee-Hamblin family
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of American sportsperson-politicians

References

Further reading
 Carson, Donald W., and Johnson, James W., 2004, Mo: The Life and Times of Morris K. Udall . Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. ()

External links

 Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation
 Biography – at the Political Graveyard
 Morris K. Udall manuscript collection, the Library of the University of Arizona

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Mo
1922 births
1998 deaths
Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
20th-century American non-fiction writers
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American athlete-politicians
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American bankers
American disabled sportspeople
American politicians with disabilities
American political writers
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Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
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Businesspeople from Arizona
District attorneys in Arizona
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona
Denver Nuggets (1948–1950) players
James E. Rogers College of Law alumni
Lawyers from Tucson, Arizona
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Neurological disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
People from St. Johns, Arizona
Politicians from Tucson, Arizona
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Sturm College of Law alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
University of Arizona faculty

Mo Udall


سانت بريوك (Saint-Brieuc) هي بلدية فرنسية تقع في إقليم كوت درمور شمال غرب فرنسا .

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لسانت بريوك:

توأمة
لسانت بريوك اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 آبريستويث
 ليمبي
 أغيا باراسكيفي
 آلسدورف
 غورازده

أعلام

 جوليان فيريت
 جولي برست
 كيفن ثيوفايل كاثيرين
 أوغست دو فيليي دو ليل-أدام
 سيباستيان هينو
 ادمون بوشامب
 غيلبرت دوراند
 أنطوان كيسار
 لويس جييو
 فرنسيس رينو

مراجع

عمالات فرنسا
بلديات كوت درمور

سانت بريوك


El 4-Androstenediol es un androstenediol que es convertido en testosterona. La tasa de conversión es de alrededor 15.76%, casi el triple que la de la androstenediona, debido a la utilización de una vía enzimática diferente. No existe una conversión directa a estrógeno, aunque alguna aromatización secundaria tiene lugar a través del metabolismo.

El 4-androstenediol está más cerca de la testosterona estructuralmente que el 5-androstenediol, y tiene efectos androgénicos, actuando como un agonista parcial del receptor de andrógenos. Sin embargo debido a su menor actividad intrínseca en comparación, en presencia de los agonistas completos como la testosterona o la dihidrotestosterona, 4-androstenediol tiene antagónicas acciones, comportándose como un antiandrógeno.

4-androstenediol es muy débilmente estrogénico. Tiene aproximadamente entre un 0.5% y un 0.6% de afinidad de estradiol en el receptor de estrógeno alfa y en el receptor de estrógeno beta respectivamente.

Uso médico y comercial
Patrick Arnold cuenta con una patente de 1999 sobre "Use del 4-androstenediol para incrementar los niveles de testosterona en humanos".

Biosíntesis

Referencias

Esteroides

4-Androstenediol


La movilización mundial del 15 de octubre de 2011, más conocida por las siglas 15-O, es el nombre que reciben el conjunto de protestas pacíficas que, en forma de manifestaciones, tuvieron lugar el 15 de octubre de 2011 en 1051 ciudades de 90 países. Fueron pensadas y promovidas durante las Protestas en España de 2011 por la plataforma ¡Democracia Real YA! y preparadas en su fase final junto a otros colectivos coincidiendo con el movimiento Occupy Wall Street, recibiendo amplia difusión a través de internet, principalmente la red social Twitter.

Desarrollo

En Europa

España
Decenas de ciudades españolas se sumaron a esta movilización. Entre ellas, las manifestaciones de Madrid y Barcelona fueron las más destacadas por el número de participantes y la Puerta del Sol de Madrid volvió a ser el centro neurálgico del movimiento. Tanto Europa Press como los organizadores anunciaron que se habían reunido más de 500.000 personas, mientras que las autoridades no dieron cifras oficiales.  En Barcelona, el número de asistentes osciló entre 60.000 según las autoridades y 400.000 según los organizadores. En Valencia la cifra de manifestantes se situó alrededor de los 100.000.

También fueron importantes las concentraciones de ciudades como San Sebastián, Zaragoza (50.000 asistentes según los organizadores), Sevilla (45.000), Palma de Mallorca (25.000), Alicante (20.000), Málaga (35.000), Santiago de Compostela (17.000), Mieres (15.000) o Murcia (15.000), Granada (17.000), Valladolid (17.000) entre otras.

Bélgica
Los 'indignados' llegados a Bruselas para elevar sus reivindicaciones a la Unión Europea, recorriendo este sábado las calles de la capital europea con una marcha "pacífica y lúdica", a la que esperan que acudan varios miles de personas llegadas de toda Europa y con la que quieren demostrar su "unidad" contra un sistema que "oprime a los ciudadanos".

Un centenar de 'indignados' procedentes de España llegaron el pasado sábado a Bruselas tras dos meses y medio de marcha a pie y se instalaron en un antiguo edificio universitario que les ha sido cedido por la ciudad a cambio de impedirles acampar en ningún parque. Otros simpatizantes del movimiento de distintas nacionalidades, sobre todo belgas, franceses, holandeses y alemanes, se han unido a lo largo de la semana y ya suman un millar, según calculan los organizadores.

Francia

Unas 1500 personas participaron en París. La ocupación de la Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville de París (la plaza del ayuntamiento de la ciudad) fue un éxito para el movimiento local, si bien el potencial del movimiento es mucho más fuerte que sus resultados. La gente llegó a la plaza por columnas que habían salido desde varios puntos de París.  Los periódicos han minimizado la manifestación hablando de "unas cientas de personas", pero las imágenes grabadas por los particpantes desmienten la discriminación mediática y la desinformación de los medios.
El comportamiento de la gente ha sido pacífico y cordial pese a que unos policías "secretas" intentaron malgastarlo intentando vender  a los presentes bolas de petanca, bates de béisbol y granadas de humo.

La asamblea fue interrumpida por unas personas que cogieron el micrófono para llamar a los indignados presentes a apoyar una "manifestación anticolonialista" que estaba desarollóndose en una plaza próxima, y estaba amenazada por la policía. Unos cuantos indignados fueron a dicha plaza para darse cuenta de que los militantes de esta manifestación apoyaban al expresidente de la Costa de Marfil Laurent Bgagbo. Muchos se fueron al enterarse y han podido  testimoniar de las violencias policiales; algunos incluso han sido golpeados por la policía. Después de este incidente, se volvió a proseguir la asamblea en la plaza frente al ayuntamiento con unas doscientas personas sentadas en el suelo.

Aquel día se colectaron cientos de contactos útiles para poder seguir desarrollando el movimiento en la ciudad.

Italia

Más de 200.000 personas participaron en Roma en la manifestación más concurrida de Italia y una de las más multitudinarias de Europa. En ella se produjeron los más graves incidentes de la jornada, por parte de un grupo de unos 500 violentos ajenos a la organización, que se infiltraron en la manifestación, y que se saldaron con un total de 70 heridos tras ser necesaria intervención policial.

Los primeros disturbios comenzaron en Via Cavour pocos minutos después de que partiera la marcha a las 14.00 horas desde la Plaza de la República, donde medio centenar de personas prendieron fuego a un coche y comenzaron a asaltar comercios de la zona. Durante la batalla campal, que se disgregó de la manifestación pacífica, se prendieron fuego a un vehículo policial y fueron asaltadas la sede vacía de un cuartel del ministerio de defensa y una iglesia, donde destrozaron varias imágenes religiosas. Mientras tanto la Basílica de San Juan de Letrán abrió sus puertas para cobijar a los manifestantes que huían de los altercados.

En América

Estados Unidos
Véase también Occupy Wall Street
Desde el 17 de septiembre, ya se habían estado realizando protestas en Nueva York, y luego el 27 de septiembre se expandieron a otros estados (Boston, Toronto, Los Ángeles, San Francisco, Portland y Chicago). En Wall Street llegaron a congregarse más de 20.000 personas, y hubo diversos pero ligeros encuentros entre los manifestantes y la policía (el más destacado fue el arresto masivo en el Puente de Brooklyn).

Chile
Véase también Movilización estudiantil en Chile de 2011
Más de 10.000 personas se congregaron en Santiago, lugar en donde se desarrolló una marcha que finalizó en un acto cultural realizado por los organizadores. La marcha estuvo principalmente compuesta por trabajadores y estudiantes, estos últimos nuevamente manifestando  su decontento por el conflicto estudiantil que se arrastra desde mayo del 2011. También hubo un gran contingente de personas, en ciudades tales como Valparaíso, Concepción, Valdivia y Osorno

República Dominicana

En Santo Domingo y Santiago de los Caballeros, principales ciudades del país, se registraron focos y movilizaciones de personas de hasta 1.500 ciudadanos. No hubo mucha envergadura en el plano internacional, pero marcó un hito en el ámbito nacional al ser la primera manifestación pública de apoyo a una causa mundial, no regional ni nacional.

Además de las cuestiones vindicadas en los otros focos, también se realzó el apoyo al movimiento "4% del PIB para la Educación", y el descontento por la presencia de la empresa minera canadiense "Barrick Gold" en Pueblo Viejo, Cotuí.

México
En México existen varios campamentos de #IndignadosMx en distintos puntos de la República. Entre ellos, Monterrey, Puebla, Tijuana, DF, y Veracruz. En la capital, después de reunirse en el Monumento a la Revolución para el #15O, los indignados levantaron la bandera de #OccupyBMV y se dividieron en dos grupos: una acampada en Coyoacán y otra en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores.

En el resto del mundo

Al mismo tiempo que Madrid, en más de 800 ciudades se realizarán manifestaciones en un movimiento global que tendrá un eje vertebrador, Internet. Además de las páginas web creadas expresamente, como 15october.net, Tomalacalle o Democracia Real Ya, las redes sociales van a desempeñar un papel clave en la organización de las protestas.

La convocatoria del 15-O abarca ciudades de los cinco continentes y a primera hora de la mañana salieron las primeras marchas en Australia o en algunas ciudades asiáticas, como Tokio, Hong Kong o Taiwán.

Con pancartas que exhiben lemas como "somos el 99%", o "no podéis comer dinero", ciudadanos de todo el mundo tratarán de unirse en torno a un mensaje común: es necesaria una política más atenta a los ciudadanos y menos a los mercados. Se trataría de la mayor movilización de la historia a escala planetaria. Un punto de inflexión que los organizadores, que en España cuentan organizaciones como Democracia Real Ya, Juventud Sin Futuro o ATTAC, ven posible y promocionan en Twitter con las etiquetas #15O ó #15Oready. La incorporación de los jóvenes estadounidenses, aglutinados en torno al movimiento Occupy Wall Street, fue decisiva.

Lista de participantes por ciudad

Consecuencias
 La Policía Municipal reguló el tráfico al paso de los manifestantes estableciendo las restricciones a la circulación que fueron necesarias aunque tratando de evitar el corte total de calles.

Manifestaciones relacionadas
 Occupy Wall Street

Véase también
 Democracia directa
 Mundialización democrática

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página web de Democracia real ¡YA!
 ¿Por qué todo el Mundo está indignado? Las principales claves United Explanations
 Movimiento Occupy Wall Street
 Movimiento 15 de Octubre
 Perfil del evento oficial en Facebook
 Occupy Hispania - Iberia - Lusitania Indignados # Iberian R-Evolution & Unión União Unió Ibérica
 Lista de manifestaciones - 15Mpedia
 Lista de manifestaciones en octubre de 2012
 Lista de manifestaciones en octubre de 2013

Democracia directa
Manifestaciones y protestas en 2011
Movilizaciones mundiales
Protestas en España de 2011-2013

Movilización mundial del 15 de octubre de 2011


Bolu Province () is a province situated in north-western Turkey. It is located between the capital, Ankara and the largest city in the country, Istanbul. Its area is 8,313 km2, and its population is 320,824 (2022). The capital city of the province is Bolu.

Geography
The province is drained by the Bolu River (Boli Su) and the Koca River.

The forests, lakes, and mountains are rich in wildlife including three deer species and popular weekend and holiday retreats for walkers and climbers.

Parts of the province are vulnerable to earthquakes.

History
It is not known when Bolu was first founded. There are some archaeological findings dating back about 100,000 years that suggest the region was inhabited then.

The area now in Bolu Province was in eastern Bithynia and southwestern Paphlagonia. The town of Bithynium from which the area takes its name is the modern Bolu. The area was called Bithynia during the Hellenistic period, the Romans named it Claudiopolis, and it was called Bolu by the Turks. By about 375 BCE, Bithynia had gained its independence from Persia under Artaxerxes II, and King Bas subsequently defeated Alexander's attempt to take it. The Bithynian region with parts of Paphlagonia remained its own kingdom until 88 BCE when it briefly came under Mithridates VI and the Kingdom of Pontus. With Roman help the last Bithynian king, Nicomedes IV regained his throne, but on his death bequeathed the kingdom to Rome. This led to the Third Mithridatic War and the fall of Pontus, the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as a single province joining Paphlagonia with Bithynia. Under the falling Byzantine Empire the Bolu area was divided from western Bithynia at the Sakarya River, with western Bithynia keeping the name.  The Sakarya is still the southern and western boundary of the province.

The Byzantine Empire briefly lost the Bolu area to the Seljuk Turks after the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, but recovered it under Alexios I Komnenos. After the end of the Komnenos dynasty, the Turks gradually took the Bolu area back.

About 1240 the Seljuk Turks took the eastern part of the Bolu area (i.e. the Paphlagonian part) from the Byzantine Empire and incorporated it into the Sultanate of Rum. Due to their assistance in taking it and Sinop, the Chobanids were given that territory and adjacent areas to the north and east to rule. The Chobanids were relatively independent of the Sultan.  That eastern area fell under the Isfendiyarids between 1292 and 1461. In 1461 it was incorporated into the rest of the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed II.

By 1265, the western part of the Bolu area was again acquired by the Seljuk Turks, but it fell to the arms of Orhan and the Ottoman Empire in the early to mid-1300s.  The two areas were reunited in 1461, under Mehmed II. In the 1864 Ottoman Empire administrative reorganization, Bolu was created as an independent sanjak, although it was geographically part of the Kastamonu Vilayet.

Administrative divisions
Bolu province is divided into nine districts, four sub-districts, thirteen municipalities and 491 villages.

Districts

Bolu, the capital district
Dörtdivan
Gerede
Göynük
Kıbrıscık
Mengen
Mudurnu
Seben
Yeniçağa

Main sights

 Lake Abant, a mountain lake resort and hot springs
 Yedigöller National Park. The name means "seven lakes" in Turkish, referring to the number of lakes in this forest park.
 The Köroğlu Mountains, said to be the scene of the folk Epic of Köroğlu
 There are many hot springs and mineral baths in the province ( in Turkish).
 Kartalkaya, one of Turkey's most popular ski resorts
 Sarıalan, a lake high in the mountains above Kartalkaya
 The Aladağ mountains, including the trail and picnic area of Gölcük
 Seben Çeltikler
 Göynük Akshemseddin Mausoleum

Towns include:
 Mengen
 Mudurnu (the ancient town of Modrenea)
 Gerede

Gallery

See also
 List of populated places in Bolu Province

References

External links

  Bolu municipality's official website

Bolu Province


Psihodelici (od grčkih riječi ψυχή (psychê) - um i δηλος (dêlos) - otkriti) su vrsta halucinogenih tvari. To su psihoaktivne tvari koje imaju sposobnost "otkriti skrivene, ali stvarne aspekte čovjekovog uma". Tipičan primjer je LSD ("trip"), jedna od najjačih halucinogenih droga. Psihodelici utječu na živčani sustav na vrlo specifičan način mijenjajući doživljaj realnosti, iskrivljujući percepciju, stvaranje iluzija, vizije svijeta u blještavilu i sjaju. Prostor i vrijeme, taktilni i slušni osjećaji su poremećeni, ljudski um doživljava potpuno novi svijet sličan snu, um oslobađa potpuno nova osjetila. Sve to može se svrstati kao duševni poremećaj prolaznog ali vrlo svjesno proživljenog. Sve navedeno može biti prožeto strahom, tjeskobom, otvorenom podsvijesti ali i zastrašujućim štoviše i stravičnim doživljajima.

Psihodelici ("klasični" halucinogeni) su:
Derivati feniletilamina
MDMA
MDA
Meskalin
Derivati triptamina
DMT
LSD
Psilocibin
Ibogain
THC (Kanabis)

Shema djelovanja
Sljedeći Vennov dijagram pokušaj je organizacije i pružanja osnovnog prikaza najčešćih psihofarmaka u preklapajućim grupama i podgrupama bazirano na farmakološkoj klasifikaciji mehanizama djelovanja.
Predmeti u svakoj od podgrupa su približno bliski onima sa sličnim djelovanjem, te također prate ukupni smještaj sukladno legendi ispod dijagrama. Primarna preklapanja prikazana su mješanjem boja.

STIMULANSI

Simpatomimetički amini
'''

Kokain
Amfetamini
Metilfenidat

Aminoketoni
Bupropion
Dietilpropion

Efedrin
Pseudoefedrin

Metilksantini
Kofein
Teofilin
Teobromin

ANTIPSIHOTICI
atipični
Klozapin
Olanzapin

tipični
Haloperidol
Klorpromazin

CBD

SSRI
Paroksetin
Fluoksetin
Sertralin

Kolinergici
Nikotin
Muškatni orah
Muskarin

DEPRESORI

Sedativni hipnotici
Alkohol
Eter
Barbiturati
Kloroform
Kloral hidrat
Metakvalon
Zolpidem
GHB

Benzodiazepini
Lorazepam
Alprazolam
Flunitrazepam
Diazepam

Narkotički analgetici
Opijum
Kodein
Morfin
Heroin
Fentanil

Kanabis
(THC)
Psihodelici
MDMA   MDA
MDEA
Meskalin
DOM
LSD
Psilocibin
AMT
DMT
Ibogain

Disocijativi
Ketamin
DXM
PCP
Dušikov(I) oksid
Salvinorin A
Ibotenska kiselina   Muscimol

Delirijanti
Dimenhidrinat
Difenhidramin
Skopolamin
Atropin

HALUCINOGENI

 Legenda
 Plavo: Jačina djelovanja stimulansa raste prema gore lijevo.
 Crveno: Jačina djelovanja depresora raste prema dolje desno.
 Zeleno: Psihodelično djelovanje halucinogena raste prema lijevo, a disocijativno prema desno. Predvidljivost učinka pada prema dolje desno, a potentnost se smanjuje prema dnu.
 Blijedoružičasto: Takozvani "antipsihotici". Novi kontroverzni dodatak grafikonu. Podsekcije
 Bijelo: Preklapanje svih tri glavnih sekcija (Stimulansi, Depresori i Halucinogeni) — Primjer: kanabis ima efekte iz sva tri odjeljka. Magenta (purpurno): Preklapanje Stimulansa (Plavo) i Depresora (Crveno) — Primjer: nikotin ima učinke oba. Cijan (svjetlo plavo): Preklapanje stimulansa (Plavo) i psihodelika (Zeleno) — Glavni psihodelici imaju i stimulirajući učinak. Žuto : Preklapanje Depresora (Crveno) i disocijativa (Zeleno) — Glavni disocijativi imaju depresivni učinak.''

Psihoaktivne droge

Psihodelik


Herbert Kaliga (* 1931 in Oppeln, Provinz Oberschlesien) ist ein Pianist.

Leben
Herbert Kaliga studierte in Rostock und an der Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" Berlin das Fagott bei Otto Pischkittel, danach Klavier bei Rudolf Dunckel und Dieter Zechlin. Anschließend absolvierte er ein Dirigierstudium bei Adolf Fritz Guhl und Willi Niepolt.

Von 1955 bis 1997 war er Dozent für Korrepetition, Liedstudium und vokale Kammermusik an der Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler". 1985 wurde er zum Professor berufen. Zu seinen Studenten gehörte die Mezzosopranistin Jana Krauße die vokale Kammermusik studierte und der Tenor Kim Schrader der ein Studium bei Kaliga in Berlin abschloss.

Kaliga arbeitete für viele Sänger und Instrumentalisten als Klavierbegleiter unter anderem mit Siegfried Lorenz, Gustav Schmahl, Gisela May, Ruggiero Ricci und Christian Funke.

Herbert Kaliga war verheiratet mit der Sängerin Elvira Motz-Kaliga, die 2018 verstarb.

Diskographie
 Cantabile. Berühmte Zugaben, Christian Funke (Violine), Herbert Kaliga (Klavier), Eeterna 725193
 Lieder von Wilhelm Weismann und Rudolf Wagner-Régeny, Siegfried Lorenz (Bariton), Herbert Kaliga (Klavier), Nova 885219

Auszeichnungen
 1977: Robert-Schumann-Preis der Stadt Zwickau

Einzelnachweise

Klassischer Pianist
Hochschullehrer (Hochschule für Musik Berlin)
Deutscher
Geboren 1931
Mann

Herbert Kaliga


, anteriormente ,es una empresa de videojuegos formada en 1997 por consecuencia de la fusión entre Asmik Corporation y Ace Entertainment, ambos de Japón. El nombre Asmik viene de sus tres empresas fundadoras: Ask, Sumitomo y Kodansha. La compañía tiene su sede en el tercer piso del edificio Lapiross Roppongi en Minato, Tokio.

Asmik Corporation Fue fundada en 1985 Como una subsidiaria de Sumitomo Corporation de Japón. Se enfocaba en el área de los videojuegos para el mercado de las Consola de videojuegos, específicamente la consola NES. Pronto se pasó a distribuir películas en Japón, y ganó varios premios por ello. Llegó a tener una subsidiaria norteamericana, Asmik Corporation of America.

Ace Pictures Inc. Se fundó en 1981 como una división de Nippon Herald Films para producir películas japonesas y distribuirlas al extranjero. Varias de sus películas han ganado premios y ocupan cargos de algunas de las películas más taquilleras en Japón.

Asmik Ace Entertainment produjo juegos para las consolas PlayStation, Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, PC Engine, Nintendo 64 y Nintendo GameCube, y distribuyó películas de alta calidad para el mercado japonés.

Asmik Ace Entertainment también distribuyó algunas películas de DreamWorks en los cines japoneses.

Videojuegos
Asmik tiene una mascota llamada Boomer (Asmik-kun en Japón), que apareció en varios videojuegos.

 Air Diver (Mega Drive)
 Asmik-kun Land (Famicom)
 Asmik-kun World 2 (Game Boy)
 Astro Troop Vanark (PlayStation)
 Battle Zeque Den (Super Famicom)
 Bogey Dead 6 (PlayStation)
 Boomer's Adventure in ASMIK World (Asmik-Kun World)
 Catrap (GameBoy) in Europe Power Paws, en Japón Pitman
 Conquest of the Crystal Palace
 Cosmic Epsilon
 Cutie Suzuki Ringside Angel (Mega Drive)
 Deep Dungeon IV
 D-Force (SNES)
 Dimension Force (Super Famicom)
 Dokapon DX (Nintendo GameCube & PlayStation 2)
 Gambler Jiko Chuushinha
 Gambler Jiko Chuushinha 2
 Hunter Lime Special Collection Vol 2 (PlayStation)
 Jumpin' Kid: Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari (solo en Japón, publicado en América como Jack and the Beanstalk)
 Jūōki (llamado Altered Beast fuera de Japón)
 Koutetsu no Kishi
 Koutetsu no Kishi 2: Sabaku no Rommel Shougun
 Koutetsu no Kishi 3: Gekitotsu Europe Sensen
 LSD (PlayStation)
 Lethal Skies Team SW: Elite Pilot (PlayStation 2)
 Lethal Skies II (PlayStation 2)
 Lupin Sansei: Umi ni Kieta Hihou (Nintendo GameCube)
 Meimon! Tako Nishiouendan
 Mysterium
 Nippon Ichi no Nakantoku
 Oh No! (PlayStation)
 Power Drift (PC Engine)
 Rhythm N Face (PlayStation)
 Shinobi (PC Engine)
 Sidewinder (PlayStation)
 Sidewinder 2 (PlayStation)
 Sidewinder F (PlayStation 2)
 Sidewinder Max (PlayStation 2)
 Sidewinder V (PlayStation 2)
 Super Air Diver (SNES)
 Super Air Diver 2 (SNES)
 Super Boy Allan (Famicom Disk System) (publicada por Sunsoft)
 Super Hydlide (Mega Drive)
 The Ring: Terror's Realm (Dreamcast)
 Verytex (Mega Drive)
 Virtual Pro Wrestling 2 (Nintendo 64)
 Xardion (Super Famicom)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Asmik Ace Entertainment
 Asmik Ace Entertainment

Empresas fundadas en 1998
Empresas de videojuegos de Japón

Asmik Ace


Archboldiodendron, monotipski biljni rod u redu vrjesolike uključivan u porodicu Theaceae i Pentaphylacaceae. Jedina vrsta A. calosericeum nekada je uključivana u rod Adinandra.

Postoje barem dvije podvrste, a raširena je po Novoj Gvineji

Podvrste
 Archboldiodendron calosericeum subsp. kaindiensis W.R.Barker
 Archboldiodendron calosericeum subsp. merrillianum (Kobuski) W.R.Barker

Sinonimi
 Adinandra calosericea Diels

Izvori

Pentaphylacaceae
Flora Nove Gvineje

Archboldiodendron


Yukio Shimomura (født 25. januar 1932) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Yukio Shimomura


A thimble is a small pitted cup worn on the finger that protects it from being pricked or poked by a needle while sewing. The Old English word , the ancestor of thimble, is derived from Old English , the ancestor of the English word thumb.

History

Pre-17th century

As the purpose of a thimble is to prevent discomfort while sewing by providing a barrier between fingertips and the blunt end of a needle, it is likely that the earliest thimbles were created closely following the invention of sewing.

According to the United Kingdom Detector Finds Database, thimbles dating to the 10th century have been found in England, and thimbles were in widespread use there by the 14th century.

Although there are isolated examples of thimbles made of precious metals—Elizabeth I is said to have given one of her ladies-in-waiting a thimble set with precious stones—the vast majority of metal thimbles were made of brass. Medieval thimbles were either cast brass or made from hammered sheet. Early centers of thimble production were those places known for brass-working, starting with Nuremberg in the 15th century, and moving to Holland by the 17th.

17th century and later

In 1693, a Dutch thimble manufacturer named John Lofting established a thimble manufactory in Islington, in London, England, expanding British thimble production to new heights. He later moved his mill to Buckinghamshire to take advantage of water-powered production, resulting in a capacity to produce more than two million thimbles per year. By the end of the 18th century, thimble making had moved to Birmingham, and shifted to the "deep drawing" method of manufacture, which alternated hammering of sheet metals with annealing, and produced a thinner-skinned thimble with a taller shape. At the same time, cheaper sources of silver from the Americas made silver thimbles a popular item for the first time.

Thimbles are usually made from metal, leather, rubber, wood, and even glass or china. Early thimbles were sometimes made from whale bone, horn, or ivory. Natural sources were also utilized such as Connemara marble, bog oak or mother of pearl..

Advanced thimblemakers enhanced thimbles with semi-precious stones to adorn the apex or along the outer rim. Rarer works from thimble makers utilized diamonds, sapphires, or rubies. Cabochon adornments are sometimes made of cinnabar, agate, moonstone, or amber. Thimble artists would also utilize enameling, or the Guilloché techniques advanced by Peter Carl Fabergé.

As collectibles
Originally, thimbles were used simply solely for pushing a needle through fabric or leather as it was being sewn. Since then, however, they have gained many other uses. From the 16th century onwards silver thimbles were regarded as an ideal gift for ladies.

Early Meissen porcelain and elaborate, decorated gold thimbles were also given as keepsakes and were usually quite unsuitable for sewing. This tradition has continued to the present day. In the early modern period, thimbles were used to measure spirits and gunpowder, which brought rise to the phrase "just a thimbleful". Prostitutes used them in the practice of thimble-knocking where they would tap on a window to announce their presence. Thimble-knocking also refers to the practice of Victorian schoolmistresses who would tap on the heads of unruly pupils with dames thimbles.

Before the 18th century, the small dimples on the outside of a thimble were made by hand punching, but in the middle of that century, a machine was invented to do the job. A thimble with an irregular pattern of dimples was likely made before the 1850s. Another consequence of the mechanization of thimble production is that the shape and the thickness of the metal changed. Early thimbles tend to be quite thick and to have a pronounced dome on the top. The metal on later ones is thinner and the top is flatter.

Collecting thimbles became popular in the UK when many companies made special thimbles to commemorate the Great Exhibition held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London.
In the 19th century, many thimbles were made from silver; however, it was found that silver is too soft a metal and can be easily punctured by most needles. Charles Horner solved the problem by creating thimbles consisting of a steel core covered inside and out by silver, so that they retained their aesthetics but were now more practical and durable. He called his thimble the Dorcas, and these are now popular with collectors. There is a small display of his work in Bankfield Museum, Halifax, England.

Early American thimbles made of whale bone or tooth featuring miniature scrimshaw designs are considered valuable collectibles. Such rare thimbles are prominently featured in a number of New England Whaling Museums.

During the First World War, silver thimbles were collected from "those who had nothing to give" by the British government and melted down to buy hospital equipment. In the 1930s and 1940s glass-topped thimbles were used for advertising.

Leaving a sandalwood thimble in a fabric store was a common practice for keeping moths away. Thimbles have also been used as love-tokens and to commemorate important events. People who collect thimbles are known as digitabulists. One superstition about thimbles says that if a person has three thimbles given to them, they will never be married.

Known thimble makers

Most of these thimble makers no longer create thimbles.

 Avon Fashion Thimbles
 Wicks (Inventor USA)
 A Feaù and René Lorillon (French)
 Charles Horner (UK) (1837–1896)
 Charles Iles (UK)
 Charles May
 Anthony Stavrianoudakis (GR)
 Gabler Bros (German)
 Henry Fidkin (UK)
 Henry Griffith (UK)
 James Fenton (UK)
 James Swann (UK)
 Jean Levy (France)
 Johan Caspar Rumpe (Germany)
 Ketcham & McDougall (USA) (out of business 1988)
 Meissen (German)
 Roger Lenain (French)
 Samuel & Foskett (UK)
 Simons Bros Co (USA)
 Stern Bros & Co (USA)
 Uyu (USA)
 Waite-Thresher (USA)
 Webster (USA)
 William Prym (Germany)

Thimblette

Thimblettes (also known as rubber finger, rubber thimbles and finger cones) are soft thimbles, made predominately of rubber, used primarily for leafing through or counting documents, bank notes, tickets, or forms. They also protect against paper cuts as a secondary function. Unlike thimbles, the softer thimblettes become worn over time. They are considered disposable and sold in boxes. The surface is dimpled with the dimples inverted to provide better grip. Thimblettes are sized from 00 through to 3.

A finger cot is a smooth rubber "glove finger" used to protect the finger or the item being handled.

Sewing palms
A variation on the thimble used by sailmakers and leather workers is the sail palm, also known as sailor's palm and sailmaker's palm. There are two variations, seaming palm which is used for light work, such as sewing canvas together and roping palm which is built for heavier work, such as sewing canvas and rope together.  This item consists of a pitted hard plate set into a stiff leather band that is worn around the palm of the hand, with the plate resting against the first joint of the thumb.  It is used by grasping a needle between the thumb and indexing finger, with the eye end of the needle against the pitted plate, and pushing the needle with the entire arm. Most palms are hand specific to give the user a better fit.   This design permits the sewer to exert a great amount of force when pushing thick needles through very tough materials such as sail cloth, canvas or leather.

Cultural references
In the Parker Brothers board game Monopoly, first created in 1904, the thimble was one of the eight traditional metal game pieces used to mark a player's position on the game board. However, this piece is being replaced in the new versions of the board game in August 2017 following public consultation.

Thimbles are given as gifts in Peter Pan, who thinks thimbles are kisses.

In the 1992 movie Batman Returns, Catwoman, played by Michelle Pfeiffer, used thimbles to create the base of her claws.

The popular TV show and comic strip Popeye was originally called Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye.

The character Elizabeth in the video game BioShock Infinite uses a thimble to cover her severed little finger.

Video montages and series of clips are often called "thimble collections".

In the 2000 movie Chicken Run, Nick and Fetcher attempted to sell a couple of thimbles to Ginger as a "quality, hand crafted tea set", among a slew of other items.

Auction records
On December 3, 1979, a London dealer bid the sum of $18,000 USD for a dentil shaped Meissen porcelain thimble, circa 1740, at Christie's auction in Geneva, Switzerland. The thimble, just over  high, was painted in a rare lemon-yellow color about the band. It also had tiny harbor scene hand painted within gold-trimmed cartouches.  The rim was scalloped with fired gold on its bottom edge. The thimble now belongs to a Meissen collector in Canada.

During November 1994, Sirthey's saleroom yielded a one of a kind Meissen thimble bearing an armorial coat of arms at the price of £26,000.

On 13 June 1995, Sotheby's sold a Meissen thimble adorned with two pugs for £10,350.

Additional pictures

References

Further reading
Bridget McConnel. A Collector's Guide to Thimbles. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Books, 1990.
E. F. Holmes.  A history of thimbles. London: Cornwall Books, 1985.
J. J. von Hoelle.  Thimble collector's encyclopedia. Illinois: Wallace-Homestead Book Company, 1986.
E. Zalkin. Zalkin's Handbook of Thimbles & Sewing Implements, 1st ed. Willow Grove: Warman Publishing Co., Inc., 1985.
M. Isbister, W. H. Isbister. More about thimbles.

External links

 Little Thimble, Big Journey illustrated article on thimble history
Fabergé thimbles
article on types of cellulose extraction thimbles.
article on the uses of Glass micro fibre thimbles

Sewing equipment
Embroidery equipment
Fingers
Handwear

Thimble


An Liparis purpureovittata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tsutsumi, T.Yukawa ngan Masahiro Kato. An Liparis purpureovittata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis purpureovittata


Jakub Jugas (n. 5 mai 1992) este un fundaș de fotbal ceh care joacă în prezent pentru Mladá Boleslav de la Slavia Praga în Prima Ligă din Cehia.

Cariera pe echipe
El a debutat în campionat la 28 august 2010 în înfrângerea lui Zlin în deplasare, scor 0-2, împotriva Sparta Praga B. El a înscris primul gol în campionat la 17 august 2013 în victoria cu 4-0 în fața lui Baník Ostrava. A câștigat Cupa Cehiei cu Zlín în 2017.

Slavia
În mai 2017, după o competiție acerbă pentru semnătura sa, el a decis să se transfere la echipa Slavia Praga pentru sezonul 2017-2018 din Prima Ligă din Cehia pentru suma de transfer estimată la 570.000 € plus bonusuri.

La 9 mai 2018 a jucat în finala Cupei Cehiei 2017-2018, câștigată de Slavia Praga împotriva lui FK Jablonec.

În februarie 2019, a semnat cu Mlada Boleslav până la sfârșitul sezonului.

Cariera la națională
El a reprezentat Cehia la fiecare categorie de tineret începând cu sub 16 ani, cu excepția categoriei U-20. El a făcut parte din echipa U-19 a Republicii Cehe, care a fost finalistă la Campionatul European sub 19 ani din 2012 care s-a desfășurat în România. La 30 iunie 2017, a fost chemat la naționala mare a Cehiei pentru meciurile cu Belgia și Norvegia.

Onoruri

 Zlín

 Cupa Cehei: 2016-2017

 Slavia Praga

 Cupa Cehiei: 2017-2018

Referințe

Legături externe

 Jakub Jugas statistici oficiale

Fundași
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1992
Fotbaliști internaționali cehi
Fotbaliști cehi

Jakub Jugas