Teng Li-chun (; 29 January 1953 – 8 May 1995), commonly known as Teresa Teng, was a Taiwanese singer, actress, musician and philanthropist, renowned for her mellifluous voice and romantic melodies. Referred to by some as the "Eternal Queen of Asian Pop," she is considered one of the most successful and influential Asian pop singers of all time. Teng is recognized as a cultural icon for her contributions to Chinese pop, giving birth to the phrase, "Wherever there are Chinese-speaking people, there is the music of Teresa Teng."

With a career spanning almost 30 years, Teng established herself as a dominant and influential force in Asia throughout most of her career, including East Asia, Southeast Asia, and, to some extent, South Asia. She is credited as Asia's first musical superstar and by some as the pioneer of contemporary Chinese pop music—a major force in the development of the Chinese music industry by incorporating western and eastern styles into her music, replacing the most revolutionary songs then prevalent in mainland China and laying the foundation for modern Chinese popular music. Teng was also instrumental in bridging the cultural gap across Chinese-speaking nations and was one of the first artists to connect Japan to some of East and Southeast Asia by singing Japanese pop songs, according to Nippon. In Taiwan, she was famous for entertaining the armed forces and singing patriotic songs that appealed to the natives of the island. She was nicknamed "the patriotic entertainer" and "the soldiers' sweetheart."

Teng recorded more than 1,700 songs throughout her career, starting when she was 14 years old, not only in Mandarin, but also in Hokkien, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Japanese, Indonesian, English, and Italian. To date, Teng's songs have been covered by hundreds of artists all over the world.

According to available IFPI statistics, Teng has sold over 48 million albums as of 2010 (excluding mainland China). In 1986, Time named her one of the seven greatest female singers in the world. In 2009, in a poll by a Chinese government web portal to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, Teng was selected as the "most influential cultural figure in China since 1949" by 8.5 million netizens. In 2010, on the eve of "March 8th International Women's Day," she was voted "the most influential woman in modern China" by the Chinese media and radio stations in and outside the country. Teng was inducted into the "Popular Music Hall of Fame" at the Koga Masao Music Museum in Japan in 2007, making her the only non-Japanese national to do so.

Early life

Teng was born Teng Li-yun to waishengren parents in Baozhong, Yunlin County, Taiwan on January 29, 1953. Her father was a soldier in the Republic of China Armed Forces from Daming, Hebei, and her mother was from Dongping, Shandong. Both fled to Taiwan after communists took over China in 1949.

The only daughter among five children, Teng was raised in a poverty-stricken family and spent her early childhood in military dependents' villages, first in Yunlin and then in Pingtung. Teng's father retired in 1957, and then worked selling cakes to make ends meet. Teng received her early education at  in Luzhou, Taipei County, Taiwan.

Teng was exposed to music at an early age through her music-loving parents. Her father was a Peking opera enthusiast, and her mother appreciated Huangmei opera, often accompanying her daughter to Chinese movie theatres and opera houses. At the age of six, Teng began her voice lessons through an acquaintance of her father's, who instructed an air force band. Considering the environment of 1950s Taiwan under martial law, Teng's first mentor introduced her to singing before military audiences, a practice she continued throughout her life. Teng earned her first major prize in 1964, when she sang "Visiting Yingtai" from Shaw Brothers' Huangmei opera movie, The Love Eterne, at an event hosted by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. The following year, she went to attend  in Sanchong, Taipei County, to further her studies. However, due to conflict between her performances and studies, Teng dropped out of school in the second year and pursued her career as a singer professionally. Teng was soon able to support her family with her singing.

Career

Early beginnings and overseas tour

Teng's career commenced in 1967 as a host of the television show One Star a Day, which aired for 20 minutes from Tuesday to Sunday. She then appeared in television dramas and movies, including a leading role in the 1967 film Thank You, Manager. At the age of 14, Teng withdrew from school to focus on music. She signed with a local company, Yeu Jow Records, and began to release a series of long-playing albums of "a go-go" dance tunes and cover versions of western pop songs as well as local Taiwanese, Chinese, and Southeast Asian folk tunes. However, due to the lack of extra copyright royalties to increase her income, Teng committed to singing in night clubs around Taiwan. She debuted at Paris Night, an upscale Taipei nightclub, and set a record for performing onstage there for 70 consecutive days, giving a 90-minute performance every single day. Her albums sold well, and Teng eventually got an opportunity to record a theme song for Jingjing, Taiwan's first televised series and did a promotional tour that attracted quite a bit of attention in the media. Teng's first taste of fame came in 1968, when performance on the popular Taiwanese music program The Gathering of Stars led to a record contract. She released several albums within the next few years under the Life Records label in Hong Kong. During these years, Teng recorded several top hits, such as "Remembering Mama" and "The Moment I See You, I Smile". She held concerts in Southeast Asia, drawing big crowds throughout the region. Teng's earnings from performing and recording eventually afforded her family a comfortable life; they moved from Luzhou District to Beitou District, Taipei, where they bought a home.

By the 1970s, Teng's music style had changed; she fused pop and opera styles and incorporated western jazz in order to further expand her market. Teng's popularity boomed in Asia after she released several albums in multiple languages. In April 1979, Teng held her first concert in Vancouver, Canada. On her next trip, she toured major US cities such as San Francisco and Los Angeles. In 1980, Teng was invited to perform at Lincoln Center in New York and the Los Angeles Music Center in California, becoming the first singer of Chinese descent to make a headline there. Upon her return to Taiwan, Teng went on a Southeast Asian tour in 1981, drawing 35,000 attendees in Malaysia. She continued to hold large-scale concerts in Hong Kong and the Southeast Asian region almost every year. In 1983, Teng performed a series of concerts at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. They met with tremendous success. Teng gave many free concerts throughout most of her career to help the less fortunate or raise funds for charities. The funds collected from her concerts were donated to public welfare.

Musical move in China
For most of the previous three decades, China was both economically and culturally closed to the rest of the world. Around 1974, Teng's songs began to trickle into mainland China with the availability of radios. In 1977, her song "The Moon Represents My Heart" became one of the earliest foreign songs to arrive in the mainland. In 1978, with economic reform and the opening of borders, cassette recorders and pirated recordings of Teng's songs began to flow from coastal cities to the rest of the country. Her popularity soon skyrocketed. In Taiwan, her songs became a propaganda tool for the KMT's psychological war against the Chinese Communist Party. Teng's songs were blasted from the sea-facing speakers from Kinmen Island to the residents of mainland China at a much higher volume. This propaganda practice continued throughout the 1980s. In the early 1980s, continuing political tension between mainland China and Taiwan led to her music, along with that of other singers from Taiwan and Hong Kong, being banned for some years in mainland China, describing it as too "bourgeois" and "corrupt" by Chinese authorities. In spite of the ban, Teng's songs defied the censorship and penetrated China's iron curtain. Her songs continued to be played everywhere, from nightclubs to government buildings, and the ban was soon lifted. Teng became almost as well known in mainland China as the country's leader. Her fans nicknamed her "Little Deng" because she had the same family name as Deng Xiaoping; there was a saying that, by day, everyone listened to "old Deng" because they had to. At night, everyone listened to "Little Teng" because they wanted to. Shanghai Party Newspaper, "Wen Hui Bao," remarked, fearing that her songs may erode the revolutionary spirit of the (Communist) Chinese. Faced with this solid wall of popularity, China ceased its restrictions on her music from the mid-1980s onward.

Light Exquisite Feeling and political outlook

Teng's contract with Polydor ended in 1981, and she signed a contract with Taurus Records in 1983 and made a successful comeback appearance in Japan. That same year, Teng released her most critically acclaimed album, Dandan youqing, translated as Light Exquisite Feeling, which sets 12 poems from the Tang and Song dynasties into music, blending modern and traditional styles. It became Teng's first album to include entirely new songs, without any covers. The most popular single from the album is "Wishing We Last Forever". Teng apparently felt a deep attachment to the mainland, as she immersed herself in the classics of the Tang and Song periods. In a television special, she spoke of her desire to contribute to the transmission of "Chinese" culture. Dressed in her period clothing, she commented:I have one small wish. I hope everyone will like these songs so that the flourishing begonias within China's 10 million square kilometres and the treasures of this 5000-year old culture can be handed down generation through song. And through this, I hope our posterity will never forget the happiness, sadness, and glory of being a "Chinese" person.

The album received a positive response from both the public and critics, commending her outstanding interpretation of the ancient poems and successfully projecting classical Chinese literature into a contemporary popular music style. It was well accepted in Southeast Asia and went gold on the first day of its release in Hong Kong. Yang Yanxing, a professor at Tianjin Conservatory of Music, greatly praised the album, describing it as "the finest work of the Chinese music circle". In March 2012, Pu Xiqian from the China News Service called the album a "perfect combination of poems and music". Later, Teng started working on completing a sequel to the album. However, due to changes in the surroundings of music, as well as her deteriorating health and other reasons, she failed to realise her wish.

In 1987, Teng released the Mandarin version of the album I Only Care About You. After that, owing to her health issues, she basically stopped participating in commercial activities and gradually entered a semi-retired state.

Teng performed in Paris during the 1989 Tiananmen student protests on behalf of the students and expressed her support. On May 27, 1989, over 300,000 people attended the Concert for Democracy in China () at the Happy Valley Racecourse in Hong Kong. One of the highlights was her rendition of "My Home Is on the Other Side of the Mountain".

Though Teng performed in many countries around the world, she never performed in mainland China. During her 1980 TTV concert, when asked about such a possibility, Teng responded by stating that the day she performs on the mainland will be the day the Three Principles of the People are implemented there—in reference to either the pursuit of Chinese democracy or reunification under the banner of the ROC.

Career in Hong Kong

In 1975, Teng collaborated with Polygram Records of Hong Kong. Her album Island Love Songs: Goodbye My Love (1975) won her the Ten-Star Prize and the opportunity to star in a movie musical of her own. The album was awarded platinum at Hong Kong's first Golden Album Awards. In 1976, Teng held her first Hong Kong concert at Lee Theatre, which was a tremendous success. She continued performing in concerts for the next five years, attracting big crowds throughout this time. Two years later, Teng's albums Teresa Teng's Greatest Hits and Love Songs of the Island 3 won her second Golden Album Award. Teng released her first Cantonese album, Sai Bat Leung Laap, (勢不兩立) in 1980, which became the best-seller of the year; its single, "Forget Him", became one of the most famous Cantonese pop songs at that time. The album received platinum at the Golden Album Awards. In 1982, her dual-album of Teresa Teng's Concert Live became another platinum after hitting the market. Teng became a household name in Hong Kong and held a concert at Queen Elizabeth Stadium the same year. Her second album, Maan bou jan saang lou (漫步人生路), released in 1983, achieved even greater success than her predecessor. It became her fifth consecutive album to be awarded platinum, a record-breaking win against all singers in Hong Kong. Teng's popularity reached its peak by the end of 1983 with six straight sold-out concerts at the Hong Kong Coliseum. These concerts broke all sorts of Hong Kong records and played to a combined total audience of about 100,000 people. The concert, named A Billion Applause Concert, was performed in both Taiwan and Hong Kong from December 29, 1983, to January 3, 1984, in honor of her 15th year as a performer. A year later, Teng was awarded a special medal by PolyGram Hong Kong as a tribute to her success for having sold more than five million copies in Hong Kong.

Career in Japan

Teng entered the Japanese market in 1973. On March 1, 1974, Teng released her first Japanese single "No Matter Tonight or Tomorrow", which marked the beginning of her career in Japan. The single initially received a lukewarm market response and was ranked 75th on the Oricon Chart with sales of approximately 30,000. The Watanabe firm considered giving up using Teng's name. However, considering her success in Asia, the record company decided to release two or three consecutive singles to test the market further. On July 1, 1974, Teng's second single "Airport" was released. The sales of 'Airport' were huge, totaling 700,000 copies. She then released a number of successful singles including "The Night Ferry" and "Goodbye, My Love". In 1979, Teng was caught with a fake Indonesian passport while entering Japan and was deported and banned from entering the country for one year.

After a long absence, Teng returned to the Japanese market on September 21, 1983, and released her first single "Tsugunai" (Atonement) after her comeback on January 21, 1984. The single did not receive good response initially; however, after a month, sales started to pick up, and seven months later, "Tsugunai" eventually ranked 8th on the Oricon Chart and first on Japan Cable Broadcasting Chart. By the end of the year, sales surpassed 700,000 copies and final sales reached a million copies. Teng won the top award of 'Singer of the year' from Japan Cable Award. "Tsugunai" won the most popular song category and stayed on the Oricon Chart for nearly a year. The success broke all the sales records of her previous period (1974–79). On February 21, 1985, Teng's next single, "Aijin"  (Lover) topped the Oricon Chart and Japan cable broadcasting request chart in the first week of its release. The song remained #1 for 14 consecutive weeks and sales broke the 1.5 million mark. With "Aijin", Teng won the 'Singer of the year' for the second time. Moreover, she was invited to perform in Kouhaku Uta Gassen, which represented the highest honor in the Japanese music world. Teng's next single "Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase" was released on February 21, 1986. The single topped both the Oricon and Japan Cable Broadcasting Chart and sales of the single reached 2.5 million in Asian market becoming one of the most popular singles in Japan that year. She won the Japan Cable Award for the third time in a row. Teng was invited to perform in Kouhaku Uta Gassen for the second time. Teng became the first-ever artist to achieve three consecutive wins of this Grand Prix, also known as Japan Cable Award.  She also remains the only foreign singer to win this award for three consecutive years in the history of Japanese music (1984–86). Teng gave her last solo concert at the NHK Hall in Tokyo in 1985 before semi-retiring from entertainment circle.

As a military singer in Taiwan

One of Taiwan's most famous cultural exports, Teng was born to a military family in 1953, her father served as a member of the Republic of China Armed Forces during World War II. After the regime collapsed on the mainland, the Nationalist government switched to Taiwan as their base after 1949. As a child, Teng grew up in this martial environment of the 1950s. Her first mentor introduced her to singing before military audiences, a practice she continued throughout her life. In those years, Teng gave many performances for soldiers and sang patriotic songs on television programs. In February 1979, while attempting to enter Japan, Teng was caught using a fake Indonesian passport she bought on the black market. The incident was criticised both in Taiwan and Japan. She was barred for one year from entering the country by Japan's Minister of Justice. In 1980, a year after the incident, she was allowed to return to Taiwan on condition of cooperation with the Taiwanese government. Teng performed for the Taiwanese troops again, and the income from her performances was donated to the "Funds for Self-Improvement and Patriotism." In August 1981, Teng performed for the troops for one month, touring military sites all over Taiwan. She visited the generals of the army, navy, and air force and sang for them. These performances were broadcast on TTV's special program named "Teresa Teng on the Frontline." Due to her vigorous devotion to soldiers in Taiwan, Teng was awarded the "Patriotic Entertainer" medal by the government information office. These frequent performances for the troops garnered her the nickname "the soldiers' sweetheart" by the media. In 1988, the death of President Chiang Ching-kuo marked the end of martial rule in Taiwan. In the early 1990s, Teng returned to entertain the troops again, with her last performance being in 1994.

Philanthropic causes

Teng began charity performances at a very young age. One of her first performances came on August 17, 1968, when she sang at the charity fair in Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, for the relief of the earthquake in the Philippines. The charity sale was donated on the spot. The following year, Teng was invited by the wife of the then-President of Singapore Yusof Ishak to a charity performance at the Singapore national opera house. That same year, she performed at the Ten-Star Charity Performance, held by the Singaporean authorities. In 1971, Teng became the youngest person ever to be awarded the title of the "Charity Queen" of Hong Kong's Bai Hua You Arts Auction for making charity sales. On June 8, 1973, she participated in the "Far East Top Ten Stars Charity Gala" in Singapore, gave four performances, and raised $400,000 to be used as scholarships for students in need. Teng continued performing for philanthropic causes throughout the 1970s in Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. In 1980, she raised over US$1 million for Yan Chai Hospital in Hong Kong and donated the proceeds of her show in Taiwan to that country's national trust fund. In January 1982, Teng held a concert at the Queen Elizabeth Stadium in Hong Kong, and the first proceeds were used for charitable donations; in August, she donated NT$160,000 to build a water tower in a village in northern Thailand and introduce a drinking water system. In 1985, Teng held a solo concert at the NHK Hall in Tokyo, Japan, proceeds of which were donated to charity. She made a special trip to Hong Kong in July 1991 to participate in the disaster relief program of ATV's "Love for East China" as a special charity performance guest to raise funds. Teng gave her last performance in 1994 in Taiwan, one year before her sudden and unexpected death.

Artistry

Influences
Teng credits Chinese folk songs and music as a major influence on her musical career, which she often grew up listening to.

As a young child, Teng was exposed to music by her music-loving parents. She learned Peking opera through her father, while her mother introduced her to Huangmei opera, accompanying her to opera houses and encouraging Teng to sing in that style by purchasing songbooks for her. Alongside regional and folk styles, Teng was also influenced by shidaiqu and Japanese music.

In addition to music, Teng was an admirer of Florence Nightingale, Xi Shi, and Lin Daiyu.

Singing
Teng was a soprano, according to The New York Times. She was known for her "soothing and crystalline" singing voice, with her vocal trademark classified as a "quasi-whisper," which David B. Gordon characterises as a "private emotion" in her listeners—as though she were singing for each of them individually. Cultural critic Rey Chow labelled Teng's voice as soft, throaty, and feminine, whereas Mike Levin of Billboard described it as "soft and almost breathless." Teng's voice covered a diverse range of musical styles and languages. Meredith Schweig at Emory University noted this point on her book: "Teng was famously versatile: she confidently performed in multiple languages and grooved in a number of genres, such as Haipai, Enka, and Euro-American pop stylings, on dozens of hit records, and that her voice and physical appearance were revered as the apotheosis of feminine beauty and virtue."

Lyrical writing
In 1987, Teng recorded the song "Summer Christmas," a cover of the Japanese song "Merry X'mas in Summer," originally recorded by Kuwata Band member Yoshisuke Kuwata. The same year, Teng recorded "River of Destiny," a cover of the Japanese original "Sadame Gawa." She composed the lyrics of both songs in Mandarin and included them in her 1987 Mandarin album, "I Only Care About You." In 1988, Teng wrote the lyrics for the song "We Are the Stars" in both Chinese and Japanese versions and sang it on stage with Japanese musician Yūzō Kayama on October 29. In 1992, Teng penned the lyrics for what was later revised into a song, "Star's Wish," after she died.

Death and commemorations

On May 8, 1995, Teng died suddenly and unexpectedly while on holiday in Chiang Mai, Thailand, at the age of 42. Several sources reported a severe asthma attack as the cause of her death; Thai doctors, however, attributed her death to heart failure, but no autopsy was performed. Teng complained of having respiratory difficulties since the beginning of the year. According to some witnesses, she was accompanied by her fiancé Paul Quilery, who was off the scene when the attack occurred and had a rather indifferent attitude towards her sudden death. The cause of death was never confirmed as both Teng and Quilery's families declined to allow an autopsy. Later, the case was closed by the police due to a lack of evidence.

Teng's death produced a unified sense of loss throughout all of Asia, according to Billboard. Her funeral in Taiwan became the largest state-sponsored funeral in the country's history, second only to that of ROC leader Chiang Kai-shek. Over 200,000 people lined up outside the funeral home, waiting to give the last farewell to the singer. Teng's funeral was broadcast on television stations across many Asian countries, while radio stations in Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong devoted their entire programming schedules to her music for two days. Teng was given state honors at her funeral, with Taiwan's flag draped around her coffin. Hundreds of high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including commanders from three branches of the military, attended the funeral and carried her coffin to her grave. A day of national mourning was declared and President Lee Teng-hui was among the thousands in attendance. Teng was posthumously awarded the Ministry of Defense's highest honor for civilians, the KMT's "Hua-hsia Grade One Medal," the Overseas Chinese Affairs' Commission's "Hua Guang Grade One Medal," and the president's commendation. She was buried in a mountainside tomb at Chin Pao San, a cemetery in Jinshan, New Taipei City (then Taipei County) overlooking the north coast of Taiwan.

According to Teng's maiden name character, Yun, the grave was named "Yun Yuan". The gravesite features her golden colored, life-size statue and a large electronic piano keyboard set in the ground that can be played by visitors who step on the keys. On the tombstone, the head of Teresa Teng is carved. The coffin lid behind the tombstone is polished with black marble. Behind the coffin lid is a stone sculpture. The upper half is a lying portrait of the singer, and the right side of the lower half is inlaid with a color photo of her, with the words "Deng Lijun, 1953-1995" written on the left side. On the right side of the coffin lid, there is a huge stone with the words "Yunyuan" inscribed by James Soong, Governor of Taiwan Province. On the left side of the coffin lid, there is a stone stele on which is engraved with the epitaph: "Here lies a superstar who dedicated her life to singing." The memorial is often visited by her fans.

In May 1995, Shanghai Radio host Dalù dedicated the Sunday morning broadcast to the Taiwanese singer, who died a few days earlier. Spreading her songs was banned in mainland China and the journalist was formally warned for this act.

In 1995, a tribute album, A Tribute to Teresa Teng, was released, which contained covers of Teng's songs by prominent Chinese rock bands.

In May 2002, a wax figure of Teng was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong. A house she bought in 1986 in Hong Kong at No. 18 Carmel Street, Stanley also became a popular fan site soon after her death. Plans to sell the home to finance a museum in Shanghai were made known in 2002, and it was subsequently sold for HK $32 million. It closed on what would have been her 51st birthday on January 29, 2004.

Legacy

Throughout her 30-year career and up to this point, Teng has been acknowledged by many as one of the most celebrated and influential figures in Asian music and popular culture, considering her deep impact on the whole of Chinese society, with an influence extending beyond music to include both political and cultural spheres, while her Asia-wide reach is largely attributed to her multi-lingual abilities, which established her as an icon in all of Asia, heralding the era of region-wide pop superstardom that has become today's norm.

Cultural impact

Teng was considered to be one of the biggest singers in the world in her heyday of the 1970s and 1980s, with a wide repertoire of multilingual songs. Teng is credited by some as an enlightener and a pioneer of Chinese vocal performance art and modern popular music. Her profound influence on Asian popular music and the Chinese cultural sphere throughout the latter half of the 20th century and thereafter led her to be recognized as Asia's first musical superstar.

Numerous musical and non-musical figures have cited Teng as an idol and a major influence on their work. These include singer Faye Wong, Jay Chou, Jane Zhang, Kazukiyo Nishikiori of Japanese pop group Shonentai, Tetsuya Murakami of The Gospellers, Junko Akimoto, Rimi Natsukawa, "father" of Chinese rock Cui Jian, Romanian singer Cristina Boboacă, fashion designer Vivienne Tam, Nobel Prize laureate and writer Liu Xiaobo, poet and writer Xu Pei, manga artist Kenshi Hirokane, filmmaker Jia Zhangke, as well as painter and sculptor Jian Guo, among others.

China (PRC)

Prior to the 1980s, foreign music and art were prohibited in mainland China for most of three decades, and love songs were almost non-existent, aside from political and red songs, which heavily dominated the country's cultural domain. They were commonly revolutionary model operas promoting the ideals of the party and military. Jin Zhaojun, a prominent Chinese music critic, characterised the music during this period as "overly masculine and lacking in femininity," in which people were denied a whole range of basic human emotions and modes of expression. Teng's music, in this regard, broke new ground in terms of style and content. She blended traditional Chinese folk music with Western pop and jazz, opening the doors to the musical creations of later generations. Musicians began to study the new forms of music that entered the mainland through foreign cassettes and tape recorders, such as orchestration and singing style. She became the earliest guide for composers on how to arrange music for popular songs, and numerous musicians reproduced their work by imitating her. An important piece of testimony to this is the use of saxophone introduced by Teng. Her frequent use of jazz or jazz-influenced ensembles in her music set the standard for saxophone performance practice in mainland pop today. Another aspect of Teng's influence was the establishment of a "breath singing method". Jin pointed out that, before this, alongside more authentic folk singing, the Chinese also had a "national singing" between bel canto and folk singing. Teng taught that people could also sing with another part of their voice, which was later named "popular singing".

Teng's songs were focused on a wide range of issues, most primarily love and human relations—the most lacking elements in mainland culture at the time. By the early 1970s, as rates of radio ownership began to increase, especially of cheap and portable transistor models, listening to Teng's music became the primary attraction. Author Ah Cheng recalled hearing her music for the first time in 1975 as a sort of excitement and extreme addiction that he and his friends would press their ears to the wooden frame of a shortwave radio only to get her voice heard. His account of his internal exile in the mountains of Yunnan is better representative of this phenomenon:Yunnan was endowed with a magnificent geographical gift: you could hardly hear central people's radio, and the newspaper would take days to make its way into the mountains and then be collected at the party's secretary's house, where you could ask him to tear off a strip when you wanted to roll up a cigarette. For people who listen to enemy radio, radio from the center or the official newspaper was merely a supplemental reference. But listening to enemy radio was not about political news so much as entertainment. I remember that whenever the Australian national station broadcast a radio play of the Taiwanese film The Story of a Small Town everyone would bring their own radio because the shortwave signal would tend to drift and that way we could cover the entire frequency range and make sure we had continuous sound from at least one receiver at a time. The boys and girls sitting around that grass hut would be in tears! Especially when Teresa Teng's voice rang out, emotions would rise to a fever pitch – her voice was to die for.In 1977, Teng's popular love song "The Moon Represents My Heart" was released; it became one of the first foreign songs to break into the country. Her songs over the following decade revolutionized Chinese popular culture, which marked the end of the extremely tight control exercised in the preceding three decades by the communist party over Chinese society and culture.

Author Ah Cheng cited Teng's songs, an inspiration for the revival of popular culture on the mainland.  Wu'erkaixi, a Chinese political commentator of Uyghur heritage, asserted that the youngsters who listened to her songs discovered the desire for the pursuit of freedom through her singing voice. He adds that "to the Chinese, Deng Lijun was a great person." "If Deng Xiaoping brought economic freedom to China, she brought liberation of the body and free thinking to China."

According to Nobel Peace Prize laureate and writer Liu Xiaobo, "Teng's romantic songs reawakened our soft centers by dismantling the cast-iron frame work of our "revolutionary wills", melting our cold, unfeeling hearts, and liberating our long-suppressed human softness and tenderness." Filmmaker Jia Zhangke said that Teng's songs were a big inspiration that drove his curiosity towards cinema. He relates: "Her songs represented a massive transformation in the cultural landscape of China at that time. Prior to the 1980s, China had no popular culture to speak of. The closest thing we had were revolutionary model operas and things made in that mould. All of the stuff around us was structured collectively, but Teng's songs, on the other hand, were entirely new at the time... they evoked individualism, changing everything." Regarding her contribution to the development of the music industry in China, Wang Xiaofeng at Sanlian Life Weekly wrote, "Teng not only pioneered the development of popular music but also stimulated the rapid development of audio-video companies at that time." He stated that listening to tapes was one of the main cultural activities and that they were luxury goods, but this did not stop ordinary people from consuming them. In 1979, there were only a few audio-video distribution companies in the Mainland. By 1982, it had increased to 300, indicating Teng's music as the trailblazer for this change.

Beyond Greater China

Teng became popular in Japan and Southeast Asia, and to some extent, South Asia, achieving a "cult status" in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China, and Japan, where she became a "barometer of cross-strait relations" in rising geopolitical tensions at the time, and one of the first artists to break through linguistic and cultural barriers, earning acceptance and acclaim from cultures across much of the region that had previously been confined to national boundaries. Her songs have been covered by several hundreds of singers all over the world; by artists like Faye Wong, Leslie Cheung, Jon Bon Jovi, Siti Nurhaliza, Shila Amzah, Katherine Jenkins, Im Yoon-ah, David Archuleta, Agnez Mo, Greek singer Nana Mouskouri,  English vocal group Libera, Jewish singer Noa, Grammy Award-winning American musician Kenny G, Kiwi pianist Carl Doy, Cuba's leading a cappella musical band Vocal Sampling, among others. Her songs are also featured in various international films, such as Rush Hour 2, The Game, Prison On Fire, Year of the Dragon, Formosa Betrayed, Gomorrah, Crazy Rich Asians, and the Disney + TV series American Born Chinese.

In 1974, Teng entered the Japanese market, two years after Japan severed diplomatic ties with Taiwan. She was extremely popular in Japan throughout the 1970s and 1980s, having lived off her royalties in the country after semi-retiring in the late '80s. During this tenure, Teng recorded and performed Japanese pop songs, often termed as kayokyoku by Japanese media, and helped connect Japan to much of East Asia, particularly Taiwan, China, and some of Southeast Asia, helping bridge the gap between them, some of which were later covered in Mandarin, as reported by Nippon.

Hirano Kumiko, an author at Nippon writes:For Japanese, Teresa Teng was more than just a popular singer. By performing kayōkyoku, she connected Japan to its Asian neighbors. She taught us about the profundity of Chinese culture, whether in her birthplace of Taiwan, her ancestral home of China, or Hong Kong, which she loved throughout her life. We, her Japanese fans, will never forget her velvety voice and the brief, beautiful radiance of her life.

In 2007, Teng was inducted into the "Popular Music Hall of Fame" at the Koga Masao Music Museum in Japan, making her the only non-Japanese national to do so.

In 2015, on an occasion to commemorate the 20th death anniversary of the singer, Nikkei Asia contributor Akira Tada wrote, "Asia has undergone significant changes in the past 20 years, with the flow of people, goods, and information having increased considerably. At the same time, new political frictions have developed. Teng, who continues to be loved across national and ethnic boundaries, still shines as a voice uniting Asia through song." In 2018, The Guardian wrote, "In 20th-century pop music, the voice of Elvis Presley is as iconic and identifiable in the west as that of Teresa Teng is in the east." Andrew N. Weintraub and Bart Barendregt described her as "a model of inter-Asian modernity whose voice crossed linguistic, national and generational borders," whereas John F. Copper called her "the most heard singer in the world ever" during her time.

Achievements and honors

Considered a "brilliant linguist" by The New York Times, Teng was named one of the world's seven greatest female singers by Time magazine in 1986. In a national survey by NHK in 1997, her song "Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase" was voted 16th among the 100 greatest Japanese songs of all time. In 2009, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, a government web portal conducted an online poll to choose "The Most Influential Cultural Figure in China since 1949". Over 24 million people voted, and Teng came out as the winner with 8.5 million votes. On the eve of the "March 8th International Women's Day" in 2010, she was voted "the most influential woman in modern China" by Chinese-language newspapers and radio stations in and outside China. The same year, CNN listed her among the 20 most influential music artists of the past 50 years. In 2011, Teng's song "The Moon Represents My Heart" topped the online survey to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China. In 2012, Commonwealth Magazine ranked her 19th on the list of the 50 most influential people in Taiwan in the last 400 years, making her the highest-ranked performer on the list.

The 1996 Hong Kong film Comrades: Almost a Love Story, directed by Peter Chan, features the tragedy and legacy of Teng in a subplot to the main story. The movie won best picture in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and at the Seattle International Film Festival in the United States. In 2007, TV Asahi produced a drama series entitled Teresa Teng Monogatari () to commemorate the 13th anniversary of her death. Actress Yoshino Kimura starred as Teng.

In 2002, Teng's commemorative statue were erected in Fushou Garden, Qingpu District, Shanghai.

In 2015, a temple in Changhua County, Taiwan, erected a statue of the singer, honoring her as "Miaoyun Bodhisattva." That same year, the Daming County government in Handan City, Hebei province, China, built a "Lijun Town" dedicated to her. It renovated Teng's ancestral home to its original appearance. Her singing can be heard in every corner of the town. The city also features the "Teresa Teng Hanging Garden" and the "Teresa Teng Art Center", including a statue of the singer. Visitors can enjoy her music through artificial intelligence technology.

On January 29, 2018, a Google Doodle was released across Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, India, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Bulgaria, and Iceland to honor Teng on what have been be her 65th birthday.

To date, Teng's stamps have been issued by several countries across the world, including Papua New Guinea, Timor, Argentina, Tuva Republic, Abkhazia, Grenada, Sakha Republic, Japan, Guinea-Bissau, North Korea, and Republic of Mali, in addition to Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China.

Personal life

Like her maternal grandmother Mary Chang (), Teng grew up Roman Catholic. As a child, she often spent her time playing around St. Joseph Catholic Church in Luzhou, at where she received baptism.

In 1971, Teng met her first boyfriend, Lin Zhenfa (), a Malaysian paper tycoon, and they soon fell in love. In 1978, he died of a heart attack. Later, Teng, accompanied by her close friends, went to the cemetery to pay homage to her boyfriend, who had just died.

In 1980, while in the US, Teng met Jackie Chan, who was filming in Hollywood. However, due to their personality differences, their romance was short-lived and they parted ways.

In 1982, Teng was engaged to Beau Kuok, a Malaysian businessman and the son of multi-billionaire Robert Kuok. However, Beau's grandmother imposed several conditions on their union, including that Teng cease her career as an entertainer as well as fully disclose her biography and all her past relationships in writing. But Teng turned down the proposal, and the marriage was called off.

In 1990, Teng met French photographer Paul Quilery in France. They dated for five years and got engaged a month before Teng died on May 8, 1995.

Discography

Awards
Teng received the following selected awards:

Japan:
 1974: 16th Japan Record Awards: New Artist Award for "Kūkō" ()
 Japan Cable Awards: Grand Prix for "Tsugunai" () in 1984: "Aijin" () in 1985; and "Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase" (時の流れに身をまかせ) in 1986. Teng's fourth Grand Prix for "Walare no Yokan" in 1988 was only for the All Japan Wired Cable Awards' year first-half award show (上半期)
 1986: 28th Japan Record Awards: Gold Award for "Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase" ().
 1987: Japan Cable Awards: The Outstanding Star Award for "Wakare no Yokan" ()
 1987, 1988: The Cable Radio Music Award for "Wakare no Yokan".
 1995: The Cable Radio Special Merit Award () for three consecutive Grand Prix wins.

Taiwan:
 1980: 15th Golden Bell Awards: Best Female Singer

Hong Kong
 1978: RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards for "Siu Cyun Zi Lyun" ()
 1995: Golden Needle Award (posthumously)

Notes

References

External links

 Teresa Teng Foundation 鄧麗君文教基金會

1953 births
1995 deaths
Chinese anti-communists
Taiwanese Buddhists
Cantopop singers
Contraltos
Converts to Buddhism from Christianity
Converts to Buddhism from Roman Catholicism
Deaths from asthma
English-language singers from Taiwan
Former Roman Catholics
Mandarin-language singers
Cantonese-language singers of Taiwan
Japanese-language singers of Taiwan
Taiwanese Hokkien pop singers
Indonesian-language singers
People from Yunlin County
Taiwanese film actresses
Taiwanese Mandopop singers
Taiwanese television actresses
20th-century Taiwanese actresses
20th-century Taiwanese women singers
Taiwanese expatriates in Hong Kong

Teresa Teng


Ermengol I. od Pallarsa (šp./katalonski Ermengol I de Pallars; Armengol I.) (umro poslije 1030.) bio je španjolski plemić, grof Pallarsa.

Bio je sin grofa Borrella I. od Pallarsa; majka mu je bila gospa Ermentruda.

Bio je nećak grofa Ramóna II.

Ne zna se ime njegove supruge, ali se zna da je imao jednog sina, Ramóna.

Njegova se majka preudala za njegova drugog strica, grofa Suñera I. Sinovi Ermengolova strica i majke bili su njegovi bratići-polubraća, Ramón III. od Pallarsa Jusse i Vilim II. od Pallarsa Sobire.

Izvori

Grofovi Pallarsa

Ermengol I. od Pallarsa


Andrew Rechmond Boone (* 4. April 1831 im Davidson County, Tennessee; † 26. Januar 1886 in Mayfield, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1875 und 1879 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Bereits im Jahr 1833 kam Andrew Boone mit seinen Eltern nach Mayfield in Kentucky. Dort besuchte er die öffentlichen Schulen. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1852 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Mayfield in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Zwischen 1854 und 1861 war er Bezirksrichter im Graves County. Als Anhänger der Konföderation unterstützte er 1861 die Bewegung, die den Austritt Kentuckys aus der Union forderte. Zu dieser Zeit war er Abgeordneter der Demokratischen Partei im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky.

Während des Bürgerkrieges trat Boone politisch nicht in Erscheinung. Von 1868 bis 1874 fungierte er Richter im ersten Gerichtsbezirk von Kentucky. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1874 wurde er dann im ersten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1875 die Nachfolge von Edward Crossland antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1876 konnte er bis zum 3. März 1879 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren.

Im Jahr 1878 verzichtete Boone auf eine weitere Kandidatur. Seit 1882 war er Vorsitzender des Eisenbahnausschusses des Staates Kentucky. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis zu seinem Tod am 26. Januar 1886. Er wurde in Mayfield beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Kentucky)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1831
Gestorben 1886
Mann

Andrew Boone


Akšam-namaz (ar. al-Maghrib - المغرب), je jedan od 5 dnevnih namaza u islamu koji se sastoji iz 5 rekata - 3 rekata farza i 2 rekata sunneta. Za razliku od drugih namaza, u akšam-namazu se farz klanja prije sunneta. U 5 dnevnih namaza akšam je 2. najkraći poslije sabah namaza. Kao što je navedeno u Kur'anu, Sudnji Dan će biti u petak, u vrijeme akšam namaza.

Vrijeme

Akšam-namaz se obavlja od završetka ikindija-namaza, tj. onoga trenutka kada sunce zađe, sve do jacija-namaza.

Farz (Akšam)

Akšamski farz se sastoji iz tri rekata.

Prvi rekat - Subhaneke, Euza-Bismilla, Fatiha i sura po našoj želji.

Drugi rekat - Bismilla, Fatiha i sura po našoj želji.

<prvo sjedenje>

Ettehijjatu

Treći rekat - Bismilla, Fatiha

<drugo sjedenje>

Ettehijjatu, Salavati, dove i selam.

Sunnet (Akšam)

Sunnet se sastoji iz dva rekata. Obavlja se kao farz, bez trećeg rekata i prvog sjedenja.

Prvi rekat - Subhaneke, Euza-Bismilla, Fatiha i sura po našoj želji.

Drugi rekat - Bismilla, Fatiha i sura po našoj želji.

<prvo sjedenje>

Ettehijjatu, Salavati, dove i selam.

U džematu, hodža tj. predvodilac akšam-namaza, u farzu na prvome rekatu naglas uči Fatihu i suru, kao i na drugome. Treći rekat svi uče sami u sebi.

Namaz (islam)

Akšam-namaz


Gümüşler Barajı, Niğde ilinde, Gümüşler Çayı üzerinde, 1960-1967 yılları arasında sulama amacı ile inşa edilmiş bir barajdır. Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 560.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 25 m., normal su kotunda göl hacmi 3,74 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 0,47 km²'dir. 400 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Niğde ilindeki barajlar

Gümüşler Barajı


Elamita lineară este un sistem de scriere nedescifrat din Epoca Bronzului care a fost folosit în Elam, cunoscut de pe câteva inscripții.

Sisteme de scriere

Elamita lineară


José Joaquín Vicuña Larraín (), né en 1786 et mort à La Serena en 1857, est un militaire et homme politique chilien. Il est vice-président du Chili en 1829.

Biographie
José Joaquín Vicuña Larraín est né en 1786. Son nom de famille est originaire de la Navarre, la  étant établie au Moyen Âge dans la vallée d' (aujourd'hui incorporée à Ollo). Il descend de , arrivé au Chili vers 1687. Il est le fils de Francisco Vicuña Hidalgo Zavala et de María del Carmen Larraín Salas. Son frère  devient le premier archevêque de Santiago du Chili.

Il devient capitaine des grenadiers en 1810 et est fait capitaine d'armée en 1817 par San Martín à Mendoza. Sa participation pendant la guerre d'indépendance du Chili est notable pour a prise de La Serena. En 1821, il fonde le bourg de San Isidro de Vicuña, qui deviendra plus tard la ville de Vicuña. Il est promu colonel de la cavallerie en mai 1828 et devient le commandant en chef de la garnison de Coquimbo.

Larraín est élu à l' dans la circonscription d'Illapel en 1823, puis en 1825 et en 1826, et reste député jusqu'en 1828. Son  est la cause immédiate de la , alors qu'il est choisi avec seulement 48 votes (11.3 % des votes). Il est élu puisqu'il était frère de , le président du Sénat, qui était alors contrôlé par les libéraux, au détriment des conservateurs, qui déclenchent la guerre sous le prétexte de l'élection de Vicuña. Joaquín n'a finalement jamais assumé son poste, la guerre ayant pris trop de place, et finit par se retirer à La Serena, où il vit la plupart de sa vie.

Vicuña est maire de La Serena de 1817 à 1819 avec Nicolás del Pozo, puis Patricio Zeballos, puis de 1834 à 1837 avec Juan Francisco Cifuentes et enfin de 1843 à 1846 avec José Monreal. En 1852, il fait partie d'une commission établie par le conseil municipal pour évaluer la construction d'un réseau ferroviaire ou non.

Il épouse Carmen del Solar Marín, avec qui il a onze enfants. Il meurt en 1857 et est enterré au cimetière municipal de La Serena.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Politique au Chili
 Président du Chili

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Naissance en 1786
Décès en 1857
Décès à La Serena
Vice-président du Chili
Personnalité politique chilienne
Personnalité politique du XIXe siècle
Militaire chilien du XIXe siècle

José Joaquín Vicuña


الطوبولوجيا الخطية : تعدّ إحدى نماذج طوبولوجيا الشبكات، وهي عبارة عن هيكلة شبكة ترتبط كل نقاط الشبكة فيها بكابل واحد.

ميزاتها
 سهلة التركيب والتعديل.
 التكلفة بسيطة لوجود خط واحد فقط.

عيوبها
 العدد محدود للنقاط لأن امتداد الخط محدود.
 في حالة وجود خطأ في الخط الرئيسي تكون الشبكة بالكامل معطلة.
 تعدّ أبطأ من غيرها في هيكلة الشبكات.
 لا يمكن لأجهزة الشبكة أن ترسل و تستقبل المعلومات في نفس الوقت. وهذا ما يسمى ب half duplex

المراجع

انظر أيضاً
 طوبولوجيا الشبكة
 شبكة حلقية
 شبكة نجمية

بنية الشبكة
شبكات الحاسوب
طوبولوجيا الشبكات

شبكة خطية


مماليك الهند (بالأردو سلطنت غلامان) وتعتبر أول الممالك التي حكمت دلهي بالهند من عام 1206 إلى عام 1290. ويعتبر السلطان قطب الدين أيبك مؤسس تلك السلطنة وهو تركي مملوك من قبائل أيبك والذي ترقى حتى وصل لقيادة الجيوش والحاكم لأملاك السلطان شهاب الدين محمد غوري بالهند.

بعد وفاة محمد غوري عام 1206 بدون وريث، استبسل قطب الدين لأخذ امبراطورية الغوري الهندية من منافسيه وجعل عاصمة ملكه بلاهور أولا ومن ثم دلهي حيث بدأ ببناء قطب منار الشهير. وفي عام 1210 توفي قطب الدين فجأة. وبعد ذلك برز شمس الدين التتمش كسلطان وقد تزوج ابنة قطب الدين وقد حكم أبناؤه ومن ضمنهم ابنته راضية جميعا ما عدا واحد. ثم أتى السلطان غياث الدين بلبن الذي كان قائد جيوش السلطان ناصر الدين وتزوج أخته وهو الذي منع المغول من دخول الهند وقد استحوذ بعد ذلك على الحكم وقد تولى الحكم من بعده حفيده معز الدين قيذاباد وانتهت تلك السلالة على يد فيروز خلجي مؤسس السلالة الخلجية في بيهار والبنغال.

أسماء السلاطين المماليك
 قطب الدين أيبك (1206 - 1210)
 آرام شاه بن قطب الدين (1210 - 1211)
 شمس الدين التتمش (1211 - 1236)
 ركن الدين فيروز شاه بن التتمش (1236)
 جلالة الدين رضية الدين بكوم بنت إلتمش (1236 - 1240)
 معز الدين بهرام شاه بن التتمش (1240 - 1242)
 علاء الدين مسعود شاه بن ركن الدين (1242 - 1246)
 ناصر الدين محمود شاه بن ناصر الدين محمد بن إلتمش (1246 - 1266)
 غياث الدين بلبن ألغ خان (1266 - 1287)
 معز الدين كيقباذ بن بغرا خان بن بلبن (1287 - 1290)
 شمس الدين كي أومرث بن معز الدين كيقباذ (1290)

مراجع

الهند في القرن 13
انحلالات القرن 13 في الهند
انحلالات سنة 1290 في آسيا
تأسيسات القرن 13 في الهند
تأسيسات سنة 1206 في آسيا
تاريخ دلهي
حكام دلهي
دول وأقاليم انحلت في عقد 1290
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1206
سلالات حاكمة إسلامية في الهند
سلالات حاكمة تركية
سلطنة دلهي

مماليك الهند


Gómez Zapata Osorio (Madrid, ? - Villaescusa de Haro, 1 de febrero de 1587) fue un eclesiástico español.

Biografía
Hijo del IV señor de Barajas Juan Zapata y de su mujer Leonor Osorio Coello, estudió en el Colegio Mayor del Arzobispo de Salamanca; sucedió a su hermano Jerónimo en el arcedianato de Madrid, fue canónigo de Toledo, miembro del Consejo de Indias, obispo de Cartagena y de Cuenca.

 En 1583 publicó una reforma de la Universidad de Alcalá.

Véase también
 Visitadores y reformadores universitarios

Referencias

Canónigos de la catedral de Toledo
Obispos de Cartagena
Obispos de Cuenca
Obispos de España del siglo XVI
Consejeros del Consejo de Indias
Colegiales del Colegio Mayor de Santiago el Zebedeo
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XVI
Visitadores y reformadores de la Universidad de Alcalá (histórica)

Gómez Zapata


Tizanopterele din România sunt reprezentate de 216 specii din 4 familii. Sunt cercetate în special tripșii ce au importanță agricolă.

Subordinul Terebrantia

Familia Aeolothripidae
 Aeolothrips albicinctus Haliday 1836
 Aeolothrips astutus Priesner  1926
 Aeolothrips collaris Priesner  1919
 Aeolothrips ericae Bagnall  1920
 Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus 1758)
 Aeolothrips intermedins Bagnall 1934
 Aeolothrips melaleucus Haliday 1852
 Aeolothrips priesneri Knechtel 1922
 Aeolothrips pulcher Oettingen 1943
 Aeolothrips verbasci Knechtel  1955
 Aeolothrips versicolor Uzel 1895
 Aeolothrips vittatus Haliday  1836
 Melanthripsfuscus (Sulzer  1776)
 Melanthrips knechteli Priesner  1936
 Melanthrips pallicüor Priesner 1919
 Melanthrips paspaievi Pelikan 1960
 Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel 1895

Familia Heterothripidae
 Ropotamothrips ressli Priesner 1961

Familia Thripidae
 Anaphothrips atroapterus Priesner 1920
 Anaphothrips euphorbiae Uzel 1895
 Anaphothrips obscurus (O. F. Müller 1776)
 Apterothrips secticomis (Trybom 1896)
 Aptinothrips elegans Priesner 1924
 Aptinothrips rufits (Haliday 1836)
 Aptinothrips stylifer Tiybom 1894
 Baliothrips dispar (Haliday 1836)
 Belothrips acumimtus (Haliday 1836)
 Bolacothrips jordani Uzel 1895
 Ceratothripoides dianthi (Priesner 1921)
 Chirothrips acukatus Bagnall 1927
 Chirothrips hamatus Trybom 1895
 Chirothrips manicatus (Haliday 1836)
 Chirothrips ruptipemis Priesner 1938
 Ctenothrips distinctus (Uzel 1895)
 Dendrothrips degeeri Uzèl 1895
 Dendrothrips omatus (Jablonowski 1894)
 Dendrothrips saltatrix Uzel 1895
 Dictyothrips betaevuzel 1895D
 Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel 1895
 Ereihethrips calcaratus Knechtel 1960
 Eremiothrips manolachei (Knechtel 1955)
 Euchaetothrips kroli (Schille 1910)
 Firmothrips flrmus (Uzel 1895)D
 Franldiniella intonsa (Trybom 1895)
 Franldiniella occidentalis (Pergande 1895)
 Franldiniellapallida (Uzel 1895)
 Franldiniella schultzei (Trybom 1910)
 Franldiniella tenuicomis (Uzel 1895)
 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché 1833)
 Hemianaphothrips articulosus (Priesner 1925)
 Hercinothrips femoralis O. M. Reuter 1891
 Idolimothrips paradoxus Priesner 1920
 Iridothrips iridis (Watsonl924)
 Iridothrips mariae Pelikan 1961
 Kahothrips dentatus Knechtel 1939
 Kakothrips robustus Uzel 1895
 Limothrips angulicomis Jablonowski 1894
 Limothrips cerealium Haliday 1836
 Limothrips consimilis Priesner 1926
 Limothrips denticomis (Haliday 1836)
 Limothrips schmutzi Priesner 1919
 Mycterothrips albidicomis (Knechtel 1923)
 Mycterothrips cmnuticomis <small(Uzel, 1895)DV
 Mycterothrips salicis (0. M. Reuter 1878)
 Neohydatothrips abnormis (Karny 1910)
 Neohydatothrips gracilicomis (Williams, 1916)
 Odontothrips aemulcms Priesner 1924
 Odontothrips biuncus John 1921
 Odontothrips conjusiis Priesner 1926
 Odontothrips intermedius (Uzel 1895)
 Odontothrips loti (Haliday 1852)
 Odontothrips meliloti Priesner 1951
 Odontothrips meridionalis Priesner 1919
 Odontothripsphaleratus (Haliday 1836)
 Oxythrips ajugae Uzel 1895
 Oxythrips bicolor (0. M. Reuter 1897)
 Oxythrips cannabensis Knechtel 1923
 Oxythrips dentatus Knechtel 1923
 Oxythrips euxinus Knechtel 1932
 Oxythrips ulmifoliorum (Haliday 1836)
 ParafrcmMiniella verbasci Priesner 1920
 Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger 1854)
 Pezothrips frontalis (Uzel 1895)
 Pezothrips pilosus (Uzel 1895)
 Platythrips tumcatus ((Haliday 1852)
 Prosopothrips vejdovskyi Uzel 1895
 Rhaphidothrips longistylosus Uzel 1895
 Rubiothrips sitvarum (Priesner 1920)
 Rubiothrips sordidus (Uzel 1895)
 Rubiothrips validus (Karny 1910)
 Rubiothrips vitalbae (Bagnali 1926)
 Rubiothrips vitis (Priesner 1933)
 Scolothrips longicomis Priesner 1926
 Sericothrips bicomis (Karny 1910)
 Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday 1836
 Sminyothrips biuncatus Uzel 1895
 Sminyothrips biuncinatus Uzel 1895
 Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnali 1913)
 Stenothrips graminum Uzel 1895
 Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel 1895)
 Taeniothrips picipes (Zetterstedt 1828)
 Tenothrips discolor (Karny 1907)
 Tenothrips frici (Uzel 1895)
 Tenothrips hispanicus (Bagnali 1921)
 Tenothrips pallidivestis (Priesner 1926)
 Thrips alni Uzel 1895
 Thrips angusticeps Uzel 1895
 Thrips atratus Haliday 1836
 Thrips brevicomis Priesner 1920
 Thrips calcaratus Uzel 1895
 Thrips crassicomis Bagnali 1923
 Thrips difficilis Priesner 1920
 Thrips dilatatus Uzel 1895
 Thrips discolor Haliday 1836
 Thrips euphorbiae Knechtel 1923
 Thrips flams Schrank 1776
 Thrips juhnpes Bagnall 1923
 Thrips Juscipennis Haliday 1836
 Thrips incognitus Priesner 1914
 Thrips juniperinus Linnaeus 1758
 Thrips linariae (Priesner 1928)
 Thrips linarius Uzel 1895
 Thrips major Uzel 1895
 Thrips meridionalis (Priesner 1926)
 Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus, 1758
 Thrips montanus (Priesner 1920)
 Thrips montivagus Priesner 1923
 Thrips nigropilosus Uzel 1895
 Thrips origani Priesner 1926
 Thrips pelikani (Schliephake 1964)
 Thrips physapus Linnaeus 1761
 Thrips pillichi Priesner 1924
 Thrips pini (Uzel 1895)
 Thrips robustus Priesner 1920
 Thrips sambuci Heeger 1854
 Thrips simplex (Morison 1930)
 Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1888
 Thrips timidus Priesner 1926
 Thrips trehemei Priesner 1927
 Thrips trybomi (Kamy 1908)
 Thrips validus Uzel 1895
 Thrips viminalis Uzel 1895
 Tlirips vulgatissimus Haliday 1836
 Tmetothrips subapterus (Haliday 1836)

Subordinul Tubulifera

Familia Phlaeothripidae
 Acanthothrips nodicomis (0. M. Reuter 1880)
 Allothrips pillichellus (Priesner 1925)
 Bagnalliella yuccae Hinds 1902
 Bolothrips bicolor (Heeger 1852)
 Bolothrips icarus (Uzel 1895)
 Cephalothrips monilicomis (0. M. Reuter 1880)
 Compsothrips uzeli Hood 1951
 Cryptothrips nigripes (0. M. Reuter 1880)
 Haplothrips acanthoscelis Kamy 1909
 Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius 1803)
 Haplothrips alpester Priesner 1921
 Haplothrips angusticomis Priesner 1921
 Haplothrips arenarius Priesner 1920
 Haplothrips cerealis Priesner 1939
 Haplothrips dianthims Priesner 1924
 Haplothrips distinguendus (Uzel 1895)
 Haplothrips flavicinctus (Kamy 1909)
 Haplothrips floricae Knechlel 1960
 Haplothrips hidâdmni Priesner 1950
 Haplothrips juncorum Bagnall 1913
 Haplothrips knechteli Priesner 1923
 Haplothrips kurdyumovi Kamy 1913
 Haplothrips leucanthemi (Schrank 1781)
 Haplothrips minutus (Uzel 1815)
 Haplothrips niger (Osbom 1883)
 Haplothrips nigricans Bagnall 1934
 Haplothripspannonicus Fabian 1938
 Haplothrips phyllophilus Priesner 1938
 Haplothrips reuteri Kamy 1907
 Haplothrips scyihicus Knechlel 1961
 Haplothrips setiger Priesner 1921
 Haplothrips statices (Haliday 1836)
 Haplothrips subtilissimus (Haliday 1852)
 Haplothrips titschacus Pelikan 1965
 Haplothrips tritici Kurdjumov 1912
 Holothrips schaubergeri (Priesner 1920)
 Hoplandrothrips bidens (Bagnall 1910)
 Hoplandrothrips kungaricus (Priesner 1961)
 Hoplandrothrips priesneri (John 1927)
 Hoplothrips absimilis Knechlel 1954
 Hoplothrips caespitis (Uzel 1895)
 Hoplothrips corticis (De Geer 1773)
 Hoplothrips grisescens (Priesner 1924)
 Hoplothrips lichenis Knechlel 1954
 Hoplothrips muscicola Knechlel 1954
 Hoplothripspedicularius (Haliday 1836)
 Hoplothrips quercinus Knechlel 1935
 Hoplothrips ulmi (Fabricius 1781)
 Liothrips amtriacus (Kamy 1910)
 Liothrips pragensis Uzel 1895
 Liothrips setinodis 0. M. Reuter 1880
 Lispothrips crassipes (Jablonowski 1894)
 Megalothrips bonanni Uzel 1895
 Megalothrips delmasi Boumier 1956
 Megathrips lativentris (Heegsr 1852)
 Neoheegeria biroi Priesner 1928
 Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz 1909
 Neoheegeria hammani Priesner 1961
 Neoheegeria verbasci (Osbom 1896)
 Notothrips albovittatus (Schille 1910)
 Pezidothrips robiniae (Priesner 1924)
 Phlaeothrips annulipes O. M. Reuter 1880
 Phlaeothrips bacauensis Knechlel 1948
 Phlaeothrips bispinosus Priesner 1919
 Phlaeothrips coriaceus Haliday 1836
 Phlaeothrips parvus Uzel 1895
 Phlaeothrips pillichianus Priesner 1924
 Poecilothrips albopictus Uzel 1895
 Priesneriella clcmcomis (Knechiel 1935)
 Pseudocryptothrips meridionalis Priesner 1919
 Torybothrips micolor (Schille 1910)
 Xylaplothrips fidginosus (Schille, 1910)

Referințe

Bibliografie
Sierka, Wojciech; Fedor, Peter; Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. The state of knowledge of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) of the Carpathian mountains. In: Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 43(2), 2008, pp. 355-366. DOI: 10.1556/APhyt.43.2008.2.20

Vasiliu- Oromulu, Liliana, Băbuceanu, Daniela; Stelian, Ion. Băbuceanu, Daniela. The ecological study of thrips populations in a Southern Romanian vine Yard (Insecta: Thysanoptera). In: Acta entomologica serbica, 14 (1),2009, pp. 1-11.

Vasiliu- Oromulu, Liliana; Băbuceanu, Daniela; Bianu, Elisabeta. Thysanoptera species bioindicators of the environment pollution with heavy metals (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Oltenia. Studii și comunicări. Științele Naturii, Tom. XXV, 2009, pp. 65-70.

Vasiliu- Oromulu, Liliana; Băbuceanu, Daniela; Bianu, Elisabeta. Thysanoptera capability for biomonitoring of urban polluted green spaces (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Acta entomologica serbica, 14 (2), 2009, pp. 185-194.

Vasiliu, Liliana. Cercetări asupra faunei tisanopterologice de la Porțile de Fier. In: Studii și Cercetări de Biologie. Seria Zoologica., nr. 21, 1969, pp. 131–135.

Vasiliu, Liliana. Cercetări sinecologice cantitative asupra artropodelor din pajiști (Copșa Mică și Blăjel, județul Sibiu). In: Studii și Cercetări de Biologie. Seria Zoologica. 23, 1971, pp. 269–276.

Vasiliu, Liliana. Fauna, Academia R. S. R., Grupul de cercetári complexe Por¡ile de Fier, Seria Monograficácap. Thysanoptera, pp. 78–81.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana.  The spacial distribution of the praticolous thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera). In: Entomologica Romanica, nr. 4, 1999, pp. 77–80.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Changes in the structure and dynamic of the Thysanoptera population in the pastureecosystems of subalpine areas of Bucegi Mountains, subjected of the ecological reconstruction, In: Ad-vances in Thysanopterology. Scientia Publ., New Delhi, 1993, pp. 1–8.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Chirothrips hamatus, Trybom 1895, specie nouă pentru fauna țării. Bull. Inf. SLR 11, 2001, pp. 194.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Endemits, relicts and vicariant Thysanoptera species from Romania (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Entomologica Romanica. 1999, pp. 59-62.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Endemits, relicts and vicariants species of Thysanoptera from Romania (Insecta:Thysanoptera). Entomologica Romanica 3, 1998, pp. 59–62.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. La distribution altitudinale des espèces de thysanoptères (Insecta: Thysanoptera) du Massif Gârbova. In: Revue Roumaine de Biologie. Serie de Biologie Animale,  44, 1999, pp. 131–138.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Lista revizuita a speciilor de thysanoptere Insecta Thysanoptera din Romania. In: Studii si Cercetari de Biologie. Seria Biologie Animala. iulie-decembrie; 502, 1998, pp. 77-83.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Ökologische Untersuchungen über Thysanopteren in Gârbova Massiv (Rumänien).In: Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 50, 1989, pp. 157–163.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Partial and multiple correlations between Thysanoptera species and abiotic factors. In: Acta Phytopathol. et Entomological Hungarica. 39, 2004, 221–241.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Population diversity of Thysanoptera in Romanian meadows. In: B. L. Parker et al.(eds): Thrips Biology and Management. Plenum Press, New York, NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences 276, 1995, pp. 469–477.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Specii de thysanoptere din Romania - aspecte ecologice Insecta Thysanoptera. In: Studii și Cercetări de Biologie. Seria Biologie Animală. iulie-decembrie; 502, 1998, pp. 85-96.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. Studiul faunei de tripși (Insecta: Thysanoptera) din Oltenia. St. Com. St. Nat., Muzeul Olteniei,  44, 2000, pp. 123–128.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. The dynamic of the sex ratio index of thrips populations in mountainous meadows.In: R. Marullo, and L. A. Mound (eds): Thrips and Tospoviruses. Australian National Insect Collection Canberra, 2002, pp. 315–324.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana; Tóthmérész, Béla. Population Diversity of Thysanoptera in Romanian Meadows. Thrips Biology and Management, Part of the NATO ASI Series book series (NSSA, volume 276), pp 469-477.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. The geographical distribution of Romanian Thysanoptera species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) . Entomologica Romanica, nr. 3, 1998, pp. 67-72.

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. The study of the thrips fauna from the Romanian Carpathians (Insecta: Thysanoptera). In: Acta Zoologica Universitatis Comenianae 46, 2004, 95–106

Vasiliu-Oromulu, Liliana. The temporal and spatial dynamics of the thrips populations from the mountainous meadows. In: R. Marullo, and L. A. Mound (eds): Thrips and Tospoviruses. Australian National InsectCollection Canberra, 2002, pp. 295–313.

Virteiu, Ana - Maria ; Grozea, Ioana ; Stef, Ramona; Carabet, Alin. Analysis of the Thrips Fauna (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on Flowers of Roses in Western Part of Romania. In: Bulletin UASVM Agriculture, 72 (2), 2015, pp. -608. DOI: 10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:11487

Tizanoptere
România
Listă

Listă de tizanoptere din România


Morten Messerschmidt (* 13. November 1980 in Frederikssund) ist ein Politiker der Dänischen Volkspartei (DF) und seit 2022 ihr Vorsitzender. Seit 2009 sitzt er im Europäischen Parlament.

Beruf
Nach dem Abitur 1999 studierte Messerschmidt Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Kopenhagen. 2009 bestand er das Examen. Von 2003 bis 2005 arbeitete er für den DF-Europaparlamentarier Mogens Camre.

Politik
2001 schaltete Messerschmidt gemeinsam mit Kenneth Kristensen Berth und anderen Mitgliedern des DF-Jugendverbands eine Zeitungsanzeige mit dem Slogan "Massenvergewaltigungen, grobe Gewalt, Unsicherheit, Zwangsehen, Unterdrückung von Frauen, Bandenkriminalität – das ist es, was eine multiethnische Gesellschaft uns bietet". Dafür wurden die Nachwuchspolitiker im Oktober 2002 nach § 266 b des Strafgesetzbuches – der etwa dem deutschen Volksverhetzungstatbestand entspricht – zu 14 Tagen Gefängnis auf Bewährung verurteilt.

Messerschmidt wurde 2005 erstmals ins Folketing gewählt und erhielt den Posten als europapolitischer Sprecher seiner Fraktion. 2007 konnte er sein persönliches Wahlergebnis erheblich verbessern und wurde mit dem zusätzlichen Posten des energiepolitischen Sprechers belohnt. Zur Europawahl 2009 trat er als Spitzenkandidat der DF an. Er erzielte das zweitbeste persönliche Wahlergebnis bei dänischen Europawahlen und schloss sich der europaskeptischen Fraktion Europa der Freiheit und der direkten Demokratie (EFD) an. Bei der Europawahl 2014 erhielt er die meisten persönlichen Wählerstimmen, die je ein Kandidat bei dänischen Europawahlen erhalten hat; sie entsprachen einem Stimmanteil von 20,5 Prozent (DF 26,6 Prozent). Die von ihm geführte Parlamentsgruppe schloss sich der Fraktion Europäische Konservative und Reformer (EKR) an.

Als Vorsitzender der europäischen Partei MELD musste er im Oktober 2015 rund 150.000 Euro missbräuchlich verwendete EU-Zuschüsse zurückzahlen. Wenig später wurde bekannt, dass Messerschmidt im Juli 2015 die Gründung einer weiteren europäischen Partei begonnen hatte ("Alternative for Europe"), für die auch bereits EU-Gelder beantragt worden waren; am 28. Oktober 2015 zog sich die DF offiziell aus dem Projekt zurück.

Politische Positionen
Messerschmidt vertritt EU-kritische Positionen. Er hat mehrfach die Abschaffung des Europaparlaments gefordert und möchte alle Kompetenzen zurück auf die Nationalstaaten übertragen. Kontrollen an den Staatsgrenzen sollen wieder eingeführt werden. Die EU soll weniger Geld aus den nationalen Etats erhalten. Eine EU-Mitgliedschaft der Türkei gelte es zu verhindern.

Öffentliches Auftreten
Messerschmidt tritt – im Kontrast zu den ansonsten laxen Kleidungsregeln in der dänischen Politik – ausgesprochen adrett gekleidet auf. Er scheut keine populären Medienformate, um Aufmerksamkeit zu erhalten. 2003 nahm er an Big Brother VIP im dänischen Fernsehen teil; 2008 nahm er mit seiner Frau, der Sängerin Dot Wessmann, eine CD mit Weihnachtsliedern auf.

Am 27. April 2007 berichtete die Tageszeitung B.T., dass Morten Messerschmidt an Hitlers Geburtstag, dem 20. April, im Restaurant Grøften im Tivoli den Hitlergruß gezeigt und nazistische Lieder gesungen habe. Messerschmidt gab zu, betrunken gewesen zu sein und den ersten Vers der ersten Strophe des Deutschlandliedes gesungen zu haben. Damit Hitler verherrlicht haben zu wollen, bestritt Messerschmidt. Um Schaden von seiner Partei abzuwenden, trat er vorübergehend aus Partei und Fraktion aus. Nach zwei Jahren vor dänischen Gerichten wurde Messerschmidt von der Anschuldigung befreit, öffentlich den Hitlergruß gezeigt zu haben.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Morten Messerschmidt Profil auf der Website der Dänischen Volkspartei
 europarl.europa.eu

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Dänemark
Folketingsabgeordneter (21. Jahrhundert)
Dansk-Folkeparti-Mitglied
Parteivorsitzender (Dänemark)
Däne
Geboren 1980
Mann

Morten Messerschmidt


Harem, u islamu, naziv za sve ono što je zabranjeno, npr. dio kuće koji je rezerviran za žene, gdje je pristup muškarcima zabranjen

Sirija
 Harem (grad)
 Harem (nahija)
 Harem (okrug)

Harem (razdvojba)


Københavns Skytteforenings Rekylkorps I - IV er en dansk dokumentarfilm.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Værker om København


Heinrich Philipp Konrad Henke (3 July 1752 – 2 May 1809), German theologian, best known as a writer on church history, was born at Hehlen, Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was the father of historian Ernst Ludwig Theodor Henke (1804–1872).

He received his education at the gymnasium in Braunschweig and at the University of Helmstedt. Until 1809, he was associated with the University of Helmstedt, named as an associate professor of philosophy in 1777 and of theology the following year. In 1780, he was chosen as a full professor of theology. During his tenure at Helmstedt, he was appointed abbot of Michaelstein Abbey (1786) and vice-president of the Carolinum in Braunschweig (1803).

Henke was a proponent of theological rationalism. His principal work, the multi-volume Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Kirche nach der Zeitfolge (General history of the Christian Church in chronological order)  was praised by Ferdinand Christian Baur "as one of the most exquisite works of literature". Other noteworthy efforts by Henke include:
 "Lineamenta institutionum fidei Christianae historico-criticarum" (1793).
 "Opuscula academica, theologici potissimum argumenti" (1802).

Also, he was an editor of the Magazin für die Religionsphilosophie, Exegese und Kirchengeschichte (1793–1804) and the Archiv für die neueste Kirchengeschichte (1794–1799).

References

1752 births
1809 deaths
People from Holzminden (district)
People from Brunswick-Lüneburg
German Lutheran theologians
University of Helmstedt alumni
Academic staff of the University of Helmstedt
18th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
18th-century German male writers

Heinrich Philipp Konrad Henke


ستاد الإسكندرية هو ستاد متعدد الاستخدامات يقع في مدينة الإسكندرية في مصر. وهو حاليًا يستخدم في مباريات كرة القدم كما تم استخدامه في كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 2006 التي عقدت في مصر. وهذا الاستاد هو الأقدم في مصر وأفريقيا حيث تم بنائه عام 1929 حيث كان يتسع الاستاد لحوالي 25000 متفرج، وحاليًا بعد التجديدات أصبح يتسع 13000 متفرج وذلك بسبب إنشاء فواصل بين المدرجات لسهولة الحركة ومنع التزاحم والتدافع.

موقع الاستاد
يقع الاستاد في حي محرم بك وهو الملعب الرسمي لنادي الاتحاد السكندري والنادي الأوليمبي و نادي سموحة ونادي فاركو وقد شهد الملعب العديد من اللقاءات الدولية على مر السنين إضافة إلى أنه أول ملعب في الوطن العربي يتم تركيب أبراج إنارة فيه.

التاريخ
تم افتتاح الملعب في 17 نوفمبر 1929، وقد سمي عند الافتتاح ميدان الرياضة البدنية وبعد وفاة الملك فؤاد أصبح اسمه ملعب فؤاد الأول تقديرا لجهوده في بناء الاستاد، وافتتح بحضور الملك فؤاد الأول بمباراة جمعت بين فريقي الاتحاد السكندري وفريق القاهرة وانتهت لمصلحة الاتحاد 1–0، وعقب قيام ثورة يوليو 1952 تم تغيير اسم الملعب إلى ملعب البلدية، ثم تغير إلى اسمه الحالي الإسكندرية.

التصميم
أُسند تصميم الملعب عند تأسيسه إلى المهندس المعماري الروسي فلاديمير نيكوسوف الذي قام بتصميم الملعب من وحي أقواس النصر اليونانية على النمط الروماني القديم، ولكن بطريقة حديثة، وقد راعى أن يحتوى تصميم الملعب على أجزاء من أسوار الإسكندرية الإسلامية القديمة، والتي كانت موجودة في نفس الموقع الذي بني عليه الملعب والتي تقع في الجانب الشمالي من الاستاد وتطل على المشجعين.

التطوير
كان أكبر تطوير للاستاد عام 1951 استعداد لبطولة ألعاب البحر المتوسط الأولى فتم بناء حمامين سباحة كما بنيت وقتها الصالة المغطاة أو كما يطلق عليها «صالة الرعب» لعظم ما شهدته من بطولات واستقبلت بطولات في كرة السلة واليد وغيرها كما تم تجديد الملعب في عام 1996 وذلك قبل بطولة كأس العالم للناشئين التي استضاف الملعب بعض مبارياتها، حيث تم تركيب 1200 كرسي إضافي في المقصورة الرئيسية. كما تم تجديده قبل استضافة بعض مباريات كأس الأمم الإفريقية لكرة القدم 2006 التي تُوّج بها المنتخب المصري، وتم تجديده أيضًا قبل افتتاح البطولة العربية للأندية 2017 التي استضافتها مصر في الإسكندرية والقاهرة.

كما تم تطويره قبل استضافته للمجموعة الثانية من بطولة كأس الأمم الأفريقية 2019 على أحدث المقاييس الدولية عن طريق تطوير خمس منظومات وهي الدفاع المدني والبوابة الإلكترونية والإذاعة الداخلية والكاميرات، بالإضافة إلى الإضاءة وقاعة المؤتمرات والمركز الإعلامي والاستوديو التحليلي وكبائن المعلقين وأماكن الإعلاميين ومقرات اللجنة المنظمة، وتم رفع كفاءة أرضية الملعب والشاشة الإلكترونية والسور الخارجي للاستاد والصالة الصغرى وجميع الحمامات وعمل منظومة لدخول الجماهير.

معرض الصور

طالع أيضاً
 محرم بك
 ستاد برج العرب

مصادر

استادات كأس الأمم الإفريقية لكرة القدم 2019
الرياضة في الإسكندرية
تأسيسات سنة 1929 في مصر
مبان ومنشآت في الإسكندرية
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1929
ملاعب رياضية في الإسكندرية
ملاعب كرة قدم في مصر

ستاد الإسكندرية


අවුරන්ගාබාද් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය () යනු, බටහිර  ඉන්දියාවේ මහාරාෂ්ට්‍ර ප්‍රාන්තයෙහි දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 35 අතුරින් එකකි. එය මායිම් වී ඇත්තේ, බටහිරින්  නාෂික දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙන්, උතුරින් ජල්ගෝන් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙන්ද, නැගෙනහිරින්  ජල්නා දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙන් සහ, දකුණින්  අහමද්නගර් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙන්ද වෙයි.  අවුරන්ගාබාද් යනු මූලස්ථානය සහ ප්‍රධාන නගරය වෙයි. දිස්ත්‍රික්කය පැතිර පවතින භූමි ප්‍රමාණය 10,100 කිමී² වන අතර, එයින් 141.1 කිමී² ප්‍රමාණයක් නාගරික සහ 9,958.9 කිමී² ප්‍රමාණයක් ග්‍රාමීය වෙයි.

අවුරන්ගාබාද් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය, මහාරාෂ්ට්‍රා


Onthophagus sacharovskii é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Olsoufieff em 1918.

Referências

Ligações externas

sacharovskii
Coleópteros descritos em 1918

Onthophagus sacharovskii


R. Broby-Johansen er en portrætfilm om Rudolf Broby-Johansen instrueret af Birger Vosgerau efter manuskript af Birger Vosgerau.

Handling
Filmen om Rudolf Broby-Johansen anslår en lang række af de temaer og spørgsmål, som han har forholdt sig til og udtrykt sig om gennem et langt liv som deltager i samfunds- og kulturdebatten. Filmen indrammes af perspektivet fra den økonomisk krise i 1930'erne, hvor Broby-Johansen begyndte at skrive - til den økonomisk krise i 1980'erne, hvor filmen er optaget. Filmen begynder med Brobys egen oplæsning af et digt fra samlingen "Blod".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1981

Portrætfilm fra Danmark

R. Broby-Johansen


أوين غليندور (بالويلزية:Owain Glyndŵr) (ولد 1359 – توفي 1415) هو متمرد ويلزي وآخر من طالب بلقب أمير مستقل على المنطقة.

أصله

اسمه أوين أب غروفيذ، وحمل لقب لورد غلينديفردوي في ميريونيث، وكان سليل عائلةَ نبيلة من ببيتين كبيرين، وهما سيخارث وغلينديفوردوي في الشمال وكما امتلك أراضي وأقطاع صغيرة في جنوب ويلز. أبوه كان يدعى غروفيذ فيخان، وأمه تدعى هيلين؛ وهو ينحدر من الأمراء الويلزيينِ القدامى من كلا الجانبين.

بدايات حياته

من المحتمل أنه ولد حوالي 1359، ودرس القانون في ويستمينستر، كان ملاكا لدى إيرل أروندل، وشاهدا مع غروسفينور في قضية سكروب وغروسفينور في عام 1386. بعدها خدم هنري بولينغبروك (لاحقا هنري الرابع ملك إنكلترا)، مع ذلك فهناك خطأ شائع بأنه كان ملاكا لدى ريتشارد الثاني، حيث كان الويلزيون متعاطفين مع ريتشارد.

اندلاع الثورة
كان لوردات غلينديردوي على عداء قديم بينهم وبين جيرانهم الإنجليز آل غري من روثين. لم يقم ريجنالد غري باستدعاء أوين ليؤدي واجبه في الحملة الاسكتلندية عام 1400، وبعد ذلك اتهمه بالخيانة لامتناعه عن المثول. عقب ذلك حمل أوين السلاح ضده، وعندما عاد هنري الرابع من اسكتلندا في سبتمبر وجد الثورة وهي مشتعلة في شمال ويلز. وقاد الملك حملة أقامها على عجل ولكنها لم تنفع في قمع التمرد. تمت مصادرة عقارات أوين وهددت الحكومة الإنجليزية بعقوبات صارمة. لكن الثورة كانت ما تزال في تصاعد.

في ربيع 1401 قام أوين بمهاجمة جنوب ويلز، وكان يهدف إلى غزو إنجلترا. وقام الملك بحملة ثانية في الخريف لكنها هزمت مثل التي في السنة السابقة وذلك بسبب الطقس السيئ والكر والفر. وكان أوين يتآمر مع هنري بيرسي (هوتسبر)، الذي قاد جيشه في شمال ويلز في عام 1401، واشترك معه نسيب بيرسي، السير إدموند مورتيمر. وفي شتاء 1401 – 1402 قام أوين غليندور بالتفاوض مع الثوارِ الأيرلنديين والاسكتلنديين والفرنسيين.

في الربيع بدأت قوته تتزايد بِحيث هاجم روثين، وأسر أحد أفراد آل غري. في الصيف هزم رجال هيرفورد بقيادة إدموند مورتيمر في بيليث قرب برينغلاس في رادنورشاير. وأخذ مورتيمر سجينا وعامله معاملة حسنة ليجعل الإنجليز يشكون في ولائه؛ وبعد أشهر قليلة تزوج مورتيمر ابنة أوين. وفي الخريف هزم الملك الإنجليزي مرة أخرى.

كانت المعاقل الإنجليزية القليلة الباقية في ويلز تواجه عوائق كبيرة، وتفاخر أوين أنه سيقابل عدوه في الميدان. ولكن رغم هذا، قام هنري مونموث بنهب أملاك سيخارث وغلينديردوي في مايو 1403 ولم يلق أي مقاومة. أما أوين فقد تحالف مع آل بيرسي الذين استعدوا لحمل السلاح ليشتبكوا مع الأمير هنري في شروزبيري، ويكتسحونه قبل أن تصل المساعدة. لكن خطة أوين أحبطت بهزيمته قرب كارمارثن في 12 يوليو، وسحق بيرسي في شروزبيري بعد عشرة أيام. لكن الثورة الويلزية ما زال قوية بما لم يسبق لثورات قبلها. وقام أوين بتتويج نفسه أمير ويلز، وأسس حكومة منتظمة، وأقام برلمانا في ماخينليث. وأرسل الفرنسيون القوات لمساعدته بعد أن تحالفوا معه رسميا، وفي عام 1404 وقعت قلعتا هارلخ وأبيريستويث العظيمتانِ في يده.

في ربيع 1405 كان أوين في ذروة قوته؛ لكن التيار انقلب ضده فجأة. هزم الأمير هنري الويلزيين في غروسمونت في مارس، ومرة أخرى في مايو، عندما سجن ابن أوين جريفيث ومستشاره. لكن تمرد سكروب في الشمال منع الإنجليز من متابعة انتصارهم.

لجأ إيرل نورثمبرلاند إلى ويلز، فهدد الحلف الثلاثي بين أوين وبيرسي ومورتيمر بتجديد الخطر على إنجلترا، (وهو ما حوله شكسبير إلى مناسبة سابقة في مسرحية هنري الرابع الجزء الأول). لكن مؤامراتَ نورثمبلاند ومساعدة الفرنسيين لم تكن ذات تأثير. أما الإنجليز تحت إمرة الأمير هنري أحرزوا تقدما ثابتا، واستعادوا آبريستويث في خريف 1408 بعد حصار طويل وكان هذا مؤشرا لنهاية الحرب بشكل جدي. في فبراير 1409 استرد هنري هارلخ أيضا، وأخذت زوجة أوين وابنته وأحفاده سجناء. أما أوين بنفسه فكان ما يزال صامدا ويواصل خططه حتى مع الفرنسيين.

في يوليو 1415 جمع اللود غيلبرت تالبوت الرجال ليجابه أوين ومؤيديه ويمنحهم العفو من الملك. لا يظهر اسم أوين في الوثيقة التي تجدد سلطات تالبوت في فبراير 1416؛ وطبقاً لآدم من أوسك فقد مات في عام 1415. يزعم كتاب إنجليز لاحقون أنه مات جوعا في الجبالِ؛ لكن الأسطورةَ الويلزيةَ تقول أنه عاش شيخوخته في سلام مع أصهاره في إيوايس ومونينغتون في هيرفوردشاير، حتى مات ودفن في مثواهِ الأخير، وهناك رواية تقول أنه فر إلى فرنسا ومات هناك ولم يقبض عليه هنري أبدا.

آثار أوين
لم يكن الحلم بدولة ويلزية مستقلة ومتحدة أقرب من التحقق كما كان تحت قيادة أوين. وساعدته الحالة المضطربة التي كانت تعانيها إنجلترا، لكنه استحق أن يكون بطلا وطنيا. كانت العاطفة والتقاليد قد ضخمتا من إنجازاته، وخلطت بين أعماله وبين الخرافات والقوى السحرية والهروب من أصعب المواقف وهو ما صوره شيكسبير. ترك أوين عند مماته العديد من الأطفالِ اللقطاء؛ ممثله الشرعي في 1433 كانت ابنته أليس، زوجة السير جون سكودامور من إيوايس.

جمعت الحقائق عن حياة أوين من شذرات متفرقة في السجلات والوثائق المعاصرة؛ ربما أكثرها أهمية هي سجلات آدم من أوسك والرسائل الأصلية لإليس. على الجانب الويلزي هناك بعض المواد موجودة من قبل الشعراء يولو غوخ لويس جلين غوثي.

مصادر

أشخاص مفقودون
أشخاص ويلزيون في القرن 15
الملكية في ويلز
تاريخ ويلز
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في عقد 1410
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في ويلز
متمردون بريطانيون
محامون ويلزيون في القرن 14
ملوك أوروبيون في القرن 15
مواليد 1359
مواليد القرن 14
وفيات 1415
وفيات عقد 1410
ملكيون من باويس
أفراد عسكريون ويلزيون في القرن 15

أوين غليندور


Hükûmet, genellikle bir devlet olan düzenli bir topluluğu yöneten sistem veya insan grubudur.

Hükûmet, genellikle bir devletin yönetimini üstlenen ve düzenli bir topluluğu idare eden sistem veya insanlar grubudur. Hükümetin geniş bir tanımıyla, genellikle yasama, yürütme ve yargı organlarından oluşur. Hükûmet, organizasyonel politikaların uygulandığı ve politikaların belirlendiği bir mekanizmadır. Birçok ülkede hükûmetin kendi anayasası bulunur, bu anayasa yönetim ilkelerini ve felsefesini belirtir.

Tüm organizasyonların yönetimi olsa da, "hükûmet" terimi genellikle yaklaşık 200 bağımsız ulusal hükûmet ve yan kuruluşlarını ifade etmek için daha spesifik bir şekilde kullanılır.

Modern siyasi sistemlerin başlıca tipleri demokrasiler, totaliter rejimler ve bu ikisi arasında yer alan çeşitli hibrit rejimlerdir. Modern sınıflandırma sistemleri ayrıca monarşileri bağımsız bir varlık olarak veya ana üç sistemin bir hibrit şekli olarak da içerir. Tarihsel olarak yaygın olan yönetim biçimleri arasında monarşi, aristokrasi, timokrasi, oligarşi, demokrasi, teokrasi ve tiranlık yer alır. Bu şekiller her zaman birbirinden kesin çizgilerle ayrılmaz ve karma yönetimler yaygındır. Herhangi bir hükûmet felsefesinin ana yönü siyasi gücün nasıl elde edildiğidir ve bu iki temel şekil seçim yoluyla mücadele ve kalıtsal devralmadır.

Tanım
Bir hükûmet, bir devlet veya topluluğun yönetim sistemidir. Columbia Encyclopedia, hükûmeti "toplumda yasaları yapma ve uygulama hakkının belirli bir grup tarafından kullanıldığı bir sosyal kontrol sistem" olarak tanımlar. Tüm organizasyonların yönetimine sahip olmasına rağmen, hükûmet terimi, Dünya üzerindeki yaklaşık 200 bağımsız ulusal hükûmeti ve devlet ve eyalet hükûmetleri ile yerel yönetim gibi onların bağlı kuruluşlarını daha özel olarak ifade etmek için sıkça kullanılır.

Kelime "hükûmet", Yunanca "κυβερνάω" (kubernáo) fiilinden türetilmiştir ve bir gubernaculum (dümen) ile yönlendirmek anlamına gelir. Bu kelimenin mecazi anlamı, klasik antik çağ edebiyatında, Platon'un Devlet Gemisi dahil olmak üzere, kullanılmaktadır. İngiliz İngilizcesi'nde "hükûmet" bazen "bakanlık" veya "yönetim" olarak da adlandırılan, yani belirli bir icra veya yönetim koalisyonunun politikalarını ve hükûmet yetkililerini ifade etmek için kullanılır. Son olarak, "government" kelimesi bazen İngilizce'de yönetim veya idare anlamında da kullanılır.

Diğer dillerde, benzer kelimeler daha dar bir anlam taşıyabilir. Örneğin, Portekiz hükûmeti, aslında "yönetim" kavramına daha çok benzeyen bir anlama sahiptir.

Tarih

İlk hükûmetler
İnsan hükümetinin ortaya çıktığı an ve yer zaman içinde kaybolmuştur; ancak tarih erken hükûmet oluşumlarını kaydetmektedir. Yaklaşık 5.000 yıl önce, ilk küçük şehir devletleri ortaya çıktı. M.Ö. üçüncü ve ikinci binyıllar arasında bazıları daha büyük yönetilen alanlara dönüşmüştü: Sümer, antik Mısır, İndus Vadisi ve Sarı Nehir medeniyeti.

Tarımın ve su kontrol projelerinin gelişimi, hükûmetlerin gelişiminde bir katalizör oldu. Bazen bir kabile şefi, çeşitli ritüeller veya güç testleriyle seçilerek kabilenin yönetimini üstlendi, bazen yaşlı kabile üyelerinden oluşan bir konsey eşliğinde. İnsanların soyut ve öğrenilen bilgileri hassas bir şekilde iletebilme yeteneği, tarımda giderek daha etkili olmalarına olanak sağladı ve bu da nüfus yoğunluğunun sürekli artmasına yol açtı. David Christian, bu durumun yasaları ve hükûmetleri olan devletlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açtığını açıklamaktadır.

Modern hükûmetler
17. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren, cumhuriyetçi hükûmet biçimlerinin yaygınlığı arttı. İngiliz İç Savaşı ve İngiliz Devrimi, Amerikan Devrimi ve Fransız Devrimi, temsilci hükûmet biçimlerinin büyümesine katkıda bulundu. Sovyetler Birliği, komünist bir hükûmete sahip olan ilk büyük ülke oldu. Berlin Duvarı'nın yıkılmasından bu yana, liberal demokrasi daha yaygın bir hükûmet biçimi haline gelmiştir.

19. ve 20. yüzyılda, ulusal düzeyde hükûmetin boyutu ve ölçeği önemli ölçüde arttı. Bu, şirketlerin düzenlenmesini ve refah devletinin gelişimini içeriyordu.

Siyaset bilimi

Sınıflandırma
Siyaset biliminde, uzun zamandır hükûmet türlerinin bir tipolojisi veya sınıflandırması oluşturma hedefi bulunmaktadır, çünkü siyasi sistemlerin tanımları açık bir şekilde belirgin değildir. Özellikle karşılaştırmalı siyaset ve uluslararası ilişkiler alanlarında önem taşır. Hükûmet sınıflandırmalarının sınırları, diğer hükûmet türleri içinde belirlenen kategoriler gibi ya belirsiz ya da değişkendir.

Yüzeysel olarak, tüm hükûmetlerin de facto, de jure veya ideal bir biçimi vardır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri federal anayasal bir cumhuriyetken, eski Sovyetler Birliği federal bir sosyalist cumhuriyetti. Ancak öz tanımlama nesnel değildir ve Kopstein ve Lichbach'ın belirttiği gibi, rejimleri tanımlamak zor olabilir, özellikle de facto durumlarında, hükûmet ve ekonomi uygulamada sapmalar gösterdiğinde. Örneğin, Voltaire "Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu ne Kutsal'dır, ne de Roma, ne de bir İmparatorluk" şeklinde bir argüman sunmuştur. Uygulamada, Sovyetler Birliği Joseph Stalin döneminde merkeziyetçi otoriter tek parti rejimi olarak işlemiştir. Uygulamada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri kusurlu bir demokrasidir, çünkü seçim sistemi önden halk oylarını geçersiz kılmıştır; Yüksek Mahkeme tarafından belirlendiği üzere, kazanan siyasi parti seçmenleri başkan adayı için oy kullanmak zorundadır.

Hükûmet biçimini belirlemek de zor olabilir çünkü birçok siyasi sistem, sosyo-ekonomik hareketler olarak ortaya çıkar ve daha sonra bu hareketlerin adını taşıyan partiler tarafından hükûmetlere taşınır; hepsi de rekabet halinde olan siyasi ideolojilere sahiptir. Bu hareketlerin iktidardaki deneyimleri ve belirli hükûmet biçimleriyle olan güçlü bağları, onları kendileri başlı başına birer hükûmet biçimi olarak kabul etmemize neden olabilir.

Diğer karmaşık durumlar arasında, modern çağın siyasetin doğası gereği, makul teknik tanımların politik ideolojilere ve ilişkili yönetim biçimlerine yönelik genel uzlaşmazlık veya kasıtlı "bozulma veya önyargı" bulunması yer alır. Örneğin, "muhafazakarlık" kelimesinin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki anlamı, diğer yerlerde kullanılan tanımın birçok ortak noktası yoktur. Ribuffo'nun belirttiği gibi, "Amerikalıların şu anda muhafazakarlık olarak adlandırdığı şeyin dünyanın büyük kısmının liberalizm veya neoliberalizm olarak adlandırdığı" bir durumdur; Finlandiya'da bir "muhafazakar", Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde bir "sosyalist" olarak etiketlenebilir. 1950'lerden bu yana Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde muhafazakarlık genellikle sağcı siyaset ve Cumhuriyetçi Parti ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, ırk ayrımcılığı döneminde birçok Güney Demokrat muhafazakarlıkla ilişkilendirilmiş ve 1937-1963 yılları arasında Kongreyi kontrol eden muhafazakar koalisyonda önemli bir rol oynamışlardır.

Sosyal-politik belirsizlik
Hükümetlerin varoluş biçimleri ve özellikleri konusunda bireyler arasında farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Herhangi bir hükûmetin ve buna karşılık gelen sınıflandırmanın içinde "gri tonlar" yaygındır. En liberal demokrasiler bile, belirli bir ölçüde rakip siyasi faaliyetleri sınırlarken, en zalim diktatörlükler geniş bir destek tabanı oluşturmak zorunda kalır ve bu da hükûmetleri dar kategorilere sokmayı zorlaştırır. Örneğin, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bazı seçmenlerine göre, zengin Süper PAC'lerin seçimleri manipüle ettiği inancıyla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bir demokrasi yerine bir plutokrasi olduğu iddia edilmektedir.

Türler

Platon'un "Devlet" adlı kitabında, hükûmetleri beş temel tipe ayırdığı belirtilmektedir (dört tanesi mevcut formlar ve biri Platon'un ideal formu olup "yalnızca sözde var olan" bir formdur):

 Aristokrasi (kanun ve düzene dayalı yönetim)
 Timokrasi ("hayırsever" bir ordu gibi şeref ve göreve dayalı yönetim; örnek olarak Sparta)
 Oligarşi (piyasa temelli ahlak kuralları)
 Demokrasi (özgür bir vatandaş, saf özgürlük ve eşitlikle yönetim)
 Tiranlık (bir despot  korkuyla yönetilmek)

Bu beş rejim, en üstte aristokrasi ve en altta tiranlık olmak üzere üstten alta giderek yozlaşıyor.

Aristoteles'in "Politika" adlı eserinde, Platon'un beş rejimini ele alarak bunları tek kişi, az sayıda kişi ve halk tarafından yönetilen hükümetlerle ilişkilendirdiği belirtilir. Bu, insanların yönetim yetkisine sahip olduğu hükûmet türlerinin sınıflandırılmasını takip eder: ya tek bir kişi (monarşi gibi bir otorite), seçilmiş bir grup insan (aristokrasi) veya halkın tamamı (bir demokrasi, örneğin bir cumhuriyet).

Thomas Hobbes, sınıflandırmalarında şunları söyledi:

Temel siyasi sistemler
Yale profesörü Juan José Linz'e göre bugün üç ana politik sistem türü bulunmaktadır: demokrasiler, totaliter rejimler ve bu ikisi arasında yer alan, hibrit rejimlerle otoriter rejimler. Diğer bir modern sınıflandırma sistemi ise monarşileri ana üç türün ya bağımsız bir varlık olarak ya da hibrit bir sistem olarak içeren bir şekilde tanımlar. Akademisyenler genellikle diktatörlüğü otoriterlik veya totalitarizm şeklinde tanımlarlar.

Otokrasi
Otokrasi, en yüksek gücün bir kişinin elinde toplandığı bir yönetim sistemidir. Bu kişinin kararları, dışsal hukuki kısıtlamalara veya düzenli halk kontrol mekanizmalarına tabi değildir (belki bir darbe veya kitlesel isyan tehdidi gibi ima edilen bir tehdit dışında). Mutlak monarşi, tarih boyunca yaygın olan bir otkorasi biçimidir, burada bir hükümdar kraliyet yetkilerine herhangi bir sınırlama olmaksızın tek bir egemen olarak hüküm sürer. Çoğu mutlak monarşi kalıtımsaldır, ancak bazıları, özellikle Kutsal Makam gibi, bir seçmen kitlesi tarafından seçilir (örneğin kardinaller koleji veya prens-seçmenler). Diğer otokrasi biçimleri arasında zorbalık, despotizm ve diktatörlük bulunur.

Aristokrasi
Aristokrasi, gücü bir küçük, seçkin yönetici sınıfın eline yerleştiren bir yönetim biçimidir, örneğin kalıtsal soyluluk veya ayrıcalıklı bir kast. Bu sınıf, genellikle bir toprak sahibi timokrasi, zengin plutokrasi veya oligarşi olarak azınlık yönetimi uygular.

Birçok monarşi aristokrasilerden oluşurken, modern anayasal monarşilerde hükümdarın etkili gücü olabilir. Aristokrasi terimi aynı zamanda feodal sistemde köylü, hizmetçi ve şehir sınıflarına dahil olmayan sınıfları da ifade edebilir.

Demokrasi

Demokrasi, vatandaşların oy kullanma ve müzakere yoluyla gücü kullanma sistemidir. Doğrudan demokraside, tüm vatandaşlar doğrudan katılımcı bir yönetim organı oluşturur ve her konuda doğrudan oy kullanır. Dolaylı demokraside ise vatandaşlar, genellikle seçim yoluyla veya daha az yaygın olarak kura ile kendi aralarından temsilciler veya delege seçerek dolaylı olarak yönetim yaparlar. Bu seçilmiş vatandaşlar daha sonra bir yasama veya jüri gibi bir yönetim organı oluşturmak üzere bir araya gelirler.

Bazı hükûmetler, doğrudan ve dolaylı demokratik yönetimi birleştirir. Bu durumda, vatandaşlar günlük yönetimi idare etmek için temsilciler seçerken, aynı zamanda referandumlar (halkoylamaları) ve geri çağırma hakkı gibi doğrudan yönetim haklarını da korurlar. Anayasal bir demokraside, çoğunluğun güçleri temsilci demokrasisi çerçevesinde kullanılır, ancak anayasa, genellikle evrensel bazı haklar, örneğin ifade özgürlüğü veya örgütlenme özgürlüğü gibi belirli sınırlamalarla çoğunluk yönetimini sınırlar.

Cumhuriyetler
Cumhuriyet, ülkenin hükümdarların özel meselesi veya mülkü olmadığı, "halkın işi" olarak kabul edildiği ve devlet görevlerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak seçilerek veya atanarak, miras yoluyla devralınmadığı bir yönetim biçimidir. Halk veya önemli bir kısmı, hükûmet üzerinde nihai kontrol sahibidir ve devlet görevleri seçilmiş veya seçilmiş kişiler tarafından seçilir veya atanır.

Bir cumhuriyetin yaygın basitleştirilmiş bir tanımı, devlet başkanının bir hükümdar olmadığı bir hükümettir. Montesquieu, halkın tamamının yönetimde pay sahibi olduğu demokrasileri ve sadece bazı insanların yönetimde söz sahibi olduğu aristokrasi veya oligarşi şeklindeki yönetimleri, cumhuriyetçi hükûmet biçimleri olarak dahil etmiştir.

Farklı cumhuriyetleri tanımlamak için kullanılan diğer terimler arasında demokratik cumhuriyet, parlamenter cumhuriyet, yarı başkanlık cumhuriyeti, başkanlık cumhuriyeti, federal cumhuriyet, halk cumhuriyeti ve İslam cumhuriyeti bulunur.

Federalizm
Federalizm, bir grup üyenin birleştiği ve bir temsilci başkanıyla bir anlaşmaya bağlandığı bir siyasi kavramdır. "Federalizm" terimi aynı zamanda egemenliğin merkezi bir yönetim otoritesi ile eyalet, bölge veya diğer adlarla anılan bileşen siyasi birimler arasında anayasal olarak bölündüğü bir hükûmet sistemi için kullanılır. Federalizm, gücün ulusal ve bölgesel/eyalet hükûmetleri arasında paylaşıldığı, genellikle bir federasyon olarak adlandırılan demokratik prensipler ve kurumlar üzerine kurulu bir sistemdir. Savunucular genellikle federalistler olarak adlandırılır.

Dalları

Hükümetler genellikle belirli yetkilere, işlevlere, görevlere ve sorumluluklara sahip olan farklı kurumlardan oluşan ayrı kurumlar olarak düzenlenir. Bu kurumlar arasındaki yetki dağılımı hükûmetler arasında farklılık gösterir, aynı şekilde kurumların işlevleri ve sayısı da değişir. Kurumlar arasında bağımsız, paralel bir yetki dağılımı, iktidar ayrılığı olarak adlandırılır. Yetkilerin paylaşıldığı, kesişen veya örtüşen bir dağılım ise yetki birleşimi olarak adlandırılır.

Hükümetler genellikle üç ayrı yetkiye sahip olan üç kuruluşa, yasama, yürütme ve yargıya, sahiptir. Buna bazen trias politica modeli denir. Bununla birlikte, parlamenter ve yarı başkanlık sistemlerinde, hükûmetin kurumları genellikle kesişir, ortak üyelik ve örtüşen işlevlere sahip olurlar. Birçok hükûmetin daha az veya ek kurumu bulunur, bunlar bağımsız bir seçim komisyonu veya denetim kurumu gibi olabilir.

Parti sistemi

Günümüzde çoğu hükûmet, ilişkili hükûmet yetkilileri ve adaylarının faaliyetlerini koordine eden, açıkça kurulmuş bir siyasi parti üyeleri tarafından yönetilmektedir. Çok partili bir hükûmet sisteminde, birden fazla siyasi parti, genellikle seçimlerde yarışarak hükûmet görevlerini ele geçirme kapasitesine sahiptir, ancak etkili parti sayısı sınırlı olabilir.

Çoğunluk hükûmeti, parlamentoda mutlak çoğunluğa sahip olan bir veya daha fazla yönetici parti tarafından oluşturulan bir hükümettir. Buna karşılık, azınlık hükûmeti, sadece çoğunluğu olmayan ve genellikle diğer partilerle güven ve destek anlaşmasına bağlı olan bir oy çoğunluğuna sahiptir. Koalisyon hükûmeti ise birden fazla parti tarafından koalisyon anlaşması çerçevesinde bir hükûmet oluşturmak için işbirliği yapılan bir hükümettir. Tek parti hükûmeti ise koalisyon desteği olmaksızın bir parti tarafından oluşturulan bir hükümettir, bu genellikle çoğunluk hükümetleriyle olan durumdur, ancak azınlık hükûmetibile bazen o an için istekli bir koalisyon ortağı bulamayan tek bir parti tarafından oluşturulabilir.

Bir (adıyla) çok partili sistem içinde sürekli olarak tek parti hükümetini sürdüren bir devlet, baskın parti sistemi olarak adlandırılır. (Demokratik olmayan) tek parti sistemlerinde ise tek bir hükûmet kurma (daha çok veya daha az) münhasır hakkı tek bir hükûmeti yöneten partiye aittir ve diğer partilerin kuruluşu engellenebilir veya yasa dışı olabilir. Bazı durumlarda ise hükûmetin partizansız bir sistemine sahip olabilir, bu mutlak monarşi veya partizansız demokrasi gibi durumlarda görülebilir.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Daha fazlası için

Ana madde konuları
Siyasi kavramlar
Hükûmet

Hükûmet


7848 Bernasconi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7848 Bernasconi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Sormano de Marco Cavagna și Augusto Testa. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,55 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 3,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

7848 Bernasconi


منطقة  درعا منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة درعا  ومركزها مدينة درعا، بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 218,195 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004.

نواحي منطقة  درعا
ناحية مركز درعا
ناحية بصرى الشام
ناحية الجيزة
ناحية خربة غزالة
ناحية داعل
ناحية الشجرة
ناحية مزيريب
ناحية المسيفرة

المراجع

منطقة مركز درعا
درعا

منطقة مركز درعا


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1903 en Australie  :

Évènement
  :
  : Naufrage du
  : Élections fédérales

Arts et littérature
  roman de Joseph Furphy.
 Création de l'.
 Le peintre Edward Cairns Officer remporte le prix Wynne avec Glenora.

Sport

  (rugby à XV)

Création de club

Naissance
 Daphne Akhurst, joueuse de tennis.
 , juge.
 John Carew Eccles, neurophysiologiste.
 , joueur de cricket.

Décès
 Charles Gavan Duffy, premier ministre de l'État de Victoria.
 , premier ministre de l'État de Victoria

Notes et références

1903 en Australie
Chronologie de l'Australie au XXe siècle
Histoire de l'Australie

1903 en Australie