La  des Prix Platino, organisée par la Entidad de Gestión de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales, se déroule le  et récompense les films ibéro-américains sortis en 2020.

Le film L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) de Fernando Trueba domine cette cérémonie avec cinq prix remportés dont ceux du meilleur film de fiction, du meilleur réalisateur, du meilleur scénario, du meilleur acteur et du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle.

Palmarès

Cinéma

Meilleur film de fiction
 L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) de Fernando Trueba La llorona de Jayro Bustamante
 Las niñas de Pilar Palomero
 Nuevo Orden de Michel Franco

 Meilleur réalisateur
 Fernando Trueba pour L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) Icíar Bollaín pour Le Mariage de Rosa (La boda de Rosa)
 Jayro Bustamante pour La llorona
 Michel Franco pour Nuevo Orden

 Meilleure actrice
 Candela Peña pour Le Mariage de Rosa (La boda de Rosa) María Mercedes Coroy pour La llorona
 Valeria Lois pour Las siamesas
 Regina Casé pour Trois Étés (Três Verões)

 Meilleur acteur
 Javier Cámara pour L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) Miguel Ángel Solá pour Crímenes de familia
 Diego Peretti pour Le Braquage du siècle (El robo del siglo)
 Alfredo Castro pour Tengo miedo torero

 Meilleure actrice dans un second rôle
 Nathalie Poza pour Le Mariage de Rosa (La boda de Rosa) Yanina Ávila pour Crímenes de familia
 Kami Zea pour L'Oubli que nous serons
 Sabrina de la Hoz pour La llorona

 Meilleur acteur dans un second rôle
 Alfredo Castro pour L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) Julio Díaz pour La llorona
 Jorge Román pour Matar
 Diego Boneta pour Nuevo Orden

 Meilleur scénario
 David Trueba pour L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) Sebastián Schindel et Pablo Del Teso pour Crímenes de familia
 Jayro Bustamante pour La llorona
 Pilar Palomero pour Las niñas

 Meilleure musique
 Maite Arroitajauregi et Aránzazu Calleja pour Les Sorcières d'Akelarre (Akelarre) Pauchi Sasaki pour Canción sin nombre
 Zbigniew Preisner pour L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos)
 Pascual Reyes pour La llorona

 Meilleur film d'animation
 La gallina Turuleca El camino de Xico O pergaminho vermelho Un disfraz para Nicolás Meilleur film documentaire
 El agente topo de Maite Alberdi Babenco: Alguém Tem que Ouvir o Coração e Dizer Parou
 Cartas mojadas
 El año del descubrimiento de Luis López Carrasco

 Meilleure photographie
 Nicolás Wong pour La llorona Javier Agirre Erauso pour Les Sorcières d'Akelarre (Akelarre)
 Sergio Iván Castaño pour L'Oubli que nous serons
 Daniela Cajías pour Las niñas

 Meilleure direction artistique
 Diego López pour L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos) Mikel Serrano pour Les Sorcières d'Akelarre (Akelarre)
 Sebastián Muñoz pour La llorona
 Mónica Bernuy pour Las niñas

 Meilleur montage
 Gustavo Matheu et Jayro Bustamante pour La llorona Marta Velasco pour L'Oubli que nous serons
 Sofi Escudé pour Las niñas
 Yibrán Asuad et Fernando Frías de la Parra pour Ya no estoy aquí

 Meilleur son
 Eduardo Cáceres pour La llorona Urko Garai, Josefina Rodríguez, Frédéric Hamelin et Leandro de Loredo pour Les Sorcières d'Akelarre (Akelarre)
 Eduardo Castro et Octavio Rojas pour L'Oubli que nous serons
 Javier Umpierrez, Yuri Laguna, Olaitan Agueh, Michelle Couttolenc et Jaime Baksht pour Ya no estoy aquí

 Meilleur premier film de fiction
 Las niñas de Pilar Palomero Canción sin nombre de Melina León
 Matar a Pinochet de Juan Ignacio Sabatini
 Matar a un muerto de Hugo Giménez

 Cinéma et Éducation aux Valeurs
 El agente topo Adú
 L'Oubli que nous serons (El olvido que seremos)
 Nuestras madres

 Télévision
 Meilleure mini-série ou télé-série
 Patria Quelqu'un doit mourir (Alguien tiene que morir)
 Antidisturbios
 EL ROBO DEL $IGLO

 Meilleur créateur de mini-série ou télé-série
 Aitor Gabilondo pour Patria Álex de la Iglesia pour 30 Coins (30 monedas)
 Rodrigo Sorogoyen et Isabel Peña pour Antidisturbios
 Álex Pina pour La casa de papel

 Meilleure actrice dans une mini-série ou une télé-série
 Elena Irureta pour Patria Inma Cuesta pour Après toi, le chaos (El desorden que dejas )
 Marcela Benjumea pour EL ROBO DEL $IGLO
 Cecilia Suárez pour La casa de las flores

 Meilleur acteur dans une mini-série ou une télé-série
 Andrés Parra pour EL ROBO DEL $IGLO Eduard Fernández pour 30 Coins (30 monedas)
 Alejandro Speitzer pour Quelqu'un doit mourir (Alguien tiene que morir)
 Álvaro Morte pour La casa de papel

 Meilleure actrice dans un second rôle dans une mini-série ou une télé-série
 Loreto Mauleón pour Patria Ester Expósito pour Quelqu'un doit mourir (Alguien tiene que morir)
 Najwa Nimri pour La casa de papel
 Susana Abaitua pour Patria

 Meilleur acteur dans un second rôle dans une mini-série ou une télé-série
 Christian Tappan pour EL ROBO DEL $IGLO Ernesto Alterio pour Quelqu'un doit mourir (Alguien tiene que morir)
 Patrick Criado pour Antidisturbios Rodrigo de la Serna pour La casa de papel''

Prix Platino d'honneur
 Diego Luna

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
  cérémonie des Oscars
  cérémonie des British Academy Film Awards
  cérémonie des Lumières
  cérémonie des prix du cinéma européen
  cérémonie des Golden Globes
  cérémonie des César
  cérémonie des Goyas
  cérémonie des David di Donatello
  cérémonie des Aigles d'or

Liens externes

Récompense de cinéma en 2021

Prix Platino 2021


The Faisal–Weizmann agreement was signed by Emir Faisal, the third son of Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi, King of the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz, and Chaim Weizmann, President of the Zionist Organization on 3 January 1919. Signed two weeks before the start of the Paris Peace Conference, it was presented by the Zionist delegation alongside a March 1919 letter written by T. E. Lawrence in Faisal's name to American Zionist leader Felix Frankfurter as two documents to argue that the Zionist plans for Palestine had prior approval of Arabs.

The agreement was presented to Faisal in his room at the Carlton Hotel on 3 January in English, which Faisal could not read, and its contents were translated and explained to Faisal by Lawrence. Faisal signed the document in the same meeting, without consulting his advisors awaiting him in a separate room, but added a caveat in Arabic next to his signature, such that Faisal considered the agreement as conditional on Palestine being within the area of Arab independence. The Zionist Organization submitted the agreement to the Paris Peace Conference without the caveat.

Israeli historian Yoav Gelber described the agreement as "of propaganda value only", since it quickly became clear that Faisal's conditions would not be met.

Background: status of Palestine
At the time the agreement was made, there had preceded it (apart from the Balfour Declaration) the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the Hogarth message, the Bassett Letter, the Declaration to the Seven and the Anglo-French Declaration. Of these, the Sykes-Picot Agreement had been made public by the Bolsheviks and the Declaration to the Seven as well as the Anglo-French Declaration were also public documents. The Sykes–Picot Agreement had called for an "Arab State or a Confederation of Arab States ... under the suzerainty of an Arab chief". The French and British also proposed an international administration in the "brown area" (an area including Jerusalem, similar to and smaller than Mandate Palestine), the form of which was to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in consultation with the other Allies, "and the representatives of the Shereef of Mecca".

Henry McMahon had exchanged letters with Faisal's father Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca in 1915, in which he had promised Hussein control of Arab lands with the exception of "portions of Syria" lying to the west of "the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo". Palestine lies to the southwest of these areas and wasn't explicitly mentioned. That modern-day Lebanese region of the Mediterranean coast was set aside as part of a future French Mandate. After the war the extent of the coastal exclusion was hotly disputed. Hussein had protested that the Arabs of Beirut would greatly oppose isolation from the Arab state or states, but did not bring up the matter of Jerusalem or Palestine. Between 1916 and 1920, the British government interpreted these commitments as including Palestine in the Arab area. However, in the 1922 Churchill White Paper they argued instead that Palestine had been excluded.

On the basis of McMahon's assurances the Arab Revolt began on 5 June 1916. However, the British and French also secretly concluded the Sykes–Picot Agreement on 16 May 1916. This agreement divided many Arab territories into British- and French-administered areas and allowed for the internationalisation of Palestine. Hussein learned of the agreement when it was leaked by the new Russian government in December 1917, but was satisfied by two disingenuous telegrams from Sir Reginald Wingate, High Commissioner of Egypt, assuring him that the British government's commitments to the Arabs were still valid and that the Sykes-Picot Agreement was not a formal treaty.

Following the publication of the Balfour Declaration the British had dispatched Commander David George Hogarth to see Hussein in January 1918 bearing the message that the "political and economic freedom" of the Palestinian population was not in question. Hogarth reported that Hussein "would not accept an independent Jewish State in Palestine, nor was I instructed to warn him that such a state was contemplated by Great Britain". According to Isaiah Friedman, Hussein was not perturbed by the Balfour Declaration and on 23 March 1918, in Al Qibla, the daily newspaper of Mecca, attested that Palestine was "a sacred and beloved homeland of its original sons", the Jews; "the return of these exiles to their homeland will prove materially and spiritually an experimental school for their [Arab] brethren." He called on the Arab population in Palestine to welcome the Jews as brethren and cooperate with them for the common welfare. Whereas Kedourie (as well as Friedman) have argued that Hussein accepted the Balfour Declaration, Charles D.Smith has argued that both Friedman and Kedourie misrepresent documents and violate scholarly standards in order to reach their conclusions. while Schneer says that historians have spilled oceans of ink tracing the initial reactions of Hussein and his sons to the Balfour Declaration without settling the debate, noting that Hussein considered Palestine to be Arab land.

Continuing Arab disquiet over Allied intentions also led during 1918 to the British Declaration to the Seven and the Anglo-French Declaration, the latter promising "the complete and final liberation of the peoples who have for so long been oppressed by the Turks, and the setting up of national governments and administrations deriving their authority from the free exercise of the initiative and choice of the indigenous populations".

Prelude to the agreement

Weizmann first met Faisal in June 1918, during the British advance from the South against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. As leader of an impromptu "Zionist Commission", Weizmann traveled to southern Transjordan for the meeting. Weizmann had assured Faisal that "the Jews did not propose to set up a government of their own but wished to work under British protection, to colonize and develop Palestine without encroaching on any legitimate interests". Antonius commented in 1938 that: "The combined effect of those assurances had been to induce in him a belief that there was nothing either in the Zionist aspirations as such or in the policy professed by the British Government in regard to their fulfilment that would interfere with Arab political and economic freedom in Palestine".

Weizmann's intended purpose was to forge an agreement between Faisal and the Zionist movement to support an Arab Kingdom and Jewish settlement in Palestine, respectively. The wishes of the Palestinian Arabs were to be ignored, and, indeed, both men seem to have held the Palestinian Arabs in considerable disdain. In the event, Weizmann and Faisal established an informal agreement under which Faisal would support close Jewish settlement in Palestine while the Zionist movement would assist in the development of the vast Arab nation that Faisal hoped to establish.

After concerns were expressed by Cecil regarding draft proposals put forward by the Advisory Committee on Palestine (chaired by Herbert Samuel), Balfour suggested to Weizmann that "it would be very helpful indeed if the Zionists and Feisal could act unitedly and reach an agreement on certain points of possible conflict'.Weizmann and Faisal met again on 11 December 1918, while both were in London preparing their statements for the upcoming peace conference in Paris.

Two weeks prior to signing the agreement, on 12 December 1918, Faisal was quoted in The Times, in a piece which Ali Allawi writes was "no doubt instigated by Lawrence and the Foreign Office":
The two main branches of the Semitic family, Arabs and Jews, understand one another, and I hope that as a result of interchange of ideas at the Peace Conference, which will be guided by ideals of self-determination and nationality, each nation will make definite progress towards the realization of its aspirations. Arabs are not jealous of Zionist Jews, and intend to give them fair play and the Zionist Jews have assured the Nationalist Arabs of their intention to see that they too have fair play in their respective areas. Turkish intrigue in Palestine has raised jealousy between the Jewish colonists and the local peasants, but the mutual understanding of the aims of Arabs and Jews will at once clear away the last trace of this former bitterness, which, indeed, had already practically disappeared before the war by the work of the Arab Secret Revolutionary Committee, which in Syria and elsewhere laid the foundation of the Arab military successes of the past two years.

Two days prior to the agreement, on 1 January 1919, Faisal's delegation submitted a statement to the Peace Conference, and a further memorandum was submitted on 29 January. The statement referred to the goal to "unite the Arabs eventually into one nation", defining the Arab areas as "from a line Alexandretta – Persia southward to the Indian Ocean" (1 January) or "from the line Alexandretta – Diarbekr southward to the Indian Ocean" (29 January). The latter memorandum described boundaries of any new states as "matters for arrangement between us, after the wishes of their respective inhabitants have been ascertained" in a reference to US President Woodrow Wilson's policy of self determination.

Signing
They signed the written agreement, which bears their names, on 3 January 1919. Faisal was not explicitly authorised by his father to enter into such an agreement, with his instructions from his father limited to the requirement that he accept only fulfilment of the previous British promises for Arab independence; the caveat was added as a result. The next day, Weizmann arrived in Paris to head the Zionist delegation to the Peace Conference.

Text of the agreement
Agreement Between Emir Feisal and Dr. Weizmann

3 January 1919

His Royal Highness the Emir Feisal, representing and acting on behalf of the Arab Kingdom of Hedjaz, and Dr. Chaim Weizmann, representing and acting on behalf of the Zionist Organization, mindful of the racial kinship and ancient bonds existing between the Arabs and the Jewish people, and realizing that the surest means of working out the consummation of their natural aspirations is through the closest possible collaboration in the development of the Arab State and Palestine, and being desirous further of confirming the good understanding which exists between them, have agreed upon the following:

Articles:

Given under our hand at London, England, the third day of January, one thousand nine hundred and nineteen

Chaim Weizmann Feisal Ibn-Hussein

Main points of the agreement
 The agreement committed both parties to conducting all relations between the groups by the most cordial goodwill and understanding, to work together to encourage immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale while protecting the rights of the Arab peasants and tenant farmers, and to safeguard the free practice of religious observances. The Muslim Holy Places were to be under Muslim control.
 The Zionist movement undertook to assist the Arab residents of Palestine and the future Arab state to develop their natural resources and establish a growing economy.
 The boundaries between an Arab State and Palestine should be determined by a Commission after the Paris Peace Conference.
 The parties committed to carrying into effect the Balfour Declaration of 1917, calling for a Jewish national home in Palestine.
 Disputes were to be submitted to the British Government for arbitration.

Weizmann signed the agreement on behalf of the Zionist Organization, while Faisal signed on behalf of the short-lived Arab Kingdom of Hedjaz.

Faisal's caveat
Faisal conditioned his acceptance on the fulfillment of British wartime promises to the Arabs, who had hoped for independence in a vast part of the Ottoman Empire. He appended to the typed document a hand-written statement, next to which Lawrence added a slightly inaccurate translation:

The date of 4 January referred to in the caveat is either a mistake or refers to a document unknown to historians. Allawi interprets Faisal as referring to his memorandum submitted on 1 January.

Subsequent discussions

Paris Peace Conference
Faisal submitted his written proposals to the Conference on 27 January. A draft memorandum that Lawrence had brought at Faisal's request to Stephen Bonsal of the American delegation shortly after the Zionists had made their initial presentation, according to Bonsal's memoirs, stated very different views from the agreement with Weizmann:
If the views of the radical Zionists, as presented to the Peace Conference, should prevail, the result will be a ferment, chronic unrest, and sooner or later civil war in Palestine. But I hope I will not be misunderstood. I assert that we Arabs have none of the racial or religious animosity against the Jews which unfortunately prevail in many other regions of the world. I assert that with the Jews who have been seated for some generations in Palestine our relations are excellent. But the new arrivals exhibit very different qualities from those "old settlers" as we call them, with whom we have been able to live and even co-operate on friendly terms. For want of a better word I must say that new colonists almost without exception have come in an imperialistic spirit. They say that too long we have been in control of their homeland taken from them by brute force in the Dark Ages, but that now under the new world order we must clear out; and if we are wise we should do so peaceably without making any resistance to what is the fiat of the civilised world.

Faisal made his appearance before the Supreme Council on 6 February and, in a further sign that his Zionist sympathy might be wavering, suggested that "Palestine, in consequence of its universal character, be left on one side for the mutual consideration of all parties concerned".

The Zionists written submission was made on 3 February with their appearance before the Supreme Council on 27 February.

Le Matin interview
A 1 March interview by Le Matin quoted Faisal as saying:
This feeling of respect for other religions dictates my opinion about Palestine, our neighbor. That the unhappy Jews come to reside there and behave as good citizens of this country, our humanity rejoices given that they are placed under a Muslim or Christian government mandated by The League of Nations. If they want to constitute a state and claim sovereign rights in this region, I foresee very serious dangers. It is to be feared that there will be a conflict between them and the other races.

Frankfurter correspondence

Although Allawi states that Faisal had been misquoted he says that the Le Matin interview resulted in difficulties with the Zionists leading to a meeting between Faisal and Frankfurter followed by Lawrence drafting of a letter to Felix Frankfurter, President of the Zionist Organization of America, on 3 March 1919, signed by Faisal:

"The Arabs, especially the educated among us, look with the deepest sympathy on the Zionist movement. Our deputation here in Paris is fully acquainted with the proposals submitted yesterday by the Zionist Organization to the Peace Conference, and we regard them as moderate and proper."

Frankfurter replied on 5 March "..These aims are now before the Peace Conference as definite proposals by the Zionist Organisation. We are happy indeed that you consider these proposals 'moderate and proper,' and that we have in you a staunch supporter for their realisation."

Controversy
When the letter was tabled at the Shaw Commission in 1929, Rustam Haidar spoke to Faisal in Baghdad and cabled that Faisal had "no recollection that he wrote anything of the sort". In January 1930, Haidar wrote to a newspaper in Baghdad that Faisal: "finds it exceedingly strange that such a matter is attributed to him as he at no time would consider allowing any foreign nation to share in an Arab country". Awni Abd al-Hadi, Faisal's secretary, wrote in his memoirs that he was not aware that a meeting between Frankfurter and Faisal took place and that: "I believe that this letter, assuming that it is authentic, was written by Lawrence, and that Lawrence signed it in English on behalf of Faisal. I believe this letter is part of the false claims made by Chaim Weizmann and Lawrence to lead astray public opinion." According to Allawi, the most likely explanation for the Frankfurter letter is that a meeting took place, a letter was drafted in English by Lawrence, but that its "contents were not entirely made clear to Faisal. He then may or may not have been induced to sign it", since it ran counter to Faisal's other public and private statements at the time.

Mack notes that Frankfurter reprinted the letter in the October 1930 issue of The Atlantic Monthly, vouched for its authenticity, commenting "Prince Feisal's letter was a document prepared under the most responsible conditions" and that although Faisal objected to interpretations that understood his letter to mean consent to Zionist policy, he did not disavow its authorship.

Failure of the agreement

Syrian National Congress and Kingdom of Syria

In October 1918, British and Arab forces had captured Damascus during the Arab Revolt and Faisal formed a government. In May 1919, elections were held for the Syrian National Congress. On 2 July 1919 the Congress in a memorandum presented to the King-Crane Commission completely opposed any migration to Palestine and the latter not to be separated from Syria. According to C.D. Smith, the Syrian National Congress had forced Faisal to back away from his tentative support of Zionist goals. At this point, the agreement could be seen as a dead letter. On 7 March 1920, Faisal was proclaimed King of Arab Kingdom of Syria (Greater Syria).

In April 1920, the San Remo conference gave France the mandate for Syria, which led to the Franco-Syrian War. In the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920, the French were victorious and Faisal was expelled from Syria after which he contended that the conditions he appended were not fulfilled and the agreement therefore moot. According to contemporaries, including Gertrude Bell and Lawrence, the French, with British support, betrayed Faisal and the Arab cause rendering the treaty invalid.

Hussein's views
St. John Philby, a British representative in Palestine, later stated that Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca and King of Hejaz, on whose behalf Faisal was acting, had refused to recognize the agreement as soon as it was brought to his notice.

Disclosure of the agreement
The agreement was first disclosed to the public in 1936.

It was noted by UNSCOP that "To many observers at the time, conclusion of the Feisal-Weizmann agreement promised well for the future co-operation of Arab and Jew in Palestine", and further referring to the 1937 report of the Palestine Royal Commission which noted that "Not once since 1919 had any Arab leader said that co-operation with the Jews was even possible" despite expressed hopes to the contrary by British and Zionist representatives.
UNSCOP did not regard the agreement as ever being valid, although Weizmann asserted that the treaty should be considered valid while at the same time agreeing that Faisal had the right to void it after losing Syria to the French.

In popular culture
Faisal-Weizmann agreement is described in one stanza of the Urdu philosophical poetry book Bang-e-dara by Allama Iqbal (written in 1924).

See also

 Israeli–Palestinian peace process
 List of Middle East peace proposals
 Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs

Notes

References

Sources

General references

 Weisgal (Ed.). (1977). Chaim Weizmann to Arthur Balfour, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann. Series A, Volume VIII. Israel University Press.

External links
Text of the Faisal-Weizmann agreement, full text, reference document, United Nations
Text of the agreement and accompanying letters, agreement and collection of selected correspondence, archived at archive.org.
The story behind the forgotten agreement

History of Zionism
Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Borders of Syria
Borders of Israel
Treaties concluded in 1919
Documents of Mandatory Palestine
1919 in British-administered Palestine
1919 in Mandatory Syria
1910s in Islam

Faisal–Weizmann agreement


Denis Ruellan, né en , est un enseignant-chercheur spécialisé dans la communication connu pour ses travaux sur le journalisme.

Carrière
Après une première carrière de journaliste et documentariste, et avec trois ouvrages à son actif (l'un sur Le Brésil, 1989; l'autre, sur les Reporters : le voyage d'Afghanistan, 1992, un dernier, à titre de photographe, sur les Pionniers d'Amazonie, 1992), Denis Ruellan obtient en 1992 un doctorat de l'Université de Rennes II en soutenant une thèse sur Le professionnalisme des reporters : espaces de travail et modes de production (sous la direction de Armand Mattelart).

Denis Ruellan est élu maitre de conférences en 1992 à l'IUT de Lannion (Université de Rennes I) où il dirige le DUT en « Information et communication ». Avec Yvon Rochard, il crée l'option « Journalisme » en 1996, qui devient rapidement l'une des formations-phare dans le domaine, au point d'être agréée en 2003 comme l'une des douze formations en journalisme par la Conférence nationale des métiers du journalisme (CPNEJ).

Membre associé du Môle armoricain de recherche sur la société de l'information et les usages d'internet (M@rsouin), groupement d'intérêt scientifique (GIS) régional, il devient co-responsable de l'Observatoire des NTIC et des métiers (Lannion).

En 1992, Denis Ruellan est habilité à diriger des recherches par l'Université de Rennes 1 et est élu en 2001 professeur des universités. En 2015, il rejoint le CELSA (Sorbonne Université) dont il devient directeur-adjoint.

Il dirige la thèse de Vitaly Buduchev (2019), Joël Langonné  (2016), François (Edoa) Bissege  (2014), Arnaud Anciaux  (2014), Olivier Trédan  (2012), Laura Morillas (2008), Francisco Cláudio Corrêa Meyer Sant'Anna  (2007), Florence Le Cam (2005).

Denis Ruellan participe également comme scénariste à des documentaires (Les pionniers de l'Amazonie, de Elizeu Ewald, 1991; Le Bouillon d'Awara, de César Paes et Marie-Clémence Blanc-Paes, 1996).

Il est le co-éditeur de la revue scientifique internationale Sur le journalisme – About journalism – Sobre jornalismo.

Il a reçu le Prix des Assises du journalisme et de l'information (Poitiers) en 2012.

En 2018, il préside la Conférence nationale des métiers du journalisme (CNMJ).

Il est membre du Groupe de recherches interdisciplinaires sur les processus d'information et de communication (GRIPIC) depuis 2015.

Publications

  Traduction partielle de l'ouvrage en roumain :

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1960
Chercheur en communication
Enseignant à l'université Paris-Sorbonne
Journaliste français du XXe siècle
Journaliste français du XXIe siècle

Denis Ruellan


المقدار (بالإنجليزية:Magnitude) لغةً هو المقياس، وفي الرياضيات هو كمية قياس رياضي لغرض ما (طول طريق، وزن سيارة، شدة إضاءة مصباح... الخ). تمكّننا القيمة العددية للمقدار من مقارنة الأشياء ببعضها حسب ترتيب كبر أو صِغر المقدار الذي يُراد قياسه والمتعلق بكل من هذه الأشياء، فمثلا نقول:

- هذه الطريق أطول من تلك

- هذه السيارة أثقل من تلك

-هذا المصباح أشد سطوعًا من ذلك المصباح.

وذلك يتم باستخدام المصطلح التقني

و يعرف المقدار بأنه مرتبة الغرض المقاس ضمن فئة القياس المأخوذة بعين الاعتبار (أطوال، أوزان، شدة إضاءة).

وقد صنف اليونانيون عدة أنواع من المقادير وهي:
 الكسور الموجبة.
 تقسيم الخطوط (ترتب حسب الطول).
 تقسيم الأجسام (حسب المساحة).
 المواد الصلبة (حسب الحجم).
 الزوايا (تقسم حسب المقدار الزاويّ).
وقد أثبتوا بأنَ الأولين لا يمكن أن يكونا نفس الشيء، أو حتى متساوية بنظام المقادير. ولم يأخذوا بالاعتبار جدوى المقادير السالبة. ولا يزال المقدار يستخدم بصورة رئيسية بالسياقات التي يكون الصفر إما أقل معياراً منها  أو يكون أقل من جميع المعايير الأخرى.

أعداد حقيقية
مقدار الأعداد الحقيقية يسمى بالقيمة المطلقة ويكتب هكذا | x | ورمزه:

 | x = | x, إذا x ≥ 0.
 | x − = | x, إذا x < 0.

فهذا يعطي مساحة للرقم من الصفر على خط الأعداد الحقيقية، فمثلا معامل الرقم 5 هو -5.

أعداد مركبة
بشكل مماثل فإن مقدار أي عدد مركب يطلق عليه القيمة المطلقة، ويعطي المسافة من الصفر في المستوي المركب. صيغة حساب مقدار العدد العقدي مشابهة لمبرهنة فيثاغورس

حيث ℜ(z) وℑ(z) هما الجزئين الحقيقي والتخيلي للعدد المركب z. على سبيل المثال فإن مقدار العدد التخيلي −3 + i 4 يساوي 5.

المتجهات الإقليدية
إن مقدار أي متجهة x للأعداد الحقيقية في الفضاء الإقليدي يعرف باسم الطويلة الإقليدية وتشتق من المسافة الإقليدية: وهي الجذر التربيعي للجداء الداخلي للمتجهة بنفسها:

حيث x = [x1, x2,..., xn]. يستخدم الرمز |x| أيضاً للتعبير عن الطويلة. على سبيل المثال، إن مقدار المتجهة [4, 5, 6] هو √(42 + 52 + 62) = √77 ويساوي تقريباً 8.775.

الفضاء الاتجاهي العام
من الممكن تطبيق مفهوم المقدار إلى الفضاء الاتجاهي بشكله العام. ويطلق عليه اسم الفضاء الاتجاهي المقداري، حيث التابع الذي يعطي مقدار أي متجهة يطلق عليه اسم الطويلة.

المصادر

رياضيات ابتدائية

مقدار (رياضيات)


تشيزري ديستي (Cesare d'Este) (فرارا، 1561 - مودينا، 11 ديسمبر 1628) دوق مودينا و ريدجو من سنة 1597 حتى وفاته.

ابن ألفونسو ديستي ماركيز مونتيكيو (ابن غير شرعي لألفونسو الأول ديستي) من زوجته الأولى جوليانا ديلا روفري (1525-1563) ابنة فرانشيسكو ماريا الأول دوق أوربينو .

بوفاة الدوق ألفونسو الثاني ديستي دون ورثة في 27 أكتوبر 1597 ، راحت الدوقية لابن عمه تشيزري، ابن ألفونسو ديستي ماركيز مونتيكيو. اعترف الإمبراطور رودولف الثاني بشرعية الخلافة، ولكن ليس بالنسبة لبابا كليمنس الثامن ، و لكون فرارا إقطاعة البابوية، على العكس مودينا وكاربي وريدجو إميليا عادت إلى الكرسي الرسولي، وعلى الرغم من المحاولات المتكررة للدوق، الذي طلب مساعدة إلى القوى الأوروبية الكبرى، وإنما حصلت على وعود، أو في حالة هنري الرابع من فرنسا، وتحول لافت. العاصمة ثم انتقل إلى دوق مودينا حيث دخلت 30 يناير 1598 ، وكان كثير من هذه المشاكل في السنوات الأولى : عدم كفاية الإقامة (القلعة القديمة في العصور الوسطى) ، والخلافات بين نبل فيرارا ومودينا، ومحاولة استقلالية بيو دي ماركو ساسوولو، الحرب على لوكا لحيازته للغارفانينا. تزوج في 30 يناير 1586 من الفلورنسية فرجينيا دي ميديشي ابنة غراندوق توسكانا كوزيمو الأول ، التي وبعد نحو عشر سنوات بدأت تظهر أعراض الأولى للجنون الذي رافقها حتى وفاتها في سنة 1615. كان رجلاً دمثاً ومتديناً، ولكن تعوزه الحنكة السياسة الكبيرة.

خلفه ابنه ألفونسو الثالث ديستي.

مراجع

أشخاص من فيرارا
إستي
إيطاليون في القرن 17
دوقات فيرارا
دوقات مودينا
رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون
مواليد 1562
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 16
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 17
نبلاء من فيرارا
وفيات 1628

تشيزري ديستي


Murmur kan hentyde til flere artikler:

 Murmur (film) - dansk film fra 1992
 Murmur (album) - debutalbummet fra R.E.M.
 Speaker Bite Me - dansk rockband fra 1990'erne, der spillede sammen under navnet Murmur

Murmur


Ørskov ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Arne Ørskov Christensen (1916–1990), dänischer Unternehmer
 Frits Ørskov (1922–2015), dänischer Mikrobiologe
 Ida Ørskov (1922–2007), dänische Ärztin und Bakteriologin
 Jeppe Ørskov (1892–1977), dänischer Bakteriologe

Ørskov oder Orskov bezeichnet weiterhin:
 Orskov Yard, ehemals Ørskov Christensen Stålskibsværft, ein dänisches Schiffbauunternehmen mit Sitz in Frederikshavn

Ørskov


Hot Chelle Rae es una banda de pop rock estadounidense, formada en Nashville, Tennessee, en el año 2005. Está formada por Ryan Follese, Nash Overstreet y Jamie Follese. Su álbum de debut, Lovesick Electric, fue lanzado el 27 de octubre de 2009. De él salió el hit Tonight Tonight, que fue certificado de platino.

Historia

Hot Chelle Rae empezó en 2005, con una reunión entre el cantante y escritor Ryan (RK) y el guitarrista Nash. La banda empezó sin firma con el nombre de Miracle Drug. Después se cambiaron el nombre a Hot Chelle Rae. El nombre de la banda está dedicado al primer nombre de un fan en MySpace. Overstreet es el hijo del cantante y escritor de música country Paul Overstreet y hermano del actor Chord Overstreet (conocido por su actuación en glee). Los hermanos Follese son hijos del escritor de música country Keith Follesé y Keaggy es hijo de Phil Keaggy.
En el verano de 2007, Hot Chelle Rae abrió el show de Lil Jon con entradas agotadas. Ese mismo año, tocaron en varios lugares entre el sur de Estados Unidos.
En 2008 firmaron con Jive Records en octubre, y empezaron a trabajar en su primer álbum "Lovesick Electric". [8]

2009: Lovesick Electric
En 2009, la banda grabó el primer álbum de estudio, con el apoyo del sello discográfico Jive Records. Se lanzó en octubre de 2009.

2011: "Whatever"
Después del lanzamiento de "Tonight Tonight", la banda ganó más popularidad. La canción alcanzó el #7 en el Billboard Hot 100. El siguiente sencillo, "I Like It Like That", fue lanzado el 13 de septiembre de 2011, y en ITunes el 4 de octubre del mismo año. Formando parte de su segundo álbum "Whatever" que salió a la venta el 29 de noviembre en Estados Unidos. La banda apareció recientemente en el programa de Disney, "So Random".

A principios del 2013 la banda americana publicó, tal y como había prometido, un nuevo sencillo en su perfil de Youtube llamado "Hung Up".

El 7 de febrero de 2014 lanzaron un nuevo sencillo, denominado Don´t Say Goodnight.

2019: "Su regreso con I Hate LA"
Después de un descanso de varios años la banda regresó con un EP con un sonido totalmente nuevo llamado Tangerine, con un sencillo popular de nombre "I Hate LA"

2021: "10TH Aniversario Tonight Tonight"
La pandemia del COVID no detuvo a la banda ya que estos sacaron un sencillo remasterizado de Tonight Tonight, canción que los llevó al top 10 del Billboard Hot 100 y para aprovechar la ocasión sacaron del mismo sencillo un remix del COVID. "Do The Damn Thing" es el más reciente sencillo de la banda con la colaboración de Chord Overstreet, hermano de Nash Overstreet, miembro de la banda.

Curiosidades de Hot Chelle Rae
La banda participa en el tour de Justin Bieber por USA como sus teloneros.

Ian Keaggy abandona el grupo para dedicarse a sus demás aficiones.

Miembros
Ryan Keith Follese – guitarra, voz (2005–presente)
Nash Overstreet – guitarra, voz (2005–presente)
Ian Sebastian Keaggy – Bajo (2005–2013)
Jamie Christian Follese – batería (2005–presente)

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio

Sencillos

Referencias

Boy bands
Artistas de RCA Records
Artistas de Jive Records
Grupos de rock de Tennessee
Grupos de pop rock de Estados Unidos
Grupos de dance-rock
Grupos de música de los años 2010

Hot Chelle Rae


La caserne Vercingétorix est située une ancienne caserne dans la commune française de Riom,  avenue Virlogeux, dans le département du Puy-de-Dôme. Ancien abattoir public, le bâtiment  fut agrandi et transformé en caserne au milieu du XIXe. Il abrita ensuite la manufacture des tabacs de la ville avant de revenir à un usage militaire jusqu'en 1910. Il  connut ensuite plusieurs usages. Désaffectée, la caserne est inscrite aux Monuments historiques.

Histoire
Un abattoir public a été construit par le fils de l'architecte Claude-François-Marie Attiret, Michel Louis Attiret de Manevil, en 1833. Il a été transformé en caserne en 1858. Les corps de bâtiments sont disposés autour du cour rectangulaire de . Le rez-de-chaussée a aménagé en écurie. Une porte monumentale a été construite à l'entrée en y plaçant les armes du régiment de hussards.  Libérée par ces troupes de cavalerie en 1868, elle fut alors reprise cette même année par la manufacture des tabacs de Riom, nouvellement créée qui s'y installa. Elle y restera jusqu'à la création de ses propres bâtiments en 1883.

La caserne a été ensuite reprise par l'armée en 1889 pour y installer un régiment d'infanterie. Elle a été déclarée insalubre et désaffectée en 1910.

Au début des années 1920, la compagnie de signaux et d'entreprises électriques y installa sa production de câbles.

En 2014, Riom Communauté a lancé un appel d'offres de maîtrise d'œuvre pour la réhabilitation et l'extension de l'ancienne caserne Vercingétorix en médiathèque et école de musique mais celui-ci a été annulé.

L'ensemble des bâtiments représentant une surface de  doit être réaménagé en logements, commerces et bureaux en 2022.

Protection
La caserne a été inscrite au titre des monuments historiques le .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de Riom

Liens externes

Vercingétorix
Monument historique à Riom
Monument historique inscrit en 2000
Vercingétorix

Caserne Vercingétorix


Falakata (en bengalí: ফালাকাটা ) es una ciudad de la India, en el distrito de Jalpaiguri, estado de Bengala Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 65  a 693 km de la capital estatal, Calcuta, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 22 999 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bengala Occidental

Falakata


An Arisaema wattii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Arisaema wattii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arisaema

Arisaema wattii


جبل قريظة، أو جبل البركان هو أحد جبال المدينة المنورة ويقع في الجنوب الشرقي للمدينة.

آثار الجبل
من المعروف أن يهود بنو قريظة غدروا بالنبي  وبالمسلمين، وقد حاصرهم النبي خمسة عشر يوماً، ثم حكم فيهم سعد بن معاذ، ومن أهم الآثار الموجودة في الجبل:
 خندق في أعالي الجبل
 أرض خصبة صالحة للزراعة.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة جبال السعودية
 جبل النور
 جبل حراء

المراجع

جبال الحجاز
قريظة

جبل قريظة


Emil Bodholdt-Larsen (født 15. februar 1999) er en fodboldspiller fra Danmark, der spiller for Lyngby Boldklub.

Klubkarriere
Emil Bodholdt-Larsen fik sin debut på førsteholdet til kampen mellem Lyngby BK og AGF lørdag den 24. februar 2018, da han blev skiftet ind i det 90. minut.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Lyngby Boldklub

Emil Bodholdt-Larsen


Das Amt Nuthe-Urstromtal war ein 1992 gebildetes Amt in Brandenburg, in dem sich 20 Gemeinden des damaligen Landkreises Luckenwalde (heute Landkreis Teltow-Fläming) zu einer Verwaltungsgemeinschaft zusammengeschlossen hatten. Amtssitz war die Stadt Luckenwalde, die jedoch nicht zum Amt gehörte. 1993 wurde das Amt aufgelöst.

Lage
Das Amt liegt östlich der Zauche, südlich des Teltow und nördlich des Fläming im Baruther Urstromtal, nach dem das Amt benannt ist. Es grenzte im Norden an die Stadt Trebbin, im Osten an die Ämter Am Mellensee und Baruth/Mark, im Süden an die Ämter Niederer Fläming und Jüterbog sowie an die Stadt Luckenwalde und im Westen an die Ämter Treuenbrietzen und Beelitz (beide Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark).

Durch das Amtsgebiet verliefen die Bundesstraßen 101 und 115 sowie die Landesstraßen 70, 73, 80, 715, 801 und 812. Zudem floss die Namensgebende Nuthe durch das Amt. Außerdem führt die Bahnstrecke Berlin–Halle durch das Amt. Im Nordosten des ehemaligen Amtes befindet sich ein Teil des Flugplatzes Sperenberg.

Geschichte
Am 20. Mai 1992 erteilte der Minister des Innern seine Zustimmung zur Bildung eines Amtes Nuthe-Urstromtal mit Sitz in der amtsfreien Stadt Luckenwalde. Die Bildung des Amtes erfolgte mit der Veröffentlichung der Bekanntmachung am 15. Juni 1992. Das Amt bestand aus 20 Gemeinden:

 Berkenbrück
 Dobbrikow
 Dümde
 Felgentreu
 Frankenförde mit dem Ortsteil Gottsdorf
 Gottow
 Hennickendorf
 Holbeck
 Jänickendorf
 Kemnitz
 Lynow
 Märtensmühle mit den Ortsteilen Ahrensdorf und Liebätz
 Nettgendorf
 Ruhlsdorf
 Scharfenbrück
 Schönefeld
 Schöneweide
 Stülpe
 Woltersdorf
 Zülichendorf

Zeitgleich mit der Kreisreform in Brandenburg am 6. Dezember 1993 schlossen sich alle Gemeinden des Amtes zu der neuen Großgemeinde Nuthe-Urstromtal zusammen und das Amt wurde aufgelöst. Es hatte zuletzt 7005 Einwohner.

Einzelnachweise

Nuthe-Urstromtal
Gegründet 1992
Aufgelöst 1993
Nuthe-Urstromtal

Amt Nuthe-Urstromtal


Bernhard Thalheim (* 10. März 1952 in Radebeul) ist ein deutscher Informatiker und Universitätsprofessor. Er veröffentlicht grundlegende Beiträge zur konzeptuellen Modellierung und der ihr zugrunde liegenden Theorie.

Leben
Von 1971 bis 1975 studierte Thalheim Mathematik an der Technischen Universität Dresden. Im Jahr 1979 wurde er zum Dr. rer. nat. in Diskreter Mathematik an der Lomonossow-Universität promoviert. 1985 habilitierte er sich an der Technischen Universität Dresden im Bereich der Theoretischen Informatik.

Von 1986 bis 1989 war Thalheim als Dozent an der Technischen Universität Dresden tätig. Anschließend lehrte und forschte er von 1989 bis 1993 als Professor und Lehrstuhlinhaber an der Universität Rostock. In den Jahren 1993 bis 2003 war er als Dekan und Professor an der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus tätig. Von 2003 bis 2020 war er Professor an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel und leitete den Lehrstuhl Technologie der Informationssysteme.
Darüber hinaus war Bernhard Thalheim Gastprofessor an der Universität von Kuwait von 1988 bis 1990 und in den Jahren 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 und 2008 Gastprofessor der Universität Klagenfurt (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt) in Österreich. Im Jahr 2003 war er Gastprofessor am Alfréd Rényi Institut für Mathematik der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften sowie 2006 Gastprofessor an der Massey University in Neuseeland.

Im Jahr 2005 wurde er wegen seiner Leistungen im Bereich des Information Systems Engineering Kolmogorow-Professor e. h. der Lomonossow-Universität und war damit der fünfte Wissenschaftler weltweit, der auf diese Weise ausgezeichnet wurde. Am 22. Oktober 2008 erhielt er den Peter P. Chen Award für seine herausragenden Beiträge zum Forschungsbereich der Konzeptionellen Modellierung.

Er ist Gründer des deutschen Zweigs der DAMA, Vize-Chair des Steering Committee der FoIKS-Konferenzen und Mitglied des Steering Committee weiterer Konferenzen, u. a. ER, ADBIS, ASM und NLDB. Er ist Herausgeber von Data and Knowledge Engineering sowie weiteren Zeitschriften und Mitglied des Beirats von Dataport.

Wissenschaftliche Beiträge

Konzeptuelle Modellierung
Thalheim veröffentlichte grundlegende Beiträge zur Conceptual modeling theory und der Science of Conceptual Modeling auf unterschiedlichen Abstraktionsebenen und Anwendungsbereichen. Dazu gehören das von ihm entwickelte Higher-Order Entity-Relationship Model, das Buch Dependencies in Relational Databases und die Kapitel 6, 12 sowie 17 des Handbook of Conceptual Modeling.

Das Higher-Order Entity-Relationship Model (HERM) und das Buch Dependencies in Relational Databases dienen als Grundlage von Systemanalyse- und Design-Methoden, CASE-Werkzeugen und Repository-Systemen. Das HERM ist Basis für eine Reihe kommerzieller Projekte in Deutschland sowie Europa und wird als Referenz für Grundlagen von Datenbankmanagementsystemen und Entity-Relationship-Modellierung zitiert.

Das von Thalheim entwickelte HERM hat seine Wurzeln bei A.P.G. Brown bzw. dessen Erfindung des Entity-Relationship-Modell-Konzepts, greift aber auch andere, grundlegende Ideen früher Arbeiten auf, wie z. B. von Peter Chen, die vor allem von Praktikern entwickelt und vorangetrieben wurden.

Konzeptuelle Modellierung für IT-Grundlagen
Wissenschaftliche Beiträge zum Thema conceptual modeling foundations and theory forming überspannen einen Bereich von IT-Problemlösungsarbeiten, wie z. B. die Semantik in Datenbanken für generalisierte, funktionale Abhängigkeiten für einen benutzerfreundlichen Datenbank Entwurf; Co-Design als ganzheitlichen Ansatz für Kollaboration und Kooperation beim Entwurf von Informationssystem-Anwendungen; Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebene der Arbeitsprozesse von Benutzern zur Entwicklung von Collaboration Frameworks für verteilte Web-Information-Systeme; die Konzeptualisierung von Theorien in verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen als Grundlage für Content-Management-Systeme; Model Suites als Entwurfstheorie und Grundlage von Multi-Model Engineering für den Umgang mit Informationssystem-Modellen und deren Komplexität bei Auftraten von Evolution; Business Process Modeling und Notationen, die über die Modellierung von Geschäftsprozessen hinausgehen führen zu Datenbankmanagement Grundlagen; und die systematische Entwicklung von Internet-Sites für die Entwicklung von Webinformationssystemen.

Datenbankentwurfswerkzeuge
RADD Rapid application and database development (Werkzeugkasten für die Entwicklung von Strukturen, constraints, Funktionen, Sichten und Schnittstellen für Datenbanksysteme)

VisualSQL (Visual database querying) Visuelle Datenbankprogrammierung – VisualSQL

Publikationen (Auswahl)

 2020. The triptych of conceptual modeling. With Heinrich C. Mayr Softw Syst Model 20, 7–24 (2021). doi:10.1007/s10270-020-00836-z
 2019. Semantics and Inferences on Storyboarding. With Klaus-Dieter Schewe, in: Design and Development of Web Information Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58824-6_4
 2018. Conceptual Model Notions – A Matter of Controversy: Conceptual Modelling and its Lacunas. In: Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures (EMISAJ) Vol. 13 (2018), doi:10.18417/emisa.si.hcm.1
 2017. General and Specific Model Notions. In (Kirikova M., Nørvåg K., Papadopoulos G. (eds)) Advances in Databases and Information Systems. ADBIS 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10509. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66917-5_2
 2016. Supporting Culture-Aware Information Search. With Hannu Jaakkola. In: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications Ebook Volume 292: Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXVIII, doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-720-7-161Series
 2015. W∗H: The Conceptual Model for Services. With A. Dahanayake. In: Correct Software in Web Applications and Web Services. Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation, Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17112-8_5
 2014. The Conceptual Model ≈ An Adequate and Faithful Artifact Enhanced by Concepts. In (T. Tokuda and Y. Kiyoki eds.): Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXV, Band 25, EBSCO Vol. 260 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, IOS Press, 2014, ISBN 1614993610, ISBN 9781614993612
 2013. Dependencies in Relational Databases. Teubmer Texte zur Mathematik, Band 126
 2011. Handbook of Conceptual Modeling: Theory, Practice, and Research Challenges. With David W. Embley(eds.), Springer ISBN 3-642-15864-1
 2011. Semantics in Data and Knowledge Bases. With Klaus-Dieter Schewe (eds.), 4th International Workshops, SDKB 2010, Bordeaux, France, July 5, 2010, Revised Selected Papers Springer.
 2010. Advances in Databases and Information Systems – 14th East European Conference. With Barbara Catania, and Mirjana Ivanovic (eds.), ADBIS 2010, Novi Sad, Serbia, September 20–24, Proceedings Springer.
 2008. Semantics in Data and Knowledge Bases. With Klaus-Dieter Schewe (eds.), Third International Workshop, SDKB 2008, Nantes, France, March 29, 2008, Revised Selected Papers Springer.
 2008. Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2008. With James Bailey, David Maier, Klaus-Dieter Schewe, and Xiaoyang Sean Wang (eds.), 9th International Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, September 1–3, 2008. Proceedings Springer.
 2007. Conceptual Modeling – ER 2007. With Christine Parent, Klaus-Dieter Schewe, and Veda C. Storey (eds.), 26th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Auckland, New Zealand, November 5–9, 2007, Proceedings Springer.
 2004. Abstract State Machines 2004. Advances in Theory and Practice. with Wolf Zimmermann(eds.) 11th International Workshop, ASM, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany, May 24–28, 2004. Proceedings Springer,
 2004. Web Information Systems. With Christoph Bussler, Suk-ki Hong, Woochun Jun, Roland Kaschek, Kinshuk, Shonali Krishnaswamy, Seng Wai Loke, Daniel Oberle, Debbie Richards, Amit Sharma, and York Sure (eds.), WISE 2004 International Workshops, Brisbane, Australia, November 22–24, 2004. Proceedings Springer.
 2003. Semantics in Databases. With Leopoldo E. Bertossi, Gyula O. H. Katona, and Klaus-Dieter Schewe (eds.), Second International Workshop, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, January 7–12, 2001, Revised Papers Springer.
 2003. Advances in Databases and Information Systems. With Leonid A. Kalinichenko, Rainer Manthey, and Uwe Wloka (eds.),7th East European Conference, ADBIS 2003, Dresden, Germany, September 3–6, 2003, Proceedings Springer.
 2000. Entity-Relationship Modeling Foundations of Database Technology. Springer, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-540-65470-4.
 2000. Current Issues in Databases and Information Systems, East-European Conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems. With Julius Stuller, Jaroslav Pokorný, and Yoshifumi Masunaga (eds.), Held Jointly with International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, ADBIS-DASFAA 2000, Prague, Czech Republic, September 5–8, 2000, Proceedings Springer.
 2000. Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems. With Klaus-Dieter Schewe (eds.), First International Symposium, FoIKS 2000, Burg, Germany, February 14–17, 2000, Proceedings Springer.
 1999. Conceptual Modeling: Current Issues and Future Directions (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) With Peter Chen, Jacky Akoka, and Hannu Kangassalo (eds.).
 1991. Dependencies in relational databases. published by Teubner.
 1989. Practical Database Design Methodologies. Kuwait University Press.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Homepage an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

Mathematiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Informatiker
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Dresden)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Rostock)
Hochschullehrer (Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus)
Hochschullehrer (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1952
Mann

Bernhard Thalheim


Klapa Maestral je klapa osnovana u Dubrovniku 1970.

Od samih početaka nastupali su s instrumentima. Prva su hrvatska klapa koja je nastupala s instrumentima. Instumenti su im omogućili širok repertoar pjesama, od dalmatinskih pjesama s tamburicama, country-western stvari s bendžom, grčih stvari s dva buzukia...

Povijest
Počeci klape sežu u srednju školu osnivača, na ulaz u amfiteatar dubrovačke pomorske škole gdje su pjevušili preko velikog odmora. Publici su se predstavili na Omiškom festivalu s pjesmom "Lijepa mande" 1970. godine što se uzima za godinu nastanka klape. Osvojili su prvu nagradu publike i drugu nagradu žirija na tom festivalu.

Članovi

(nepotpuno, oko 25)

Izvorna postava
Krešimir Magdić, Joško Didović, Ante Dražeta, Darko Pešice, Đuro Bratičević, Želimir Njirić i Dubravko Kakarigi.

Diskografija

Studijski albumi
Pjesma jednog maestrala... (1982., ZKP RTVL)
Dubrovački stari sat (1988., ZKP RTVL)
Klapa Maestral (1998., Orfej)
Pusti srce neka drijema... (2015., Croatia Records)

EP
Htio bih te zaboravit (1973., 	PGP RTB)
Pjesmo moja (?., Jugoton)

Kompilacije
Dubrovnik (1989., ZKP RTVL)
Klapa Maestral & Đelo Jusić - Pjesni po dubrovačku (2008., Croatia Records)

Izvori
https://www.discogs.com/artist/995321-Klapa-Maestral

Maestral
Dubrovnik

Klapa Maestral


Namık ist ein türkischer männlicher Vorname arabischer Herkunft mit der Bedeutung "der Schriftsteller". Außerhalb des türkischen Sprachraums, insbesondere in Albanien und Aserbaidschan, kommt die Form Namik vor.

Namensträger

Osmanische Zeit
 Mehmed Namık Pascha (1804–1892), osmanischer Staatsmann und Militärreformer
 Namık Kemal (1840–1888), türkischer Dichter und Schriftsteller

Vorname

 Namik Dokle (* 1946), albanischer Journalist, Schriftsteller und Politiker
 Namık Güner Erpul (* 1957), türkischer Diplomat
 Namık Kemal Ersun (1915–1988), türkischer General
 Namık Tan (* 1956), türkischer Diplomat
 Namık Kemal Yolga (1914–2001), türkischer Diplomat
 Namık Kemal Zeybek (* 1944), türkischer Politiker und Kolumnist

Sonstiges
 Namık-Kemal-Gymnasium Gazimağusa, Gymnasium in Nordzypern
 Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Universität im türkischen Tekirdağ

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Türkischer Personenname

Namık


Haitian Creole (; , ; , ), commonly referred to as simply Creole, or Kreyòl in the Creole language, is a French-based creole language spoken by 10–12million people worldwide, and is one of the two official languages of Haiti (the other being French), where it is the native language of the vast majority of the population. Northern, Central, and Southern dialects are the three main dialects of Haitian Creole. The Northern dialect is predominantly spoken in Cap-Haïtien, Central is spoken in Port-au-Prince, and Southern in the Cayes area.

The language emerged from contact between French settlers and enslaved Africans during the Atlantic slave trade in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Although its vocabulary largely derives from 18th-century French, its grammar is that of a West African Volta-Congo language branch, particularly the Fongbe and Igbo languages. It also has influences from Spanish, English, Portuguese, Taino, and other West African languages. It is not mutually intelligible with standard French, and has its own distinctive grammar. Haitians are the largest community in the world speaking a modern creole language, according to some sources. However, this is disputable, as Nigerian Pidgin, an English-based Creole language, is attested by some sources to have a larger number of speakers than that of Haitian Creole and other French-based Creole languages, particularly if non-native speakers are included.

The usage of, and education in, Haitian Creole has been contentious since at least the 19thcentury. Some Haitians view French as a legacy of colonialism, while Creole has been maligned by francophones as a miseducated person's French. Until the late 20thcentury, Haitian presidents spoke only standard French to their fellow citizens, and until the 21st century, all instruction at Haitian elementary schools was in modern standard French, a second language to most of their students.

Haitian Creole is also spoken in regions that have received migration from Haiti, including other Caribbean islands, French Guiana, France, Canada (particularly Quebec) and the United States. It is related to Antillean Creole, spoken in the Lesser Antilles, and to other French-based creole languages.

Etymology
The word creole comes from the Portuguese term , which means "a person raised in one's house", from the Latin , which means "to create, make, bring forth, produce, beget". In the New World, the term originally referred to Europeans born and raised in overseas colonies (as opposed to the European-born peninsulares). To be "as rich as a Creole" at one time was a popular saying boasted in Paris during the colonial years of Saint-Domingue, for being the most lucrative colony in the world. The noun Creole eventually came to denote mixed-race Creole peoples and their mixed Creole languages.

Origins

Haitian Creole contains elements from both the Romance group of Indo-European languages through its superstrate, French, as well as influences from African languages. There are many theories on the formation of the Haitian Creole language.

One theory estimates that Haitian Creole developed between 1680 and 1740. During the 17th century, French and Spanish colonizers produced tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane on the island. Throughout this period, the population was made of roughly equal numbers of  (white workers),  (free people of colour) and slaves. The economy shifted more decisively into sugar production about 1690, just before the French colony of  was officially recognized in 1697. The sugar crops needed a much larger labor force, which led to an increase in slave trafficking . In the 18th century an estimated 800,000 West Africans were enslaved and brought to Saint-Domingue. As the slave population increased, the proportion of French-speaking colonists decreased.

Many African slaves in the colony had come from Niger-Congo-speaking territory, and particularly speakers of Kwa languages, such as Gbe from West Africa and the Central Tano languages, and Bantu languages from Central Africa. Singler suggests that the number of Bantu speakers decreased while the number of Kwa speakers increased, with Gbe being the most dominant group. The first fifty years of 's sugar boom coincided with emergent Gbe predominance in the French Caribbean. In the interval during which Singler hypothesizes the language evolved, the Gbe population was around 50% of the kidnapped enslaved population.

Classical French () and  (Norman,  and  dialects, Gallo and Picard) were spoken during the 17th and 18th centuries in , as well as in New France and French West Africa.  Slaves lacked a common means of communication and as a result would try to learn French to communicate with one another, though most were denied a formal education. With the constant trafficking and enslavement of Africans, the language became increasingly distinct from French. The language was also picked up by other members of the community and became used by the majority of those born in what is now Haiti.

Saint Dominican Creole French

In Saint-Domingue, people of all classes spoke Creole French. There were both lower and higher registers of the language, depending on education and class. Creole served as a lingua franca throughout the West Indies.

Difference between Haitian Creole and French
Haitian Creole and French have similar pronunciations and share many lexical items. However, many cognate terms actually have different meanings. For example, as Valdman mentions in Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin, the word for "frequent" in French is ; however, its cognate in Haitian Creole  means 'insolent, rude, and impertinent' and usually refers to people. In addition, the grammars of Haitian Creole and French are very different. For example, in Haitian Creole, verbs are not conjugated as they are in French. Additionally, Haitian Creole possesses different phonetics from standard French; however, it is similar in phonetic structure. The phrase-structure is another similarity between Haitian Creole and French but differs slightly in that it contains details from its African substratum language.

Both Haitian Creole and French have also experienced semantic change: words that had a single meaning in the  have changed or have been replaced in both languages. For example, "" ("What is your name?") corresponds to the French  Although the average French speaker would not understand this phrase, every word in it is in fact of French origin:  "who";  "manner";  "you", and  "to call", but the verb  has been replaced by  in modern French and reduced to a meaning of "to flag down".

Lefebvre proposed the theory of relexification, arguing that the process of relexification (the replacement of the phonological representation of a substratum lexical item with the phonological representation of a superstratum lexical item, so that the Haitian creole lexical item looks like French, but works like the substratum language(s)) was central in the development of Haitian Creole.

The Fon language, also known as the Fongbe language, is a modern Gbe language native to Benin, Nigeria and Togo in West Africa. This language has a grammatical structure similar to Haitian Creole, possibly making Creole a relexification of Fon with vocabulary from French. The two languages are often compared:

Taino influence
There are a number of Taino influences in Haitian Creole; many objects, fruits and animals name are either haitianize or have a similar pronunciation. Many towns, places or sites have their official name being a translation of the Taino word.

Langay
Langay is a specialized vocabulary used in Haiti for religion, song, and dance purposes. It appears to not be an actual language, but rather an assortment of words, songs, and incantations – some secret – from various languages once used in Haitian Vodoun ceremonies.

History

Early development
Haitian Creole developed in the 17th and 18th centuries in the colony of Saint-Domingue, in a setting that mixed speakers of various Niger–Congo languages with French colonials. In the early 1940s under President , attempts were made to standardize the language. American linguistic expert Frank Laubach and Irish Methodist missionary H. Ormonde McConnell developed a standardized Haitian Creole orthography. Although some regarded the orthography highly, it was generally not well received. Its orthography was standardized in 1979. That same year Haitian Creole was elevated in status by the Act of 18 September 1979. The  established an official orthography for Creole, and slight modifications were made over the next two decades. For example, the  is no longer used, nor is the apostrophe. The only accent mark retained is the grave accent in  and .

Becoming an official language
The Constitution of 1987 upgraded Haitian Creole to a national language alongside French. It classified French as the  or "language of instruction", and Creole was classified as an  or a "tool of education". The Constitution of 1987 names both Haitian Creole and French as the official languages, but recognizes Haitian Creole as the only language that all Haitians hold in common. French is spoken by only a small percentage of citizens.

Literature development
Even without government recognition, by the end of the 19th century, there were already literary texts written in Haitian Creole such as 's  and 's .  was another influential author of Haitian Creole work. Since the 1980s, many educators, writers, and activists have written literature in Haitian Creole. In 2001, Open Gate: An Anthology of Haitian Creole Poetry was published. It was the first time a collection of Haitian Creole poetry was published in both Haitian Creole and English. On 28 October 2004, the Haitian daily  first published an entire edition in Haitian Creole in observance of the country's newly instated "Creole Day". Haitian Creole writers often use different literary strategies throughout their works, such as code-switching, to increase the audience's knowledge on the language. Literature in Haitian Creole is also used to educate the public on the dictatorial social and political forces in Haiti.

List of Haitian Creole-language writers
  (b. 1962), poet and novelist
  (b. 1936), poet, playwright, painter, musician, activist
  (b. 1967), international press activist
  (1942-2017), poet, novelist and art critic
  (1912-1998), poet and playwright
  (b. 1956), writer and visual artist
  (b. 1956), poet and novelist
  (b. 1982), poet

Sociolinguistics

Role in society

Although both French and Haitian Creole are official languages in Haiti, French is often considered the high language and Haitian Creole as the low language in the diglossic relationship of these two languages in society. That is to say, for the minority of Haitian population that is bilingual, the use of these two languages largely depends on the social context: standard French is used more in public, especially in formal situations, whereas Haitian Creole is used more on a daily basis and is often heard in ordinary conversation.

There is a large population in Haiti that speaks only Haitian Creole, whether under formal or informal conditions:

Use in educational system
In most schools, French is still the preferred language for teaching. Generally speaking, Creole is more used in public schools, as that is where most children of ordinary families who speak Creole attend school.

Historically, the education system has been French-dominant. Except the children of elites, many had to drop out of school because learning French was very challenging to them and they had a hard time to follow up. The Bernard Reform of 1978 tried to introduce Creole as the teaching language in the first four years of primary school; however, the reform overall was not very successful. As a result, the use of Creole has grown but in a very limited way. After the earthquake in 2010, basic education became free and more accessible to the monolingual masses. The government is still trying to expand the use of Creole and improve the school system.

Orthography

Haitian Creole has a phonemic orthography with highly regular spelling, except for proper nouns and foreign words. According to the official standardized orthography, Haitian Creole is composed of the following 32 symbols: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . The letters  and  are always associated with another letter (in the multigraphs , , , and ). The Haitian Creole alphabet has no  or ; when  is used in loanwords and proper nouns, it represents the sounds , , or .

 There are no silent letters in the Haitian Creole orthography.
 All sounds are always spelled the same, except when a vowel carries a grave accent , which makes it an oral vowel instead of a nasal vowel:
  and ;
  and ; and
  and .
 When immediately followed by a vowel in a word, the digraphs denoting the nasal vowels (, , , and sometimes ) are pronounced as an oral vowel followed by .
 There is some ambiguity in the pronunciation of the high vowels of the letters  and  when followed in spelling by . Common words such as  ("person") and  ("car") end with consonantal , while very few words, mostly adopted from African languages, contain nasalized high vowels, as in .

Haitian orthography debate
The first technical orthography for Haitian Creole was developed in 1940 by H. Ormonde McConnell and Primrose McConnell, Irish Methodist missionaries. It was later revised with the help of Frank Laubach, resulting in the creation of what is known as the McConnell–Laubach orthography.

The McConnell–Laubach orthography received substantial criticism from members of the Haitian elite. Haitian scholar Charles Pressoir critiqued the McConnell–Laubach orthography for its lack of codified front rounded vowels, which are typically used only by francophone elites. Another criticism was of the broad use of the letters , , and , which Pressoir argued looked "too American". This criticism of the "American look" of the orthography was shared by many educated Haitians, who also criticized its association with Protestantism. The last of Pressoir's criticisms was that "the use of the circumflex to mark nasalized vowels" treated nasal sounds differently from the way they are represented in French, which he feared would inhibit the learning of French.

The creation of the orthography was essentially an articulation of the language ideologies of those involved and brought out political and social tensions between competing groups. A large portion of this tension lay in the ideology held by many that the French language is superior, which led to resentment of the language by some Haitians and an admiration for it from others. This orthographical controversy boiled down to an attempt to unify a conception of Haitian national identity. Where  and  seemed too Anglo-Saxon and American imperialistic,  and  were symbolic of French colonialism.

French-based orthography
When Haiti was still a colony of France, edicts by the French government were often written in a French-lexicon creole and read aloud to the slave population. The first written text of Haitian Creole was composed in the French-lexicon in a poem called Lisette quitté la plaine in 1757 by Duvivier de la Mahautière, a white Creole planter.

Before Haitian Creole orthography was standardized in the late 20th century, spelling varied, but was based on subjecting spoken HaitianCreole to written French, a language whose spelling has a complicated relation to pronunciation. Unlike the phonetic orthography, French orthography of HaitianCreole is not standardized and varies according to the writer; some use exact French spelling, others adjust the spelling of certain words to represent pronunciation of the cognate in HaitianCreole, removing the silent letters. For example: ( "He goes to work in the morning") could be transcribed as:
 ,
 , or (disagreement, Lui is never used in Haitian creole)
 .

Grammar
Haitian Creole grammar is highly analytical: for example, verbs are not inflected for tense or person, and there is no grammatical gender, which means that adjectives and articles are not inflected according to the noun. The primary word order is subject–verb–object as it is in French and English.

Many grammatical features, particularly the pluralization of nouns and indication of possession, are indicated by appending certain markers, like , to the main word. There has been a debate going on for some years as to whether these markers are affixes or clitics, and if punctuation such as the hyphen should be used to connect them to the word.

Although the language's vocabulary has many words related to their French-language cognates, its sentence structure is like that of the West African Fon language.

Pronouns
There are six pronouns: first, second, and third person, each in both singular, and plural; all are of French etymological origin. There is no difference between direct and indirect objects.

Possessive pronouns

Singular

Plural

Plural of nouns
Definite nouns are made plural when followed by the word ; indefinite plural nouns are unmarked.

Possession
Possession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed. In the Capois dialect of northern Haiti,  or  is placed before the possessive pronoun.  Note, however, that this is not considered the standard Kreyòl most often heard in the media or used in writing.

Possession does not indicate definiteness ("my friend" as opposed to "a friend of mine"), and possessive constructions are often followed by a definite article.

Indefinite article
The language has two indefinite articles,  and  (pronounced  and ) which correspond to French  and .  is derived from the French  . Both are used only with singular nouns, and are placed before the noun:

Definite article
In Haitian Creole, the definite article has five forms, and it is placed after the noun it modifies. The final syllable of the preceding word determines which form the definite article takes. If the last sound is an oral consonant or a glide (spelled 'y' or 'w'), and if it is preceded by an oral vowel, the definite article is :

If the last sound is an oral consonant and is preceded by a nasal vowel, the definite article is :

If the last sound is an oral vowel and is preceded by an oral consonant, the definite article is :

If the last sound is any oral vowel other than i or ou and is preceded by a nasal consonant, then the definite article is also a:

If a word ends in , , , , or if it ends with any nasal vowel, then the definite article is an:

If the last sound is a nasal consonant, the definite article is , but may also be :

Demonstratives
There is a single word  that corresponds to English "this" and to "that" (and to French , , , and ). As in English, it may be used as a demonstrative, except that it is placed after the noun that it qualifies. It is often followed by  or  (in order to mark number):  ("this here" or "that there"):

As in English, it may also be used as a pronoun, replacing a noun:

Verbs
Many verbs in Haitian Creole are the same spoken words as the French infinitive, but there is no conjugation in the language; the verbs have one form only, and changes in tense, mood, and aspect are indicated by the use of markers:

Copula

The concept expressed in English by the verb "tobe" is expressed in Haitian Creole by three words, , , and sometimes .

The verb  (pronounced similarly to the English word "say") is used to link a subject with a predicate nominative:

The subject  or  can sometimes be omitted with :

To express "I want to be", usually  ("tobecome") is used instead of .

 also means "tobe", but is placed exclusively at the end of a sentence, after the predicate and the subject (in that order):

Haitian Creole has stative verbs, which means that the verb "tobe" is notcovert when followed by an adjective. Therefore,  means both "sick" and "":

To have
The verb "to have" is , often shortened to .

There is
The verb  (or ) also means "there is" or "there are":

To know
The Haitian Creole word for "to know" and "to know how" is , which is often shortened to .

To do
 means "do" or "make". It has a broad range of meanings, as it is one of the most common verbs used in idiomatic phrases.

To be able to
The verb  (or shortened to ,  or ) means "to be able to (do something)". It refers to both "capability" and "availability":

Tense markers
There is no conjugation in Haitian Creole. In the present non-progressive tense, one just uses the basic verb form for stative verbs:

When the basic form of action verbs is used without any verb markers, it is generally understood as referring to the past:

 means both "food" and "to eat", as  does in Canadian French;  means "I am eating good food".

For other tenses, special "tense marker" words are placed before the verb. The basic ones are:

Simple past or past perfect:

Past progressive:

Present progressive:

For the present progressive, it is customary, though not necessary, to add  ("rightnow"):

Also,  can mean "will eat" depending on the context of the sentence:

Near or definite future:

Future:

Other examples:

Recent past markers include  and  (both mean "just" or "just now" and are often used together):

A verb mood marker is , corresponding to English "would" and equivalent to the French conditional tense:

Negation
The word  comes before a verb and any tense markers to negate it:

Lexicon

Most of the lexicon of Creole is derived from French, with significant changes in pronunciation and morphology; often the French definite article was retained as part of the noun. For example, the French definite article la in la lune ("the moon") was incorporated into the Creole noun for moon: . However, the language also inherited many words of different origins, among them Wolof, Fon, Kongo, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Taino and Arabic.

Haitian Creole creates and borrows new words to describe new or old concepts and realities. Examples of this are  which was borrowed from English and means "to move backwards" (the original word derived from French is  from ), and also from English, napkin, which is being used as well as , from the French .

Sample

and
Although  and  have similar words in French (, a pejorative to refer to black people, and , meaning white, or white person), the meanings they carry in French do not apply in Haitian Creole.  means "a person" or « a man » (like "guy" or "dude" in American English). The word  generally means "foreigner" or "not from Haiti". Thus, a non-black Haitian man (usually biracial) could be called , while a black person from the US could be referred to as .

Etymologically, the word  is derived from the French  and is cognate with the Spanish  ("black", both the color and the people).

There are many other Haitian Creole terms for specific tones of skin including , , , and . Some Haitians consider such labels as offensive because of their association with color discrimination and the Haitian class system, while others use the terms freely.

Examples

Salutations

Proverbs and expressions

Proverbs play a central role in traditional Haitian culture and Haitian Creole speakers make frequent use of them as well as of other metaphors.

Proverbs

Expressions

Usage abroad

United States and Canada

Haitian Creole is used widely among Haitians who have relocated to other countries, particularly the United States and Canada. Some of the larger Creole-speaking populations are found in Montreal, Quebec (where French is the official language), New York City, Boston, and Central and South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Palm Beach). To reach out to the large Haitian population, government agencies have produced various public service announcements, school-parent communications, and other materials in Haitian Creole. For instance, Miami-Dade County in Florida sends out paper communications in Haitian Creole in addition to English and Spanish. In the Boston area, the Boston subway system and area hospitals and medical offices post announcements in Haitian Creole as well as English. North America's only Creole-language television network is HBN, based in Miami.  These areas also each have more than half a dozen Creole-language AM radio stations.

Haitian Creole and Haitian culture are taught in many colleges in the United States and the Bahamas. York College at the City University of New York features a minor in Haitian Creole. Indiana University has a Creole Institute founded by Albert Valdman where Haitian Creole, among other facets of Haiti, are studied and researched. The University of Kansas, Lawrence has an Institute of Haitian studies, founded by Bryant Freeman. The University of Massachusetts Boston, Florida International University, and University of Florida offer seminars and courses annually at their Haitian Creole Summer Institute. Brown University, University of Miami, Tulane University, and Duke University also offer Haitian Creole classes, and Columbia University and NYU have jointly offered a course since 2015. The University of Chicago began offering Creole courses in 2010.

, the New York City Department of Education counted 2,838 Haitian Creole-speaking English-language learners (ELLs) in the city's K–12 schools, making it the seventh most common home language of ELLs citywide and the fifth most common home language of Brooklyn ELLs. Because of the large population of Haitian Creole-speaking students within NYC schools, various organizations have been established to respond to the needs of these students. For example, Flanbwayan and Gran Chimen Sant Kiltirèl, both located in Brooklyn, New York, aim to promote education and Haitian culture through advocacy, literacy projects, and cultural/artistic endeavors.

Cuba

Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in Cuba after Spanish, where over 300,000 Haitian immigrants speak it. It is recognized as a minority language in Cuba and a considerable number of Cubans speak it fluently. Most of these speakers have never been to Haiti and do not possess Haitian ancestry, but merely learned it in their communities. In addition, there is a Haitian Creole radio station operating in Havana.

Dominican Republic

, the language was also spoken by over 450,000 Haitians who reside in the neighboring Dominican Republic, although the locals do not speak it. However, some estimates suggest that there are over a million speakers due to a huge population of undocumented immigrants from Haiti.

The Bahamas
As of 2009, up to 80,000 Haitians were estimated residing in the Bahamas, where about 20,000 speak Haitian Creole. It is the third most‑spoken language after English and Bahamian Creole.

Software
After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, international aid workers desperately needed translation tools for communicating in Haitian Creole. Furthermore, international organizations had little idea whom to contact as translators. As an emergency measure, Carnegie Mellon University released data for its own research into the public domain. Microsoft Research and Google Translate implemented alpha version machine translators based on the Carnegie Mellon data.

Several smartphone apps have been released, including learning with flashcards by Byki and two medical dictionaries, one by Educa Vision and a second by Ultralingua, the latter of which includes an audio phrase book and a section on cultural anthropology.

See also

 Afro-Brazilians
 Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen
 Antillean Creole French
 Creole language
 Louisiana Creole French
 Michel DeGraff
 Radio Haiti-Inter

References

Further reading

External links

 Haitian Creole basic vocabulary (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Haitian Creole-English dictionary (PDF)

Languages of Haiti
Subject–verb–object languages
Languages of the African diaspora
Articles containing video clips

Haitian Creole


සීඑන්එන් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් සවුත් ඒෂියා යනු සීඑන්එන් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් නාලිකාව විසින්, දකුණු ආසියාවේ රටවල් වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිරිපත් කරනු ලබන කේබල් රූපවාහිනී විකාශයකි. මෙම විකාශනයන් ඉන්දියාව, පාකිස්තානය, බංග්ලාදේශය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, නේපාලය සහ භූතානය යන රටවල් ඉලක්ක කොට ගෙන සිදු කරයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි
 CNN now available in Urdu

සීඑන්එන් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් සවුත් ඒෂියා


IMEI (), .

Her bir GSM telefon cihazına üretim aşamasında IMEI numarası yüklenmektedir. IMEI numarası her bir cihazın kimlik numarası olup tek ve benzersizdir ve 15 haneden oluşur. Ancak günümüzde bir IMEI numarasını farklı bir telefona kopyalayarak her iki telefonunda kullanılmaz hale getirilmesi mümkün.

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Gaylord is a name of Norman French origin, from the Old French gaillard meaning "joyful" or "high-spirited". It may refer to:

People
Gaylord (given name)

Surname
Bill Gaylord (born 1967), British former alpine skier
Charles Gaylord (1936–2009), American martial artist
Chester Gaylord (1899–1984), vocalist
Edith Kinney Gaylord (1916–2001), journalist
Edward Gaylord (Edward L. Gaylord, 1919–2003), owner of The Oklahoman and founder of the Gaylord Entertainment Company
Edward K. Gaylord (1873–1974), founder of newspaper The Oklahoman
Frank Gaylord (1925–2018), American sculptor
Glenn Gaylord, American film and television director, producer, and screenwriter
Harvey Gaylord (1904–1983), President of Bell Aerospace
James M. Gaylord (1811–1874), U.S. Representative from Ohio
Jeff Gaylord (born 1958), American professional wrestler
Jim Gaylord (born 1974), American artist
John Gaylord (1797–1874), early Mormon leader
Joseph Gaylord, political consultant
Karen X. Gaylord (1921–2014), American actress and Miss Minnesota
Levi B. Gaylord (1840–1900), American soldier who fought in the American Civil War
Mitch Gaylord (born 1961), American gymnast
Norman Gaylord (1923–2007), American industrial chemist and research scientist
Reuben Gaylord (1812–1880), recognized leader of the missionary pioneers in the Nebraska Territory
Ronnie Gaylord (1930–2004), solo singer and member of The Gaylords
Scott Gaylord (born 1958), American NASCAR driver
Winfield R. Gaylord (1870–1943), member of the Wisconsin State Senate

Arts and media

Characters
Gaylord Buzzard, a character in the cartoon strip Broom-Hilda
Gaylord the Camel, the mascot of the Campbell Fighting Camels and Lady Camels
Gaylord Focker, a character in the movie Meet the Parents and its sequels
Gaylord Justice, a character in the movie Smokey and the Bandit II
Gaylord Ravenal, a character in Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat, and the musical play and movies based on it
Frederick Gaylord Crane, a character in the television series Frasier
Gaylord Robinson, a character in the animated series The Amazing World of Gumball
Gaylord, a character portrayed by English comic Dick Emery

Music
Dean Ford and the Gaylords, a 1960s Scottish beat group later known as The Marmalade
The Gaylords (Dominican band), a popular Carnival band from 1966 to 1974
The Gaylords (American vocal group), an American singing trio
Gaylord (band) from late 1990s-2010

Businesses
Gaylord Hotels, a large convention hotel brand of Marriott International
Gaylord (automobile), a former car manufacturing company
Gaylord Container Corporation, a former U.S. paper manufacturer
Gaylord (container), a genericized term for a bulk box, with a pallet for the base, and corrugated cardboard for the walls
Gaylord Chemical Corporation, located in the New Orleans suburb of Slidell, Louisiana, USA
Gaylord Entertainment Company

Places
Gaylord, Kansas
Gaylord, Michigan
Gaylord, Minnesota
Gaylord, Oregon
Gaylord, Virginia
Gaylordsville, Connecticut
Gaylord Entertainment Center, former name of Bridgestone Arena
Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, at the University of Oklahoma

Other uses
The Chicago Gaylords, a street gang
Sir Gaylord, an American Thoroughbred racehorse who later became a successful sire

See also
Gailard Sartain (born 1946), American actor and comic
Gaillard (disambiguation)
Galliard (disambiguation)
Gayelord Hauser (1895–1984), German-born nutritionist

Gaylord